life p. ^. pi! pkarg Jfartlj Carolina jiiate College 5b555 UT4-5 NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRAR1E S THE FRUITS AND FRUIT-TREES AMERICA; THE CULTURE, PROPAGATION, AND MANAGEMENT, IN THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD, OF FRUIT-TREES GENERALLY ; DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE FINEST VARIETIES OF FRUIT, NATIVE AND FOREIGN, CULTIVATED EST THIS COUNTRY. By A. J. DOWNING. 0OBBB8F0NDIN8 MEMBER OF TUB EOTAL BOTANIC SOCIETY OF LONDON; AMD OF THE HORTICITV TCBAL SOCIETIES OF BERLIN, THE LOW COUNTRIES, MASSACHUSETTS, PENNSYLVANIA, INDIANA. CINCINNATI, ETC. Second Revision and Correction, with large Additions, including the Appendices*)] 1872 to 1881, and containing many New Varieties. By CHARLES DO W X 1 X Q . With nearly 400 Outlink Ii.ns'i -rations ok Frit it. NINTH THOUSAND^ NEW YORK JOHN WILEY & SONS LONDON CHAPMAN & HALL, Ltd. 1900 Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1872, by JOHN' WILEY & SON. In the Office ofthe Librarian of Congress, ;u Washington. Copyright renewed by JOHN WILEY pen :dr, without protection, requiring but little labor, compared with oui system of cultivation. They are grown in the tree form on stems or stumps from two to three feet hi'srh, and those from ten to fifteen years old are from five to six inches in diameter. The vines are planted from seven to eight feet apart, each way. They are pruned, annually, hack to the stems, and when the new shoots have gnnvn five or six inches, all are thinned "lit. except ten or twelve of the strongest, and in most vineyards they have no further care till gathering time, except to keep the ground clean. In some orchards that had been neglected, the trees were failing, and I was told that if the ground was not cultivated and the trees cared for, they soon died. We found Figs abundant and of Hue quality in nearly every locality we visited. English Walnuts, or Madeira JSnts, Almonds, and Olives are grown .-.uccessfully in most places. The climate and soil are favorable for fruit-growing. In the latter, clay predominates. The characteristics of trait an: about the same as with us. CONTENTS. m Preface. .< .< ix Preface to the Second Revision ..< xm ABBREVIATIONS AND BOOKS QUOTED XVH CHAPTER I. The Production op New Varieties of Fruit. 1 The Van Moils Theory 5 Cross-Breeding. 7 CHAPTER II. Remarks on the Duration of the Varieties of Fbutt-Trebs 10 CHAPTER m. Propagation of Varieties, Grafting, Budding, Cuttings, Latere, and suckers. 16 CHAPTER IV. Pruning •»•••••••* 88 CHAPTER V. Training 88 CHAPTER VX Transplanting •• 45 CHAPTER VIL The Position of Fruit-Trees — Soil and Aspect ••••• II CHAPTER VHI General Remarks on Insects. ... t nil CONTENTS. CHAPTER IX FASI fHK Apple . . 58 Uses 59 Propagation 60 Soil and Situation 61 Preparing, Planting, and Cultivation of Orchards 62 Pruning 63 Insects 63 Gathering and Keeping the Fruit 67 Cider 69 Varieties, Classification, and Terms used in Describing Apples 70 Descriptive List of Varieties 72 Siberian Crabs and Improved Siberian Apples, with Descriptive List 421 Select List of Varieties for Table Use, Cooking, and Keeping, &c. . . . 427 Alphabetical Index to Descriptive Lists 437 CHAPTER X. The Almond 430 Uses and Cultivation 430 Descriptive List of Varieties 431 Ornamental Varieties 432 Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 437 CHAPTER XI. The Apricot 432 Uses, Cultivation, Diseases 433 Descriptive List of Varieties. '. 433 Curious or Ornamental Varieties 442 Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1013 CHAPTER XII. The Berberry 442 Culture 443 The Blackberry 443 Descriptive List of Varieties 443 Ornamental Varieties 446 Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1015 CHAPTER XIIL The Cherry 447 Uses 447 Soil and Situation 448 Propagation and Cultivation 449 Training and Gathering the Fruit 450 Descriptive List of Varieties : Class I. — Bigarreau and Heart Cherries 450 Class II. — Duke and Morello Cherries 476 Ornamental Varieties 486 Selections of Choice Cherries for Family Uso 487 Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1015 CONTENTS. ** CHAPTER XIV. PASS The Currant £87 Uses, Propagation and Culture, Insects and Diseases 488 Descriptive List of Varieties : Class I. — Red and White Currants 480 Class II— Black Currants 499 Ornamental Varieties „ 493 Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List J 020 CHAPTER XV. The Cranberry 493 Alphabetical Index 1019 CHAPTER XVI. The Fig 494 Propagation, Soil, and Culture 495 Descriptive List of Varieties : Class I. — Red, Brown, or Purple 496 Class II— White, Green, or Yellow. 498 Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1020 CHAPTER XVIL The Gooseberry 499 Uses, Propagation, and Cultivation 500 Descriptive List of Varieties 501 American Varieties 503 Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1021 CHAPTER XVIII. The Grape 504 Uses, Soil 505 Propagation 506 1. Culture of the Foreign Grape 506 Renewal Training 507 Culture under Glass without Artificial Heat 508 Culture under Glass with Fire Heat 510 Construction of the Vinery 511 Insects and Diseases 513 Descriptive List of Foreign Grapes 513 2. American Grapes 525 Vineyard Culture 526 Diseases and Insects, Grafting, Keeping 527 Descriptive List of American Grapes 528 Selection of Varieties 558 Alphabetical Index to Descriptive Lists of Foreign and American Grapes 1022 X CONTENTS. CHAPTER XIX. PAOB The Melon , . 559 Culture ... 559 Descriptive List of Varieties 560 Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1026 CHAPTER XX The Water-Melon 561 Descriptive List of Varieties 562 Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1027 CHAPTER XXL The Mulberry 564 Description of Varieties 564 Alphabetical Index 102? CHAPTER XXII. The Nectarine 565 Culture 565 Descriptive List of Varieties 566 Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1027 CHAPTER XXIIL Nuts 572 Descriptive List of Varieties 578 Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1028 CHAPTER XXIV. The Olive 575 Uses and Value 575 Propagation and Culture , 575 Varieties 576 Index to Varieties 1029 CHAPTER XXV. The Orange Family 576 Soil and Culture -. 577 Varieties . . 578 Lemons 579 The Lime 579 The Citron 579 The Shaddock 579 Index to Varieties 1029 CONTENTS. X) CHAPTER XXVI. Toe Peach 580 Uses 581 Propagation, Soil, and Situation. 583 Pruning 583 Insects and Diseases 586 The Yellows 587 Remedy for the Yellows 591 Raising Peaches in Pots 594 Descriptive List of Varieties 596 Curious or Ornamental Varieties 638 Selection of Varieties 639 Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1029 CHAPTER XXVII. Phe Peak 639 General Description 639 Gathering and Keeping the Fruit 641 Propagation 642 Soil, Situation, and Culture 643 Diseases and Insects 644 The Insect Blight 645 The Frozen-sap Blight 646 Varieties 650 Descriptive List of Varieties 651 Select List for Table Use, Marketing, and Cooking 887 Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1033 CHAPTER XXVIII. The Plum 889 Uses 889 Propagation and Culture 890 Soil ; Insects and Diseases 891 Varieties 895 Descriptive List of Varieties 895 Ornamental Varieties 955 Selection of Varieties for Table, Marketing, and Cooking 955 Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1056 CHAPTER XXIX. The Pomegranate 956 Propagation and Culture 957 Varieties 957 Alphabetical Index to Varieties 06' CHAPTER XXX. The Quince , 957 Uses, Propagation, Soil, and Culture 95S Varieties 95S Ornamental Varieties 960 Alphabetical Index to Varieties 106? XU CONTENTS. CHAPTER XXXL The Raspberry 960 Uses, Propagation, Soil, and Culture 962 Varieties 962 Alphabetical Index to Varieties 1063 CHAPTER XXXIL The Strawberry 974 Propagation, Soil, and Culture 975 Varieties 977 Alpine and Wood Strawberries 1005 Hautbois Strawberries , 1007 Chili Strawberries 1007 Green Strawberries 1008 Selection of Varieties 1008, Alphabetical Index to Varieties. 1064 Index to the Different FRurra 1013 General Index 1069 APPENDIXES. PREFACE. A man born on the banks of one of the noblest and most fruitful rivers in America, and whose best days have been spent in gardens and orchards, may perhaps be pardoned for talking about fruit-trees. Indeed the subject deserves not a few, but many words. " Fine fruit is the flower of commodities." It is the most perfect union of the useful and the beautiful that the earth knows. Trees full of soft foliage; blossoms fresh with spring beauty; and, finally, — fruit, rich, bloom-dusted, melting, and luscious, — such are the treasures of the orchard and the garden, temptingly offered to every landholder in this bright and sunny, though temperate climate. " If a man," says an acute essayist, " should send for me to come a hundred miles to visit him, and should set before me a basket of fine summer fruit, I should think there was some proportion between the labor and the reward." I must add a counterpart to this. He who owns a rood of proper land in this country, and, in the face of all the pomonal riches of the day, only raises crabs and choke-pears, deserves to lose the respect of all .sensible men. The classical antiquarian must pardon one for doubting if, amid all the wonderful beauty of the golden age, there was anything to equal our delicious modern fruits — our honeyed Seckels, and Beurres, our melting Rareripes. At any rate, the science of modern horticulture has restored almost everything that can be desired to give a paradisi acal richness to our fruit-gardens. Yet there are many in utter igno- rance of most of these fruits, who seem to live under some ban of expul- sion from all the fair and goodly productions of the garden. Happily, the number is every day lessening. America is a young orchard, but when the planting of fruit-trees in one of the newest States numbers nearly a quarter of a million in a single year ; when there are more peaches exposed in the markets of New York, annually, than are raised in all France; when American apples, in large quantities, com- mand double prices in European markets ; there is little need for enter- ing into any praises of this soil and climate generally, regarding the cul- ture of fruit. In one part or another of the Union every man may, literally, sit under hi*- own vine and fig-tree. XIV PREFACE. It is fortunate for an author, in tnis practical age, when his subjec requires no explanation to show its downright and direct usefulness When I say I heartily desire that eveiy man should cultivate an or chard, or at least a tree, of good fruit, it is not necessary that I should point out how much both himself and the public will be. in every sense, the gainers. Otherwise I might be obliged to repeat the advice of Dr. Johnson to one of his friends. " If possible," said he, " have a good orchard. I know a clergyman of small income who brought up a family very reputably, which he chiefly fed on apple dumplings."(!) . The first object, then, of this work is to increase the taste for the planting and cultivation of fruit-trees. The second one is to furnish a manual for those who, already more or less informed upon the subject, desire some work of reference to guide them in the operations of cul ture, and in the selection of varieties. If it were only necessary for me to present for the acceptance of my readers a choice garland of fruit, comprising the few sorts that I esteem of the most priceless value, the space and time to be occupied would be very brief. But this would only imperfectly answer the demand that is at pres- ent made by our cultivators. The country abounds with collections of all the finest foreign varieties ; our own soil has produced many native sorts of the highest merit ; and from all these, kinds may be selected which are highly valuable for every part of the country. But opinions differ much as to the merits of some sorts. Those which succeed per- fectly in one section, are sometimes ill-adapted to another. And, finally, one needs some accurate description to know, when a variety ■ comes into bearing, if its fruit is genuine, or even to identify an indiffer- Kit kind, in order to avoid procuring it again. Hence the number of varieties of fruit that are admitted here. Little by little I have sum- moned them into my pleasant and quiet court, tested them as far as possible, and endeavored to pass the most impartial judgment upon them. The verdicts will be found in the following pages. From this great accumulation of names, Pomology has become an embarrassing study, and those of our readers who are large collectors will best understand the difficulty — nay, the impossibility of making a work like this perfect. Towards settling this chaos in nomenclature, the exertions of the Horticultural Society of London have been steadily directed for the last twenty years. That greatest of experimental gardens contains, or has contained, nearly- all the varieties of fruit, from all parts of the world, possessing the least celebrity. The vast confusion of names, dozens sometimes meaning the same variety, has been by careful comparison reduced to something like real order. The relative merit of the kinds has been proved a&d published. In short, the horticultural world owes PREFACE. JT» this Society a heavy deht of gratitude for these labors, and to the science and accuracy of Mr. Robert Thompson, the head of its fruit department, horticulturists here will gladly join me in bearing the fullest testimony. To give additional value to these results, I have adopted in nearly all cases, for fruits known abroad, the nomenclature of the London Horticultural Society. By this means I hope to render univei'sal on this side of the Atlantic the same standard names, so that the difficulty and confusion which have always more or less surrounded this part of the subject may be hereafter avoided. These foreign fruits have now been nearly all proved in this country, and remarks on their value in this climate, deduced from actual experi- ence, are here given to the public. To our native and local fruits espe- cial care has also been devoted. Not only have most of the noted sorts been proved in the gardens here, but I have had specimens before me for comparison, the growth of no less than fourteen of the different States. There are still many sorts, nominally fine, which remain to be collected, compared, and proved ; some of which will undoubtedly deserve a place in future editions. To the kindness of pomologists in various sections of the country I must trust for the detection of errors in the present volume, and for information of really valuable new varieties.* Of the descriptions of fruit, some explanation may be necessary. First, is given the standard name in capitals. Below this are placed, iu smaller type, the various syaonymes, or local names, by which the same fruit is known in various countries or parts of the country. Thus, on page 761, is the following : Flemish Beauty. Belle de Flandres. I Poire Davy. Bosch Nouvelle. Imperatrice de Franco. Bosch. Fondant du Bois. Bosc Sire. Boschpeer. Beurre Spence {erroneously). By this is signified, first, that Flemish Beauty is the standard namo of the pear ; secondly, that the others — synonymes — -are various local names by which the Flemish Beauty is also known in various places ; and, lastly, that by the latter name — Beurre Spence — it is incorrectly known in some collections, this name belonging to another distinct pear. It is at once apparent that one of the chief points of value of a book like this, lies in the accuracy with which these synonymous names * It is well to remark that many of the so-called new varieties, especially from the West, prove to be old and well-known kinds, slightly altered in appearance by new soil and different climate. A new variety must possess very superior qualities to entitle it to regard, now that we hav ' so many fine fruits in our collections. *Vi PREFACE. are given — since a person might, in looking over different catalogue! issued here and abroad, suppose that all ten of the above are different varieties — when they are really all different names for a single pear. In this record of synonymes, I have therefore availed myself of the valu- able experience of the London Horticultural Society, and added all the additional information in my own possession. Many of the more important varieties of fruit are shown in outline. I have chosen this method as likely to give the most correct idea of the form of a fruit, and because I believe that the mere outline of a fruit, like a profile of the human face, will often be found more characteristic than a highly finished portrait in color. The outlines have been nearly all traced directly from fruits grown here. They are from specimens mostly below the average size. It has been the custom to choose the largest and finest fruits for illustration — a practice very likely to mis- lead. I believe the general character is better expressed by specimens of medium size, or rather below it. It only remains for me to present my acknowledgments to the nu- merous gentlemen, in various parts of the country, who have kindly fur- nished information necessary to the completion of the work. The names of many are given in the body of the volume. But to the following I must especially tender my thanks, for notes of their experience, or for specimens of fruits to solve existing doubts. In Massachusetts, to Messrs. M. P. Wilder, S. G. Perkins, J. P. Cushing, B. V. French, S. Downer, and C. M. Hovey, of Boston ; Tohn C. Lee, J. M. Ives, the late Robert Manning, and his son, P. Manning, of Salem ; and Otis Johnson, of Lynn. In Connecticut, to Dr. E. W. Bull, of Hartford ; Mr. S. Lyman, of Manchester ; and the Rev. H. S. Ramsdell, of Thompson. In New York, to Messrs. David Thomas, of Aurora ; J. J. Thomas, of Macedon ; Luther Tucker and Isaac Denniston, of Albany ; Alexan- der Walsh, of Lansingburgh ; T. H. Hyatt, of Rochester ; R. L. Pell, of Pelham ; C. Downing, of Newburgh ; and Wm. H. Aspinwall, of Staten Island. In Ohio, to Professor Kirtland, of Cleveland ; Dr. Hildreth, of Marietta ; and Messrs. N. Longworth, C. W. Elliott, and A. H. Ernst, of Cincinnati. In Indiana, to the Rev. H. W. Beecher, of Indianapolis. In New Jersey, to Messrs. Thomas Hancock, of Burlington, and J. W. Hayes, of Newark. In Pennsylvania, to Mr. Frederick Brown and Col. Carr, of Philadelphia. In Maryland, to Lloyd N. Rogers, Esq., of Baltimore, In Georgia, to James Camak, Esq., of Athens. A.J.D. Highland Gardens, Newburgh, N. Y., May, 1845. PREFACE TO THE SECOND REVISION. The second revision of the Fruits and Fruit-Trees of America, originally written by my lamented brother, in 1845, has been under- taken with very great hesitancy ; but the extended increased interest in fruit-culture, and demand for this work, have seemed to require of me such aid in its construction, commensurate with the progress of the age, as I could command. I have therefore, by the assistance of numerous friends in all parts of the States and the Canadas, gathered together material, and embodied, enlarged, and revised the work, trusting that the desire to assist, aid, and continue the advancement of fruit-culture may be taken as the incentive which has guided my labors ; and that imperfections will not be too Veely commented upon, without careful thought of the time and obser- vation, etc., requisite in deciding many points in Pomology. The cor- recting or deciding relative to the various names under which one fruit is known in different sections, was originally a feature of great diffi- culty, even when they were brought together and grown in one garden, as by the London Horticultural Society ; but when this has to be done with the varieties spread over such a wide territory, and with so many varied climates and soils as ours, the task is one of no light character. At the first writing of this book the accumulation of names was such as to then cause the study of Pomology to be counted as an embarrass- ing one. What then shall we say of it now, when the list of names has been more than trebled ? New varieties have sprung into existence with the magic rapidity belonging to everything of our country ; but, unfortunately, regard has not always been had to the qualifications which should have been by them possessed ere their introduction to our lists ; and at this day I may safely say that not perhaps one in thirty of the recent introductions, for the past twenty years, will bear the criticism of a first-class fruit. In my revision I have endeavored to keep as near as possible the simple arrangement of the original, omitting tho arrangement of classes and periods of ripening, and placing the whole alphabetically in order, trusting to the text description to give the information sought by the reader. The nomenclature of the London Horticultural Society in the original edition has been retained, and, so far as known, I have con- tinued the original name by which each fruit was first described, as its true name, appending all others as synonyms. Txi the first edition of this work the names of authors who had jxviii PKEFACE TO THE SECOND KEVISION. before given descriptions of the fruits were appended to each de scrip tion, but owing to the great number of names such a record would now make, and ^o its little practical benefit, I have omitted it. In the labor of ascertaining synonyms and identifying disputed varie- ties, much credit is due to the American Pomological, Massachu setts, Western New York, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, and othei kindred Societies, by their gathering and comparing great nunoers of specimens from various sources, and in the accumulation of knowledge and opinions here reported as the result of long-continued examinations of private individuals. But the confusion of names yet exists to a large extent, and while much has been done toward correction, order and accu- racy can only be arrived at when the different varieties are well grown in the same soil and locality, a result only to be realized in an experi- mental garden on a large scale. The place of origin of each variety has been attached whenever it could be truly traced or known; but many are noted only as having been received from certain States or sections, their origin being possibly in another State. The period of maturity has been given as its period when fruited here ; but it is well known locations South or North cause great changes in this respect, as well as in quality, and many good long- keeping winter apples of this section, when grown in our Southern States, become early autumn and inferior sorts. Again, nearly all varie- ties of our early summer fruits,' although ripened at an earlier period, are equal, if not improved, in size and quality when grown at the South. In the revision of a former edition, as well as in aid of revision of the present, I have received valuable notes, specimens of fruits, &c, from a large number of gentlemen, and in here making my grateful ac- knowledgments, I desire to record all names as a simple tribute, al- though some have passed from this land of chaotic terrestrial fruit to that where order and system ever reigns. In Massachusetts — to John Milton Earl, Samuel Colton, George A. Chamberlain, and George Jacques, Worcester ; J. 0. Stone, Shrewsbury ; tf\ Burr, Hingham; Asa Clement, Lowell; Willis P. Sargent. West Aniesbury; O. V. Hills, Leominster; Dr. L. W. Puffer, North Bridge- water ; Joseph Merrill, James D. Black, and N. Page, Danversport ; Asa- hel Foote, Williamstown; Col. E. Stone, Dedham ; Simon Brown, Con- cord; J. W. Manning, Reading; Marshall P. Wilder, Dorchester; C. M. Hovey, Boston ; J. F. C. Hyde, Newton Centre ; N. P. Morrison, North Cambridge ; M. Ordway, West Newbury ; J. W. Clark, Frani ingham; J. W. Foster, Dorchester; Sumner G^ss, Millbury; Jona- than Ames, West Bridge water ; Robert Manning, Salem ; Joel Knapp, Wilkinsonville ; S. W. Cole, Chelsea. In Connecticut — to S. D. Pardee and Prcf. Eli Ives, New Haven ; Sheldon Moore, Kensington ; George Seymour, Nor walk ; G. W. Gager, Sharon ; P. S. Beers, South ville ; D. S. Dewey and Dr. G. W. Russell, PREFACE TO THE SECOND REVISION. Xl> Hartford; S. Lyman, Manchester; Major J. McLollar., Woodstock; Dr. D. W. Coit, Norwich ; E. Newbury, Brooklyn. In Canada West— to Charles Arnold, Paris ; D. W. Beadle, St. Ca tharine's ; Wm. H. Reed, Port Dalhousie. In Vermont — to Chauncey Goodrich and Rev. John Wheeler, Burling ton; J. M. Ketchum, Brandon; G. W. Harman, Bennington ; Buel Lan- don, Grand Isle ; Albeit Bresee, Hubbardton ; Solon Burroughs, Waltham. In New York— to Wm. S. Ferris, Williamsbridge ; T. M. Younglove and S. B. Fairckild, Hammondsport ; Jacob G. Sickles, Stuyvesant ; Chas G. Benedict, Perry ; Wm. Brocksbank, Hudson; E. Moody and L. C. Hoag, Lockport; Wm. S. Carpenter, Rye; Dr. James Fountain, Jefferson Valley ; S. P. Carpenter, New Rochelle ; William R. Prince, Flushing ; Dr. C. W. Grant, Dr. T. B. Shelton, James H. Ricketts, and A. Saul, Newburgh ; Elisha Dorr and Prof. James Hall, Albany ; J. W. Bailey, Pittsburgh ; J. Battey, Keeseville ; J. C. Hastings, Clinton; Matthew Mackie, Clyde; Isaac Hildreth, Watkins; T. C. Maxwell Brothers, and W. T. & E. Smith, Geneva; Ellwanger and Berry, H. E. Hooker, A. Frost & Co., and James H. Watts, Rochester; J. B. Eaton, Buffalo; Stephen Underbill, Croton Point; Wm. Collins, Smyrna; M. J. Parrish, Hillsdale; N. T. Arms, Albany; Geo. S. Con- over, West Fayette ; H. N. Longworthy, Rochester ; Reagles & Son, Schenectady; James Vick, Rochester; John R. Comstock, Hart's Vil- lage ; James M. Matteson, Jacksonville ; Dr. E. W. Sylvester, Lyons ; E. G. Studley, Claverick ; Dr. Henry Reeder, Varick ; Isaac Hicks, Old Westbury ; W. Brown Smith, Syracuse ; J. H. Case, New Hart- ford ; Harvey Green, Jefferson Valley. In New Jersey — to Louis E. Berckmanns, Plainfield ; William Reid, Elizabethtown ; James McLean, Roadstown; William Parry, Cinna- niinson; A. G. Baldwin, Newark; Chas. Davis, jr., Philipsburgh ; David Pettit, Salem ; John Needles, Mt. Laurel ; E. Williams, Mont- clair ; A. S. Fuller, Ridgewood ; Peter B. Mead, Tenafly. In Pennsylvania— to Dr. W. D. Brinckle, Chas. Harmer, and Dr. J. S. Houghton, Philadelphia; Chas. Kessler and Daniel B. Lorah, Read- ing ; Dr. J. K. Eshleman and Jonathan Baldwin, Downington ; Thomas Harvey, West Grove; David Miller, jr., Carlisle; D. H. Wakefield, Rostra ver ; Josiah Hoopes, Westchester; S. W. Noble, Jenkintown; J. A. Nelson & Sons, Indian Run ; Edward J. Evans, York ; O. T. Hobbs, Randolph ; B. L. Ryder, Loudon ; Mahlon Moon, Morrisville ; Daniel Engle and Engle Brothers, Marietta ; Caspar Hiller. Cones- toga .Centre; Luckens Peirce, Coatesville ; Wm. G. Waring, Tyrone ; Samuel Miller, Lebanon ; John Hamilton, Jersey Shore ; Wilson Den nis, Applebackville ; W. L. Nesbit, Lewisburg; E. H. Cocklin, Bhepherdstown ; Josiah G. Youngken, Richland Town. In Ohio — to Robert Buchanan and A. H. Ernst, Cincinnati ; D. O. Richmond, Sandusky ; A. Thompson, Delaware ; M. B. Batchana. JLX PREFACE TO THE SECOND REVISION, Painesville ; N. L. Wood, Smithfield ; Isaac Dillen, Zanes ilk- ; Samuel Myers, Salem ; H. N. Gillett, Quaker Bottom ; J. N. Shepherd, Marion ; Rev. J. H. Creighton, Chillicothe ; Geo. W. Campbell, Dela- ware ; A. &, R. G. Hanford, Columbus ; Chas. Carpenter, Kelley Island ; S. S. Jackson, Cincinnati ; L. S. Mote, West Milton ; Prof. J. P. Kirt- land, F. R. Elliott, Dr. E. Taylor, and S. B. Marshall, Cleveland ; R. J. Black, Bremen ; Geo. Hapgood, Warren ; W. C. Hampton, Mt. Vic- tory ; A. L. Benedict, Ashley ; H. P. McMaster, Leonardsburgh. In Illinois — to Dr. J. A. Kennicott, West Northfield ; F. K. Phoenix and C. R. Overman, Bloomington ; Arthur Bryant, Princeton ; Tyler McWhorter, Pomeroy ; A. M. Lawver, South Pass ; J. W. Stewart, Quincy ; E. H. Skinner, Marengo ; Dr. L. S. Pennington, Sterling ; J. S. Shearman, Rockford ; J. A. Crain, Undulation. In Kentucky — to H. P. Byram, Louisville ; F. Pound, Shortsville ; J. S. Downer, Fairview ; D. L. Adair, Hawesville ; Dr. S. J. Leavell, Trenton ; Geo. C. Curtiss, Maysville ; Thos. Kennedy, Louisville ; A.. L. Woodson, Woodsonville. In Iowa — to James C. Smith, Des Moines ; Finley & Dwyre, Daven- port ; Henry Avery, Burlington. In Indiana — to Reuben Regan, Nicholsonville ; John C. Teas, Rays- ville ; Wm. H. Loomis and E. Y. Teas, Richmond ; J. D. G. Nelson Fort Wayne. In Maine — to S. L. Goodall, Saco. In New Hampshire — to Robert Wilson, Keane ; Nathan Norton, Greenland, and Charles H. Sanborn, Hampton Valley. In Michigan — to T. T. Lyon, Plymouth ; Dr. D. K. Underwood, Adrian. In Delaware — to Edward Tatnail, Wilmington. In Virginia — to H. R. Roby, Fredericksburgh. In Missouri — to George Husmann, Hermann. In Washington — to John Saul. In Georgia — tc William N White and Dr. M. A. Ward, Athens , Richard C. Peters and Wm. H. Thurmond, Atlanta ; J. Van Beuren, Clarksville, and P. J. Berckmans, Augusta. In North Carolina — to G. W. Johnson, Milton ; Westbrooke & Co., Greensboro ; R. L. Steele, Rockingham. In South Carolina — to Wm. H. Sumner, Pomona; A. P. Wylie, Chester. In Alabama — to R. R. Hunley, Harpersville ; IV. S. Owen, Ttu» caloosa. In Tennessee— to J, W. Dodge, Pomona. In Nova Scotia — to C. C. Hamilton, Cornwallis. CHARLES DOWNING. ABBREVIATIONS AND BOOKS QUOTED. A+boretum Britannmim; or, The Trees and Shrubs of Britain, pictorially and botanically delineated, and scientifically and popularly described. By J. C. Loudon. London, 1845, 8 vols. 8vo. Annales de la Socute cP Horticulture de Pans.— Pans. In monthly Nos. 8m Annales de VLMitut de Fromont. Par le Chevalier Soulange Bodin. Paris, 8va 1829 to 1834. tf vols. . u, , . , Adlum A Memoir on the Cultivation of the Vme m America, and the best mode of making Wine. By John Adlum. 12mo. Washington, 1828. Bon Jard LeBon Jardinier, pour l'Annee 1844. Contenant des pnncipes ge- neraux de culture, etc. Par A. Poiteau and M. Vilmorin, Paris. 12mo- yearlv volume. . _ , Busby. A Visit to the principal Vineyards of France and Spam. By Jas. Busby. New York, 12mo, 1835. Bndgeman The Young Gardener's Assistant. By Thomas Bndgeman. lent* ed. New York, 1844, 8vo. Baumanrts Cat. Catalogue des Vegetaux en tout genre disponible dans lLtab- lissement des Freres Baumann, a Bolwiller, 1842 tfaz« A View of the Cultivation of Fruit Trees in the United States, and oi ' the Management of Orchards and Cider. By William Coxe. Philadelphia, Ohaptal°' Chemistry applied to Agriculture. By John Anthony Chaptal. Amer- ican ed., 12mo, Boston, 1835. Cbft&ett The American Gardener. By Wm. Cobbett. London, 1821. \Zmo. Coleman. Reports on the Agriculture of Massachusetts. By Henry Coleman Boston. 8vo, 1840-41. JOww. tf. The Domestic Gardener's Manual. By John Towers. London, DvJiamei. Traite des Arbres Fruitiers, par M. Duhamel Dumonceau. Paris, Cultivator ' The Cultivator, a monthly Journal of Agriculture, &c. Edited by Luther Tucker. Albany, continued to the present time, 8vo. Did Versuch einer Systematischen Beschreibung in Deutschland vorhandenei Kernobstsorten. Von Dr. Aug. Freidr. Ad. Diel. 12mo. 24 vols., 1799— 1 825 De CandoUe. Physiologie Vegetale, ou Exposition des Forces et des Fonctiona vitales des Vegetaux. Par A. P. De Candolle. Paris, 1832, 3 vols. Svo. Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Vegetabilis. Pans, l«lS-lSdU, 4 vols. 8vo. . . _, ., . t, DAlbret. Cours Theorique et Pratique de la Taille des Arbres Fruitiers. Pai D'Albret. Paris, 1840, 8vo. Forsyth. A Treatise on the Culture and Management of Fruit Trees. By Wil- liam Forsyth. 7th ed., London. 1824, 8vo. Floy Lindley's Guide to the Orchard. American ed., with additions by Michael Floy. New York, 1833, 12mo. Fmenden. New American Gardener, containing practical Directions for the Cul- ture of Fruits and Vegetables. By Thos. E. Fessenden Boston, 1B-8, Bard Mag. ' The Gardener's Magazine, conducted by J. C London In monthly Nos. 8vo 19 vols, to 1844, London XXU ABBREVIATIONS AND BOOKS QUOTED. Gard. Chron. The Gardener's Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette, edited bj Professor Lindley. A weekly journal, 4to, 5 vols.. 1844 to the present time Hoare. A Practical Treatise on the Cultivation of the Grape Vine on open walls By Clement Hoare. London. 1840, 12mo. Bort. Soc. Cat. See Thompson. Hort. Trans. Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London, ^ondon 4to, 1815, and at intervals to the present time. Hooker. Pomona Londonensis. By William Hooker. London, 1813, 4to. Hayward. The Science of Horticulture. By Joseph Hayward. London, 1824, 8vo. Harris . A Report on the Insects of Massachusetts injurious to Vegetation. Bj Dr. T. W. Harris. Cambridge, 1841, 8vo. Hov. Mag. or II M. The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and Rural Affair* Conducted by C. M. Hovey. Boston, 8vo, monthly Nos. 1834 to the pre- sent time. Johnston. Lectures on Agricultural Chemistry and Geology. By Jas. W. F. Johnston. American ed.. New York. 12mo, 2 vols., 1842. Jard. Fruit. Le Jardin Fruitier. Par Louis Noisette. 2 ed. Paris, 1839, 2 vols. 8vo. Knight. Various Articles in the London Horticultural Transactions. By Thomae Andrew Knight, its late President. Knoop. Pomologie ; ou, Description des Arbres Fruitiers. Par Joh. Herm. Knoop. Amsterdam, 1771, Fol. Ken. The New American Orchardist. By William Kenrick. Boston, 1844. Kollar. A Treatise on Insects injurious to Gardeners, Foresters, and Farmers. By Vincent Kollar, Notes by Westwood. London. 1840, 12mo. Langley. Pomona ; or, The Fruit Garden Illustrated. By Batty Langley. Lon- don, 1729, Folio. Loudon. An Encyclopedia of Gardening. By J. C. Loudon. London, 1835, 1 thick vol. 8vo. An Encyclopedia of Plants. By the same. London, 1836, 1 thick vol. 8vo. An Encyclopedia of Agriculture. By the same. London, 1831, 1 thick vol. 8vo. Hortus Britannicus. A Catalogue of all the Plants in Britain. By the same. London, 8vo. The Suburban Horticulturist. By the same. London, 1842, 8vo. The Suburban Gardener and Villa Companion. By the same. London, 1838, 1842, 8vo. Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum. By the same. 8 vols., London, 1838, 8vo. Liebig. Organic Chemistry in its Applications to Agriculture and Physiology. By Justus Liebig. American ed. , Cambridge, 1844, 12mo. Lind. A Guide to the Orchard and Kitchen Garden; or, an Account of the Fruits and Vegetables cultivated in Great Britain. By George Lindley. Lon don, 1831, Svo. Lindley. An Introduction to Botany. By John Lindley. London. 1832, 8vo. . An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany. By John Lindley. London, 1835, 2d ed., Svo. . British Fruits. See Pomological Magazine — it is the same work. . The Theory of Horticulture ; or. An Attempt to explain the Operation of Gardening upon Physiological Principles. By John Lindley. London, 8vo, 1840. . The same work, with Notes by A. Gray and A. J. Downing. New York, 1841, 12mo. L. or Linnceus. Species Plantarum, 5th ed. Berlin, 1810, 5 vols. Svo. Ldieur. La Pomone Fran<;aise ; ou, Traite de la Culture Francaise, et de la Taille des Arbres Fruitiers. Par le Comte Lelieur. Paris, 1811, 8vo. Ifan The New England Fruit Book. By R. Manning. 2d ed., enlarged by John M. Ives, Salem, 1844, 12mo. Man. in II M. Manning's Articles in Hovey's Magazine. Mill. The Gardener's and Botanist's Dictionary. By Philip Miller. Revised by Professor Martyn. London, 1819, 2 vols. 8vo. ABBREVIATIONS AND BOOKS QUOTED. Xxiii ifichaux. The North American Sylva; or, Description of the Forest Tree* of the United States, Canada, &c. By A. F. Michaux. Paris, 1819. 3 vols. Svo. APTntosh. The Orchard and Fruit Garden. By Charles Mcintosh. London, 1819, 12mo. 2V Du7i. (The New Duhaniel) Traite des Arbres Fruitiers de DuhameL Nou- velle edition auginentee, etc. Par MM. Poiteau et Turpin, Paris. 5 vola folio, 1808, et seq. Nois. See Jardin Fruitier. New England Farmer. A weekly periodical, devoted to Agriculture, Horticul ture, &c. Boston, 4to, continued to the present time. 0. Duh. See Duhamel. Pom. Mag. or P. M. The Poniological Magazine ; or. Figures and Descriptions of the most important varieties of Fruit cultivated in Great Britain. Lon- don, 1828, 3 vols. 8vo. Pom. Man. The Pomological Marlual. By William R. Prince. New York 1831, 2 vols. Svo. Prince. A Treatise on the Vine. By William R. Prince. New York, 1830, 8vo. Prince. A Short Treatise on Horticulture. By William Prince. New York, 1828. 12mo. PhiUips . Pomarium Britannicum ; an Historical and Botanical Account of the Fruits known in Great Britain. By Henry Phillips. London. 1820, 8vo. Poit. or Poiteau. Pomologie Francaise. Recueil des. plus beaux Fruits cul- tivJ'S en France. Par Poiteau. Paris, 1838, and continued in 4to num- bers. Rivers. A Descriptive Catalogue of Pears, cultivated by T. Rivers. Sawbridge- worth, 1843-68. pamphlet, 8vo. Bon. or Ronalds. Pyrus Malus Brentfordienses ; or, A Concise Description of Selected Apples, with a figure of each sort. By Hugh Ronalds. London, 1831. 4to. Ray. Historia Plantarum, a John Ray, M.D. London, 3 vols. , folio, 1636 — 1704. Rev u f Horticole. Journal 'des Jardiniers et Amateurs. Audot, Editeur. Paris. 1844. et chaque mois, 12mo. Sivitzer. The Practical Fruit Gardener. By Stephen Switzer, 1724, 8vo. Torrey & Gray. A Flora of North America, containing abridged Descriptions of all the known Plants growing north of the Gulf of Mexico. By John Torrey, M.D. , and Aiaa Gray, M.D. New York, vol. 1st, 8vo. New York, 1840, and still in progress. Tlwmp. A Catalogue of the Fruits Cultivated in the Garden of the Horticul- tural Society of London. 3d ed. , London, 1842. [Prepared with great care by Robert Thompson, the Head of the Fruit Department J TJiacher. The American Orchardist. By James Thacher, M. D. Boston, 1822. 8vo. Van Mons. Arbres Fruitiers ; ou, PomO.ogie Beige Exprrimentale et Raisonme Par J. R Van Mons. Louvain, 1835—1636, 2 vols. 12mo. . Catalogue des Arbres Fruitiers, Descriptif, AbrJge. Par J. B. Van Mons Louvain, 1823. Wilder MSS. Manuscript Notes on Fruits. By M. P. Wilder, Esq., President of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. Al. Poiu. Album de Pomologie ; in which the fruits of Belgium are figured and described. An. Pom. Annals of Pomology ; a periodical published by royal commission, in which choice fruits are figured and described. C. H. A. Cornice of Horticulture oi Angers. H'/rt. The Horticulturist of Rural Art and Rural Taste. 22 vols. CoIa. American Fruit Book. By S. W. Cole, Boston, Mass. Thomas. American Fruit Culturist. By John J. Thomas, Union Springs, Hen York. Barry. The Fruit Garden. By P. Barry, Rochester, Now York. Waring. The Fruit-Grower' u Hand Book By Wm. G. Waring, Boalsburg, P» Elliott. American Fruit-Grower's Guide. By F. R. Elliott, Cleveland. O iXiV ABBREVIATIONS ANT) BOOKS QUOTED. Whites Gard. Gardening for the South. By Wm. N. White, Athens, Ga Hov. Mag. The Magazine of Horticulture. By C. M. Hovey, Boston, Maw 33 vols. N~. Y Hort. Rev. New York Horticultural Review. By C. Reagles, New York Ad. Int. Rep. Ad Interim Reports of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. Ga. Pom. 8. Rep. Ad Interim Reports of the Georgia Pomological Society. Me. Pom. S. Rep. Annual Report of the Maine Pomological Society. A. Pom. S. Transactions of the American Pomological Society. L. E. Berckmarts MS. Manuscript Notes by Louis E. Berckman, Augusta, Ga. ■W. D. Brinckle's MS. Manuscript Notes by W. D. Brinckle, Philadelphia. R. Manning's MS. Manuscript Notes by Robert Manning, Salem, Mass. A. H. Ernst MS. Manuscript Notes by A. H. Ernst. Cincinnati, Ohio. R. Buchanan MS. Manuscript Notes by Robert Buchanan, Cincinnati, Ohio. Wm. N. White MS. Manuscript Notes by Wm. N. White, Athens, Ga. /. Van Beuren's MS. Manuscript Notes by -J. Van Beuren, Clarksville, Ga. H. R. Robey MS. Manuscript Notes by H. R. Robey, Fredeiicksburg, Va. Samuel Miller, Jr. , MS. Manuscript Notes by Samuel Miller, Jr. , Cumberland, Pa. T. 8. Downer MS. Manuscript Notes by J. S. Downer, Elkton, Ky. Warder. American Pomology. By J. A. Warder. 0. P. S. Ohio Pomological Society Reports. M. S. H. S. Missouri State Horticultural Society Reports. Verg. The Verger. By M. Mas, Paris, France. Hogg British Pomology, and Hogg's Fruit Manual. By Robert Hogg, London, England. Pa. Rep. Report of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. Mead. American Grape Culture and Wine-making. By Peter B. Mead, Tenafly, N. J. Gar. Mon. Gardener's Monthly. Edited by Thomas Meahan, Philadelphia, Pa. 10 vols. K. Hort. Soc. Transactions of the Kentucky Horticultural Society. / of H. Journal of Horticulture, Boston, Mass. Husmann. The Cultivation of the American Grape, and Manufacture of Ameri- can Wines, by George Husmann, Hermann, Mo. S. Y. M. Reports of the Society Van Mons, Brussels. Strong. Cultivation of the Grape. By W. C. Strong, Brighton, Mass. Trans. St. L. H Soc. Transactions of the St. Louis Horticultural Society. Am,. Hort. An. American Horticultural Annual. Orange Judd & Co. , N. Y. Count. Gent. Country Gentleman. Luther Tucker & Son, Albany, N. Y. 32 vols Jar. V. M. Fruits of the Jardin Van Mons. By A. Bivort. Bruxelles. Mm. Museum of the Jardin of Fruits. By J. Decaisne. Liegel. Survey of Plums, by G. Liegel, Braunau, Austria. F. &. P. Florist and Pomologist. London, England. Leroy. Dictionary of Pomology. By Andre Leroy, Angers, France. Fuller. Small Fruit Culturist. By A. S. Fuller Fidler. The Grape Culturist. By A. S. Fuller, Ridgewood, N. J. P. J. B. MS. Manuscript Notes of P. J. Berckman, Augusta, Ga. /. II. Creighton. Manuscript Notes by J. H. Creighton, Chillicothe, O. Tat. MS. Manuscript Notes by Edward Tatnall, Wilmington, Del. 1. W. Bailey. Manuscript Notes by J. W. Bailey. Plattsburg, N. Y. Arnold. 'Manuscript Notes by Charles Arnold, Paris, C. W. R R Htiniey, MS. Manuscript Notes by K. R. Hunley, Harpersville, A_i* FRUITS AID FRUIT-TREES. CHAPTER I. THE PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF FRUIT. In our survey of the culture of fruits let us begin at the beginning, Gradual amelioration, and the skilful practice of the cultivator, have so filled our orchards and gardens with good fruits, that it is necessary now to cast a look back at the types from wliich these delicious products have sprung. In the tropical zone, amid the surprising luxuriance of vegetation of that great natural hot-house, nature offers to man, almost without care, the most refreshing, the most delicious, and the most nutritive fruits. The Plantain and Banana, excellent either raw or cooked, bearing all the year, and producing upon a rood of ground the sustenance of a family ; the refreshing Guava and Sapodilla ; the nutritious Bread-fruit ; such are the natural fruit-trees of those glowing climates. Indolently seated under their shade, and rinding arefreshing coolness both from their ever- verdant canopy of leaves, and their juicy fruits, it is not here that we must look for the patient and skilful cultivator. But, in the temperate climates, nature wears a harsher and sterner aspect. Plains bounded by rocky liilis, visited not only by genial warmth and sunshine, but by cold winds and seasons of ice and snow ; these are accompanied by sturdy forests, whose outskirts are sprinkled with crabs and wild cherries, and festooned with the clambering branches of the wild grape. These native fruits, which at first otter so little to the eye ">r the palate, are nevertheless the types of our garden varieties. Des- tined in these climates to a perpetual struggle with nature, it is here that we find man ameliorating ami transforming her. Transplanted into a warmer aspect, Stimulated by a richer .soil, reared from selected seeds, carefully pruned, sheltered, and watched, by slow degrees the sour and bitter crab expands into a Golden Pippin, the wild pear loses its thorns and becomes a Bergamotte or a Beurre, the Almond is deprived of its bitterness, and the dry and Savorless Peach is at Length a tempting and delicious fruit. It is thus only, in the face of obstach s, in a climate where nature is not prodigal of perfections, ami in the midst of thorns and sloes, that .man, the GARDENER, arises and forces nature to yield to his art. These improved sorts of fruit, which man everywhere causes to share hi? civilisation, bear, almost equally with himself, the impress of an exist- 1 HBKHU LIBRARY 2 THE PRODUCTION OF KEM VARIETIES OF FRUIT. ence removed from the natural state. When reared from seeds thej always show a tendency to i-eturn to a wilder form, and it seems only cliance when a new seedling is equal to, or surpasses its parent. Removed from their natural form, these artificially created sorts are also much moi-p liable to diseases and to decay. From these facts aiises the fruit- garden, with its various processes of grafting, budding, and other means of continuing the sort ; with also its sheltered aspects, warm borders, deeper soils, and all its various refinements of art and culture. In the whole range of cares and pleasures belonging to tht garden, there is nothing more truly interesting than the production of new varie- ties of fruit. It is not, indeed, by sowing the seeds that the lover of good fruit usually undertakes to stock his garden and orchard with fine fruit-trees. Raising new varieties is always a slow, and, as generally understood, a most uncertain mode of bringing about tliis result. The novice plants and carefully watches his hundred seedling pippins, to find at last, perhaps, ninety-nine worthless or indifferent apples. It appears to him a lottery, in which there are too many blanks to the prizes. He therefore wisely resorts to the more certain mode of grafting from well- known and esteemed sorts. Notwithstanding this, every year, under the influences of garden cul- ture, and often without our design, we find our fruit-trees reproducing themselves ; and occasionally there springs up a new and delicious sort, whose merits tempt us to fresh trials after perfection. To a man who is curious in fruit, — the pomologist, — who views with a more than common eye the crimson cheek of a peach, the delicate bloom of a plum, or understands the epithets, rich, melting, buttery, as applied to a pear, nothing in the circle of culture can give more lively and un- mixed pleasure than thus to produce and to create — for it is a sort of creation — an entirely new sort, which he believes will prove handsomer and better than anything that has gone before. And still more : as varieties which originate in a certain soil and climate are found best adapted to that locality, the production of new sorts of fruit of high merit may be looked on as a most valuable as well as interesting result. Besides this, all the fine new fruits which of late figure so conspicu- ously in the catalogues of the nurseries and fruit-gardens, have not been originated at random and by chance efforts. Some of the most dis- tinguished pomologists have devoted years to the subject of the improve- ment of fruit-trees by seeds, and have attained, if not certain results, at least some general laws, which greatly assist us in this process of amelio- ration. Let us therefore examine the subject a little more in detail. In the wild state, every genus of trees consists of one or more specie* or strongly .marked individual sorts ; as, for example, the white bird- and the black birch ; or, to confine ourselves moi-e strictly to the mat- ter in hand, the different species of cherry, — the wild or bird cherry, the soui cherry, the mazard cherry, &c. These species, in their natural state, exactly reproduce themselves; to vise a common phrase, they " come the same " from seed. This they have done for centuries, and loubtleso will do forever, so long as they exist under natural cirenm- -jtances only. On the other hand, suppose we select one of these species of fruit- ^rees and adopt it into our gardens. So long as we cultivate that indi- vidual tree, or any part of it, in the shape of sucker, graft, or bud, its nature will not be materially altered. It may, indeed, through cu.tiva- THE PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 3 tion, be stimulated into a more luxuriant growth; it will probably pro duce larger leaves and fruit; but we shall neither alter its fruit in tex- ture, c »lor, or baste. It will always be Identically the same. Tin- prn \ess of amelioration begins loith a new generation, and by towing the. seeds. Some species of tree, indeed, seem to refuse to yield their wild nature, never producing any variation by seed; but all fruit- trees, and many others, are easily domesticated, and more readily take ihe impress of culture. If we sow a quantity of seed in garden soil of the common black mazard cheiTy ( Oeras-us avium), we shall find that, in the leaves and habit of growth, many of the seedlings do not entirely resemble the original species. When they come into bearing, it is probable we shall also find as great a diversity in the size, color, and flavor of the fruit. Each of these individual plants differing from the original type (the mazard) constitutes a new variety, though only a few, perhaps only one, may be superior to the original species. It is worthy of remark, that exactly in proportion as this reproduc- tion is frequently repeated, is the change to a great variety of forms or new sorts increased. It is likely, indeed, that to gather the seeds from a wild mazard in the woods, the instances of departure from the form of the original species would be very few ; while if gathered from a gar- den tree, itself s ime time cultivated, or several removes from a wild state, though still a mazard, the seedlings will show great variety of character. . Once in the possession of a variety which has moved out of the nat- ural into a more domesticated form, we have in our hands the best ma- terial for the improving process. The fixed original habit of the species is broken in upon, and this variety which we have created has always afterwards some tendency to make further departures from the original form. It is true that all or most of its seedlings will still retain a like- ness to the parent, but a few will differ in some respects, and it is by seizing upon those which show symptoms of variation that the impro- ver of vegetable races founds his hopes. We have said that it is a part of the character of a species to produce the same from seed. This characteristic is retained even where the sport (as gardeners term it) into numberless varieties is greatest. Thus, to return to cherries : the Kentish or common pie-cherry is one species, and the small black mazard another, and although a great number of varieties of each of these species have been produced, yet there is always the likeness of the species retained. From the first we may have the large and rich Mayduke, and from the last the sweet and luscious Black- Heaits ; hut a glance will show us that the duke cherries retain the dis- tinct daik foliajje, and, in the fruit, something of the same flavor, shape, and color of tin- original species ; and the heart cherries the broad leaves and lofty growth of the mazard. So too the currant and gooseberry are different species of the same genus ; but though the English gooseberry- growers have raised thousands of new varieties of this fruit, and shown them as large as hens' eggs, and of every variety of form and color, yet trunr efforts with the gooseberry have not produced anything resembling the common currant. Why do not varieties produce the same from seed? Why, if we plant ohe stone of a Green Gage plum, will it not always produce a Green Gage ? This is often a puzzling question to the practical gardener, whilfl bis every-day experience forces him to assent to the fact. 4 ",» 'RODUCTION OK XKW VAKIETIES OJ FRUIT. We are not sure that the vegetable physiologists will undertake to answer this query fully. But in the mean time we can throw some light on the subject. It will be remembered that our garden varieties of fruits are no", natural forms. They' are the artificial productions of our culture. They have always a tendency to improve, but they have also another and a si rougei tendency to return to a natural or wild state. " There can bo no doubt," says Dr. Lindley, " that if the arts of cultivation were abandoned for only a few years, all the annual varieties of plants in our gardens would disappear and be replaced by a few original wild forms." Between these two tendencies, therefore, the one derived from nature, and the other impressed by culture, it is easily seen how little likely ia the progeny of varieties always to reappear in the same form. Again, our American farmers, who raise a number of kinds of Indian corn, very well know that, if they wish to keep the sorts distinct, they must grow them in different fields. Without this precaution they findf on planting the seeds produced on the yellow-corn plants, thai they have the next season a progeny not of yellow corn alone, but composed of every color and size, yellow, white, and black, large and small, upon the farm. Now many of the varieties of fruit-trees have a similar power of intermixing with each other while in blossom by the dust or pollen of their flowers, carried through the air by the action of bees and other causes. It will readily occur to the reader, in considering this fact, what an influence our custom of planting the different varieties of plum or of cherry together in a gar-den or orchard must have upon the constancy of habit in the seedlings or such fruits. But there is still another reason for this habit, so perplexing to the novice, who, having tasted a luscious fruit, plants, watches, and rears its seething, to find it, perhaps, wholly different in most respects. This is the influence of grafting. Among the great number of seedling fruits produced in the United States, there is found occasionally a variety, per- haps a plum or a peach, which will nearly always reproduce itself from seed. From some fortunate circumstances in its origin, unknown to us, this sort, in becoming improved, still retains strongly this habit of the natural or wild form, and its seeds produce the same. We can call to mind several examples of tins; fine fruit-ti'ees whose seeds have estab- lished the reputation in the neighborhood of fidelity to the sort. But when a graft is taken from one of these trees, and placed upon another stock, this grafted tree is found to lose its singular power of producing the same by seed, and becomes like all other worked trees. The stock exercises some, as yet, unexplained power in dissolving the strong natu- ral habit of the variety, and becomes, like its fellows, subject to the laws artificial life.* When we desire to raise new vaiieties of fruit, the common practice ; The doctrine here advanced has perhaps no foundation in fact, nor has '.here been any test made that, to our knowledge, would controvert it. Observation of many pears, however, leads to the belief that the mere engrafting a variety upon another stock in no way affects its habit or capacity for reproducing- itself just the same as it would if retained upon its parent met. The grfeat vitality 3sed by some varieties, their strong character, ifcn. . prevent them, as it were, from receiving impregnation while in flower from any less vigorous sort, and hence, as a strong variety is oftener than otherwise surrounded by those of less vitality, it mainly fertilizes itself from its own blossoms and thus reproiucea its leading qualities. THE PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES OP FRUIT. 5 is to collect the seeds of the finest table fmits — those sorts whote meiita are everywhere acknowledged to be the highest. In proceeding th :is, we are all pretty well aware that the chances are generally a hundred to one against our obtaining any new variety of great excellence. Before we offer any advice on rearing seedlings, let us examine briefly the prac- tice and views of two distinguished horticulturists abroad, who have paid more attention to this subject than any other persons whatever; Dr. Van Mons, of Belgium, and Thos. Andrew Knight, Esq., the hit" President of the Horticultural Society of London. The Van Mons Theory. Dr. Van Mons, Professor at Louvain, devoted the greater part of his life to the amelioration of fruits, His nurseries contained, in 182)5, no less than two thousand seedlings of merit. His perseverance was inde- fatigable, and, experimenting mainly on Pears, he succeeded in raising an immense number of new varieties of high excellence. The Beurre DieL De Louvain, Frederic of Wurtemberg, &c, are a few of the many well- known sorts which are the result of his unwearied labors. The Van Mons theory may be briefly stated as follows : All fine fruits are artificial products ; the aim of nature, in a wild a ate, being only a healthy, vigorous state of the tree, and perfect seeds for continuing the species. It is the object of culture, therefore, to sul> due or enfeeble, this excess of vegetation ; to lessen the coarseness of the tree; to diminish the size of the seeds; and to refine the quality and in- crease the size of the flesh or pulp. There is always a tendencv in our varieties of fruit-trees to return by their seeds towards a wild state. This tendency is most strongly shown in the seeds borne by old fruit- trees. And " the older the tree is of any cultivated variety of Pear," says Dr. Van Mons, "the nearer will the seedlings raised from it approach a wild state, without however ever being able to return to that state." On the other hand, the seeds of a young fruit-tree of a good sort, be- ing itself in the state of amelioration, have the least tendency to retro- grade, and are the most likely to produce improved sorts. Again, there is a certain limit to perfection in fruits. When this point is reached, as in the finest varieties, the next generation will more probably produce bad fruit, than if reared from seeds of an indifferent sort in the course of amelioration. While, in other words, the seeds of the oldest varieties of good fruit mostly yield inferior sorts, seeds taken from recent varieties of bad fruit, and reproduced uninterruptedly for several (fenerations, will certainly produce good fruit. * With these premises, Dr. Van Mons begins bv gathering his seeds from a young seedling tree, without paying much regard to its quality, except that it must be in a state of variation ,' that is to say, a garden variety, and not a wild sort. These he sows in a seed-bed or nursery, where he leaves the seedlings until they attain sufficient size to enable him to judge of their character. He then selects those which appear the most promising, plants them a few feet distant in the nursery, and * Experience of American growers does not bear out the supposition here taken. The Seckel. one of the finest and most perfect pears, has perhaps given more valuable seedlings than any other one kind. * 6 TB£ PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF FRUIT. awaits their fruit. Not discouraged at finding most of them nmdiocr* in quality, though differing from the parent, he gathers the first seeds of the most promising and sows them again. The next generation comes more rapidly into bearing than the first, and shows a greater numbe- of promising traits. Gathering immediately, and sowing the seeds of this generation, he produces a third, then a fourth, and even a fifth genera- tion, uninterruptedly, from the original sort. Each generation he finds to come more quickly into bearing than the previous ones (the fifth sow- ing of pears fruiting at three years), and to produce a greater number of valuable varieties ; until in the fifth generation the seedlings are nearly all of great excellence. Dr. Van Mons found the pear to require the longest time to attain perfection, and he carried his process with this fruit through five gener- ations. Apples he found needed but four races, and peaches, cherries, plums, and other stone fruits were brought to perfection in three succes- sive reproductions from the seed. It will be remembered that it is a leading feature in this theory that, in order to improve the fruit, we must subdue or enfeeble the original coarse luxuriauce of the tree. Keeping this in mind, Dr. Van Mons always gathers his fruit before fully ripe, and allows them to rot before planting the seeds, in order to refine or render less wild and harsh the next generation. In transplanting the young seedlings into quarters to bear he cuts off the tap root, and he annually shortens the leading and side branches, besides planting them only a few feet apart. All this les- sens the vigor of the trees, and produces an impression upon the nature of the seeds which will be produced by their first fruit ; and, in order to continue in full force the progressive variation, he allows his seedlings to bear on their own roots.* Such is Dr. Van Mons' theory and method for obtaining new varieties of fruit. It has never obtained much favor in England, and from the length of time necessary to bring about its results, it is scarcsly likely to come into very general use here. At the same time it is not to be de- nied that in his hands it has proved a very successful mode of obtaining new varieties. It is also undoubtedly true that it is a mode closely founded on natural laws, and that the great bulk of our fine varieties have originated by chance. The first colonists here, who brought with them many seeds gath- ered from the best old varieties of fruits, were surprised to find their seedlings producing only very inferior fruits. These seedlings had re- turned, by their inherent tendency, almost to a wild state. By rearing from them, however, seedlings of many repeated generations, we have arrived at a great number of the finest apples, pears, peaches, and plums. According to Dr. Van Mens, had this process been continued uninter- ruptedly, from one generation to the next, a much shorter time would have been necessary for the production of first-rate varieties. To show how the practice of chance sowing works in the other hemis' * " T have found this art to consist in regenerating- in a direct line of descent, and as rapidly as possible, an improving variety, taking care that there be no in- terval between the generations. To sow, to re-sow, to sow again, to sow perpet- ually, in short, to do nothing but sow, is the practice to be pursued, and which cannot be departed from ; and in short this is the whole secret of the art I hav<> immloyed. '—Van Mons' Arbres Frtritiers, 1. p. 22. 223. THE PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 7 phere, ii. is stated by one of the most celebrated of the old writera on fruits, Duhamel of France, that lie had been in the habit of planting seeds of the finest table pears for fifty years without ever having pro duced a good variety. These seeds were from trees of old varieties of fruit. The American gardener will easily perceive, from what we have stated, a great advantage placed in his hands at the present time for the ameli- oration of fruits by this system. He will see that, as most of our Amer- ican varieties of fruit are the result of repeated sowings, more or less Constantly repeated, he has before him almost every day a part of the ameliorating process in progress ; to which Dr. Van Mons, beginning de novo, was obliged to devote his whole life. Nearly all that it is necessary for him to do in attempting to raise a new variety of excellence by this simple mode, is to gather his seeds (before they are fully ripe) from a seedling sort of promising quality, though not yet arrived at perfection. The seedling must be quite young — must be on its own root (not graft- ed) ; and it must be a healthy tree, in order to secure a healthy gener- ation of seedlings. Our own experience leads us to believe that he will scarcely have to go beyond one or two generations to obtain fine fruit. These remarks apply to most of our table fruits commonly cultivated. In order to be most successful in raising new varieties by successive reproduction, let us bear in mind that we must avoid — 1st, the seeds of old fruit-trees ; 2d, those of grafted fruit-trees ; and 3d, that we have the best grounds for good results when we gather our seeds from a young seedling tree, which is itself rather a perfecting than a perfect fruit. It is not to be denied that, in the face of Dr. Van Mons' theory, in this country new varieties of rare excellence are sometimes obtained at once by planting the seeds of old grafted varieties ; thus the Lawrence's Favorite and the Columbia plums were raised from seeds of the Green Gage, one of the oldest European varieties. Such are the means of originating new fruits by the Belgian mode. Let us now examine another more direct, more interesting, and more scientific process — cross-breeding; a mode almost universally pursued now by skil- ful cultivators in producing new and finer varieties of plants ; and which Mr. Knight, the most distinguished horticulturist of the age, so success- fully practised on fruit-trees. Cross-breeding. In the blossoms of fruit-trees, and of most other plants, the seed is tho offspring of the stamens and pistil, which may be considered the male and female parents, growing in the same flower. Cross -breeding is. then nothing more than removing out of the blossom of a fruit-tree the stamens, or male parents, and bringing those of another and different variety of fruit, and dusting the pistil or female parent with them, — a process sufficiently simple, but which has the most marked effect on tlx seeds produced. It is only within about fifty years that cross-breeding has been practised; but Lord Bacon, whose great mind seems to have had glimpses into every dark corner of human knowledge, finely fore- shadowed it. " The compounding or mixture of plants is not found out, which, if it were, is more at command than that of living creatures; where- fore, it were one of the most notable disco vories toucliing plants to fino 8 THE PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES OP FRUIT. it out, for so you may have great varieties of fruits and flowers yet un known." In Figure 1 is shown the blossom of the Cherry. The central por tion, a, connected directly with the young fruit, i? 6 the pistil. The numerous surrounding threads, b, are the stamens. The summit of the stamen is called the anther, and secretes the powdery substance called pol- len. The pistil has at its base the embryo fruit, and at its summit the stigma. The use of the stamens is to fertilize the young seed contained at the base of the pistil ; and if we fertilize the pistil of one variety of fruit by the pollen of another we shall obtain a new variety, partaking intermediately of the qualities of both parents. Thus, among fruits owing their origin directly to cross-breeding, Coe's Golden Drop Plum was raised from the Green Gage, impregnated by the Magnum Bonum or Egg Plum ; and the Elton cherry from the Bigarrieu, impreg- nated by the White Heart.* Mr. Knight was of opinion that the habits. of the new variety would always be found to partake most strongly of the constitution and habits of the female parent. Subsequent experience does not fully confirm this, and it would appear that the parent whose character is most permanent, impresses its form most forcibly on the offspring. The process of obtaining cross-breed seeds of fruit-trees is very easily performed. It is only necessary, when the tree blooms which we intend to be the mother of the improved race, to select a blossom or blossoms growing upon it not yet fully expanded. With a pair of scissors we cut out and remove all the anthers. The next day, or as soon as the blossom is quite expanded, we collect with a camel's-hair brush the pollen from a fully blown flower of the variety we intend for the male parent, apply ing the pollen and leaving it upon the stigma or point of the pistil. If your trees are much exposed to those busy little meddlers, the bees, it is well to cover the blossoms with a loose bag of thin gauze, or they will perhaps get beforehand with you in your experiments in cross-breeding. Watch the blossoms closely as they open, and bear in mind that the two essential points in the operation are: 1st, to extract the anthers care- fully, before they have matured sufficiently to fertilize the pistil ; and 2d, to apply the pollen when it is in perfection (dry and powdery), and while the stigma is moist. A very little practice will enable the amateur to judge of these points. There are certain limits to the power of crossing plants. Wliat is strictly called a cross-bred plant or fruit is a sub-variety raised between two varieties of the same species. There are, however, certain species, nearly allied, which are capable of fertilizing each other. The offspring in this case is called a hybrid, or mule, and does not always produce per- fect seeds. " This power of hybridizing," says Dr. Lindley, " appears to be much more common in plants than in animals. It is, however, in g< nerai only between nearly allied species that this intercourse can take place ; those which are widely different in structure and constitution not * The seedling? sometimes most resemble one parent, sometimes the other ; bub more freqiiently share the qualities of both. Mr. Coxe describes an Apple, a cross between a Newtown Pippin and a Russet, the fruit of which resembled exter- nally at one end the Russet and at the other the Pippin, and the fia\or at eithei end corresponded exactly with the character of the exterior. THE PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 9 being capable of any artificial nnion. Thus the different species of Strawberry, of the gourd or melon family, intermix with the greatest lacility, there being a great accordance between them in general struc- ture and constitution. But no one has ever succeeded in compelling the pear to fertilize the apple, nor the gooseberry the current. And as spe- cies that are very dissimilar appear to have some natural impediment which prevents their reciprocal fertilization, so does this obstacle, of whatever nature it may be, present an insuperable bar to the intercourse of the different genera. All the stories that are current as to the inter- mixture of oranges and pomegranates, of roses and black currants, and the like, may therefore be set down to pure invention." In practice this power of improving varieties by crossing is very largely resorted to by gardeners at the present day. Not only in fruit- trees, but in ornamental trees, shrubs, and plants, and especially in florists' flowers, it lias been carried to a great extent. The great number of new and beautiful Roses, Azaleas, Camellias, Fuchsias, Dahlias, and other flowering plants so splendid in color and perfect in form, owe their origin to careful cross-breediug. In the amelioration of fruits it is by far the most certain and satisfac- tory process yet discovered. Its results are more speedily obtained, and correspond much more closely to our aim, than those procured by succes- sive reproduction. In order to obtain a new variety of a certain character, it is only neces- sary to select two parents of well known habits, and which are both varieties of the same or nearly allied species, and cross them for a new and intermediate variety. Thus, if we have a very early but insipid and worthless sort of pear, and desire to raise from it a variety both early and of fine flavor, we should fertilize some of its pistils with the pollen of the best flavored variety of a little later maturity. Among the seedlings produced we should look for early pears of good quality, and at least for one or two varieties nearly or quite as early as the female parent, and as delicious as the male. If we have a very small but liighly flavored pear, and wish for a larger pear with a somewhat similar flavor, we must fertilize the first with the pollen of a large and handsome sort. If we desire to impart the quality of lateness to a very choice plum, we must look out for a late variety as the mother, and cross it with our best flavored sort. If we desire to impart hardiness to a tender fruit, we must undertake a cross between it and a much hardier sort ; if we ^eek greater beauty of color or vigor of growth, we must insure these qualities by selecting one parent having such quality strongly marked. As the seeds produced by cross fertilization are not found to produce precisely the same varieties, though they will nearly all partake of the mixed character of the parents, i+, follows that we shall be most success- ful in obtaining precisely all we hope for in the new race in proportion to the number of our cross-bred seedlings ; some of which may be infe- rior, as well as some superior to the parents. It is always well, there- fore, to cross sevei-al flowers at once on the same plant, when a single blossom does not produce a number of seeds. We should observe here, that those who devote their time to raising new varieties must bear in mind that it is not always by the first fruits of a seedling that it should be judged. Some of the finest varieties require a considerable age before their best qualities develop themselves, as it is only when the tree has arrived at some degree of maturity that its seere* JO DURATION OF VARIETIES OP FRUIT-TREES. tions, either for flower or fruit, are perfectly elaborated. The first fruit of the Black Eagle cherry, a flue cross-bred raised by Mr. Knight, was pronounced worthless when first exhibited to the London Horticultural Society ; its quality now proves that the tree was not then of sufficient age to produce its fruit in perfection. CHAPTEK II. REMARKS ON THE DURATION OF VARIETIES OF FRUIT-TREES. It was for a long time the popular notion, that when a good variety of fruit was once originated from seed, it might be continued by grafting and budding forever, — or, at least, as some old parchment deeds pithily gave tenure of land — " as long as grass grows and water runs." About 1830, however, Thomas Andrew Knight, the distinguished President of the Horticultural Society of London, published an Essay in its Trausactions tending entirely to overthrow this opinion, and tc establish the doctrine that all varieties are of very limited duration. The theory advanced by Mr. Knight is as follows : All the constitu- tional vigor or properties possessed hy any variety of fruit are shared at the same time by all the plants that can be made from the buds of that variety, whether by grafting, budding, or other modes of propagating In similar terms, all the plants or trees of any particular kind of pear or apple being only parts of one original tree, itself of limited duration, it follows, as the parent tree dies, all the others must soon after die also. " No trees, of any variety," to use his own words, " can be made to pro- duce blossom or fruit till the original tree of that variety has attained the age of puberty ; * and, under ordinary modes of propagation, by grafts and buds, all become subject, at no very distant period, to the debilities and diseases of old age." It is remarkable that such a theory as this should have been offered by Mr. Knight, to whose careful investigations the science of modern horticulture is so deejdy indebted — as, however common it is to see the apparent local decline of certain sorts of fruit, yet it is a familiar fact that many sorts have also been continued a far greater length of time than the life of any one parent tree. Still, the doctrine has found supporters abroad, and at least one hearty advocate in this country. Mr. Kenrick, in his new American Orchardist, adopts this doctrine, and in speaking of Peai's says : " I shall, in the following pages, desig- nate some of these in the class of old varieties, once the finest of all old pears, whose duration we had hoped, but in vain, to perpetuate. For*, except in certain sections of the city, and some very few and highly * This part of the doctrine has of late been most distinctly refuted, and any cne may repeat the experiment. Seedling fruit-trees, it is well known, are usu- ally several years before they produce fruit But if a graft is inserted on a bearing tree, and, after it makes one reason's fair growth, the grafted shoot ia bent directly down and tied there. with its point to the stock below, it will the next season — the sap being checked— produce flower-buds and begin to bear. lon£ before *he parent tree. DUBATION OF VARIETIES OF FRUIT-TREES. 11 favored situations in the country around, they (the old sorts) have become either so uncertain in their bearing — so barren — so unproductive — -or so miserably blighted — so mortally diseased — that they are no longer to be trusted ; they are no longer what they once were with us, and what many of them are still described to be by most foreign writers." Mr. Kenrick accordingly arranges in separate classes the Old and JVew Pears ; and while he praises the latter, he can hardly find epithets sufficiently severe to bestow on the former poor unfortunates. Of the Doyenne he says : " This most eminent of all Pears has now become an outcast, intolerable even to sight ; " of the Brown Beurre, " once the best of all Pears — now become an outcast." The St. Germain " has long since become an abandoned variety," &c, &c. Many persons have, therefore, supposing that these delicious varieties had really and quietly given up the ghost, made no more inquiries after them, and only ordered from the nurseries the new varieties. And this not always, as they have confessed to us, without some lingering feeling of regret at thus abandoning old and tried friends for new-comers — which, it must be added, not unfrequently failed to equal the good quali- ties of their predecessors. But, while this doctrine of Knight's has found ready supporters, we are bound to add that it has also met with sturdy opposition. At the head of the opposite party we may rank the most distinguished vege- table physiologist of the age, Professor De Candolle, of Geneva. Varie- ties, says De Candulle, will endure and remain permanent so long aa man chooses to take care of them, as is evident from the continued existence to this day of sorts, the most ancient of those which have been described in books. By negligence, or through successive bad sea- sons, they may become diseased, but careful cul ture will restore them, and retain them, to all appearance, forever. Our own opinion coincides, in the main, with that of De Candolle. While we admit that, in the common mode of propagation, varieties are constantly Liable to decay or become comparatively worthless, we believe that this is owing not to natural limits set upon the duration of a vari- ety ; that it does not depend on the longevity of the parent tree ; but upon the care with which the sort is propagated, and the nature of the climate or soil where the tree is grown. It is a well-established fact, that a seedling tree, if allowed to grow on its own root, is always much longer lived, and often more vigorous than the same variety when grafted upon another stock ; and experi- ence has also proved that in proportion to the likeness or close relation between the stock and the graft is the long life of the grafted tree. Thus a variety of pear grafted on a healthy pear seedling lasts almost as long as upon its own roots. Upon a thorn stock it does not endure so long. Upon a mountain ash or quince stock still li'ss ; until the aver- age life of the pear-tree when grafted on the quince is reduced to one- third of its ordinary duration on the pear stock. This is well known to every practical gardener, and it arises from the, want of affinity between the j'lince stock and the pear graft. The latter is rendered dwarf in its habits, bears very early, and perishes equally soon. Next to this, the apparent decay of riety is often caused by graft- ing upon unhealthy stocks. For although grafts of very vigorous haoit have frequently the power of renovating in some measure, or for a time, 12 DURATION OF VARIETIES OF FRUIT-TREES. fchu health of the stock, yet the tree, when it arrives at a bearing state, will, sooner or later, sutler from the diseased or feeble nature of the stock. Carelessness in selecting scions for engrafting is another fertile source of degeneracy in varieties. Every good cultivator is aware that if grafts are cut from the ends of old bearing branches, exhausted by over- hearing, the same feebleness of habit will, in a great degree, be shared by the young graft. And on the contrary, if the thrifty straight shoots that are thrown out by the upright extremities, or the strong limb- sprouts, are selected for grafting, they ensure vigorous growth, and healthy habit in the graft. Finally, unfavorable soil and climate are powerful agents in deterio- rating varieties of fruit-tree. Certain sorts that have originated in a cold climate are often short-lived and unproductive when taken to warmer ones, and the reverse. This arises from a want of constitutional fitness for a climate different from its natural one. Most varieties of apples originating in the climate of the Middle States, if their period of maturity be mid-winter, when taken to the ex- treme northern limits lose their value, because of the season not being long enough for their juices to become fully matured. Again, if they are taken to the Southern States their period of maturity is hastened by a greater amount of continued heat, and the quality impaired. Varieties, however, that originate at the North, and have their matu- rity naturally in the warm summer months, are improved by theii removal South. But this only proves that it is impossible to pass cer- tain natural limits of fitness for climate, and not that the existence of the variety itself is in any way affected by these local failures. Any or all of these causes are sufficient to explain the apparent decay of some varieties of fruit, and especially of pears, over which some culti- vators, of late, have uttered so many lamentations, scarcely less pathetic than those of Jeremiah. Having stated the theories on this subject, and given an outline of our explanation, let us glance for a moment at the actual state of the so-called decayed varieties, and see whether they are really either extinct, or on the verge of annihilation. Mr. Knight's own observation in England led him to consider the English Golden Pippin and the Nonpareil, their two most celebrated varieties of apple, as the strongest examples of varieties just gone to de- cay, or, in fact, the natural life of which had virtually expired twenty years before. A few years longer he thought it might linger on in the warmer parts of England, as he supposed varieties to fall most speedily into decay in the north, or in a cold climate. Lindley, however, his contemporary, and second to no one in practi- cal knowledge of the subject, writing of the Golden Pippin,* very frank- ly states his dissent, as follows : " This apple is considered by some of our modern writers on Pomology to be in a state of decay, its fruit of inferior quality, and its existence near its termination. I cannot for a moment agree with such an opinion, because we have facts annually be- fore our eyes completely at variance with such an assertion. In Covent Garden, and indeed in any other large market in the southerr or mid- land counties of England, will be found specimens of fruit as perfect * Chiide to the Orchard, by George Lindley. DURATION OF VARIETIES OF FRUIT-TREES. 13 and as fine as have been figured or described by any writer, either in this or any other country whatever. Instead of the trees being in a state of ' rapid decay,' they may be found of unusually large size, por fectly healthy, and their crops abundant ; the fruit perfect in form, beautiful in color, and excellent in quality." And the like remarks air made of the Nonpareil. Certain French writers, about this time, gladly seized Knight's theorj as an explanation of the miserable state into which several fine old sorts of pears had fallen about Paris, owing to bad culture and propagation. They sealed the death-warrant, in like manner, of the Brown Beurre, Doyenne, Chaumontel, and many others, and consigned them to oblivion in terms which Mr. Kenrick has already abundantly quoted. Notwithstanding this, and that ten or fifteen years have since elaps- ed, it is worthy of notice that the repudiated apples and pears still hold their place among all the best cultivators in both England and France. And the " extinct varieties " seem yet to bid defiance to theorists and bad cultivators. But half the ground is not yet covered. How does the theory work in America ? is the most natural inquiry. In this country we have soil varying from the poorest sand to the richest alluvial, climate vary- ing from frigid to almost torrid — a range wide enough to include all fruit-trees between the apple and the orange. We answer that the facts here, judged in the whole, are decidedly against the theory of the extinction of varieties. While here, as abroad, unfavorably soil, climate, or culture have produced their natural results of a feeble and diseased state of certain sorts of fruit, these are only the exceptions to the general vigor and health of the finest old sorts in the country at large. Recent experiments have proved that it is not sufficient to bring healthy trees of the old varieties from the interior of the seaboard to in- sure, in the latter localities, fair and excellent crops. But, on the other hand, the complete renovation of blighted trees by the plentiful use of wood-ashes, bone-dust, lime, and blacksmith cinders, along with common manure, shows us distinctly that it is not the age of these varieties of fruit which causes their apparent decline, but a want of that food abso- lutely necessary to the production of healthy fruit.* But there is another interesting point in this investigation. Do the newly originated sorts really maintain in the unfavorable districts the appearance of perfect health? Are the new pears uniformly healthy where the old ones are always feeble ? Undoubtedly this question must be answered in the negative. Some * Since bhe writing of this, in 1845, there have occurred seasons when nearly every variety of fruit perfected, and there have also been seasons when the old as well as new varieties have failed, and that too in almost all soils and in many varied sections of the country. To our knowledge, no continued experi- ments in the practice of applying special manures as remedial agents have been tried, but, from the fact that old as well as new sorts have frequently failed in our rich western soils and inland climates, we have come to regard the cause of cracking and other diseases of the pear more to proceed from climatic or atmos- pheric influence than from any special condition or quality of the soil. It is now generally conceded that our seasons are more changeable and the extremes greater than they were half a century back, and to this influence do we attribute in a great measure the deterioration noted in occasional seasons and localities 14 DURATION OF VARIETIES OF FBUIT-TBEES. of the latest Flemish pears already exhibit symptoms of decay or bad health in these districts. Even Mr. Kenrick, with all his enthusiasm for the new sorts, is obliged to make the following admission respecting the Beurre Diel pear, the most vigorous and hardy here of all : " I re gret to add, that near Boston this noble fruit is liable to crack badly.'* We predict that many of the Flemish pears originated by Van Mom will become feeble, and the fruit liable to crack, in the neighborhood of Boston, in a much less time than did the old varieties. And this leads us to remark here, that the hardiness of any variety depends greatly upon the circumstances of its origin. When a new variety springs up accidentally from a healthy seed in a semi-natural manner, like the Seckel, the Dix, and other native sorts, it will usually prove the hardiest. It is, as it were, an effort of nature to produce a new individual out of the materials in a progressive state which garden culture has afforded. Cross-bred seedlings — one parent being of a hardy nature, and both healthy ; such as Knight's own seedlings, the Monarch and Dunmore pears — are next in hardiness. Lastly, we rank varieties reared by Van Mons' method — that of continually repeated reproduc- tions. This, as Van Mons distinctly states, is an enfeebling process — without any compensating element of vigor. Hence it follows, as a matter of course, that seedlings of the fifth or sixth generation, as are some of his varieties, must in their origin be of feeble habit. Van Mons himself was fully aware of this, and therefore resorted to " grafting by copulation," — in fact, root-grafting, — well knowing that on common stocks these new varieties would, in light soils, soon become feeble and decayed. It is needless for us to add that hence we consider the Belgian mode of producing new varieties greatly inferior to the English one, since it gives us varieties often impaired in health in their very origin. If any further proof of this is desired, we think it is easily found by comparing the robust vigor and longevity of many native pear-trees to be found in the United States — some of them 80 or 100 years old, and still producing large crops of fruit— with the delicate trees of several new varieties now in our gardens from Europe. These varieties are delicate not only with respect to their constitutional vigor, but they are also more susceptible to injury from the severity of our winter's cold and summer's sun. There are great advantages, undoubtedly, for soils naturally unfavor- able, and for small gardens, in grafting the pear upon quince stocks ; yet, as it diminishes the vigor of the tree, it is not impossible that com tinued piopagation from dwarf trees may somewhat lessen the vital powers and the longevity of a gr en variety. The decay of varieties of the Apricot, or Peach, much shorter lived trees by nature, we seldom or never hear of. Varieties of both are now in cultivation, and in the most perfect vigor, of 200 years' duration. This, probably, is owing to the more natural treatment these tree? receive generally. Varieties of the vine are said never to degenerate, »md this is perhaps owing to their having very rarely been propagated by grafting.