JOHNA.SEAVERNS ~/\J^> ^ . ' -u C^-K^ ,'". ^- //•^ /f J~. ^-s 'k TeiLo uru ly^L^^i/^ t:^t^^*i- ^'- '^^»^'"^^' Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2009 with funding from Boston Library Consortium IVIember Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/frankforestersho22herb FRANK FORESTER'S HORSE AND HORSEMANSHIP UNITED STATES BRITISH PROVINCES OF NORTH AMERICA. BY HENRY WILLIAM HERBERT, AUTnOR OF "FRANK FORESTER'S FIELD SPORTS," "FISH AND FISHING." "the complete manual foe YOUna SPORTSMEN,*' ETC. ETC. ETO» WITH STEEL-ENGRAVED OEIGINAL POETEAITS OF CELEBRATED nOESES. IN TWO VOLUMES. VOL. II. NEW YORK- STRINGER pear, are, in the eyes of some persons, in the Eastern States more especially, the only horse in existence which pos- sesses any merits ; and the only one fit for real service on the road, or in the stud. Fully admitting the peculiar excellencies of this stamp of horse for the purposes and uses to which he is applicable, yet by no means going to the extreme length of its ultra aidar. The people may love to be spectators, but can never lioi)e to become participators in them. Since the keeping up of racing establishments, or even of hunting-stables, including a large number of horses — applicable to no possible purpose of imme- diate practical utility — -a large number of servants of a particular class, at extraordinary wages, and requiring almost unbounded expenditure, beside involving abundant leisure, constant atten- tion, and the ownership of soil, can never extend to otiiers than tlie few, the wealthy pleasure-seekers, of any community. The masses can never pretend to those sports. The trotting-course, on the other liand, is common to all. It is the trial-ground and arena of the roadster, open to every one POPDLAEITY OF TROTTERS. 127 who keeps a horse for his own driving, to compete thereon, ac- cording to that liorse's pretensions to speed or endurance. Nor on it has the miUionnaire, who keeps his regular trotting stable, his private trotting course, and his private trainer, one iota of advantage over the butcher, the baker, or the farmer, who keeps his one fast crab, trains it himself into general condition on the road, and puts it for a month or two, into the hands of Spicer, Woodruff, Wheelan, or some other such tip-top-sawyer, to brings it to its best time, and trot it, when the pm-se is to be won. Trotting, in America, is the peoi:)le's sport, the people's pas- time, and, consequently, is, and will be, supported by the people. And, as it does for every thing else, the demand creates the thing demanded. Wlieuever trotting becomes popular, in this sense, in Eng- land, or in Europe generallj^, the same demand will arise ; and trotters will be created in abundance, out of the abundant ma- terial which exists in the noble half-bred, and yet more highly- bred, horses of those countries. But it is safe to say, that it never will become popular, and that the demand never will arise. Even in America, at this day, it is not popular with the wealthier classes and those who assume to be the aristocracy ; but is supported mainly by the people. Regarding it in this light, I must say that it has often struck me as somewhat cockneyish, not to say snohbish, on the part of American travellers, to go on, usque ad iiauseam, wondering why there are not such trotters in England as there are in the United States, and thinking it a great matter, for which to brag over the Old Country, because there are no horses there which can do their mile in the thirties. I am certain that if an English traveller should make a sim- ilar rout about the absence of hunters and steejile-chasers in America, where nobody' wants them, and should maintain such a cock-crowing^ as do some of our newspaper letter-writers, soi-d'isant horsemen, and Parisian correspondents, on the want of trotters, over the inability of American hoi'ses to leap six-feet stone walls, or twenty-five feet water-ditches, he would be set down, in America universally, as a conceited braggadocio fool 128 THE HOESE. of a foreigner, and written down, at home, as a prejudiced, narrow-minded, ignorant ass. Anotlier reason, inferior in practical truth to the others adduced, hut physically superior, is this — that before American trotters coiild he generally used in Great Britain, the whole system of British road-making must he altered ; which is not very likely to occur. On an ordinary English Macadamized turnpike, which is exactly the same as the hardest central part of the New York Third Avenue, without any soft track along side of it, an American trotter would pound his shoes off in an hour's trot, and his feet off in a week's driving; and this is doubtless, whatever may be said of the objections heretofore offered, one which must operate for ever against the general use of trotters after the American fashion; unless they be trained and kept exclusively for sporting purposes. This, liowever, is no more, but even less, likely to occur, than the total alteration of the whole system of English road-making, and the entire change of the tastes and liabits of the English people. Since the point, which renders the trotting liorse so popular here, •would there be wanting, namely, his equal adaptahiHty to or- dinary road-driving and purposes of general utility, and to occasional matching and turf-amusements of a peculiar, thougli inferior description. Considering, however, the American trotting-horse, as he now exists, in the light of an animal possessing extraordinary qualities in a most extraordinary degree, and of one singularly adapted to the state of society in this country — in the eastern and western portions of it more especially — to the condition, tastes and wants of the population, it will be necessary to look a little to what ho is, to his origin, to the means by which he has been produced, and lastly, to his character and characteristic qualities, viewed as stationary or j)rogressive. And first, we shall find that the time-trotter, in America, is neither an original animal of a peculiar and distinct breed, nor even an animal of very long existence, since his first creation. Secondly, we shall find, that in an almost incredibly short space of time, owing to the great demand for and univei'sal po- pularity of the animal, united to a perfectly devised, and now ubiquitously understood, system of breaking, training and driv- THEIR ORIGm. 129 ing him, so as to develope all liis qualities to the utmost, the trottiiig-horse, of high speed, good endurance, showy style of going and fine figure, has become, from a rarity, a creature of every-day occurrence, to be met with by dozens in every village of the Eastern and Middle States, and scarcely any longer regarded as a trotter, unless he can do his mile in somewhere about two minutes and a half. Thirdly, it will appear that the trotting-horse is, in no ]30ssi- ble sense, a distinct race, breed, or familj^ of the horse ; and that his qualities, as a trotter, cannot be ascribed or traced to his origin from, or connection with, any one blood, more than another. It is true and it is to be regretted, that of trotting-horses, the pedigrees have been so little attended to, and probably from the nature of circumstances are so seldom attainable, that few, in- deed, can be directly traced to any distance, in blood. Enough is known, however, to show that some horses of first-rate powers have come from the Canadian or I^orman French stock ; some from the ordinary midistinguished country- horse of the southernmost of the midland States ; some from the Vermont family ; some from the Indian pony ; and lastly, some, mainly, if not entirely, from the thoroughbred. To no one of these families can any superiority be attributed in producing trotters of great speed. All have shown their svi_ci- mens, by means of which to claim their share in the proiluction. Only, it may be affirmed generally, that while some very famous trotting-horses have been nearly, if not entirely, thorough- bred, the low, lazy, lounging, daisy-cutting gait and action of the full-blooded horse of oriental blood, is not generally compatible with great trotting action or speed. Still, it is true that the best time-trotters have not the round, high-stepped action, which is prized in carriage-horses, or parade horses for show, and which probablj' originated and existed to the greatest extent in the Flemish or the Hanoverian horse, of the coldest of all imaginable strains of blood ; and that they have, in a great measure, the long-reaching stride, the quick gather, and the comparatively low step of the thoroughbred. That a strong infusion of the best blood adds both courage and ability to endure, is not doubted ; and there is much reason for believing that the animals most celebrated for undaunted Vol. II.— 9 130 THE HOESE. pluck and indomitable perseverance, have been extraordinarily high bred — as much so, to say the least, as the hest English hunters, thirty years ago, or as most English hunters, except in the grass counties, Leicestershire, Rutlandshire and North- amptonshire, at the present day. Lastly, it stands preeminently confessed and undeniable, that the speed and powers of the trotting-horse of America are as yet in a progressive and improving state. That constant increase of speed does not imply decrease of power to endure, either in reference to time or to the weight carried or drawn, but exactly the reverse. In other words, the experience of the day shows that with improvement in speed, improvement in endurance, both for distance and for the weight to be moved, advances likewise. Nor that only, but figure, action, size and appearance also. That is among the reasons which goes far to disprove the growing opinion, that with the eiforts to increase speed in the English and American race-horses, its admirers are sacrificing bottom, courage and power. In other words, that the animal is degenerating. Now it is clear, that since blood is more largely infused from the best horses into the veins of the ordinary American road- ster, the endurance and the beauty of that class of animal, as well as its speed, are increasing a hundredfold. This certainly does not go to show that thorough blood is deteriorated itself, or the cause of deterioration in others; much less that as some blockheads — I can use no other term — have argued, it requires a mixture of coarse cold blood to restore its pristine vigor. Much more conclusively does it controvert, confound and utterly condemn the foolish, fanatical, prick-eared, false jrihiloso- phy of the pundits of the Agricultural Societies, who would pro- hibit the exhibition of speed at their fairs ; as ii" by being fast on foot, horses lost the power of staying a distance, or carrying or drawing a weight, whereas every one knows the fact to be the very reverse ; and that there are ten horses to-day, in every county in the Union, which can draw two men in a wagon at a rate of ten miles an hour, and keep up their work, where there TffE PEEJUDICE. 131 was one that could do it at the beginuing of the present half century. Tlie only tiling to be expected now of the Massachusetts Agricultural Society, is, that it should exclude all women from their grounds, who possess above a low average of good looks, for fear the men should neglect looking at tat pigs, in view of the superior attractions of fair women. It is too little to say, that such befogged and Bostonian enact- ments are behind the sjiirit of the age ; are utterly unscientific, unpractical, detrimental to the object which they profess to encourage, and indicative of a low, prejiidiced, one-sided, exclu- sive and Pharisaical condition of the popular mind, where such absurdities can be promulgated without calling forth general reprobation, or awakening universal and inextinguishable ridi- cule. The Pharisees have succeeded, one may say, for the excep- tion scarcely exists to prove the rule, in abolishing trials of speed among race-horses every where east of the Potomac, and north of the Ohio Rivers. The consequence is, that they have all but succeeded in abolishing the thoroughbred horse in the same region ; and have brought it to pass, that in 1856 there are not ten thoroughbred stallions of proved blood and tried powers — indeed, not ten thoroughbred stallions, of any kind, serving mares, where in 1826 there were fifty. It remains for two or three generations hence, to show whe- ther the general stock of the country will have improved or deteriorated, by the substitution of Morgan and Black Hawk trotting stallions, with at most two or three-eighths of thorough blood in their veins, and without size, length or room, for such animals as Eclipse, Henry, Medoc, Mingo, Postboy, Leviathan, Trustee, of later days ; or as King William, Messenger, Medley and Wildair, in the brave times of old, when men did not assume it necessary, that because they were " virtuous," there must needs be " no more cakes and ale." But it does need the lajDse of generations to enable the expe- rienced breeder, who takes proof and the tested wisdom of ages, instead of new-fangled notions, for his guide, to foresee what the effect will surely be. Nor does it need a second-sighted eye, or a prophetic tongue, 132 THE HORSE. to discover and declare, that if trials of speed be prohibited to trotters in the next quarter of a century, the trotter will be as nearly extinguished in the North and the West, as the thorough- bred now is; and tliat, as the men of 185G have seen trotting half- breds take the place, on Long Island and in New Jersey, of the noble thoroughbred stallions of 1826, so will the men of 1886 see cart and Conestoga stallions, in the j)lace of the Morgans and the Black Hawks of to-day. Whether the Agricultural Societies who esteem speed as a crime in a horse, just as their Puritan ancestors held beauty in a woman a delusion and a snare, accept the consequence of their action, as a desirable conclusion, and " a consummation devoutly to be wished," or no — it is the certain and legitimate conclusion thereof. If it be persisted in, the same Tliebans, who rejoice and con- sider it " a Providence " that there is not a " four-mile-heater," north of the Potomac, will have equal cause to rejoice, within another qi;arter of a century, that there is not a horse that can trot his mile within four minutes, or do his eight miles, instead of his twenty, within the hour. This will be their deed ; but they must not expect to be able to shelter themselves from the just reproach of the country, or from the silent scorn of time, by any plea, such as Macbeth's to bleeding Banquo's shadow — " Thou canst not say I did it ; " for it is already found as a true bill of indictment against them. and there are those awake to the subject, who M'ill suffer no nolle prosequi to be entered up for their protection, from the consequences of their naore than moon-struck madness. Persons who only see the trotting-horse as he now exists, an established institution of the country, and perhaps remember that within their own memory, time lias been brouglit down from 2m. 4:0s. to the as yet unequalled, though we may not doubt to be surpassed hereafter, 2m. 21:4s. of Flora Temple, will doubtless be astonished to learn how modern is the date of this celebrated creation, and how recent the establishment of trotting courses, and the proclamation of purses for trotters. TOM THUMB. 133 " Tlie first time," I quote from Porter's Spirit of the Times of December 20, 1856, " ever a liorse trotted in jjublic for a stake, was in 1818, and that was a match against time for $1,000." The word ever in the above quotation, I presume, to have reference to America, as trotting matches on the road in England liad certainly taken place earlier than that date. " The match," continues the writer, " was proposed at a Jockey Club dinner, where trotting had come under discussion ; and the bet was, that no horse could be produced which could trot a mile in three minutes. It was accepted by Major William Jones, of Long Island, and Col. Bond^ of Marylancl ; but the odds on time were immense. The horse named at the post was ' Boston Blue,' who won cleverly, and gained great renown. He subsequently was purchased by Thomas Cooi^er, the celebrated tragedian, who drove him on several occasions between this city," New York, " and Philadelphia, thereby enabling himself to perform his engagements in either city on alternate nights. " It was as late as 1830 before the fast-trotting courses were established, and public purses offered in this country. Edwin Forest made his best time in 1831:, and Sally Miller hers in 1833, and at that date 2m. 31-jS. was the maximum of speed." There is an error in the above statement, concerning the date of the first establishment of trotting courses and offer of jjurses, as I suspected from my own recollection, on first reading it — having seen Tom Thumb trot his match in England, Avhile an under-graduate at Cambridge, on the Northampton turnpike- road, much earlier than the date named, which would hardly have been the case had not trotting been already a well-under- stood sport in the United States. By reference to that excellent old work, the American Farmer, by the late J. S. Skinner, a iiseful and honored con- tributor to all that belongs to sporting in America, I find in vol. iv. p. 265, for 1823, the first distinct notice of trotting courses. It is embodied in an act passed March 30, 1831, which is published in the Farmer, in connection with the " Articles and Rules of the New York Association for the improvenient of the breed of horses." 134 THE HOKSE. This Association, it appears, was instituted in the year first named, 1823, founded on the act alluded to, bearing date of two years previous. This enactment runs thus — " Be it enacted by the people of the State of New York, represented in Senate and Assembly, that from and after the passing of this act, the training, pacing, trotting and running of horses, npon regulated courses and upon j^rivate property, in the county of Queens, is hereby declared to be exempted and freed, for and during the period of five years, from the passing of this act, from the provisions and penalties of the act, entitled, ' An act to prevent horse-racing, and for other purjDoses.' " Tliere are farther clauses to this act, but as it is my object, at present, only to fix dates, it is unimportant to refer to these. On page 415 of the same volume, I find the following notice, taken from a Glasgow paper; evidently showing that, although there might as yet be no regular trotting-courses or public purses given, the art of making and training trotters was already well understood ; — " The public were informed of the speed of two American trotters, the property of Mr. Aldridge, and it seems two others, lately arrived, are superior in speed, and equal to 17 miles an hour. Tliey are the property of a gentleman named Bening- borough ; one of them was matched to do eight miles in half an hour on the Cambridge road, on Thursday, and to carry 11 stone, 154 lbs. The horse is an iron gray, rat-tailed, and is sixteen hands high. The match was for 100 sovereigns at a week's notice, and the horse did his — First mile in . Second " . m/iti. sec. . 3 30 3 29 Fifth mile in . Sixth " min. sec. . 3 32 . 3 50 Third " . 3 26 Seventh " . . . 3 40 Fourth « . . 3 36 Eighth " . 3 52 making the whole eight miles in 28m. 55s. " The horse broke once in the sixth mile. The other horse was matched to trot 17 miles in one hour on the same road, for 200 sovereigns." — Glasgoiv Herald. I can find no farther mention of these horses, either in the English or American sporting publications of that date, unless EAKLY MATCHES. 136 one of them be alluded to in a brief notice in the Annals of Sporting, an English work, vol. v., p. 74. " On the 10th De- cember, 1823, the American Roan started to do one mile in 3m. 6s., upon the trot, for 50 sovereigns, and won, with two seconds to spare." The ne.xt records which I find, are these from the American Farmer of the following year, 1824. " New York, June 2. " Teotting. — Last Monday's Evening Post contained an ac- count of an extraordinary trotting match on Sunbury Common, England, in harness. Mr. Giles trotted his mare 28 miles, in the short space of one hour and 57 seconds, which is said to be un- paralleled, and that there is notliing like it on record. But let us see how it compares with the match between Mr. Somerindyke's horse Topgallant, and Mr. Coster's mare, Betsey Baker, who were matched for one thousand dollars a side, to trot three miles in liarness, on the Jamaica road. They started yesterday, at one o'clock, the horse driven by Mr. Pui-dy, the mare by Mr. How- ard. The horse had the advantage in starting, as he came up hard in hand, with fine action, a little ahead of the mare. The word was given to start, and the horse led the mare in fine style and beat her about 40 yards, j^erforming the three measured English miles in the short space of eight minutes and 42 seconds. Topgallant last summer jjerformed 12 miles on the road in 39 minutes, beating the celebrated horse Dragon, owned by T. Carter. All three of the above horses were raised on Long Island. Mr. Purdy trotted the Albany pony on the same ground, against Mr. Howard one mile, whicli was performed in 2m. 40s. The Boston Blue horse trotted his eighteen miles within the hour, and the Tredwell mare trotted her mile in 2m. 34s. The two last horses were taken to England, and won several matches." — Evening Post. I presume that Boston Blue is the rat-tailed, iron-gray, men- tioned above in the " Cambridge Road " match, elsewhere called the Slate-colored American, and the Tredwell mare, the brown mentioned in the same extract. Boston Blue is the horse re- corded in the quotation from the Spirit as winning a thousand dollars by doing, for Major "Wm. Jones, the first mile ever re- corded in three minutes, in 1818. The Tredwell mare, it ap- 136 THE HOESE. pears, if the above statement be correct, had already, in 1824, brought the time down below the forties ; but for many years afterward a 2m. 40s. horse was not an every-day occurrence, even among those considered extra fast, while a three-miniite horse was, until very recently, considered extraordinary as a private gentleman's roadster. Again, in the same year, we find the following notice of a road-match, done nearly at the same rate as those previously noticed, which was evidently about the top time of the day. " On Saturday last, for a bet of $100, a horse of Mr. Van Buren's M-as trotted to a wagon, without collar or traces, six miles in 28 minutes. The time allowed was 34 minutes, and the performance was done on the Jamaica turnpike from tlie 12th to the 6th mile-stone. The horse came in witliout fatigue, althoush the whole of the tire came off one of the wheels." — ]^ew York Pajwr. The trick of the match last named, lies in the animal having drawn the greater part of the load by the bit, in its mouth, although it is probable that the shafts were attached pretty firmly to the belly-band, and there may have been a breast- plate. In the year 1825, from the same source, the American Farmer, which is the only responsible guide on such matters until 1829, when its editor commenced, in September, the pub- lication of the American Turf Kegister, I derive the account of the following match. " The lovers of fine trotting were gratified j'esterday morn- ing by witnessing a match between a bay horse belonging to Mr. Kussel, and Mr. Howard's sorrel horse. Defiance, for a purse of $1,000. The distance was three-mile heats, and the purse was won. by Defiance in very handsome style. The first heat was won by the bay horse, but it is presumed that Defiance would have come in ahead, if he had not lost a shoe. The dis- tance was performed as follows — First heat, .... 9m. lis. Second " . . . . 9m. 08s. Third " . . . . 9m. 06s. Whole nine miles in . . 27m. 25s." NEW liOKK TKOTTme CLUB. 137 On a later page of the same volume, there is a record, which, as it relates to an English match, it is not worth the while to extract entire, to the eiiect that " Mr. "Willan's horse, which beat the Slate-colored American'''' — Boston Blue, I ima- gine— " was backed to trot three miles in nine minutes, for 100 guineas." The horse did his first mile in 2m. 53s., and at the end of the second mile had 12 seconds to spare ; but when a hundred yards from home he broke, and was so hemmed in by the crowd when turned back, that he could not clear himself, and lost his match by 5 seconds. This sj^stem of turning, by the way, when a horse breaks, is one of the errors in English trotting rules, which has militated against all progress or improvement. A horse loses enough by being pulled down into his stroke again, as every di'iver knows. If he must turn back, an unsteady horse, such as Pelham, would be distanced every time he started. This year brings us to what may be called the origin of authorized and authenticated trotting, as in it was established the association of which this, from the same journal of May 19, 1S26, is the first record extant. " The New York Trotting Club was got up last year with a view of improving the sj)eed of road horses, which they uld have beaten Fanny Jenks Ih. 10m. 07s., and Fanny Murray by Ih. 26m. 26s. ; and supposing she had not stopped at all, and that the whole Sh. 15m. were trotting time, and that she could have done her last ten miles in ten minutes' worse time than the others — a much greater tailing off than the other mares show, neither of which ever went at the rate of hfs. viin. 6 15 1 0 fly's CANADA TIME. 199 eleven miles instead of fourteen, in any one hour — she would have beaten them both, Fanny Jenks by five minutes and Fanny Murray by twenty-six minutes. One would much like to know whether there was any bet on this performance, and on the particulars, and whether money changed hands on it. For if not, I should conclude that the two hours' stoppage were calculated, by some unknown process of re- tardation. Since it is not conceivable, that on a hilly road, in a sleigh and on snow, which are ascertained impediments to rate of going, this mare could have beaten time, so marvellously be- yond all record, as by two full hours in ten, or left two such mares as Fanny Jenks and Fanny Murray, at whose performance the world is still wondering, such a marvellous distance as twenty miles in a hundred, travelling fourteen miles to their ten. I find the performance recorded in the Turf Register of the year, and therefore give it place here, though questioning greatly its correctness. In fact, I am of opinion that a Sporting Review should follow the plan adopted by " Bell's Life in London," of never recording any sporting performance, unless proper proof is adduced that the performance was admitted, by the payment of a bet by the losers, who are presumed not to pay over their money without being satisfied that they have lost it. Hundreds of feats of walking, shooting and riding are daily recorded in American journals, which never had any existence except in the imaginations of their vaunted performers. And what is worse, pedigrees of horses are published, such as those of Flora Temple, and of Kemble Jackson, in Porter's Sj^irit of the Times, in which there is scarcely a word of truth or even of verisimilitude. Fortunately, they are so ludicrously in- correct and stupid, that they can do little harm, and deceive no one, who knows what a pedigree is. One only wonders how they should have escaped the watchful eye of the experienced editor. Turf registers, however, and stud books, have no right to publish pedigrees on owner's or other interested person's ipse dixit. They are bound either to require evidence, widely differ- ent from affidavits of recollection by the oldest inhabitant, or to verify the pedigrees produced, by examination of the authentic books, and so to publish none which cannot show the stamp. Had Edgar followed this plan, the number of his imported 200 THE HOKSE. stallions would have been reduced to one-half, and two-thirds of the most wonderful lineages sadly besmirched ; but, as a work on which to place reliance, it would have gained far more than it would have lost in size. Published by subscription, I presume he was quasi com- pelled to insert such pedigrees as his subscribei's chose to foist upon him, under their own, or their great grandfathers' alleged, signatures — otherwise I cannot conceive the admission of the Merry Pintles by Old Merry Pintle, and the BuUe Pocks, going in four crosses to pure Barb or Arab on both sides, and of a hun- dred other horses or mares, of whom, of their sires or their dams there is not a trace — or, if a trace of their parents, such only as proves distinctly that they never had such issue. The year 1850 was remarkable for a great addition to the number of trotting courses, especially in the eastern, and west- ern States, and in Canada, and to the general favor of this manly and useful s^jort. A good many new horses showed as good numerical winners, but none to contest the laurels with the old established cracks ; and this year commenced a practice most absurd, useless and inconvenient, especially when, as is the case in this instance, it occurs with regard to horses of established rejjutatten — that, I mean, of changing the names of irotters, breeding inextricable confusion, and giving ample range for rascality, in getting bets from persons not acquainted with the appearance of the horses. Such tricks ought to be at once put down by jockey clubs and associations, and all liorses having established names or.ght to be declared distanced, if winners, in case of their starting under any new names. One can scarcely conceive any end, but fraud, in changing the names of such horses as Pelham and Jack Possiter to Charley Abel and Ike Carnley. It looks amazingly like a scheme for getting odds, out of the green ones, against horses, on which they would have bet, under their own proper appel- lations. In this instance, for whatever reason tried, the cock would not fight ; for people would not call the horses by their new titles, and they had to return to the old ones. Still, in the Tui f Register of the year 1850, both horses stand recorded under both LADY SUFFOLK AND LADY MOSCOW. 201 names, part of their performances under one name, part imder the other. Can any one conceive such rubbish? This very year in which I write, a very good second-rate horse, who had the luck some j'ears since to be named after my humble self, "Frank Forester," when he first came out, in 1850, at Baltimore, has this year become ashamed of his paternity, and assumed the more patrician and sonorous denomination of " Ike Cook." Of Ike, the godfather of the horse, I have not the honor to be cognizant, nor do I doubt his superior claims, other- wise, to my own ; biit, unless on the old theory of the rose by any other name, I confess that it appears to me the " Frank " has an honester sound than " Ike," and that the " Forester " has more to do with field sports than the " Cook." But to leave badinage, the practice is an abominable one ; and if not meant to be dishonest, it largely facilitates dishonesty — as in the case, where Fanny Jenks was ominously rechristeued " Pigeon," not without a cause — and at all events produces em- barrassment and misunderstanding. Lady Sutton did not appear this year, being withdrawn from the turf after a brief but brilliant career. The struggle for supremacy lay between the two mares. Lady Suffolk and Lady Moscow, and a gallant and protrafi d straggle it was, varied by an occasional outside dash at J ack Kossiter, who had his own particular contest with Pelham and St. Lawrence, the latter of whom gave him enough to do. Lady Suffolk, for to her, as of right, I give the precedence, was eleven times a winner, beating Lady Moscow six times, at one, two and three miles ; Jack Rossiter, thrice ; Hector, once, and once her old adversary, James K. Polk, in harness, against his wagon. She was beaten, in her turn, four times by Lady Moscow, at two and three miles ; and twice, at two miles, by Jack Kossiter, coming off victorious from both, in each match of three events. Lady Moscow, also, won eleven times, beating Suffolk four times. Jack Rossiter thrice, Pelham once, Zachary Taylor and Captain Walker, once each, and receiving forfeit from the latter and from Captain Davis, at Baltimore. She lost seven times ; six times to Lady Suffolk, and once to Jack Rossiter. Neither of these mares made quite the time that they had 202 THE HOESE. tliemselves done before, but they beat every thing they met except one another, and stood deservedly, first and second of another good year. Jack Eossiter also well regained whatever he had lost of credit in the last year, contending gallantly with the mares wlio were evidently his superiors, and running well with his equals. He won, on the whole, ten times, beating Lady Suifolk twice ; Lady Moscow, once ; St. Lawrence, twice ; Pelham twice ; Grey Eagle twice, and Telegraph once. He made the best two-mile time of the year at Saratoga, where he distanced Lady Moscow in 5.04|. He was beaten twelve times ; four times by St. Lawrence, three times by Lady Suffolk, three by Lady Moscow, and once by Pelham. Still he gained rather than lost credit, for he was beaten by none but known good ones, and had his turn at each of them, and the best of Pelham. St. Lawrence, Lady Washington, Lady Bevins, Mendham Maid, Honest John, James K. Polk, Fanny and Confidence, all made good and creditable trotting, and were all six times or more victors. There were two ten-mile trots this season, Hai'd Times against Leopold, in 250 lb. wagons, won by the former in 32.25*. And Lady Agnes against Buckskin in sulkies, won by the former, in 33.17. Another hundred-mile trot came off this year, on the part of Mr. John F. Purdy, a gentleman of fortune, to drive* his little road-mare Kate, himself, that distance within ten hours. My opinion of the character of these matches has been given, and I cannot recall it ; still it is right to say, that, having the pleasure to know Mr. Purdy well, and to know him to be both a judge of a horse's pace and a thoroughly kind-hearted man, I know that the mare ran no danger of being distressed beyond what is necessary to the accomplishment of such a task, with what is called perfect ease. That she received every aid that attention, tenderness and experience could bestow, was inevitable ; and that she would have been pulled up and withdrawn the instant she showed a HUNDEED-MILE TEOTS. 203 symptom of hanging on the bit or faltering, had there been ten times tlie amonut staked to be lost, every one is assured, who knows Mr. Purdy. Mr. Purdy drove himself the whole distance, with skill, judgment and coolness that astonished and charmed the best trotting drivers and oldest turfmen present. He used a little sulky made by Godwin, weighing only 46 lbs,, with the lightest possible harness, himself weighing J32-jlbs. The little mare was 10 years old, 14 hands high, and under 700 lbs. weight. She is said to be nearly a thoroughbred, and nearly perfect also, both in shape, gait and action. It was observed, strange as it may appear, that she did not diverge in going the whole distance, round the Centreville track, six inches from the track she made on the iirst time round. She was taken out of harness at the end of the fiftieth mile, and was cared for, losing twenty-one minutes, besides other smaller stops. She won the match, all stops included, in 9h. 49m. f s. TIME. hrs. rtiin s«e. hrs. min. s«o. First mile . 0 5 25 Fifty miles . 4 41 0 First ten miles . 0 ST Oi Sixth ten miles . 0 55 0 Second ten miles . 0 06 59J Seventh ten miles . . 0 54 0 First twenty-five miles 2 21 0 Seventy-five miles 7 14 0 Third ten miles . 0 54 0 Eighth ten miles . . 1 0 0 Fourth ten miles 0 67 0 Ninth ten miles . 1 10 0 Fifth ten miles .' 0 56 0 Tenth ten miles . 1 5 0 Making the 100 miles in 9h. 49m. fs. I copy tliis table from the Tui-f Register of 1850 — the rather that it claims this to be a greater trot than that of Fanny Jenks. I cannot conceive why, for her time was better ; and if Fanny Jenks were driven by two little boj's under 75 lbs., I should judge that the experience and fine driving of Mr. Purdy fully compen- sated the extra weight, if that even were not overcome by the lightness of Mr. Purdy's vehicle. But the table itself is a strange one, and cannot be directly summed up nor very easily understood. To cast it up, one must first strike out the time of the first mile, tlien of the first twenty-five miles, then of the fifty miles, then of the seventy miles, and then these being divided, proceed as with a common sum of addition. 204 THE HOKRE. This done, the sum total of the ten miles does not amount to 9h. 49m. fs., but to 9h. 49m. Nor is there the slightest clue given to ascertain what has become of the 21 minutes said to be lost when she was taken out of harness at the end of the iiftieth mile, or of the other stops of lesser moment. The latter, it is true, might be amalgamated in the whole time of the ten miles, but not so, possibly, the twenty-one minutes in the time of the fifth ten miles, which are set down as done in 56 minutes, from which, deducting twenty-one minutes, one will have thirty-five minutes as the travelling time of ten miles, after doing forty miles in seventeen minutes under four hours. The match was unquestionably done and won, for the bets were lost and paid, and the judges were honorable men ; but how it was done, or exactly in what time of actual trotting and what of Stoppage, the above table certainly does not show. I did not discover the defect till I had transcribed it and begun to verify it. Having done so, I do not withdraw it ; because the specimen of the loose way in which matters of this sort are done in quarters where one would least expect it, leads him to spare his wonder at the way the myths of Childers, Eclipse, and the worthies of old, arose, when stop watches scarcely were, and horses ran four miles straight «away from the starting to the winning post in a right line. They might be timed now by electric telegraph, but not even now otherwise. The same is the cause of the prodigious fallacy in Tib Hin- man's time at Ogdensburgb, and in Lady Kate's time at Chicago — both pure myths ! Both matches were done on a straight plane ; one man could not time the start and the finish unless by telegraph. So the starting judge guessed when they got home, and the placing judge guessed when they started, and, when it was all over, the two judges compared notes and struck an average. No fraud was intended, nor any hoax on the pub- lic ; but it was one nevertheless, and was at once detected, deceiv- ing no one. It is impossible, however, to be too rigidly correct in the recording of such details. How the errors in the above table came, could probably, «ow, be easily ascertained, so short a time has ela])sed. But had a century flown since the trot was ERROES IN TIMING. 205 made, and did sucli a table accoinpaiiy the only record remain- ing of it, the whole story wonld be set aside as false, on the in- ternal evidence of disagreement with itself. The year 1851 was marked by the appearance of a new horse on the trotting turf, destined afterward to wear the green- est, and all but the highest of its laurels, the Maine cham- pion Tacony ; and by the decline of an old favorite. Lady Mos- cow, who, from this year, fell into the second rank, never again to rise to her former glories. Even on the indomitable courage and steel-springed frame of Lady Suflblk, time was beginning to make its inroads ; and even her admirers were forced to admit that, altbough still the Queen of the track, she was no longer quite what she had used to be. And what wonder, when one considers that she had al- ready seen her eighteenth birthday ; and that for thirteen years she had been almost constantly in training and at work, ready for all comers, at all distances, and the victress in almost every city of the Union, where trotting is an institution, over the best that dared encounter her. This year she won seven times, beating Jack Kossiter twice ; St. Lawrence twice ; O'Blenis twice ; Cowdriver, Lady Pelham, and Lady Jane, once each. But the time was no longer Lady Suftolk's ; such as she used to make in her palmy days of old, as she never got below 2.34, for a single mile, although she beat Lady Jane and St. Lawrence two-mile heats, at 5.08 — 5.13. On the other hand she was beaten five times ; thrice by Lady Jane; once by Jack Kossiter; once by O'Blenis, and once by the pacer Eoanoke. Not one of these animals, except, per- haps. Lady Jane, could have come near her in her best time. Lady Jane trotted a good and honest mare, this season, win- ning four times ; thrice of Lady Suffolk ; once of St. Lawrence and O'Blenis. She was beaten twice only, by the Lady, and the horse with the Celtic title. Jack Rossiter, also, held his own; well and improvingly. He was a winner nine times against all the best horses of the year, Lady Suffolk, Lady Moscow, Pelham, once each ; St. Lawrence four times ; Orey Vermont twice ; Zach. Taylor, War Eagle, and Tacony. 206 THE HORSE. He was heaten four times only ; by Lady Suffolk twice, and twice by Grey Vermont, who was a fery promising and rising horse. Tacony, who made his debnt this year, made a good show for a young one ; he beat War Eagle twice, and was beaten once by "War Eagle, once by Mac, and once by a horse called John May. St. Lawrence, Rhode Island, Grey Vermont, and several others, kept the game moving, and in good style, but it was nc-t, all in all, such a year as many we have seen, both before and since, either for speed or for stoutness. The old were growing the older, and their successors not yet coming up in force. I have often regretted that it is too often the case here, that horses are not withdrawn in time. Age must tell on every thing, unless it be the almost eternal adamant, and even that can be ground away l>y endless attrition. Much more must the power, the agility, the capacity to endure, of the animal ma- chine. The best horse that ever stood on plates must be beaten in the end, even by a half-bred, if we persist in matching him, in the decrepitude of extreme old age, against the fibre and vigor of mature youth. ♦' I will not say that Boston was so trashed away ; for although he had not fair play — since a horse, taken from serving mares and from the relaxed fibre of a stud sultan, to enter again into training, and that against the ablest rival he ever met, cannot be held, if beaten, beaten fairly — I consider him far greater after, than before, his defeat by Fashion. But I do say, that the way in which Fashion was run on, year after year, in condition or out of condition — as she was, when she was beaten by the gelding Passenger — was running the thing disgracefully into the ground, and was destroying both the physique and the fame — perhaps the promise of the progeny afterward — of as good a mare as ever run. When she had beaten Peytona she had done enough, and won enough of glory ; and should have been allowed to retire and repose upon her honors, hardly won enough, already. In all other arenas, there is a term for contention and a re- treat foi- veteran victors. TACONY. 207 In the United States, it would seem, that for the noblest conqueror on the turf, there is no end but to be beaten — beaten, not by his victor's energy, but by his own decay. I honor the pluck of the owner of Eclipse, who dared to withdraw him from the course, old, but unbeaten, and old in honor ; as I con- demn the false fear of those who persist in wearing out a life- time of exertion, until defeat must follow, in their bravest horses, from the poor apprehension of being called afraid ! I have always thought, and still think, the fate of Fashion, and of the gallant, glorious gray. Lady Suifolk, as but a sadder and more cruel version of the tale of the high-mettled racer. Morally, though not physically, it was the same. With the year 1852, there commenced what I would call the New Era of the American trotting turf — the heroes and heroines of the last twenty years all passed, or rapidly passing away, and a new generation rising upon the stage, in whose names their fame is, with but a few exceptions, soon to be for- gotten. Americus, Awful, Bejapo, Dutchman, Lady Moscow, Lady Sutton, Lady Suffolk herself, have departed from the scene, which they had so long adorned ; or, as in the case of the last named, as " veterans lag superfluous on the stage." The good old mare, now in her nineteenth year, won but once, and that only of a second-rate, though a good second- rate, Boston Girl ; her best time being nine seconds behind that of her j)rime. She was beaten nine times ; by Jack Eossiter, Lady Brooks, Pet, Tacony thrice ; twice by Zach. Tayloi-, and once by Lady Jane. And what proves more, in all the lost races she won but two heats, one against Lady Brooks, and one against Tacony. "What, perhaps, more than any thing proves the indomitable courage, and truly iron-endurance of this matchless mare, is the following record of her last great struggle against the young hero Tacony. Friday, Sept. 24.— Purse $300— $50 to go to the second best, for trotters, mile heats, best three in five, wagons. W. Woodruff's ro. g. Tacony, 1082211 A. Concklin's gr. m. Lady Suffolk, S028122 8. McLaughlin's b. m. Lady Brooks, 2811388 Jack Eossiter, Lady Jane, Lady Moscow, and Boston Girl drawn. Time, 2.84— 2.40— 2.361— 2..35— 2.87— 2.39— 2.41. 208 THE HOESE. I am not sure that, in her nineteenth year, this may not be quoted as the greatest feat she ever accomplished. The speed of her foot had departed with her youtli ; but the ability to stay the distance, and come again for ever, with a scarcely dimin- ished stroke, seemed to last in for ever. Her old owner, through all her triumphs, David Bryan, died in New Orleans in 1851 ; and whatever judges, or would-be judges, may say of his inability, want of temper, and harshness to the old gray, she clearly never was herself again, he gone. In 1853 she was purchased by Mr. Hill, of Bridport, in whose ownership she died, and has left no heir or heiress to her honors. Indeed, it is hardly probable, after such severe and long- protracted exertions, that had she proved fruitful, the progeny would have been of much account. I am exceedingly glad to present to my readers a very j^er- fect likeness and tine engraving of this unrivalled animal. I call her unrivalled, because although her time has been beaten, I, like my friend " Observer," have always regarded time, alone, as a most insufficient and fallacious test of the pow- ers of the horse ; and I, for one, shall certainly not transfer my allegiance to the new queen, Flora, until she shall Vave proved her right, not by the brilliant spurts of a few, brief, glorious sea- sons, but by the long-continued train of still increasing triumphs, which render the name of Lady Suitblk the pride of the trotting turf of America. The accompanying portrait, which is indisputably the best likeness of the mare I have ever seen, has for its basis a litho- graph by the late lamented Robert Clarke, who, for the power of catching and committing to paper the peculiar action, style of going and salient characteristics of any horse, while in mo- tion, on the trot especially, has scarcely been equalled. He was somewhat deficient, however, in anatomical knowl- edge ; and had a habit, which amounted, in his works, to an absolute mannerism, of representing his animals with under- sized limbs. I have scarcely seen a painting of his which has not this defect, more or less ; and I have seen many in which it amounts to a deformity equal almost to that of the huge-headed pigmy-bodied men of the new style of caricatures, in which it ► ,dE^&^»w,-=* ^ LADY SUFFOLK. 209 needs a quicker perception, than I possess, of the ridiculous, to see any humor. The spirited sketch alluded to above, of poor Clarke's^ his best I think — is by no means free from this gross fault ; though, in other points, the likeness is perfect and uiiinis- takable. This defect, and also the very faulty seat of the rider, iu the original cut, have been at my suggestion cleverly corrected by Messrs. Capewell and Kimmel, the excellent and intelligent en- gravers, to whose talents in representing on steel some of the very best of our American equine celebrities, I gladly confess my indebtedness. All admirers of the fiimous old mare will recognize her bloodlike head, her peculiar mode of carrying it and champing on the bit, her long slashing stroke which led the way to such oft -repeated glories, and the broad white flag, nev- er displayed to ask for truce, or to give token of submission. The following summary of her performances, with her pedi- gree, and an account of her winnings in purses, alone, not in- cluding bets — unparalleled, it is believed, by those of any trot- ting horse — are taken from " The Spirit of the Times," of June 2d, 1855. It was fitting that the person who, when she was a common livery horse, first detected in her the germ of her fu- ture greatness, should be the one to give the report of her hon- ors to posterity. 1 say the simple truth, when I record my own belief, that I, at least, shall not look upon her like again. Vol. II.— 14 MEMOIR OF LADY SUFFOLK, WITH A STJMMARY OF HER P E E F O E M A N 0 E 8 . LADr Suffolk was bred in Suffolk County, Long Island, and was foaled in 1833. At two years old she was purchased by Mr. David Bryan ; and, in February, 1838, she made her first public appearance near Babylon, where she trotted for, and won, eleven doUa?-s, after three heats, the fastest vOf which was 3.01. The weather was very cold, and Hiram Wood- ruff had the lionor of riding her in this her first public per- formance. Lady Suffolk was got by Engineer, a thoroughbred son of Engineer by Imp. Messenger, her dam by Plato, another son of Imp. Messenger, grand dam by Kainbow, out of a common mare. The dam of Lady Suffolk was owned and bred by Gen. John Floyd, of Smithtown, Long Island, and sold by his son to Charles Little, Esq., of Smithtown, from whom she passed into the hands of Richard Blaydenburg, Esq., who bred Lady Suf- folk. Lady Suffolk was about fifteen hands and a half high ; of a beautiful gray, with a large sweeping tail ; small head, well set on to a fine arched neck, with a good deal of the Arab about it ; large shoulders and quarters, not too heavy, but showing immense strength and power of endurance ; long in the body, legs fine and wonderfully good. LADY . SUFFOLK S RACES. 211 In the following Summavy of Lady Suffolk's Performances, the anionnt of the purse is given when she was the winner, and left blank when she lost, — Feb. June July Oct. Nov. April July Nov. May Juno July 4( Oct. Nov. May June Aug. Nov. July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Oct. 3 " 10 23 Nov. 15 May 6 8 14 June 80 Sept. 21 " 6 May 15 " 21 June 6 '^ 27 Aug. 28 Sept. (i " 9 Oct. 7 Babylon, L. I. Beacon Coarse, N. J. Philadelphia, Pa. Beacon Course, N. J. Philadelphia, Pa. Beacon Course, N. J. Centreville, L. I. Beacon Course. N.J. Boston, Mass. Philadelphia, Pa. Centreville, L. I. Beacon Course, N. J. Centreville, L. I. Beacon Course, N. J. Centreville, L. I. Philaflelphia, Pa. , Centreville, L. I. Beacon Course, N. J. Centreville, L. I. Beacon Course, N. J. Centreville, L. I. Philadelphia, Pa. Trenton, N. J. Beacon Course, N. J. Boston, Mass. Beacon Course, N. J. Baltimore, Md Centreville, L. I Beacon Course, N. J. Centreville, L. I Beacon Course, N. J. Albany, N.Y Beacon Course, N. J. Saddle, Harness, Saddle, Harness, Saddle, Saddle, Uarness, Saddle, Harness Saddle, Harness, Saddle, Harness, Saddle, Harness, Saddle, Harness, Saddle, Wagon, Saddle, Harness, Wagon, Harness, Saddle, Harness, Saddle, Harness, Saddle, 8.01 6.43, 5.42. 5.15,6.17 5.29, 5.17, 6.40. 5.17, 5.1.3i. 6,28, 5.21}. 5.42}, 5.3S}, 5.39 5.18,5.26 8.11, 8.17. 6.38, 5.52. 2.49. 5.21 6.16, 5.09. 5.39 5.28, 6.31, 5.32, 5.42. 5.38, 5.86, 5.40 2.62, 2.60. 6.28,6.28,5.26 5.20, 5.28. 5.14,5.34 11.22,11.84 2.48}, 3.45, 2.47. 2.52, 2.63, 2.49, 2.4T, 3.60. 5.05, 6.06. 7.61, 7.51. 5.20,5.83,5.33 11.15, 11.58 Received forfeit 6.22,5.31,5.81 4..i9,5.0S.* Received forfeit 5.13}, 5.14 5.31i, 5.19}, 5.21 7.40}, 7.56 5.16}, .5.16}, 6.16, 6.18, 5.25. 8.02}, 8.0.3, 8.08, 8.16. 2..35, 2.37 5.26}, 5.23, 5.24 5.05 13.58, 18.58}. 7.50, 8.04. 5.10}, 5.12}. 5.10,5.15 5.07, 5.16, 6.17. 5.19, double harness 5.16, 6.22. 8.00, 7.56}. 5.37,6.49 2.23}, 2.28, 2.28, 2.29, 2.32... 2.26}, 2.27, 2.27 2.80i, 2.43}, 2.28 7.44,'T.52... 2.29,2.30,2.28} 3.83, 3.89, 3.41 6,19, 5.20, 5.22, 5.19. 7.48. 6.38, 5.86. 7.69, 8.15, 8.01. 5.20, 5.24 6.17,5.19, 6.1S 7.51, 8.02 7.62}, 8.01. 3.40,2.34}, 3.88} 3.44,3.26} 2.38. 2.88}, 2.34 2.87 2.29, 2.31, 2.28, 2.29, 2.80. . . 11 100 100 200 400 150 800 20O 200 1000 21100 760 200 600 500 760 200 2000 1250 21 rO 1000 800 200 200 100 200 100 800 800 800 600 600 400 250 2.50 260 200 212 THE HOESE. 1845 1846 1847 184S 1850 April 28 May 5 " 19 Juno 3 Oct. 8 " 18 16 " 29 Sept. 28 Oct. 8 15 23 18 7 Nov. June July 14 Aug. Sept. Oct. Dec. May June July Aug. May Julie July Aug. Sept. Oct. Dec. May June July Oct. Nov. Union Course, L. I. . Centreville, L. I. Union Course, L. I. . Pliiladelpbia, Pa. Beacon Course, N. 9, Philadelphia, Pa. Union Course, L. I. Centreville, L. I. Union Course, L. I. Saratoga, N. Y. . Centreville, L. I. Union Course, L. I. Centreville, L. I. Saratoora, N. Y. Union Course. L. I. Providence, R. I. Boston, Mass. Union Course, L. I. Centreville, L. I. Union Course, L. I. Centreville, L. I. Union Course, L. I. Centreville, L. I. Boston, Mass. Centreville, L. I. Philadelphia, Pa. Baltimore, Md. Philadeltihia, Pa. Boston, Mass. Rochester, N. Y. Butralo, N. Y. Cincinnati, Ohio 6ADDLE OR DIS. HA EN ESS. Harness 2 " 2 " S " » " 1 *' 1 " 1 *' 3 " 1 " 2 " 1 Saddle 3 " 2 " 8 " 2 " •f Wagon 1 " 1 *' 1 Saddle, 3 Harness, 9. Saddle, 9. Harness, 2 " 2 " 1 "Wairon. 9 Saddle, 9 Harness, 1 " 2 " 1 '■ 1 Saddle, 1 Harness, 1 " 2 Saddle, 1 Harness, 1 " 1 Saddle, 1 Harness, 1 1 '* 1 " 2 3 Was:on, 1 Harness, 3 Saddle, 2 Harness, 2 " 1 "■ 2 " 1 " 2 " 3 " 1 Wagon, 1 Harness, 3 " 2 " 1 " 2 " 2 " T " 1 *<• 1 " 2 " 1 " 2 " 1 20, 5.29 09, 5,16, 6.12 00, 8.05J. 02, 8.07f, 8.17 37, 2..35i, 2.85}, 2.89. .34. 2.29i, 2.30, 2.84, 2.36 ,33i, 2.31i, 2.40, 2.85. ,05. 7.59. .37*, 2..37, 2.35 ,1S,'5.11. ,84, 2.34i, 2.34}, 2.35, 2.S ,46, 7.46+. OS}, 5.16. ,56, 8.06} 16}, 5.24 7. 6.1 7. 6, 503. 2..37}, 2.43', 2..39} 2.42}, 2,.3.3}, 2.36 2.82,2.54, 2.44 7.44, 7.63. 5.13,5.12V 6.04}, 5.09. 6.10, 5.12 5,181,5.25} 2.33, 2.83, 2.35, 2.87, 2.38, 2.36. 5.21,5.1.3,6.17,5.23 5.12,5.14 2.31, 2.-32, 2..32 6.22, 8.16, 5.17, 5.16 2.32.* 2.34, 2.30, 2.84, 2.34. 2.29}, 2.32, 2.31. 2.PM, 2.34, 2.38} .5.20: 2.31, 2.26,t 2.27, 2.29. 2.29}, 2.83} 2..32, 2.32}, 2.28, 2.29}, 2.2s, 2.30,231,2.30. 8.09. 5.18.}: 2.29}. 3.81, 2.30, 2.81J-, 2.33. 2,32}, 2,3.3}, 2.84, 2.36.. .5.16, 6.17. 5.20. 7.45}, 7,52, 7.57 2.45, 2.40. 2.4S 8.18,8.15... 5.0.3}. 5.12. 5.19 5.67,6.84} 2.37, 2.40, 2.38. 5..38, 5.86 2.33 2.34} % 2.32, 2.31, 5.10, 5,09}. 7.441, 7.82}. 2.31. , 2..31, 2.33, 2.39,2.88... 7.58}, 7.56 520. 5.11,516 2.81 5.18, 5.10. 5.15. 5.08, 5.0S}. 2.37}, 2.38,2.40 2.41,2.46,2.47 2.47}, 2..39, 2.43,2.40.. 5.18,5.17. 2.3.5, 2..34. 2.84 5.141, .5.12*. 2.48,2.41, 2..39 .$ 250 250 400 250 250 250 800 500 300 250 250 250 300 500 1,000 300 250 200 200 soe 250 250 250 800 260 300 250 600 500 260 250 250 880 800 800 500 600 500 800 800 * Lady Suffolk fell lame, in this heat, which she won, but was stopped in the second. t Lady Suffolk won the second heat. t The mare was so much amiss, that she was withdrawn after the first heat TABLE OF PEKFOEMANCES. 213 SADDLE TEAR. DATE. cot;ESE. OR DI8. TnOE. PRIZE. HARNESS. • 1S51 Fob. 19 New Orleans, La. Harness, 1 2.371, 2.35, 241. Mar. 11 " " " " 1 2.83, 2.35, 2.83J, 2.34. April 22 Mobile, Ala. " 1 2.49.2.47,2.48.2.47. 300 " 80 New Orleans, La. " 1 2.44t, 2.46, 2.4U, 2.54. May 28 St. Louis, Mo. Saddle, 1 2.39,2.80,2.33,2.30,2.85 800 June 18 " " Harness, 2 5.28, 5.28. It 23 (( (I n 1 2..55, 2.34 800 Aug. 8 Eochester, N. T. '. « 1 2.85, 2..37,'2.36, 2.36 800 Sept. 18 " " " 1 2.82}, 2.81i, 2.33i. Oct. 19 15 Union Course, L. I. . !! 2 1 5.08, 5.13 400 2.34, 2.37i, 2.38, 2.37, 2.40J 500 " 23 tl H li " 2 5.09, 5.10}. " 28 it It u " 1 2.39, 2.36, 2.36, 2.34. Nov. 17 It tt U " 1 2.;'J — the best on record. She had at once started up into a prodigy. She lost four races only, one to Black Doii^las, one to Green Mountain Maid, and two to Tacony, who battled it out with her with courage, if not with success, equal to her own. Tacony, though no longer the champion, maintained his credit more than gallantly, beating Flora twice, as has been stated ; and Mac, who reappeared very strongly this season, four times, one in the best time on record, under the saddle. He was beaten six times by Flora, and thrice by Mac. His best winning time, 2.25i, at two miles, repeated in two consecu- tive heats, was a minute better than Lady Suffolk's best, 2.26^; and he put Flora up to 4.59 — 5.01^, to beat him in wagons, at two miles. To show how much horses had gained on time, recently, 2.27, only one min. less than the best yet, 2.26, was made seven times; by Dolly Spanker thrice. Flora twice, and Tacony once; and Lady Suffolk's best time, 2.2Ci, was equalled by Tecumseh, and beaten a minute by Tacony agaiijst Mac. Tliere was much excellent trotting this year, and horses of NQTJF.KOE. '2X9 merit deserving mention, too manv to be recorded in a mere snnnnary of events sncli as tliis. I nnist not, liowever, omit — in order to record my disappro- bation of them — to mention two ten-mile matches in harness, between the same horses. First, the eh. g. Prince, by Wood- pecker, a trotter, and the gr. g. Hero, pedigree unknown, a pacer. The fastest mile was done in 2.3S|, the slowest in 3.12|, the whole time in 2S.0Si. Xo injury occuri-cd to either hoi-se ; bnt that is no justiticatiou of these long matches, — whicJj, having the probability before my eyes of being set down as an old fogy and anti-progressive, I regard as both useless and cruel. Second, the same hoi-ses, with the same I'esult, except that Hero was distanced — what is the distance in ten miles non con- stat. Fastest mile, -2.33* ; slowest, 6.19 ; whole time, 35.1S. On November 12tli came oli' the crowning cruelty of the American trotting coui-se. An old, good, honest, well-known roadster, bred in Orange Count}-, and having a good deal of blood, was driim to d- rather dry and dusty to our mind, and did not compare favorably with its condition on some other occasions. Some persons, how- ever, thought it just the thing, and they may have been right. Time is the proper test. " Tacony, ridden by Warren Peabody, was the first to appear on the track, and as he jogged around, previous to the match, he loolred uncommonly well, we thought, and capable of making as good time as on any former occasion. He is a fine specimen of the American trotting horse, very muscular, open gaited, and, in fact, possesses every requisite of the trotter. His rider, as he jogged along, seemed much at ease, and very confident of success, notwithstanding the extraordinary creature against whom he had to contend. " Flora shortly afterwards made her appearance in harness, driven by her favorite driver, Hiram Woodruif, who declared after the race that she could beat a locomotive. She looked, as she appeared throughout the summer, extremely well, and jogged around the track as gayly as a cricket. Her friends were much pleased with her, and were ready to back her to any extent, 100 to 30 being current just before the start. She is a universal favorite, and since the days of Lady Suffolk no nag has stood higher in the estimation of sporting men than Flora Temple. They believe her invincible, and her race yesterday seems to justify that belief. " THE RACE. " Flora Temple won the inside position, and, at the second attempt, went oflP with the lead. She opened a gap of three or foul' lengths on the iipper turn, and went to the quarter pole in thirty-seven seconds, with all that advantage. On the back stretch Tacony gained on her, and was closing very rapidly on her as they reached the half-mile pole — time 1.13. The mare now increased her speed, and carried Tacony to a break, from which he did not recover readily. Hiram perceiving the distance Tacony was behind, now tried to shut him out entirely, 240 THE MOESE. and make surety doubly sure. The pace of Flora then became truly astonishing, and she reached home from the half-mile pole in one minute and eleven and a half seconds, making the entire heat in 2.24A ! After Tacony recovered from his first break, he made a gallant attempt to catch the mare, which resulted in another bad break, on the home stretch, from which he could not recover in time to save his distance. And so ended this long remembered trot of Flora Temple and Tacony. The following is a summary ; — Tuesday, Sept. 8. Trotting matcli, $1,000, mile heats.' H. "Woodruif named b. m. Flora Temple ...... 1 W. Peabody named r. g. Tacony .....,, dist Time, 2.24i \" PEDIGREE OF T R 0 T T I N G-H 0 R S E S. It was my hope that I should be able to give ray readers the complete and authentic pedigrees of several distinguished trotting-horses, which are believed to be nearly if not entirely thoroughbred. For although thoi ^ugh blood is not a necessary cause of excellence to the trotter, as it is to the race-horse, there can be no doubt that both for speed and endurance it is an ad- junct highly desirable. This is rendered manifest by the known high and pure blood, on both sides, of many of the most celebrated horses which have ever trotted on American soil, and, if possible, yet more so by the attempts constantly made by the owners of trotting-horses not thoroughbred, to prove them to be what they are not. A few, however, and those the very best, are known to be of the highest strain. Paul Pry was got by Mount Holly, dam by Hambletonian. Abdallah and Messenger, trotting stallions, by Mambrino, also a trotter, by Messenger. Andrew Jackson, whose pedigree is given above in full, was got by Young Bashaw, a thoroughbred son of the Barb Grand Bashaw, out of a grand-daughter of Messenger. Kemble Jackson was got by Andrew Jackson out of Fanny Kemble, sister to Charles Kemble, by Sir Archy, &c., &c., per- fectly thoroughbred of the highest strain. Long Island Black Hawk was .by Andrew Jackson, out of Sally Miller, a famous trotting-mare, who was got by Mambrino, a half-bred son of Messenger Vol. II.— 16 242 THE H0E8E. Toiing, or Vernol's Black Hawk, is by Black Hawk, his dam by Old Kentucky AVhip, his great grand dam on the female side, the famous trotting Shakespere mare. Lady Suffolk Avas by Engineer, a thoroughbred son of Engineer by Messenger — her dam by Plato, also a son of Messenger. Awful was by thoroughbred American Boy, I believe, out of a thoroughbred mare. Trustee was by imported Trustee out of the trotting-raare Fanny Pullen, believed to be of good blood. Pocahontas is by thoroughbred Cadmus, out of an, at least, half-bred Shakespere mare. And, lastl}', the Morgans claim to be descended from thorough blood, although the claim cannot be proved. PEDIGREE OF THE MORGANS.* I have just ascertained a fact, which deserves to be recorded here, as it absolutely sets at rest the question of True Briton's parentage by the im])orled horse, Moreton's Ti-aveller. Ti-aveller was foaled by Ba_y Bloody Buttocks to Mr. Crofi's Partner, in one of the years 17J:5-'6, or '7. The American Stud Book says about 1748 ; but in 1748 she missed to Craft's Part- ner, and, in 1749, bore her last colt to Forester. Selah Norton's advertisement of 1791, in the Hartford Cour rant, states that True Briton was then in his prime. This is never said of a horse exceeding, at the utmost, twelve years old. Now, if True Briton were twelve years old in 1791, and the son of Moreton's Traveller foaled in 1747, that horse must have been thirfy-tivo years old when he got him, which is absurd. Or, if Moreton's Traveller got him in his twenty-second year, the oldest at which a stallion is ever recorded to have got a per- fect foal. True Briton, his son, was in his prime at twenty-two, which is absurd. Ergo, True Briton was not son of Moreton's Traveller. — Q. E. D. * I may liere state that I have fallen into an error on page 150 of this toI., in describing Mambrino, by American Eclipse out of Grand Duchess, as the sire of the trottiug-mare Betsey Baker. Her sire was the trotting-horse Mambrino, son of Mes- senger. MILE AND TWO-MILE HEATS. 24:3 BEST TIME ON EECOKD. TROTTING AT MILE HEATS. HEANESS DATE. NAJIE. OP. SADELE. TIME. 1830 Burster, Saddle, 2.32. 1833 Sally Miller, U 2.37i, 2.37, 2.40, 2.42, 2.44. 1834 Edwin Forrest, Edwin Forrest, Charlotte Temple, (t 2.31|, 2.33. 2.37, 2.36, 2.39, 2.40. 2.39, 2.38, 2.39, 2.40. 1836 Dutchman, Norman Leslie, (1 2.36. 2.85, 2.33, 2.33, 2.40. 2.38, 2.36*, 2.38, 2.39, 2.38. 18.37 Locomotive, (( 2.38, 2.86, 2.37. 1839 Dutchman, Harness, 2.35, 2.32, 2.S5. 1841 Brooklyn Maid, Saddle, 2.42, 2.41, 2.40, 2.40*, 2.40, 2.38. " Confidence, Harness, 2.35, 2.37, 2.36. 1843 (( 11 Lady Suftblk, Ladv Suftblk, Lady Suflfolk, Lady Suflblk, Saddle, 2.80*, 2.42i, 2.28. 2.29, 2.30, 2.28*. 2.28*, 2.28, 2.28, 2.29, 2.32. 2.26*, 2.27, 2.27. t( Ripton. Harness, 2.32*, 2.31*, 2.33, 2.38, 2.35. 1844 Ladv SuflTolk, u 2.38, 2.3.3*, 2.34, 2.87. " Lady SufTolk, Saddle, 2.44, 2.26*. 1845 Aggy Down, " 2.27, 2.29*, 2.30, 2.30, 2.31. 1846 Grev Eagle, Lady Suffolk, u 2.33, 2.33*, 2.33. 2.34, 2.34*, 2.34*, 2.35, 2.38i.d 1847 Gen. Taylor, (( 2.27, 2.27, 2.28, 2.30, 2.31. 1848 Ladv Sutton, Harness, 2.33, 2.33, 2.35, 2.37, 2.38, 2.36. 1849 Lady Suffolk, " 2.29*, 2.31, 2.30, 2.31*, 2.32, 2.31, 2.38. 1850 Morphine, a 2.34, 2.33i 2.32. 1851 Jack Rossiter, " 2.39, 2.36, 2.30, 2.34. 1S52 Taconv, Sad.lle, 2.28, 2.29, 2.26. 1853 Flora Temple, Harness, 2.33*, 2.27, 2.28*. " Taoony, Saddle, 2.25*, 2.25*. (( Taconv, Harness, 2.28, 2.27, 2.29. 1854 Flora Temple, Grey Eddy, a 2.31f, 2.32, 2.33. 2.38^, 2.30*, 2.32*. 1855 Lady Mac, Sadrlle, 2.27f, 2.31*, 2.28|-, 2.29, 2.31. 1856 Flora Temple, Harness, 2.24^. TROTTING AT TWO-MILE HEATS. HARNESS DATE. HAME. OR TliEE. SADDLE. 1831 Topgallant, Saddle, 5.27, 5.19, 5.23. 1S35 Modesty, " 5.25, 5.19, 5.21. 1836 Don Juan, " 5.17, 5.14. 1837 D. D. Tompkins, " 5.16*, 5.11. 1838 Edwin Forrest, Harness, 5.17, 5.13, 5.17. " Rattler, Saddle, 5.17, 5.13*. " Rattler, " 5.29, 5.17, 5.40. (1 Greenwich Maid, Harness, 5.20, 5.22. (i Awful, Saddle, 5.28, 0.21*. 2M THE H0E8E. TROTTING AT TWO-MILE HEATS. HAKNESS DATE. NAME. OR SADDLE. TIME. 1839 Dutchman, Saddle, 5.16, 5.09. " Dutchman, Harness, 5.11, 5.16. " Don Juan, Saddle, 5.17, 5.14. u Henry, Harness, 5.20, 5.28. 1840 Lady Suffolk, Edwin Forrest, Saddle, 4.59, 6.03i. 5.05, 5.06. " Washington, Harness, 5.18A, 5.17, 6.26. 1841 Lady Suffolk, Saddle, 5.05. tl Confidence, Harness, 6. 16+, 5.16J, 5.16, 5.18, 5.25. a Ducliess, (( 5.18, 5.20. 1842 (( (1 (( Lady Suffolk, Ripton, Ripton, Ripton, Aniericus, Confidence, u u 11 5.10, 5.15. 6.UW, 5.12^. 5.07, 5.15. 5.07, 5.15, 5.17. 5.14, 5.20. 5.14i, 5.27, 5.37. 1843 (1 Dutchman, Ripton, 5.19, 5.20, 5.22, 5.29. 5.12, 5.12, 5.17. 1853* Flora Temple, Li 4.59, 5.01 i. 1855 Flora Temple, 11 4.59, 4.67, 6.21*. * Ko time of any consequence at t\vo-mile heats during the ten years from 1843 to 1853. TROTTING AT THREE-MILE HEATS. HAHNESS DATE. NAME. OR SADDLE. TIME. About 1827 Screwdriyer, b. g. Saddle, Harness, 8.02, 8.10. 8.18, 8.38. 1828 Sir Peter, " 8.32, 8.19. 1829 Topgallant, Saddle, 8.23, 8.06, 8.17. About " Whalebone, Harness, 8.18. 11 Shakspeare, Saddle, 8.16. " Betsey Baker, " 8.16. " Sir Peter, Harness, 8.17, 8.13. 1831 Cato, Lady Victory, Li 8.02, 8.18. 8.11. 1832 Screwdriver, ch. g. " 8.18, 8.38. 1833 Columbus, Saddle, 7.57*, 7. .54, 8.01 1834 Columbus, a 8.02, 8.05. 1( Columbus, a 7.58, 8.07. 1836 Lady Warrington, " 8.0.5, 8.17, 8.19. 1837 D. D. Tompkins, a 7.59, 8.09. 1838 1.1 Dutchman, Rattler, a a 7. .544, 7..50, 8.02, 8.24J S.ll, 8.17. t( D. D. Tompkins, Li 8.07. 1839 Dutchman, " 7.32*. Second mile in 2 28. (( Dutchman, Harness, 7.41. 1840 Dutchman, « Saddle, 7.51, 7.51. TEOTTING AND PACING. TROTTING AT THREE-MILE HEATS. 245 HARNESS DATE. NAME. OR SADDLE. TIME. 1841 Ladv Suffolk, Saddle, lAOi, 1.56. " Aaron Burr, Harness, 8.0U, 8.03, 8.08, 8.16. 1842 Ripton, 8.00, 7.56i. " Ripton, 8.03, 8.04. 1843 Ripton, 7.53, 8.03. 1845 Aniericus, 8.00, 8.05^ (( Lady Suffolk, 8.02, 8.07i 8.17. 1853 Kemble Jackson, Wagon, 8.03, 8.044. Pet, 8.03, 8.01. TROTTING AT FOUR-MILE HEATS.* DATE. NAME. HARNESS OR 6ADDX.E. TIME. 1829 1836 1839 1840 1842 Sir Peter, Dutchman, Ladv Suffolk, Lady Suffolk, Ellen Thompson, Harness, Saddle, 11.2.3, 11.27. 11.19, 10.51. 11.22, 11.34. 11.15, 11.58. 11.55, 11.33. * Of late years there has been no trotting at two, three, and four-mile heats, when the time has surpassed that of previous years. I have, therefore, refrained^rom noting it. PACING. HARNESS DATE. NAME. OR SADDLE. DISTANCE. TIME. 1829 Bonny Boy, Saddle, 2 miles. 5.06, 5.07J. u Stranger, (t 2 " 5.10, 5.16. 1835 Top Sawyer, (1 1 " 2.31. t( Oneida Chief, u 1 " 2.34, 2.33, 2.31. 18.38 Oneida Chief, (( 2 " 5.14, 5.09*. 1839 Drover, (( 1 " 2.30, 2.31, 2.38. 1840 Oneida Chief, Harness, 3 " 8.17, 8.204. 1841 Volcano, Saddle, 1 " 2.39, 2.3U, 2.34i, 2.38^ (( Billy, " 1 " 2.32. t( Oneida Chief, Harness, 3 " 7.50, 8.04. 1843 Oneida Chief, Saddle, 3 " 7.44, 7.52. 1844 James K. Polk, Harness, 1 " 2.23. 1845 James K. Polk, " 1 " 2.27. 1847 Roanoke, Saddle, 1 " 2.25, 2.27, 2.26, 2.26^ 1849 Dan Miller, Harness, 1 " 2.24, 2.27, 2.27+, 2.23. 1850 Roanoke, Saddle, 1 " 2.26, 2.38, 2.26. 1851 Tecumseh, Harness, 1 " 2.21. 1852 Roanoke, ti 1 " 2.19*, 2.181, 2.27, 2.27, 2.45. 1834 Pocahontas, a 1 " 2.20, 2.25, 2.20. 1855 Hero, u 1 " 2.28*, 2.23f, 2.25}, 2.31. n Pocahontas, Wagon, 1 " 2.17i. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES OF EXTRAORDINARY PERFORMANCES AMEEICATsT TROTTERS. Topgallant trotted in harness, 12 miles in 38 minutes. A roan mare, called Yankee Sal, trotted in a match against time, 15-J^ miles, in 48 minutes 43 sec. Lady Kate trotted 16 miles in 66m. 13s. In Sept., 1829, Tom Thumb was driven, in England, \Gl miles in 56m. 45s. ; and in February, of the same year, trotted 100 miles ia lOh. 7m., in harness. In 1831, Jerry performed 17 miles in 58m., under the saddle. In 1831, Chancellor trotted 33 miles in Ih. 58m. 31s. The last mile, to sare a bet, was done in Sm. 7s. Pelham did 16 miles in 58m. 2Ss. without training. Paul Pry, in 1833, accomplished 18 miles in 58m. 523. In 1831, Whalebone did 32 miles in Ih. 55m. In 1839, Empress trotted 33 miles in Ih. 58m. 65s. In 1835, Black Joke did 50 miles in 3h. 57s. Mischief, in 1837, accomplished about 84J miles in 8h. 30m., in harness. A pair of horses, in 1828, did 100 miles in llh. 64m. Mr. Thcal's horses, in June, 1834, did 100 miles within lOh. In 1841, Fanny Jenks did 10 miles in 29m. 69s. In 1845, Fanny Jenks trotted lol miles, in harness, in 9h. 42m. 57s. See Turf Register for 1845. In 1846, Fanny Murray did 100 miles in 9h. 41m. 26s., and Ariel 50 miles in 3h. B5m. 4nis. Sir William, in 1847, at Manchester, Eng., did ISi miles in Ih 1848. Trustee has done 20 miles within the hour — 59m. 35|s. Lady Fulton " " " " — 59m. 55s. In 1849, Fly did 90 miles in 8h. 1.5m., including two hours' stoppage. In 1850, Kate did lOii miles in 9h. 44m. fs. WINNING TEOrriNG H0E8KS. 247 CO 3 CO t5 P3 M O E-i CO o M o h-l H H O (^ I— I o tn to K a, Q o o ^ ^ I z M g t: 1— 1 ^ > s ^; a <- <5 S5 -« o C <15 1 u f-* r-i T-1 T^Oi T-tr^T-< r-^ii-i «^ cj j2 ^ •"-! "l-J : _ to I o ,>■ = =!>, o a o K ci ff rt ti,'9 en lis rt aj E =^ M piKK - o S)-!K S£ U U O c c a O O 3 t- "^'^ p p o •-3 SF 1- xa c c a : £•» ■T -'^ ci Tl a) . 'ti . • -- .2 M ^ IJ c — ^ ^-^ ^ c ^ d =^ ~ i = 2 = ^-5 S o c = n-^ .^ o c. 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C. Eives, Esq., of Va. PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING. The following essay on the principles of breeding, on in- breeding, and out-breeding, selection of blood, and choice of raares and stallions, is quoted from an excellent English work, Stonehenge on British Rural Sports. This has been done, not for the purpose of avoiding trouble or sparing time, but because I conceive the principles laid down to be correct throughout, the reasoning logical and co- gent, the examples well-taken, and the deductions from them such as can scarcelj' be denied. The examples of this writer, it will be seen, are all taken from English horses. That will, howevei", be found no drawback or disadvantage, but rather the reverse ; as the whole system depends on the power of tracing the blood of the sire and dam, without interruption or error, directly to the original sources, which can, thanks to the existence of regularly preserved stud 260 THE HORSE. books be done to a certainty in ninety-nine cases ont of a hnn- drecl in England, wliereas with us, after a few generations, tlie line is too often lost, left in doubt or dependent on mere I'umor, owing to the absence of authentic records. The method M'hicli Stonehenge suggests can readily, however, be carried out here, after becoming, through his argument and examples, master of the system ; since, although the individual pedigrees of many, if not most of our horses, are lost before we get to a very re- mote antiquity, the original strains, from which our very best blood is derived, through Sir Archy, Fearnought, Janus, Jolly Eoger, and Moreton's Traveller, beside others, are perfectly well known. So that it is easy, in selecting stallions from among the mod- ern importations, to go upon whichever system may strike the fancy, that of in or of out-breeding. I think, myself, that it is made clear by recent events, and that such is shown to he the case by the tables of racing stock, given at the close of tlie first volume, that ]3revious to the last quarter of a century, the American Turfman was probably breeding in too much to the old Vii'ginia and South Carolina ante-revolutionary stock, and that the American race-horse has been improved hy the recent cross of modern English blood. It is also well worthy of remark, that eveiy one of the four most successful of modern English stallinus in this country, which have most decidedly hit with our old stock Leviathan, Sarpedon, Priam, and Glencoe, all trace back to several crosses of Herod blood, Glencoe, and Priam, not less than three or four several times each, to crosses of Partner blood, and directly several times over to the Godolphin, Barb, or Arabian — which are the very strains from which our Virginia stock derives its peculiar excellence. It is farther worthy of remark, that two stallions have de- cidedly hit with the imported English mare Heel, as proved by her progeny, Lecomte and Prioress, respectively, to Boston and Sovereign. Now Reel, through Glencoe, Catton, Gohanna, and Smolen- sko, has herself no less than seven distinct strains of Ilerod blood. Boston, as every one knows, traces directly, through Timoleon, Sir Archy, Diomed, Florizel, to Herod. Sovereign, HEROT) r.I.OOD. 261 also, througli Emilius, liis sire, has Herod on both lines, as his paternal and maternal g. g. g. sire ; and Tartar, the sire of a Herod, a third time, in one remove yet farther back. Now this wonld go to jnstifj Stonehenge's opinion, that the recuiTence to the same, original, old strains of blood, when such strains have been sufficiently intermixed, and rendered new by other more recent crosses, is not injurioxis, but of great advan- tage ; and that, on the whole, it is better, cceteris j?a7'iius, to have recourse to such, than to try experiments with extreme out-crosses. On this principle, if one might venture to try prediction, the newly imported stallion Scytliian, by Orlando, out of Scy- thia hj Hetman Platoft", in addition to many of the best crosses of out-blood, as Prunella, Highflyer, Eclipse, &c., has at least fourteen in-crosses of Herod blood, seven in the pedigree of Cobweb, his g. g. dam ; two through Slane, son of Orvillc ; one through Royal Oak, son of Catton, and four through his sire Orlando, by Bcninglirough, Evelina, Buzzard and Diomed, all of whom run ultimately to the strain. I have no doulu, in the world, that tliis is a brancli of the subject of breeding to whicli no adequate attention has been given heretofore ; and tiiat it will be found hereafter, due re- gard being had to the remote lines of descent, and proper study being given to ascertain the proximate strains of blood, tliat far more is to be done for the improvement of stock of all kinds, than can be effected by the choice of this stallion, or that ; merelj' because he is fasliionable, because he is handsome, be- cause he has run well, both for speed and stoutness — though, of course, all these are arguments in his favor, and, though in de- fault of some of them he should not be chosen at all — nor even because he has got good stock out of mares of a strain wholly different from that to which it is intended to put him. And 1 believe that the same theory may be successfully ajiplied to other breeds, than the pure thorough-blood, as I shall explain hereafter. 2(52 THE IIOESK. THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF BREEDING FOR THE TURF AND FOR GENERAL PURPOSES. THEORY OF GENERATION. Before proceeding to enlarge upon the practical inanage- ment of the breeding stud, it will be well to ascertain what are the known laws of generation in the higher animals. The union of the sexes is, in all the higher animals, neces- sary for reproduction ; the male and female each taking their respective share. The office of the male is to secrete the semen in the testes, and emit it into the uterus of the female, where it comes in contact with the ovum of the female — which remains sterile without it. The female forms the ovum in tlie ovary, and at regular times, varying in difierent animals, tliis descends into the uterus. for the purpose of fructification, on receiving the stimulus and addition of the sperm-cell of the semen. The semen consists of two portions — the spermatozoa, which liave an automatic power of moving from place trt jilace, by wliicli quality it is believed that the semen is carried to the ovum ; and the sperm-cells, which arc intended to co-operate with the germ^cell of the ovum in fiirming the embryo. The ovum consists of the germ-cell, intended to form part of the embryo, — and of the yolk, which nourishes both, until tlie vessels of the mother take upon themselves the task ; or, in ovip- arous animals, till hatching takes place, and external food is to be obtained. The ovum is carried down by the contractile power of the fallopian tubes from the ovary to the uterus, and hence it does not require automatic particles like the semen. The embryo, or young animal, is the result of the contact of the semen with the ovum, immediately after which the sperm- cell of the former is absorbed into the germ-cell of the latter. Upon this a tendency to increase or " grow " is established, and supported at first, by tiie nutiiment contained in the yolk of the ovum, until the emlirvn h;is ntlnclied itself tn tlie walls of THE EMBKYO. 263 the uterus, from wliich it afterward absorbs its nourishment by the intervention of the placenta. As tlie male and female each furnish their quota to the for- mation of the embryo, it is i"easonable to expect that each shall be represented in it, which is found to be the case in nature ; but as the food of the embryo entirely depends upon tlie mo- ther, it may be expected that the health of the offspring and its constitutional powers will be more in accordance with her state than with that of the father ; yet since the sire furnislies one- half of the original germ, it is not surprising that in externals and general character there is retained a, fac-simih', to a certain extent, of him. The ovum or mammalia differs ti'om that of birds chiefly iu the greater size of the yolk of the latter, because in them this body is intended to support the growth of the embryo from the time of tlie full formation of the egg until the period of hatch- ing. On the other hand, in mammalia the i:)lacenta conveys nourishment trom the internal surface of the uterus to the em- bryo during the whole time which elapses between the entrance of the ovum into the uterus and its birth. This period embraces nearly the whole of the interval between concejjtiou and birth, and is called utero-gestation. In all the mammalia there is a periodical " heat," marked by certain discharges in the female, and sometimes by other remarkable symptoms in the male. In the former it is accom- panied in all healthy subjects by the descent of an ovum or ova into the uterus ; and in both there is a strong desire for sexual intercourse, which never takes place at other times in them. The semen retains its fructifying power for some days, if it be contained within the walls of the uterus or vagina, but soon ceases to be fruitful if kept in any other vessel. Hence, al- though the latter part of the time of heat is the best for the union of the sexes, because then the ovum is ready for the con- tact with the semen, yet if the semen reaches the uterus first, it will still cause a fruitful impregnation, because it remains there uninjured until the descent of the ovum. The influence of the male upon the embryo is partly depen- dent upon the fact, that he furnishes a portion of its substance in the shape of the sperm-cell, but also in great measure upon 264 THE HCESE. tlie effect exerted upon the nervous system of the mother by him. Hence, the preponderance of one or other of the parents will, in great measure, depend upon the greater or less strength of nervous system in each. No general law is known by which this can be measured, nor is any thing known of the laws which regulate the temperament, bodily or mental power, color or con- formation of the resulting offspring. Acquired qualities are transmitted, whether they belong to the sire or dam, and also both bodily and mental. As bad qualities are quite as easily transmitted as good ones, if not more so, it is necessary to take care that in selecting a male to improve the stock he be free from bad points, as well as fur- nished with good ones. It is known by experience that the good or bad points of the progenitors of the sire or dam are almost as likely to appear again in the offspring, as those of the imme- diate parents in whom they are dormant. Hence, in breeding the . rule is, that like produces like, or the likeness of some ancestor. The purer or less mixed the breed, the more likely it is to be transmitted unaltered to the offspring. Hence, whichever parent is of the purest blood will be generally more rej^resented in the offspring ; but as the male is usually more »-!arefully se- lected, and of purer blood than the female, it generally follows that he exerts more influence than she does ; the reverse being the case when she is of more unmixed blood than the sire. Breeding "in-and-in" is injurious to mankind, and has al- ways been forbidden by the Divine law, as well as by most hu- man lawgivers. On the other hand, it prevails extensively in a state of nature with all gregarious animals, among whom the strongest male retains his daughters and granddaughters until deprived of his harem by younger and stronger rivals. Hence, in those of our domestic animals which are naturally grega- rious, it is reasonable to conclude that breeeding "in-and-in" is not prejudicial, because it is in conformity with their natural instincts, if not carried farther by art, than nature teaches by her example. Now, in nature we find about two consecutive crosses of the same blood is the usual extent to which it is car- ried, as the life of the animal is the limit ; and it is a remark- able fact that in practice a conclusion has been arrived at, which IN-AND-LN-BEEEDING. 265 exactly coincides with these natural laws. " Once in and once out," is the rule for breeding given by Mr. Smith in his work on the breeding for the turf ; but twice in will be found to be more in accordance with the practice of our most successful breeders. The influence of the first impregnation seems to extend to the subsequent ones ; this has been proved by several experi- ments, and is especially marked in the equine genus. In the series of examples preserved in the Museum of the College of Surgeons, the markings of the male qnagga, when united with the ordinary mare, are continued clearly for three generations beyond the one in which the quagga was the actual sire ; and they are so clear as to leave the question settled without a doubt. When some of the elements, of which an individual sire is composed are in accordance with others making ujj those of the dam, they coalesce in such a kindred way as to make what is called "a hit." On tlie otlier hand, when they are too incon- gruous, an animal is the result wholly unfitted for the task he is intended to Derform. IN-AND-IN-BEEEDING. By a careful examination of the pedigrees of our most re- markable horses, of which I have inserted a series of tables in the course of my first volume, it will be seen that in all cases there is some in-breeding ; and in the greater part of the most successful a very considerable infusion of it. It is difiicult to say what is not to be considered as such, or when to make it commence, for in all cases there is more or less relationship be- tween the sire and dam of every thoroughbred horse ; at least, I cannot find a single exception — and again, for instance, exam- ining the pedigree of Harkaway, which is the result of one of the most direct crosses in the Stud-book, we find that his sire and dam are both descended from Eclipse and Herod through three or four strains on each side, as will be seen on referring to the right-hand column. The same will apply to Alarm, who also is the result of as direct a cross as is often seen ; and, in fact, whatever pedigree is analyzed, the result will be that the bulk of it in the fifth or sixth remove is made up of Eclipse, 266 THE HOESE. Herod, and Matcliem, or KeguliTS blood. It is not that a horse goes back to one of these stallions in one line only, bnt throngh six o)' seven, and sometimes tlirongh nearly all his progenitors. Hence, it may fairly be assumed that all the horses of the pres- ent day are related, eitlier closely or distantly ; bnt when we speak of in-and-in-breeding we mean a nearer relationship than this, such as a first cousin, or, at the most, one in the second or third degree. Bnt I believe it will be found that even this amount of relationsliiiJ is desirable, if not carried too far, and tliat a vast number of our best modern horses have been bred in this way. Examples of Success fkom this Plan. — The early race- horses of the 18tli century were notoriously in-bred, of which Mr. Smith, in his book on breeding for the turf, gives ns numer- ous convincing examples. The two Childei-s, Eclipse, Kanthos, Whiskey, Anvil, Boudrow, and, in fact, almost all the horses of that day, were much in-bred ; sometimes, as in the case of the dam of Leedes, to an incestuous degree. In the above-men- tioned treatise the breeder is advised to breed once in, before breeding-oiit ; and it appears to me that better advice was never oifered, except that I think it is only carried lialf as far as it ought to be. But, in consequence of tlic iiijurious*effects of the system of in-breeding in the human family, a prejudice has been raised against it; and the result has been, that in trying the opposite plan great mischief has often ensued. I have al- ready shown that in nature in-breeding prevails ver}- generally among gregarious animals, like the horse and dog, and I will now endeavor to illustrate Mr. Smith's argument by modern examples. It may be i-emembered that he instances the Herod and Eclipse blood as having "hit" in a great number of horses, such as Whiskey, Waxy, Coriander, Precipitate, Calomel, Over- ton, Gohanna, and Beninbrough, which were out of Herod mares, by sons of Eclipse. Bnt it must also be known that Eclipse and Herod are both descended fi-om the Darley Ara- bian, the one on the sire's side, and the other on that of the dam ; and that from this circumstance it is not surprising that a "hit" should follow, if in-breeding be advantageous. There are two points of view in which in-breeding should be viewed; first, as producing successful runners ; and secondly, good stal- EX^VMPLES OF IN-BREEDINO. 267 lions and brood mares ; l:iiit, tliongli it seems to answer in both cases, yet it is in (lie latter point that I think it is chiefly to be recommended. Among the horses of the present century the foUowing re- mai'kable instances will illustrate this position, to which great numbers of less illustrious names may be added ; — Example 1. — In 1827 Matilda won the St. Leger very clev- erly, and proved herself a superior mare by beating a large field of good horses. She was out of Juliana, who was by Gohaima — son of Mercury and a Herod mare — out of Platina — by Mercury, out of another daughter of Herod. — Matilda's dam, therefore, was the produce of brother and sister. Example 2. — Cotherstone — winner of the Derby — and Mow- erina — dam of "West Australian — are the produce of first cousins. Example 3. — Touchstone and Verbena, sire and dam of Ithuriel, were second cousins, taking from Selim and his sister. Example 4. — Priam is an example of success by in-breed- ing, aftei- a series of failures in crossing. Cressida, his dam, was put to Walton, Haphazard, Orville, Wildfire, Woful, Phan- tom, Scud, Partisan, Little John, and Waterloo, without success. At last, being served by her cousin Emilius — a son of Orville, Avho had previously failed, not being related to her — she pro- duced Priam. This horse and Plenipotentiary were both sons of Emilius, the latter being the result of as direct a cross as is often seen ; Ijut the former was in-bred to Whiskey, who was sire of his dam, Cressida, and also great grandsire of Emilius. Now the above-mentioned two horses were both extraordinary runners ; but whilst Plenipotentiary has scarcely had an aver- age success as a stallion, Priam, considering the short time he remained with us, has achieved an imperishable fame. See genealogical table " Priam." Example 5. — Bay Middleton was the produce of second cousins, descended from Williamson's Ditto and AValton, own brothers, whilst Andover, his son, is the second time in with the Wiialebone blood, as follows; — Web, the great-granddam of Bay Middleton, is sister to both Whalebone and Whiskey, the grandsire and gi*eat-grandsire of Soldier's Joy, dam of Andover. He, therefore, is also the son of cousins, uniting the blood of 268 THE HORSE. Selim, on his sire's side, with that of Rubens, brother to Selim, on that of his dam ; and thus he is not only in-bred, but the produce of an in-bred sire and dam. Example 6. — Stockwell and Rataplan are just as remarkable, being descended in the same degree from Whalebone, Whis- ker, and Web, the very same two brothers and sister as in An- dover's case, with an infusion also of Selim blood, through Glencoe, sire of Pocahontas. Example 7. — Orlando has a still stronger infusion of Selim blood, his dam being a granddaughter of that horse, and great- granddaughter of Castrel — brother to Selim — whilst Touchstone, his sire, is a great-grandson of the last-named horse. Here, then, in-breeding has been carried out to its fullest extent. Vul- ture having been the produce of first cousins, and being put to a second cousin derived through the same strain ; and the result has been, as is well known, the most remarkable stallion of the day. Example 8. — An instance of the comparative value of two stallions, one more in-bred than the other, may be seen in Van Tromp and Flying Dutchman, both out of Barbelle. Those two horses are both in-bred to Buzzard ; but Flying Dutchman is also descended from Selim, son of Buzzard on the si^e of both dam and sire, Selim being great-grandsii'e of Barbelle and grandsire of Bay Middleton. Now, it will not be cpiestioned at present, that Van Tromp is comparatively a failure, and that the Flying Dutchman, as far as his stock have been tried, is eminently successful as a stockgetter ; and such might have been expected, because his dam unites the stout blood of Catton and Orville with that of Selim, which last strain, taking with it the above valuable qualities, hits with the same Selim blood in Bay Middleton. Examjjle 9. — Weathergage is another instance of success in this mode of breeding, his sire and dam both taking from Mu- ley and Ti-amp, and Miss Letty, his granddam, being by Priam, grandson of Orville, sire of Muley, out of a daughter of that horse — and consequently herself much in-bred. Weatherbit, the sire of Weathergage, also reunites the blood of the two sis- ters, Eleanor and Cressida. Example 10. — I have already adduced some examples of to THE KXAMPLES OF IN-BREEDIN(i. 269 the success of tlie uiiioi: of the Whalebone with the Selim blood, and I may, in addition, remark on the case of Pyrrlms I., wlio is by Epirus, a grandson of Selim, out of Fortress, a great-granddaughter of Rubens, brother to Selim ; and also in- bred to Wlialebone, his dam being by Defence, the son, out of Jewess, the granddaughter of that horse.. Example 11. — Safeguard is bred almost exactly in the same way, but a still closer degree of relationship exists between his sire and dam, he being by Defence- — son of Defiance, by Ru- bens— out of a mare by Selim, brother to Rubens, which same mare is also descended from the Wellesley Grey Arabian. The strongest case of success from close in-breeding, with which I am acquainted, is in a son of the above horse, the steeplechaser Vainhope, who is by Safeguard, a grandson of Selim, and great- grandson of Rubens, out of a mare by Strephon, who was also by Rubens. Now his stoutness and soundness were too well known to need further comment; and his case alone is a strona' argument in favor of the breeding-in, a second time. Example 12. — -Almost as strong a case has lately appeared in the Knight of St. George, who was by Birdcatcher, son of Sir Hercules, out of a granddaughter out of that horse, and with a still further infusion of Waxy blood in her granddam. These two last examples are the strongest modern instances of close in-breeding with which I am acquainted ; but as they were neither of them quite first class, they do not so miich strengthen the argument as some of the previously instanced horses. Nev- ertheless, being as close as they are, they show that the practice is not attended by a bad result in these particular cases. Example 13. — ^The Saddler, who is remarkable for the stout- ness, if not for the speed of his stock, is the produce of second cousins, being descended on both sides of his pedigree from Waxy. Example 14. — Chatham, as good a horse as ever i-an, is by the Colonel, son of Whisker, out of Hester, by Camel, son of Whalebone, brother to Whisker ; and he is therefore the pro- duce of first cousins. Both these horses — examples 13 and 14— unite the Waxy and Buzzard blood. Example 15. — Sweetmeat is valuable as a stallion, not only because he is in-bred to Waxy, but because he also possesses 270 THE HORSE. 60 much of the celebrated Prunella blood, he being descended from that mare through three several lines — viz., through I'ara- 6ol, Moses, and Wa.xy Pope. Example 16. — Grace Darling — dam of the Hero, by Chester- field— was tlie produce of second cousins, both sire and dam being descended from Waxy. It is, tlierefore, i:ot to be won- dered at that she produced so stout a liorse as the Hero, com- bining the Waxy, Priam, Octavian, and Rubens blood. His sire and dam were also third cousins through C'relia as well. Example 17. — Wild Dayrcll, speedy as he is, may trace his wonderfnl powers to a reunion of the blood of Velocipede, which exists on the side of both sire and dam, and also to his descent from Selim and Rubens, own brotliers, who are respec- tively his paternal and maternal great-grandsires. Example 18. — Cowl, by Bay Middleton, out of Crucifix, is the result of the union of second cousins, the sire being de- scended from Julia, and the dam from Cressida, both of them sisters to the celebrated mare, Eleanor, the winner of the Derby and Oahs. There is also anotlier cross of Whiskey blood from Emilius, so that Cowl is in-bred to Whiskey twice. It would be a curious experiment to put him to some descendant of Mu- ley — such as Alice Hawthorn or Virginia, and thu* unite the three, sisters in one, making a third infnsion of this blood with an intervening out-cross. It should be borne in mind tliat Young Giantess, the ancestress of all these mares, and also of Sorcerer, was the produce of second cousins, and each of these second cousins was also the produce of second cousins, both of their sires and dams having Godolphiu as their great-grandsire. Tlie following brood mares may be attentively examined, and their jiroduce by near relations compared with that by hoi'ses only distantly connected, which I have shown all horses are in the present day. This is a still stronger proof of the advantage of iu-breeding, than the success of solitary horses as runners. Example 1.^ — One of the most successful brood mares of late years was Decoy, who bred a long list of race-horses to Touchstone and Pantaloon ; now the former of these horses was much more successful generally in getting racing stock, than the latter, and yet in this instance was beaten by him, as proved by THEOET OF IN-BEEEDING. 271 comparing Drone, Sleiglit-of-hancI, Van Ambnrg, and Lcgorde- inain, with Pluyne, Tliais, Falstaff, and Flatcatclier. Now, why was this? Simply because Touchstone was a more distant rehition. and only one line in each was similar — namely, the great-grandsire, Waxy ; hut in the case of Pantaloon and De- coy, there was a cousinship in the second degree, each having Pei'uvian as a grandfather; and not only that, but Decoy herself was in-bred to Sir Peter, who was gi'andsire to both her dam and sire, so that Sleight-of-hand and his brother and sister were hviee in-bred to him. Now, as the Pantaloon and Decoy blood hit, and their produce not only were fast but stout, there was good reason for returning to Pataloon after the out-cross with Touchstone, which produced Phryne ; this mare, when put to liini, was successively the dam of Elthiron, Windhound, Miser- rima. Hobble Noble, tbe Reiver, and Rauililing Katie ; thus still farther proving the value of in-breeding, more especially with an intervening out-cross, as in this case. Example 2. — Cyprian, again, is an example of the produc- tion of a lot of second-class horses, by crossing her with various sires not related in blood — as, for instance, Jereed, Velocipede, Voltaire, and Hetman Platolf ; but when put to Birdcatcher, a great-great-grandson of Prunella, being herself a grand-daughter of the same celebrated mare, she threw a superior animal, in the shape of Songstress. Example 3. — Virginia bred a series of middling horses, by Voltaire, Hetman Platoti", Emilius, and Birdcatcher, in all of which there was a single point, in which she was related, but in all very distantly, neither was the strain, except that of Orville, first-rate ; but when put to Pyrrhus I. she produced a Virago, who, as long as she remained sound, was \erj far the best of her year. On examining and comparing the pedigrees of the sire and dam, it will be seen that Selim and Rubens — ^brothers — occur on each side once, and Whalebone, whose name is seen twice in the table of Pyrrhus I., is represented in that of Vir- ginia, by Woful, his brother, beside which Young Giantess occurs in each table. These are over and above the Hamble- tonian relationsliip, which is the same in this case as is that of the result of the cross with Voltaire and Hetman Platoff. Example 4. — In the last year, after a series of failures, Alice 272 THE HOESE. Hawthorn has given to the turf a race-horse in the shape of Oulston ; now if the pedigrees of his sire and dam are examined, it will be seen that Melbom-ne, the sire, is a grandson of Cer- vantes, whilst Alice Hawthorn is also a great-granddaughter of the same horse — Cervantes being a grandson of Eclipse and Herod, from which latter horse he also receives two other infu- sions, and Alice being descended from Eclipse, through Orville, Dick Andrews, Mandane, and Tramp. A very similar case of in-breeding with the same strains occurred in Sir Tatton Sjkes, who was the produce of a mare, great-granddaughter of Comus, and also great-great-granddaughter of Cervantes. She was put to Melbourne, a grandson of both these horses, producing that extraordinary horse wliich I am now adducing as an instance of success in tliis mode of breeding. The pedigree of the dam of Sir Tatton Sykes should be carefully analyzed, as exhibiting a curious i-eunion of strains. First, Muley is iii-bred to Whiskey, he is tlien crossed with an Election mare, producing Margrave ; the dam of Muley being Eleanor, a daugliter of Young Giantess. Jfext, Margrave, an out-cross, is put to Patty Primrose, con- taining in her pedigree two infusions of Young Giantess tlirough Sorcerer, and one of Cervantes ; and, hnally, the Margrave mare, the result of one in-breeding and one out-woss on the side of both her sire and dam, is put to Melbourne, composed of the blood of all three ; being descended from Sorcerer, a son of Young Giantess, and also from Cervantes. If the whole of the pedigrees to which I have here alluded are attentively examined, the breeder can have no hesitation in coming to the conclusion that in-breeding carried out once, or twice, is not only not a bad practice, but is likely to be at- tended with good results. Let him ask what horses have been the most remarkable of late years as stallions, and with very few exceptions he will tind they -were considerably in-bred. It has been remarked, that the Touchstone and Defence blood al- most always hits with the Selim ; but it is forgotten that the one was already crossed with that horse, and the other with his bi'other Eubens. On the other hand, the Whisker blood in the Colonel has not succeeded so well, it being made up of much crossed and more distantly related particles, and therefore not bitting with the Selini and Ca^trel blood like his cousins, Touch- ODT-CEOSSING. 273 stone and Defence. It has, however, partially sneceeded when inbred to the Waxy and Enzzard blood, as in Chatham and Fugleman, who both reunite tliese three strains. The same ap- plies to Coronation, who unites the Whalebone blood in Sir Hercules with that of Rubens in Ruby ; but as AVaxy and Buz- zaixl, the respective ancestors of all these horses, were both grandsons of Herod, and great-grandsons of Snap, it only strengthens the argument in favor of in-breeding. Tliis con- clusion is in accordance with the 14th and 15th axioms which embody the state of our present knowledge of the theory of generation ; and if they are examined, they will be seen to bear uj)on the present subject, so as to lead one to advise the carrying out of the practice of in-and-in-breeding to the same extent as has been found so successful in the instances which I have given. Purity of blood is intimately connected with the practice, because the nearer it is to one standard the more un- mixed it is, and by consequence the more fully it is represented in the produce. Plence, it is doubly needful to take care that this pure blood is of a good kind ; because, if bad, it will per- petuate its bad qualities just as closely as it would the good, or perhaps still more so. OUT-CKOSSraG. By crossing the blood, we understand the selection of a sire composed of wholly different blood from that of the dam, or as different as can be obtained of such quality as is suitable to the particular purpose in view. Thus, in breeding race-horses it is found that continuing in the same strain beyond two stages de- rateriorates the constitutional health, diminishes the bone, and lowers the height ; hence, it is important to avoid this evil, and another strain must be selected which shall lead to the same re- sults as were previously in existence, without the above deterio- ration ; and this is called out-crossing, or more commonly, cross- ing. The great difficulty is to obtain this object without de- stroying that harmony of proportions, and due subordination of one part to another which is necessary for the race-horse, and without which he seldom attains high speed. Almost every in- dividual breed has peculiar characteristics, and so long as the sire and dam are both in possession of them they will continue Vol. II.— 18 274: THE HORSE. to reappear in the produce ; but if a dam possessing them is put to a horse of a different character, the result is often tliat the pro- duce is not a mediun\ between the two, but is in its anterior jjarts ]ikeits dam, and in its posterior resembling its s,\i-e, or vice versa, than which no more unfortunate result can occur. Thus, we will suppose that a very strong muscular horse is piit to a vei-y light racing mare ; instead of the produce' being moderately stout all over, he will often be very stout and strong beliiud, and very light and M'eak before, and as a consequence his hind- quarter will tire his fore limbs, by giving them more to do than they have the power of accomplishing. TJiis is well seen in Crucifix, who was a very wiry and fast, but light mare, with a fore-quarter hardly capable of doing the work of her own hind- quarter. Now, she has been several times put to Touchstone — ■ a horse remarkable for getting bad-shouldered stock, but with strong muscular jirojjellers — and, with the solitary exception of Surplice, these have been a series of failures. Surplice was also defective in the same way, but still he managed to get along in an awkward style, but somehow or other at a great pace. Cowl, on the other hand, was a better galloper, because there was a greater harmony of parts ; but he was somewhat deficient in the stout qualities which Touchstone w^s intended to supply ; yet he will prove, I fancy, a better stallion than Surplice, because he is more truly made, and by consequence jaore likely to perpetuate his own likeness. Examples of Out-Cbossing. — Harkaway has been alluded to before as a strong case of out-crossing, his sire and dam not being closely related, though still going back to Herod or Eclipse in almost all his lines. He would, however, be consid- ered a decided case of crossing, and he was no doubt a very su- perior race-horse. As yet, however, he has not done much as a sire, his stock generally being deficient in that essential quality, speed, though stout enough to make good hunters and steeple- chasers. Perhaps his best son was Idle Boy, in which the "Waxy blood in the sire hit with the same strain in lole, the dam, who was a daughter of Sir Hercules. Example 2. — One of the most remarkable cases of success in crossing, when carried out to a great extent, is seen in Beeswing and her sons Newminster, Nunnykirk, and Old Port. In the EXAMPLES OF OUT-CROSSING. 275 mare herself the lines are all distinct, and in her cross with Touchstone they are so likewise for three removes. At that dis- tance there is a great-grandsire of Touchstone, Alexander, who is brother to Xantippe, great-great-grandmother of Beeswing ; so that she and Touchstone were third cousins. Whether or not this consanguinity, slight as it was, sufBced to produce this happy result in Newminster and Nunnykirk, must be left an open question ; but there can be no doubt that Touchstone suc- ceeded with her, whilst a failure resulted tVom Sir Hercules, who was still more distantly related, the nearest connection with him being a fourth cousinship, tlirough Volunteer and Mercury, own bi-others. Queen of Trumps lias often been adduced as a case of successful out-crossing, but though her great grandsires and great granddams were certainly none of them identical, yet beyond that line there is an extraordinary influx of Herod blood, tlirough Highflyer, "Woodpecker, Lavender, Florizel, and Ca- lash, all his sons or daughters. Now, no one can maintain that it is not very remarkable, when we find such a dash of blood from one superior horse in such an extraordinary animal as Queen of Trumps ; neither can it be said that she is composed of materials not related to each other ; but at the same time she is fairly to be considered under the ordinary acceptation of the term as a mare bred from a distinct cross. Hers is, how- ever, a very instructive example, as showing that success is sometimes achieved by reuniting, after an interval of several generations, a series of good strains ; whether or not her good- ness is dependent upon this reunion, or whether it residts from the crossing, is only to be decided by comparing a number of cases together, and considering on which side lies the balance of evidence. Example 3. — "West Australian is an exceedingly valuable example of the benefit of a good out-cross after in-breeding, and between his sire and dam there was less relationship even than usual. Example 4. — Teddington, on the contrary, so often adduced for a similar purpose, presents one line of relationship which interferes with the assumption. I have adduced his sire, Or- lando, as an instance of successful in-breeding twice through Selim and Castrel, and certainly that strain is not perpetuated 276 THE HOESE. in Teddiiigton's dam ; but a little more distantly there occnrs in each portion of the table the name of Prunella and her sister, Peppermint, but only so far as to make them tifth cousins. Still it cannot be compared to the case of West Australian, where the cross is much more decided. In both, however, the sire or dam was much in-bred, and this must be taken into the account in all cases. Example 5. — One of the most thoi-oughly-crossed pedigrees of the day is that of Kingston, and being such a good horse as he was, his case must be allowed to weigh in favor of this kind of breeding ; but, as I before observed, it is not so much in reference to running as to breeding that this plan is to be considered, and as j^et lie has not been able, for want of time, to show his powers. Where an out-cross is wanted for such blood as that of Touchstone, which has already been used twice in a pedigree, I conceive nothing better than this game horse, who would then, according to this theory, produce the good ef- fect required by a crots, without interfeiing with the form of the Touchstone mare. On the other hand, where a second in- breeding to Venison or Partisan mares is required by those who are fond of that peculiar blood, he is well calculated to carry out that view, because the other lines are all good. « Example 6. — Voltigeur, again, is another instance of success from a decided cross. Example 7. — Queen of Trumps may be adduced as a won- derful animal, resulting from a much-crossed pedigree. Example S. — Cossack would, likewise, generally be consid- ered a cross, though even in his case the relationship was that of a fourth cousin ; but there is no doubt that numerous cases of successful runners may be adduced where there was no rela- tionship between sire and dam nearer than a fifth or sixth cousinship. COMPARISON OF m-BEED AND CEOSSED STALLIONS. The following list of thirty of the most immediately suc- cessful stallions of late years shows the proportion of in-bred to crossed horses of this class to be equal. I have omitted such as only became celebrated through their daughters as brood- mares, for instance. Defence, &c. COMPANI80N OF 8TALLION8. 277 IN-BEED STALLIONS. 1. Priam, 2. Bay Middleton, 3. Melbourne, 4. Cotherstone, 6. Pyrrhus I. 6. The Baron, 7. Orlando, 8. Ithuriel, 9. Cowl, 10. The Saddler, 11. Sweetmeat, 12. Chatham, 13. Flying Dutchman, 14. Sir Tatton Sykes, 15. Chanticleer. CROSSED STALLIONS. 1. Partisan, 2. Emiliug, 3. Touchstone, 4. Birdcatcher, 5. Sir Hercules, 6. Voltaire, 1. Plenipotentiary, 8. Pantaloon, 9. Lanercost, 10. Venison, 11. Alarm, 12. Ion, 13. Harkaway, 14. Velocipede, 15. Hetraan Platoff. THE BEST MODE OF BREEDING THE HORSE FOR ALL RACING PURPOSES. CHOICE OF BLOOD TO BREED FROM. The uncertainty of the results from the best concerted plans in breeding for the turf is proverbial among those who are en- gaged in the undertaking. Nevertheless, it is clear that laws must exist, which regulate this as well as every other operation of nature ; and, though it may at present be difficult to lay them down with certainty, yet an attempt should be made, in order that a foundation may be laid for a future superstructure of sound materials. There are some difficulties which stare us in the face, but which, nevertheless, are much more easily ex- plained than at first sight would appear. Thus, for instance, it is said that when a mare breeds a good colt, and is again put to the same horse, the second is often as worthless as the first is superior ; and that, consequently, two and two in-breeding do not always make four. Now, there can be no doubt that this is true ; but it is necessary to remember that health is an element 278 THE HORSK. which makes or mars every horse ; and that if the second is not possessed of the same high degi-ee of animal vigor, tlie resnlt of high health, it is not wonderful wlien he falls short in per- formances which are the test of his goodness. But, taking the other side of the question, it is extraordinary that in some cases there have been a series of successes resulting from the imion of the same two parents — as in the AYhaleboue and Whisker example, wliere there were six most extraordinary horses and mares resulting from the union of Waxy with Penelope ; and, on the other hand, as remarkable a series of failures when she was put to even sucli good horses as Walton, Rubens, and Elec- tion. Castrcl, Selim, and Kubens, again, are out of the same mare, and all by Buzzard, yet she was put to Calomel, Quiz, Sorcerer, and Election, without a single successful resnlt. Again, there are cases where a horse begets racing stock out of all sorts of nnires, and thus we find in more recent days Touch- stone, a grandson of Whalebone, carrying on his graTidfather's fame still farther, if possible, and begetting a most extraordi- nary series of winners ; but, be it remembered, with an infusion also of one of the three above-mentioned brothers, Selim, who was his maternal great-grandfather. Barbelle, dam of Van Tromp and Flying Dutchman, is another similar case ; as is also Fortress, the dam of Old England, and Pyrrhus I. Another remarkable example may be traced in the three sisters by Whis- ker, out of Young Giantess — viz., Cressida, Eleanor, and Julia, which jjroduced Priam, Muley, and Phantom by three different sires. The list of similar examples might be extended to a great length, though not always perhaj^s occupied with such il- lustrious names as the above ; but still sufficiently so to indicate that winning blood runs in families, and by consequence, that it is not all the i-esult of chance. Sometimes this is the case with the brood-mare, as in the above instances, and sometimes with the stallion, as in the case of those which bccoiiie the ce- lebrities of their day. Moreover, it has been found that certain unions or crosses almost always succeed, while others as invari- ably tail ; and as there must be a reason for this, it is desirable to investigate the matter, and endeavor to ascertain tlie facts connected with these successes and failures. For instance ; it has been found that the union of the Touchstone blood with GENERAL BKEEDING. 279 that of Selim or Pantaloon lias uniformly succeeded — or " hit," as it is termed — and the example is so remarkable, that it leads one to investigate the pedigrees of all three, when it turns out that the first-named is composed of one-eighth Selim already ; and that in putting him to a descendant of that horse, or his brother Castrel, the sire of Pantaloon, it is only reuniting the previously separated particles derived fi'om them. This is a fact which will serve to form the basis of an argument, and if supported by similar tacts, it would show that in-and-in-breed- ing to some extent is not prejudicial ; but, on the other hand, that it is in all probability absolutely advantageous. At the same time it cannot be disputed that the Waxy and Buzzard blood lias almost always hit in its first union, as shown in para- graph 257, and elsewhere ; and having succeeded once it always seems to hit again still more successfully ; and the only question is how far the in-breeding might be carried without deteriora- tion. Again, reverting to the descendants of Whiskey, who was a grandson of Eclipse, we find them hitting once with the Orville blood in producing Emilius and Muley ; and again, a second time, with Priam as a result, he being also out of a daughter of Whiskey. Liverpool, sire of Lanercost, was also a grandson of Whiskey on his dam's side, his sire. Tramp, taking a direct descent from Eclipse in the same number of removes as Whiskey. But it is only by further investigation, and ascer- taining how far these facts occur in a similar way throughout a series of cases, that any conclusion can be formed ; and such a series has been given under the section devoted to an examina- tion of the propriety of in-breeding. By universal consent, however, it is now admitted, and common sense would always lead one to believe, that where a series of winners have ap- peared of any particular strain, it is likely that others will fol- low ; and hence it has been the rule to select horses of families which have been successful on the turf, in the particular line which it is still further to succeed in. Thus, if a fleet racer is intended to be bred, the breeder would select blood which has produced winners of the Derby, Oaks, or St. Leger, or, if possi- ble, all three. If a steeplechaser is the object of ambition, then the breeder would, as a matter of course, look for the sires and dams of such animals as Lottery, Gaylad, Brunette, &c., 280 THE HORSE. and choose from them, or their immediate relations, mares and stallions for his purpose. Again, in breeding hunters, it would follow that such stallions should be selected as have produced good stock of that particular class, in which stoutness, clever- ness, good temper, and sound constitution, are indispensable re- quisites, when united also with the power of carrying weight. Trotters, again, must be chosen for getting, trotters ; and no one would expect to rear a horse capable of doing his fourteen miles per hour at this pace, from a sire and dam which could not trot above eight, and that with a straight knee. I have myself owned a mare by Monarch, out of Gadabout, which was as fine a trotter as ever was seen, going fast and in the most perfect trotting style, and I have seen some few others, almost as good, of full blood ; but they are exceptions to the rule ; and there is no case that I know of in which a thoroughbred horse could compete with the regular match-trotter. In all cases, therefore, the breeder must make xip his mind as to what he wants, and then select his mares and sires from such animals as belong to families which have long been famous for the qualities he is in search of. If, in addition, he can actually procure the individ- uals which have distinguished themselves, it will be so much the better; but we shall heiiafter tind that familj"- is of more consequence than individual success. SELECTION OF BEOOD MARE. In choosing the brood mare, four things must be considered — first, her blood ; secondly, her frame ; thirdly, her state of health ; and, fourthly, her temper. Her blood or breeding will mainly depend upon the views of the breeder — that is to say, what particular class of colts he wishes to obtain, and according to his decision he will look out for mares of the particular kind he desires to reproduce, on the principle that "like begets like," but subject to the various considerations partly alluded to in the last chapter, and partly in this and subsequent ones. In frame, the mare should be so formed as to be capable of carrying and well nourishing her offspring; that is, she should be what is called " roomy." There is a formation of the hips CHOICE OF THE MAEE. 281 which is particularly unfit for breeding purposes, and yet which is sometimes carefully selected, because it is considered elegaut; this is the level and straight hii^, in which the tail is set on very high, and the end of the haunch-bone is nearly on a level with the projection of the hip-bone. The opposite form is represented in the skeleton given with the article " Horse," which is that of a thoroughbred mare, well formed for this breeding purpose, but in other respects rather too slight. By examining her pelvis, it M'ill be seen that the haunch-bone forms a considerable angle with the sacrum, and that, as a consequence, there is plenty of room, not only for carrying the foal, but for allowing it to pass into the world. Both of these points are important, the former evidently so, and the latter no less so on consideration, because if the foal is injured in the birth, either of necessity, or from ig- norance or carelessness, it will often fail to recover its powers, and will remain permanently injured. The pelvis, then, should be wide and deep— that is to say, it should be lai-ge and roomy ; and there should also be a little more than the average length from the hip to the shoulder, so as to give plenty of bed for the foal ; as well as a good depth of back-ribs, which are neces' sary in order to support this increased length. Tliis gives the whole framework of the trunk of a larger proportion than is always desirable in the race-horse, which may easily be over- topped ; and hence many good runners have failed as brood mares, whilst a great number of bad runners have been dams of good i-ace-horses. Beyond this roomy frame, necessary as the eggshell of the foal, the mare only requires such a shape and make as is well adapted for the particular purpose she is in- tended for ; or if not possessing it herself, she should belong to a family having it, according to the 13th axiom given in the last chapter. If a mare can be obtained possessing all these requi- sites in her own person, so much the more likely will she be to produce race-horses; but if not all, then it is better that she should add as many as possible to the needful framework, with- out which her office can hardly be well carried out. But with this suitable frame, if she belongs to a family which, as a rule, possesses all the attributes of a race-horse, she may be relied on with some degree of certainty, even though she herself should fail in some of them. Thus, there are many fine roomy mares 282 THE HOESE. which have been nseless as race-horses from being deficient in the power of some one quarter, either behind or before, or per- haps a little too slack in the loin for their length. Such animals, if of good running families, should not be despised ; and many Buch have stood their owners in good stead. On the other hand, some good-looking animals have never thrown good stock, be- cause they were only exceptional cases, and their families M^ere of bad running blood on all or most sides. No mare could look much more unlike producing strong stock than Pocahontas, but being of a family which numbers Selim, Bacchante, Tramp, Web, Orville, Eleanor, and Marmion among its eight members in the third remove, it can scarcely occasion surprise that she should respond to the call of the Baron by producing a Stock- well and a Rataplan. In health, the brood mare should be as near perfection as the artificial state of this animal will allow ; at all events, it is the most important point of all, and in every case the mare should be very carefully examined, with a view to discover what deviations from a natural state have been entailed upon her by her own labors, and what she has inherited from her ancestors. Independently of the consequence of accidents, all deviations from a state of health in the mare may be consid^ed as more or less transmitted to her, because in a thoroughly sound con- stitution, no ordinary treatment such as training consists of will produce disease, and it is only hereditary predispositions which, Tinder this process, entails its appearance. Still there are posi- tive, comparative, and superlative degrees of objectionable dis- eases incidental to the brood mare, which should be accepted or refused accordingly. All accidental defects, such as broken knees, dislocated hips, or even "breaks down," may be passed over ; the latter, however, only when the stock from which the mare is descended are famous for standing their work without this frailty of sinew and ligament. Spavins, i-ing-bones, large splents, side-bones, and, in fact, all bony enlargements, are con- stitutional defects, and will be almost sure to be perpetuated, more or less, according to the degree in which they exist in the particular case. Cvirby hocks are also hereditary, and should be avoided ; though many a one much bent at the junction of the OS calcis with the astragalus is not at all liable to cm-bs. It POINTS OF BROOn MARKS. 283 is the defective condition of the ligaments there, not the angu- liir junction, whicli leads to curbs ; and the breeder should care- fully investigate the individual case before accepting or reject- ing a mare with suspicious hocks. Bad feet, whether from con- traction or from too ilat and thin a sole, should also be avoided ; but when they have obviously arisen from bad shoeing, the defect may be passed over. Such are the chief varieties of un- soundness in the legs which require circumspection ; the good points which, on the other hand, are to be looked for, are those considered desirable in all horses that are subjected to the shocks of the gallop. Calf knees are generally bad in the race-horse, and are very apt to be transmitted, whilst the opposite form is also perpetuated, but is not nearly so disadvantageous. Siich are the general considerations bearing i;pon soundness of limb. That of the wind is no less important. Broken-winded mares seldom bi-eed, and they are therefore out of the question, if for no other reason ; but no one would risk the recurrence of tins disease, even if he could get such a mare stinted. Koaring is a much-vexed question, which is by no means theoretically settled among our chief veterinary authorities, nor practically by oiir breeders. Every year, however, it becomes more and more frequent and important, and the risk of reproduction is too great for any ])erson wilfully to rmi by breeding from a roarer. As far as I can learn, it appears to be much more hereditary on the side of the mare than on that of the horse ; and not even the offer of a Yirago should tempt me to use her as a brood mare. There are so many different conditions which produce what is called " roaring," that it is difficult to form any opinion which shall apjjly to all cases. In some instances, where it has arisen from neglected strangles, or from a simple iniiammation of the larynx, the result of cold, it will probably never reappear ; biit when the genuine ideopathic roaring has made its appearance, apparently depending upon a disease of the nerves of the larynx, it is ten to one that the produce will suffer in the same way. Blindness, again, may or or may not be hereditary ; but in all cases it should be viewed with suspicion as great as that due to roaring. Simple cataract without inflammation undoubtedly runs in families ; and when a horse or mare has both eyes suf- fering from this disease, without any other derangement of the 284 THE HORSE. eye, I should eschew them carefully. When blindness is the result of violent iuflanimation brought on by bad management, or by influenza, or any other similar cause, the eye itself is more or less disorganized ; and though this itself is objectionable, as showing a weakness of the organ, it is not so bad as the regular cataract. Such are the chief absolute defects, or deviations, from health in the mare ; to which may be added a general delicacy of constitution, which can only be guessed from the amount of flesh which she carries while suckling or on poor " keep," or from her appearance on examination by an exjjerienced hand, using his eyes as well. The Arm full muscle, the bright and lively eye, the healthy-looking coat at all seasons, rough though it may be in the winter, proclaim the hardiness of constitution which is wanted, but which often coexists with infirm legs and feet. In- deed, sometimes the very best-topped animals have the worst legs and feet, chiefly owing to the extra weight they and their ancestors also have had to carry. Crib-biting is sometimes a habit acquired from idleness, as also is wind-sucking ; but if not caused by indigestion, it often leads to it, and is very com- monly caught by the offspring. It is true that it may be pre- vented by a strap ; but it is not a desirable accomplishment in the mare, though of less importance than those to ivhich I have already alluded, if not accompanied by absolute loss of health, as indicated by emaciation, or the state of the skin. Lastly, the temper is of the utmost importance, by which must be understood not that gentleness at grass which may lead the breeder's family to pet the mare, but such a temper as will serve for the purposes of her rider, and will answer to the stim- ulus of the voice, whip, or spur. A craven or a rogue is not to be thought of as the " mother of a famil}' ; " and if a mare be- longs to a breed wliicli is remarkable for refusing to answer the call of the rider, she should be consigned to an j task rather than the stud-farm. Neither should a mare be used for this purpose which had been too irritable to train, unless she happened to be an excejitional case ; but if of an irritable family, she would be worse even than a roarei', or a blind one. These are defects which are appparent in the colt or filly, but the irritability which interferes with training often leads to the expenditure of CHOICE OF STALLION. 285 large sums on the faith of private trials, which are lost from the failure in public, owing to this defect of nervous system. CHOICE OF STALLION. Like the brood mare, the stallion re(|uires several essentials — commencing also like her, first, with his blood ; secondly, his in- dividual shape ; thirdly, his health ; and, fourthly, his temper. But there is this difficulty in selecting the stallion, that he must not only be suitable^e/' se, but he must also be adapted to the par- ticular mare which he is to " serve." Thus, it will be manifest that the task is more difficult than the fixing upon a brood mare, because (leaving out of consideration all other points but blood) in the one case, a mare only has to be chosen which is of good blood for racing purposes, while in the other there must be the same attention paid to this particular, and also to the stallion's suitability to the mare, or to " hit" with her blood. Hence, all the various theories connected with generation must be investi- gated, in order to do justice to the subject; and the breeder must make up his mind whether in-and-in-breeding, as a rule, is desirable or otherwise ; and if so, whether it is adapted to the particular case he is considering. Most men make up their minds one way or the other on this subject, and act accordingly, in which decision much depends upon the prevailing fashion. The rock upon which most men split is a bigoted favoritism for some particular horse ; thus, one man puts all his mares to Orlando ; another, to Surplice or the Flying Dutchman ; although they may every one be diiferent in blood and form to the others. Now, this cannot possibly be right if there is any princii^le what- ever in breeding ; and however good a horse may be, he can- not be suited to all mares. Some, again, will say that any horse will do, and that all is a lottery ; but I think I shall be able to show that there is some science required to enable the breeder to draw many prizes. That the system generally followed of late is a bad one, I am satisfied, and with the usual and constant crossing and re-crossing it is almost a lottery ; but upon proper principles, and with careful management, I am tempted to be- lieve that there would be fewer blanks than at present. I have already given my own theoretical views ujion the case, illustra- ted by numerous examples on both sides of the question. It will 286 THE HORSE. now be mj object to apply these views practically by selecting particular instances. In choosing the piarticnlar blood which will suit any given mare, my impression always would be, that it is desirable to fix upon the best strain in her pedigree, if not already twice bred in-and-in, and then to put to her the best stallion available of that blood. In some cases, of course, it will happen that the second best strain will answer better, because there happens to be a better horse of that blood to be had than of the superior strain, which would otherwise be preferred. If, on the other hand, the mare has already been in-bred to the extent of two de- grees, then a cross will be advisable ; but I am much inclined to believe, from the success of certain well-known cases, that even then a cross into blood already existing in the mare, but not recently in-bred nor used more than once, will sometimes answer. Upon these principles I should, therefore, look for suc- cess ; and if the series of tables I have herewith given are care- fully studied, it will be seen that the production of good winners has so often followed this practice as to make its adoption ex- ceedingly tempting. It is surprising to me that this very com- mon occurrence of in-breeding among our best modern horses has so generally escaped observation, and the only way in which I can explain it is by supposing, that having frequently been through the grandam on either side it has been lost sight of, because the knowledge of the sire's and grandsire's blood is generally the extent to which the inquiry goes. Thus, we find the most recent writer on the subject, Mdio assumes the name of " Craven," asserting, at page 121 of " The Horse " — " There is no proximity of relationship in the genealogy of the Flying Dutch- man, Touchstone, Melbourne, Epirus, Alarm, Bay Middleton, Hero, Orlando, Irish Birdcatcher, Cossack, Harkaway, Tearaway, Lothario, or others of celebrity." Now, of these the Fl^'ing Dutchman is the produce of second cousins ; Bay Middleton, his sire, being also in-bred to Williamson's Ditto and Walton, own brothers ; and Orlando, containing in his pedigree Selim twice over, and Castrel, his brother, in addition. Melbourne also is the produce of third cousins, both his sire and dam being de- scended from Highflyer. But if to these four, which he has sj)ecially named, be added the numerous "others of celebrity" CONSTITUTION OF STALLION. 287 to which I have drawn attention, besides a host of lesser stars too numerons to mention, it will be admitted that he assumes for ^-ranted the exact opposite of what really is the case. The choice of particular stallions, as dependent upon their formation, is not less difficult than that of the mare, and it must be guided by nearly the same principles, except that there is no occasion for any framework especially calculated for nourishing and containing the fostiis, as in her case. As far as possible, the horse should be the counterpart of what is desired in the produce, though sometimes it may be necessary to select an ani- mal of a breed slightly exaggerating the peculiarity which is sought for, especially when that is not connected with the pre- ponderance of fore or hind-quarters. Thus, if the mare is very leggy, a more than usually short-legged horse may be selected, or if her neck is too short or too long, an animal with this organ particularly long, or the reverse, as the case may be, should be sought out. But in all cases it is dangerous to attempt to make too sudden alteration with regard to size, as the effort will gen- erally end in a colt made without a due proportion of parts, and therefore more or less awkward and unwieldy. In constitution and general health, the same remarks exactly apply to the horse as the mare. All hereditary diseases are to be avoided as far as possible, though few horses are to be met with entirely free from all kinds of unsoundness, some the effects of severe training, and others resulting from actual disease, oc- curring from other causes. With regard to fatness, there is an extraordinary desire for horses absolutely loaded with fat, just as there formerly was for overfed oxen at Christmas. It is quite true that the presence of a moderate quantity of fat is a sign of a good constitution, but, like all other good qualities, it may be carried to excess, so as to produce disease ; and just as there often is hypertrophy, or excess of nourishment of the heart, or any bony parts, so is there often a like superabundance of fat causing obstruction to the due performance of the animal func- tions, and often ending in premature death. This is in great measure owing to want of exercise, but also to over-stimulating food; and the breeder who wishes his horse to last, and also to get good stock, should take especial care that he has enough of the one and not too much of the other. 288 THE HORSE. Ill temper, also, there is no more to be added to what I have said relating to the mare, except that there are more bad-tem- pered stallions met with than mares, independently of their running, and this is caused by the constant state of unnatural excitement in which they are kept. This kind of vice is, how- ever, not of so much importance, as it does not affect the run- ning of the stock, and solely interferes with their stable man- agement. BEST AGE TO BREED FROM. It is commonly supposed that one or other of the parents should be of mature age, and that if both are very young, or very old, the produce will be decrepit or weakly. A great many of our best horses have been out of old mares, or by old horses — as, for instance, Priam, out of Cressida, at twenty ; Crucifix, out of Octaviana, at twenty-two ; and Lottery and Brutandorf, out of Mandane, at twenty and twenty-one ; Voltaire got Yoltigeur at twenty-one ; Bay Middleton was the sire of Andover at eigh- teen, and Touchstone got Newminster at seventeen. On the other hand, many young stallions and mares have succeeded well, and in numberless instances the first foal of a mare has been the best she ever produced. In the oldeu times, Mark An- thony and Conductor were the first foals of their dams ; and more recently. Shuttle Pope, Filho da Puta, Sultan, Pericles, Oiseau, Doctor Syntax, Manfred, and Pantaloon, have all been first-born. Still these are exceptions, and the great bulk of su- perior horses are produced later in the series. The youngest dam which I ever heard of was Monstrosity, foaled in 1838, who produced Ugly Buck at three years old, having been put to Venison when only two years of age. Her dam, also, was only one year older when she was foaled ; and Venison himself was quite a young stallion, being only seven years old when he got Ugly Buck ; so that altogether the Inst-mentioned horse was a remarkable instance of successful breeding from young parents. As in most cases of the kind, however, his early promises were not caiTied out, and he showed far better as a two-year-old, and early in the following year, than in his matiirity. Such is often the case, and, I believe, is a very general rule in breeding all animals, whether horses, dogs, or cattle. The general practice TIME FOR BREEDING. 289 in breeding is to use young stallions with old mares, and to put young mares to old stallions ; and such appears to be the best plan, judging from theory as well as practice. BEST TIME FOR BREEDING. For all racing purposes, an early foal is important, because the age takes date from the 1st of January. The mare, there- fore, should be put to the horse in February, so as to foal as soon after January 1st as possible. As, however, many mares foal a little before the end of the eleventh month, it is not safe to send her to the horse before the middle of the second month in the year. For further particulars, see " Thoughts on Breed- ing," and the " Stud-Farm," in which the general management of the mare and foal is fully detailed. Vol. II.— 19 THOUGHTS ON GENEEAL BREEDmG. Now in relation to breeding for general i3iir23oses, that is to say to breeding the general horse, with a view to profit, on the part of the breeder, and to practical utility and the improvement of the horse-stock of the country at large, I shall proceed to give a fe'w brief suggestions, and experiences of my own. And first, I shall lay down two axioms, which I consider to be as self-evi- dent, as it is that the nearest line between two points is a right line ; and those who cannot adopt them with me, will, I fear, find nothing that they will admire, or that will be o^use to them, in what follows. They are these — First. That the exceljence of any and every breed of horse, and of every individual horse, consists in his possession of the greatest attainable degree of pure thorough blood, directly trace- able to Barb, Arab or Turk, that is compatible with the weight, bulk, and strength, in hauling, required for the purposes, for which the horse is intended. Second. That to be of advantage, the pure blood must come chiefly from the sire's, not from the dam's, side. This second axiom or rule, is a deduction from no theory, or set of principles, but a fact proved by the breeding experience of ages. However pure the blood of the dam, if she be stinted to an animal of inferior blood, the progeny will be inferior to — what they should be — the half-blood. French physiologists opine, not without strong reasons for their faith, that the pure female animal, once impregnated by an inferior male, from some unknown impression on her nervous MONGREL BREEDING. 291 or generative system, becomes, ever after, herself so nearly a hybrid, that she is thenceforth incapable of producing a pure progeny, even to a pure sire. The case referred to above, on page 265, of the series of hj- brids, preserved in the museum of the College of Surgeons, fur- nishes a most singular corroboration of this theory. The circumstances are these — A thoroughbi-ed mare, of ex- tremely high blood, from which it was anxiously desired to ob- tain a progeny, was stinted several times to tlioroughbred stal- lions, but was always barren. It was suggested to the owner, that she might possibly stand in foal, if tried to some of the ferine varieties of the horse ; and that, if her barrenness could be once overcome, she would, doubtless, in future prove fruitful by animals of her own type. She was accordingly stinted to a quagga, the striped South African animal, akin to the Zebra, — procured from a menagerie for the purpose, — and, as it was pre- dicted, stood in foal to him, and produced a striped hybi-id. There- after, she was stinted three times in succession to three different stallions of pmre blood — there being, of course, no possible means by which the wild African hoi'se could have had second access to her — and, in each instance, she gg,ve birth to a striped hybrid. Phenomena of the same description are so common in the case of bitches of any piire race, which may have been casually warded by dogs of another family, or by mongrels, that dog- fanciers will not attempt to breed from such, as have once borne ignoble or hybrid litters ; knowing the tendency of the mothers, to breed hack^ as it is technically termed, to the type of the first parent. Some writers have endeavored to account for this strange anomaly, as it would seem to be, by attributing it to the effect of a first love on the imagination of the female parent ; but, although it be admitted that imagination has its influence on the generative organs, and to some degree on the whole system of generation, it seems to be ascribing more than a reasonable, or conceivable duration to a mere mental affection, when one assumes its capacity to alter the whole formal and jjhysical organization of animals, regularly bred of like parents, to the fourth generation. The first thing, therefore, in my view of the subject, is to de- 292 THE H0E8E. tennine wliat class of animals not thoroughbred you will raise, and 1 believe the most profitable to be something nearly akin to the English hunter ; that is to say, something which, having one, two, three or more crosses of pure blood, on some excellent com- mon stock, such as the best Vermont mares of the lighter class, the best Canadian or mixed American and Canadian mares, or the best, so called, Morgan mares of the largest and boniest class, may turn out at best a very fast and valuable trotter, or, lacking the speed for that, a high-bred, showy, grand-actioned cari-iage horse, or, in case he should want height for that purpose, a thor- oughly-useful light farm-horse or roadster. All these horses are to be raised by judicious breeding of the thoroughbred upon common mares. But it reqiiires knowledge, experience and judgment, to succeed in such an attempt. Nothing is more fatal, as a mistake, than to try to produce great size, or even increase of size, by stinting imder-sized, weedy mares to great, overgrown, bulky stallions. The result is, almost invariably, ill-sliaped, narrow-chested, slab-sided, leggy animals, with liglit round bone, and often altogether defective in balance and counterpoise of parts ; having heavy heads, long, weak, un- muscular necks, and either the fore-quarters or the hind-quarters vastly and disproportionately in excess. Soraething»of this sort is said by the late J. S. Skinner, in his Journal of Agriculture, in an article on the breeding of the American trotting horse, to have been notoriously the case of the progeny of a Cleveland Bay stallion of great size, imported hj Robert Pattison of Mary- land, and sent by him into Fredei-ick county of tliat State. This is precisely the result which I should have expected, supi^osing the class of mares stinted to him, whose produce turned out so unfortunately, to have been of the wretched weedy, spindle-legged, raw-hipped, ewe-necked class, whicli one sees generally used for farm- work, in that State and Delaware, on the smaller farms and in_ tlie hands of the poorer rural proprie- tors— evidently an effete and run-down cross of thoroughbreds, probably both male and female, with the poorest kind of the coun- try horse. Had the Cleveland Bay, in question, that is if he were really a fine and well-proportioned animal, with good carcass, deep eloping shoulders, broad chest, arched sides, short flat cannon- CLEVELAIJD BAY EMPEEOK. 293 bones and good quarters — such as tlie noble animal Emperor, lately imported by Mr. Rives into Virginia, whose figure stands at the head of this paper, and who may be set down as a per- fect type of the highest class of improved Cleveland Bay — ^been put to well-selected mares, of the right breed and of the right formation, he would not have been accused of deteriorating the breed of horses, but would have undoubtedly given size, but not size without substance, height without bone, much less length without proportion. In some portions of the country, and particularly in those portions, where there is evidence, in the character of the now existing horse-stock, that there has been an original strain of Cleveland Bay blood, subsequently crossed with other bloods, such as the Canadian and the thoroughbred — the latter remote- ly— as I tliink is the case in the State of Vermont, where I con- ceive the short, compact stocky Morgans to be the result of sucli an intermixture, I do not doubt that the services of such a Cleveland Bay stallion as Emperor, put to long, roomy, well quartered and well-proportioned mares of the Morgan breed, would be of incalculable benefit. I have no doubt that in the first generation such a horse would produce admirable light team horses of great show and substance, suitable for express wagons and the like, and that the mares bred to thoroughbred horses of the right kind — selected for bone, comjsactness, and substance — would give in the first cross carriage-horses, and in the second trottei'S, parade horses, or cavalry horses, of the highest possible caste and form. I doubt, that without some such cross, giving increased size, bone, and room to the Morgan, or light Vermont, road mares, extensively crossing with thorough- breds would not succeed in the first instance, unless from the very cream of the largest mares, and from a horse of singu- larly well-selected points and characteristics of bone, form, and last not least, blood of some strain, such as those of Orville, Comus, Woodpecker, Lottery, Humphrey Clinker, or our own Messenger, famous for success in producing hunters or road- sters. Such a horse as Priam, whatever may be said of his racer- getting qualities, would be fatal to a line of roadsters, hunters, or chargers, from the fatal tying in of his knees. 294 THE HOESE. Thus, if it be turned to the proper use, I consider tiiat tlie importation of Emperor, the Cleveland Bay, above spoken of and represented, is a move in the right direction, and one likely to have the most generally beneficial consequences. If, however, it be intended to set him covering run-out, narrow, weedy thoroughbreds, or half or three-fourths part bred mares, in the hope of giving them bone, bulk, and stamina by the new strain, it needs no prophet to foresee and foretell the very opposite results. The animals will have less than the blood — which is the only one good point left to them — of their dams, and none of the characteristics of their sire. Since the mares have neither the uterine capacity to contain the foetus proportioned to such a horse, with natural reference to its growth and develo]3ment previous to its birth, nor the blood and stamina for its nourish- ment while within their bodies. There is another class of importations, that of the Perclieron Norman stallions, to which I look with the greatest interest — although with no idea whatever that the stock got directly by them out of any class of mares, whatever, will be of use for any other pur23ose than draught. It is as the progenitors of mares, which will cast the finest foals for generaj. work, to thoroughbred horses, deriving show, size, round action, and bone from the dams, speed, endurance, courage, and blood from the sires, that I consider they will be invaluable, and even su- perior to the Cleveland Bays — in that they, in themselves, possess a share of Barb blood, and that they have by nature, with some size, the very form, and the shape, and quality of bone which we desire. I have no doubt that even well-chosen, pure Canadian mares would prodxice wonderfully improved stock to horses of this, their own, original strain — but that the lai-ger-sized mares of Canada, the result of a cross between Canadians and Svell-bred English crosses — that is to say, the j^roduce of one or two out- crossings after a long continuance of in-breeding — put once more to pure Norman stallions, would produce wonderful stock, can, in fact, hardly be questioned, by any one at all conversant with the theory of breeding, or its practice. And that the off- spring of the mares of that new strain, by properly selected PEECHERON N0EMAN8. 295 tlioronghbreds, would be chargers on which a king might be willing to do battle for his crown, or which a qneen might be proud to see harnessed to her chariot, on her coronation, I, for one, would stake my reputation as a horseman. This, in a word, is what I think is most needed, and most desirable to be done — to raise by judicious selection of parents, by large and liberal nourishment of the mares, while in foal, and by careful feeding, tending, and fostering the young ani- mals— not forgetting to protect them from severe weather, and sudden changes of temperature— the standard bone and muscle of our common country mares, and then to breed them to the best, and nothing but the best, blood-horses. And here I will proceed to extract from the American edi- tion of Youatt on the Horse, a letter to the American editor of that work, from Edward Harris, Esq., of Moorestown, New Jersey, descriptive of his jiure imported Norman stock, and giving his views in reference to the characteristics, which the stock bred from his Norman stallions are likely to possess, and to the most judicious mode of introducing this blood. With most of Mr. Harris's views I most cordially agree, especiall}' in his positively expressed opinion, that, with sufficient n^argin of time and money combined, with the possession of a large landed estate, he, or any judicious breeder would produce the very hest of horses for all pm'iwses^ that is to say the very iest horse of all worh, by breeding from the thoroughbred English racer. The only point in which I entirely differ from him is, as to the likelihood that the produce of " Diligence " — that is to say, of a pure Norman stallion, "and a large-sized thoroughbred mare would be the desired result," that result being " a carriage horse sufficiently fashionable foi- the city market." " Should this fail," he adds, " I feel confident that another cross from these colts " — that is to say, from stallions, the pro- duce of a Norman horse and a thoroughbred mare—" will give you the Morgan horse on a larger scale." In all this I utterly disagree with Mr. Harris, and am cer- tain that he is in error — he admits that his horse Diligence has not had thoroughbred mares stinted to him, but that " the mares 296 THE HOKSE. with which he breeds the best, are the mares which you would choose to breed a good carriage-horse from, with a good length of neck, and tail coming out on a line with the back, to correct the two prominent faults in the form of the breed, the short neck and the steep rump." This is doubtless true, and from the mares produced by this cross, bred once to a fine thoroughbi-ed, I have no fear that he would obtain the stamp of carriage-horse, which he desires, and from a second cross of the mares so got to thoroughbred, again, that the result would be an improved type of the Morgan horse. I would not hesitate, moreover, a moment to stint Morgan mares to either these pure Norman stallions, or good Canadians, with a view to obtaining improved bone and size without loss of spirit, by a recurrence to what I do not doubt to be one of the original sources of the Morgan stock, and then to breeding the mares, so improved in stature, to the best formed and most compact hunter- getting thoroughbred stallions I could find. Morgan stallions, with all deference, I would not use at all — at all events only for covering large, roomy, cold-blooded mares, for which purjjose they would be identical, as to the object, though far inferior in degree, with the thoroughbited horse. Mr. Harris's well-written and intelligent letter sj)eaks for itself, and with it I shall close this portion of my work. I had intended to add some account of the cavalry horse of the United States, but, on reference to headquarters, I find that there is no such distinctive animal — that there is no regular standard of blood, size, or form required, and no organized regulations, either for purchasing or examining the animals — the whole sys- tem of the cavalry service — that arm having been confined al- most entirely to the frontiers — being in embryo, and, as I am given to understand, at this moment in progress of reconstruc- tion and organization de novo, after the best experiences, under a competent board of oQicers. " Moorestown, April 6, 1850. " My dear See— Your kind favor of the last of March, has been duly received. I regret that, in consequence of the de- cease of a near relative, it has been out of my power to prepare my answer as soon as you desired. PEECHEEON NOEMANS. 297 " I tliaiik yon, my dear sir, for the order ^ou have suggested to be observed in my comnuinicatioii. You will soon perceive that I am by no means a practised writer, therefore your sug- gestions are the more acceptable in aiding me to draw up my ' plain, unvarnished tale.' " These horses first came under my observation on a jovirney through France in the year 1831. I was struck with the im- mense power displayed by them in drawing the heavy dili- gences of that country, at a pace which, although not as rapid as the stage-coach travelling of England, yet at such a pace, say from five to nine miles per hour, the lowest rate of which I do not hesitate to say, would, in a short time, kill the English horse if placed before the same load. In confirmation of this opinion I will give you an extract from an article on the Norman horse in the British Quarterly Journal of Agriculture, which I quoted in my communication to the Farmer's Cabinet of Philadelphia, in 1842, as follows ; " ' The writer, in giving an account of the origin of the horse, which agrees in tracing it to the Spanish horse- — of Arabian ancestry — with the account which I have given above, which I procured from French sources, says, " The horses of Normandy are a capital race for hard work and scanty fa/re. I have never seen such horses at the collar, under the dilis'ence, the post-carriage, the cumbrous and heavy voitm-e or cabriolet for one or two horses, or the farm-cart. They are enduring and energetic heyond descrijition ; with their necks cut to the bone, they fiinch not ; they put forth all their efforts at the voice of the brutal driver, or at the dreaded sound of his never-ceasing whip ; they keep their conditimi when other horses would die of neglect and hard treatment. A better cross for some of our horses can not be imagined than those of Normandy, provided they have not the ordinary failing, of too much length from the hock downwards, and a heavy head." I think that all who have paid attention to this particular breed of Norman horses — the Percheron, which stands A No. 1 — will bear me out in the assertion that the latter part of this quotation will not apply to them, and that, on the contrary, they are short from the hock downwards; that their heads are short, with the true Arabian face, and not thicker than they should be to correspond with THE HORSE. the stoutness of their bodies At all events you can witness that Diligence has not these failings, which, when absent, an Englishman — evidently, from his article a good liorseman — thinks, constitutes the Norman horse the best imaginable horse for a cross iipon the English horse of a certain description. Again he says, " They are very gentle and docile ; a kicking or vicious horse is almost unknown there; any person may pass in security at a fair at the heels of hundreds.' " " My own impressions being fortified by such autliority from such a source — where we look for little praise of any thing French — and numerous others, verbal and written, I made up my mind to retiirn to France at an early day, and select a stal- lion at least, as an experiment in crossing upon the light mares of New Jersey. My intention was unavoidably delayed until the year 1839, when I went seriously to work to purchase two stallions and two mares with the aid of a veterinary surgeon of Havre, Monsieur St. Marc, to whose knowledge of the various distinct breeds which exist in France, and his untiring zeal in aidmg my enterjjrise, I take great pleasure in making acknowl- edgments. The animals in due time were procured, but the last which was brought for my decision, although a fine stallion, showed such evident signs of a cross of the Englisfe blood — af- terwards acknowledged by the owner — that I rejected him, and the packet being about to sail, and preparations being made for the shipment, I was obliged to put the stallion and two mares on board, no time being left to look up another stallion. Here another difficulty arose — I could find no competent groom in Havre to take charge of them on the voyage, and deliver them in New York. I was obliged to make an arrangement with one of the steerage passengers, a German, who had never been to sea before, to attend to them to the best of his ability. As you may suppose, I did not feel very well satisfied with this arrange- ment. I therefore wrote to M. Meurice of Paris, to take charge of my baggage which I had left at his hotel, and the next morn- ing I was on my way to New York in the packet ship Iowa, Captain Peck, where I lived in the round-house on deck, with himself and ofiicers. It was the Iowa's first voyage, and her cabin had not been finished, so great was the fear of the owners, at that time, that their ' occupation was gone ' of carrying cabin DILIGENCE. 299 passengers, in consequence of tlie recent success of the English sea-steamers. We had three luiudred steerage, and I was the only cabin passenger. The hoi'ses were also on deck. The first night, so great was the change in the temperature, on the occur- rence of a slight storm, that all the horses took violent colds, and, unfortunatel}^, with the best use 1 could make of M. St. Marc's medicine-chest, and his very judicious directions for tlie treatment of the horses under this anticipated state of affairs, I could not prevent the death of the stallion from inflammation of the luil^s, before reaching New York. The mares were landed safely, but too much stiffened by the voyage and their sickness, to make the journey at once across the Jerseys on foot. I procured a trusty man to accompany them, and sent them by railroad for Burlington. The next morning I had the mortifica- tion to see my man returned with the sad news that the finest mare had broken through the bottom of the car, and fractured one of her hind legs. Thus left with one horse out of four se- lected, the only alternative was to give up, or go back for more. I did not hesitate about the latter, and in three weeks I was steaming it on board the Great "Western. My next purchase was " Diligence," another stallion, and two mares. This time I was more fortunate, and procured an excellent groom to ac- company them, who succeeded in getting them safely to New York and to Moorestown, carefully shunning the railroad. I have, since that time, lost one of the mares, and the other stal- lion went blind after making one season. Not wishing to run the risk of perjjetuatiug a race of horses with weak eyes, I have not since permitted him to cover mares; though I must say for him that his colts have all good eyes, and stand high in public favor. " Those who are acquainted with the thoroughbred Canadian horse, will see in him a perfect model, on a small scale, of the Percheron horse. This is the jjeculiar breed of Normandy, which are used so extensively throughout the northern half of France for diligence and post-horses, and from the best French authorities I could command — I cannot now quote the precise authorities — I learned that they were produced by the cross of the Andalusian horse upon the old heavy Norman horse, whose portrait may still be seen as a war-horse on the painted windows 300 THE H0E8E. of the Cathedral of Eoiien, several centuries old. At the time of the occupatiou of the Netherlands by the Spaniards, the Andalusian was the favorite stallion of the north of Europe, and thus a stamp of the true Barh was implanted, which remains to the present day. If you will allow me to digress a moment, I will give you a short description of the old Norman draught- horse on which the cross was made. They average full sixteen hands in height, with head short, thick, wide and hollow be- tween the eyes ; jaws lieavy ; ears short and pointed well for- wards ; neck very short and thick ; mane heavy ; shoulder well inclined backwards ; back extremely short ; rump steep ; quar- ters very broad ; chest deep and wide ; tendons large ; muscles excessively develojjed ; legs veiy short, particularlj^ from the knee and hock to the fetlock, and thence to the coronet, which is covered with long hair, hiding half the hoof; much hair on the legs. " Tiie bone and muscle, and much of the form of the Perche- ron is derived from this liorse, and he gets his spirit and action from the Andalusian. Docility comes from both sides. On the expulsion of the Spaniards from the north, the supply of Andalusian stallions was cut off, and since that time in the Perche district in Normandy, their progeny has doubtless teen bred in- and-in ; hence the remarkable uniformity of the breed, and the disposition to impart their form to their progeny beyond any breed of domestic animals within my knowledge. Another cir- cumstance which I think has tended to j)erpetuate the good qualities of these horses, is the fact of all their males being kept entire ; a gelding is, I believe, unknown among the rural horses of France. You may be startled at this notion of mine, but if you reflect a moment, you must perceive that in such a state of things — so contraiy to our practice and that of the English — the farmer will always breed from the best horse, and he will have an opportunity of judging, because the horse has been broken to harness and his qualities known before he could command business as a stallion. Hence, too, their indifference to pedigree. " If the success of Diligence as a stallion is any evidence of the value of the breed, I can state, that he has averaged eighty mares per season for the ten seasons he has made in tliis conn- COLTS OF DILIGENCE. 