* * We do not deny that in any given soil there is a period at which a variety of tree or plant exhibits most vigor, and after having grown there awhile it cease* to have its former luxuriance. The same is true of wheat or potatoes, and accordingly farmers are in the habit of " changing their seed." The nutriment for a given variety is after a time exhausted from the soil, and unless it is again DURATION OF VARIETIES OP FRUIT-TREES. 15 We are not without remedy for varieties that have partially decayed in a certain district. If the trees have mice been productive of excellent fruit, and are still in a sound condition, though enfeebled, a thorough renewal of their powers will again restore them to health. To effect this, the soil about the roots should lie replaced by new, enriched by manure or peat-compost, and mixed with the mineral substances named in the preceding page. The bark of the trunk and large branches should be well scraped, and, as well as all the limbs, thoroughly washed with soft soap; the head should be moderately pruned ; and finally, the tree should be suffered to bear no fruit for the two following seasons. After this it will generally bear excellent fruit for several years again. In making plantations of fine old varieties, in districts where the stock has become feeble, something may be gained by procuring grafts or trees from more favorable localities, where the fruit is still as fair as ever, and care should be exercised in selecting only the healthiest grafts or trees. Nurserymen in unfavorable districts should endeavor to pro- pagate only from trees of healthy character ; and if those in their own vicinity are diseased, they should spare no pains to bring into their nurse- ries and propagate only such as they feel confident are healthy and sound. On them, next to the soil, depends very considerably the vigor or debility of the stock of any given variety in the country around them. In Mr. Knight's original essay on the Decay of Varieties, he clearly stated a circumstance that most strongly proves what we have here endea- vored to show, viz. : that the local decline of a variety is mainly owing to neglect, and to grafting on bad stock. We allude to the fact repeatedly verified, that healthy young shoots, taken from the roots of an old variety in apparent decline, produce trees which are vigorous and healthy. " The decay," says he, " of the powers of life in the roots of seedling trees is exceedingly slow comparatively with that in the branches. Scions (or shoots) obtained from the roots of pear-trees two hundred years old afford grafts which grow with great vigor, and which ai'e often covered with thorns like young seedling stocks ; whilst other grafts, taken at the same time from the extremities of the branches of such trees, present a totally different character, and a very slow and unhealthy growth. I do not conceive that such shoots possess all the powers of a young seedling, but they certainly possess no inconsiderable portion of such powers." This is nothing more, in fact, than going back to the roots — the por- tion of the tree least exhausted — for the renewal of the health of a variety when the branches of the tree have been exhausted by overbearing, &c. It is a simple and easy mode of increasing the vigor of a sort of delicate habit, to take scions from young root-suckers for grafting anew. This can of course only be done with trees that grow on their own roots, or have not been grafted. supplied the tree must decline. In light soils this speedily happens. In strong clayey or rocky soils, the natural decomposition of which affords a continual stcre of lime, potash, &c. , the necessary supply of inorganic food is maintained, and he variety continues healthy and productive. 16 PROPAGATION OP VARIETIES. CHAPTER ill. PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES GRAFTING BUDDING CUTTINGS, LAYERS^ AND SUCKERS. After having obtained a new and choice kind of fruit, which in our hands is perhaps only a single tree, and which, as we have already shown, seldom produces the same from seed, the next inquiry is how to continue this variety in existence, and how to increase and extend it, so that othei gardens and countries may possess it as well as ourselves. This leads us to the subject of the propagation of fruit-trees, or the continuation of varieties by grafting and budding. Grafting and budding are the means in most common use for pro- pagating fruit-trees. They are, in fact, nothing more than inserting upon one tree the shoot or bud of another, in such a manner that the two may unite and form a new compound. No person having any inte- rest in a garden should be unable to perform these operations, as they are capable of effecting transformations and improvements in all trees and shrubs, no less valuable than they are beautiful and interesting. Grafting is a very ancient invention, having been well known and practised by the Greeks and Romans. The latter, indeed, describe a great variety of modes, quite as ingenious as any of the fanciful varia- tions now used by gardeners. The French, who are most expert in grafting, practise occasionally more than fifty modes, and within a few years have succeeded perfectly in grafting annual plants, such as the tomato, the dahlia, and the like. The uses of grafting and budding, as applied to fruit-trees, may be briefly stated as follows : 1. The rapid increase of propagation of valuable sorts of fruit not easily raised by seeds or cuttings, as is the case with nearly all varieties. 2. To renew or alter the heads of trees partially or fully grown, pro- ducing in two or three years, by heading-in and grafting, a new head, bearing the finest fruit, on a formerly worthless tree. 3. To render certain foreign and delicate sorts of fruit more hardy by grafting them on robust stocks of the same species native to the country y as the foreign grape on the native ; and to produce fine fruit in climates or situations not naturally favorable, by grafting on another species more hardy, as in a cool climate and damp strong soil by working the Peach on the Plum. 4. To render dwarf certain kinds of fruit, by grafting them on suit- able stocks of slower growth, as in the case of the Pear on the Quince, the Apple on the Paradise stock, &c. 5. By grafting several kinds on the same tree, to be able to have a succession of. fruit, from early to late, in a small garden. 6. To hasten the bearing of seedling varieties of fruit, or of such as are a long time in producing fruit, by grafting them on the branches of full-grown or mature bearing trees. Thus a seedling pear, which would not produce fruit on its own root in a dozen years, will generally begin to bear the third or fourth year if grafted on the extremity of the bear- ing branches of a mature tree. The proper time for grafting fruit-trees is in the spring, as soon aa fch* sap is in motion, which commences earliest with the Cherry and PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 17 Plum, and ends with the Pear and Apple. The precise time of course varies with the season and the climate, but is generally comprised from February to the middle of April. The grape-vine, however, which surfers by bleeding, is not usually grafted until it is ir. leaf. The most favorable weather for grafting is a miM atmosphere with occasional showers. The scions are generally selected pi'eviously, as it is found, in nearly all kinds of grafting by scions, that success is more complete when the stock upon which they are placed is a little more advanced — the sap in a more active state than in the scion. To secure this, we usually cut the scions very early in the spring, during the winter, or even in the autumn, burying their lower ends in the ground in a shaded place, or keeping them in tine soil in the cellar till wanted for use. In cutting scions we choose straight thrifty shoots of the last year's growth, which may remain entire until we commence grafting, when they may be cut into scions of three or four buds each. In selecting scions from old trees it is always advisable to choose the most vigorous of the last year's shoots growing near the centre or top of the tree. Scions from sickly and unhealthy branches should be rejected, as they are apt to carry with them this feeble and sickly state. Scions taken from the lower bearing branches will pro- duce fruit soonest, but they will not afford trees of so handsome a shape or so vigorous a growth as those taken from the thrifty upright shoots near the centre or top of the tree. Nurserymen generally take their scions from young grafted trees in the nursery-rows, these being usually in better condition than those taken from old trees, not always in a healthy state. The stock for grafting xipon is generally a tree which has been, standing, at least for a year previously, on the spot where it is grafted, as success is much less certain on newly moved trees. In the case, however, of very small trees or stocks, which are grafted below the surface of the ground, as is frequently the practice with the Apple in American nurseries, the stocks are grafted in the house in winter, or early spring, put away carefully in a damp cellar, and planted out in the spring ; but this method is only successful when the root is small, and when the top of the stock is taken off, and the whole root is devoted to supplying the graft with nourishment. The theory of grafting is based on the power of union between the young tissues or organizable matter of growing wood. When the parts are placed nicely in contact, the ascending sap of the stock passes into and sustains life in the scion ; the buds of the latter, excited by this supply of sap and the warmth of the season, begin to elaborate and send down woody matter, which, passing through the newly granulated sub- stance of the parts in contact, unites the graft firmly with the stock. " If," says De Candolle, " the descending sap has only an incomplete analogy with the wants of the stock, the latter does not thrive, though the organic union may have taken place ; and if the analogy between the albumen of stock and scion is wanting, the organic union does not ope- rat r, the scion cannot absorb the sap of the stock, and the graft fails." Grafting therefore is confined within certain limits. A scion from one tree will not, from the want of affinity, succeed on every other tree, but only upon those to which it is allied. We are, in short, only success^ ful in budding or grafting where there is a close relationship and simi- larity of structure between the stock and the scion. This is the case with varieties of the same species which take most freely, as the different 2 16 PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. sorts of Apple ; next with the different species of a genus, as the Apple and the Pear, which grow, but in which the union is less complete and permanent ; and lastly with the genera of the same natural family, as the Cherry on the Plum, which die after a season or two. The ancienta boasted of Vines and Apples grafted on Poplars and Elms ; but repeated experiments, by the most skilful cultivators of modern times, have clearly proved that although we may, once in a thousand trials, succeed in effects ing these ill-assorted unions, yet the graft invariably dies after a few months' growth.* The range in grafting or budding, for fruit-trees in ordinary culture., is as the following : Apples, on apple or crab seedlings for orchards (standards), or on Paradise apple stocks, for dwarfs ; Pears, on pear seedlings for common culture, or Quince stocks for dwarfs, and some- times on the thorn for clayey soils ; Peaches, on their own seedlings for standai-ds or for orchards ; on Almonds, for hot and dry climates ; on Plums in cold or moist soils, or to secure them against the worm ; Apri- cots, en Plum stocks, to render them hardy and productive, or on their own seedlings to render them long-lived. Nectarines are usually worked on the Peach or Plum ; and Cherries on mazard seedlings, or on the per- fumed Cherry, and on the morello for forming half dwarfs. The manual operation of grafting is performed in a very easy and complete manner when the size of the stock, or branch to be grafted, corresponds precisely with that of the scion. In this case, which is called splice-grafting, it is only necessary with a smooth sloping cut, upwards on the stock a, and downwards on the scion b, Fig 2, to make the two ht precisely, so that the inner bark of one corre- sponds exactly with that of the other, to bind them firmly together with a strand of matting, and to cover the wound entirely with grafting clay or wax, and the whole is fin- ished. In this, which is one of the neatest modes, the whole forms a complete union nearly at once, leaving scarcely any wounded part to heal over. But, as it is only rarely that the stock is of so small a size as to fit thus perfectly to the scion, the operation must be varied somewhat, and requires more skill. The method in most common use to cover all difficulties is called tongue grafting. We may remark here that grafting the shoots of Peaches, Nectarines, and Apricots, owing to their large pith, is more difficult than that of other fruit-trees. A variation of splice-grafting, Fig. 3, lias been invented to obviate this. This consists in selecting the scion a, so as to leave at its lower end about a fourth of an inch of two years old wood, which is much firmer. The bottom of * The classical horticulturist will not fail to recall to mind Pliny's account of the tree in the garden of Lucullns. grafted in such a manner as to bear Olives, Almonds, Apples, Pears, Plums, Figs, and Grapes. There is little doubt, how- ever, that this was some ingenious deception, as to this day the Italian gardeners pretend to sell Jasmines, Honeysuckles, &c. , growing together and grafted on Oranges and Pomegranates. This is ingeniously managed, for a short-lived effect, by introducing the stems of these smaller plants through a hole bored up the centre of the stock of the trees — their roots being in the same soil, and their stems, which after a little growth fill up tlese holes, appearing as if reallj grafted. PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 19 the slope on the stock is cut with a dovetail notch, b, into which the scron is fitted. Tongue- grafting (or whip-grafting), Fig. 4. resembles very nearr* 5 Splice-Grafting the Peach. Tongue-Grafting, progressive stages. splice-grafting, except, instead of the simple splice, a tongue is made to hold the two together more firmly. In order to understand this method, let us explain it a little in detail. Having chosen your stock of the proper size, cut it off at the point where, a, it appears best to fix the graft. If the stock is quite small, it may be within three or four inches of the ground. Then, with a very sharp knife, make a smooth cut upwards, b, about two inches in length. Next make; a slit from the top of this . ut about one-fourth of the way downwardsj c, taking out a thin tongue of wood. Cut the scion four or five inches long, or so as to have three buds ; then shape the lower end with a single smooth sloping cut, e, about the same length as that on the stock, and make the tongue upward, f, to fit in the down- ward slit of the stock. Now apply the scion accurately to the stock, making the inner bark of the scion Jit exactly the inner bark of the stock, at least on one side, g. Without changing their position, tie them together carefully with a piece of bass matting or tape, h. And finally cover the wound with well-prepared grafting clay or wax, i. This ball of clay should more than cover the union, by an inch above and below, and should be about an inch thick. If grafting-wax is used, the cover- ing need not be above half an inch thick. American Whip Tongue- Grafting — the mode generally practised by American nurserymen — is similar to the foregoing method, but much more rapid in its execution. The scion and stork are first cut, as rep- resented in Fig. 2, for splice-grafting, and then the knife is passed upward in the scion, a, Fig. b, and downward in the stock, b, forming a sliced tongue in appearance, and when joined together, c, serves to hold the scion in place. The tying for out-door grafting is then done by a narrow strip of cloth, say half an inch to an inch wide, our side of which is saturated or coated with grafting-wax, and as eacl« turn round tha 20 PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. American Whip Tongue-Grafting in its different stages. (a). Scion cut for insertion. (6). Stock prepared to receive the scion, (c). Stock and scion united, (d). The same tied up. Whip-Grafting large stock, (a). Stock prepared to receive the scion. (6). Scion cut for insertion, (c). Stock and icion united. graft and stock is made, the adhesiri power of the wax holds the stiip firmly and renders the work complete ( season, but perhaps with most effect in the spring. One, or at most two applications will rid the stem of trees of the bark-louse, and render it smooth and glossy. It is far more efficacious than whitewash, as a preservative against the attacks of insects, while it promotes the growth of the tree, and adds to the natural lively color of the bark. 36 PRUNING. The wash of soft soap is also a very good one for mauy purposes. Though not equal for general purposes to the potash wash, it is better foi old trunks with thick and rigid bark, as a portion of it remains upon the surface of the bark for some time, and with the action of every rain is dissolved, and thus penetrates into all the crevices where insects may be lodged, destroying them, and softening the bark itself. 2. Pruning to induce Fruitfulness. There are advantages and disadvantages attending all seasons of pruning, but our own experience has led us to believe that, practically, a fortnight before midsummer is by far the best season on the whole for pruning in the Northern and JSIiddle States. Wounds made at this season heal over freely and rapidly ; it is the most favorable time to judge of the shape and balance of the head, and to see at a glance which branches require removal ; and all the stock of organizable matter in the tree is directed to the branches that remain. When a young fruit-tree is too luxuriant, employing all its energies in making vigorous shoots, but forming few or no blossom buds, and producing no fruit, we have it in our power by different modes of pruning to lessen this over-luxuriance, and force it to expend its ener- gies in fruit-bearing. A successful mode of doing this is by pruning the roots — a proceeding recently brought into very successful practice by European gardeners. Root-pruning has the effect of at once cutting off a considerable supply of the nourishment formerly afforded by the roots of a tree. The leaves, losing part of their usual food, are neither able to grow as rapidly as before, nor to use all the nutritious matter already in the branches ; the branches therefore become more stunted in their growth, the organ- izable matter accumulates, and fruit-buds are directly formed. The en- ergies of the tree are no longer entirely carried off in growth, and the re- turning sap is employed in producing fruit-buds for the next year. Root-pruning should be performed in autumn or winter, and it usually consists in laying bare the roots and cutting off smoothly at a dis- tance of a few feet from the trunk (in proportion to the size of the tree) the principal roots. Mr. Rivers, an English nurseryman of celebrity, who has practised this mode with great success, digs a trench early in November, eighteen inches deep, round and under his trees to be root- pruned, cutting off the roots with a sharp spade. By following this practice every year he not only throws his trees into early bearing, but forces Apples, Pears, and the like, grafted on their own roots, to become prolific dwarfs, growing only six feet apart, trained in a conical form, full of fruit branches, and producing abundantly. Those dwarf trees, thus annually root-pruned, he supplies abundantly with old composted manure at the ends of the roots, thus keeping up their health and vigor. The plan is an admirable one for small gardens, or for amateurs who wish to grow a great many sorts in a small surface. Mr. Rivers, in a pamphlet on this subject, enumerates the following among the ad van tages of systematic root-pruning : — " 1. The facility of thinning (owing to the small size of the trees), and, in some varieties, of setting the blossoms of shy-bearing sorts, and of thinning and gathering the fruit. " 2. It will make the gardener independent of the natural soil of hia PRUNING 37 garden, as a few barrowfuls of rich mould will support a tree lor a lengthened period, thus placing bad soils nearly on a level with those the most favorable. " 3. The capability of removing trees of fifteen or twenty years" growth with as much facility as furniture." In conclusion, Mr. Rivers recommends caution; " enough of vigor must be left in the tree to support its crop of fruit, and one, two, or three seasons' cessation from root-pruning will often be found necessary." lloot-pruning in this country will, we think, be most valuable in its application to common standard trees, winch are thrifty but bear little or no fruit. They will generally be found to require but a single prun- ing to bring them into a permanently fruitful condition ; and some sorts of Pears and Plums, which do not usually give a fair crop till they are twelve or fourteen years old, may be brought into fruit by this means as soon as they are of proper size. Several nearly full-grown peach, pear, and plum trees, on a very rich soil on the Hudson, which were over-lux- uriant but bore no fruit, were root-pruned by our advice, and yielded most excellent and abundant crops afterwards. In the case of Apple orchards, where the permanent value depends on the size, longevity, and continued productiveness of the trees, it is better to wait patiently and not resort to pruning to bring them into bearing, as it cannot be denied that all excessive pruning shortens somewhat the life of a tree. Mr. Coxe, indeed, recommended that the first fruit should never be allowed to ripen on a young apple orchard, as it lessens very materially the vigor of the trees. Shortening-in the shoots of Peaches, Nectarines, and Apricots, as we shall hereafter point out, has a strong tendency to increase the fruitful- ness of these trees, since by reducing the young wood the sap accumu- lates in the remainder of the branch, and many beaiing shoots are pro- duced instead of one. And the English practice of spurring-in, which consists in annually shortening the lateral shoots of trained Pears, Ap- ples, and the like, in order to make them throw out short fruit branches or spurs, is founded on the same principle. Sending down the limbs is an easy and simple means of throwing such branches directly into fruit. By this means the circulation is retard- ed, rapid growth ceases, organizable matter accumulates, and fruit-buds, as before stated, surely follow. The limbs are bent while flexible, in June or July, and tied down below a horizontal line until they retain of them- selves their new position. When this can be easily applied, it is a never- failing mode of rendering such branches fniitful. It is stated in Loudon's " Gardener's Magazine " that " a very large crop of Pears was obtained by the Rev. Mr. Fisher, in Buckinghamshire, from trees which had not borne at all, by twisting and breaking down the young shoots late in the autumn, when the wood had become tough ; and the pendent branches afterwards continued perfectly healthy." Disbarking and Hinging are two modes that have been recommend- ed by some authors, but of which, except as curious experiments, we entirely disapprove. Disbarking, that is, removing the outer bark of the trunk in February, May, or March, is and may be practised with good results on trees in very sheltered positions, and under glass, but must always be a somewhat dangerous practice in open orchards, and in a variable climate like ouis ; while its good effects may in a great meas- 38 TRAINING. ure be attained by keeping the bark in a healthy state by a wash of soft soap. Hinging, which is nothing more than stopping the descend ing sap in a branch, and forcing it to organize blossom-buds, by taking otf a ring of bark, say a fourth or half an inch, near midsummer, is i mode always more or less injurious to the health of the branch, and if carried to any extent finally destroys the tree. It is gradually falling into disuse since root-pruning and other and better modes are becoming known. A ligature or bandage, tightly applied to the limb, will have temporarily the same effect as ringing, without so much injury to tna branch. Inducing Fruitfulness by other Means. The influence of certain soils on the productiveness of frui*-treep is a subject of every-day observation, but the particular ingredients of the soil which insure this abundant bearing are not so well known. Lime- stone soils are almost invariably productive of all sorts of fruit ; and certain strong loams in this country seem to be equally well adapted to this end. In a curious work called the " Rejuvenescence of Plants," &c, by Dr. Schultz, of Berlin, the author, who has devoted considerable time to the subject, states that common salt and chloride of lime contribute greatly to the flowering of most plants, to which, however, the}7 can only be applied with safety in small quantities. " Salts of lime," he con- tinues, " appear to produce so nearly the same effect as those of potash and soda, that it is only necessary to place lime within their reach, if there is no deficiency of manure in the shape of general food. Lime will in the main promote, in an astonishing degree, the fruit and flowering of most plants, because calcareous salts promote evaporation and the con- centration of sap." Although we cannot coincide with many of Dr. Schultz's views as expressed in this work, yet the remarks just quoted agree so entirely with facts that have come under our own observation, that we gladly place them before the cultivator of fruit-trees. One of the most produc- tive fruit-gardens in our knowledge is on a limestone soil, and another, more than usually prolific, in a neighborhood not very fruitful, is every year treated with a top-dressing of coarse salt, at the rate of two bushels to the acre. These facts are surely worth the attention of growers, and should be the subject of more extended and careful experiments. Rendering trees more fruitful by dwarfing, and by adapting them to soils naturally unfruitful by growing them upon other and better Btocks, we have already placed before the reader tinder the head of Grafting. CHAPTER V. TRAINING. Training fruit-trees is, thanks to our favorable climate, a proceeding entirely unnecessary in the greater part of the United States. Our fine dry summers, with the great abundance of strong light and svji, are suf TRAINING. 39 ncient to ripen fully the fruits of temperate climates, so that the whole art of training, at once the trial and triumph of skill with English fruit- gardeners, is quite dispensed with ; and in the place of long lines of brick wall and espalier rails, surrounding and dividing the fruit-garden, all covered with carefully trained trees, we are proud to show the open orchard, and the borders in the fruit-garden rilled with thrifty and pro- ductive standards. Nothing surprises a British gardener more, knowing the cold of our winter, than the first sight of peaches and other fine fruits arriving at full perfection in the Middle States with so little care ; and he sees at once that three-fourths of the great expense of a fruit-garden here is rendered entirely needless. Training fruit-trees, in this* country, is therefore confined to the colder districts north of the 43° of latitude, and to the gardens of ama- teurs. There can, however, scarcely be a more beautiful display of the art of the horticulturist than a fine row of trained trees, their branches arranged with the utmost symmetry and regularity, and covered, in the fruit season, with large and richly colored fruit. North of the 43° latitude (or north of the Mohawk) the peach does not ripen well, and this, as well as soem other rather tender trees, will, in such situations, generally yield abundant crops when trained on a common upright trellis, or espalier rail, seven or eight feet high.* Still farther north, as in Maine or Canada, a wall must be resorted to ; but our own observation leads us to believe that, generally, the espalier rail will be found not only cheaper and more easily managed in training, but really preferable to a wall, as full exposure to light is sufficient with- out much additional heat. With regard to walls themselves, in the middle portions of the Union a southern aspect is almost always the worst, being too hot in midsummer ; a wall running north and south, and affording east and west aspects, is much the best. The western as- pect is indeed preferable for all tender fruits, as the blossoms are not there liable to injury from early frosts. A. north wall is useful for pro- ducing a later crop. The objects of training are, by a more complete exposure of the leaves and branches to the light and sun, to ripen fruits in a naturally unfavorable climate ; to render them more fruitful — lessening vigor and excessive growth by the lateral or horizontal arrangement of the branches ; and lastly, economy of space, as trees when trained on a Hat surface occupy much less space in the fruit-garden than standards, and leave the borders more open for cropping with vegetables. Training conical standards. A very easy and simple mode of training fruit-trees, which has lately come into great favor with amateurs, is the conical standard, or Quenouille (pronounced kenool) of the French. It is applied chiefly to pears, which when treated in this way may be planted about eight feet apart, and thus a great variety of sorts may be grown in a small garden. A great number of the specimen trees in the London Horticultural Society's Garden are trained in this manner; and Loudon remarks, that in 1840 the Royal Kitchen Garden of Versailles contained two hundred trees trained in the conical manner, with the * Cedar or locust posts, set four or eight feet apart, with horizontal bars let in, and crossed by light perpendicular strips of pine from six to twelve inches apart, will form an excellent and durable trellis for espaliers. See Fig 88. In- deed many gardeners here prefer having a light trellis a few inches from the wall upon which to train, instead of nailing directly on the wall 40 TRAINING. current year's shoots tied down en quenouille. " They had attained th« height of from six to twelve feet before the branches were bent down ; but the effect of this was to cover the shoots with blossom-buds, and to produce the most extraordinary crops." To produce Quenouille standards, plant a young tree, three or four feet high, and, after the first summer's growth, head back the top and cut-in the side branches, as represented by the dotted lines on a, Fig. 21. The next season the tree will shoot out three or four tiers of side branches, according to its strength. The lowest should be left about eighteen inches from the ground, and, by pinching off superfluous shoots, others may be made to grow pretty regularly, so as not to crowd the head. At the end of this season head back the leader as in b, to strengthen the side shoots. Next season a fresh series of lateral shoota will be produced, four or five of which may be kept every year ; and the third or fourth year the lower branches may be bent down in mid- Quenouille or Conical Training, progressive stages. Conical or Quenouille Training, complete. summer, c, and kept in a pendulous position for a year or two, by tying them to stakes driven in the ground, or to the main stem. This succes- sive growth at the top, and arrangement of the limbs below, must be continued till the requisite height — say ten feet — is attained, when, all the branches assuming their final form, the tree will resemble Fig. 22. A moderate pruning to produce new wood, and the occasional tying in of a rambling shoot, will be all that is required. The French quenouille training is performed with dwarf stocks, but the trees are more thrifty and durable when grafted on their own stocks, and kept within proper bounds by root-pruning after Mr. Bivers's method, explained in a previous page. JPyramids and bushes are trees adapted for small gardens, and not standards such as are planted in orchards. Mr. Rivers, whose success in training and fruiting dwarf trees has hardly an equal, gives the following directions : — " If a young gardener intends to plant, and wishes to train TRAINING. 41 up his trees so tliat they will become quite perfect in shape, he should select plants one year old from the bud or graft, with single upright stems; these will of course have good buds down to the junction of the graft with the stock. The first spring a tree of this description should be headed down, so as to leave the stem about eighteen inches long. If the soil be rich, from five to six and seven shoots will be produced ; one of these must be made the leader, and if not inclined to be quite perpen- dicular, it must be fastened to a stake. As soon in summer as the Leading shoot is ten inches long, its end must be pinched otf ; and if it pushes forth two or more shoots, pinch off all but one to three leaves, leaving the topmost for a leader. The side shoots will in most cases assume a regular shape ; if not, they may be this first season tied to slight stakes, to make them grow in the proper direction. This is best done by bringing down and fastening the end of each shoot to a slight stake, so that an open pyramid may be formed ; for if it is too close and cypress-like, enough air is not admitted to the fruit. They may remain unpruned till the end of August, when each shoot must be shortened to within eight buds of the stem. This will leave the tree so that no prun- ing in winter will be required. The second season the tree will make vigorous growth ; the side shoots which were topped last August will each put forth three, four, or more shoots. In June, as soon as these have made four leaves, they must be pinched off to three leaves, and if these spurs put forth shoots, which they often do, every shoot must be pinched down to one leaf, all but the leading shoot of each side branch. This must be left on, to exhaust the tree of its superabundant sap, till the end of August. The perpendicular leader must be topped once or twice — in short, as soon as it has grown ten inches, pinch off its top, and if it break into two or three shoots, pinch them all but the leader, as directed for the first season ; in a few years most symmetrical trees may be formed." The best modes of training for this country, on walls or espaliers, are fan-cordon and horizontal training. The first is the simplest and easiest mode of training the Peach, the Apricot, Nectarine, and Cherry ; and the latter is best adapted to the Pear. In training to a wall, the branches are fastened in their places by shreds of leather and nails ; and as espa- liers, by tying them with slips of bass matting to the rails of the trellis. Cordon-training has within the past few years become quite a feature among French gardeners, and is now being practised with success by many amateurs in this country. Thex-e are a number of varied modes of training en cordon, among which those termed oblique cordon and espalier or lateral cordon are most in use. Oblique cordon training serves to test in a small space a large number of varieties, and may in many cases be adopted with great satisfaction. Dubreil says : " In its practice choose healthy and vigorous young trees of one year's growth, carrying only one stem. Plant them sixteen inches apart, and incline them one over th'j other at an angle of sixty degri s. Cut off about one-third of the length at or just above a front fruit-bud. During the following summer favor as much as possible the development of the terminal shoot ; all the others must be transformed into fruit branches by the same means as described for pyramidal trees. The second pruning has for its object to transform the lateral shoots into fruit-spurs ; the new extension of the stem must be cut back one-third. If the terminal extension has grown but slightly, and shows signs of weakness, the cut must be made lower down on the two-years wood, in order to obtain a more vigorous terminal shoot. Bj 42 TRAINING. the time of the third pruning, the young stem has generally attained two-thirds of its entire length ; it must then be inclined to an angle of 45°." The same pruning of side branches and terminal shoot must be per- formed as last year, and continued from year to year until the desired height for covering the wall or trellis is attained ; afterwards it must be yearly cut back about two feet, for the purpose of allowing a vigorous shoot to grow from the end, and thus keep up a healthy circulation. Espalier or lateral cordon training is adapted to the borders of walks in gardens, and is suited more to the Apple worked on the Paradise stock than any other variety of tree. It is termed double or single arm cordon, as the trees have arms trained one or both ways. Fig. 23 shows at a a young maiden tree pruned for planting, while b shows the same with its limbs tied down to a wire, which is upheld by stakes about one foot above the ground, and secured firmly at each end of the line. Fig. 24 shows the plants after being two or three years trained in single cordon — the terminal shoot of each tree being united by inarching at the junction with the stem and branch. The following account of fan-training and horizontal training is so concisely abridged from the practice of the best English gardens, in the " Suburban Horticulturist,'" that we cannot do better than to place il before the reader. Fan- training in the common JSnglish manner. A maiden plant (a tree but one year from the graft) being planted, " is to be headed down to four buds or eyes, placed in such a manner as to throw out two shoots on each side, as shown in Fig. 25. The following season the two upper- most shoots are to be headed down to three eyes, placed in such a manner as to throw out one leading shoot and one shoot on each side ; the two lowermost shoots are to be headed down to two eyes, so as to throw out one leading shoot and one shoot on the uppermost side, as shown in Fig. 26. We have now five leading shoots on each side, well placed, to form our future tree. Each of these shoots must be placed in the exact position in which it is to remain ; and as it is these shoots which are to form the future tree, none of them are to be short- ened. The tree should by no means be suffered to bear ie the tree is planted, but in heavy soils it is much better to do it several months previously ; and no shallow ploughing of the soil can obviate the necessity and advantages of the practice where healthy, vigorous orchards or fruit-gardens are desired. for shipping across the Atlantic. In this case they should he packed only in dry moss ; the moisture of the sea air being sufficient to keep the root"- in good con- dition, while if packed in damp moss they will be injured by rotthjg or excessive growth. *fc TRANSPLANTING. The whole art of transplanting, after this, consists in placing the roots as they were before, or in the most favorable position for growth. Begin by filling the hole with prepared soil, within as many inches of the top as will allow the tree to stand exactly as deep as it previonslv stood. With the spade, shape the soil for the roots in the form of a little hillock on which to place the roots — and not, as is commonly done, in the form of a hollow ; the roots will then extend in their natu- ral position, not being forced to turn up at the ends. Next examine the roots, and cut off all wounded parts, paring the wound smooth, cutting from the under side. Hold the tree upright on its little mound in the hole of prepared soil ; extend the roots, and cover them care- fully with the remaining pulverized soil. As much of the success of transplanting depends on bringing the soil in contact with every fibre, bo as to leave no hollows to cause the decay of the roots, not only must this be secured by patiently filling in all cavities among the rpots, but, when the trees are not quite small, it is customary to pour in a pail of water when the roots are nearly all covered with soil. This carries the liquid mould to every hidden jDart. After the water has settled away, fill up the hole, and avoid the common practice of shaking it up and down by the stem. In windy situations it will be necessary to place a stake by the side of each tree, to hold it upright, until it shall have taken firm root in the soil, but it is not needful in ordinary cases. Avoid deep planting. More than half the losses in orchard plant- ing in America arises from this cause, and the equally common one of crowding the earth too tightly about the roots. No tree should be placed deeper than it formerly grew, as its roots are stifled from the want of air, or starved by the poverty of the soil at the depth where they are placed. It is much the better and more natural process in fact to plant the tree so that it shall, when the whole is complete, appear just as deep as before, but standing on a little mound two or three inches higher than the level of the ground about. This, when the mound settles, will leave it nearly on the level with the previous sur- face. Mulching is an excellent practice with transplanted trees, and more especially for those which are removed late in the spring. Mulching is nothing more than covering the ground about the stems with coarse straw, or litter from the barn-yard, which by preventing evaporation keeps the soil from becoming dry, and maintains it in that moist and equable condition of temperature most favorable to the growth of young roots. Very many trees, in a dry season, fail at midsummer, after having made a fine start, from the parched and variable condition of the earth about the roots. Watering frequently fails to save such trees, but mulching when they are planted will entirely obviate the necessity of watering in dry seasons, and promote growth under any cir- cumstances. Indeed watering upon the surface, as commonly performed, is a most injurious practice, as the roots, stimulated at one period of the day by water, are only rendered more susceptible to the action of the hot sun at another, and the surface of the ground becomes so hard by repeated watering that the beneficial access of the air is almost cut off. If trees are well watered in the holes, while transplanting is going on, they will rarely need it again, and we may say never ', if they are well mulched directly after planting. The best manure to be used in preparing the soil for transplanting TRANSPLANTING. 49 trees is a compost formed of two-thirds muck or black peat earth, reduced by fermenting it several months in a heap with one-third fresh barn-yard manure. Almost every farm will supply this, and it is more permanent in its effects, and less drying in its nature, than the com- mon manure of the stable. An admirable manure recently applied with great success is charcoal — the small broken bits and refuse of the char- coal pits — mixed intimately with the soil. Air-slaked lime is an excel- lent manure for fruit-trees in soils that are not naturally calcareous. Two or three handfuls may be mixed with the soil when preparing each space for planting, and a top-dressing may be applied with advantage occasionally afterwards, to increase their productiveness. But wherevei lai-ge orchards or fruit-gardens are to be planted, the muck compost heap should be made ready beforehand, as it is the cheapest, most valu- able, and durable of all manures for fruit-trees. Pruning the heads of transplanted trees, at the season of removal, we think generally an injurious practice. It is certainly needless and hurt- ful in the case of small trees, or those of such a size as will allow the roots to be taken up nearly entire ; for as the action of the branches and the roots is precisely reciprocal, and as new roots are rapidly formed just in proportion to the healthy action of the leaves, it follows that by needlessly cutting off the branches we lessen the vital action of the whole tree. At the same time, where trees are transplanted of so large a size that some of the roots are lost in removing them, it is necessary to cut back or shorten a few of the branches, — as many as will restore the balance of the system, — otherwise the perspiration of the leaves may be so great as to exhaust the supply of sap faster than the roots can col- lect it. A little judgment only is necessary to see at a glance how much of the top must be pruned away, before planting the tree, to equalize the loss between the branches and the roots. When it is necessary to transplant fruit-trees of large size, the best practice is to prepare them previously by digging a trench round the whole mass of roots, iindermining them, and cutting off all roots project- ing beyond this line. The trench should be dug at such a distance from the tree as will include all the large and sufficient ball of roots, and it should be done early in the spring when it is desirable to remove the tree the next year. After all the roots that extend to this circular trench are cut off, the earth is replaced, and by the season following an abundance of small fibres is sent out by the amputated roots, which, when the whole is removed, will insure the success and speedy growth of the tree. This is more completely the case when the tree is prepared two years before transplanting. A variation of this mode, which has been found quite as successful and less laborious, consists in leaving the trench open and covering it with boards only, or boards with a top layer of turf. The tree then is somewhat checked in its growth, it throws out an abundance of small fibres into the ball of earth containing the roots, and is the next season transplanted with great ease and safety. Thei^roper size for transplanting varies somewhat with the sort of tree ind the kind of culture intended. It is, however, a maxim equally well settled, both among theorists and the best practical men, that health, immediate vigor, and duration are all greatly promoted by transplant- ing fruit-trees of small size — from three to six or seven feet. We are fully aware with what impatience the beginner, or a person who knows 4 00 TKANSPLANTING. little of the culture of tiees, looks upon trees of this size — out who Lfe eager to plant an orchard and stock a garden with large trees, thinking to gather a crop the next year. The latter may indeed be done ; but the transplanting so affects the tree that its first scanty crop is followed by a long season of rest and feeble growth, while the plantation of young trees is making wood rapidly, and soon comes into a healthy and long-continued state of productiveness — often long indeed before the large trees have fairly arrived at that condition. The small tree, transplanted with its system of roots and branches entire, suffers little or no check ; the ulder and larger tree, losing part of its roots, requires several years to resume its former vigor. The constitution of the small tree is healthy and unimpaired ; that of the large is frequently much enfeebled. A stout and vigorous habit — what the nurserymen call a good stocky plant — is the true criterion of merit in selecting fruit-trees for trans]) Ian ting. Trees intended for orchards, being often more exposed than those in gardens, should be somewhat larger — not less than six, or more than eight feet is the best size. For gardens, all experienced cultivators agree that a smaller size is preferable ; we prefer plants two years old from the graft. Most gardeners abroad, when they select trees with more than usual care, take what are called maiden plants, — those one year old from the graft, — and there can be no doubt that, taking into account health, duration, and the ease with which such a tree can be made to grow into any form, this is truly the preferable size for removal into a fruit-garden. But we are an impatient people, and it is not till after another century of trial and experience in the culture of fruit-trees, that cultivators generally in this country will become aware of the truth of this fact. The facility with which the different fruit-trees may be transplanted differs considerably. Plums are generally removed with most success, and after them nearly in the order as follows : Quinces, Apples, Pears, Peaches, Nectarines, Apricots, and Cherries ; the latter succeeding with some difficulty when of large size. Laying in by the heels is a practice adopted as a temporary kind of planting when a larger quantity of trees is at hand than can be set out immediately. A trench is opened, and the roots are laid in and covered with soil, the tops being previously placed in a sloping position, inclin- ing to within a few feet of the surface. In this way they are kept fresh and in good order until it is convenient to plant them finally. In northern districts, where the autumn is often too severe for planting, and the spring is frequently too late to receive trees in time from nur- series farther south, it is a common and successful mode to procure trees in autumn, and lay them in by the heels until spring, covering over the tops of the more tender sorts, if necessary, with coarse litter.* In planting an orchard, always avoid placing the trees in the same spot, or near, where an old tree stood before. Experience has taught us * We have often known trees entirely destroyed by wane of a little extra care in heading them in. Select first a dry knoll, or position where do water cau- Btand, and, if possible, sheltered from the southern sun After first digging a breach one foot or more deep, lay the trees down at an angle of about 45 . their tops to the south ; then make the soil mellow and fine, and thoroughly inter- mingle it with the roots, filling all interstices, and covering them at least eigh- teen inches deep. Trees are sometimes received in a frozen condition. They should then be placed at once, without unpacking, in a dark cellar, and left until gradually THE POSITION OF FRUIT-TREES. 51 Villi the growui of a young tree, in such a position, is weak and feeble ,' the nourishment suitable to that kind of tree having already been exhausted by a previous growth, and the soil being half tilled with old and decayed roots which are detrimental to the health of the young tree CHAPTER VII. THE POSITION OF FRUIT-TREES SOIL AND ASPECT. In our favorable climate many fruit-trees will thrive and produce some fruit in almost any soil, except dry sand or wet swamps. But there is much to be gained in all cKmates by a judicious selection of soil, when this is in our power, or by that improvement which ma} generally be effected in inferior soils, where we are necessarily limited to such. As we shall, in treating the culture of each genus of fruit, state more in detail the soils especially adapted to its growth, our remarks here will be confined to the subject of soils generally for the orchard and fruit-garden. The soils usually selected for making plantations of fruit-trees may be divided into light sandy loams, gravelly loams, strong loams, and clayey loams ; the first having a large proportion of sand, and the last a large proportion of clay. The soil most inviting to the eye is a light 8• the lover half of the Hudson niaVi 64 GENERAL REMARKS ON INSECTS. from the ameliorating influence of the river, he said to be a, month Icngei ■ — a fortnight earlier in spring and later in autumn — than in the same latitude a few miles distant ; and crops of the more tender fruits are therefore much more certain on the banks of large rivers or lakes than in inland districts of the same climate. As our native forests become cleared away the climate is changed and becomes more harsh ; hence it is found desirable to construct some kind of protection from the point of most destructive harsh winds and storms. Belts of trees, either evergreen or deciduous, or both mingled, iind surrounding or placed so as to screen from the northeast, north, and northwest, are consideied highly advantageous; and when we consider that foliage is an absorbent and ameliorating agent in tempering cblmate, we feel that it is the duty as well as interest of every fruit-grower to plant as many such belts as his property and pecuniary means admit. CHAPTER VIII. GENERAL REMARKS ON INSECTS. The insects injurious to fruit-trees are numerous, and to combat them successfully requires a minute acquaintance with their character and habits. While considering the culture of each class of fruit in the suc- ceeding pages, we shall point out the habits and suggest means of de- stroying the most important" of these insects; but in the mean time we wish to call attention to some general practical hints on this sub- ject. In the first place, we cannot too strongly impress upon the attention of the fruit-grower the importance of watching carefully and making an early attack upon every species of insect. It is only necessary to look for a moment at the astonishing rapidity with wliich many kinds of insects increase, if allowed to get wTell established in a garden, to become fully aware of this. The common caterpillars are the young of moths or butterflies, and that careful observer of the habits of insects, Dr. Harris, says as each female lays from two to five hundred eggs, a thousand moths or butterflies will, on the average, produce three hundred thousand cater- pillars ; if one half this number, when arrived at maturity, art females, they will give forty-five millions of caterpillars in the second, and six thousand seven hundred and fifty millions in the third generation.* T; take another example : the aphides, or plant-lice, which are frequently been in great numbers on the tender shoots of fruit-trees, have an almost incredibly prolific power of increase — the investigations of Reaumur having shown that one individual in five generations may become the progenitor of nearly six thousand millions of descendants. With such surprising powers of propagation, were it not for the havoc caused among insects by various species preying upon each other, by birds and other animals, and especially by unfavorable seasons, vegetation would * For much valuable information on the habits of insects injurious to vegeta- tion, see the " Treatise od the Insects of Massachusetts," by Dr. T. W Harris, Cambridge. GENERAL REMARKS ON INSECTS. 6C soon be entirely destroyed by them. As it is, the orchards and gardens of careless and slovenly cultivators are often overrun by them, and many of the finest crops suffer great injury or total loss from the want of a little timely care. lu all well-managed plantations of fruit, at the tirst appearance of any injurious insect, it will be immediately seized upon and destroyed A. few moments in the first stage of insect life — at the first birth of the new colony — will do more to rid us for the season of that species than whole days of toil after the matter lias been so long neglected that the enemy has become well established. We know how reluctant all but the experienced grower are, to set about eradicating what at first seems a thing of such trifling consequence. But such persons should consider that whether it is done at first, or a fortnight after, is frequently the difference between ten and ten thousand. A very little time regularly devoted to the extirpation of noxious insects will keep a large place quite free from them. We know a very large garden filled with trees, and always remarkably free from insect ravages, which, while those even in its vicinity suffer greatly, is thus preserved by half an hour's examination of the whole premises two days in the week during the growing season. This is made early in the morning, the best time for the purpose, as the insects are quiet while the dew is yet upon the leaves, and whole races yet only partially developed may be swept off in a single moment. In default of other more rapid expedients, the old mode of hcmd'pickmg, and crushing or burning, is the safest and surest that can be adopted. For practical purposes, the numerous bisects infesting fruit-trees may be divided into four classes : 1st, those which for a time harbor in the ground and may be attacked in the soil; 2d, winged and other species, which may be attacked among the branches; 3d, aphides or plant- lice, which infest the young shoots ; 4:th, moths, and all night-flying insects. Insects, the larvce or grubs of which harbor in the ground during a certain season, as the curculio or plum-weevil, are all more or less affected by the application of common salt as a top-dressing. On a larger scale, in farm crops, the ravages of the cut-worm are frequently prevented by sowing three bushels of salt to the acre, and we have seen it applied to all kinds of fruit-grounds with equal success. Salt seems to be strongly disagreeable to nearly all this class of insects, and the grubs perish where even a small quantity has for two or three seasons been applied to the soil. Ina neighborhood where the peach-worm usually destroys half the peach-trees, and where whole crops of the plum are equally a victim to the plum-weevil, we have seen the former preserved in the healthiest condition by an annual application of a small handful of coarse salt about the collar of the tree at the surface of the ground; and the latter made to hold abundant crops by a top-dressing applied every spring of packing salt, at the rate of a quart to the surface occupied by the roots of every full-grown ti Salt, being a powerful agent, must be applied for this purpose with aaution and judgment. In small quantities i! promotes the verdure and luxu'-ianee of fruit -trees, while if applied very frequently, or too plenti fully, it will certainly cause th< death of any tree. Two or three years' top-dressing in moderate quantity will usually be found sufficient to drive away these insects, and then the application need only be repeated once in two or three seasons. Any coarse refuse salt will ana»ver tut £>6 GENERAL REMARKS ON INSECTS. purpose; and packing salt is preferable to that of finer quality, aa it dissolves slowly by the action of the atmosphere.* In the winged state most small insects may either be driven away by powerful odors, or killed by strong decoctions of tobacco, or a wash of diluted whale-oil or other strong soap. Attention has but recently been called to the repugnance of all insects to strong odors, and there is but little doubt that before a long time it will lead to the discovery of the means of preventing the attacks of most insects, by means of strong smelling liquids or odorous substances. The moths that attack furs, aa every one knows, are driven away by pepper-corns or tobacco, and should future experiments prove that at certain seasons, when our trees are most likely to be attacked by insects, we may expel them by hanging bottles or rags filled with strong smelling liquids in our trees, it will certainly be a very simple and easy way of ridding ourselves of them. The brown scale, a troublesome enemy of the orange-tree, it is stated in the Gardener 's Chronicle, has been destroyed by hanging plants of the common chamomile among its branches. The odor of the coal-tar of gas- works is exceedingly offensive to some insects injurious to fruits, and it has been found to drive away the wire-worm and other grubs that attack the roots of plants. The vapor of oil of turpentine is fatal to wasps, and that of tobacco-smoke to the green fly. Little as yet is certainly known respecting the exact power of the various smells in deterring insects from attacking trees. What we do know, however, gives us reason to believe that much may be hoped from experiments made with a variety of power- ful-smelling substances. Tobacco-water and diluted whale-oil soap are the two most efficient remedies for all the small insects which feed upon the young shoots and leaves of plants. Tobacco-water is made by boiling tobacco leaves, or the refuse stems and stalks of the tobacco-shops. A large pot is crowded full of them, and then filled up with water, which is boiled till a strong decoction is made. This is applied to the young shoots and leaves with a syringe, or, when the trees are growing in nursery-rows, with a common white- wash brush, dipping the latter in the liquid and shaking it sharply over the extremities or the infested part of each tree. This or the whale- oil soap-suds, or a mixture of both, will kill every species of plant-lice and nearly all other small insects to which young trees are subject. The wash of whale-oil soap is made by mixing two pounds of this soap, which is one of the cheapest and strongest kinds, with fifteen gal- lons of water. This mixture is applied to the leaves and stems of plants with a syringe, or in any other convenient mode, and there are few of the smaller insects that are not destroyed or driven away by it. The merit of this mixture belongs to Mr. David Haggerston, of Boston, who first applied it with great success to the rose-slug, and received the pre- mium of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society for its discovery. When this soap cannot be obtained, a good substitute may be made by turning into soap the lees of common oil-casks, by the application of potash and water in the usual way. Moths and other insects which jly at night are destroyed in large numbers by the following mode, first discovered by Victor Adouin, of France. A flat saucer or vessel is set on the grr und, in which is placed * After repeated tests, it is doubtful whether the use of salt is as destructive to insect life as here stated. The use of salt as manure is undoubtedly a good stimulant to vegetable life and vigor. GENERAL REMARKS ON INSECTB. tT a light, partially covered with a common bell-glass besmeared with oil. All the small moths are directly attracted by tfte light, fly towards it and in their attempts to get at the light, are either caught by the glutin- ous sides of the bell-glass, or fall into the basin of oil beneath, and in either case soon perish. M. Adouin applied this to the destruction of the pyralis, a moth that is very troublesome in the French vineyards ; with two hundred of these lights in a vineyard of four acres, and iu a single night, 30,000 moths were killed and found dead on or about the vessels. By continuing his process through the season, it was esti- mated that he had destroyed female moths sufficient to have pro- duced a progeny of over a million of caterpillars. In our orchards myriads of insects may be destroyed by lighting small bonfires of shav- ings or any refuse brush ; and in districts where the apples are much worm-eaten, if repeated two or three nights at the proper season, this is a very efficient and cheap mode of getting rid of the moth which causes so much mischief. Dr. Harris, knowing how important it is to destroy the caterpillar in the moth state, has recommended flambeaux, made of tow wound round a stake and dipped in tar, to be stuck in the fruit-gar- den at night and lighted. Thousands of moths will find a speedy death, even in the short time which these flambeaux are burning. The melon- bug may be extirpated by myriads in the same way. A simple and most effect ual mode of ridding the fruit-garden of insects of every description, which we recommend as a general extirpator suited to all situations, is the following : — Take a number of common bottles, the wider mouthed the better, and fill them about half full of a mixture of water, molasses, and vinegar. Suspend these among the branches of trees and in various parts of the garden. In a fortnight they will be found full of dead insects of every description not too large to enter bottles — wasps, flies, beetles, slugs, grubs, and a great variety of others. The bottles must now be emptied and the liquid renewed. A zealous amateur of our acquaintance caught last season in this way more than three bushels of insects of various kinds ; and, what is more satisfactory, preserved his garden almost entirely against their attacks in any shape. The assistance of birds in destroying insects should be duly estimated by the fruit-grower. The quantity of eggs and insects in various states devoured anuually by birds, when they are encouraged in gardens, is truly surprising. It is true that one or two species of these, as the ring- tail, annoy us by preying upon the earlier cherries, but even taking this into account, we are inclined to believe that we can much better spare a reasonable share of a few fruits than dispense with the good services of birds in ridding us of an excess of insects. The most serviceable birds are the common sparrows, the wren, the red-breast, and in short most of the birds of this class. All these birds should be encouraged to build nests and inhabit the fruit-garden, and this may most effectually be done by not allowing a gun to be fired within its boundaries. The introduction of hedges or live fences greatly pro- motes the domestication of birds, as they afford an admirable shelter for their nests. Our own gardens are usually much more free from insects than those a mile or two distant, and we attribute this in part to our prac- tice of encouraging birds, and to the thorn and arbor vitse hedges grow- ing here, and which are greatly resorted to by those of the feathered tribe which are f he greatest enemies of the insect race. 58 THE APPLE. AiQong animals, the toad and the bat are great insect destroyers. The common bat lives almost entirely upon them, and in its evening sallies devours a great number of moths, beetles, weevils, etc. ; and the toad quietly makes away with numberless smaller insects. CHAPTER IX. THE APPLE. Pyrus Malus, L. Rosacea, of botanists. Pommitr, of the French; Apfelbaum, German; Apfd, Dutch; Mdo pomo, Ital« ian ; and Manza?ia, Spanish. The Apple is the world-renowned fruit of temperate climates. From the most remote periods it has been the subject of praise among writers and poets, and the old mythologies all endow its fruit with wonderful vir- tues. The allegorical tree of knowledge bore apples, and the celebrated golden fruit of the orchards of Hesperus, guarded by the sleepless dragon which it was one of the triumphs of Hercules to slay, were also apples, according to the old legends. Among the heathen gods of the north, there were apples fabled to possess the power of conferring immortality, which were carefully watched over by the goddess Iduna, and kept for the especial dessert of the gods who felt themselves growing old ! As the mistletoe grew chiefly on the apple and the oak, the former tree was looked upon with great respect and reverence by the ancient Druids of Britain ; and even to this day, in some parts of England, the antique custom of saluting the apple-trees in the orchards, in the hope of obtain- ing a good crop the next year, still lingers among the farmers of portions of Devonshire and Herefordshire. This old ceremony consists of salut- ing the tree with a portion of the contents of a wassail-bowl of cider with a toast in it, by pouring a little of the cider about the roots, and even hanging a bit of the toast on the branches of the most barren, the farmer and his men dancing in a circle round the tree, and singing rude Bongs like the following : " Here's to thee, old apple-tree. Whence thou mayst bud, and whence thou mayst blow ; And whence thou mayst bear apples enow, Hats full ! caps full — Bushels and sacks full ! Huzza ! " The species of crab from which all our sorts of Apples have originated, is wild in most parts of Europe. There are, indeed, two or three kinds of wild crab belonging to this country ; as the Pyrus roronaria, or sweet- ucented crab, with fruit about an inch in diameter, grows in many parts of the United States; and the wild crab of Oregon, P. riwla/ris, bear- ing a reddish-yellow fruit, about the size of a cherry, which the (jhenook Indians use as an article of food; yet none of our cultivated varieties of Apple have been raised from these native crabs, but from seeds of the species brought here, by the colonists, from Europe. THE APPLE. 59 The Appl vtree is, however, most perfectly naturalized in America, and, in the northern and middle portions of the United States, succeeds as well, or, as we believe, better than in any part of the world. The most celebrated apples of Germany and the north of Europe are not superior to many of the varieties originated here ; and the Anieiican or Newtown Pippin is now pretty generally admitted to be the finest ap- ple in the world. No better proof of the perfect adaptation of our soil and climate to this tree can be desired, than the seemingly spontaneous production of such varieties as this, the Baldwin, the Spitzenberg, or the Swaar— all fruits of delicious flavor, and great beauty of appearance. The Apple is usually a very hardy and rather slow-growing fruit-tree, «dth a low-spreading rather irregular head, and bears an abundance of white blossoms, tinged with red. In a wild state it is very long-lived, but the finest garden sorts usually live about fifty or eighty years ; though, by proper care, they may be kept healthy and productive much longer. Although the apple generally forms a tree of medium growth, there are many specimens in this country of enormous size. Among others, we recollect two in the grounds of Mr. Hall, of Raynham, Rhode Island, which, ten years ago, were 130 years old; the trunk of one of these trees then measured, at one foot from the ground, thirteen feet two inches, and the other twelve feet two inches. The trees bore that season about thirty or forty bushels; but, in the year 1780, they together bore one hundred and one bushels of apples. In Duxbury, Plymouth County, Mass., is a tree which in its girth measures twelve feet five inches, and which has yielded in a single season 12 1^- bushels. In Lehigh County, Pa., there is an apple-tree which measures 17^ feet in circumference, one foot above the ground. The tree is fifty-four feet aigh, and the branches extend thirty-six feet each way from the trunk. USES OF THE APPLE. No fruit is more universally liked or generally used than the apple. It is exceedingly wholesome, and, medicinally, is considered cooling and laxative, and useful in all inflammatory diseases. The finest sorts are much esteemed for the dessert, and the little care required in its culture renders it the most abundant of all fruits in temperate climates. As the earliest sorts ripen about the last of June, and the latest can be preserved until that season, it may be considered as a fruit in perfection the whole year. Besides its merits for the dessert, the value of the apple is still greater for the kitchen ; and in sauces, pies, tarts, preserves, and jellies, and roasted and boiled, this fruit is the constant and invaluable resource of the kitchen. In seasons of scarcity, the small and usually considered refuse apples may be stewed, and then rubbed through a cullender, separating the seeds and skins from the pulp, forming a delicious sauce. Apple-butter, made by stewing pared and sliced sweet apples in new cider until the whole is soft and pulpy, is a common and excellent arti- cle of food in many farmers' families, and is frequently made by the bar- rel. In France, nearly the same preparation is formed oy simmering apples in new wine until the whole becomes a sort of marmalade, which is called Iiaisine. The juice of the apple unfermented is, in some parts of the country, boiled down till it becomes molasses. When fermented it forms cider j and if this is carefully made from the best cider apples (JO TEE APPLE. it is nearly equal to wine ; in fact, many hundreds of barrel? of the cidei of New Jersey have been manufactured, in a single year, into an imita< tion champagne, which is scarcely distinguished by many from that made from the grape. Apples are also made into jelly, by grinding and pressing in the ordi- nary way for cider, then passed, in a thin and nearly continuous current, over an intensely heated clarifying or evaporating pan, such as is ordi- narily used in the manufacture of molasses from the sorgho sugar-cane. About eight gallons of the apple-juice, or cider, will make one gallon of a very delicious jelly. Dried apples are also a considerable article of commerce. Farmers usually pare and quarter them by hand, and dry them in the sun ; but those who pursue it as a matter of trade pare them by machinery, and dry them slowly in ovens. They are then packed in bags or barrels, and used either at home, in sea stores, or are exported. In perfumery, the pulp of this fruit, mixed intimately with lard, forms pomatum. The wood is employed for lasts, and for other purposes, by turners ; and, being fine-grained and compact, is sometimes stained black and used for ebony by cabinet-makers. The quality of an apple is always judged of by the use to which it is to be applied. A table or dessert apple of the finest quality should be of medium size, regular form, and fine color ; and the flesh should be fine-grained, crisp, or tender, and of a sprightly or rich flavor and aroma. Very large-sized, or coarse apples are only admired by persons who have little knowledge of the true criterion of excellence. Apples for kitchen use should have the property of cooking evenly into a tender, pulpy con- sistence, and are generally acid in flavor ; and, although there are many good cooking apples unfit for the table, many sorts, as the Fall Pippin and the Greening, are excellent for both purposes. To this we may add, that for the common apple-sauce made by farmers, a high-flavored sweet apple, which boils somewhat firm, is preferred, as this is generally made with cider. The very common use made of this cheap preserve at the North and West, and the recent practice of fattening hogs, horses, and other animals upon sweet apples, accounts for the much greater number of varieties of sweet apples held in esteem here than in any other country. In fact, so excellent has the saccharine matter of the apple been found for this purpose, that whole orchards of sweet apples are frequently planted here for the purpose of fattening swine and cattle, which are allowed to run at large in them. Cider apples are varieties frequently useless for any other purpose. The best for this purpose are rather tough, piquant, and astringent ; their juice has a high specific quality, and they are usually great bearers, as the Harrison, the Red Streak, and th^ Virginia Crab. PROPAGATION. The Apple for propagation is usually raised from seeds obtained from the pomace of the cider-mills, and a preference is always given to that from thrifty young orchards. These are sown in autumn, in broad drills, in good mellow soil, and they remain in the seed-beds — attention being paid to keeping the soil loose, and free from weeds, from one to three years, according to the richness of the soil. When the seedlings are a little more than a fourth of an inch in diameter, they THE APPLE. 61 should be taken up in the sj ring or autumn, their tap-roots shortened, and then planted in nursery rows, one foot apart, and three to four feet between the rows. If the plants are thrifty and the soil good, they may be budded the following autumn, within one or two inches of the ground, and this is the most speedy mode of obtaining strong, straight, thrifty plants. Grafting is generally performed when the stocks are about half an inch thick ; and for several modes of performing it on the Apple, see the remarks on grafting in a previous page. When young trees are feeble in the nursery, it is usual to head them back two-thirds the length of the graft, when they are three or four feet high, to make them throw up a strong, vigorous shoot. Apple-stocks for dwarfs are raised by layers, as pointed out in the article on Layers. Apple-trees for transplanting to orchards should be at least two years budded, and six or seven feet high, and they should have a proper balance of head or side branches. SOIL AND SITUATION. The Apple will grow on a great variety of soils, but it seldom thrives on very dry sands, or soils saturated with moisture. Its favorite soil, in all countries, is a strong loam of a calcareous or limestone nature. A deep, strong, gravelly, marly, or clayey loam, or a strong sandy loam on a gravelly subsoil, produces the greatest crops and the liighest-Havored fruit, as well as the utmost longevity of the trees. Such a soil is moist rather than dry — the most favorable condition for this fruit. Too damp soils may often be rendered fit for the Apple by thorough draining, and too dry ones by deep subsoil ploughing, or trenching, where the subsoil is of a heavier texture. And many apple orchards in New England are very flourishing and productive on soils so stony and rock-covered (though naturally fertile) as to be unfit for any other crop.* As regards site, apple orchards flourish best in southern and middle portions of the country on north slopes, and often even on the steep north sides of lulls, where the climate is hot and dry. Farther noi-th a southern or southeastern aspect is preferable, to ripen the crop and the wood more perfectly We may here remai-k that almost every district of the country has one or more varieties which, having had its origin there, seems also peculiarly adapted to the soil and climate of that locality. Thus the Newtown Pippin and the Spitzenberg are the great apples of New York ; the Baldwin and the Roxbury Russet, of Massachusetts; the Bellflower and the Rambo, of Pennsylvania and New Jersey ; and the Peck's Pleasant * Blowing sands, says Mr. Coxe, when bottomed on a dry substratum, and aided by marl or meadow mud, will be found capable of producing very fine Apple-trees. Good cultivation and a system of high manuring will always re- munerate the proprietor of an orchard, except it be planted on a quicksand or a cold clay ; in such soils, no management can prevent an early decay. One of the most thrifty orchards I possess, was planted on a blowing sand, on which I carted three thousand loads of mud on ten acres, at an expense of about twenty-five dollars per acre, exclusive of much other manure ; on this land I have raised good wheat and clover. Of five rows of the Winesap Apple planted upoD it eight years ago, on the summit of a sandy knoll, not one has died out of near an hundred trees -all abundant bearers of large and fair apples. — View of Fruit T-ees, p. 31. 62 THK AFPLE. an A the Seek -no-further, of Connecticut; and though these apples are cultivated with greater or less success in other parts of the country, yet nowhere is their flavor and productiveness so perfect as in the best soils if their native districts — excepting in such other districts where a soil containing the same elements and a corresponding climate are also to be found. PREPARING, PLANTING, AND CULTIVATION OF ORCHARDS. With the exception of a few early and very choice sorts in the fruit- garden, the orchard is the place for this tree, and indeed, when we con- sider the great value and usefulness of apples to the farmer, it is easy to see that no farm is complete without a large and well-selected apple orchard. The distance at which the trees should be planted in an orchard, de- pends upon the mode in which they are to be treated. When it is de- sired finally to cover and devote the whole ground to the trees, thirty feet apart is the proper interval ; but where the farmer wishes to keep the land between the trees in grain and grass, fifty feet is not too great a distance in strong soils. Forty feet apart, however, is the usual distance at which the trees are planted in orchards. Before transplanting, the gi-ound should be well prepared for the trees by ploughing deeply and subsoiling the whole field one year or more pre- vious to planting. Poor soils require manure ; and turning under green crops, such as clover, peas, etc., serves to lighten and make porous, open, and enrich the soil. Where the subsoil is a heavy clay, it is best to thoroughly underdrain the whole by means of tile drains, at distances of two or three rods, and at the same time the surface drains should always be kept open, to prevent any water standing about the roots of the trees. Vigorous, healthy young trees should be selected from the nurseries. As there is a great difference in the natural growth, shape, and size of the various sorts of apple-trees, those of the same kind should be planted in the rows together or near each other ; this will not only facilitate cul- ture and gathering the fruit, but will add to the neatness and orderly appearance of the orchard. It is an indispensable requisite in all young orchards to keep the ground mellow and. loose by cultivation ; at least for the first few years, until the trees are well established. Indeed, of two adjoining orchards, one planted and kept in grass, and the other ploughed for the first five years, there will be an incredible difference in favor of the latter. Not only will these trees show rich, dark, luxuriant foliage, and clean smooth stems, while those neglected will have a starved and sickly look, but the size of the trees in the cultivated orchard will be treble that of the others at the end of this time, and a tree in one will be ready to bear an abundant crop before the other has commenced yielding a peck of good fruit. Fallow crops are the best for orchards — potatoes, beets, cairotfi, bush beans, and the like ; while grains, such as rye, wheat, oats, etc , are very injurious ; but whatever crops may be grown, it should constantly be borne in mind that the roots of the tree require the sole occupancy of the ground, so far as they extend, and therefore that an area of more than the diameter of the head of the tree should be kept clean of crops, weeds, and grass. When the least symptom of failure or decay in a bearing orchard is THE ArPLE. 63 perceived, the ground should have a good top-dressing of manure, and of marl, or mild lime, in alternate years. It is folly to suppose that so strong- growing ;i tree as the apple, when planted thickly in an orchard, will nox<, after a few heavy crops of fruit, exhaust the soil of much of its proper food. If we desire our trees to continue in a healthy bearing state, we should therefore manure them as regularly as any other crop, and they will amply repay the expense. There is scarcely a farm where the waste of barn-yard manure, the urine, etc., if properly economized by mixing this animal excrement with the muck-heap, would not be amply suffi- cient to keep the orchards in the highest condition. And how many moss-covered barren orchards, formerly very productive, do we not every day see, which only require a plentiful new supply of food in a substan- tial top-dressing, thorough scraping of the stems, and washing with diluted soft soap, to bring them again into the finest state of vigor and productiveness. The bearing year of the Apple, in common culture, only takes place every alternate year, owing to the excessive crops which it usually pro- duces, by which they exhaust most of the organizable matter laid up by tbe tree, which then requires another season to recover and collect a sufficient supply again to form fruit-buds. When half the fruit is thin- ned out in a young state, leaving only a moderate crop, the apple, like other fruit-trees, will bear every year, as it will also if the soil is kept in high condition. The bearing year of an apple-tree, or a whole orchard, may be changed by picking off the fruit when the trees first show good crops, allowing it to remain only in the alternate seasons which we wish +•0 n^ake the bearing year. PRUNING. The Apple in orchards requires very little pruning if the trees, while the orchard is young, are carefully inspected every year early in March, and all crossing branches taken out while they are small. When the heads are once properly adjusted and well balanced, the less the prun- ing-saw and knife are used the better, and the cutting out of dead limbs, and removal of such as may interfere with others, or too greatly crowd up the head of the tree, is all that an orchard will usually require. But wherever a limb is pruned away the surface of the wound should be neatly smoothed, vnd if it exceeds an inch in diameter, it should be covered with the liquid shellac previously noticed. INSECTS. There are several insects that in some parts of the country are very destructive or injurious to this tree; a knowledge of the habits of -which is therefore very important to the orchardist. These are chieffy the borer, tl e caterpillar, and the canker-worm. The Apple-borer is, as we usually see it in the trunks of the Apple, Quince, and thorn trees, a fleshy white grub, which enters the tree at the collar, just at the surface of the ground, where the bark is tender, and either girdles the tree or perforates it through every part of the stem, finally causing its death. This grub is the larva of a brown and white striped beetle, half an inch long (Saperda blvUtala), and it remains in this grub state two or three years, coining out of the tree in a butterfly <>4 THE APPLE. form early in June— flying in the night only, from tree to tree, after its food, and finally depositing its eggs, during this and the next month, in the collar of the tree. The most effectual mode of destroying the borer is by picking it out •vith the point of a knife, or, when it cannot thus be reached, killing it by thrusting a flexible wire as far as possible into its hole. Dr. Harris recommends placing a bit of camphor in the mouth of the aperture and plugging the hole with soft wood. But it is always better to prevent the deposit of the egg, by placing about the trunk, early in the spring, a small mound of ashes or lime ; or by drawing away the soil an inch or two deep at the base of the tree and wrapping with coarse hardware paper, tying it, and then replacing the earth ; and where orchards have already become greatly infested with this insect, the beetles may be de- stroyed by thousands in June, by building small bonfires of shavings in various parts of the orchard. The attacks of the borer on nursery trees may in a great measure be prevented by washing the stems in May, quite down into the ground, with a solution of two pounds of potash in eight quarts of water. The Caterpillar is a great pestilence in the Apple orchard. The species which is most troublesome to our fruit-trees ( Clisiocampa ameri- cana) is bred by a sort of lackey moth, different from that most trouble- some in Europe, but its habits as a caterpillar are quite as annoying to the orchardist. The moth of our common caterpillar is a reddish brown insect, whose expanded wings measure about an inch and a half. These moths appear in great abundance in midsummer, flying only at night, and often buzzing about the candles of our houses. In laying their eggs they choose principally the Apple or Cherry, and they deposit thousands of small eggs about the forks and extremities of the young branches. The next season, about the middle of May, these eggs begin to hatch, and the young caterpillars in myriads come forth, weaving their* nests or tents in the fork of the branches. If they are allowed by the careless cultivator to go on and multiply, as the)' soon do incredibly fast, they will in a few seasons, sometimes in a single year, increase to such an ex- tent as almost to cover the branches. In this caterpillar state they live six or seven weeks, feeding most ferociously upon the leaves, and often stripping whole trees of their foliage. Their effect upon the tree at this period of the season, when the leaves are most important to the health of the tree and the growth of the fruit, is most deplorable. The crop ia stunted, the health of the tree enfeebled, and, if they are allowed to re- main unmolested for several seasons, they will often destroy its life, or render it exceedingly decrepid and feeble. To destroy the caterpillar various modes are adopted. One of the most effectual is to touch the nest with a sponge, attached to the end of a pole, and dipped in strong spirits of ammonia or naphtha from coal- oil refinings ; the sponge should be turned slowly round in the nests, and every insect coming in contact will be instantly killed. This should be done early in the season. Or they may be brought down and destroyed with a round brush fixed to the end of a pole, and worked about in the nests. On small trees they may be stripped off with the nand, and crushed under the foot ; and by this plain and simple mode, begun in time, with the aid cf a ladder, they may in a large orchard be most effectually kept under by a few moments' daily labor of a single man. As they do not leave their nests until ninp in the morning, the THE APPLE. 