301 try, and as lie is a very sure foal-getter, he must have produced at least four hundred colts ; and as I have never yet heard of a colt of his that would not readily bring one hundred dollars, and many of them much higher prices, you can judge of the benefit which has accrued from his services. I have yet to learn that he has jji-oduced one worthless colt, nor have I heard of one that is spavined, curbed, ringboned, or has any of those de- fects which render utterly useless so large a number of the fine- bred colts of the ]3resent day. The opinion of good judges here is, that we have never had, in this part of the country at least, so valuable a stock of horses for farming purposes ; and further, that no lioi-se that ever stood in this section of the country has produced the same number of colts whose aggregate value has been equal to that of the colts of Diligence ; for the reason that, although there may have been individuals among them which would command a much higher price than any of those of Diligence, yet the niimber of blemished and indififerent colts has been so great, as quite to turn the scale in his favor. " In reply to your queries, I would say to the first, that Diligence has not been crossed at all with fhoroughbred mares — such a thing is almost unknown here at the present day ; but those mares the neaiest approaching to it have produced the cleanest, neatest, and handsomest colts, though hardly large enough to command the best prices. Those I know of that cross are excellent performers. " 2. The style of mares with which Diligence breeds best, ap- pears to me to be the mare which you would choose to breed carriage-horses from, with a good length of neck, and tail com- ing out on a line witli the back, to correct the two prominent faults in form of the breed, the short neck and steep rump. " 3. What is the result of the cross with dilferent styles — as regards size and shape ? — ^This may be answered in a general way by stating, the size will depend somewhat upon the size of the mare, with due allowance for casting after back stock, which will be well understood by breeders. As regards shape, you may depend upon the predominance of the form of the horse in nine cases out of ten ; indeed, I have only seen one of his colts that I could not instantly recognize from the form. The reason will occur to you from what I have said of the extreme 302 THE H0E8E. purity of the breed ; such as they are tliey have been for cen- turies ; and could jon find another race of horses of entirely different form in the same categoi-y as regards their pedigree, my belief is, that when you should see the first colt from them, you would see the model of all that were to follow. " i. Can you breed carriage-horses sufficiently fashionable for the city markets ? I do not hesitate to say that it cannot be done with the first cross. There is too much coarseness about them, which must be worn down by judicious crossing; and I think a stallion got by Diligence upon a large-sized thronghbred raare, would go very far towards producing the desired result. Should this fail, I feel very confident that another cross from these colts on the thoroughbred mare, will give you the Ifor- ga7i horse on a larger scale. I still hold to the opinion I ex- pressed to you years ago, that the action of our common horses would be impiroved by this cross. His colts have higher action than their dams, and generally keep their feet better under them ; in other words, they pick them up quicker, not suffering them to rest so long upon the ground. " Your fifth and sixth questions will be answered by what I have further to say in i-egard to the progeny of Diligence. " I may safely say they are universally docile and kind, at the same time spirited and lively. They break in without any diificulty. As regards their speed, I do not know of any that can be called fast horses, though many smart ones among ordi- nary road horses. Diligence, as I have said elsewhere, was chosen — for obvious reasons — as a full-sized specimen of the breed. As for speed in trotting, we cannot doubt its being in the breed, when we look at the instances among the thorough- bred Canadian jjonies. Could I have made my selection from the stallions which I rode behind in the diligences, I could have satisfied the most fastidious on this point ; but, unfortunately, these horses all belonged to the government, and are never sold until past service. My main object was to produce a valuable farm-horse. The chance of fast colts is not very great ; because those persons having fast mares to breed fi-ora, naturally look for a fast stallion, and failing to find him, take one of the best English blood they can find ; and should they occur, they will be mares, or, ten to one, horses, gelded before their good quali- THE STUD FARM. 303 ties are discovered. Perhaps some part of what I say above will be more clear to jo\i if I say, that I hold to the opinion that the Percheron blood still exists in Canada in all its purity. " You will think, perhaps, that I have said quite enough about my humble hobby, and you will have fouud out too, that I have no idea, contrary to your good-natured warning, of mak- ing ' swans of my geese.' What I should like to see would be further importations of these horses, thereby multiplying the chances for a happy hit in crossing, and to di-aw public atten- tion to them, which would do more for them than writing till doomsday. So far from considering these horses as capable by any crossing of producing the very best of horses for all pur- poses, that is to say, the best horse-of-all-work, I believe that if I had my time to live over again, had a very large landed estate, an unlimited supply of ' the dust,' I could produce that horse by breeding from the thoroughbred English I'acer. It would not be difficult now to select, to start from, stallions and mares possessing all the requisites of size, form, temper, &c. ; but each of these individuals is such a compound of all kinds of ances- tors, good, bad, and indifferent, that you would be obliged from their progeny to select and reject so often, for faults of size and form, and for blemishes and vices, that your allotted days would be near a close before you produced any thing like uniformity in the breed. Still, we see what has been done by Bakewell and others in breeding stock ; therefore I contend, a la Sam Patch, that what has been done may be done again. " I therefore am decidedly of opinion, that we cannot do better, if we wish to produce in any reasonable time a most in- valuable race of horses for the farm and the road, than to breed from the full-sized Norman or Percheron horse. "I remain, yours very sincerely, " Edwaed Haekis." THE STUD FAHM. Tlie necessity for a farm, with all the buildings suitable to a breeding stud of race-horses, is self-evident, inasmuch as the mares and colts of that valuable nature, and also of such in- tractable dispositions, that ordinary accommodation would be 304 THE HOESE. insufficient. But even more do they require herbage of a pecu- liar kind, full of iiue clover, yet free from the coarse grasses, and the land well drained, and of a sandy or chalky subsoil. The presence of these characteristics has made Yorkshire so pro- minent as a breeding locality, and its thorouglibreds, as well as its horses of inferior blood, have always stood high in the scale. On the other hand, low, marshy situations are unfavorable to the development of the horse, and cause him to be coarse, un- wieldy, and generally unsound. In selecting a breeding farm, therefore, the tirst and the most absolutely essential point, is the soil, and l>y consequence the herbage. The surface should be undulating, but not very hilly, giving just sufficient alteration to teach the young stock the difference between up-hill and down, and enabling them to acquire the power of mastering themselves over both variations of surface. The size of the enclosures may easily be altered, if too large or too small ; but it would be well, and would save much subsequent trouble and expense, if a farm could be foimd divided into small enclosures by banks and strong thorn hedges, and without deep ditches, which are always a source of danger to both colt and dam. "Walls are very good divisions, if they are high enough, and the earth is raised against their foundations; but they* are noteqiial to good banks, with thorn hedges upon them. A certain number of hovels jDroportioned to the mares must be put up, if they are not already in existence, and they may most economically be built by placing four together where four paddocks meet ; or, if those are very large, by building in the middle of one, and dividing off the field into the four separate runs, for the mares and foals. But though this plan is very com- monly adopted from economical motives, it is not a good one, because the aspect of two of the hovels must be northerly or easterly, both of which are cold and prejudicial to young stock, besides being too shady diiring the early spring. It should, moreover, be remembered, that in the sjjring time, when mares require the most grass they exhaust it the soonest, and therefore it will not be advisable to allot them too small a run, but rather to give each hovel a double one, in order that as soon as the mare has cropped one half close she may have a change into the other. The annexed plan of a pair of hovels, with yards and HOVELS FOK STOCK. 308 paddocks, will afford a good idea of the very highest accommo- dation which can be desired. They may be built of brick, stone, or timber, according to the taste and purse of the proprietor. In all cases the size should be about 15 feet by 12 feet for both hovels and yards, and the aspect should be invariably to the south, either facing that quarter or a point or two to the east or "west of it. The door should never open in any other direction, because it often happens in early spring that the weather is too cold and wet to turn the mare and foal out, and yet the sun may be admitted by opening the upper half of the door with great advantage to the young animal, which requires sun as much as its mother's milk. When materials are very expensive, and money is limited, a hovel of 12 feet square may perhaps suffice ; but the extra length will be well bestowed, and it should always be calculated on as desirable, if not absolutely needful. With regard to height, I should say that eight feet is a good and sufficient amount of head-room, for as these boxes are never air- tight, it is not important that they should be very lofty, and if made too high they become very cold in the long winter nights, whereas if kept down to eight feet, the warmth of the mare's body raises the temperature sufficiently to protect the foal from an excessive reduction during a frost. In all cases the rocf should be thatched, which material is cool in summer and warm in winter ; and as these hovels are always at a distance from the main dwelling, it is not here objectionable on account of its ten- dency to burn. Next to thatch, tiles offer the most equal tem- perature ; but they are not in this respect to be compared to it, though far superior to slates. The walls may be of brick or stone, which are the best and most desirable materials, and equally good in every respect, the choice being given to that which is the cheapest in the locality. Boarding is a bad mate- rial, as it can scarcely be made warm and air-tight, and is liable to give cold by allowing small currents or draughts of air to play upon both mare and foal, which is worse than leaving them ex- posed to the open air. In every case the doors should be wide and high, viz., seven feet six by four feet six, and all angles rounded off; to which precaution a roller on the door-post is a very useful addition, as a prevention from accidents. The yard Bhould be walled in, or divided off by a wooden partition, or a Vol. II.— 20 306 THE HOKSE. gorse fence, either of which should be seven feet high. The door to the hovel should be of elm or oak, and made in two portions, BO as to allow the lower half to be shut without the upper one, in order that air may be admitted at times when the weather will not allow of the mare and foal leaving the hovel ; a small window should be inserted in the wall, and the mangers made in the following manner ; — In one corner a manger of good height should be placed for the mare, with a ring above, to which she may be tied ; and in the other, a lower one for the foal, by which arrangement the mare is unable, when tied up, to deprive her foal of his corn. The hay-rack is better made on the outside of the wall, so that the groom may be able to re- plenish it without entering the hovel ; and this is easily effected by placing it as an excrescence on the outside, with a lid to turn the wet off, and with bars on the inside. This plan prevents all chance of accident from the gambols of the foal, which often lead it into mischief, if the arrangements are such as to give it any possible opportunity. In the third corner, unoccupied by the door, should be a water-tank, which may be of iron, and should always be replenished with fresh soft water from a river, pond, or rain-water tank. The floor shovdd be paved with flints, stones, or hard bricks, and a well-trapped drain "placed in the centre. The yard also should be paved in the same way, though this is not so essential ; and it is sometimes kept replenished with burnt clay, which thus serves the double purpose of ab- sorbing all the urine, &c., and keeping it free from putrefaction, which the clay has the power of doing. It is changed as often as it is saturated, and is then removed to a situation remote from the mares and foals. The partition between the two yards should be partially open, so as to allow the foals to become ac- quainted with each other before they are turned out together, which they generally are at weaning time ; and if then strange to one another, they pine for their dams much more than they do when they have had the pleasure of a previous introduction. When the gorse is used it is applied as follows ; — The door-jjosts and iiprights are first fixed, and should be either of oak — which is best — or of good sound Memel fir ; they should be about six inches by four, and should be fixed six feet apart with three feet sunk in the ground. After thus fixing the framework, and GOESE WALLS. 307 putting on the wall-plate and rafters, the whole internal surface is made good by nailing split poles of larch, or other timber, closely together across the uprights, taking especial care to round oif the ends when they appear at the door-posts. Thus the whole of the interior is tolerably smooth, and no accident can happen from the foal getting his leg into any crevice be- tween the poles, if care is taken to nail them securely, and to leave no sjjace between them. When this internal framework is finished, the gorse is applied outside as follows ; It is first cut into small branches, leaving a foot-stalk to each, about twelve or fifteen inches in length ; these branches are arranged in layers between the uprights, the stalks pointing upwards and inwards, and the prickly ends downwards and outwai-ds. When, by a succession of layers of these brushy stalks, a height of eighteen inches has been raised, a stout and tough pole, about the size of an ordinary broomstick, and six feet long, is laid upon the middle of the gorse, and so as to confine it against the split poles and between the uprights. The workmen kneel upon this pole, and by its means compress the gorse into the smallest possible compass ; and while thus pressed down, and against the internal framework, it is confined to the latter by five or six loops of strong copper-wire. When this is properly done, the gorse is so firmly confined, and withal so closely packed, that neither wind nor rain can penetrate, nor can all the mischief-loving powers of the foal withdraw a single stalk. After fixing the first layer, a second is built up in the same way, and when neatly done, the extei-ior is as level as a brick-wall ; but if there are any very prominent branches, they may be sheared oif with the common shears, or taken off with the ordinary hedging bill-hook. When it is desired to make the exterior look very smooth, a hay-trusser's knife is used ; but the natural ends, though not so level, are a much better defence, and last longer than the cut gorse. In the interior the stalks sometimes project, and if so they must be smoothly trimmed off. The fastenings to the door should be free from projections, and nothing answers better than the common slide-bolt, which no foal can open. All the wood-work should be painted with coarse paint, or dressed with tar, which is the best for the pur- pose, as it effectually prevents the young stock from licking 308 THE HORSE. and biting the projections, a trick which often ends in confirmed crib-biting, or wind-sucking. The yards should have two gates, one oiJeniug into each separate paddock, so that the one may be shut up, and the other left for them to use when turned out, and thus the grass allowed to make head, and a change permitted in the pasture. In the plan, a 1 and a 2 are the two hovels, 5 1 and 5 2 the two yards, c 1 and c 2 the two. upper paddocks, and d\ and d'i those which are used as a change. By closing either of the two gates to the yards, the other will admit the mare and foal to the paddock into which it opens. In all open- timber partitions plenty of hemlock tips should be inserted to make them good, in order to prevent the foal from slipping in his gallops, and getting hurt, or even cast under the bars. This accident has ruined many a foal, and the onl}' certain preven- tion is to make up all timber fences by the above materials, one or other of which jnay always be readily procured. a 1 i C i } — ^ / / a 2 2 * / / / < / d 1 f / / / / / / \ \ \ A certain portion of arable should always be held with the grass land, in order to produce Lucerne, rye, carrots, &c., for earl}' spring feed. It must be recollected, that the thorougli- MAJ!IAGEMENT OF MARES. 309 bred mare is required to foal as eai-ly as possible in the year, because the produce takes age from the 1st of January, and with two-year-olds a month or two is of great importance. In few situations is there much grass lit for the mare before the 1st of May, and therefore cut stuff" of some kind, with carrots or turnips, must be given. These can only be produced economi- cally on the stud-farm itself, and provision should alwaj^s be made for an early supply. Italian rye-grass is generally the earliest crop, and if the soil suits it should always be planted, turnips do pretty well, but not so well as the Italian rye. Car- rots also are useful ; but in all cases both the carrots and turnips should be cut very small, for fear of choking the foal, or even the mare, an accident which has liappened to both on many oc- casions. Lucerne comes in soon after the rye-grass, and is an admirable food for suckling mares. Vetches are both too late and too heating, and are not nearly so good as Lucerne. MANAGEMENT OF THE MAEE. In this place, in the usual order of things, it might be ex- pected that I should allude to the selection of the brood-mare, and the best cross for her ; but, for the sake of simplicity, it will be better to describe the general management of the breeding- stud, and the breaking and training of young stock ; and finally, to consider the most desirable strains for breeding race-horses after all the various elements of success on the turf have been thoroughly investigated, as well as the steeplechase, hurdle- race, &c. This is, to some extent, putting the cart before the horse, but as it will make this mysterious subject more intelli- gible, I prefer adopting the plan, to the apparently more simple one which I have rejected. The duration of pregnancy in the mare is eleven months, and, consequently, she should never be put to the horse earlier than the end of the first week in February ; indeed there is great hazard in sending ^er before the middle or end of the month, as so many mares drop their foals a fortnight earlier than the full time. Should this occur with a mai-e stinted on tlie 8th or 9th of February, the foal is dropped in the last week of December, by which its age is increased one year, and it is 310 THE HORSE. mined for all weight for age races, and in fact for all purposes. Tlie mare slionld be allowed to be at large in the fields during the day time, as exercise is of the greatest consequence to her health ; and she should be carefully kept from the sight of any object which can terrify or distress her, such as pig-killing, or the sight or smell of blood in any way. Sometimes an epidemic causes a series of miscarriages or premature slippings of the foals, and almost every mare on the farm is afi:ected in the same way, and there seems to be no mode of preventing this untoward result. AVhen the mare is near her time, she shows her state by the tilling of the udder, and by the falling in of the muscles on each side of the croup, which the farriers call the " sinking of the bones." When these signs appear the mare should be con- stantly watclied, in order that assistance may be given her if there is any difficulty in the presentation. The usual mode for tJie foal to conie into the world is with both fore-legs first, and if after they appear the nose shortly shows itself, all may be considered straightforward, and no fears need be entertained. Sometimes with a large foal and a comparatively small pelvis, a little assistance may carefully be given by gently drawing upon the legs after the head is well down ; but these cases are un- usual, and with this natural presentation it is seldojp required. If, however, there is any otiier kind of birth, and the head pre- sents without the legs, or the hind legs first, or if the head is doubled back upon the body, assistance must generally be ob- tained, unless the man in attendance is more than ordinarily skilful. Turning is generally the expedient which is had re- course to by the regular 2>ractitiouer, but it requires great care and skill to accomplish the ojJeration without danger to the foal. As soon as this is born the mare should be allowed to clean it, and the secundines are removed b}^ the attendant ; after which the mare should have a little warm gruel, and, if very much exhausted, about a pint of strong ale- -more or less according to circumstances — may be given with it. It often happens with the first foal that the mare will not take tcjit, and not only refuses to clean it, but actually denies it the proper nourishment from her teats. When this is the case, the man should nulk the mare and soothe her, and, after her udder is somewhat empty, and she is relieved, she will generall}' allow the foal to suck. They MANAGKMKNT OF KOALS. 311 should never be left alone till this has taken place, as it is dan- gerons to do so for fear of the mare doing a fatal injury to her offspring. Before the coat of the foal is dry, the mane should be combed all on one side ; by which j^recaution that ragged unsightly look is avoided which it has if part hangs on one side and part on the other. For the first twenty-four hours nothing besides warm griiel and a very little hay should be given to the mare ; but when the secretion of milk is fully established she requires oats, bran mashes with malt, carrots, turnips, clover, or green food in some shape, according to the season of the year. MANAGEMENT OF THE FOAL. Handling the foal should be commenced as soon as he is born, because it is at that time that he is most easily rendered tractable, and regardless of the presence of his attendant, who should make a practice of rubbing his head, picking up his feet, &c., long before he actually wants to do any thing with those parts. But if these acts are postponed, till they are really wanted to be done, the colt is wild and unmanageable, and neither physic nor anything else can be administered without a degree of violence very dangerous to its welfare. The foal is very liable to diarrhoea, and it should at once be checked by a drench of rice-water, with one or two drachms of laudanum, which will almost always stop it, if repeated after every loose motion. The sun should in all cases be admitted to the box, whether in winter or summer, and without it no young animal will long be in health. If the weather is very severe, with wet as well as cold, the upper half only of the door should be opened while the sun is out; but if the weather is dry, the mare and foal maybe allowed to run into the yard ; or if not very cold and frosty, into the paddock for a short time. By the end of the month the foal will begin to eat crushed oats, which may be given in its own low manger, and with the mare tied up to hers. As many of them as the foal will eat will do good ; and it never happens, that I have heard, that a young foal will eat more than enough of this food, which is the main stay of the young racer. Much of the success of this kind of stock depends upon their early forcing by means of oats ; and as far as he is concerned, the mare as 312 THE HOKSE. well as himself can hardly have too much, consistently with a continuance of health ; but caution must be used in forcing the mare until she is decidedl}^ stinted. "When the mare is tied up, the lialter should not be longer than necessary, nor should it be fastened to a low ring ; as it has often happened that the foal has become entangled in it when low, and has been ruined by his own struggles, or those of his mother.. At six months old the foal is usually weaned, previously to which he should wear a light and well-fitting head collar, by which he may be led about with a length of webbing attached to it by a buckle. This is more easily done before weaning than after, as the mare may always be made an inducement to the foal, and it will therefore be half coaxed and half led by a little manoeuvring ; whereas, if entirely alone, the foal will struggle in order to escape, and will not so easily be controlled. Two qiiarterns of oats may now be given to the foal during the day, which, with the grass of sum- mer, will keep him in high flesh, and by this time he ought to have grown into a very good-sized animal. By this treatment the foals are made strong and hardy against the advent of the winter season, during which time their progress is not nearlj"- so fast as in the summer ; and in spite of every precaution, there are constantly drawbacks in the shape of colds, d^^sentery, &c. Feeding in this mode is the great secret to rearing racing stock, and though cow's milk, steamed turnips, &c., will make the yearling look fat and fleshy, you will never see that appearance of high breeding and condition which is given by oats, nor, when put into training, do they pass through that ordeal in the way which corn-fed colts and fillies may be expected to do. At this age, when fed in this way, foals are as mischievous as monkej^s, and great care should be taken that thev have nothing in their way which can possibly injure them. Brooms, shovels, pikes, and buckets must all be kept away from their reacli, and all gates and fences must be carefully put in order. Indeed, with every precaution, they will strain themselves in their play ; but if all these points are not attended to, the consequence is almost sure to be fiital to life or limb. During the winter young racing stock should all be carefully housed at night ; and their oats may be increased to three quarterns a day as soon as the grass fails, with plenty of good sound old hay, and occasionally a few care- FOOD OF THE FOAL. 313 fully sliced carrots or turnips. During all this time they should still be constantly handled and led about ; and when removed from one pasture to another, they should always be caught and led by the length of webbing. The absence of this precaution is a fertile source of accidents, while its adoption is only an instance of that constant handling which must be attended to even were no removal necessary. These remarks will cari'y on the treatment of the yearling to the time when he is broken in and put into training. At this time — that is, in the second sum- mer, and as soon as there is plenty of grass, the yearling should begin to assume the appearance of the horse, with arms and thiglis well developed, and with a fair'allowance of fat, which, though not necessary for racing purposes, is always an indica- tion of high health, and will make its appearance on the ribs of a stout and healthy colt in spite of all the exercise in the shape of frolics and gallops which his high spirits induce him to take. During the early spring months this cannot always be expected, from tbe nature of the food ; but after May, the flesh ought always to be rather full and round than wiry and free from fat, which latter condition indicates a delicacy of constitution un- favorable to the purposes of the race-horse. Physicking the yearling or the foal is sometimes necessaiy, when he is getting off his feet, or is bound in his bowels, or his eyes become inflamed, or otherwise indicate that he is over-fed with oats. This is a very common state of things, and the remedy is a dose of the common aloetic ball, for which see the Diseases of the Horse, for the dose and mode of administration. About one-quarter of an ordinary ball is the smallest dose likely to be beneficial to the young foal. BREAKING. THE STABLES NECESSAET FOE YOUNG RACING STOCK. The stabling which is suflacient for ordinary racing purposes, will not answer for the first housing of colts and fillies, which require more air and room than older horses, as they are a con siderable time in becoming accustomed to the warmer and 314 THE HORSE. darker stables suited to horses doing strong work. But not only is a_ large roomy box required for each colt, but there must also be a yard, or small paddock, in which they may be suffered to take that exercise which they cannot yet receive artificially in an amount which will maintain their health. The breaking is generally commenced in warm summer weather ; and there is no danger in allowing the colt to be at liberty during the day, at such hours as are not required to be occupied by the breakei-'s instructions. It is necessary, therefore, to have a series of airy boxes, separated from one another in the same way as those in ordinary stables, but of a larger size, being at least 18 feet by 12 feet, and with a ver}^ free circulation of air. These are much better made open to the roof, as they are never used in cold weather for horses, and will then serve for any other kind ol stock if required ; but at all events they should now be as airy as it is possible to make them. Many jjcople object to the use of litter at this period, as being different to the cool grass to which the colt has been accustomed, and recommend tan as a much better kind of material for the floor of the box. I am inclined to think that there is great reason in this objection, and that the latter article is less likely to produce that contraction of the feet which so commonly occurs in the horsa* in training. A shady paddock, with as soft a turf as possible, should be pro- vided ; and here the colt may be turned out the first thing in the morning for an hour or two, and again at night for the same time, leaving the middle of the day for the breaker's manipula- tions. This plan also provides for the gradual alteration of diet, as the colt will always pick a little grass when turned out, and will only eat his hay during the long night ; while his oats he has long been accustomed to, and will still continue to relish. LEADING TACKLE. Leading with the cavesson on is the first thing to be prac- tised, and it should be continued for two or three weeks without any farther attempt at breaking, if there be plenty of time, and full justice is to be done to the colt. A roller is put upon the colt, and a crupper, with long hip-straps, by the presence of which he becomes accustomed to a loose sheet, or any other de- SHOEING. • 316 raiigement of clothing in his subsequent work. "With this tackle on, and long boots ou his fore-lee's to truard against his striking them, the colt is led about the country, eitlicr by the breaker on foot or mounted on a steady hack ; and for a week he may generally be confined to soft turf, which will not require his being shod. Even on such ground as this he will be gradually accustomed to carts, wagons, droves of sheep, oxen, &c., and will daily acquire more confidence in himself and in his leader. N"o bit sliould be put in his mouth as yet, for its too early use while lie is still shy and inclined to struggle, only makes hitn more timid, and by far less manageable than with the cavesson alone. SHOEING. Shoeing must be commenced as soon as the colt is in a state to be taken on the roads, because it will often happen tliat he will be inclined to jump aiul plunge on the meeting of unac- customed objects ; and if his feet are unshod he will break the crust, and do that amount of injury, which it will take many weeks to restore. It is better, therefore, to put some short shoes on his fore-feet ; but his hind-feet may still perhaps be left in their natural state for some time longer. I do not myself see the advantage of this delaj', but it is very commonly practised with young racing stock ; and with wild or badly-handled colts, it is often necessary, from the greater i-esistance which they make to the blacksmith beliind than before. The shoes or tips should be nailed on very carefully, and they should be very neat and light in their make ; the feet also should afterwards be regii- larly examined, and the shoes removed every thi-ee weeks. It is a very common practice for the blacksmith to cut out the heels of these colts, but I am satisfied, that by the use of tips only the heels may left in a state of nature, and will require little or no clearing out until the horse is full-shod, and the frog and heel protected from the friction of the ground. TTING-UP m THE STABLE. The next process is the tying-up in the stall, which the colts may now be accustomed to, inasmuch as they have fully proved the power of the halter or leading-rein in their struggles to avoid 316 THE HORSE. passing objects ; and they will not, therefore, fight mnch when tied np in the stable. The head-stall should fit very closely, and the throat-lash be suflliciently tight to prevent the colt from pulling it ofif in his eflTorts to get free ; for if the young animal finds he can eifect his object once, he is a long time before he ceases to try it again. Tlie colt is often very fidgety ; if so, he must be at once compelled to stand still, by the use of wooden balls attached to the fetlocks by leather straps, which soon ac- custom him to a steady position, from the blows which they in- flict upon liim when he struggles or moves rapidly from side to side. A breast-girth may also be put on as a fore-runner of the breast-cloth ; and it will also serve to prevent the roller, Avliich is constantly worn, from getting back \inder the flank, and there- by- irritating tlie wearer. All tlie ordinary stable practices may now gradually be taught, such as washing out the feet, dressing, hand-rubbing the legs, &c. ; and the colt should be made to turn from side to side of his stall at the wish of his attendant groom, who may easily conduct the whole process without the aid of any regular breaker, unless the temper of the colt is such as to demand extraordinary skill and address; and even liere the groom accustomed to thoroughbred colts is often a better hand than the colt-breaker, who is engaged in brclking all sorts of animals, and will not bestow sufficient time upon the valua- ble racing colts and fillies. Now, without full time, it is impossi- ble to bring these young things into subjection, and the conse- quence is that their tempers are ruined, and they are rendered unfit for the purpose for which they are otherwise well cpialified. Their feeding is so high that they are full of spirit, and will fight to the death if they are made to resist by ill-treatment or hasty breaking; it is therefore more by coaxing and gradual leading on step by step, from one point gained to another which is to be overcome, that this animal is vanquished, and made at last to yield his powers to the guidance of a young lad of perhaps twelve years of age, or even less. BEEAKraO. Limging may now be commenced, which will require the aid of a second hand, in order to compel the colt to progress in the circle by threatening him with the whip behind him. The BREAKING. 317 cavesson, boots, roller, crupper, &c., are all put on, and a long leading-rein of webbing is attached to the ring in the nose of tlie cavesson, jnst as if the colt was going to be led out as usual. But instead of merely leading, the colt is made to walk round a circle on some piece of soft turf; and then when he has learnt to do this kindly he is made to canter slowly round, the assist- ant walking behind him until lie will jJrogress by himself, which he soon learns to do. As soon as he has gone round the circle in one direction a dozen times or so, he may ])e turned round and made to reverse it, which prevents giddiness, and also any un- due strain upon either leg. This process is repeated at various times throughout the breaking, and is the best mode of keeping the colt quiet by giving him any amount of work on the canter or gallop. It is not, however, used for the same purpose as in the ordinary breaking of hacks and harness horses, where it is made a means of getting them upon their haunches ; an alter- ation from a state of nature which it is not desirable to effect in the race-horse. On the contrary, it is often necessary to make him extend himself still more than he otherwise would, and the less he is upon his haunches the better. The bit, thei-efore, is never used in his mouth as a means of putting him back iipon Ms hind legs ; whilst it is, on the other hand, used more to make the horse extend himself by playing with it, and slightly resist- ing its tendency to confine his mouth. Tlie mouthing-bit may now be put on, and its construction and form are of the utmost importance to the future delicacy of mouth which is so essential to the action of the race-horse. In no kind of jiorse is the snaffle-liridle so desirable as in the race- horse, in which a curb is always a means of making him gal- lop in too round a style ; and yet when he jjulls very strongly, this is a less evil than to let him get away with his rider, and either bolt out of the course or destroy his chance by over-run- ning himself early in the race. Hence it is doubly ncessary to guard against making tlie angles of the mouth sore, for if once they get into that state they are almost sure to become more or less callous and insensible. But if during breaking, a snaffle of any kind, large or small, is used, this result is almost sure to occur, either in the horse's early fighting with his bit, or when '■put upon it" in the stable. Instead of a snatHe, a bit without 318 THE HORSE. a joint is the simple remedy for all this, made in the form of a segment of a circle, and with keys as usual hangino- from its centre. Tliis segmental form is better tlian the straight bit, ujion which the colt is apt to ])ull on one side, and to get an uneven mouth, whereas when standing in the stable, and the reins are buckled to his roller, crossed over his withers, he can never do otherwise than get an even pull upon all parts of his mouth, whether he puts liis lips close to one side of the bit or the other. This is a very impor- tant point in breaking all colts, and in racing stock it is doubly so, because of the necessity of preserving that delicacy of sensation without which they can never be taken round corners, &c., except by lying out of their ground, and tlicnce losing a considerable distance. But with this bit the mouth is gradually made and witliout producing soreness in any part, tohieh afterwards takesthe hit ; and this is the great feature in its use, for as the tongue and gums (ake its pressure chiefly, so the angles of the mouth only touch it at the will of tlie colt, and it is when playing with it that they do touch at all, and then only to such an extent as to avoid pain to them- eelves. Tliis bit, tlien, may be used on all occasions witliout fear until the colt is fit to take his gallops, when a strong snaffle may be substitiited, and gradually supplanted by that small and fine kind called the racing snaffle, but which need not be nearly BO small for the horse broken to the segmental bit as for one " mouthed " to the ordinary breaker's snaffle. After the bit has been put in the mouth, no attempt at fii'st should be made to in- duce the colt to play with it ; but it may be suti'ered to remain in the mouth while he is led about by the cavesson, and with- out any side-reins being attached Wiien this has been done for a day or two, the side-reins are buckled on, and are attached BKEAKING. 319 also to the buckles in the roller, crossing them over the withers. At first they may be drawn up very slightly, so as just to pre- vent the colt from putting his head into his usual position, and in tliat form he niay be left in his box for an hour a-day, be- sides the usual amount of walking out of doors with the bridle on. Tiiey may now be gradually tightened a hole or two per day, and also more so in tlie box tlum when led out, when the tightening should be very gradual indeed. Some colts very soon begin to champ the bit, and phxy with it, wliilst otliers are often sulky for a day or two, aud hang upon it steadilj', with the intention of freeing themselves. All, however, at last begin to champ, and when this is freely done, the breaker may teach the colt the intention of the bit, by making him stop and back when out of doors, by its means. The rings on each side should be taken hold of evenly by both hands, and the colt made to stand or back by steady pressure, but without alarming him. Kind- ness aud gentle usage, \vith occasional encouragement, soon ac- custom him to its use, and he only wants ten days or a fortniglit in order to obtain the desired result of its presence in the mouth, which is called "getting a mouth," and which is merely the giving to the sense of touch in the lips an extra degree of deli- cacy. When this stage is completed, and the mouth is quite under command, so that the colt will either come forward or backward by drawing his head in those directions, with the bit held in both bauds, the colt is ready for backing. During tlie whole progress of breaking, daily slow lunging and plenty of walking exercise should have been practised, so that the colt is not above himself, but is more or less tired each da3^ Before actual backing is attempted the saddle should be put on, and it should always be a roomy one at first, well stuffed and fitting accurately, so as to avoid all painful pressure. The withers, especially, should be closely watched, and if high and thin the saddle should be proportionally high at the pommel. The roller has been hitherto the only kind of pressure round the chest, but it has gradually been tightened from time to time, so as to prepare the colt for the subsequent use of the girths which are required to retain the saddle in its place. This should be put on at first with the girrhs quite loose, and with a crupjDer in addi- tion, because having already worn one, the tail has become ac- 320 THE HORSE. customed to its nse, and it often prevents the saddle from press- ing with undue force upon tlie withers, which are verj^ sensi- tive and easily made sore. The colt should be walked out and lunged for a day or two with the saddle on before he is mounted, so as to accustom the parts to its presence ; and it is even de- sirable to increase the weight of the saddle, by placing upon it some moderately heavy substance of two or three stones' weight, such as trusses of shot, or the like, gradually making them heavier, but never putting more than the above dead weight upon the saddle. When the colt has thus been thoroughly sea- soned, he may be taken out and well lunged till he is tired, still having his saddle on ; and during this exercise the breaker will occasionally bear considerable weight upon each stirrup, and flap them against the saddle, with the object of making a noise, to which the colt sliould be accustomed. It is a very good plan to have a leather surcingle made to go over the saddle, and to at- tach the buckles for the side-reins to this, instead of having them sewn on to the saddle itself. When all is ready, and the colt is tired by his lunging, &c., he may be taken into the rubbing- house, as being close to the exercise ground, and there the breaker himself, or one of the lads, may be put i;pon the saddle, using him, as in all cases in young horses, with gre«t gentleness, and giving him constant encouragement by the hand and voice. Mounting is much better accomplishe r three yeai's of study and work with the horse. When the rider shall have accustomed the croup of the horse to yield promptly to the pressure of the legs, he will be able to put it in motion, or keep it motionless, according to his pleasure, and he can, consequently, execute all ordinary pivot motions. For this purpose he will take a snaffle-rein in each 378 THE HOESE. hand, one to direct the nock and shoulders towards the side to which he desires to wheel, the other to second the ojiposite leg, if it be not sufficient to keep the croup at rest. At first, this leg should be placed as far back as possible, and not be used until the haunches bear against it. By careful and progressive management the results will soon be attained. At the start, the horse should be allowed to rest after executing two or three steps well, which will give five or six halts in the complete ro- tation of the shoulders around the croup. Here the stationary exercises cease. I will now explain how the suppling of the hind parts will be completed, by be- ginning to combine the play of its springs with those of the fore parts. The retrograde movement, otherwise called backing, is an exercise, the imjjortance of which has not been sufficiently appreciated, and which yet ought to have great influence on his education. When practised after the old erroneous methods, it was of no use, as the exercises which ought to precede it were unknown. Backing properly difiTers essentially from that incor- rect backward movement, which carries the horse to the rear ■with his crouj) contracted and his neck stiff"; that is, backing a;way from and avoiding the effect of the reins. ^Backing cor- rectly sujjples the horse, and adds grace and precision to his natural motions. The first of the conditions upon which if must be obtained, is the keeping the horse well in hand, that is to say, su])ple, light in the moiith, steady on his legs, and perfectly balanced in all liis parts. Thus disposed, the animal will be able with ease to move and elevate equally his fore and hind legs. It is here that we shall be enabled to appreciate the good effects and the indispensable necessity of suppling the neck and haunches. Backing, which at first gives considerable pain to the horse, will always induce him to combat the motions of the hand, by stiffening his neck, and those of the legs, by contract- ing his croup ; these are the instinctive resistances. If we can- not obviate the untoward disposition of them, how can we expect to obtain that shifting and reshifting of weight, which alone can render the execution of this movement perfect ? If the motive impulse which, in backing, ought to come from the BACKING. 379 fore parts, should pass over its proper limits, the movement would become painful, impossible, in fact, and occasion on the part of the animal sudden, violent movements, which are always injurious to his organization. On the other hand, the side motions of the croup out of the true line of action, by destroying the harmony which should exist between the relative forces of fore and hind parts, also hinder the proper execution of the backing. The previous exercise to which we have subjected the croup, will aid ns in keeping it in a right line with the shoulders, and in so preserv- ing the necessary transfer of the forces and weight. To commence the movenaent, tlie rider should first assure himself that the haunches are on a line with the shoulders, and the horse light in hand ; then he may slowly close his legs, in order that the action which they communicate to the hind parts of the horse, may make him lift one of his hind legs, and prevent the body from yielding, before the neck gives to his hand. It is then that the immediate pressure of the bit, forcing the horse to regain his eqnilibritim behind, will produce the first part of tlie backing. As soon as the horse obeys, the rider will instantly give the hand to reward the animal, and not to force the play of his fore parts. If his croup be displaced, the rider will bring it back by means of his leg, and if necessary, use for this purpose the snaflie-rein on that side. After having defined what I call the true movement of backing, I ought to explain what I understand by shrinking back s^" as to avoid the bit. This movement is so painful to the horse, so ungraceful, and so much opposed to the right develop- ment of his mechanism, that it cannot fail to have struck any one who has occupied himself at all with horsemanship. "We force a horse backward in this way, whenever we crowd his forces and weight too much \ipon his hind parts ; by so doing we destroy his equilibrium, and render grace, measure, and cor- rectness impossible. Lightness, always lightness ! this is the basis, the touchstone of all beautiful execution. With this, all is easy, to the horse as well as to the rider. That being the case, it is to be understood that the diflaculty of horsemanship does not consist in the direction which is to be given to the horse, but in the position which he must be made to assume — a 380 THE HORSK. position whicli alone can smootli all obstacles. Indeed, if the horse execute, it is the 2'itler who impels him to do so ; i;pon him, then, rests the responsibility of every false movement. It will snfhce to exercise the horse for eight days, for live minutes each lesson, in backing, to make him execute it with facility. The rider will content himself the first few times with -one or twc steps to the rear, followed by the combined eii'ect of the legs and hand, increasing in proportion to the ])rogress he makes, until he finds no more difficulty in a backward than in a forward movement. AVhat an immense step we shall then have gained in the education of our pupil ! At the start, the defective formation of the animal, his natural contractions, the resistances which we encountered every where, seemed as if they would defy our efforts, for ever. Without doubt those efforts would have been vain, had we made use of a bad course of proceeding; but the wise system of progression which we liave introduced into our work, the destruction of tlie instinctive forces of the horse, the siippling of the parts, tlie separate subjection of all tlie rebel- lious influences, have soon placed in our power the whole of his meclianism to a degree ■svhich enables us to govern it com- pletely, and to restore tluxt pliability, ease, and hi^rmony of the parts, wliicli tlieir bad arrangement threatened always to pre- vent. Was I not right then, in saying, that if it be not in my power to change the defective formation of a horse, I can yet prevent the consequences of his physical defects, so as to render him as fit to do every thing with grace and natural ease, as the better-formed horse ? In sujipling the parts of the animal upon which the rider acts directly, in order to govern and guide him, in accustoming them to yield without difficulty or hesitation to the different impressions which are communicated to them, I have destroyed their stiffness, and restored the centre of gravity to its true place, namely, to the middle of the body. I have, besides, settled the greatest difficulty of horsemanship ; that of si;bjecting to my will, which is more necessary than aught else, the parts upon which the rider acts directly, in order to pre- pare for him infallible means of impressing his will upon the horse. STATIONARY KXERCI8E. 381 It is only by destroying the instinctive forces, and by sup- pling the different parts of the horse, that we can obtain this. All the springs of the animal's body are thus surrende,red to the discretion of the rider. But this first advantage will not be enough to make him a complete horseman. The employment of these forces, surrendered thus to him, will require both tact and skill, which must be obtained by careful practice, and are the fruits only of long experience. I will show in the subse- quent chapters the rules to be observed. I will conclude this one by a rapid recapitulation of the progression to be followed in the supplings. Stationary' exercise by the rider on foot. Fore ]iarts. — 1. Flexions of the jaw to the right and left, using the curb-bit. 2. Direct flexions of the jaw, and depression of the neck. 3. Lateral flexions of the neck with the snatfle-reins and with the curb. Stationary exercise by the rider on horseback. — 1. Lateral flexions of the ueck with the snatfle-reins, and with the curb- reins. 2. Direct flexions of the head, or placing it in a perpen- dicular position with the snatfle, and with the curb-reins. Hind parts. — 3. Lateral flexions, and moving the croup around the shoulders. 4. Rotation of the shoulders around the haunches. 5. Combining the play of the fore and hind legs of the horse, or backing. 1 have placed the rotation of the shoulders around the haunches in the nomenclature of stationary exercise. But the ordinary pivot motions being rather comjilicated and difficult for the horse, he should not be completely exercised in them until he has acquired the measured time of the walk, and of the trot, and can easily execute the changes of direction." — BaucJh- er's Method of Horsemanship. I will only add here in relation to trotting and galloping horses, and to the training of them, that it has been well re- marked, by an able English writer on these topics, that no animal when, in a state of nature, he desires to increase his speed, goes at the top of any one pace, but adopts a moderate 382 THE HORSE. rate of that whicli is tlie next quicker tlian the one at which he is now gohig, unless it be wlien, in mortal terror or furious haste, he goes at the fastest rate of all that he can command. If he be walking at a moderate gait, and desire to go some- what quicker, he does not inci-ease his walk to its utmost, but breaks into a slow trot. The same again, of trotting, he increases that trot by striking into a canter, and from that into a gallop. The utmost speed of any pace is far more distressing to a horse, than a far supei'ior speed, on the whole, but an inferior speed at a supeiior pace. And to continue, for a very long distance, at the top of any one pace, is the most fatiguing of all ; since the same set of muscles are exerted in precisely the same manner, all the time ; whereas, by varying the pace, though at the same time, diiferent muscles are brought into play and are exerted in a diiferent way. If it be necessary to travel a horse a certain large number of miles at a given high rate of speed, say ten or twelve miles an honr, he will accomplish it with twice the ease if allowed to trot and gallop alternately, that he will, if compelled to main- tain either pace, throughout the whole distance. This it is which makes so long practice necessary to the at- tainment of great excellence in trotting horses ; ^nd whicli causes them, above all other horses, constantly to improve in speed and powers of endurance, the longer they are kept at it, until their powers actually fail through decrepitude and old age. This too, it is, which renders long time-trotting matches so ter- ribly exhausting to the horse and so unutterabl}' cruel, that every humane man and true lover of the horse desires to see them abolished by legal enactment. STABLING AND STABLE ARCHITECTURE. Theee is probably no one tiling, which has so great an iniiu- ence on the well-being of horses, or the reverse, as the construc- tion and arrangement of the stables ; and in none has there been, for the most part, iintil a recent period, so mnch miscon- ception as to what is requisite, and so much ignorance displayed both b}' architects and horse owners, as in this particular. It being well known and admitted that a horse cannot be in the highest condition, and capable of doing his best, without having a short, fine, silky and blooming coat, and that, if he be put to such work as makes him sweat profusely, when his hair is coarse, long and shaggy, he incurs great risk of taking serious cold, beside the consideration that such a coat vastly increases the labor of the stablemen ; it has of course always been an object with horse proprietors, to produce and promote, by all means in their power, this condition of the skin. Now to this end, heat, to a certain degree, is indisj^ensable ; but both the degree and the proper means of producing this heat have been dangerously miscalculated, and exaggerated. The entire exclusion of the outer atmospheric air has had the most baleful results, producing, of necessitj'-, a corrupt and fetid state of that most vital element which the animals are compelled to breathe, mixed with the powei-ful effluvia from the pores of their own bodies, and the vapors arising from 384 THE IIOUSK. their excrements and iirine, the latter replete with pungent ammonia. In extreme cases, the consequences of this exclusion is blind- ness, and the almost instantaneous generation of that deadliest of equine scourges, the glanders ; which a few years since was so fatal, in many of the French cavalry stables, that the loss of chargers by it, in many years, exceeded fifty per cent, of all the horses in garrison, in certain districts. On one occasion, on board ship, in the ill-fated Quiberon expedition, during the war of the French revolution, the hatches having been necessarily closed on account of bad weather; this disease broke out with such incredible fury, either s]iontaneously generated, or what is more probable — communicated to tlie rest from some one infected animal, in wliicli the undetected symptoms had been aggravated into sudden virulence by the condition of the air in the closely packed hold, that nearly the whole number of the troop and artillerjr horses of the expeditionary forces perished. Again, because at times, when he is seeking to rest, the horse likes a darkened chamber; stables have been too often built, with scarcely any provision for tlie admission of light, without which no stable can be kept either clean or wholesome, much less cheerful. * And the horse is, above all things, a sociable and cheerful animal, becoming excessively attached to his conn'ades of his own family, or, if deprived of their society, to any dog, cat, goat, or even poultry, which may chance to share his confine- ment. If a liorse be shut up alone, in a loose box, or hut, which has a window or upper part of the door ojien to the exterior air, he will be constantly seen putting out his head to seek for amusement, by looking at what is passing around him. It is the height of cruelty to exclude the light from a poor animal, which is thus i-educed to a worse condition than that of the State prisoner of the present day ; whose worst punishment, for obstinate contumacy, consists in immurement in a darkened dungeon. How fatal may be the effects of such confinement in dark- ness, to animals, is curiously illustrated by the story of the poor THE EFFECT OF DABKNESa. 385 Newfonndland and Esquimaux dogs, related by the excellent and lamented Kane, which in consequence of being confined, through necessity, in a dark kennel, during the half year of Arctic winter midnight, became afflicted with a disease partak- ing the symptoms of melancholy insanity — I do not mean hy- drophobia— and pined away, until they literally died of the effects of solitary imprisonment and total darkness. It may be said, then, that the things indispensable to the horse in his stable, are warmth, light, air, a dry atmosphere, freedom from all ill odors, absence of any currents of wind fall- ing directly on his frame or limbs, and sound, dry, level stand- ing ground. If it were possible, it woiUd be advisable that every horse should be in a loose box, which should be contiguous to another box, the divisions planked closely up to about four and a half or five feet from the ground, and above that separating the occu- pants of the adjoining chambers only by stout upright bars, too close to admit of the head being passed through, but sufiiciently wide to permit of the animals' seeing and smelling one another, and, in their mute way, conversing. Where space and expense are not considerations, I strongly advise this method ; the horses will keep) themselves, in some degree, in exercise, by walking to and fro ; they will be at liberty to rest and roll, if they desire it, and will be in all ways happier, more comfort- able, and better to do in the world. Every stable should have, at least, one such box for sick or tired horses. None but those who have observed it, can imagine how a horse, after a severe day's woi-k, rejoices and luxuriates in a large loose box, plentifully provided with warm, clean, dry litter. It is a pleasure to see one so situated ; and we should spare no pains to contribute all in our power to the comforts of the good, honest, faithful, docile, hard-working, intelligent and affectionate servant, who ministers so largely to our wants and our pleasures ; and who only passes, as being inferior to the dog in sagacity, teachableness and love for his master, because we, for the most part, abandon him, except when we are on his back, or in the vehicle beliind him, to the care of rude, ignorant, and too often cruel servants ; because we limit his education to the learning of paces, and, at most, a few tricks of the manege ; * Vol. II.— 25 386 THE H0K8E. and do not endeavor to cultivate his resources, increase his in- telligence, or conciliate his aifections. I have owned horses, in my younger days, one in particular, a beajitiful chestnut, thoroughbred park hackney, by Comus out of a Filho da Puta mare, with a white blaze and four white stockings, which I bought of my friend, Mr. Manners Sutton, now Lord Canterbury, just after leaving Cambridge, which had all the afiection and all the docile intelligence of the cleverest Newfoundland dog, I ever saw. His demonstrations of joy, when he saw me after a short absence, were as uproarious as those of a spaniel ; he literally seemed to iinderstand every word that was said to him ; and, having been perfectly trained to the manege, would jump into the air and yerk out his heels, kick with either hind lea;, strike with either fore lee;, find do a dozen other pretty tricks, at the word of command, without any touch or signal of either heel or hand. He was also a horse of extra- ordinary action, power and speed, having once won me three matches, on three consecutive days, to walk five, trot fifteen, and gallop twenty miles, each in an hour, with my own weight, ■which was then 12 stone, or 168 lbs., on his back. But to resume — the stable, whether built of wood or brick, must be warm, dry, light, airy, and well ventilated. Yet it must have the means of being darkened, and it must be kept as cool as possible in the summer. I think it is the best, if it can be kept as nearly as possible at an even temperature of about 70 degrees of Fahrenheit through the whole season — certainly not more — ^for fast working-horses ; — for cart-horses, and beasts of burthen, no such temperature is needed. A stable must be perfectly well drained; and the drains must be provided with valves, opening outward before the rush of descending fiuids, so as to exclude the air, which, if it blows in upon the heels, is very injurious ; and the dunghill should be at a distance, and not iinder the window. The standing ground should be as level as is compatible with a suflicient descent to carry oif the water ; for which purpose an inch to the yard is an ample allowance ; and the material should be such as will neither absorb the moisture so as to be continually damp, nor become saturated with ammonia ; which STABLE FLOOR AND WINDOWS. 387 will offend the air, and tend to produce heat in the feet of the animal. I consider planks, which are the ordinary flooring of Amer- ican stables, exceedingly objectionable on this score. Hard brick, set edgewise in cement, or good well squared paving stones, or even cobble stones, set in the same manner, or flagstones chiselled in deep grooves, so as to prevent the liorse from slipping, all make good flooring for stalls and boxes, but I greatly prefer the flrst. The best covering for drain mouths, which should be in the centre of loose boxes, with the floor gently descending to them on all sides, and at the foot of stalls, is a large flagstone, chis- elled with intersecting grooves at right angles, an inch wide by half an inch deep, with perforations at every point of intersec- tion. The stable should be, at least, twelve feet high in the clear ; beside having a shaft, or dome, ascending through the loft to a cupola, which should be provided with ventilators of Collins' new pa- tent plan, which allows the egress of the hot and tainted air as it as- cends, but prevents the ingress of descending currents from above. The bottom of the windows, which should be opposite to each other, so as to admit of a thorough draft in hot weather, should not be less than eight feet from the ground, so that the air cannot blow directly on the horses. The sashes may be made to slide from down upward and vice versa, in the thick- ness of the wall, by means of pulleys, and can be regulated by cords. They should be guarded by wire nettings, without, to prevent the entrance of flies ; and with shutters or Venetian blinds, within, to exclude the light, when needful. The doors should in no case be less than five feet wide, and should open outward and in two halves transversely, so as in very hot weather to leave the upper part open. They should also be furnished with sitmmer door-frames of wii*e gauze. 388 THE HORSE. Loose boxes should not be less tlitm twelve feet square ; but the best size is fifteen by twelve. Stalls should not be less than eight feet— nine is better — in depth, bj' six in width ; and the stable from wall to wall should not be less than fifteen feet in the clear. There should be cup- boards and shelves, for buckets, currycombs, brushes, chamois leathers, and such other things ; and proper places for securing pitchforks, dung forks, brooms, and the like. Nothing must be left lying about, nor must there be any dark holes and corners, for the accumulation of dirt and rubbish, and the encouragement of lazy and slov- enly grooms. The divisions of the stalls should be of good sound two-inch oak, if pos- sible, but if not, of pine, plank. Thin stall divisions are dangerous ; as horses will at times kick through them, and lame themselves severely; they should be at least six feet high at the foot post, which should be of solid, stout oak ; and they may be a foot higher at the head. The walls should be wainscoted with oak, to the same height as the stalls, all round loose boxes, and wherever they occur in stalls. The best mangers and racks are enamelled iron ones, made in quad- rant form of two foot radius, placed in the opposite corners of stalls or boxes. The manger should be about three feet, and the bottom of the rack about four feet, from tlie ground. The bars of the rack should be perpendi- cular, and the back of it sloping forward, from the top to the bottom. There should be a seed drawer under it, and, if it be made with the bars loose, so as to revolve like pivots in sockets THE AIR SYSTEM. 389 at the top and at the bottom, so much the better, as this ar- rangement will prevent crib-biting. The same method is excellent for the bars, at the top of par- titions between loose boxes ; which bars may be also made of enamelled iron to great advantage. Commodious cupboards may be made under the racks and mangers, for containing a water bucket and stable implements, and will save the further purpose of preventing the horse, when rising, after taking his rest, from striking his head or limbs against the under siu-faces. Midway between the rack and manger, at the head of the stall, must be a perpendicular tube or shaft to contain the halter and halter weight, running over a pulley ; and I will here add, that much the best and neatest halter is a fine steel chain covered with leather, like a dragoon bridle, and attached to the ring of the headstall by a spring swivel. The walls, where not wainscoted, must be hard-finished and whitewashed. The floor of the loft must be made of exceeding close, well-jointed plank, and should also be under-drawn and ceiled, as should also the sides of the air-shaft, or dome, in order to prevent the hay from being impregnated with the effluvia of the ammonia and perspiration, which render it odious to the animal, and prejudicial to his health. There should on no account, for the same reason, be trajjs above the racks for throw- ing in the hay, which ought invariably to be tossed out of the upper windows, and brought into the stable by the door, from without, or carried down the stairs within. And last, but most important of all, there should be in every stable, in the thickness of the head wall a tube or air-pipe, either round or square, of full six inches in diameter, running from end to end, open at both extremities, to the fresh external air, the apertures being covered by wire gauze to prevent the entrance of vermin. This pipe should be at the level of the manger, and from it, into each stall, should be brought at regular intervals, not less 390 THE HORSE. than six circular perforated passages of one inch diameter each, and into each loose box not less than twelve of the same ; but twice that number would be decidedly more advantageous. These perforations should be made diagonally iipward, and brought into the stable along the upper edge of a chamfered cornice running across the stall, from the rack to the manger, through the middle of the perpendicular side of which the halter may be brought out. The air-pipe in the wall, with the chamfered or rounded cor- nice, is shown by the accompanying cut ; it is also exhibited in the thick- ness of the walls in the ground plans of the different stables by a M'hite internal line. There should be a convenient harness-room, with glass cases, and a grate or stove, M'hicli should be accommodated with a boiler for heating water for the stables, pre- paring mashes, steaming vegetables, and such like needful little jobs, as well as for keeping the leather of the saddles and harness from mould- ing and the steel work from rusting. In small stables, where to save space is an object, the harness-room may contain a folding bedstead, so that it can be used as a groom's sleeping apartnaent also. Tliere should also be to every well appointed stable a con- venient feed-room, provided with binns, a proper size for which is four feet by two, and about two and a half to three in height, with lids and hasps, for containing oats, cut feed, corn, carrots, and green meat ; and this room may, if required, contain the stairway to the hay-loft. The binns ought not to be less than six or eight in number, arranged on each side with a gangway between them, and if lined with zinc or tin, although it will cost a trifle more, in the first instance, it will be a saving in the long run, by preventing the waste by rats and mice, and the spoiling of what is not devoured by their nasty excrements. There should be a good glass lantern, in a stable, hung from HARNESS ROOMS. 391 the ceiling, capable of holding two or more large candles, or an oil lamp, with a strong retlector, so as to afford amjDle light for night cleaning of late horses ; and horn or globe-glass hand lan- terns, for ordinary use. No candle should ever be carried into a stable uncovered, nor any smoking either of cigars or pipes allowed, as the smell is not agreeable to the horses, however it may be to the men, and there is always danger of their com- municating fire to the straw. When the iron ware, steel bits, stirrups, and such like imple- ments of a stable are likely to be lying idle and out of use for some time, they may be preserved froin rust by throwing them into a barrel of lime, which has been slacked some time before, and let to die ; but I do not recommend the pi-actice, as it en- courages laziness and slovenly habits in grooms, which cannot be too strongly reprobated ; and a harness-room never looks so well, or affords so much pride and satisfaction to a good servant as when it is full of well-cleaned saddles and harness, and re- splendent with steel bits, stirrup-irons, curb-chains, spurs and hames all bright, shining and redolent of elbow grease — saddle benches may be fastened to the walls on high to save room, but when so situated the saddles are too apt to be out of sight out of mind, and to be covered with layers of deep dust. The accompanying cut shows a neat and convenient stand or bench for saddles and bridles, to which a shelf may be added below, guarded by edges like a tray, for containingbrush- es, currycombs, chamois leathers, sponges, dusters, and such little needful appurte- nances of the sta- ble, as cannot be spared, and as ought to have, 392 THE HOESE. each one, its proper place, in which it should be put away when done with, and found again when needed. I now proceed to give the plans of three stables, with eleva- tions and estimates, drawn under my instructions, and the ele- vations designed with great good taste according to his own ideas, by Mr. Kanlett, of New York, the well known and dis- tinguished architect. The first is for a coach-house and stabling for three or four horses, as may be desired, with harness room, servants' room, and hay loft and feed-rooms, above, designed for a town lot of 25 feet front by 44 in depth. It is built with 12 inch walls of brick on the outer sides and partition walls of nine inches. It is paved with hard brick, laid edgewise in cement on a foundation of concrete sloping in all directions to the coverings of the drain mouths, which are of channelled and perforated flagstones, as described. The second is for a small couoitry stable. The third is for a large stable for a gentleman's country seat. STABLE PLANS. 393 CITY STABLE AND COACH HOUSE. A, is the carriage entrance, ten feet in ■width, with a wooden platform or bridge- way over the grated area for litter, into which the drains empty. B, is the coach- house, twenty - three feet in width, by fif- teen feet deep, in the clear, to be paved like the stables with a similar descent and perforated flagstone, for facilitating the washing of both car- riages and horses un- der cover. The great width, twenty - three feet, will allow an ample space for the passage of the horses ip tlie gangway C, leading to the stables, which is seven feet in width, lighted by the glass door, guarded 12 with iron netting, of ^ the harness room E, at the end. Withiu the coach house is a staircase, O, leading Ground Flan. 394 THE HOESE. into the hay-loft and servants' rooms, nnder which can be made a convenient closet for brooms, shovels, &c. D, the stable, proper, is twenty -five feet deep by fifteen wide in the clear. Paved as described above. It is here represented as divided into a loose box, of fifteen feet by eleven and a half, in the clear, and two stalls of nine feet by six, also in the clear. The part ronnd the exterior separated by dotted lines, shows the portion which is covered by the ceiling at twelve feet from the ground ; the oblong within the lines is that which rises throughout to the roof and cupola above, allowing the egress of the heated air. This part may be either, simj^ly, transversely firred out and ceiled on straight lines slanting to the ventilator, or prettily curved and domed according to the taste and means of the proprietor. In eitlier case side lights can be let in to illuminate the hay-loft. It must be observed, that if it be desired to use this space, always, as a four-stalled stable, all that is ne- cessary to do, is to take away the long division between the loose box and stalls, and to divide the former into two of the latter. If it be thought well to retain the box, with the power of con- verting it at pleasure into two stalls, all that is needed will be to have a socket filled by a movable stone plug at the edg^ of the fiag drain cover, for the re- eejition of a grooved stall post, which will l)olt to the rafter of the ceiling overhead, which is so arranged as to coin- cide exactly with its position. This can be fitted with grooved and tongued planking, lying horizontally, having its other exh-emities se- cured by two strips screwed to the wall, and kept in its place above by a similar grooved Transverse Section T T on Plan. TOWN STABLE ELEVA'ITON. 395 rider or cornice, fitting into a soclvet in the stall post and bolted to tlie wall. Tiie parts being prepared, when the stable is built, may be kept in the loft, and could be easily put up or taken down in half an hour. The extra rack and manger of iron, as described above, could be fastened up without difficulty. E, is a harness-room with a fire-place, of nine feet by seven in the clear. F, are flagstones covering the open- ings into the drains, channelled at six inches distance with intersecting grooves of an inch wide by half an inch deep, perforated with inch holes at the angles of intersection. G, are covered drains with a fall in the directions of the arrow heads, leading into the area for lit- Elevation. ter, and guarded at the opening by flap valves, opening out- ward. They should be a foot wide and nine inches deep, with a fall of two inches to the yard. H, is the air-pipe in the thickness of the wall, for introducing fresh atmosiDheric air into the stalls and boxes. I, I, are two stable windows, the bottom seven feet from the floor, extending to the ceiling, with wire-gauze and shutters as described before. M, a fire-place, above which a boiler with a cock and safety- valve for escape of steam, should be permanently fixed. N, are the enamelled racks and mangers described above, of which separate representations are given on page 388. Oj is the stair to the loft THE HOESE. P, grated area to contain litter, &c. Q, is the bridgeway over it. Annexed is the estimate, at which Mr. Kanlett considers that this stable can be built in good style, with all the requisite con- veniences. 160 Cubic yds. excavations, 136 Super, ft. stall division 0 18 24 48 at $0 18 $28 80 297 " yds. plastering 0 25 74 25 950 " ft. stone work 0 18 171 00 Staircase and closet 20 00 45 Lin. " stone drain 0 60 27 00 Cupola ventilation, 65,500 Bricks in tlie walls - 9 00 589 50 complete 40 00 342 Super, ft. paving in 490 Super, ft. side ceiling 0 06 29 40 concrete 0 60 205 20 1 Pair front doors, 70 ft. 0 30 21 00 35 Lin. ft. airie coping 0 40 14 00 1 Sash door and grating 15 00 80 " " wall " 0 30 24 00 1 Pair stall doors, 40 ft. 0 18 7 20 1 Door sill, 8 ft. 0 80 6 40 2 Doors in second story 10 00 20 00 1 Window sills - 2 50 17 50 1 Window, 15 lights. 6 " lintels 3 50 21 00 12x18 20 00 65 Super, ft. channelled 6 Windows, 12 lights. flagging 0 75 48 75 12 X 16 - - 15 00 90 00 41 Lin. ft. iron air pipe 0 90 36 90 1 Window in partition 6 00 6 Racks and mangers 21 00 126 00 1 JIantle of wood 5 00 1 Plank bridge - 5 00 588 Super, ft. of oak 22 Super, ft. iron grating 0 CO 13 20 wainscoting 0 12 70 56 4810 Ft. timber 30 00 144 00 Painting — two coats. 1440 Super, ft. floor 0 03 115 20 including the roof 920 " " roof, plank and brick front and tin 25 Lin. ft. front cornice 0 16 1 25 247 20 31 25 Whole cost . % 2394 76 SMALL COUNTRY STABLE. 397 II. SMALL CODNTRY STABLE FOR PARTICULAR LOCATION. The following plan rej^resents the ground plan and elevation of a small country stable, built for a particular location, under the author's own supervision, and by his plan. It is a long pa- rallelogram on a side hill, having a depth of forty-two feet by a width of fifteen over all. It is built of boards jjerpen- dicularly arranged, grooved and tongued, the joints covered with battens, and firred, lathed, and liard finished within, finish- ed in all respects exactly as the stable described in the first instance. Side Elevation. It contains in the side hill, a vaulted carriage house, with root and coal-houses beyond it, built of field stone, arched in 398 THE HOESE. Grouivd 1? Scale 12ft. -I i4 =1 Grouud Plan. the basement ; and above — the ground being level with the roof of the vault on the upper or left-hand side — we find A, the groom's chamber and harness-room, with fire- place as before, fourteen feet by eight in the clear, entered by a door in front, from a balcony reached by an outer stair- case. B, stable divided into two loose boxes, arranged in all respects, as des- cribed above, ventilated, aired, lighted and paved, with drains, racks, man- gers, &c., as before, each fourteen feet by twelve, and each, if desired, divi- sible into two stalls of nine feet by six. C, a feed-room, with binns described as above, and a ladder to the hay- loft. End Section. SMALL CODNTKY STABLE. 399 D, a shed entry to render the stable warm in winter and cool in summer. F, the flags covering the drains as before. G, the drains as before. H, H, H, H, windows, as before, eight feet from the gi'ound, extending to the ceiling, twelve feet high. H, air-jjipe and as before. I, I, windows to groom's chamber and feed- room. J, J, doors to ditto. K, K, doors, perpen- dicularly divided, to the stable and both the boxes, all opening outwards. L, L, L, L, racks and mangers as before, all of enamelled iron. M, lire-place with boil- er. Wire-net outside all the windows. Sashes slid- ing up and down in the Avail, with inside Venetian '^ shutters. Box casings, doors, &c., two-inch oak plank. Instead of the cupola on the plan, substitute Col- lins' patent ventilators, as on page 387. This is a perfect little gem of a stable, for a single man keep- ing a groom and one pair of horses, and cannot, I think, by any possibility be improved. The ground plan, section, &c., of this stable are drawn for brick outside walls and first story partitions; the former 12 inches thick, and the latter 9 inches. Estimates are made for both brick and wood ; the bi'icks are estimated at $S per 1,000, laid in the walls, which can be done when the first cost of the End Elevation. 400 THE HOESE. bricks are but $4 50 per 1,000. The basement is the same, whether built of brick or ■wood. Annexed is the estimate of its cost in detail. 125 Yds. excavation, at *0 18 2790 Cubic ft. stone work 0 18 50 Liu. ft. Stone drain - 0 60 46,000 BricliS laid in the walls 9 00 336 Super, ft. paving, in concrete 0 25 21 Super, ft. channelled flagging 0 75 206 Super, yds. plaster- ing - - - 0 25 12 Window sills - 2 50 2 Door " - 4 50 4 Window lintels 3 50 2 Door " 5 00 42 Lin. ft. air pipe 0 90 4 Racks and mangers 21 00 1308 Super, ft. shingle roof 0 12 70 Lin. " gable cor- nice 0 30 96 Lin. ft. eare cornice 0 25 2 Ventilating cupolas - 30 00 442 Super, ft. ventilator lining - - - 0 06 3286 Feet timber - 0 03 8 Ventilator brackets 0 75 6 Attic windows 7 00 4 First stoiy windows 21 00 2 Gable 20 00 1 Shed $22 50 502 20 30 00 414 00 84 00 15 75 51 50 30 00 9 00 14 00 1 10 00 37 80 84 00 156 96 21 00 24 00 1 60 00 26 52 98 58 6 00 42 00 84 00 40 00 12 00 2 Partition windows - 6 00 12 00 2 Outside doors - 10 00 20 00 2 Inside " - 10 00 20 00 2 Pairs stall" - 7 50 15 00 Step ladder 6 00 Mantle ' - 3 00 746 Super, ft. li floor - 0 08 59 68 632 " " oak wain- scoting 0 12 63 84 Painting wood work only - 60 00 Whole cost, with brick walls and partitions . . - . $2139 33 With wood outside uprights and stud par- titions inside, instead of brick walls and partitions, the cost W'ill be : 1182 Ft. timber (added) $35 00 $41 37 2068 "3x4 studding - 35 00 72 38 2088 Super, ft. siding and battens - - 0 08 167 04 Additional painting 70 00 Balance, deducting 46,000 bricks, Whole cost 350 79 1725 33 $2076 12 LAEGE COUNTET STABLE. 401 III. LAEGE COUNTRY STABLE. The following plans represent a far larger and more ambi- tious establishment ; consisting of a corps de logis, or main body, Vol. it.— 26 402 THE HOESE. of sixty feet in the clear inside lengtk, with two wiugs, project- ing anteriorly, ineasuring internally thirty feet in the clear, in depth, by fifteen in width. The right wing contains a four stalled stable, D, D, D, D, witli stalls six feet by nine, fitted in all resj)ects as those de- scribed in the other stable plans already given, and beliind it a harness-room, C, with a fire-place of fifteen feet by eiglit. The left wing contains two loose boxes, B, B, exactly similar to those described heretofore, of fifteen feet each square. Tlie stable and loose boxes are both entered by doors open- ing exactly as previously described into two outer gangways, E and F, of eight feet width ; in tlie rear of one of wliich is a stairway to the lofts ; and of the other a fire-place, G, and boiler, H, for cooking vegetables, warming water, and the like. End Elevation. In tlie centre of the main building is a carriage-house, A, sixteen feet by fifteen in the clear. In the middle of the paved couit between the wings, is a cesspool. L, covered with a solid movable lid, like that of a hay LARGE COUNTRY STABLE. 403 scale, into wliicli all the •drains, K, K, K, from the gratings, I, I, I, discharge themselves. Above the stables and loose boxes are lofts for hay and feed, through which rise the domes or air passages to the ventilating cupolas on the roof. And over the centre buildinsr are servants' rooms, lighted with dormer windows, and having a place for a clock in the centre, if desired. This bnilding may be either jilaiuly made of timber, or erected with great architectural ornament and beauty, if de- sired. It is to lie understood that one description of the interior arrangements will answer for all, as I hold that these are in- variable ; and, without desiring to be vainglorious, I believe that these plans, with the air-tubes and ventilating apparatus, are the best that have ever been designed, while perfectly practical and easy of application to any situation in town or countiy. The plates on pages 3S8 and 389, show the form of the racks, mangers, and closets recommended under them, for the stowing away of implements and apparatus, which it is believed will be found both convenient and of real utility ; and that on page 390, shows the transverse section of the air-pipe and per- forations for leading the air into all the stables above described and represented, at the heads of the horses and contiguous to their nostrils,, I have bestowed much thought and time on the construction, arrangement, and ventilation of these plans, which are, in all senses, purely my own ; though I have been ably seconded by the skill of my friend Mr. Eanlett, whose beautiful and artistic drawings and elevations cannot fail, I think, to give general satisfaction. I have the pleasure of knowing that one or two stables, according to some of these plans, will be erected this summer, and 1 shall be more than amply recompensed if they meet suffi- cient approbation to be laigely adopted, as I feel confident, be- yond a peradventure, that they will do much for the comfort, health, well-doing, and relief from suiferiugs to which he is too often needlessly subjected, of that excellent friend and servant of man, the good and noble horse. AOi THE H0E8E. ESTIMATE OF COST. 405 The following is the probable estimate of cost in detail ;- 79 Cubic yds. excava- tion - - at $0 15 1420 Ft. stone work - 0 15 4000 Bricks in chimney and cistern 6S2 Super, ft. paving in concrete 6S Super, ft. channel flagging 60 Lin. ft. stone drain - 11 Mangers and racks - 10,113 Ft. timber 5S40 " studding - 4130 Siding - 3390 Super, ft. shingle roof 0 12 312 Lin. ft. gable cornice 0 45 104 " " eave " 0 40 1920 Super, ft. floors - 0 OS Stairs - - - 62 Lin. ft. air pipe 216 Super, ft. stall divi- sions - 1330 Super, ft. oak wain sooting 1 Pair large double doors 12 CO 0 CO 0 75 0 60 21 00 30 00 30 00 0 OS 0 25 0 IS 0 12 $11 87 213 00 55 20 409 20 51 00 36 00 231 00 303 39 165 20 330 40 1 406 80 140 40 i 41 60 153 60 25 00 15 60 38 88 159 60 25 00 4 Outside single doors 12 00 3 Pairs stall doors - 8 00 9 Inside doors - - 8 00 4 Large gable windows 9 50 1 Large front dormer - 4 End lower dormers - 9 00 4 " upper " - 12 00 8 Dormer windows - 8 00 3 Circular " - 6 00 3 Ventilating cupolas- 40 00 720 Super, ft. ventilator lining - . - 0 06 12 Ventilator brackets - 0 75 674 Super, yds. plastering 0 25 140 Lin. ft. 12 in. base - 0 10 Painting all the wood work, except floors and roof 48 fiO 24 00 72 00 88 00 32 00 36 00 48 00 64 00 18 00 120 00 43 20 9 00 368 50 14 CO 320 00 Whole cost With brick walls and partitions, instead of wood — whole cost ... $4067 34 $4643 30 STABLE MANAGEMENT, GROOMING, FEEDING, CONDITIONING. The step is natural and immediate from the dwelling and quar- ters of the horses to the manner of lodging, bedding, clothing, feedinsr, caring for and conditioning the animals for wliich we have provided habitations. All the instructions under this head are taken from one or two English works of the highest authority ; Stewart's Stable Economy, Harry Hieover's Practical Horsemanship, and The Pocket and the Stud, and the diseases and medical treatment of the animal, from the latter author, and from the Appendix, to Youatt on the Horse, with such modifications, as experience has suggested to me as expedient to adapt them to the circumstances of this climate and country, and as are needed to correct errors and misappliances, liere, of not unfrequent occurrence. It will, perhaps, at first appear surprising to my readers, that I should have preserved, unaltered, all that relates to the feeding and conditioning of hunters, when, with few exceptions, no such class of animals exists in America ; but the fact is, that the con- dition required for the hunter is j^recisely that necessary for the fast, high-bred, hard-worked trotter, to put him in his best form for doing severe work as to speed and distance ; and tlie method by which to put both animals into that condition is identical. All, therefore, that needs to be added, is this, that wherever the hunter is mentioned, the directions are to be held to apply STABLE MANAGEMENT. 407 to the fast or match trotter ; when the hackney is named they will be taken as applying to the slower horse of all work. In regard to grooms and stable servants, a few words are necessary. This is the rarest and most difficult class of servants to obtain, in any country, and in this difficult above all others. In fact, unless the horse owner is himself capable of direct- ing and enforcing the performance of his orders, the chances of his stables being well regulated, are small, indeed. The ignorance or the knowingness of stable servants are equally annoying, but the latter is probably the more dangerous ; since clo'se watching may prevent slovenly grooming, teach the right way of doing things, and enforce cleanliness and industry, but when a self-conceited, opinionated blockhead takes to giving nostrums, in secret, and playing the veterinary surgeon, there is no end to the mischief he may do, and no easy means of detect- ing or arresting it, until the evil is done and irretrievable. Of all grooms, probably, the American is the best, when he will condescend to accept the condition of a servant ; for he is naturally fond of the horse, and inclined to bestow pains on him ; he is not apt to be lazy, or to spare his labor ; he is intelligent, ready, quick to learn, and rarely opinionated, or obstinate. Howevei-, the case is so very rare of a native American being found willing to enter service, that he may be considered out of the question. The Englishman, who has been brought up in racing or hunting stables, is, if steady, sober and industrious, an undeni- able groom. But the best men can command such good situa- tions and high wages at home, that they rarely emigrate. When they do, the fatal cheapness of liquor and the prevalent custom of dram-drinking, to which in their own beer and porter- loving country, they are not generally used, too often corrupt them, and they become slovenly, idle and worthless. It must be added, that if they be really good men, they are frequently so conceited, opinionated, and fond of their own way, that they will not obey their employer, unless they have come to the irre- sistible conclusion that he knows more about the horse, than they do themselves. . Of Irishmen — I have heard tell that, in their own country. 408 THE HOESE. they make good grooms. If so, they keep all that are made good at home. I never saw a passable one, and consider them of all nations the least apt to the horse. They never possess method- ical habits — than which no one thing is so indispensable to a well-kept stable — they are almost always slovenly, untidy, and quick, almost to a miracle, in concealing faults, shirking duties, and escaping blame. Generally ignorant, they are as generally obstinately conceited, and resolnte in doing wliat they choose to consider best, in spite of remonstrance or positive orders. They are, moreover, too often cruel, and almost always rough and brutal to the beasts under their charge. For wiiatever else I might take an Irishman, I would have him, as a groom, at no price. Frenchmen and some Germans — Hanoverians and Pinissians, especiallj^, make good stable servants, though they have not the intelligent quickness of the American, or the natty knowingness of the English groom. They are patient, industrious, very methodical, and the Germans, especially, exceedingly fond of and attentive to the beasts in their charge. One may do worse than have a French or German groom. There is another class, here, the negro, who makes in some respects, a good stable servant. He will probably not be free from the national defects of his race ; he will, likely enough, be lazy if not closely looked after, will lie a good deal, do some small pilfering, and, now and then, get drunk. But he habitually loves the horse, and is jjroud of his appearance ; and will, per- haps, work more faithfully on him than on any thing else. He is almost invariably good-natured, and I have observed that horses become more attached to negroes, than to any other servants. If a master is willing to look after his horses a little, and after his man a good deal, he may do many more unwise things than to get a smart, steady, cleanly and intelligent man of color in his stables. If he will not look after things himself, but expects them to go on rightly without him, he will soon find that they will go one way only, and that way is to the bad — from whatever coun- try he ma_y select his groom, in the United States. The duties of the groom, considered in relation to time, STABLE HOURS. 409 nsTially commence at half-past five or six in the morning Sometimes he must be in the stable much earlier, and some- times he need not be there before seven. It depends upon the time the stable is shut up at night, the work there is to do in the morning, and the hour at which the horse is wanted. When the horse is going out earlj'' and to fast work, the man should be in the stable an hour before the horse goes to the road. In general he arrives about six o'clock, gives the horse a little water, and then his morning feed of grain. While the horse is eating his breakfast, the man shakes up the litter, sweeps out the stable, and prepares to dress the horse, or take him to exer- cise. In summer, the morning exercise is often given before breakfast, the horse getting water in the stable, or out of doors, and his grain upon returning. In winter, the horse is dressed in the morning, and exercised or prepared for work in the fore" noon. He is again dressed when he comes in ; at mid-day he is fed. The remainder of the day is occupied in much the same way, the horse receiving more exercise and another dressing ; his third feed at four, and his fourth at eight. The hours of feeding vary according to the number of times the horse is fed. Horses for fast and hard work should be fed five times a-day during the hunting season. The most of saddle-horses are fed only three. The allowance of grain for all working-horses should be given in at least three portions, and when the horse receives as much as he will eat, it ought to be given at five times. Tliese should be distributed at nearly equal intervals. When the groom is not employed in feeding, dressing, and exer- cising the horse, he has the stable to arrange several times a day, harness to clean, some of the horses to trim, and there are many minor duties which he must manage at his leisure. The stable is usually shut up at night about eight o'clock, when the horse is eating his supper. Dressing before Work. — To keep the skin in good order, the horse must be dressed once every day, besides the cleaning, which is made after work. This dressing is usually performed in the morning, or in the forenoon. It varies in character, ac- cording to the state of the skin and the value of the horse. The operation is performed by means of the brush, the currycomb, 410 THE HOKSE. and the wisp, which is a kind of duster, made of straw, hay, matting, or horse-hair. The brush, composed of bristles, and varying in size to suit the strength of tlie operator, removes all the dust and furfura- ceous matter lodged at the roots of the hair, and adhering to its surface. It also polishes the hair, and when properly applied, the friction probably exerts a beneficial influence upon the skin, conducive to health, and to the horse's personal appear- ance. The currycomb is composed of five or six iron combs, each having short small teeth ; these are fixed on an iron back, to which a handle is attached. There is also one blade, some- times two, without teeth, to prevent the combs from sinking too deep. Tlie currycomb serves to raise and to separate the hairs that are matted together by perspiration and dust, and to remove the loose mud. Like the brush, it may also stimulate the skin, and have some effect upon the secretions of this organ ; but except among thick, torpid-skinned, long-haired horses, it is too harsh for this purpose. In grooming thoroughbred, or fine- skinned horses, its principal use is to clean the dust from the brush, which is done by drawing the one smartly across the other. The wisp is a kind of duster. It removes the light dust and the loose hairs not taken away by the brush ; it polishes the hair and makes the coat lie smooth and regular. The brush penetrates between the hairs and reaches the skin, but the wisp acts altogether on the surface, cleaning and polishing only those hairs, and those portions of hairs, which are not covered by others. Applied with some force, the wisp beats away loose dust lodged about the roots. It is often employed to raise the temperature of the skin, and to dry the hair when the horse is cold and wet. In many stables the currycomb and the wisp form the principal, or the only instruments of purification. Valuable horses are usually dressed in the stable. The groom tosses the litter to the head of the stall, puts up the gang- way bales, turns round the horse, to have his head to the light, removes the breast-piece, and hood, when a hood is worn ; he takes away the surcingle and folds back the quarter-piece, but does not remove it entirely. It keeps the dust off the horse. DRESSING THK HOE8B. 411 With the bmsh in his left hand, and the currycomb in his rij^ht, he commences on the left side of the horse, and finishes the head, neck, and fore quarter ; then his hands change tools, and he performs the like service on the right side. The head requires a deal of patience to clean it properly ; the hairs run in so many difierent directions, and there are so many depressions and derations, and the horse is often so unwilling to have it dressed, that it is generally much neglected by bad grooms. The dust about the roots, upon the inside and the outside of the ears, is removed by a few strokes of the brush, but the hair is l^olished by repeatedly and rapidly drawing the hands over the whole ear. The process is well enough expressed by the word stripping- Having finished the fore part of the horse the groom returns his head to the manger, and prepares to dress the body and the hind quarters. A little straw is thrown under the hind feet to keep them off the stones ; the cloths are drawn off, and the horse's head secured. The cloths are taken to the door, shook, and in dry weather exjjosed to the air, till the horse is dressed. After the brushing is over, every jjart of the skin having been entirely deprived of dust, and the hair polished till it glistens like satin, the groom passes over the whole with a wisp, with which, or with a linen rubber, dry or slightly damp- ed, he concludes the most laborious portion of the dressing. Tlie cloths are brought in, and replaced upon the horse. His mane, foretop, and tail, are combed, brushed, and, if not hang- ing equally, damped. The eyes, nostrils, muzzle, anus, and sheath, are wiped with a damp sponge ; the feet are picked out, and perhaps washed. If the legs be white, and soiled with urine, they require washing with warm water and soap, after which they are ruhbecl till dnj. When not washed, the legs are polished partly by the bi'ush and the wisp, but chiefly by the hands. The bed and the stable being arranged, the horse is dime up for the morning. Is is not an easy matter to dress a horse in the best style. It is a laborious operation, requiring a good deal of time, and with many horses much patience and dexterity. Ignorant and lazy grooms never perform it well. They confine themselves to the surface. They do more with the wisp than with the brush. The horse when thus dressed may not look so far amiss, but 412 THE HORSE. upon rubbing the fingers into the skin they receive a white, greasy stain, never coumiunicated when the horse has been thoroughly dressed. All horses, however, cannot be groomed in this manner. From strappers, carters, farm-servants, and many grooms, it must not be expected. Such a dressing is not of great ser- vice, at least it is not essential to the horses they look after, nor is it practicable if it were. The men have not time to bestow it. The horse may be dressed in the stable or in the open air. When weather permits, that is, when dry and not too cold, it is better for both the horse and his groom tliat the operation be performed out of doors. When several dirty horses are dressed in the stable at the same time, the air is quickly loaded with impurities. Upon looking into the nostrils of the horse, they are found quite black, covered with a thick layer of dust. This is bad for the lungs of both the horse and the man. I suppose it is with the intention of blowing it away that stablemen are in the habit of making a hissing noise with the mouth. The dust, besides entering, and probably irritating the nostrils, falls upon the clean horses, the harness, and every thing else. Racers and other valuable horses are almost invariably dressed in the stable, and there they are safest. They have little mud about them — and from frequent grooming and constantly being clothed,! ittle dandruif in, or dust on their hair — to soil the stable. Inferior stablemen sometimes dress a horse very wretchedly. That wliich they do is not well done, and it is not done in the right way. They are apt to be too harsh with the currycomb. Some thin-skinned horses cannot bear it, and they do not always require it. It should be applied only when and where neces- sary. This instrument loosens the mud, raises and separates the hair ; and when the hair is long, the comb cuts much of it away, especially when used with considerable force. • It is not at all times proper to thin a horse's coat suddenly, and, when improper, it should be forbidden. Having raised and separated the hair, the comb should be laid aside. To use it afterward is to thin the coat ; and in general, if the coat be too long, it should be thinned by degrees, not at two or three, but at ten or twelve thinnings. Then, the currycomb has little to do about THE CURRYCOMB. 413 the head, legs, flanks, or other parts that are bony, tender, or thiiil}' covered with hair. When used in these places it should be drawn in the direction of the haii'S, or obliquely across them, and lightly applied. The comb is often too sharp. For some horses it should always be blunt. The horse soon shows whe- ther or not it is painful to him. If the operation be absolutely necessary, and cannot be performed without pain, the pain must be suifered. But it is only in the hand of a rude or unskilful groom that the comb gives any pain. Some never think of what the horse is suffering under their operations. They use the comb as if they wanted to scrape off the skin. They do not apparently know the use of the instrument. Without any re- gard to the horse's struggles, they persist in scratching and rub- bing, and rubbing and scratching, when there is not the slight- est occasion for employing the comb. On a tender skin, the comb requires very little pressure ; it should be drawn with the hair, or across it, rather than against it, and there should be no rubbing. The pain is gi-eatest wheii the comb is made to pass rapidly backward and forward several times over the same place. It should describe a sweeping, not a rubbing motion. For some tender horses even the brush is too hard. In the flank, the groin, on the inside of the thigh, there can be little dust to remove which a soft wisp will not take aw^ay, and it is needless to persist in brushing these and similar places when the horse offers much resistance. In using it about the head or legs, care must be taken not to strike the horse with the back of the brush. These bony parts are easily hurt, and after repeated blows the horse becomes suspicious and troublesome. For thin- skinned, irritable, horses the brush should be soft, or somewdiat worn. Where the currycomb is used too much, the brush is used too little. The exj^ertness of a groom may be known by the manner in which he apjilies the brush. An experienced ope- rator will do as much with a wisp of straw as a half-made groom will do with the brush. He merely cleans, or at the very most polishes the surface, and nothing but the surface. The brush should penetrate the hair and clean the skin, and to do tliis it must be applied with some vigor, and pass repeatedly over the same place. It is oftenest drawn along the hair, but some- 414 THE HOESH. times a cross and against it. To sink deeply, it mnst fall flatly and with sonic force, and be drawn with considerable pressnre. When the horse is changing his coat, both the brnsh and the currycomb should be used as little and lightly as possible. A damp \v\sp will keep him tolerably decent till the new coat be fairly on, and it will not remove the old one too fast. The ears and the legs are the parts most neglected by un- trained grooms. They should be often inspected, and his atten- tion directed to them. White legs need to be often washed with soap and water — and hand-rnbbed — and all legs that have little hair about them require a good deal of hand-rubbing. White horses are the most difficult to keep, and in the hands of a bad groom they are always yellow about the hips and hocks. The dung and urine are allowed so often to dry on the hair that at last it is dyed, and tlie other parts are permitted to assume a dingy, smoky hue, like unbleached linen. Dressing vicious Horses. — A few horses have an aversion to the operations of the groom from the earliest period of their domestication. In spite of the best care and management, they continue to resist grooming with all the art and force they can exert. This is particularly the case with stallions, and many thoroughbred horses not doing much work. But a great many horses are rendered vicious to clean by the awkwardness, timid- ity, or folly of the keeper. An awkward man gives the horse more pain than ought to attend the operation ; a timid man allows the horse to master him ; and a mischievous fellow is always learning him tricks, teaching him to bite, or to strike in play, which easily passes into malice. Biting may be prevented by putting on a muzzle, or by tying the head to the rack, or to the ring outside of the stable. Wlien reversed in the stall, the head may be secured by the pillar-reins. A muzzle often deters a horse from attempting to bite, but some will strike a man to the ground though they can- not seize him. These must be tied up. Many harness-horses are perfectly quiet while they are bridled, and it is sufficient to let the bridle remain on, or to put it on, till they be dressed. Others again are quite safe when blindfolded. Kicking horses are more dangerous than biters. A great many strike out, and are apt to injure an awkward groom ; yet they are not so bad TO DEESS A VICIOUS HOESE. 415 but an expert fellow may manage them, without using any re- straint. A switch held always in the hand, in view of the horse, and lightly applied, or threatened when he attempts to strike, Avill render others comparatively docile. A few permit their hind quarters to be cleaned while their clothes are on. Some there are, however, that cannot be managed so easily. They strike out, those especially that lead idle lives, so quickly and so maliciously, that the gi-oom is in great danger, and can- not get his work properly performed. There are two remedies — the arm-strap and the twitch. Where another man cannot be spared to assist, one of the fore legs is tied up ; the knee is bent till the foot almost touches the elbow, and a broad buckling- strap is applied over the forearm and the pastern. The horse then stands upon three legs, and the groom is in no danger of a kick. Until the horse is accustomed to stand in this way, he is apt to throw himself down ; for the first two or three times the leg should be held np by a man, rather than tied with a strap. The horse should stand on a thick bed of litter, so that he may not be injured should he fall. In course of time he may per- haps become quietei-, and the arm-strap may be thrown aside. It should not be applied always to the same leg, for it produces a tendency to knuckling over the pastern, which, in a great measure, is avoided by tying up each leg alternately, the right to-day, the left to-mori-ow. Even the ai-m-strap will not prevent some horses from kicking ; some can stand on two legs, and some will throw themselves down. The man must just coax the hoi'se, and get over the operation with as little irritation as pos- sible. Upon extraordinary occasions the twitch may be em- ployed, but it must not be applied every day, otherwise the lip upon which it is placed becomes inflamed, or palsied. When restraint must be resorted to, the man should be doubly active in getting through his work, that the horse may not be kept for a needless length of time in pain. He may, in some cases, give the horse a very complete dressing when he is fatigued, and not disposed to oti'ur much resistance. Irritable, high-bred horses, often cut and bruise their legs when under the grooming operations. They should have boots, similar to those used against speedy cutting. Utility of deessing. — It improves the horse's appearance ; it 416 THE HOKSE. renders the coat short, fine, glossy, and smooth. The coat of a horse in blooming condition is always a little oily. The hair rejects water. The anomting matter wliich confers this property is secreted by the skin, and the secretion seems to be much influenced by good grooming. Slow-working horses often have skins which a fox-hunter would admire, although they may be receiving very little care from the groom. But the food of these horses lias a good deal to do witli the skin, and their work is not of that kind which impairs the beauty of a fine glossy coat. They di-ink much water, and they get warm boiled food every niglit. They do not often perspire a great deal, but they always perspire a little. Fast-working horses have hard food, a limited allowance of water ; and every day, or every other day, they are drenclied in perspiration, wliich forbids constant perspira- tion, and whicli carries off", or washes away the oily matter. Hence, unless a horse that is often and severely heated, be well groomed, have liis skin stimulated, and his hair polished by the brush, he will never look well. His coat has a dead, dim ap- pearance, a dry, soft feel. To the hand the hair feels like a coarse, dead fur; the most beautiful coat often assumes this state in one or two days. Some horses always look ill, and no grooming will make them look well ; but all may be improved, or rendei'ed tolerably decent, except at moulting time. Dress- ing is not the only means by which the coat is beautified. There are other processes, of whicli I shall speak presently. Among stablemen, dressing is performed only for the sake of the horse's personal appeai-ance. They are not aware that it has any influence upon health, and therefore they generally neglect the skin of a horse that is not at work. In the oj^en fields, the skin is not loaded with the dust and perspiration which it con- tracts in the stable, or loose box ; and all the cleaning it obtains, or needs, is performed by the rain, and by the friction it receives when the horse rolls upon the ground, or rubs himself against a tree. He comes home with a very ugly and a very dirty coat, but the skin is cleaner than if the horse had been all the time in a stable. Want of dressing, whether it afiect the general health or not, produces lice and mange. Mange may arise from causes independent of a neglected skin, but it very rarely visits a well- TO PREVENT VERMIN. 417 groomed horse. Bad food or starvation has something to do in the production of lice; but the want of dressing has quite as much, or more. It is the business of the stableman to j^revent mange, so far as prevention is possible. Its treatment belongs to the veterinarian, and need not be here described. But it is the groom's duty both to prevent and cure lousiness. Lice may accumulate in great numbers before they are dis- covered. Sometimes they are diffused all over the skin ; at otlier times they are contined to the mane, the tail, and parts adjacent. The horse is frequently rubbing himself, and often the hair falls out in large patches. There are many lotions, powders, and ointments, for destroying lice. Mercurial oint- ments, lotions of corrosive sublimate and decoctions of tobacco, are so dangerous that they never should be used. Refuse oil or lard, rubbed on a lousy beast of any kind, immediately destroys the vermin, and there is no danger to be apprehended from this application. It merely occasions the hair being shed earlier in the spring, and requires a little extra attention in housing such animals as have been affected. Vinegar, mixed with three times its bulk of water, is also a good application, and not danjierous. It is more irritatins;;, but the irritation soon sub sides and does not sicken the horse ; tobacco often will. Kext day the skin should bo examined, and wherever tJiere is any sign of living vermin, another application should be made. Two days afterwards the horse should be washed with soapy water, warm, and applied with a brush that will reach the skin withoat irritating it. In many cases, none of these remedies are necessary. It is sufficient to wash the horse all over with soapy water. Black soap is better than any other. It need not, and should not be rubbed upon the skin. It may be beat into the water till it forms a strong lather, and that should be applied with a brush and washed oft' with clean warm water. Care must be taken that the horse do not catch cold. He should be thoronglily washed, but dried as qnickly as possible, and get a walk after- ward if the weather be favorable. The cloths should be dipped into boiling water, and the inside of the saddle wet with the sublimate lotion. The litter should all be turned out, and burned, or buried where swine, Vol. II.— 27 4:18 THE HOESE. dogs, or poultry, will not get among it. If it cannot be easily removed without scattering it across the stable or yard, a solu- tion of quicklime may be dashed over it, before it is taken from the stall. Dkessing after Work. — This operation varies according to many circumstances ; it is influenced by the kind of horse, the state and time in wliich he arrives at the stable. Slow-working horses merely require to be dried and cleaned ; tliose of fast work may require something more, and those which arrive at a late hour are not usually dressed, as they would be by coming home earlier. The princij^al objects in dressing a horse after work are to get him dry, cool, and clean. It is only, however, in stables tolerably well regulated, that tliese three objects are aimed at or attainable. Carters, and other inferior stablemen, endeavor to remove the mud which adheres to the belly, the feet, and the legs, and they are not often very particular as to the manner in which this is done. K a pond or river be at hand, or on the road home, the horse is driven through it, and his keeper considers that the best, wliich I suppose means the easiest, way of cleaning him. Others, having no such conve- nience, are content to throw two or three buckets of water over the legs. Their only way of drying the horse is bv sponging the legs, and wisping the body, and this is generally done as if it were a matter of form more than of utility. There are some lazy fellows who give tliemselves no concern about dressing the horse. They put him in the stable, wet and dirty as he comes oif the road ; and after he is dry, perhaps he gets a scratch with the cui-iycomb, and a rub with the straw wisp. Fast- working horses require very different ti'eatmeut. The rate at which they travel renders th^m particularly liable to all those diseases arising from or connected with changes of temperature. In winter, the horse comes oif the road, heated, wet, and be- spattered with inud; in summer, he is hotter, drenched in perspiration, or half dry, his coat matted, and sticking close to the skin. Sometimes he is quite cool, but wet, and clothed in mud. The treatment he receives cannot be always the same. In sum- mer, after easy work, his feet and legs may be washed and dried, and his body dressed in nearly the same manner that it is dress- ed before work. The wisp dries the places that are moist with SCRAPING, AND WALKING ABOUT. 419 perspiration, tlie cnnycomb removes the mud, and tlie brush polislics tlie liair, hiys it, and takes away the dust. Tlie dressing in such a case is siinj)le, and soon over, but it is all the horse requires. When drenched in rain or perspiration, he must be dried by means of the scraper, the wisp, and evaporation ; when heated, he must be walked about till cool, and sometimes he may be bathed, that he may be both cooled and cleaned. Scraping. — The scraper is sometimes termed a sweat-knife. In some stables it is just a piece of hoop iron, about twenty inches long, by one and a half broad ; in the racing and hunt- ing stables it is made of wood, sharp only on one edge, and hav- ing the back thick and strong. When properly handled, it is a very useful instrument. The groom, taking an extremity in each hand, passes over the neck, back, belly, quarters, sides, every place where it can operate ; and with a gentle and steady pressure, he removes the wet mud, the rain, and the perspira- tion. Fresh horses do not understand this, and are apt to resist it. A little more than the usual care and gentleness at the first two or three dressings, render them familiar with it. The pressure applied must vary at different parts of the body, being lightest where the coat and the skin are thinnest. The scraper must pass over the same places several times, especially the belly, to which the water gravitates from the back and sides. It has little or nothing to do about the legs ; these pai'ts are easily dried by a large sponge, and are apt to be injured by the scraper. This operation finished, the horse, if hot, must be walked about a little, and if cool, be must be dried. Walking a heated Horse. — Every body knows that a horse ought not to be stabled when perspiring very copiously after severe exertion ; he must not stand still. It is known that he is likel}' to catch cold, or to take inflamed lungs, or to founder. By keeping him in gentle motion till cool, these evils ai'e pre- vented. This is all that stablemen can say about it, and perhaps little more can be said with certainty. We must go a little deeper than the skin, and consider the state of the internal organs at the moment the horse has finished a sevexe task. The action of the heart, the blood-vessels, the nerves, and perhaps other parts, has been greatly increased, to correspond with the extraordinary action of the muscles, the instruments of motion. 420 THE HORSE. The circnlation, once excited, does not become tranquil the mo- ment exertion ceases. The heart, and other internal organs which act in concert with the heart, continue for a time to per- form their functions witli all the energy which violent muscular exertion demands, and they do mischief before they are aware that their extraordinary services are no longer required: An irregularity in the distribution of the blood takes place ; some part i-eceives more than it needs, and an inflammation is the re- sult. Motion prevents this, because it keeps up a demand for blood among the muscles. The transition from rapid motion to rest is too sudden, and should be broken by gentle motion. If the heart and nervous system could be restrained as easily as the action of the voluntary muscles, there would be no need for walkins: a heated horse, since it would be sufficient to render all the oi-gans tranquil at the same time. Tliis brief analysis of what is going on internally, may be useful to those who would know exactly when it is safe to put a heated horse to perfect rest. It is needless to keep him in mo- tion after the pulse has sunk to nearly its natural number of beats per minute, which is under 40. Stablemen go by tlie heat of the skin, but on a hot day tlie skin will often remain above its usual heat, for a good while after the* system is quite calm. The state of the skin, however, in general indi- cates the degree of internal excitement with sufficient accu- racy. The object, then, in walking a heated horse, is to allay the exciten:ent of exertion in all parts of tlie body at the same time, and by degrees, to keep the muscles working because the heart is working. The motion siiould always bo slow, and the horse led, not ridden. If wet, and the weather cold, his walk may be faster than summer weatlier requires. Wlien tlie state of the weatlier, and the want of a covered ride, put walking out of the question, the horse must either goto the stable or he must suffer a little exposure to the rain. When much excited, that is, when very warm, it is better tliat he should walk for a few minutes in the rain, than that he sliould stand quite still. But a liorse seldom comes in very warm while it is raining. If he must go into the stable it should not be too WALKING A WET HORSE. 421 close. To a horse liot, perspiring, and breathing very quick, ji warm stable is particiihirl^' distressing. Some faint under it. Till somewhat calm, he may stand with his head to the door, hut not in a current of cold air, at least not after he begins to cool. Walking a wet Horse. — Gentle motion to a heated horse is necessary, to prevent the evils likely to arise from one set of organs doing more than another set requires. But in many cases motion after work is useful when the horse is not heated. He may come in drenched with rain, but quite cool, and there may be no one at hand to dry him, or liis coat may be so long that one man cannot get him dry before lie begins to shiver. In such cases the horse should be walked about. "Were he stabled or allowed to stand at rest in this state, he would be very likely to sutler as much injury as if he were suddenly brought to a stand- still when in a high state of perspiration. Evaporation com- mences ; the moisture with which the skin is charged is con- verted into vapor, and as it assumes this form it robs tlie horse of a large qnantity of heat. If he be kept in motion while this cooling and drying process is going on, an extra quantity of heat is formed, which may very well be spared for converting the water into vapor, while sufficient is retained to keep the skin comfortably warm. Every body must understand the diiier- ence between sitting and walking in wet clothes. If the horse be allowed to stand while wet, evaporation still goes on. Every particle of moisture takes away so much heat, but there is no stimulus to produce the formation of an extra quantity of heat ; in a little while, the skin becomes sensibly cold, the blood circu- lates slowly, there is no demand for it on the surface, nor among the muscles, and it accumulates upon internal organs. By-and- by the horse takes a violent shivering fit ; after this has con- tinued for a time, the system appears to become aware that it has been insidiously deprived of more heat than it can conve- niently spare ; then a process is set np tor repairing the loss, and for meeting the increased demand. But before this calori- fying process is fairly established, the demand for an extra quantity of heat has probabl}' ceased. The skin has become dry, and there is no longer any evaporation. Hence the heat accumulates, and the horse is fevered. I do not pretend to trace 422 THE HORSE. events any further. The next thing of which we become aware is generally an intlamiiiation of the feet, the throat, the Inngs, or some other part. But we cannot tell what is going on between the time that the body becomes hot, and the time that inflam- mation appears. I am not even certain that the other changes take place in the order in which they are enumerated ; nor am I sure that thei'e is no other change. The analysis may be de- fective ; something may take place that I have not observed, and possibly the loss of heat by evaporation may not always produce these effects without assistance. It is positively known, however, that there is danger in exposing a horse to cold when he is not in motion ; and, which is the same thing, it is ecpially, indeed more dangerous to let him stand when he is wet. If he cannot be dried by manual labor, he must be moved about till he is dried by evaporation. WispiNG A WET noRSE. — -When there is sufficient force in the stable, the proper way to dry the horse is by rubbing him with wisps. After removing all the water that can be faken away with the scraper, two men commence on each side. They rub the skin with soft wisps ; those which absorb moisture most readily are the best, and should be often changed. None but a bred groom can dry a horse expeditiously and well in»this way. The operation requires some action, and a good deal of strength. An awkward groom cannot do it, and a lazy fellow will not. They will wisp the horse for a couple of hours, and leave him almost as wet as at the beginning. They lay the hair, but do not dry it, and they are sure to neglect the legs and the belly, the very parts that have most need to be dried quickly. The man must put some strength into his arm. He must rub hard, and in all directions, across, and against the hair, oftener than over it. His wisp should be firm, yet soft, the straw broken. Some cannot even make this simple article. A stout fellow may take one in each hand, if only two are employed about the horse ; and a boy must often take one in both his hands. Two men may dry a horse in half an hour, a little more or a little less, according to his condition, the length of his coat, and the state of the weather. Clothing a wet Horse. — When the horse can neither be dried by the wisp nor kept in motion, some other means must TO DRESS A WET AND MUDDY HOESE. 423 be taken to prevent him catching cold. He may be scraped, and then clothed, or he may be clothed without scraping. This is not a good practice, nor a substitute for grooming ; it is merely an expedient which may be occasionally resorted to when the horse must be stabled M^et as he comes oiF the road. I ain aware that a horse is apt to perspire if clothed up when his coat is wet or damp. But this takes place only when the cloth- ing is too heavy, or the horse too wai'in. In the case undei consideration, the clothing, unless the horse be cold, is not in- tended to heat him, but to prevent him from becoming cold. In hot weather, a wet horse requires less care ; he need not be clothed, for evajjoration will not render him too cold ; and if his coat be long, it will, without the assistance of clothing, keep the skin tolerably warm even in weather that is not hot. In all cases the cloth should be of woollen, and thrown closely over the body, not bound b}' the roller, and in many cases it should be changed for a drier, and a lighter one, as it becomes charged with moisture. To EEMovE THE MuD.- — There are two ways of removing the mud. One may be termed the dry, and another the wet mode. The first is performed by means of the scraper and the curry- comb, or a kind of brush made of whalebone, which answers much better than the currj'comb. In most well-regulated stables, the strappers are never allowed to apply water to a lioi'se that has come muddy oft" the road, and in no stable should the mud be allowed to be removed from the horse by washing, except he be hand-rubbed dry. The usual jjractice is to strip oft the mud and loose water by the sweat knife ; to walk the Iiorse about for ten minutes if he be warm or wet, and the weather fair, otherwise he stands a little in his stall or in an open shed ; then the man begins with the driest of those that have come in toge- ther. Much of the surface mud which the scraper has left about the legs is removed by a straw wisp, or a small birch broom, or the whalebone brush ; the wisp likewise helps to dry the horse. The whalebone brush is a very useful article when the coat is long. Tliat, and the currycomb, with the aid of a wisp, are the only implements coaching-strappers require in the winter season. It clears away the mud and separates the hairs, but it does not polish them. A gloss such as the coat of these horses requires. 424 THE HOESE. is given by the wisp. The whalebone brusli is sometimes too coarse, and many horses cannot bear it at anytime, while others can sillier it only in winter. After the mud has been removed with this brush, the matted hair parted by the currycomb, and the horse dusted all over with the wisp, his feet are washed, the soles picked, the shoes examined, the legs and heels well rub- bed, partly by the hand and partly bj' the wisp, and the mane and tail combed. In the best stables he is well dressed with the bristle brush before he goes to work. In other stables the usual mode of removing the mud is by — Washing. — When the horse is very dirty he is usually wash- ed outside the stable ; his belly is scraped, and the remainder of the mud is washed off at once by the application of water. Some clean the body before they wash the legs ; but that is only when there is not much mud about the horse. They do so that he may go into the stable quite clean. Pie soils his feet and legs by stamping the ground when his body is being clean- ed. It matters little whether the dressing commence with the body or with the legs, but when the legs are washed the last thing, they are generally left undried. lu washing, a sponge and a water-brush are employed. Some use a mop, and this is called the lazy method ; it is truly the trick of a careless sloven ; it wets the legs but does not clean them. The brush goes to the roots of the hair, and removes all the sand and mud, with- out doing which it is worse than useless to apply any water. The sponge is employed for drying the hair, for soaking up and wiping away the loose water. Afterward, the legs and all the parts that have been washed, are rendered completely dry by rubbing with the straw-wisp, the rubber, and the hand. Among valuable horses this is always done ; wherever the legs have little hair about them, and that little cannot be propeily dried after washing, no washing should take jjlace. Wet Legs. — It is a very common practice, because.it is easy, to wash the legs ; but none, save the best of stablemen, will be at the trouble of drying them ; they are allowed to dry of them- selves, and they become excessively cold. Evaporation com- mences; after a time a process is set up for producing heat sufficient to carry on evaporation, and to maintain the tempera- ture of the skin. Before this process can be fully established, BANDAGING THE LEGS. 425 the water has all evapoi'ated ; then the heat accumulates ; in- flammation succeeds, and often runs so far as to produce morti- fication. To avoid these evils, the logs must either be dried after washing, or they must not be washed at all. Among horses that have the fetlocks and the leg's well clothed with long and strong hair, it is not necessary to be so particular about drying the legs ; the length and the thickness of the hair check evaporation. This process is not permitted to go on so rapidly ; the air and the vapor are entangled among the hair ; they cannot get away, and of course cannot carry off the heat so rapidly as from a naked heel. But for all this, it is possible to make the legs, even of those hairy-heeled horses, so cold as to pi'oduce inflammation. And when these horses have the legs trimmed bare, they are more liable to grease than the lighter horse of faster work. But the greatest number of patients with grease occur where the legs and heels are trim- med, washed, and never properly dried. There is no grease where there is good grooming, and not much where the legs are well covered with hair. It is true that fat or plethoric horses are very liable to cracks and moisture of the heels; but though it may not be easy, yet it is quite possible for a good groom to prevent grease even in these horses. I am not objecting to washing under all circumstances. It is a bad practice among naked-heeled horses, only when the men will not or cannot make the legs dry. In a gentleman's stable the legs ought to be washed, but they ought also to be thoroughly dried before the horse is left. It is the evapora- tion, or the cold produced by evaporation, that does the mis- chief. I greatly approve of washing the legs with warm water, hard rubbing them for a few moments so as to strip out the superfluous water, and then instantly applying dry and warm flannel bandages from the fetlock to the knee. The legs next morning come out beautifully dry and clean. Bathing. — This name may be given to the operation of wash- ing the horse all over. Where possible, and not forbidden by the owner, a lazy or ignorant groom always performs it in the neighboi"ing river or pond. Some take the horse into the water till it is up to his bellj"^, and others swim him into the depths, 426 THE H0K8E. from which man and horse are often borne away with the stream, to the great grief of the newspaper editor, who deplores their melancholy fate ; by which, I suppose, he means melancholy ignorance. These river bathings ought to be entirely prohibited. In cold weather it is an act of madness. During some of the hottest days in summer, a general bathing is wonderfully re- freshing to a horse, who has run a stage at the rate of ten miles an hour. It cleans the skin more eifectuall}' than any other means, and with less irritation to the horse; it renders him com- fortably cool, and under certain conditions, it does him no harm. Those employed in public conveyances are almost the only horses that require it. During very hot weather they sufler much trom the pace at which they travel. They come off the road steeped in perspiration, but in a few minutes they are dry. The coat is thin and short, and the hairs glued together by dirt and sweat ; to raise and separate them with the currycomb is productive of much pain, greatly aggravated by the fevered condition of the horse. The best way of cleaning a horse in this state, is by washing him. Tlie o])eration is performed by the water-brush and the sponge. The horse should stand in the sun. The man, taking a large coarse sponge in his hand, usijally com- mences at the neck, close to the head ; he jjroceeds backward and downward till he has bathed the horse all over. This may be done in two minutes. Then, dipping his brush in the water, he applies it as generally as the sponge, drawing it always in the direction of the hair, without any rubbing. The sponge merely applies the water; the brush loosens and removes the dust and perspiration which adhere to the hair. The sweat-knife is next employed, and the horse being scraped as dry as possible, he is walked about in the sun for half an hour, more or less, till he be perfectly dry. During the time he is in motion the scraper is reapplied several times, especially to the belly, and the horse gets water twice or thrice. When quite dry, he is stabled, and wisped over, perhaps lightly brushed, to lay and polish his coat, and when his legs are well rubbed he is ready for feeding. USES AND PE0PEETIE8 OF THE HAIE 427 OPERATION OF DECORATION. The Uses and Properties of the Hair. — That which forms the general covering is intended to keep the horse warm. It con- ducts heat very closely, and is therefore well adapted for retain- ing it. It absorbs no moisture, and when the horse is in good health, every hair is anointed with an oily sort of fluid which imparts a beautiful gloss, and repels moisture. The hair is shed every spring and every autumn. The short fine coat which suffices for the summer, aftords little protection against the severities of winter ; it falls, and is replaced by another of the same material, though longer and coarser. It is not very obvious why the horse should moult twice every yeai". We might suppose that a mere increase in the length of the summer coat would render it sufliciently warm for the winter. Without doubt there is some reason why it is otherwise order- ed. The hair perhaps is not of the same texture ; that of the winter coat certainly api^ears to be coarser ; it is thicker, and it requii'es more care to keep it glossy than the hair of a summer coat. The hair is not cast all at once. Before losing its connection witli the skin it assumes a lighter color, and becomes dim and dcadlike. On some warm day a large quantity comes away, which is not missed, though its fall is very evident. The pro- cess seems to stop for several daj's and to recommence. Though. a little is always falling, yet there are times at which large quantities come out, and it is said that the whole is shed at thrice. Moulting, and the length and thickness of the coat, are much influenced by the stable treatment and the weather. Horses that are much and for a long tiToe out of doors, exposed to cold, always have the hair much longer than those kept in warm stables, or those that are more in the stable than in the open air. If the horse be kept warm and M^ell fed, his winter coat will be very little longer than that of summer, and it will lie nearly as well. Moiilting may even be entirely prevented ; heavy clothing and warm stabling will keep the summer coat on all winter. The horse, however, must not be often nor long ex- posed to cold, for though he may be made to retain his summer 428 THE HOESE. coat till after the iisnal period of changing it, yet it will fall even in the middle of winter, if he be much exposed to winter weather. Grooms often hasten the fall of the winter coat by extra dressing and clothing, in order that the horse may have his fine summe)- coat a little earlier than usual. This, especially when the spring is cold and the horse much exposed, is not right, for it generally makes the summer coat longer than if it had not appeared till the weather was warmer. The long hair which grows on the legs of some horses, is doubtless intended to answer the same purpose as the short hair of the body. It is longer and stronger, because the parts are more exposed to cold and to wet. On the legs of thoroughbred horses, the hair is not much longer than that on the body, with the exce])tion of a tuft at the back of the fetlock-joint. This is termed the foot lock. It defends the parts beneath from ex- ternal injury, to which they are liable by contact with the ground. When very long, good grooming, good food, and warm stabling, always shorten the hair of the legs. The hair of the mane has been regarded as ornamental, and it is so ; but to say that any part of an animal was conferred for the sole purpose of pleasing the eye of man, is almost as much as to say that all were not created by the same Being. ^ Had the mane been superfluous to the horse, we could have been made to admire him without it. God has made it pleasing to us, be- cause it is useful to him. In a wild state the horse has many battles to tight, and his neck, deprived of the mane, would be a very vulnerable part. It is likewise a part that he cannot reach with his teeth, and not easily with his feet. The flies might settle there and satiate themselves without disturbance ; if the mane cannot altogether exclude these intruders, it can lash them off by a single jerk of the head. I believe that in wild horses the mane falls equally on both sides of the neck. The long hair of the mane, the tail, and the legs, is not shed in the same manner as that on the body. It is deciduous, but it does not fall so regularly, so rapidly, nor so often as the other. Each hair, from its length, requires a much longer time to grow ; if all %vere shed at once, the parts would be left defenceless for perhaps more than a month. Some of the hairs are con- stantly losing their attachment and falling out, while others are DOCKING AND PRICKING. 429 as constantly growing. It is not possible to say what deter- mines the fall of these hairs in horses not domesticated. It may be some circumstance connected with their age or length more than with the change of season. When brushed and combed manj'^ of them are pulled out. Docking. — In this country the horse's tail is regarded as a useless or troublesome ajipendage. It M'as given to ward off the attacks of blood-sucking flies. In this country, for several months of the year, thin-skinned horses suffer excessively, and many accidents happen from their struggles or their fears. At grass, in certain districts, they are in a constant fever. It is surely worth while inquiring, whether all that is gained by docking balances the loss. In comparing the two, it ought to be remembered that lockjaw and death are not rare results of the operation. The operation of pricking, after the old fashion, is barbarous in the extreme. As practised here, it is much more simple, effectual, and less painful. If the tail is to be docked, let that first be done, and then permitted to heal perfectly. Perhaps this operation may make the horse carry his tail so well as to prevent the necessity of pricking. But if it does not, then let him be j^ricked. Operation. — The tail has four cords, two upper and two lower. Tiie upper ones raise the tail, the lower ones depress it, and these last alone are to be cut. Take a sharp penknife with a long slender blade ; insert the blade between the bone and under cord, two inches from the body ; place the thumb of the hand holding the knife against the under imrt of the tail, and opposite the blade. Then press the blade toward the thumb against the cord, and cut the cord off, bat do not let the knife cut through the skin. The cord is firm, and it will easily be known when it is cut off. The thumb will tell when to desist, that the skin may not be cut. Sever the cord twice on each side in the same manner. Let the cuts be two inches apart. The cord is nearly destitute of sensation ; yet when the tail is pricked in the old manner, the wound to the skin and fiesh is severe, and much fever is induced, and it takes a long time to heal. But with this method, the horse's tail will not bleed, nor 4-30 THE HORSE. will it be sore under ordinary circumstances more than three days ; and he will be pulleyed and his tail made in one half of the time required by the old method. Dressing the Tail: — Sometimes the hair of the tail grows too bushy. Tiie best way of thinning it is to comb it often with a dry comb, having small but strong teeth. Wlien tlie hair is short, stiii", almost standing on end, it ma}^ be laid by wetting it, and tying the ends together beyond the stump. Sometimes the whole tail is moistened, and surrounded by a hay-rope, which is applied evenly and moderately tight, and kejit on all night. It makes the hair lie better during the next day, but seldom longer. Square tails require occasional clipping. The tail is held in a horizontal position by the left hand, while it is squared with scissors. The hair at the centre is rendered shorter than that at the outside, and the tail, when elevated, resembles the feathered extremity of a pen. Horses of the racing kind have long tails witli the hair cut off, square at the end of the dock ; this is termed the long tail. A switch tail is taper at the point, not square. It is of vary- ing length, according to the taste of the rider. It sometimes requires to be shortened without squaring it. The man seizing it within his left hand, cuts off the superfluous length M'ith a knife not very sharp. He does not go slap-dash through it as a pair of scissors would ; but, holding the knife across, with the edge inclined to the point of the tail, he draws it uj^ and down as if he were scrajiing it ; the hairs are cut as the knife approaches the hand that holds tlie tail; in this way he carries the knife all round, and reaches the central hairs as much from one point of the outer circumference as from any other. The hairs are thus left of unequal length, those at the middle being the longest. The hair of the tail is usually combed and brushed every day, and when not hanging gracefully, it should be wet and combed four or Ave times a day. White tails, especially when of full length, require often to be washed with soap and water. On many horses the hair is very thin. When the hair is want- ed exuberant, it should have little combing. Dressing tue Mane. — In ireneral the mane lies to the ris-ht side, but in some horses it is shaded equally to each. On some TRIMMING THE EAE8. 431 carriage horses it is made to lie to the right side on the one, and to the left on the other, the bare side of the neck being exposed. From some, especially ponies, it is the custom to have the mane shorn off nearly to the roots, only a few stumps being left to stand perpendicularly. This is termed the hog-mane. It is almost entirely out of fashion. To make a mane lie, the groom combs and wets it several times a day ; he keeps it almost con- stantly wet; when thick, short, and bushj^, he pulls away some of the hair from the under side, that is, from tlie side to which the mane inclines, or is M^anted to incline. When that is not sufficient, he plaits it into ten or fifteen cords, weaving into each a piece of matting, and loading the extremity with a little lead. After remaining in this state for several days, the plaiting is undone, and the mane lies as it is wanted. When it becomes too long or too bushy, a few of the hairs are pulled out. This is often done too liarshly, and some horses have a great aversion to it. In harness horses, that part of the mane which lies directly behind the ears is usually cut away, that the head of the bridle may sit fast. Heavy draught-horses should seldom have either the mane or the tail thinned, and, to hang gracefully, it should be long in proportion to its thickness. Teisiming the Eaes. — ^The inside of the ear is coated with fine hair, which is intended by nature to exclude rain, flies, dirt, and other foreign matters floating in the air. When left to itself, it grows 80 long as to protrude considerably out of the ear, and to give the horse a neglected, ungroomed-like appearance. It is a common practice to trim all this hair away by the roots. But it is a very stupid practice. The internal ear becomes exposed to the intrusion of rain, dirt, and insects ; and though I know of no disease arising from this cause, yet every horseman is aware that it gives the horse much annoyance. Many are very unwil- ling to face a blast of rain or sleet, and some will not. In the fly-season, they are constantly throwing the head about as if they would throw it oft', and this is an inconvenience to either i-ider or driver. The hair on the inside should not be cut from any horse. It is easily cleaned by a gentle application of the brush. When the hair grows too long, the points may be taken off'. This is done by closing the ear, and cutting away the hair 432 THE HOKSE. that protrudes beyond the edges. Among heavy horses even this is unnecessary. Teimming the Muzzle akd Face. — All round the muzzle, and especially about the nostrils and lips, there are long fine hairs, scattered wide apart, and standing perpendicular to the skin. These are feelers. They perform the same functions as the whiskers of the cat. Their roots are endowed with peculiar sensibility. They warn the horse of the vicinity of objects to which he must attend. There are several grouped together below and above the eyes, which give these delicate organs notice of approaching insects or matters that might enter them and do mischief. The slightest touch on the extremity of these hairs is instantly felt by the horse. They detect even the agitation of the air. It is usual with grooms to cut all these hairs away as vulgar excrescences. They can give no reason for doing so. They see these hairs on all horses that are not well groomed, and perhaps the}' are accustomed to associate them with general want of grooming. They are so fine and so few in number, that they cannot be seen from a little distance, and surely they cannot be regarded as incompatible with beauty, even though they were more conspicuous. The operation ought to be forbidden. Trimming the Heels and Legs.* — The hair of the tetlock, the hollow of the pastern, and the posterior aspect of the legs, is longer on heavy draught-horses than on those of finer bone. It is intended to keep the legs warm, and perhaps in some de- gree to defend them from external violence. It becomes much shorter and less abundant after the horse is stabled, kept warm, well fed, and well groomed. The simple act of washing the legs, or rubbing them, tends to make the hair short and thin, and to keep it so. Nevertheless, it is a very common practice, especiall}^ in coaching-stables, to clip this hair away almost close to the root. Cart-horses very rarely have the heels trim- med; well-bred horses seldom requu-e it. The hand-rubbing which the legs and heels of these horses receive, keeps the hair short, and it is never very long even without hand-rubbing. * The word heel is applied to the back and hollow of the pastern. In this place all that is said of the heels is applicable to the leg. HAND-KUBBING THE LEGS. 433 Hand-e0bbing the Legs. — This is not altogether an orna- mental operation, but as it is performed chiefly or only where decoration is attended to, this seems to be tlie proper place for taking notice of it. I have said that the hair of the body is anointed by an oily kind of matter, which serves in some mea- Biire to rejjel the rain. The long hair of the heels is anointed in the same way, but these parts are more liable to become wet, and the oily or lubricating fluid is secreted in greater abundance here than elsewhere. It is produced by the skin, and has a slightly fetid smell, which becomes intolerable when the skin is the seat of the disease termed grease. This fluid is easily waslied olf, but it is soon replaced ; the gi-eater part of it is removed by brushing and washing the hair, especially with soapy water, and it is some time ere the hair and skin are again bedewed with it. Dry friction with the hand or a soft wisp stimulates the skin to furnish a new or an extra supply. This is one good reason for hand-rul^bing, an operation seldom performed by untrained grooms. " Take care of the heels, and the other parts will take care of themselves," is an old saying in the stable, and a very good one, if it mean only that the heels require more care than other parts. In some horses, particularly those that have little hair about the legs, the hollow of the pastern is very apt to crack ; the anointing fluid is not secreted in sufiicient qiiantity to keep the skin supple ; it is always dry, and whenever the animal is put to a fast pace, the skin cracks and bleeds at the place where motion is greatest. Lotions are applied which dry the sore, but do not prevent the evil from recurring ; hand-rub- bing must do this. Tlie legs of some horses are apt to swell or to itch, particularly when they stand idle for a day or two. Others, cold-blooded, long-legged horses, are troubled with cold legs while standing in the stall. These things are generally dis- regarded among coarse horses ; if tliey disappear, it is well, if not, they are neglected till they become more formidable. But little evils of this kind often produce much annoyance to those who own horses of greater value.' It is difficult to avoid them altogether among horses that are not in good condition, loaded with fat, or plethoric ; yet, frequent hand-rubbing does much. Some grooms give it five or six times a-day ; so much is seldom required, indeed never, except under disease; but it does no Vol. II.— 28 434 THE H0K8E. harm that I know of, if it do not make the heels too bare. To be of any use, it must be done in a systematic manner and in good earnest. If the horse be perfectly quiet, the man will sit down on his knees, and, with a small soft wisp, or cloth-rubber in each hand, he will rub upward and downward, or he will use his hands without the wisp, particularly if the hair be fine and Bhort ; much force is not necessary, indeed it. is pernicious. In coming down the leg tlie pressure should be light ; and in passing upward, it must not be so great as to raise or break the hairs. Singeing, shaving and clipping are so rarely used and are so little needed iu this country, that I do not care to insert the methods. THE HOESe's food. This should be oats and hay of the best quality ; beans for hard-working horses, occasionally varied with carrots or Swed- ish turnips ; bran mashes ; and, under some circumstances, old Indian corn or maize ; linseed gruel. Many persons are not aware, that the price of musty oats and bad hay is vastly dearer than that of the same commodities of good quality-j-aud that the worse the quality the higher the cost. It is so neverthe- less— for, whether the j^urchaser of inferior articles bargain for it or not, he always purchases with them indigestion, foulness of blood, looseness of the bowels, general debility, and gland- ers ; all of these being too costly to be purchased into any stable. Much has been said of late respecting the advantage of bruising oats, and various machines are much in vogue for the purpose. Mr. Spooner says of thera, " they are apt to produce diarrhoea, especially if the animal is worked hard." It is fur- ther alleged that many horses will not eat them with • an appe- tite ; and the opponents to the system go further, urging that unbruised oats excite a flow'of saliva, necessary to perfect di- gestion, which is not the case with those which are bruised. The explanation to the first of these questions supplies a very strong recommendation. The stomach having derived a suffi- cient quantity of nourishment from a moderate portion, does BRUISED OATS. 435 not require more. With reference to the flow of the saliva, without entering upon the qnestion how far it is necessary to assist digestion, no animal can swallow its food without a sufH- ciency of saliva to assist the act of deglutition ; and it is not recommended to reduce the oats to flour, but merely to bruise them. Many persons fancy that by giving oats in small quan- tities, and spreading them thinl}- over the manger, the horses will be induced to masticate them. Those who have watched their operations will find that a greedy-feeding horse will drive his corn up into a heap, and collect with his lips as much as he thinks proper for a mouthful. Little, if any, advantage arises from ciitting hay into chaff, especially for the most valuable kind of hoi'ses. It is done in cart stables to prevent waste, whicli is often enormous in those departments where horses are permitted to pull the hay out of their racks, and tread it under foot. The state of perfection to which the higher classes of the horse have been brought in this country, is attributable to the great attention devoted, during a long period of time, to the selection of the best descriptions for the purpose of perpetuating the species ; the treatment they have received, under the in- fluence of a propitious climate; and the nature of the food with whicii they have been supplied ; greater improvements are capable of being realized by judicious management. With reference to treatment, and the climate of this country, practical experience assures us that the atmosphere is suitable to the constitution of the equine tribe; but the vicissitudes of the elements are so great, that protection is necessary to guard against their eff'ects. This is found to apply, not only to the horse, but to all others of our domesticated animals. Warmth, in connection with a pure and uncontaminated air, is of the utmost importance ; but it is not necessary to enter into the details by which tliat desideratum is to be accomplished. The subject of food requires more minute observations, especially as it is too frequently disregarded, except by breeders of race- horses. The great perfection of the physical powers of the horse is obtained by the due proportion and constituent elements of muscular fibre, bone, and sinew ; and the more these substances 436 THE HORSE. are respectively condensed, so to speak, the greater the amount of power will there exist in a given bulk. Every description of food which is said to contain nutritive properties, abounds more or less, and in various proportions, with elements calcu- lated for the construction of the different substances of which the animal frame is composed. It is therefore important to se- lect those kinds of food which contain the most of these parti- cles convertible into substances which render the animal of the highest value. The growth of animals, the development of their muscles, the texture of their bones, and sinews, depend greatly upon the quality of the food with which they are sup- plied. That which is conducive to the production of fat must be rejected; for, although there is not any kind of food which is convertible into muscle which will not at the same time pro- duce fat, there are many circumstances which render different kinds moi'e abundant with the elements of either substance. This is a wise ordination of nature, for, to a certain extent, fat is essential to the health and the motive powers of the animal, but in excess it is detrimental. On this point cii-cnmspection and experience are valuable acquirements to regulate the con- dition. Wlien a horse is in a manifest state of plethora, it is a certain indication that the food which he receives abounds too copiously with elements conducive to the production of the adipose substance. It will sometimes happen that a horse does not generate a sufficiency of fat ; this may arise from indisposi- tion, the bad quality of the food, or its not being given in suffi- cient quantities. Tliere are certain laws of nature indispensable to animal life, certain functions which must be supported. Physiologists inform us that the nourishment of the body is derived from the ingredients of the blood, two of the principal of which are serum and fibrine. The serum, when condensed or coagulated, forms albumen, the restorative element of fat and jiiuscular fibre ; the fibrine contained in the blood contributes largely to the formation of muscle or flesh. Animal and vegetable fibrine and all)umen are precisely similar, and unless they form compo- nent parts of the food the animal will waste away. Fat, mus- cular fibre, and certain other substances, composing the animal frame, are constantly undergoing the process of exhaustion. NTTTRTTTON OF VARIOTT8 FOOD. 437 tliroTigli the effect of oxygen, which is taken into the system every moment of life by means of the organs of respiration. But no part of that oxygen remains in the body ; it is expelled in the form of carbon and hydrogen, by exhalations from the skin, and the ordinary evacuations. The expenditure of carbon and hydrogen is increased by labor or exercise in an equal ratio as the number of exhalations are accelerated by that ex- ercise. By this process the fat and muscular fibre are constant- ly in a state of exhaustion and renewal, and are supposed to be thoroughly renewed in the course of six or seven months ; de- pendent, however, upon the amount of labor, and the uninter- rupted health of the animal. The more expeditiously this renovation of the system takes place, the more perfect will be the condition of the subject. It is therefore evident that the nutritive matter supplied by the food must exceed the exhaus- tion which takes place in young animals, to occasion their growth and increase the development of muscle and other tis- sues, and with adults it must be equivalent with the exhaustion to maintain the animal in a normal state. It has been ascertained that such vegetable food as affords nourishment to animals abounds most with nitrogen ; and that they require the least of those kinds which contain the largest quantities. But here it must be observed there is a limit to the presentation of food abounding too profusely with nutritive properties, which will speedily affect the animal partaking thereof. The blood-vessels will become distended, and other channels overcharged with an excess of their fluid ; and upon the slightest appearance of the symptoms which indicate a dis- ordered state of the circulation, unless medicines are presented which are calculated to relieve the system from the accumula- tion, aided by temporary abstinence, and indeed change of food, the health of the animal is sure to suffer. Professor Playfair, who has made experiments on the quan- tity of nutritious matter contained in different kinds of food supplied to animals, found that in one hundred lbs. of oats, eleven lbs. represent the quantity of gluten wherewith flesh is formed, and that an equal weight of hay affords eight pounds of similar substance. Both hay and oats contain about sixty-eight per cent, of unazotised matter identical with fat, of 438 THE HORSE. which it must be observed a vast portion passes oif from the animal without being deposited. By this calculation it appears that if a liorse consume daily four feeds of oats and ten pounds of hay, the nutriment which he derives will be equivalent to about one pound eleven ounces of muscle, and thirteen and a half pounds of superfluous matter, which, exclusively of water, nearly approximates the exhaustion of the system by perspira- tion and the various evacuations. Superficial judges of horses do not mark the difference be- tween the appearance of a fat and of a muscular-formed animal. If the bones are covered, the points filled out, and the general contour looks pleasing to the eye, they conceive tliat every re- qiiisite is accomplished. A more fallacious impression cannot exist. A horse of very moderate pretensions, if in perfect con- dition, will prove himself infinitely superior in the quality of endurance or capability to perform work, than one of a higher character which is not in condition. If two horses are ridden side by side, at the moderate pace of seven or eight miles in the hour, on a warm day in the summer, one of which has been taken out of a grass field, and the other fed on hay and corn, the difl'erence will be very soon detected. The grass-fed horse will perspire profusely, yet the other will be cool and dry. This propensity to perspire likewise proves that the syst^ii of the former is replete with adipose deposit, and fluids destined to produce that substance an unnecessary encumbrance, and in such quantities opposed to freedom of action. Under an impression that an abundance of luxuriant grass will increase the flow of milk, it is trequently given to brood mares, but, if it have the effect of producing relaxation, it is ex- ceedingly prejudicial. A moderate portion of good milk is far prei'erable to that which is weak and poor. Thoroughbred mares are not unfrequently deficient in their lacteal secretions, more so than those of a common description. It is obviously necessary that either class should be supplied with good and nutritious food, for the jjur^jose of augmenting it when insuffi- cient, but the nature of the food requires to be regulated by the constitution of the individual. WATERINO THE HOKSE. 