65 extirpator of caterpillars should always be abroad and busy before that time, and while they are all lying quietly in the nests. And let him never forget that he may do more in an hour, when he commences early in the season, than he will in a whole day at a later period, when they are thoroughly scattered among the trees. If they are allowed to remain unmolested, they spin their cocoons about the middle of June, and in a fortnight's time comes forth from them a fresh brood of moths, which, if they are not put an end to by bonfires, will again lay the eggs of an infinite number of caterpillars for the next spring. The Canker-worm (Anisopteryx pometaria of Harris) is in some parts of the country one of the worst enemies of the Apple, destroying also its foliage with great rapidity. It is not yet common here, but iu some parts of New England it has become a serious enemy. The male is a moth, with pale ash-colored wings, with a black dot, a little more than an inch across. The female is wingless, oval, dark ash-colored above, and gray beneath. The canker-worm usually rises out of the ground very early in the spring, chiefly in March, as soon as the ground is free from frost ; though a few also find their way up in the autumn. The females, having no wings, climb slowly up the trunks of the trees, while the winged males hover about to pair with them. Very soon after this, if we ex- amine the trees we shall see the eggs, of which every female lays some sixty or a hundred, glued over, closely arranged in rows, and placed in the forks of branches and among the young twigs. About the twentieth of May these eggs are hatched, and the canker- lorras, dusky brown, or ash-colored, with a yellow stripe, make their appearance, and commence preying upon the foliage. When they are abundant they make rapid progress, and in places where the colony is firmly established, they will sometimes strip an orchard in a few days, making it look as if a fire had passed over it. After feeding about four weeks, they descend into the ground three or four inches, where they remain in a chrysalis form, to emex-ge again the next season. As the female is not provided with wings, they do not spread very rapidly from one place to another. The attacks upon the canker-worm should be chiefly made upon the female in her way from the ground up the trunk of the tree. The common mode of protecting Apple-trees is to surround the trunk with a belt or bandage of canvas, four or five inches wide, which is then thickly smeared with tar. In order to prevent the tar from soon becoming dry and hard, a little coarse train-oil must be well mixed with it ; and it should be watched and renewed as often as it appears necessary. This tarred belt catches and detains all the females on their upward journey, and prevents them from ascending the tree to lay their eggs. And if kept in order it will very effectually deter and destroy them. When the canker-worm is abundant it is necessary to apply the tarred bandage in October, and let it remain till the last of May, but usually it will be sufficient to use it in the spring. It is probable that a mixture of coal-tar and common tar would be the best application, as it is more offensive, and will not so easily dry and become useless by exposure to the air and sun. Some persons apply the tar directly to the stems of the tree, but this has a very injurious effect upon the trunk. Old India rubber, melted in an iron vessel over a very hot fire, forms a very adhesive fluid which is not affected by exposure to tne weather, and is considered, by those who have made use of it, the best substance 5 ^6 THE APPLE. for smearing the bandages, as being a more effectual barrier, a ad set' dom or never requiring renewal. Mr. Jonathan Dennis, Jun., of Portsmouth, Rhode Island, has invented and patented a circular leaden trough, which surrounds the trunk of the tree, .and is filled with oil, and stops effectually the ascent of the canker-worm. There appear, however, to be two objections to this trough, as it is frequently used ; one, the escape of the oil, if not carefully used, which injures the tree ; and the other, the injurious effect of nailing the troughs to the bark or trunk. They should be sup- ported by wedges of wood driven in between the trough and the trunk, and the spaces completely filled up with liquid clay, put on with a brush. The insects must be taken out and the oil renewed from time to time. For districts where the canker-worm greatly abounds, this leaden trough is probably the most permanent and effectual remedy yet employed. Circular strips of zinc or tin, about four inches wide, passing around the trunk of the tree, the lower end standing out in a flaring manner, resembling a bowl bottom upward, proves an effectual preventive remedy, as the insects cannot pass the lower rim. Experiments made by the Hon. John Lowell, and Professor Peck, of Massachusetts, lead to a belief that if the ground under trees which suffer from this insect is dug and well pulverized to the depth of five inches, in October, and a good top-dressing of lime applied as far as the branches extend, the canker-worm will there be almost entirely destroyed. The elm, and linden-trees in many places, sutler equally with the Apple from the attacks of the canker-worm. The bark-louse, a dull white, oval, scale-like insect, about a tenth of an inch long (a species of coccus), which sometimes appears in great numbers on the stems of young Apple and Pear trees, and stunts their growth, may be destroyed by a wash of soft soap or the potash solution. The b<;st time to apply these is in the month of June, when the insects are young, or when the tree is devoid of foliage. The vioolly Aphis (aphis lanigera), or American blight* is a dreadful enemy of the Apple. It makes its appearance in the form of a minute white down in the crotches and crevices of the branches, which is com- posed of a great number of very minute woolly lice, that if allowed will increase with fearful rapidity, and produce a sickly and diseased state of the whole tree. Fortunately, this insect is easily destroyed. " This is effected by washing the parts with diluted sulphuric acid, which is formed by mixing three-fourths of an ounce by measure of the sulphuric acid of the shops with seven and a half ounces of water. Ifc should be rubbed into the parts affected by means of a piece of rag tied to a stick, the operator taking care not to let it touch his clothes. After the bark of a tree has been washed with this mixture, the first shower will redissolve it, and convey it into the most minute crevice, so as effectually to destroy all insects that may have escaped." — (LondovbS Magazine, ix., p. 336.) It is the more common practice to destroy it by the use of whale-oil, soap or lime wash. The Apple-worm or Codling moth ( Carpocapsa 2)omonella of Euro- pean writers) is the insect introduced with the Apple-tree from Europe * It is not a little singular that this insect, which is not indigenous to thii country, and is never seen here except where introduced with imported trees, should be called in England the American blight. It is the most inveterate enemj of the Apple in the north of France and Germany. THE APPLE. 67 which appears in the early worm-eaten Apples .inu Pears in tl e foim of a reddish white grub, and causes the fruit to fall prematurely from the trees. The perfect insect is a small moth, the fore-wings gray, with a large round brown spot on the hinder margin. These moths appear in the greatest numbers in the warm evenings of the first of June, and lay their eggs in the eye or blossom-end of the young fruit, especially of the early kinds of Apples and Pears. In a short time these t'^p;* hatch, aud the grub burrows its way till it reaches the core; the fruit then ripens prematurely, and drops to the ground. Here the worm leaves the fruit and creeps into the crevices of the bark and hollow of the tier, and spins its cocoon, which usually remains there till the ensuing spring, when the young moth again emerges from it. The readiest way of destroying them, when it can be done conveniently, is to allow swine and poultry to run at large in the orchards when the premature fruit is falling ; or otherwise the fruit may be picked up daily and placed where the worms will be killed. It is said that if an old cloth is placed in the crotch of the tree about the time the fruit begins to drop, the Apple-worm will make it a retiring-place, and thousands may be caught and killed from time to time. As the cocoons are deposited chiefly under the old loose bark, the thorough cultivator will take care, by keeping the trunks of his trees smooth, to afford them little harbor ; and by scraping and wash- ing the trunks early in the spring, to destroy such as may have alreadv taken up their quarters there. When the fruit of orchards is much liable to the attacks of this insect, we cannot too much insist on the efficacy of small bonfires lighted in the evening, by which myriads of this and all other moths may be destroyed before they have time to deposit their eggs and cause worm- eaten fruit. A simple preventive remedy, or method of trapping the insect when in the grub form, has been introduced by Dr. J. P. Trimble, of New Jersey, and consists in twisting a band or rope of hay, long enough to pass three or four times around the body of the tree, and putting it thereon, " securing its ends so as to prevent its becoming loose; as soon as the fruit shows signs of the worms being at work, or from the middle to the last of June. They should be examined every two weeks, as long as the warm weather lasts, the earlier broods of worms becoming moths and producing a second crop. If the orchard is pastured, the bands must of course be. put out of the reach of animals. Sometimes it may be neces- sary to place them around the limbs; in that case the scales of rough bark on the body of the tree below them should be scraped off." The Blight, which occasionally kills suddenly the ends of the limbs of the apple and the quince, is caused by an insect ( 13 ostrich ti8 bieauda- tus) which affects the small bwigs, by penetrating the wood at the axil of a leaf, and causing it to wither. It is designated the Twig blight. Little or no injury results, but it is always well to cut away the injured twig just below the wound. The Apple-bark Beetle ( Tomicua maM), described by Fitch, is a small, smooth, black or chestnut-red beetle; the larvae feed under the bark md then enter the wood, sometimes killing the young tree. GATHERING AND KEEPING THE FRUIT. In order to secure soundness and preservation, it is indispensably 68 THE APPLE. necessary that the fruit should be gathered by hand. For winter fruit the gathering is delayed as long as possible, avoiding severe frosts ; and the most successful practice with our extensive orchardists is to place the good fruit directly, in a careful manner, in new, tight flour- barrels aa soon as gathered from the tree. These barrels should be gently shaken while filling, and the head closely pressed in ; they are then placed in a cool, shady exposure, under a shed open to the air, or on the north side of a building, protected by covering of boards over the top, whei-e the}' remain for a fortnight, or until the cold becomes too severe, when they are carefully transferred to a cool, dry cellar, in which air can be admit- ted occasionally in brisk weather. Another method, by some regarded as superior, and tending to keep the fruit longer and better, is to gather carefully, in a dry day, as late as possible in the fall, and place the fruit on a floor, or in open bins, from one foot to sixteen inches in depth. After about a week examine, and if the dampness, commonly called sweat, has passed off, prepare a good clean barrel, and as each fruit is placed in the barrel, see that it is made perfectly dry by wiping it with a soft cloth. As soon as the barrel is filled, head it up securely and place it in a cool, dry cellar. A cellar for this purpose should be dug in dry, gravelly, or sandy soil, with, if possible, a slope to the north ; or, at any rate, with open- ings on the north side for the admission of air very rarely in weather not excessively cold. Here the barrels should be placed in tiers on their sides, and the cellar should be kept as dark as possible. In such a cellar, one of the largest apple-growers in Dutchess County is able to keep the Greening Apple, which, in the fruit-room, usually decays in January, until the 1st of April, in the freshest and finest condition. Some per- sons place a layer of clean rye-straw between every layer of apples, when packing them in the barrels. Apples are frequently kept by farmers in pits or ridges in the ground, covered with straw and a layer of earth, in the same manner as potatoes ; but it is an inferior method, and the fruit very speedily decays when opened to the air. The English apple-growers lay their fruit in heaps, in cool, dry cellars, and cover them with straw. Various plans and methods have been designed for the keeping of fruit, few, if any of which are found practically adapted to the general wants of a family. Among those most prominent is the Roberts Fruit House, which is constructed by forming a room inside of an ice-house, having the ice around the sides and overhead ; and with an arrangement for drainage below, by means of a pipe beneath the floor, and a condens- ing-tube inside the chamber or fruit-room. The ISTyce Fruit House is constructed with upright walls, sheeted on the inside and outside with sheet-iron, nailed to upright studding, and having the inside space closely packed with sawdust or chaff. Above the fruit-room is a floor of galvanized iron, on which ice, five to six feet in depth, is packed, and from it a tube or pipe is led off, for the purpose of conveying the water as the ice melts. Below the floor of the fruit- room, which is also of galvanized iron, shavings three feet thick are first laid, and then coated with tar and pitch, to prevent any rise of mois- ture from below. The temperature is kept at all seasons at just above the freezing-point, and the moisture from the fruit engendered in the room is absorbed by the use of " bittern " from salt-works. This absorp- tion of moisture by means of chloride of calcium, or the waste bittern of THE APPLE. 69 salt-works, is the principal feature of novelty in this house. But while upon a large scale these fruit -houses are found of value, their adoption involves too much of expense in their first construction, and too great care, to meet the wants of the general fruit-grower. When a fruit- house or room is to be constructed, aside from the cellar, under the barn or dwelling, select a location where complete drainage can be had. Ex- cavate so as that the lower fruit-room will be about two-thirds of its height under ground ; lay the outside wall, and then, leaving a space of four inches, lay another inside cement wall. Construct windows so as to give free circulation, and yet keep the room dark by having blinds on the outer side, and sash opening on the inner wall. For winter, double sash will be required. For the upper room, the same principle of forming a double wall, leaving a space of at least four inches, is to be continued, and the arrangement of shelves or drawers through the cen- tre, keeping a passage open all around, may be made to meet the wants for which the room is to be used. When apples are exported, each fruit in the barrel should be wrapped in clean soft paper, and the barrels should be placed in a dry, airy place between decks. CIDER. To make the finest cider, Apples should be chosen which are espe- cially suited to this purpose. The fruit should be gathered about the first of November, and coarse cloths or straw should be laid under the tree, to secure them against bruising when they are shaken from the tree. If the weather is fine the fruit is allowed to lie in heaps in the open air, or in airy sheds or lofts for some time, till it is thoroughly ripened. All immature and rotten fruit should then be rejected, and the remainder ground in the mill as nearly as possible to a uniform mass. This pulp should now remain in the vat from 2-i to 48 hours, or even longer if the weather is cool, in order to heighten the color and increase the saccharine principle. It is then put into the press (without wetting the straw), from whence the liquor is strained, through hair-cloth or sieves, into perfectly clean, sweet, sound casks. The casks, with the bung out, are then placed in a cool cellar, or in a sheltered place in the open air. Here the fermen- tation commences, and as the pomace and froth work out of the bung- hole, the casks must be filled up every day with some of the same press- ing, kept in a cask for this purpose. In two or three weeks this rising will cease, when the first fermentation is over, and the bung should at first be put in loosely — then in a day or two driven in tight — leaving a small vent- hole near it, which may also be stopped in a few days after. If the casks ire in a cool airy cellar the fermentation will cease in a day or two, and this state may be known by the liquor becoming clear and bright, by the cessation of the discharge of fixed air, and by the thick crust which has collected on the surface. The clear cider should now be drawn otF and placed in a clean cask. If the cider, which must be carefully watched in this state, to prevent the fermentation going too far, remains quiet, it may be allowed to stand till spring, and the addition at first of about a gill of finely powdered charcoal to a barrel will secure this end ; but if a scum collects on the surface, and the fermentation seems inclined to proceed further, it must be immediately racked again. The vent-spile may now be driven tight, but examined occasionally. In the beginning of March JO THE APPLE. 1 a final racking should take place, when, should the cider not be perfectly fine, about three- fourths of an ounce of isiuglass should be dissolved iu the cider and poured in each barrel, which will render it perfectly clear It may be bottled now, or any period before the blossoming of the Apple or afterwards, late in May. When bottling, fill the bottles within au inch of the bottom of the cork, and allow the bottles to stand an hour before the corks are driven. They should then be sealed and kept in a cool cellar, with clean dry sand up to their necks, or laid on their sides in boxes or bins, with the same between each layer. VARIETIES. The varieties of the Apple at the present time are very numerous. The garden of the Horticultural Society of London, which contains the most complete collection of fruit in the world, enumerates now, 1845, about 900 varieties, and nearly 1500 have been tested there. Of these the larger proportion are of course inferior ; but it is only by comparison in such an experimental garden that the value of the different varieties for a certain climate can be fully ascertained. The European Apples generally are, in this climate, inferior to oui first-rate native sorts, though many of them are of high merit also with us. There is much confusion in regard to names of Apples, and the variation of fruits from soil, location, or other causes, makes it difficult to identify the kinds, and until they are brought together and fruited on the same ground the certainty of their nomenclature will not be estab- lished. New varieties of Apples are constantly springing up in thit, country from the seed, in favorable soils ; and these, when of superior quality, may, as a general rule, be considered much more valuable for orchard culture than foreign sorts, on account of their greater produc- tiveness and longevity. Indeed every State has some fine Apples pecu- liar to it, and it is therefore impossible in the present state of pomology in this country to give a complete list of the finest Apples of the United States To do this will require time, and an extended and careful exa- mination of their relative merits collected in one garden. The following descriptions comprise all the finest American and foreign varieties yet known in our gardens. CLASSIFICATION. The distinctive characters of fruits have, during the past quarter of a century, become so much intermingled and hybridized that, after carefully studying them, and comparing them with the orders of classification adopted by authors, we have come to the conclusion that no definite order can safely be made to embrace them. Forms, colors, growths, and periods of ripening are so much interwoven and distributed as to defy all arbitral-)' rules of classification, and hence we have without hesitation abandoned it entirely, substituting in our work the simple order of the alphabet as confined to names, believing such course will prove the most available and useful. TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING APPLES. In identifying fruits, not only certain forms and features of the fruit itself are desirable, to have a definite description under plain and inteili THE APPLE. 'I gible terms, bvit often the form of the growth of the tree, as well as thp color of its young wood, are essential to a clear knowledge for decision The form and general appearance of a fruit may be changed by soil or climate, but the general habit of growth and color of the young wood is always the same, and in the ensuing pages this latter point has been kept in view and recorded, so far as knowledge could be obtained, respecting valuable varieties. The terms used we have sought to make simple and uniform, and within the comprehension of all, rather than scientific. In describing trees, the character designed to be represented is that of the orchard, or trees in a healthy bearing condition, and the growth is said to b<* strong and vigorous, as the Rhode Island Greening, or Baldwin; vigor- ous and slender, as the Jonathan or Winesap ; stout and short-jointed, as Jersey Sweet or Primate ; medium and vigorous, as Fameuse, or Maiden's Blush. And for the general form of the tree, the word upright spread- ing is used to designate such as Baldwin ; spreading, as the Rhode Island Greening; round-headed, as in the Early Harvest ; upright, as with Benoni. In describing fruits, the word base means that part of the fruit in which the stem is planted ; and apex, the blossom end, or crown, as it is sometimes termed. Forms are so much interwoven, as it were, one with another, that we have selected but four as the primary bases on which all others are built, and are subsidiary. Oblate. Conical. These primary forms are roundish, oblate, conical, and oblong. The terms rov/nd, roundish, ov globular, arc sometimes used in connection, rather as qualifying expressions than as distinctive; for while the word roundish, which indicates the height and diameter as nearly equal, ap- 72 THE APPLE. plies to many fruits, there is no perfectly round or globular apple known. Oblate indicates the height as much less than diameter. Conical, ia when the fruit is roundish, having the apex end contracted. Oblong, is when the fruit is longer than broad, and having the apex and base of nearly the same breadth. Connected and subsidiary terms, such as roundish, conical, or conic, are when the Apple unites the two primary forms of roundish and conical ; or elongated conical, or conic, when the length is considerably beyond the breadth. Truncate conic, is when ;he fruit is flattened at the apex. Ribbed, or obscurely ribbed, when the surface has rising lines and channels from apex to base. Oblique, is when the fruit presents the appearance as of being one-sided, or when the axis is inclined to one side. Oblate, not symmetric, or sides unequal, when one side is less than the other. Corrugated, having depressed lines, furrows, or wrinkles. Acute, when narrowing to a sharp point. Obtuse, round or blunt. Abriipt, when the depression breaks off sud- denly. In designating the quality of fruits, the terms of the American Pomological Society have been adopted ; but it must be remembered that these terms apply strictly and only to the actual quality of the fruit as a dessert sort. Some varieties classed as best, and which are strictly of the highest quality as fruit, are, nevertheless, unprofitable as varieties to grow, except by the amateur, while many to which the term very good, or very good to best, is applied, are known to be highly valuable and profitable for market, as well as excellent for the dessert. APPLES. Abbott. Origin unknown. Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, obscurely ribbed, greenish- yellow, shaded and striped with red, few light and brown dots. Stalk long, cavity broad, slightly russeted. Calyx closed. Basin small, uneven. Flesh whitish, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid. Core medium. Yery good. December to March. Abbott's Sweet. Origin, New Hampshire. Fruit rather above medium, roundish, conical, yellow, covered with stripes and blotches of red, and many white dots. Flesh white, tender, juicy, and pleasant. Very sweet. Good to very good. December to March. Abbott's Five-Sided Spice. Origin tinknown. Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, pale yellow, splashed and striped with two shades of red, light-gray dots. Flesh whitish, moderately juicy, mild subacid. Good. Core small. October and November. the apple. 73 Abram. Origin unknown. Grown extensively in Eastern Virginia and North Carolina Fruit below medium, roundish, yellow shaded, and splashed with red. Many light dots. Flesh white, tender, subacid. " Good." December to March. Acklam's Russet. Aclemy Russet. Origin, Acklam, England. Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, pale yellowish green, some gray russet and yellowish-gray specks. Flesh whitish, firm, crisp, sub- acid. " Good." November to February. Adams. Originated with James Adams, Union, Penn. Tree quite strong, vigorous, spreading. Young shoots dull reddish brown. Very pro- ductive. Fruit large, roundish, oblate, slightly oblique, yellow, shaded and splashed with red and russet netting. Stalk short. Cavity large, deep. Calyx generally open. Segment long, reflexed. Basin large, abrupt. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, slightly aromatic. Very good. January to April. Adams Pearmain. Norfolk Pippin. Matchless. Origin unknown. Tree a free, healthy grower. Young shoots Good bearer. Fruit medium or below, roundish conical, inclining to oblong, pale yel- low, shaded, mottled and splashed with red, with many light dots. Flesh yellow, crisp, firm, juicy, rich, brisk, subacid, slightly aromatic Very good. December to February. Agate D'Enckhuysen. Origin, Enckhuysen, Holland. Tree upright. Young shoots slender, dark reddish. Fruit small or medium, conical, clear yellowish green, and with many small dots. Calyx large, open, or nearly so. Segments large. Basin deep. Stalk short, stout. Cavity acute, deep. Flesh white, very fine grained, rather firm, juicy, sugary, perfumed. January to March (Verg.) Agathe. Pomme Double Agathe. Origin, Limbourg, Holland. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit medium or large, conical oblate, deep yellow in the shade, bright red- cheek in sun. Many conspicuous gray dots. Flesh vellowish-white, 74 THE APPLE. sometimes slightly rose-colored, tender, juicy, subacid, pleasant. Core large, open. October to February. (An. Pom.) Agnes's. Origin, Lancaster Co., Pa. Fruit rather below medium, oblate, somewhat oblique. Skin yellowish, striped, and shaded with red, and sprinkled with light brown dots. Stalk short and small, inserted in a large cavity. Calyx closed, in a medium basin. Flesh tender, with a spicy, pleasant, subacid flavor. " Good." September, October. Ailes. Origin, Chester Co., Pa., of vigorous growth, and productive. Fruit large, oblate, yellowish, shaded and striped with red. Stalk short. Cavity narrow. Calyx in a round moderate basin. Flesh yellow, fine, crisp, juicy, with a rich vinous flavor. Good. Highly esteemed for cooking, not in eating till spring, and will keep till midsummer. Alant. Pomme d'Auuee. Probably of German origin. Tree slender, short jointed. Young shoots reddish-brown. Fruit medium, truncated conic, greenish-yellow, with indistinct dots. Calyx small. Basin deep. Stalk short. Cavity deep. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, with a cinnamon aroma. Winter. (Yerg.) Alexander. Emperor Alexander. Russian Emperor. Aporta. Victoria, incorrectly. A very large, showy Russian variety. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. Fruit very large, regularly formed, conical. Skin greenish- yellow, faintly streaked with red on the shaded side, but orange, bril- liantly streaked, and marked with bright red in the sun. Calyx large, set in a deep basin. Stalk rather slender, three-fourths of an inch long, planted in a deep cavity. Flesh yellowish- white, crisp, tender, and juicy, with a rather pleasant flavor. Good. October to December. Alfriston. Lord Gwydr's Newtown Pippin. Oldaker's New Shepherd's Pippin. Baltimore, incorrectly. A third-rate Apple, valued in England for cooking. Fruit large, roundish, a little ribbed, and rather broadest at the base, pale greenish- yellow. Flesh yellowish- white, crisp, tender, with a tolerable, some- what acid flavor. Good. October to January. Allemand. Pepin d'Or Allemand. Of Hanoverian origin. Tree a slender grower. Fruit small, coni- cal truncated, pale yellow, with pearl-color spots. Flesh yellow, fine, tender, sugary vinous Winter. (Virg.) the apple. 76 Allen's Choice. Origin, Pennsylvania. Fruit medium, oblate, sides unequal, yel- low, mostly shaded, and striped with red. Flesh white, stained with red, coarse, crisp, juicy, aromatic. " Good." January. Allen's Pippin. Origin, Chatham, N. C. Tree upright, productive. Fruit medium, oblate, greenish-yellow. Flesh whitish, tender, mild, subacid. Good. October to December. All-Hallows. Origin from seed by Richard H. Graves, Ireland. Fruit medium, roundish, handsome. Flesh tender, juicy, very pleasant. October and November. A new variety, not yet fully tested in this country. All-Summer. Origin, Lancaster Co., Pa. Tree slow growth, spreading, an annual bearer, and very productive. Fruit small, oblate, greenish waxy yellow, slight tinge of red in sun. Stalk slender. Calyx small, closed. Flesh white, tender, pleasant. Almost " very good." July and August. Allum. Hallum. Rockingham Red. Much grown in northern N. Carolina ; valuable chiefly because of its productiveness and for its keeping properties. Fruit medium, oblate, irregular, deep red. Flesh whitish, crisp, tender, juicy, with a brisk acid flavor. Good. January to April. Alsace. Origin, Alsace Township, Pa. Fruit medium, conical, whitish-yel- low, blush in sun. Flesh whitish, juicy, pleasant. " Good." January to March. (Pa. Hort.) Amelia. Of European origin. Fruit medium, roundish, conical, pale yellow, shaded, and obscurely splashed with two shades of crimson. Flesh whitish, firm, tender, juicy, mild subacid. Good. January and Febrv ary. American Beauty. Sterling Beauty. Beauty of America. Origin, Sterling, Mass. Tree vigorous, productive, an annual bearer., Wood dull reddish brown, slightly downy. Fruit large, form roundish, slightly inclining to conic, obscurely ribbed. Color a yellow ground mostly covered with red, which is quits dark in the sun, i bickly sprinkled wil h small light and brown dots. Stalk rather short, somewhal slender. Cavity medium, with russet, the rays of which sometimes extend out over :i portion of the fruit. Calyx small, 76 THE APPLE. closed. Segments medium, slightly recurved. Basin medium, uneven. Flesh yellowish, rather compact, tender, juicy, rich mild, subacid, aro« aiatic. Core small. Very good. December to April. American Golden Pippin. Golden Pippin. New York Greening. Ribbed Pippin. Newtown Greening. Golding. Golden Apple. This old Apple is one of our finest American fruits, and seems not to be generally known. It has been cultivated more than fifty years, and is considered one of the most profitable for orchard culture and mar- keting; it is also a superior Apple for family use. Growth strong, similar to R. I. Greening, but less drooping, making a round, spreading head ; does not bear young, but very productive when a little advanced, and a popular fruit where known. Wood dark reddish, downy, with pro- minent flattened buds. Fruit medium to large; form roundish oblate, inclining to conic, obscurely ribbed ; color yellow, sometimes a brownish blush in sun, thinly American Golden Pippin. sprinkled with gray dots, often slightly netted with thin russet. Stalk short, moderately stout. Cavity large, deep. Calyx closed. Segments pointed, slightly recurved. Basin broad, open, slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, breaking juicy, rather coarse, rich, aromatic, subacid. Core rather large. Very good. November to February. American Golden Russet. Golden Russet. Bullock's Pippin. Sheep Nose. Little Pearmain. The American Golden Russet is one of the most delicious and tender THE APPLE. 77 Apples, its flesh resembling more in texture that of a buttory Pear than that of an ordinary Apple. It is widely cultivated at the West and in New England as the Golden Russet, and though neither handsome nor large, is still :i universal favorite, from its great productiveness and aclmirable flavor. The uncouth name of Coxe, Sheep-nose, is nearly obsolete, except in New Jersey, and we therefore adopt the present one, to which it is well entitled. The tree is thrifty, with upright shoots, dull reddish grayish brown. Fruit below medium size, roundish-ovate, dull yellow, sprinkled with a very thin russet. Stalk rather long and slender. Calyx closed, and set in a rather narrow basin. Flesh yellowish, very tender, juicy, with a mild, rich, spicy flavor. Best. October to January. American Golden Russet. American Nonpareil. Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, round, and regular. Fruit medium, oblong conic, yellow, streaked with lively red. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, August. (Coxe.) American Pippin. Stone. Grindstone. Treo thrifty, spreading, with crooked shoots. Valuable only for its late keeping and for cider. Fruit of medium size and regular form, oblate, dull red in patches and stripes, on a dull green ground. Flesh white, firm, juicy, with a gomewhat brisk, acid flavor. Good. Keeps till June. American Plate. Origin unknown. Tree of slow growth, hardy, very productive. 78 THE APPLE. Fruit small, roundish, oblate, greenish, with a brown tinge. Flesh crisp, juicy, pleasant. December and January. (Ron.) American Summer Pearmain. Early Summer Pearmaiu. A rich, highly-flavored fruit, much esteemed where it is known. Lt appears to be quite different from the Summer Pearmain (of the English), and is probably a seedling raised from it. It ripens gradually from the tenth of August to the last of September. Tree moderately vigorous, with slender branches, round-headed. Young shoots dull reddish-brown. Fruit of medium size, oblong, widest at the crown, and tapering slight- ly to the eye. Skin red, spotted with yellow in the shade, but streaked American Summer Pearmain. with livelier red and yellow on the sunny side. Stalk three-fourths of an inch long, and pretty deeply inserted. Eye deeply sunk. Calyx closed. Segments short, erect. Basin abrupt, slightly corrugated. Flesh j ellow, remarkably tender, with a rich and pleasant flavor, and often biurets in falling from the tree. Quality best. Core medium. Ananas. Rother Ananas. Bromelia Ananas. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, streaked with bright red in the sun, biown spots in shade. Stalk long, slender. Cavity deep, open. Calyx THE APPLE. 79 irregular, open. Basin deep Flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid, per fumed. Excellent. October. (Al. Pom.) Ananas de Liege. Calville Ananas de Liege. Lutticher Ananas Calville. Originated in Belgium. Tree moderately Vigorous, with long, jointed, dark-reddish shoots. Fruit large, conical, truncated, greenish, with patches of brown or brownish russet. Calyx large. Basin deep, abrupt. Stalk short. Cavity large and deep. Flesh white, half-line, firm, a little dry, subacid. Cook ing January, February. (Verg.) Angle. Medium, roundish, yellow, nearly covered with stripes and splashes of light and dark red, with white dots. Flesh yellow, tender, sweet and good, fair and handsome. Good. First of September. Anglo-American. Raised by W. H. Read, Canada West. Tree vigorous and produc- tive. Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish, marbled, striped and splashed with bright red. Stalk short, rather slender, inserted in a cavity of moderate depth. Calyx closed. Segments long, partly recurved. Flesh white, tender, juicy, sweet, slightly aromatic. Very good. August, Sep tember. Archiduc Antoine. Tree upright, vigorous. Young shoots reddish. Fruit medium, roundish, yellow green, dotted with inconspicuous small brown dots. Calyx half open. Basin small. Stalk rather long. Cavity deep. Flesh whitish yellow, fine, tender, juicy, subacid. Early winter. (Verg.) Aromatic Carolina. Origin, Pomaria, South Carolina. Tree vigorous, hardy, productive. Fruit large, roundish, oblate, sides unequal, light yellow, slightly streaked with pale red. Flesh moderately firm, crisp, pleasant, mild, subacid, aromatic. Veiy good. August and September. William Sumner says this is exceedingly tender and melting, and in season all July. Aromatic Russet. An English Apple, of vigorous, upright, rather slender growth, hardy and productive. Fruit medium, roundish, truncate conic, greenish, with a thin gray russet, and a tinge of dull red in the sun. Flesh greenish white, firm, brisk, subacid, aromatic. November, February. (Lind.) Ashland. Origin, Clermont Co., O. Tree upright, moderate grower, a good and annual bearer. flO THE APPLE. Fruit medium, approaching conic, truncate, yellowish, striped and shaded with carmine, and considerably sprinkled with large light dots. Stalk small and short, inserted in a large open cavity surrounded by greenish russet. Calyx open, set in a round, abrupt basin. Flesh yel- low, tender, juicy, with a very pleasant, mild, subacid flavor. Very good. January to April. Ashmead's Kernel. A variety from Gloucestershire, England. Tree hardy and pro- ductive. Fruit small, roundish, oblate, greenish yellow, with tinge of brown- ish orange in the sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, aromatic. November to May. (Lind.) Ashmore. Red Ashmore. Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, upright, spreading. Young shoots dull reddish brown. Fruit medium, form roundish oblate, inclining to conical, generally regular; color whitish yellow, washed or shaded with rich bright red^ obscurely splashed, moderately sprinkled with light and gray dots. Skin glossy, smooth. Stalk medium; cavity broad, deep, slightly russeted. Calyx small, finely closed. Segments erect. Basin deep, open, slightly uneven. Flesh white, tender, juicy, mild, subacid. Core small. Very good. Octobei', November. Striped Ashmore is claimed by some as a distinct variety, differing only in its coloring. ASTERUS. D'Asterus. Staining d'Hiver. An English variety, valuable for cooking. Fruit large, roundish, green, with some dull red streaks. Flesh firm, rich, subacid or acid. January to April. (Ron.) Augustine. Large, roundish, conic, yellow, striped with red, sweet and dry. August. Augustus Pearmain. An English variety. Fruit small to medium, roundish conical, yellow, with streaks of red, deepest in the sun. Calyx small, closed. Stalk short, and having a knobby attachment. Flesh tender, j uicy , vinous, aromatic. November, December. (Hogg.) Aunt Anna. * Aunt Anna's Seedling. Introduced by John Reeder, South Charleston, Ohio. Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, finely striped with red. Flesh yellow, tender, rather dry. (O. P. S. Rep.) the apple. 81 Aunt's Apple. Origin unknown. Tree small, delicate, very productive. Fruit large, oblong, yellow, mostly covered and streaked with a lively red Flesh yellow, breaking, juicy, not rich. November. (Coxe.) Aunt Hannah. Origin, Essex Co., Mass. Tree of slow growth. Fruit medium, oblate, nearly globular. Skin golden yellowish, sprinkled with russet. Stem short, inserted in a cavity surrounded by russet. Calyx closed. Basin very shallow. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, with a rich peculiar flavor, slightly musky. Good. December to February. Aunt Susan's Favorite. Originated from seed, by Mrs. Susan Tippet, in Missouri, about twenty-five years since. Tree hardy, thrifty, vigorous, round open head, good and regular bearer. Fruit large, roundish, flattened, light yellow, shaded and striped with shades of deep and light red. Stalk short. Cavity deep. Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, mild, subacid. Good. August. (M. S. H. Soc.) Austin Sweet. Origin, Mercer Co., Pa. Tree irregular spreading. Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, pale yellow, sprinkled with a few brown dots and patches of russet. Stalk short and small ; cavity, wide open, deep, russeted. Calyx open. Segments short, erect. Basin abrupt, deep, uneven. Flesh white, moderately juicy, rich, sweet. Very good. Core medium. September to December. Autumn Golden Pippin. An old English variety. Tree vigorous. Fruit small, lemon-yel- low, little russeted. Flesh rich, and delicious flavor. (Bon.) Autumn Pearmain. Winter Pearmain. A slow-growing tree, but attains a large size. Branches slender, spreading. Fruit of medium size, roundish, narrowing gradually toward the eye. Color brownish-yellow, mixed with green on the shaded side, but next the sun reddish, blended with yellow, streaked with deeper red, and sprinkled with numerous small brown specks. Stalk short, obliquely planted under a fleshy lip. Calyx small, set in a broad shallow basin, which is sometimes scarcely at all sunk, and obscurely plaited. Flesh pale yellow, crisp, firm, a little dry, but rich and high flavored. Core rather small. Quality very good. October to March. Autumn Bomanite. Originated on the farm of Jacob Nicely, Cumberland Co., Pa. Fruit medium, round, somewhat flattened, beautiful red. Flesh yellow, plea- sant. September. (A. Pom. S. Bep.) 6 82 the apple. Autumn Rose. Roseau d'Automne. An old English variety. Tree vigorous, spreading. Fruit medium, red on bright rich yellow, russet at the stem. Flesh yellow, rich, juicy, tender, high flavored. September. (Coxe.) Autumnal Swaar. Fall Swaar of West. Origin unknown. Tree hardy, vigorous, spreading. Fruit large,, roundish, conic, orange-yellow, netted with russet, and sprinkled with star- shaped dots. Stalk rather short. Cavity broad, deep, slightly russeted. Calyx small and closed. Basin deep, abrupt, and corrugated. Flesh yel- low, juicy, tender, with a pleasant, rich, mild, slightly aromatic sub- acid flavor. Core small. "Very good. September Autumn Sweet Bough. Late Bough. Sweet Bellflower. Fall Bough. Philadelphia Sweet. White Sugar ? Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, upright, round-headed, very pro- ductive. One of the very best dessert sweet Apples of its season. Fruit medium, conical, angular, smooth, pale yellow, sprinkled with a few brown dots. Stalk of medium length, rather slender, inserted in a deep narrow cavity. Calyx closed. Segments long. Basin deep, corru- gated. Flesh white, very tender, with a sweet, refreshing, vinous flavor. Very good. Last of August to first of October. Autumnal Sweet Swaar. Sweet Swaar. Sweet Golden Pippin. Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, deep yellow, with occasional blush in sun. Stalk rather long, slender. Cavity broad and even. Calyx closed. Basin round, open, corrugated. Flesh yellow, tender, mode- rately juicy, rich and sweet. Core medium. Very good. September,, October. Autumn Seek-no-farther. Dr. Watson. Origin unknown. A variety considerably grown in Indiana, where it is much esteemed. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading, productive. Fruit medium, oblate, sides sometimes unequal. Color greenish-white, shaded, and splashed in the sun with dull crimson. Stalk of medium length. Canity broad, uneven. Calyx open. Basin large, '-ather deep Flesh whitish-yellow, rather firm, juicy, rich, subacid. Core medium, Very good. September, October. the apple. 83 Aver ill. Wolfs Den. Origin, Pomfret, Conn. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit rather large, irregularly conic, angular, greenish yellow, striped and shaded with red. Stem short and stout, inserted in a narrow cavity. Calyx closed, set in a very shallow slightly furrowed basin. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, with a pleasant subacid flavor. Good. February tc June. Baccolinus. Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, very productive. Fruit small, roundish to roundish oblong, whitish, shaded and splashed with light and dark red. Flesh firm, moderately juicy, vinous. Core small. Good. January to April. Bachelor's Blush. Origin unknown. An annual moderate bearer. Fruit rather large, form oblate depressed, often obscurely ribbed, color yellowish with blush in sun, sprinkled with a few light and gray dots. Stalk very short. Cavity large, deep. Calyx open. Segments short, erect. Basin medium, un- even. Flesh white, tender, crisp, juicy, rather rich, subacid. Core small. Very good. August and September. Bachelor's Glory. An English variety. Fruit large, roundish, irregularly ribbed, golden yellow with crimson stripes. Calyx closed. Segments flat. Stalk medium. Cavity deep, funnel-shaped. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, pleasant. Oc- tober, November. (Hogg.) Backhouse's Lord Nelson. Origin, York, England. Tree vigorous. Fruit large, roundish conic, yellowish with dull green shade. Flesh tender. Good. December to January. (Ron.) Baddow Pippin. Ribston Pippin, Spring. An English dessert Apple, valued for its keeping properties. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, ribbed, yellowish green, with dull red in the Bun. Stalk short. Calyx large, open Flesh whitish, firm, crisp, rich vinous. Good. April to May. Bailey's Golden. Origin, Kennebec Co., Maine. Tree productive. Fruit large, oblong, flattened at base and crown, yellowish, slightly russeted, with ;t warm cheek. Stalk short, surrounded by iusset in a broad deep cavity. Calyx large and open. Basin shallow. Flesh white, with a pleasant subacid flavor. Good. January to March. 84 the apple. Bailey's Spice. Origin, Plattshurg, N. Y. Tree moderately vigorous and productive Fruit medium, roundish conical, light yellow, sometimes a faint blush» Stalk rather long, slender. Cavity rather deep. Calyx closed. Basin abrupt, corrugated. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, lively subacid, slightly aromatic. Core large. Nearly very good. September and October. Bailey's Sweet. Edgerly's Sweet. Howard's Sweet. Paterson's Sweet. Origin unknown, introduced by J. Edgerly of Perry, Wyoming Co., N. Y. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright, spreading, productive. This variety is regarded as profitable for all purposes, although per- haps a little too tender skin for shipping long distances. Fruit large, form roundish conical, often approaching oblong, obscurely ribbed, color yellowish, mostly shaded and obscurely striped with red, and thickly sprinkled with minute dots. Stalk short and rather small, inserted in a narrow cavity. Calyx small, closed, set in a narrow irregular basin Flesh white, tender, not very juicy, almost melting, with a honeyed sweet flavor. Core rather large. Very good. November to March. Baker. Scott. Origin, Bidgefield, Ct. Tree vigorous, spreading, abundant bearer, young wood reddish brown, with prominent round buds. In its native locality this Apple is highly esteemed both for market and cooking pur- poses. Fruit large, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, yellowish, mostly shaded and splashed with shades of crimson. Stalk short, moderately stout. Cavity regular, medium. Calyx closed. Segments slightly recurved. Basin shallow, slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, rather coarse, often tinged with crimson near the skin, pleasant subacid. Very good. Core small. October to February. Baker's Sweet. Winter Golden Sweet. Long Stem Sweet. Late Golden Sweet. An old fruit of Connecticut and Massachusetts, and much cultivated there. Tree moderately vigorous, slender, somewhat resembling Jonathan. Wood clear reddish brown. Fruit medium, roundish, of a golden yellow color, with some patches of russet. Stalk long, inserted in a large smooth cavity. Calyx closed. Rather large basin. Flesh yellow, rich, exceedingly saccharine and plea- sant. Good to very good. November, December. Balm. Origin, Vermont. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit medium or above, roundish, oblate conical, yellowish, mostly covered with red. Stalk slender. Flesh whitish, tender, moderately juicy, mild, pleasant. Good. October. Woodpecker. Felch ? the apple. Baldwin. Pecker. Red Baldwin. 85 Steele's Red Winter. Butters. The Bald-win standi at the head of all New England Apples, and it unquestionably a first-rate fruit in all respects. It is a native of Massa- chusetts, and is more largely cultivated for the Boston market than any other sort. It bears most abundantly with us, and we have had the satisfaction of raising larger, more beautiful, and highly flavored speci- mens here than we ever saw in its native region. The Baldwin in flavor and general characteristics evidently belongs to the same family as our Esopus Spitzenberg, and deserves its extensive popularity. Tree vigorous, upright spreading, productive. Young shoots d>dl reddish brown. Fruit large, roundish, and narrowing a little to the eye. Color yellow in the shade, but nearly covered and striped with crimson, red, and orange in the sun, dotted with a few russet dots, and with radiating streaks of russet about the stalk. Calyx closed, and set in a rather narrow plaited basin. Stalk half to three-fourths of an inch long, rather slender for so lnrge a fruit, planted in an even, moderately deep cavity. Flesh Baldwin. yellowish white, crisp, with that agreeable mingling of the saccharine an 4 acid which constitutes a rich, high flavor. Very good. The tree is a vigorous upright grower, and bears most abundantly. Bipe from No- vember to March, but with us is in perfection in January.* * The Baldwin, like nearly all other varieties of winter fruits, originated in th« Northern and Eastern States ; when grown in Southern latitudes they become 8# THE ArrLE. Baldwin Sweet. Fruit rather large, roundish, yellow, striped and shaded with red Flesh yellow, rather compact, sweet and good. Productive. October January. Cable's Gilliflower. Baltimore. Baltimore Pippin. Royal Pippin Origin unknown. Tree healthy, hardy, moderately vigorous, making a round head that when loaded with fruit appears almost drooping. Young shoots slender, dull reddish brown. A profitable variety for market 01 table use. Baltimore. Fruit medium. Form roundish, conical, regular. Color pale yellow, shaded with Light red, striped and splashed with dark red, almost pur- plish, having a grayish appearance of bloom, large light dots, with a dark centre. Stalk shoi-t. Cavity medium size, rather thinly russeted. Calyx small, closed. Segments drawn to a point. Basin shallow, nearly smooth. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild, subacid. Core medium. Very good. December to April. An apple received from Maryland as Baltimore proves identical with Fallawater. Baltimore Greening. Origin unknown. Specimens received from John Edgerton, Coal Creek, Iowa. Fruit large, globular flattened, greenish yellow, with a brownish autumn 01 early winter sorts, and lose more or less of their sprightliness and good qualities as table fruits. On the other hand, the summer-ripening varieties, origi- nating North, are greatly improved when grown at the South. THE APPLE. 87 blush cheek in sun, some slight stripes of russet, and a few small raised gray dots. Stem short. Cavity broad, open, and deep. Calyx closed, 01 nearly so. Basin open, deep, slightly furrowed at base. Flesh yellow ish, rather coarse, tender, mild, subacid. Very good. Core medium. December. (Elliott's Notes.) Baltzby From Virginia. Tree spreading, productive. Fruit large, oblate, yellowish white, with a faint blush; dots scattered, small, white. Flesh white, nrni, somewhat tough, juicy, almost sweet. Good. October. Bar. A large, fair apple, slightly tinged with red next the sun. Flesh white, juicy, sweet, and agreeable. Good. An early fall fruit, and keeps well through the winter. Barbour. Originated with J. Barbour, Lancaster Co., Pa. Fruit medium roundish, oblate, inclining to conical, mottled, and striped with red of different hues on a grayish ground, with numerous gray specks. Flesh yellowish, white, tender, juicy, flavor pleasant. Quality very good. (Pa. Rep.) Barcelona Pearmain. Speckled Golden Reinette. Speckled Pearmain Polinia Pearmain Reinette Rousse. Reinette Rouge. Reinette des Cannes. Glace Rouge. Cassel Reinette. KLeine Casseler Reinette. A foreign variety of uncertain origin, which frOm its good qualities there, has evidently been widely grown under many names. Tree hardy and productive. Fruit medium, roundish oblong, pale yellow, mostly covered with red, and many star-like russet specks. Flesh yellowish white, firm, c dsp, ricb, aromatic, subacid. November to March. Barchard's Seedling. An English variety, valuable for kitchen use. Fruit medium, round- ish oblate, yellow striped with red. Flesh white, sugary. October. (L. H. S.) Barniiam's Sweet Origin, Connecticut. Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow, rough, russet. Flesh yellowish, rather dry, rich, sweet. Good for baking. November, December. Barnhilt. American, small, conical, yellow, striped with red. Flesh white, tough, dry. October, November. 88 THE APPLE. Bark Apple Originated with the Messrs. Ronalds, England, and there regarded val uable for culinary use. Fruit medium, roundish conical, greenish yellow, blush in sun, some russet. Flesh firm, crisp, juicy acid. November to February. (Hogg.) Barre. Colville Barre. Origin unknown. Introduced from Angers in 1848. Fruit large, roundish conical, yellow, with spots or patches of greenish. Flesh yellow- ish white, juicy, acid. December. (An. Tom.) Barrett. Origin, Kensington, Conn. Fruit medium to large, conic, yellow, striped and splashed with carmine. Flesh yellow, juicy, tender, with a very pleasant vinous aromatic flavor, almost sweet.# Good. Janu- ary to March. Bars. Origin, Rhode Island. Fruit rather large, round, pale yellow, mar- bled, and nearly covered with red and a few russet spots. Stalk long, slender. Cavity small. Calyx closed. Segment slightly recurv- ed. Basin medium, furrowed. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild, sub- acid. Core small. Very good. September. Bartlett. Origin unknown. Fruit large, roundish, ribbed, striped and splashed with bright red on yellow. Flesh whitish, mild subacid. Good. (Count. Gent.) Barton. Originated with Michael Aikman, in the township of Barton, C. W. Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, light yellow, with bight red cheek. Stalk short. Cavity even. Calyx small, regular. Basin medium. Flesh white, fine-grained, tender, juicy, mild, subacid. Core small. Very good. September October. A new variety promising of value for des- sert. (Tat. Mss.) Barton's Incomparable. An English variety, regarded abroad as of the highest excellence fol the dessert. Tree healthy and productive. Fruit below medium, round- ish conical, five ribbed, yellowish green, with patches and specks of russet, orange in sun. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, juicy, sprightly, vi« nous. October to February. (Hogg.) Bauman's Reinette. Reinette Bauman. Of Flemish origin, introduced and named by Van Mons. Fruit me- dium, roundish oblate, yellowish green, with numerous distinct brown dots. Flesh yellowish white, fine, firm, sugary, perfumed. January. (L.H. S.) the apple. %9 Baxter's Pearmaist. From Norfolk, England. Tree hardy, vigorous, productive. Fruit large, roundish, elongated conical, pale green, with shades and ntreakp of red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, brisk, sprightly subacid. Val uable for all purposes. November to March. (Hogg.) Beachemwell Seedling. Motteux's Seedling. From Norfolk, England. Tree hardy, vigorous, productive. Fruit below medium, roundish, yellowish, with faint stripes and splashes of red, brown patches. Calyx and stalk prominent. Flesh yellowish white, tender, brisk, subacid. December to March. (Bon.) Beadell. Hanover Seedling. Originated on the farm of Edward Beadell, "Westchester Co., N. Y. Tree strong, vigorous, spreading, good bearer. Fruit resembles the Mc- Lellan in form, color, size, and similar in flavor. Good to very good. Bipe in October. Bean Sweet. Originally sent out by Judge Buel. Fruit medium, oblong rounded, nearly white. Flesh crisp, juicy. October to March. Baking. (Elliott.) Bear Sweet. Origin unknown. Fruit medium, roundish, conical, yellowish, sha- ded and splashed with red. Flesh moderately tender, juicy, pleasant, sweet. Good for cooking. November. Beau. Distributed by Judge Buel. Fruit large, roundish, oblate, yellowish green, with blush in sun, and white dots. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, acid. August to October. Culinary. (Ken.) Beauty of Kent. A showy English sort for culinary uses. The tree grows very strong and upright, moderately productive. Fruit very large, roundish, but flat at the base, and narrowing dis- tinctly to the eye, where it is slightly ribbed, smooth, greenish-yellow, marked with large, broken stripes of purplish red. Stalk short, slender, deeply planted in a round, russeted, corrugated cavity. Calyx small, set in a narrow basin. Fl^sh juicy, crisp, tender, witl a simple subacid flavor. Good. October and November. Beauty of the West. Western Beauty. Ohio Beauty. Musgrove's Cooper. Origin unknown. First sent out and noticed by Judge Buel some 90 THE APPLE- thirty or more years since, and yet but little known. The tree is a strong, vigorous grower, forming a large spreading head, moderately productive. Young wood dull reddish brown. Fruit large, roundish, oblate, conical, greenish yellow, nearly covered with pale dull red, striped with a darker shade, and dotted with large yellow specks. Stalk short. Calyx large, half open. Jle&h greenish- white, not firm, tender, mild, subacid. Good. November to February. Bedfordshire Foundling. Cambridge Pippin. A large green English Apple, excellent for kitchen use. Fruit large, roundish, obscurely ribbed, deep green, paler at maturity. Flesh yel- lowish, tender, juicy, with a pleasant, acid flavor. Good. October to February. Beefsteak. Garden Apple of some, incorrectly. Origin, farcn of Joel Davis, Amesbury, Mass. Habits similar to Baldwin, very productive. Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conical. Sides sometimes une- qual. Skin whitish-yellow, shaded and splashed with light and dark red over two-thirds its surface, large areole dots. Stalk medium and slender, often with bracts. Cavity rather large, slightly russeted. Calyx "losed. Segments slightly recurved. Basin medium, nearly smooth. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, mild, subacid. Core medium. Very good. October, November. Beeler's Russet. Origin unknown. Fruit medium to small, round, truncated, rus- Beted. Flesh yellow, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid, aromatic. Novem- ber, December. (Warder.) Belden or Red Cheek Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, upright, moderately productive. Fruit large, roundish, conic, greenish-yellow, with patches of russet, sometimes a little bronzed cheek. Flesh yellow, crisp, subacid, pleas- ant. Good. October, February. Belden Sweet. Grown in Connecticut, very prolific. Fruit medium, or below, roundish conic, light yellow, with a warm cheek. Stalk medium, in an acute, deep cavity. Calyx closed, in a small basin. Flesh white, ten- der, juicy, saccharine, with a pleasant, aromatic flavor. Core large. Good. December to March. Belle Bonde. Billy Bond. Belly Bounder. This variety is somewhat grown in Central New York, and claimed as having originated in France, in 1790, and brought there by one John THE APPLE. 91 Deidens. Tree hardy, vigorous, spreading. Fruit medium, or above, roundish conical, pale-yellow, striped and splashed with red, and with large light dots. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, tender, brisk, subacid. Good for cooking. January and February. Belle Bonne. Winter Belle boon. Winter Belle and Bonne. Rolland. Fruit large, roundish, flattened, greenish-yellow, with a few reddish streaks in the sun. Flesh firm, juicy. October to January. Culinary. (Hogg.) An old variety, first described by Parkinson, in 1629, and which is probably identical with the Belle et Bonne above described. Belle d'Angers. Origin in doubt. Fruit large, roundish conical, pale-yellow, splashed and shaded with dull red. Flesh yellow, juicy, crisp, brisk, subacid, aromatic. Core medium. Very good. October. Belledge. Belledge Pippin. Origin, Derbyshire, England. A dessert and culinary apple. Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, lemon yellow, tinged with pale brown in sun, many embedded gray dots. Flesh firm, crisp, pleasant, aromatic, acid. October, December. (Lind.) Belle et Bonne. Tenon Hills. A large, fine apple, having a great reputation in the vicinity of Hartford, Conn., a vigorous grower and productive. Shoots dull red- dish brown. Fruit very large, roundish oblate, golden yellow, thickly sprinkled with small dots. Stalk short, inserted in a broad, deep cavity, sur- rounded by thin russet. Calyx closed. Basin moderate and uneven. Flesh yellow, coarse, juicy, with a pleasant, rather rich, subacid flavor. Good. A profitable variety for market. October to March. Belle Grideline. Belle Grisdeline. An old variety, originated at Norwich, England. Tree healthy, vigorous. Good bearer. Fruit medium, round, regular, yellow, mar- bled, and washed with lively red, gray russet in sun. Flesh white, crisp, brisk, subacid. November to March. (Hogg.) Bellflower Pippin. Originated with Joseph Curtis, Edgar Co., 111. Tree resembles Yel low Bellflower, but more slender in its branches. 12 THE APPLE. Fruit medium, or above, oblate, orange-yellow, sometime* shaded with crimson in the sun, thinly sprinkled with gray dots. Flesh yel- lowish, crisp, tender, juicy, rather rich, subacid. Core small. Very good. December, January. Belmont Gate. White Apple. Mamma Beam. Waxen of some. Golden Pippin of some. Kelley White. Origin, near Strasburgh, Lancaster Co., Pa., in the garden of Mrs. Beam, at her gate, hence the names " Gate Apple," and " Mnmmn Beam." It was taken to Ohio by Jacob Neisley, Sen., and became Belmont. very popular in Belmont Co., and we retain this name as being the most universal one. Tree vigorous, healthy, and very productive. Wood smooth, light reddish brown. Fruit medium to large, globular, a little flattened and narrower towards the eye, sometimes oblong. Color light, waxen-yellow, often with a bright vermilion cheek. Stalk short. Cavity generally large. Calyx usually closed. Basin rather deep, corrugated. Flesh yellowish, crisp, tender, juicy, sometimes almost melting, of a mild agreeable flavor. Very good. November to February. Belpee Keeper. jtfYuit below medium, roundish, pale greenish-white, some shades of erimson in sun. Flesh greenish, crisp, tender, pleasant, subacid, Good. January to March. THE APPLE. Belvoir Pippin. Of English origin. Fruit small, roundish ohlate, yellow with crimson in sun, russet at the stalk. Flesh pale yellow, firm, crisp, rich brisk acid. November, December. (Lind.) Belzer. Fruit medium, roundish, yellow striped with rsd. Flesh white, fine, sub-acid. Good. Middle August. (Hov. Mag.) Ben Davis. New York Pippin. Baltimore Red. Victoria Pippin. do. Pippin. Victoria Red. do. Red Streak. Red Pippin. Carolina Red Streak. Kentucky Pippin. Funkhouser. The origin of this apple is unknown. J. S. Downer of Kentucky writes that old trees are there found from which suckers are taken in way of propagating. The tree is very hardy, a free grower, with very Ben. Davia. dark reddish brown, slightly grayish young wood, forming an erect round head, bearing early and abundantly. In quality it is not first- rate, but from its early productiveness, habit of blooming late in Spring after late frosts, good size, fair even fruit, keeping and carrying well, it is very popular in all the Southwest and West. Fruit medium to large. Form roundish, truncated conical, often sides unequal. Color yellowish, almost entirely overspread, splashed, and striped with two shades of red, and dotted sparsely with areola dots; Stalk medium, rather slender. Cavity narrow, deep, russeted. 94 THE APPLE. Calyx partially open. Basin wide, abrupt, slightly corrugated. Flesh wliite, tender, moderately juicy, pleasant, subacid. Core medium to large. Good to very good. December to March Bennf.t Origin, Herefordshire, England, where it is valued for cider. Fruit medium, elongated, oblong, conical, dingy russet gray, orange, and muddy red. (Land.) Benonl This excellent early apple is a native of Dedham, Mass. The tree is of vigorous, upright, spreading habit ; hardy and productive ; Light reddish brown. It is a valuable variety for market or table use. Benoni. Fruit rather below medium size. Form roundish obla'e conical. Color pale yellow, shaded, striped, and marbled with dark crimson, and thinly sprinkled with bright dots. Stalk short, slender. Cavity deep rus- seted. Calyx closed. Segments persistent, sometimes a little recurved. Basin abrupt, quite deep, somewhat uneven. Flesh yellow, juicy, tender, pleasant, subacid. Core small. Very good. August. Bentley's Sweet. Origin unknown. Supposed Virginia. Tree moderately, vigorous, hardy, good bearer and keeper, valuable in the Southwest in rich soils. Fruit medium, roundish, flattened at ends, sometimes slightly oblique, and sometimes sides unequal, pale yellowish green, shaded with pale red and moderately sprinkled with light and brown dots. Stalk long, Blender, curved. Cavity smooth, deep. Calyx large, closed, or partially open. Segments medium length, erect, sometimes a little recurved, Basin large, deep, corrugated. Flesh fine, whitish, compact, sweet, some- what honeyed flavor. Core small. Very good. January to May. the apple. 95 Benwell's Pearmain. An English variety. Fruit medium, roundish conical, dull green, with stripe of red. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, juicy, brisk, aromatic December, January. (Hogg.) Bentley's Sweet. Bere Court Pippin. Origin, Berkshire, England. Fruit medium round, slightly oblate, yellowish with stripes of red in sun. Flesh crisp, juicy, brisk, acid September and October. (Hogg.) Bergner. Originated with G. Bergner, near Hermann, Mo. Tree a rapid grower, with strong branches, somewhat drooping ; hardy and an abund- ant bearer. Fruit large, roundish oblate. Color a rich yellow ground, mostly covered, striped and splashed with shades of maroon red, with some yellow gray or russet dots. Stalk short. Cavity open, regular, deep. Calyx small, closed. Basin abrupt, deep, slightly plaited at base. Core small. Flesh yellow, crisp, juicy, sprightly, aromatic, quince-like. Very good. February to April. Bess, Pool. Best Pool Origin, Warwickshire, England. Tree hardy, vigorous, productive. 96 THE APPLE. Fruit above medium, roundish, conical, regular, yellow, washed and striped with clear red. Flesh white, tender, juicy, vinous, subacid. The stem almost always has a fleshy protuberance on one side. November to March. (Hogg.) Best Bache. Bache's Kernel. Origin, Herefordshire, England, where it is grown mostly for cider- making. Fruit medium, oblong, yellow, shaded and streaked with pale red. (Hogg.) Betsey. An English variety, there regarded as a valuable dessert Apple. Fruit small, roundish oblate, conical; pale yellow with brownish russet in sun. Flesh greenish yellow, tender, juicy, rich, and sugary. November to January. (Hogg.) Betsy's Fancy. Origin unknown. A free grower, rather spreading, good bearer. Fruit scarcely medium, oblate, yellowish, shaded with dull red. Stem short, inserted in a moderate cavity. Calyx closed. Basin shallow and uneven. Flesh compact, tender, pleasant, mild, subacid flavor. Good to very good. December to March. Betblemite. Bethlemite. The origin of this fine apple is unknown. It was first brought to notice from the town of Bethlehem, in Ohio, and is undoubtedly a seed- ling of the Newtown Spitzenberg, which it much resembles. Tree an THE APPLE. 97 upright, strong, stocky, short-jointed grower, with young shootd, dull reddish brown, quite downy. A productive bearer, the fruit keeping and carrying well ; very valuable for all purposes. Fruit, medium, oblate, inclining to conical, regular. Color pale yel- low, striped, shaded and splashed with shades of light and dark red nearly over the whole surface, thin grayish tinge, and pretty thickly sprinkled with light and brown dots. Stalk rather short, slender. Cavity large, considerably russeted. Calyx open or partially closed. Segments large and generally erect. Basin large, sbightly corrugated. Flesh white, com- pact, crisp, juicy, rich, mild subacid, slightly aromatic. Core small. Very good. December to March. Better than Good. Origin uncertain. Tree thrifty, but rather slender, very productive, Fruit medium, oblate, pale yellow, with a few brown dots. Stalk short, inserted in a broad cavity. Calyx closed. Basin large and open. Flesh yellowish, very tender, juicy, with a mild, pleasant, subacid flavor. Good to very good. November to January. Bevan's Favorite. Origin, Salem, New J ersey, where it is a favorite. Tree vigorous and productive. Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, yellow, striped and splashed with red. Flesh white, firm, crisp, subacid. Good. August. Bigg's Nonsuch. Origin, Middlesex, England. Tree hardy and productive. Fruit me- dium, round, broadest at base, yellow, striped with bright crimson. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy. Culinary use. October to December. (Hogg.) Billy Barker. Originated on the farm of Wm. Barker, Wake Co., N. C. Tree up- right grower and good bearer. Fruit large, green, oval, elongated. Flesh yellowish, juicy, tender, brisk, vinous. August. (Gar. Mon.) Billy's Pippin. Fruit large, round ovate, smooth, shaded and indistinctly striped with rich red on yellow. Flesh subacid. Very good. (Coun. Gent.) Birmingham. Of moderate growth, productive. Fruit medium, obliquely oblate, yellow, sprinkled with a few whitish dots. Stalk long, slender, in a broad, deep cavity. Calyx closed, in a large corrugated basin. Flesh yellowish, tender, rather acid, good for cooking. September. Birmingham Pippin. Gramas Pippin. Stone Pippin. Brammage Pippin. Grammage Pippin. Tree of small growth, with short, stout shoots, productive. Fruit small, roundish flattened, dingy yellow, with gray russet, especially 7 98 THE APPLt. niBseted at base. Flesh greenish, crisp, juicy, brisk, pleasant. January to June. (Lind.) Bischoff's Reinette. Fruit medium, roundish conical, lemon yellow, with marl lings of russet. Flesh whitish-yellow, juicy, sugary, vinous, aromatic. Novem- ber to March. (Hogg.) Bishop's Bourne. Received from C. C. Hamilton, Cornwallis, Nova Scotia. Fruit me- dium, roundish conical, pale yellow, shaded, and obscurely splashed and striped on the sunny side, few gray and light dots. Stalk medium, slender. Cavity slightly russeted. Calyx partially closed. Segments long, erect. Basin abrupt, deep, corrugated. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, mild, subacid, slightly aromatic. Very good. Core small. No- vember, December. Black Coal. Welcome. Baltimore Red. Baltimore Red Streak. Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, very productive. Fruit rather large, roundish, deep red, almost black, with a slight bloom, and many white dots. Flesh white, slightly tinged with red, crisp, agreeable, moderately juicy. Good. Core medium. November to February. Black Oxford. Originated in Maine, where it is by many highly esteemed, especially as a good keeper and great bearer. Fruit msdium, roundish oblate, slightly conic, yellow, nearly covered with shades of red, numerous light-colored dots. Flesh whitish, com- pact, not very juicy, mild subacid. Good. March to May. Black Jack. Received from W. C. Hampton, Ohio. Fruit medium, oblate, slight- ly conic, yellowish, mostly overspread with dark rich red, few light gray dots. Flesh whitish-yellow, rather dry, rich, sweet. Good for baking. January, February. Black Warrior. Origin, Alabama. Fruit medium or small, roundish, inclining to conic, regular, greenish, with a few brown dots. Flesh whitish, moderate- ly juicy, rather firm, subacid, good. Core small. November, December. Blackstone Valley Sweet. Originated in Massachusetts. Tree productive. Fruit medium, oblate, often depressed, inclining to conic, greenish-yellow, some nettings of russet, gray and green dots. Flesh white, fine-grained, sweet, and rich. Good for cooking. August. Core small. THE APPLE. Black Annette. An old variety, considerably grown in some parts of the Eastern State* Tree a good bearer. Fruit medium, small, roundish, dark red. Flesh white, tender, negative in character, pleasant. Good. November, December. Black Apple. Small Black. Jersey Black. Black American. An old variety, described and put out by Coxe, and now found in man} sections. The trees are healthy, moderate growers, forming medium-sized, spreading round heads, with drooping limbs. It is a pleasant table fruit, although not of high or rich flavor. Fruit medium. Form roundish oblate, deep red, with a bloom. Flesh white, sometimes slightly stained with pinkish red. Good. November to February. Black Gilliflower. Medium size, oblong conical. Skin very dark, dull red. Flesh white, dry, mild, subacid. Good. November to February. Very productive, and some call it a profitable market fruit. Bland's Jubilee. Originated in Norwich, England. Fruit large, round, slightly conical, obscurely ribbed, clear yellow, with many large russet dots or patches, and russet at the calyx. Flesh yellowish, tender, crisp, juicy, sugary, perfumed. October to January. (Hogg.) Blake. Originated in Westbrook, Cumberland Co., Maine. Fruit medium to large, roundish, greenish yellow, quite yellow at maturity. Flesh firm, fine, crisp, juicy, subacid. Good. October to January. (Me. Rep.) Blakely. Origin, Pawlet, Vermont, on the farm of Mr. Blakely. Vigorous, up right growth, regular bearer. Fruit large, regularly oblate, slightly conic, yellow, with a sunny cheek thinly sprinkled with reddish dots. Stalk small and short, inserted in i broad cavity of moderate depth. Calyx nearly closed. Basin small and shallow. Flesh tender, juicy, with a very pleasant, mild, subacid flavor. Good. January, March. Bleckensderfer. Originated at Zoar, Ohio. Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, yellow, shaded and splashed with two shades of red or crimson. Flesh white, rather firm, tender, juicy, subacid Hardly good. November to February. Bledsoe Pippin. Raised by John Bledsoe, of Carroll Co., Kentucky. Growth moderate, rather spreading, productive, a promising winter Apple for the South. 100 THE APPLE. Fruit very large, regular, roundish, flattened at the base, taper- ing to the apex, greenish yellow, very obscurely striped. Stalk short Cavity deep, slightly russeted. Calyx partly closed, in a somewhat fur rowed basin. Flesh white, fine texture, crisp, juicy, with a mild, pleasant subacid flavor. Good. December to April. (Ky. Hort. Soc.) Blenheim Pippin. Blenheim. Blenheim Orange. Woodstock Pippin. Northwick Pippin. Kempster's Pippin. An old variety, originated at Woodstock, in Oxfordshire, England. Tree a strong and vigorous grower, a regular and abundant bearer. Fruit large, roundish oblate, conical, yellowish, becoming deep orange, stained on the sunny side with dull and dark red stripes. Stalk short and stout, in a deep cavity. Calyx large, open, in a deep broad basin. Flesh yellow, breaking, very sweet, pleasant. Good. October, December. Blinkbonny. Blinkbonny Seedling. Raised by Cleghorn, Montreal, Canada. Tree vigorous, upright spreading, very productive. Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, pale whitish yellow. Stalk long, slender. Calyx closed. Flesh white, rather firm, pleasant, subacid. Core small. Good. September. Blockley. Blockley Pippin. Origin, near Philadelphia. Growth upright, moderate, a good bearer. Fruit medium or large, roundish oblate. Color fine yellow, sometimes with a faint blush, thinly sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk short, rather stout, inserted in a deep russeted cavity. Calyx partially closed, set in a broad, deep, corrugated basin. Flesh yellowish, compact, rich, sprightly mild subacid. Good. November to January. Blondin. Originated with Reuben Ragan, Indiana. Fruit very large, oblate, unequal, greenish yellow, splashed and striped with red, dots large gray, Flesh greenish yellow, tender, juicy. October, November. (Warder.) Blooming Orange. Under this name W. G. Waring, of Centre Co., Pa., has introduced an Apple said to have been brought from Herefordshire, England. We have been unable, from the few specimens examined, to identify it with any known sort. Tree vigorous, with strong, smooth shoots, resembling the Rhode Island Greening in color, but of upright growth. Fruit lai'ge, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, yellowish, strip- ed, splashed, and shaded with dull red, with large whitish and gray dots. Flesh white, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. Core medium. November and December. This may yet prove to be some known kind but as we have not fruited it ourself, cannot decide. the apple. 101 Blue Mountain. Trout Apple or Forelle. Blauberger. Introduced by W. G. Waring. Tree hardy, moderate grower, forn> ing a small round head. Young shoots, slender, dark brown. Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, whitish, with broken splashes and stripes of light red, dotted with few gray dots. Stalk rather short. Calyx small and closed. Basin medium, corrugated. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, brisk subacid. Core large. Good to very good. Novem- ber to February. Blue Mountain Sweet. Origin unknown. Fruit medium size, roundish, slightly oblate, greenish yellow, with a shade of brown. Flesh fine-grained, solid, sweet. Very good. (Count. Gent.) Blue Pearmain. Fruit of the largest size, roundish, regularly formed, very slightly conical. Color stripes of dark purplish-red, over a dull ground, and appearing bluish from the white bloom. Flesh yellowish, mild, rather rich, aromatic, and very good. The tree grows strongly, and bears mode- rate crops. October to February. Bluff Sweet. From the banks of the White River. Fruit medium to small, round, regular, smooth, green. Flesh green ish white, sweet. Good. July. (Warder.) Boas. Kelter. A Pennsylvania Apple, introduced by Rev. Mr. Boas, of Berks Co. Tree a strong grower and productive. Fruit medium, oblate or roundish oblate, pale yellow, shaded and indistinctly splashed and striped with crimson over most of its surface. Stalk short and stout. Cavity medium. Calyx closed or partly open. Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh whitish yellow, fine-grained, juicy, pleasant, brisk subacid. Core small. Very good. January tc March. Boalsbueg. A seedling of Centre Co., Pa. Large, oblong, inclining to conical, delicately mottled, and striped with red on a yellow ground. Stem short, thick, inserted in a deep acuminate russeted cavity. Basin deep, moderately wide. Flesh yellow, juicy, sprightly. Good. February, BOHANNAN. Buchanan. A Southern fruit introduced by Lewis Sanders, of Kentucky. Tree upright spreading, young shoots, light reddish brown. Good regular bearer. Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, approaching conic, fine yellow, with a bright crimson cheek in the sun. Stalk slender, inserted in a round, 102 THE APPLE. uneven, slightly russeted cavity. Calyx closed in a narrow tbrupt basin. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, with a fine spicy subacid flavor Cor« large. Good culinary. September, August. BONUM. Magnum Bonum. Raised by Squire Kinney, Davidson Co., N. C. Tree upright spread- ing, hardy and vigorous, an early and abundant bearer. Young shoots, smooth reddish gray. Bonum. Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, mostly shaded "with deep crimson, and indistinct stripes and splashes of dark red, rather thinly sprinkled "with pretty large bight dots, a portion of them having a dark centre. Stalk long and slender. Cavity medium to large, often with a little green russet. Calyx closed. Segments leather long and sometimes recurved. Basin shallow, slightly corrugated. Flesh white, often stained next the Bkin, firm, tender, juicy, rich, mild subacid. Core small. Very good. November to December. Borden's Early. Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, conical, yellow, striped, and splashed with two shades of red. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, mild subacid. Core large. Good. A desirable cooking apple. Borovitsky. A Russian Apple of medium size, roundish, angular. Skin pale whitish yellow, faintly striped. Flesh white, firm, subacid. August. There may be a distinct variety under this name, but, so far as re- ceived by me, it has proved to be identical with Duchess of Oldenburg. THE APPLE. 103 BORSDORFFER. Bursdorff. King George the 1'hird. Queen's. Reinette Btltarde. Edler Winter Borsdorffer. Bursdorffer. Garret Pippin. King. Le Grand Bohemian Borsdorffer. Reinette de Misnie. A small celebrated German Apple. Fruit roundish oval, narrowing at the eye. Skin pale yellow, with a full red cheek, sprinkled with a little russet. Flesh yellowish white very firm and crisp, with a rich, brisk, perfumed flavor. November te. February. BORSDORF OGNON. Reinette Plate. Zweibel ApfeL Of Gerniau origin. Tree with short, stocky, yellowish-brown shoots, regular roundish head. Fruit small, greenish yellow, with large, distinct gray spots. Flesh white, firm, subacid, perfumed, rich flavor. Winter. (Verg.) Bonne Virginie. A Belgian variety. Fruit medium, roundish, flattened at base, glossy greenish yellow, with red in the sun. Flesh white, firm, sugary, slightly acid, agreeably perfumed. October. (Alb. Pom.) Bossom. Originated at Petworth, England. Fniit large, conical, pale greenish yellow, very much russeted, and with bright red on sunny side. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, sugary, subacid. Valuable as a cooking-apple. November to March. (Lind.) Botigxe. De Boutigne. Of Belgic origin. Tree vigorous, upright, with large reddish-brown shoots, downy at the end. Fruit rather large, oblong conical, yellow, washed over with car- mine red, and marbled with spots of gray and black. Flesh yellowish, firm, very juicy, sugary. Core long, irregular. November to March. (Alb. Pom.) Bottle Greening. Tli is variety was found near the Vermont and New York State line, and takes its name from a hollow in the original tree, where workmen were accustomed to keeping their bottle. If was introduced to notice tii id disseminated by Eben Wight, of Dorchester, ..Mass. Tree a tine grower, vigorous, spreading. Young wood reddish yellow. Fruit in limn, oblate incUning greenish-yellow, shaded with dull crimson in the sun, a slight bloom, and thinly sprinkled with light dots. Stalk rather short. Cavity broad. Calyx closed. Basin small, corrugated. Flesh white, subacid, almost melting. Core snialL Very good. January, February. 104 THE APPLE. BOURASSA. A foreign variety, succeeds well at the North, apt to shrivel, and does not keep well. Fruit medium, roundish conic, ribbed, yellowish, rich orange rus- set on the sunny side. Flesh white, sometimes stained, tender, with a pleasant aromatic flavor. Good. November, December. Bowyer's Russet. An English variety. Valuable for desert there in September. Tree healthy and productive. Fruit small, roundish conical, yellowish, russeted. Flesh yellow- ish wb*1* b, crisp, brisk, aromatic. September. (Lind.) Bowker. Tree vigorous, rather spreading, good bearer. Fruit medium, roundish flattened, slightly conic, pale yellow, tinged with crimson, sparsely covered with brown, and gray dots. Flesh ■white, tender, juicy, pleasant, mild, subacid. Good. October. Bowling's Sweet. From Spottsylvania Co., Va. A very vigorous grower and very pi oductive. Fruit medium, roundish. Color dull red, on a yellow ground. Flesh rich, juicy, sweet, and entirely free from acid. Good. October to January. BOXFORD. Fruit medium, oblate. Skin whitish, striped with red. Flesh com- pact, crisp, juicy, subacid. Good. September, October. Braddick's Nonpareil. Originated at Surrey, England. Fruit small, roundish conical, or flattened at base, yellowish, with brownish red in the sun, and russet near the calyx. Flesh yellowish, rich, sugary, aromatic. October, December. (Lind.) Bradley's Autumn. Originated in orchard of Mr. Bradley, Plymouth, Mich. Tree thrifty, with a spreading top, productive. Fruit large, roundish oval, somewhat ribbed, whitish-yellow, shaded where exposed to the sun with fine crimson, and pretty thickly sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk rather short and small. Cavity uneven, acute. Calyx closed. Segments erect. Basin rather abrupt, furrowed. Flesh white, moderately juicy, brisk, subacid. Core large. Good. Excel- lent for cooking. October to January. Brand ywine. Origin unknown. Fruit above medium, roundish conical, slightly ribbed, a little ob« THE APPLE. 106 lique, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and striped with red over half tc two-thirds its surface, many large, light dots. Stalk short and small. Cavity deep. Calyx closed, or partially open. Basin large. Flesh yel- lowish, crisp, juicy, tender, mild, somewhat rich, subacid, slightly aro- matic. Core small. Good to very good. November to February. Brabant Bellflower. Brabant Belle-fleux. Iron Apple. The Brabant Belle-fleur is a variety from Holland. The^.abit of the tree is spreading, and it requires to be grafted high to make • good head. Fruit large, roundish oblong, slightly ribbed. Skin pale yellow, much striped with red. Calyx large, set in a pretty wide, irregular basin. Flesh firm, juicy, with a rich, pleasant, subacid flavor. Good Valuable for cooking. October to January. Breedon Pippin. A. variety from Berkshire, England. Tree hardy, slender, productive. Fruit small, roundish oblate, dull yellow, tinged with orange, be- coming red in the sun, with traces of russet. Flesh yellowish, firm, with a vinous brisk flavor. October, November. (Lind.) Brennaman. Raised by Mr. Brennaman, Lancaster Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, up- right, productive. Young wood short-jointed, reddish-brown, some- what downy. Fruit rather above medium size, roundish oblate, yellowish, nearly covered with red stripes, and splashed. Stem short, in a large cavity. Calyx closed in a deep basin. Flesh white, tender, juicy, with a pleas- ant, subacid flavor. Good. Excellent for cooking. August, Sep- tember. Brewer. From Massachusetts, a good grower, an annual bearer. Fruit very large, roundish, yellow, with a slight blush. Flesh yel- lowish, tender, pleasant, mild, subacid. Good. October, November. Brewer's Pippin. An English variety. Fruit medium, roundish, brownish yellow, with red stripes. Flesh white, crisp, tender, subacid. Cooking. November. (L. H. S.) Beickley Seedling. Of English origin. Tree hardy, productive. Fruit small, roundish conical, greenish yellow, red when exposed to the sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, rich, sugary. January to April. (Lind.) Brigg's Auburn. Origin, Auburn, Me. Tree hardy, vigorous, and productive ; fruit large, oblat°, somewhat ribbed, whitish yellow, blush in sun, with a few light anil gray dots. Flesh white, firm, pleasant, mild, subacid. Core medium. Good. September, October. 106 the apple. Bridgewater Pippin An old English culinary sort. Fruit large, roundish, slightly flattened, ribbed, deep yellow, witk blush of red in sun and near the stalk. Flesh yellowish, brisk, pleasant. October, December. (Hogg.) Brill's Seedling. A chance seedling of Francis Brill, Newark, N. J. Tree a rapid up- right grower, with light-colored shoots. Fruit large, oblong conical, much ribbed, yellow, moderately sprin kled with gray dots. Skin oily. Stalk rather short. Calyx closed. Basin large, corrugated. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sprightly, subacid. Core very large and open. Good to very good. November. An apple of good promise as a profitable market sort, being large and showy. Brimer. Voder. Of Pennsylvania origin. Fruit medium, oblate inclining to conic, sides sometimes unequal and slightly ribbed, whitish yellow, with a tinge of red in the sun, and thinly sprinkled with gray dots. Flesh whitish, crisp, rather tender, juicy, pleas- ant, subacid. Good to very good. Core small. February, March. Brincklet White Sweet. Unknown origin. Fruit small, roundish oblate, pale whitish green, dull red on the sun- ny side, few gray dots. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, sweet, honeyed flavor. Very good. October. Bringewood Pippin. Originated with Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq., Herefordshire, Eng- land. Tree hardy, but a slender grower. Fruit small, roundish, rich yellow, dotted and marked with russet. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, sugary, aromatic, dry. October to March. (Lind.) Bristol Pearmain. Origin, Hampshire, England. Fruit small, oblong, ribbed, dull yellowish green, stripes of crimson and patches of gray russet. Flesh yellow, firm, not juicy or of much value. October to February. (Hogg.) Bristol. An old variety, much grown in Connecticut many years since. A pleasant but not rich fruit. Tree hardy, rather slender, drooping when in fniit. Fruit medium or below, roundish, inclining to conic, dark rich crim- son red. Flesh very white, often stained under the skin, tender, juicy. Good to very good. Core rather large. January to March. the apple. 107 Brittle Sweet. Origin unknown. Tree moderately vigorous, very productive Thin valuable apple is little known ; in beauty and quality it may be classed as among the best, and deserves more attention. Fruit above medium, roundish, approaching conical. Color pale yel- low, shaded, splashed and marbled over nearly the entire surface, with shades of light and dark crimson red, many small gray and white dots. Stalk rather short, slender. Cavity regular, broad, moderately deep. Calyx closed. Segments small, often recurved. Basin small corrugated. Flesh yellowish, crisp, tender, juicy with a peculiar honeyed sweet, and slightly aromatic. Core rather large. Very good. October and No- vember. Broad-End. Winter Broading. Kentish Broading. Broading. An old English culinary apple, in use from November to Christmas. Tree strong, vigorous, productive. Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellowish green, red in sun, with patches of russet. Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp, subacid. (Hogg.) Broad-Eye Pippin. Another old English sort for culinary use. Fruit large, oblate, greenish yellow, tinged with red in the suiu Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp, brisk, juicy. January. (Hogg.) Broad well. Broadwell Sweet. Originated with Jacob Broadwell, near Cincinnati, O. An ex- tremely valuable sweet apple, either for the table or cooking. Tree vigorous, quite hardy, very spreading, irregular, productive. Young shoots dull reddish brown, downy 108 1HE AFPLE. Fruit medium, oblate, somewhat conic. Color clear bright yellow, brownish blush in the sun exposure, with carmine spots. Dots few, green- ish, suffused beneath. Stalk rather short. Cavity broad, russeted. Calyx closed, with short segments. Basin abrupt, regular. Flesh whitish, firm, juicy, rich, sweet. Core small. Very good. November to February. Brookes. An old Norman Apple. Tree a free but slender grower, abundant bearer. Fruit small, conical, golden orange, with bright red next the sun, some russet. Flesh yellowish, firm, rich, sweet, aromatic. October to Feb- ruary. (Bon.) Bronson Sweet. Origin unknown. This variety was many years since carried by a Dr. Bronson from Connecticut to Ohio, without name, and there re- ceived its present title. Tree a moderate grower, making a round head. Fruit medium, oblate, sometimes oblate conic, yellowish, mostl) overspread, striped, and splashed with red. Flesh white, compact, moderately juicy, pleasant, sweet. Good. October, November. Brown. A Pennsylvania Apple. Fruit medium, oblate, slightly ribbed, yellow, striped, splashed and shaded with light and dark crimson over two-thirds the surface. Flesh yellowish, crisp, tender, juicy, rather rich, subacid. Very good. Core small. October, November. Brown Renting. An English dessert apple. Fruit above medium, roundish, slightly ribbed, yellowish, with rus- set marblings and brown russet in the sun. Flesh yellowish, crisp, brisk, aromatic. October to December. (Hogg.) Brown's Summer Beauty. Origin, Slough, England. Tree vigorous, good bearer. Fruit medium, roundish conical, dull greenish yellow, with a red cheek. Flesh delicate, rich, juicy. A fine table apple. September. (Bon.) Brownlee's Busset. Brownlee's Seedling Russet. Reinette Grise Brownlee's. An English variety. Tree vigorous. Fruit large, roundish, flattened greenish, with brownish red next the Bun. Flesh greenish white, tender, juicy, sweet, aromatic. Good for cooking or the dessert. From January to May. (Hogg.) Brownite. Brown's Winter. Origin, supposed Delaware. Tree a regular grower, with spreading branches. THE APPLE. 109 Fruit below medium, roundish oblong, conical. Flesh tendei, ciisp< sprightly. Mid- winter. (Coxe.) Buoughton. A valuable English dessert Apple. Fruit small, conical, regular, greenish yellow, covered with livelj red, becoming deep red in sun, and with many russet dots. Flesh green- ish yellow, tender, brisk, rich flavor. October to December. (Hogg.) Buchanan's Pippin. Buchanan's Seedling. Kaised by Robert Buchanan, Cincinnati, O. Tree vigorous, round- headed, very productive. Fruit medium, oblate or roundish oblate. Color yellow, splashed and striped with light and dark crimson, in the sun dark crimson ma- roon, many light conspicuous dots. Stalk short and small. Cavity medium to large, russeted. Calyx partially closed. Segments medium erect, or partially recurved. Basin rather abrupt, slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, rather firm, crisp, juicy, pleasant, slightly aromatic, subacid. Core close and small. Very good. January to April. Buckingham. Queen. Equinetely. Sol. Carter. Fall Queen. Byer's. Winter Queen. Winter Queen. Ox-Eye of some in Ky. Ne Plus Ultra. Kentucky Queen. Bachelor. King. Lexington Queen. Merit. Byer's Red. Frankfort Queen. Blackburn. Red Gloria Mundi of some. Ladies' Favorite of Tenn. Henshaw. Red Horse of some. The origin of this Apple appears all unknown. It has been long grown In Virginia, Kentucky, and other Southwestern States, and is there a profitable and popular variety, valuable either for market or table use. It matures often in November, but will keep into February. Tree hardy, healthy, moderately vigorous and productive, forming a round- headed spreading tree of medium size. Young shoots rather slender, dull reddish brown. Fruit medium to large. Form oblate, inclining to conic. Color green- ish yellow, mostly covered, shaded, striped, and splashed with two shades of crimson or purplish red, many light brown dots. Stalk short. Cavity broad, deep, slightly russeted. Calyx closed. Segments to a point. Basin rather large, deep, slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish,. rather coarse, breaking, tender, juicy, mild, sprightly, subacid. Core small. Very good to best. November to February. Bucks County Pippin. Origin, ±5ucks Co., Pa. Tree upright, spreading. Young shoot pretty stout, short-jointed, reddish brown, downy, with pi'ominent downy buds. Fruit rather large, oblate or roundish oblate, oblique, greenish yel- low, sometimes with a dull blush hi the sun, brown dots. Stalk short. Cavity large, irregular. Calyx closed or partially open. Basin abrupt^ 110 THE APPLE. slightly furrowed. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, tender, brisk, subacid. Very good. November to March. Buckingham. Buck Meadow. Origin, Norwich, Conn., productive. Fruit above medium, roundish, lightly conic, yellow, marbled and streaked with red. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, with a rather rich, pleasant, vinous flavor. Good. November to March. Buel's Favorite. Spotted Pippin. Gray Pippin. Fruit medium, roundish, greenish yellow. Flesh white, firm. No- vember. Hardly good. Buel's Sweet. Fruit small, roundish conical, yellow, shaded with rich deep red in sun, brown dots. Flesh white, con pact, not tender, moderately juicy, not quite good. Winter. Buffington's Early. Origin said to be on the Brandywine, Pa. Tree of good upright growth, bears moderately. Fruit medium or below, oblate, yellowish white, sometimes a faint blush. Stalk short. Cavity large, slightly russeted. Calyx closed. Basin shallow, slightly corrugated. Flesh tender, juicy, with a sprightly sub- acid flavor. Good. Middle of August. THE APPLE. Ill Buff. Granny Buff. Origin, Haywood Co., N. C. Tree vigorous, upright, productive. Fruit large to very large. Form roundish oblate, irregular. Sides un- equal. Color whitish yellow, overspread with broad, broken splashes and stripes of dark crimson. Stalk short, rather slender. Cavity large, deep, much l-usseted. Calyx open or partially closed. Segments medium length, separated and partially recurved. Basin deep, abrupt, slightly cor- rugated. Flesh white, rather coarse, breaking, subacid. Core medium. Good. December and January. Bull's Golden Reinette. An English variety. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, highly colored with crimson red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet. December, January. (Hogg.) Bullett. Bartlett. Priestly of some. An old variety, origin unknown. Fruit medium, oblong truncated, bright red and yellow. Flesh light yellow, subacid. Good. Valuable only as a long keeper. January to June. Bullett. Green Abram. North Carolina Greening. An old variety of Southern origin, formerly much grown in Virginia, Kentucky, and North Carolina, but uow superseded by better sorts. Tree hardy, a slow, rather slender grower, of a drooping habit, productive. Fruit medium, oblate, oblique, greenish, mostly overspread with stripes and shades of red and grayish russet. Flesh white, firm, mode- rately juicy, peculiar subacid. Good. Core small, compact. January to June. Valuable only for its long keeping quality. Burrell's Red. An English Apple of robust growth and productive. Fruit above medium, conical, red, approacliing scarlet. Flesh juicy, agreeable acid. November to January. (Ron.) Burr's Seedling. Origin, Marlborough, England. Fruit medium roundish, slightly conical, yellow, blush red in the sun, patches and dots of russet. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, subacid. October to December. (Hogg.) Burr's Winter Sweet. Raised by Elisha Burr, Hingham, Mass., a good grower, comes early into bearing, productive. Fruit medium, oblate inclining to conic, yellow, marbled and striped with light and dark red. Stalk short, inserted in a large cavity. Calyx closed. Basin small. Flesh yellowish, fine grained, tender, juicy, 112 THE APPLE. with a sugary aromatic flavor. Very good. Core small. November to March. Burst Open. Origin unknown. Fruit medium, oblate, much ribbed, pale whitish yellow, splashed and striped with light and dark crimson, few gray and light dots. Flesh whitish, tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid. Good Core medium. November. Burroughs Greening. Origin, farm of Stephen M. Burroughs, Vergennes, Vt. Good grower, tree spreading, and regular bearer. Medium, nearly globular, inclining to conic. Skin greenish, yellow. Stem long, slender. Calyx closed. Basin furrowed. Flesh solid, juicy, crisp, with a pleasant spicy subacid flavor. Good. January and February. Bush's Beauty. Origin on the farm of Henry Bush, near Sandusky, O. Tree spread- ing, a yearly abundant bearer. Fruit medium, roundish, flattened at base. Surface irregular, creamy white, striped and splashed with vermil- ion pink, a little russet toward the stalk. Flesh white, crisp, tender, acid. Good. September, October. "Valuable for market. Bush. Origin, farm of Christian Dale, near Boalsburg, Centre Co., Pa. Rather above medium, oblate inclining to conical, light yellow, faint blush in the sun, brown dots. Flesh white, rather firm, mild subacid. Nearly very good. Core small. September. Bushwhacker. A variety found wild near Nyack, N. J. Fruit large, roundish con- ical, yellow. Good. February to May. Butter. From Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, upright, very productive. Fruit above medium, roundish, yellow, fair. Stalk short. Cavity deep and round. Calyx small, closed. Basin large and open. Flesh whitish, very sweet and rich, valuable for cooking, and esteemed for making apple-butter. Sep- tember and October. Another Butter apple is described in Elliott as follows : — " Fruit below medium, regular roundish, red marbling and overspreading yellow, few yellow russet dots, russet near and in cavity of stem. Stem long, slen- der. Cavity narrow, deep. Calyx half closed. Basin abrupt, ribbed. Core medium. Seeds roundish ovate. Flesh yellowish white, tender, sweet. Very good. November to February." Another Butter is thus described by Warder, with Fulkerson's as a ■ynonjm : — " Fruit small, very regular, oblate. Surface very smooth and bo covered with mixed red as rarely to show the yellow ground color ; upon this are laid darker stripes of deep red. Dots minute and inconspicuous. Basin medium, regular, folded. Eye rather large, closed. Cavity acute. Stem of medium thickness, rather long. Core wide ; large, plump pointed THE APPLE. 113 ■eed. Flesh yellow, tender, fine-grained, juicy, with a sweet rici and aromatic flavor. October to January." There are, besides these, three or four different varieties under the name of Butter, which appears to be a favorite name with some to apply to any good sweet apple for sauce or cooking. B yam's Sweet. Of unknown origin. An eastern variety. Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, yellowish, with a shade of red in the sun, gray dots. Flesh whitish, rather tender, juicy, lively, sweet pleasant flavor. Core small. Very good. October. Byson Wood Russet. Byson Wood. An English Apple, there esteemed for dessert. Fruit below medium, oblate, greenish yellow, covered with gray rus- set. Flesh greenish, firm, crisp, juicy, brisk, sugary, aromatic. Decem- ber to February. (Hogg.) Cabashea. 20-Ounce Pippin. King. Origin unknown. Tree a vigorous grower, poor bearer, and unprofit- able. Young shoots very dark reddish brown, downy. Fruit very large, roundish oblate, conical, yellow striped and splash- ed with dull red. Flesh whitish, coarse, subacid. Poor. December to February. Cabbage-Head. Probable origin, New Jersey. Tree a vigorous grower and good bearer. Fruit large, oblate conical, golden yellow, with a few gray dots. Flesh yellow, a little coarse, crisp, juicy, brisk, subacid. Good. Core medium. December. Cache. A native of Pulaski Co., 111. Tree healthy and productive. Fruit medium, roundish conical, greenish, with a shade of brownish crimson in the sun, gray dots. Flesh white, close-grained, not very juicy, mild subacid. Good to very good. Core small. November. Cake Apple. Connecticut Cake. Origin, Connecticut. Medium, oblate, much depressed, yellowish, with a blush. Flesh juicy, tender, pleasant, subacid, almost sweet. Good, sometimes very good. A great keeper, and in some localities considered valuable on account of its productiveness, fair even size, and keeping quality. January to March. Caleb Sweet. Of Pennsylvania origin. Tree vigorous and very productive. 8 114 THE APPLE. Fruit medium, oblate conical, yellow, with a tinge of brown in son,. Flesb yellowish, crisp, rich, sweet. Core small. Good. September. Calville Blanche a Cote's. Of French origin. Tree vigorous, productive, with long jointed branches of reddish brown. Fruit medium, conical, flattened at base, lemon yellow, with red in sun. Flesh white, fine-grained, tender, acid. December to May. (Verg.) Calville Malingre. Pomme de Malingre, and many other synonyms. An old variety. Origin in doubt. Fruit very large, elongated, ribbed, yellow, deep red next the sun, with stripes of darker red. Flesh white, delicate, juicy, agreeable, acid. A culinary apple. From July to April. (Hogg.) Calville Rouge de Micoud. This is an old French Apple, said to blossom and get three crops of fruit in a season. The fruit is large to small in size, mostly covered with red, with a yel- lowish-white sweet flesh. (Lind.) Calef's Sweet. Magoun Apple. Origin, Kingston, N. H. Fruit large, roundish flattened, yellow, with gray dots and crimson specks. Flesh white, very rich and sweet. November to January. (Maine Report.) Camack's Sweet. Camack's Winter Sweet. Grape Vine. Origin, Macon Co., N. C. Tree a slow grower, with small wiry branches, irregular spreading, an early and abundant bearer. Fruit medium, roundish, sometimes conical, light yellow gren, red in sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, brisk, pleasant, saccharine. Good. Core small. February. Campbell. This new variety is an accidental seedling in the grounds of George W. Campbell, Delaware, O. He describes the tree as a vigorous strong grow- er, open spreading habit, shoots stout, blunt, leaves large and abundant, a good regular bearer. Fruit medium, roundish, oblate, a little oblique, pea green, with bro- ken dull red stripes in the sun or toward the stalk end, and with more or less of russet from the stalk cavity ; scattering rough distinct dots- Stalk short. Cavity deep, open, narrow, russeted. Calyx closed with broken segments. Basin very deep, slightly furrowed. Flesh greenish white, crisp, breaking, half tender, mild, juicy, subacid, pleasant. Good to very good. Core small. Slightly hollow in centre. Seeds dark blackish, pointed. December to February. the apple. 116 Cambusnethan Pippin. Winter Red Streak. Watch Apple. A Scotch variety, medium, roundish, light yellow, striped and shaded with crimson and dark red. Flesh yellowish, juicy, subacid. Good to rery good. September, December. Campfield. Newark Sweeting. Sweet Maiden's Blush. A capital New Jersey cider apple, ranking next to the Harrison. It forms a fine large tree, with straight, spreading limbs, and is very pro- ductive. Fine for baking and stock feeding. Fruit of medium size, roundish, rather flattened. Skin smooth, washed and striped with red, over a greenish-yellow ground. Flesh white, rather dry, firm, rich and sweet. Good. April, May. Can. A very old Apple, originated in Schenectady, N. Y. Tree a good bearer. Fruit above medium, oblong, yellow, shaded with crimson. Flesh whitish, not juicy, pleasant. Good. November. Cann. Winter Sweet Bough. Winter Bough. Sweet Cann. Tree vigorous and productive. Fruit large, roundish, conic, greenish yellow, with a dull crimson cheek, slightly sprinkled with brown dots. Flesh wliite, compact, not very juicy, rich, sweet, and pleasant. Core large. December to March. A good cooking and market apple. Canada Reinette. Canadian Reinette. De Bretagne. Grosse Reinette d'Angleterre. Portugal. Pouime du Caen. Januarea. Reinette du Canada Blanche. Wahr Reinette. Reinette Grosse du Canada. Praire Rambour Reinette. Reinette du Canada a Cortes. It is easy to see that the Canada Reinette is a popular and highly esteemed variety in Europe, by the great number of synonyms under which it is known. It is doubtful, notwithstanding its name, whether it is truly of Canadian origin, as Merlet, a French writer, describes the same fruit in the 17th century, and some authors think it was first brought to this continent from Normandy, and carried back under its new name. At any rate, it is a very large and handsome fruit, a good bearer, and of excellent quality in all respects. Wherever grown in this country it sustains its foreign reputation, the tree being of vigor- ous habit, spreading, open, and productive. Young shoots clear red- dish-brown, slightly downy. Fruit of the largest size, oblate conical, flattened ; rather irregular, with projecting ribs ; broad at the base, narrowing towards the eve, four inches in diameter, and three deep. Skin greenish-yellow, slightly Washed with brown on the sunny side, sprinkled with dots ami russet 116 THE APPLE. patches. Stalk short, inserted in a wide hollow. Calyx short and large, set in a rather deep, irregular basin. Flesh nearly white, rather firm, juicy, with a rich, lively, subacid flavor. Very good to best. Ripe in December, and, if picked 'early in autumn, it will keep till April. The Canada Reinette Grise is very much like the above, and may prove identical. Canada Reinette. Cane Creek Sweet. Origin, Burke Co., on Cane Creek, N. C. Fruit medium, roundish, pale greenish-yellow, shade of brown. Flesi white, rather firm, mild, sweet. Core medium. Good. July, August. Cannon Pearmain. Tree vigorous, spreading, and productive ; much grown in North Caro Una, and some portions of the West. Fruit medium, roundish conic. Color yellow, striped, and marbled with red and dark crimson, with large grayish dots. Stalk short. Cavity small, russeted. Calyx large, open. Basin large, round, deep, and open, corrugated. Flesh yellow, firm, with a rich, brisk, subacid flavor. Very good. December to March. Canterbury Reinette. Reinette de Cantorbery. Tree moderately vigorous. Fruit large, roundish oblate, conical, greenish-yellow. Stalk long. Cavity deep. Calyx closed. Flesh white, coarse, juicy, sharp, acid, January to March. (Alb. Pom.) the apple. 117 Capital. Origin, Indiana. Fruit small, globular, truncate, deep red on greenish yellow. Flesh yel« low, breaking, juicy, subacid. Good. December to January. (Warder.) Capron's Pleasant. Fruit medium, or above, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with a brownish tinge. Stalk rather stout, inserted in an open cavity, slightly russeted. Calyx large, closed, in a medium basin. Flesh yellow, juicy, tender, mild, subacid, and very agreeable. Good. Core small. September to October. Caraway Russet. From England. Fruit below medium, oblate, pale brown russet, with an orange tinge in sun. Flesh firm, crisp, juicy, sweet. February. (Hogg.) Garbage. Medium, roundish conic, yellow. Flesh tender, juicy, sweet, with- out much flavor. September, October. Cardinal Red. Of European origin. Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic ; sides unequal ; very dark red, almost blackish next the stalk ; some light gray dots. Flesh white, rather firm, juicy, sprightly subacid. Good. Core small. January, February. Carey's Seedling. Ohio origin. Fruit small, roundish, yellow, slight blush in sun. Flesh yellow- ish white, tender, subacid. Good. October, November. Carlisle Codlin. A dwarf variety of the old English Codlin. Tree hardy, and abun- dant bearer. Fruit above medium, ovate, flattened at base, pale yellow with a few russety specks. Flesh white, tender, crisp, juicy. A good cooking apple from August to September. (Hogg.) Carmel Sweet. Speckled Sweet. A native of Carmel, Putnam Co., 1ST. Y. Tree vigorous, upright, spreading. Very productive. Young shoots dull reddish brown, smooth. Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, with a blush, many fine red dots. Flesh white, juicy, tender, sweet, and rich. Very good. Octo- ber, November. Carnahan's Favorite. Origin, with Mr. Carnahan, Cincinnati, O. Tree vigorous, produo 1 18 THE APPLE. tive. Fniit large, roundish conic. Color yellowish, striped and shaded with red, and much sprinkled with green or russet dots. Fiesh fine grained, juicy, with a very pleasant vinous flavor. Good December to March. Carnation. Fruit medium size, a delicious subacid apple, fully first-rate, dark- red, splashed with russet. Flesh white, brittle, and very juicy. Both the calyx and stem are sunk in deep depressions. 10th of August. (White's Gai-d.) Caroline. Said to have originated near Tremont, O. Tree a strong upright grower and abundant bearer. Fruit medium, roundish, slightly oblate, pale lemon yellow, brown- ish blush in the sun. Calyx large. Stalk slender. Flesh white, ten- der, mild, subacid. Core rather large. Very good. September. Caroline. Carolina Baldwin. Origin, premises of A. G. Baldwin, Hanover, N. J. Tree vigorous and productive. Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish, mostly shaded with maroon, ob- scurely striped, and splashed with light and dark red, and thickly cov- ered with light dots. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, mild, subacid, rather rich. Very good. Core medium. December to March. Caroline. From Norfolk, England. Fruit above middle size, roundish, rich yellow, streaked with red. Flesh firm, brisk juice, high flavor. Cooking. November to February. (Lind.) Caroline Auguste. Of Belgic origin. Tree vigorous, with upright reddish brown shoots. Fruit medium, roundish, pale green with spots of brown. Flesh white, •ringed with rose on the sunny side, fine acid, with a pine-apple perfume. September. (Verg.) Carolina Red June. Knight's Red June. Blush June. Wilson's June Red June. Georgia June. Origin somewhat uncertain, supposed to be Carolina. Tree very vigorous, upright, an early and abundant bearer, much esteemed at the South and Southwest as their best early Apple, ripe a few days after Early Harvest, not equal to it in flavor, but more profitable as an orchard fruit. Fruit medium or below, oval, irregular, inclining to conic. Skin smooth, nearly the whole surface shaded with deep red, and almost of a purplish hue on the sunny side, and covered with a light bloom. Stnlk THE APPLE. 119 variable in length, inserted in a small narrow cavit}'. Calyx closed. Segments long, reflexed. Basin narrow, plaited. Flesh very white tender, juicy, with a brisk subacid flavor. Core rather large. VeiT good.* Carolina Bed June. Carolina Sweet. Fruit rather large, roundish, a little flattened, yellow, slightly shaded in the sun. Flesh yellow, dry, sweet. Poor. August. Carolina Watson. Of Southern origin. Fruit large, oblate conical, greenish, shaded, splashed and striped »ith dull red, large light dots, with dark centres. Flesh white, coarse, mild, subacid. Good. August. Carpenter. Originated from a seed of the Belmont, with Charles Carpenter, Aelley Island. Tree a moderate grower, forming a medium-sized round, spreading head. Fruit medium roundish oblate, yellow, oily surface, shaded with a brownish crimson in sun, and occasional marblings of russet. Flesh yellowish, rather firm, rather rich, pleasant subacid. Good, or almost ♦cry good. Core small. Productive. Good keeper. January to March. * Carolina Striped June — (Carolina June). This is generally confounded with the above, and is scarcely distinguishable except that, as it ripens, it be comes striped. One is doubtless a seedling from the other. 120 the apple. Oarpentin Reinette. Heine Graue Keinette. Der Carpentdn. A German Apple. Tree a free grower and good bearer. Fruit small, roundish oblong, yellowish green, striped and washed with red, dark red in the sun. Flesh yeUowish white, tender, juicy, vinous, aromatic. December to April. (Hogg.) Carter. Royal Pippin. Origin, farm of Nath. Carter, Leominster, Mass. A vigorous grower and productive. Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, yellow, slightly shaded, striped, and marbled with red. Stalk short, inserted in a deep cavity. Calyx, closed, set in a large basin. Flesh tender, rather coarse, juicy, pleasant, subacid. Good to very good. Core small. October to January. Carter's Blue. Lady Fitzpatrick. This variety originated at Mount Meigs, near Montgomeiy, Ala. Tree a fine upright grower, an early bearer. Young shoots reddish brown, very close grained. Fruit large, roundish oblate, greenish, washed and striped with dull red and covered with a blue bloom. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, sugary, rich, aromatic. Very good. September to November. Carver. Origin, Norristown, Pa. Tree productive. Fruit large, roundish, lemon yellow. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Flesh yellowish, juicy, tender, vinous, subacid. Good. August. There is also a Carver Apple from Montgomery Co., which is red, and a winter fruit. Cart's Summer. Of unknown origin. Probably an old variety. Fruit large, round, flattened, rich yellow, splashed with crimson. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. Core medium. June to September. (Warder.) Case. An Apple somewhat grown in Connecticut. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, light and dark red, striped and splashed. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, crisp, aromatic, pleasant, sub- acid. Good. November. Cash Sweet. Medium 'size, oblate, conic. Skin whitish, with a blush. Flesh white, sweet, and rather dry. September. the apple. 121 Castle Major. An English cooking Apple. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with white specks, Flesh firm, juicy, brisk, acid. January to April. (Lind.) Catface. From Kentucky. Fruit large, conical, truncated, greenish yellow, with streaks of red, Flesh white, tender, brisk, subacid. Good. February, March. Cathead Sweet. Tree hardy, good bearer. Fruit large, roundish conic, greenish yellow, slight blush. Flesh white, tender, sweet, not rich. Good. October. Catline. Gregson Apple. Origin, Maryland. Tree of slow growth, very productive, much esteemed in the lower part of Delaware. Below medium size, oblate, yellow, bright red cheek, with stripes. Flesh tender, rich, juicy, and sweet. Good. October to December. There is also a White Catline, which is smaller in size, oblate, green- ish white, and maturing in September and October. It is juicy, tender, pleasant. Good. Catshead. Round Catshead. Cathead Greening. A very large Apple, cultivated for drying in some parts of the coun- try, but of little other value except as a cooking apple. Fruit of the lai-gest size, round, quite smooth, pale green. Flesh tender, with a subacid juice. Good. October and November. Cato. Origin, probably Maryland. Fruit small, oblate, white shaded, and splashed with bright red, deep in sun, few light dots. Flesh white, often stained next the skin, tender, sprightly, subacid. Good. January to March. Catooga. Corbin. Cattoogaja. Cuttugaja. A Southern variety. Fruit large, roundish, sides unequal, yellow, with brown dots. Flesh whitish yellow, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. Cooking fruit. November. Caywood. Origin, Ulster Co., N. Y. Only valued as a keeper. Fruit medium, oblate. Skin bright yellow, with a tinge of red on the sunny side. Stalk rather long, in a broad, shallow cavity. Calyx 122 THE APPLE. Email, closed. Basin broad and wrinkled. Flesh yellowhh, rather firm, pleasant, but not juicy or rich. Good. December, May. Cedar Falls. A native of Forsyth Co., N. C. Fruit medium to large, a little oblate in form, deep yellow, nearly covered with purplish red ; patch of russet around the stalk. Flesh yellow, firm, aromatic, subacid. November to February. (White.) Celestia. Originated with L. S. Mote, Miami Co., O. A new variety of good promise as an amateur sort. Fruit large, form roundish, conical, slightly ribbed. Color pale yel- low, moderately sprinkled with gray or brown dots, and sometimes large dots of red. Stalk rather short and slender. Cavity deep, uneven. Calyx closed. Segments long, slender, partially recurved. Basin rather small, furrowed. Flesh yellowish, crisp, tender, juicy, very pleasant, rich, mild, subacid. Core rather large. Very good. October. Cellini. An English culinary Apple. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, deep yellow, with streaks and mot- tlings of dark crimson. Stalk short. Cavity slightly russeted. Calyx large, open. Basin corrugated. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk, and pleasant. Very good. September, October. Challenge. Raised by D. C. Bichmond, Sandusky, O. A thrifty grower, and exceedingly productive. Wood grayish brown. Fruit large, oblate, slightly conic, deep yellow, sprinkled with brown- ish dots. Stalk rather short. Cavity large, slightly russeted. Calyx closed. Basin deep, corrugated. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet. Very good. October to June. Champaigne Beinette. Reinette de Champagne. Soskrieger. Origin unknown. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with more or less of russet. Flesh yellowish, mild, subacid, vinous. Very good. De- cember to January. (Verg.) Chandler. Late Chandler. Of Connecticut origin, where it is a favorite. Tiee moderately vig- orous, great bearer. Fruit large, roundish, slightly flattened, and one-sided or angular in its form, obscurely ribbed on its sides, thickly streaked and overspread with dull red with a few streaks of bright red, on a greenish yellow ground, the red sprinkled with light gray dots. Core and seeds small. Flesh green- ish white, tender juicy, with a moderately rich, subacid flavor. Good. November to February. the apple. 123 Chaney. A Pennsylvania Apple, valuable mainly as a loi g keeper. Iree » straggling grower, vigorous and good bearer. Fruit medium, oblate or roundish oblate, inclining to conic, pale yel- low, shaded in the sun with crimson, and sprinkled with light gray dots. Flesh whitish, firm, moderately juicy, with a sprightly subacid flavor. Good to very good. Core small. December to March. Chapman's Orange. Fruit small, deep orange, juicy, rich, suoacid. October. Charley's Winter. Raised by H. ft. Robey, Fredericksburgh, Va. Fruit medium or below, oblate inclining to conic, pale yellow, often shaded with crimson in the sun. Flesh yellow, compact, juicy, crisp, brisk subacid. Good. January, February. Chase's Seedling. Origin, Maine. Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow, splashed and marbled over nearly the entire surface with red. Flesh white, tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid. Good. September. Chattahoochie. A Southern variety from the banks of the Chattahoochie River, Ga. Tree vigorous, upright, productive. Fruit medium or below in size, roundish oblate, oblique, slightly conic, greenish yellow, faint brownish blush in sun. Stalk very short. Cavity large, open, deep, somewhat russeted. Calyx partially open, with short segments, broad, divided, sometimes closed, sometimes erect. Basin deep, broad, abrupt, slightly furrowed. Flesh yellowish white, breaking, crisp, partially tender, subacid, pleasant. Good. Season, December to April. Cheese. Origin, Lewisburgh, Pa. Tree strong, vigorous, spreading, produc- tive annually. Fruit medium to large, oblate, greenish, mostly overspread and striped with red, small grayish dots. Flesh white, fine-grained, ten- der, subacid. Good. November to February. Cheeseborough Russet. Pumpkin Sweet of some. Kingsbury Russet. Forever Pippin. Cheeseboro. Howard Russet. York Russet. Sweet Russet. An old fruit of little value, large, conical, green russet. Flesh coarse, dry, mild, subacid, almost sweet. Poor. October, November. Cheltenham. Calf Pasture. The Cheltenham is a handsome and popular market variety that origi- 124 THE APPLE. nated ai Cheltenham Township, Montgomery Co., Pa., in a field where calves were pastured, and hence the synonym by which it is locally known It is a moderate grower, but very productive. Fruit medium, roundish, striped and marbled with red on a yellow ground. Stalk short. Cavity narrow. Calyx small, closed. Basin deep. Flesh whitish yellow, tender, juicy, pleasant. Good. Septem- ber. Chenango Strawberry. Frank. Sherwood's Favorite. Jackson Apple. Buckley. Strawberry. Smyrna. Originated in the town of Lebanon, Madison Co., N, Y. It is an apple pleasant to the taste and much esteemed as a table fruit wher- ever grown. Tree is vigorous, spreading. Young wood light reddish brown, downy. Fruit medium, oblong conic or oblong truncated conic, indistinctly Chenango Strawberry. ribbed. Color whitish, shaded, splashed and mottled with light and dark crimson over most of the surface, light dots. Stalk rather short email. Cavity acute, somewhat uneven. Calyx closed, or partially 3pen. Segments erect. Basin rather large, abrupt, slightly corrugated. Flesh white, tender, juicy, peculiar mild, subacid. Core rather large. Very good. September and October. Cheney. Originated on the old Cheney farm, South Manchester, Conn, upright, spreading, an early and regular bearer. Tree THE APPLE. 125 Fruit medium, oblate, yellow shaded with rich crimson over the whole surface. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant, subacid, slightly aromatic. Good to very good. September and October. Chestatee. A Southern fruit of unknown origin. Tree vigorous, upright, spread- ing. Wood smooth, reddish gray, with very small reddish buds. Fruit medium, oblate inclining to conic, pale yellow with a slight blush in the sun. Flesh whitish, crisp, juicy, sprightly subacid. Good. November. Chester. Chester Red Streak. Origin, Chester Co., Pa. Fruit medium, oblate, whitish yellow, sometimes with a sunny cheek and sprinkled with carmine dots. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant, subacid, aromatic. Good. November to December. Chester Pearmain. An English dessert Apple. Tree hardy, free grower, attaining a con- siderable size, good bearer. Fruit medium, oblate, conical, pale yellow, striped with crimson in the sun, some russet. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy. Second- rate. October to December. (Hogg.) Chester Spitzenberg. A Pennsylvania Apple. Tree a good grower and productive. Young wood dark dull reddish brown, very stout. Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to oblate, yellowish, splashed and striped nearly over the whole surface with light and dark red. Flesh yellowish, rather compact, moderately juicy, subacid, slightly aromatic. Good. February to April. Chestoa. Rabbit's Head. A Southern variety. Fruit large, elongated conical, irregular at apex end, deep ricn yellow, striped, splashed and shaded with red, and with many minute dark specks. Flesh whitish, crisp, juicy, rather rich, vinous, aromatic. Very good. November to March. Chief Good. Summum Bonum. From Kentucky, near Louisville. Fruit medium to large, roundish, flattened at base, light yellow, Btreaked and mottled with red. Flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid, aro- matic. September, October. (Elliott.) Christiana. Origin, on the premises of John R. Brinckle, near Wilmington, Del. Fruit medium, oblate, splashes and stripes of rich crimson red over 8 126 THE APPLE. yellow ground. Flesh yellowish white, moderately juicy, spxightly, mild, subacid. Good to very good. November. Christie's Pippin. Origin, Kingston-on-Thames, England. Tree of slender growth, good bearer. Fruit medium, oblate, lemon yellow, with faint red stripes, russety dots. Flesh yellowish, tender, agreeable, mild subacid. December to February. A dessert apple of the first quality. (Ron.) Christ's Gold Reinette. Christ's Deutsche Goldreinette. Of German origin. Fruit above medium, oblate, golden yellow, red cheek in sun, and much cinnamon-colored russet. Flesh fine, juicy, aromatic, vinous. November to May. (Hogg.) Chronical. Cotton Apple. This variety originated on the farm of John Cotton, Putnam Co., Ind. It is a thrifty grower, with a rather upright spreading habit, very hardy, and a moderate annual bearer. It is valued much for properties enabling it to be kept in good condition for two years without extra care. Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical, greenish yellow, with Bplashes and stripes of dull red, few light dots with dark centres. Flesi yellowish white, compact, firm, mild subacid. Core small, close. Good Churchill Greening. Origin uncertain. Tree vigorous and productive. Fi-uit large, oblate, somewhat conic, ribbed, yellowish green, shaded with dull red, and thickly sprinkled with green dots. Flesh yellow, ten- der, granular, with a brisk, vinous, almost saccharine flavor. Good December to February. Church's Late Sweet. A Southern Apple of unknown origin. Fruit medium, roundish inclining to conic, rich yellow, with occa- sionally a shade of crimson in the sun. Flesh yellowish, compact, rather rich, mild subacid, almost sweet. Good. February to May. Citron des Carmes. A French Apple. Fruit small, oblong, light dull brown, dry. Poor. December. (Ron.) ClTRONEN ReINETTE. Reinette de Citron. An Apple of German origin, there regarded as of value for the dessert. Fruit large, roundish conical, bright yellow, with blush in the eun. Flesh very white, fine-grained, juicy, brisk, sugary, vinous. De- cember t« June. (Hogg.) the apple. 127 Clafper Flat. Flat Apple. Origin, town of Bethlehem, A lbany Co., N. Y. Tree productn o. Fruit above medium, oblate inclining to conic, pale yellow, mostly covered, shaded and splashed with deep red. Flesh yellowish, moderately juicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Good. Highly valued for cooking September, October. Clara Pippin. Origin, Cranford, England. Fruit small, roundish ovate, orange, with brownish red in the sun. Flesh deep orange, firm, rich, brisk, sugary. December to May. (Hogg.) Clarke. A new variety originated with J. N. Clarke, Naples, N. Y., who states it a strong grower, with an open top, and annually productive. Fruit medium or above, roundish inclining to conic, slightly angu- lar, pale whitish yellow, shaded, striped and splashed with light and dark crimson, few gray dots. Stalk short, slender. Cavity narrow, rather deep. Calyx small, closed. Segments slightly recurved. Basin small, a little corrugated. Flesh white, tender, juicy, sprightly, vinous, subacid. Very good. October, November. Clarke's Delaware. Originated with John C. Clarke, Maryland. Tree very productive. Fruit nearly medium size, roundish, inclining to oblong, oblique, smooth, )Tellow, shaded in the sun with orange red, many gray dots. Flesh whitish, moderately tender, juicy, mild subacid. Almost very good. December to March. Clarke Pearmain. Yellow Pearmain. Columbian Russet. Gloucester Pearmain. Golden Pearmain. From North Carolina, an old variety. Tree of slow growth, very product] ve. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conical, greenish yellow, shaded, striped and marbled with red and russet dots. Stalk very short. Cavity small, slightly russeted. Calyx closed. Basin small. Flesh yellow, rather firm, crisp, rich, subacid. Very good. Core small. De- cember. Clarkson. Originated on the premises of David Clarkson, Plymouth, Wayne Co., Mich. Tree a good grower and bearer. Fruit above medium, oblate conic, clear white, shaded with crimson in the sun, with light and brown dots. Flesh white, fine-grained, ten- der, juicy, sharp subacid, slightly aromatic. Core rather large. Good. Valuable for cooking and drying oidy. 128 the afplk. Clatgate Pearmain. An English Apple. Fruit medium, roundish conical, greenish yellow, nearly covered with brownish red. Flesh yellow, tender, rich, aromatic. Good. No- vember to March. Clayton. Origin, Indiana. Fruit large, conical, flattened, regular, greenish yellow, covered, striped, and splashed with dull red. Flesh yellow, breaking, subacid. Good. Kitchen and market. January to March. (Warder.) Clepington. An English dessert Apple. Fruit small, round oblate, yellow. Sep- tember. Cley Pippin. Aliso an English dessert Apple, there counted as of first-rate quality. Fruit small, roundish, yellow. October to March. (H. S. C.) Cluster. Tree productive. Fruit small, yellow, oblate, sweet. November. Another Cluster Apple is small, roundish conical, or oblong conical! greenish white. Flesh white. Poor. December, February. Cluster Golden Pippin. Cluster Pippin. Twin Cluster Pippin. Thickset. An old variety. A hardy tree, slender grower, good bearer, produ- cing its fruit in clusters, and often with two fruits united or grown to- gether. Fruit small, round, flattened, yellow, with orange in the sun, and patches of gray russet. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, subacid perfumed. November to March. (Hogg.) Cluster Pearmain. Introduced by P. Pagan, of Indiana. Fruit full medium size, round, flattened, regular, inclined, yellowish green, mixed and striped light red, dots large, gray and yellow, white bloom. Flesh yellowish white, breaking, granular, subacid, aromatic. Good to very good. An autumn fruit, acceptable as a substitute for Rambo. (Warder.) Clyde Beauty. Mackie's Clyde Beauty. Raised by Mr. Mackie, Clyde, Wayne Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, upright, very productive. Fruit large, roundish, conic, angular, greenish, oily, sprinkled and motlled with dull red and bright red in the sun. Stalk short, slender, inserted in an acute cavity. Calyx closed, set in a small corrugated basin. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. October to January. THE APPLE. 12$ COBHAM. From Kent, England. Tree hardy, vigorous, and productive. Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, dull yellowish green, faint red in the sun, some light russet. Flesh pale yellow, crisp, saccharine, aromatic. November, December. (Lind.) Cobourg Pippin. An Apple originated in "Warwickshire, England. Fruit small, oblate conical, pea green, with large russet dots. Flesh firm, rich, acid. March. (Ron.) Coccagee. Cocko Gee. An Irish Apple, mostly valued for cider. Fruit medium, roundish, conical, pale yellow. Flesh yellowish, acid. October, December. (Hogg.) Cockle Pippin. Nutmeg Cockle. Nutmeg Pippin. White Cockle. Brown Cockle. A variety from Sussex, England. Tree healthy, hardy. Shoots moderately stout, chestnut colored. Fruit medium, roundish conical, slightly ribbed, green, with brown russet. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, aromatic. Good. January to April. Cocklin's Favorite. Grandfather. Introduced by Jacob Cocklin, York, Pa. Tree a good upright grower productive. Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, whitish, thinly shaded with light crimson in the sun, moderately sprinkled with light dots. Stalk medium, very slender. Cavity large, deep, sometimes thinly russeted. Calyx closed. Segments medium, erect, sometimes slightly recurved. Basin abrupt, deep, rather uneven. Flesh white, very tender, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. Very good. Core small. November. Cockpit. Origin, North of England. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, truncated, yellow. Flesh tendei, brisk, a pleasant apple for table or kitchen. November, December. (Ron.) Coe's Golden Drop. An English Apple, the origin of which is in doubt. Tree hardy, free upright grower, and productive. Fruit small, roundish conical, fine yellow, with a shade of crimson in the sun. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, rich, brisk subacid, slightly aromatic. Good to very good. November, February. 9 130 the apple. Cogswell. Cogswell Pearmain. This excellent Apple originated in the town of Griswold, near Nor- wich, Ct., on a farm which came into the possession of William Cogs- well about the year 1798. The original tree was then about forty or fifty years old. The fruit was first exhibited in 1816 or '18, before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. It is an extremely valuable variety wherever grown, either for table or market purposes, a good keeper, and bears carriage to market long distances without apparent injury. Tree a vigorous, upright, spreading grower, an abundant bearer of very regular, even-sized fruit. Youm? shoots dark reddish brown, somewhat downy. CogswelL Fruit size above medium. Form roundish oblate, regular. Color rich yellow, nearly covered with red, marked and streaked with bright red, pretty thickly sprinkled with areole dots. Stalk short, rather slender. Cavity large, thinly russeted. Calyx small, nearly closed. Basin small, shallow. Flesh yellowish, fine-grained, tender, juicy, scarcely subacid, rich aromatic. Core small. Very good to best. December to March. Cole. Scarlet Perfume. Duling ? A variety from England, of second quality, but admired for its beauty of appearance. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, conic, ribbed. Color deep crimson on a yellowish ground, or sometimes entirely red, with a little russet. Stalk medium, woolly, planted in a cavity broad and deep. Calyx large, in a broad basin. Flesh white, rather firm, juicy, yellowish, somewhat rich and agreeable. Nearly very good. September and October. THE APPLE. 131 Columbian. Received from Pennsylvania. Fruit medium, oblate, slightly inclining to conical, yellowish, shaded, splashed and striped with light and dark crimson, few light gray dota, Flesh whitish yellow, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid, slightly aromatic Very good. Core small. October, November. Colvert. Prussian. An old variety, of uncertain origin, valued mainly for cooking. Tree a strong grower, and an enormous bearer. Fruit large, oblate, inclining to conic, greenish yellow, striped and shaded with dull red in sun. Flesh greenish white, tender, brisk sub- acid. Good. October, November. Conant's Red. Much cultivated in Southern Ohio. Fruit full medium, regular, oblate, sometimes nearly round, yellow, obscurely mixed with red, on which are streaks of russet, dots fawn- colored. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, juicy, subacid to sweet, aromatic. September, December. (Warder.) Condit Sweet. A New Jersey Apple. Fruit small, roundish, whitish yellow, tinge of brown in the sun. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant, sweet. Good. September. Congress. Jackson Apple. Tyler Apple. A Massachusetts variety, cultivated in the New England States for half a century or more. Tree very vigorous, spreading, abundant bearer. Fruit valuable mainly for cooking or market. Fruit large to very large, roundish oblate, slightly conic, yellowish, splashed, striped, and marbled with i"ed. Flesh whitish, coarse, juicy, tender, brisk subacid. Good. Core large. November, December. Connecticut Summer Sweet. Fruit medium, roundish, yellow and red striped. Flesh yellowish, sweet, tough. August. (Elliott.) Connett's Sweet. Tree strong, upright grower, early and abundant bearer. Fruit large, roundish, flattened, yellow, mostly covered with dark ted. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, tender, sweet. Very good. December to March. '(Elliott.) Contin Reinette. From Ross-shire, Scotland. Tree hardy, a slender grower, and sure oearer 132 THE APPLE. Fruit medium, roundish, dull yellow, red in the sun Flesh yellowish, firm, pleasant, acid. October, November. (Hogg.) Conway. Origin unknown. Fruit medium, oblate, obscurely ribbed, greenish yellow, with a bronzed cheek in the sun, few brown gray dots and traces of russet. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, vinous, slightly aromatic. Very good. December to April. Cook's Red Winter. Fruit medium to large, produced by Jacob Cook, Edisto, S. C. Tree vigorous and regular bearer. October to April. (Summer Notes.) Cooledge's Favorite. Said to have originated in Cambridge, Mass. Tree productive. Fruit medium, roundish conical, deep yellow, splashed and marblea with red, becoming brilliant in the sun, russet at the stem, and with whitish specks over the whole. Stalk long, slender. Cavity deep, broad. Calyx in a shallow plaited basin. Flesh fine-grained, tender, and juicy, pleasant subacid. Very good. September, October. (J. of H.) Cooper. \ Beauty Red. Lady Washington. Origin unknown ; supposed to be an old Eastern variety, as yet unrecognized. Thrives well at the West, and much esteemed there by mariy. Growth vigorous, upiight, and productive. Fruit large, roundish oblate, sides unequal. Color greenish yellow, with a few stripes and splashes of bright red, thickly sprinkled with brown dots. Flesh tender, juicy, vinous, with a pleasant but not high flavor. Good. October to December. Cooper's Early White. Grown in Illinois and other Western States, where it is regarded by many as productive and profitable. Fruit medium, roundish, Little flattened, pale yellow with faint blush, tinge of green at the stem. Flesh white, crisp, sprightly. Sep- tember and October. (Elliott.) Cooper's Market. Cooper's Redling. Bigley. Redling r Tree hardy, vigorous, upright, with long slender branches, very productive and a late keeper. Valuable for market in New Jersey. Fruit medium, oblate conic, yellowish, shaded with red and striped with crimson. Stalk short. Cavity deep, narrow. Calyx closed. Basin small. Flesh white, tender, with a brisk subacid flavor. Good. De- cember to May. Cooper's Russeting. Originated in Gloucester Co., N. J. Tree irregular in form, healthy grower, abundant bearer. x THE APPLE. 133 Fruit small, oblong, conical, pale yellow mixed with russet. Flesh rich, sweet, dry. Valuable for cooking or for cider. October to December. Corlie's Sweet. Origin on the farm of A. Corlies, Shrewsbury, New Jersey. Tree rigoi-ous, round-headed, great bearer. Fruit medium, roundish, conical, whitish yellow, bight blush in sun- Flesh white, firm, moderately juicy, pleasant sweet, fine for cooking. Hardly good. September, November. Cornell's Fancy. Cornell's Favorite. From Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous and productive. Fruit medium, oblong, conical. Color waxen yellow, shaded and splashed with crimson. Stalk of medium length. Cavity rather large. Calyx closed, abrupt, corrugated. Flesh white, tender, crisp, juicy, with a pleasant subacid flavor. Core medium or large. Very good. Cornfield. A Southern variety from J. S. Downer. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, truncate regular, yellow, covered with mixed deep red, striped. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, tender, rather dry, subacid. Good. December. (Warder.) Cornish Aromatic. An English Apple. Fruit of medium size, roundish, angular. Color rich red, much marked with russet yellow dots, on a pale russet ground. Flesh yellow, with a rich, aromatic, subacid flavor. Good. October to December. Cornish Gilliflower. Cornish July-flower. Pomme Regelans. Red Gilliflower f Calville d'Angleterre. Cornwallisser. Nelken Apfel. An old English Apple. Tree a poor grower and shy bearer. Fruit medium size, roundish, conical, narrowing much to the eye where it is ribbed, dull green, or dark yellowish green, with a sunny side of brownish red, intermixed with a few streaks of richer red. Flesh yel- lowish, firm, with a rich, high flavor, and a slight aromatic perfume. Good. November to April. Cornish Spice. Origin unknown. Fruit small, oblate, pale yellow, slight shade in sun. Flesh yellow iah, crisp, juicy, slightly aromatic, subacid. Good. November. Corse's Favorite. A Canadian Apple, valuable for stewing. Fruit medium, oblate, depressed, yellowish green. Flesh whitish, juicy, brisk, subacid. Good. September. 134 THE APPLE. Cos, ok Caas. A native of Kingston, N. Y., where it is productive and highly esteemed. Fruit large, one-sided or angular, roundis.a, broad, and flattened at the stalk, narrowing a good deal to the eye. Skin smooth, pale green- ish yellow in the shade, but red in the sun, with splashes and specks of bright red, and a few yellow dots. Flesh white, tender, with a mild, agreeable flavor. Good to very good. December to March. Costard. Coulthard. Prussian Pippin. An old English culinary Apple mentioned by Lawson in 1597, and was in the fruiters' bills in the time of Edward the First, 1292, under name of Pomme Costard. Tree hardy, strong, vigorous, with downy shoots, productive. Fruit large, roundish oblong, prominently ribbed, dull yellowish green, embedded all over with gray specks. Flesh greenish white, ten- der, juicy, brisk, subacid. October to December. (Hogg.) COTSVILLE SPITZENBERG. A variety received from Nelson & Son, Mercer Co., Pa., by whom it was obtained as a seedling of the Rambo, from Ohio. It looks much like the Baltimore, on p. 86, and may prove identical. Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical, whitish, covered over with deep crimson in the sun, lighter in the shade, a little russet, and pretty thickly sprinkled with light dots. Flesh whitish, sometimes a little stained, tender, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid, slightly aromatic. Core small. Very good. December to February. Coral Blush. From Ross-shire, Scotland. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright, produc- tive. Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow, dull red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, brisk. A good culinary sort. December. (Lind.) Court Pendu de Tournay. Reinette d'Orleans. Originated in Holland. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit small to medium, roundish, conical. Flesh creamy white, ten- der, fine, aromatic. (An. Pom.) Court Pendu Plat. Court-pendu. Court-pendu MuBque\ Court-pendu plat rougeatre. Rouge Musque\ Capendu. Coriandre Rose. Garnon's Apple. Pomme de Berlin. Court-pendu Extra. Wollaton Pippin. Rond Gros. Russian. Rose. Princess Noble Zoete. A popular French variety. Fruit of medium size, regularly formed, and qtiite flat. Skin rich, deep crimson on the sunny side, with a little pale greenish yellow in the THE APPLF 135 shade. Stalk short, inserted in a very deep cavity. Calyx large, set in a wide shallow basin. Flesh yellow, crisp, with a rich brisk acid flavor. Good. The tree bears young and plentifully. November to February. Court Pendu Rosf Court Pendu Rosat. Of French origin. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit small, roundish, flattened, yellow, marked with gray dots, and shaded with bright red around the stem. Flesh white, fine, juicy, vinous, acid, perfumed. (An. Pom.) Court of Wick. Court of Wick Pippin. Golden Drop. Philip's Reinette. Court de Wick. Wood's Huntingdon. Knightwick Pippin. Rival Golden Pippin. Barlow. Week's Pippin. Fry's Pippin. Transparent Pippin. Yellow. A highly-flavored English dessert Apple of the Golden Pippin class, which does not succeed well with us. Fruit below the middle size, regularly formed, roundish oblate, some- what flattened, greenish yellow in the shade, but becoming a warm orange, with a little red in the sun. Flesh yellow, crisp, and juicy, with a high poignant flavor. Very good. October to February. Cowarne Red. Origin, Herefordshire, England. Fruit medium, roundish, narrowing to the crown, pale yellow, bright red where exposed to the sun, sometimes deep purplish crimson. Valu- able for cider. (Hogg.) Cowarne's Queening. Northern Greening. Tree upright, compact, an abundant bearer. Fruit very large, roundish, conical, golden yellow, red in the sun. Flesh white, tender. Fine for cooking or drying. November to Jan- uary. (Ron.) Cox's Orange Pippin. An English variety much esteemed for dessert. Tree is well adapted for dwarfing on the paradise stock, and a free bearer. Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish, shaded, splashed and slightly mot- tled nearly over the whole surface with crimson. Flesh yellowish, rather firm, juicy, brisk, rich, subacid. Core small. Very Good. September, October. Cox's Pomona. A variety from England, valuable as a culinary apple. Fruit medium, oblate, somew hat conic, greenish yellow, shade of crim Bon in the sun. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. Core small. October. Cracking. Origin, farm of Henry Barger, Harrison Co., O. Tree spreading vigorous, and productive. Young shoots reddish brown, slightly downy. 136 THE APPLE. Fruit fair, large, roundish, slightly flattened, inclining to conic, ol> scurely ribbed, pale yellow, with a slight tinge of red, thinly sprinkled with large dots. Stalk medium, in a rather deep slightly russeted cav- ity. Calyx closed in a coi-rugated basin. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. Core large. Valuable for cooking, October, November. Cram or Kram. An old fruit nearly out of use and not worth cultivating. Cranberry. From Georgia. Fruit medium, roundish conical. Color yellow, brightly striped with carmine on the unexposed side, and of deeper red on the side next the sun. Many gray russet dots. Calyx small, closed. Flesh whitish. Good. Cranberry Pippin. This strikingly beautiful Apple was found growing on a farm near Hudson, N. Y. It is only sev.ond-rate in point of flavor— but it is an excellent cooking and market apple. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, regular. Skin very smooth, light yellow, with a bright scarlet cheek. Flesh white, moderately juicy, brisk subacid. Good. November to February. Cranberry Russet. Introduced to notice by J. Austin Scott, Toledo, O. Fruit medium to large, oblate, compressed. Surface rough, russeted, blushed carmine, uneven. Flesh breaking, tender, not very juicy, acid. Good. Said to be superior for cooking. November, December. (War- der.) Crawford. Of unknown origin. Fruit medium, roundish oblate inclining to conic, yellowish, with a tinge of crimson in the sun, few grayish dots. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, rather rich, slightly aromatic, subacid. Very good. November t* March. Crawford's Keeper. Originated in Lawrence Co., O. Tree strong grower and & grea* bearer. Young shoots slender, clear, smooth, light reddish brora. Fruit above medium, roundish truncated conical, oblique. Coior light yellow, mostly overspread with a rich red, large light gray specks. Stem very short. Cavity large, deep, acute, slightly russeted. Calyx closed or nearly so. Segments divided. Basin very deep, broad, abrupt, slightly furrowed. Flesh yellowish white, breaking moderately juicy, mild, sweet, subacid. Good to very good. January to March. Cray Pippin. "Raised in Kent, Englan 1, where it is said to be a valuable dessert Appxe. Fruit below medium, conical, pale yellow, tinge of red iu the THE APPLE. 137 sun. Flesh yellow, crisp, sweet, and highly flavored. October. (Hogg.) Crayton. Fruit medium to large, fine flavor. November to April. (Sum- ner's MS.) Cream. Origin, Queens Co., L. I., N. Y. Tree a vigorous grower, forming a compact head, an early bearer, and by some thought valuable for dessert or culinary purposes. Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, yellowish, thickly sprin- kled with brown and gray dots. Flesh yellowish, fine-grained, tender, juicy, pleasant, sweet and rich. September and October. Creed's Marigold. Raised from seed of the Scarlet Nonpareil, in Kent, England. Fruit medium, roundish, deep rich yellow, orange in the sun, covered and striped with shades of rich red. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, sugary, richly flavored. October, November. (Hogg.) Crede's Quittenreinette. Credo's Gutten Reinette. A German variety of medium size, roundish, lemon yellow with star- like russety dots. Flesh white, very fine and juicy, sugary, vinous, quince flavor. December to March. (Hogg.) Creek. A native of Hellam township, York, Pa., where it is highly prized on account of its quality and extraordinary productiveness. Tree vig- orous, upright, slightly spreading. Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conical, greenish yellow, obscurely striped and splashed with light and dark red. Flesh white, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant, subacid. Core small. Very good. December to March. Creeper. Common in Berkshire, England. Fruit below medium, roundish, somewhat conical, dark green, nearly overspread with red, striped in the sun with darker shades. Flesh white, tender, juicy, sweet, slight aroma. September. (Hogg.) Crego Red Streak. From Columbia Co., N. Y. Tree very productive. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, whitish, witb stripes and shades of red. Flesh white, sharp subacid. Hardly good. September. Crimson Queening. Scarlet Queening. Red Queening. Summer Queening. Herefordshire Queening. A second-rate English variety. Fruit medium size, conical, mostly covered with deep crimson. Flesh 138 THE APPLE. white, with a red tinge under the skin, tender, juky, sweet, aromatic- December to March. (Hogg.) Crispin. Of unknown origin. Fruit large, roundish, oblong truncated, greenish, shaded and striped with shades of red. Flesh whitish, dry, compact, subacid. Not quite good. December to May. Crittenden. A new variety, seedling from Kentucky, introduced to notice by J. C. Teas, of Indiana. Tree a sure and prolific bearer. Fruit medium size, roundish, dull red on yellow. Flesh juicy, very sweet. Good. Keeps until May or June. Crofton Pippin. An Apple from Ireland. Tree blossoms late, and bearing its fruit at ends of the branches gives it a drooping appearance. Fruit below medium size, roundish oblate, greenish, mostly over spread with red. Flesh firm, rich, juicy. December, January. (Ron.) Crook's Seedling. From the county of Way, Indiana, where it is esteemed as a market sort. Tree forms an open round head, a great bearer. Fruit full medium size, red striped on yellow ground. Good. October. Cropsey's Favorite. Originated with D. W. Cropsey, Plainfield, Will Co., 111. Fruit full medium, roundish, yellow, mixed and splashed with car- mine. Flesh yellow, breaking, fine-grained, juicy, subacid. December. (Warder.) Crotcher. Supposed to be a native of Dorchester Co., Md. Tree moderate, rather upright grower, producing large crops of very even-sized fruit. Fruit medium, oblate conical, slightly truncated. Color waxen white, with a slight blush, and thinly sprinkled with light and green dots. Stalk short. Cavity deep, large, partially russeted. Calyx closed. Basin rather large, abrupt, a little uneven. Flesh whitish, crisp, tender, juicy, refreshing, subacid. Very good. August. Crow Egg. An old variety of not very good quality, oblong oval, long stem, greenish yellow, tender, sweet, large core. October, November. There is also another Crow Egg in Kentucky, of conical form, yel- low, striped with dull red. Stem short. Flesh yellow, compact, sub- acid. Good. December, January. Crow Nest. Originated at Kelley's Island, O., in the orchard of Chas. Carpenter. Tree vigorous, productive. THE APPLE. 13S Fruit full medium, round, truncated, greenish yellow, thinly covered with russet. Flesh green, tender, breaking, subacid, only good for cook- ing. November to January. (Warder.) CULLASAGA. Raised by Miss Ann Bryson, Macon Co., N. C. Good grower, and a standard winter fruit for the South. Very productive. Fruit medium or large, roundish, inclining to conic, sides sometimes unequal. Skin yellowish, mostly shaded and striped with dark crimson, and sprinkled with whitish dots. / Stalk small and short, inserted in a deep cavity, surrounded by russet. Calyx open, set in a shallow corru- gated basin. Flesh yellowish, rather compact, moderately juicy, mild sub- acid. Good. November to April. CULLAWHEE. A Southern seedling, with slender wood. Tree resembling the Buff. Fruit medium, or above, oblate, slightly inclining to conic, pale yel- low, nearly overspread, shaded and splashed with two shades of red, light crimson and dark dots. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. December to March. Culp. Origin, Jefferson Co., O. Introduced by George Culp. Tree very vigorous, spreading, productive. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, conic, waxen yellow, shaded with blush or dull crimson. Flesh firm, crisp, juicy, agreeable, subacid. Good December to March. Cumberland Seedling. Supposed to have originated in Cumberland Co., Pa. Tree a fine grower and great bearer. Fruit medium, oblate inclining to conic, sides unequal, pale yellow, mostly splashed and shaded with dark crimson, few large light dots. Flesh yellowish, rather firin, juicy, brisk subacid. Good to very good. October, December. Cumberland Spice. From Cumberland Co., N. J. Tree thrifty, upright, spreading, pro- ductive. Fruit rather above medium, roundish conic, pale yellow, rarely with a blush, sprinkled with brown dots. Flesh white, tender, juicy, and pleasant subacid ; apt to shrivel. Good. Core large and hollow. December to February. Curry's Red Winter. Origin unknown. Came from Eastern North Carolina. Tree vigor- >us and very productive. Fruit medium, oblong. Color yellow ground nearly covered with prtlo red and russet dots. St;dk ratlin- short, slender set in a small cavity. Calyx large and open. Basin large. Flesh white, and solid, and keeps well into January. (So. Cult.) 14c the apple. Curtis Greening. Origin uncertain, found in Illinois. Fruit medium to large, oblong, truncated, axis inclined, yellow- bronzy. Flesh yellow, breaking, subacid. Good. January to Febru- ary. (Warder.) Curtis Sweet. Introduced to notice by Joseph Curtis, St. Alban's, "Vt. Tree vigor- ous, upright, productive, and hardy. Fruit large, roundish, conical, ribbed, pale yellow, sprinkled, marbled, and splashed with crimson, and thickly covered with crimson dots. Flesh white, fine-grained, very tender, with a very pleasant sweet flavor. Core large. Good. August to October. Custard. Originated in the grounds of L. B. Langworthy, Greece, Monroe Co., N. Y. Tree productive. Fruit medium, to small, roundish, or roundish oblate, inclining to conic, greenish yellow, faintly marbled and splashed with dull red, deep- er in the sun. Flesh whitish, very tender, juicy, very mild, almost sweet, agreeable, good for the amateur. Core small. Very good. November, December. Cut Pippin. West's Spitzenberg. Haymaker. Honemaker Pippin. Hommacher Apfel. From Western Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit medium to large, greenish. Flesh greenish, juicy, subacid. Good. December to April. (Elliott.) Dahlongea. Of Southern origin, but precise locality unknown. Fruit medium, roundish conical, light greenish yellow, shaded, splashed, and marbled with crimson, a slight bloom, and thickly sprin- kled with light dots. Flesh whitish, moderately tender, juicy, subacid. Good. February to March. Dahlton. Dahlton Pippin. Origin unknown. So far as we know, only grown in Massachusetts. Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, slight blush in the sun, greenish dots. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, mild subacid. Good. Sep- tember, October. Dame Jeannetie. Joannetten's Reinette. Of French origin. Fruit small to medium, roundish, conical, yellowish, with a bronzed cheek in sun. Stalk slender. Calyx large. Flesh white, veined with yellow, mild svbacid, perfumed. December (Verg.) the applk. 141 Dana. Origin, near Cincinnati, 0. Tree large, productive. Fruit small, flat rich, yellow partially covered with mixed red, distinctly striped with carmine, white bloom. Flesh yellow, fine- grained, subacid. August. (Warder.) Dana Greening. Fruit medium or below, oblate, greenish yellow, few gray dots. Flesh whitish, crisp, pleasant subacid. Good. December to March. Dana's Striped Sweet. From Ohio. Fruit medium or below, oblate, sides sometimes unequal, yellowish shaded, and striped with red. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, mild, pleas- ant sweet. Good. December to March. Daniel. From Henry Co., Ind. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, partially striped and splashed with dull crimson. Flesh white, fine-grained, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. August and Septembei*. Daniel's Apple. An old variety. Origin unknown, of no value. Fruit medium, roundish conical, greenish, with dull crimson. Flesh white, coarse, tender, juicy, subacid. Core large and hollow. October. Dan Pear main. Originated in Indiana. Fruit medium to small, round, flattened, yellow, covered, mixed, and Btriped with bright red. Flesh yellow, breaking, tender, mild subacid, rich. Too small for profit. December to March. (Warder.) Danvers Winter Sweet. Epse's Sweet. Origin, Massachusetts, in the town of Danvers, from which this variety takes its name, it has been for a long time one of the best market apples, but we think it inferior to the Ladies' Sweeting. It is an abundant bearer, and a very rapid tree in its growth. Young shoots dark grayish brown, slightly downy. Fruit of medium size, roundish oblong. Skin smooth, dull yellow, with an orange blush. Stalk slender, inclining to one side. Calyx set in a smooth, narrow basin. Flesh yellow, firm, sweet, and rich. Very good. It bakes well, and is fit for use the whole winter, and often till April. Dapper. From Georgia. Fruit small, roundish, truncate, yellow, with crimson specks. (Pa. Rep.) 142 the apple. Darlington. Darlington Russet. Native of Northern Ohio. Fruit medium, roundish, smooth russet. Flesh *»hite. Hardly vert good. January to June. (Elliott.) Darling Pippin. An old English sort, described in 1665. Fruit m edium, oblate conical, lemon yellow, small pearly specks. Flesh yellowish, firm, juicy pleasant subacid. November to January. (Lind.) Dartmouth Sweet. An old Massachusetts variety. Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, sprinkled with brown dots. Flesh yel- lowish, moderately juicy, tender, sweet. Good. October. Davis. Origin, Plymouth, Wayne Co., Mich., on the farm of Jehiel Davis. Tree vigorous, upright, bears annually. Fruit small, roundish, flattened at base and crown, yellowish, shaded, and obscurely striped with crimson, russeted at the crown, and sprinkled with gray dots. Flesh whitish, fine-grained, compact, juicy, crisp, sprightly, subacid. Good. April, May. Davis's Sweet. Origin said to be Monroe Co., O. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, sometimes rather conical, regular. Color yellow, shaded with mixed red, splashed crimson, numerous large gray or fawn-color dots. Skin not smooth, thick. Stem long, slender. Cavity acute, regular. Calyx medium, closed. Basin small, abrupt, russeted. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, rather sweet. Core medium. Quality good. April to July. (A. Pom. S.) Dawson's Cluster. From Clark Co., O. Fruit medium, oblong, truncate, pale yellow, blushed lightly with brown. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. Novem- ber. (Warder.) Day. Royal Pippin. A native of Kentucky. Fruit large, round, somewhat conic, yellow striped, splashed, and nottW with bright red. Flesh white, firm, breaking, subacid. Poor. January. Kitchen use. Dayton. Haley. From Maine. Fruit medium, roundish conic, whitish yellow, marbled and striped with red. Flesh juicy, tender, subacid. Good. Core large. December. THE APPLE. 143 Defiance. Originated with H. N. Gillett, Ohio, from seed of Prycr's Red. Fruit medium, oblate conical, yellow, nearly overspread, shaded, splashed, and striped with rich red. Flesh white, tender, not juicy, rich peculiar aroma. Good. August, September. Delaware. Trumpin^tou. Of unknown origin, supposed American, although heretofore found described only in Ronalds. Fruit of medium size, oblate, golden yellow, blotched with deep red. Flesh firm, rich, high-flavored. October to December. Delight. From Robert Buchanan, Cincinnati, O. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, some russet, and a red cheek in the sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, mild subacid, almost sweet. Good. December to March. (Elliott.) Democrat. Varick. An Apple consideraly grown in Tompkins Co., N. Y., the origin of which cannot be correctly traced. The trees are great bearers, fruit keeping well, and always meeting a ready sale in market. Tree an up* nght, good grower, annually productive. Young shoots reddish brown. Fruit — size medium, or above ; form roundish conical, obscurely rib- ted. Color pale whitish yellow, shaded, partially striped, and splashed nearly over the whole surface with light and dark crimson, and pretty 144 THE APPLE. thickly sprinkled with small light dots. Stalk medium, slender Cavit) large, deep, acute. Calyx small, closed. Segments small and short to a point. Basin medium, rather deep, corrugated. Flesh white, sometimes a little stained next the skin, very tender, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. Very good. Core large. December to March. Democrat. Warder describes an Apple under this name obtained of George Powers, Perrysburgh, O., as follows : Fruit medium, roundish conic, yellow, blushed scarlet. Dots minute. Flesh yellow, breaking, juicy, subacid, aromatic. Good to very good. October, December. Derry Nonsuch. Dinsrnore. Londonderry. Origin unknown, from Keene, N. H., and held in estimation there. Tree thrifty and productive, a late keeper. Fruit above medium, oblong or conic, yellow, sprinkled, shaded, and splashed with crimson. Stalk short, in a moderate cavity. Calyx large, closed. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh yellowish, juicy, tender, slightly aromatic, agreeably subacid. Good. January to April. Detroit Black. Crimson Pippin. Grand Sachem. Black Detroit. Washington Pearmain. A showy, large, dark, blood-red fruit, but rather coarse, and scarcely worth cultivation. Fruit very large, roundish, distinctly ribbed, and irregular in its out- line. Skin smooth, deep, dingy red over the whole surface. Flesh white, rather dry, and without much flavor. Good. September. Detroit Red. Detroit. Black Apple of some. Large Black. This fruit, commonly known in Western New York and Michigan as the Detroit, is supposed to have been brought to the neighborhood of Detroit by early French settlers, and thence disseminated. Fruit of medium or rather large size, roundish, somewhat conical, bright crimson at first, but becoming dark blackish purple at maturity, somewhat dotted and marbled with specks of fawn color on the sunny side. Flesh white (sometimes stained with red to the core in exposed specimens), crisp, juicy, of agreeable, sprightly subacid flavor. Good. October to February. Devonshire Buckland. Dredge's White Lily. White Lily. Lily Buckland. An English culinary Apple. Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, waxen yellow. Flesh yel low, crisp, juicy, brisk, sweet. October to February. (Hogg.) Devonshire Golden Ball. An English Apple, described by Ronalds as follows : Fruit large, globular, straw-colored, with flesh of unstiiped carmine. THE APPLE. 145 A beautiful sauce apple, with an agreeable acid. Janua.ry and Feb- ruary. Tree grows well and bears freely. Devonshire Quarrexden. Red Quarrenden. Sack Apple. An English fruit, scarcely of medium size, roundish, flattened, and slightly narrowed at the eye. Skin rich deep crimson, with lighter crimson, sprinkled with numerous gveen dots. Flesh nearly white, crisp, juicy, with a pleasant subacid flavor. Good. Ripe during all August and September. Devonshire Queen. Ronalds describes this as a favorite apple in the West of England. Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, straw-colored, with bright red stripes. Flesh juicy, high flavored, for table or sauce. Devonshire Red Streak. Another old West of England fruit, which, when grown in the States, becomes increased in size. Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellowish with many stripes of red, few brown dots. Flesh yellow, tender, brisk, subacid. Good. Core large, hollow. November, December. Devonshire Wilding. A cider Apple much valued in North Devon, England. Tree a strong grower and free bearer. Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish green. Flesh firm, sharp, acid. Diel's Reinette. Reinette DieL Diel Kernobst. This variety was raised by Van Mons. Tree strong, healthy, vigor- ous grower, and abundant bearer. Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, orange yellow at maturity, with crimson and russety dots and spots. Flesh white, firru, crisp, juicy rich, spicy. December to March. Dickson's Emperor. From Scotland. Fruit large, slightly ribbed, yellow, with dashes of carmine, dull red in sun. Flesh yellowish white, juicy. Good. November, January. (Elliott.) DlCKSKILL. This Apple was first found among the Dutch, on the west end of Long Island. It is valued where known for being an early and regular bearer, but is not an attractive market fruit. Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, mostly covered, shaded and splashed with dull red. Flesh whitish, crisp, juicy, tender, mild, almost Bwwt, subacid. Good. November, December. DlETZER ROTHE MANDEL REINETTE. A German dessert Apple, wliich should bear the test of American 10 146 THE APPLE. palates before being highly praised. Tree a fine grower and productive Hogg thus describes it : — Fruit medium, roundish, clear yellow, with light red, slightly broken into stripes in the sun. Flesh fine, yellowish, firm, juicy, rich, aroma- tic, subacid. December. Dillingham. Raised by D. C. Richmond, of Sandusky, O. Tree moderately vigo- rous, productive, and particularly excellent for baking. Wood light reddish brown. Buds prominent, downy. Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, greenish yellow, with green and red dots. Stalk short. Cavity deep. Calyx closed in a niedi m basin. Flesh yellowish, fine-grained, juicy, sweet. Good. November to February. Disharoon. Origin, Habersham County, Georgia, growth upright and vigorous, productive. Fruit medium, roundish conical, greenish white, covered with gray dots. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, tender, with a pleasant subacid flavor. Good. November to December. Dobb's Kernel Golden Pippin. From Gloucester, England, and only estimated over the old Golden Pippin because of more free growth, and more productive. Fruit small, oblate, rich, golden yellow. Flesh firm, crisp, sharp sub- acid. March to April. (Ron.) Doctor. Red Doctor. De Witt. A Pennsylvania Apple ; the tree is rather an indifferent grower and bearer. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, striped and washed with two or three shades of i*ed, with a few darker spots. Flesh tender, juicy, breaking, slightly aromatic, subacid. Good. October, January. Doctor Helsham's Pippin. From Norfolk Co., England. Tree slender, productive. Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellowish green, slight red in sun. Flesh white, sweet, slightly aromatic. August, September. (Lind.) Doctor Fulcher. Origin, Todd Co., Ky. Tree thrifty, an early abundant bearer. Shoots slender. Fruit medium, globular, truncated, yellow marbled, and splashed with carmine. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, tender, juicy,, subacid. De- cember, January. (Warder.) Dodge's Crimson. Cumberland Black. Originated with J. W. Dodge, Pomona, Tenn. Tree a free grower, making a round or spreading head, with slender limbs, which droop THE APPLE. 147 with the weight of the fr.iit. Young shoots very dark brown ; an an- imal and great bearer. Fruit medium, roundish conical, deep rich red, almost purplish, few small light dots. Flesh white, sometimes stained a little next the skin, firm-grained, tender, juicy, sprightly, vinous. Good to very good. December, January. English Rambo of some. Hogan. English Red Streak. DOMINE. Wells. Striped R. I. Greening. English Beauty of Pa. Cheat. Cling Tight This Apple, extensively planted in the orchards on the Hudson and west, so much resembles the Rambo externally, that the two are often confounded together, and the outline of the latter fruit (see Rambo) may be taken as nearly a fac-simile of this. The Domine is, however, of a livelier color, and the flavor and season of the two fruits are very distinct, — the Rambo being rather a high-flavored early winter or au- tumn apple, while the Domine is a sprightly, juicy, long-keeping winter fruit. Fruit of medium size, flat. Skin lively greenish yellow in the shade, with stripes and splashes of bright red in the sun, and pretty large rus- set specks. Stalk long and slender, planted in a wide cavity and inclin- ing to one side. Calyx small, in a broad basin, moderately sunk. Flesh white, exceedingly tender and juicy, with a sprightly pleasant, though not high flavor. Young wood of a smooth, lively light brown, and the tree6 are very hardy, and the most rapid growers and prodigious early bearers that we know — the branches being literally w-:sfhed down by the rope-like clusters of fruit. 1 48 THE APPLE. The Domiiie does not appear to be described by any foreign author. Ooxe says that he received it from England, bill, the apple he describes and figures does not appear to be ours, and we have never met with it in any collection here. It is highly probable that this is a native fruit. It is excellent from December till April. Donnelan's Seedling. Of American origin. Fruit medium, roundish, greenish yellow, dull red stripes. Flesh yellowish, dry, subacid. September. (Elliott.) Doux d' Argent. Doux d'Angers. D'Eve. Ostogate. Supposed French origin. Tree vigorous, productive, with straight, downy young shoots. Fruit medium, oblate, conical, waxen yellow, bright red in the sun. Flesh white, firm, crisp, not very juicy, partially sweet. December, Jan- uary. Dowell's Pippin. An old Berkshire, England, dessert Apple. Fruit medium, roundish, conical, green, with russet and brownish red in the sun. Flesh firm, crisp, juicy, aromatic. October. Downing's Paragon. Raised by A. G. Downing, near Canton, 111. Growth upright, not very strong. Bears regularly and well. Fruit above medium, roundish, truncated. Skin light yellow, with a sunny cheek. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, sweet, rich, aromatic. Good to very good. September to December. Downton Pippin. Elton Pippin. Downton Golden Pippin. Knight's Golden Pippin. St. Mary's Pippin. A rather early variety of the English Golden Pippin, raised by Mr Knight, of Downton Castle. Fruit a little larger than the Golden Pippin, about two and a quar- ter inches in diameter, roundish, flat at the ends. Skin smooth, yellow. Flesh yellowish, crisp, with a brisk, rich tart flavor. Very good. Oc- tober and November. Dow's Winter Pippin. Origin, on the grounds of V. P. Dow, Greenbush, near Albany, N. Y. Tree productive. Fruit large, oblate, green inclining to yellow, slightly shaded in the sun with crimson, few brown dots. Flesh greenish, tender, juicy, brisk subacid, slightly aromatic Good. November. Drap d'Or. Fennouillet Jaune . Vrai Drap d'Or . Embroidered Pippin. Bay Apple. Pomme de Caractere. Bonne de Mai. Tree straggling, unproductive, moderately vigorous. This is distinct from the Draj d'Or of Lindley, and of Noisette, and THE APPLE. 149 most French authors, which is quite a small apple ; but it is the Vrai Drap cT Or of the old Duhamel, pi. xii. Fig. 4. Fruit large, roundish oblate. Skin smooth, yellow or dead gold color, with distinct small brown dots or specks. Flesh crisp, juicy, mild subacid. Good. August to October. There are two or three apples under rack, Columbia Co., N. Y. Tree a moderately vigorous grower, round-headed, almost pendent, very productive, valuable. 168 THE APPLE. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow. Flesh greenish white, tender, pleasant, subacid. Good to very good. December to February. Tree a good grower and bearer, and sells well in market. There is another Fall Greening, which is more oblate in form. Similar color. Flesh whitish yellow, juicy, sprightly subacid. Sep- tember to November. The tree a poor grower. Fall Harvey. A fine large fall fruit from Essex Co., Mass., highly esteemed in that neighborhood. We do not think it comparable to the Fall Pippin. Fruit large, roundish, a little flattened, obscurely ribbed or irregu- lar about the stalk, which is rather slender, an inch long, set in a wide, deep cavity. Calyx closed, small, in a rather shallow corrugated basin. Skin pale straw yellow, with a few scattered dots. F' h white, juicy, crisp, with a rich, good flavor. Good to very good. October and November. Fall Jenneting. Summer Jenneting'. Tree vigorous, and very productive. Fruit large, oblate, slightly conic, almost ribbed, pale greenish yel- low, with a blush. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. September and October. Fall Limbebtwig. Origin unknown. Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, pale yellow, shaded and splashed with red. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. November. Fall Orange. Orange. Holden. Hogpen. White Graft of Wia Holden Pippin. Jones' Pippin. Red Cheek. Long Island. Origin, Holden, Mass. A very strong, erect grower, good bearei, and hardy. Young shoots smooth, dark brownish red. Fruit fair, large, roundish, pale yellow, sometimes with a dull red cheek and sprinkled with brownish dots. Stalk short, inserted in a deep, narrow cavity, very slightly surrounded by russet. Calyx large, partially closed, basin rather deep, narrow. Flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid. Too acid for a dessert, good for cooking. October, November. Fall Pearmain. Tree thrifty, moderate bearer. From Connecticut. Fruit fair and handsome, medium, roundish conic, slightly angular. Skin yellow, striped, splashed, and shaded with crimson, and sprinkled with gray and green dots. Stalk medium, in a deep, slightly russeted cavity. Calyx partially closed. Basin rather deep, slightly corrugated. Flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid, rather rich flavor. Good to very good. September, October. THE APPLE. Fall Pippin. 169 York Pippin. Episcopal. Philadelphia Pippin. Pound Pippin. Golden Pippin, erroneously. Pound Royal of some Cathead, incorrectly. The Fall Pippin is, we think, decidedly an American variety. It ia rory probably a seedling raised in this country from the White Span' Fall Pippin. ish Reinette, or the Holland pippin, both of which it so much resem- bles, and from which it, in fact, differs most strongly in the season of maturity. The Fall Pippin is a noble fruit, and is considered the first of autumn apples in the Middle States, where its beauty, large size, and its delicious flavor for the table or for cooking, render it very popular. The. tree is a very vigorous, strong grower, upright spreading. Young shoots reddish brown. Fruit very large, roundish, generally a little flattened, pretty regular, sometimes with obscure ribs at the eye. Stalk rather long, three-fourths of an inch, projecting considerably beyond the fruit (which distinguishes it from the Holland Pippin), set in a rather small, shallow, round cavity. Calyx open, not very large, rather deeply sunk in a round, narrow basin. Skin smooth, yellowish green, becoming a fine yellow, with often a tinge of brownish blush on one side, and with a few scattered dots Flesh white, very tender and mellow, with a rich, aromatic flavor Very good to best. October to December. Fall Spitzenburgh. From Yermont. Tree a fair grower and good bearer. 