439 GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF HOESES. Tlie watering of the liorse is a very important but disre- garded portion of his general management. The kind of water has not been sufficiently considered. The difference between what is termed hard and soft water is a circumstance of general observation. The former contains certain saline principles whicli decompose some bodies, as appears in the curdling of soap, and prevent the decomposition of others, as in the making of tea, the boiling of vegetables, and the process of brewing. It is natural to suppose that these different kinds of water would produce somewhat different effects on the animal frame ; and such is the fact. Hard water, freshlj^ drawn from the well, will frequently roughen the coat of the horse unaccustomed to it, or cause griping pains, or materially lessen the animal's power of exertion. The racing and the hunting groom are per- fectly aware of this ; and so is the horse, for he will refuse the purest -water from the well, if he can obtain access to the running stream, or even the turbid pool. Where there is the power of choice, the softer water should undoubtedly be pre- ferred. Tlie temperature of the water is of far more consequence than its hardness. It will rarely harm, if taken from the pond or the running stream, but its coldness when recently drawn from the well has often been injui-ious ; it has produced colic, spasm, and even death. There is often considerable prejudice against the horse being fairly supplied with water. It is supposed to chill him, to in- jure his wind, or to incaijacitate liim for hard work. It cer- tainly would do so if, immediately after drinking his fill, he were galloped hard, but not if he were suffered to quench his thirst more frequently when at rest in tl;e stable. The horse, that has free access to water, will not drink so much in the course of a day as another, who, in order to cool his parched mouth, swallows as fast as he can, and knows not when to stop. A horse may, with perfect safety, be far more liberally sup- plied with water than he generally is. An hour before his work commences, he should be permitted to drink a couple 4i0 THE H0E8E. of quarts. A greater quantity might probably be objected to. lie will perform his task far more pleasantly and ef- fectively than with a parched mouth and tormenting thirst. The prejudice both of the hunting and the training groom on this point is cruel, as well as injurious. The task or the jour- ney being accomplished, and the horse having had his head and neck dressed, his legs and feet washed, before his body is cleaned he should have his water. When dressed, his corn may be offered to him, which he will readily take ; but water should never be given immediately before or after the corn. CONDITION. It would be incompatible with the limits of this work to enter into voluminous details of the racing stables ; but some leading remarks on the condition of hunters and all other kinds of working horses are requisite. The treatment of hunters has been vastly improved since it was discovered that turning them out to grass during the summer months was highly prejudicial to their future performances. When the hunting season has terminated, rest is acceptable to most horses, and that cannot be conceded to them more conveniently tlian in a loose box, M'ith a yard into which they may be enlarged daily. Tlie state of each animal will determine the necessity for physic, or any applications in the way of blisters or counteractants to the legs. A moderate allowance of corn is indispensable, with a suffi- ciency of hay, but not so much of either as to occasion plethora. Water should always be at hand. Enough has been introduced in these pages on the ill effects of green succulent lierbage ; those who desire to have their hunters in first-rate condition, will reject it, except in very small quantities for certain pur- poses. Towards the latter end of August, one or two doses of mild physic will render the subject in a proper state for grad- ually increased exercise ; and very few which have been treated in this manner will require the abuse of sweating — imperative M'ith those which have been fattened with grass. Thus the legs and constitutions are exonerated from much injury and incon- venience. Two or three hours' walking, and occasional trotting exercise daily, with a steady gallop from two to three miles CONDITION. 441 twice or thrice a week, as the season approaches, will complete the purpose. Clipping or singeing has now become so general, that it is scarcely necessary to make a comment upon the ad- vantages tliey afford ; and to a certain extent, dependent upon the length of coat, one or other of the operations is indispensa- ble. It enables the servants to dress the horses with so much more expedition when they return home after the fatigues of the day. When the country is very deep and wet, and the horse's coat is covered with clay, or other adhesive soil, the plan of washing the animal all over with warm water imme- diately on his return to his stables is recommended. It is a great object to dress a tired hunter as expeditiously as possible, and two men should always be employed for that purpose. The ordeal, which the hunter imdergoes preparatory to his work, is often inconsistent. On the previous day the hay should be moderately apportioned, regulated by the constitution of the animal. On the morning of hunting he should be allowed from six to eight go-downs of water, according to the distance he may have to travel to the place of meeting, and two feeds of corn is as much as he will require. On his return to his stable, he should have, immediately that the bridle is removed from his head, half a bucket of gruel, prepared with linseed, oatmeal, or wheat flour, which requires to be boiled, and a plentiful allowance of bran mash. The preparatory work and treatment of hacks and carriage- horses scarcely varies, if the owner desires to have them in first- rate order. The most extraordinary notions prevail concerning the hardihood of horses, and the best means of securing that valuable faculty. It is alleged that those which are bred in the mountainous districts of Wales and Scotland are highly gifted with this property. It is true they bear exposure to great in- clemency of weather, and live on scanty food. Tims, reasoning by analogy, persons fancy that by demi-starvation and expo- sure to inclemency a hardy animal may be reared. There can- not be a more palpable error. The mountaineers are not able to work in their native state ; they must be well supplied witli good nutriment, when their active services are required, and that, with dry shelter, in a well-ventilated building, is the key- stone to physical power and endurance. 442 THE HORSE. MANAGEMENT OF FARM HORSES. Agriculturists find it to their advantage to keep their horses in the stables and yards throughout the summer, in preference to turning them out into the pasture-fields. The manure which they make more than compensates for the expense of bringing their food to them. In the winter, an allowance of turnips saves a vast quantity of hay and oats, and keeps the animals cool ; they are preferable to carrots. Bran is useful, but it should never be given to them, or to any other horses, without being previously scalded. Carters have a most reprehensible practice of driving their horses into ponds to drink, while at- tached to each other by their gearing or harness ; many have been drowned in consequence. This class of men have also a most abominable propensity for giving drugs of various kinds ; a stern injunction should be laid against it. Tlie plan of cut- ting their hay into chafl' is to be recommended, as it saves waste ; where this is not done, the quantity of food destroyed, but not consumed, in cart stables is enormous. NEW MODE OF SUMMERING IN THE STABLES. . This jilan, first suggested in England by the celebrated sporting writer known as Nimrod, with a view to retaining hunters in condition, and bringing them back to their work with less trouble than under the old method of turning out to grass, is strongly recommended to horse keepers in this country. Tlie extreme heat of the summers, which parches and de- stroys tlie pastures and renders the soil almost as hard as pave- ment, except in marshy situations where the myriads of flies and mosquitoes torment a horse's very life out, renders it, in my opinion, highly inexpedient and even dangerous to turn horses out to grass during the hot weather. In ninety -nine cases out of a hundred, they are brouglit up again in worse plight than they went out, and with their systems debilitated, not reinvigorated. SuMMEEiNO. — Until within tlie last thirty or foi'ty years, hunters were almost always turned out as soon as the first grass SUMMERING HORSES. 443 showed itself, and this kind of food was considered a panacea for all their complaints. After being kept in a warm stable all the winter, and their coats made as line as possible, they were stripped of their clothing as rapidly as their owners dare, and turned out, often without any hovel to run into in cold and wet weather. The result was frequently that in the autumn they came up broken-winded, or sometimes they died in the season- ing ; and in all cases, if healthy, they were fat, pursy, and un- wieldy, and required nearly the whole of the hunting season to fit them for the work they had to do. Certainly, for the pace our forefathers rode, a grass-horse, ill fed with corn also, as was often done, was capable of keeping his place through a run, though with a liberal display of lather ; but as it is notorious that a horse in training requires six months, after leaving the grass-field, to prepare him even for a moderate race, and as it is also well known that a fast thing with hounds is still more try- ing than ft race, so it is evident that this fast thing will require something more than grass-fed horseflesh to carry the possessor safely through it. Hence, the plan has been almost universally abandoned, in great measure owing to the writings of " Nim- rod" — Mr. Apperley — on the subject, and the hunter is now almost always summered in a loose box. Besides, there are other objections to turniug a hunter out at tliis season of the year. It is generally the case that his legs and feet — sometimes one or the other, sometimes all — are inflamed and require rest, blister- ing, firing, &c. Now, if this be the case, the turning out only aggravates the mischief, because these horses are, of all others, the most excited by liberty, from their associating it with their usual occupations-, and galloj^ aboiit, battering their legs on the hard ground, until the original mischief is made ten times greater. If legs or feet are to be mended by turning out, this ought either to be done in the wintei', or into marshes, which are objectionable, because they are peculiarly opposed to the future hard condition of the horse. Upland grasses make the horse flabby enough, but marsh grass is ten times worse. I have turned out many horses in the summer myself, when lame, but I never foimd them to be improved by it, and some have been utterly ruined by their galloping over the hard turf. If they must go out they should be fettered, which stops their gallops, 444 THE HORSE. and is a veiy good preventive at this season of the year. The Nimrodian plan is as follows ; — The lioi'se is gradually cooled down, by taking off his clothing by degrees, and by abstracting his corn, partially or entirely, giving physic, &c., &c. ; all which will require nearly a month, or until the middle of May ; he is then to be jjut into a large, roomy, and airy loose box, with the upper half of the door capable of being constantly left ojjen, or with a strong chain put across the door posts, the door being left entirely open, wliicli is better still, because it allows of a free circulation of air. AVhen thoroughly cooled down, the legs may be blistered or dressed with any of the numerous ap- plications which will be hereafter described. Tan is the best material for the lloor of the box, and if thicklj' spread, serves all the purposes of litter, whilst it keeps the feet cool. Italian rye or Lucerne, or ordinary grass, may be given, at first mixed with an equal quantity of hay, but when the horse is accustomed to them, forming the entire food. Vetches I am not ftfnd of for horses doing no work. If young, they are irritating to the bow- els, and do nothing but scour them ; and if old, they are strong and heating. For coach-horses at work, when given with corn, they answer better than grass, especially when the pods are fully developed ; but for summering the hunter, I prefer some of the grasses or clovers, which are not nearly so heating as vetches. The shoes may be taken oif, and the feet jjared out nicely, removing all broken pieces of horn, and cutting out any sand cracks, seedy toes, &c., to the quick, so as to allow them to be radically cured at this time of complete rest. If the horse is tolerably young and hearty, he will do better for a month or two without any corn at all ; and during that time he will have recovered from the inflammatoiy condition of the system which high feeding inevitably produces. Tlie blistering, firing, or other remedies, have now done their work, and the legs are re- duced in size, with all their old lumjas and bumps almost entirely gone. This will be accomplished by the end of July, or some- times, when the legs are veiy stale, a month later ; until which time the corn is still forbidden, or only given in small quanti- ties, and the whole attention is turned to the removal of the efi'ects of the thorns and battering blows which the legs and feet have sustained during the previous season. But it is by this SUMMERING HOESES. 445 time necessary to begin to restore the corn, and to leave oif par- tially or entirely the green food. By the end of August, at latest, hay should form the principal kind of fodder, with two feeds of oats, or thereabouts, according to the fleshiness of the horse. If he is much wasted, more must be given, and if the re- verse, one feed a day will be enough. The shoes may now be tacked on, and the horse walked out regularly every morning on the grass for an hour or two. In the middle of September the training for the hunting season begins, and at that time the summering may be considered at an end. Water should be constantly sni^plied during the whole summer in the box, so that the horse may di-ink when thirsty. The coat is left entirely undressed. Physic will be required two or three times, or oftener if the stomach is much upset by the long-continued work and fasts of the previous winter. Nothing tries the constitution of the horse more than these long fasts, which are not suited to his small stomach ; this, from its size, requires to be replenished every four hours at most, yet it is often six, eight, or ten before the tired hunter gets even a bucket of gruel, and no wonder, then, that he requires a fortnight to come round for a similar day's work. Condition balls, &c., &c., will rarely be required ; but sometimes, in spite of all the green food and other adjuncts, the stomach remains obstinately out of order, and the food seems to do no good. Here a stimulus or stomachic is required, and a warm cordial stomach-ball, once or twice a week, will be of great service. See Diseases of the Horse. EIDING, DEIVING, AND EOAD MANAGEMENT. It cannot he expected that a novice can be instrncted by any written rules, how to become a practical rider and driver, any more than he can how to sail a boat, or to kill double shots, to a certainty, on the wing. The mere skill in managing and controlling the animals, under the saddle, or before a vehicle of any kind, can be ac- quired only by beginning young, under good instructors, and persevering attentively until habit and experience have become second nature. Even thus, there are some men so constituted, that, whether from constitutional nervousness and timidity, want of temper, tact, judgment, or of the peculiar talent which enables others at once to acquire command over the fears and affections of animals, they can never, either in the saddle or on the driving box, become more than the most moderate performers, awk- ward in manner and appearance, alike, ungraceful, and, to a great extent, inapt to the task they have undertaken. Others, again, have a taculty, or gain a power from the first, so easily that it seems like instinct, which they never lose, even by desuetude or neglect, and which, one might almost say, constitutes them at once horsemen, so soon as they come in contact with a horse. In some sort, genius of a particular kind is necessary to the attainment of great excellence in this, as in many other arts ; and a man, to be a pre-eminent rider, or a first-rate whip, as to be a poet, a musician, a crack-shot, or a general, must be born such, first, and, then be led on step by step, ab ovo. I m I' ' f I . , » I I J ^ EOAD MANAGEMENT. 447 What I have thought it advisable to say, myself, or to com- pile from the works of others in relation to riding, has been given under the heads of Breaking, of Baucher's Horseman- ship, &c., and will, I believe, be found to contain all that is needed on the subject. In regard, however, to driving, nothing similar can be written or taught ; and though I might tell a man how to hold his reins, on which side to mount his driving seat, and on which hand to take his place, all would be to no effect ; and it may be said in a few words, that there is no way of learn- ing to become an excellent driver, except by sitting, often, alongside of a first-rate whip, listening to his instructions, and watching his manipulation of both whip and ribbons for many a day before attempting to assume either, and, when that is done, by working patiently under his instructions, until such time as he shall j^ronounce his pupil capable to go alone. In no other pursuit is it so necessary for one to learn how to stand, before he can go, and to go before he can run, as it is in driving. With regard, however, to management on the road, some advice may be given, which will be advantageous to all novices, and to many of those, even, who consider themselves horsemen, and whips of no common standing. It is so common, that no person who has seen much of trav- elling on roads, either in the saddle or in vehicles, can fail to observe it, that one man will get his hackney, his wagon-horse, or his team, over his ground, to any given distance, at a rapid rate of travelling, say ten or twelve miles an hour, without dis- tressing him, or them, at all ; while another, at an inferior pace, will have his animals worn out before half the distance is ac- complished. This arises from several causes ; the possession by the one of judgment of pace, judgment of ground, quick perception of the manner of his horse's or his team's working, sufficient skill in driving his horses to avoid worrying them, and, if he be using two, or foar, to make all work evenly and alike ; keeping the slow and lazy animal well up to his collar, and the willing, eager animal, hard on his bit ; add to this, the knowledge how to nurse, comfort and care for a horse on the road, and we have all that is necessary to constitute a good horse-master. 448 THE H0E8B. Tlie first tiling towards accom2:)llsliing a journey well, and in good style and good time, is to start well ; and, in order to do that, the horse or horses to be used, being presupposed to be in good condition, should have been fed and watered long enough before the hour of starting to have digested their food ; that is to saj^, to have passed it from the stomach into the intes- tines, so that there shall be no danger of foundering the horse, or breaking his wind, by driving him when he is in nowise fit to be driven. When this is all right, it is still advisable that the driver should, on first taking his horses in hand, let them jog along gently for the first mile and a half of their journey, and he will generally see the animals clearing their bowels and throwing off the digested remains of the last meal ; by the appearance and consistence of which he will readily judge of the fitness of his horse, or team, for the work, which he or they, has, or have to perform. While on the road, the first thing and the most necessary to inculcate, because generally unknown or misunderstood, is that, next to a continual ascent, the hardest road on M'hich horses can possibly travel, is a long dead level — for the reasons, first, that there is a necessity for a constant pressure into the collar, in order to keep the traces tight and the vehicle^ in motion, since the friction will prevent the best running carriage, that can be built, from following ; and second — this being applicable as much to working under the saddle as to going in harness — that the same set of muscles are kept continually at work, in- stead of one set being relieved by another, which is brought into play alternately in the ascent and descent of hills. There having been a long standing dispute on this question, it was solved, some years since, by the officers of one of her Majesty's regiments, quartered at Fredericton, New Brunswick, who instituted a series of experiments with a number of horses, on two tracks, each of fifty measured miles, one on the road covered with snow, undulating over hill and dale, parallel to the river St. Johns, and the other on the snow-covered, icy surface of the river itself ; in which trials, it was found that the horses, which had proved themselves victorious on the road, were in- variabl}' beaten on the river, by the very animals which had ROAD DRIVING. 449 failed against them with the circumstances reversed — and, that, by such considerable distances, and with such ease, as showed the cause to be indisputably the nature of the surface. There is more reason for dwelling on this point, because it is exactly the reverse of what is generally believed to be the case, by tyros ; and because nothing so common as to hear it said — " Oh ! here is a nice stretch of ten or twelve miles, on a dead level ; now is the time to make play " — and to see the string administered, and the horses put along at a spanking pace, over ground which is only less severe than a direct, up- hill dead-pull. On a gently rolling road, by letting the horses go down tlie descent at a good fair trot, with their traces loose, a little faster than it is necessaiy in order to keep them well ahead of the carriage, the latter will have gained such an impetus tliat it will follow them over the bottom and up the first part of the next ascent, by its own previously accpiired velocity; and up to, and even over, the top, by the mere tightening of the traces, with- out any thing like a hard collar-pull. Tiiis is the way in which a good whip, by mei'ely holding his horses sufficiently in hand to prevent their breaking away with him, or coming down in consequence of treading on a rolling stone, will get over a country with just one-half the distress which will be inilicted by another on his horses, who, seeming to be mox-e steady and more cautious, by making his team hold back the carriage, when there is no occasion to do so, will give them the unnecetsary double labor, first of holding back tli£ descending, and then dragging forward the ascending, load, by dint of direct expenditure of animal power, when, if left alone, the same result would have been reached by almost natural causes. In regard to watering horses, again, a great error is con- stantly made, in two ways — first, in letting a horse become partially cool, just enough to be half shivering, before giving it the pail, and then in allowing it to drink a bucket, or even two buckets full, at a draught. Unless water is intensely cold and fresh from a very deep well, there is no danger in allowing a horse to take a few swal lows, while he is in a glow of heat ; provided that he is put in Vol. II.— 29 460 THE HOESE. motion again immediately after taking them ; unless he be exhausted, and in a state of collapse, when cold water is almost certainly fatal ; and when that which he requires is a drench of sherry, or of ale with a dash of spirits in it. Once in ten or twelve miles, a horse travelling fast, say from eight to twelve miles an hour, ought to be watered, with from one to two quarts of water. And it is an excellent plan to put in a couple of stable spoonsful of salt and a handful of oatmeal or Indian meal. K very thirsty, any horse will readily drink this ; but it is highly advisable to accustom them to it, as they will soon come to drink it in the form of thick gruel ; by doing which, while apparently quenching their thirst only, they will take in a very considerable supply of nutriment, enabling them in some measure to dispense with a portion of their solid sus- tenance. As the time of the mid-day halt, at which it is intended to feed, approaches, it is highly desirable to slacken and moderate the pace, when the latter end of the last stage is attained, so as to bring the team in reasonably cool, or, at all events, not reeking with sweat. Should the latter be their condition, it is absolutely and invariably necessary — in any case it is particu- larly advisable — to remove the harness at once, and t^ cause the horse or horses to be walked to and fro gently in the shade, where there maj^ happen to be some slight motion of the air ; but any j)lace in which there is a thorough draft, or a strong cold breeze blowing, is to be avoided as actually dangerous. It is hardly necessarj^, I presume, to add, that the practice, too often resorted to by ignorant hostlers and helpers, in country tavern stables especially, of riding hot and weary horses, just as they come off a stage or journey, into a cold pond or river, up to their bellies, under the impression that they are washing off the dirt and sweat, is, in the last degree, prejudicial and dan- gerous. When the horses are cool, they may be moderately watered, and led into the stable ; where, if dry already, they should be currycombed and nicely wisped, and their legs brushed and hand-rubbed. If still wet, they should be rubbed till perfectly dry, and then, being slightly dressed, should be clothed accoi'd- ing to the season, and fed according to their habit and capacity. FEEDING ON THE EOAD. 451 I have found a fonr-qnart feed of old oats, with the addition of one quart of old Indian corn, an excellent noon feed for horses on hard work. At least half an hour should elapse after the horses have finished their feed, before they are again put to their work ; and when they are on the road again, they should be driven moderately for the first five or six miles — if for the first hour, so much the better. The time apparently so lost, is in reality gained, as the driver will perceive before he reaches the end of his journey, especially if it be one of many days' continuance. The same may be said of the duration of the noon halt, for feeding. It shoidd never be less than an hour and a half ; and if it be of two hours, so much the better. The risk is great of producing founder, if horses be full fed when hot and weary, and nearly as great of breaking their wmds, if they be driven too soon after feeding, before their stomachs are empty. K horses refuse their feed, it is a bad sign. Sometimes, especially if they be old travellers, and up to the tricks of the road, they may be cheated into eating up their oats by harness- ing and bridling them, omitting only to put the bits in their mouths, as if to prepare for an immediate start ; when, fearing to lose the end of their meal, they will often eat up, in a few minutes, a feed which they may have been tossing about, as if unworthy of their notice, in their mangers, for a couple of houi's. Delicate feeders and nervous horses will often be beguiled into eating thrice as much, by throwing only a few handfuls of oats into the manger at a time, and renewing it as fast as con- sumed, as they would do if a large quantity of food were heap- ed before them at once, which seems to disgust them and to cloy their appetites. They can sometimes be induced, again, to eat by throwing a handful of salt into the oats, or by mostening them. If the lat- ter plan be found successful, it is well to do it with a glass of ale instead of water, as it adds to the nutriment of the feed, and is generally grateful to the horse. Most horses will drink ale, or porter, readily from the first. If not, they should be regularly educated to do so; for, at times, it is a most valuable quality in a horse to take it ; as it is a 452 THE HORSE. valuable remedy, in many sndclen diseases, colics, sudden chills, &c. ; and is, at all events, an admirable plan for giving a stimu- lus in times of exhaustion and distress, whether from over work, or accident. I have seen many horses which would greedily eat up a loaf of rye bread, or coarse brown Ijread — Graham's bread, as it is called with us — thrown into a bucket, with half a gallon of ale, or a couple of bottles of brown stout, poured over it, when they would not look at a feed of oats; and the nourishment being double in the former, the gain of having a horse which can be so fed on occasion, is immense. The same system of watering may be followed in the after- noon, as in the morning ; until the inn is reached where the night is to be spent. There, the horses must be thoroughly cleaned, rubbed down, and honestly worked at, until they are not only perfectly clean, dr}^, and comfortable, but until their skins are in a glow, and their coats as fine as silk. Their legs and feet, especially, must be perfectly cleaned, and, above all, thoroughly dried ; any neg- lect of the last point brings the certainty of grease, cracked heels, and what in America is called the scratches. I have found it an excellent way, both as saving much time and labor, and as — which is more to the point — rendering the horse more speedily comfortable, to pilunge his legs, after wisp- ing off the dry mud, instantly into a bucket of water as warm as the hand will comfortably bear it ; to Innish otf all the dirt with a harsh whalebone brush ; to hand-rub them sufficiently to squeeze out the redundant moisture, and then to bandage them closely and tightly, from the fetlock joint upward to the hock or knee, with thick flannel rollers, which should be left on until the following morning ; when, on their removal, the legs tvill be found as clear and as clean, besides being cool, comfortable, and free from fever, as those of a two-3'ear-old. When the horses are clean, dry, clothed, their beds well lit- tered, and themselves made comfortable for the night, they should be watered, their racks supplied with, not to exceed, according to my idea, eight pounds of good, sweet, old hay, and from six to eight quarts of oats. They should not be disturbed during the night ; but, at least CONDITION BAI.L8. 453 two hours before it is time to start, they should be watered, dressed, and fed with from four to six quarts of oats, and the less hay the better ; I should say a few mouthfuls only after the water. If horses happen to be nuich exhausted in the evening, a hot mash of bran and oats is a sovereign remedy ; and if prepared with ale instead of water, so much the better. Where, in addition to exhaustion, from hot weather and hard driving, horses have been exposed to the danger of taking cold, from being drenched by a sudden storm of rain or hail, while heated, as will sometimes occur even in summer time, when among the hills, a cordial ball may be given with good effect. Subjoined is an excellent formula. 1. R. Ground ginger . . . . .1 dr. Gentian 1 dr. Flour 6 drs. Essential oil of cloves ... 6 drops. 2. K. Carraway seed powdered . . .6 drs. Camphor ..... 1 dr. Ginger . . . . . . 1 dr. Oil of cinnamon .... 6 drops. One clove of garlic bruised. Add molasses, or honey, enough to form a ball. The latter of these I consider the better formula. It must be borne in mind, however, that in order to be of service, the cor- dial must be given as soon as possible after the occurrence of the casualty, from which the evil result is. expected. If cold be taken already, and fever have begun, when the cordial is ex- hibited, the consequences must be evil, may be fatal. If horses do not take to ale readily, a few tea-spoonfuls of sugar, mixed with it, will soon induce them to swallow it, greedily enough. By following, precisely, the above plan of driving, while on the road, of timing my halts, watering and baiting stoppages, and regulating my feeding and dressing, I have driven horses many thousand miles in the course of my life, and never have lost one, by any accident, on a joiu-ney, arising from over- driving, over-heating, over feeding, or the reverse, in all the time. 454 TITE HOESE. On one occasion, in the extremely hot summer of 1838, 1 drove a pair of horses, before a sporting wagon, which, loaded, with myself, my friend, my servant and a brace of setters in- cluded, weighed something over seventeen hundred weight, from the city of New York, to Niagara Falls and back, includ- ing excursions to slioot, and deviations from the route. We were forty-one days on the road, and averaged forty-seven miles a day, the horses not standing still, or resting, a single day ; and, on the last day, having slept at Newburgh, we crossed the river to Fishkill landing, and thence by Fishkill village drove to the city, which we reached at ten o'clock in the evening, neither of the horses having been oif their feed, or out of spirits for an hour, during the whole journey, and both being tatter and bet- ter— not to speak of their being in their hardest possible condi- tion, and fit for any amount of work — than they were when we set out. I feel, therefore, more than a little confidence in recom- mending, to my friendly readers, the foregoing few, brief hints, as equal to any for the keeping horses in health and condition, during a journey, by a simple and easy system of road manage- ment. TREATISE ON HOESE-SHOEING. The following simply written and unpretending essay on horse- shoeing, by William Miles, Esq., is so infinitely superior in all respects to every thing I have yet seen on the subject, that I have eagerly availed myself of the opportunity of embodying it in my work. His plan of shoeing is indisputably correct, founded on scientific principles, and proved by experience. There is no part of his instructions and conclusions which are not of great value ; but the method he advises of securing the shoe by five nails only, so as to admit of the contraction and expansion of the hoof, impresses me most favorably of all. His language is so simple, his advice so lucidly expressed, and his exj^lanatory cuts so j)lain, that the commonest country blacksmith, if he choose to discard obstinate and groundless prejudice, can work by them with certainty of success. When it is considered liow much of foot lameness is due to ignorant shoeing, the full importance of the subject cannot be questioned. I will only add, that I have neither presumed to insert nor to erase a word ; and that, without a note or comment, I sub- mit this system of Mr. Miles to my readers, as the best possi- ble, and urge its adoption on all my friends, wlio are also friends of the horse ; — " HoESE-SHOEiNG. — It has been suggested to me, by several correspondents, that a plain, practical treatise on horse-shoeing, divested of all other matters, connected with the soundness of the 456 THE H0K8E. horse's foot, would be very acceptable to many working smiths, who have neither the time nor the inclination to wade through a work where, what they want to find is mixed up with other matters, wjiich do not bear upon their vocation. To the pro- duction of such a treatise I now set myself, iu the hope that, however much I may fall short of my wishes, I may still in some degree supply a want which has long been felt by many. The books at present in use are written in a style tliat most smiths find it diflicult to follow ; my aim, therefore, sliall be to convey the information I have to oft'er in the simplest language I can command, and such as the least-informed among them are familiar with. But, before I enter upon the subject of shoeing, I must notice two things, which we must not only believe, but act upon, if we ever hope to arrive at really good shoeing; the first is, that nature has given to what horsemen call a good- shaped foot, the form best suited to the horse's wants ; and the second is, that the hoof expands when the horse's weight is thrown upon it, and contracts when it is taken oflT again. But the mere belief in these things will be of no use, unless we make the shoe to fit the foot, and nail it on in such a manner as will allow the hoof to expand and contract ; for we might as well not believe at all, as believe a thing to be right, and not do it. Nailing an iron shoe to a living horse's foot is a very unnatu- ral thing to do ; but, as it must be done, it is our duty to see how we can do it with tiie least injury to the horse. To show this, I will suppose myself addressing a young smith, who is about to shoe his first horse. Peepaeing the Foot. — You must begin by taking off one of the old shoes, and I may say one, because the other should al- ways be left on, for the horse to stand upon ; he is sure to stand quieter xipon a shod foot than he can upon a bare one ; and it will prevent his breaking the crust. Eaise every one of the clenches with the buffer, and, if the shoe will not then come off easily, loosen some of the nails with the punch ; but never tear the shoe off by main force ; it splits the crust and widens the nail-holes. The shoe being oft', you should rasp the edge of the hoof all around, and take out any stubs that may be left in the crust. Then you must pare out the foot ; and this re- PEEPAErNG THE FOOT. 457 qnires both care and tlionght. If the liorse has a strong, np- right toot, with plenty of liorn, you should shorten the toe, lower the heels and crust, and cut out the dead horn from the sole, and also from the corners between the heels and the bars ; the best way of doing this is to pare the bars down nearly even with the sole, and then you can get at the dead horn in the cor- ners more easily. The part of the bar which stands up above the sole would have been worn away, or broken down, if the shoe had not kept the hoof off the ground ; therefore you had better always pare it down, but on no account ever cut any thing away from the sides of the bars, or what is called " open out the heels ; " and be sure that you never tough the frog with a knife. Now remember that there are three things which you must never do in paring out a foot ; you must never cut the sides of the bars, or open out the heels, or pare the frog ; and I will tell you why you must never do them. The bars are placed where thej^ are, to keep the heels from closing in upon the frog ; and if you trim them by cutting their sides, 3'ou weaken them, and they can no longer do it, and the foot begins to contract. Opening out the heels does exactly the same thing, by weakening the very parts which nature placed there to keep the heels apart. Now it takes some time to contract a hoise's foot so as to lame him, and, because the contraction comes on by slow degrees, no one notices it, until the horse falls lame, and then every one wonders what can have done it ; but very few hit ujjon the right cause. The frog is a thick, springy cushion, whose chief use is to protect a very important joint, called the navicular joint, and it is covered by a thin laj^er of horn, to keep in the moisture ; and every time you slice off any of the frog, you lay bare a part that was never meant to be exposed to the air, and it di'ies, and cracks, and forms rags, which are cut off at eveiy fi-esh shoeing, until the whole frog becomes as dry and hard as a board ; and the horse gets an incurable disease, called " navicular disease ; " therefore I say, leave the frog alone ; it will never grow too large, for, long before that would happen, the outer covering will shell oft', and a new homy covering will 458 THE H0E8E. be found underneatli ; and as to tbe rags, leave them alone also, and they will fall off of themselves. A weak, flat foot will bare very little paring or rasping ; the crust of such a foot is sure to be thin at the toe, low at the heels, and the sole thin and weak ; therefore, the less you do to it the better, beyond getting rid of the little dead horn there may be, and making the crust level where it is to bear upon the shoe ; this must be done to all feet, and, as ' the inner quarter, where there should be no nails, does not wear away as fast as the outer quarter, where the nails are driven, you should al- ways place a rasp upon its edge across the foot, to be quite sure tliat the two sides are level. I have known shoes lost from the inside quarter being higher than the outside, and causing the foot to bear unevenly on the shoe. Before you pare out a foot, you should alwaj's think of the state of the roads ; and if they ai'c dry, and covered with loose stones, or have been lately repaired, you should take very little off the sole of any foot, because, if you thin it, the stones will bruise it; but when the season is wet, and the stones worn in, you may pare out the sole of a strong foot until it will yield to hard pressure from your thumbs ; but you must never ])are it thin enough to yield to light pressure. Tlie annexed cut shows a good-shap- ed near fore foot, pared out ready for shoeing. I have introduced letters against the differ- ent parts. The toe " reaches from A to A, the letter B shows the middle of each quarter, and C marks the heels. You will observe that the crust is thicker on the outer quarter, Figure 1. THK SHOE. 459 where the nails should be, than it is on the inner quarter, where a nail must never be driven ; and you will also see that the hoof is not a circle, as some suppose, but is straighter on the inside than it is on the outside. D marks the sole ; E shows the dip- per part of the bars, pared down nearly level with the sole. F shows that part of the bars which must never be touched by a knife; G marks the frog, and is placed just over the situation of the navicular joint. I would advise you to examine this frog well, because it is what every horse's frog should look like, — phmip, and full, and even, with a broad, shallow cleft, not split through at the back part ; and, if you shoe your horses properly, and never pare the frog, it is what their frogs will come to in time. The Shoe. — Before I talk about the shoe, I must settle names for the upper and under surfaces ; because I fear I should mislead those who are not smiths, if I call the part that rests upon the ground " the upper surface," as smiths do ; I shall therefore call that part of the shoe "the ground surface;" and the part which goes next the foot I shall call " the foot surface ; " and then there can be no mistake as to which surface I mean. In turning your store shoes " in the rough," you should leave them longer at the heels than smiths generally do ; we shall see the reason for it when we come to " fitting the shoe ; " and you should make the web as wide at the heels as it is at the toe, and of the same thickness throughout from the toe back to the heels. The "fuller" should be carried quite round the shoe to the heels, and the fuUering-iron should have both sides alike. It is a far better tool than the one- sided iron in common use, which is generally so narrow and sharp that it not only makes the groove too small for the heads of the nails to sink into, but it often splits the shoe. A narrow groove may look neater than a wide one ; but you will find a wide one much more useful. Choosing a Shoe. — Tlie first thing to look to in choosing a shoe is the kind of foot yoii have to deal with. If the foot is a strong, good-shaped one, it will be an easy matter to find a shoe for Figure A. 460 THE HOE8E. it ; only take care tliat the web is not tot) narrow, and that the shoe is not too light. A light shoe is apt to bend before it is half worn out ; and tlie pain cansed by tJie pressure of the bent nails against the tender lining of the hoof throws tlie horse down, and most likely breaks his knees. If the foot should be flat, with a weak, brittle crust, you must still Figure B. choosc a stout slioe ; for a horse with such a foot (•< 'uld not go at all upon a bent shoe ; and the shoe must have a wide web, because the sole is sure to be thin and will need plenty of cover to protect ii. You must also look to the seating ; for, if the loot is weak and flat, the shoe must be well seated I'Ut, to prevent its pressing upon and bruising the -I lie ; but if the foot is strong, and the sole arched, iliere need not be more seating than will allow tlie point of a picker to pass freely round between ihe sole and the shoe; otherwise dirt and small -lones will get in, and bruise the sole as much as the shoe would do if it pressed upon it. Cutting off the Heels. — Having fixed upon a shoe to your mind, begin b}'' cutti^ig oft" the heels ; and you will find a half-round cliisel a better tool for the purpose than a B straight one, because you should never cut them oft* square ; if you do, you will find it impossible to fit the shoe properly to the heels, and at the same time keep the web as wide t the heels as it is at the 1 3e ; for one of the corners of the shoe will be stick- into the frog, while the other stands out beyond the crust ; but if you cut them off as shown in fig- ure 2, you will have no difliculty in bringing eveiy part of the Figure 2. CUTTING OVF THE HEELS. 461 shoe into its proper place upon the foot. Figure 2 is a shoe turned in the rough ; and the dotted lines show the direction in The side next the frog Figure S. which the heels should he cut olf. should he cut off from C to B, aud the outer cor- ner from A to B, and then the shoe will look like figure 3, which, with a little hammering over the beak of the anvil, will soon come like figure i ; you will see that the points, marked A in fig- ure 3, have disappeared in figure 4, and that the parts between A and E on each side have become a portion of the outer rim of the shoe, whereby the outer rim is lengthened, and the inner rim shortened; and there are no corners left to inter- fere with your following Figure 4. a the sweep of the heels, and you are enabled to keep the web as wide at the heels as it is at the toe. I have introduced figure 4 in this place, because it gave me the opportunity of explaining the reason for cutting off the heels as I have directed ; but at this stage of the business it is a good plan always to leave the quarters and heels rather straight, and wide apart, until you have fitted the toe ; because it is less trouble to bring them in than it is to open them out after the front has been fitted. The Nail-Holes. — You must next open the nail-holes; but 4:6'2 THE HOESE. l)e sure that they have been stamped so as to pass straight through the shoe, and come out in the flat part of the weh, and not partly in the flat and partly in the seating. It is a very bad plan to make them slant inwards, as most smiths do ; for iu driving a nail they have first to pitch the point inwards, then turn it outwards, driving it all the time tcith the grain of the crust, and at last they bring it out high up in the thinnest part of the hoof, and have the weakest part of' the nail for a clinch. Now, instead of all this, if you make the holes straight through the shoe, you have only to drive the nail straight, and it Mill go through the shoe across the grain of the crust and come out low down in the thickest part of the hoof, and give you a strong clinch made out of the shank of the nail instead of a weak one made out of the point. Tlie advantage of straight holing is that you are sure never to prick the fool in driving a nail, and you get a firmer hold for the shoe. Everybody knows that a short purchase across the line of the strain is stronger than a longer one in the direction of the strain. The soundness of the horse's foot, as far as shoeing is con- cerned, depends more upon the number of nails and where they are placed than upon any thing else ; for if the shoe is ever so badly formed, and the uail-holes are lightly placed, very little harm will happen to the foot beyond the loss of a shoe ; but if the shoe is of the best possible shape, and fitted to the foot in the most pei-fect manner, unless the nail-holes are placed so that the foot can expand, it must in the end become unsound. The portion of hoof that expands the most is the inner quar- ter and heel. You must therefore leave those parts free from nails ; and the way to do it is never to stamp more than two holes on the inside of the shoe, one about an inch and a quarter from the centre of the toe, and the other about three-quarters of an inch behind it. It is quite clear that, if you nail both sides of a horse's hoof to an iron shoe, the hoof will be held fast, and cannot expand ; and, when the horse's weight forces the bones of the foot down into the hoof, the tender lining of the hoof will be squeezed against the shanks of the nails, and cause pain to the horse at every step he takes. The whole number of nail holes should never exceed five ; three on the outside, and two on the inside. I have proved, over and over again, that five FI'lTING THE SHOE. 463 nails will hold on a fore-shoe at any kind of work, in any coun- try and at any pace. If a shoe is properly fitted to the foot, and fastened by five nails, nothing but the smith's pincers can get it off. Having cut off the heels and opened the nail-holes, you must next turn up a clip at the toe. Every shoe should have one at the toe ; it keeps the shoe steady, and prevents its being forced back. But you never should put one at the side ; for if it is jDut on the inside, it prevents the hoof exjjanding ; and on the outside it is worse than useless, for the nails there are quite suf- ficient to keep the shoe from working across the foot, and the clip will interfere Mith the placing of one of the nails, and de- stroy more of the crust than two nails would do. Fitting the Shoe. — You must never forget that " fitting the shoe " means making the shoe fit the foot, and not making the foot fit the shoe, as I have often seen done. It is a bad plan to try to fit the whole of the shoe at once ; it is much better and saves a great deal of trouble to fit the toe first, then the quarters, and lastly the heels ; but, before you begin to fit the toe, take a look at the old shoe, and see how much of the toe of it is worn away, because just so much of the new shoe should be turned away from the ground out of the line of wear. We all know that horses go better and stumble less in old shoes tlian they do in new ones ; and the reason why they do so is because they have worn away the toe, and no longer jar the foot by striking the toe against hard substances in the road. A new shoe turned up at the toe is the same thing to a horse as an old one worn down, but with this great difference to his comfort — that he is easy upon the new one from the time it is first put on, whereas he was never easy upon the old one until he had worn the toe away. When a horse wears his shoe hard at the toe, it is the cus- tom of most smiths to weld a lump of steel on to it, to make him longer in wearing it away ; but this only increases the jar to his foot, while turning up the toe makes the shoe last quite as long, and saves the horse from a great deal of unnecessary suf- fering. A strong foot will bear tlie toe to be turned up a good deal ; but a flat foot is always weak at the toe ; and will not 464 THE HOE8E. bear much. Still, the shoe should be turned up a little, so as to clear the ground; the horse will travel safer and better for it. You can make a very handy tool for turning up the toe of a shoe hj shutting a piece of iron, live inches long and one inch broad, crosswise on to each blade of a pair of smith's tongs ; with this tool you will be able to grasp both limbs of the shoe Figure 5. ■^^^^■«st>^^^>- at once, and not only turn up the toe over the end of the anvil, but restore the seating at the toe without bending the shoe or putting it out of shape, which you could not do by holding one limb at a time in a common tongs, without a great deal of trou- ble. The accompanying cut, figure 5, shows you this tool in use, with the ground-surface of the shoe uppermost for turning up the toe ; and you have only to reverse it, keeping the same FITTING THE SHOE. 465 grasp of the shoe, and the foot-surface will come uppermost, ready to have the seating made good. I will now suppose that you have shortened the toe of the hoof, rasped away the crust to receive the turned-up shoe, cut a notch for the clip, and turned up the toe of the shoe ; you had better next spring the heels to prevent their burning the back part of the crust while you are fitting the shoe to the fore part; but you must bring them down again before you fit the quarters and heels, and never leave them sprung when the shoe is nailed on. You must now put the toe of the shoe in the fire, and make it hot enough to mark the uneven portions of horn, which should be rasped away until an even bed is left for the shoe to rest upon. You need not fear to burn the toe of a strong foot ; it can do no harm ; but a weak foot with a thin crust of course will not bear much burning. Still, the shoe should be made hot enough to scorcli the horn and show where it fails to fit close. "When the toe is more properly fitted, there will be very little trouble in fitting the quarters and heels. You have only to bring them in over the beak of the anvil, until the edge of the shoe ranges with the edge of the hoof back to the farthest point of the heel on each side, and continue the same sweep until it nearly touches the frog. There must be none of the shoe left sticking out beyond the hoof, either behind or at the sides of the heels. I know that a great many smiths are very fond of what are called " open-heeled shoes," which means shoes with straight heels, wide apart, and projecting beyond the hoof, both behind and at the sides ; and the only reason I have ever heard in fa- vor of such shoes is a very bad one, — viz. ; that the horse re- quires more support at the heels than he gets from the hoof. But you may depend upon it that nature has made no mistake about it ; and if the horse really wanted more support than he gets from the heels of the hoof, he would have had it. But I think I shall prove to you that this kind of shoe, instead of be- ing a benefit to the hoi'se, is a positive evil to him ; it interferes with his action, and exposes his sole and frog to serious injury from stones in the road, and the projecting portions of the shoe Vol. II.— 30 466 THE HORSE. Figure 6. become ledges for stiff ground to cling to and pull the shoe off. More shoes are lost through these mischievous projections at the heels tlian from all other causes put together. Let us see how it is that tliese projecting heels interfere with the horse's action. It is not necessary for this purpose to trouble yon with the anatomy of the foot, but merely to state that all its parts are joined to each other in such a manner as to form one great spring, and that the foot is joined to the leg by the pastern and coronet bones in a direction slanting forward, which brings the foot a little in advance of the leg, and places the heels in front of a line dropped from the centre of the fetlock joined to tlie ground. Figure 6. — 1. The shank or canon bone. 2. The pastern bone. 3. The coronet bone. 4. The sessamoid bone. A. Tlie point where the weight of the horse would fall upon the upper end of the pastern bone. B. Tlie point where a line dropped from A would meet the ground. C. The heel of the hoof. Now, it is clear that the weight of the horse will fall upon the upper end of this slanting pastern bone at every step ; and the bone, having a joint at each end of it, will sink to the weight thus thrown upon, it and break the force of the shock both to the leg and foot ; but if the heels of the shoe are longer than the heels of the hoof, the jDrojecting pieces of iron will meet the ground farther back than the natural heels would have done, and will check the sinking of the pastern bone, just as an U2:)right pastern does, by bringing the heels too much under the centre of the weight, which causes the horse to step short and go stumpy. If you wish to avoid these evils and keep the horse's shoes on his feet, you must bring in the heels, and let the shoe strictly follow the form of the foot, whatever that form may be. The part of the foot that needs protection from injury, more than any other, is the " navicular joint," which rests upon the FITTING THE SHOE. 467 frog aliout an inch or an inch and a quarter behind its point ; and the only way to protect it is to keep the web of the shoe as M-ide at the heels as it is at the toe, and to bring in the heels until they nearly touch the frog. By so doing you lessen the opening of the shoe, and the web of one side or the other will strike upon the stones in the road and save the frog from corn- ing with full force upon them. But open-heeled shoes leave the frog entirely exposed to very large stones, and cause many a bruise to the navicular joint, which lays the foundation of future incurable lameness. I have often seen shoes so wide at the heels, that I h.ave placed my clenched hand within the opening of the shoe with- out touching either side of it ; and where my fist could go a stone as large could go. Another great advantage of bringing in the heels and fitting the shoe close, is the certainty that the horse will not cast his shoe ; you leave nothing for stifi" ground to lay hold of, and, if you slightly bevel the inside quai'ter and heel of the shoe from the foot downwards, no ground in the world can piill it off, for the foot, exi^anding to the weight of the horse, enlarges the hole made by the shoe, and leaves more space for the shoe to come out of than it made for itself to go in at ; but if the shoe pro- jects beyond the hoof at any part, and more particularly at the heels, the foot cannot fill the hole made by the shoe, and stiff clay will cling round the projection and pull the shoe off. Having so far finished the shoe, place it on the face of the anvil with the toe hanging over the side, and see that the foot- surface of the quarters and heels are quite level ; then make it hot enough to scorch the hoof all round and form a bed for it- self; without this it would be next to impossible to ensure close fitting ; for, after you have made the foot as level as 3'ou can with the rasp, and the shoe as level as you can on the anvil, the chances are very much against their fitting like two planed boards, as they ought to do ; and the quantity of horn to be thus removed is so small as not to be worth thinking about. It is a mistake to suppose that a hot shoe injures the hoof; it does nothing of the kind ; and you cannot possibly fit a shoe prop- erly without making it hot. I would not have you burn a shoe into its place on the foot, before you had taken care to 468 THE H0E8E. Figure ' make both the foot and the shoe as level as you could ; but when you have done that, the small quantity of burning that is necessary to make them come close together can do no harm. I have said before that a weak, thin crust will not bear as much heat as a strong one, and that the shoe should be applied less hot to it ; nevertheless, it must be scorched, that you may be sure the shoe fits properly. When you have cooled the shoe, you should " back-hole " it, — that is, make a free opening on the foot-surface for the nails to pass through ; but mind that in doing so you do not make the holes incline inwards, by breaking down the inner edge of the holes more than the outer edge. Before you " file Tip " the shoe, hold it firmly in its place on the foot with both hands, and examine care- fully whether any li^^it appears be- I ween the foot and ilie shoe, and if vi lu shAuld per- ci'ive any, alter the !-hoe at once ; for the crust must bear upon the shoe all round before you cau say that the ^lioe fits the foot as it ought to do. Filing up the Shoe. — Much time is often wasted in pol- ishing the shoe with the file before it is nailed on ; but all that is really needed is to get rid of the burs about the nail-holes, remove the sharj) edges of the shoe, and round ofl' the heels ; taking care to apply the file hard to that part of both heels which comes next to the frog, so as to slant it from the ground upwai-d and away from the frog ; but you must not narrow the groimd-snriiLce of the web at the heels in doing so. The ac- FILLING UP THE SHOE. 469 \ conipan3diig cuts, figures Y and 8, represent botli snrfiices of a near fore-shoe ; Fig. 7 shows the foot-surface, and I'ig. 8 the ground-surface. In Fig. 7, A is the chj) at the toe, B 1 the outer quarter, B 2 tlie inner quar- ter, C 1 the outer heel, C 2 the inner heel, D the seating, E the flat surface for the crust to bear upon, F the heels bevelled ofi" away from the frog. In Fig. 8, A is the toe, turned up out of the line of wear, B 1 the outer and B 2 the inner quarter, C 1 the outer and C 2 the inner heel, D the ground-surface of the web, as wide at the heels as it is at the toe, E the fullering, carried all round the shoe. Nails. — I must say a few words about the nails before we come to nailing on the shoe ; because the nails in common use are as badly formed as they well can be. Their short wedge- shaped heads, wide at the top and narrow at the bottom, with shanks springing suddenly from the head without any shoulder, and ending in a long, narrow point, are most unsafe to trust a shoe to. The head of such a nail can never perfect!}^ till the hole in the shoe, for the wide top gets tied either in the fuller- ing, or the upper part of the hole, before the lower part has reached the bottom, and when the head is about half worn away, the lower part is left loose in the hole and the shoe comes off. Now the nails I advise you to use — and you had better always make them for yourself — should have heads which are straight-sided at the upper part, and gradually die away into the shank at the lower part, so as to form a shoulder which will \ "/ 470 THE HORSE. Figure 9. ] block the opening made in " back-holding " the shoe, and keep the shoe firmly in its place until it is quite worn out. If 3'ou compare the two nails I have drawn, you will at once see which promises the firmer hold. Your nails should be made of the very best nail-rods you can get, and the_y should not be cooled too quickly, but be left spread about to cool by degrees ; the longer in rea- son they are cooling, the tougher they will become. They should not, however, be al- lowed to lie in a heap to cool ; the mass keeps in the heat too long, and makes them almost Bas brittle as if they had been cooled too sud- denly. Nailing on the Shoe. — If the nails are of a proper shape, the holes straight through the shoe, and the shoe fits the foot, it requires very little skill to nail it on ; only put the point of the nail in the middle of the hole, keep the nail upright and drive it straight ; it must come out in the right place, low down in the crust, without the possibility of wounding the sensitive parts of the foot. Tlie shank of the nail will pass straight through the substance of the crust and gain a good firm hold of it, leaving you the strongest part from which to form a clinch. The clinches should be short and broad, and not thinned by rasping away any of their substance, but hammered at once into a notch made in the hoof under each, and the rasp should never be allowed to go over them after ihey have been ham- mered down ; for the shai"p steel rasp is very apt to cut through the soft iron clinch just wliere it turns down, and leave the ap- pearance of a clinch, when in truth it has been cut ofi" at the bend, and the loose end onlj'' remains buried in the notch in the hoof. You will do good by rasping helow the clinches, because you will remove the horn that has been destroj'ed by the former nails; but on no account ever use the rasp above the clinches. If you do, you will tear ofli" the thin outer covering of the hoof, which is placed there for the purpose of retaining the natural moisture and keeping the horn tough ; and if you rasp it away I NAILING ON THE SHOE. 471 you will expose the horn to the air, and it will soon become dry and brittle, and make the lioof difficult to shoe. This thin cov- erins; of the hoof is ,., , , . . Figure 10. like the shining cov- ering of a man's fin- ger-nail ; and most people know from experience how dry and brittle and easily broken a finger-nail becomes when by any accident it loses that covering. The cuts, here- with, Figs. 10 and 11, represent the ground surface of a near fore foot with the shoe nailed on by five nails. Fig. 10 shows the shoe in its place on the foot, and Fig. 11 represents the same shoe made transparent, so that the parts of tlie foot that are covered by it are seen through it. A shows the crust, B the bars, and C the heels of the hoof supported by the shoe. I have invariably found that corns disappear altogether from a horse's foot after it has been shod two or three times in this manner, and that they never return while the same method of shoeing is con- tinued. Shoeing with Leather. — Many tendei'-footed horses travel best with a covering over the sole, and leather is commonly used for the purpose ; but I think gutta percha a quarter of an inch thick, or waterproof felt of the same thickness, answer better, because they both resist wet and do not alter their shape as leather does. When leather is wetted it becomes soft, and heavy, and yielding; but in drying again it contracts and hard- ens, causing a frequent change of pressure on the frog, which does not happen with either of the other two substances. I have used felt for the last three or four years, and prefer it very 472 THE HOESB. much. But whichever covering j'oii use, it must be put on in the same way ; so I will at once tell you how to do it. You must lit the shoe to " ■ the foot with as much care as if nothing were to be put under it ; and when it is "filed up," and ready to be put on, lay it with the foot-surface downward on the covering, whatever it may be, and mark the form of the shoe upon it with the end of the drawing-knife ; then cut the piece out, put it in its place upon the shoe, and fix them both in the vice, which will hold them close together, while you carefully cut the edge of the covering until it agrees with the edge of the shofe ; then turn them in the vice together, so as to bring the heels of the shoe uppermost, and cut out a piece slightly curved downward from heel to heel, that nothing may be left jirojecting for the ground to lay hold of. The next thing to do is to smear the whole ot the under surface of the foot well with Barbadoes tar mixed with a little grease ; but be sure that you never use gas-tar in- stead of the other ; for it dries up the horn and nuikes it as hard as flint, while Barbadoes tar keeps it moist and tough. Then you must fill the hollow between the frog and the crust on both sides with oakum — which is better for the purpose than tow— dipped in the tar, pi-essing it well into the hollow until the mass rises above the level of the frog on each side ; but never put any oakum upon the frog itself, excepting a piece in the cleft to prevent the dirt and grit working in ; very little is ever wanted on the sole in front of the frog. The use of the oakum is to protect the foot, but more especially the navicular THE HIND SHOE. 47S Figure 12. joint, which lies above and across the frog, from being jarred by stones on a hard road ; and tlie best way of doing this is to fill the space on each side of the frog with oakum in such a manner that it shall share the pressure with the frog, and j^re- vent the full force of the shock from falling on the navicular joint. The usual mode of stopping a foot is to place a thick wad of tow over the whole surface of sole and frog together, making bad worse, by adding to the projection of the frog, and causing it to meet the ground sooner, and receive the full force of the jar. You must now nail on the shoe with five nails, exactly as you would do if there was nothing under it ; and if you have attended to the fit- ting, there will be no fear of the shoe shifting or coming off. The cut, Fig. 13, shows a foot stojjped, ready for shoeing. The ends of the oak- um placed in the cleft of the frog are collected together and carried across the body of the frog, to be mixed with the oakum on one side, which keeps it in its place in the cleft, and prevents it from working out behind. Fig. 13 shows a foot properly shod with leather, and also the shape to which the leather should be cut between the heels of the shoe. The Hind Shoe. — ^The hind shoe, like the fore shoe, should be brought in at the heels, and be made to follow the exact 474 THE HOESE. Figure 13. shape of the hoof; but, as the weight of the horse falls differ- ently upon the hind feet to what it does upon the fore feet, and as the rider often obliges the horse to stop suddenly and without any warning when he is least pre- pared to do 80, it be- ;oraes necessary to ;uard against strains if the hock and back- inews, by raising the heels of the shoe; but this should be done in such a man- ner as will give both heels an even bear- ing upon the ground. Calkins may be, and, I believe, are, useful to heavy draught- horses, but they are objectionable for fast work; and turning down the outside heel alone should never be done ; it throws the weight upon the inner quarter, which is the least able to bear it, and strains the fetlock joint. The plan I have adopted for many years is to have the last inch and a half toward the heel forged thicker than any other part of the shoe ; the heels are then made red-hot, and the shoe is put in the vice with the hot heels projecting, which are beaten down with a hammer until they are about an inch long, and then the sides are made even and the foot and ground-surfaces level on the anvil. I have found horses travel pleasanter and receive less damage to their hocks, back-sinews, and fetlock joints, with these heels to their hind shoes, than they have with any others that I have tried. The toe of the hind shoe is exposed to great wear, and should be made stout and thick, and rather pointed, with a small clip in the middle, to prevent the shoe from being driven backward ; and the back edge of the web should be rounded THE HIND SHOE. 476 off, to guard against " overreacli." The toe should rest fairly on the ground, to enable the horse to get a good j^urchase for throwing his weight forward. It is a bad phm to make the toe broad, and to place clips at the side of it ; it is almost sure to cause tbe very evil it was intended to prevent, by making the horse •' forge," as it is called. Many persons think that " forging " is caused by the front of the toe of the hind shoe striking against the heel of the fore shoe ; but that is a mistake. The sound is produced in this way ; when the horse raises his fore foot from the ground, and does not instantly throw it forward, but dwells iu the action, the hind foot, following quickly, is forced into the opening of the fore shoe before the fore foot gets out of the way ; and the corners of the broad toe, made still broader by the clips at the sides, are struck against the inner rim of the web of the fore shoe on each side just behind the quarters, and cause the unjjleasaut clicking sound. The only way to avoid this dis- agreeable noise is to make the hind shoe narrow at the toe, and rather pointed, with the clip in the centre ; and then the point of the toe, clip and all, will enter the opening of the fore shoe held up to receive it, and be stopped by the sole or frog before any part of the two shoes can come together, and the noise will cease. I have said that you should round off the back edge of the web at the toe to prevent an " overreach." It is commonly sujiposed that this also is done by the fro?it of the toe ; whereas, it is always done by the hack edge, which in a well-worn shoe you will find is as sharp as a knife. Now, if the horse iu gal- loping does not lift his fore foot from the ground, and throw it forward in time to make way for the hind foot, the hind foot overreaches it, and cuts a piece out of the soft parts above the heel, and produces a very troublesome wound. The hind foot expands less than the fore foot ; still, you should place the nail holes so as not to confine the foot. I have found four nails on the outside and three on the inside sufficient to hold any hind shoe firmly to the foot The holes on the in- side should be stamped closer together than tliose on the out- side, and they should be placed forward toward the toe, so as to leave the inside quarter and heel free to expand. A small foot 476 THE HORSE. Figure 14. Figure 15. may be shod with three nails on each side ; but no foot requires more than seven altog-ether. The two cuts, on this page, represent a near hind shoe. Fig. 14 shows a level sur- face for the foot to rest upon, the raised heels and the thick- ened toe, with a small clip in the cen- tre. Fig. 15 shows the toe rather pointed, the back edge rounded, and the nail holes properly placed. Cutting. — Horses strike their feet against the oppo- site leg in such a variety of ways, both before and behind, that it is impossi- ble to form a shoe that would suit every case of " cutting." I therefore ad- vise you, whether the horse cuts before or behind, to fasten something like a boot covered thickly with wetted jiipeclaj' over the place where he strikes the leg, and then trot him along the road ; he will soon pick off some of the pij^eclay with the opposite foot, and show you the exact part of the shoe he strikes with, which you can easily alter in the new shoe ; and you will often be surprised to see how small a matter causes the mischief. Removing. — The time at which a horse's shoes should be removed must depend very much upon circumstances. If a horse wears his shoes out in less than a month, they had better not be removed ; and horses with thin, weak horn, which grows slowly, are likewise better left alone between each shoeing, un- GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. 477 less tlieir shoes last six or seven weeks, in which case they should be removed once within the time ; but horses with strong feet and plenty of horn, that wear their shoes a full month, should have them removed at the end of the first fort- night ; and when horses are doing so little work, or wear their shoes so lightly that they last two months, they should be re- moved every fortnight, and at the second removal the shoes should be put in the fire and refitted, or the feet will outgrow the shoes ; as the horn grows much quicker when a horse is idle than it does when he is in full work. Having now gone carefully through all the circiimstances necessary to good shoeing, and stated the reasons why certain things should always be done, and certain other things never done, I will repeat shortly the few things which are to he clone in the order in which they occur ; and you will find that they are really very few when separated from the reasons and ex- planations. Raise the clinches with the bufler. Have only one foot bare at a time. Pare out the foot ; but leave the frog alone. Cut off the heels of the shoe as I have directed. Open the nail laoles straight through the shoe. Form a clip at the toe, and turn up the toe of the shoe. Fit the toe, then the quarters, and lastly the heels. Heat the shoe, and apply it to the foot to see that it tits properly. Cool the shoe, " back-hole " it, and file it up. Nail it on with five nails, coming out low in the crust. Hammer down the clinches without rasping them, and only rasp the hoof helow them. General Observations. — I have said that five nails are suf- ficient to hold on a fore shoe at any kind of work, in any coun- try and at any pace ; and T again advise you to employ that number, placing three on the outside of the shoe and two on the inside, because I know from experience that with the very commonest care on the jDart of the smith they will hold a shoe through any difficulty of ground or pace. But I am prepared to prove that they are more than sufficient for the purpose, and to show that many smiths can and do keep on a fore shoe by 478 THE H0E8E. tfvree nails only — two placed on the outside and one on the in- side. It is very nearly seven years since I have had more than three nails in the fore shoe of any one of my six horses, and they are all shod with thick felt and stopping ; some of them do not require the felt, but, having begun it as an experiment some years ago, and finding no inconvenience from it, I have gone on with it. In a former work I published several cases of horses having done a variety of work with only three nails in each fore shoe ; and I may now add anothei', which happened to a horse of my own last yeai", and which ought to set the- question at rest, supposing any doubt still to exist as to the capability of three nails to hold a shoe. The horse I allude to is twenty-eight years old ; he is a high stepper, and impetuous in company, and has large ilat feet, which grow horn very spar- ingly', so that it is quite necessary to protect his feet by a stout shoe with felt and stopping under it. He happens to be a particularly nice lady's horse for one who has plenty of nerve and can ride well ; and I lent him to join in a large riding party of ladies and gentlemen, on a visit at a friend's house, who took long daily rides in a very hilly district, regardless of pace, over commons covered with heath, fui'ze, and stones, through rough stony lanes, and in every variety of ground ; and, al- though his shoes had been on ten days when I sent him away, he returned to me at the end of five weeks with his shoes worn out certainl}', but firm on his feet, and the clinches all close. I mention this last circumstance because it is a proof that his shoes had been put on with proper care ; for whenever you find a clinch rise you may be certain that you have done something wrong ; either the crust did not bear upon the shoe all round, or the nail holes did not pass straight through the shoe, or the heads of the nails did not fill the bottom of the holes. Any one of these things may cause a clinch to rise ; and a risen clinch is a sure sign of careless shoeing. I may mention, as further proof of the sufficiency of three nails to keep on a shoe, that Colonel Key, who commands the 15th Hussars, at present stationed at Exeter, has four horses shod with three nails only in each fore shoe. Finding how my horses were shod, he was induced to try the plan upon his hack, GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. 479 and felt so satisfied with the result that he immediately had the others similarly shod, and continues to do so ; and an officer in the Prussian Hussars, who did me the honor to translate my book upon the Horse's Foot into German, and published it at his own expense at Frankfort-sur-Maine, writes me that his horses also are shod with three nails only in each fore shoe, and that he finds no difficulty whatever in keeping their shoes on. I think I may consider, that I have now proved beyond dis- pute that a fore shoe can be kept on by three nails ; therefore, he must be a sorry bungler indeed who cannot manage it with Jwe." — Miles on Eorse-SJioeing. DISEASES OF THE HOKSE. It may be readily supposed that the animal doomed to the manner of living which every variety of the horse experiences, ■will be peculiarly exposed to numerous forms of suffering; every natiiral evil will be aggravated, and many new and formi- dable sources of pain and death will be superadded. Interest and humanity require that we should become ac- quainted with the nature, and causes, and remedy of the diseases of the horse. Only a slight sketch of them can be given here, but sufficient perhaps to enable tlie owner to avoid their causes, to recognize their existence, and to indvice him, without danger- ous delay, to ajjply to the proper quarter for theij- removal or alleviation. The principal diseases of the horse are connected with the circulatory system. Fi'om the state of habitual excitement in which the animal is kept, in order to enable him to execute his task, the heart and the blood-vessels will often act^too impet- uously; the vital fluid will be hurried along too rapidly, either through the frame generally or some particular part of it, and there will be congestion, accumulation of blood in that part, or inflammation, either local or general, disturbing the functions of some organ or of the whole frame. Congestion. — Take a young horse on his first entrance into the stables ; feed him somewhat highly, and what is the conse- quence ? He has swellings of the legs, or inflammation of the joints, or perhaps of the lungs. Take a horse that has lived CONGESTION. 481 somewhat above his work, and gallop him to the top of his speed ; his nervous system becomes highly excited — the heart beats with fearful rapidity — the blood is pumped into the lungs faster than they can discharge it — the pulmonary vessels be- come gorged, fatigued, and utterly powerless — the blood, ari'est- ed in its course, becomes viscid, and death speedily ensues. We have but one chance of saving our patient — the instantaneous and cojiious abstraction of blood ; and only one means of pre- venting the recurrence of this dangerous state ; namelj^, not suffering too great an accumulation of the sanguineous fluid by over-feeding, and b}' regular and systematic exercise, which will inure the circulatory vessels to prompt and eiScient action when they are suddenly called upon to exert themselves. This is an extreme case, but the cause and the remedy are sufiiciently plain. Again, the brain has functions of the most important nature to discharge, and more blood flows through it than through any other portion of the frame of equal bulk. In order to prevent this organ from being o]3]iressed by a too great determination of blood to it, the vessels, although numerous, are small, and pur- sue a very circuitous and winding course. If a horse highly fed, and full of blood, is suddenly and sharply exercised, the course of the blood is accelerated in every direction, and to the brain among other parts. The vessels that ramify on its surface, or penetrate its substance, are completely distended and gorged with it ; perhaps they are ruptured, and the effused blood presses upon the brain ; it presses upon the origins of the nerves, on which sensation and motion depend, and the animal suddenly drops powerless. A promj^t and copious abstraction of blood, or, in other words, a diminution of this pressure, can alone save the patient. Here is the nature, the cause, and the treatment of apoplexy. Sometimes this disease assumes a different form. The horse has not been performing more than his ordinary work, or per- haps he may not have been out of the stable. He is found with his head drooping and his vision impaired. He is staggering about. He falls, and lies half-unconscious, or he struggles vio- lently and dangerously. There is the same congestion of blood in the head, the same pressure on the nervous organs, but pro- VoL. II.— .31 482 THE H0E8E. duced by a different cause. He has been accustomed habitually to overload his stomach, or he was, on the previous day, kept too long without his food, and then he fell ravenously upon it, and ate until his stomach was completely distended and unable to propel forward its accumulated contents. Thus distended, its blood-vessels are compressed, and the circulation through them is impeded, or altogether suspended. The blood is still foi-ced on by the heart, and driven in accumulated quantity to the other organs, and to the brain among the rest ; and there con- gestion takes place, as just described, and the animal becomes sleepyf unconscious, and, if he is not speedily relieved, he dies. This, too, is apoplexy ; the horseman calls it stomach staggers. Its cause is improper feeding. The division of the liours of labor, and the introduction of the nose-bag, have much dimin- ished the frequency of its occurrence. The remedies are plain ; bleeding, physicking, and the removal of the contents of the stomach by means of a pump contrived for that purpose. Congestions of other kinds occasionally present themselves. It is no uncommon thing for the blood to loiter in the com- plicated vessels of the liver, until the covering of that viscus has burst, and an accunmlation of coagulated black blood has pre- sented itself. This congestion constitutes the swelled legs to which so many horses are subject when they stand too long idle in the stable ; and it is a source of many of the accumula- tions of serous fluid in various parts of the body, and particu- larly in the chest, the abdomen, and the brain. Inflammation is opposed to congestion, as consisting in an active state of the capillary arterial vessels ; the blood rushes through them with far greater raj)idity than in health, from the excited state of the nervous system, by which they are supplied. Inflammation is either local or diffused. It may be confined to one organ, or to a particular portion of that organ ; it may involve many neighboring ones, or it may be spread over the whole frame. In the latter case it assumes the name of fever. Fever is general or constitutional inflammation, and it is said to be sympathetic or symptomatic when it can be traced to some local affection or cause, and idiopathic when we cannot so trace it. The triith probably is, that every fever has its local cause; SPASMODIC COLIC. 483 but we have not a sufficient knowledge of the animal economy to discover that cause. Inflammation may be considered with reference to the mem- branes which it attacks. The Mdcous Mesibkanes line all the cavities that communi- cate with the external surface of the body. There is frequent inflammation of the membrane of the mouth. Blain, or glysyn- thrax, is a vesicular enlargement which runs along the side of the tongue. Its cause is unknown. It should be lanced freely and deeply, and some aperient medicine administered. Barbs, or paps, are smaller enlargements, found more in the neighbor- hood of the bridle of the tongue. They should never be touched with any instrument ; a little cooling medicine will generally I'emove them. Lampas is inflammation of the palate, or enlarge- ment of the bars of the palate. The roof of the mouth may be slightly lanced, or a little aperient medicine administered ; but the sensibility of the mouth should never be destroj'ed by the application of the heated iron. Canker and wounds in the mouth, from various causes, will be best remedied by diluted tincture of myrrh, or a weak solution of alum. Foreign bodies in the gullet may be generally removed by means of the probang iised in the hove of cattle ; or the sesopha- gus may be opened, and the obstructing body taken out. It is on the mucous membranes that poisons principally exert their influence. The yew is the most frequent vegetable poison. The horse may be saved by timely recourse to equal parts of vinegar and water ejected into the stomach, after the poison has been as much as possible removed by means of the stomach pump. For arsenic or corrosive sublimate there is rarely any antidote. Spasmodic Colic is too frequently produced by exposure to cold, the drinking of cold watei% or the use of too much green meat. The horse should be walked about, strong friction used to the belly, and spirit of turpentine given in doses of two ounces, with an ounce each of laudanum and spirit of nitrous aether, in warm water, ale, or gruel. If the spasm is not soon relieved, the animal should be bled, and injections of warm water with a solution of aloes thrown up, if constipation exists. This spasmodic action of the bowels, when long continued, is 484 THE HORSE. liable to produce iutrosusception, or entanglement, of them ; and the case is then hopeless. SuPEEPURGATioN often follows the administration of a too strong or improper dose of physic. The torture which it pro- duces will be evident by the agonized expression of the coun- tenance, and the frequent looking at the flanks. Plenty of thin starch or an-owroot should be given both by tlie mouth and by injection; and, twelve hours having passed without relief being experienced, clialk, catechu, and opium should be added to the gruel. Worms in the intestines are not often productive of much mischief, except they exist in very great quantities. Small doses of emetic tartar or calomel, with a little ginger, may be given to the hoise half an hour before his first meal, in order to expel the round white worm ; it must be worked off with lin- seed oil, or aloes, and injections of linseed oil or aloes will usually renaove the ascarides, or needle-worms. Catakeh, or cold, inflammation of the upj)er air-passages, should never be long neglected. A few mashes, or a little medicine will usually remove it. If it is neglected, and, occa- sionally, in defiance of all treatment, it will degenerate into other diseases. The larynx may become the principal seat of inflammation. Laryngitis will be shown by extreme diflicultj'- of breath- ing, accompanied hy a strange roaring noise, and an evident enlargement and great tenderness of the larynx when felt ex- ternally. The windpipe must be opened in such case, and the best advice will be necessary. Sometimes the subdivi- sions of the trachea, before or when it first enters the lungs, will be the part affected, and we have bronchitis. This is character- ized by a quick and hard breathing, and a peculiar wheezing sound, with the coughing up of mucus. Here, too, decisive measures must be adopted, and a skilful practitioner employed. His assistance is equally necessary in distemper, influenza, and epidemic catarrh, names indicating varieties of the same dis- ease, and the product of atmospheric influence ; differing to a certain degree in every season, but in all characterized by intense inflammation of the mucous surfaces, and rapid and utter prostration of strength, and in all demanding the abate- COUGH — GLANDEBS. 4:85 ment of that iiiflanimatioii, and yet little expenditure of vital power. Cough may degenerate into inflammation of the lungs ; or this fearful malady may be developed without a single pre- monitory symptom, and prove fatal in twenty-foui", or even in twelve hours. It is mostly characterized by deathly coldness of the extremities, expansion of the nostril, redness of its lining membrane, singularly anxious countenance, constant gazing at the flank, and an unwillingness to move. A successful treat- ment of such a case can be founded only on the most prompt and fearless and decisive measures ; the lancet should be freely used. Counter-irritants should follow as soon as the violence of the disease is in the slightest degree abated ; sedatives must succeed to them ; and fortunate will he be who often saves his patient after all the decisive symptoms of pneumonia are once developed. Among the consequences of these severe afi'ections of the lungs, are chronic cough, not always much diminishing the use- fulness of the horse, but strangely aggravated at times by any fresh accession of catarrh, and too often degenerating into thick wind, which always materially interferes with the sj^eed of the horse, and in a great proportion of cases terminates in broken wind. It is rare, indeed, that either of tliese diseases admits of cure. That obstruction in some part of the respiratory canal, which varies in almost every horse, and produces the peculiar sound termed roaring, is also rai-ely removed. Koaring is a malady of such frequent occurrence and such disastrous conse- quences that it will be found more discursively treated ujnm in the concluding pages. Glandees, the most destructive of all the diseases to which the horse is exposed, is the consequence of breathing the atmo- sphere of foul and vitiated stables. It is the winding up of almost every other disease, and in every stage it is most- conta- gious. Its most prominent symptoms are a small but constant discharge of sticky matter from the nose ; an enlargement and induration of the glands beneath and within the lower jaw, on one or both sides, and, before the termination of the disease, chancrous inflammation of the nostril on the same side with the enlarged gland. Its contagiousness shoidd never be forgotten, 486 THE H0E8E. for, if a glaudered horse be once introduced into a stable, almost every inhabitant of that stable will sooner or later become in- fected and die. The urinary and genital organs are also lined by mucous membranes. The horse is subject to inflammation of the kid- neys, from eating musty oats or mow-burnt ha^^ from exposure to cold, injuries of the loins, and the im^jrudent use of diuretics. Bleeding, physic, and counter irritants over the regions of the loins should be had recourse to. Diabetes, or profuse staling, is difficult to treat. The inflammation that may exist should first be subdued, and then opium, catechu, and the uva ursi admin- istered. Inflammation of the bladder will be best alleviated by mucilaginous drinks of almost any kind, linseed gruel taking precedence of all others. Inflammation of the neck of the blad- der, evinced by the frequent and painful discharge of small quantities of urine, will yield only to the abstraction of blood and the exhibition of opium. A catheter may be easily passed into the bladder of the mare, and urine evacuated ; but it will require a skilful veterinary surgeon to eftect this in the horse. A stone in the bladder is readily detected by the practitioner, and may be extracted with comparative ease. The sheath of the penis is often diseased, from the presence of corrosive mucous matter. This may easily be removed with warm soap and water. To the mucous membranes belong the conjunctival tunic of the eye ; and the diseases of the eye generally may be here con- sidered. A scabby itchiness on the edge of the eyelid may be cured by a diluted niti-ated ointment of mercury. Warts should be cut ofl" with the scissors, and the roots touched with lunar caustic. Inflammation of the haw should be abated by the employment of cooling lotions, but that useful defence of the eye should never, if possible, be removed. Common ophtlialmia will yield as readily to cooling apiDlications as inflammation of the same organ in any other animal ; but there is another species of inflammation, commencing in the same way as the first, and for a while apparently yielding to treatment, but which changes from eye to eye, and returns again and again, until blindness is produced in one or both organs of vision. The most frequent cause is hereditary predisposition. The reader cannot be too INFLAMMATION OF THE BEAIN. 487 often reminded that the qualities of the sire, good or bad, descend, and scarcely changed, to his offspring. How moon- blindness was first produced no one knows ; but its continuance in our stables is to be traced to this cause principally, or almost alone ; and it pursues its course until cataract is produced, for which there is no remedy. Gutta serena — palsy of the optic nerve — is sometimes observed, and many have been deceived, for the eye retains its perfect transparency. Here also medical treatment is of no avail. The serous membranes are of great importance. Tlie brain and spinal marrow, with the origins of the nerves, are sur- rounded by them ; so are the heart, the lungs, the intestinal canal, and the organs whose office it is to prepare the genera- tive fluid. Inflammation of the Bkain. — Mad staggers fall under this division. It is inflammation of the meninges, or envelopes of the brain, jjroduced by over exertion, or by any of the causes of general fever, and it is characterized by the wildest delirium. Nothing but the most profuse blood-letting, active purgation, and blistering the head, will aftbrd the slightest hope of success. Tetanus, or locked-jaw, is a constant spasm of all the voluntary muscles, and particularly those of the neck, the spine, and the head, arising from the injury of some nervous flbril — that injury spreading to the origin of the nerve — the brain becoming affected, and universal and unbroken spasmodic action being the result. Bleeding, physicking, blistering the course of the spine, and the administration of opium in enormous doses, will alone give any chance of cnre. Epilepsy is not a frequent dis- ease in the horse, but it seldom admits of cure. It is also very apt to return at the most distant and uncertain intervals. Palsy is the suspension of nervous power. It is usually confined to the hinder limbs, and sometimes to one limb only. Bleeding, phy- sicking, antimonial medicines, and blistering of the spine, are most likely to produce a cure ; but they too often utterly fail of success. Rabies, or madness, is evidently a disease of the nervous system, and, once being developed, is altogether with- out remedy. The utter destruction of the bitten part with the lunar caustic, soon after the infliction of the wound, will. 488 THE H0E8E. however, in a great majority of cases prevent that develop- ment. Pleukist, or inflammation of the serous covering of the lungs and the lining of the cavity of the chest, is generally connected with inflammation of the substance of the lungs ; but it occa- sionally exists independent of any state of those organs. The pulse is in this case hard and full, instead of being oppressed ; the extremities are not so intensely cold as in pneumonia ; the membrane of the nose is a little reddened, and the sides ai-e tender. It is of importance to distinguish accurately between the two, because in pleurisy more active purgation may be pursued, and the effect of counter-irritants will be greater, from their proximity to the seat of disease. Copious bleedings and sedatives here also should be had recourse to. It is in connec- tion with pleurisy that a serous fluid is efl^used in the chest, the existence and the extent of which may be ascertained by the practised ear, and whicli in many cases may be safely evac- uated. The heart is surrounded by a serous membrane — the peri- cardium, tliat secretes a fluid, the interposition of which pre- vents an}' injurious friction or conciission in the constant action of this organ. If this fluid increases to a great degree, it con- stitutes dropsy of the heart, and the action of the heart may be impeded or destroyed. In an early stage it is difficult to detect, and in every stage difficult to cure. The heart itself is often diseased ; it sympathizes with the inflammatory aftection of every organ, and tlierefore is itself occasionally inflamed. Carditis, or inflammation of the heart, is characterized by the strength of its pulsations, the tremor of which can be seen, and the sound can be heard at a distance of several yards. Speedy and copious blood-letting will afford the only hope of cure in such a case. The outer coat of the stomach and intestines is composed of a serous membrane — the peritoneum, which adds strength and firmness to their textures, attaches and supports and confines them in their respective places, and secretes a fiuid that pre- vents all injurious friction between them. This coat is exceed- ingly subject to inflamuiation, which is somewhat gradual in its approach. The pulse is quickened, but small ; the legs cold ; SPAVIN. 489 the belly tender ; there is constant pain, and every motion in- creases it ; there is also rapid and great prostration of strength. These symptoms will sufficiently characterize peritoneal inflam- mation. Bleeding, aperient injections, and extensive counter- irritation, will afford the only hope of cure. The time for castration varies according to the breed and destiny of the horse. On the farmer's colt it may be effected W'hen the animal is not more than four or five months old, and it is comparatively seldom that a fatal case then occurs. For other horses, much depends on their growth, and particularly on the development of their fore-quarters. An improvement has been effected in the old mode of castrating, by opening the scrotum, and the division of the cord by the knife, instead of the heated iron. Synovial or joint membranes are interposed between the divisions of the bones, and frequently between the tendons, in order to secrete a certain fluid that shall facilitate motion and obviate friction. Occasionally the membrane is lacerated, and the synovia escapes. This is termed open joint, and violent in- flammation rapidly ensues. The duty of the practitioner is to close this opening as quickly as possible. Superacetate of lead one part, and water four parts, may be applied or injected into the cavity, frequently with success. A great deal of inflam- mation and engorgement are produced around the opening, partially, if not altogether, closing it, or at least enabling the coagulated synovia to occupy and obliterate it. Perhaps, in order to secure the desired result, the whole of the joint should be blistered. After this a bandage should be firmly applied, and kept on as long as it is wanted. If there is any secondary eruj)tion of the synovia, the cautery must be had recourse to. Spavin is an enlargement of the inner side of the hock. The splint-bones support the inferior layer of those of the hock, and as they sustain a very unequal degree of concussion and weight, the cartilaginous substance which unites them to the shank-bone takes on inflammation. It becomes bony instead of cartilaginous ; and the disposition to this change being set up in the part, bony matter continues to be deposited, until a very considerable en- largement takes place, known b}' the name of spavin, and there is considerable lameness in the hock-joint. The bony tumor is 490 THE HOESE. blistered, and probably fired, but there is no diminution of the lameness until the parts have adapted themselves, after a con- siderable process of time, to the altered duty required of them, and then the lameness materially diminishes, and the horse becomes, to a considerable extent, useful. Curb is an enlarge- ment of the back of the hock, three or four inches below its point. It is a strain of the ligament which there binds the tendons down in their place. The patient should be subjected to almost absolute rest ; a blister should be applied over the back of the tumor, and occasionally firing will be requisite to com- plete the cure. Near the fetlock, and where the tendons are exposed to injury from pressure or friction, little bags or sacs are placed, from which a lubi-icating mucous fluid constantly escapes. In the violent tasks which the horse occasionally has to perform, these become bruised, inflamed, enlarged and hard- ened, and are termed windgalls. They blemish the horse, but are no cause of lameness after the inflammation has subsided, unless they become very much enlarged. The cautery will then be the best cure. Immediately above the hock, enlargements of a similar nature are sometimes found, and as they project both inwardly and outwardly, they are termed thorough-pins. They are seldom a cause of lameness ; but they indicate great, and perhaps injurious, exertion of tlie joint. On tlib inside of the hock a tumor Qi' this kind, but of a more serious nature, is found. It is one of these enlarged mucous bags, but very deeply seated ; and the subcutaneous vein of the hock passing over it, the course of the blood through the vein is thus in some meas- ure arrested, and a portion of the vessel becomes distended. This is a serious evil, since, from the deep-seatedness of the mucous bag, it is almost impossible to act effectually upon it. It is termed bog or blood spavin. The cellular tissue which tills the interstices of the various organs, or enters into their texture, is the seat of many diseases. From the badness of the harness, or the brutality of the attend- ant, the poll of the horse becomes contused. Inflammation is set up — considerable swelling ensues ; an ulcerative process soon commences, and chasms and sinuses of the most frightful extent begin to be formed. The withers also are occasion- ally bruised, and the same process takes place there, and FAEOT. 491 sinuses penetrate deep beneath the shoulder, and the bones of the withers are frequently exposed. These abscesses are termed poll evil and fistulous withers, and in the treatment of them the horse is often tortured to a dreadful extent. A better mode of management has, however, been introduced ; setons are passed through the most dependent parts ; no collection of sanious iluid is permitted to exist, and milder stimulants are applied to the surface of the ulcer. An abscess of a peculiar character is found between the branches of the lower jaw in young horses. It is preceded by some degree of fever. It is usually slow in its progress, but at length it attains a considerable size, including the whole of the cellular tissue in that neighborhood. There is one uniform mass of tumefaction. This is strangles. It seems to be an eifort of nature to get rid of something that oppresses the constitution, and the treatment of it is now simple and effectual. It is encouraged by fomentation and blisters. It is punctured as soon as the fluctiiations of a fluid within it can be fairly de- tected ; the pus speedily escapes, and there is an end of the matter. Faect. — While the arterial capillaries are engaged in build- ing up the frame, the absorbents are employed in removing that which is not only useless, but would be jioisonous and destruc- tive. They take up the matter of glanders and of every ulcer- ating surface, and they are occasionally irritated, inflamed, and ulcerated, from the acrimonious nature of the poison which they carry ; the absorbents are furnished with numerous valves ; the fluid is for a while arrested hj them, and there the inflammation is greatest, and ulceration takes j^lace. This is the history of the farcy-cords and buds. Farcy is a highly contagious disease, whether or not it be connected with glanders. It, however, occasionally admits of cure, from the af)plication of the cautery to the buds, and the administration of the corrosive sublimate or the sulphate of iron internally. The skin of the horse is subject to various diseases. Large pimples or lumps suddenly appear upon it, and, after remaining a few days, the cuticle peels off, and a circular scaly spot is left. This is called surfeit. The cause is obscure, but princij^ally referable to indigestion. A slight bleeding will always be 492 THE H0E8E. serviceable. Physic rarely does good, but alteratives composed of nitre, black antimony, and sulphur, will be very beneficial. Mange is a disease of a different character ; it is the curse of the stable into which it enters, for it will almost certainly affect every horse. Thorongh dressings with Barbadoes tar and linseed-oil, in the proportion of one of the former to three of the latter, will be the most effectual external application, while alteratives and physic should be given internally. Hide-bound is a very appro- priate term for the peculiar sticking of the hide to the ribs when a horse is out of condition. The subcutaneous adipose matter is all absorbed. The alterative above recommended will be very useful here. The legs, and the hind ones more than the fore ones, are subject to frequent, and great, and obstinate swellings, attended with groat pain and considerable fever. It is acute inflamma- tion of the cellular substance of the legs. Physic and diuretics, and tonics if there is the slightest appearance of debility, are the proper means of cure. Friction and bandages will also be use- ful occasionally. There are two causes, diametrically opposed to each other, which occasion the legs to swell ; an inspissated or plethoric condition of the blood ; the other, debility of the sys- tem. The remedy must depend on the cause ; in the tirst case, moderate doses of 2:)hysic, combined with diiiretics, according to a formula given at the conclusion ; in the other case, tonics, with good keep, are necessary. Geease is an undue secretion of the fluid which was designed to lubricate the skin of the heels ; and that secretion is also altered in quality. The hind legs begin to swell — a fluid exudes from the heels— the hairs of the heels become erect like so many bristles, and the skin of the heel is hot and greasy. Soon afterwards cracks appear across the heel ; they discharge a thick and offensive matter, and then deepen. They spread up the leg, and so does the tumefaction of the jjart. In process of time the skin, inflamed and ulcerated, undergoes an alteration of struc- ture ; prominences or granulations appear on it, assuming the appearance of a collection of grapes, or the skin of a pine-apple. They increase, and a fetid discharge appears from the crevices between them. The cause is generally neglect of the horse. He is suffered INFLAMMATION OF THE FOOT. 493 to stand in the stable with liis heels cold and wet, which neces- sarily disposes them to inflammation and disease. In the first stage of grease, bran, or turnip, or carrot ponlticcs will be serviceable, with moderate physic. Then astringents must be employed ; and the best are alum or sulphate of copper in powder, mixed with several times the quantity of bole Armenian, and sprinkled on the sores. These shonld be alter- nated every three or four days. The grapy heels are a disgrace to the stable in which they are found, and admit not of radical cure. Splints are bony enlargements, generally on the inside of the leg, arising from undue i^ressure on the inner splint-bone ; and this is either caused by the natural confonnation of the leg, or violent blows on it. These excrescences will often gradually disappear, or will yield to a simple operation, or to the applica- tion of the hydriodate of potash or blister ointment. Sjjraius, if neglected, occasionally become very serious evils. Eest, warm fomentations, poultices, oi*, in bad cases, blistering, are the usual I'emedies. Windgalls, if they are of considerable size, or accompanied by much inflammation or lameness, will find in a blister the most effectual remedy. Sprains of the fetlock de- mand prompt and severe blistering ; nothing short of this will produce a permanent cure. Sprains of the pastern and coffin- joints demand still more prompt and decisive treatment. If neglected, or inefficiently managed, the neigliboring ligaments will be involved, more extensive inflammation will be set up, and bony matter, UTider the name of ring-bone, will spread over the pasterns and cartilages of the foot. Firing alone will, in the majority of cases, be efficient here. LSTFLAIEVIATION OF THE FoOT, OE ACUTE FOUNDER. In Speaking of the structure of the foot, the laminie, or fleshy plates on the front and sides of the coffin-bone were described. From over- exertion, or undue exposure to cold or wet, or sudden change from cold to heat, inflammation of these laminfe is apt to occur ; and a dreadfully painful disease it is. It is easily detected by the heat of the feet, and the tortm-e which is produced by the slightest touch of the hammer. The shoe must be removed, the sole well pared out, plentiful bleeding from the toe had recourse to, the foot well poulticed, and cooling medicines resorted to. 494 THE H0E8TC. The bleeding should be repeated, if manifest benefit is not pro- cured, and cloths dipped in dissolved nitre, wliich are colder than the common poultice, should be substituted. After this, a poultice around the foot and pastern should succeed. Little food should be given, and that mustconsist of mashes and a cool- ing diet. Pumiced Feet. — ^This is one of the consequences of inflamed feet. The sole of the foot becomes flattened, or even convex, by the pressure of the weight above. There is no CTire here, and the only palliation of the evil is obtained from the application of a shoe so bevelled off" from the crust that it shall not jiress upon or touch the sole. This, however, is only a temporary pallia- tion, for the sole will continue to j^roject, and the hnrse will be useless. CoNTKACTEn Fket. — By this is meant an increase in the length of the foot, and a gradual narrowing as the heels are apprc)ach- ed ; and, as the necessary consequence of this, a diminution of the width of the foot, and a concavity of the sole. In point of fact, the whole of the foot, including the coflin-bone, becomes narrowed, and consequently elongated. This change of form is accompanied by considerable pain ; tlie action of the horse is altered ; there is a shortened tread, and a hesitating way of put- ting the foot to the ground. » The frog and heel should expand when the weight of the horse descends and is thrown upon them, but the nailing of the shoe at the heels prevents it. Thence tlie pain and lameness. Mr. Turner, of Eegent street, obviates this by a very simple method. He puts four or Ave nails in the shoe on the outside, and only two on the inside. There is then suflacient room for the natural expansion to take place, and the foot and action of the horse are little or not at all changed. This is an admirable contrivance, and recourse should always be had to it. The Navicular Joint disease. — There are many horses with open and well-formed feet that are lame. In every motion of the foot, thei-e is a great deal of action between the navicular bone and the flexor tendon which passes over it, in order to be inserted into the navicular bone. From concussion, or violent emotion, the membrane or the cartilage which covers the navicular bone is bruised or abraded, the horse becomes DISEASES OF THE FOOT. 495 lame, and often continues so for life. This disease admits of remedy to a very considerable extent; no one, however, but a skilful veterinary surgeon is capable of successfully under- taking it. Sand-ceack is a division of the crust of the hoof from the ujiper part of it downward. It bespeaks brittleness of the foot, and often arises from a single false step. If the crack has not penetrated through the horn, it must, nevertheless, be pared fairly out, and generally a coating of pitch should be bound round the foot. If the crack has reached the quick, that must be done which ought to be done in every case — a skilful surgeon should be consulted, otherwise false quarter may ensue. False Quarter is a division of the ligament by which the crust is secreted. It is one of the varieties of sand-crack, and exceedingly difficult of cure. Tread, or ovee-reach, is a clumsy habit of setting one foot upon or bruising the other. It should immediately and care- fully be attended to, or a bad case of quitter may ensue. Fo- mentations in the first instance, and, if much inflammation exists, poultices, to be followed by a mild styptic ; tincture of myrrh, or Fi'iar's balsam, will soon effect a cure. Quittoe is the formation of little pipes between the crust and the hoof, by means of which the purulent matter secreted from some wound beneath the crust makes its escape. The healing of this, and of every species of prick or wound in the sole or crust, is often exceedingly difficult. Corns are said to exist when the posterior part of the foot between the external crust and the bars is unnaturally contract- ed, and becomes inflamed. Corns are the consequence of con- tinued and unnatural pressure. The cure of corns must be attempted by removing the cause — namely, the pressure. Thrush is the consequence of filth and unnatural pressure on the frog. It is the cause and the eftect of contraction, whether it is found in the heels of the fore feet or the hinder ones. It is not difficult of cure when taken in time ; but when neglected, it often becomes a very serious matter. Cleanliness, fomentations, dressing the part with tincture of myrrh, and frequent applica- tions of tar, are the best remedies. Caneke is the consequence of thrush, or, indeed, of almost 496 THE H0E8E. every disease of tlie foot. It is attended by a greater or less separation of horn, which sometimes leaves the whole of the sole bare. This also, like the diseases of the foot generally, is diffi- cult of cure. Few things are more neglected, and yet of gi-eater impor- tance to the comfort and durability of the horse, than a proper system of shoeing. It is necessary that the foot should Ije de- fended from the wear and tear of the roads ; but that very de- fence too often entails on the animal a degree of inj^ny and suffering scarcely credible. The shoe is lixed to the foot, and often interferes with and limits the beautiful functions of that organ, and thus causes much unnecessary inflammation and mischief. The shoe of a healthy foot should offer a pefectly flat surface to the ground. The bearing or weight of the horse will then bo diffused over the surface of the shoe, and there will be no inju- rious accumulation of it on different points. Too often, however, there is a convexity towards the inner edge, which causes an inequality of bearing, which breaks and destroys the crust, and pinches the sensible parts. Round the outer edge of the shoe, and extended over two-thirds of it on the lower surface, a groove is sunk, through which pass the nails for the fastening nf the shoe. At first they somewhat project, but tHey are soon worn down to the level of the shoe, which, in the healthy foot, should not vary in thickness from the heel to the toe. The width of the shoe will dejiiend on that of the foot. The general rule is, that it should protect the sole from injury, and be as wide at the heel as the frog will permit. The upper surface of the shoe should be differently formed ; it should be flat along the upper end, the outer portion support- ing the crust, or, in other words, the weight of the liorse, and widest at the heel, so as to aff'ord expansion of the bars and the heels. The inner portion of the shoe should be bevelled off, in order that, in the descent of the sole, that part of the foot may not be bruised. The owner of the horse should occahionally be present when the shoes are removed, and he will be too often surprised to see how far the smitli, almost wilfully, deviates from the right construction of this apparently simple aj^paratus. The bevelled shoe is a little more troublesome to make and to PARING OF THE FOOT. 497 apply than that which is often used by the village smith ; but it will be the owner's fault if his directions are not implicitly obeyed. Even at the commencement of the operation of shoeing, the eye of the master or the trustworthy groom will be requisite. The shoe is often torn from the foot in a most violent and ci'uel way. Scarcely half the clinches are raised, when the smith seizes the shoe with his pincers, and forcibly wrenches it off. The shrinking of the horse will tell how much he sutlers, and the fragments of the crust will also afford sufficient jjroofs of the mischief that has been done, especially when it is recollected that every nail hole is enlai'ged by this brutal force, and the future safety of the shoe to a greater or less degree weakened ; and pieces of the nail are sometimes left in the substance of the crust, which become the cause of future mischief. lu the i^aring out of the foot, also, there is frequently great mischief done. The formidable butteris is still often found in the smithy of the country farrier, although it is ban- ished from the practice of every respectable operator. A worse evil, however, remains. By the butteris much of the sole was injuriously removed, and the foot was occasionally weakened, but the drawing-knife frequently left a portion of sole sufficient to destroy the elasticity of the foot, and to lay the foundation for contraction, corns, and permanent lameness. One object, then, of the looker-on is to ascertain the actual state of the foot. On the descent of the crust when the foot is placed on the ground, depends the elasticity and healthy state of the foot; and that may be satisfactorily determined by the yielding of the sole, although to a very slight degree, when it is strongly pressed upon with the thumb. The sole being pared out, the crust on each side may be lowered, but never reduced to a level with the sole ; otherwise this portion will be exposed to contin- ual injury. The heels often suffer considerably from the carelessness or ignorance of the smith. The weight of the horse is not thrown equably on them, but considerably more on the inner than the outer quarter. The consequence of this is, that the inner heel is worn down more than the outer, and the foundation is laid for tenderness, corns, and ulceration. The smith is too oftci; Vol. II.— 32 498 THE HORSE. inattentire to this, and pares away an equal quantity of horn from the inner and outer heel, leaving the former weaker and lower, and less able to supi^ort the weight thrown upon it. Mention has already been made of the use of the bars in admitting and yet limiting to its proper extent the expansion of the foot. The smith in the majority of the country forges, and in too many of those that disgrace tlie metropolis, seems to have waged interminable war with these portions of the foot, and avails himself of every opportunity to pare them down, or perfectly to destroy them, forgetting, or never having learned, that the destruction of the bars necessarly leads to contraction, by removing the chief impediment to it. The horn between the crust and the bar should be well pared out. Every one accustomed to horses must have ob- served the great relief tliat is given to the horse with corns when this angle is pared out ; and yet, from some fatality, the smith rarely leaves it where nature placed it, but cuts away every portion of it. The true function of the frog is easily understood ; it gives security to the tread, and permits the expansion of the heels ; but the smith, although these cases come before him every day. seems to be quite unaware of the course which he should pur- sue, and either leaves the frog almost untouched,' and then it becomes bruised and injui-ed, or he pares it away, so that it cannot come into contact with the ground, and consequently is not enabled to do its duty. The owner of the horse will therefore find it his intei-est oc- casionally to visit the forge, and, guided by the simple princi- ples which have been stated, he will seldom err in his opinion of what is going forward there. He should impress two prin- ciples deeply on his mind ; that a great deal more depends on the paring out of the foot than in the construction of the shoe ; and that few shoes, except they press upon the sole, or are made shamefully bad, will lame the horse, but that he may be very easily lamed by an ignorant or impi-oper paring out of the foot. Where the owner of the horse has sufficient influence with the smith, he will find it advisable always to have a few sets of shoes ready made. Much time will be saved, in case of acci- BAR SHOES. 499 dent, and there will not be, as is too often the case, the cutting, paring, and injuring of the foot, in order to make it fit the shoe. More injury than would be readily believed is done to the foot by contriving to get on it too small a shoe. Clips are often necessary, in order more securely to fasten the shoe. They are little portions of the upj^er edge of the shoe hammered out, and turned \\p on the cn\st, and fitted in a little depression made in the crust. They prevent the shoe from being loosened or torn ofi^, both in rapid action and heavy draught, and are therefore used on all heavy, and on many light horses. They are sometimes placed on the side of the shoe, and at the beginning of the quarters, and on all horses that are ac- customed to paw violently with their feet. Necessity alone, however, will justify their use. The calkin is a prolongation and turning down of the shoe at the heel, enabling the animal to dig his foot more firmly into the ground, and with more advantage throw his weight into the collar ; but it is an abominable and most injudicious practice to place the calkin on one side alone, as is too often done ; an un- equal direction and distribution of the weight and bearing of the foot is often given, which is necessarily productive of mis- chief. Few are the cases which will justify the use of calkins on the fore feet, or even on the hind feet, except they are of equal height on each foot ; and few things are more injurious to the foot of the hoise than wearing the same shoe more than three weeks or a month, let the work be heavy or light. The shoe never should be heavier than the work absolutely requires. Tliis is acknowledged in the shoe of the hunter and the racer, and will tell in the case of every horse after a hard day's work. The calkin is required on the outside of the hind shoes of hunt- ers, to prevent them from slipping at their leaps ; but the in- side of the shoe must be made of a compensating thickness, to afford an even bearing for the foot. The bar shoe is indispensable in most large stables. It is a very simple contrivance, being nothing more than the contin- uation of the common shoe over the heels. The bearing of the shoe may thus be taken off from every weak and tender part of the foot, and be either thrown on some other point which is better able to bear the pressure, or diffused over the foot. It is 500 THE HORSE. useful iu some cases of bad corns, which are thus protected from injury ; in sand-crack, the pressure may be removed from either or both sides of the fissure ; pumiced feet may be raised by this shoe above the possibility of injury; and in thrush and in can- ker not only is the weight thrown off the diseased part, but any kind of dressing may be easily retained on the sore. It is a shoe, however, that cannot be safely used for any considerable time, or, at least, it requires occasional or even frequent change, on account of its becoming gradually pressed down on the sore part beneath. Bar shoes are not safe for use when much speed is required, and they are dangerous when frost is on the ground. Tlie tip is a very different kind of shoe. It reaches but half round the crust. It is used when the horse is at rest ; and, the quarters of this shoe being unfettered, the contracted foot is sometimes enabled to regain its natural open state. It has been tried for road-work, but, as might naturally be expected, it ut- terly failed when often or long used. The leather shoe is principally useful when the foot has been injured or inflamed. It, to a considerable degree, breaks the shock, which would otherwise be painfully felt when the foot is put on the ground. It consists of a piece of leather or felt, about an inch in width, which is placed between tfee crust and the shoe ; and this very materially obviates concussion. It must not, however, be long worn, for the nails cannot always be driven securely ; there will be too much play upon them, and they will become loosened ; also the holes which they ac- curately filled at first will be enlarged, and the crust will be broken away. The sole is sometimes entirely covered with leather. This furnishes a temporary defence for the foot, but there is much insecurity of fastening ; the tow or other dressing introduced between the sole and the leather, is not alwaj's equably distrib- uted, and frequently the stoj^jDing produces a scaly spongy horn, or gravel and dirt will gradually accumulate between the leather and the horn, and the foot will be considerably injured. Gutta percha is substituted with good effect. One other shoe, the invention of Mr. Percival, must be men- tioned— the horse-sandal. It consists of a simple apparatus ROARING. 501 sufficiently light even to be carried in the pocket, but is more frequently attached to the saddle, and wliich, on the loss of a shoe, can be applied to the foot in the space of a minute, and so securely attached to it that the sportsman may continue the chase to the end of the longest run. The same sandal has been repeatedly worn more than one hundred miles. It may be pi'O- cured from any respectable harnessmaker. KoAEiNG.— The quality of soundness involves several questions of no mean importance, especially with regard to those maladies which are capable of being transmitted. It is very apparent to those whose practice among horses is extensive, and who are best able to form accurate opinions, that spavins and curbs are less frequent than they were five-and-twenty years ago. This may fairly be attributed to the fact, that considerable circum- spection has been exercised in avoiding such animals for breed- ing purposes as, j)0ssessing peculiar conformations in their hocks, would render their oti'spring predisposed to those de- fects. Blindness is certainly less pi'evalent than formerly. Superior management in the stable has evidently assisted in averting this evil ; insufficiently ventilated, dark stables, with an accumulation of dung to generate ammonia, are fortunately out of fashion. There is an impression that roaring is more frequent ; and among race-horses it is not without foundation. As an heredi- tary complaint, it may certainly be traced to several sources — ■ to horses whose progeny have, in many instances, given une- quivocal testimony of the infirmity. "When the fact is seriously considered, it is surprising that gentlemen of known talent, owners of valuable studs, liberal in every item of expense cal- culated to promote the success of their young racing stock, should ever breed from sires or dams known to entail this malady on their progeny. A veterinary surgeon of great ability and observation, has stated that every stallion, when consigned to the stud, becomes a roarer. It is a startling assertion, and induced me to investigate the fact very minutely. The result does not corroborate the statement to the full extent of the de- claration, although I discovered sufficient to lead me to the conviction that it is a very prevalent affliction. I must here, however, introduce a reserving clause, arising from the difficulty 502 THE HORSE. which exists of positively deciding upon every case, which I shall enter upon more minutely as I proceed. In contradiction to the assertion of the professional, I must observe that at varioTis times I had two hiinters, which were used for stud purposes during the summer ; one of them continued in my possesion three seasons, the other two : most assuredly they were not either of them roarers. This might have been, and very prob- ably was, prevented by the work they performed during the hunting season ; for it is quite certain that very many stallions, especially those which belong to private breeding establish- ments, and are kept principally for the use of those establish- ments, do not enjoy that exercise which is absolutely necessary for the maintenance of their liealth. The country stallion, which travels from fair to fair, and from market to market, is infinitely more favorably treated in tliis respect, than his more highly distinguished brother who presides over a private and choice seraglio. Roaring may be divided into two classes ; that which must be pronounced, in opposition to all theory, as decidedl}^ hereditary ; and that which is produced in individuals in consequence of catar- rhal disordei's, strangles, influenza, or any other temporary cause which establishes inflammation, and a consequent thickening in the mucous membrane lining the trachea, or parlss adjacent, which are the seats of the disorder. Some jjersons are skepti- cal respecting the hereditary transmission of roaring ; for which little surprise can be entertained, when the difiiculties which enshroud numerous equivocal iridications are enumerated. To iinravel tlie mystery, the primary cause must be ascertained ; for it would be exceeding the limits of truth and experience to say that because a horse is a roarer himself, he will transmit it to his stock. Certain conformations, or rather malformations, of the limbs, — such as the legs, the hocks, and the feet, — are often transmitted from the parent to the offspring ; from which splints, curbs, spavins, navicular diseases, and other infirmities, have their origin ; and these are admitted in the category of hereditary complaints ; j^et it cannot be accepted as a rule without exception, that all the produce of malformed animals shall inherit the imperfections of their parents. Upon the principle of malformation in the parts immediately or indirectly CAUSES OF KOAKING. 503 connected with the organs of respiration, roaring must un- doubtedly come within the definition of an hereditary cause. But when a thickening takes place of the mucous membrane lining tlie parts which are the seat of the disorder, or ossifica- tion of the cartilages of tlie windpipe, in consequence of in- flammation, resulting fi-om bronchitis, influenza, colds, or such- like accidental occurrences, providing no malformation of the jjarts previously existed, roaring cannot with propriety be de- nominated hereditary. The difliculty is such cases is to deter- mine M'hether that malformation of parts does exist. To assign to such accidental causes as the latter the aspersion of heredi- tary transmission, is not consonant with reason. Tliere are as many degrees or intonations of roaring, as there are notes on the gamut ; and those notes ascend from piano to forte. This renders it difiicnlt in some slight cases to decide positively whether a horse is a roarer or not ; and good judges may be mistaken. The state of the animal very frequently occasions an impediment to an accurate decision ; if he be in very plethoric condition, he will not unfreqnently give slight indications of roaring; but when he is divested of that super- abundance of fat, all the disagreeable symptoms disappear. The usual test of startling the animal, is by no means an infal- lible criterion, neither is the stethoscope in all cases to be i-elied upon. There is but one positive mode of determining the ques- tion ; the animal being in a proper condition, he must be ridden and tried in all his paces. With stallions this proof is not oft- en practicable ; and unless they are badly aflected, it is often impossible to prove that they are roarers. There is no point upon whicli the owner of such a horse is so tenacious as that of an accusation that his favorite is a I'oarer. Tell the proprietor that his horse's legs are bad, insinuate that he broke down in consequence, he will receive your remark with complacency ; tell him that his horse's hocks are bad, and point oiit to him an incipient spavin, or an unequivocal curb, he will receive your objection with indifterence ; point out to him a multitude of unsymmetrical proportions, he will listen to you with calmness ; biit only intimate to him that you think his horse is a roarer, and he will roar in your ear a challenge of defiance in proof of your allusion. 604 THE H0E8E. Large Jiorses certainly have a greater tendency to become roarers tlian smaller ones, and irritable-tempered ones more fre- quently than those of a phlegmatic disposition. Several of the largest stallions might be enumerated as being predisposed to entail this malady on their issue. These are certainly valid reasons for not giving a preference to horses of large size, al- though public opinion predominates in their favor. Stallions are more subject to the complaint than geldings, and geldings more so than mares. Compactly-formed horses of moderate size seldom indulge their owners with music. It is very diffi- cult to assign any reason for this ; but it appears that there is a greater constitutional disposition in stallions to inflammation about the respiratory organs than there is in mares or geldings, and that inflammation, resulting in deposits of lymph and ossification of the cartilages, produces the disorder. This phenomenon may be explained in consequence of the sympa- thy which is well known to exist between various parts of the body. A change in the atmosphere is a very frequent cause of in- flammation in the respiratory organs, and severe frosts, such as we experienced dni-ing the winter of 1853 and ISS-t, are very likely to produce it. In order to preserve the blooming condi- tion of their horses' coats, it is a common practice with grooms to keep the stables as warm as jjossible when a frost sets in ; but it is a most dangerous observance. Of the importance of keep- ing horses warm in their bodies, there cannot be a question ; but that is better regulated by extra clothing. If the atmo- sphere of the stable be raised to a temperature greatly exceed- ing that of the open air, the horses, when taken out to exercise or work, are liable to serious consequences, from the great in- crease in the amount of oxygen which rushes through the respiratory organs in the act of inspiration. The quantity of oxygen is regulated by the temperature of the atmosphere ; and there are few persons who have not experienced the incon- venience attendant iipon passing from an overheated ball-room into the open air ; and they generally take the precaution of adopting additional clothing. The case of the horse is precisely analogous. Although a very libei"al premium has been offered by a no- KKMEDTES FOR ROARING. 505 bleman as an additional stimulus to the profession, the cnre for roaring has not j-et been discovered. AVlien it ])roceeds from malformation, it is impossible ; or if the cartilages of the wind- pipe become ossified, no remedy can be found to reach tliose jDarts. An extensive deposit of lymph having taken place in the mucous membranes with which the respiratory organs are defended, comes within the same category. A strong stimulus applied to the sinews, joints, or muscles, in the event of lame- ness, may, and frequently does, impart a wonderful etfcct ; but it is a different aflair when internal organs, such as those of res- piration, are disordered ; those parts cannot be brought into immediate contact with any application. When a horse is af- fected with inflammation about those parts which are the seat of the disorder, if it be vigorously attacked in its incipient state with the usual stimulating preparations, providing there is no malformation to contend against, the malady may in very many cases be prevented ; and a vast number of cases of confirmed roaring are to be attributed to neglect or delay at the iiiiportant crisis of commencement. Those who would avoid breeding roarers must avoid breeding from parents whose progeny has evinced a predisposition to the complaint. So far every breeder has the remedy in his own hand ; but with the i;tmost caution, all living creatures are subject to disorders ; and if the results are unfortunate, in defiance of the most skilful treatment, breed- ers must console themselves with the reflection that their disap- pointments are the decrees of fate. The following formulae may be said to contain most of the remedies necessary for the use of the amateur : when disease prevails, the safest plan is to call in the assistance of a veteri- nary practitioner. When calomel or emetic tartar is given for the expulsion of worms, it should be mixed in a small portion of bran mash, af- ter fasting the animal five or six hours; two doses given at similar intervals will be most efiPective. They must be worked off" with linseed oil or aloes, after an equivalent lapse of time ; and as alkalies neutralize the eftects of either of those medi- cines, soap must be excluded, if the form of ball is preferred. As an external stimulating apjjlication for the throat in cases of inflammatifxi arising from cold or other causes, com- 506 THK HOESE. mon mnstcard, mixed with water as for the table, is an excellent remedy, and is equal, if not superior, to any of the more com- plicated nostrums. When cooling remedies are required to the legs, cold water is the best. The introduction of nitre and sal-ammoniac will increase the evaporation ; but great care is requisite to renew such medicated lotions very frequently ; because, when tlie re- frigerating process is over, they become stimulants : thus, on ordinary occasions, cold water constantly applied with very loose linen bandages is to be preferred. Table showing the proportions of medicines to be given to horses at various ages, — To foals, . Calomel or Tar- taiized Antimony. Grains. . 10 Linseed Oil. Ounces. 4 to 6 Aloes. Drachms. i to f Yearlings, . 15 to 20 6 " 8 1 " 4 Two-years-old, . . 20 " 25 8 " 12 2 " 2i Three-years-old, Four-years-old and . 25 " 30 upwards, 30 " 60 12 " 15 1 " 2 pts. 2i" 3i . 4 " 6 Common Aloctic Purgative. Aloes finely powdered, . . 4 drachms. Hard soap, \ ■, o j t, _, . ^' > each, . . .2 drachms, triiiger, ) Mix and form a ball, varying the proportions according to the age and constitution of the horse. '&^ Aloetic Purgative without Soap. Aloes broken in pieces, . . 4 drachms. Olive oil or lard, . . .1 drachm. Ginger in powder, . . .2 drachms. Treacle, . . . • li drachm. The aloes and oil, or lard, must be melted in a jar placed in a saucepan over the fire ; and when melted, the ginger and treacle are added. The aloes must not be boiled longer than to eflPect their solution. PKESCBIPTIONS. 507 Aloetie Alteratvves. Aloes in fine powder, . . 2 drachms. Nitre, 2 drachms. Soap, . . '. . .2 drachms. Mix and form one balL To be given daily till a slight action of the bowels is produced. Antimonial Alterative. Sulphur, . . ) g^^i^ 2 to 3 drachms. Sulphuret of antimony, ) Treacle to form a ball. One of which may be given four, five, or six days in succession. The preparation necessary before giving aloetie purges should be very scrupulously attended to. Bran mashes must be liberally substituted for hay during the twenty-four hours previous to giving the ball ; and the horse requires to be walked out during its oj^eration. All the above admirable remarks on the diseases of the horse, with the formulas for all tlie more ordinary aff'ections, are taken, without alteration, omission, or remark, from the excellent work by Youatt and Cecil on the Horse, as reprinted from " Knight's Store of Knowledge." They are the best and most practical of any thing ever pub- lished within the same compass, and should be in the hands of every horseman. EULES OF RACING AND TROTTING COURSES TO JANUAET, 1857. Mbmorandtjm. — At a meeting of the Members of the English Jockey Club, held on the 25th of April, 1833, it was resolved, that from and after the end of the year 1833, horses should be considered, at New- market, as TAKING THEIR AGE FROM TUE FlEST OF JANUARY INSTEAD OP THE First of May. It should be borne in mind that such is the established Rule in New York, New Jersey, the Canadas, &c., while in South Carolina, Georgia, Louisiana, Alabama, and Mississippi, horses take their age from the First of May. As the Spring Races in these States usually come off in the months of February, March, and April, the horses necessarily throw off a year's weight. That is, a horse which would be obliged, as a_/bi(r-year-old, to make up 100 lbs. on the 1st of Slay, runs to the last day of April as a ^/ire«-year-old, and carries but 86 lbs ! WEIGHTS FOR AGE. In New York and New Jersey. — 3 yrs. 90 lbs. — 4, 104 — 5, 114 — 6, 121 — 7 and upwards, 126 lb.s. Mares and geldings allowed 3 lbs. In South Carolina and Georgia. — 3 yrs. 90 lbs. — 4, 102 — 5, 112 — 6, 120 — 7 and upwards, 126 lbs. Mares and geldings allowed 3 lbs. In Virginia, Maryland, Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, &c. — 3 yrs. 861bs.— 4, 100—5, 110—6, 118—7 and upwards, 124 lbs. Mares and geldings allowed 3 lbs. N. B. 1760 yards are a mile ; 220 yards are a furlong ; 14 lbs. are a etone; 4 inches are a hand. RULES OF THE NEW YORK JOCKEY CLUB, APPKOVED AND ADOPTED SEPTEMBER 13, 1842. Rule I. There shall be two regular meetings held by the New York Jockey Club at the Union Course, on Long Island, to be called and kuown as the Spring and Fall Meetings. The Spring Meeting shall commence on the second Tuesday of May, and the Fall Meeting shall commence on the first Tuesday of October, in each year. Rule II. There shall be a President, four Vice Presidents, a Sec- retary and Treasurer, to be appointed ajmually by ballot. Rule III It shall be the duty of the President to preside at all meetings of the Club; to act as Presiding Judge at each day's race ; appoint his Assistant Judges on the evening preceding each day's race, report and publish the results of each day's race, and act as Judge in Sweepstakes, with such other persons as the parties may appoint. Rule IV. It shall be the duty of the Vice President to attend all meetings of the Club, and assist the President in the discharge of his duties. In the absence of the President, the first Vice President, and in his absence, the 2d, 3d, or 4th Vice President shall act as President pro tern. Rule V. It shall be the duty of the Secretary to attend at all meetings of the Club, also to attend the Judges of each day's race, assist them with his counsel, and furnish them with all the requisite informa- tion connected with each day's race : keep a book, in which he shall record the Members' names, the Rules and Orders of the Club, and add to them any Resolutions or Amendments which may change the char- acter of either ; also record the proceedings at each meeting of the Club, whether a special or a regular meeting ; he shall also record all the entries of horses. Matches, and Sweepstakes, iji which shall be set forth the names of the respective owners, the color, name, age, sex, and name of sire and dam of each horse ; record an account of each day's race, in- cluding the time of running each heat, and after the races are over for a meeting, report the same to the President of the Club for his official publication. He shall also put up, and keep up during every Meeting, at some convenient place, at or near the Judges' Stand, a copy of the Rules and Regulations of the Club then in force. Rule VI. It shall be the duty of the Treasurer to collect all the money due the Club, whether from subscription of members, entries of horses, or from any other source, pay the same over from time to 510 THE HOESE. time upon the order of tbe President of the Club, and in case of his absence, upon the order of tbe acting Vice President ; and within thirty days after the closing of every regular meeting, he shall furnish the President, or in his absence, the acting Vice President, a full statement of the receipts and disbursements of the funds of the Club, from the date of the last statement up to the date of that which he then renders, showing the balance of money in hand, subject to the order of the Pres- ident, or acting Vice President, which statement shall be deposited with the Secretary of the Club, as one of the records of the Club, and so be entered by him. EuLE VII. At each regular meeting there shall be appointed four Stewards, who shall serve for ong meeting succeeding their appointment. They shall wear some appropriate badge of distinction, to be determined upon by themselves. It shall be the duty of the Stewards to attend on the Course, to preserve order, clear the track, keep it clear, keep off the crowd of persons from the horses coming to the stand after the close of each heat, and they may employ in their discretion, at the expense of the Club, a sufficient number of able-bodied men to assist them in the effectual discharge of their duties. Rule VIII. There shall be three Judges in the starting stand, con- sisting of the President and two Assistant Judges, assisted by the Secretary, and in case of the absence of the President of the Club, then the first Vice President, and in his absence, the second Vice President. The Judges shall keep the stand clear of any intrusion during the pen- dency of a heat, see that the riders are dressed in Jockey style, weigh the riders before starting in the race, and after each heat, instruct the riders as to their duty under the rules before starting in the race, and proclaim from the stand the time and result of each heat, and also the result of the race. Rule IX. There shall be two Distance Judges, and three Patrol Judges, appointed by the Judges in the starting stand, who shall repair to the Judges' stand immediately after each heat, and report to the Judges the horses that are distanced, and foul riding, if there be any. Rule X. All the disputes shall be decided by the Judges of the day, from whose decision there shall be no appeal, imless at the discre- tion of the Judges, and no evidence of foul riding shall be received except from the Judges and Patrols. Rule XI. When, in the opinion of a majority of the Officers of the Club, any good cause may require the postponement of a race, they may postpone any Purse race ; but in case of a postponement of a race, no new entries shall be received for that race. A postponement of a Purse BAOING RULES OF THE NEW YORK JOCKEY CLUB. 511 race sball give no authority to postpone any Sweepstakes or Match made or advertised to be run on that day ; and in the event of the Club postponing a regular Meeting, it shall give them no power to postpone any Matches or Sweepstakes made to be run at that Meeting. Rule XII. All Sweepstakes and Matches advertised to be run on the Course on any day of a regular meeting of the Club, shall be under the cognizance and control of the Club, and no change of entries once made shall be allowed after closing, unless by consent of all parties. Sweepstakes and Matches made to be run at a particular meeting, with- out the parties specifying the day, the Secretary must give ten days' notice of what days they will be run during the meeting, in case he is informed of it in time. And no Sweepstakes or Match shall be run on the Course during a regular meeting without being first reported to the Secretary, to bring it under the cognizance and control of the Club. Ri'LE XIII. The age of horses shall be computed from the first day of Januai-y next preceding their being foaled; that is, a colt or filly foaled on any day in the year IS-ll, will be considered one year old on the first day of January, 1842. Rule XIV. No person shall start or enter a horse for any purse oficred by, or under the control of the Club, other than a Member of the Club, and producing, if required, satisfactory evidence or proof of his horse's age ; nor shall any member start a horse if his entrance money, subscription money, and all forfeits incurred on the Union Course, are not paid before starting. Nor shall any person start a horse, during a regular meeting of the Club, who is in arrears to any member of the Club for a forfeit incurred on the Union Course. Rule XV. All entries of horses for a purse shall be made in writing under seal, addressed to the Secretary of the Club, and deposited in a box, kept for the purpose, at the usual place of meeting of the Club, before five o'clock in the afternoon of the day preceding the race for which the entry is made. Each entry shall contain the entrance money, and state the name, age, color, sex, and pedigree of the horse entered, and describe the dress of the rider of such horse. After five o'clock of the afternoon of the day preceding a Purse Race, no other or additional entry shall be allowed to be made for that race, and no entry shall be received or recorded, that does not contain the entrance money. The entries so received, shall be drawn from the box by the Secretary, and declared at five o'clock of the afternoon of the day preceding the day of the race, in the presence of at least three Members of the Club, and the horses so entered shall be entitled to the track in the order in which their names are drawn ; in Sweepstakes and Matches, the Judges shall draw for the track at the stand. 51^ THE HORSE. KuLE XVI. Any person desirous of becoming a member only for the purpose of entering a horse, may do so, he being approved by the Club, and paying double entrance. Rule XVII. The distance to be run shall be two-mile heats, three- mile heats, and four-mile heats, and a Purse shall be put up to be run for, during each regular meeting, for each of the named distances. Not more than five per cent, shall be charged as entrance upon any amount that may be put up for a Purse. Rule XVIII. Every horse shall carry weight according to age, as follows : — A horse Two years old A feather. " Three years old - - - - 90 pounds. " Four years old 104 " " Five years old - - - - 11-4 " " Six years old 121 " " Seven years old and upwards - - 12G " An allowance of three pounds to mares, fillies, and geldings. The Judges shall see that each rider has his proper weight before he starts, and that each rider has within one pound, after each heat. Rule XIX. Catch weights are, when each person appoints a rider without weighing. Feather weights signifies the same. A Post Stake is to name at the starting post. Handicap weights are weights according to the supposed ability of the horses. An untried stallion, or mare, is one whose get or produce has never run in public. A maiden horse or mare is one that never won. Rule XX. No horse shall carry more than five pounds over his stipulated weight without the Judges being informed of it, which shall be publicly declared by them, whereupon all bets shall be void, ex- cept those made between the parties who enter the horses. Every rider shall declare to the Judges who weigh him, when and how his extra weights, if any, are carried. The member of the Club who enters the horse shall be responsible for putting up, and bringing out the proper weight. He shall be bound to weigh the rider of his horse in the presence of the Judges before starting, and if he refuses or neglects to do so, he shall be prevented from starting his horse. Rule XXI. When in running a race, a distance is In one mile ------ 45 yards. In two miles - - - - - - - 70 " In three miles ...... 90 " In four miles 120 " Rule XXII. In a Match Race of heats, there shall be a distance, lint none in a single heat. RACING RULES OF THE NEW YORK JOCKEY CLUB. 513 Rule XXIII. The time between heats shall be For one-mile heats 20 minutes. For two-mile heats 25 " For three-mile heats - - - - - 30 " For four-mile heats ----- 35 " Rule XXIV. Some signal shall be given from the starting stand five minutes before the period of starting, after the lapse of which time, the Judges shall give the word start to such riders as are then ready, but should any horse prove restive in being brought up to the stand, or in starting, the Judges may delay the word a short interval, at their own discretion. Rule XXV. Any horse winning a purse of this Club, shall not be allowed to start for any other purse during the same meeting. Rule XXVI. If a horse be entered without being properly identi- fied, he shall not be allowed to start, but be liable to forfeit, or the whole, if play or pay, and all bets on a horse so disqualified, shall be declared void. Rule XXVII. Where more than one nomination has been made by the same individual, in any Sweepstakes to be run on the Union Course, and it shall be made to appear to the sati.sftiction of the Club, that all interest in such nomination has been bona fide disposed of before the time of starting, and the horses have not been trained in the same stable, all may start, although standing in the same name in the list of nominations. Rule XXVIII. No conditional nomination or entry shall be re- ceived. Rule XXIX. Should any person who has entered a horse formally declare to the Judges that his horse is drawn, he shall not be permitted to start his horse. Rule XXX. Any person entering a horse younger than he really is, shall forfeit his entrance money, and if the horse wins a heat or race, the heat or race shall be given to the next best horse, if the objection be made to the age of the horse after the heat or race is run. The disquali- fication must be proved by the person making the objection. Rlle XXXI. If an entered horse die, or a subscriber entering him die, before the race, no forfeit shall be required. Rule XXXII. No compromise or agreement between any two persons entering horses, or by their agents and grooms, not to oppose each other upon a promised division of the purse or stake, or for any other purpose, shall be permitted or allowed, and no persons shall run their horses in conjunction, that is, with a determination to oppose jointly any other horse that may run against them. In either case, upon satis- Vol. II.— 33 514 THE H0E8E. factory evidence produced before the Judges, the purse or stake shall be awarded to the next best horse — and the persons so offending shall never again be permitted to enter a horse to run on the Union Course. Rule XXXIII. When the tap of the drum is once given by the Starting Judge, there shall be no calling back, unless the signal flag shall be hoisted for that purpose, and when so hoisted it shall be no start. To remedy the inconvenience of false starts, there shall be a signal flag placed at a point which can be readily seen by the riders at from one to three hundred yards from the Judges' stand. When a start is given and recalled, a flag from the Judges' stand shall be displayed, and the person having in charge the signal flag shall hoist the same as a notice to pull up. It shall be the duty of the Starting Judge to give this rule in charge to the riders. Rule XXXIV. No two riders from the same stable shall be allowed to ride in the same race. No two horses trained in the same stable, or owned in whole or in part by the same person, shall be allowed to enter or start in the same race, and in the event of such entry of two horses being made for the same race, both the entries shall be void, and the entrance money forfeited to the Club. Rule XXXV. No rider shall be permitted to ride unless well dressed in jockey style. To wit, jockey cap, colored jacket, pantaloons, and boots. Liveries to be recorded in the Secretary's book, and not permitted to be assumed by others. Rule XXXVI. Every rider after a heat is ended must repair to the Judges' stand, and not dismount from his horse until so ordered by the Judges, and then themselves carry their saddles to the scales to be weighed, nor shall any groom or other person, approach or touch any horse until after his rider shall have dismounted and removed his snddle from the horse by order of the Judges. A rider dismounting without such permission, or wanting more than one pound of his proper weight, shall be declared distanced. Rule XXXVII. The horse who has won a heat shall be entitled to the track in the next heat, and the foremost be entitled to any part of the track, he leaving sufficient space for a horse to pass him on the outside. But he shall not when locked by another horse leave the track he may be running in to press him to the inside or outside, and having selected his position in a straight stretch, he shall not leave it so as to press his adversary to either side ; the doing of either of which shall be deemed foul riding. Should any rider cross, jostle, or strike an adver- sary or horse, or run on his heels intentionally, or do any thing else that may impede the progress of his adversary, he will be deemed distanced, RACING KULES OF TIIK NKW Vl)RK JOCKKY Cl.UH. 515 although he may come out ahead, and the race awarded to the next best horse. Any rider offending against this rule, shall never be permitted to ride over or attend any horse on this course again. Rule XXXVIII. Every horse that shall fail to run outside of every pole, shall be deemed distanced, although he may come out ahead, and the race shall be awarded to the next best horse. Rule XXXIX. If a rider fall from his horse, and another person of sufficient weight rides the horse into the Judges' stand, he shall be considered as though the rider had not ftillen — provided he returns to the place where the rider fell. Rule XL. A horse that does not win one heat out of three heats, shall not be allowed to start for the fourth heat, although he may have saved his distance, but shall be considered better than a horse that is distanced in the third heat. Rule XLI. A distanced horse in a dead heat shall not be allowed to start again in the race. Rule XLII. When a dead heat is made, all the horses not distanced in the dead heat may start again, unless the dead heat be made by two horses, that if either had been winner of the heat the race would have been decided ; in which case the two only must start to decide which shall be entitled to the purse or stake. Such as are prevented from starting by this Rule shall be considered drawn, and all bets made on them against each other shall be drawn, excepting those that are dis- tanced. Rule XLIII. A horse receiving forfeit, or walking over, shall not be deemed a winner. Rule XLIV. A bet made after the heat is over, if the horse betted on does not start again, is no bet. Rule XLV. A confirmed bet cannot be off without mutual consent. Rule XLVI. If either party be absent on the day of a race, and the money be not staked, the party present may declare the bet void in the presence of the Judges, before the race commences ; but if any person present offer to stake for an absentee, it is a confirmed bet. Rule XLVII. A bet made on a heat to come, is no bet, unless all the horses qualified to start shall run, and unless the bet be between such named horses as do start. Rule XLVIII. The person who bets the odds may choose the horse or the field : when he has chosen his horse, the field is what starts aeainst him, but there is no field unless one starts against him. Rule XLIX. If odds are bet without naming the horses before the race is over, it must be determined as the odds were at the time of naming it. 516 THE HORSE. Rule L. Bets made in running, are not determined till the purse is won, if the heat is not specified at the time of hetting. Rule LI. Bets made on particular horses are void, if neither of them be the winner of the race, unless specified to the contrary. Rile LII. Horses that forfeit are beaten horses, where it is play or pay, and not otherwise. Rule LIII. All bets, matches, and engagements, are void on the decease of either party before determined. RcLB LIV. Horses drawn before the purse is won are distanced. Rule LV. A bet made on a horse is void if the horse betted on does not start. Rule LVI. When a bet is made on a heat, the horse that comes first to the ending post is best, provided no circumstance shall cause him to be deemed distanced. Rule LVII. All bets are understood to relate to the purse or stake, if nothing is said to the contrary. Rule LVIII. When a bet is made upon two horses against each other for the purse, if each win a heat, and neither are distanced, they are equal — if neither win a heat, and neither distanced, they are equal. But if one wins a heat, and the other does not, the winner of the heat is best unless he shall be distanced, in which case the other, if he saves his distances shall be considered best. If a honse wins a heat and is dis- tanced, he shall be better than a horse that does not win a heat and is distanced, so, too, if one be distanced the second heat, he sliall be better than one distanced the first heat. Rule LIX. The words "absolutely," or "play or pay," are neces- sary to be used to make a bet play or pay. " Done " and " Done " are also necessary to confirm a bet. If a bet be made, using the ex- pression " play or pay," and the horse die, the bet shall .stand. But if the person entering the horse, or making the engagement on him, dies, then the bet is void. Rule LX. All members, and such of their families as reside with them, shall pass the gates free ; and the members themselves shall have free admission to the members' stand. Rule LXI. New members can only be admitted on reconimendation. Any person wishing to become a member, must be so for the unexpired term of the Club, and must be balloted for. Three black balls shall reject. A non-resident of New York introduced by a member, can have the privilege of the enclosed space and members' stand by paying five dollars for the meeting. Rule LXII. Ten members of the Club shall be deemed a quorum EACING RULES OF THE NEW TOEK JOCKEY CLUB. 517 for the transaction of ordinary business and admission of members, but not less than twenty to alter a fundamental rule, unless public notice shall have been given ten days of such contemplated meeting. The President or Secretary may call a meeting, and the President and Vice Presidents failing to attend, a chairman may be selected. Members of the Club privileged to invite their friends to the Jockey Club Dinners, by paying for the same. No ladies admitted to the Ladies' Pavilion unless introduced by a member. No citizen of the State of New York can be admitted to the privileges of the enclosed space. Members' Stand, or Ladies' Pavilion, unless he be a member. Rule LXIII. No person shall be permitted to pass into the enclosed space, on the Union Course, without showing his ticket at the gate, nor shall any person be permitted to remain within the enclosure, or Mem- bers' Stand, unless he wears a badge, that the officers on duty may be enabled to distinguish those privileged. Officers who shall permit the infraction of this rule shall forfeit all claim to compensation, and must be employed on this express condition. Rule LXIV. Membership of the New York Jockey Club, shall be for three years, commencing Spring 1842 — subscription Ten Dollars per annum, payable each Spring — subscription to be paid whether present or absent. Members joining at any time, whether by original signature, or on nomination, will be bound for the unexpired term of the Club from the period of joining. J. Prescott Hall, Esq., President. John C. Stevens, Esq., 1st Vice President. John A. King, Esq., 2d " J. Hamilton Wilkes, Esq., 3d " " Gerard H. Coster, Esq., Ith " " Henry K. Toler, Esq., Secretary and Treasurer. EULES OF THE SOUTH CAEOLINA JOCKEY CLUB. ADOPTED FEBEUART, 1S24 EETISED JANUAET 1, 1853. Whereas, to import into aud encourage a good breed of liorses in this State, must at all times be higlily beneficial to tiie citizens tliereof, and essentially so in case of war, as the means of forming serviceable bodies of cavalry, for defence of the extended limits of the .same ; the subscri- bers, with these views, have agreed to form themselves into a Society, by the name of the South Carolina Jockey Club. Rule I. The Club shall meet on the Saturday preceding the first Wednesday in February annually, in Charleston, at such place as the Stewards shall appoint. The regular Races shall be run on the first Wednesday in February, and the two following days, in every year, in the City of Charleston. The first day's Race shall be four-mile heats ; the horses to start precisely at one o'clock ; and to carry the following weights — Mares, Fillies, and Geldings, to be allowed three pounds ; 4 years old . . . 102 lbs. Aged horses . . 126 lbs. 6 years old . 120 lbs. 5 years old . 112 lbs. 3 years old ... 90 lbs. 2 years old ... a feather. Distance Post 170 yards, for four-mile heats. Rule II. The second day's race shall be three-mile heats, horses starting at the same hour, and carrying the same weights as on the first day. Distance Post 130 yards. ' Rule III. The third day's Race shall be two-mile heats, the weights and hour of starting the same as on the first and second days. Distance Post 90 yards. The Distance Post for one-mile heats to be 50 yards. Best 3 in 5— 70 yards. Any person who starts a horse, mare, filly, colt, or gelding, for either of the Purses, whose rider shall carry more than two pounds over his proper weight, shall declare it before starting, to the Judges or Stew- ards ; who are to proclaim it at the Post. Any person neglecting or refusing to make such declaration, his horse, mare, colt, gelding, or filly, shall be considered as distanced, and shall not be permitted to start for any other heat. Rule IV. Horses shall be entered with the Stewards by sealed entries, before nine o'clock on the evening previous to the race for which they are to contend. No Post entrance, except for the second race on Saturday. RULES OF THE SOUTH CAKOLINA JOCKEY CLUB. 519 Rule V. Any member entering a horse, shall, at the same time, pro- duce a certificate, or such proof as may be thought satisfactory to the Stewards of the age of the horse, and pay down the entrance money ; which shall be 20 Dollars for the First Day. 15 Dollars for the Second Day. 10 Dollars for the Third Day. And an entrance of Five Dollars per mile for every other race run under the direction of the Club. And the horse that shall, on either day, win two heats, shall be entitled to the Purse, and shall not be permitted to start for the Purse on either of the succeeding days. But in the event of a horse starting without a competitor, the Judges may, at their discre- tion, dispense with a. walk over. Rule VI. The Judges shall cause fifteen minutes' notice to be given before the hour of starting ; and such horses as are ready at the hour appointed, shall not be obliged to wait for those that are not ready. Rule VII. Fifteen minutes to be allowed between mile heats, twenty minutes between mile heats, best 3 in 5, and half an hour for rub- bing down between all other heats. Four Judges shall be appointed by the Presiding Officer at the Anniversary meeting preceding the races — one of whom to be designated and to act as " The Starting Judge," — whose duty it shall be, together with the President and Stewards, or a majority of them that are present, to settle all disputes, and their deter- mination shall be final. In all cases, such determination shall be made before the parties leave the ground. Rule VIII. Any member or members of this Club may start a horse, although the same be not his or their property ; and he or they are solely to receive the benefit of the Purse, should they win ; provided that two horses shall never be run from one stable for the same purse. A de- claration to this effect, to be made openly in the Club upon honor, before starting. Rule IX. No person shall start more than one horse for either Purse; nor shall the owners, or persons, entering any two horses for the same Purse, be permitted to run in partnership, under the penalty of for- feiting the Purse to the owner or person entering the horse that shall come in next. Rule X. All riders to be weighed at coming in, in rotation ; and if any rider shall presume to cross, jostle, strike, or use any foul play whatever — provided the same be so adjudged by the President, Judges, and Stewards — such rider shall be prohibited from riding thereafter, for any of the Purses given by this Club; and the master, owner, or person. 520 THE HORSE. employing such rider, sball not receive such Purse, should he win it ; but the same shall be given to the second horse in the race. Rule XI. Nine uiembers shall constitute a quorum to transact busi- ness. All extra meetings to be called by public notice. Rule XII. The Club will annually appropriate, by resolution, a fund for the regular Jockey Club Purses, and will also give for a second race on Wednesday, $100, mile heats — provided the Hutchinson Stakes for that day are not filled; — on Thursday, $150, two-mile heats; on Friday, $150, two-mile heats — provided the Hutchinson Stakes for that day are not filled ; — and on Saturday, S300, a dash of three miles. The horse that shall, on either day, win either of the above second races, shall not be permitted to start again, except for the Saturday's second race, or for one of the regular Purses. Weights for age on each day, and the entries to be made according to the 4th Rule, except for Satur- day's second race, which shall be a post-entrance. By the expression " Second Race," in this Rule, it is understood that two or more horses shall compote for the said race. The Club will also open each year " The Hutchinson Stakes," as follows ; — Sweepstakes for three-years-old, mile heats ; subscription $250, $50 forfeit, if declared before the 1st November — after the opening — $100 after that time — to close on the 1st of May in each year. If two or more start, the Club to add $200. The Race to be run on the Wednesday of Race Week. Sweepstakes for three-years-old, two-mile heats ; conditions as for the above. If two or more start, the Club to add $500. The Race to be run on the Friday of Race Week. Rule XIII. Every Member of this Club shall pay to the Treasurer the sum of $40 annually, and shall give him, at the same time, his note, payable the following year, for the next annual subscription. The form of note to be as follows ; On the day of , 18 — , I promise to pay to the order of Treasurer of the South Carolina Jockey Club, forty dollars, being the amount of my subscription for the year 18 — . (vSigned) A. B. The blank to be filled up to correspond with the Friday preceding the Race week, so as to fall due and payable upon the Monday of the Race week. And upon the neglect or refusal of any member to pay the Treasurer the amount of his note when due, such note shall be placed in the hands of the Solicitor of the Club for recovery; and should the Treasurer neglect or refuse to place any notes that shall remain due and unpaid, at the period above specified in hands of the Solicitor, he shall be dismissed from his office for neglect of duty. On tiie Saturday of the SOUTH CAROLINA JOCKEY CLUB RULES. 521 Race week, the Treasurer is to report to the President the names of such persons as have not paid their notes; in default of which the Treasurer shall be responsible for all losses which may arise from not having acted as above directed. Rule XIV. If any member shall die, during the existence of this Club, his note shall be destroyed in the presence of the Club. Rule XV. The members, after subscribing to these Rules, shall make choice of a President, Vice President, Treasurer, Secretary, Solicitor, a Resident Steward, and eight Stewards, to continue in office one year, ending on the Saturday of the regular Race week, at which time a like election shall take place ; also a committee of five members shall be annually nominated by the Chair, whose duty shall be to keep the Course, Paling, Buildings, &c., in sufficient repair, and be authorized to order any improvement that may be necessary, and to enter into contracts for such purpose on behalf of the Club, not exceeding the sum of $.500. The officers of the Club, for the time being, to be ex officio members of said Committee. Role XVI. The duties of the Stewards shall be as follows ; To weigh all riders just before notice is given for mounting, and to keep an eye on them till started. To receive the riders as soon as they pull up, on coming in, and have them in their possession till weighed. Four of the Stewards to be so posted round the course as to detect any foul riding. The others on horseback to assist the officers in keeping the course clear. The Stewards shall be mounted, except when their duties require them on foot, and shall be distinguished by a red rose or knot, or such other badge as they may decide on among themselves. To provide a Jockey Club Dinner on the Wednesday of the Race week, and suitable provisions for the Club at their evening meetings. The Dinner and other expenses of the Club in the city, not to exceed one thousand dollars. Rdle XVII. The Managers of the Ball are to provide a Ball and Supper on the Friday evening of the Race week, and shall form a list of all strangers, and ladies resident, the gentlemen of whose families are not members of the Club, and to take proper precautions that invitations are sent out in due time ; to divide the duties among themselves, so that none be omitted, and strangers be properly introduced. To announce the Supper to the presiding officers ; that they may lead down such strangers, or other ladies as may be entitled to this distinc- tion ; and that the managers be designated by such badge as they may decide among themselves. Rule XVIII. The Starting Judges shall start the horses at the 522 THE HOESE. proper time ; cause the time to be kept accurately, both with respect to the running, the intervals between heats, and report the former each evening — with any incident that may occur — to the Secretary, for insertion in the Journals. Rule XIX. Gentlemen residents of the State shall not be considered as entitled to any of the hospitalities of this Club, excepting young gentlemen returning from their collegiate studies or travels for the first year; annual visitors shall not be considered as strangers after the first year. The Governor of the State and Suite, and Lieutenant-Governor, the Judges of the State, Revolutionary Ofiicers and Ofiicers of the Army and Navy, and all members of the Diplomatic Corps, shall be entitled to invitations ; also Ofiicers of Citadel and Magazine Guard, and such other persons as the Ofiicers of the Club may direct. Rule XX. The Treasurer is to collect all notes due. He is to keep an exact account of the Purses given by the Club, or by any other per- son, and by whom won ; the Treasurer to give bond to the President of the Club with good security for $2, .500, and to be allowed 21 per cent, upon all sums collected for the use of the Club, in addition to the privi- leges of membership. Rule XXI. Any gentleman not a member of this Club, nor a citizen of the State, desirous of entering a horse for either of the Purses to be given by this Club, shall be at liberty to do so, on paying to the Steward the sum of forty dollars for the first day, thirty dollars for the second day, and twenty dollars for the third day, and an entrance of ten dollars per mile for every other race run under the direction of the Club, pro- vided such entrance be made in accordance with the 4th Rule. Rule XXII. No horse, mare, filly, colt, or gelding, shall be qualified to start for the " Handicap Race," on Saturday of the Race week, unless such hor.se, mare, colt, filly, or gelding shall have been run either for the Citizens' Purse, the annual and Hutchinson Sweepstakes, for colts and fillies 3 years old, or for one of the regular Jockey Club Purses, of four, three, and two-mile heats. Rule XXIII. Whenever any gentleman shall wish to become a member of this Club, his name shall be proposed by the Chairman, on which he shall be balloted for, and should there not be more than four black balls, he shall be duly admitted. All resignations shall be in writing, and addressed to the Presiding Officer of the Club ; but as it is highly important to the welfare of the Club that its funds for the suc- ceeding year should be as distinctly ascertained as possible, no resigna- tion shall be received or accepted, unless presented on or before the Thursday of the Race week of each year, nor until all arrearages of the resigning member, including those of the year, be discharged. SOUTH OAROT.INA .TOCKKT CLUB RULES. 523 Rule XXIV. The President, Vice President, and Stewards, or a majority of tliem, are authorized to admit members of this Club during its recess. Rule XXV. All extra meetings of the Club shall be called by the President, or in his absence, by the Vice President, or in the absence of both, by a majority of the Stewards. Rule XXVI. No gentleman hereafter, not a member of the Club, shall be admitted into the Jockey Club Stand, unless be presents to the door-keeper a Ticket, bearing his name, and endorsed by a member of the Club. Rule XXVII. It shall be tbe business of the Secretary to keep a full, fair, and impartial account of all the proceedings of this Club, with every thing of interest relating to tbe sports of the week. Rule XXVIII. All members of the Club, and their families in the direct ascending and descending lines — young men of age excepted — are entitled to entrance to all sports over the Washington Course. Rule XXIX. No fundamental Rule of this Club shall be altered or abolished, unless by the consent of a majority of the whole Club. RULES FOB RACING. Horses take their ages from May day ; that is, a horse foaled any time in the year 1828, will be deemed a year old on the first of May, 1829. Four inches are a band. Fourteen pounds are a stone. Catch weights are, each party to appoint any person to ride without weighing. 2V post match is to insert the age of the horses in the article, and to run any horse of that age, without declaring what horse, till he comes to the poll to start. Horses are not entitled to start without producing a proper certifi- cate of their age, if required, at the time appointed in the articles, except where aged horses are included, and in that case a junior horse may enter without a certificate as to age, provided he carry the same weight as the aged. No person shall start more than one horse of which he is the owner, either wholly or in part, and cither in his own name, or in that of any other person, for any race for which heats are run. The horse that has his head to the ending post first, wins the heat. 524 THE HOESE. When heats are run, the preference of the horses to be determined by the place they gut in the last heat. When a plate or subscription is given for the winner of the best of three heats, a horse, to win the prize, must be the actual winner of two heats, even though no horse appear against him for both or either of tha heats. When three horses have each won a heat, they only must start for a fourth, and the preference amongst them will be determined by it, there being before no difference amongst them. In running of heats, if it cannot be decided which horse is first, the heat goes for nothing, and they may all start again, except it be between two horses that had each won a heat. If a rider fall from his horse, and the horse be rode in by a person who is of sufficient weight, he shall take his place the same as if his rider had not fjillon, provided he goes back to the place where the rider fell. Jockeys must ride their horses to the usual place for weighing the riders, and he that dismounts before, or wants weight, is distanced ; un- less he be disabled by an accident, which should render him incapable of riding back, in which case he may be led or carried to tlie scale. Horses running on the wrong side of a post, and not turning back, are distanced. Horses drawn before the plate is won are distanced. Horses are distanced if they cross or jostle. All complaints of foul riding must be made before, or at the time the Jockey is weighed. No distance in a fourth heat. A confirmed bet cannot be off but by mutual consent, except in the cases hereinafter mentioned. Either of the betters may demand stakes to be made, and on refusal declare the bet to be void. If a better be absent on the day of running, a public declaration of the bet may be made on the course, and a demand whether any person will make stakes for the absent party, and if no person consent to do so, the bet may be declared void. Bets agreed to be paid or received elsewhere than at the place of running, or any other specified place, cannot be declared off on the course. If a match or sweepstakes be made for any specified day in any week, and the parties agree to change the day to any other in the same week, all bets must stand ; but if the parties agree to run the race in a different week, all bets made before the alteration shall be void. The person who lays the odds has a right to choose a horse or the EULES OF TUE MARYLAND JOCKEY CLUB. 525 field ; when a person has chosen a horse, the field is what starts against him; but there is no field without one horse starts against him. If odds are laid without mentioning the horse before the race is over, the bet must be determined by the state of the odds at the time of mak- ing it. Bets u;ade in running are not determined till the plate is won, if that heat be not mentioned at the time of running. A bet made after the heat is over, if the horse betted on does not start, is void. Bets determined, though the horse does not start, when the words " play or pay," are made use of in betting. Bets made on horses win- ning any number of races within the year shall be understood, however the expression may be varied, as meaning the year of our Lord. Matches and bets are void on the decease of either party, before the match or bet is determined. A horse walking over, or receiving forfeit, shall be deemed a winner. An untried stallion or mare, is one whose produce has never run in public. A maiden horse or mare is one that has never started. Feather Weight. — A horse carries feather weight when the terms of the race allow the owner to place what rider he pleases on his back ; he consequently procui'es the lightest eligible Jockey possible, who weighs neither before nor after the race. RULES OF THE MARYLAND JOCKEY CLUB. Rules and orders approved and adopted as the rides and orders of the " M.iRYLAND Jockey Club," to commence and be in force from the third day of June, 1830, and to continue in force until the close of the Fall meeting in the year 1834, subject to such alterations as may be made from time to time, according to the provisions there- in continued. Role L There shall be two meetings of this Club in each year, and each continue four days, to be called the Spring and Fall meet- ings. The Spring meeting shall commence on the last Tuesday in May, and the Fall meeting shall commence on the last Tuesday in October. Rule II. There shall be a President, two Vice Presidents, a Cor- 526 THE HOESK. responding Secretary, a Recording Secretary, a Treasurer, and five Stewards, to be appointed by ballot. Rule III. It shall be the duty of the President to preside in all meetings of the Club, to act as Judge on each day's race, appoint his assistant Judges on the evening preceding each day's race, report the result of each day's race, and stand as Judge in all sweepstakes, with such other persons as the parties may appoint. Rule IV. It shall be the duty of the first and second Vice Presi- dents to attend all the meetings of the Club, assist the President in the discharge of his duty. In the absence of the President the first Vice President, and in his absence the second Vice President, shall act as President pro tem. Rule V. It shall be the duty of the Recording Secretary to attend the Judges in each day's race, assist them with his counsel, keep a book, in which he shall record the members' names, the rules of the Club, and add to them any resolutions which may change the character of either ; also, record the proceedings of each meeting, the entries of horses, in which shall be set forth the names of the respective owners, the color, name, age, and name of sire and dam of each horse, and a description of the rider's dress, and an account of each day's race, in- cluding the time of running each heat, and after the races are over, publish the result in the next number of the " Ameriean Turf Register and SpoHing Magazine.'''' Rule VI. The Stewards shall serve for one meeting,«Qext succeed- ing their appointment. They shall wear a white rose, or some other appropriate and distinctive badge. It shall be their duty to attend on the course, preserve order, clear the track, keep off the crowd from horses coming to the stand after the close of a heat. They may employ able-bodied men to assist them, who shall be paid out of any money in the hands of the Treasurer, and they shall be designated. Rule VII. There shall be three Judges in the starting stand, the President and two assistant Judges, and the Timers ; the Judges shall keep the stand clear of any intrusion during the pendency of a heat, and also see that the riders are dressed in jockey style. Rule VIII. There shall be two distance Judges, and three patrot Judges, who .shall repair to the Judges' stand, after each heat, and re- port the nags that are distanced, and foul riding, if there be any. Rule IX. All disputes shall be decided by the Judges of the day, from whose decision there shall be no appeal, unless at the Judges' dis- cretion, and no evidence shall be received of foul i-iding, except from the Judges and Patrols. KULES OF THIS MAKYI.AND JOCKEY CLUB. 527 Rule X. All sweepstakes advertised to be run over tbe course on auy day of the regular meetiDgs of this Club, shall be under the cogni- zance of this Club, and no change of entries once made, shall be al- lowed, after closing, unless by the consent of all the parties. Rule XI. The distance stand shall be sixty yards from the Judges' stand for mile-heats, and sixty additional yards for every mile in a heat, unless it be the best three in five, when ninety yards to a mile shall be the distance. Rule XII. The time between heats shall be twenty minutes for mile-heats; thirty for two-mile heats; forty for three-mile heats; and forty-five for four-mile heats. Some signal shall be sounded from the Judges' stand five minutes before the period of starting, after the lapse of which time the Judges shall give the word, as, " are you ready ; " but should any horse be restive in saddling, the Judges may delay the ■word a short interval, at their own discretion. Rule XIII. No person shall start a horse for any purse under the control of the Club, other than a member, he being at least one-third bona fide interested, and producing satisfactory proof of his horse's age; nor shall any member start a horse, if his entrance and subscription be not paid before starting. Rule XIV. Any person desirous of becoming a member only for the purpose of starting a horse, may do so, he being approved by the Club, and paying double entrance. Rule XV. All entries of horses to run shall be made in open Club, and in his own hand, on the evening preceding each day's race, by five o'clock, or during the sitting of the Club ; and the owner, or person then present, shall give his name, color, age, and sex, and name of sire and dam of the horse, with the dress of the rider, and no entry made after that time shall be allowed. Provided, if there be no meeting of the Club, then with the Secretary, or Treasurer, by six o'clock. Rule XVI. No two riders from the same stable shall be allowed to ride in the same race ; nor shall two horses trained in the same stable be allowed to start in the same race. Rule XVII. Riders shall not be permitted to ride unless well dressed in jockey style — to wit, jockey cap, silk jacket, pantaloons, and half boots. Rule XVIII. Riders, after a heat is ended, must repair to the Judges' stand ; and not dismount till ordered by the Judges, and then with their saddles repair to the scales to be weighed. Rule XIX. The horse who has won a beat will be entitled to the track, and the foremost entitled to any part of the track, he leaving 628 THE HORSE. sufficient space for a horse to pass him on the outside ; but he shall not, when locked by a horse, leave the track he may be running in, to press him to the outside, doing which will be deemed foul riding. A rider may take the track on the inside, but he must do it at his own peril, as should he be poled in making the attempt, it will not be considered foul. Should any rider cross, jostle, or strike an adversary, or his horse, or run on his heels, intentionally, or do any thing else that may impede the progress of his adversary, he will be deemed distanced, though he may come out ahead, and the purse be given to the next best nag, and any rider oiTendiug against this rule, shall never be permitted to ride over, or attend any horse on this course again. Rule XX. If any nag shall run on the inside of any poll, they will be deemed distanced, although they may come out ahead, and the purse be awarded to the next best nag, unless he turns round and again enters the course at the point from which he swerved. Rule XXI. A nag that does not win a heat out of three, shall not be entitled to start for a fourth, although he may have saved his dis- tance. Rule XXII. No compromise, or agreement, between any two per- sons starting horses, or their agents, or grooms, not to oppose each other, upon a promised division of the purse, shall be permitted, or allowed; and no persons shall run their nags in conjunction, that is, with a deter- mination to oppose, jointly, any other horse, or horses, which they may run against. In either case, upon satisfactory evidence pro^duced before the J udges, the purse shall be awarded to the next best nag, and the persons so offending shall never again be permitted to start a horse on this course. Rule XXIII. All members and their families shall pass the gate free ; and all who are not members shall pay the following tolls, viz. — For every four-wheel carriage, one hundred cents; for every gig, cart, or two-wheel carriage, and every man on horseback, seventy-five cents ; for every person on foot, twenty-five cents. Rule XXIV. The age of horses shall be reckoned by the year in which they are foaled, viz. — a horse foaled in the year 1830, shall be considered a yearling during the year 1831, and shall be considered a two-year-old during the year 1832, and so on. Rule XXV. The following weights shall be carried, viz. — two years old, a feather ; three years old, 86 lbs. ; four years old, 100 lbs. ; five years old, 110 lbs.; six years old, 118 lbs.; seven years old, and up- wards, 124 lbs. — An allowance of three pounds to mares and geld- ings. The Judges shall see that each rider has his proper weight EULES OF THE MARYLAND JOCKEY CLUB. 529 before he starts, and that they have within two pounds after each heat. Rule XXVI. New members can be admitted only upon nomination ; there being not less than seven members present, always including the President, or one of the Vice Presidents of the Club; and two black balls will exclude the person nominated. Rule XXVII. Seven members shall constitute a quorum for business. Rule XXVIII. In betting, when both parties are present, either party has a right to demand that the money be staked before the horses .start, and if one refuse, the other may declare the bet void, at his option. Rule XXIX. If either party be ab.sent on the day of the race, the party present may declare the bet void, in the presence of the Judges, before the race commences ; but if any person present offers to stake for the absentee it is a confirmed bet. Rule XXX. A bet made on a heat to come, is no bet, unless all the horses starting in a previous heat start again. Rule XXXI. A bet made during a heat is not determined until the race is finally decided, unless the heat be particularly mentioned. Rule XXXII. If an entered horse die, or a subscriber entering him die, no forfeit shall be required. Rule XXXIII. A premium given to another to make a bet, shall not be refunded, although the bet is not run for. Rule XXXIV. All bets made between horses that are distanced the same heat, are considered drawn ; and when between two horses, throughout a race, and neither of them wins it, the horse that is best at the termination of the race wins the bet. Rule XXXV. When a dead heat be run, they may all start again, except the dead heat be between two horses, that if either had been winner, the race would have been over ; in which case, they two only shall start again, to decide which shall be entitled to the purse. Such horses as are prevented by this rule from starting again, shall be drawn^ and not distanced. Rule XXXVI. When two horses are bet against each other, for the purse, if each win a heat, and neither distanced, they are equal. But, if one win a heat, and the other do not, the winner of the heat is best, unless he afterwards bo distanced, in which case, the other, if he shall save his distance, shall be considered best ; and when both are distanced, they shall be considered equal. Rule XXXVII. Judges may postpone a race, but only in case of lain, or bad weather. No fresh entry of horses will be permitted. Vol. II.— 34 530 THE HOKSE. Rule XXXVIII. No gambling shall be permitted on the grounds under the control of the Club ; and a committee shall be designated by the President, for the time being, with authority to employ police offi- cers to aid them to arrest and bring to punishment, all persons attempt- ins to violate this rule. Rule XXXIX. For the transaction of the ordinary business of the Club, seven members shall be deemed a quorum. But no alteration shall be made in any of the established rules and orders of the Club, except in an open session of a number of members, not less than' fifteen. Rule XL. A meeting of the Club may at any time be called by the President, or one of the Vice Presidents, at the instance of any three members ; the notice of said meeting to be given by the Recording Sec- retary. Rule XLI. Gentlemen, residing twenty miles beyond the limits of the city of Baltimore, may be admitted, in the usual way, as members, on paying ten dollars per annum, subscription ; except such as may enter horses, who shall pay the full subscription. RULES OF THE FASHION JOCKEY CLUB, NEW YORK. Rule I. Name. — This Society shall be known by the hame of the Fashion Jockey Club, of New York. Rule II. Meetings. — There shall be two regular race meetings held bv the Club, at the Fashion Course, Long Island, to be called and known as the Spring and Fall meeting. Rule III. Officers. — The officers of the Club shall consist of a President, two Vice Presidents, a Secretary and a Treasurer, to be elected by ballot. Rule IV. The President. — It shall be the duty of the President to preside at all meetings of the Club, to act as judge in all races of the Club (and in sweepstakes, with such other persons as the parties may appoint), assisted by the Vice Presidents. He shall appoint four Stewards, two Timers, and a Ladies' Committee of three, and all officers of the day, necessary to fill the place of absentees. Rule V. Vice Presidents. — It shall be the duty of the Vice Pres- idents to attend all meetings of the Club, and assist the President in' the discharge of his duties. KULES OF THE FASHION JOCKEY CUTB. 531 In the absence of the President, the Vice President, and in his absence, the second Vice President, shall act as President pro tern. Rule VI. Secretary.— It shall be the duty of the Secretary to attend all the meetings of the Club, also to attend the Judges on each day's race, assist them with his counsel, and furnish them with all ne- cessary information in regard to each day's race. He shall keep a book in which shall be recorded the members' names, the rules and regulations of the Club, and any resolutions or amendments thereto, the proceedings of each meeting of the Club whether as special or regular meeting, the entries of horses for purses, matches and sweepstakes, the result of each day's race, with the time of running each heat ; and shall publish the result in one newspaper, published in the city of New York. Rule VII. Treasurer. — It shall be the duty of the Treasurer to collect all moneys due to the Club, whether from subscription of mem- bers, entries of horses, or from any other source, employing assistance, when necessary. He shall pay out no money, except when ordered by the President and Secretary. Rule VIII. Stewards. — It shall be the duty of the Stewards to attend on the Course during a race, to preserve order, see that " the track " is kept clear, and prevent the crowd from encroaching when the horses are returning to the Judges' stand after the close of each heat. They may employ, at the expense of the Club, such assistance as they may deem necessary to the effectual discharge of their duties. During a race they will wear some appropriate badge of distinction, to be de- termined upon by themselves. The regular police of the Course shall also be under their control. Role IX. Ladies' Committee. — It shall be the duty of the Ladies' Committee to receive ladies visiting the Course, at the door of their carriage, escort them to the Ladies' stand, and attend to their comforts during their presence. They shall be designated by a white badge. Rule X. Judges of the Day. — There shall be three Judges in the starting stand, consisting of the President and two assistant Judges. No other person excepting the Secretary will be allowed to remain in the stand during a heat. The presiding Judge shall decide which horse wins a heat ; but should he be unable to decide, he shall call for the opinions of his assistants, and the majority shall govern. The Judges shall see that the riders are dressed in Jockey style, weigh the riders before starting in the race, and after each heat, instruct the riders as' to their duty under the rules, before starting in the race, and proclaim from the stand the time and result of each heat, and also the result of the race. They shall decide all disputes, and from their decision there 532 iHE HUKSE. shall be uo appeal, unless at their owu discretion. They shall not receive evidence of foul riding from any persons except the Stewards, Patrol, and Distance Judges. Rule XI. Distance and Patkol Judges. — There shall be tvpo Distance Judges, and three Patrol Judges, appointed by the Judges of the day. The distance Judges shall remain in the distance stand, during heats, and immediately after each heat they shall repair to the Judges' stand, and report to the Judges the horse or horses that may be distanced, and foul riding, if any has occurred under their ob.serva- tion. The Patrol Judges shall repair in like manner to the Judges' staud, and report foul riding, if any has occurred under their observa- tion. Rule XII. Sweepstakes. — All sweepstakes and matches advertised to be run on the Cour.se on any day of a regular race meeting, shall be under the cognizance and control of the Club, and nomiuatious cannot be changed after closing, unless by consent of all the parties. And no sweepstakes or match shall be run on the Course during a regular meet- ing, without being fir.st reported to the Secretary, to bring it under the control of the Club. Rule XIII. Postpone.\ient. — The President and Vice Presidents may postpone a race for a purse, for any good cause which in their judg- ment maj' recjuire it. Rile XIV. Entries. — All entries of horses to run for any purse shall be made in writing, by a member of the Club, and deposited in a box (kept for tliat purpose by the Secretary), before four o'clock, p.m., of the day previous to the race, unless the race of the day be not finished ; and in such case, fifteen minutes after the race. Each entry shall con- tain the entrance money (5 per cent, of the amount of the purse), and state the name, age, color, sex, sire and dam of the horse, with the owner's name, and color of the rider. A horse having run under a name, if said name be changed, the entry must state the fact the first time of entering after said change, and if sire or dam bear a name, said name must be stated. Eutries will not be received after the time speci- fied. The entries shall not be drawn from the box, unless in the presence of at least two members of the Club. The places of the horses at starting to be determined by the order in whi<'h they are drawn from the box. In sweepstakes and matches, the Judges shall draw for the placing of the horses, in the stand. Rule XV. Riders' Color. — Riders shall be dressed in jockey style. Colors to be recorded in the Secretary's book, and not permitted to EULES OF THE FASHION JOCKEY CLUB. 533 be assumed by others. Jockeys shall not ride in colors not announced in the bills of the day. Rule XVI. Riders. — Two riders from the same stable will not be permitted to ride in the same race, except by consent of the Judges ; nor shall two horses from the same stable, or owned in whole or in part by the same person, be allowed to start in the same race, except in a race of a single heat. Rule XVII. The following weights shall be carried, viz. : Two years old, A feather. Three " 90 lbs. Four " ------ 104 " Five " 114 " Six " 121 " Seven and upwards, - - - - - 126 " Weights. — Mares, fillies, and geldings allowed 3 lbs. If any horse carry five pounds over his proper weight, it shall be the duty of the Judg-es to announce it from the stand. A horse shall not be allowed to start in any race, carrying more than five pounds over weight. In making weight nothing shall be weighed from which a Liquid can be wrung; and nothing shall be weighed after a heat, that was not weighed before it. Bridles not to be weighed. Rule XVIII. Age. — The age of horses shall be computed from the first day of January next preceding their being foaled. That is, a colt or filly foaled on any day in the year 185.5, will be considered one year old on the first day of January, 1856. Rule XIX. Positions. — The horse to which " the track " is allotted, shall take his place on the inner or left-hand side, of the course ; and the others shall take their places on his right, according to allotment. The winner of a heat shall at the next start have " the track;" the others shall take their positions in the order in which they came out in the previous heat. Rule XX. Signal for St.\rting. — Some signal shall bo given from the starting stand, five minutes before the period of starting, after the lapse of which time the Judges shall give the word to start to such riders as are then ready, but should any horse prove restive in being brought up to the stand, or in starting, the Judges may delay the start a short interval, at their own discretion. Rule XXI. Accidents. — If an accident happen to a hor.se or rider at a start, the Judges may grant as much delay as they think necessary, not however to exceed the time allowed between the heats of the race in which the horses are about to contend. 534: THE H0E8E. Kdle XXII. Winner. — The horse that first gets his head to the winning post shall be considered the winner of the heat. In the race best two in three, a horse that wins two heats, or distances " the field," wins the race. In the race best three in five, the horse that wins three heats, or distances " the field," wins the race. Ruled Out and Dead Heat. — In heats, best two in three, a horse not winning one heat in three, shall not be entitled to start for a fourth heat, but shall be " ruled out," and in heats best three in five, a horse not winning one heat in five shall not be entitled to start for a sixth heat, but shall be " ruled out." A " dead heat " shall be considered a heat, except with the horses that make it. Rule XXIII. Riders after Heat. — A rider after a heat is ended shall repair to the Judges' stand ; must not dismount till ordered by the Judges, nor suffer any person to touch or put cover upon his horse until ordered by the Judges to dismount, on pain of being distanced ; and then with his saddle he shall repair to the scales to be weighed. A rider wanting more than two pounds of his proper weight, shall be de- clared distanced. Rule XXIV. Horse Swerving. — If a horse run from the track into tlie field, he shall be declared distanced, although he may come out ahead, unless he turn and again enter the Course at the place from which he swerved, except the Judges believe he lost ground by swerving. Rule XXV. Distances. — All horses whose heads have not reached the distance stand as soon as the leading honse arrives at ^the winning post, shall be declared distanced. If any jockey shall ride foul, his horse shall be declared distanced. Whenever the winner of a heat is distanced by any default in riding, weight, or otherwise, the heat shall be awarded to the next best horse. In heats of one mile, 60 yards shall be a distance. In heats of two miles, 100 yards shall be a distance. In heats of three miles, 130 yards shall be a distance. In heats of four miles, 150 yards shall be a distance. In heats of one mile, best three in five, 80 yards shall be a distance. Rule XXVI. Time between Heats. — The time between heats shall be twenty minutes for mile heats ; thirty minutes for two-mile heats ; thirty-five minutes for three-mile heats ; forty-five for four-mile heats, and twenty-five minutes for mile heats, best three in five. The time to commence when the leading horse passes the Judges' stand. Rule XXVII. Rider Falling.— If a Jockey fall from his horse while riding a heat, and another person of sufiicient weight ride him in, he shall be considered as though the jockey had not fallen, provided he return to the spot where the jockey fell. EULES OF THE FASHION JOCKEY CLUB. 535 Rule XXVIII. Fodl Riding. — If a horse or rider shall cross, jostle or strike another horse or rider, or do any thing that impedes another horse, accidentally or not, it is foul riding, and the horse that impedes the other shall be adjudged distanced. And if the Judges are satisfied that the riding was intentionally foul, or that the rider was instructed so to ride, the party or parties so offending, shall not be allowed to ride, enter or attend a horse over this Course in any race under the control of the Club. Although a leading horse is entitled to any part of the track, if he crosses from the right to the left, or from the inner to the outer side of the track, when a horse is so near him that in changing his posi- tion he compels the horse behind to shorten his stride, or if he causes the rider to pull him out of his stride, it is foul riding. And if, in passing a leading horse, the track is taken so soon after getting the lead as to cause the horse passed to shorten his stride, it is foul riding. All complaints of foul riding must be made before the horses start in another heat ; and if it happens in the last heat, then before the Judges leave the stand. Rule XXIX. Collision. — No compromise or agreement between two or more persons not to oppose each other, or to run jointly against any other person or persons, will be permitted. Upon satisfactory proof of the same being produced before the Judges, they shall declare the horses of such persons distanced, and the parties so offending shall be ruled off the Course. Rule XXX. Frauds. — Every horse started shall run a bona fide race. If any fraud be discovered, and the purse, stakes or match money has bean paid, the same shall be restored on demand of the Judges, and by them paid over to the owner of the next best horse. If the money be not restored by the illegal holder, he shall be expelled from the Club, and shall ever thereafter be ineligible as a member. If not a member of the Club, shall be prohibited from ever running a horse over the Course again. Rule XXXI. Forfeits. — A person owing a forfeit in any stakes or match run over, or agreed to be run over any Course, shall not be allow- ed to start a horse for a purse or sweepstakes, but no charge that such forfeit is due shall be heard unless made before starting. No horse, owned by a person prevented from starting one under the rules of the Club, shall be allowed to run, though said horse be entered in another name or found in another stable. Whenever the Judges are informed that a person has entered, or caused a horse to be entered or named in a race in violation of any rule of the Club, they shall immediately make S36 THE HORSE. an examination of the evidence, so as to enable them to come to a direct decision upon the case. KuLE XXXII. DiSQ€ALiFiCATioN AS TO Age. — Where there is a doubt about the age of a horse, the Judges may call in the assistance of persons in whose knowledge and honesty they have confidence, to aid them in deciding the question. When a clear case of disqualification is made out, the entrance money shall be forfeited, and they shall not allow the horse to start in the race; but if they have doubts they may allow the horse to run ; and if he prove a winner, they shall retain the ' money or purse, and give the parties six days to procure testimony touching the case. If the disqualification is made out, they shall pay the money to the owner of the horse that was placed .second in the race; and if it is not made out, they shall pay the money to the owner of the horse that was placed best in the race. KuLE XXXIII. Standing on Track and Striking a Horse. — No person shall be permitted to strike a horse with a whip over three feet in length, to get him from the stand to the start, or to a.ssist his speed in the running of a race ; nor shall any person stand in the track to point out a path for the rider, under the penalty of expulsion from the Course. Rule XXXIV. Decorum. — If any owner, trainer, rider, starter or attendant of a horse use improper language to the Officers on the Course, or be guilty of improper conduct; the person so offending shall never be permitted to start, train, ride, turn or attend a horse upon this Course again in any race under the control of the Club. Rule XXXV. Drawing or Selling. — No person shall be permitted to draw or sell his horse — if by the sale the horse be drawn — during the pendency of a race, unless by the permission of the Judges, under the penalty of being expelled from the Club. Rule XXXVI. Sweepstakes, &c. — In sweepstakes or matches, stakes shall be put up or forfeits paid before the riders are weighed for the race, in the order in which the horses are to be placed in the start ; the order of starting to be determined by lot. Where more than one nomination has been made by the same indi- vidual in any sweepstake.? to be run over the Fashion Course, and it shall be made to appear to the satisfaction of the Judge that all interest in such nominations has been bona fide disposed of before the time of starting, and the horses have not been trained in the same stable, all may start although standing in the same name in the list of nomina- tions. RULES OF THE FASHION JOCKEY CLUB. 537 If a iiomiiiated horse die, or a subscriber nominating him die before the race, no forfeit shall be required. Rule XXXVII. Handicap. — None but horses that have run during the meeting, shall be permitted to start for a handicap purse. No horse shall be handicapped to carry extra weight ; but for the purpose of equalizing the horses, a reduction of the regular weight may be made. The President, or acting President, shall handicap the horses, and the weights shall be announced immediately after the race of the day pre- vious to the handicap race. Gentlemen designing to start, shall within an hour after the announcement, deposit their entries in the entry bos. Rule XXXVIII. Walk over. — No purse of money will be given for a walk. Rule XXXIX. Power of Judges. — In all matters relating to the race or running, not provided by these rules, the Judges of the day will decide and direct according to the best of their judgment, and the usages of the turf in such cases. Role XL. Me.mbers and their Privileges. — Members of the Club shall pay forty dollars each year, in payments of twenty dollars, at each Spring and Fall meeting. No badge will be delivered until paid for. Members .shall be entitled to attend all races run over the course under the control of the Club, and to all the privileges of the Course. During a race, they will be required to wear the badge of membership, in such manner as to be at all times seen. None but members — except as in Rule 41 — and ladies introduced by them, can be admitted into the Members' or Ladies' stand. Rule XLI. Non-kesidents. — Gentlemen, non-residents of the State of New York, may be introduced into the Members' stand, during a race meeting, upon the payment of ten dollars, and invitation of the Presi- dent, or one of the Vice Presidents. They will wear a badge of dis- tinction. Rule XLII. New Members. — New members must be proposed in writing, and the name of the candidate and the member proposincr him be sent to the Secretary. Rule XLIII. Election.— Members of the Club shall be elected by ballot ; and two black balls shall exclude the applicant. Rule XLIV. Quorum. — Nine members of the Club shall be deemed a quorum for the transaction of ordinary business, and election of mem- bers, but not less than twenty to alter a fundamental rule, unless public notice shall have been given ten days of such contemplated meeting. Rule XLV. Quarter stretch Privilebes. — The Treasurer may sell badges to strangers, which will entitle them to the privilege of the 638 THE HORSE. " quarter stretch." This badge must be worn by the hokler iu such manner that at all times it may be plainly seen, that the officers on duty may be enabled to distinguish those privileged. No person without a proper badge will be allowed to remain in the quarter stretch. All badges are personal, and cannot be transferred. BETTING AND RUNNING RULES. Rule I. All bets are understood to relate to the purse or stakes, if nothing be said to the contrary, at the time of making the bet. Rule II. A bet made on a horse is void, if the horse betted on does not start. Rule III. When a bet is made oa a horse " play or pay," the horse must start, or the party betting on him loses the bet. Rule IV. A bet made on a heat to come, shall be void unless all the horses that have the right shall start, and unless the bet be between such named horses as do start. Rule V. A bet made during the running of a heat, is not determined nntil the race is over, if " the heat " is not mentioned at the time of making the bet. Rule VI. A confirmed bet cannot be off but by mutual consent, ex- cept in cases hereinafter mentioned. Rule VII. Either of the betters may demand stakes,to be made, and on refusal, declare the bet to be void. Rule VIII. Bets agreed to be paid or received elsewhere than at the place of running, or any other specified place, cannot be declared off on the Course. Rule IX. If a better be absent on the day of running, a public de- claration of the bet may be made on the Course to the Judges before the race commences, and a demand whether any person will make stakes for the absent party ; and if no person consent to do so, the bet may be declared void. Rule X. When a race is postponed, all by-bets, except they are play or pay, shall be off. Rule XI. A bet on " the field " is off, unless all the horses adver- tised to run, shall start, sweepstakes excepted, in them; if one horse is betted against the field, and only one of the field start, the bet must stand. Rule XII. When a better undertakes to " place " the horses in a race, he must give each a specific place, as 1st, 2d, 3d, and so on. The BOLES OF THE METAIRIE .TOCKKT CLUB. 639 word " last " shall not be construed to mean fourth, and distanced if four start, but fourth oulj', and so on. A distanced horse must be placed distanced. Rule XIII. If, in the final heat of a race, there be but one horse placed, no horse shall be considered as " second " iu the race. Rule XIV. Horses that win a heat, shall be considered better than those which do not win a heat ; and those that win two heats, better than those which win but one heat, provided they are not distanced in the race. Of the horses that each win a heat, he shall be considered best that is best placed in the final heat of the race. Of the horses that have not won a heat, he shall be considered best that is best placed in the final heat of the race. Rule XV. " Distanced " horses are beaten by those that are not distanced. " Drawn " horses shall be considered distanced. Horses " ruled out " shall not be considered distanced. A horse distanced in a subsequent heat, beats a horse distanced iu a previous heat. Horses distanced in the same heat are equal. Rule XVI. In running heats, if it cannot be decided which horse is first, it shall be deemed a " dead heat," and shall not be counted, but shall be considered a heat as regards all the rest of the horses in the race ; and those only shall start for the next heat which would have been entitled, had the heat been won by either horse making the dead heat. Rule XVII. Horses shall be placed in a race, and bets decided as they are placed in the official records. RULES OF THE METAIRIE JOCKEY CLUB. Rule I. Name. — This Association shall be known by the name of the " Metairie Jockey Club of the State of Louisiana." Rule II. Officers. — The Officers of the Club shall consist of a Pres- ident, first and second Vice Presidents, a Secretary, and a Treasurer, who shall be elected annually, a,t a meeting succeeding the April meet- ing; on his election, the President shall appoint five Stewards, three Timers, and a Ladies' Committee of Three. Rule III. Duties of the President and Vice Presidents. — ^The President shall preside at all meetings of the Club ; shall act as judge in all races of the Club, assisted by two Vice Presidents ; he shall appoint two Distance Judges, and shall have power to appoint all officers of the day necessary to fill the places of absentees. 540 THE HOESE. In the absence of the President, the first Vice President shall pre- side ; and in liis absence the second Vice President shall preside. The presiding Judge, whether the President or one of the Vice Pres- idents, shall decide which horse wins a heat ; but should he be unable to decide, he shall call for the opinions of his assistants, and the majority shall govern. The Judges shall keep their stand clear of any intrusion during the pendency of a heat ; see that the riders are dressed in Jocliey style ; instruct the riders before starting, and proclaim from the stand the time and result of each heat, and the result of the race. They shall decide all disputes ; and from their decision there shall be no appeal, except to the Club ; they shall receive no evidence of foul riding, except from the oiEeers of the day. Tlie President, or either Vice President, shall be authorized to call a meeting of the Club, whenever they may deem it proper, or upon the written requisition of fifteen members of the Club. Rule IV. Secretauv. — The Secretary shall attend the Judges on each day's race; keep a book, in which he shall record the names of the members, the rules of the Club, the proceedings of each meeting, and the entries of horses for each day's race. He shall keep an account of each day's race, and shall publish the result in one newspaper pulilished in New Orleans. He shall see that the riders are weighed before starting in the race, and after each heat. It shall also be his duty to see that the horses start with their appropriate weights. llfLE V. Treasurer. — The Treasurer shall collect the subscriptions of members, employing assistance for that purpose when necessary. He shall pay out no money except when ordered by the Club, or in the recess of the Club, by the Executive Committee. Rule VI. Stewards. — The Stewards shall attend on the Course, preserve order, clear the track, keep the crowd from the horses when re- turning to the stand after the close of each heat, exercise vigilance to prevent disorder and detect foul riding. They may call to their aid such assistance as they may deem necessary on extraordinary occasions : and in the absence of the President and Vice Presidents, shall appoiut Judges for the day from among the members. On the track during the race, they shall be designated by a_red badge. The Police of the Course shall be under their control. Rule VII. Ladies' Committee. — The Ladies' Committee shall receive ladies visiting the Course, at the door of their carriage, and escort them to the Ladies' stand; and shall attend to their comfort while on the track. They shall be designated by a white badge. EULES OF THE METAIKIE JOCKEY CLUB. 541 Rule VIII. Patrol Judges. — It sliall be the duty of the Patrol Judges preceding each heat, to repair to the places designated by the President, see there is no foul riding ; and after the heat, immediately to repair to the stand and make their report, before which report, the heat shall not be decided. Rule IX. Distance Judge.?. — During heats, the Distance Judges shall remain in the distance stand. At the termination of each heat, they shall repair to the Judges' stand, and report the horse or horses that may be distanced, and any foul riding they may detect. Rule X. Membership, — Members of the Club shall pay $50 a year, payable $2.5 at each race meeting. No badge shall be delivered until paid for. No gentleman shall be admitted in the members' or ladies' stand except as hereinafter provided. Any member of the Club shall have the privilege of introducing, at each race meeting, two, non- residents of the State, by producing a badge of the Treasurer, which badge shall have printed on it " invitation," and have written the name of the wearer and the name of the introducer. The price of the badge shall be $10. All badges shall be personal, and not transferable, under any circumstance. Members of the Club shall be elected by Ballot, and three black balls exclude the applicant. Rule XI. Resignation of Members. — Members wishing to resign, shall enclose their resignation to the Treasurer, at least ninety days previous to a race meeting ; and the names of members not resigning, and failing to pay their subscription when applied to, shall be posted in the Judges' stand by the Treasurer, at 3 p. m., on the last day's race. Rule XII. Postponement. — The President and Vice Presidents may postpone a race for a purse, but only in ease of bad weather, or upon some extraordinary occasion. Rule XIII. Of Persons expelled froji other Courses. — Any per- son who has been expelled from a Jockey Club, or ruled off any Course, will not be permitted to enter a horse for a purse or in a stake ; nor shall he be permitted to turn, ride, or attend in any capacity, a horse on this Course, in any race under the control of the Club. Rule XIV. Riders. — Two riders from the same stable will not be permitted to ride in the same race, except by consent of the Judges, nor shall two horses from the same stable be allowed to run in the sume race, except in a single heat race. Rule XV. Colors. — All riders shall be dressed in jockey costume. Gentlemen who first record their colors with the Secretary, shall be en- 542 THE HORSK. titled to tliem, and no one else sliall be permitted to ride in them. Gentlemen having recorded their colors, shall continue to ride in tiiem until the record be altered with the Secretary. Jockeys shall not ride in colors not announced in the bills of the day. The Secretary shall post on the Judges' stand all the colors that have been recorded. Rule XVI. Entries. — All entries of horses to run for a purse, shall be made by a member of the Club, sealed and deposited in a box — kept for the purpose by the Secretary — before four o'clock, p. m., of the day previous to the race, unless the race of the day be not finished ; and in such case, 15 minutes after the close of the race. Every entry shall describe the age, name, color, sex, sire and dam of the horse, with the owner's name and colors. Any horse having run under a name, if said name be changed, the entry shall state the fact the first time of entering after said change ; and if sire or dam bear a name, said name must be stated. No entry shall be received after the time specified ; and the box shall not be opened unless in the presence of two members of the Association. The place of horses to be determined at starting as they are drawn from the box. Rule XVII. Weioiits. — The fillowing weights shall be carried, viz. — two-year-olds, 80 pounds ; three-year-olds, 86 pounds ; four-year- olds, 100 pounds ; five-year-olds, 110 pounds; six-year-olds, 118 pounds; seven-year-olds and upwards, 124 pounds ; — three pounds allowed to mares and geldings. If any horse carry five pounds over his proper weight, it shall be the duty of the Judges to announce it from the stand. No horse shall be allowed to start in any race, carrying more than five pounds over weight. In making weight, nothing shall be weighed from which a liquid can be wrung, and nothing shall be weighed oft" that was not weighed on. Rule XVIII. Of Age. — -A horse's age shall be reckoned from the first day of May ; that is to say, a colt foaled in the year 1850, shall be considered one year old on the first day of May, 1851. Rule XIX. Of Starting. — The horses shall be started by the tap of the drum, after which there shall be no recall. Rule XX. False Starts. — When a false start is made, no horse making the false start, nor any horse remaining at the stand, shall have clothes thrown upon them, nor shall the rider be permitted to' dismount, nor shall any delay be permitted, but the horses shall be started as soon as brought to the score. Horses making a false start, shall return to the stand by the nearest way. Any infringement of this rule, shall be punished by not allowing the party or parties violating it to start in the EULES OF THE METAIUIE JOCKEY CLUB. 543 Rule XXI. Accidents. — If an accident happen to a horse or rider at a start, the Judges may grant as much dehiy as tliere is time allowed between the heats in the race in which the horses are about to con- tend. Rule XXII. Distanced Horses — Distances. — All horses whose heads have not reached the distance stand as soon as the leading horse arrives at the winning post, shall be declared distanced. All horses not bringing out their proper weight, or within two pounds of it, shall be declared distanced. If any Jockey shall ride foul, his horse shall be declared distanced. Whenever the winner of a heat is distanced by any default in i-iding, weight, or otherwise, the heat shall be awarded to the next best horse. In heats of one mile, 60 yards shall be a distance. In heats of two miles, 100 yards shall be a distance. In heats of three miles, 1.30 yards shall be a distance. In heats of four miles, 150 yards shall be a distance. In heats of one mile, best three in five, 80 yards shall be a distance. Rule XXIII. Places of Horses. — The horse to which the track is allotted shall take his place on the inner or left-hand side of the Course ; the others shall take their places on his right according to allotment. The winner of a heat shall, at the next start, have the track ; the others shall take their positions on his right in the order in which they came out in the previous heat. Rule XXIV. Winner op a Race — Dead Heats — Ruling Out. — In the race best two in^three, a horse that wins two heats, or distances the field in one heat, wins the race. In the race best three in five, the horse that wins three heats or distances the field, wins the race. The horse that first gets his head to the winning post, shall be considered the winner of the heat. In heats best two in three, a horse not winning one heat in three, shall be ruled out. And in heats best three in five, a horse not winning one heat in five, shall be ruled out. A dead heat sliall be considered a heat, except with the horses that make it. Rule XXV. Duties of Riders. — Riders, after a heat is ended, shall repair to the Judges' stand ; they must not dismount until ordered by the Judges, nor sufi'er any person to touch or put cover upon their horses until ordered by the Judges to dismount, on pain of being distanced ; and then, with their saddles, shall repair to the scales to be weighed. A rider thrown, or taken by force from his horse, after passing the winning post, shall not be considered as having dismounted without permission of the Judges ; and if disabled, may be carried to the Judges' stand to be weighed. 54:4: THE H0K8E. Rule XXVI. Bolting. — If any horse shall run from the track into the field, he will be declared distanced, although he may come out ahead, unless he turn and again enter the Course, at the point from which he swerved, unless the Judges believe he lost ground by swerving. Rule XXVII. Time between Heats. — The time between heats shall be twenty minutes for mile heats ; thirty minutes for two-mile heats ; thirty -five minutes for three-mile heats ; forty-five minutes for four-mile heats ; and twenty-five minutes for mile heats, best three in five. Rule XXVIII. Rider Falling. — If a Jockey fall from his horse while riding a heat, and another person of sufficient weight ride him in, he shall be considered as though the Jockey had not fallen, provided he return to the spot where the Jockey fell. Rule XXIX. Foul Riding and Track. — If a horse or rider shall cross, jostle, or strike another horse or rider, or do any thing that impedes another horse, accidentally or not, it is foul riding, and the horse that impedes the other shall be adjudged distanced. And if the Judges are satisfied that the riding was intentionally foul, or that the rider was in- structed so to ride, the party or parties so offending, shall not be allowed to ride, enter or attend a horse over this Course in any race under the control of the Club. Although a leading horse is entitled to any part of the track, if he crosses from the right to the left, or from the inner to the outer side of the track, when a horse is so near him that in changing his position he compels the horse behind him to^shorten his stride, or if he causes the rider to pull him out of his stride, it is foul riding. And if in passing a leading horse, the track is taken so soon after getting the lead as to cause the horse passed to shorten his stride, it is foul riding. All complaints of foul riding must be made before the horses start in another heat ; and if it happens in the last heat, then before the Judges leave the stand. Rule XXX. Collusion. — No compromise or agreement between two or more persons not to oppose each other, or to run jointly against any other person or persons, will be permitted. Upon satisfactory proof of the same being produced before the Judges, they shall declare the horses of such persons distanced, and the parties so offending shall be ruled off the Course. Rule XXXI. Of Frauds. — Every horse started shall run a hona fide race. If any fraud be discovered, and the purse, stakes, or match money, has been paid, the same shall be restored on demand of the Judges, and by them paid over to the owner of the next best horse. If EULES OF THE MKTAIRIE JOCKEY CLUB. 545 the money be not restored by the illegal holder, he shall be expelled from the Club, and shall ever thereafter be ineligible as a member. If not a member of the Club, he shall be prohibited from ever running a horse over the Course again. KuLE XXXII. Op Forfeits. — A person owing a forfeit in any stake or match run over, or agreed to be run over any Course, shall not be allowed to start a horse for a purse or sweepstake, but no charge that such forfeit is due shall be heard unless before starting. No hor.se owned by a person prevented from starting one under the rules of the Club, shall be allowed to run, though said horse be entered in another name or found in another stable. Whenever the Judges are informed that a person has entered, or caused a horse to be entered or named in a race, in violation of any rule of the Club, they shall immediately make an examination of the evidence, so as to enable them to come to a cor- rect decision upon the case. Rdi.e XXXIII. Disqualification as to Age. — Whore there is a doubt about the age of a horse, the Judges may call ia the assistance of per- sons in whose knowledge and honesty they have confidence to aid them in deciding the question. When a clear case of disqualification is made out, the entrance money is forfeited, and they shall not allow the horse to start in the race ; but if they have doubts, they may allow the horse to run ; and if he prove a winner, they shall retain the money or purse, and give the party sixty days to procure testimony touching the case. If the disqualification is made out they shall p.ay the money to the owner of the horse that was placed second in the race ; and if it is not made out, they shall pay the money to the owner of the horse that was placed best in the race. Rule XXXIV. Of Aids. — No person shall be permitted to strike a horse with a whip over three feet in length, to get him from the stand in the start, or to assist his speed in the running of a race ; nor shall any person stand in the track to point out a path for the rider, under the penalty of expulsion from the Course. Rule XXXV. Of Decorum. — If any owner, trainer, rider, starter, or attendant of a horse use improper language to the Officers on the Course, or be guilty of improper conduct, the person so ofi'ending shall never be permitted to start, train, ride, turn, or attend a horse over this Course again in any race under the control of the Club. Rule XXXVI. Selling and Drawing. — No person shall be permit- ted to draw or sell his horse — if by the sale the horse be drawn — during the pendency of a race, except with permission of the Judges, under penalty of being expelled from the Club. Vol. II.— 35 546 THE HOESE. Rule XXXVII. Sweepstakes and Matches — Death. — In sweep- stakes or matche.s, stakes shall be put up or forfeits paid before the riders are weighed for the race, in the order in which the horses are to be placed in the start ; the order of starting to be determined by lot. In sweepstakes and matches, the parties to them may select the Judges for the race. All sweepstakes and matches advertised by the Club, are to be under its control, and governed by its Rules; and when a stake has been closed, no nomination shall be changed without the consent of all parties to the stake. If an entered horse die, or a subscriber entering him die before the race, no forfeit shall be required. Rule XXXVIII. Handicap. — Horses only that have run during the meeting, shall be permitted to start for a handicap purse. No horse shall be handicapped to carry extra weight, but for the pui'jose of equal- izing the horse, a reduction of the regular weight may be made. The President, or acting President, shall handicap the horses, and the weights shall be announced immediately after the race of the day, previous to the handicap race. Gentlemen designing to start, shall, within one hour after the announcement, deposit their entries in the box. Rule XXXIX. Cases Unprovided for. — In all matters relating to the race or running not provided for in these rules, the Judges for the day will decide and direct according to the best of their judgment, and the usages of the turf in such cases. Rule XL. Quorum. — Fifteen members shall constitute a quorum, except for the alteration of Rules, when one-third of the members of the Club shall be present, and the affirmative vote of two-thirds of the mem- bers present shall be required to adopt any new rule, or to rescind, or alter any existing rule. RULES FOR RUNNING AND BETTING. Rule I. Catch Weight. — Four inches are a hand. Fourteen pounds are a stone. Catch weights are, parties to ride without weighing. Rule II. Post Match. — A post match is to insert the terms of the race in the articles, and to run any horse, without declaring what horse, until they come to the post to start. Rule III. Winners. — Horses that win a heat, shall be considered RULES OF THK MK'l'AIKIE JOCKEY CLUB. 547 better than tbose who do uot win a heat ; and those that win two heats better than those tliat win but one, provided they bo not distanced in the race. Of the horses that each win a heat, he shall be considered best that is best placed in the final heat of the race. Of the horses that have not won a heat, he shall be considered best that is best placed in the final heat of the race. Rule IV. Distanced Horses.— Distanced horses are beaten by those that are not distanced. Drawn horses shall be considered distanced ; horses ruled out shall not be considered distanced A horse distanced in a subsequent heat beats a horse distanced in a previous heat. Horses distanced in the same heat are equal. Rule V. Second Horse. — If, in the final heat of a race, there be but one horse placed, no horse shall be considered as second in the race. Rule VI. Bets on the Field and between Heats. — Bets on the field are ofi", unless all the horses advertised to run start, sweepstakes excepted; in them, if one horse is backed against the field, and only one of the field start, the bets must stand. All bets made between heats are ofi', unless all the horses that have the right, start in the next heat. Rule VII. Bets during a Heat. — Bets made during the running of a heat, are not determined until the conclusion of the race, if the heat is not mentioned at the time. Rule VIII. Dead Heat. — In running heats, if it cannot be decided which horse is first, it shall be deemed a dead heat, and shall not be counted, but shall be considered a heat as regards all the rest of the horses in the race ; and those only shall start for the nest heat which would have been entitled had it been won by either horse making the dead heat. Rule IX. Bets Off. — A confirmed bet cannot be ofi" but by mu- tual consent, except in eases hereinafter mentioned. Rule X. Making Stakes. — Either of the betters may demand stakes to be made ; and on refusal, declare the bet to be void. Rule XI. Declaring Off. — If a better be absent on the day of running, a public declaration of the bet may be made on the Course to the Judges, and a demand whether any person will make stakes for the absent parties ; and if no person consent to do so, the bet may be de- clared void. Rule XII. Bets Not Off. — Bots agreed to be paid, or received elsewhere than at the place of running, or any other specified place, cannot be declared ofi" on the Course. 548 THE HOKSE. Rule XIII. Bets Off by Postponement. — When a iMce is post- poned from one day to another, all by-bets, except they are play or pay, shall bo oiF. Rule XIV. The Field. — A field shall comprise all the horses en- tered except the one who may be named against the remainder, unless in a stake, where one horse is a field. The person who lays the odds can choose his horse or the field ; the withdrawal of a horse, previous to starting in the race, annuls the bet. Rule XV. Play or Pay. — When a bet is made ou a horse, play or pay, the horse must start, or the party betting ou him loses his bet. Rule XVI. Untried and Maiden Horses. — An untried stallion or mare, is one whose produce has never won. A maiden horse or mare, is one that has never won. Rule XVII. Placing Horses. — Where a better undertakes to place the horses in a race, he must give each a specific place, as 1st, 2d, 3d, and so on. The word last shall not be construed to mean fourth and distanced, if four start, but fourth ouly, and so on. A distanced horse must be placed distanced. Rule XVIII. Bets and Placing. — Horses shall be placed in a race, and bets decided as they are placed in the ofiicial record. ENGLISH LAWS OF RACING. FROM " BRITISH RTRAL SPORTS," BY " STONEHENGE." The following rules are applicable at Newmarket, and those courses in which it is specially appointed and published that the Newmarket rules shall apply. Rule I. The age of all horses is taken from the first of January. Rule II. In catch weights any person can ride without going to scale. A feather weight is defined to be four stones, but the usual de- claration must be made if the jockey intends to ride more than that weight. Rule III. Horses are not entitled to start without producing a cer- tificate of age, &c., if required, except where aged horses are included; in which case the younger horse may run without such certificate, but carrying the weight allotted to the aged horse. Rule IV. A maiden horse or mare is one that has never won. An untried stallion or mare is one whose produce has never started in public. ENGLISH LAWS OF RACING. 549 Rule V. No person can run more than one horse for any plate, nor for any race in heats. RuLK VI. When two horses run a dead heat, and their owners an-ree to divide, both are liable to carry extra weight as winners. Walking over or receiving forfeit will be deemed winning. The winner of a sweepstakes, where two only start, is considered to win a sweepstakes In estimating winnings, no deduction can be made except the winner's own stake, and any sum or sums required by the conditions to be paid to any other horse or horses in the race. Entrance money for plates not to be deducted. Rule VII. Jockeys must ride their horses to the usual place of weighing, and he that dismounts beforehand or wants weight, is dis- tanced, unless he is disabled by accident, in which case he may be led or carried to the scale. If a jockey fall from his horse, and the horse be rode in from the place where the rider fell by a person of sufficient weight, he may take his place the same as if the rider had not fiillen. [At Newmai-ket jockeys are required to weigh before as well as after the race.] Rule VIII. If one horse cross or jostle another, such horses — unless he be two clear lengths before the horse whose track he crosses — and every horse belonging to the same owner, or in which he may have a share, running in the same race, will be disqualified for winning, whether such jostle or cross was caused by accident or foul riding. Complaints must be made at the time the jockey is weighed. Rule IX. Every jockey is allowed two pounds above the weight specified for his horse ; but should any horse carry more than two pounds above his weight without having declared it, he will he consid- ered distanced, although he came in first. [At Newmarket at least one hour before the time fixed for the first race of the day ; or if no time is fixed, a clear half hour before the race is run.] Rule X. For the best of the plate, when three heats are run, the horse is second which wins one heat. For the best of the heats, the horse is second that beats the other horse twice out of three times, though he do not win a heat. When a plate is won by two heats, the preference of the liorses is determined by the second heat. When a plate is given to the winner of the best of three heats, a horse must be the actual winner of two heats, even though no horse appear against him for both or either of the heats. When three horses have each won a heat, they only must start for a fourth. In running heats, a dead heat goes for nothing, and all the horses may start again, unless it be 550 THE HOESE. between two horses tbut had each won a heat. Horses drawn before the plate is won are distanced. No di.stance in a fourth heat. Rule XI. In all nominations of horses which have not started be- fore the time of naming, the sire, dam, and granddam must be men- tioned if known, unless the dam has a name which is to be found in the Stud Book or Calendar, in which case the name of the sire and dam will be sufficient. If the horse, &c., be own brother or sister to any horse, &c., having a name in the Stud Book or Calendar, it will be suf- ficient to name it as such ; if the dam or granddam be sister — but which sister must be specified if there are more than one — dam, or granddam of any horse, &c., having a name in the Stud Book or Calendar, it will be sufficient to mention her as such. If the dam or granddam is not known, the sire of the horse, &c.. must be mentioned, together with such other particulars as will be sufficient to identify the animal. If a horse has once appeared in the " Racing Calendar " by a name and his pedigree, it will be sufficient afterwards to mention him by his name only, even though he has never started. If the dam was covered by more than one stallion, the names of all of them must be mentioned. If any horse be named without being identified he will not be allowed to start, but his owner will be liable for the stake or forfeit. Rule XII. No horse will be deemed the winner of any race which shall be proved to have run under a false description ; the disqualifica- tion to remain in force until his pedigree be ascertained and recorded. No objection can be made after the lapse of twelve montVs from the time of running. Rule XIII. Allowance of weight to the produce of untried horses or mares must be claimed at the time of running. Extra weight and allowances for not winning are not accumulative unless particularly specified. Extra weights for running are enforced up to the time of starting. Rule XIV. When any person enters a horse or subscribes, under a fictitious name, or in the name of a person not fully identified at the time, he will be considered in all respects as the owner of the horse, and as the subscriber to the stake. The Stewards of the Jockey Club have power to call upon a nominator to produce testimony that the horse named is not the property, either wholly or in part, of any person whose name appears in the list of defaulters ; and if he fail to do so, they may cause the nomination to be erased. Rule XV. In any race which may contain particular conditions as to qualification, it is sufficient if the horse be qualified at the time of naming. ENGLISH LAWS OF RACING. 551 EuLE XVI. When the qualification of a horse is objected to before running, the proof of qualification must be made by the owner before starting ; on failure, the prize may be withheld for a period to be fixed by the Stewards ; and if not made then, he will not be entitled to the prize, though his horse shall have come in first. If the objection be made after the time specified, the proof rests with the objector. Rule XVII. When the age or qualification of a horse is objected to, either before or after running, the Stewards have power to order the examination of the horse's mouth, by competent persons, and to call for such evidence as they may require, and their decision is final. The person requiring the horse's mouth to be examined at Newmarket must pay the expenses of such examination, unless it should prove that the horse is of the wrong age, in which case the Jockey Club will pay it. Rule XVIII. In all cases of fraud punishable by law, the Jockey Club have power, with the consent of the party aggrieved, to prosecute the offenders. Rule XIX. If a horse shall run, or be brought to run, for any race in England or elsewhere, and shall be proved not to be of the age rep- resented, the Jockey Club have power to disqualify for ever the owner, or part owner, trainer, groom, or person having the care of such horse at the time, from running or training any horse where the rules of the Jockey Club apply, and from being employed by any member of the Club. And any horse thus fraudulently entered or run, is for ever dis- qualified for running in any race whatever. Rule XX. No horse foaled out of the United Kingdom can be entered for any race where the rules of the Jockey Club prevail, unless the owner at the time of naming, deposit with the person appointed to receive such nomination a certificate from some racing club of the coun- try where the horse was foaled, or from the Mayor or other public ofii- cer of the district, stating the age, pedigree, and color of the horse, and the marks by which it is distinguished. Rule XXI. All stakes must be made before starting, in default thereof the nominator becomes liable as a loser, whether his horse comes in first or not, unless he shall previously have obtained the consent of the party or parties with whom he is engaged, to his not staking. When the riders of any hor.ses brought out to run are called upon by the starter to take their places for starting, the owner of every horse that goes to the post is liable to pay his whole stake. Rule XXII. No person can start a horse for any race either in his own name or in that of any other person, unless both the owner and namer shall have paid all former stakes and forfeits before the time fixed for 553 THE HORSE. starting for the first race. This rule extends to forfeits due elsewhere than at Newmarket, provided a notice of them be delivered by tea o'clock in the evening preceding the day of running. Rule XXIII. No person in arrear for stakes or forfeits, after appli- cation for payment, and no person notoriously a defaulter in respect of bets, can enter and run in his own name, or in that of any other person, any horse of which he is wholly or in part owner. And to prevent any evasion of this rule, the Stewards have power to call upon the nominator to procure satisfactory testimony that such is not the case, and on fail- ' Tire of such proof, may cause the nomination to be erased ; and the nominator will be held liable for the stakes or forfeits thereon. And no horse trained by any groom or person thus in default, or in any way under the care of a person in default, will be permitted to start. Should any horse, coming under the above regulations, be mistakiugly permitted to start, he will not be considered a winner, though he should come in first ; and the subscriber will have to pay the whole stake, as for aj)eaten horse. This rule does not apply at Newmarket, but at most of the principal races elsewhere. Rule XXIV. When a horse is sold with his engagements, the seller has not the power of striking the horse out ; but, as the original sub- scriber remains liable for the forfeits, he may, if compelled to pay them, place them on the forfeit-list, as due from the purchaser to him.self ; and both the purchaser and the horse remain under the same disabilities as if the purchaser had been the orighial subscriber. In all ^ases of pri- vate sale, the written acknowledgment of both parties that the horse was sold with the engagement, is necessary to entitle either buyer or seller to the benefit of this rule. Rule XXV. When a person has a horse engaged in the name of another party, who may be on the list of defaulters, he may, if he pay this forfeit, start his horse, leaving the forfeit on the list, and sub- stituting his own name fur that of the person to whom it was previous- ly due. He may take the same course in respect of forfeits not on the list. Rule XXVI. When a person takes a nomination for a stake, in which the forfeit is to be declared by a particular time, and does not declare forfeit by the time fixed, he takes the engagement on him- self, and his name will be substituted for that of the original sub- scriber. Rule XXVII. In a selling race, none but those who have started horses in it are entitled to claim ; the horse claimed must be paid for on the day of the race, or the party claiming it is not entitled to oe- ENGLISH LAWS OF UAOING. 553 maud him at any future period ; but the owner of the horse chiimed may insist upon the chiimant taking and paying for him. At New- market any horse for a selling stake or plate is liable to be claimed by the owner of any other horse in the race, for the price for which he is entered to be sold and the amount of the stake ; the owner of the second being first entitled, &c. Rule XXVIII. Every engagement made with any horse, &c., run- ning in a trial, between the time of such trial and the entering of it in the Trial Book, whether it be entered within the time prescribed or not, shall not be run; but the owner of such tried horse shall be considered as having declared forfeit, unless his opponents, or any of them, should be desirous to hold him to his engagement. And, in case any horse so tried shall have started and won any race made subsequently to the trial, and before the entry of it, his owner will not be entitled to the stake, but will be considered as beaten. Every bet made upon or against any such horse becomes void. In these cases the disqualifica- tion attaches to the horse, without regard to any change of the property in him ; and if, with respect to the disqualification, any difficulty should arise in ascertaining the horse or horses tried, the owner is bound, on the request of the Stewards, to declare to them which of his horses ran in such trial ; on refusal, the Stewards have the power to fix the disqualification upon any one or more of his horses at their option. This rule is applicable only to Newmarket. RULES OP BETTING. The following rules are considered binding upon all betters. Those which apply exclusively to Newmarket are specified. They are ex- tracted from that carefully got up authority, " Rufl''s Guide." Rule I. The person who bets the odds has a right to choose his horse or the field ; when he has chosen his horse, the field is what starts against him. Bets are determined though the horse does not start, when the word " absolutely," or " play or pay," are made use of. All double events are play or pay. Bets on horses whose riders have been called upon by the starter to take their places for the purpose of start- ing, are play or pay. Rule II. A bet cannot be off except by mutual consent; but either party may demand stakes to be made on the day of the race, and on refusal may declare the bet off. And if either party be absent on the day of running, a public declaration of the bet may be made on the 55i THE HORSE. course, and a demand whether any person will make stakes for the ab- sent party. If no person consent to do so, the bet may be declared void. Bets, however, agreed to be settled in town, or any particular place, cannot be declared off on the Course. Rule III. Bets laid without mentioning the horse before the race is over, are determined by the state of the odds at the time of mak- ing it. Rule IV. Bets between any horses that become the property of the same person, or of his avowed confederate, are void. Rule V. Bets on horses disqualified, and not allowed to start, for ■want of proper identification in naming or entering, are void ; but not so on horses objected to after the race on the ground of incorrect pedi- gree or nomination; in the latter case, the bets go with the horse that comes in first, unless otherwise disqualified. In cases where the objection is made before starting, the Stewards have the power to suspend the settlement of bets until the objection has been investi- gated. Rule VI. Bets become void on the death of the nominator of the horse betted on ; or if the race for which the horse is named be the first of a double event ; but not so on the death of the horse, or of the owner of such horse, unless named by him. Rule VII. Bets made upon any horse running in a trial between the time of trial and the entry of it, are void. This rule applies only to Newmarket. » Rule VIII. Bets on a race for any particular day in any meeting, in which the parties afterwards change the day, stand ; but if the race be postponed to a different meeting, are void. The Stewards have the power, in cases of urgent necessity, of putting off the races from day to day, in the same week, and all bets on such races must stand. Rule IX. Bets not vitiated because the owner of the horse may have omitted to make stakes before startinc Rule X. Bets made in running for a place are not determined until it is won. Bets made after the heat, if the horse betted should not start again, are void. Rule XI. Bets between horses who run a dead heat, and whose owners agree to divide, or between either of such horses and the field, must be put together and divided in the same proportion as the stakes. If a bet be made on one of the horses that ran the dead heat against a horse that is beaten in the race, the backer of the former wins half his bet. If the dead heat be the first event of a double bet, the bet RULES OF THE UNION COUESE. 555 is void. Bets between horses that run a dead heat for a match are void. Rule XII. Bets cannot be transferred without the consent of both parties to it. Rule XIII. Money given to have a bet laid is not to be returned, though the race be not run. Rule XIV. Bets between horses are void if neither of them should win. Rule XV. A defaulter for bets may, within two years from the date of his defalcation, after having settled with his creditors, demand the sums due to him, but after the expiration of that term loses all claim on the person indebted to him. RULES OF THE UNION COURSE, LONG ISLAND. Article I. Nature ok Rules. — All matches or sweepstakes which shall come off over this Course, will be governed by these rules, unless the contrary is mutually agreed upon by the parties making such match or stake. Art. II. Power or Postponement. — In case of unfavorable weather, or other unavoidable causes, all purses, matches, or sweepstakes, an- nounced to come off, to which the proprietors contribute, they shall have the power to postpone to a future day upon giving notice of the same. Art. III. Qualification of Horses Starting. — Horses trained in the same stable, or owned in part by the same person, within three days, shall not start for a purse ; and horses so entered shall forfeit their en- trance. A horse starting alone shall receive but one-half the purse. Horses deemed by the Judges not fair trotting horses, shall be ruled off previous to, or distanced at the termination of the heat. Art. IV. Entries. — All eutries shall be made under a seal, enclos- ing the entrance money (ten per cent, on the purse), and addressed to the proprietor, at such time and place as may have been previously de- signated by advertisement. Art. V. Weight to be Carried. — Every trotting horse starting for match, purse or stake, shall carry one hundred and forty-five pounds, if in harness ; the weight of the sulky and harness not to be considered. Pacing horses liable to the same rule. Art. VI. Distances. — A distance for mile heats, best three in five 556 THE HORSE shall be one hundred yards; for one-mile heats, eighty yards ; and for every additional mile, an additional eighty yards. Art. VII. Time between Heats. — The time between heats shall be, for one mile twenty minutes ; and for every additional mile, an ad- ditional five minutes. Art. VIII. Power of Judges. — There shall be chosen, by the pro- prietor of the Course, or Stewards, three Judges to preside over a race for a purse, and by them an additional Judge shall be appointed for the distance stand ; they may, also, during or previous to a race, appoint Inspectors at any part of the Course, whose reports, and theirs alone, shall be received of any foul riding or driving. Art. IX. DiFJERENCE of Opinion between Judges. — Should a dif- ference of opinion exist between the Judges in the starting stand on any question, a majority shall govern. Art. X. Judges' Duties. — The Judges shall order the horses sad- dled or harnessed five minutes previous to the time appointed for start- ing; any rider or driver causing undue detention after being called up, by making false starts or otherwise, the Judges may give the word to start without reference to the situation of the horse so oifending, unless convinced such delay is unavoidable on the part of the rider or driver, in which case not more than thirty minutes shall be consumed in at- tempting to start, and at the expiration of that time, the horse or horses ready to start shall receive the word. Art. XI. Starting of Horses. — The pole shall be drawn for by the Judces; the horse winning a heat shall, for the succeeding heats, be entitled to a choice of the track ; on coming out on the last stretch, each horse shall retain the track first selected ; any horse deviating shall be distanced. Art. XII. Riders or Drivers. — Riders and drivers shall not be permitted to start unless dressed in jockey style. Art. XIII. Weights of Riders and Drivers. — Riders and drivers shall wei^h in the presence of one or more of the Judges previous to starting ; and after a heat, are to come up to the starting stand, and not dismount until so ordered by the Judges; any rider or driver disobey- ing, shall, on weighing, be precluded from the benefit of the weight of his saddle and whip, and if not full weight shall be distanced. Art. XIV. Penalty for Foul Riding or Driving. — A rider or driver committing any act which the Judges may deem foul riding or driving, shall be distanced. Art. XV. Horses Breaking. — Should any horse break from his foot or pace it shall be the duty of the rider to pull his horse to a trot EULES OF TMR UNION (lOUESE. 557 or pace immediately, and in case of the rider or driver refusing to do so, tlic penalty shall be, that the next best horse shall have the heat ; if the rider or driver should comply with the above, and he should gain by such break, twice the distance so gained shall be taken away ou the coming out; a horse breaking on the score shall not lose tlic lioat by so doing. Art. XVI. Tue Winning Horse. — A horse must win two heats to be entitled to the purse, unless he distance all other horses in one heat. A distanced horse in a dead heat shall not start again. Art. XVII. Relative to Heats. — A horse not wiuaing one heat in three shall not start for a fourth heat, unless such horse shall have made a dead heat. When a dead heat is made between two horses, that if either had won the heat the race would have been decided, they two only shall start again; in races be.st three in five, a horse shall win one heat in five, to be allowed to start for the sixth heat, unless such horse shall have made a dead heat ; such horses as are prevented from start- ing by this rule, shall be considered drawn and not distanced. Art. XVIII. On Heats and Distances. — If two horses each win a heat and neither are distanced in the race, the one coming out ahead on the last heat to be considered the best. The same rule to be applied -to horses neither winning a heat and neither distanced. If one horse wins a heat, he is better than one that does not, providing he does not get distanced in the race; then the other, if not distanced, shall be best. A horse that wins a heat and is distanced, is better than one not winning a heat and being distanced in the same heat. A horse distanced in the second heat is better than one distanced in the first heat. Art. XIX. Horses Drawn. — Horses drawn before the conclusion of a race shall be considered distanced. Art. XX. Outside Bets. — In all matches made play or pay, out- side bets not to be considered P. P. unless so understood by the parties. Art. XXI. Of P. P. Matches. — All moneys bet on P. P. matches by outside betters, are not considered P. P. Art. XXII. Betting. Absent Bettors. — A confirmed bet cannot be let off without mutual consent. If either party be absent at the time of trotting, and the money be not staked, the party present may declare the bet void, in the presence of the Judges, unless some party will stake the money betted for the absentee. Art. XXIII. Comtromised Matches. — All bets made by outside betters, on compromised matches, are considered drawn. Art. XXIV. Betters ov Odds, &c. — The person who bets the odds, has a right to choose the horse, or the field. When he has chosen 558 THE HORSE. his horse the field is what starts against him ; but there is no field unless one starts with him. If odds are bet without naming the horses before the trot is over, it must be determined as the odds were at the time of making it. Bets made in trotting are not determined till the purse is won, if the heat is not specified at the time of betting. Art. XXV. Horses Excluded from Starting or Distanced. — All bets made on horses precluded from starting, by Kule XIX., being distanced in the race, or on such horses against each other, shall be drawn. Art. XXVI. In Cases of Dispute and Improper Conduct. — In all cases of dispute, not provided for by the Rules, the Judges for the day will decide finally. In case of a trot or match being proved to their satisfaction to have been made or conducted improperly, or dis- honestly, on the part of the principals, they shall have the power to declare all bets void. Art. XXVII. Size of Whips to be Used. — No rider or driver shall be allowed any other than a reasonable length of whip, viz., for ,';nddlc- borses, two feet ten inches ; sulky, four feet eight inches ; wagon, five feet ten inches. Art. XXVIII. In Case of Accidents. — In ca.se of accident, but five minutes shall be allowed over the time specified in Rule X., unless the Judges think more time necessary. Art. XXIX. Jidges' Stand. — No person shall be allowed in the Judges' stand but the Judges, reporters and members, at the time* of trotting. Art. XXX. In Case of Death.- — All engagements are void upon the decease of either party before being determined. RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE PIONEER JOCKEY CLUB OF SAN FRANCISCO. Rule I. Officers. — The officers of the Club shall consist of a Pres- ident, four Vice Presidents, a Secretary and Treasurer, who shall be elected annually previous to the Spring Meeting. The President shall have power to appoint five Stewards, three Timers, and a Ladies' Com- mittee, to consist of three persons. Rule II. Duties of tue President, Vice Presidents and Judges. — The President shall preside at all meetings of the Club, and act as Judge, assisted by two Vice Presidents. He shall appoint two ECLES OF THE PIoNEKK JOCKEY CLtTB. 559 distance Judges, aud shall have power to appoint all officers of the day, from among the members of the Club, to fill the places of absentees. lu the absence of the President, the first Vice President shall preside, and in his absence, the second, third or fourth Vice President, as the occa- sion may require. The Judges shall keep their stand clear of any in- trusion during the pendency of a heat ; also, instruct the riders or drivers before starting, and proclaim from the stand the time and result of each beat, and the result of the race. They shall decide all disputes, and from their decision there shall be no appeal. Rule III. Secretary. — The Secretary shall attend the Judges on each day's race; keep a set of books, in which he shall record the names of members, the rules of the Club, the proceedings of each meeting, and the entries of horses for each day's race. He shall keep an account of each day's race, and report the result in one newspaper, in the city of San Francisco. Assisted by one Vice President, he shall see that the riders or drivers are weighed before starting in the race, and after each heat. It shall also be his duty to see that the horses start with appro- priate weights. On the admission of each new member, the Secretary shall forthwith notify the same to him in writing, furnish him at the same time with a copy of the rules of the Club, aud request him to remit or pay the Treas- urer the amount of his entrance fee and monthly assessment. Any member may propose an applicant for membership. The voting a mem- bership shall be done by ballot, — five negatives to exclude a nominee. An applicant proposed at a meeting of the Club shall be balloted for at the next monthly meeting. Rule IV. Treasurer.'— The Treasurer, or his authorized assistant, shall collect all subscriptions due to the club. In all cases where money is to be paid from tke funds of the Club, the President and two Vice Presidents shall audit the bills ; after which, on presentation, they shall be paid by the Treasurer. He shall take proper vouchers therefor, to be preserved on file by the Secretary, and by him laid before the mem- bers of the Club at their next regular meeting. Rule V. Judges' Duty. — The Judges shall order the horses saddled or harnessed five minutes previous to the time appointed for starting. Any rider or driver causing undue detention after being called up, by making false starts or otherwise, the Judges may give the word to start, without reference to the situation of the horse so offending, unless con- vinced such delay is unavoidable on the part of the rider or driver ; in which case not more than thirty minutes shall be consumed in attempt- ing to start; at the expiration of that time, the horse or horses shall receive the word. SfjH THE HOESE. KuLE VI. Ladies' Committee. — The Ladies' Committee shall re- ceive ladies visiting the Course at the door of their carriage, aud escort them to the ladies' stand, aud shall attend to their comfort on the track. They shall be designated by a white badge. Kule VII. Assessments — Privileges of Membek.s. — Members of the Club shall pay fifty dollars [$50] a year, — twenty-five dollars previous to each race meeting, aud their monthly dues when called upon. No badge shall be delivered until the subscription is paid. Members of the Club shall have the privilege of introducing at each race meeting two non-residents, upon procuring from the prt>prietor of the Course a badge for each person so introduced. The price of a badge shall be $10. Rule VIII. Frauds. — Every horse, mare, or gelding started, shall go a hona fide race. If any fraud be discovered, aud the purse, stakes or match-money has been paid, the same shall be restored on demand of the Judges, and by them paid over to the owner of the next best horse. If the money be not restored by the illegal holder, he shall be expelled from the Club, and shall ever thereafter be ineligible as a member. If not a member of the Club, he shall be prohibited from ever trotting, pacing or running a horse over the Course again, while it is under the supervision of this Club. Rule IX. Decorum. — If any owner, trainer, rider, driver or attend- ant of a horse, use improper language to the ofiicers on the Course, or any member of the Club, or be guilty of any improper conduct, or; use indecorous language, or commit an a.ssault on any jockey while at a meeting or any private race governed by the rules of this Club, the per- son or persons so ofl'ending shall not be pernfitted to start, train, ride, turn or attend a horse over this Course again, in any race under the control of this Club. Rule X. Proprietor of tue Course. — The said Club shall have the absolute control and direction of all meetings over the Pioneer Course. The subscription of each member shall be paid to the Treas- urer, or his authorized assistant, at least ten days prior to each Spring or Fall Meeting for racing. The Club to have all percentage on entrances, and the proprietor of the track the entire proceeds from the gate and refreshment stands. He is to pay all printing expenses, gate- keeping, and also to keep the track and stands in good condition at his own expense. He is to derive all benefits from strangers' badges during the regular meetings. The proprietor shall at all times co-operate with the officers of the Club in furtherance of the accompanying rules, and, in the absence of any of its members, to have them strictly enforced. RULES OF THE PIONEER JOCKEY CLUB. 561 Rule XL Matches and Sweepstakes. — All matches or sweepstakes wbicli shall come oif over the Pioneer Course, shall be governed by the rules of this Club. Rule XII. Postponements. — lu case of unfavorable weather, or other unavoidable causes, all purses, matches, or sweepstakes, announced to come off, to which this Club contribute, they shall have the power to postpone to a future day, upon giving notice of the same. Rule XIII. Qualification for Horses Starting. — Horses owned in part by the same person, within three days, shall not start for a purse ; and horses so entered shall forfeit their entrance. A horse starting alone shall receive nothing. Horses deemed by the Judges not fair trotting horses, shall be ruled off previous to, or distanced at, the termination of the heat. Rule XIV. Entries. — All entries shall be made under seal, enclos- ing the entrance money — ten per cent, on the purse, — and addressed to the Secretary, at such time and place as may have been previously designated by advertisement. After such entries have been made, they shall in all cases be recorded by the Secretary, and handed over to the Treasurer. Rule XV. Weight to be Carried. — Every trotting horse, mare or gelding starting for match, purse or stake, shall carry one hundred and forty-five pounds, if in harness; the weight of the sulky and harness not to be considered. Pacing horses, mares or geldings subject to the same rule. Rule XVI. Distances. — A distance for mile heats, best three in five, shall be one hundred yards ; for two-mile heats, eighty yards; and for every additional mile, an additional eighty yards. Rule XVII. Time between Heats. — The time between heats shall be, for one mile, twenty minutes ; and for every additional mile, an addi- tional five minutes. Rule XVIII. Starting of Horses. — The pole shall be drawn for by the Judges ; the horse winning a heat shall, for the succeeding heat, be entitled to a choice of the position. On coming out on the last stretch, each horse shall retain the track first selected, and any horse deviating shall be distanced. Rule XIX. Riders or Drivers. — Riders and drivers shall not be permitted to start unless dressed in jockey style. Rule XX. Difference of Opinion between Judges. — Should a difference of opinion exist between the Judges in the starting stand on any question, a majority shall govern. Rule XXI. Dismounting. — No rider or driver shall dismount until Vol. II.— 36 562 THE HORSE. SO ordered by tlie Judges. If so offending, he or they shall be distanced. Rule XXII. Penalty for Foul Riding or Driving. — A rider or driver committing any act which the Judges may deem foul riding or drivinjr, shall be distanced. Rule XXIII. Horses Breaking. — Should any horse break from his trot or pace, it shall be the duty of the rider or driver to pull his horse to a trot or pace immediately ; and in case of the rider or driver refus- ing to do so, the penalty shall be, that the next best horse shall have the heat. If the rider or driver should comply with the above, and he should gain by such break, twice the distance so gained shall be taken away on the coming out. A horse breaking on the score shall not lose the heat by so doing. Rule XXIV. The Winning Horse.' — A horse must win two heats to be entitled to the purse, unless he distances all other horses in one heat. A distanced horse in a dead heat shall not start again. Rule XXV. Relative to Heats. — A horse not winnin" one heat in three shall not start for a fourth heat, unless such horse shall have made a dead heat. When a dead heat is made between two horses, that if either had won the heat the race would have been decided, they two only shall start again. In races best. three in five, a horse shall win one heat in five, to be allowed to start for the sixth heat, unless such horse shall have made a dead heat. Such horses as are prevented from start- ing by this rule, shall be considered drawn and not distanced. , Rule XXVI. Heats and Distances. — If two horses win a heat each, and neither are distanced in the race, the one coming out ahead on the last heat to be considered the best. The same rule to be applied to horses neither winning a heat nor being distanced. If one horse wins a heat, he is better than one that does not, providing he does not get distanced in the race ; but if he should be, then the other, if not distanced, shall be best. A_ horse that wins a heat and is distanced, is better than one not winning a heat and being distanced in the same heat. A horse distanced in the second heat is better than one distanced in the first heat. Rule XXVII. Matches against Time. — In matches made against time, the parties making the match shall be entitled to three trials — unless expressly stipulated to the contrary — which trials shall bo had on the same day. It is also understood that a " teazer " may be used, unless otherwise agreed upon by parties making the match. Rule XXVIII. Horses Drawn. — Horses drawn before the conclu- sion of a race, shall be considered distanced. RULES OF THE PIONEER JOCKEV CLUB. 568 KtJLE XXIX. Outside Bets. — In all matches made play or pay, outside bets not to be considered P. P. unless so understood by the parties. Rule XXX. Betting — Absent Betters. — A confirmed bet cannot be let off without mutual consent. If either party be absent at the time of trotting or pacing, and the money be not staked, the party present may declare the bet void, in the presence of the Judges, unless some party will stake the money betted by the absentee. Rule XXXI. Compromised Matches. — All bets made by outside betters, on compromised matches, shall be by this Club considered drawn. Rule XXXII. Betters of Odds, &c. — The person who bets the odds has aright to choose the horse or the field. When he has chosen his horse, the field is what starts against him ; but there is no field unless one starts with him. If odds are bet without naming the horses, before the trot or pace is over, it must be determined as the odds were at the time of making it. Bets made in trotting or pacing are not determined till the purse is won, if the heat is not specified at the time of betting. Rule XXXIII. Horses Excluded from Starting, or Distanced. — All bets made on horses precluded from starting, by Rule XIII., being distanced in the race, or on such horses against each other, shall be drawn. Rule XXXIV. In Cases of Dispute or Improper Conduct. — In all cases of dispute, not provided for by the Rules, the Judges for the day will decide finally. In case of a trot or match being proved to their satisfaction to have been made or conducted improperly or dis- honestly, on the part of the principals, they shall have the power to declare all bets void. Rule XXXV. Size of Whips to be Used. — No rider or driver shall be allowed any other than a reasonable length of whip, viz.; for saddle-horses, two feet ten inches ; sulky, four feet eight inches ; wagon, five feet ten inches. Rule XXXVI. In case of Accidents. — In case of accident but five minutes shall be allowed over the time specified in the Rule V., unless the Judges think more time necessary. Rule XXXVII. When bets are Void. — In case of the decease of either party before the bets are determined, all engagements are void. Rule XXXVIII. Qualifications for Admission to the Quarter Stretch. — No person shall be admitted to the Quarter Stretch other than a member of the Club, or invited guests wearing the Strangers' 564: THE HORSE. Badge. Members of the Club introducing strangers at the regular meetings shall be held responsible for such introduction. Rdle XXXIX. Badges. — Officers' badges to be white ; members' ditto, red; strangers' ditto, blue. The badges are to be worn only by their respective owners, and shall not be transferable. Hole XL. A Quorum. — Nine members shall constitute a quorum for transacting all business which may come before the Club. N. B. — 1,760 yards are a mile ; 220 yards are a furlong; 14 pounds are a stone : 4 inches are a hand. INDEX Aaron Butt, i. 175. Abilallah, i. 175, 195. Abscess, ii. 491. Abjer, i. 441. Acteon colts, i. 441. fillies, i. 4SS. AcasterTiirk, i. 96, 127. Adana, i. 433. Admiral, i. 441. Admiral Nelson, i. 441. Admiral, ii. 84. .diloliis, i. l;i9. Africa, birthplace of horse, i. 21. Age of the hurse, i. 57-7-3. shown by dental system i. 57-73. of noted horses, i. 147. of Moreton's Traveller as connected with the Mor- gans, ii. 243. Ainderby, i. 442. Alarm, i. 4SS. Albany Pony, Li. 185. Albion, 1. 442. Albertazzt, i. 489. Alderman, i. 442. Alexander, i. 442, 150. Alexandria, i. 439. All Fours, i, 442. Alice Grey, i. 244. Race with Black Maria, i. 245, 146, 147. Alice Grey, (trotter) ii. 127. Amanda, i. 135. Amanda, i. 489. Ambassador, i. 442. American Blood Horse history of, i. 122. American Boy, ii. 161. American Kclipse, i. 136, 152, 161. age of, i. 16?. color of. i. 178. figure of, i. 173. genealogical table, memoir of, I. 173, pedigree of, i. 178, 137. performances of, i. 179. races with Duchess of Marlbo- rough, i. 177. Lady Li^htfoot, i. ISO. iJttJe John. i. 179. I American Eclipse — races with Sir Henry, i. 183, 187. Sea Gull, i. 179. Sir Charles, i. 181. American Horses, History of, i. 103. best racing, i. 335. best trotting, ii. 243. of Canada, ii. 63. compared with English, ii. 531. of Conestoga, ii. 57. Morgan, ii. 104. most renowned, i. 383. pedrgrees of racers, i. 156. pedigrees of trotters, ii. '241. trotters, ii. 246. varieties of, ii. 9. of Vermont, ii. 49. winning trotters of 1855, ii. 253. Americus, i. 137, 442. Americus, (trotter) ii. 154, 175, ISO, 207. Amina, i. 489. Amurath, i. 442, 489. Anatomy of the horse, i. 56. Andrew Jackson, ii. 190, 216. Anneite, i. 187. Antieus, i. 442, Anvilina, i. 439. Apparition, i. 442. Arabia. horses not native of, i. 21. characteristics of hor.ses of, i. I 21. horses sent from Egypt to, i, 24. sent from Cappadocia to, i. 24. Arabian Horses — Alexander I., i. 78, 94. BeirsGrav, i. 96. Belsize, i.'l33. Bloody Buttocks, i. 123. Bussorab. i. 151. Combes Gray, i. 9Q. Chestnut, i. 96. Cullen's Brown, i. 96. Cyprus, i, 133. Damascus, i. 96. Darley, i. 96, 102, 125. Godolpkio, i. 96, 127, 13S. Arabian Horses— Gresley's, i, 123. Hairs, i. 128, Hampton Court, i. 133. Honeywood's White, i. 90, 136. Leeds " 1. 96. Lonsdale's Bay, i. 96. Markham's " i. 94, 96. Mnsgrove's Gray, i, 126. The Newcombe Bay Moun- tain, i. 96. The Oglethorpe, i. 96. The Portland, i. 138. The Kicliards, i. 133. The Stallions, i. 104. The Welle.sley, i. 74 Archduke, i. 443, Archer, i. 443. Archibald, i. 4i3. Ai'chitecture of Stables, IL 2S3. Argyle. :. 166. Ariel i. 135. Ariel, i. 152, 162, 167. pedigree of, i. 195. performances, i. 201. race with Flirtilla, i. 202. races of. i. 207. races, recapitulation of, t. 219. Ariel, (trotter) ii. 139. match of 50 miles. match of 100 '' ii. 1S9. Aristotle, i. 443. Arminda, i. 136. Arrakooker, i. 443. Arrow, pedigree of, i. 833. best three-mile raco ot L 840, 341, 342, 343. performances of, i. 339. Aspasia. i, 133. Ass. i. 22, 53. Atatanta, i. 136. Augusta, i. 490. Augustus, Filly, i. 490. Aurelia, i. 490. Authorities consulted and used in the preparation of this work, i. 15. Autocrat, i. 44:3. Awful, (trotter) ii. 158, 161, 163, trot with Lady Suffolk, ii. 163, 172, 176, 20L Azof, siege of, i. 25. 566 INDEX. Babraham, i. 126, 180, 187, i. 44.3. Bachelor, i. 443. Badger, i. 44.3. Bajazet, i. 133, 150, 443. Bald Cliarlotte, 1. 188. 159. Bald Galloway, i. 125, 128, 188, 145. Ball's Floiizell, i. 185. Barbs, i. 40, 4:3. Burton's Mare, i. 127, 188. Compton's, i. 96. Croffs Bar, i. 12T. Cm-wen's Bay, i. 125, 127. Dodsworth's, i. 127, 133. Fairfax's Morocco, i. 95. Godolpbin, i. 96. Greyhound, i. 128. Harpur's, i. 12S. Hutton's Gray, i. 186. Laytou Mare, i. 96, 128, 188. Taffolet, i. 188. Thoulouse, i. 96. I^umidian, i. 82. Barefoot, 1. 151, 443. Baronet, i. 150, 44.3. Bartlctfs Childers, i. 106, 125, 136. Bascombe, (.John) i. pedigree o£ i. 164. Bashaw, by 'Wildair, i. 150. Grand Bashaw (imp.) ii. 216. Young Bashaw, ii. 216. Bashful, Filly, i. 490. Battledore, Slare. i. 490. Bay Bolton, i. 126, 136, 189, 159. (imp.) i. 444. Colt, (imp.) by Bosphorns, i. 111. Coit by Young Highflyer, i. 444. Colt by Balance, i. 444. (rolt by Paymaster, i. 444. Colt by Bl.ink, i. 444. Colt by Matchem, i. 444. Colt by Babraham. i. 444. Filly Malton, (imp.) i. 144. Richmond, (mp.) i. 144. Bedford, (imp.) pedigree of, i. 1.38. get of, i. 189, 445. Bel Air, i. 185. 140, 146, 147. mare, i. 141, 144. Bellfounder, (imp. trotter) ii.95, 165, 179. Belle of Saratoga, (trotter) ii. 224, Bell's Gray Arabian, i. 96. Belsiie Arabian, i. 138. Belshazzar, (imp.) i. 445. Belzoni, Filly, i. 490. Beppo, (trotter) ii. 158, 168, 180, 207. Bergamot, i. 445. Beriier's Comus, i. 445. Best American Horses, i. 885. English horses, i. 3S5. four mile heats, i. 396. trotting time, ii. 243. Best time and weight, i. 396. Betsey Malone, i. l42. Betsey Baker, ii. 1.35, 188, 142, 147, 150, 189, 191. Birdcatcher, Filly, i. 490. " i. 490. Black Bess, (imp.) i. 490. Black Dan, ii. 222. Black Douglass, ii. 218. BiackHawk, (trotter) pedigree, ii. 190. performances, ii. 190, 192, 190, 214. Black Hawk, (by S. Morgan) i. 112. ii. 75, 104, 119, 181. 217. Black Hawk, (Young) ii. 104 pedigre'i of, ii. 128. Black Maria, (by imp. Shark) i. 135. (by Eclipse), i. 116, 139, 162, 107. form of, i. 225. pedigree of, i. 222. performance of, i. 226. recapitulation of races, 248, 249. twenty-mile race, i. 236. Black and all Black, i. 188, 144. Black Jack, (trotter) ii. 119. Blacklock, Mare, (imp.) i. 490. Blank, (English), i. 137, 138. Black Prince, (imp.) ii. 445. Blaze, (English) i. 137. Blaze, (imp.) i. 445. Blazella, (by Blaze) i. 127. Blood Horse, History of Amer- ican, i. 1'22. history of English, i. 74. Bloody Buttocks, (Arabian) i. 128, 1.36, 138. Blossom, (by Crab) Mare, i. 136. (imp. horse) i. 445. (imp. mare) i. 491. Blonde, (by Glencoe). race with Arrow, i, 340. race with Little Flea, i. -343. Blue Dick, i. 165. Bluster, (imp.) i. 445. Boaster, (imp.) i. 44.5. Bob Letcher, ii. 98. pediirree of, ii, 9S, Bolivar, \by Diomed) i. 187. Bolton, (imp.) i. 445. Bonnyface, (imp.) i. 446. Bonny Lass, (imp.) i. 491. Bond's First Consul, i. 186. Bonnett's of Blue, i. 137, 162. races with Black Maria, i. 2.30. Borrock, Billy, (imp.) i. 446. Boston, i. 116, 137. 139, 164, 168. age of, i. 2761. blindness of, ii. 25. color of, i. 276. pedigree, i. 276, 280. ii. 11. 206. performances, i. 277. race with Fashion, i. 289. Boston Blue, (trotter) ii. 185, 137, 184. first trot in public for a stake, ii. 133. Boston Girl, (trotter) ii. 207, 220. 229. Bowery Boy, (trotter) ii. 147. Brandywine, (trotter) ii. 277. Breaking, ii. 313. Breaking. (Baucher's system') ii. 246. leading tackle for, ii. 11. rules of, ii. 316. shoeing for. ii. 315. stables necessary, ii. 313. teaching the Horse, ii. 844. tying up in the stable, ii. 316. Breeding, best age for, ii. 2SS. choice of stallion for, ii. 285. Cleveland Bay, Emperor, ii. 269. efi'ects of in breeding, ii. .54. examples of in breeding, ii. 266. examples of out-crossing, ii. 275. for general purposes, ii. 262. for racing purposes, ii. 277. for the turf, ii. 262. general breeding, ii. 279. in and in. ii. 266". management, of mare and foal, ii. 309, 811. mongrel breeding, ii. 291. out-crossing, ii. 273. Percheron Korman Stal- lion, ii. 294. points of brood mare, ii. 283. principles of, ii. 259. selection of brood mare, ii. 280. stud farm for, ii. 308. theory ol^ in breeding, ii. 279. time for, ii. 289. Bridport or Hill's, Vermont Black Hawk, ii 119, 120, 222. Brilliant, (imp.) i. 446. Brian O'Lynn, (imp.) i. 446. Brimmer, Good's, i. 144, 145. Britannia, Filly, (imp.) i. 491. Britannia, (imp. mare) i. 491. Brocklesby's Betty, i. 136. Brooklyn Maid, (trotter) ii. 175. Brown Filly, (imp.) i. 491. Brown Dick, race with Arrow, i. 340. Brunswick, (imp.) ii. 446, 144. Brutus, (imp.), i. 446. i. 446. Bucephalus, (imp.) i. 446. Bucephalus, age of, i. 57. Buenos Ayres. Horse of, i. 25. Bufl'coat, (imp.) i. 446. Bulle Eock, (imp.) i. 446. Buzzard, (imp.), i. 447. Burtons Barb, i. 127, 183. Bussorah, Arabian, i. 151. Bustler, i. 106, 129. Butler, (Spanish) i. 98. Butler's \ irginia Nell, i. 135. Byerly Turk, i. 96, 127, 188, 145. Cade, (English) i. 127, 181, 187, 146. (imp ) i. 447. INDEX. 567 Cadmus, ii. 85, 86. Calypso, i. 13G. Camel, (Unp.) i. 447. Csinifl, ^iinp.) i. 147. Camel, Fillv, (imp.) i. 492. (imp.), i. 492. Camilla, (imp.) i. 492. Canadian Horse, i. 109, 112, 114. stallion, St, Lawrence, (ti-otter) ii. 192. Canker, ii. 495. Cannon, (imp.) i. 447. Cappadocian Horse, i. 24. Carlisle Tark, i. 125. Cardinal Puff, (imp.) i. 448. Carlo, (imp.) i, 44S. Carpathia, Horse of, i. 41, 44. Cartouc'li, (KngiUsh Horse) i. 137. Carver, (imp.) i. 448. Cassivelan, chariot,s of, i. 27. Castaway Mare, i. 127. Cassius M. Clay, (trotter) 1. 86. Castianira, (imp.) i. 130, 137, 492. pedi£;ree of, i. 172. Catarrh, "ii. 484. Catton. (English) i. 100. Catt», (trotter) ii. 154, 167, 172. Cavalry, Grecian, i. 30-37. horses, ii. 103. Nnmidian. i. 42, 43, 76. riders, ii. 337. Koman, i. 39. Cayuga Clilef, (trotter) ii. 1T6, 17S, 1S2, 186. Celer, i. 135, 141, 145, 147, 159. (imp.) i. 44S. Celia, i. 136. Ceucinel, (imp.) i. 448. Centreville Course, ii. 168, Cetus, (imp.) i. 448. Champion Mare, (imp.), i. 492. Chance, (imp.) i. 443. Chanee Mare, (imp.) i. 492. Chancellor, (trotter) ii. 145, 147, 154. Charlotte Temple, (trotter) ii. 156, 157. Chariot, (imp.) i. 448. Chatauque Chief, (trotter) ii. 192, 215, 225. Chateau Margaux, (imp) i. 100, 410. Chateau, B. F. (imp.) i. 492. Cliedworth Foxhtmter, i. 138. Chicago Jaok, (trotter) ii. 224 >29. Childers, (Flying) i. 26. 57, 102 125. i. 126, 159, 172, 355. (Bartlett's) i. loG, 125, 136. (imp.) i, 449. ChidUy, (Kng. Mare) i. 1S7. Cincirinatus, i. 135. Cinderella, B. F. (imp.) i. 492. Citizen, (imp.) i. 143, 145, 164, 171, 449. Clara llt)ward, i. 151. Claret, (imp.) i. 449. Clarion, pedigree of, i. 163. Cleveland, Bays, i. Ill, 112, 113. ii. 19. W. C. Hives' Bay, (imp.) stallion, ii. 259. Clifden, (imp.) i. 449. Clifton, (imp.) i. 449. Co:ich House, ii. 393. Ciockfast, (imp.), i. 449. Clown, (imp.) i. 449. Clothing of horses, ii. 422. Clubs, (Racing Clubs,) English rules and laws of racing, 549. Fashion, New York, ii. 530- 539. Maryland, ii. 525-530. Metiiirie, New Orleans, ii. 539-54S. N. York Jockey Club rules of, ii. 509-518, 555, 558. South Carolina, ii. 518-525. Clubs, (Trotting Clubs,) New York Trotting Club, rules of. ii. 137. Centreville Course, L. I., ii. 167-170. Hunting Park, Phila., ii. 140. Pioneer. California Club, 555-564. Cock of the Rock. i. 152. Coeur De Lion, (imp.) i. 450, 141. Colic, Spasmodic, ii. 4S3. Collector, (trotter) ii. 147, 154, 156. Colonel Mare, (imp.) i. 492. filly, (imp.) i. 492. (imp.) i. 493. Columbus, (S. White) trot with Ethan Allen, ii. 105. Columbus, Old, (trotter) per- formances of, ii. 41, 145, 143, 154, 182, 185. 190. performances of, ii. 145, 148, 154, 182, 185. 190. Combe's Gray Arabian, i. 96. Commodore, (imp.) i. 450. Commoner, i. 133. Comparison of speed, i. 353, 381. Compton's Barb, i. 96. Comus Berners, i. 445, Connis Mare, (imp.) i. 493. Conestoga Horse, i. 100, 109,111. history of, ii. 57. Coneyskins, i. 125, 127, 136. Confide n ce, (trotter) ii. 156 , 162, 175, 181, 202. Congestion, ii. 480. Conqueror, (Spanish) i. 9S. Consol, (imp.) i. 450. Consternation, (imp.) i. 450. ii. 25. Constellation, ii. 97. Contracted feet, ii. 494. Contract, (imp.) i. 456, Cook's Ber Air, i. 140. Cora, ch. m. (imp.) i. 493. Cormorant, (imp.) i. 450. Corns, ii. 495. Corou'^t, (imp.) i. 450. Cough, ii. 485. Counsellor, i. 127. Courses, (Race Courses) early race courses, i. 125. in New York, i. 130. Albanv, i. 151. Bath, "L. I., i. 153. Beaver Pond, Jamaica, i. 151. Harlem, i. 151-153. Newmarket, L. L, i. 151- \m. Pciughkeepsic, i. 151. Courses, (early race-courses in America,) rules of, ii. 508-564. Courses (Race), AlexandrlajYa., i, 130, 93. Beacon Course, N. J. 1. 153. English race-courses, rules and laws for, ii, 508. 549- 555. Fashion Course, L. I., i. 153. Gloucester, Va., i. 127. Maryland, i. 128. National Course, L. I., i. 153. New Market, Va., i. ISO. Philadelphia Course, i. 132- 134. Powles Hook, N. J. i. 153. Richmond, Va., i. 630. Union Course, L. L, i. 153. Washinffton Course, Charleston, S. C, i. 130. Courses, (trotting courses,) first trotting course in L. L, America, ii. 133, 147, 152. Act of Legislature of New York, 1821, for the same, ii. 134. Beacon Course, Hoboken, N. J. ii. 167. 172. Canton, ii. 150, 151. Central Course, Baltimore, ii. 146, 151. Centreville Course, ii. 167, 153. rules of, ii. 163-170. Harlem Course, ii. 156, 162. Hunting Park Course, Phil- adelphia, rules of, ii. 140- 162. Long Island Course, first course in America, ii. 1S3, 134, 14T-152. rules and regulations of, ii. 168-170. Crab, (English) Old i. 125, 127, 136,]3S. Routh's (imp.) i. 127, 450. Sheppard's, i. 131, 137. Cracks of the Hoof, ii. 495. Crawfi.rd, (imp.) i. 450. Crawler, (imp.) i. 451. Creeper, (imp.) i. 451, Creole, (imp.) i. 451. Cripple, (English) i. 136. Croft's Bay Barb, i. 127. Cub, (Old "Cub), i. 131,451. Cub Mare, (Delancy's) i. 181, 150, 493. Cub Mare, (Gibson's) i. 131. Cullen's Brown Arabian, i. 96. Cupbearer, i. 139. Curb, ii. 490. Curwin's Barb, i. 96, 125, 127. Cygnet, (English) 1. 137. Cynthius (imp.) 1. 451. Cypron, (English) i. 137. Cyprus Arabian, i. 13.3. Dabster, (imp.) i. 451. Daghee, (imp.) i. 451. Damascus Arabian, i. 96. Dancing Master, (imp.) i. 451. Daniel D. Tompkins, (trotter) ii. 164, 167, 168. Dare Devil, (imp.) i. 451, 164. Dare Devil Mare, i. 142. 568 INDEX. Darley Arabian, I. 96. 125, 128. Darliristnu, (imp.) i. 451. Daviii, (imp.) i. 451. D'Aicy Turk. i. 9ti, 126. De Bash, (imp.) i, 452. Defiance, ii. SS. Defiance, (trotter) ii. 136. Denizen, (imp.) i. 452. Dental System uf the Horse, i. 57. Delphine. (imp.) i. 493. Derny l^imp.) i. 452. Desijjn. ch. m. (imp.) i. 493. Dianumti, ( English )i. 167. Diamond, (imp.) i. 452. Diamond, ii. lOS, 109. Diana, 1. 13T. Diana, (imp.) i. 493, Dickey IMerson, i. 127, 133. Dinwiddle, i. 137. Diomed, (imp.) i. 130. pediffi-ee of, i. 137, 141, 144, 147, 161. memoir of, i. 175. his gL-t in Kngland, i. 175, 176. his get in America, i. 137, 452; ii. 11. Diome.1, Kaghins, i. 142, 147. Dion, (imp.) i. 452. Diseases of the Horse, i. 4S0. canker, ii. 495. catarrh, ii. 4S4. congestion, ii. 4S0. contracted feet, ii. 494. corns, ii. 495. cough, ii. 4S5. false quarter, ii. 495. farcy, ii. 491. glanders, ii. 4S5. grease, ii. 492. inflammation, ii. 4S2. inflammation of the brain, Ii. 4S7. inflammation of the foot, or acute founder, ii. 493. laryngitis, ii. 484. miicous membranes, ii. 4S3. navicular joint disease, ii. 494. pleurisy, ii. 4S3. pumiced feet, ii. 494. quittor, ii. 495. roaring, causes of and rem- edies for, ii. 501 -5t 5. sand crack, ii. 495. spasmodic colic, ii. 4S3. Ei)avin, ii. 4S9. Buperpurgatiou, ii. 434. spiints, ii. 493. thrush, ii. 495. tread, or over reach, ii. 495. worms, ii. 484. Dodsworths Barb, i. 127, 133, 13S, 157. Docking of Horse, ii. 429. Dolly, (trotter) ii. 163. Dolly Si>anker, (trotter) ii. 218, 224. Doncastev, (imp,) i. 452. Don .Jidin, (imp.) i. 452. Don.Tiinn.(trotter)ii.l63,174,175. Don Quixotte, (.imp.) i. 452. Dorimant, i. 137. Doi-i^, (English) i. 138. Doris, (imp.) i. 493. Dorm.puse, (English) i. 130. Dormouse, (imp.) i. 453. Dottrel, (imp.) i. 453. Do\e, (imp), i. 453. Dragon, (imp.) i. 45-3. Dragon, (trotter i ii. 185. Dread, trotter) ii. 147, 154, 156. Drivtr, (imp.) i. 453. Driving, ii. 44G. Drone,^(imp.) i. 453. Druid, (iuip.) i. 453. Duane i. 151, 1C6. Duchess, b. m. (imp.) i. 493. Duchess of York, (imp.) i. 493. Duchess, (trotter) ii. 176, 178, 1S2, 184, 1S6. 1S8, 229. Dutchman, (trotter) ii. 142,149, 158,160, 163, 167,171-178, 1811, 196, 2(»7. Diingannon, (English) i. 138. Dungannon, (imp.> i. 454. Dungannnii, i. 141. Duke of Bri i. 144. obituary, i. 147. age, i. 147. Eclipse, (English) i. 130, 138, 160, 161,3.75. Eclipse, (Virginia) i. 140, 147. Eclipse, (American) i. 57, 103, Hl.%in,129. 130, 139, 152, 164, 161, 107. color of, i.l78. flgure of. i. 178. miMuoir of. i. 1T8. pediirree of, i. 178,187. perlurniances f»f. i. 179. race with Ladv Liglitfoot, i. ISO. race with Sir Charles, i. ISl. race with Henry, i. 183. Edwin Forrest, (trotter) best time. ii. 13-3, 156, 159, 101, 667, 172,174, 180. Egypt, i. 21. horse tirst spoken of in, i. 21. introduced into, i. 23, 24,27. bent to Arabia by, i. 24. Ella, (imp.) i. 494. Ellen T'lompson, (trotter) ii. 177. Emancipation, (imp.) i. 454. Etnilius, (imi).),b. c. Colt, i. 454. Emilius, br. c. (imp.) i. 455. Emilius. cli. c. (imp.) i. 455. Emilia?, Fillv. (imp.) i. 494. Emilius, b. f.'(imp.) i, 494. Emperor, ii. 292, 259. Empress, i. 152. Empress, (trotter) ii. 177. Enm, limji.) i. 455. Engineer, ii. 210. En;rli.>huian. (imp.) i. 455. En^li.-Ii l-:elip>e. i. 136, 138, 160. English Eclipse, i. 161, 355. English Blood Horses, I, 74. best English horses, i. 385. comparisons of speed be- tween American Blood horses and, i. 383. 384. foreign stallions, in England in 1730, i. 103, 104. game of. i. 373. inferiority of old racers, 1. 809. most renowned American and, i. 383, 383. 384. native stallions in England, in 1730, i. 105. views of the thoroughbred, i. 378, English race courses, i. S71-377, Envoy, (imi).) i. 455. Epsilon, i. 142. Equity, (mare imp.) 1. 494. Escape, (imp.) i. 455. Espersykes. (imp.) i. 455. Eugenius, (imp.) i. 455. Expedition, (imp.) i. 150, 151, 163, 455. Ephraim Smooth, (trotter) ii. 14-2, 145. 149. Essential Points in a thorough- bred for racing, i. 424. Express, (imp.) i. 455. Exton, (imp.) i. 456. Fabricius, (English) i. 145 Fiiir Charlotte, (imp.) i. 494. Fairfiix lil. Miss Thigh, (Enijlisb) i. 133. Miss West, (imp.) i. 501. Modern Hunters, ii. 21. Modesty, (trotter) ii. 156, 160, lti3. Moloch, (imp) i. 469. Moll BnizenM. 501. Moll in the Wad, b. m., (imp.) i. 501. Molly Piicnlet. (imp.) i. 501, Monarch, U'i'pt '■ -I'"'-'. Monarch. (iinp.) by Priam, i. 469. Monkey, (ED^li^li) by Lonsdale Arabian, i. 127. Monkey, (imp.) i. 469. Mordecni, (imp.) i. 469. More, (imp.) i. 469. Morgan Horse, or Justin Mor- gan J. 112, 113; ii. 75,104, 105, 106. pediiiree, ii. 107, 242. remarks on, ii. 108, 109. moinnir of, ii. 110. recorded get, ii. 115, 122. Moretnn's Traveller, (imp.) i. 127, 12S, 135, 139, 159; ii. 107, lOS, 109,242. Morven, (imp.) i. 470. Morwick Ball, (imp.) i. 470. Mosco, (imp.) i. 470. Moscow, (trotter) alias Passe Garrean. 1. 114. performances, ii. 179, 183, 188, 1S9, 190, 197. pedigree of, ii. 133, 185, 186. Moses, (EngHsh)i. 13S. Mount Holly, (trotting Stal- lion) ii. 150, 156,162, 164. Mousetrap, (imp.) i. 470. Mucous Membranes, ii. 483. Mufti, (imi>.) i. 470. Mulatto Filly, b. f. f., (imp.) i. 51 H. Mulatto Filly, b.f., (imp.) i. 502. Muley Mnl.ick, Filly, ch. f. f., (imp.) i. 502. Masgrove's Gray Arabian, i. 126. N Nameless, b. m., (imp.) i. 502. Nancv Bywel!, b. m., (imp.) i. ' 502- Narragansett Horse, (pacer) i. 112. the Horse, ii. 67. characteristics, Ii. 69, 70, 73. 74. Natural History of the Horse, i. 53. Navicular, or Joint Disease, ii. 494. Nell G Wynne, (imp.) i. 502. Nettletop, by Diomed, i. 137. Netty, ch. m., (imp.) i. 502. Newcomb's Mountain Arabian, i. 96. Niohohis I., by Glenooe, i. 352, Nicholas, (imp.) i. 470. Nimrod. (imp.) i. 470. Non Plus, (imp.) i. 471. Norman Horse of Canada, i. 109, 114; ii. 47, 50. history of Canadian, ii. 63, I North Britton, (imp.) i. 471. North Star, (imp.) i. 471. Northumberland, alias Irish Gray, (imp.) i. 471. Novelty, m., (imp.) i. 502. Numidian Barbs, i. 32. O Oberon, (imp.) i. 471. Obituaries of Stallions, i. 147. Bucephalus. (Alexander the Great) i. 57. Burns' Maggie, i. 57. English Eclipse, i. 57. Kemble Jackson, ii. 215. Lady Sutfulk. ii. 214. Screwdriver, ii. 147. O'Bleni.s, (trotter) ii. 205, 220. Obscurity, (imp.) i. 271. Observations on imported stal- lions, i. 434. Oglethorpe Arabian, i. 96, 128. Ohio, hor.sie stock of, ii. 76, 83. O'Kellv, i. 14:3. Old Child, mare, (English) i. 128. Old England, (imp.) race with Selim, i. 131,132. Old Shock, i. 133. Olympus Filly, b. f. (imp.) i. 502. Olympus Filly, br. f. (imp.) i. 502. Olympus Mare, b. m. (imp.) i. 502. Only That, b. m. (imp.) i. 503. Oneida Chief, (pacer) ii. 175, 176, 180, 181. Onus, (imp.) i. 471. Opossum Filly, by Medley, i. 136, 137. Oroonoko, (imp.) i. 471. Orville Mart-, (imp.) i. 502. Osbaldfstiin's Matcli, to ride 2(10 uule:? in ten hours, i. 859. Oscar (imp.) i. 471. Oscar, by Gabriel, i. 136, 13S, 163, 172. Oscar, by Wonder, i. 141. OtheUo or Black and All Black, i. 131, 133, 144. pedigree, i. 472. Otho, (English) by Moses, i. 137. Pacers and pacing, ii. 245. best time on record, ii, 245. Galloway's, ii. SS. James K. Polk, ii. 190. N a rragan sett's, i. 112. history of, ii. 67, 69. Pocahontas, ii. 222. performances, ii. 245. Pacitic, by Sir Archy, i. 142, 143. Pacolet. (imp.) i. 136, 139, 168. pedigree of, i. 472. Pacolet Gray, by Citizen, i. 141, 14.S. Pacolet, (Williamson's) 1. 142, 145, 147. Pacolet Mare, i. 503. Pandora, by Medley, i. 186. Pam, (imp.) i. 472, Pantaloon, (imp.) i. 472. Parthian Horse, i. 40. Partner Mure, i. 127, 1.30, 138 28, 29, 145, 146, 135. Partner, (Grisewood's) i. 186. 138. Partner, Moore's, (imp.) ;. 472. Partner, Croft's, (imp.) i. 472. Partner, (imp.) by Duke of Hamilton s Figure, i. 472. Partner, by Traveller, i. 472, 135. Partisan Mare, (imp.) i. 503. Partridge, ch. f. (imp.) i. 503. Passe Carreau, (trotter) alias Moscow, i. 179, 182, 183. Paul, (imp.) i. 472. Passenger, (imp.) i. 473. Passaic, (imp.) i. 473. Paymaster, (imp.) i. 473. Paul Prv, (trotter), ii. 25, 41, 142. 145, 152, 154, 161. Paul Clittord, (trotter) ii. 119. Peacock, (Spanish hoise) i. 93. Peacemaker, by Diomed, i. 137. Pedigrees and Get — of Bedford, (imp.) i. 138. his get. i. 139 of Diomed, (imp.) i. 137. his got, i. 137. of Gabriel, (imp.)i. 187. his get, i. laS. of Medley, (imp.)i. 186. his get, i. 136. of Shark, (imp.) i. 136. his get, i. 137. Pedigrees, Performances, and Anecdotes of Fanu>ua Auierican Kacers, i. 156. of American Eclipse, i. 178. of Ariel, i. 19.\ 197, 221. of Arrow, i. 838, 339. of Black Maria, i. 222, 250. of Blue Dick, i. 165. of Boston, i. 276, 2S0, 283. of Clarion, i. 163. of Fashion, i. 2S4, 287, 238. performances of, i. 284 to 289. of Grey Eagle, i. 251, 253. of John Bascomb, i. 164. of Lecomi)te, i. 309, 310. of Lexington, i. 303-305. of Medoc, i. 163. of Mingo, i. 163. of Peytona, i. 164. of Post Boy. i. 16.3. of Pryor, i. 345, 846. of Sir Archy, i. 172. of Sir Henry, i- 186. of Wagner, "i. 251, 252. Pedigree <»f Flora Temple, (trotter) ii. 2:52, 237. of KeiiibU' Ja.-k^on. ii. 216. of Lii.lv Siitl'olk, ii. L'lo. of Morgan Horse, ii. 107. of Pocahontas, ii. 223. of trntiing horses, ii. 241. Peggy, (imp.) i. 5iP3. Pelham, (trotter) ii. 137, 195, 200. 205, 215. Penelope, ch. m. (imp.) i. 503. Performances of American Racers — American Eclipse, i. 179. Ariel, i. 201. at New Orleans, i 405. Black Maria, i. 226. Boston, i. 277, 2S9. INDEX. 673 Performances of American Racers. Brown Dick, i. 379, 882. Dick Doty, i. 899. Fiishion, i. 285, 2S9. by foreign sires, i. 508- .>43. Henry Perritt, i. 331. Lexinaton, i. 307-329. Little'Flea, i. 841. most renowned, i. 338, by native sir s, i. 508-.^4S. Performances of Famous Trot- ting Horses, ii. 246. Awful, ii. 161. best time on record, ii. 283, 24:5. Dutchman, ii. 160. Fannv Jenks, ii. 134, 186, 1!)S; 199. Fanny Murray, ii. 189. Flora Temple, ii. 287. Lady Suffolk, ii. 211, 212, 213. Paul Pry, ii. 155. Purdy"s Kate, ii. 202. Ripton, ii. 176. Tacony. ii. 207 to 240. Topsallant, ii., 14:!. Trustee, ii. 198, 196. 226. winners in, ii. 247-258. Performances of Racers (Eng- lish)— of Almanzor, i. 854, 357, 379. of Alonzo. i. 357. of Brown Betty, i. 854, 357. of Chanter, i. 355. of Charles the 12th, i. 871. of Cymba, i. 373, 331. of Diamond, i. 856. of English Eclipse, i. 854, 8.57, 8S7. 382. 897. of Firetail, i. 355. of Flying Chilrtcrs, i. 854, 356, 357, 369. 332, 387, 897. of Fox, i. .354, 8.55. of Hambletonia i, i. 356. of Halls Qnibler, i. 856. of KinsL'ton. i. 373, 331. of Osbaldeston match, i. 859 of Orville, i. .857. of Sir Tatton Svkes, i. 878, 381. of Sleight of Hand, i. 871. of Speedwell, i. .355. of Surplice, i. 378, 381. of West Australian, i. 873, 831. Persian Horse, i. 24, 80. Pet, (trotter) ii. 207, 217, 220. Peytona. by Glencoe, i. 162. pedigree of. i. 164. description of, i. 164. race with Fashion, i. 165. Pha^nomenon, (imp.) i. 473. Pharaoh, (imp.) i. 473. Phil Brown, vimp.) i. 473. Philadelphia S.aI,(trotter) ii. 191. Philadelphia, b. m. (imp.) i. .503. Philip, (imp.) i. 473. Phoenix, (imp.) i. 151, 473. Pilgrim, (imp.) i. 473. Pirouette, ch. f. (imp.) i. 608. Pioneer Club, Cal. rules of, ii. 658. Place's White Turk, i. 95. 133, 157. Placentia, f. f. (imp.) i. 503. Pl.ay or Pay, (imp.) i. 473. Pledge, m. (imp.) i. 503. Plenipo. (imp.) i. 478. Plenty, br. m. (imp.) i. 603. Pleurisv, ii. 488. Ploughboy, (trotter) ii. 196. Pocahontas, (pacer) ii. 86, 184, 222. pedigree of, ii. 22.3. best time on record, ii. 227. Ponies, (Indian) ii. 65. Pomona, b. m. (imp.) ii. 603. PotSos, (English) i. 137. Pot8os Mare, (imp.) i. 508. Possession, m. (imp.) 508. Portland, (imp.) i. 473. Portland Arabian, i. 183. Post Boy. bv Gabriel, i. 1.36. 183. Post Boy, by Henry, 1. 168. pedigree of^ i. 16;5, 164 ; ii. 89." Potomac, by Sir Archy, i. 186, 137. Potomac, (Van Ranst) i. 164, 1.55. Porto, (imp.) i. 474. Post (I^aptain. (imp.) i. 474. Precipitate, (imp. ) i. 474. Prerogative, (imp.) i. 474. ■ .) i. IC~ - ■' 474. Priam, (imp.) 00, 143, 148, Priam, ch. colt, (imp.) i. 474. Priam Fillv. s. f (imp.) i. 50.3. Priam Fillv. b. t. (imp.) i. 503. Priam Filly, ch. t. (imp.) i. 504. Prima, i. 504. Primrose, by Diomed, i. 137, 164. Primrose, (imp.) i. 504. Prince, (imp.) i. 474. Prince, (trotter) ii. 219. ten-mile race, ii. 219. one hundred-mile race, ii. 219, 220. Prince Ferdinand, (imp.) i. 474, Prince Frederick, (imp.) i. 474. Principles of Breeding, ii. 259. Prioress, by Sovereign, (imp.) i. 169 race with Nicholas I., i. 352. Progress in Breeding, i. 361. table of, i. 361. Promise, ch. m. (imp.) i. 504. Prunella, (imp.) i. 504. Pryor, by Glencoe. i. 169. description of, i. 347. pedigree of i. 346. race with Lecompte, i. .348. race with Floride, i. 351. Psyche, gr. m. (imp.) i. 504. Punch, (fmp.) i. 475. Punchinello, (imp.) i. 504. Pumiced feet, ii. 494. Puzzle, (imp.) i. 475. Q Quaga, i. 25, 53. Queen Ann. bl. m. (imp.) i. 504. Queen, The, ch. m. (imp.) 506. Queen Slab, (imp.) i. 126, 128, 604. Quicksilver, i. 136. Quiet Cuddy, i. 127. Races of Famous American IIorse.H. — American Eclipse, great match with Sir llcnrv, L 13.3. Ariel and Flirtilla, i. 202. Ariel, i. 2U2-220. Arrow, i. .339, -34.3. at New Orleans, i. 405, 403. best four-mile. i. 8SS. best three-mile ever run, i. 342. Black Maria, i. 222-250. Black Maria's twenty-mile race, i. 236. Boston, i. 277, 289. Fashion, i. 234, 239. match with Boston, i. 289-299. of Lexington, i.^07, 308. with Lecompte, i. 814, 318. match against time, i. 819, 324. second with Lecompte, i. 329, 336. of Lecompte. i. 811-313. with Lexington, i. 314 to 329. Pryor with Lecompte, i. 850, 352. Wagner and Grey Eagle, i. 2a!-275. Race Ccmrses, (early) i. 125. Albany. N. Y., i. 151. Alexandria, D. C, i. 130, 193. Bath. Long Island, i. 1.53. Beacon, Hoboken, N. J., i. 1.53. Beaver Pond, Jamaica, L. I., i. 130, 161. Fashion, Newtown, L. I., i. .351, 580. Gloucester, Va., i. 127. Harlem, N. Y. Island, i. 151. 158. Maryland, i. 123. National, Newtown, L. I., i. .351. New Market L. L, i. 130, 151, 152. 153. New Market, Va., i. 130. Philadelphia, i. 132, 1.84, 135. Poughkeepsie, (D. C), N. T.; i. 151. 1.53. Powles Hook, N. Jersey, i. 153. Richmond, Va.. i. 130. Washington. Charleston, S. C, i. 180. Race horse, true utility of, i. 410. essential points of, i. 424. Rachel, ch. m (imp.) i. 504. Racing Clubs. — English, laws of ii. 648. rules of betting, ii. 553. Fashion. L. I., ii. 530. rules of. ii. 530-538. betting and running, iL 539. Marvland, ii. 525. "rules of ii. 626-530. Metairie, New Orleans, ii. 539. 574 RACING. Racing Clubs, — Metairie, rules of, ii. 586, 539. running and betting, ii. 54(J. New York, ii. 509. rules of, ii. 509-517. Pioneer, Cal., ii. 558, rules and regulations of, ii. 559 to 563^ South Carolina, ii. 51» ' rules of, ii. 519-52J;' for racing, ii. 5'23-*625. Union Course,Long Mand, rules of, ii. 555 too5S. Eacing. — Early racing, i, '29. in America generally, i. 183 to 400. Cromweirs proclamation against, i. 94, 95. Elizabeth's time, i. 93,94. in England, i. 77, 79, 80, 88, 93, 85U-8SI. for races, see Matches and Pcrforuiances. in Greece, i. 29. James First's time, i. 93. in Maryland, i. 1'25-137. Newmarket, England, i. 91, 94. in New York, i. 130, 137. in North Carolina, i. 130, 135. in Pennsylvania, i, 182 to 137. in 9o. Carolina, i. 180, 185. in Virginia, i. 125. Elian's Diomed, i. 143. Eanger, (imp.), i. 475. Eanter, (imp.), i. 475. Eattle, (English) i. 127, 128. Battler, (trotter) ii. 139, 150, 155, 160, 1(J4, 167, 176. Eeality, by Sir Archy, i. 137. Recovery, Filly, ch.'f. (imp.), i. 504. filly fnal, (imp.), i. 504. Eeel. by Glencoe, i. 162, 166. Regulus, (imp.), i. 127, 128, 130, 475, 135. 136, 160, 163. Kemns. (imp.), i. 475. Eepublican, (imp.), i. 475. Restless, (imp.), i. 476. Reube, ch. g., race with Le- compte, i. 318, 343. Reveller, (imp.), i. 476. Rhoderick Dhu, (imp.), i. 476. Rhode Island, (trotter) ii. 206, 215, 218. Bhodora, ch. m. (imp.), i. 504. Biclmrd's Arabian, i. 138. Richard, (imp.), j. 476. Riddlesworth. (imp.), i. 476. Riding, ii. 446, 324. Ringlet, b. f. (imp.), i. 504. Ripton, (trotter) ii. 149, 172, 175. performances of, ii. 176 — 182, 185, 190, 191. Road, management of horses, ii. 446. driving and riding, ii. 447. feeding on road, ii. 451. condition balls, ii.453. ' Eoan colt, (imp.) i. 476. Roanoke. (i)aceryiL 190. Roarin*:. ii. oOh ■ Rockingham, (English) 1. 127, l'-i9. Eobin Redbreast, (imp.) 1. 476. Roger of the Vale, (alias) (imp.) .lolly Roger, 1.127, 133, 139 140, 144, 145. 146. Rolla, (trotter) ii. 159, Itw. Roman, (imp.) i. 151, 470. Rosalio, ch. c. (imp.) i. 476. Rose of Wasliingtun, (trotter) trot with Ethan Allen, ii. 105. Rotherham, b. c. (imp.) i. 476. Rowti'ii. (imp ) i. 476, Ri.salin-l. (ini|i.l i. 504. Roundhead. (Kn-rlish) i. 127. Routh's Black Eyes, (English) i. 138. Rowton Colt, ch. (imp.) i. 477. Royal Mares, (barbs) i. 127, 12S. Royalist, (imp.) i, 141. pedigree of, i. 477. Roxana, (English) i. 127. Ruby, (imp.) i. 477. Ruler, mare, (imp.) i. 504. S Saint George, (imp.) i. 477. Saint Paul, (imp.) i. 477. Sally of the Valley, ch. m. (imp.) i. 505. Sally Miller, (trotter) best time, ii. 13-S, 142, 146, 154, 156, 157. 155, 190. Saltram. (imp.) i. 141, 145. 146. pedigree of, i. 477. Sampson, (imp.) i. 477. Sampson, Filly, (English) first winner of .St. Leger, i. 161. Sandbeck, mare, b. m. (imp.) i. 5ii5. Scotland, Arabian, (imp.) into, i. 78. Scout, (imp.) i. 477. Screwdriver, (trotter) ii. 138, 139, 140. 142, 144, 163. Screwdriver the Second, ii. 156. Screws, (trotter) ii. 138, 139. Scythia, norse of, i. 44. Scythian, (imp.) pedigree of, i. 477. Selima, (imp.) i. 127, 128, 133, 134, 137, 147, 159, 164. pedigiee of. i. 505. Selabv Turk, i. 96. 130. Selini. (imp.) i. 131, 134, 133. pedigree of, i. 478. Septima, (imp.) i. 505. Serab, (imp.) i. 478. Shadow, (imp.) i. 478. Shakespeare, (imp,) i. 478. Shamrock, (imp.) i. 478. Shark, (imp.) i. 116, 145, 161, 162, 163. pedigree of. i. 135, 478. get of, i, 137. Shark. (Pearce's) i. 137. Shark, (by Eclipse) i. 246. Shepherdess, (imp.) i. 505. Sheppard's Crab, (English) i. 131, 137. Sherman's (Morgan) stallion, ii. 104. Shock, (imp.) i, 478. Shock, (imji.) i. 478. Shoeing the Horse, ii. 815. cutting of the heels, ii. 460. filing up the shoe, ii. 468, Shoeing the Horse- fitting the shoe, ii. 463. general observations on, II. 477. hind shoe, ii. 473. nail holes, ii. 461. nails, ii. 46fr. nailing on tb^- shoe, ii. 470. preparing the foot, ii. 456. removing the shoe, ii. 476. the shoe, ii, 459. treatise on, ii. 455. Shotten Herring, (Spanish horse) i. 98." Silvertail, (English) i. 127. Silverlegs, i. 133. Silver Eye, (imp.)i. 133, 146. pedigree of, i. 478. Silver, (mare) i. 505. Silver, (horse) i. 478. Sir Archy, i. 180, 136, 142, 145, 161, 164. get of, i. 173, 174. get of, ii. 11. memoir of, i. 171. pedigree of, i. 172. . ji^ - - ■ - Sir Harry, (imp.) i. 478. Sir Henrv, (by Sir Archy) 1. 162, 167, 168. color and form. i. 185. match with Eclipse, i. 183. race with Eclipse, i. 187. pedigree, i. 186. time of race with, i, 182. Sir Peter Lety. mare, ch. m. (imp.) i. 505. Sir Peter Teazle, (imp.) i. 479. Sir Peter, (trotter) ii. 149, 150, 153. Sir Robert, (imp.) i. 479. Sir Walter, (by Hickory) i. ISO, 181. 183. Sir Walter Scott, (trotter) ii. 181. Skeleton and structure of horse, i. 55. Skylark, (imp.) i. 479. Slender, (imp.) i. 150,479. Slim, (imp.) i. 479. Sloven, (imp.) i. 131. 150, 479. Slouch, (imp.) i. 479. Smolensko. (English) ii. 22. Snake, (English) i 106, 128, 186. Snap, (English) i. 136, 137, 159, 163." Sober John, (imp.) i. 479. Sontag, (trotter) ii. 234. Soreheels, (English) i. 125. Sorrow, (imp.) i. 479. Sourkrout. (imp.),i. 150,479. Sovereign^ (imp.) i. 4TO. pedigree, i. 479. * Spadille, (imp.) i. 479. Spangle, (trotter) ii. 226. twenty mile trott. ii. 226. Spanish Horse, i. 25, 44. 73, 83, 89. 98, 100, 111, 122. blood, ii. 15. Spanker, (English) i; 129. lOT. Spanker's Dam, i. 129, 180. Spark, (imp.) i. 126, 127. pedigree of, i. 480. Spavin, ii. 489. SpliDts, ii. 49:J. Spectator, i English) i. 137. 138. Speed and bottom of American and English horses, i. 353. Speculator, (imp.) i. 480. Spiletta, (English) i. 107. INDEX. 575 spot, (trotter) ii. 142, 147, 148. Squirt, (Enfrlish) i. 106, 136. Spread Ka^'le, (imp.) i. pedifiriff, i. 48i). deivth at; i. 147. Stable innnn^emuiit, H. 406 batliinga horse, ii. 42.5. clothing a wet do., ii. 422. docking and pricking, ii. 429. dressing, ii. 411. dressing vicious horses, ii. 414. dressing after work, ii. 418. farm horses, ii. 442. feneral management, iL 439, orses' food, ii. 434. stable hours, ii. 409. summeriug horses, ii. 443. trimming the ears, ii. 431. trimmiog the heels and legs, ii. 432. utility of dressing, ii. 415. vermin, ii. 417. walking a heated horse, ii. 419. walking a wet horse, ii. 421. watering the horse, ii. 439. wispinga wet horse, ii. 422. Stabling and stable, architecture, ii. 383. air system, ii. 3S9. city stable plans, ii. 393. " estimate of, ii. 396. effects of darkness, ii. 384. fioor and windows, ii. 386. harness room, ii, 391. large country stable, ii. 401. estimate of cost, ii. 405. small country stable, ii. 397. estimate, ii. 400. Stafford (imj).) i. 480. Stallions standing in England in 1730. i. 104-105. foreign stallions, i. 104. native stallions, i. 105. Stallions (imp.) i. 441. observations on, i. 434. Star (Duke of Bridgewater's)i. 338. Star (imp.) i. 480. Starling, (imp. gray) i. 480. (imp. gray) i. 480. b. h. (imp.) i. 480. Starling, by Sir Peter Teazle, (imp.) i. 480. Statira, ch. m. (imp.) i. 505. Stella, (trotter) ii. 227. Sterling (imp.) i. 481. Sterling or Starling, (imp.) i. 481. Sterling, (imp,) i. 146, 431. Sterling, (imp.) i. 481. St. George, (imp.) i. 481. St. Giles, (imp.) i. 481. St. Lawrence, (Canadian) ii. 206, 215. (trotter) ii. 192, 202, 205. St. Nicholas Filly, br. f. (imp.) i. 505. St. Patrick, Colt, (imp.) i. 481. St. Paul, (imp.) i. 481. Stock. Horse stock of Ohio and the West, ii. 76, 83. horse stock of Michigan, ii. 88. Stock, Original of Michigan, ii, 95, horse stock of Iowa. ii. 100. table of, i, 508 — 548. foreign sires of, i. 508 — 548. winning horses of, i. 508—548. native sires of, i. 508 — 548. winning horses of, 508 —548. summary of results i. 549 — 552. Stockholder, (by Sir Archy) i. 142. 146. Stockbriilge Chief (trotter) ii. 105." Straddling Turk Lester's, i. 96. Stranger, (trotter) ii, 147, 148. Strap, (imp.) i. 481, Stratford, b. c (imp.) i. 481. Stud farm, ii. 3U3. Stumps Filly, gr. f. (imp.) i. 505. Suffolk Punch, i. 112. (ii. 27, 28.) Sultan Filly, br. f. i. 505. Summarv of results from 1829 —'1855. of foreign stock, i. 549 — 552. of native stock, i. 549 — 552. Superiority of modern racers, i. 363. Sweeper, (imp.) i. 131. pedigree of, 1. 481. Swiss, (imp.) i. 482. Syiphide b. m. (^imp.) i. 505. Synonymes of tne horse, i. 45. Syrian horse, i. 95. T. Table of Stock, i. 508 to 548. of foreign sires, i. 508 — 548, winning horses of, 508 — 54S. native sires, i. 508 — 548. winning horses of, i. — 508, 548. summary of results, i. 549 — 552. Tacony, (trotter) ii, 41, 205, 206. performances, ii. 207, 215, 218 221, 224, 238, 240. Taffolet Barb, i, 138. Tangier Borb, i, 96, Tanner, (imp.) i. 4S2. Tartar, (English) i, 137. Tartarian horse, breed of, i. 25, Tarquin. (imp.) i. 482. Tears, eh. m, (imp.) i, 506. Teallie Filly, i. 343; race i. 343. Tecnmseh, (trotter) ii, 218, 224. Telegraph, (imp.) i. 482. Tennessee, history of the blood hprse in, i. 140, 143. Teniers Mare, ch. m. (imp.) i. 506, Texas, wild horse of i. 25, 109, Thessalian Horse, i. 23, 28, 40, 31. Thornton's mare, i. 127. Thoulouse Barb, i. 96. Thoroughbred race horse, i, 8S8. what is a Th. ii. 11. true utility of, i. 410. essential points of. i. 424. Thraclan Horse, i. 28, 28, 81, 40 41, 43, 44. Tib Hinman, (trotter) ii. 204, 224, 225. 229. Tickle Toby, (imp.) i. 482. Timoleon, by Sir Archy, i. 137, 142, 146; ii. 11, 17. Time and Weight, i, 856, 357, 396. Tippoo Sultan, i. 152, 154. Tipsy, ch, m. (imp.) i, 506. Toby, alias Sporting Toby, (imp.) i. 482, 131. Tom Boy Filly, br. f. i. 506. Tom Crib, ch, h. (imp.) i. 482. Tom Jones, (imp.) i. 482. Tom Thumb, (trotter) ii. 133, 138, 139. performances of, i. 150. Top-gallant, by Diomed, i, 137. Top-Gallant, by Gallatin, i. 142, 143, 144. Top-gallant, (trotter) ii. 41, l:io, 142, 146, 148. performances of, ii. 143- 150, 153, 154. Touchstone, (imp.) i. 482. Tramp Fillv, (imp.) i. 506. Tranby. (imp.) i. 4^3. performances of, i, 433. Tranby Filly, br. f. (imp.) i. 506. Traveller, Moreton's, (imp.) 1. 127, 128, 135, 139, 146, 159; ii. 107,108, 109,242. pedigree of, i. 483. Traveller, Strange's, alias Big Ben, alias Charleroont, (imp.) i. 483. Treasurer, i. 151. Treatise on the Horse, by Xenophon, i. 35. Treatise on Horse Shoeing, ii. 455, Trifle, by Sir Charles, i. 162, 233, 234, twenty-mile race, i. 236- 245, Trifle, by Milo, (imp.) i. 506. Trinculo, (imp.) i. 4S4. Trinket, ch. m. (imp.) i, 506. Trotting Horses, (American^ — winners for 1856, ii. 247-258. best time on record, from 1830 to 1855, ii. 243, 244. miscellaneous examples and extraordinary perform- ances of, ii. 246. pedigree of. ii, 241 Betsey Baker, ii. 135. Boston Blue, ii. Vi5. Top-Gallant, ii. 135. Tom Thumb, ii. 133. Treadwcll Mare, ii. 135. Trotting Clubs. Centreville Course, L. I., rules and regulations of, ii, 168, 169. rules with regard to foul riding, ii. 170. first New York trotting club, ii. 187. first purses, ii. 137-140. rules of club, ii. 138, Hunting Park Association, Philadelphia, ii, 140. rules of, ii. 140, 141. first meeting, Ii. 143- 143. 576 INDEX. Trotting Courses of America, ii. 133. act for establishing the first, ii. 138, 184. the C'anton, (Baltimore) ii. 151. Central, (Baltimore) ii. 146. Centreville, L. I. rules & regulations, ii. 16S. of betting, ii. 170. foul ridins, ii. 170. first T. C. established, ii. 183 to 176. first match in public for a stalie, ii. 133. Harlem Trotting Park, ii. 156. Hunting Park, Philadel- phia, ii. 143-148. Long Island (U. C.) ii. 147, 132, 288. True Blue, (Engli-sh) i. 126, 136. True Blue, (imp.) i. 484. True Briton, ii. lOT, 109. Trufilc, (imp.) i. 4S4. TrumiK't's Dam, (English) i. 128. Trumpetta b. m. (imp.) i. 506. Trustee, by Catton, (imp.) i. 151, 484. Trustee, (trotter) ii. 155, 158, 185. tiveuty-mile trot, ii. 198, 194, 196, 197, 226. Truxton, i. 187, 141. Tryall, (imp.) i. 127, 1.S4, 135, 159. pedigree of, i. 4S4. Tuckahoe, i. 136. Tup, (imp.) i. 484. Tulip, ch. f., (imp.) i. 506. Turkish Horses, i. 40, 94, 95, 97. Acaster, i. 95, 127. Belgrade, i. 104. Bverly, i. 96, 127. D'Arcejf, i. 96. Helmlsey, i. 95, 103. Johnson s, i. 104. Lister's or Straddling Turk, i. 96, 104. Lord »;'arlisle, i. 104, 105. Piggott's.i. 104. Place's White Turk, i. 96, 96, 103. Selaby Turk, i. 96, 104, 130. Tellow Turk, i. 96, 125. U Union Course Bules, Ii. 655. Vaga, m. (imp.) i. 506. Valentine, (imp.) i. 149. Valiant, (imp.) i. 485. Valparaiso, (imp.) i. 485. Vampire, (imp.) i. 146. pedigree, i. 485. Vamp, br. m. (imp.) i. 606. Vanish, (imp.) i. 485. Variella, b. m. (imp.) i. 506. Velocipede Mare, sv. m. (imp.) i. 500. Venetian, (imp.) i. 141. pedigree, i. 485. Vermont Horses, i. 110, HI. draught horse, history of, ii. 49. Victor, (imp.) i. 485. Victoria, (imp.) br. f, i. 607. Vintner, (English) i. 180. Virago, m. (imp.) i. 607, 135, 18T. Vircinius. i. 137. Virginia Nell, (Butler's) i. 135. Virginia, (by Medley) i. 186, 164. Vixen, (English) i. 128. Volant, b. m. (imp.) i. 507. Volant, (imp.) i. 507. Volant Williamson's, imp. i. 507. Volney. br. h. (imp.) i. 485. Volunteer, (imp.) i. 485. ■w ■\Vagner, i. 116, 164, 167. characteristics of. i. 251. description of, i. 252. pedigree of, i. 262. perfonnanccs of, i. 252-270. races with Grey Eagle, i. 253. race with, i. 261. second race, i. 270. Wag's Dam, (English,) i. 136. Warlock's Galloway, English,) i. 138. War Eagle, (trotter) ii. 205, 206. Waxy Pope, (imp.) i. 485. Weight and Time, i. 866, 867, .396. Whalebone, (trotter) ii. 189, 142, 145. performances of, ii, 146, 149, 150, 152, 153, 165, 197, 227. Whale, (imi..) i. 485. Whip, (by injp. Whip) ii. 83. Whip, (iuip.) i. 4S5. Whirligig, (imp.) i. 486, 150, Vis. White Turk, 1. 96, 130. White Nose, (English) i. 128. Why Not, i. 144, 159. Wildair, (imp.) Delancy, 1. 131, 144, 150. pedigree, i. 486. Wildair, (Svm's) by imp. W., i. 140," 144, 146. Wildair Mare, i. 141, 144. Wildair, (Maryland, by imo. W.) i. 144. Wildair, (by Sym's W.) i. 144. Wildman's Granbv, i. 183. Wild Irishman, i. 843. race of two miles, i. 343. Wilkes' Hautboy mare, i. 128. William the Fourth, (imp.) i. 486. Winter on the Horse, i. 44, 46. Winning Trotting Horses for 1S56— list of American, ii. 247- 268. Wonder, (by Diomed) i. 187, 141, 142, 147. Wonder, (imp.) i. 486. Wofiil Mare, (imp.) i. 507. Woodcock, (imp.) i. 127. Woodpecker, (trotter) ii. 195, 219. Wrangler, (imp.) i. 486. Xenophon on the Horse, i. 80, 86, 37. Tellow Turk, i. 96, 128, 130. Yorick, i. 135, 159, 162. Yorkshire, (imp.) i. 486. Young Cade, (English) I. 138. Young Black Hawk, ii. 104. Z Zacbary Taylor, (trotter) it 197, 201, 205, 216, 229. Zebra, i. 26, 53. Zinganee, (imp.) i. 486. Zinganee Colt, br. h. (Imp.) 1. 487. THE END. y / ^ -^ I