170 THK APPLE. Flesh tender, juicy, Fruit medium, roundish conic, red striped, pleasant subacid. Good. October, November. Fall Seek-no-Further. Winter Seek-no-Further. Origin unknown. Tree much the nabit of the Rhode Island Green ing, thrifty and productive. Fruit very large, oblate, yellow, mostly shaded with red, striped with darker red, and covered with numerous grayish dots. Flesh whit- ish, tender, moderately juicy, with a pleasant subacid flavor. Good. October and November. There is another apple under name of Fall Seek-no-Further which we have received froin Iowa, of medium size, roundish, greenish, with slight blush in the sun. Flesh white, tender, mild, subacid. Very good and keeps till March. Sweet Wine. Ohio Wine. Fall Wine. Sharpe's Spice. Uncle Sam's best. Musk Spice. Hower or House. Origin unknown, probably an old Eastern fruit called " Wine " or " Sweet Wine," but not now much cultivated on account of the fruit being defective. In the rich AVestern soils it thrives admirably, producing fine fruit, yet in a few localities they complain of its being knurly. Tree healthy, but of rather slender growth, bearing modei"ate crops annually. Fall Wine. Fruit above medium. Stem rather long, slender, in a broad, deep cavity, surrounded by clear waxen yellow. Calyx partially closed in a broad, deep, corrugated basin. Skin striped and shaded with red, THE APPLE. 17 1 on a light ground, with numerous russet dots. Flesh yellowish, juicy, tender, with a rich, aromatic, very mild, subacid flavor, almost sweet Very good to best. September, November. Fall Winesap. A Western variety, the origin of wlxich is unknown. Tree a free clean grower, moderately spreading, somewhat drooping as the tree acquires age, productive and an early bearer. Fruit medium, roundish, sometimes slightly conical, yellowish green, with considerable blush in the sun. Flesh white, fine-grained, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. October, December. Fama Gusta. An old English sort. Tree vigorous, straggling in habit. Fruit medium to large, roundish oblong conical, deep yellow, faint red in sun. Flesh yellowish, tender, sweet. Good for cooking. No- vember, December. Fameuse. Pomme de Neige. Sanguineus. Snow Chimney. Snow. A very celebrated Canada fruit (probably an old French variety), which has its name from the snow-white color of its flesh, or, as some say, from the village from whence it was first taken to England. It is an excellent, Fameuse. Eroductive, autumn apple, and is especially valuable in north -in ititudes. Tree moderately vigorous, round-headed, hardy. Young shoots red- dish brown. Fruit of medium size, roundish, somewhat flattened. Skin with a i 72 THE APPLE. groand of pale greenish yellow, mixed with faint streaks of pale red on the shady side, but marked with blotches and short stripes of darker red, and becoming a fine deep red in the sun. Stalk quite slender, half an inch long, planted in a narrow funnel-shaped cavity. Calyx small, and set in a shallow, rather narrow basin. Flesh remarkably white, very tender, juicy, and with a slight perfume. Very good, almost best. Ripe in October and November. A regular bearer and a handsome dessert fruit. There is a variety under name of Striped Fameuse, claimed to be distinct, the fruit being more striped and less highly colored. Family. McLoud's Family. A native of Georgia. Tree a fine regular grower and productive. Fruit medium, oblate conical, yellowish, shaded, striped, and splash td Family. with dull red over half or more of its surface, thickly sprinkled with large light dots. Stalk short and small. Cavity pretty large, slightly russeted. Calyx closed. Segments medium, partially recurved. Basin medium, a little wrinkled. Flesh white, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant, Bubacid. Very good. August, September. Fancher. Origin unknown. Fruit large to very large, globular, regular. Surface smooth, yellow, blushed. Flesh white, fine-grained breaking, juicy, very sweet. Good to very good. Baking. September, October. (Warder.) the apple. 173 Fanny. Originated near Strasburgh, Lancaster Co., Pa., on the farm formerly owned by Jacob Beam. Tree vigorous, spreading, very productive. Young wood dark grayish purple, two shades darker than Red A strachan, and grayish. Fruit large, roundish oblate, slightly conic, deep rich crin\sou red, Fanny. moderately sprinkled with light dots. Stalk short, small. Cavity large, deep. Calyx closed. Segments short. Flesh white, a little stained next the skin, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Very good. Core small. August. A new Apple of great promise as a market sort. Farleigh Pippin. Farley Pippin. Originated at Farleigh in Kent, England. Tree strong, vigorous, upright, hardy, productive. Fruit medium, oblong conical, ribbed, yellowish, brownish red in the sun. Flesh greenish, firm, rich, and sugary. January to April. (Lind.) Farley's Red. A native of Oldham, Ky. Tree a moderate grower, hardy and pro- ductive. Fruit roundish, inclining to conic. Skin yellowish, shaded and striped with deep crimson, and specked with light dots. Flesh whitish, very firm, crisp, juicy, with a pleasant vinous flavor. Good. January, April. 174 the apple. Father. A seedling originated about 1795 by General Amoa Hall, in West Bloomfield, Ontario Co., N. Y. Tree a thrifty, upright grower, forming a handsome head, a good and constant bearer. Fruit medium, nearly oblate, more or less ribbed, greenish yellow. Flesh whitish, very tender and iuicy, subacid. Good. November, De- cember. Faust Faust's Winter. Foust. Origin, North Carolina. Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, sometimes faintly shaded with red in the sun, and thinly sprinkled with light dots. Stalk short, stout. Calyx nearly closed. Flesh whitish yellow, moderately juicy, pleasant subacid. Good, almost very good. November, December. Favorite. From Kentucky. Fruit small, roundish, yellow, striped and splashed with red. Flesh yellow, juicy, miid subacid. Good. November, January. (Elliott.) Fay's Russet. Origin, Bennington, Yt., on the farm of Mr. Fay. Tree moderate grower and very productive. Fruit rather below medium size, oblate conic. Color light yellow, mostly covered with russet, having a crimson cheek obscurely striped. Stalk short and small, inserted in a moderate acute cavity. Calyx par- tially closed. Segments long, in a shallow somewhat furrowed basin. Flesh white, tender, sprightly, pleasantly subacid. Yery good. April, June. Core small. Fearns Pippin. Clifton Nonsuch. Ferris Pippin. Florence Pippin. An English variety, not as desirable here as there. Tree upright, vigorous, hardy, and productive. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, becoming red in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, firm, juicy, rich, and pleasant. No- vember, March. (Lind.) Federal Pearmain. An old English soi-t, once prized for the dessert. Fruit small, roundish conical, yellowish, with red and streaks of rea in the sun, patches and dots of russet. Flesh fine, delicate, very riicy, rich sugary, viuous. December to March. (Hogg.) Fell's "Winter Sweet. A variety received from F. K. Phoenix, of Illinois. Origin unknown,. Tree a great bearer. THE APPLE. 175 Fruit medium, roundish, greenish yellow, with cheek of brown crimson in the sun. Flesh white, mild, rich, sweet. Good. Valua- ble for cooking and keeping only. Fenley. Finley. Findley. Horse, erroneously. This Apple originated in Kentucky, and was first brought into notice by the gentleman after whose name it has been called. It is grown to considerable extent South and West, and counted valuable, especially for kitchen use. Tree vigorous, upright, and productive. Young wood dark reddish, grayish, downy. Fruit large, oblate, slightly conic, pale yellow or yellowish, sprinkled with a few brown clots. Stalk short. Cavity broad, russeted. Calyx closed. Basin pretty large. Flesh yellow, crisp, juicy, pleasant sub- acid. Good to very good. September. Fenouillet Gris. Fruit small, roundish. Skin light russet on yellow ground. Flesh firm, with a saccharine, perfumed flavor. Good. December to February. Fenouillet Jaune. Embroidered Pippin. Drap d'Or. Pomme de Caractere. A French fruit, which has not proved of much value here. Fruit small, roundish, yellow gray russet network. Flesh white, firm, aromatic flavor. Good. October to March. Fenouillet Rouge. Bardin. Court-pendu Gris. Fruit small, roundish. Skin rough, grayish, with dark brownish red. Flesh firm, sugary. Good. October, January. Ferdinand. A seedling of Pomaria, S. C. Tree vigorous, upright. Fruit large, oblate, deep orange yellow, moderately sprinkled with large brown dots. Stalk short. Calyx large, closed. Flesh yellow, moderately juicy, tender, mild subacid. Good to very good. November to March. Ferris. Rhode Island Seek no Further. Westchester Seek no Further. An old variety of unknown origin, brought into Westchester Co., N. Y., about sixty years ago, where it is quite extensively grown and considered a profitable market apple. The tree makes an upright, round, rather open head, a great bearer every other year, and moderate bearer in alternate years. Fruit large, oblate, inclining to conic, whitish green, shaded, splashed, and striped over most of the surface with shades of crimson. Fleah 176 THE APPLE. white, tender, juicy, refreshing, vinous, mild subacid. Very good. November, December. Ferris. Origin, Wilmington, Del., where its value is mainly for its keeping qualities and productiveness. Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic, whitish, shaded and indistinctly splashed with dark red. Flesh greenish white, rather firm, juicy, subacid, good. March, April. Fett. Fat Apple. Origin unknown. Fruit small to medium, roundish oblate, red shaded and striped with crimson. Stem slender. Cavity almost closed, or appearing as if full. Flesh white, sometimes stained under the skin, crisp, subacid. Good. January. Field. Originated in York Co., Pa. Tree an upright grower, productive. Fruit medium, roundish, whitish shaded, splashed, and striped with crimson. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid, half spicy quince-like flavor. Good. November, January. Fink. Fink's Seedling. Origin, farm of Joseph Fink, Somerset, 0. Tree a strong, vigorous, upright grower and a profuse bearer. Fruit small, oblate, whitish yellow, with a crimson cheek in the sun. Flesh whitish, fine-grained, compact, moderately pleasant, aromatic, sub- acid. Good to very good. A long keeper, often the fruit of two years' growth being shown at the same time. First and Last. An English culinary Apple. Fruit medium, roundish, narrowing toward each end, yellow with crimson in the sun, and brown russet. Flesh yellowish, tender, sweet, brisk, spicy aroma. September to May. (Hogg.) Fishkill Beauty. Origin, Fishkill, N. Y. Tree vigorous, spreading. Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, whitish yellow, blush m the sun. Flesh white, very tender, juicy, mild subacid. Good. Sep- tember, October. Apt to decay on the tree. Fish's Seedling. Origin, Keene, New Hampshire. Tree vigorous and productive, highly esteemed in its locality THE APPLE. 177 Fruit medium, oblate, oblique, deep red on the sunny side, indistinct \y striped with darker red and yellow, and sprinkled with yellow dots. Flesh greenish white, tender, melting, vinous, saccharine flavor. Good. October, November. Fiske. Origin unknown. Tree productive. Fruit large, roundish oblate, pale yellow, shaded, and faintly splashed with shades of crimson. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant, sub- acid. Good to very good. December to March. Flake's Fall. Originated with the late Col. Flake, of Mercer, Pa., where it is esteemed a valuable and profitable apple, either for market or the table. Tree a moderate grower, rather upright, a good bearer. Flake's Fall Fruit large, form oblate, slightly conic. Color yellowish, over- spread, shaded, striped, and splashed with light and dark crimson, becoming very dark in the sun, thickly sprinkled with light and russet dots, some with dark centre. St ilk very short, and rather stout. Cavity large, deep, russeted, the splashes and nettings extending out- side. Calyx open, or partially closed. Segments large, to a point, and rather separated. Basin medium, uneven. Flesh white, tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid, peculiarly aromatic. Core small. Very good. October, November. Flanders Pipput. From Berkshire, England. 12 178 THE APPLE. Fruit medium, oblate, ribbed, greenish yellow, dull red in the sun. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Cooking. October, Novem- ber. (Hogg.) Flanders Beinette. Reinette de Flandre. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, with grayish red in the sun and near the stalk. Flesh yellowish white, firm, sugary. December to January. (Alb. Pom.) Flat Pippin. Needles. Origin, Ohio. Fruit large, oblate, ribbed, greenish white, tinge of red in the sun Flesh whitish, juicy, subacid. Good. November, December. Flat Sweet. An old Eastern fruit, and much valued where known. Fruit large, oblate, slightly conic, yellow, sometimes with sunny cheek, and slight russet. Flesh white, tender, juicy, with a fine, rich, saccharine flavor. Good. Valued for baking. October to March. Flat Sweet. From Illinois. Fruit medium or below, oblate, yellow, splashed, striped, and shaded with light and dark crimson over all, few large light dots. Stalk short. Flesh white, stained next the skin, firm, juicy, mild subacid, scarcely uweet. Good. September. Fleet's Nonpareil. Origin unknown. Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, pale yellow or whitish. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, brisk subacid. Good for cooking. September. Fleiner. Of German origin. Tree vigorous, upright, productive. Wood dull reddish bi'own, slightly grayish. Fruit medium, oblong conical, whitish yellow, shaded with crimson in sun. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk sharp subacid. Good. Oc- tober, November. Flora. A Southern Apple. Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and mottled with crimson. Flesh whitish, mild subacid. Hardly good. August. the apple. 179 Floky. Flory's Bellflower. Sheep Shire. Origin, Montgomery Co., Ohio. A new variety, highly regarded in the vicinity of its origin. Tree upright grower, abundant bearer. Fruit medium, roundish conical, rich yellow, with small patches of russet and minute raised russet dots. Flesh yellowish, tender, moder- ately juicy, subacid. Good. October, November. Flower of Kent. A large anil handsome English Apple, chiefly valued for baking and kitchen use. Fruit quite large, roundish conic, tawny yellow, washed with dull red, with occasionally a few stripes of brighter red. Flesh greenish yellow, abounding with a lively subacid j uice. Good cooking. Octo- ber to January. Flushing Spitzenburgh. This variety has been confounded with the Esopus Spitzenburgh, but is really qiiite distinct. The tree makes strong reddish brown shoots, different from the slender yellowish ones of that sort. The fruit is roundish conical. Stalk set in a narrow cavity projecting beyond the fruit. Skin nearly covered with red, on a greenish yellow ground, dotted with large fawn spots, and coated with a slight bloom. Calyx small, in an even basin. Flesh white, juicy, crisp, nearly sweet, and of pleasant flavor, but without the brisk richness or yellow color of the Esopus Spitzenburgh. Good. October to February. FOCHT. A seedling of Lebanon Co., Pa. Tree forms a low open head, productive. Fruit large, oblate, slightly conic, pale yellow, sometimes with a blush. Flesh white, tender, juicy, good, subacid. October, December. Excellent for culinary purposes. Foote's Nonpareil. Origin, farm of Jonathan Foote, Lee, Mass. Tree thrifty, vigorous, spreading, an annual bearer. Fruit small, oblong conic truncated, yellow shaded and indistinctly Hplashed with crimson. Flesh firm, juicy, pleasant aromatic subacid. V ery good. Core large. November. FORANGE. Origin, Fairfield Co., Ohio. Tree good grower, round head, good bearer. Fruit large, pale yellow. Flesh white, fine-grained, rich sweet Good. September. Ford Apple. Origin, farm of David Ford, Canaan, Columbia Co., N. Y. 180 THE APPLE. Fruit large, roundish, slightly conical. Color rich yellow. Flesh yel- lowish white, solid, moderately tender, with a high, rich, rather acid flavor. Good. October, January. Forest. Red Codlin. This variety we received from J. S. Foster, New Hartford, N. Y., who does not claim it as original, but that it is probably a foreigner. We have not been able to identify it with any known sort. Tree of up- right growth, very hardy, and an annual bearer. Fruit above medium, roundish oblong conical, often ribbed, yellow, mostly overspread, shaded, splashed, and striped with faint reddish crimson, and many large light dots. Stalk rather short. Cavity deep, irregular. Calyx small, closed. Basin small, abrupt, furrowed. Flesh yellow, crisp, tender, juicy, rich, pleasant, slightly aromatic, subacid, almost sweet. Core small. Very good. December to March. Forest Styre. Styre. Iltire. A cider fruit, from Gloucestershire, England. Tree upright, willow- like in growth. Fruit small, roundish oblate, pale yellow, blush in sun. Flesh firm, brisk acid. (Lind.) Forge. Origin, Sussex Co., England. Tree strong, stocky, short-jointed, forming a spreading open head, productive. Fruit small to medium, roundish oblate, obscurely ribbed, whitish yellow, overspread, shaded, splashed, striped, and mottled with red. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, pleasant, subacid. Very good. October, December. Forman's Crew. An old dessert Apple, originated in Glamorganshire, England. Tree healthy, upright. Young wood reddish chestnut, downy. Fruit below medium, oblate conic, yellowish green, brownish in sun. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, rich subacid. November, February. (Lind.) Fort Miami. Origin near Fort Miami, Ohio. Tree thrifty, healthy, productive, but not an early bearer. Fruit medium, roundish oblong conic, truncated, pale yellow with a brownish tinge, considerably russeted in the sun. Stalk rather short. Cavity medium, acute, deep. Calyx open. Basin abrupt, corrugated. Flesh yellowish, fine, crisp, juicy, rather rich subacid, aromatic. Very good. March to May. Foster Sweet. Origin unknown. Tntioduced by J. W. Foster, Dorchester, Masa THE APPLE. 18 * Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic, obscurely ribbed, whit- ish yellow, shaded with dark red and stripes and splashes in the sun, few light dots. Stalk short. Cavity small. Calyx closed. Basin rather deep. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, mild subacid, almost sweet. Good to very good. Core medium. September. FOULDON PeARMAIN. Horrex's Pearmain. Origin, Norfolk, England. Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow, blush in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp, brisk, sharp subacid. November to March. (land.) FoU>TDLING. Shirley. Groton. Origin, Groton, Mass. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading, produo tive. Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, inclining to conic. Color yellowish green, striped and shaded with deep rich red. Stalk short, slender, in a large, somewhat furrowed cavity. Calyx closed. Basin small, furrowed. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, with a pleasant, rich vinous aroma. Very good. August, September. Fourth of July. Siberian August. Tetofsky, erroneously. McAdow's June. Stewart's Nonpareil ? August Apple. A German Apple, introduced by C. F. Jaeger, of Columbus, Ohio. Fourth of J uly. Valuable mainly for its hardiness and early maturity as a cooking or market variety. Tree a strong upright grower, forming a fine head. Young shoots long dark reddish brown. 182 THE APPLE. Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate conical, slightl j ril bedj whitish yellow, covered with a thin whitish bloom, and striped and splashed with bright red, large light dots. ' Stalk rather short anu slender, often with bracts. Cavity medium, regular. Calyx closed. Segments rather long, generally recurved. Basin small, slightly uneven. Flesh white, juicy, sprightly, brisk subacid. Good. Core small. July. In fruit this closely resembles the Tetofsky, but the color of the wood, habit of growth, and foliage of old trees render its distinctiveness plain. Fox-Whelp. An old English cider Apple. Fruit medium, roundish, ribbed at crown, yellow and red mixed, and streaked. Flesh firm. October, November. (Lind.) Fraise. Of French origin. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. Fruit small, roundish conical, yellow, mostly overspread, and washed with bright red. Flesh fine-grained, tender, subacid. (Soc. V. M.) Framboise. Framboos. Calville Rouge d'Automne, incorrectly. Of German origin. Fruit medium to large, roundish oblong, truncated, somewhat ribbed, greenish yellow, spotted and striped with shades of bright and deep red, much red in sun. Flesh white, fine, tender, mellow, juicy, •sugary. September. (An. Pom.) Franohot. Originated in Otsego Co., N. Y. Tree productive. Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, shaded and splashed with red. Flesh yellowish, juicy, crisp, pleasant, aromatic. Good. October to January. Franklin's Golden Pippin. Sudlow's Fall Pippin. Dr. Hogg says : This is an American Apple, and was introduced into England by John Sudlow. Fruit of medium size, roundish, slightly conic, very regular in shape, rather broadest at the base, deep yellow, freckled with numerous dark spots. Flesh pale yellow, crisp, juicy, rich subacid. Good to very good. The tree grows freely, and forms an upright head. October. Under the name of Franklin Gohhn Pippin we have received an apple from Illinois, and now somewhat grown there, which is quite dis- tinct from the above. It was introduced West from Pennsylvania, under name of Golden Pippin, but in its new locality has had attached, by whom we know ntffc, the, prefix of Franklin. There are so many Golden Pippins that it is difficult to decide which shall be entitled tc priority of name. THE ArPLE. 183 Fruit medium, roundish conical, slightly ribbed, pale le non yellow moderately sprinkled with light and gray dots. Stalk short, slender Cavity deep. Calyx firmly closed. Basin corrugated. Flesh yellow- ish, tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid. Very good. November December. Freeman. Origin, New Jersey. Tree productive. Fruit medium, ovate truncated conical, mottled and splashed with red. Flesh white, often stained next the skin, tender, slightly subacid, nearly sweet. Good to very good. Valued mainly as a late keeper. Freeze and Thaw. Of Pennsylvania origin. Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, light yellow, with shades and splashes of red. Flesh whitish, rather firm, subacid. Poor. Novem- ber to February. Fremont Pippin. Originated on the farm of James Armitage, Soleberry, Pa. Fruit medium, roundish conical, ribbed, lemon yellow, slightly shaded with crimson in the sun. Stalk long. Cavity deep. Calyx small, closed. Basin small. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, brisk subacid. Very good. Core medium. January, February. French. An old New England variety, origin unknown. Fruit medium to large, oblate, slightly conical, yellow, striped and splashed with red. Flesh yellow, crisp, rich acid. Good. November. French Bellflower. Bellefleur de France. Double Bellefleur. Dobbel Bellefleur. A French Apple, described in the Annals of Pomology as : — Fruit very large, roundish, slightly conical, yellowish, with camiine red cheek in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, half tender, melting, sweet, subacid. French Crab. Ronalds describes this as follows : Tree very hardy, somewhat pendent in its growth, and bears well. A long keeper. Fruit above medium, globulai', green, becoming yellow at maturity. Flesh firm, pleasant, brisk. French Nonpareil. Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, moderately productive. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, sides unequal, greenish yellow, shaded, splashed, and marbled with red. Flesh whitish, crisp, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Good to very good. Core small. October, November. 184 the apple. French Pippin. Of unknown origin. Tree hardy and vigorous j with dark reddish brown shoots. Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with a faint dull cheek, thinly sprinkled with large brown dots, and traces of russet. Flesh yellowish, tender, pleasant, subacid. Good. Core small. October, January. Quite distinct from Newark or French Pippin, which has slender branches. There are several apples under name of French Pippin, and it is difficult to decide which has priority to the name, except as con- nected with the oldest description. French Reinette. Reinette Franche. Reinette Blanche. Weisse Reinette. Reinette Blanche, dite Prime. Franz Rennette. Franzosische Edelreinette. Reinette de Normandy. An old French Apple described by various authors, valued mainly as a long keeper. Coxe says the tree is handsome, of vigorous growth and an abundant bearer. Fruit large, roundish oblong conical, truncated, yellow, with some russet, and red in sun. Flesh firm, yellowish white, rich and sprightly subacid. French Russet. French Pippin. This old Apple is described in Ronalds as a sauce or cooking fruit of medium size, globular, yellowish, with faint red in the sun, considerably russeted. Flesh white, tender, subacid. November, January. French's Sweet. Origin, farm of B. V. French, Braintree, Mass. Tree very produc- tive. Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, yellow, with a shade of brown in the sun. Flesh yellowish, crisp, moderately juicy, compact, rich, sweet. Valued for cooking. October, November. Friar. An English cider Apple, described by Hogg as of good size, some- what conical, greenish, with dull red in the sun. Tree vigorous and productive Frisland Reinette. Reinette de Frisland. Of German origin, described in the Album of Pomology. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit large, roundish oblate conical, bright yellow, brownish red in the sun, reddish gray near the stalk. Flesh white, firm, agreeable, suo- acid. December to January. the apple. 18& Fronclin. Originated in Lancaster Co., Pa., where the original tree is supposed to be over one hundred years old. It is a rapid grower, bearing pro- fusely even when young, but the fruit is rather too acid to please manj tastes. Fruit below medium, oblate, whitish, shaded and splashed with rich red. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, sharp subacid. Good. Sep- tember, November. Front Door. From Michigan, origin unknown. Fruit medium to large, oblate, yellow, striped and splashed with red. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. September. Fullerton Sweet. Origin unknown, found in the orchard of William Fullerton, Orange Co., N. Y. It much resembles the Autumn Sweet Bough. Fruit below medium, roundish conical, pale yellow, with a few brown dots. Flesh white, juicy, tender, honeyed sweet. Very good. Core small. October, November. Fulton. A Western fruit, originated in the orchard or nursery of A. G. Downing, Canton, Fulton Co., 111., a vigorous grower, hardy, regular in form, an annual and productive bearer. Young shoots slender, clear light reddish brown. Size about medium, oblate, light yellow, spi-inkled with green or gray dots, having a blush on the sunny side. Stalk three-fourths of an inch, rather slender, inserted in a broad deep cavity. Calyx large, open. Segments small, recurved, in a pretty large basin. Flesh yellowish, juicy, tender, mild subacid, almost sweet. Good to very good. Core Bmall. November to February. Fulton Strawberry. Origin same as the Fulton. Tree vigorous, stout, spreading grower, hardy, does not come early into bearing. Young wood grayish brown, slightly downy. Fruit medium, oblate, whitish, mostly overspread, striped, splashed, and mottled with shades of red. Flesh whitish, tinged with pink, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. September. Fulwood. Green Fulwood. Lindley and Hogg both describe this culinary Apple as large, round- ish, ribbed, green, with broken stripes of dull red in sun. Flesh greenish white, firm, crisp, brisk acid. November to March. There is also a White Fulwood described which is probably identical with the above. 186 the apple. Gabriel. Ladies' Blush. Tree of rather slender growth, productive. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, whitish green, Bhaded and splashed with crimson, and spi-iukled with gray dots. Stalk medium, inserted in a cavity of moderate depth. Calyx partially closed, set in a moderate uneven basin. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, rich subacid. Core small. Good to very good. October and November. Gaesdonker Gold Reinette. A German dessert Apple. Fruit below medium, oblate, golden yellow, reddish cheek in sun, and some russet. Calyx partially closed, with long, pointed segments. Flesh yellowish, fine, firm, juicy, rich aromatic subacid. December to March. (Hogg.) Ganges. Fruit pretty large, oblong, green, with red in the sun. Flesh yel lowish, subacid. Cooking. (Lind.) Garden. Originated with Hezekiah Ellis, in Spottsylvania Co., Va. Fruit small, oblate, yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped with two shades of red nearly over the whole surface, moderately sprinkled with light and gray dots. Stalk long, slender. Cavity medium, thinly russet- sd. Calyx closed. Segments rather long, partially recurved. Basin abrupt, slightly corrugated. Flesh white, a little stained next the skin, ci-isp, juicy, mild subacid. Good to very good. November, December. Warder, in his American Pomolog}7, page 435, describes a Garden Apple, and gives at the same time Garden Jxoyal as a synonym, which latter must be erroneous, as there is a distinct fruit under that name. Warder's description is as follows : Fruit pretty large, roundish flat, regular. Surface smooth, yellow- ish green, slightly shaded red, scattered stripes carmine, dots minute black. Basin wide, regular, small, closed. Cavity deep, acute, regu- lar, green. Stem short to medium, sometimes knobby. Core wide, closed or open, regular, clasping the eye. Flesh pale yellow or whitish, tender, fine-grained, juicy, subacid, aromatic, saccharine, agreeable. August to October. Garden. Comstock's Garden. Origin uncertain. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. Fruit medium size, roundish oblate. Skin whitish, nearly covered with narrow stripes of light and dark red, and thickly sprinkled with conspicuous light dots. Stalk short and slender. Calyx nearly closed. Basin medium, slightly furrowed. Flesh white tinged with red, not very tender, but valuable as a cooking fruit. September, October. Garden Royal. Originated on the farm of Bowker, Sudbury, Mass. Tree of THE APPLE. 187 moderate, very upright growth, forming a beautiful roundish, regular even head, very productive. Young shoots dark dull reddish brown, slightly grayish or imperfect downy. Garden Eoyal. Fruit medium or below. Form roundish oblate, very slightly conic. Color greenish yellow, shaded, striped, and splashed with rich red, a lit- tle dull or grayish toward the stalk. Sprinkled with light and gray dots. Stalk medium, slender. Cavity deep, acute. Calyx open or partially closed. Segments sometimes a little recurved. Basin shallow, slightly uneven. Flesh yellow, very tender, juicy, rich, mild subacid, aromatic. Best. Core small. Last of August, September. Garden Stripe. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading, and drooping. Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, broadly striped, splashed and shaded with shades of deep red. Flesh tender, juicy, sub- acid. Good. September. Garden Sweet. A New England Apple., Tree hardy, thrifty, and productive. Young shoots strong, light reddish brown, slightly downy. Fruit medium, roundish oblor.g conic. Color yellow, shaded and splashed with crimson nearly over the whole surface, many light and gray dots. Stalk rather short and small. Cavity acute. Calyx closed. Seg- ments partially recurved. Basin large, abrupt, corrugated. Flesh yel- lowish white, tender, juicy, rich, sweet. Very good. Core medium. September and October. A valuable vaiiety for cooking or stock feed- ing, continuing a long time in use. 188 the apple. Gardner Sweet. Gardner Sweeting. Kenrick says: Tree grows slow, but is very productive. Fruit above medium, roundish, pale color, covered with, small specks, bright blush next the sun. Flesh firm, sweet. December to March. Gardner's Sweet Pearmain. An old Long Island Apple. Fruit medium, oblate, sides unequal, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and striped with light and dark red nearly over the whole surface, thickly sprinkled with light dots. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, sweet, and pleasant. Good. Core small. September. Garrettson's Early. Somerset Harvest. Originated on the farm of Jno. Garrettson, Somerset, N. J. Tree vigorous, upright spreading, productive. Young wood brown, slightly downy. Fruit medium, roundish conic, yellowish, thickly covered with light specks. Stalk short. Cavity deep, acute. Calyx closed, in a small, abrupt, furrowed basin. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good, valuable for cooking. September. Garter. A cider fruit of England. Fruit medium, oblong, pale yellow and red. Gault's Bellflower. Fruit large, roundish, pale yellow. Flesh white, coarse. October, December. (Elliott.) Gaumont. Supposed French origin. Fruit large, roundish oblong oblate, ribbed, golden yellow with a few light gray dots. Stalk short. Calyx open. Basin very deep. Flesh yellow, compact, juicy, rich subacid. October, November. General Haskell. Origin said to be Graves Co. , Ky . Tree a good grower and productive. Fruit medium, red, esteemed for its fine appearance and being a long keeper. Genesee Chief. Origin unknown. Tree a strong, vigorous grower. Fruit large, roundish conical, uneven or ribbed, whitish, almost waxen, shaded with crimson in the sun, few faint dots. Flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. Core large. September. Ccoking the apple. 189 Geneva Pippin. Winter Pippin of Geneva. An Apple bearing the above local name was found growing ii. the garden of Mrs. Crittendon, Geneva, and is deserving of notice. The appearance of the tree and fruit is strikingly like that of the Fall Pip- pin, but is a late keeper, continuing in perfection until May. Young wood reddish brown, slightly downy. Geneva Pippin. Fruit large, roundish oblate, fine yellow, with rarely a bronzed cheek, sparsely covered with gray dots. Stalk short and small, inserted in a narrow cavity. Calyx open. Segments long. Basin open. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, vinous. Very good or best. January to May. Gentle's Large Red. Origin unknown. Fruit large, roundish, slightly conic, sides unequal, yellow, shad- ed, splashed, and striped with dull red, many light and brown dots. Stalk long and slender. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, mild, pleasant subacid. November. Good. George. Origin, Muskingum Co., Ohio. Tree healthy, spreading, an abun- dant bearer. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, with considerable russet specks and markings. Calyx large, oper.. Flesh whitish, firm, juicy, mild acid. Good. July. 190 the apple. Gesteeifter Sommee Zimmetapfel. La Ganelle. An excellent little German dessert Apple described by Hogg Tree a good grower and bearer. Fruit small, roundish oblate, lemon yellow, with crimson stripes in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, fine, juicy, very aromatic, cinmv mony. August and September. (Hogg.) Gewiss Good. Gewiss Guth. Indeed Good. Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, often conic, light yellow, slightly shaded with carmine. Stalk short, inserted in a deep, narrow, sblghtly russeted cavity. Calyx partially closed. Basin deep, slightly corru- gated. Flesh juicy, tender, crisp, with a somewhat spicy, subacid fla- vor. Good. December, February. Giant. A Pennsylvania variety. Fruit large, roundish conical, dull red, striped. Flesh greenish white, tender. Poor. Giles. Elliott describes this as from Wallingford, Conn. Fruit medium, conical, dark red. Flesh tender, juicy. Very good, October, November. Gilpin. THE APPLE. l91 Gilpin. Carthouse. Small Romanite. Gray Roinanite- Roman Knight. Romanite of the West. Little Romanite. A handsome cider fruit, from Virginia, which is also a good table fruit from February to May. A very hardy, vigorous, and fruitful tree. Fruit of medium size, roundish oblong. Skin very smooth and hand- some, richly streaked with deep red and yellow. Stalk short, deeply in serted. Calyx in a round, rather deep basin. Flesh yellow, firm, juicy and rich, becoming tender and sprightly in the spring. Good. Gipson's Kentucky. Gipson's Kentucky Seedling. Originated on the farm of A. Gipson, Calhoun Co., Ky. Fruit below medium, roundish, sides unequal, greenish, with dark red in the sun. Flesh pale yellow, juicy, sprightly subacid. January to April. Gladney's Red. Originated in Mississippi. Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish, shaded, mottled, and obscurely striped with light red nearly over the whole surface, and covered with a thin bloom. Stalk long and slender. Calyx closed, with long renexed segments. Flesh yellowish, rather firm, moderately juicy, slightly aro- matic, subacid. Core small. Good. January, February. Glanz Reinette. Tyroler Glanz-reinette. A beautiful waxen-like Apple of German origin. Tree a strong grower, forming a round head, very productive. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, waxy lemon yellow, blush of red in the sun. Stalk long. Cavity russeted. Basin furrowed. Flesh snow white, fine, juicy, rich, sugary, vinous. December. (Hogg.) Gleason Sweet. Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, shaded and splashed with crimson over most of the surface. Flesh white, tender, juicy, scarcely sweet. Good. Core small. November. Glendale. Warder says : " Believed to have originated near Glendale, Hamil- ton Co., Ohio." Tree vigorous, thrifty, spreading, productive. Fruit large, roundish, somewhat conical, yellow, striped and clouded with bright red, dots small, russet. Flesh yellowish, mild, subacid, jdmost saccharine. Good. September, October. Gloria Mundi. Monstrous Pippin. Belle Josephine. Baltimore of some. Glazemvood Gloria Mundi. Baltimore Pippin. New York Gloria Munch. American Mammoth. Mississippi? Ox Apple. Origin unknown. Tree vigorous. Not productive or profitable. 192 THE APPLE. Fruit very large, roundish oblate, ribbed, greenish yellow. Flesh coarse, tender, with a pleasant acid flavor. Good. October to January. Glory of England. Fruit large, oblate, ribbed, yellow, with streaks and dots of crimson, whitish specks and some russet. Flesh greenish yellow, tender, soft, juicy, sprightly acid. Cooking. (Hogg.) Glory of the West. Tree a strong vigorous grower and great bearer. Fruit large, oblate, ribbed, yellow, red in the sun, minute russet dots. Flesh yellowish white, firm, juicy, brisk, slightly perfumed, acid. Cctober, December. (Hogg.) Gloucester White. Origin, Gloucester Co., Ya. Tree vigorous and very productive. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, fine yellow. Flesh yellow, juicy, crisp, pleasant, subacid. Good. October, November. Goble Russet. Sweet Seek-no-Further. Origin unknown. Elliott describes the fruit as medium to large, oblong flattened, yellow russet, marbled with red. Flesh whitish yel- low, dry, sweet. October to December. Gogar Pippin. Stone Pippin. A variety from Edinburgh, Scotland, Fruit medium, roundish, obscurely ribbed, greenish, with brownish red in the sun. Flesh greenish white, juicy, brisk acid. January, Feb- ruary. Golay. Originated near Yevay, Indiana. Fruit medium, oblate, somewhat conic, truncated, yellow, mixed, striped with purplish red, dots minute, gray, scattered, indented. Flesh yellowish white, breaking tender, juicy, rich subacid. Good to best, January to May. (Warder.) Golden. Fruit medium, roundish, ribbed, light yellow. Flesh yellowish, acid. July. (Elliott.) Golden Ball. Origin, Conn. Tree a vigorous grower, but only a moderate bearer. Fruit large, roundish, somewhat ribbed, golden yellow, with a few dots. Flesh crisp, tender, subacid. Good. December, March. the apple. 195 Golden Burr. Burr Knot. Ronalds describes this as a variety easily grown from cuttings, be« cause of the knots or joints on the shoots. A large apple, roundish, yellow, with flush of faint red in the sun. Useful for kitchen. November, December. Golden Goss. Received from Western New York. Tree vigorous, upright, pro- ductive. Fruit rather large, roundish conical, slightly ribbed, golden yellow, faintly shaded in the sun with red. Flesh white, firm, juicy, mild sub- acid. Good to very good. November, December. Golden Harvey. Brandy Apple. An excellent, high-flavored little dessert Apple from England, of slen- der growth. Fruit small, irregularly round. Skin rather rough, dull russet over a yellow ground, with a russety red cheek. Flesh yellow, of fine tex- ture, with a spicy, rich, subacid flavor. The fruit is apt to shrivel. December to April. Golden Knob. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit small, roundish oblate, golden yellow, some russet and tinge of red in sun. Flesh greenish white, crisp, juicy, brisk, sweet. Decem- ber to March. Golden Lustre. A culinary Apple from England. Fruit medium, conical, yellow, with patches and stripes of bright red in the sun. Flesh pale yellow, firm, subacid. November to April. Golden Monday. Monstow's Pepping. Hogg describes this as from the Berkshire orchards, as a dessert Ap- ple of first-rate quality. Fruit small, roundish oblate, golden yellow, with crimson dots in the sun. Nettings and lines of thin brown russet. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, sugary, brisk, perfumed. October, December. Golden Noble. An old English variety, valiiable for cooking. Lindley describes it as pretty large, roundish conical, bright yellow with a few small reddish spots and patches of russet. Flesh yellow, tender, pleasant, subacid. November, December. 13 194 the apple. Golden Nonpareil. Fruit small, roundish, golden yellow, with russet and blush red in the sun. Flesh crisp, sharp acid. October, December. Golden Pearmain. Dutch Pearmain. Ruckman's Pearrnain. Red Russet of some. An old English Apple. Tree upright, very productive. Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, orange in sun. Patches and dots of russet. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, sweet. Very good. November. Ronalds describes an entirely different Apple under this name, as follows : Fruit small, oblong roundish conical, yellow, with some slight rus- set and a good deal of red striping. Flesh firm, rich, and high-flavored. December, January. Golden Pippin. Golden Pippin. London G olden Pippin. Old Golden Pippin. Warter's Golden Pippin. Balgone Pippin. Bayfordbury Golden Pippin. Milton Golden Pippin. Pepin d'Or. Russet Golden Pippin. Pomme d'Or. Herefordshire Golden Pippin. Koening's Pippelin. Reinette d'Angleterre. The Golden Pippin of the English is the queen of all dessert Apples, in the estimation of the English connoisseurs, as it unites the qualities of small size, fine form, and color, with high flavor and durability. It is a very old variety, being mentioned by Evelyn in 1660, but it still thrives well in many parts of England. Fruit small, round, and regularly formed, gold color, dotted with gray russety dots, with also obscure white specks imbedded under the skin. Flesh yellowish, crisp, rather acid, but with a rich, brisk, high flavor. "Very good. A great bearer, but requires a strong, deep, sandy luain. November to March. Does not succeed well here. There are many varieties of the English Golden Pippin, differing but little in general appearance and size, and very little in flavor, from the old sort, but of rather more thrifty growth ; the best of these are Hughes', and ICirke's new Cluster Golden Pippins. Golden Pippin. Pittstown Pippin. This is an old Apple, grown many years ago in Adams, Mass., from whence it was brought to Pittstown, and has been recently christened after that place. The tree is an upright vigorous grower, with large strong blanches. Shoots dull brownish red. slightly downy. Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, sometimes conic, and sides un- equal, greenish yellow with a blush in sun exposure. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid. Core rather large. Good for cooking September and October. the apple. 195 Golden Pippin. Pound Royal of some. York Pippin. Butter Pippin. Large Golden Pippin. Mammoth. This Apple is considerably grown in the New England States and Western New York, and is one of the largest of its class, specimens Bornetimes weighing 20 ounces. Tree very vigorous and very productive on deep rich soils ; on light soils it is often a shy bearer, the fruit much smaller. Fruit very large, roundish, ribbed, greenish yellow, becoming quite yellow at full maturity, slight blush of brown crimson in sun-exposed specimens. Flesh yellowish, coarse, juicy, tender, mild subacid. Core small. Good to very good. November, December. There is another Golden Pippin sometimes known as Porter in Mich- igan, which is of medium size, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, mild subacid. Ripe in September and October. There are also several other Apples under this popular name, many of which doubtless will be found identical with named sorts. Golden Red. From Long Island. Origin unknown. Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded, splashed, and mottled nearly over the whole surface. Flesh yellowish, crisp, moder- ately juicy, pleasant subacid. Core small. December, January. Fruit liable to rot on the tree, not profitable. Golden Reinette. Reinette, Golden. Wyker Pippin. Aurore. Elizabet. Kirke's Golden Reinette. Wygers. Yellow German Reinette. Megginch Favorite. Reinette d'Aix. Dundee. English Pippin. Reinette Giden. Court pendu Dore. Princesse Noble, of the French. The Golden Reinette is a very popular dessert fruit in England aLd on the Continent, combining beauty and high flavor. Fruit below medium size, very regularly formed, roundish, a little flattened. Skin smooth, golden yellow, washed and striped with fine soft red on the sunny side, mingled with scattered russet dots. Flesh yellow, crisp, with a rich, brisk subacid. Good. October to January. Golden Reinette op Vanderlaans. Reinette dor ee de Van der Laans. Originated with Van der Laans of Rynland, in Holland. j.ree strong, stout branches. Fruit medium, roundish conical, greenish, with indistinct grayish brown spots. Calyx large, half open. Stalk short. Cavity deep. Flesh greenish white, fine, firm, perfumed, subacid. October to December (Verg.) 196 THE APPLE. Tlie German Golden Reinette may possibly prove identical with the above. Golden Russet. English Golden Russet. English Golden. Russet Golden. This is an old English Apple described by Ronalds and Lindley as Gol- den Russet, and as that is its commonly accepted name in this country we have followed it. It is one of the popular Apples, succeeding in nearly all sections, and especially in rich Western soils. The tree is thrifty, vigorous, spreading, rather irregular, forming a bushy head. Young shoots slender, dull reddish brown, slightly downy, with numerous small white dots. An early bearer. Fruit medium or below, roundish, or roundish oblate. Skin rough. Color yellow, mostly covered with dull russet, and having a bronzed cheek in the sun. Stalk short, small. Cavity medium, or rather deep. Calyx closed. Segments rather long, often a little recurved. Basin broad, rather large, slightly corrugated. Flesh whitish yellow, fine- grained, rather compact, sprightly, mild subacid. Good to very good. December to March. Golden Russet, of Massachusetts. Tree vigorous, upright, and productive. Young shoots clear reddish brown. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, conic. Skin golden russet, with a sunny cheek. Stalk small and short, inserted in a deep cavity. Calyx nearly closed. Segments small, recurved. Basin deep, round, and open. Flesh yellowish white, tender, rich, mild, sweet subacid. Very good. January, April. There are many Golden Russets about the country, and it is difficult to identify them. This is from Massachusetts, and distinct from those grown in New York, and West. Golden Seedling. Supposed origin, Missouri. Fruit large, roundish oblate, greenish yellow blush in the sun. Flesh yellowish, juicy, sharp subacid. February to May. Golden Streak. A cider Apple from Somerset shire, England. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, clear yellow, with stripes of red. Flesh yellow, brisk, pleasant acid. (Hogg.) Golden Sweet. Orange Sweeting. Early Golden Sweet. A celebrated Connecticut fruit. Tree very vigorous, spreading, forming a tree of moderate size, hardy and very productive. Young shoots reddish brown. Fruit above the medium size, roundish, scarcely flattened, fair, and well formed ; when fully ripe, pale yellow or straw color. Stalk about THE APPLE. 197 an inch long, slender at its junction with the fruit. Calyx closed, and set in a basin of moderate depth. Flesh tender, sweet, rich, and excel- lent. Good to very good. August and September. A valuable sort for cooking, market, or stock feeding. Golden Sweet. Golden Wilding. Origin, near Fayetteville, N. C. Tree thrifty, upright, productive. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, a little oblique, golden yellow, thickly sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk rather short and small. Cavity deep, russeted. Calyx open. Flesh yellow, firm, crisp, brisk subacid. Core smaLL Good. November to March. Golden Worcester. A small dessert Apple described by Ronalds as perfectly round, rich golden, slightly tinged with red. Flesh firm, yellow. January. Gold Reinette von Bordeaux. Bordeauer Gold Reinette. Hogg describes this as a valuable and beautiful sort. We do not know of its having fruited in this country. Fruit very large, obtuse pearmain shaped, greenish, becoming rich yellow and washed with bright red in the sun, traces of russet, and gray russet dots. Stalk short, fleshy. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish whiter fine, tender, juicy, rich aromatic. December to March. 198 the apple. Goodyear. Goodyear's Seedling. Origin, Cumberland Co., Pa. Tree a fine grower, and productive. Fruit medium, roundish, fine red. Flesh firm, juicy, subacid. Good December to April. Gooseberry. An English cooking Apple. Tree vigorous, spreading. Fruit large, roundish conical, greenish yellow, sometimes slight tinge of red in sun. Flesh yellowish, crisp, j uicy, brisk subacid. Good to very good for cooking. Core large. December, February. Gooseberry Pippin. A handsome little English dessert Apple. Fruit small, roundish, yellow, with splashes and marblings of red. Flesh fine-grained, tender, juicy, brisk, sweet subacid. November to February. Gould's Sweet. Origin unknown. First brought to notice from Mercer Co., Pa. Tree of rather slow spreading growth, productive. Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical, yellow, deep orange in the sun, brown dots. Flesh yellowish, moderately tender, juicy, mild, rich, sweet. Core rather small. A good cooking fruit. December to March. Governor. American. Large, yellowish, tinged with red, juicy, acid, cooking. October, January. (Elbiott.) Governor Charter. Governor Charter's Seedling. A variety described in the Prairie Farmer as a valuable market Apple. Tree hardy and productive. Fruit medium, roundish conical, obscurely ribbed, light yellow, with blush in the sun. Flesh white, firm, juicy, pleasant, scarcely acid, slightly aromatic. Core small. October. Gracey. Origin, Greenville, 111. Fruit above medium, roundish conical, light green, with greenish white specks. Flesh greenish white, coarse, mild subacid. August (Gar. Mon.) Grange. Origin, Herefordshire, England. Tree hardy and productive. Fruit below medium, roundish, yellow. Flesh yellow, firm, srisp brisk. October, November. (Ron.) the apple. 199 Grange's Pearmain. Grange's Pippin. An Euglish culinary Apple. Tree hardy, productive. Fruit large, roundish conical, yellow, with broken stripes of red Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, brisk pleasant acid. November, February. (Hogg.) Graniwinkle. Originated in one of the eastern counties of New Jersey. Tree vig- orous, upright, spreading, productive. Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical, }rellowish, shaded with light red, and striped aud splashed with a deeper shade. Flesh white, fine-grained, juicy, moderately tender, rich pleasant honeyed sweet. Core small. Very good. Valuable for stock, cider, or for cooking. October to December. Granite Beauty. Aunt Dorcas. Grandmother's Apple. Clothes-yard Apple. Origin, on the farm of Z. Breed, Weare, N. H. Tree hardy, vigor- ous, upright, spreading. An annual bearer. Young wood light reddish brown, slightly downy. Fruit medium to large, roundish oblong, largest at the centre, and narrowing toward stalk and calyx, uneven surface, or obscurely ribbed. Skin somewhat oily. Color pale yellow, mostly overspread, striped, splashed, and mottled with two shades of red, brown dots. Stalk short, slender. Cavity uneven, or ribbed, acute. Calyx closed. Segments short, erect. Basin medium, corrugated. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild pleasant subacid. Core large, open. Good to very good. Decem- ber to February. Granny Earle. Fruit small, roundish oval, green, striped and splashed with red. Flesh white, crisp, tender. Very good. November, January. (Hov. Mag.) Gravenstein. Grave Slije. A stipero-iooKing Uerman Apple, which originated at Gravenstein in Holstein, and is thought one of the finest apples of the North of Eu- rope. Jt fully sustains its reputation here, and is, unquestionably, a fruit of first-rate quality. Tree very vigorous, spreading, forming a large, broad head. Very productive. An early bearer. Young wood reddish brown. Fruit Large, rather flattened, and a little one-sided or angular, broad- est at the base. Stalk quite short and strong, deeply set. Calyx large, closed, in a wide, deep, rather irregular basin. Segments long, ii lar, recurved, skin greenish ydlou- at first, but becoming 1 low, and beautifully dashed and pencilled, and marbled with light and 200 THE APPLE. deep red and orange. Flesh tender and crisp, with a high- flavored, somewhat aromatic taste. Very good. September and October. A valuable apple for market or cooking, succeeding admirably wherevei grown. Gravenstein. Great Unknown. Origin unknown. Found in the orchard of S. McDowell Ma« con, Ga. Fruit large, regular, oblate roundish, inclining to conic, yellow sha- ded and marbled with carmine. Stalk slender. Calyx open. >lesh yellowish, tender, juicy, subacid. Very good. December. (White.) Green Cheem. the apple. 201 Green Cheese. Green Crank. Yellow Crank. Southern Gieeung. Southern Golden Pippin. Winter Greening. Carolina Greening. Green Skin. "Winter Cheese. Turner's Cheese. Greening. An old variety, grown largely in Kentucky and other Southwestern Slates. It has been extensively propagated by suckers, but the exact [dace of the original tree is unknown. Although not best in quality, it has so many good properties adapting it to the South and Southwest, that it is widely disseminated under the various synonyms given above. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, and has the habit of blooming late, which gives it a special value. A good bearer and long keeper. Young shoots slender, grayish brown. Fruit medium, oblate, occasionally oblique, pale greenish yellow, moderately sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk short, slender. Cavity large, deep, russeted. Calyx closed. Segments slightly recurved. Basin broad, deep, uneven. Flesh yellowish white, tender, crisp, juicy, rich, sprightly subacid. Core small, compact. Very good. Novem ber to March. Green's Choice. Origin, Chester Co., Pa. Tree vigorous and productive. Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, striped with red. Flesh tender, juicy, very mild subacid, or almost sweet. Good. Ripe last of August and first of September. Green Domine. Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, washed or obscurely striped with dull red. Flesh whitish, firm, with a pleasant, peculiar flavor. Good. December, February. Green Mountain Pippin. From Georgia, and much grown there as a market fruit. Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to oblong, flattened at base and crown, greenish yellow. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, tender, pleasant sub acid. Good. November, February. Green Newtown Pippin. Hunt's Fine Green Pippin. Newtown Pippin. American Newtown Pippin. Brooke's Pippin ? Green "Winter Pippin. Petersburgh Pippin. Hunt's Green Newtown Pippin ? The Newtown Pippin stands at the head of all Apples, and is, when in perfection, acknowledged to be unrivalled in all the qualities which constitute a high-flavored dessert apple, to which it combines the quality of long keeping without the least shrivelling, retaining its high flavor to the last. It commands the highest price in Covent Garden Market, Lon- don. This variety is a native of Newtown, Long Island, and it requires a pretty strong, deep, warm soil to attain its full perfection, and in the orchard it should be well manured every two or three year? The tree 202 THE APPLi,. is of rather slender and slow growth, and even while young is always remarkable for its rough bark. Fruit of medium size, roundish, a little irregular rn its outline, caused by two or three obscure ribs on the sides — and broadest at the base, next the stalk ; about three inches in diameter, and two and a half deep. Color dull green, becoming olive green when ripe, with a faint, dull brownish blush on one side, dotted with small gray specks, and with delicate rus- set rays around the stalk. Calyx quite small and closed, set in a narrow and shallow basin. Stalk half an inch long, rather slender, deeply sunk in a wide, funnel-shaped cavity. Flesh greenish white, very juicy, crisp, with a fine aroma, and an exceedingly high and delicious flavor. Best. When the fruit is not grown on healthy trees, it is liable to be spotted Green Newtown Pippin. with black spots. This is one of the finest keeping apples, and is in eat ing from December to May, but is in the finest perfection in March. This is entirely distinct from Yellow Newtown Pippin. Green Reinette. Reinette Verte. Groene Renet. Groene Franse Renette. Grime Reinette. Tree vigorous and healthy, a good bearer. Fruit medium, roundish, flattened at base, ribbed at apex, yellowish green with a tinge of red. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, aroma tic December to May. (Hogg.) Green Seek-no-Further. White Seek-no-Further. Flushing Seek-no-Further. Seek-no-Further of Coxe Origin in the garden of the late Wm. Prince, Flushing, L. I. THE APPLE. -'U.'S Tree wliile young very slow in its growth, but makes a compact, well- formed head in the orchard. Fruit apt to be knotty and unfair. Rather large, roundish conical, yellowish green, sprinkled with green and brown dots. Stalk short, in a moderate cavity. Calyx closed, in a rather deep basin. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Very good. Octo- ber, January. Green Tiffin. Mage's Johnny. From Lancashire, England. Tree a fair grower and bearer. Fruit medium, round conical, yellowish green with a few russet and red dots. Flesh white, crisp, tender, acid. September, December. (Hogg.) Green Sweet. Honey Greening. Tree vigorous, upright spreading, and productive. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, somewhat conic. Skin green, some- times becoming a little yellow at maturity, covered with greenish or light russet dots. Stalk of medium length. Cavity rather deep, cover- ed with russet. Basin shallow and abrupt, somewhat furrowed. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, sweet, pleasant. Good. December to March. Green Sweet of Indiana. This Apple is somewhat grown in Indiana, and we have not met with it elsewhere. Fruit medium to large, roundish conical, greenish yellow, with brown dots. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet and pleasant. Good. Sep- tember. Greenup's Pippin. Greenus'a Pippin. This English Apple is described by Hogg as popular and highly esteemed, the tree being hardy and an abundant bearer. Fruit above medium, roundish, with on one side a prominent rib, pale straw color, bright red next the sun. Flesh pale yellowish white, tender, juicy, sweet, brisk. October to December. Green Woodcock. Origin, Sussex, England ; described by Hogg as follows : Fruit medium, roundish oblate yellowish, mottled and striped with red in the sun. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk. October, December Greist's Fine Winter. From York, Pa. Tree a strong grower, regular, moderate bearer. Fruit rather large oblate ot roundish obLato, yellow, splashed and shaded in sun with lighl red. Flesh yellow, compact, crisp, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. December, February. 204 the apple. Grey Canada Reinette. Canada Reinette Gris. Origin unknown. Fruit large, oblate, yellow, covered with yellow russet, and moder ately sprinkled with gray dots. Flesh white, crisp, brisk subacid. N(* vember, December. Grey French Reinette. Reinette Grise. Reinette Franche Grauwe. Reinette Grise Fran9aise. There are a number of varieties of Reinette Grise, or Gray Reinette. The one here, however, is considered by Liudley as distinct, and among the most valuable of its class. It is of French origin. Tree a mod- erate grower and good bearer. Young wood of a chestnut color. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, broadest at base, covered with brownish gray russet. Flesh yellow, moderately juicy, rich subacid. November, December. Greyhouse. Hoopes. Hopaoy. Origin, supposed New Jersey. Has been long grown and highly valued for cider-making. Tree strong, erect grower, and productive. Fruit medium, oblate, nearly globular, dull red, with faint stripes. Flesh firm and dry, poor in quality. A long keeper. Grey Leadington. Leadington's Grauer Pippin. Grey Leadington Pippin. A favorite Scottish Apple. Tree vigorous, hardy, and productive. Fruit medium, roundish oblong conical, greenish yellow, with cinna- mon russet and red in the sun. Flesh white, firm, tender, very juicy, aromatic. October, December. (Lind.) Grey Reinette. Reinette Grise Extra. Reinette Grise. Belle Fille. Reinette Grise d'Hiver. Prager. An old French Apple. Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish green, with brownish red in sun. Flesh yellow, firm, crisp, brisk subacid. November, February. (Hogg.) Griffith. Sweet Maiden's Blush. Raised by Caleb Mendenhall, West Milton, near Dayton, O. Tree hardy, spreading, productive. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, clear pale yellow, with light blush red cheek in the sui.. Stalk short. Cavity rather large. Basin small. Flesh fine-grained, tender, juicy, a little tart. September. (L. & Mote's MSS.) the apple. 206 Grimes' Golden Pippin. Grimes Golden. This valuable Apple originated many years since, on the farm of Thomas Grimes, Brooke Co., Va. In its native locality it is highly prized for the peculiar hardihood of the tree, withstanding uninjured the most severe winters, and never breaking in its limbs. Also for its uni- form regular annual productiveness. Grimes' Golden Pippin. Tree vigorous, hardy, upright spreading, very productive, branches with peculiar knobs at the base of each, connecting it with the main limbs. Young wood dark dull red brown, grayish. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conical. Skin uneven. Color rich golden yellow, sprinkled moderately with small gray and bight dots. Stalk rather short and slender. Cavity rather deep, some- times slightly russeted. Calyx closed, or partially open. Basin abrupt, uneven. Flesh yellow, compact, crisp, tender, juicy, rich, sprightly, spicy subacid, peculiar aroma. Core rather small. Very good to best. December to March. Gros Faros. Faros. Fruit medium, oblate, roundish, yellow, with considerable red in the sun, Flesh greenish white, juicy, sweet subacid. December, January. Grosh. Originated in Snufftown, Lancaster Co., Pa. stout brown shoots ; an annual bearer. Tree upright, with 206 THE APPLE. Fruit very large, oblate, oblique, greenish white, striped with light and dark red. Flesh white, loose, soft texture, juicy, acid. September, Good. Cooking. (Gar. Mon.) Grouzier. Received from New Jersey. Origin unknown. Fruit medium, roundish conical, greenish, partially striped and splashed with light red. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild subacid. Good. November, December. Grooveland Sweet. Origin unknown. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic, a Little oblique, sides unequal, yellow, a tinge of red in the sun. Flesh whitish, crisp, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant, sweet. Good. December to March. Gruver's Early. Originated on the farm of Mayer, Springfield, Pa. Fruit medium, roundish, whitish yellow, with stripes and splashes of red. Flesh whitish, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Good. August. Guernsey Pippin. Fruit small, roundish, brown russet on yellow, bronzed in the sun. Flesh firm, crisp, juicy, brisk sweet. December, January. Gullett. Origin unknown. Fruit large, oblate conical, greenish yellow, with dull stripes. Flesh juicy. February. Gully. Fruit small, white blush in the sun. Flesh white, juicy. August. Habersham's Pearmain. Tree of upright growth. Fruit medium, ovate form, bright crimson. Stalk short, slender. Calyx medium. Flesh white, rather dry, firm, subacid. September. (White.) Hagloe Crab. irtiij is a celebrated old English cider fruit. Fruit small, ill-shaped, something between an apple and a crab, more long than broad, wide at the base and narrow at the crown, which is a little sunk, and the eye flat, pale yellow, a little marbled in different directions, with a russet gray, and having a few red specks or streaks on the sunny side. the apple. 207 Hague Pippin. Originated in 1816, by Samuel Hague, Centreville, Ind. Tree hardy, vigorous grower, and productive. Younsc shoots strong, light reddish brown, slightly downy. Fruit medium to large, roundish conical, pale yellow, mcstly cohered, shaded, splashed and striped with red, thickly sprinkled with light dots. Stalk short. Flesh rather coarse, yellowish, crisp, moderately juicy, mild subacid. Core large. Good. January, February. Hain. Origin, Berks Co., Pa. A vigorous grower and profuse bearer. Fruit large, globular, inclining to oblong, yellow, striped, marbled, and mottled with red. Flesh white, juicy, tender, rich sweet. Good November, March. Hall. Hall. Hall's Seedling. Hall's Red. Jenny Seedling. Origin, on the grounds of Mr. Hall, Franklin Co., N. C. Tree of moderate growth, hardy, upright, with long, slender, reddish brown, grayish branches, and remarkably firm wood. The tree never attains a very large size ; is very productive, and is considered in North Carolina the best long-keeping desserl apple they cultivate. Fruit small, oblate, slightly conic. Skin smooth, thick, mostly shaded with crimson, and covered with various colored dots. Stalk of medium length, slender, curved, inserted in a round, deep, open cavity. Calyx closed, generally in a small uneven basin. Flesh yellowish, fine- grained, juicy, with a very rich, vinous, saccharine, aromatic flavor. Very good. December to April. Hall Door. An English Apple described by Ronalds as desirable for cooking. 208 THE APPLE. Fruit large, oblate, greenish, with few red stripes. Flesh white, coarse, subacid. December, January. Hall's Sweet. Of unknown origin. Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded, striped, and splashed with red, many light dots. Flesh sometimes a little stained, not very juicy, rich, sweet. Good. September. Hambledon Deux Ans. Origin, Hampshire, England. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, mostly overspread and in- distinctly splashed with red. Flesh yellowish, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. November. Hamilton. Wonder? Origin unknown. Came from the South. Fruit large, roundish, irregular, somewhat ribbed, red on yellow, splashed with purple. Dots large, yellow. Calyx large, open. Flesh yel- low, breaking, rather juicy, subacid. Good. September, October. (Am. Hort. An.) Hammond. Fruit medium to large, green. Flesh juicy. November, and keeps to March (Sumner, MS.) Hampton Bellflower. A seedling from the Bellflower, grown by "W. C. Hampton, Mt. Vic- tory, Ohio. Fruit large, light yellow ground, speckled and splashed with carmine, red in the sun, few russet gray dots and marblings. Stalk medium. Calyx partially open. Segments recurved and with fine points. Basin open, slightly uneven at base. Flesh white, tender, breaking, rather coarse, mild pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. November and December. Hampton's Fall Sweet. Origin, W. C. Hampton, Ohio. Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, striped with red. Flesh tender, sweet, rather dry. Good. October. Hampton's Honey Sweet. Origin, W. C. Hampton, Ohio. Fruit medium, elongated truncate conic, yellow, faintly striped with red. Flesh white, tender, sweet. Good. December to April. the apple. 809 Hampton's Late Sweet. Sweet Jersey. Origin, W. 0. Hampton, Ohio. Tree vigorous, with slender branch- es, hardy and productive. Fruit medium, roundish conic, whitish, splashed, striped, and shaded with red. Flesh white, stained next the skin, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. October. Hampton's Russet. Origin, W. C. Hampton, Ohio. Fruit medium to small, roundish conical, yellowish, thinly covered with light russet, splashes and stripes of red. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, lively subacid. Good. November, January. Hancock. Originated in Chester Co., Pa. Tree a strong upright grower, not an early bearer. Fruit large, roundish, yellowish green, shaded and rather indistinctly splashed with light red. Flesh yellowish, compact, moderately juicy, ■coarse, pleasant subacid. Core small. Good. December to March. Hannah. Origin unknown. Fruit medium to large, roundish, pale yellow, with stripes and splashes of dull red. Flesh white, coarse, breaking, subacid. Hardly good. Cooking only. October, November. Hanwell Souring. Origin, Oxfordshire, England. Fruit medium, oblate conic, greenish yellow, faint blush in the sun. Flesh white, crisp, fine, brisk acid. Good. Cooking. December to April. Hare. Watermelon. We received this desirable Apple from New Jersey, but have been onable to learn its history. Tree moderately vigorous, upright. "Wood grayish brown. Fruit large, roundish oblate, slightly conic, greenish, sprinkled with a few gray dots. Stalk short, slender. Calyx small, closed. Flesh white, very tender, juicy, mild pleasant sweet. Very good. Core rather large. October, November. Harbord's Pippin. Colored Harbord's Pippin. Origin, Norfolk, England. Fruit large, roundish conical, pale yellowish green, partially russeted Flesh white, soft, juicy, brisk, acid. November to March. (Hogg.) 14 210 the apple. Hargreave's Green Sweet.. An English variety, somewhat valued there. Fruit medium, roundish, ridged at apex, yellow, with fajit streaks of red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet. September, October. Harnish. From Pennsylvania, said to have originated in Lancaster Co. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, mostly shaded with dark red, and sprinkled with grayish dots. Flesh compact, tender, not juicy, almost sweet, pleasant. Good. September to October. Harris. Ben Harris. Originated with Marston Harris, Rockingham Co., N. C. Tree vigo- rous, erect, productive, popular in its native locality. Young wood grayish brown, slightly downy. Fruit large, roundish oblate, bright straw color, occasionally with a pink blush. Stalk very short and stout. Cavity deep. Basin large and deep. Flesh white, coarse, pleasant subacid, continues a long time, valuable for market and culinary purposes. Good. September to No- vember. Harrison. New Jersey. is the most celebrated cider-making district in America, and this Apple, which originated in Essex County of that State, has long enjoyed the highest reputation as a cider fruit. Ten bushels of the Apples make a barrel of cider. The tree grows thriftily and bears very large crops. Fruit medium size, ovate or roundish oblong. Skin yellow, with roughish, distinct black specks. Stalk one inch or more long. Flesh yellow, rather dry and tough, but with a rich flavor, producing a high- colored cider, of great body. The fruit is very free from rot, falls easily from the tree about the first of November, and keeps well. Harry Sweet. Originated in Mercer Co., Pa. Tree of slow, upright growth. Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic. Sides sometimes un- equal. Skin thick, greenish yellow, dull blush in the sun, and nettings of russet. Flesh whitish, crisp, a little coarse, moderately juicy, mild sweet. Good. December to April. Hartford Sweet. TSpencer Sweeting. Keney's Sweet. Origin, farm of Mr. Spencer, near Hartford, and introduced by Dr. E. W. Bull. Tree moderately vigorous, hardy, and productive. Fruit rather large, roundish, slightly flattened. Skin smooth and THE AITLE. 2il fair, almost covered and striped with fine red over a yellowish green ground, and sprinkled with small gray dots. Stalk nearly three-quarters of an inch long, slender, inserted in a rather shallow, round cavity. Calyx broad, closed, with few segments, set in a slightly uneven basin which is but little sunk. Flesh yellowish, very juicy, tender, rich sac charine. Good. December to May or June. A valuable market apple. Harvest Red Streak. Early Red Streak. Striped Harvest. An old variety, origin unknown. Tree a free grower, upright, spread- ing, productive. Fruit medium, oblate, whitish, striped and splashed with two shadea of red. Flesh white, coarse, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Valuable for cooking. August and September. Harvey. Doctor Harvey. One of the oldest of English Apples. Fruit large, roundish oval, greenish yellow, with russet tracings. Flesh whitish, firm, brisk subacid. Good for cooking. October to January. (Lind.) Harvey's Pippin. Dredge's Beauty of Wilts. Of English origin. Hogg says : — " Tree a free grower and excellent bearer." Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, washed with fine red, and marked with crimson dots. Flesh firm, crisp, juicy, rich. December to Feb- ruary. Harvey's Wiltshire Defiance. This Apple is described by Hogg as very handsome and of iirst-rate quality. Fruit very large, conical, distinctly five-ribbed, yellow, with many minute russety dots, and some patches of russet. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, sugary, vinous. Core very small. October to January. Haskell Sweet. Sassafras Sweet. Origin, farm of Deacon Haskell, Ipswich, Mass. Tree vigorous, up- right, spreading and productive. Young wood light grayish brown. Fruit medium or above, oblate. Color greenish yellow, sometimes with a blush. Stalk short, inserted in a rather broad, d< p <-avity. Calyx closed. Basin broad and large, of medium depth, i" ,vl> yellow- ish, tender, juicy, very sweet, rich, aromatic Very good 1" tember, October. 212 the apple. Haute Bonte. Reiaette grise haute bontS. Blandilalie. An old French dessert Apple. Fruit medium, roundish, ribbed, yellow, with faint tinge of red in the sun. Flesh greenish white, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Decern ber to February. Haskell Sweet. Hawley. Origin, Columbia Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, and bears annually. Fruit large, roundish oblate conic. Skin fine yellow, somewhat waxen or oily, and considerably dotted. Stalk short, inserted in a rather deep cavity. Calyx small, nearly closed, in a moderate, some- what furrowed basin. Flesh whitish, very tender, juicy, rich, mild subacid. Ripe September. A fruit of very good quality, but as it soon decays, its value is thereby much depreciated. Hawthornden. White Hawthornden. A celebrated Scotch Apple, which originated at Hawthornden, the birthplace of the poet Drummond. It resembles, somewhat, our Maiden's Blush, but is inferior to that fruit in flavor. An excellent bearer, a handsome fruit, and good for cooking or drying, and exceed- ingly profitable for market. Tree vigorous, upright, spreading, and, when in bearing, somewhat pendulous. Young shoots very short-jointed, dull reddish brown. Buds prominent. THE APPLE. 213 Fruit rather above the medium size, pretty regularly formed, round- ish, rather flattened. Skin very smooth, pale light yellow, nearly white in the shade, with a fine blush where exposed to the sun. Flesh white, juicy, of a simple, pleasant flavor. Good. September. There is a JN'ew, or winter Hawthomden, the wood of which is brownish red, tree more robust, the fruit larger, and a longer keeper than the above. Hay Boys. Fruit large, oblate, pale yellow. Flesh yellow, breaking, sweet. Good to very good. August. (Warder.) Hector. A seedling of Chester Co., Pa. Fruit large, roundish, conical, striped and mottled with red on a yellow ground. Flesh yellowish, breaking, subacid, pleasant. Good. December to March. Helen's Favorite. From Troy, Ohio. Fruit medium, roundish, dark red shades. Flesh white, streaked with red, tender, juicy. January, February. (Elliott.) Hemphill. From Person Co., N. C. An erect, vigorous grower, and bean profusely. Fruit oblate, slightly conic, whitish yellow, very much shaded with red, and thickly sprinkled with grayish dots. Flesh yellowish white, compact, mild subacid. Good. November, May. Henry Apple. A strong, vigorous grower, and productive, from Vermont. Fruit large, oblong conic, yellow, with a slightly bronzed cheek, and many small, grayish dots. Flesh yellow, tender, not very juicy, pleas- ant. Good. October, January. Henwood. Originated in Indiana. Tree in growth and appearance much re- sembling Yellow Belleflower. Fruit large, oblong conical, clear smooth yellow, with rarely a blush in the sun. Stalk long, slender. Calyx small. Basin corrugated. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, tender, juicy, sharp subacid. Very good January to April. Hepler. Raised by Mr. Hepler, of Reading, Pa. 214 THE APPLE. Fruit medium, roundish. Color light yellow, shaded with dull red, Flesh white, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. December to April. Herefordshire Pearmain. Royal Pearmain, of some. Parmin Royal. Old Pearmain. Royale d'Angleterre. Parmin. An old and popular English Apple, about which, as connected with other Pearmains, there is much confusion. The variety we have re- ceived, and grown for many years, is of a strong, vigorous, spreading growth. Young shoots dull grayish brown, slightly downy, moderately strong. Fruit medium, roundish conical. Color yellow, shaded, splashed and marbled with dark red, and thickly sprinkled with conspicuous light areole dots. Stalk short. Cavity medium, slight russet. Calyx partially open. Basin rather abrupt, deep, corrugated. Flesh yellow- ish, crisp, juicy, rich, slightly aromatic, subacid. Very good. Novem- ber to February. Herman. Origin, farm of Mr. Herman, Cumberland Co., Pa. Tree vigorous and spreading, quite prolific. Fruit medium, oblong conic, red striped on green ground. Flesh greenish, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. November to February. There is also another Hermann, which originated at Hermann, Mo., from seed of Rawles Janet. Tree a fine grower, upright, and very productive. Fruit medium, conical, blight red, with gray dots. Flesh whitish, juicy, pleasant subacid. December to May. Hess. Origin, Lancaster Co., Pa. Fruit medium, form variable, sometimes roundish, often conical, red, in stripes of different hues. Flesh greenish white, tender. Good. December, February. Hetterich. Origin, Pennsylvania. Tree an irregular grower. Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, yellow. Flesh whitish, tender, acid. Good. November, January. Hewe's Virginia Crab. Hughe's Virginia Crab. The Virginia Crab makes a very high-tiavored dry cider, which, by connoisseurs, is thought unsurpassed in flavor by any other, and retains its soundness a long time. It is a prodigious bearer, and the tree iv very hardy, though of small size. THE APPLE. 215 Fruit quite small, about an inch and a half in diameter, nearly iound Skin dull red, dotted with white specks, and obscurely streaked with greenish yellow. Stalk long and slender. Flesh fibrous, with an acid, rough, and astringent flavor, and, when ground, runs clear and limpid from the press, and ferments very slowly. The Virginia Crab is often mixed with rich pulpy apples, to which it imparts a good deal of its fino quality. The Roane's White Crab is a sub-variety of the foregoing, about the same size, with a yellow skin. It makes a rich, strong, bright Liquor, and keeps throughout the summer, in a well-bunged cask, perfectly sweet. Hewitt's Sweet. Large, oblate, yellow, splashed with red. Flesh whitish, sweet, ten- der and pleasant. Good. October, November. Productive. Hick's. Buckram. Originated with Isaac Hicks, North Hempstead, L. I. Tree an up- right, strong grower, an early and abundant bearer. Young shoots stout, very short-jointed, dark brown, fine downy. Buds broad, flat, prominent, especially at ends. Fruit medium or above, roundish, color pale greenish yellow, some- what striped and splashed with crimson, thinly sprinkled with light and gray dots. Stalk rather short. Cavity deep, slightly russeted. Calyx closed. Segments short, often a little recurved. Basin rather large and uneven. Flesh whitish, tender, moderately juicy, rich, sweet, slightly aromatic. Core rather large. Very good. August. A new Apple, of good promise. Hiester. Heaster. Heister. Baer. Stehly. Miller. Originated in Reading, Berks Co., Pa. Tree large, vigorous, spread- ing, productive. Young shoots very dark blackish brown. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, shaded and indistinctly splashed and mottled with two shades of red, few light gray dots. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Good. November to March. Higby Sweet. Lady Cheek Sweet. Ladies' Blush. Originated in Trumbull Co., O. This is one of the most delicate of eweet Apples, valuable either for the table or market. Tree a thrifty, apright grower, an early and good bearer. Young shoots very short- jointed, moderately stout, dark rich reddish brown, with very few light specks. Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical, sometimes oblique. Colot 216 THE APPLE. light waxen yellow, shaded with fine clear rich red in the sun, thinly sprinkled with gray and light dots. Stalk short. Cavity acute, rather deep, sometimes a little russeted. Calyx closed. Segments short, erect. Basin narrow, deep, uneven. Flesh white, very tender, juicy, sweet, excellent. Core small. Very good to best. November to January. Higby Sweet. Highlander. Origin, Sudbury, Vermont. Tree a good grower, very productive. Fruit medium, oblate, approaching conic, greenish, mottled, and striped with red. Flesh white, juicy, tender, with a pleasant vinous flavor. Good. September, October. Hightop. Supposed origin, Wayne Co., Ind. Fruit medium to large, flat, roundish, regular. Surface smooth, mixed dull red, striped carmine, dots scattered, minute. Flesh pale yellow, fine-grained, tender, juicy, subacid, aromatic. December, Janu- ary. (Warder.) Hightop Sweet. Summer Sweet. Sweet June. Origin, Plymouth, Mass. An old variety, highly prized at the West. Growth upright, vigorous. Tree hardy, very productive, bight reddish brown shoots. Fruit medium or below, roundish, regular. Skin very smooth. Color light yellow, partially covered with green dots. Stalk medium, inserted in a deep narrow cavity, surrounded by thin russet. Calyx small THE APPLE. 217 closed. Basin shallow, slightly furrowed. Flesh yellowish, very sweet, not very juicy, but pleasant and rich. Very good. August. Hightop Sweet. Hill's Favorite. Origin, Leominster, Mass. A thrifty grower, and very productive, Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic, yellow, mostly shaded and striped with red, covered with thin bloom and numerous whitish dots. Stalk short. Cavity medium, uneven. Calyx closed. Basin small, shallow. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, tender, juicy, pleasant, slightly subacid, aromatic. Good to very good. Middle of September, and in use for a month. Hill's Sweet. Of unknown origin. Tree a strong, upright grower, very productive. Fruit medium, oblate or roundish oblate, yellow, mostly covered with two shades of red, many light dots. Stalk short. Cavity large, deep. Calyx closed. Basin large, uneven. Flesh yellowish white, tender, moderately juicy, rich, sweet, pleasant. Good to very good. Core small. January to April. Hilton. Origin, Columbia Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous and productive. Fruit large, roundish, yellowish green. Flesh tender, juicy, subacid, excellent for culinary purposes. Good. September to October. Hinnersley. Origin, Bucks Co., Pa. Fruit rather small, roundish oblong conical, greenish, thickly sprink- 218 THE APPLE. led -with light and brown dots. Flesh greenish white, fine-grained, rather tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid. Good. December to March. Hoary Mouning. Dianty Apple. Downy. Sam. Rawlings. An English fruit for culinary purposes, large, oblate conic, yellow, splashed and striped with red, and covered with a bloom. Flesh white, firm, brisk subacid. Good. October, December. Hobbs' Sweet. Originated on the farm of Samuel Hobbs, Randolph, Pa. Tree hardy, vigorous, with a round head, productive, valuable for cooking. Fruit large, roundish oblate, greenish yellow. Flesh tender, sweet. October, November. (Hobb's MS.) Hockett's Sweet. Origin, North Carolina. Tree a good bearer, and the fruit profitable for stock feeding. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped with deep red. Flesh yellowish white, moderately juicy, crisp, rather rich, sweet. Good. December to March. Hodge's Limber Twig. Origin unknown. Fruit small, roundish, whitish, thinly shaded, splashed, and striped in the sun. Flesh white, rather firm, juicy, sprightly subacid. Very good. October, December. Hog Island Sweet. Canada Sweet. Sweet Pippin. English Sweet, erroneously. Origin, Hog Island, adjoining Long Island. Tree vigorous and pro- ductive. Wood dark brown, slightly downy, short-jointed, valuable for family use and stock feeding. Fruit of medium size, oblate, yellow, striped with i-ed, with a bright crimson cheek. Stalk rather short, slender, inserted in a deep, abrupt cavity. Calyx closed, set in a broad basin of moderate depth. Flesh yellow, juicy, crisp, tender, slightly aromatic, with a very sweet, rich, excellent flavor. Good to very good. September, October. Holbert's Victoria. An English Apple, described by Hogg as small, ovate, yellow, with pale gray russet. Flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, vinoufi, aromatic. De- cern) >er to May. Holcomb. Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, shaded and obscurely splashed with THE APPLE. 21$ red in the sun. Flesh whitish, fine, tender, moderately juicy, pleasant, almost sweet. Good. December to March. HOLLADY. Raised by John Hollady, Spottsylvania Co., "Va. A very thrifty, up right grower, a good bearer. Fruit medium, oblate. Color yellow, with a faint blush, and sprinkled with gray dots. Flesh yellowish, compact, tender, aromatic. Good. November to March. HOLLANDBURY. HolUngbury. Hawberry Pippin. Horsley Pippin. Beau Rouge. Bonne Rouge. Howburry Pippin. Kirke's Scarlet Admirable. An old English culinary Apple. Tree strong, -vigorous grower. Fruit very large, roundish, flattened, ribbed, yellow, much red in the gun. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. October, December. Holland Pippin. Reinette d'Hollande. Summer Pippin. Pie Apple. This and the Fall. Pippin are frequently confounded together. They are indeed of the same origin. One of the strongest points of differ- ence lies in their time of ripening. The Holland Pippin begins to fall from the tree and is fit for pies about the middle of August, and from that time to the first of Novem- ber is one of the very best kitchen apples. Fruit very large, roundish, a little more square in outline than the Fall Pippin, and not so much flattened, though a good deal like it, a little narrowed next the eye. Stalk half an inch long, thick, deeply sunk. Calyx small, closed, moderately sunk in a slight plaited basin. Skin greenish yellow or pale green, becoming pale yellow when fully ripe, washed on one side with a little dull red or pale brown, with a few scattered, large, greenish dots. Good. Holland Sweet. Fruit medium, conic, green, with stripes of dull red. Flesh firm, gweet, and valuable for long keeping and culinary uses. Good. Jan- uary to May. Hollow Core. There are two varieties under this name. One grown in New Jer- sey, of medium siy.e, roundish oblong, yellow, with shade of light, red. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, Bprightly subacid. Good. Core very large and hollow. December, January. The other, described by Hogg, is medium size, conical, ribbed, green* ish, with pale red next the sun. Flesh white, tender, brisk, pleasant* ('ore very large, with open cells. September. 220 the apple. Hollow Crown. Hartford. Tyler. Kelsey An old New England Apple, commonly grown there, origin un. known. Tree a strong, upright grower. Fruit large, roundish, slightly conic, yellow, splashed, striped, and marbled with red, thinly sprinkled with light dots. Flesh yellowish, somewhat coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant, brisk subacid. Good. November, December. Valuable for cooking or market. Hollow Crown Pippin. Hollow-Eyed Pippin. An English culinary Apple. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, with a blush cheek in the gun. Flesh firm, juicy, subacid. October, November. Holly. Hardskin. Northern Hardskin. Persimmon . Simmon . Origin, Georgia. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, healthy, and an early bearer. Fruit medium size, roundish oblate, red, on a yellow ground, somewhat striped. Calyx closed. Flesh deep yellow, firm, juicy, sweet, aromatic. Good. November to March. Holmes. This is an old variety, first described in Thatcher's Treatise on Or- charding, and yet considerably grown in Massachusetts. The tree . is vigorous and very productive. Fruit medium, roundish, slightly oblate, pale yellow, with bright blush in the sun, and many large russet specks. Stalk short, slender. Cavity shallow. Calyx large, partially open. Basin ribbed. Flesh yellowish, tender, fine, juicy, sweet subacid. December, January. Holmes's Sweet. Origin, Niagara Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, productive. Young shoots dark reddish brown. Fruit medium, roundish conical, waxy yellow, red cheek in the sun. Stalk medium. Cavity deep. Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh yellow, tender, rather juicy, spicy, sweet subacid. Very good. November and February. Holsten Sweet. Origin unknown. Fruit medium to large, round, greenish yellow, bronzy. Flesh whitish yellow, fine-grained, tender, juicy, very sweet, aromatic, rich December, February. (Warder.) the apple. 221 Honey Greening. Poppy Greening. Honey Sweet, incorrectly. Origin uncertain. Tree vigorous, of rather a straggling, spreading habit, very productive. Young shoots light clear reddish yellowiah brown. Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, a slight blush in the sun, few light and g: ay dots. Stalk rather long, slender Cavity deep. Calyx closed. Basin abrupt, corrugated. Flesh white, fine-grained, very tender, moderately juicy, with a heneyed sweet. Very good. Core small. November, February. Honey Sweet. Origin unknown. There are a number of sorts under name of Honey Sweet, it being a popular application for every good sweet apple. The one we now describe, however, we have found more gener- ally grown than any other, and therefore our application of the name to it. Tree very upright, vigorous. Young shoots light reddish brown. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, pale yellow, bronzed, crimson in the sun, with a few green and gray dots. Stalk rather long. Cavity large, russeted. Calyx closed. Basin corrugated. Flesh white, moderately juicy, rather compact, honeyed sweet. Good. Valuable for baking or stock. August. Hood. Hood's Seedling. A nice and handsome little fruit, oblong conical in form, yellow, mottled, marbled, and splashed with two shades of red. Flesh whitish, firm, pleasant, sweet. November, December. Hooker. Origin, Windsor, Conn. Growth upright, vigorous, productive. Fruit medium, conic, slightly oblique, greenish yellow, shaded with dull crimson, striped with red, and sprinkled with large russet dots. Flesh greenish, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. November to January. Hoover. Wattaugah. Originated in South Carolina. It is pretty extensively disseminated and much favored where grown. The trees are quite distinct, having large foliage and retaining it until quite late into winter. It forms a beautiful upright spreading tree. Young shoots clear reddish brown, Brightly downy. Fruit medium, roundish, sometimes roundish oblate, slightly oblique, yellowish, mostly overspread, splashed, and striped with two shades of red, some conspicuous light dots, and patches of russet. Stalk rather long. Cavity large, thinly russeted. Calyx open. Basin slightly fur 222 THE APPLE. rowed. Flesh yellowish, rather firm, tender, juicy, rich subacid. Core small. Very good. November to February. Hoover. Hopkins. Supposed origin, Maryland. Tree vigorous, spreading, not an early bearer. Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, sometimes with unequal Bides, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and mottled with light and dark red. Stalk rather short. Calyx small. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. October, November. Hopper. From South Carolina. Fruit large, roundish, flattened, sides unequal, greenish yellow, with a brown orange cheek in the sun, and a little russet about the stem. Flesh white, firni, moderately juicy, subacid. Good. HORMEAD PEARMAIN. Arundel Pearmain. Hormead Pippin. An English variety, yet but little grown in this country. Fruit medium, roundish, or nearly roundish conical, pale yellow, moderately sprinkled with gray dots. Stalk medium, slender. Cavity russeted. Calyx nearly closed. Basin shallow, corrugated. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good to very good. Novem ber, December. the apple. 223 Horn. Leech's Red Winter. Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, with stout diverging branches. Fruit medium or below, oblate, sides unequal, whitish yellow, shaded and obscurely striped with light red, many small light dots. Flesh yellowish wliite, half tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid. Good. December to March. Horse Apple. Haas. Yellow Hoss. Summer Horse. Trippe's Horse. Origin supposed to be North Carolina. Tree vigorous, an annual, early and abundant bearer, valuable for drying and culinary purposes. Young wood light reddish brown. Horse. Fruit large, roundish, yellow, sometimes tinged with red, and small patches of russet. Flesh yellow, rather firm and coarse, tender, pleasant lubacid. Good. Last of July and first of August. There is said to be another Horse Apple, ripening a month or more later ; we have not examined it. Horsham Russet. Origin, Norwich, England. Tree hardy and productive. Fruit small, roundish, warm yellowish gray russet, bronzed in suu Flesh white, firm, crisp, brisk subacid. November, December. 324 THE APPLX. HoSKREIGER. Heidelocher. Fruit large, oblate, yellowish green, with streak? of red in the sun. Flesh white, tender, brisk subacid. November, March. (Hogg.) Housum's Red. Originated in Berks Co., Pa. Fruit medium, roundish oblong, yellow, shaded and obscurely splashed with red, light dots. Flesh white, rather compact, crisp, mod- erately tender, juicy, pleasant subacid, slightly aromatic. Very good. Core small. December, February. Howard's Edgemont. Origin, Pennsylvania. Fruit large, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, partially splashed and striped with red, light gray dots. Flesh yellowish, crisp, tonder, juicy, sprightly subacid. Good. November, December. Hubbard. Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit rather large, roundish oblong conic, yellow, with a few brown dots. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. October. Hubbard's Pearmain. Hubbard's Russet Pearmain. Golden Vining. This little English fruit is described by Lindley as one of the richest of dessert Apples. Tree healthy, with slender young wood of a pale grayish brown color. Fruit small, roundish conical, regular, yellow, sometimes covered with pale brown russet, mottled red, bronzed in the sun. Flesh yellow, firm, very rich, sugary, aromatic. November to March. Hubbard's Sugar. Origin, Guilford Co., N. C. Tree upright, moderately vigorous. Young shoots, light reddish brown. Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, striped with red. Flesh rich, juicy, and fine. September. HUBBARDSTON NONSUCH. John May. Old Town Pippin. Hubbardston. A fine, large, early winter fruit, which originated in the town of Hubbardston, Mass. The tree is a vigorous grower, forming a handsome branching head, and bears very large crops. Young shoots dull grayish brown, slightly downy. It is worthy of extensive orchard culture. Fruit large, roundish oblong, much narrower near the eye. Skin smooth, striped with splashes, and irregular broken stripes of pale and bright red, which nearly cover a yellowish ground. The calyx open, and the stalk short, in a russeted hollow. Fl«sh yellow, juicy, and ten- THE APPLE. 220 dear, with an agreeable mingling of sweetness and acidity in its flavor Very good to best. October to January. Hubbardston Nonsuch. HUBBARDTON PlPPIN. Origin uncertain. Tree thrifty, spreading, irregular, strong grower, and productive. Young shoots clear reddish brown. Fruit large or veiy large, variable in form, globular, inclining to conic, slightly oblique, yellow, shaded and striped with red. Stalk short, inserted in a moderate cavity. Calyx closed. Basin small, cor- rugated. Flesh tender, yellowish, crisp, juicy, pleasant subacid, slightly aromatic. Core large and open. Very good. November to March. Hughes. Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Tree upright, spreading, vigorous, said to be an abundant bearer. Fruit large, roundish, greenish yellow, with a blush, and numerous gray dots. Flesh fine, tender, juicy, agreeable, saccharine without being sweet. Good. March, April. Hughes' Golden Pippin. Ae English Apple, described by Bonalds as an excellent table sort. Tree hardy, with long slender shoots, productive. Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, yellow, with some russet patches and dots. Flesh yellowish white, firm, rich, brisk, spicy aro- matic. December, January. 15 226 the apple. Hull Blossom. Origin unknown. Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conic, pale yellow, much shaded, splashed and striped with red, many light dots. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, pleasant, sweet. Good. October. Hull Sweet. Of unknown origin. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, mostly overspread with shades of light and dark red, few large light dots. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, rich, pleasant, sweet. Good to very good. October. HuNGE. Hunger Origin uncertain, popular, and long cultivated in North Carolina. Tree vigorous and very productive. Fruit large, roundish, green, with a blush. Flesh soft, subacid, pleasant, valuable for drying and culinary uses. Good. September, October. Hunt. Supposed origin, Eastern Indiana. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, mixed, striped, bright red, numerous yellow dots. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, juicy, subacid, aro- matic. December, January. (Warder.) Hunthouse. A Yorkshire English Apple. Fruit medium, roimdish oblate conical, yellow, tinged with red in the sun, and crimson dots and faint streaks. Flesh white, firm, coarse, acid. December. (Hogg.) Hunt's Connecticut. Guttry. Baldwin, erroneously. An old variety. Origin unknown. Fruit large, round oblate, yellow, marbled and shaded with dull red, gray specks. Stalk short. Cavity often russeted. Calyx large. Basin quite shallow. Flesh yellowish, rather dry, breaking, subacid. Good. November to March. Hunt's Deux Ans. An English dessert Apple, which has the character of keeping two years. Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical, russeted, with gray and large brown russet dots in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, firm, juicy aromatic. the apple. 227 Hunt's Duke of Gloucester. Hunt's Nonpareil ? This variety is claimed by Hogg as distinct from Hunt's Nonpareil, which is a synonym given it by Lindley. We have not examined them. Fruit below medium, roundish, greenish, almost covered with thin russet, reddish brown in sun. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, high flavored December January. Hunt's Russet. Supposed to have originated with the Hunt family, of Concord, Mass., many years since. Tree hardy, moderate grower, upright, spreading when in bearing, an annual and good bearer. Young shoots light reddish brown, slightly grayish. Hunt's Russet. Fruit medium, or below, roundish oblate, slightly conic. Colo: yel- low, mostly covered with thin dull russet, with a blush of bright rich red in the sun, few brown dots. Stalk varying in length. Cavity large, deep, acute. Calyx partially open. Segments medium, a little reflexed. Basin medium, slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, tender, juicy, rich, brisk subacid, slightly aromatic. Very good or best. Core compact. January to April. HUKLBUT. Hurlbut Stripe. Origin, farm of General Hurlbut, Winchester, Conn. Tree very vigorous, and great bearer. Young wood dark brownish red, slightly downy. Bin Is prominent. Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, angular. Skin yellow, shaded 228 THE APPLE. with red stripes, and splashed with darker red, and thinly sprinkled with light dots. Stalk short, rather slender, inserted in a broad deep cavity, surrounded by russet. Calyx closed. Basin rather shallow. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, mild, sprightly subacid. Good to very good. Core small. October, December. Hutcheson. Origin, supposed Logan Co., Ky. Tree of rather slow growth, healthy and productive. Esteemed, where known, for its fine appearance and long keeping. Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, yellow, overspread with rich red, large light dots. Stalk shoi-t. Cavity narrow. Calyx closed. Basin abrupt, deep. Flesh white, firm, moderately juicy, mild subacid, almost sweet. Core small. Good to very good. December to April. Hutton Square. A coarse culinary Apple, from England. Fruit large, roundish, sides unequal, yellowish, with dull red in the sun. Flesh white, coarse, brisk, sweet. Good. November, December. Imperial^ Magnifique. Maltranche. Of French origin. Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped with light and dark red, deepest in the sun. Stalk short. Caly.. closed. Flesh wbite, crisp, tender, juicy, refreshing subacid. Good, October, November. (Warder.) Indiana Beauty. Origin, Indiana. Fruit large, roundish, oblong, unequal, yellow, partially covered mixed scarlet, splashed carmine. Flesh yellowish, breaking, juicy, sub- acid. Good. September, November. Indiana Favorite. Supposed to have originated on the farm of Peter Morrits, Fayette Co., Indiana. Growth healthy, spreading, and a good bearer. Fruit medium or large, roundish, flattened at the ends, slightly one- sided, yellowish, shaded and streaked with red, and covered with russet specks. Flesh white, tender, juicy, vinous, almost sweet, and very pleasant. Good. January to April. Indian Prince. Fruit medium, roundish, deep red, sprinkled with whitish dots, Flesh yellowish, rather firm, juicy, with a pleasant aromatic flavor Hardly good. September, October. the apple. 229 Ingram. A new variety, grown from seed of llawls Janet, by Martin Ingram, of Greene Co., Mo. Tree productive, and the fruit especially valued foi its long keeping. Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, orange yellow, mostly overspread with broken stripes of rich warm red, gray russet dots, and slight marblings. Stalk slender. Calyx small. Flesh yellowish white, moderately juicy, crisp, mild subacid. Core above medium. Seeds dark brown. February to June. (Hort.) Irish Peach Apple. Early Croftou. Fruit of medium size, round or a little flattened, yellowish green, with small dots in the shade, washed and streaked with brownish red in the sun. Flesh white, tender, juicy, and pretty well flavored. Hardlv good. August. Irish Reinette. An English culinary Apple. Fruit medium, roundish oblong, ribbed, yellowish green, dull brown- ish in the sun, and with patches of russet. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, juicy, brisk sharp acid. Hardly good. November to February. Island Beauty. Chicago ? Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, upright, spreading. Fruit large, roundish, pale yellow, with a shade of brown in the sun, moderately sprinkled with indistinct light dots. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. Core rather large. September. Isle of Wight Pippin. Isle of Wight Orange. Orange Pippin. Pomme d' Orange. A very old Apple, described in Ronalds as fine for dessert. Fruit small, roundish, yellow, bright orange in sun, with sometimes a brownish cheek. Flesh firm, juicy, rich, aromatic, acid. January, February. Isleworth Crab. Brentford Crab. Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, brownish tinge in sun. Flesh white, crisp, juicy. Poor. October. Italian Rose. Weisse Italianische RosmarinapfeL An Italian dessert Apple. Fruit medium, roundish oblong conical, yellow, with pale red, som» 230 THE APPLE. what striped in the sun. Flesh white, tender, juicy, sugary, vinous, December. (Diel.) J ABE. Originated in Boxford, Mass. Tree thrifty, hardy, and a regular, abundant bearer. Fruit small, oblate, light straw color, beautiful blush cheek, and crimson spots in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. September, November. (Me. Rep.) Jabez Sweet. Originated on the premises of Jabez Barnes, near Middletown, Conn. Tree healthy, vigorous, and productive. Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, with a few dark specks. Flesh white, tender, juicy, rich, sweet. Good to very good. Decem- ber, February. Jackson. Origin, Bucks Co., Pa. Tree upright grower. Young wood dark brown. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with many dark green blotches and gray dots, a very few faint stripes, and warm mot- tled brown cheek. Flesh greenish, fine texture, tender, juicy. Good to very good. October, February. Jacques Lebel. An English fruit of much beauty, but ordinary quality. Fruit large, roundish oblate, lemon yellow, shaded with red in the Bun, many gray dots. Stalk large. Cavity deep. Calyx half closed. Flesh white, tender, mild subacid. January. (Alb. Pom.) Jane. Origin, Bucks Co., I'.;. Tree of medium upi-ight growth, an annual bearer. Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish, shaded with deep red in the sun, lighter in the shade, some obscure splashes and stripes, few light and gray dots. Flesh yellow, compact, moderately juicy, mild subacid, almost sweet. Good. December to March. Jarmixite. Origin, Highland Co., Ohio. Tree vigorous, very productive. Fruit medium, oblate roundish, green, partially covered with mixed and striped dull red. Flesh breaking, firm, mild subacid, almost Bweet. December to March. (Warder.) Jefferis. Origin, Chester Co., Pa. Growth moderate, very productive. A fab THE APPLE. -31 and handsome fruit of excellent quality, in use all of September. Young wood light reddish brown, smooth. Fruit medium, oblato, inclining to conic, yellow, shaded and splashed with crimson, and thickly covered with large whitish dots. Stalk very short, inserted in a rather large cavity. Calyx closed, set in a round open basin. Flesh white, tender, juicy, with a rich, mild, subacid fla- vor. Very good. September. Jefferson County. Origin, Jefferson Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, hardy, spreading, an early and great bearer. Young wood dull grayish brown. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic, yellow, splashed and shaded with fine red, minute light dots and some blotches of russet. Flesh whitish yellow, juicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. Core small. October, November. Jenkins. Originated with John M. Jenkins, Montgomery Co., Pa. Fruit small, roundish ovate, red, interspersed with numerous large white dots on yellowish ground. Flesh white, tender, fine texture, juicy, agreeably saccharine. Good. January to March. There is another Jenkins apple which ripens in summer. It is small, roundish, yellow, striped with red. Jennings Sweet. Originated at Marietta, Ohio. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellow, striped with bright red. Flesh whitish, sweet, fine for baking or stock. Good. October, November. Jersey Pippin. Foreign. Fruit medium, round oblong conical, yellowish green, stripes of red in the sun. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, vinous, subacid. Good. November, February. (Elliott.) Jersey Sweeting. Origin unknown. Tree moderately vigorous, forming a handsome round head, productive. Young wood dark reddish brown, downy. A very popular Apple in the Middle States, where it is not only highly valu sd for the dessert, but, owing to its saccharine quality, it i3 planl sd largely for the fattening of swine. Fruit m idium size, roundish ovate, tapering to the eye. The calyx hs small, closed, very slightly sunk, in a small plaited ba ■ '■■■■. an in :h Ion,', in a rather narrow cavity. Skin thin, greenish yellow, washed an I. and often entirely covered with stripes of pale and dull vn]. Flesh white, fine-grained, and exceedingly juicy, tender, . and sprightly. Good to very good. Young wood stout, and short-join ted. This apple commences maturing about the last of August, and continues ripening till frost. 232 THE APPLE. Jewett's Best. Origin, farm of S. W. Jewett, Weybridge, Vt. Same habit as Rhode Island Greening. Fruit large, oblate or nearly globular, yellowish green, mostly shaded with deep red. Stalk short, inserted in a large cavity. Calyx closed, set in a very small basin. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, almost melting, pleasant, rich subacid. Veiy good. December to February. Jewett's Fine Red. Nodhead. Origin, Hollins, New Hampshire. Tree of moderate growth, and productive, requires high culture to produce fair fruit. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish white, striped, splashed, and shaded with crimson, having a dull grayish bloom. Stalk short, in- serted in a broad, deep cavity. Calyx firmly closed, in an exceedingly small basin. Flesh tender, juicy, very pleasant, sprightly, almost sweet. Good to very good. November to February. Joel. Of Pennsylvania origin. Fruit small, oblate, greenish yellow with patches of russet and rus« *_t dots. "Flesh greenish yellow, dry, and poor. King Philip. Philip Rick. The Jonathan is a very beautiful dessert Apple, and its great beauty, good flavor, and productiveness in all soils, unite to recommend it to THE AI.VLE. 233 orchard planters. The original tree of this variety is growing on the farm of Mr. Philip Rick, of Kingston, New York. It was first described by the late Judge Buel, and named by him, in compliment to Jonathan Hasbrouck, Esq., of the same place, who made irnown the fruit to him. It succeeds wherever grown, and proves one of the best in quality, and most profitable either for table or market. The tree is hardy, moder- ately vigorous, forming an upright spreading, round head. Young shoota rather slender, slightly pendulous, grayish brown. Fruit of medium size, regularly formed, roundish conical, or taperiug to the eye. Skin thin and smooth, the ground clear light yellow, nearly covered by lively red stripes, and deepening into brilliant or dark red in the sun. Stalk three-fourths of an inch long, rather slender, inserted in a deep, regular cavity. Calyx set in a deep, rather broad basin. Flesh white, rarely a little pinkish, very tender and juicy, with a mild, sprightly, vinous flavor. This fruit evidently belongs to the Spitzen burgh class. Best. November to March. John Carter. Origin uncertain, grown in Connecticut. Tree vigorous and pro- ductive. Fruit large, roundish conic, yellow, marbled, striped, and splashed with crimson. Flesh white, tender, juicy, with a mild subacid flavor. Good. September. Johnson. Origin, Brookfield, Conn. A strong, upright grower, and a good bearer. Fruit above medium, roundish conic, smooth, striped with red on a yellow ground, dark red in the sun. Flesh remarkably tender, crisp, and juicy, with a brisk, sweet flavor, very soon becomes mealy after ripen- ing. Good. Middle of August to middle of September. There is another Johnson Apple which is said to have originated in Massac Co., 111., and described in the Chicago Republican. We have not seen it. Fruit medium to large, roundish flattened, greenish yellow, almost entirely covered with rich dark red. Flesh yellow, subacid. December to March. Johnson Russet. Origin unknown. Tree a crooked grower, moderate bearer. Fruit medium, oblong roundish conical, light golden russet, few light and gray dots. Flesh white, tender, dry, poor, mealy. December, February. John's Sweet. Origin, Lyndsboro, New Hampshire. Tree a good grower, somewhat straggling, a prolific bearer. Young shoots, reddish brown. Fruit medium, roundish conic, whitish yellow, sprinkled, striped, and splashed with red. Stalk short, inserted in a narrow cavity, surrounded by russet. Calyx closed, set in an abrupt basin. Flesh juicy, tender, sweet. Good. January to May 234 the apple. Jolly Beggar. Hogg describes this as a first-rate early cooking Apple. Tree a pro digious and early bearer. Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow, becoming orange in the sun. Flesh white, tender, brisk subacid. August to October Jubilee Pippin. From Norwich, England. Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish, with gray and brownish specks Flesh white, crisp, mild, almost sweet. Core large, open. October December. (Lindley.) Judge Andrews. Origin unknown. Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow. Flesh tender, aromatic. Good. August. Juicy Bite. Origin, Pennsylvania. Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, pale yellow, mostly over- spread, shaded and splashed with red. Flesh white, crisp, tender, lively subacid. Good. September. Julian. Juling. Julien. An Apple of Southern origin. Tree moderately vigorous, very pro ductive. Young shoots light reddish brown, somewhat grayish, many white dots. Julian. Fruit above medium, roundish, inclining to conic. Sides unequal. Color waxen whitish, striped, splashed, and mottled with rich red, THE APPLE. 235 mode rat el}- sprinkled with light dots, some having dark centres. Stalk short, small. Cavity deep, sometimes russeted. Calyx small, closed. Segments long, slender, slightly recurved. Basin deep, slightly corru- gated. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. July and August. JuNALUSKEE. Junaliska Journal askia. Origin, North Carolina. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading. Young shoots dark brownish, slightly downy. Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, yellow, lightly shaded on the sunny side, and sprinkled with brown and gray dots. Stalk short. Cavity large, a Little green russet. Calyx small, closed. Basin abrupt, nearly smooth. Flesh yellowish, rather compact, moderately juicy, rich subacid. Good to very good. Core small. November to March. Kaighn's Spitzenbukgh. Red Pearmain. Long John. Red Spitzenburg. Red Pippin. Red Winter Pearmain, erroneously. Red Phoenix. Long Pearmain. Sheepnose of some. Lady Finger, erroneously. Russam. Scarlet Pearmain. erroneously. Hudson Red Streak. Origin, Gloucester Co., N. J. Tree vigorous, spreading or straggling habit, productive, and valued only because of its showy fruit. Fruit rather large, oblong oval, approaching conic, whitish yellow, mostly shaded and striped with red, and thickly sprinkled with minute dots. Flesh yellowish, coarse, crisp, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. November to January. Kane. Cane. Cain. Origin, Kent Co., Delaware. Tree moderately vigorous, upright. A beautiful little Apple, of pleasant flavor. Fruit small, oblate, slightly conical, regular, whitish yellow, waxen, beautifully shaded and lightly striped with fine crimson. Flesh whitish, juicy, crisp, with a pleasant flavor. Good. October, November. Keddleston Pippin. An English dessert Apple, described by Ronalds. Fruit small, conical, straw color, slightly russeted. Flesh yellowish, juicy, sugary, aromatic. October to January. Keeping PcED Streak. An English culinary sort. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, mostly striped with two shades of red, some russet and gray dots. Flesh greenish yellow, firm, Drisk subacid. December, February. (Hogg.) 336 LilE APPLE. Keeping Russet. This is a dessert Apple described by Hogg as of first quality. Fruit medium, roundish., pale yellowish brown russet, with a red cheek in the sun. Flesh yellow, firm, juicy, rich mellow flavor. Oo tober, January. Keim. Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Tree moderately vigorous. Young shoota reddish brown. Fruit small to medium, oblate. Color light waxen yellow, thieklj sprinkled with light russet dots. Stalk long, slender, in a broad, shallow cavity. Calyx closed. Basin shallow and uneven. Flesh white, tender, crisp, fine, brisk, delicate aromatic subacid. Very good. December to March. Keisek. Red Seek-no-Further. An old variety, much grown in Jefferson Co., Ohio, and highly prized ; growth of tree like Bambo. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly oblique, angular. Skin pale yellow, shaded with red, indistinctly striped and thickly sprinkled with large, grayish dots. Stalk short, inserted in a large cavity. Calyx small, closed, in a broad, shallow, corrugated basin. Flesh yellowish, not very juicy, but mild subacid. Good. November to February. Kelsey. Origin, Berks Co., Pa., on the premises of John Kelsey. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, sometimes inclining to conical, greenish yellow, with occasionally a faint blush, and numerous gray dots. Flesh tender, fine texture, greenish white, mild subacid. Good. March. Kelsey Sweet. Origin, Connecticut. Tree moderately vigorous, upright. Fruit medium, roundish, greenish yellow, with a tinge of brown in the sun, green and gray dots. Flesh greenish white, moderately tender, juicy, sweet. Good. October, November. Kennebec Russet. From Maine. Tree vigorous, upright. Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, partially netted with russet, and sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx small, closed. Flesh moderately tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. No- vember, December. Kennedy's Red Winter. Originated in Pennsylvania. Tree an upright grower and regular bearer. Fruit large, roundish conical yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped THE APPLE. 237 with light and dark red, large light dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed Flesh whitish, moderately juicy, a little coarse, pleasant subacid. Good December, February. Kenney. From Connecticut. Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, shaded and splashed with red, large light dots. Flesh white, rather tender moderately juicy, mild subacid. Good. Core small. December tc March. Kenrick. Kenrick's Autumn, Kenrick's Red Autumn. Origin, on the farm of Mr. Kenrick, Newton, Mass. Tree mod' erately vigorous, compact, very productive. Fruit large, roundish, pale yellowish green, striped and stained with bright red. Flesh white, a little stained with red, tender, juicy, sprightly acid. Good. September. Kentish Broading. A fine showy old English Apple. Tree a free grower and good bearer. Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellow, with broken stripes or splashes- of clear red. Flesh white, tender, a little coarse, subacid. Good. No vember, December. Kent. Originated on the premises of Walker Kent, near Plymouth, Mich. Tree a strong grower, and very productive. Fruit large, roundish, pale greenish yellow, sometimes a slight blush cheek, few greenish dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, sprightly, subacid. Core rather large. Good to ver* good. October. Kentish Fill-Basket. Potter's Large Seedling. Lady de Grey's. An immense English fruit, properly named, and much admired by those who like great size and beauty of appearance. The flavor is tol- erable, and it is an excellent cooking Apple. The tree grows strongly, and bears well. Fruit very large —frequently four and a half inches in diameter— round- ish, slightly ribbed or irregular. Color yellowish green in the shade, but pale yellow in the sun, with a brownish red blush on the sunny side, slightly streaked or spotted with darker red. Flesh tender, juicy, with a subacid, sprightly flavor. Good. October to January. Kentish Pippin. Red Kentish Pippin. Vaun's Pippin. An old English Apple esteemed abroad for cooking, but is here quit* good for dessert. Tree hardy, vigorous, and a good bearer. 238 THE APPLE. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, sides often unequal, greenish yel- low, with a slight blush next the sun, small gray dots. Stalk short, small. Cavity deep, large, and with thin russet extending out upon the fruit. Calyx partly open. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, tender, juicy, rich, brisk subacid. Good. Core small. December to May. Valua- ble as a late keeper. Kentucky. Of unknown origin, and probably a local name. An early and abundant bearer. Fruit large and very uniform, rouudish, slightly conical. Color yel- lowish, marbled and mottled, with dull red in the sun, with irregular greenish splashes or specks. Cavity narrow, acuminate. Calyx large, in a narrow abrupt basin. Flesh not very fine, but juicy, very tender, agreeable subacid. Good. October. Kentucky Cream. Originated in Todd Co., Ky. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, an early and abundant bearer. Fruit medium to large, roundish, largest at the crown or apex, and tapering slightly toward the stalk, yellowish mostly overspread with rich clear red, thickly sprinkled with large areole dots, and some gray- ish marblings next the stalk. Stalk slender. Cavity narrow, acute. Calyx large. Segments partially closed, divided. Basin broad, deep, somewhat corrugated. Flesh yellowish, breaking, not very juicy, rich, mild subacid. Good to very good. December to March. Kentucky King. From Kentucky. Fruit above medium, oblate, yellow, mixed and striped with car- mine. Flesh yellow, breaking, fine-grained, juicy, subacid, aromatic. Good to very good. December, February. (Warder.) Kentucky Red Streak. Winter Red Streak ? Bradford's Best. Selma ? Origin obscure, supposed Tennessee. Tree upright, vigorous, and productive annually. Fruit medium, roundish, slightly inclining to conic, greenish yellow, shaded with dull purplish red, and indistinctly splashed and striped, thickly sprinkled with large light dots, having gray centres, sometimes the number of dots give appearance almost as if mottled. Stalk medi- um. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild subacid. Core small. Good to very good. December to March. Kentucky Sweet. A Southern Apple of unknown origin. Fruit medium, conic, regular, deep red, stripes obscured and scarcely visible. Dots scattered, large, yellow. Flesh yellow, tender, fine- grained, juicy, very sweet, rich, slightly perfumed. November, January, ( Wai-der.) THE APPLE. 239 pale yellow. Good. Ripens in Kerry Pippin. Edmonton's Aromatic Pippin. An Irish dessert Apple. Fruit middle size, oval, a little flattened at the eye Flesh yellow, tender, crisp, with a sugary flavor. September and October. Keswick Codlin. A noted English cooking Apple, which may be gathered for tarts as early as the month of August, and continues in use till November. It is an early and a great bearer and a vigorous tree, and is one of the most profitable of orchard sorts for cooking or market. Tree very hardy, forming a large, regular, upright, spreading, round head. Keswick Codlin. Fruit a little above the middle size, rather conical, with a few obscure ribs. Stalk short and deeply set. Calyx rather large. Skin greenish yellow, washed with a faint blush on one side. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, with a pleasant acid flavor. Ketchum's Favorite. Origin, farm of Mr. Ketchum, in Sudbury, Vt. Tree vigorous and productive. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, light waxen yellow, slightly shaded uo THE APPLE. with rosy blush, irregularly sprinkled with carmine dots. Flesh whitej mild, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. September to January Kikita. Origin unknown. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading. Fruit medium, roundish, slightly oblate, greenish yellow, shaded with dull red in the sun. Flesh whitish, tender, moderately juicy, mild Bweet. Good. November, December. Kilham Hill. A native of Essex Co., Mass., raised by Daniel Kilham. Fruit pretty large, roundish, ribbed, narrowing to the eye, pale yeh low, slightly splashed with red in the shade, deep red in the sun. Flesh of sprightly, rather high flavor, but is apt to become dry and mealy. Good. September. KlNELLAN. From Ross-shire, Scotland. Fruit medium, roundish conic, yellowish green, some red in the sum Flesh white, firm, juicy, pleasant. Good. December, January. King of Tompkins County. King of the Pippins. Hampshire Yellow. Ar\ English fruit of poor quality, medium size, roundish oblate, pale yellow, washed and striped with red. Flesh very firm, sharp subacid. Good. October, November. THE APPLE. 241 King of Tompkins County. King Apple. Toms Red. Tommy Red- Origin uncertain ; said to have originated with Thomas Thacher, Warren Co., N. J. A valuable market fruit. Tree very vigorous, ■spreading, an abundant bearer annually. Young rihoots very dark red- dish brown, quite downy, especially toward the ends. Fruit large, globular, inclining to conic, sometimes oblate, angular. Color yellowish, mostly shaded with red, striped and splashed with crimson. Stalk rather stout and short, inserted in a large, somewhat irregular cavity. Calyx small and closed, set in a medium, slightly cor- rugated basin. Flesh yellowish, rather coarse, juicy, tender, with an exceedingly agreeable, rich, vinous flavor, delightfully aromatic. Very good to best. December to March. KlNGSLEY. Origin, Monroe Co., N. Y. Tree an erect moderate grower, an early bearer. Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish, striped and splashed with red. Flesh fine-grained, juicy, melting, subacid. Very good. November, February. Kingston Black. A small English cider fruit of little value. Fruit roundish, pale yellow, striped with red. Flesh white, stained with red, tender, juicy, sweet. November, December. King Tom. From North Carolina. Origin unknown. Tree a crooked, twisting, tangled grower, forming a low head, witb stout, distinct, blunt shoots. Fruit medium, roundish, orange yellow. Flesh yellow, rather tough, spicy. August. (Ga. Hort. S. Rep.) Kinney. A Southern variety, little known. Fruit medium, roundish conic, greenish yellow, thickly sprinkled with gray dots and some russet. Stalk long, slender. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, rather firm, moderately juicy, subacid. Good. No- vember, December. Kirkbridge White. Tree of rather slow upright growth, an early and abundant bearer. Fruit below medium, oblong ovate, very irregular, ribbed, yellowish white. Stalk short and small, in a narrow cavity. Calyx small and closed. Segments long, reflexed. Basin narrow. Flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid. Core rather large. Good. August and September. Kirtland. Kirtland's Seedling. Tree vigorous, and a good bearer. Fruit large, oblong, deep rich yellow at maturity. Flesh yellowish, tender, spicy, subacid. Mid autumn. (Am. Hort. An.) 16 242 the applb. Kirk's Lord Nelson. English. Fruit large, roundish, light yellov,-, striped and mottled with bright red. Flesh firm, juicy, but not rich. October, November. KlTTAGESKEE. A Southern Apple of unknown origin. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading. Young shoots short-jointed, grayish. Fruit below medium, oblate, sides unequal, fine yellow, with a tinge of brown in the sun, few dark or brown gray dots. Stalk rather short and slender. Cavity broad, sometimes a little russeted. Calyx partially closed. Basin broad, shallow, furrowed. Flesh yellow, crisp, tender, brisk, mild subacid, slightly aromatic. Core small. Good to very good. November to March. Klaproth. This beautiful Apple, a native of Lancaster Co., Pa. (on the farm of Mr. Brennaman), was brought into notice by Dr. J. K. Eshleman, of Downington, Pa., and promises to be an excellent fruit, especially for market purposes. It bears carriage remarkably well, a most prolific Klaproth. bearer and vigorous grower. We give the Dr.'s description. Young wood very grayish dull reddish brown. Size medium, form oblate. Skin greenish yellow, streaked and stained with red, deepened on the sunny side, dotted all over with bight specks, and occasional russet spots near the stalk, which is short and inserted in a smooth dee}) cavity. Calyx small and closed. Segments reflexed, set in a wide, regular, and well- formed basin. Flesh white, very crisp, juicy, tender, and pleasant su)>- acid flavor, and until quite ripe acid predominates. Very good. August zo October. the applk. 243 Knickerbocker. Origin unknown. Fruit medium ov above, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, spiinkled with brown dots. Stalk medium. Cavity large, deep, uneven. Calyx closed. Basin broad, shallow, uneven. Flesh whitish, juicy, crisp, brisk subacid, pleasant aromatic. Good to very good. Sejjteniber, October. Knobby Russet. Knobbed Russet. Old Maid's. Winter Russet. A dessert Apple from Sussex, England, which Lindley describes as of medium size, roundish oval, yellow, nearly covered with russety knobg or warts. Flesh yellowish, crisp, not juicy, but sweet and high flavored. December to March. Knowles' Early. Oat Harvest ¥ Introduced by John Knowles, near Philadelphia. Tree of moderate growth, forming a round head, an early, annual, and abundant bearer, and the fruit continues in use a long time. Fruit small, roundish oblate, smooth, pale greenish yellow, partially striped and splashed with dull crimson. Stalk long, slender. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, very tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid. Good to very good. August. Knox Russet. Found in the orchard of J. Knox, Pittsburgh, Pa. Origin unknown. Tree spreading, productive, shoots slender. Fruit small to medium, globular, somewhat conic, yellow green, blushed, covered with light russet. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, mild subacid, aromatic. Good to very good. December, January. Kohl. From Germany. Tree thrifty, forming a regular top, a good and regular bearer. Fruit small, roundish, crisp, juicy. Good keeper. (A. Pom. Rep.) Konig's Reinette. Reinette Doree. Reinette du Roi. Poyale. "Winter Citronenapfel. This is said to be a beautiful long-keeping dessert Apple, of Ger- man origin. Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, ribbed, lemon yellow, with a rich red cheek. Flesh yellowish white, very fine, firm, and juicy, rich subacid. December to March. (Did.) Krauser. Krowser. Krouser. Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, a handsome gfower and an abundant uud regular bearer. Young wood dark reddish brown. 244 THE APPLE. Fruit medium, roundish conic. Color whitish yellow, striped and splashed with bright red. Stalk rather short, inserted in a medium cavity. Calyx closed. Basin small and corrugated. Flesh white, ten- der, mild subacid. Good to very good. December, March. Keauter Reinette. A German Apple, highly praised in its own home. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow. Stalk long. Cavitj russeted. Flesh white, very fine, juicy, highly aromatic. December fro March. Labute. Of French origin. Tree vigorous, upright. Fruit large, roundish conical, sides unequal, yellow, mostly shadedv and somewhat splashed with rich red. Stalk rather short. Cavity deep. Calyx closed. Basin small, corrugated. Flesh white, crisp, rather firm, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. Core large. October. Lacker. Laquier. Origin, Lancaster Co., Pa. Fruit medium, oblate, sides sometimes unequal, pale red, striped and splashed with crimson. Stalk short, slender, inserted in a narrow russeted cavity. Calyx closed. Basin wide, deep, corrugated. Flesh white, tender, ci'isp, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. November tc March. Lady Apple. Api. Api Petit. Pomme Rose. Pomme d'Api Rouge. Petit Api Rouge. Gros Api Rouge. An exquisite little dessert fruit, the pretty size and beautiful color of which render it a universal favorite ; as it is a great bearer, it is also a profitable sort for the orchardist, bringing the highest price of any Lady Apple. fancy apple in the market. It is an old French variety, and is nearly always known abroad by the name of Api / but the name of Lady Apple has become too universal here to chauge it now. No amateur's oolleotion should be without it. TIIE APPLE. 240 Fruit quite small, but regularly formed and flat. Skin smooth and glossy, with a brilliant deep red cheek, contrasting with a lively lemon yellow ground. Stalk of medium length, and deeply inserted. Calyx small, sunk in a basin with small plaits. Flesh white, crisp, teuder, and juicy, with a pleasant flavor. The tree has upright, almost black shoots, with small leaves ; forms a very upright, small head, and bears its fruit in bunches. The latter is very hardy, and may be left on the tree till severe frosts. The Lady Apple is in use from December to May. Tha A pi Noir, ov Black Lady Apple, diners from the foregoing sort only in the color, which is nearly black. In shape, size, season, and flavor, it is nearly the same. It is, from its unusually dark hue, a sin- gular and interesting fruit — poor flavor. The true Api Etoile, or /Star Lady Apple, figured and described by Poiteau, in the Pomologie francaise, is another very distinct variety ; the fruit is of the same general character, but having five prominent an- gles, which give it the form of a star. This variety is rather scarce, the common Lady Apple being frequently sent out for it by French nursery- men. It keeps until quite late in the spring, when its flavor becomes excellent, though in winter it is rather day. The growth of the tree re sembles that of the other Apis. The Api Gros, or Large Lady Apple, is of a similar habit in growth of the tree to the true Lady Apple, the fruit a trifle larger, more round ish, less brightly colored, and quite inferior in quality. The Api Gros Pomme de Pose, or Rose-colored Lady Apple, is also another variety, with fruit of medium size, roundish, pale yellow, washed with bright rosy red. Flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, juicy, crisp, aromatic. Lady Blush. Received from Pennsylvania. Fruit rather large, roundish, whitish yellow, shaded in the sun with bright red, many light and gray dots. Stalk medium. Cavity deep. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, rather firm, moderately juicy, pleasant subacid, slightly aromatic. Good. November, December. Elliott describes a Lady or Lady's Blush as medium, yellow, with red blush. Flesh dry. Lady Finger. Under this name Hogg describes an Apple as : Fruit below medium, pyramidal, rounded at base, dull greenish yel low, with minute gray russety dots, dull blush and spots of lively red in the sun. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, pleasantly acid. November to March. Coxe describes an apple as Lady Finger or Long Pippin, as remarka- bly long, greenish yellow. Flesh pleasant, early winter, but does not keep well. Elliott describes under name of Lady Finger, synonym Sheep Nose, in apple as medium size, oblong, pale yellow, faint blush. Flesh firm, watery. November, December. We have also received an apple from Maryland under this name which is of medium size, roundish conical, yellowish, shaded ovei the whole surface with deep crimson, thinly sprinkled with light dots. Stalk 246 THE APPLE. short. Cavity rather deop. Calyx closed. Basin large, dee\\ corrn» gated. Flesh white, tender, moderately juicy, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. Core small. August. Lady Haley's Nonsuch. An Eastern variety, of unknown origin. Tree vigorous, productive-. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, ribbed, light waxen yellow, shade of red in the sun. Stalk short and stout. Cavity large. Calyx closed. Basin medium, corrugated. Flesh rather firm, pleasant, slightly aromatic. Good. Cooking. September. Lady of the Wemyss. A large and handsome Scotch Apple. Fruit roundish, pale green, red next the sun. Flesh white, juicy, subacid. October, December. Lady's Delight. An English culinary Apple, the habit of the tree like that of the Weeping Willow. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, ribbed, greenish yellow, with red next the sun. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, brisk, aromatic. October, De- cember. (Hogg.) Lady's Fancy. King of some. Origin unknown. Much grown in Vermont, Northern New York, and Canada. Fruit above medium, oblong conical, whitish yellow, splashed, shaded, and mottled with light and dark red, light dots. Stalk short. Cavity narrow. Calyx closed. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, agree- able, subacid. Core large. Good. November to February. Lady's Seedling. Origin, Delaware Co., Pa. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, spreading. Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, with a blush cheek. Flesh whitish, juicy, pleasant subacid. October. Lady's Sweet. Ponimeroy. Lady's Sweeting. Roa Yon. Ladies' Sweet. We consider this one of the finest winter sweet Apples for the des- sert yet known or cultivated in this country. Its handsome appearance, delightful perfume, sprightly flavor, and the long time which it remains in perfection, render it universally ad- mired wherever it is known, and no garden should be without it. It is a native of this neighborhood. The wood is not very strong, but it grows thriftily, and bears very abundantly, making a round spreading head. Young shoots reddish brown, downy. Buds small. THE APPLE. 247 Fruit large, roundish ovate, narrowing pretty rapidly to the eye. Skin very smooth, nearly covered with red in the sun, but pale yellowish green in the shade, with broken stripes of pale red. The red is sprin- kled with well-marked yellowish gray dots, and covered, when firsi gath- ered, with a thin white bloom. There is also generally a faint mar- bling of cloudy white over the red, on the shady side of the fruit, and Lady's Sweet rays of the same around the stalk. Calyx quite small, set in a narro .v, shallow, plaited basin. Stalk half an inch long, in a shallow cavity. Flesh greenish white, exceedingly tender, juicy, and crisp, with a deli- cious, sprightly, agreeably perfumed flavor. Very good or best. Keeps without shrivelling, or losing its flavor, till May. Lady's White. Origin, Franklin Co., O. Tree a good grower and bearer. Fruit medium or below, roundish, whitish, very smooth and fair. Flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid. December to February. Lafayette. Originated in Chester, N. H., on the farm of "William Jenney, and first fruited in 1824, the year of General Lafayette's visit to this coun- try, hence its name. It is much esteemed in its native locality, but has been little disseminated. Tree a good grower and an annual bearer. Fruit medium, roundish, whitish yellow, shaded, splashed, and mar- oled with crimson, moderately sprinkled with light dots. Stalk rather 248 THE APPLE. long, slender. Cavity medium. Calyx closed. Segments rather short to a point. Basin abrupt, corrugated. Flesh white, juicy, tender pleasant, mild subacid. Good to very good. December to February. Lake. Origin, D. C. Richmond, Sandusky, O. Tree of strong upright growth, productive. Young shoots stout, short-jointed, dull reddish brown, slightly downy. Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical, yellow, striped, splashed,, and shaded with deep red. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, rich, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. Core small. Ripe September and Oc tober. Lamb Abbey Pearmain. Laneb Abbey Pearmain. An old variety, from Kent, England. Tree not healthy. Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped with two shades of red. Flesh whitish, compact, juicy, subacid. Good- November. Lancaster Greening. Lancaster Pippin. Origin, Lancaster Co., Pa. Tree hardy, vigorous, spreading. Young wood smooth, reddish brown. Buds prominent, flattened. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, approaching conic. Color greenish, but when fully mature quite yellow, occasionally a blush of crimson in the sun, and pretty thickly sprinkled with russet and crimson dots and patches of russet. Stalk slender. Cavity deep, sometimes russeted. Calyx small, closed. Basin very shallow, corrugated. Flesh yellowish, compact, moderately juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Very good. De- cember to May. Much valued as a long keeper. Lancaster Sweet. Origin, probably Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit medium, roundish conic, whitish, splashed and marbled with red. Flesh whitish, not very tender, juicy, sweet. Good. September, October. Landon. Origin uncertain, found on the farm of Buel Landon, Grand Isle, Vt., and by him introduced to notice. Tree vigorous, with low spread- ing branches, and bears moderately every year. Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic. Color yellow, mottled and shaded with red or deep crimson, and covered with numerous gray ish dots. Stalk short. Cavity large, surrounded by russet. Calyx open, basin corrugated and shallow. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, with a rich, mild subacid flavor, aromatic. Very good. February to May. THE APPLE. 249 Lane's Red Streak Origin, orchard of Mr. Lane, Edgar Co., Illinois. Tree of moderat* growth. Fruit large, round conical, regular. Color yellow, with very fine short stripes, and specks of bright red, beautiful. Flesh white, fine, ten- der, pleasant subacid, of fair quality. Good. October. Lane's Sweet. Origin, Boylston, Mass. Tree a good grower and productive. Young shoots smooth, light reddish brown. Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped with red, moderately sprinkled with large light dots. Stalk medium, slender. Calyx closed. Basin coiTugated. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant sweet. Good to very good. September. There is another Lane's Sweet which originated in Hingham, Mass. Tree vigorous and productive. Young shoots dark reddish brown, slightly downy. Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic. Color fine yellow, with a sunny cheek. Stalk short. Cavity large, russeted. Calyx closed, basin small, open. Flesh yellowish, not very tender, juicy, sweet, aromatic. Novem- ber to March. Lansingburgh. Origin unknown. Tree upright, spreading, vigorous, moderately productive. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, largely overspread with gray- Lanre Yellow Bouph. 250 THE APPLK. ish red. Flesh firm, mild subacid. Good. Valuable mainly be :atsa of its long keeping qualities. Large Yellow Bough. Early Sweet Bough. Sweet Harvest. Bough. August Sweet. Washington, incorrectly. Sweet Bough. A native Apple, ripening in harvest time, and one of the first qua- lity, only second as a dessert fruit to the Early Harvest. It is not so much esteemed for the kitchen as the latter, as it is too sweet for pies and sauce, but it is generally much admired for the table, and is worthy of a place in every collection. Fruit above the middle size, and oblong ovate in form. Skin smooth, pale greenish yellow. Stalk rather long, and the eye narrow and deep. Flesh white, very tender and crisp when fully ripe, and with a rich, sweet, sprightly flavor. Ripens from the middle of July to the tenth of August. Tree moderately vigorous, bears abundantly, and forms a round head. Young shoots grayish brown, very slightly downy. Larue's Big Green. Origin, Hardin Co., Ky. Fruit very large, yellow. Flesh vinous, sprightly subacid. Feb- rnarv, March. Superior for cooking. (Ky. Hort. Soc. Trans.) Late Strawberry. Late Strawberry. Autumn Strawberry. Origin, Aurora, N. Y., on lands formerly owned by Judge Phelps. Tree vigorous, upright, spreading, hardy. Young wood smooth, reddish brown, a regular and early bearer. THE APPLE. 251 Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, sometimes obscurely rib. bed. Color whitish, striped and splashed with light and dark red. and often covered with a thin bloom. Stalk rather long, slender, curved Cavity large, deep, slightly russeted. Basin abrupt, corrugated. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, pleasant vinous, subacid. Very good October, December. Late Sweet. A variety somewhat grown in Connecticut, origin unknown. Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, mostly shaded, splashed, and mar bled with red, light and gray dots. Flesh white, compact, not juicy sweet. December, March. A long keeper and good for cooking. Late Wine. A very excellent Apple, the origin of which we have been unable to trace, nor can we identify it with any known sort. Tree upright, vigor- ous, an early and abundant bearer. Young shoots smooth, light red- dish brown, with buds large, round, and prominent. Fruit rather below medium, roundish conical. Sides unequal. Color mostly shades of light and dark crimson, sometimes almost pur- ple, a thin light bloom and light dots. Stalk short, slender. Cavity acute, slightly russeted, sometimes hues or traces of iiisset outwards. Calyx small, closed. Basin abrupt, furrowed. Flesh white, very ten- der, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. Very good. October, November. Latiiam. Origin, Sag Harbor, Long Island, N. Y. Tree a good grower, very productive. Fruit medium, oblate conic, sides unequal, yellow, almost entirely overspread with Light and dark red, small light dots. Flesh white, ten- der, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Good. November, December. Lauren's Greening. Origin, Laurens Co., Ga. Fruit large or above medium, oblate, greenish, with tinge of red in the sun. Flesh white, crisp, acid, pleasant. Good. September. Lawver. Origin uncertain. Introduced by George S. Park, of Farkville, Mo., and said to have been found in an old Indian orchard in Kansas. Tree vigorous, spreading, an early and annual bearer, a beautiful fruit, and a loner keeper. Fruit large, roundish oblate. Color dark bright red, covered with umall dots. Stalk medium. Cavity deep, regular. Calyx small, closed. Basin medium, furrowed. Flesh white, firm, crisp, sprightly, aromatic, mild subacid. January to May. (Prairie Farmer.) Leaver. Received from South Carolina. Tree remarkably vigorous and a good bearer. 252 THE APPLE. Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical, yellow, shaded anS ob> Bourely striped and splashed with red. Stalk slender. Calyx nearly closed. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, rich, slightly aromatic sub- acid. Good to very good. Core small. November to March. Ledge Sweet. Portsmouth Sweet. Origin, Portsmouth, N. H. Tree vigorous, productive, regular bearer. Fruit medium, oblate, whitish yellow, thinly shaded with red, Bplashed and striped with dark red, thinly sprinkled with light and gray dots. Stalk very short, stout. Cavity broad, not deep. Calyx closed. Segments short. Basin medium, slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, a little coarse, tender, juicy, mild, half sweet, pleasant. Core small. Good or very good. December to March. Leicester Sweet. Potter Sweet. Origin, Leicester, Mass. Tree vigorous, not very productive. Fruit rather large, flattish, greeuish yellow and dull red. Flesh tender, rich, excellent, fine for dessert or baking. Winter. Leithemer Streifling. Of German origin. Fruit large, roundish conical, lemon yellow, overspread, shaded, and striped and splashed with varying shades of red. Calyx closed. Basin ribbed. Flesh white, tinged with red, firm, aromatic, sweet. December. Leland Spice. Leland Pippin. New York Spice. Origin, Sherburne, Mass. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit large, roundish. Color yellow, nearly covered with bright red. Stalk short, inserted in a narrow cavity. Calyx smaD, closed. Basin shallow. Flesh yellowish, rather tender, juicy, with a very rich aromatic subacid flavor, excellent for dessert or kitchen. Good to very good. September, October. Lemon Pippin. Kirke's Lemon Pippin. Pepin Limon de Galles ? An English variety, of medium size, oval. Skin lemon yellow. Flesh firm, brisk subacid. Good. October. Lesher. Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Fruit medium to large, oblate, sides unequal, whitish, shaded in the sun with light purplish crimson, few small gray and light dots. Flesh white, crisp, moderately tender, pleasant subacid. Good. December to February. the apple. 253 Lewis. Origin, Putnam Co., Ind. A good grower, and productive. Fruit medium, oblate conic, yellowish, striped with crimson, and partially covered with thin cinnamon russet, and sprinkled with gra;v and brown dots. Stalk short, inserted in a deep cavity. Calyx closed or nearly so, in a moderate basiu. Fiesh yellow, compact, with a rich subacid tfnvor, not very juicy. Good. November, February. It is claimed by some that there is another Lewis, but our experience in fruiting them does not enable us to so decide. Lewis's Incomparable. An English sort, mostly valued for cooking. Tree vigorous, pro- ductive. Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, yellow, with streaks and shades of red. Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp, brisk subacid. De- cember. Liberty. Originated in Delaware Co., O. Tree vigorous, spreading, and pro- ductive. Young shoots smooth, reddish brown. Fruit medium, roundish oblong, oblate, oblique, conical, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and striped with shades of dull red. Flesh yellow- ish, rather firm, mild subacid. Core small. Good. Valued mainly for its keeping qualities. December to May. Ligoz. Origin unknown. Fruit large, roundish, yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped with shades of red. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, juicy, crisp, pleasant sub- acid. Good. Core small. December, January. Limber Twig. James River. Red Limber Twig ? An Apple much cultivated South and West. Origin, supposed North Carolina. Tree hardy and productive, roundish, spreading, somewhat drooping. Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, greenish yellow, shaded and striped with dull crimson, and sprinkled with light dots. Stalk of medium length, inserted in a broad, deep cavity, sxir- rounded by thin, green russet. Calyx closed, set in a small, uneven basin. Flesh whitish, not very tender, juicy, with a brisk, subacid flavor. Good. January, April. Lincolnshire Holland Pippin. Striped Holland Pippin. A second-rate cooking Apple. Fruit above medium, roundish, slightly oblate, yellow, stripes of red in the sun. Flesh white, subacid. November, January. 264 THE APPLE. LlNDENWALD. Origin, orchard of J. G. Sickles, Stuyvesant, N. Y. Tree moderately vigorous, upright. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, surface oily, yellow, light shades of red in the sun, few indistinct dots. Stalk short. Cavity deep, often russeted. Calyx closed. Basin deep, slightly furrowed. Flesh yehow- ish, ci'isp, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. September. Lindley's Nonpareil. Origin, Chatham, N. C. Tree delicate, slender, poor grower, greal bearer. Fruit small, oblate, yellow, blush in the sun. Flesh yellowish, rich, crisp, aromatic, nearly sweet. Good to very good. August, Septem- ber. Lippincott Sweet. Origin, New Jersey. Fruit medium, roundish conical, pale yellow, thin shade of crimson in the sun, many brown and russet dots. Flesh white, tender, moderately juicy, pleasant mild sweet. Good. Core small. December to March. Litchfield Pippin. Raised by Win. Hutchins, of Litchfield, Me. Fruit medium to large, oval, yellow, with red in sun. Flesh white, mild subacid. (Me. Rep.) Little Beauty. This little Apple, says Ronalds, has the property of holding firmly to the branches, so as not easily to be dislodged. Tree upright, and a great bearer. Fruit small, roundish oblate, yellow bronzed in the sun. Flesh yel- lowish, rich, but rather dry. December, February. Loan's Pearmain. An old variety. Tree a poor grower. Fruit small, roundish oblong, greenish, with stripes of dark red Flesh firm, j uicy, crisp. Good. September to November. Locy. Fruit globular, sometimes inclining to oblate, and sometimes oblong or conic, greenish, shaded- and striped with dull red. Flesh greenish^ crisp, tender, juicy, j ileasant. Hardly good. November, February. LODGEMOKE NONPAREIL. Clissold's Seedling. An English dessert Apple. Fruit medium, roundish, deep yellow, with blush in sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, aromatic. February, March. (Hogg.) THE APPLE. 2ftft London Pippin. Five- Crowned Pippin. New London Pippin. Royal Somerset A very old English Apple, mostly valued for cooking or drying Tree a moderate grower, productive. Fruit large, roundish, slightly conical, flattened at base, yellow, with a tinge of red in the sun. Calyx small, closed. Flesh white, rather firm, subacid. Good. November to February. London Sweet. Heicke's Winter Sweet. Mrs. Weavers Sweet ? Clark's Seedling. London Winter Sweet. Origin supposed near Dayton, O. Tree vigorous, productive, valu- able in rich deep soils. Young wood, dull grayish brown. Fruit medium or large, roundish oblate, pale yellow, with very slight indications of russet, a little green russet around the stalk, and sparsely covered with brown specks. Stalk short, in a large cavity. Calyx closed, set in an abrupt, open, slightly uneven basin. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, fine, delicate, sweet, slightly aromatic. Good to very good. November to February. Long Island Pearmain. Hollow Crown Pearmain. An old variety, described by Coxe, and while it is somewhat exten- sively grown, has been sometimes confounded with Winter Pearmain, which is an entirely different fruit. Fruit large, roundish obloug, having a large hollow basin or crown, yellow, splashed and streaked with red, and some faint russet spots. Flesh coarse, tender, somewhat dry, aromatic. Good. October to February. Long Island Pippin. Origin unknown. Specimens from T. T. Lyon, Plymouth, Mich. Fruit large, roundish, flattened, yellowish green. Flesh greenish yellow, breaking, fine-grained, juicy subacid. Almost best. January. (Warder.) Long Island Russet. An old Apple, much grown in New Jersey and Long Island, and valued highly for cider purposes. Tree vigorous, spreading, and pro- ductive. Fruit below medium, roundish, yellow, mostly overspread with dull russet, black spots or blotches when fully ripe. Flesh yellowish, tough, rather dry, almost sweet. October to February. Long John. Of unknown origin. Fruit large, conical, greenish yellow. Flesh yellowish white, rather dry, subacid, valuable only for its size and long keeping quality. March to May. 266 the apple. Long's Red "Winter. H. R. Robey, of Fredericksburg, says this was found in the forest about fifteen miles from that place. Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, yellow, striped and splashed with bright red, sprinkled with a few brown dots. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, crisp, subacid. Good to very good. December to Feb cuary. Long Start. Westmoreland Longstart. An English culinary Apple. Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, mostly overspread and streaked with red. Flesh white, crisp, tender, pleasant subacid. October, De- cember. Long Stem. There are four distinct Apples under this name, easily distinguished by the wood of the young shoots. The Long Stem of Connecticut is, perhaps, the oldest variety. The young shoots are dull reddish brown, somewhat downy, with prominent rounded, flattened buds. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, with greenish clots, and small patches of russet. Calyx small, in a small basin. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, somewhat spicy, sweet, and rich. Good. September to January. The Long Stem of Massachusetts has rather slender young shoots of reddish brown, somewhat grayish, and slightly downy, with small clear red buds. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, with a slight blush in the sun, moderately sprinkled with light and gray dots. Calyx medium, closed. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid, aromatic. Good. October, February. The Long Stem of Pennsylvania has young shoots, of a yellowish brown, with very small short buds. Fruit medium or below, roundish, inclining to oblong, truncated, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and striped with red mostly over the whole surface, many small light and gray dots. Stalk long, slender, curved, with bracts. Calyx closed. Segments a little recurved. Basin corru- gated. Flesh whitish, crisp, tender, mild subacid, slightly aromatic. Good to very good. November to February. The Long Stem of Kentucky has reddish grayish brown young wood, slightly downy, with short, round, flattened buds. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish, shaded, mottled, and rather indistinctly splashed and striped over all with dull dark red, and with many large light gray dots. Flesh greenish white, rather compact, mild, almost sweet, subacid. Core small. Good to very good. Decem- ber to March. Longville's Kernel. Sam's Crab. English. Fruit rather below medium size, oval, rather flattened, THE APPLE. 257 greenish yellow, streaked with pale brownish red, with a few streaks of bright red. Flesh firm, yellow, slightly perfumed, subacid. Good August and September. Lord Burleigh. Lord Burghley. A new celebrated English dessert Apple, as yet untested here. Fruit medium, roundish, slight ly oblate, and ribbed, yellow, with a bright crimson cheek, and many russet specks. Flesh yellowish, ten- der, juicy, sweet pine-apple flavor. January to May. (Hogg.) Lord Suffield. A valuable English kitchen Apple, described as an improvement on Keswick Codlin. The tree hardy, and a great bearer. Fruit above medium, conical, greenish yellow, with a tinge of red in the sun. Flesh white, firm, tender, brisk subacid. August and Sep- tember. Lorick Cluster. Said to have originated in Georgia. Tree a poor grower, but a great bearer and keeper. Fruit small, roundish conical, pale green, with a brown tinge in the Bun. Flesh greenish white, pleasant, mild subacid. Good. Core small. January to April. Loring Sweet. Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, shaded with red, and sprin- kled with brown specks. Flesh tender, juicy, sweet, and rich. Good. November to June. Loudon Pippin. White's Loudon Pippin. Lady Washington ? Origin, farm of Mr. White, Loudon Co., Ya., and much cultivated and valued in that section. Tree very vigorous, upright spreading. Fruit large, oblate, approaching conic, light yellow, sometimes blush of red in the sun, sprinkled with a few grayish dots. Stalk short, in- serted in a large cavity, surrounded by russet. Calyx large, open. Ba- sin smooth and even, rather deep. Flesh yellowish, compact, tender, juicy, subacid. Good to very good. December to February. Louise Rexard. Originated in Belgium. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, conical, yellow, shaded with bright red in the sun, small reddish gray spots. Stalk short. Cavity deep, irregular. Calyx open. Flesh very white, tender, subacid, aro- matic. (An. Pom.) 17 258 the apple. Lovett's Sweet. Origin, Beverly, Mass. Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic. Skin yellow. Flesh yellow, moderately juicy, sw§et and pleasant. Good. October to February. Queen Anne. Orange. Lowell. Michigan Golden. Tallow Apple. Greasy Pippin. Golden Pippin of some. Young Origin unknown. Tree hardy, vigorous, spreading, productive, wood reddish brown. Fruit large, roundish oval or conic, bright waxen yellow, oily. Stalk of medium length. Cavity deep, uneven. Basin deep, abrupt, and furrowed. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish white, with a brisk, rich, rather acid flavor. Good to very good. September, October. Lowre Queen. Loure Qneen. Origin unknown, somewhat extensively grown in Central Ohio. Trees upright, early bearers. Fruit medium, roundish, flattened, yellow, striped and splashed with dull red. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy. "Very good. Novem- ber, February. (Elliott.) the applk. 959 Luce's Early Joe. Early Joe, incorrectly. Origin unknown. Fruit, medium, roundish oblate, whitish, with a blush in the sun, few brown dots. Flesh yellowish, tender, crisp, juicy, mild, pleasant sub- acid. Good. September. Lucombe's Pine-Apple. Pine-Apple. Pine-Apple Pippin. An English Apple, rather below medium size, ovate conical, ob- scurely ribbed, pale yellow, bronzed in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, subacid, aromatic. Good. October, December. Lucombe's Seedling. English. Fruit large, roundish, angular, whitish, striped and splashed with red. Flesh iirm, juicy, good for cooking. October, November. Ludwig. Haas. Originated on the land of Ludwig, Bucks Co., Pa., and consid- erably grown in its native locality. Fruit large, roundish, slightly conical, whitish, splashed, mottled, and shaded with light red, many dots, with dark centres. Stalk short, slender. Cavity rather large, a little greenish russet. Calyx closed. Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh white, sometimes a little stained next the skin, fine-grained, jxiicy, mild subacid. Core rather small. Good to very good. November to March. Lyman's Large Summer. Large Yellow Summer. A large and handsome American fruit, introduced to notice by Mr. S. Lyman, of Manchester, Conn. The bearing trees are easily recognized by their long and drooping branches, which are almost wholly without fruit-spurs, but bear in clusters at their extremities. They bear poorly until the tree attains considerable size, when it yields excellent crops. Fruit quite large, roundish, flattened at the ends. Skin smooth, pale yellow. Flesh yellow, tender, subacid, and good for the table or for cooking. Last of August. Lyon's Sweet. Originated in Connecticut. Tree a good grower and great bearer. Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, yellow, shaded, striped, and splashed with red, light and gray dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh wldtish, rather compact, juicy, tender, sweet. Good. December. Lyscom. Osgood's Favorite. Matthew Stripe. Origin, Massachusetts. Tree vigorous, upright, spreading. Young jshoots dark brown, downy 260 THE APPLE. Fruit large, roundish, greenish yellow, with a few broken stripes or splashes of red. Stalk short, planted in a deep, round, even cavity. Calyx large, in a broad, plaited basin. Flesh fine-grained, and exceed- ingly mild and agreeable in flavor. Good to very good. September tc November. McAfee's Nonsuch. McAfee's Red. Originated at McAfee's old Fort in Kentucky. Good grower, very productive. Young shoots smooth reddish brown. Fruit large, globular, inclining to oblate. Skin yellowish green, shaded and striped with crirnson and covered with a thin bloom. Stalk short, inserted in a large cavity. Calyx closed, set in a small basin. Flesh whitish, solid, crisp, subacid. Good to very good. December to March. McCoy's Pippin. Origin, Loudon, Mercer Co., Pa. Tree of medium upright growth, productive, valued as a showy market sort, and also for cooking. Fruit large, oblate, a little oblicpie, greenish white, a shade of dull red in the sun, brown dots. Flesh white, crisp, tender, moderately juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Good. Core small. October, December. McDaniel. Origin, Green Co., Ohio. Fruit full medium, regular, oblate, yellow, covered with rich crim- son, indistinct stripes. Dots light gray. Flesh yellow, solid, juicy, sub- acid, rich, piquant. October, November. (Warder.) McDowell's Sweet. Origin, North Carolina. Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, fine yellow, mostly over- spread, shaded, and splashed with light and dark red, almost purplish in the sun. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Basin narrow, corrugated. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild, refreshing, sweet. Good to very good. October, December. McHenky. Origin, Elizabethtown, Indiana. Growth upright and free, mode- rately productive. Color and quality similar to American Summer ^earmain. September to December. Mackay Sweet. Origin, Massachusetts. Tree a good grower and productive. Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, yellow, slight tinge of red irj the sun. Stalk short. Cavity large, slightly russeted. Calyx small, closed. Flesh whitish, tendei, juicy, mild, sweet, pleasant. Good. Core small. December to March. the apple. 261 McKim's Vandervere. Origin, on the grounds of Robert McKim, Centre Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, upright. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, deep yellow, splashed, striped, and mottled with shades of red, light and brown dots. Flesh white, ten- der, not very juicy, acid. Good. September, November. McKinley. Fruit medium, roundish flattened, slightly conic, dull red on green- ish yellow. Stripes indistinct. Flesh breaking, fine-grained, juicy, sub- acid. Good. December, January. Maclean's Favorite. An English Apple of little value. Fruit medium, roundish, yellow. Flesh crisp, acid. November to February. McLellan. Martin. Origin, Woodstock, Conn. Tree thrifty, upright, very produo- tive, annual bearer, and handsome. Young shoots, dull grayish red dish brown, slightly downy. McLellan. Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, slightly conic, very re- gular, and fair. Color yellow, mostly striped, marbled, and splashed with red. Stalk short, inserted in a rather deep cavity. Calyx small, nearly closed. Basin moderate, slightly uneven. Flesh white, very ten- der, juicy, with a fine vinous flavor, almost saccharine. Very good. December to March. 262 THE APPLE. Macomber. Origin, Guilford, Maine. Tree a good annual bearer. Fruit full medium, oblate, angular, yellowish, shaded and striped with red. Stalk short. Cavity large. Calyx closed. Basin large and re- gular. Flesh white, fine-grained, tender, subacid. Good. Core small. December, January. Magnolia. Origin, Bolton, Mass. Growth moderate, productive. Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, yellow, beautifully striped and mottled with crimson. Stalk short, in a broad, uneven cavity. Calyx closed. Basin small. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk, aromatic, subacid. Good to very good. October. We have also received from J. W. Dodge, Tennessee, an apple undei this name, the origin of which cannot be well traced. It is large, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, irregular, yellow, striped, mottled, and splashed with red. Flesh yellow, a little coarse, tender, juicy, pleasant, slightly aromatic. Very good. December, January. Maiden's Blush. A remarkably beautiful Apple, a native of New Jersey, and first de- scribed by Coxe. It begins to ripen about the 20th of August, and con- tinues until the last of October. It has all the beauty of color of the pretty little Lady Apple, and is much cultivated and admired, both for the table and for cooking. It is also very highly esteemed for drying. Maiden's Blush. This variety forms a handsome, rapid-growing tree, with a fine spreading head, and bears large crops, It is very valuable as a profita- ble market sort. THE APPLE. 263 Fruit of medium size, very regularly shaped, and a little narrower to- wards the eye. Skin smooth, with a delicate waxen appearance, pale lemon yellow in the shade, with a brilliant crimson cheek next the sun,, the two colors often joining in brilliant red. Stalk short, planted in a rather wide deep hollow. Basin moderately depressed. Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender, sprightly, pleasant subacid. Good. Maiden's Favorite. Maiden's Apple. Origin, farm of J. G. Sickles, Stuyvesant, N. Y. Its delicacy and beauty will make it desirable for the amateur. Tree of rather slow growth, upright slender branches, an annual and good bearer. Young shoots smooth, clear reddish brown. Fruit medium or below, roundish, sometimes slightly conic, gene- rally cylindric, but often very obscurely ribbed, whitish or pale waxen yellow, shaded and sometimes slightly mottled with crimson, and sparsely sprinkled with minute dots. Stalk short, small, surrounded by thin russet, in a deep, uniform cavity. Calyx firmly closed. Basin slightly corrugated, deep, open. Flesh whitish, tender, crisp, with a pleasant, very delicate, vinous subacid. Good to very good. Core small. October to January. Major. Originated with Major Samuel McMahon, Northumberland Co., Pa. This is a show}- market Apple of really excellent quality. The tree is a rapid and vigorous grower, with rather irregular, upi-ight, spreading shoots, reddish brown, slightly grayish. Fruit large. Form roundish, often oblate, slightly inclining to conic. Sides sometimes unequal. Color greenish, shaded and rather obscurely striped and splashed with deep red, many light russet gray dots. Stalk short. Cavity deep. Calyx large, with stiff, short segments. Basin large, broad, and furrowed. Flesh yellowish, rather firm, crisp, juicy, rich subacid. Core small. Very good. November to April. Mala Carle. Pomme Finale. Charles Apple. Mela di Carlo. Mela Carla. Pomme de Charles. The Male Carle is the most celebrated of all Apples in Italy and the South of Europe, whence it comes. Here or in New England it does not always attain perfection, but south of New York it becomes beauti- ful and fine, as it needs a warm and dry soil. Fruit of medium size, very regularly shaped, a little narrow to- wards the eye. Skin smooth, with a delicate waxen appearance, pale lemon yellow in the shade, with a brilliant crimson cheek next the sun, the two colors often joining in strong contrast. Flesh white, not very juicy, but tender, and with a delicate, slightly rose-perfumed flavor. Good. September to January. Mamma. A Southern Apple of unknown origin. Tree a very thrifty, compacl grower. Young wood reddish. 264 THE APPLE. Fruit above medium, oblate, crimson red. Flesh yellowish, rich, aitv matic subacid. October, November. Mammoth June. Origin, Christian Co., Ky. Tree an upright, moderate grower ; not an early bearer. Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, whitish yellow, striped and splashed with shades of red, light dots. Flesh very white, tender, not very juicy, mild subacid. Good. July, August. Manaen. This variety was grown from seed of the Talman Sweet, by F. B* Miller, Sugar Grove, Warren Co., Pa., and first fruited in 1867. Tbg tree is said to be a thrifty, upright grower. Young wood dark reddish brown, with a few white raised dots, and slightly downy. Leaf broad roundish oval, coarsely serrated. Fruit medium size, roundish oblate conical, irregular, or partialb ribbed, pale whitish yellow, with deep carmine dots and marblings in sun, russet lines radiating from the stalk, scattering minute, raised, gray, or russet dots in the shade. Stalk slender. Cavity deep, broad, open, russeted. Calyx partially closed, with erect recurved, divided segments. Basin rather deep, abrupt, generally irregular in form, usually clean and Bmootb, but occasionally with russeted broken lines. Flesh yellowish white, granulated, tender, moderately juicy, mild sweet, aromatic. Very Mangiim. good. Core small. Seeds dark rich brown, oblong, pointed. Season, last of August and September. A new variety of fine promise as an amateur's fruit. (Rural New Yorker.) the apple. 265 Mangum. Fall Cheese of Va. Cheese. Seago. Gully. Carter of Ala. Maxfield. Carter's Winter. Patton. Johnston's Favorite. Alabama Pearmain ? Sam Wingard. lilakely. A. Southern variety of uncertain origin. It is extensively cultivated ♦South, where it is counted as one of the most desirable and reliable apples. Tree a good, fair grower, with young shoots of a grayish brown, very productive. Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, yellowish, striped and mostly shaded with red, thickly sprinkled with whitish and bronze dots. Stalk short and small, inserted in a broad cavity surrounded by russet. Ca- lyx partially closed. Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh yellow, very ten* der, juicy, mild subacid. Very good to best. October, November. Mank's Codlin. Irish Pitcher. Frith Pitcher. Irish Codlin. Eve of Scotland. Frith Pippin. An old English culinary Apple, long cultivated and esteemed here as well as abroad for its productiveness, hardiness of tree, and early bear- ing habit. Fruit medium, roundish oblong conical, one side of apex end higher than the other, clear pale yellow, with a bronzed cheek in sun. Flesh yellowish white, fine crisp, brisk subacid. Good. August to Novem- ber. Mannington's Pearmain. Origin, Sussex, England. A dessert fruit of considerable esteem abroad, and here fully sustains its foreign character. Tree hardy, and early bearer. Fruit below medium, roundish conical, truncated, yellow, partially russeted, shaded and splashed with red, prominent, rough, light gray dots. Flesh yellowish, crisp, tender, brisk subacid. Very Good. Core medium. October, December. Makomet. Horse Block. Manomet Sweet. Origin, Plymouth, Mass. Tree vigorous and productive. Young shoots dark reddish brown. This is one of the finest of sweet apples, esteemed highly wherever grown. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, fine yellow, with a richly shaded cheek. Stalk rather slender, inserted in a shallow cavity, slightly surrounded by russet. Calyx closed. Basin shallow, corrugated. Flesh tender, juicy, f weet, and rich. Very good. Core small. August, September. Mansfield Russet. Brought into notice by Dr. Joseph Mansfield, of Groton, Mass, Trpp vigorous, upright, and very productive. 266 THE APPLE. Fruit small, roundish oblong, inclining to conic, cinnamon russet Stalk long, inserted in a deep furrowed cavity. Calyx partially closed, set in an open basin. Flesh not very juicy, rich, aromatic, saccharine, vinous. Good to very good. Keeps till April or May. Marble Sweet. VirgLiia Sweet. Mclntire's Sweeting. Fruit medium to large, roundish ovate, marbled dull red and yellow, Flesh sweet, dry. November, February. (Elliott.) March's Red Winter. March's Red Seedling. Origin, on the farm of George B. March, near Chillicothe, Ohio. Tree a moderate grower. Fruit medium or below, roundish, yellow, overspread and shaded with rich bright red. Flesh yellowish, tender, moderately juicy, pleas- ant subacid. Good. November to January. Margil. Neverfail. Munche's Pippin. An old English dessert Apple, of slender growth. Fruit small, roundish oblate, yellow, striped with red. Flesh yel iOW, firm, aromatic. Good. October, November. Maria Bush. Origin, Lancaster, Co., Pa. A healthy grower and good bearor. THE APPLE. 207 Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded, striped, ai.d splashed with red, and thinly sprinkled with russet dots. Stem slender Cavity large. Basin abrupt and open. Flesh white, very tender, juicy, subacid Good. October, November. Marks. Origin, Berks Co., Pa., on the lands of Mr. Klinger. Tree vigorous, upright, productive. Fruit medium size, roundish, tapering slightly to the crown, yellow- ish white, with a few russet dots, and nearly covered with a faint orange blush. Flesh whitish, tender, brisk subacid. Good. January to March. The fruit drops badly. Marmalade Pippin. Althorp Pippin. Welsh Pippin. This is an English Apple, from Derbyshire. Tree hardy, and profuse beaver. Fruit medium to large, roundish oblong, truncated, yellowish, bronzed in the sun, numerous dots and some pearly white specks. Flesh yellowish white, firm, juicy, sweet. October to February There is another apple under this name, which is striped with red and ripens in August. Marshall. Largely grown in some parts of New Hampshire, as a profitable market Apple, on account of its productiveness and very late keeping. Fruit above medium, roundish, a little flattened, deep green, mostly overlaid with a fine thick sprinkling of whitish green specks, a little blush and crimson specks next the sun. April, May. (Me. Rep.) Marshall's Sweet. Originated with S. B. Marshall, Ohio. Tree a moderate stocky grower, forming a round head. Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate conic, sides unequal, yellow, splashed and striped with light and dark red. Flesh white, a little stained next the skin, tender, moderately juicy, pleasant, sweet. Good. November, December. Marston's Bed Winter. Origin, Greenland, N. II. Tree hardy, of moderate growth. Young Bhoots reddish brown, slightly downy. Great hearer, and keeps as well as Baldwin. Fruit above medium size, roun lisli conic. Stalk rather slender, in a narrow, deep, compressed, slightl ■< d cavity^sometimes with a lip. Calyx partially closed. Segments long, in a deep corrugated basin. Color whitish yellow, shaded and striped with bright red and crimson, thickly sprinkle.! with i h wliitish yellow, very juicy. 'y subaei I. ' December to March. 268 the apple. Martin. Origin, supposed Oiaio. Tree thrifty, rigorous, spreading, prodtvo tive. Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, yellow mixed and striped red. Stalk short. Flesh light yellow, rather tender, juicy, subacid, agreeable. Almost good. August, September. (Am. Hort. An.) Martin Nonpareil. An English Apple. The tree a vigorous grower, hardy, and a good bearer. Fruit small, roundish or roundish oblate, yellow, with many traces and patches of russet, and small gray and brown dots. Flesh yellow, compact, juicy, brisk, rich subacid. Very good. Core small. Novem- ber to March. Too small for profit. Mary. Origin unknown. Fruit below medium, roundish, yellow, overspread with light red, striped and splashed with crimson, few light dots. Stalk short, small. Calyx small, closed. Flesh whitish, rather firm, crisp, tolerably juicy, mild subacid, almost sweet. Good to very good. Core small. January to March. Maryland Beauty. Origin unknown. Fruit medium, oblate, whitish shaded, splashed and marbled with light and dark red, Light dots. Flesh whitish, rather coarse, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. Core large. October, November. Masten. Masten's Seedling. Originated on the farm of R. C. Masten, Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, with a broad, spreading, well-formed head, productive. Young shoots grayish brown. Fruit rather below medium, roundish conical, oily, yellow, brownish or faint blush in the sun, brown and light dots. Stalk short, small. Cavity narrow. Calyx closed. Basin small, uneven. Flesh whitish, fine-grained, rather juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. December to March. Master's. Master's Seedling. An old Kentish, England, Apple. Tree hardy, vigorous, and produc- tive. Fruit medium, round, yellowish green, red cheek in the sun. Flesh white, firm, acid. November, January. THH APPLE. 269 Matlock's Summer. Fruit large, oblate, white, sometimes with a blush or indistinct splashes and stripes. Flesh tender, juicy, almost sweet. Good A ugust. Matson. Fruit large, red streaked, showy, acid, cooking. (A. Pom. S.) Mattamuskeet. Young Origin, Eastern North Carolina. Tree vigorous, productive, wood dull reddish brown, slightly downy. Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, yellow, shaded and splashed with Light and dark red. Flesh whitish yellow, crisp, brisk subacid. Good. December to March. Valued principally for its keeping quali- ties. Mauck. A Pennsylvania Apple. Fruit large, conical, greenish yellow, blush in the sun. Flesh tender, pleasant. Good. Core large, hollow. October, November. MATvnck'i BwMt. Maverack's Sweet. Raised by Dr. Maverack, Pendleton District, S. C. Tree vigorous upright, spreading, sometimes irregular, an early and good bearer Young shoots reddish grayish brown, lightly downy. 270 THE APPLE. • Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellow, mostly shaded with rich deep red, and sprinkled with gray dots. Stalk short, inserted hi an open ca vity. Calyx open, set in a deep corrugated basin. Flesh yellowish, rather coarse-grained, breaking, tender, rich, sweet. Good to very good. Corp small. November to February. A valuable sweet apple for market or cooking. Maxey. This variety we received from A. L. Woodson, Hart Co., Ky#> by whom the tree is described as a good grower, an annual but not earlv bearer, producing fair, even-sized fruit, that keeps well into May and June. Fruit above medium, roundish, approaching conical, light greenish ground, with broken red stripes and splashes, from the stem end, of pinkish red, light dots and indistinct dark specks. Stalk medium length and size. Cavity regular, round, smooth, lightly russeted. Calyx large, open, with divided recurved segments. Basin shallow, broad, regular. Flesh whitish, not very juicy or tender, subacid. Good. Core small. May to July. May. May Apple. PillMn. Plymouth Greening. Rhenish May. Winter May. May of Myers. May Seek -no -further of some. An old Apple, considerably grown at the West. Origin unknown. Its only value is because of its long keeping quality. Tree a poor grower, but a good bearer. Young shoots dark reddish brown, downy somewhat towards the end. Fruit medium, roundish conical, pale greenish yellow, slight brown- ish in sun. Flesh whitish, fine-grained, compact, not very juicy, mild subacid. Core rather large, and open. Good. February to June. May Seek-no-Farther. Lop-sided Pearmain. Pilliken. May, erroneously. Origin unknown. Considerably grown in some parts of the West, aDd valued only because of its productiveness and long keeping. Tree spreading, hardy, productive. Fruit medium, oblate, oblique, dull greenish, mostly overspread and bhadnd with obscure stripes and marblings of dull dingy red. Flesh firm, dry, subacid. Good. February to May. Meach. From J. M. Ketchum, Brandon, Vt. Fruit large, roundish, slightly conic, greenish yellow, striped and mottled with light red, and sprinkled with brown dots. Flesh yellowish, rather tine, juicy, mild subacid. Good. October, November. Meadow Sweet. Origin unknown. Fruit medium, oblate or roundish oblate, pale yellow, gray and light Jots. Flesh whitish, moderately tender and juicy, rathor rich, sweet. Core small. Good. November, February. the apple. 271 Meak's Sweet. Mear's Seedling. Origin, near Cincinnati, Ohio. Fruit below medium, roxindish oblate, greenish yello iv, brownish in the sun. Stalk long. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, mild, sweet subacid. Core small. Good. January to March. Meister. From Berks Co., Pa. Size below medium, roundish conical, greenish yellow, striped with red, with numerous white spots, and russet dots. Flesh tender, pleasant subacid. Good. October. Melon. Norton's Melon. Watermelon. Origin, East Bloomfield, N. Y. Tree of rather slow growth while young, a good bearer. Young shoots dull grayish 1 eddish brown. One of the best and most valuable sorts for the dessert ; a little too tender for shipping long distances. Fruit medium or above. Form roundish oblate, slightly conic, ob- scure ribs towards apex. Color pale yellow, nearly covered with bight Melon. crimson, splashed, striped, and mottled with carmine, some traces of russet, and moderately sprinkled with light and brown dots. Stalk me- dium, slender. Cavity large, deep, regular, often considerably russeted. Calyx partially closed. Segments medium, erect, sometimes a little re 272 THE APPLE. curved Basin rather abrupt, slightly corrugated. Flesh white, very tender, juicy, refreshing, lively vinous subacid. Core snail. Best November to March Melrose. White Melrose. An old Scotch Apple little known. Tree a strong, healthy grower and a free bearer. Fruit large, roundish oblate conical, much ribbed toward the apex, pale yellow, becoming deeper in the sun, and at times many crimson spots. Flesh yellowish white, firm, sweet subacid. October, De- cember. Melt in the Mouth. Origin, Chester Co., Pa. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading, Young shoots long, slender, dark reddish brown, downy at ends. Fruit medium or rather below, roundish, slightly conic, deep red, splashed and marbled on a yellow ground, with a few small white dots. Stalk long, very slender, curved, in a small cavity. Calyx closed, in a rather abrupt basin. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, with a mild, rather rich, pleasant subacid, somewhat resembling Summer Bearmain. Very good. September to November. Melvix Sweet. Origin, Concord, Mass. Tree vigorous and productive. Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish green, striped with pale red- Flesh rich and sugary. November to February. (Ho v. Mag.) Menagere. We received this fruit from Mr. Manning, who, we believe, had it from Germany ; it is only fit for cooking. Fruit very large, regularly formed, but very much flattened, pale yellow, with sometimes a little red in the sun. Flesh tolerably juicy, Good. September to January Menonisten Beinette. Reinette des Menonites. A German dessert Apple. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, some russet, and a flush of red in the sun. Flesh fine, firm, juicy, aromatic, brisk subacid. No- vember, February. Mexsfeld Calville. Calville d'Hiver de Mensfeld. Mensfelder Gulderling. Mensf elder Winter Calville. Originated in Mensfeld, in the Duchy of Warsaw. Tree a strong, vig- orous grower, with long jointed branches. THE APPLE. 27S Fruit large, roundish oblong, slightly ribbed, yellowish green, with distinct small brown dots. Calyx large. Stalk short. Flesh half firm, rather tender, sugary, vinous. Good for table or cooking. December to February. (Ver.) Mercer. Origin unknown. Specimens received from Western New York. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, sprinkled with a few gray dots. Stalk rather shoi*t. Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, crisp, pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. October. Mere de Menage. Fruit very large, conical, yellow, overspread, shaded, and striped with red. Flesh firm, crisp, brisk, juicy, subacid. October, December. A very showy market Apple, and good for cooking. Merrill's. Merrill's Apple. Origin, Smyrna, N. Y. Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, with a bright red cheek. Flesh yel- low, rather firm, rich, spicy, subacid. Good. December to March. Merritt's Sweet. Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, sometimes with a blush. Flesh com- pact, very sweet, good for culinary use and stock feeding. Good. Last of August. Productive. Merwin. Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, pale yellow, faintly striped, splashed, and shaded with red. Flesh yellowish, rather compact, mod- erately juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. December to March. Methodist. From Connecticut. Tree vigorous and productive, medium size, oblong oval, greenish, marbled and striped with red. Flesh white, ten- der, mild subacid, not rich. Good. November Metoiree. French Crab. An old variety, of litle value. Tree of moderate growth, holding its fruit quite late in autumn. Fruit medium, oblong, yellow, shaded over with red. Flesh juicy. Good flavor for baking. Mexico. Origin, Canterbury, Conn. Tree of moderate growth, productive, hardy. Young shoots dull grayish brown, downy. 274 THE APPLE. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, crimson, striped, splashed, and shaded with very dark red, a little yellow in the shade, with a few large light dots. Stalk medium length. Cavity broad, shallow, russeted. Calyx. closed in a narrow basin. Flesh whitish, stained with red, tender, rather juicy, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. Core small. Sep- tember, October. Mexico. Michael Henry Pippin. Rariton Sweet. A New Jersey fruit, a native of Monmouth County, first described by Coxe. The tree forms a very upright head, with pretty strong shoots. Very productive. Fruit of medium size, roundish oblong ovate, narrowing to the eye, when ripe, of a lively yellowish green. Stalk short and rather thick. Calyx set in a narrow basin. Flesh greenish white, very tender, juicy, mild tame sweet. Good. November to March. Middle. Mittel. Origin, Herkimer, N. Y. A moderate grower, not very produc- tive. Fruit medium or below, roundish oblong, inclining to conic, greenish yellow. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk, mild subacid. Good. De- cember, February. Middlebourg Reinette. Reinette de Middlebourg. A new variety, originating in Holland. Tree upright, productive, THE APPLE. 275 Fruit medium, rouudisb oblong, greenish, yellow, with many grayish spots. Calyx small, half closed. Stalk short. Flesh yellowish white, hne> firm, rather dry, subacid. December to March. (Ver.) Mifflin Kino. Origin, farm of Mr. Koffman, Mifflin Co., Pa. Fruit small, oblate, whitish with a slight blush and a few gray dots. Stalk short, small. Calyx small, closed. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant, lively subacid. Good. November and December. MlGNONNE D'HlVER. A new variety, probably of French origin. Fruit medium or below, oblate depressed, slightly conic, greenish yellow, with shade of rich bright red in the sun, few light and gray dots. Stalk short. Calyx nearly closed. Flesh whitish, rather firm, moderately juicy, mild, pleasant, almost sweet. December, February. Milam. Harrigan. Winter Pearmain of some. Blair. Thomas. Rusty Coat Milam ? Origin uncertain, much grown in some sections at the West, very productive, and keeps well. Fruit medium or below, roundish, greenish, shaded and striped with red. Flesh rather firm, pleasant, subacid, not rich. Good. December, March. Milch. Braunschweiger Milch. Milch ApfeL An extremely beautiful German Apple, recently introduced. Fruit medium to large, roundish, waxy white, with crimson stripes and dots on the sunny side. Flesh white, tender, crisp, subacid. August. Miller. Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Tree moderately vigorous, very productive. Young shoots grayish dull reddish brown, downy. Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, whitish yellow, shaded, splash- ed, and striped with shades of red. Flesh white, sometimes stained with •red next the skin, juicy, tender, mild subacid. Good. Core larg»>. September, November. Miller. Introduced by James O. Miller, Montgomery, Orange Co., N. Y Tree vigorous and productive. Young wood smooth, light reddish brown. Fiuit rather large, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, yp.llmv, shaded, ■striped, and splashed with rich red, large lighl or areoledots-. 276 THE APPLE. Cavity deep. Calyx large, partially clceed. Basin deep, furrowed Flesh yellowish, tender, crisp, pleasant subacid. Good to very good October, November. Minghall Crab. Minshul Crab. Mincham's Crab. Lancashire Crab. Lancaster Crab. An English Apple, valued mainly for cooking. Tree hardy, and abundant bearer. Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, with traces of rus- set, and shades of red in the sun. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, brisk acid. November, February. (Ron.) Minier's Dumpling. An English cooking Apple. Tree a strong grower and good bearer. Fruit large, roundish, slightly ribbed, greenish, with dull red in the sun. Flesh firm, juicy, subacid. November, February. (Lind.) Minister. A New England variety, introduced to notice by the late R. Man- ning. It originated on the farm of Mr. Saunders, Rowley, Mass. Tree moderately vigorous, upright spreading, very productive. Young shoots dark reddish brown. Fruit large, oblong, tapering to the eye, around which are a few fur- rows— and resembling the Yellow Belle-Fleur in outline. Skin striped and splashed near the stalk, with bright red on a greenish yellow ground. Stalk an inch long, slender, curved to one side, and pretty deeply in- serted. Calyx small, closed, inserted in a very narrow plaited or fur- rowed basin. Flesh yellowish white, very tender, with a somewhat acid, but very agreeable flavor. Good to very good. Core large and open. October to February. Minkler. Brandywine ? This is an old variety which was first exhibited before the Illinois Horticultural Society, and because it could not be identified, received, for the time being, the name of its exhibitor. At some future time it will probably be found identical with some variety long since named and described. Tree an irregular grower, good bearer and keeper. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic, pale greenish yellow, striped and splashed with two shades of red. Flesh yellowish, compact,' moderately juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. January to March. Mishler's Sweet. From Pennsylvania. Origin unknown. Tree vigorous and produ^ tive. Young shoots light reddish brown, somewhat downy. Fruit large, roundish oblong ovate, greenish yellow few giay dots. THE APPLE. 277 Flesh white, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant sweet. Good. Core larger October. MlTCHELSON. Mitchelson's Seedling. An English Apple, described by Hogg as beautiful, and suitable for dessert or cooking. Fruit above medium, roundish conical, deep yellow, slight patches and traces of russet, with a reddish cheek in the sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, brisk rich subacid. December, February. Molasses. Origin unknown. Tree upright, vigorous, and hardy. Fruit medium, oblate. Skin thick, rough, greenish yellow, shaded with dull red, thickly covered with large crimson or lilac dots, and dull lilac bloom. Flesh yellow and exceedingly sweet. January to April. There are, besides the above, three or four distinct apples under this name. One is claimed to have originated in Pennsylvania. Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow, tinge of crimson in the sun. Flesh yellow, compact, not very juicy, sweet. Tree a slow grower. October, November. Elliott describes a Molasses, giving as synonyms, Priest's Sweet, Sutter, Slue Sweet. Fruit small, roundish, red. Flesh dry, sweet. October. Another we have met is roundish conical, yellow, mostly shaded, splashed, and marbled with dark red. Flesh rich, sweet. Fine for cooking. None of this class are valued, except for the purpose of cooking and feeding stock. Monarch. Monarch Sweet. Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, a good and early bearer. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, regular. Skin light red, splashed md striped with dark red, and numerous light dots. Flesh juicy, not very tender, but rich, pleasant subacid. Good. September, October. Monkland Pippin. Fruit small, roundish, greenish yellow. Flesh greenish white, soft ooarse. Poor. November. Monk's Favorite. Origin, Indiana. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. Fruit large, roundish, yellowish, striped and splashed with red. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. November, December. MONKTON. A ciier Apple from Somersetshire, England. Fruit below medium, oblate, slightly ribbed, clear red, with stripes of crimson. Flesh yellow, juicy, brisk acid. ^Hojjg.) 278 THE APPLE. MONMOTTTFT PTPPIN. Red Cheek Pippin. A native of Monmouth Co., N. J., of moderate upright growth, and productive. Young shoots dark olive. Monmouth Pippin. Fruit large, oblate, a little inclining to conic, obscurely five-angled, Blightly flattened at base and crown. Color pale yellow, with a beautiful warm cheek, and numerous russet dots. Stalk rather short, inserted in a large, slightly russeted cavity. Calyx partially closed. Basin deep, abrupt, and corrugated. Flesh juicy, fine, brisk, aromatic subacid. Very good to best. November to March. Monstrous Bellflower. An old variety, little grown. Tree a strong, irregular, vigorous grower, not profitable. Fruit large, roundish oblong, ribbed, pale yellow blush in the sun. Flesh whitish, brisk, juicy, subacid. Good. Core large. October, No- vember. MONTALIVET. Of French origin. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. Fruit medium or below, roundish, deep yellow, with small risset dots. Flesh yellow, firm, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. January, February. Core small. the apple. 279 Moore. Moore's Seedling A good culinary Apple, Fruit large, roundish oblate conical, greenish yellow, with broken streaks of red. Flesh yellowish, tender, pleasantly sweet. October December. (Hogg.) Moore's Extra. Origin, Ohio. Tree vigorous, not an early but a good bearer. Fruit medium to large, roundish, slightly conical, flattened at base. Color yellow, shaded, sj dashed, and striped with light and dark red, large light dots. Stalk short, small. Cavity narrow, deep. Calyx open. Segments short, erect, separated. Basin large, deep, irregular. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, juicy, tender, mild subacid. Core small. Very good. December, March. Moore's Greening. Raised by R. Moore, of Southington, Conn. Very productive. Fruit medium, globular, inclining to oblong or conic, greenish yel- low, sometimes with a slight blush. Flesh white, juicy, tender, with a brisk, vinous flavor. Good. December, March. Moore's Sweet. Sweet Pippin. Polhemus. Red Sweet Pippin. Pound Sweet of some. Tree moderately vigorous, very productive. Although not a first- class Apple, it is a very profitable and valuable one for all cooking or stock-feeding purposes. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, dark dull red, with a slight bloom, small light-colored dots. Flesh yellowish, rich, pleasant sweet. Good. Core small. November to May. Moorhen Pippin. An English dessert Apple, below medium size, roundish oblate, greenish, with splashes of red and russet in sun. Flesh firm, rich, pleas- ant. January to April. (Ron.) Moreland. •mery Co., yellow, wi cooking. October. Origin, Montgomery Co., Pa. Tree very productive. Fruit medium, yellow, with a red cheek, pleasant acid. Good for Morgan "White. Origin unknown. Fruit large, globular, somewhat flattened, irregularly ribbed, uneven, greenish, marked with gray stripes, rarely a faint blush. Dots white, large. Flesh greenish white, breaking, tender, juicy, acid to subacid. Good. September to January. (Warder.) 280 the apple. Morrison's Red. Origin, supposed to be a native of Medfield, Mass., on the farm of Mr. Fisher. Tree vigorous and productive. Young shoots dull grayish brownish red, slightly downy. Fruit medium, roundish conic, light yellow, shaded and obscurely striped with deep red. Stalk very short, stout. Cavity small. Calyx closed, in a very small basin. Flesh tender, crisp, with a very mild, pleasant subacid. Very good. November to March. Morrison Sweet. Origin, Clinton Co., N. Y. Tree small, hardy, round regular head good bearer. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish, with slight blush in sun. Flesh white, rather dry, sweet. Poor. October, November. Morris's Court of Wick. A variety esteemed in England, too small for Americans. Fruit small, oblate, greenish, with light red in the sun. Flesh firm, tender, juicy, rich, vinous. October, January. Morris's Russet. Origin, Brentford, England. Fruit below medium, roundish, brownish russet, becoming ruddy in the sun. Flesh firm, tender, juicy, brisk, aromatic, subacid. October, February. (Hogg.) Morton. Morton's Seedling. Origin, supposed Clermont Co., Ohio. Tree vigorous, upright spreading, productive. Fruit large, roundish, slightly oblate, greenish yellow, with a reddish blush in the sun. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild, sweet subacid. Good. November, December. Moses Wood. Origin, Winthrop, Maine. Tree vigorous and productive. Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, striped with red. Cavity and basin Bhallow. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. Sep- tember, October. Moss's Incomparable. Originated in England. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit large, roundish conical, golden yellow, washed with pale red, and splashed with bright red in the sun, many small dark brown specks. Stalk slender. Cavity large. Flesh yellowish white, tender, soft, aromatic subacid. January to February. An apple of good promise. (An. Pom.) the apple. 281 Mote's Sweet. Originated on the property of L. S. Mote, Miami Co., Ohio. A valua- ble, but as yet comparatively new Apple. Tree vigorous, upright spread- ing, productive. Young shoots light reddish brown, downy. Fruit large. Form roundish, somewhat roundish oblate conic. Color pale whitish yellow, with a tinge of red in the sun, and moderately sprinkled with gray dots. Stalk medium, slender. Cavity large, deep. Calyx closed or partially open. Segments short, erect. Basin medium, uneven. Flesh yellowish, tender, moderately juicy, rich honeyed sweet. Very good. Core small. September, October. Mother. Queen Anne. Gardener's Apple. Origin, Bolton, Mass. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, and pro- ductive. Young shoots grayish brown, downy. One of the best of Apples for the dessert, rather too tender for shipment. Mother. Fruit medium. Form roundish, slightly conical. Color yellow, almost entirely overspread with light, clear, rich red, splashed and mar- bled with many deeper shades, many minute light dots. Stalk short, pmall. Cavity acute, often a Little russeted. Calyx closed. Basin small, corrugated. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, rich, aromatic subacid. Best. No rember, February. 282 the apple. Mother Davis. From Pennsylvania. Fruit medium, roundish conical, whitish yellow, shaded ana or* scurely splashed with light red, many small and large light dots. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Flesh fine, yellowish, tender, juicy, sprightly, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. Core rather small. November, December. Mountain Belle. A native of Habersham Co., Ga. Fruit medium to large, oblate conical, orange ground, shaded and striped with red. Stalk short. Cavity deep. Calyx medium. Flesh white, hard, juicy, tough, subacid. Good. November to May. (White.) Mountain Sweet. Mountaineer. From Pennsylvania. Fruit large, oblate, light yellow. Dots minute. Calyx small, closed Stalk short, slender. Flesh white, breaking, very tender, fine-grained, juicy, sweet. Good to very good. December. (Warder.) Mouse Apple. Moose Apple. Origin, Ulster Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous and productive. Fruit, in weight, light ; in size, large, roundish, slightly conical, pale greenish yellow, with a brownish blush on one side, and a few scattered, russety gray dots. Flesh very white and fine-grained, moderately j uicy, delicate, faintly perfumed, mild subacid. Good. October, Novem- ber. Munson Sweet. Orange Sweet. Ray Apple. Meachem Sweet. Origin uncertain, probably Massachusetts. Tree vigorous, spreading, an annual and abundant bearer. Fruit medium, oblate, pale yellow, sometimes with a blush. Stem short. Cavity large. Calyx closed. Basin small. Flesh yellowish, juicy, sweet. Good. September to February. Murphy. Raised by Mr. D. Murphy, of Salem, Mass. Tree moderate grower, spreading, tolerably productive. Fruit pretty large, roundish, pale red, streaked with darker red, and marked with blotches of the same color. Flesh white, tender, with an agreeable flavor. Good. November to February. Muscat Reinette. Reinette Musquee. A new German A.pple, said to be superior. THE APPLE. 283 Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, much striped with red. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, rich, aromatic, subacid. Novembei tc March. (Hogg.) Muster. Origin unknown. Fruit oblate, yellow, mostly covered with mixed red and splashes of crimson. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, tender, juicy, subacid, aromatic Best. Core small. August and September. (Warder.) Naigle's Winter. Origin, Missouri. Tree upright while young, becoming drooping wnen in fruit ; very productive. , Fruit medium, roundish, flattened at ends. Color a bright yellow, covered with two shades of red, many large yellow gray dots, light blue bloom. Calyx closed. Stalk short. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid. Core small. Very good. December, February. (Hort.) Nanny. An English Apple, which Hogg describes as of excellent quality. Tree a moderate grower and good bearer. Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, striped and sphished with shades of deep red, russet dots. Flesh yellow, rather soft, juicy, subacid. Oc- tober. t Nantahalee. Maiden's Bosom. Originated in Macon Co., Ala. Tree a rapid grower, of rather a straggling, drooping habit. Young shoots dull grayish reddish brown. Fruit medium, broad oblate conic, often contracted near the apex, ribbed, pale yellowish green, sprinkled with a few gray dots. Stall: medium. Cavity large, uneven. Calyx closed. Segments rather long a little recurved. Basin small, corrugated. Flesh white, tender, juicy sprightly acid. Good. Core large. July, August. Nectar. Origin, near Raleigh, N. C. Fruit medium, oblate, green. Calyx closed. Stalk short. Flesl yellowish, juicy, rich, saccharine. August. (Gar. Mon.) Ned. Saylor. Libhart. Originated at Marietta, Pa. Tree vigorous, rather straggling, with slender shoots, dark reddish brown, slightly grayish, very productive. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic, yellow, shaded, striped, and splashed with two shades of dark rich red, and sprinkled with large Light conspicuous dots. Stalk short, slender. Calyx large. Flesh white, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. Core small. Good to very good. December to February. 384 THE Al'PLX. Needle. Supposed an old English Apple, not yet identified. Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with tfnaD brown dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. Core small. Good. December, January. Neisley Bellflower. Neasley Bellflower. From Salem, Columbiana Co., O. Tree rather upright, vigorous. Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, pale whitish yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped with light and dark red, few bight and gray dots. Stalk short. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, moderately juicy, mild subacid. Good. Core small and close. December to March. Nelson. Origin unknown. Fruit medium to large. Form roundish oblate, regular. Color dull green, becoming yellow, sometimes bronzed with dull brown. Stalk rather long, slender. Cavity medium, acute, regular, green. Calyx me- dium, closed. Segments reflexed. Basin small, uneven. Flesh greenish yellow, firm, fine-grained, juicy, sweet. Core medium. Good. May to July. (Am. Jour, of Hort.) Nelson's Codlin. Backhouse's Lord Nelson. A culinary English Apple. Fruit large, roundish oblate, light yellow, deepening in the sun and with russet specks and traces. Flesh yellowish white, tender, brisk, sharp subacid. Good. October, November. Nequassa. Nequassa Sweet. Origin, Franklin, Macon Co., N. C. Tree vigorous, upright. Fruit large, oblate. Color yellow, striped with red. Stalk of moderate length, inserted in a large, open cavity. Basin smooth and open. Flesh white and very sweet. Good. November to January. Neversink. Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. Fruit large, roundish, inclining to conic, beautiful waxen orange- yellow color, with a few russet dots, and a delicately striped and richly .nottled carmine cheek. Stalk short. Cavity narrow, acuminate, shallow. Oalyx large. Basin deep, rather wide, furrowed. Flesh yellowish, some- what tough, moderately juicy, subacid, quince-like. Good. December to March. Newark King. Hinckman. Origin, New Jersey. The tree is spreading, and bears well. THE APPLE. 285 Fruit medium, roundish conical, smooth, red, with a few yellow streaks and dots on a greenish ground. Calyx set in a narrow basin. Flesh tender, with a rather rich, pleasant flavor. Good. November tr February. Newark Pippin. French Pippin. Yellow Pippin. A handsome and excellent early winter variety, easily known by tk» crooked, irregular growth of the tree, and the drooping habit of the branches. Not profitable. Young shoots slender, dull brownish red, smooth. Fruit rather large, roundish oblong, regularly formed, greenish yellow, becoming a fine yellow when fully ripe, with clusters of small black dots, and rarely a very faint blush. Calyx in a regular and rather deep basin. Stalk moderately long, and deeply inserted. Flesh yellow, tender, very rich, juicy, and high flavored. Very good. November to February. Newbury. Cat's Head. Origin uncertain. Fruit large, oblong conic, greenish, with a brownish cheek in the sun. Stalk short. Calyx small. Flesh greenish, coarse. Core large. Poor. December, February. New Late Reinette. Reinette Tardive Nouvelle. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, striped, splashed, and veined with reddish brown and shaded with gray. Calyx half closed. Flesh yellowish, fine, tender, juicy, agreeable, aromatic, subacid. April to June. (Alb. Pom.) New Rock Pippin. From England. Fruit below medium, dull green, becoming brownish in the sun, slight tinge of red and considerable russet. Flesh yellow, firm, rich, Bweet. Good. November to February. New Small Lemon Pippin. An old English Apple, described by Ronalds. Tree hardy and pro- ductive. Fruit below medium, roundish oblong, clear yellow, with many small red dots. Flesh whitish, firm, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. November, December. Newtown Spitzenburoii. Vandevere of New York Spitzenburgh. Ox Eye. Burlington. Matihless. Kountz. Joe Berry. Barrett's Spitzenburgh. Spiced Ox Eye. Wine, erroneously. This old and valuable Apple has been long known in New York as the Vandevere, but as it was first described by Coxe as Newtown Spit- 286 THE APPLE. senburgh, we continue that name. It had its origin in Newtown, Long Island. Tree moderate, vigorous, spreading, and productive in rich, light soil, of most excellent fruit, which is suited to more tastes than any other Apple of its season. Newtown Spltzenbnigh. Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, fine yellow, washed with light red, striped and splashed with deeper red, and richly shaded with car- mine on the sunny side, covered with a light bloom, and sprinkled with peculiar gray specks. Stalk short, inserted in a wide cavity. Calyx small, closed, set in a regular basin of moderate depth. Flesh yellow, crisp, tender, with a rich, sprightly, vinous flavor, scarcely subacid. Best. October to February. Nichols Sweet. Origin unknown. Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conic, yellow, shaded and faintly Bplashed with red, few light dots. Flesh whitish, compact, moderately juicy, sweet. Good cooking. Core small. December, January. Alleghany. Chaltram Pippin. Gowden. Graham's Red Warrior, Walb. Winter Horse. Missouri Pippin. Missouri Red. Leanham. Winter Horse. Jackson Red. World's Wonder. This Apple is \ery widely disseminated in sections of the South and NlCKAJACK. Caroline. Aberdeen. Berry. Trenham Summerour. Big Hill. Accidental. Carolina Spice. Red Pippin. Cheatan Pippin. Howard. Chatham Pippin. Hubbard. Winter Rose. Mobbs. Red Hazel. Cheataw. Wander. Edward Shantee. Red Warrior, erroneously Pound. Forsythe's Seedling. Wall. Ruckman's Red. THE APPLE. 287 Southwest, it having as it were the habit of reproducing itself from seed, or at least so nearly identical as to be impossible to distinguish the seed- ling from the parent, hence one cause of so many synonyms. The first disse mi nation of it known was by a Colonel Summerour, of Lincoln Couuty, N. C, under the name of Winter Hose ; but as it was found on Nickajack Creek, it soon took that name, and is now best known there- by. The habit of the tree is upright spreading, forming a very large head. On branches two, three, or four years old, there are woody knobs or warts of various sizes, which, when cut from the branch, are found to contain kernels entirely detached from the regular grain of the wood. The great value of the variety consists in the hardihood and productive- ness of the tree rather than the character of the fruit, which is not more than good in quality. Young shoots bright clear dark reddish. Nickajack. Fruit large. Form roundish to roundish oblate, slightly conic, some- times oblique. Color yellowish, strip <1. shaded, and splashed with two Bhades of red, and with a grayish appearance, as if covered with a thin bloom, many large areole dots. Stalk short. Cavity large, medium depth. Calyx partially open. Basin medium, slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, compact, moderately tender and juicy, negative subacid. Good. Core small, closed. December to April. Nieman's Red Kkinette. Nieman's Rothe Reinette. Reinette Rouge de Nieman. Originated at Hanover, Germany. Tree a strong, rigorous grower. Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, mostly overspread and ■plashed with red. Stalk short. Calyx open. Flesh white, tender, juicy, vinous, subacid. November, February. (Vrrg.) 488 THE APPLE. Nix Green. Queen Apple, erroneously. Origin, Habersham Co., Ga. Tree profuse bearer. Fruit medium, oblate roundish, greenish yellow, with many light dots. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Flesh white, firm, tender, pleasant subacid. Good. November, February. Noblesse de Gand. An English sauce Apple, described by Ronald as large, roundish, slightly conical, straw-colored. Flesh firm, heavy, brisk subacid. Jan- uary, February. Nonpareil. English Nonpareil. Old Nonpareil. Original Nonpareil. Hunt's Nonpareil. Loveden's Pippin. Reinette Nonpareil. Nonpareil d'Angleterre. Due d'Arsel. Grune Reinette. An old English variety. Tree free upright grower, productive. Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellowish green, with patches of dull russet, and red in the sun. Flesh crisp, juicy, vinous, aromatic, mild acid. Good. December, March. Nonpareil Russet.* Of English origin. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. Fruit small, roundish oblate, conical, greenish yellow, cover© I with thin dull russet. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, sprightly subacid. Good. January to May. NONSOCH. Nonsuch. An old English sort, valuable as a sauce Apple ; productive. Fruit of medium size, regular form, flat, greenish yellow, striped and spotted with dull brick red. Flesh white, soft, with a plentiful subacid juice. Good. September, November. Norfolk. From Massachusetts. Fruit small, flat, yellow, pleasant. August. (Cole.) Norfolk Beaufin. Read's Baker. Catshead Beaufin. Norfolk Beefing. A large English fruit, only fit for cooking purposes, dull red, on greenish ground. Flesh firm, subacid. Good. January to May. Norfolk Paradise. An English dessert Apple. Fruit ruedrim, oblong, greenish yellow, brownish red in sun, with THE APPLE. 389 ■tripes. Flesh white, firm, juicy, rich subacid. October to February (Lindle}\) Stone Pippin. Norfolk Stone Pippin. White Stone Pippin. White Pippin. A valuable long-keeping cooking fmit. Tree a free grower and abundant bearer. Fruit below medium, roundish, yellowish green, slight tinge of red in the sun. Flesh white, firm, brisk, rich, sweet. November to March. Norfolk Storing. An English Apple, valuable for market or cooking. Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellowish green, with yellow red cheek in the sun. Flesh white, tender, juicy, crisp, brisk subacid. Novem- ber, January. Northern Spy. Northern Spy. This beautiful American fruit is one of the most delicious, fragrant, and sprightly of all late dessert apples. It ripens in January, keeps till June, and always commands the highest market price. The tree is of rapid, upright growth, and bears moderate crops. It originated on th« 10 290 THE APPLE. fanr of Heman Chapin, of East Bloomfield, near Rochester, N. Y. The trees require high culture, and open heads to let in the sun, otherwise the fruit is wanting in flavor, and apt to be imperfect and knotty. Young shoots dark reddish brown. The tree blooms late, often escaping vernal frosts. Fruit large, roundish oblate conical. Skin thin, smooth, in the shade greenish or pale yellow, in the sun covered with light and dark stripes of purplish red, marked with a few pale dots, and a thin white bloom. Stalk three-fourths of an inch long, rather slender, planted in a very wide, deep cavity, sometimes marked with russet. Calyx small, closed. Basin narrow, abrupt, furrowed. Flesh white, fine-grained, tender, slightly subacid, with a peculiarly fresh and delicious flavor. Core large and open. Yery good to best. December to June. Northern Sweet. Northern Golden Sweet. Golden Sweet. Origin, on the farm of the late Nathan Lockwood, of St. George, Chittenden Co., Vt. Tree healthy, spreading, and productive, but needs high culture for the perfect development of the whole crop. Young wood reddish, smooth. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, sometimes with a blush. Stalk rather long, in a moderate cavity. Calyx small and closed, in a narrow, abrupt, corrugated basin. Flesh white, tender, juicy, sweet, rich, and excellent. Core medium. September, October. Not profit- able. NORTHFIELD BEAUTY. Origin unknown. Tree a vigorous grower. Young shoots rich red- dish brown, with few prominent dots. Fruit large, roundish oblate. Sides unequal, whitish yellow, with stripes, shades, and splashes in the sun. Flesh white, crisp, bris1! sub- acid. Core small. Good for cooking. August, September. Nottingham Pippin. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, with slight markings of rus- set. Flesh white, marrowy, sugary, vinous. November to February. (Hogg.) Nursery. Origin unknown. Fruit below medium, roundish, inclining to conic, greenish yellow, slight blush or brown in the sun, gray dots. Stalk short, slender. Ca- lyx closed. Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, compact, mod- era telv juicy, mild subacid, almost sweet. Core small. Good. Decem- ber to February. Oakes. From Danvers, Mass. Origin unknown. Tree a strong, vigorous grower, and fair bearer. Young shoots clear reddish, smooth. THE APPLE. 291 F uit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with a shade of red in the sun, few gray dots. Stalk short, slender. Calyx closed. Flesh yellow, juicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Core small. Good te November, January. There is an English culinary Apple of this name described by Lindley, which is medium, roundish, with ribs, pale green, with broken streaks of pale brown, and russety specks. Flesh soft, greenish white, slightly sweet. November, December. Oconee Greening. Origin, banks of the Oconee river, a little below Athens, Ga. Tree vigorous and abundant bearer. Fruit large, roundish flattened, yellow, a little brownish in the sun, russet about the stem, with a few scattered russet dots. Calyx open, in a shallow, slightly furrowed basin. Stalk very short, in a rather regular, deep cavity. Flesh yellowish, fine-grained, crisp, abounding in a delightful aromatic, lively, subacid juice. Good to very good. October, November. Ofine. Of English origin. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit large, roundish oblate conical. Skin oily. Color lemon yel- low, washed and splashed with red in the sun, many large reddish gray spots. Stalk large, short. Calyx open. Flesh white, firm, tender, sweet subacid, aromatic. November. (An Pom.) Ogdensburgh. Originated with A. B. James, Ogdensburgh, N, Y. Fnut medium, roundish oblate conic, whitish yellow, brownish red in sun, few light and brown dots. Flesh white, juicy, tender, very mild subacid. Very good. Core medium. New. November, Decem- ber. (Elliott's Notes.) Ogleby. From Spottsylvania Co., Va. Tree a rapid grower. Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, yellow, sometimes a slight blush in sun, with gray and green dots. Flesh yellowish, compact, crisp, juicy subacid. Good. October, November. Ohio Nonpareil. Myer'S Nonpareil. Cattell Apple. Western Beauty, erroneously. Rusty Core. This is one of the most valuable of autumn Apples, whether for mar- ket or table use. Its origin is in doubt, the first known trees of it being in the orchard of Bowman, Massillon, Ohio. The young trees are very vigorous, with stout, straight shoots, while the orchard trees are very wide, regular, open, spreading, requiring little or no thinning, and bearing the fruit evenly over the whole tree, and all fair sized, smooth fruit. Young shoots smooth, rich, dark reddish brown 292 THE APPLE. Fruit medium to large. Form roundish oblate. Coloi yellow, shaded, marbled, and splashed with two shades of rich red, thinly sprinkled with light and gray dots. Stalk medium, rather slender. Canity large, deep, regular. Calyx rather large, partially open. Segments rather short Basin medium. Flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, tender, juicy, rich, slightly aromatic subacid. Core small. Very good. October, Novem ber. Ohio Nonpareil. Ohio Pippin. Ernst's Pippin. Shannon. Origin in doubt. Supposed Dayton, Ohio. It was first disseminated by the late A. H. Ernst, of Cincinnati. Tree healthy, vigorous, spread- ing, moderately productive. Young shoots strong, dull reddish brown, quite downy. Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellow, with mottled red in the sum Flesh yellowish, moderately juicy, pleasant, sharp subacid. Good. Core small. November, January. Ohio Red Streak. Originated with James Mansfield, Jefferson Co., O. Growth vigor Otis, upright. Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped with red. Stalk short. Cavity large, russeted. Calyx large, closed. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh rather compact, juicy, rich subacid. Good, January to April. thx apple. 295 Ohlinger. Origin, Pennsylvania, Berks County. Fruit below medium, yellow, with a brownish cheek, with many are- ole specks. Flesh yellowish white, tender, subacid. Good. October. Old English Codlin. English Codlin. Trenton Early ? The trees are very vigorous and fruitful. A large and fair cooking Apple, in use from July to November. Fruit generally above medium size, oblong or conical, and a little irregular, clear lemon yellow, with a faint blush next the sun. Stalk stout and short. Flesh white, tender, and of a rather pleasant subacid. Much esteemed for cooking, ripens gradually upon the tree. Old Field. Origin, Connecticut. A good grower, bears well, an old variety. Fruit medium, oblate conic, yellow, with a slight blush. Flesh yellowish, tender, Dleasant, mild subacid. Good. January to April. Old House. Origin, Bucks Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, upright. Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to ob.-conic, yellow, with a blush. Flesh tender, fine texture, juicy, flavor agreeable, aromatic. Good. December. Old Hundred. Origin unknown. Specimens received from J. W. Manning, Read- ing, Mass. Tree upright grower and good bearer. Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, yellowish, striped, splashed, and marbled with shades of red. Flesh whitish, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid. Good. November to February. Old Royal Russet. Leather Coat Russet. Fruit medium, roundish, gray russet on green. Flesh greenish white, sharp subacid. November, February. (Elliott.) Old Town Crab. Spice Apple of some Fruit small, greenish yellow, with brown specks. Flesh crisp, juicy, ■weet. December, March. Old Town Pippin. Of unknown origin. Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, light yellow, shaded and ■plashed with red, few brown dots. Flesh yellowish, firm, not very juicy, pieasant subacid. Good. Cooking. January to March. 394 the apple. Oline. Troe rigorous, productive. Fruit very large, roundish, yellow, washed with red. Flesh tender, fine, subacid. Very good. November, December. (Soc. V. M.) Olive. Origin, Wake Co., N. C. Tree vigorous, upright grower. Fruit medium, slightly conical, crimson, with gray dots. Calyx open. Stalk long, stout. Flesh crisp, juicy, subacid. October, No- vember. There is another Olive Apple, from Vermont, which is medium, ob- late, inclining to conic, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and striped with shades of red, few areole dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, mild subacid. November to January. (Gar. Mon.) Omar Pasha. An English cooking Apple. Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, deep yellow, dotted with rus- set. Calyx open. Stalk short. Flesh white, firm, crisp, juicy, pleas- ant acid. December to March. Orange. There are several Apples under this name ; but as it is almost im- possible to decide which has prior right to the name, we enumerate and describe in the order they are known to us. The Orange of New Jersey origin is a vigorous grower, and mode- rately productive. Young shoots clear, reddish brown, buds 1 eddish, prominent. Fruit above medium, roundish oblate. Skin orange yellow, with a few gray dots, and sometimes patches of russet. Stalk short, in a large cavity. Calyx closed. Basin moderate. Flesh yellow, juicy, subacid, pleasant. Very good. September, October. The Orange of Reading, Pa., has fruit roundish, slightly oblate, faintly ribbed, of a warm yellow orange color. Flesh yellowish, sprightly. Good. The Orange of France, received from A. Leroy, Angers, is of me- dium size, roundish, fine yellow, shaded with crimson in the sun, mode- rately sprinkled with gray and light dots. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Flesh wliite, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. Good. October, November. Orange Pippin. Marigold Pippin. Isle of Wight Orange. An old Apple, originated in Normandy, and valued mainly as a cider fruit. Fruit medium, roundish, rich orange yellow. Flesh firm, crisp, plea- sant acid. October to January. There is also an Orange Pippin grown in New Jersey differing from this, but we have been unable to obtain its history or description. the apple 296 Orange Sweit. There are several varieties under this name, but we have been un able to examine and compare them closely. The one we have most known came from Ohio, and has young shoots of a light reddish brown, smooth, the fruit large, roundish, greenish yellow, sometimes traces of russet, few gray and green dots. Calyx small, closed. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, pleasant, sweet. Good. Valuable for baking. October, November. Another we have from Massachusetts, is a good grower and bearer. Young shoots smooth, very dark reddish brown. Buds very small. Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow. Calyx small. Flesh yel- lowish white, rather coarse, but rich, sweet. Good for cooking. Au- gust and September. Another Orange Sweeting, grown in Maine, is described as a tree of upright habit, healthy, thrifty, and productive. Young shoots dark brownish red. Fruit medium, roundish ovate, bright yellow, with a blush cheek in the sun, small greenish dots in shade, and crimson dots in the sun. Flesh yellowish, tender, sweet, and rich. September, October. Warder, in his American Pomology, describes an Orange Sweet or Russet as large, round, greenish yellow, bronzy orange russet. Flesh green, rather tough, fine-grained, sweet. Good for baking. December. Ord. Orel's Apple. Simpson's Pippin. Simpson's Seedling. An English Apple, grown from a seed of the Newtown Pippin. Fruit medium, oblong conical, somewhat ribbed, dull green, washed and splashed with dull red, and many star-like russet specks. Flesh greenish white, tender, crisp, brisk subacid. December to Apri] Orleans Reinette. Reinette d'Orleans. Fruit large, roundish oblong, deep yellow, with stripes of bright red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, fine, juicy, brisk acid. December. Orndorf. Origin, Muskingum Co., O. Tree a vigorous, spreading, upright grower, productive. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded, striped, and splashed with two shades of red. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Flesh whitish, tender, mild subacid. Good. Core small. October, Novem- ber. Orne's Early. Origin unknown, supposed foi'eign. Tree vigorous, upright spread kg- Fruit medium, roundish. Color whitish,! tickly sprinkled with graj and light dots. Stalk long and slender. Calyx small, closed. Flesh white, tender, fine-grained, moderately juicj, pleasant, sprightly sub acid. Good. Core small. August, September. 296 THE APPLE. Ortley Pippin. Woolman's Long. Greasy Pippin. White Bellefleur. Van Dyne. Melting- Pippin. Yellow Pippin. Woodward's Pippin. Davis White Bellflower. Ortley. White Bellflower. White Detroit. Hollow Cored Pippin. Green Bellflower. Jersey Greening. Crane's Pippin. Inman. Tom Woodward Pippin. Marrow Pippin. Ohio Favorite. Willow Leaf Pippin. White Pippin. Detroit. Davis. Warren Pippin. Golden Pippin. White Seek-no-Furthet Tod's Golden Pippin. Origin, orchard of Michael Ortley, South. Jersey. It grows pretty strongly, with upright slender shoots, and bears abundantly. Fruit medium to large, roundish oblong conic, greenish yellow, be- coming fine yellow at maturity, sometimes with a sunny cheek. Stalk slender, of medium length, inserted in a deep, acute cavity, surrounded by russet. Calyx closed, set in an abrupt, somewhat corrugated basin. Flesh white, fine-grained, tender, juicy subacid, very pleasant. Good to very good. Core large. November to February. Osceola. Young Origin, Putnam Co., Ind. Tree vigorous, upright spreading, shoots dark reddish brown, grayish. Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, sides unequal, pale yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped with red, large light dots. Stalk short. Cavity slightly russeted. Calyx closed. Basin deep, uneven. Flesh whitish, firm, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Good to very good. Janu- ary to March. OSKALOOSA. Jack Apple. Origin unknown. Tree a moderate grower, forming a handsome head, an early but not an abundant bearer. Fruit medium, round, somewhat flattened, yellow. Flesh juicy, mild subacid. November. (Gard. Month.) Oslin. White Oslin. Arbroath Pippin. An excellent Scotch Apple. Tree vigorous and productive. Fruit below medium size. Form oblate. Skin rather tough, clear lemon yello v when quite ripe, and sprinkled with a few grayish green dots. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, spicy aromatic. Good. Sep- tember. OSNABEUCKER REINETTE. Reinette d'Osnabruck. Gran Osnabrucker Reinette. A foreign variety, not apparently of much value. Fruit small, roundish, rich yellow ground, somewhat russeted, with a red cheek in sun. Stalk long, slender. Calyx large. Flesh white, fine, juicy, perfumed. Very good. December, Februar- r.) THE APPLE. 297 OSTERLEY. Osterley Pippin. A seedling of the Pdbston Pippin, from Middlesex, England, de- ocribed by Ronalds as a free grower and good bearer. Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, dull green, with tnin russet and red in the sun. Flesh greenish yellow, iirm, crisp, juicy, brisk, aro- matic, sharp subacid. November to February. OSTOGATE. Supposed French origin. Tree vigorous and productive. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, with many gray russet dots. Stalk slender. Cavity narrow, deep. Calyx open. Flesh whitish yel- low, fine, aromatic, sweet subacid. November. (An. Pom.) Overman's Sweet. Origin, Illinois. Tree hardy, spreading, productive. Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical, yellowish, shaded, mottled, and splashed with red, many light and gray dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, not very tender, moderately juicy, mild, sweet. Core small. Good. November, March. Oviatt. Origin, Warren Co., O. Fruit large, roundish oblate conic, greenish yellow, shaded with red in the sun, few brown dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh whit- ish, a little coarse, tender, pleasant subacid. Good. September. Ox. From Pennsylvania. Fruit large roundish conical, whitish, slightly bronzed in the sun, few gray dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx closed. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid. Good. Core small. November to January. OXNEAD PEARMAIN. Earl of Yarmouth's Pearmain. From England. Tree hardy, with slender drooping branches, pro ductive. Fruit small, conical, greenish, with a thin russet, brownish in the sun. Flesh greenish white, firm, crisp, rich, acid. November, Feb- ruary. Ox Sweet. From Massachusetts. Tree very vigorous, upright spreading. Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, greenish, sometimes a little bronzed in the sun, many light and gray dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, tender, sweet, and pleasant. Good, Core rather large. October, November. 298 THE APPLE. Padley's Pippix. Compote. Padley's Royal George Pippin. An old English Apple, of moderate growth, but quite productive Young shoots grayish chestnut red. Fruit medium, or small, roundish oblate, dull greenish yellow, yel low in the sun, with some russet. Flesh yellowish, juicy, rich, brisk acid. December, January. Panden Sweet. Origin unknown. Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, with a tinge of red in the sun, some gray and red dots. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Flesh white, compact, crisp, sweet. Good. Cooking. November. Park Spice. Park Apple. Origin, Westchester Co., IS". Y. Tree thrifty, upright spreading, ■ very productive. Young shoots pretty smooth, dark reddish brown. Fruit medium, roundish oblique, whitish yellow, shaded with red, obscurely splashed and striped, moderately sprinkled with light and brown dots. Stalk short, slender. Calyx small, closed. Flesh yellow- ish, rather firm, moderately juicy, mild subacid, slightly aromatic. Core medium. Very good. December to March. Parmentier Eeinette. Of French origin. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. Fruit large, roundish, golden yellow, dotted with reddish gray, and striped with bright red in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, firm, sharp subacid, aromatic. March to May. (S. V. M.) Parrot Eeinette. Supposed of German origin. Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, lightly splashed, shaded, and marbled with light red, few brown dots. Stalk medium, rather slender. Cavity broad, deep. Calyx closed, or partially open. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. Core large and open. New, promises valuable for market or cooking. Parry's Pearmain. An English dessert Apple. Fruit small, roundish oblong, truncated, greenish yellow, shaded and striped with red in the sun. Flesh firm, juicy, rich, and sweet. Good to very good. January to March. Passe Pomme d'Automne. Passe Pomme Rouge d'Automne. Generale. Pomme d'Outre Passe. Passe Pomme Cotellee. Herbststrich Apfel. Rother HerbststriohaDfel. Of German origin. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit medium, roundish, slightly oblatj, ribbed, yellowish, shaded ind str t tender, juicy, THE APPLE. 299 riped with rich red in the sun. Flesh very white, tinged with red, , juicy, vinous, excellent for cooking. September. (Hogg.) Passe Pomme Rouge. Rother August Apf eL Rothe Sommerpasspomm. Tree slender grower, hardy, productive. Fruit small, roundish oblate, yellow, entirely overspread and shaded with red. Flesh white, tinged with red next the skin, crisp, juicy, soon decays. Poor. August. Patch's Russet. Of English origin. Fruit below medium, nnindish oblate, greenish yellow, with thin gray russet. Calyx small. Stalk long. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, brisk aromatic. Good. November, December. (Lind.) Paterson's Sweet. Origin unknown. Considerably grown in Western New York, and esteemed valuable for its season. Tree upright, thrifty, productive. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, mostly covered and indis- tinctly splashed and striped with dark rich red, many conspicuous light dots. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant, sweet. Good to very good. September, October. Pawpaw. Western Baldwin. Rubicon. Ball Apple. Origin, Pawpaw, Mich. Tree hardy, a good and regular bearer. Young shoots dull grayish reddish brown. A new Apple, esteemed in its place of origin for its productiveness and beauty of appearance. Fruit medium, roundish oblong, slightly oblique, yellow, shaded and mostly overspread with bright rich red, faintly splashed and mot- tled, moderately sprinkled with areole dots. Stalk medium. Cavity deep, narrow. Calyx partially open. Segments a little recurved. Flesh yellowish, juicy, firm, rich, brisk subacid. Very good. Decem- ber to June. Pawsan. An English cider Apple. Fruit medium, roundish, dull green, with network of russet. Flesh 6rm, juicy, acid. October. Peach. Origin unknown. Tree moderate grower. Fruit below medium, oblate, inclining to conic, pale yellow, with blush of red in the sun, and thickly sprinkled with gray dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, lively bri.sk subacid. Good to very good. Core small. December to April. A good keeper. 300 the apple. Peach-Pond Sweet. This is a most excellent autumn variety, from a small village of this name in Dutchess Co., N. Y. It appears well worthy of a more gen- eral dissemination. Tree vigorous, spreading. Young shoots dull gray- ish brown. Peach-Pond Sweet Fruit of medium size, rather flat, striped light red. Stalk . ong and Blender. Flesh tender or very mellow, moderately juicy, "very rich, sweet, and agreeable. Very good. September to November. Peak. Pear-Apple. From Pennsylvania. Fruit medium or below, roundish oblong, pale yellow, -with a blush in the sun, few gray dots. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. December, February. Pearsall's Sweet. Supposed to have originated in Queens Co., Long Island. Tree up right spreading, quite productive. Fruit rather large, roundish, sometimes oblique, yellow, shaded, splashed, and mottled with light red. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, a little coarse, moderately juicy, sweet. Good. Core large and open. November, January. A good keeper, and valuable for baking. Pearson's Earlt. Fruit medium or above, roundish, pale yellow. Flesh yellowish white, sharp subacid. August, September. (Elliott.) THE APPLE. 301 Pearson's Plate. A variety from England, which has a very high replication. Fruit small, about two and a half inches in diameter, regularly formed, flat, greenish yellow, becoming yellow, with a little red in the sun. Flesh white, crisp, tender, sprightly subacid. Good. February, March. Core small. Peck's Pleasant. Waltz Apple. A first-rate fruit in all respects, belonging to the Newtown Pippin class. It has long been cultivated in Rhode Island, where, we think, it originated, and in the northern part of Connecticut, and deserves ex- tensive dissemination. It considerably resembles the Yellow Newtown Pippin, with more tender flesh, and is scarcely inferior to it in flavor Peck's Pleasant. The tree is a moderate, upright spreading grower, but bears regu- larly and well, and the fruit commands a high price in the market. The apples on the lower branches of old trees are flat, while those on the upper branches are nearly conical. Young shoots reddish brown, slightly downy. Fruit above medium size, roundish, a little ribbed, and slightly flat- tened, with an indistinct furrow on one side. Skin smooth, and when first gathered, green, with a little dark red ; but when ripe a beautiful clear yullow, with bright blush on the sunny side ;ind near the stalk, marked with scattered gray dots. The stalk is peculiarly fleshy and flattened, short, and sunk in a wide, rather wavy cavity. Calyx woolly, sunk in a narrow, abruptly, and pretty deeply sunk basin. Flesh yel- lowish, fine-grained, juicy, crisp and tender, with a delicious, high aro matic sprightly subacid. ' Very good or best. November to March. 302 the apple. Pelham Sweet. Green Sweet. From Massachusetts. Tree a fair grower and good bearer. Fruit below medium, roundish, oblate conic, greenish, sometimes shaded with red in sun, splashes and patches of russet. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, moderately tender, sweet. Good. Cora small. December to March. Pennington's Seedling. An English fruit of medium size, nearly flat, a little angular, mostly covered with rough yellow russet, with a little pale brown in the sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, with a brisk acid juice. Hardly good November to March. Pennock:. Pomme Roye. Big Romanite. Red Pennock Large Romanite. Neisley's Winter Penick. Pennock's Red Winter. Prolific Beauty . Pelican Gay's Romanite . Roman Knight. Red Ox. Origin, Pennsylvania. Tree a strong, vigorous, upright spreading grower, and very productive. Fruit quite large, oblique, generally flat, but occasionally roundish oblong, fine deep red, with faint, indistinct streaks of yellow. Flesh yellow, tender, and juicy, with a pleasant half sweet flavor. Good. November to March. Pennsylvania Sweet. Pennsylvania Sweeting. Origin unknown. Fruit large, oblong, greenish yellow. Flesh tender, fine-grained, very sweet. Good. Early winter. (Warder.) Pennsylvania Wine Sap. Origin unknown. Fruit large, conical oblate, truncated, yellow, blushed, very little splashed. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. Da cember, January. (Warder.) People's Choice. Melt-in-the-Mouth of some. A Pennsylvania fruit. Tree moderately vigorous, upright. Young shoots grayish reddish brown. Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic. Color red, sometimes obscurely striped, thickly sprinkled with large whitish dots of jieculiar appearance. Flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, brisk, rich subacid. Good. December to March. THE APPLE. 303 Pepin Russe. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, -with reddish gray dots, bright red in the sun. Flesh fine, half firm, yellowish white, subacid. December, January. (S. V. M.) Perry Russet. Golden Russet. The origin of this is in obscurity. It was, many years since, car- ried from Perry, Wyoming Co., N. Y., to the West, under the name of Golden Riisset, but as it was entirely distinct from the true Golden Russet, it soon became known as the Perry Russet, which name we con- tinue. It is of " good" quality for table or kitchen, but does not keep late, and sometimes drops its fruit from the tree early. Tree a moderate, upright spreading grower, hardy, an early and abundant bearer. Young shoots light brownish red. Fruit medium, roundish conical, sometimes a little oblique, pale yellow, netted with russet on the sunny side, and sometimes brownish. Stalk short, cavity narrow, sometimes with a Up. Calyx closed. Basin abrupt. Flesh yellowish, rather firm, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. November, December. Petit Jean. From Jersey, England. Tree an abundant bearer. Fruit small, roundish oval oblate, pale yellow, shaded and striped with red. Flesh white, tender. Good. November, February. Petworth Nonpareil. Green Nonpareil. Ronalds describes this English fruit as larger than the old Nonpa- reil, of the same shape, green. Flesh crisp, juicy. February, March. Phillippi. Origin, supposed Berks Co., Pa. Tree vigorous. Young shoots reddish brown, slightly down}-. Fruit medium, oblate conical, greenish yellow, with numerous blotches and gray dots, and a blush on the exposed side. Stalk short and slender, inserted in a wide, deep cavixv, Calyx small, closed, set in a narrow superficial basin. Flesh tender, fine texture, juicy. Good to very good. October to January. Phillips' Sweet. Originated on the farm of George Phillips, Coshocton Co., Ohio. Tree thrifty, upright, very productive. Young wood smooth, light, clear reddish brown. Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, whitish eellow, shaded with light red, and striped and splashed with dark, 304 THE APPLE. large light dots. Stalk long, slender. Cavity deep. Calyx closed. Segments short. Basin abrupt, deep. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, rich, pleasant, sweet. Good to very good. Core small. December, March. Phcenix. From Illinois. Origin unknown. Fruit medium, roundish, slightly oblate, light yellow, faintly shaded, splashed, and striped with rich red, few brown and light dots. Flesh yellowish, coarse, moderately juicy, subacid. Good. December, March. Pickard's Reserve. Origin, Parke Co., Ind. Tree hardy and productive. Fruit rather large, oblate, sides unequal, yellow, shaded with red in the sun, few gray dots. Stalk short. Cavity large. Calyx closed. Basin large, deep, corrugated. Flesh yellowish, crisp, rather tender, juicy, slightly aromatic subacid. Good to very good. Core small. December, January. Pickman. Pickman Pippin. Origin, Massachusetts. Tree vigorous. Young shoots dull brown, downy. Buds knobby at base. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, with scattered shades of russet, and small russet dots. Stalk short. Cavity medium. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, pleasant subacid. Good to verv good. January, April. Pifer. Pfeifer. Origin, Bucks Co., Pa. Tree rapid grower, upright spreading. Fruit below medium, roundish, sparsely streaked with red on a yel- lowish green ground, fawn-colored next the sun. Flesh white, tender, Bubacid. Good. January to July. Pigeon. Jerusalem. Cceur de Pigeon. Pigeon Rouge. Gros Coeur de Pigeon. Passe Pomme. Duif Apfel. Pother Taubenapfel. Arabian Apple. This old Apple is described by Ponalds as a free but not robust grower. Fruit medium, oblong conical, straw color, flushed with red in the sun. Flesh white, delicate, crisp, pleasant subacid. December to February. PiGEONETTE. Pigeonet Blanc. Pigeonette Blanc d'£te. Pigeonette Gros de Rouen. Museau de Levre. American Peach. Taubenf arbige Apfel. This is described by Hogg as of only second quality, and here pro- bably "of little value. THE APPLE. 305 Fruit below medium, oblate roundisb, yellow, striped and rayed with red. Flesh white, delicate, agreeable acid. August, September PlGEONETTE DE ROUEN. This is described in the Annals of Pomology, by M. Bivort, as tree very productive. Fruit large, oblong conical, truncated, pale yellow, spotted with gray, washed and blotched with bright red. Flesh white, tender, subacid Good. December to March. Piketon Russet. Origin, near Piketon, Ohio. Fruit large, conical, reddish green, and russety. February to April. (O. P. S. Rep.) Piles Russet. Pyles Russet. An old English Apple. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, dull green, covered with russet, be- coming dull brown or orange in the sun. Flesh greenish, breaking, brisk, slightly aromatic subacid. November to April. (Lindley.) Pine Apple Russet. Hardingham's Russet. Tree of moderate growth, fruit not fair or very valuable. Fruit medium, conic, angular. Skin whitish yellow, faintly striped. Stalk rather long and slender. Cavity uneven, and slightly russeted. Calyx closed. Basin shallow, corrugated. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, subacid, slightly aromatic. Very good. Last of September and Oo- tober. Pine Creek Sweet. Hamilton. Origin, Pine Creek, Clinton Co., Pa. Tree very vigorous, upright spreading. Fruit large, roundish conical, pale whitish yellow, sprinkled with a few brown dots. Stalk short. Cavity deep, large, uneven. Calyx small, closed. Basin abrupt, deep, slightly corrugated. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, rich honeyed sweet. Very good. Core small. October. Pine Strawberry. Tree healthy, vigorous, upright. Fruit medium to large, conical, pale yellow, blushed and splashed, light carmine. Dots large, yellow. Calyx open. Stalk short. Flesh yel- low, tough, juicy, sweet. Good. Winter. (Am. Hort. An.) Pink Sweeting. Originated with William Keller, Cumberland Co., Pa. Tree vigor- ous, spreading, producing enormous crops. 20 306 THE APPLE. Fruit small, greenish, nearly covered with bright red, perfect in formt rich, pleasant, sweet. Good. September, October. Pinner Carrell's Seedling. Pinner Seedling. Origin, Middlesex, England. Fruit medium, roundish, ribbed slightly, yellowish brown russet, be- coming reddish brown in the sun. Flesh yellowish, crisp, tender, brisk subacid. December, February. Pioneer. From Pennsylvania. Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, yellow, shaded with light red, and splashed and striped with dark red, many small light and gray dots. Stalk rather short. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish yellow, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid, slightly aromatic. Good. Core small. October, No- vember. Pitmaston Golden Pippin. Fi-uit small, round, rough, pale yellowish brown russet. Flesh deep yellow, crisp, tender, juicy, sweet. December. (Hogg.) Pitmaston Nonpareil. St. J ohn's Nonpareil. Pitmaston. Russet Nonpareil Origin, near Worcester, England. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, dull green, with russet antt taint red in the sun. Flesh greenish yellow, firm, rich, aromatic subacid. No- vember, December. (Lind.) Pitmaston Pine-Apple. Fruit small, conical, yellowish brown russet. Flesh yellowish, firm^ crisp, sugary. December, January. (Hogg.) Pittsburgh Pippin. Flat Pippin. Swiss Pippin. Swiss Apple. Father Apple. William Tell. Schwitzer Apple. Greasy Back. Pippin. Wythe. Origin, supposed to be Pittsburgh, Pa. An irregular grower, some- what drooping in habit, and generally a good bearer. Young shoots dull reddish brown, downy. Fruit huge, oblate, obscurely ribbed, pale yellow, rarely with a blush, sparsely sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk short and small, in a large cavity, sometimes a little russeted. Calyx nearly closed. Basin broad and corrugated. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, sprightly subacid. Good to very good. November to April. Platt's Sweet. Origin, Addison Co., "Vt. Tree a strong grower, and productive. THE APPLE. 307 Fruit mciium, roundish conical, sides unequal, greenish yellow, fihaded and striped with dull red. Flesh yellowish, juicy, peculiar, sweet. Good. Core small. January to March. Pleasant Valley Pippin. Of unknown origin. Received from New Jersey. Tree moderately vigorous, upright spreading. Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, greenish yellow, with brown or gray dots. Calyx small, closed. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. October, Novembei Plum. Origin unknown. Tree upright, moderately vigorous. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with a tinge of red in the sun. Flesh white, fine, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. Very good. Core small. August. Polish. Red Polish. Originated in the neighborhood of Boston, Mass. Tree very produc- tive, moderately vigorous, upright spreading. Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped with dark rich red, light gray dots. Stalk rather short, slender. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, sometimes stained next the skin, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. October, November. Polly Bright. Origin supposed to be Virginia. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. Fruit elongated conic. Skin light yellow, shaded with carmine, ob- scurely striped. Stalk of medium length, in an acute cavity, russeted. Calyx in a small furrowed basin. Flesh tender, juicy, with a pleasant subacid flavor. Good. September, October. Pomeroy. Taunton. There are two Pomeroy Apples from England — one from Somerset- shire and one from Lancashire ; neither of them proves of much value here. The first is medium, roundish conical, greenish yellow, with stripes of red and russet in the sun. Flesh yellow, firm, juicy, sugary. October, December. The second is medium, roundish oblate, ribbed a1 apex, pale yellow, shaded cheek of red in the sun, russet dots. Flesh whitish, tender, brisk subacid. September, October. There is another Pomeroy from Massachusetts, which is of medium size, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded, splashed, and marbled in sun with light and dark red. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender moderately juicy, pleasant subacid. Good or very good. October November. 808 THE APPLE. POMME GRISE.' Pomme de Cuix. Grise. Gray Apple. Leather Apple of Turio. A small gray Apple, from Canada, probably of Swiss or French origin, and undoubtedly one of the finest dessert Apples for a northern climate. It is not a strong grower, but is a good early bearer, and has an excellent flavor. Young wood reddish brown. Pomme Grise. Fruit below medium size, oblate roundish. Skin greenish gray or cinnamon russet, with a little red towards the sun. Calyx small, set in a round basin. Flesh tender, rich, and high-flavored. Very good to best. December to February. There is an Apple under name of Pomme Gris d'Or which is claimed as of more upright growth. The fruit more oblong and quite distinct. We have been unable to so decide. Pomme Water. Pomme Water Sweet. An old Apple, described in Kenrick, Hogg, and others. It haa travelled considerably, but is not generally known, nor very highly appreciated. Tree vigorous, spreading, moderately productive. Fruit medium to large, roundish, slightly conical, greenish yellow, shaded and splashed with red or crimson in the sun. Stalk rather short. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish white, breaking, juicy, pleasant, sweet. Good to very good. Fine for baking. October, December. Ponto Pippin. An English variety, described by Hogg as of medium size, roundish, slightly conical, greenish yellow, red in the sun, with spots of dark russet. Flesh greenish white, crisp, tender, brisk subacid. November to Feb ruary. THE APPLE. $09 POORHOUSE. A new variety, received from A. L. Woodson, of Kentucky, by him obtained from Tennessee. Fruit large, roundish oblate, pale yellowish green, with russet dots Stalk short. Flesh yellowish, compact, moderately juicy, mild subacid. Very good. December. Promises a good keeper. Pope. Pope's Apple. This is described by Hogg as originating in Kent, England, and there highly esteemed. The tree an early and abundant bearer. Fruit large, roundish oblate conical, clear yellow, with patches of green, dark dots and streaks of red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, sugary, juicy, rich, and excellent. November to March. Porter. A first-rate New England fruit, raised by the Rev. S. Porter, of Sher- burne, Mass., and wherever grown a decided favorite. The tree is hardy, a moderately vigorous grower, forming a low, round, spreading head,, and Porter. producing abundantly, if in good soil, a fruit uniformly fair and even in size and form. It is a valuable market fruit, and continues a long time in use. 310 THE APPLK. Fruit rather large, regular, oblong, narrowing to the eye. Color clear glossy bright yellow, and, when exposed, with a dull blush next the sun. Calyx closed. Segments irregular, set in a narrow and deep basin. Stalk rather slender, not three-fourths of an inch long. Flesh fine grained, and abounding with juice, sprightly, agreeable aromatic subacid. Very good to best. Ripens in Sejjtember, and deserves general cultivation. Porter Spitzenburgh. Origin uncertain. A free grower and very productive. Tree mod- erately vigorous, upright spreading. Fruit large, globular, slightly inclining to conic, red, shaded with deep crimson. Stalk very short, inserted in a large cavity, surrounded by thin russet. Calyx small, closed, set in an open basin. Flesh white, much stained, very compact, crisp, juicy, pleasant, brisk subacid. Good to very good. November to March. Portugal Gray Reinette. Reinette Grise de Portugal. Graue Portugiesische Reinette. Origin unknown. A very singular-colored fruit, small to medium, green, covered with a peculiar dirty reddish brown. Calyx large, closed. Flesh greenish white, tender, pleasant subacid. January, February. Posey's Red. Posey's Red Winter Sweet. Origin unknown. Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and striped with red. Flesh whitish, tender, mild subacid, almost sweet. Good. Core small. November to April. Posteley. Posteley's Seedling. Origin unknown. Tree a fair grower and good bearer. Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, greenish yellow, shaded in the sun with dull red, many gray dots. Stalk short. Cavity large. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, compact, juicy, brisk subacid. Good to very good. Core medium. December to March. Potter's Large. Potter's Large Apple. Potter's Large Seedling. A very large English sauce Apple, roundish oblong conical, obscurely ribbed, greenish yellow, with a blush red in the sun, and many red and gray dots. Flesh white, subacid. October to December. POTTINGER. Big Red. Origin and distinctiveness uncertain. Tree vigorous, large. Branches upright. Shoots purple, warty. Buds long, pointed. THE APPLE. 311 Fruit large, regular, oblate, dull red, shaded and striped, covering the yellow ground. Dots small, prominent, with some roughness. Flesb yellow, breaking, granular, juicy, subacid, aromatic. Only good for kitchen and drying. December, January. (Warder.) Pound Cake. Royal Pearmain ? A Southern Apple, not much known. Fruit large, roundish oblate, incliuing to conic, golden yellow, mot- tled and shaded with red, netted and patched with russet. Flesh yellow- ish, rather crisp, tender, a little granular, vinous, pleasant. Good to very good. November, December. Pound Royal. Winter Pound Royal. Probably of French origin. Fruit apt to be unfair, unless with high culture. Tree spreading, with long slender branches. Young shoots Light brown. Fruit large, roundish oblong conical, with a slightly uneven surface, pale yellowish white, rarely with a faint blush, and marked when ripe with a few large ruddy or dark specks. Flesh very tender, breaking, fine-grained, with a mild, agreeable, aromatic subacid. Good. In use fi'om December to April. Pound's July. ' Origin, Kentucky. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. Young shoots Light reddish brown. Fruit large, roundish conic, sides unequal, greenish white, with a dull blush, and thinly sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk very short. Cavity deep, russeted. Calyx closed. Basin small, narrow. Flesh white, fine-grained, tender, not very juicy, rich, pleasant, sweet. Good to very good. July, August. Pound Sweet. There are several sorts under this popular name, as applied to anj large sweet apple. One is large, roundish conical, greenish yellow, with slight red in sun. Flesh yellowish, tender, moderately juicy, sweet. Sep- tember, October. Another is large, roundish, red. Flesh whitish, mod- erately juicy, aromatic, sweet. Poveshon. An old New Jersey Apple, valued mainly for making early cider. Fruit small, oblate, deep red. Flesh yellow, dry, sweet. Good. Sep- tember, October. Powell's Russet. A little English Apple, described by Ronalds as roundish oblate, ight b: own russet. Flesh white, firm, brisk subacid. December, Jan- uary. 512 the apple. Powers. Miller's Apple. Origin, Perrysburgh, Ohio. Fruit large, roundish oblate, waxy yellow ground, shaded w ith red, and splashed with carmine. Stalk short. Cavity deep, acute. Calyx closed. Basin abrupt, somewhat corrugated. Flesh white, fine-grained, juicy, mild, aromatic subacid. Very good. October, November. (O. P. S. Trans.) There is another Powers, or Powers Seedling, which originated on the farm of C. W. Powers, Amenia, Dutchess Co., 1ST. Y. Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, whitish, shaded, splashed, and striped with red, light dots. Flesh white, a little stained next the skin, crisp, juicy subacid. Good. November. POWNAL SPITZENBURGH. Origin, Vermont. A n old variety, not much esteemed. Tree a rapid grower, but late coming into bearing. Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, sometimes inclining to conic, yellow, marbled and striped with red. Flesh yellowish, not very tender, pleasant subacid. Good. December to March. Prairie Calville. Calville des Prairies. Renetten. Wilden ApfeL Fruit medium, roundish oblate, light yellow, overspread and blotched with red. Flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid. November, December. (An. Pom.) Pratt's Sweet. Origin, on the farm of Daniel Pratt, Richland, Oswego Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, with an open spreading head, an annual bearer, and pro- ductive. Young shoots dark reddish brown. Fruit large, roundish conical, with broad yet slight ribs. Color rich pale yellow ground, marbled, striped, and shaded over two-thirds the surface, with two shades of clear bright pinkish red, and dotted with inconspicuous light dots. Stalk rather short, slender. Cavity deep, broad, and open. Calyx closed. Basin abrupt, moderately deep, round, and slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, breaking, tender, rather fine-grained and juicy, mild, pleasant, rich, sweet. Very good. Core medium. December to March. President. Origin, farm of Capt. John White, Salem, N. H. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit large, roundish oblate, pale yellow, with a tinge of red in the sun, few gray dots. Flesh yellow, firm, juicy, subacid. Good. Septem- ber, October. The original tree of the President is said to have been in bearing at ihe inauguration of Washington as President, and to be yet in a healthy condition. the apple. 313 President De Fay's Dumonceau. Origin, Belgium. Tree vigorous and productive. A new variety, of good promise. Fruit very large, oblate, broadly ribbed, rich yellow, splashed and marbled with bright red in the sun. Stalk slender. Calyx small, closed. Flesh yellowish white, tender, sugary, acid. November, February. (Am. Pom.) Press. Origin, Bucks Co., Pa. Tree upright, vigorous. Fruit rather large, oblate. Skin whitish yellow, striped and splashed with red. Flesh juicy, tender, pleasant, mild subacid. Good. March. Press Ewing. Originated in Christian Co., Ky., and introduced to notice by J. S. Downer. Tree hardy, vigorous, irregular, spreading. Young shoots dark brown, productive. Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, shaded and obscurely splashed with crimson, and thickly covered with dots, having a dark centre. Stalk medium, inserted in a broad, deep cavity. Calyx closed, set in an un- even, deep, abrupt basin. Flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, crisp, tender, mild, agreeable subacid. Good to very good. February till April. Priestly. Priestley's American. Origin, Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, upright, and productive. Fruit large, roundish oblong, smooth, dull red, with small streaks of yellowish green. Flesh white, moderately juicy, with a spicy, agreeable flavor. Hardly good. December to March. Priest's Sweet. Blue Sweet. Molasses Sweet Origin, Leominster, Mass. Tree vigorous and very productive. Fruit medium, globular inclining to conic, yellow, chiefly covered with dull red stripes and numerous red dots. Stalk short, set in a rather deep cavity. Calyx closed. Basin small. Flesh white, fine, tender, and pleasant, not very juicy, a late keeper. Good. January to May. Primate. Rough and Ready. Early Tart Harvest. Sour Harvest. Zour Bough. July Apple. Powers. Scott . North American Best. The true origin of this delicious amateur's Apple is unknown. It ap pears to have been long known and grown in various sections of out States under different names. The tree is hardy, a strong and stocky 314 THE APPLE. grower, and forms a beautiful head, very productive. Young shoot* short-jointed, reddish brown, quite downy. Buds rather prominent. Primate. Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, greenish white, with a crimson blush on the exposed side. Stalk of medium length, inserted in a rather large, deep, irregular cavity. Calyx closed in an abrupt, open, somewhat corrugated basin. Flesh white, very tender, sprightly, refreshing, mild subacid. Very good or best. An excellent dessert Apple, ripening the last of August, and continuing in use till October. Princely. Origin, Bucks Co., Pa. Tree a good grower and good bearer. Fruit medium, oblate, sometimes inclining to conic, yellow, shaded, marbled, and indistinctly splashed with red, small light dots. Stalk Bhort. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant, mild almost sweet subacid. Core small. Good to very good. October, January. Prince of Orange. Tree vigorous, very productive. Fruit medium to large, roundish oblong, ribbed, pale yellow, with blotches of red. Flesh yellowish white, tender, soft, subacid. Good. October. November. (An. Pom.) Princesse Noble. Grosser Edler Prinzessinapfel. An excellent Dutch Apple. Tree a good grower, an early and good bearer. THE APPLE. 315 Fruit medium, roundish, somewhat conical, yellowish, with many oroken stripes of red. Flesh yellowish white, firm, juicy, pleasant, vi- nous. November. (Hogg.) Princesse Noble des Chartreaux. Origin unknown. . . Fruit medium to large, bright green, with many indistinct spots, greenish brown around the stalk. Stalk short. Calyx small. Flesh yellowish white, firm, sugary, agreeable acid. January, February. (Verg.) Prinz. Of German origin. New. Tree vigorous, upright, a good grower, and productive. Young shoots reddish brown, downy. Fruit large, roundish conical, obscurely ribbed, yellow, shaded with pale red in the sun, few brown dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, juicy, tender, breaking, mild, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. October, November. Progress. "Esquire Miller's Best Sort." A native of Middlefield, Conn. Tree a moderate grower, and forms a handsome head, bears early, and very productive. The original tree stands on the land ot Enoch Coe, formerly of Isaac Miller Esq., and for some time was called " Esquire Miller's best Sort." Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Stalk short, inserted in a rouna cavity, surrounded by russet. Calyx large, partially closed, set in an open basin. Skin smooth, yellow, with a sunny cheek, sometimes with a few scattered gray dots. Flesh solid, tender, crisp, juicy, refreshing, subacid. Good to very good. Core small. Ripe, October to April. Proliferous Eeinette. An English Apple, described by Hogg as : Fruit medium, roundish, obscurely ribbed, dull yellow with broken Btripes of crimson, small russety specks. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, rich brisk flavor. October, December. Prolific Beauty. Origin unknown. Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellowish, with dull stripes of red. Flesh whitish yellow, tender, acid. Poor. September, December. Prolific Sweet. From Connecticut. Tree a good grower, veiy productive, fine for cooking. . Fruit roundish conic. Skin greenish. Flesh whitish, tender, with a pleasant, sweet, spicy flavor. November to February. 916 THE APPLE. Prop. From Pennsylvania. Fruit medium, oblate oblique, pale yellow, with a few large 6plashes and stripes of light red, few large brown dots. Stalk short. Calyx large, open. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. Good. Gore small. December. Pryor's Red. Pitzer Hill. Big Hill. Prior's Red. Origin unknown. Tree upright, spreading, not very vigorous, nor an early bearer, requires a deep, rich soil, and a warm season or a south- ern climate for the full development of its excellence. Young wood and buds clear reddish brown, many large conspicuous gray dots. Pryor's Red. Fruit medium, somewhat globular oblate, obliquely depressed. Color greenish yellow, shaded with red, striped with dark crimson, and thickly sprinkled with greenish gray dots, and some seasons much covered with russet. Stalk short and thick, inserted in a small acute cavity, sur- rounded by traces of russet, which sometimes considerably overspread the fruit. Calyx firmly closed, set in a small basin. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, very rich, pleasant subacid. Very good. January to March. There is an apple under name of Pryor's Blue, which may be distinct from the above, and may prove identical. Pucker End. From Long Island. Tree thrifty and productive. Fruit large, roundish, inclining to conic, pale yellow, often shaded with crimson in THE APPLE. 31? the sun, few dark gray dots. Stalk short, stout. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, subacid. Good. Core large. October. Pumpkin Russet. Sweet Russet. Pumpkin Sweet. Flint Russet. York Russet Origin unknown. Trees large and spreading. Fruit large, round. Flesh pale yellowish green, slightly covered with russet. Stalk long, set in a wide, shallow cavity. Eye narrow, slightly sunk. Flesh exceedingly rich and sweet. Good. September to January. Pumpkin Sweet. Vermont Pumpkin Sweet. Lyman's Pumpkin Sweet. Pound Sweet A very large sweet Apple, which we received from Mr. S. Lyman, of Manchester, Conn. It is, perhaps, inferior to the Jersey Sweet or the Summer Sweet Paradise for the table, but is a very valuable apple for baking, and deserves a place on this account in every orchard. Tree upright, spreading. Young wood brown. Fruit veiy large, roundish, more or less fun-owed or ribbed, espe- cially near the stalk. Color pale green, with obscure whitish streaks near the stalk, and numerous white dots near the eye, sometimes becom- ing a Little yellow next the sun. Flesh white, very sweet, but not very juicy. Good. September to December. There is also in Connecticut and Massachusetts another Pumpkin Sweet, the tree of which is a strong, upright grower, and very produc- tive. Young wood reddish brown, slightly downy. Fruit large, roundish oblate, rich yellow, frequently with consider- able russet. Flesh yellowish white, breaking, rich, sugary, sweet, ripen- ing in September and October. Very valuable for baking or stock feed- ing. There are also several other Apples under the name of Pumpkin Sweet, but we consider the two above described as the best we hav» known. , Pushmataha. Sloan's Seedling. Originated near Tuscaloosa, Ala. Tree stout, upright, moderately spreading head, early and abundant bearer. Young shoots grayish, downy at end. Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, pale yel- low, shaded, splashed, and striped with rich red, few brown dots. Stalk medium, slender. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. November to January. Putnam Harvey. Origin unknown. Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, greenish, with patches of russet. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid. August, September, (Elliott.) 318 the apple. Putnam Keeper. From Kentucky. Tree vigorous, upright, spreading. Fruit lai'ge, oblate, yellowish, shaded and splashed vith red. Stalk rather long. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, pleasant sub- acid. Good. Core small. December to March. Putnam Sweet. Originated near Marietta, Ohio. Fruit large, flat, regular, surface smooth, mixed, splashed, and striped deep red. Dots numerous, large. Calyx small, closed. Stalk short. Flesh tender, sweet, very good. Kitchen, stock. August, Sep tember (Warder.) Putneyite. Fruit medium, roundish;, ugut vellow/ coarse, dry, acid. December, •J anuary . ( Elliott. ) Quaker. An old Apple. Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, spreading, an early and great bearer, regarded by some as a valuable market sort. Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, yellow, splashed and striped with rich red, light dots. Stalk medium, slender. Cavity large. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, crisp, juicy, pleasant, slightly aro- matic subacid. Good. November, February. Quaker Pippin. Fruit medium, greenish yellow. Yery acid. Poor. October. (Elliott.) Queen Charlotte. An old German Apple, described by Ronalds as : Fruit small, conical, greenish, with a facing of brown in sun. Flesh brisk, pleasant. March, April. Queen of Sauce. A culinary Apple, described by Hogg as : Fruit large, oblate, greenish yellow, striped and flushed with red, patches and specks of russet. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, sugary, brisk, pleasant. Good. November, January. Queen of the Pippins. Heine des Reinettea. Origin unknown. Foreign. Fruit medium, roundish conical, truncated, line yellow, shaded, splashed, and marbled with red, few gray dots. Stalk slender. Calyx open. Basin large. Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp, slightly aro- matic. Good to very good. November, December. the apple. s19 Queen of the Valley. Origin unknown. Received from Connecticut. Tree vigorous, up- right spreading. Young shoots brownish, slightly grayish. Fruit rather large, roundish conical, yellow, mostly shaded, striped, and splashed with rich red, many whitish dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. November, December. Quince. Seneca Spice ? Pear Apple. Origin uncertain ; first described by Coxe. In appearance this Apple is much like a large yellow Newtown Pippin ; grown at the West it ia larger than in New England, of a rich high flavor, and by some es- teemed very highly. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright spreading, and productive. Young shoots dull reddish brown. Buds small, reddish, pointed. Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, yellow, rarely with a Hush, somewhat broadly ribbed. Stalk short. Cavity broad, open, deep. Calyx closed. Basin large, rather deep, furrowed or uneven. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, tender, a little coarse, with a brisk, pleasant subacid quince aroma. Core rather large. Very good. October, De- cember. There is another Quince, or Coles Quince, which is claimed to have originated in Cornish, Maine. The fruit of the two is very similar, and we have at times questioned its identity. The young wood is, however, different in shade of color, being clear rich reddish brown, with buds short, abrupt, prominent. Rabine. This English Apple is described by Hogg as valuable for culinary or dessert purposes. Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, ribbed, greenish yellow, mot- tled, splashed, and striped with red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, ten- der, crisp, sugary, brisk, pleasant acid. October, December. Ragan. Ragan's Red. Originated with Reuben Ragan, Putnam Co., Ind. Tree hardy, vigorous, and fruitful. Young wood dull reddish brown, grayish. Fruit medium to large, roundish conic. Color marbled and striped with red on a green ground. Stalk medium length, inserted in a very deep, narrow cavity. Calyx small, closed, set in a deep, abrupt basin. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, pleasant, rather rich, spicy, subacid. Good to very good. October to November. 1 1 YMBO, Fall Romanite. Romanite. Trumpington ? Gray Romanite. Seek-no- Further. Large Rambo? Striped Rambo. Bread-and-Cheese Apple. Terry's Redstreak Delaware. RambouiJlet. Tire Rambo is one of the mos' popular autumn or early winter 320 THE APPLE. fruits. It is a highly valuable Apple for the table or kitchen, and the tree thrives well on light sandy soil, being a native of the banks of the Delaware. The tree is of a vigorous, rather spreading habit, quite productive. Fruit of medium size, flat, smooth, yellowish white in the shade, streaked and marbled with pale yellow and red in the sun, and speckled with large rough dots. Stalk long, rather slender, curved to one side, and deeply planted in a smooth funnel-like cavity. Calyx closed, set in a broad basin, which is slightly plaited around it. Flesh greenish white, very tender, rich, mild subacid. Very good. October to De- cember. There is claimed to be a distinct or sub-variety of this, called Hed Mambo, the fruit of which is more red, otherwise there is no percepti- ble difference. Rambour Gros. An old Apple, described by Ronalds as : Fruit large, roundish oblong conical, slight projecting ribs, yellow, marbled and faintly striped with rich warm red. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, sharp subacid. Good. December, January. Rambour Papeleu. Rambourg Papeleu. Of Russian origin. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit large, roundish oblate conical, deep rich yellow, spotted, etriped, and splashed with shades of rich red, small light russet dots. Stalk medium. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish white, rather coarse, breaking, sharp subacid. Good. November, January. An Apple of good promise for market. the apple. 321 Rambour Rose. Bambour Eouge La More des Pommes. Kool-appeL Tree moderately vigorous, with large strong branches. Very pro ductive. Fruit large, roundish conical, truncated, rich yellow, mostly over- spread, splashed, and shaded with rich red, traces of fawn russet. Stalk large, short. Flesh greenish white, half crisp, sugary acid, agree- able. Good for cooking. October, November. (An. Pom.) Ram's Horns. A large dark red Apple, imperfectly described by Cole. Poor. Out of use. Randel's Best. Randel Best. Origin unknown. Fruit medium, roundish, slightly flattened, greenish yellow, mostly striped and overspread with dark red. Stalk short. Calyx small. Flesh white, tender, sweet. Novembei*, February. (Elliott.) Rasche. Originated with W. Rasche, near Hermann, Mo. A new variety, of good promise. Tree a strong grower, productive, and hardy. Young wood dark brown red, with prominent buds. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, obscure ribs. Color greenish yellow, with small irregularly scattered gray dots, a shade of deeper green suf- fused, faint traces of russet at the stem end. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, mild subacid. Yery good. December to March. Rattle-Box. Hollow Core. Origin unknown. Fruit below medium, roundish, greenish yellow, thinly striped and splashed with red. Flesh white, tender, jucy, mild subacid. Good. Core large. August. Ravelston Pippin. itevelstone Pippin. An Apple from Scotland. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, irregularly ribbed, greenish yellow, with stripes of red, and many russet dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh yellow, firm, sweet, pleasant. Good. August. Rawle's Janet. Missouri Janet ? Rock Remain. Jennett. Red Xeverfail ? Rock Rimmon. Neverfail. Rnwle's Jannet. Yellow Janett. Indiana Jannetting. Raule's Jannetting. Winter Jannetting. Raul's Gennetting. Bawle's Genet. Jeniton. Originated in Amherst Co., Ya., on the farm of Caleb Rawle. Tree .322 THE APPLE. hardy, vigorous, spreading; it puts forth its leaves and blossons much later than other varieties in the spring, and consequently avoids injury by late frost ; it is, therefore, particularly valuable for the South and Southwest, where it is much cultivated. Young wood clear reddish brown. Fruit rather large, oblate conic, yellowish, shaded with red and striped with crimson. Stalk short and thick, inserted in a broad open Raw] as Janet. cavity. Calyx partially open, set in a rather shallow basin. Flesh whitish yellow, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. February to June. So far has not succeeded well at the North. Rawling's Red Streak. Rawling's Fine Red Streak. Red Streaked Rawling. An old English sauce Apple, described in Ronalds. Fruit large, roundish, yellow, striped with red. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet. Good for cooking. December to March. Rebecca. Daddy. An old variety, originating with a family by name of Stidham, in Delaware. Tree upright spreading. Young shoots dull grayish brown. Terminal bud large, blunt. Productive. Fruit medium, oblate, whitish yellow, sometimes with a crimson cheek. Stalk short, inserted in a deep, narrow cavity. Calyx closed. Basin broad and deep. Flesh tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good to very good August, September. the apple. s3s Red and Green Sweet. Red Pound Sweet. Bedford Sweet. Wheelock Sweet. Largo Early Red. Prince's Large Red and Green Sweet. Origin unknown. Tree a good grower, upright spreading, a moderate annual bearer. Fruit very large, oblong conic, ribbed, greenish white, with stripea of red. Flesh white, tender, sweet ; a good fruit for baking and stock feeding. Middle of August to middle of September. Red Apple. Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, striped and marbled with bright red. Stalk long, slender. Calyx large. Flesh whitish, slightly stained with red, tender. Good. January to March. (Am. P. S. Rep.) Red Astrachan. Deterding's Early. Vermilion d'Ete. Astrachan Rouge. Abe Lincoln. Rother Astrakan. A fruit of extraordinary beauty, first imported into England, with the White Astrachan, from Sweden, in 1816. It bears abundantly with us, and its singular richness of color is heightened by an exquisite bloom on the surface of the fruit, like that of a plum. It is one of the Red Astrachan. handsomest dessert fruits, and its quality is good, but if not taken from the tree as soon as ripe it is liable to become mealy. Tree a vigorous 324 THE APPLE. grower, upright spreading. An early and abundant bearer. Young shoots clear reddish brown. Fruit pretty large, rather above the middle size, and very smooth and fair, roundish, a little narrowed towards the eye. Skin almost en- tirely covered with deep crimson, with sometimes a little greenish yellow in the shade, and occasionally a little russet near the stalk, and covered with a pale white bloom. Stalk rather short and deeply inserted. Ca- lyx partially closed, set in a slight basin, which is sometimes a little irregular. Flesh quite white, crisp, moderately juicy, with an agreeable, rich, acid flavor. Good to very good. Ripens from last of July to mid- dle of August. Red Autumn Calville. Calville Rouge d'Automne. Calville Rouge. Calville d'Automne. Pomme Violette. Erd Beere, or Strawberry of Switzerland. Rosseau, incorrectly. An old French Apple of unknown origin. Tree vigorous, productive. Young wood dark reddish brown. Frmt large, roundish conical, deeply ribbed, pale yellowish, washed and overspread with shades of rich dark, or very dark red. Flesh white, tender, juicy, often stained with red, sprightly aromatic, subacid. Good. September to December. An unprofitable variety. Red Belle-Fleur. Belle-Fleur. Striped Belle-Fleur. Belle-Fleur Rouge. Wigwam. A French variety, scarcely worth cultivation. Fruit large, regular, oblong conical, pale greenish yellow, but nearly covered with red, striped with dark red. Flesh white, tender, of tol- erably mild flavor, apr, to become mealy. Poor. November to Jan- ttiry. Red Canada. Old Nonsuch, of Mass. Poland. Richfield Nonsuch. Steele's Red Winter. An old fruit, formerly much grown in Connecticut and Massachu- setts, but is not now much planted, on account of its small size and poor fruit ; succeeds well in Western New York, Ohio, and Michigan. Tree thrifty, but of slender growth ; very productive. Young wood brown- ish olive. Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic. Skin yellow, mostly shaded with deep red or crimson, somewhat striped or splashed on the sunny side, and thickly sprinkled with gray, and sometimes greenish dots. Stalk short, inserted in a broad, deep cavity. Calyx closed. Segments long, in a small, narrow, somewhat irregular basin. Core small, close. Flesh white, tender, crisp, abounding with a brisk, refresh- ing juice, and retaining its fine, delicate flavor to the last. Very good to best. January to May Red Cathead. Cathead of some. Tree upright, vigorous, and productive, extensively grown in the THE APPLE. 326 eastern and southwestern counties of Virginia. Young wood duD red- dish brown, downy. Fruit large, roundish conic, yellow, partially shaded with dull red, and sometimes deeper red in the shade, and thickly sprinkled with whitish dots. Stalk short, inserted in a deep cavity. Calyx open, set in a large basin. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. October, November. Red Canada. Red Cedar. Origin unknown. Tree moderately vigorous, upright spreading. Fruit medium, dark rich red. Flesh yellow, mild subacid. Valued for its long keeping quality. Red Cheek. There are claimed to be three distinct Apples under this name. One is said to have originated on the farm of ■ Hull, Sharon, Conn. ; the tree forming a small branching head, a great bearer, and the fruit a long keeper. Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, whitish, shaded in the sun with bight red. Calyx small, closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant mild subacid. Core medium. December to February. Another Red Cheek is said to have originated near Dracut, Mass. Fruit medium, roundish conical, whitish, shaded with crimson in the sun, few gray dots. Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Core rather large. November, December. Another comes from New Jersey. Fruit medium, roundish oblong oval, inclining to conic, whitish yel- low, shaded with crimson in the sun, gray and light dots. Stalk short. Calyx partially closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid. Core rather small. December, January. 329 the apple. Red Favorite. Origin near Carlisle, Pa. Fruit medium, oblate, juicy, subacid. (A. Pom. S. Rep.) Red G/lliflower. Red Seek-no-Farther. Harkness New Favorite. Fruit medium, oblong conical, fine red. Flesh white, mild, rich sub> acid. November to January. Tree a poor bearer. (Elliott.) Red Horse. Received from Kentucky. Tree of upright growth. Fruit medium, oblate, with broad ribs, mostly covered with dark red, and obscure splashes and stripes, and pretty thickly sprinkled with light gray dots, and nettings of russet. Stalk short. Cavity large, irregular. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, crisp, tender, juicy, mild sub- acid, aromatic. Very good. October, January. We have had but little opportunity of comparing this with other varieties, and it may prove a variety known by another name. Redick. An old Connecticut Apple. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped with dark red. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant. Good. Core small. November, December. Red Ingestrie. Raised by Mr. Knight. This is greatly admired as a dessert Apple in England, but not here. Fruit small, oblong or ovate, with a wide basin at the eye, and a short and slender stalk. Bright yellow, tinged and mottled with red on the sunny side. Flesh very firm, juicy, and high flavored. Good. Ripens in September and October. Red Jewell. Originated in Todd Co., Ky. Tree a good and handsome grower, an early bearer, and uniformly productive. A new promising sort. Fruit small, roundish oblate. Sides often unequal. Color very dark crimson red, with many white conspicuous dots. Stalk slender. Caly* closed, or partially open. Flesh yellowish, firm, compact, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. December to February. Red June Sweet. June Sweeting. Origin unknown. Received from Pennsylvania. Tree a fine grower and abund mt bearer, continuing a long time in use. Fruit medium, roundish inclining to oblate, greenish yellow, striped, splashed, and shaded with dull red. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesb THE APPLE. 327 white, tender, moderately juicy, rich, pleasant, sweet. Very Good July, August. Red Mormon. From .Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, upright spreading, productive, Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish, shaded and indistinctly splashed ■with red, small dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx closed. Flesh yel- lowish, tender, juicy, slightly aromatic subacid. Good to very good. Core small. January to March. Red Must. An old Herefordshire (England) cider fruit, of large size, roundish oblate, yellow, with red cheek in the sun. Flesh rich. October, No- vember. Red Range. Origin unknown. Tree a vigorous, upright spreading grower, pro- ductive. Fruit medium or below, roundish, slightly conic. Color fine yellow, shaded with red and thickly covered with whitish dots. Stalk short, in- serted in a small cavity. Calyx closed, set in a broad, shallow basin. Flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, rich, with a mild Spitzenburgh flavor. Good to very good. December, February. Red Republican. Origin, Lycoming Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, spreading, moderately productive. Fruit huge, roundish oblate. Skin yellowish, striped and shaded with red, and sprinkled with large whitish dots. Stalk short, in a largo cavity. Calyx closed. Basin broad, deep, and furrowed. Good. Flesh coarse, tender, juicy, subacid. December, January. Red Romaein. Pomrae Romarin Rouge. Mela di Rosmarino rossa. An Italian fruit. Fruit large, oblate oblong conic, bright yellow, shaded with red, and dotted with small brown spots. Stalk Blender. Calyx closed. Flesh white, fine-grained, crisp, sugary acid, perfumed. Core small. Decem- ber to March. (An. Pom.) Red Russet. Origin, farm of Mr. Sanborn, Hampton Falls, N. H. Tree very vigorous, upright spreading, and productive. Young wood clear reddish brown. Fruit large, roundish conic, yellow, shaded with dull red and deep carmine in the sun, and thickly covered with gray dots, with a slight ap- pearance of rough russet on most of the surface. Stalk rather short and thick, inserted in a medium cavity, surrounded with thin russet. Calyx uearl) closed. Segments long, recurved, in a uarrow, uneven basin. Flesh yellow, solid, crisp, tendi r, with an excellent rich, subacid flavor somewhat resembling Baldwin. Very good. January to April. 328 the apple. Red Seek-no-Farther. Origin unknown. From Pennsylvania. Tree open, spreading, good bearer. Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, splashed, striped, and shaded with red. Flesh whitish green, crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant, mild sub- acid. Core small. Good. December, January. Red Streak. Herefordshire Red Streak. Scudamore's Crab. Johnson. A capital English cider Apple, which thrives admirably in this country, and is very highly esteemed, as it makes a rich, high flavored, strong liquor. It is a handsome grower, and a great bearer. Fruit of medium size, roundish. Calyx small, set in a rather deep basin. Stalk rather slender and short. Skin richly streaked with red, with a few yellow streaks and spots. Flesh yellow, rich, firm, and dry. Good. Red Stripe. English Eed Stripe. Carolina Red Stripe. Rockhill's Summer Queen. Origin unknown. Comes to us from Indiana. Tree hardy and pro- ductive. Valuable fruit for market or cooking. Fruit medium, oblong conical, almost ribbed, whitish, considerably striped, splashed, and mottled with crimson. Stalk short and slender. Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. August. Core large and open. Red Sweet. Origin, on the farm of D. C. Richmond, Sandusky, O. Tree upright, vigorous, and productive. Fruit medium, roundish oval, yellowish, striped and shaded with light red, and sprinkled with greenish dots. Flesh whitish, very tender, juicy, sweet, and excellent. Good. November to February. Red Warrior. Origin, North Carolina. Distinct from Nickajack, which is some- times grown under this name. Tree upright, with young shoots dark reddish. Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellow, striped and marbled with two shades of red. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy. Good. November to March. Red Winter Calville. Calville Royale d'Hiver. Calville Rouge d'Hiver. Calville Rouge Normar.de. Calville Rouge d'Anjou. Calville Rouge. Sanguirtole. Caillot Rosat. Red Calville. Calville vraie des Allemandtt- Cushinan's Black ? An old French variety, quite superseded. Fruit medium, roundish conic, ribbed, pale and dark red. Flesb tender, mild subacid. Poor. November to February. THE APPLE. Red "Winter Pearmain. 329 Red Lady Finger. Bunkum. Robertson s Pearmain. Jackson's Red. Buncombe. Red Fall Pippin. Red Vandevere. Meig's. Batchelor. Tinson's Red. Southern Fall Pippin. Powers. Origin unknown. An old variety. Tree of moderate upright growth ; a regular bearer. Young shoots clear rich reddish brown Blightly downy. Red Winter Pearmain. Fruit medium size, roundish oblong conic, yellowish white, mostly shaded with maroon and thickly sprinkled with large light dots. Stalk very short, in an acute deep cavity, slightly russeted. Calyx closed, set in a small, round, open basin. Flesh whitish yellow, tender, juicy, mild subacid, or nearly sweet, slightly aromatic. Good to verv good. Jan uary to March. Red Winter Sweet. Origin unknown. Specimens from Kentucky, although the fruh is there stated to have come from Virginia or Maryland. Fruit medium, roundish conic, deep crimson on yellow, with indis- tinct splashes and stripes, large and small light dots. Stalk short. Cavity small. Calyx small, closed. Flesh yellow, a Little coarse, rich, honeyed sweet. Fine for cooking. December, February. i Reed. Originated on the premises of George Reed, Leedsville, Dutches* Co., N. Y. 330 THE APPLE. Fruib medium, roundish, whitish, shaded, splashed, and mottled with light and dark red. Stalk medium. Calyx small, closed. Basin shal- low. Flesh white, a little stained next the skin, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. November. Reinette Calville. Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to oblong, rich yellow, with broad stripes of dull red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, perfumed. November January. (Diel.) Reinette Coulon. A new Apple, originating with M. L. Coulon, Liege, in 1856. Tree vigorous, with dark reddish gray young shoots. Fruit very large, roundish oblate, slightly conic, golden yellow, washed and splashed with rich bright red, many prominent reddish gray dots. Stalk stout, short. Cavity deep. Calyx closed. Basin rather deep. Flesh creamy white, semi-crisp, brisk subacid, agreeable. Core open, large. November, January. (An. Pom.) Reinette Daniel. Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, spreading. Fruit above medium, roundish oblate. Sides unequal, whitish yel- low, nearly covered with thin dull russet. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Flesh whitish, moderately tender, juicy, brisk, sharp subacid. Good. November to February. Reinette D'Anjou. Of French origin. New. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. Fruit medium or above, roundish, slightly oblate, yellow, shaded and indistinctly splashed with rich red, few light or areole dots. Stalk rather slender. Cavity slightly russeted. Calyx large, open. Basin shallow. Flesh yellow, crisp, tender, juicy, brisk, rather rich subacid. Very good. Core medium, hollow. December, February. Reinette de Bayeux. A Belgian Apple of unknown origin. Tree vigorous and pro- ductive. Fruit large, roundish, slightly conical, golden yellow, shaded with red around the stalk, and with scattered red dots. Stalk short. Cavity large. Calyx half closed. Flesh white, half tender, sharp subacid, December to January. (An. Pom.) Reinette de Breda. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, rich yellow, with russet and red in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, iirm, crisp, juicy, vinous, aromatic December to March. (Diel.) THE APPLE. 33 i Reinette de Caux. Of French origin. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit large, roundish, slightly oblate, • yellow, splashed and mottled with bright red in the sun, many gray dots. Stalk slender. Calyx half closed. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, agreeable aromatic, sub- acid. January, February. (Alb. Pom.) Reinette de Clareval. Of French origin. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, clear lemon yellow, with a slight tinge of red in the sun. Flesh fine, white, firm, juicy, aromatic, vinous. December, March. (Diel.) Reinette de Hongrie. An old Apple, described by Lindley as : Fruit medium, roundish oblate, rough gray russet, with faint orango m the sun, numerous warty specks. Flesh greenish white, firm, crisp, aromatic. November to April. Reinette de Thorn. Supposed to have originated in Holland. It is described in the An- nals of Pomology as a vigorous, upright, productive tree. Fruit medium to large, roundish truncated, yellowish, washed, shaded, and mottled with bright red, gray dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx with long segments. Flesh creamy white, tender, juicy, rich subacid. December. Reinette Dorb. Reinette Jaune Sardive. Reinette Rousse. Of French origin. Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow, with a tinge of red in the sun, nettings of russet, and large brown dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, not very juicy, firm, subacid. Good. Core small. October, November. Reinette du Yigan. Of foreign unknown origin. Tree vigorous, hardy, and productive. Fruit medium, roundish conical, rich yellow, with many red and gray dots, faint blush of red in the sun. Stalk slender. Calyx small, closed. Flesh yellow, tinted with rose, fine-grained, firm, juicy, rich subacid. December to March. (An. Pom.) Reinette Grain d'Or. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellowish, with gray spots and dots, bronzed in the sun. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, brisk subacid. December, January. (Alb. Pom.) 332 the apple. Reinette Pippin. Origin, supposed France. Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, pale yellow, witn light and gray dots. Stalk short. Cavity large. Calyx small, closed. Basin medium or small, corrugated. Flesh white, crisp, moderately juicy, brisk subacid. Good. Core rather large. December, January. Reinette Quarrendon. French origin. Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, golden yellow, washed and splashed with two shades of red, small black dots. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh white, half crisp, sugary acid. December. (Alb. Pom.) Reinette St. Lambert. Supposed to have originated in Liege. Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, yellow, mostly overspread with brilliant rich red or crimson, with a tinge of purple. Stalk short. Calyx in a deep basin. Flesh yellowish white, fine, juicy, delicate, per- fumed. September. Of good promise. (An. Pom.) Reinette Triomphante. Victorious Reinette. A German early winter Apple. Fruit large, oblong, pale yellow, thickly dotted with white specks and rough, projecting warts. Flesh yellow, firm, juicy, pleasant aroma- tic. Good. The tree is of thrifty growth, and is said to bear well. Reinette Yervaene. Originated at Ledeberg-les-Gand. Tree spreading. Young wood brownish, downy. Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish, mottled and shaded with brick red. Flesh greenish white, fine-grained, sharp subacid. Good. November. Republican Pippin. Origin, Lycoming Co., Pa. First discovered by George Webb, who gave it the name. Tree of strong, but crooked growth, only moderately productive. Fruit large, irregularly oblate, dull yellow, mostly shaded with red, somewhat striped and marbled, and thinly sprinkled with large gray dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx small, closed. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. Cooking and drying. September, October. Rhode Island Greening. Burlington Greening. Russine. Bell Dubois, Jersey Greening. Grunting von Rhode Island . The Rhode Island Greening is such a universal favorite, and is so generally known, that it seems almost superfluous to give a description THE APPLE. 333 of it. It succeeds well in almost all of the northern sections of the States, and on a great variety of soils, and where it does succeed is one of the most esteemed and profitable among early winter fruits. In Southern Ohio, Indiana, and farther scuth it drops too early. Tree a very vigorous, strong, spreading grower. Young shoots reddish brown. "Very productive. Rhode Island Greening. Fruit large, roundish, a little flattened, pretty regular, but often obscurely ribbed, dark green, becoming greenisii yellow when ripe, when it sometimes shows a dull blush near the stalk. Calyx small, woolly, closed, in a slightly sunk scarcely plaited basin. Stalk three-fourths of an inch long, curved, thickest at the bottom. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, tender, crisp, with an abundance of rich, slightly aromatic, Lively, acid juice. Very good. November to February. Rhode's Orange. Raised by Col. Mercer Rhodes, Newton Co., Ga. Tree a slow grower, spreading, productive. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, washed, striped, and mot- tled with light red, many light and gray dots. Stalk rather long. Calyx small, closed. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. August. Ribston Pippin. Glory of York. Travers'. Formosa Pippin. Rockhill's Russet The Ribston Pippin, a Yorkshire Apple, stands as high in Great Britain as the Bank of England, and to say that an Apple has a RibstOB 334 THE APPLE. flavor is there the highest praise that can be bestowed. But it is scarcely so much esteemed here, and must be content to give place with us to the Newtown Pippin, the Swaar, the Spitzenburgh, or the Baldwin. In Maine, and parts of Canada, it is very fine and productive. Ribston Pippin. Fruit of medium size, roundish, greenish yellow, mixed with a little russet near the stalk, and clouded with dull red on the sunny side. Stalk short, slender, planted in a rather wide cavity. Calyx small, closed, and set in an angular basin. Flesh deep yellow, firm, crisp, with a sharp, rich, aromatic flavor. "Very good. The tree forms a spreading top. November to April. Richard's Graft. Derrick's Graft. Red Spitzenburgh. Derrikinan. Strawberry. Wine. Dirck's Graft. Uncle Richard's Graft. Originated at Greenport, Columbia Co., N. Y. An excellent fal' Apple, worthy of extended cultivation. Tree a free, upright spreading grower, productive. Young shoots very dark reddish brown, downy. Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Color yellow, nearly covered with splashes, marblings, and shades of rich red. Stalk medium length, slen- der. Cavity large. Calyx small, closed. Segments sometimes recurv- ed. Basin medium, slightly uneven. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant, rich, aromatic subacid. Yery good. September, October. Richardson. Origin, farm of Ebenezer Richardson, Massachusetts. Fruit large, roundish conic, mostly covered with red, bright in the THE APPLE. 333 sun, with numerous large, light specks. Stem rather stout, in a large cavity. Calyx large, open, in a deep narrow basin. Flesh greenish white, remarkably tender, juicy, with a tine, rich, almost saccharine flavor. Good. Last of August and September. (Cole.) Richard's Graft. Richmond. Origin, farm of D. C. Richmond, Sandusky, O. Tree a free grower, and a profuse bearer. Fruit large, oblate, light yellow, striped, splashed, and marbled with crimson, and thickly sprinkled with light brown dots. Stalk short. Calyx open. Flesh white, tender, juicy, vinous, sweet, and rich. Good, October to February. Ridge Pippin. Origin unknown, supposed Pennsylvania. Tree a good grower and bearer. Fruit rather large, roundish conical, very much ritbed. Yellow, very slightly shaded, Sprinkled with russet and crimson dots. Stalk rather short, inserted generally in a large cavity. Calyx closed, set in an ab- rupt uneven basin. Flesh yellowish, juicy, crisp, with a mild, almost saccharine, slightly aromatic flavor. Good. March, April. Valued mainly as a long keeper and salable in market. Riest. from Simon S. Riest, Lancaster, Pa. Fruit large, roundish, ribbed at apex, fair yellow. Flesh fine, pleasant. Good. August. 336 THE APPLE. RlGLEY. From Pennsylvania. Tree moderately vigorous, upright. Fruit medium, roundish conical, pale yellow, shaded and splashed with shades of red. Stalk medium. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, moderately juicy, subacid. Good. Core small. December to March. RlTTER. Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Tree moderately vigorous, upright spreading. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, striped and splashed with two shades of red. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid, almost sweet. Good. September. River. Origin, Massachusetts. Tree of slow growth, but productive. Fruit medium to large, oblate, slightly conic, ribbed, yellow, striped and shaded with dark red, with a slight bloom. Stalk medium, deeply planted. Calyx open, set in a basin of moderate depth. Flesh juicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Good. August, September. Roadstown Pippin. Introduced to notice by James McLean, of Roadstown, N. J., and originated in that town. A strong, erect grower, and makes a large tree ; a good bearer, and a profitable market fruit, large and uniformly fair, excellent for cooking and drying. Size large, oblate oblique. Calyx small, and closed. Skin greenish yellow, sparsely sprinkled with green dots. Flesh white, tender, sprightly subacid. Good to very good. Middle of April to the middle of September. Roane's White Crab. An old Virginia cider Apple ; valuable only for that purpose. Fruit small, round, yellow. September, October. Roberson's White. Origin said to be Culpepper Co., Va., where it is popular. Tree up- right, of rapid growth, and bears regular crops. Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Color greenish yellow, with many dark dots. Flesh yellowish, fine-grained, crisp, juicy, subacid. Good. October to December. Robert Bruce. Origin, Wake Co., N. C. Tree of vigorous, upright growth, and good bearer. Fruit rather above mediiun, oblate, crimson shaded. Calyx open. Stalk short. Flesh white, rather coarse, juicy, pleasant. August. (Gar. Mon.) THE APPLE. 357 Roberts. Roberts Seedling. Origin, Muskingum Co., O. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, with blush cheek in sun. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Very good. November, December. Robey. Robey's Seedling. Raised by H. R. Robey, Fredericksburgh, Va. Tree vigorous and productive. Fruit large, round, tapering to the eye. Color lively red, faintly striped, on a scarcely perceptible yellow ground, thickly covered with creamy spots. Flesh yellow, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. Novem- ber, December. Robin. This is a new Apple, originated in the garden of M. Robin, at Corbeil, and described in the Annals of Pomology. Fruit medium to large, oblate conic, yellowish, mottled and veined with vermilion red in the sun. Stalk short. Calyx large. Flesh white, firm, juicy, perfumed subacid. April to May. Robinson's Pippin. An old English Apple of little value. Fruit small, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, bronzed in the sun. Flesh greenish, tender, juicy, sharp subacid or acid. December, Feb- ruary. Robinson's Superb. Farrar'e Summer. An Apple from Virginia. Tree upright, productive. Fruit large. Flesh crisp, juicy. September, October. Robinson's Sweet. Origin, Vermont. Tree upright, vigorous, productive. Fruit medium, round, light red, striped. Flesh fine-grained, juicy, sweet. Too much of the fruit imperfect to make it desirable. ROCHELLE REINETTE. Reinette de la Rochelle. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit large, roundish oblong conical, pale yellow, brownish blush in sun, many large gray and red spots or dots. Flesh whitish, rathe* coarse, tender, juicy, mild subacid. January. (Am. Pom.) 22 338 THE APPLE. Rock. Origin, Peterborough, N. H., recommended by Robert "Wilson, of Keene, as an excellent fruit. Tree vigorous, with long, slender branch esi very productive. Fruit large, roundish, slightly flattened, striped and splashed with dark and bright red on a yellowish ground. Flesh white, tender, juicy, flavor subacid. Good. September, October. Another Rock Apple comes from Pennsylvania. Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, whitish, sprinkled with a few indistinct gray and light dots. Flesh white, tender, juicy, lively subacid. Good. Core small. August. Pock Pippin. Lemon. Walnut Stem. From Ohio. Fruit medium, oblong conical, yellow, bronzed in sun. Flesh firm, and a good keeper, and in spring profitable market fruit. (O. P. S.) Rockport Sweet. Origin, Massachusetts. Tree a strong grower and productive. Young shoots reddish brown, smooth. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish, becoming waxen yellow, with a dull red cheek. Stalk rather long, inserted in a cavity some- what ribbed, surrounded by russet. Calyx large, nearly closed, set in a broad, open basin. Flesh whitish, juicy, brisk, sweet. Good to very good. January to April. Core small. There is claimed to be another Rockport Sweet, originating in Ohio, but we fail to discover the distinction by means of the fruit. Rock Sweet. Origin, farm of Elihu Pearson, Newbury, Mass. Tree hardy, vigor- ous, and a constant bearer. Young shoots reddish olive. Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, slightly conic, reddish, shaded, striped, and splashed with darker red, and sprinkled with large whitish dots. Stalk short, set in a broad, deep, russeted cavity. Calyx closed. Basin shallow, corrugated. Flesh white, tender, juicy, rich, sweet, and pleasant. Good to very good. September. Rolen's Keeper. Rowland. Fruit medium, round, regular, splashed red on russet. Dots scattered, email, white. Calyx small, closed. Flesh greenish yellow, fine grained acid, rich. Good to very good. March, Aoril. (Warder.) Rollin. Rolla ? Origin. Franklin Co., N. C. Tree of moderate growth, Dears abun- dantly. THE APPLE. 339 Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, stained and striped with dull red. Stalk long. Cavity wide and deep. Basin shallow. Flesh compact, tine-grained, subacid. Good to very good. October to Janu ary. ROMANITE. Broad River. Southern Romanite. The origin of this Apple is unknown. It has been sometimes con- founded or placed as identical with Shockley in North Carolina, where it is much grown, but it is quite distinct. It is also distinct from Gil- Romanite. pin, sometimes known as Romanite. Tree vigorous, spreading, very productive. Branches slender. Wood short-jointed, dull grayish 1 I'OWU, Fruit small, roundish conical, truncated, yellow ground, mostly overspread with clear, light, handsome red, indistinct light dots. Stalk slender. Calyx in an abrupt basin. Flesh yellowish, fine-grained, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. February, April. Valuable as a keeper, and for the evenness of its fruit. Roman* Stem. Originated at Burlington, in New Jersey, and is much esteemed in that neighborhood. Tree very productive, moderately vigorous, spreading, irregular. Fruit Bcarcelj of medium size, roundish, whitish yellow, with a faint brownish blush, sprinkled with patches of dark russet, and, when ripe, having a few reddish specks, unless the fruit is very lair. 340 THE APPLE. three-fourths of an inch bng, inserted in a shallow cavity under a fleshy protuberance. Calyx set in a rather narrow basin, with a few plaits. Core hollow. Flesh tender, juicy, with a rich, pleasant, musky flavor. Yery good. November to March. Rome Beauty. Gillett's Seedling. Origin, Southern Ohio. Tree a moderate grower, succeeds well at the Southwest. Young wood clear reddish brown, slightly downy or gray. A late bloomer. Fruit large, roundish, approaching conic, yellow, shaded and striped with bright red, and sprinkled with light dots. Stalk an inch long, in- serted in a large, deep cavity, surrounded by greenish russet. Calyx partially closed, set in a narrow, deep basin, Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid. Good. Core rather large. October to De- cember. Rosa. An old French Apple. Tree moderately vigorous. Fruit large, roundish, light yellow, shaded and splashed with red in the sun, reddish gray dots. Flesh white, fine, tender, juicy, subacid. December, January. (Alb. Pom.) Rose. Coxe calls this the Rose Apple of China, and says he imported it from England. Tree vigorous, upright, abundant bearer. Fruit large, rather oblong, striped red and green. Flesh pleasant, juicy. October. Roseau. Foreign. Tree poor grower and unprofitable. Fruit large, dark red, irregular in size and form. Flesh crisp, juicy, rich. Good. November, February. Roseau d'Automne. Tree large, vigorous grower, spreading. Fruit medium, roundish ovate, flat at base, yellow, russet at stem, blush red cheek. Flesh yellow, juicy, tender, rich, firm. September. (Coxe.) Rose Calville. From France. Fruit medium, roundish inclining to conic, yellowish, shaded and rather indistinctly splashed with crimson. Stalk short. Calyx closed, or partially open. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. No- vember, January. the apple. 341 Rose de Hollande. Rose de la Benauge. Rose Tendre. Pomme de Codillao Tree vigorous. Fruit medium to large, oblate conical, golden yellow, spotted and reined with rosy carmine. Stalk small, short. Calyx half open. Flesh yellowish white, tender, sugary, acid. Winter. (An. Pom.) R.OSEMARY. Rosemary Russet. An old Apple described by Ronalds as of medium size, roundish conical, greenish, with a Little red russet. Flesh firm, yellowish, rich, and good for table or kitchen use. December, February. Ross Nonpareil. An Irish fruit, rather below medium size, roundish, narrowing a lit- tle to the eye, covered with a thin mellow russet, and faintly stained with red on the sunny side. Flesh greenish white, tender, with a rich aromatic flavor. Very good. A profuse bearer. Very subject to rot before ripening. Unprofitable. October. Rostocker. Stetting Rouge. Annaberger. Matapfel. Rothe Stettiner Rothe HernapfeL Bodickheimer ? Berliner Glossapfel. A large and favorite German Apple, says Hogg, valuable for culinary purposes. Fruit oblate, ribbed, yellowish, deep red next the sun. November to May. Rosy Red. An old variety, origin unknown. It is grown in Michigan, where it is claimed as a seedling of Western New York, and in Indiana, and there claimed as a seedling of Cambridge, la. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conical, yellow, shaded, splashed, and marbled with light and dark red, light dots. Stalk medi- um, slender. Cavity deep, acute. Calyx closed, medium, irregular. Flesh yellowish, breaking, sometimes a little stained, mild subacid. Good. November, January. Round Winter Nonesuch. A variety described by Hogg as an excellent bearer, and valuable fo: market. Fruit large, roundish oblate, obscurely ribbed, greenish yellow, with broken stripes and spots of red, some russet dots. Calyx large, closed, Stalk short. Flesh greenish white, tender, juicy, sweet. November to March. 342 THE APPLE. Rowe. Rowe's Seedling. An old Devonshire sauce Apple, described by Ronalds as : Fruit large, juicy, pleasant. roundish, conical, light August, September. green. Flesh greenish white, Roxbury Russet. Reinette Rousse de Boston. Howe's Russet. Marietta Russet. Belpre Russet. Boston Russet. Putnam Russet. Warner Russet. Sylvan Russet. This Russet, a native of Massachusetts, is one of the most popular market fruits in the qountry, as it is excellent, a prodigious bearer, and keeps till lute in the spring wherever the soil and climate suit it. South and West it drops its fruit too early, and is therefore not valuable. The tree is healthy, moderately vigorous, spreading, with young shoota of a reddish brown, downy. Roxtrary Rnsaet, Fruit of medium size, often large, roundish, a little flattened, and slightly angular. Skin at first dull green, covered with brownish yellow russet when ripe, with, rarely, a faint blush on one side. Stalk nearly three-fourths of an inch long, rather slender, not deeply inserted. Calyx closed, set in a round basin of moderate depth. Flesh greenish white, moderately juicy, with a rather rich subacid flavor. Good to very good. Ripens in January, and may be brought to market in June. Royax Pearmain. Merritt's Pearmain. An old Applo described by Coxe and Ronalds. It is to be found THE APPLE. 343 in the old orchards of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. The tree a moderately vigorous grower, very productive, the fruit keeping well. Fruit medium, roundish couical truncated, yellow, mostly overspread and indistinctly striped with red, warm rough russet at the apex. Stalk slender. Cavity russeted. Calyx with short divided segments. Basin irregular or broadly furrowed. Flesh yellowish, firm, rich, mild subacid, when fully ripe almost sweet. Very good. November to March. Royal Reinette. Royal Grise Reinette. From Sussex, England. Described by Lindley as : tree an abundant bearer. Fruit rather small, conical, yellow, striped with red, many gray spots. Flesh pale yellow, firm, juicy, brisk subacid. November to May. Royal Russet. Leathercoat Russet. Reinette de Canada Platte. Reinette de Canada Grise. Passe Pomme de Canada. An old variety. Tree hardy, vigorous, and productive. Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical, yellowish gi'een, mostly covered with brownish russet, which is bronzed in the sun. Fles^ greenish white, firm, rich acid. Good. November, February. Royal Shepherd. A culinary Apple, desci-ibed in Hogg as : Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, dull red in the sun. Flesh greenish white, crisp, brisk, pleasant acid. November. Royal Somerset. Fi*uit medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, with broken streaks of red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid November to March. Cooking. (Hogg.) Rules Summer Sweet. Origin, Cumberland Co., Pa. Fruit medium, oblong, yellow. August. Poor. (A. Pom. S. Rep.) Rum Apple. Origin, Paw let, Vt., on the farm of Brownley Rum. Tree upright, vigoroxis, an early and profuse bearer. Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, slightly shaded with crimson. Stalk short. Cavity moderate. Calyx partially closed. Basin broad and shal- low. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, sprightly subacid. Good. Novem- ber to March. RUNNELLS. Origin, Maine. Profitaole as a market fruit from its great produc- tiveness and long keeping. 344 THE APPLE. Fruit medium, roundish, deep green in the shade, mostly corered with purplish brown. Flesh firm. Moderately good. April to June (Me. Rep.) Rushock Pearmain. Charles Pearmain. An English Apple. Fruit below medium, roundish, yellow, with cinnamon russet, becom ing brownish in the sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, brisk sub- acid. December, April. (Hogg.) Russet Pearmain. An old variety from Connecticut. Tree moderately vigorous, pro- ductive. Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, mostly covered with russet, and a brownish red cheek. Flesh yellowish, breaking, rich, brisk sub- acid. Good. December to March. Russet Table Pearmain. A little dessert Apple, from England. Tree of slender growth, pro- ductive. Fruit small, roundish conical, yellowish green, slightly russeted, with a bright red cheek in sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, rich, aromatic, subacid. Yery good. November to February. (Ron.) Russian Transparent. Ronalds describes this as forming a large broad tree, but a poor '•earer. Fruit large, roundish conical, ribbed at apex, golden yellow, faced witn a flush of rose, and speckled with dark points. Flesh sweet, pecu- liar. Good for cooking. November, December. Rymer. Caldwell. Green Cossings. Newbold's Duke of York. Cordwall. Newbold's Admiral Duncan. Of foreign origin. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, shaded with deep red, light dots. Flesh yellowish, rather firm, tender, subacid. Good. De- cember to April. Sable Sweet. Origin, Vermont. Tree good grower, spreading, productive. Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, whitish yellow, partially bplashed and mottled with red. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild sweet, subacid. Good. August. THE APPLE. Zit Sack, and Sugar. Morris's Sack and Sugar. A little, old, early English Apple. Tree a fine grower, and good boarer. Fruit small, roundish conical, pale yellow. Flesh white, soft, juicy sweet. Good. August. Sailly Autumn. Salle? Origin, Plattsburgh, N. Y., on the farm of J. H. Sanborn. Tree upright, vigoious, and productive. Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, greenish yellow, the exposed side frequently deep red. Stalk short, in a medium cavity. Calyx small, closed. Basin small, narrow. Flesh very tender. Subacid. Good. September. Saint Julien Saint Julian. Seigneur d'Orsay. Concombre des Chartreaux. Heilige Julian's Apfel. De Saint Julien. Pomme de Saint Julien. An old variety, probably of French origin. Tree a strong, vigorous grower, productive. Fruit medium, roundish conical, obtusely ribbed, yellowish russet green, slight tinge of red in sun. Flesh yellowish white, firm, rich, sweet. December. (Lind.) St. Lawrence. Origin uncertain. Tree vigorous, upright, productive. Young shoots smooth, reddish brown. Fruit large, oblate, tapering towards the eye, yellowish, striped and splashed with carmine. Stalk of medium length, inserted in a large cav- ity. Calyx firmly closed. Basin small and deep. Flesh white, lightly stained, crisp, juicy, tender, and vinous. Good to very good. Sep- tember, October. Saint Sauveur. Calville Saint Sauveur. Pomme Saint Sauveur. Originated in France. Fruit large, roundish oblong conical, pale yellowish, faint blush iii the sun, many light dots. Stalk short. Flesh milk white, tender, juicy, aromatic, acid. Good. November. (An. Pom.) Salem. Salem Sweet. An old Massachusetts Apple, somewhat grown in Ohio and west- ward. Tree a good grower and productive. Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate conic, rough, yellow, with brown and green dots, sometimes a blush in sun. Flesh yellowish, crisp, tender, mild, almost sweet. Good. Core small. October, De- cember. Salopian Pippin. A Shropshire Apple, described by Ronalds. Tree a compac> grower constant bearer. 346 THE APPLE. Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish green, faint bronzed cheek in sun, many small brown specks. Flesh white, iuicv. Valued for cooking, October, December. Sam Young. Irish Russet. Origin, Ireland. Fruit small, slightly flattened and regularly formed, bright yehow, a good deal covered with gray russet. Flesh greenish, quite juicy and *«nder. Good. November to January. Santouchee. Panther. Wildcat. Origin, North Carolina. Tree vigorous, upright grower, productive. Young shoots grayish brown, with prominent buds. Fruit large, roundish conical, oblique, waxen white, with brown dots. Stalk medium, slender. Cavity large, fun-owed. Calyx partially closed, small. Basin narrow. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. November to February. Sapson. Sapsonvine. An old but very nice little dessert Apple. Tree an abundant bearer. Fruit small, roundish, crimson red, stained and striped with purplish crimson. Flesh white, stained with pink, crisp, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. August to October. Sartha's Yellow. Pomme de Jaune. Pomme d' Argent. Pomme de Jaune de la Sartha. Of French origin. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit small or medium, roundish, yellow, spotted with brown spots. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Basin furrowed. Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp, juicy, subacid. (An. Pom.) Savage's Cheese. Origin, Columbia Co., Ga. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading, a good bearer. Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, marked and striped with red. Flesh white, juicy. October. Good bearer. Savewell. Putnam's Savewell. Cornell's Savewell. Origin, Westchester Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, pale yellow, often shaded with dull red. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. February, March. Valu able keeper. THE APPLE. 347 Sawyer. Origin, Amos Sawyer, Hillsborough, 111. Tiee vigorous, upright, early bearer. .. Fruit medium. Form conic truncated, regular. Color waxy yellow, with faint blush of crimson, thinly sprinkled with small gray dots. Stalk medium, slender. Cavity medium, acute. Calyx rather large, somewhat open. Segments retlexed. Basin deep, abrupt, regular. Flesh yellow, breaking, tender, juicy, subacid. Core small. Quality good. April to July. (Am. Jour, of Hort.) Sawyek Sweet. Origin unknown. Tree a strong, healthy grower, upright spreading, Young°wood reddish brown, grayish, slightly downy. Fruit large, greenish, with blush in the sun. Flesh white, sweet, Good. October, November. Scarlet Crofton. Red Crofton. An Irish Apple. Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish russet, red in the sun. Flesh firm, crisp, rich, sugary. October, December. (Lindley.) Scarlet Leadington. Of Scottish origin. Fruit above medium, roundish conical, four-sided, yellow^ and red striped. Flesh yellowish, veined with pink or lilac, firm, crisp, juicy, brisk, sugary. November, February. (Hogg.) Scarlet Nonpareil. New Scarlet Nonpareil. Foreign ; medium size, roundish oblate conical, whitish, striped and shaded with red. Flesh yellowish white, firm, juicy, subacid. Very good. November, December. Scarlet Pearmain. Bell's Scarlet Pearmain. Sigler's Red ? Oxford Peach. A showy dessert Apple, of English origin. Fruit medium sized, pearmainor conical shaped. Skin light crimson or yellow is the shade, rich crimson on the sunny side. Stalk nearly an inch long, deeply set. Flesh white, stained with a tinge of pink, crisp, juicy, subacid. Very good. In eating from the last of August to the tenth of October. A plentiful bearer. Scarlet Sweet. Origin, Ohio. Tree 'igorous, productive. Young wood dark brown- ish red, downy. . Fruit medium, roundish oblate, inclining to come, yellow, shaded 348 THE APPLE. and indistinctly striped and splashed with light scarlet, many light dota Stalk varying. Cavity open, deep. Calyx small, open. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, mild pleasant sweet. Core small. Good to verj good. October to February. Scarlet Tiffing A culinary Apple, from Lancaster, England. Fruit above medium, roundish, inclining to oblate, pale yellow, mostly overspread with deep scarlet in the sun. Flesh pure white, tender, crisp, juicy, pleasant acid. November, December. (Hogg.) Schaffer's Early. Schaffer's Early Red. S chaffer's Garden. Origin, Lehigh Co., Pa. Tree an upright thrifty grower, and a good bearer. Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, pale yellow, striped, splashed, and marbled with red, sometimes only a red cheek. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Good, or very good. Core small. August, September. SCHOOXMAKER. , Schoolmocker. An old Apple. Origin unknown. Tree moderately vigorous, up- right spreading. Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellow, bronzed blush in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, brisk subacid. Good to very good. Jan- uary to March. SCHREVETON GOLDEN PlPPIN. From Nottinghamshire, England. Fruit small, roundish, yellowish, marked with russet. Flesh yel lowish, tender, crisp. Good. December, April. Sciota Beauty. Origin, Ohio. Tree moderately vigorous, upright spreading. Fruit below medium, roundish ovate, whitish yellow, shaded, uplashed, and striped with two shades of red. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. January to April. Scollop Gilliflower. Scolloped Gilliflower. Striped Gilliflower ? This, according to Elliott, is an entirely distinct variety from Red Gilliflower. Origin unknown. Fruit medium to large, roundish conical, flattened at base, tapering towards the eye, always much ribbed or scolloped, light yellow, striped and splashed with shades of light and dark red. Stalk short, slender. Cavity deep, russeted. Calyx with long segments. Basin abrupt, deep, ribbed. Flesh yellowish, firm, tender, juicy, slight tinge of sweet. Core large, hollow. Good. November to February. the apple. m9 Scotch Bridget. A cooking fruit, Lancaster, England. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, ribbed or knobbed at apex- JJlesh white, tender, soft, juicy. October, January. (Hogg.) Scott's Best. Origin, farm of Luther Scott, Hinsdale, Cattaraugus Co., N. Y. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading. Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, yellowish shaded and mot- tled with light red, striped and splashed with crimson. Stalk variable, slender. Cavity slightly russeted. Calyx nearly closed. Flesh whitish, fine-grained, tender, juicy, agreeable, slightly aromatic, subacid. Good to very good. November, December, Scrivener's Red. An admired cider fruit in some parts of Maryland and Delaware. Fruit medium, roundish oblong conical, bright red, with dark stripes. Flesh juicy, breaking, rich. October. Seaconk Sweet. An old Connecticut Apple. Tree strong grower, very productive. Fruit medium, roundish oblong conic, red, with stripes of darker red, few small white dots. Flesh white, compact, sweet. Good. January to April Seaman's Sweet. From Long Island. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, whitish, splashed, striped, and shaded with red. Calyx closed. Stalk very short. Flesh white, not tender, juicy, sweet. Good. Baking. October. Seaver Sweet. Grafton Sweet. Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, productive, spreading. Young wood light reddish brown, slightly downy. Fruit medium, roundish oblong conical, pale yellow, blush of red in the sun, few gray dots. Stalk medium, slender. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, moderately tender, juicy, sweet. Good. Core small. Janu- ary to April. Seedless. Origin in the grounds oi Alfred Smith, A ddison, Vt. Tree drooping habit, healthy and productive. Fruit below medium, oblate roundish, light greenish yellow, with dark carmine cheek in sun. Stalk slender. Cavity open, deep. Calyx small, closed. Flesh white, dry, very mild subacid. Only good. Core without seeds. November, December. 350 the apple. Seever. Seever's Red Streak. From Coshocton Co., O. Fruit medium, globular, lemon yellow, striped with bright clear red Stalk short, slender. Calyx with loug segments. Basin deep, open. Flesh yellowish, juicy, subacid. October to November. (Elliott.) Selby Bellflower. A seedling from the Yellow Bellflower. Tree hardy and productive. Fruit large, roundish, approaching conic, pale yellow on rather a greenish ground. Stalk medium, slender. Calyx medium. Basin shal- low. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, mild, spicy, subacid. No- vember to March. (Gar. Mon.) Selma. From Clark Co., O. Fruit medium to large, roundish flattened, yellow, with pale russet patches, especially around the stem, dull faint red in sun. Flesh yel- lowish white, breaking, mild subacid. Very good. November, Decem- ber. (Elliott.) Selwood's Reinette. From Lancaster, England. Tree a healthy grower and a good bearer. Fruit large, roundish oblate, greenish, mostly covered and striped with red. Flesh greenish white, tender, brisk, pleasant. Cooking. Decem- ber, March. (Hogg.) September. Pride of September. Origin, Centre Co., Pa., received from W. G. Waring. Tree hardy and vigorous, a good and regular bearer. Young wood smooth, reddish brown. Buds prominent. Fruit large, globular, somewhat depressed, very slightly conic, yel- low, slightly shaded and thinly sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk short, inserted in a deep, abrupt cavity, surrounded by thin russet. Calyx partially closed, set in an open basin. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, rery agreeable subacid. Very good. October. Sergeant's Sweet. Origin, Massachusetts. Fruit medium, round, straw color, with a blush next the sun. Flesh tender, very sweet, superior for baking. October. (Kenrick.) Shaker Greening. Hampshire Greening ? Shaker Pippin. Origin, Enfield, N. H. Tree vigorous, upright spreading, very pro- lucti re. Fruit medium, oblate conic, greenish yellow. Flesh yellowish, ten- der, crisp, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. March, November. the apple. 351 Shakespeare. An English dessert Apple, described by Hogg as of medium size, roundish oblate conic, greenish, with brownish red next the sun, few broken stripes of darker red, many russety dots. Flesh greenish yellow firm, crisp, juicy, brisk, vinous. December to April. Sharpe's Greening. Origin, North Carolina. Tree thrifty, and upright grower. Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, with a blush cheek. Fl«sh juicy, subacid. Good. January to March. Sheepnose. There are several Apples to which this name has been applied : some are proved identical with well-known varieties ; others, of which no ori gin can be traced, may yet prove only synonyms of well-known kinds. Warder describes a Sheepnose as : Fruit medium, round, slightly conic, irregular, greenish yellow, white striae about the base. Dots minute. Flesh yellowish white, breaking, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. December, February. Another Sheepnose is grown in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, which is medium size, roundish conical, yellow, sometimes a blush in sun. Calyx closed. Flesh yellow, rather firm, juicy, subacid. Good. No- vember, December. Shell. Supposed origin, Virginia. Fruit large, roundish, greenish yellow, becoming clear yellow in the sun. Flesh yellowish, juicy, rich. August. New. Shepherd's Fame. Fruit large, roundish oblate, ribbed, pale yellow . streaked with a deeper shade and rich red. Flesh yellowish, soft, tender, sweet. October, March. (Hogg.) Sheppard's Sweet. Origin, Windham Co., Conn. Tree thrifty, upright, and a great bearer. Fruit medium, roundish, approaching conic, yellow, striped with red. Stalk long, slender, inserted in an acute cavity. Calyx firmly closed, set in a small basin. Flesh white, tender, sweet and pleasant. Good. October, November. Shiawassee Beauty. Michigan Beauty. Originated in Shiawassee Co., Mich. Tree a strong upright grower until in full bearing, when it becomes partially pendent, very productive. Young wood dull reddish brown, slightly downy. This variety iesen> bles Fameuse, but its wood shows its distinctiveness. 352 THE APPLE. Fruit medium, oblate, whitish, shaded, marbled, splashed, and Btriped with rich red, few light dots. Stalk rather short. Cavity large. Calyx small, closed. Basin large, open, slightly corrugated. Flesh fiim, very white, tender, juicy, brisk, refreshing subacid. Very good. October, January. Shipley Green. Origin, Maryland. Fruit medium, oblong, rei, and very acid. Good for cooking and keeping only. Se -ppen's Russet. Originated in Philadelphia. It is often found at the West, and as a market sort profitable, but inferior in quality to the Roxbury Russet. The tree is very vigorous, forming a large round spreading head, pro- ductive. Fruit large, oblate, irregular, yellowish green, somewhat russeted. Flesh greenish, rather dry, soft, mild subacid. Good. November, February. Shockley. Origin, Georgia. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, very pro- ductive, bearing young and regularly. Young wood reddish, grayish on under side. Shockley. Fruit below medium, roundish conical, pale yellow overspread with red, inconspicuous minute dots. Stalk loner, slender inse^d in a deep THE APPLE. 353 acute cavity. Calyx partially closed, set in a shallow corrugated basin. Flesh crisp, juicy, rich, saccharine, slightly vinous, and pleasant. Good. April, May. This is one of the most profitable varieties at the South, where it not only bears abundantly, but keeps and sells remarkably well. Simpson Sweet. Origin, Mercer Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, upright. Fruit medium, roundish oblong, flattened at base and crown, green- ish yellow, with a tinge of brown in the sun. Calyx small, closed. Flesh white, moderately juicy, sweet, and pleasant. Good. Core small. December. SlNE-QUA-NON. A native of Long Island, named by the late ¥m. Prince. Fruit roundish conical, about medium size, smooth, pale greenish yel- low. Stalk slender. Flesh white, very tender, juicy, and of a delicate and very sprightly flavor. Good. The young trees are rather slow and crooked in growth. August. Sink. Origin, Boalsburg, Centre Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, upright spread- ing, productive. Fruit inediuni, roundish, inclining to conic, whitish, splashed and marbled with red. Flesh very white, stained next the skin, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. September. Sir William Gibbons. An English cooking Apple. Fruit large, roundish oblate, ribbed, yellow, streaked with light and dark red. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, juicy, slightly acid. Novem- ber, January. Skunk. An old New Jersey Apple. Fruit large, yellow, resembling Newtown Pippin, with red spots and blotches. Flesh yellowish, juicy, pleasant. Good. November, Decem- ber. (Coxe.) Sleeping Beauty. Winter Sleeping Beauty. Sleeper. Tree an excellent bearer. Fruit medium, roundish, somewhat flattened, straw-color, washed with lively red. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, tender, juicy, acid. No- vember, February. (Hogg.) Sleight's Lady Apple. This valuable Apple was raised by Edgar Sleight, Dutchess Co., N. Y. It is almost a perfect fac-simile of Lady Apple, except being nearly twice as large. Tree somewhat more vigorous and spreading than the Lady Apple, and very productive. The fruit a little earlier in ripening 23 954 THE APPLE. Slingerland Pippin. Raised by Mr. Slingerland, of Albany Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous spreading. Fruit medium to large, roundish, often oblique, yellow, shaded with red and sprinkled with minute dots. Stalk short. Calyx small, par- tially closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk, rather rich subacid Good to very good. December, February. Smalley. Spice. From Kensington, Conn. Tree vigorous, spreading, a good bearer. Fruit medium size, oblate conic, yellow, with a slight blush. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh tender, juicy, brisk, pleasant aromatic. Good. September, October. Small's Admirable. This is described by Hogg as an immense bearer, and adapted foi dwarf culture. Fruit above medium, roundish ovate, flattened, lemon yellow. Flesh firm, yellowish, crisp, subacid. November, December. Smith" 8 Cider. Smith's. Fuller. Smith's Cider. Pennsylvania Cider. Fowler. Popular Bluff. Origin, Bucks Co., Pa. This Apple is widely grown, and much eft teemed as a profitable market sort. The tree is a very vigorous, strag THE APPLE. 35t> gling, spreading grower, and prodiictive. Young wood a rich dark brown. Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate conic, yellow, shaded and striped with red, sparsely covered with gray dots. Stalk slender, of medium length, inserted in a deep, rather narrow cavity. Calyx closed, set in a broad, rather shallow basin. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, crisp, pleasant, mild subacid. Good. December, March. Millcreek Vandevere. Smokehouse. Red Vandevere. English Vandevere. Origin, Lancaster Co., Pa., near Millcreek, grew on the farm of Gibbons, near his smokehouse, hence its name. An old variety and popular in Pennsylvania. It somewhat resembles the old Pennsyl- vania Vandevere, and is supposed to be a seedling of it. Tree moderately vigorous, with a spreading head, a good bearer. Young wood dull dark reddish brown. Smokehouse. Fruit rather above medium, roundish oblate, skin yellow, shaded and splashed with crimson, and thinly sprinkled with large gray and brown dots. Stalk rather long, curved, inserted in a broad cavity. Calyx closed, set in a wide basin, of moderate depth, slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, somewhat firm, juicy, crisp, rather rich subacid. Good. September to February. Valued for culinary uses. Snediker. Origin unknown. Tree an upright vigorous grower, productive. 356 THE APPLE. Fruit large, roundish conical, sides unequal, yellow, marbled with large red dots, few gray dots. Stalk very sliort. Calyx closed or par- tially open. Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, tender, brisk subacid. Core rather small. Good. December, February Snepps'. Jno. Snepps'. Supposed origin, Edinburgh, la. Tree vigorous and sufficiently pro- ductive. Fruit above medium, almost large, flat, dull green, becoming pale yellow, with many dark dots that often give it a gray appearance. Calyx large, closed. Stalk stout. Flesh yellowish, breaking, fine-grained, juicy, agreeably sweet. December, March. (Warder.) Somerset. Origin, Somerset Co., Me. Tree very vigorous, upright spreading. Fruit large, roundish, somewhat flattened, bright yellow, mostly covered with splashes and stripes of bright red. Flesh yellowish, some- times a little stained with red, tender, juicy, agreeable subacid. Sep- tember. (Me. Rep.) There is another Somerset grown in Western New York, the fruit of which is medium or below, roundish conical, whitish yellow, partially netted with russet. Flesh yellow, tender. Good. August, September. The wood as well as fruit of these is quite distinct, the former being reddish brown, the latter dull grayish reddish brown, downy. Sommerset Lasting. A fine showy English Apple, described by Ronalds as large, round- ish oblate, clear yellow, with a blush red cheek. Flesh white, tender, brisk, sharp subacid. Valuable for cooking or market. December to March. Sops of Wine. Red Shropsavine ? Worden's Pie Apple. Hominy. Bell's Early ? Washington. Dodge's Early Red. Bennington. An old European variety. Tree vigorous, upright, an early and productive variety. Fruit medium, roundish, yellow and red, splashed and shaded with deep red, and sprinkled with white and gray dots, and a thin bloom. Stalk slender, in a narrow cavity. Calyx closed. Basin rather shallow, uneven. Flesh white, often stained, not very juicy, mild, pleasant sub- acid. Good. August, September. Souisson Russet. Origin unknown. Fruit medium, roundish conic, yellow, shaded with rich red or crim- son in the sun, and splashes and blotches of russet in the shade, and sometimes russet mixed with the red. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, rich, Drisk subacid. Very good. Core small. February, March. the apple. 357 Sour Bough. An old variety, grown in Westchester Co., N. Y. Tree thrifty, upright. Fruit medium, roundish conic, yellow, moderately sprinkled with gray and light dots. Flesh whitish, brisk subacid. Good for cooking. September. Often knotty and unprofitable. Southern Lady. From North Carolina. Fruit small, oblate, whitish, much shaded with bright crimson, many light dots. Stalk short and small. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, very mild subacid, aromatic. Very good. September, October. Sovereign. A little Apple from England, described by Ronalds as : Fruit small, oblong oblate, light yellowish brown, with a small flush of red. Flesh firm, rich, and sweet. February, April. Spafford Russet. Origin, Ohio. Fruit medium, roundish conical, flattened at ends, yellowish, slightly russeted. Flesh greenish white, soft, moderately juicy, mild subacid. Hardly good. December, February. Spark's Late. Spark's. A variety somewhat grown in Southern Illinois, its origin unknown. Tree an upright grower, hardy, and good bearer. Fruit large, roundish oblong conic, greenish yellow, rarely with a shade of crimson in the sun, brown dots. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, half tender, pleasant, mild subacid. Good. Valuable for cooking. Speckled. Westbrook. Origin uncertain. Tree a rapid grower and annual bearer. Fruit large, roundish oblong, yellowish white, red in the sun, small russet dots. Flesh white, tender, subacid. Good. October, January. Speckled Oley. From Berks Co., Pa. Fruit medium, roundish, greenish yellow, striped and mottled with red, large white dots. Flesh white, moderately juicy. Hardly good. Spectator. Originated by J. W. Bailey, Plattsburgh, N. Y. Tree spreading^ very productive. 358 THE APPLE. Fruit medium, roundish oblong oval, ribbed, yellow, shaded vtitk led in the sun. Flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid. Hardly good •September. Spice Russet. Sweet Russet of some, erroneously. Origin unknown. Tree a good grower and productive. Fruit below medium, roundish flattened, light yellow russet, with numerous small fine dots, exposed to the sun carmine and yellow bronzed. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, fine-grained, juicy, almost sweet, aromatic subacid. December to March. (Elliott.) Spice Sweet. Berry Bough. Tree vigorous, productive, medium, oblate, smooth, pale yellow. Flesh rather firm, sweet, highly aromatic, apt to be knotty and unfair. August, September. Sponge. There are two varieties under this name, neither of which is at all valuable. One is : Fruit large, roundish oblate. Skin greenish, striped with dull red, dotted with whitish spots. Flesh white, coarse, subacid. A kitchen fruit. October and November. The other is : Fruit medium, oblong conic, green, splashed with red. Flesh white, moderately juicy. Poor. November. Sprague. Fruit rather small, oblong oval, slightly conic, yellow. Flesh yellow, •uicy, tender, sprightly subacid. Scarcely good. October. Springer. Springer's Seedling. Origin, Ohio. Fruit small, roundish oblong, yellowish green, with faint stripes of red. Flesh firm, negative character. January to May. (Elliott.) Spring Grove Codlin. An old English cooking Apple. Fruit medium, roundish conical, greenish yellow, deeper in the sun. Flesh greenish yellow, crisp, J uicy, brisk, sharp subacid. October. Spring Pippin. S, ringport Pippin. Origin, Springport, Cayuga Co., N. Y. Tree upright, thrifty, unpro iuctive. Fruit above medium, roundish oblong, yellowish green. Flesh yellow ish white, crisp, sprightly subacid. December to May. (Elliott.) the apple. 359 Squire's Greening. An English culinary Apple. Fruit described by Hogg as above medium, roundish, flattened, green, with dull brownish red in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, firm, brisk subacid. December to April. Staats' Sweet. Originated in Somerset Co., N. J. Tree a strong, upright, vigorous grower, with curved erect branches, forming a beautiful head, produc- tive. Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical, greenish yellow, shaded, splashed, and overspread mostly with light and dark red. Stalk short. Calyx large, open. Flesh yellowish white, breaking, juicy, mild, plea- sant, sweet. Good to very good. December to February. Stack. Origin, Indiana. Fruit medium to large, roundish conical, red, striped with deep red. Dots minute and few. Stalk long, slender. Calyx medium, closed. Basin medium. Flesh light yellow, fine-grained, juicy. Good. Core large, open. December to January. (Ind. Trans.) Stackyard. Originated in Montgomery Co., Pa. An old variety. Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, covered and marbled with yellow and red, and speckled with small spots and patches of russet. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy. Good. November, December. Stamford Pippin. An English Apple, described by Hogg as first-rate for dessert. Fruit above medium, roundish, yellow, tinge of orange in sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, tender, crisp, sweet, brisk, pleasant aroma. De- cember to March. Stanard. Stanard's Seedling1. An Apple extensively disseminated in Illinois and West, from Col- onel P>. Hodge, through "The Grove" nurseries. The tree is ex- tremely hardy, enduring uninjured the most severe changes of the prairies. It is a crooked, spreading, irregular, but rapid grower; a young, abundant, and annual bearer. Young wood reddish brown, downy. Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, slightly conical, dull green, changing to yellow at maturity, splashed and striped with red. large i specks. Stalk in a deep cavity. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish while, rather coarse, very juicy, rather rich subacid. Very good. De- cember to March. Suj>erior for cooking. 360 the apple. Stanley. Stanley's Seedling. Originated in Alabama. Tree moderately vigorous, upright. Fruit large, roundish, conical, greenish yellow. Flesh whitish, tea- der, moderately juicy, subacid. Good. October, November. Stanley's Winter Sweet. Origin, Winthrop, Me. Tree productive. Fruit large, oblate, red, streaked and specked with purple. Flesh juicv, sweet. December to March. (Me. Rep.) Stansill. Origin, North Carolina. Tree a good grower and early bearer. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish green, sometimes a blush in sun, and occasionally indistinctly striped. Flesh yellow, subacid. Good to very good. January. Star. An old variety, grown in Dutchess Co., N. Y. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, shaded and indistinctly splashed with crimson, large light dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, pleasant, mild subacid. Good. November. Stark. Origin unknown, grown in some parts of Ohio, and valued as a long keeper and profitable market fruit. Tree vigorous, upright, spreading. Young shoots dark brownish red. Fruit large, roundish, inclining to conic, sometimes a little elongated, and sometimes slightly oblique. Skin greenish yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped with light and dark red nearly over the whole surface, and thickly sprinkled with light and brown dots, a portion of them areole dots. Stalk short, rather stout, inserted in a medium cavity. Calyx closed. Basin rather large, slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, a little coarse, moderately juicy, mild subacid. Good. Core small. January to May. Starr. From New Jersey Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, greenish white. Stalk slen- der. Flesh whitish, pleasant subacid. July to September. Cooking only. Star Reinette. Reinette Etoile. Calville Etoile. A Belgian Apple. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit medium, roundish, ribbed at apex end, washed and shaded with red, distinct white dots. Flesh white, tender, subacid. Novem- ber. (Alb Pom.) the apple- 361 Steel's Sweet. Origin, Connecticut ; productive, keeps well, but not always fair. Fruit medium, globular, yellowish, slight blush. Flesh white, com pact, juicy, with a peculiar saccharine flavor. December to March. Stephenson's Winter. Origin, Marshall Co., Miss. Tree a moderate grower and a good bearer. Young shoots smooth, reddish brown, slightly grayish. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, shaded and sometimes striped with red. Stalk long, slender. Calyx open. Flesh whitish, rather firm, juicy, pleasant, brisk subacid. Core small. Good. Jan- uary to April. Stevens' Gilliflower. Originated in Sweden, Me. Fruit large, roundish conical, dull whitish ground striped with red. Flesh white, tender, pleasant sub- acid. November to February. (Cole.) Stillman's Early. Origin, Clinton, Oneida Co., N. Y. Tree of moderate upright growth, productive. Fruit small, roundish conic, yellow, sometimes a slight blush, and a few brown dots. Stalk long. Calyx closed. Flesh yellow, tender, pleasant subacid. Good. Last of July and first of August. Stillwater Sweet. Grandmother. Originated by Caleb Mendenhall, near Dayton, O. Tree an upright grower, productive. Young shoots clear reddish brown, very sbightly downy. Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical, faintly ribbed, greenish yellow, shaded, minute black dots, sometimes in the sun it has a pale red cheek. Flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, tender, sweet. Good to very good. September, October. Stirzaker's Early Square. A Lancaster, England, variety, described by Hogg as : Fruit below medium, roundish, ribbed, pale yellow, overspread and mottled with a dingy brown russet. Flesh white, tender, pleasant. August, September. Stockade Sweet. Origin, Marietta, Ohio. Tree thrifty, very upright, and productive. Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped with red. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, compact, moderately juicy, rich, sweet. Core small. Good. Valuable for baking and keeping. December to May. 362 the apple. Stone Pippin. White Stone Pippin. A Norfolk, England. Apple, described by Lindley as worthy of culti- vation. Tree vigorous, hardy, and abundant bearer. Fruit medium, oblong conic, pale green, becoming yellow. Flesh very firm, almost sweet. November to May. Stonewall Jackson. A new Southern Apple, mostly valued because of its long-keeping quality. Tree an upi-ight, stout grower, productive. Fruit medium, roundish conical, sides unequal, whitish yellow, shaded, and obscurely striped and splashed in the sun with light red. Stalk small. Flesh white, firm, not very juicy, brisk subacid. Good. A long keeper. Stonor Park. An English dessert Apple, described by Ronalds as of medium size, conical, yellow, with faint stripes and shades of red. Flesh white, ten- der, brisk subacid. Good. November. Straudt. Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Fruit large, roundish, inclining to conical, deep crimson, with stripes of paler red, and numerous light dots. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Flesh fine-grained, tender, white, subacid, pleasant. Good, November. Strawn. Strawn's Seedling. Raised by James Strawn, Virginia. Tree a thrifty grower and good bearer. Fruit rather large, reddish stripes on a pale yellow ground, cream- colored spots. Flesh yellow, juicy, slightly acid. Good. December to April. Streaked Pippin. Red Pippin. Hempstead. Quaker of some. Skunk, erroneously. Origin, Westbury, Long Island, N. Y. Tree thrifty, hardy, vigorous, spreading, and productive. Fruit large, roundish oblong, pale yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped with rich red, few bight and gray dots. Stalk short, smalL Cavity narrow, sometimes russeted. Calyx closed. Basin slightly cor- rugated. Flesh yellow, a little coarse, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid, slightly aromatic. Good to very good. November to January. Striped Beaufin. An English Apple. Tree hardy, productive. Fruit large, roundish oblate, broadly ribbed, greenish yellow, covered THE APPLE. 363 and mottled with broken stripes and dashes of deep red. Flesh yellow ish white, firm, juicy, pleasant acid. October to May. (Lindley.) Striped Belle et Bonne. An old Eastern Apple. Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, upright spreading, productive. Young shoots dull reddish brown, somewhat downy. A profitable market variety. Fruit large, roundish oblate, whitish yellow, mostly covered, striped, splashed, and mottled with light and dark red, few light brown dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, crisp, brisk subacid, moderately juicy. Good. Core rather small. August, September. Striped Holland Pippin. An old Holland fruit. Tree a free grower, and productive ; valued mainly for cooking. Fruit large, roundish, obscurely ribbed, yellow, striped with red. Flesh white, subacid. October, December. (Lindley.) Striped Mohawk. Fruit above medium, roundish, red striped on yellow. Flesh dry, poor. Late autumn. (Elliott.) Striped Monstrous Reinette. An English cooking Apple. Tree a strong grower, productive. Fruit large, roundish, with irregular ribs, terminating in strong wrinkles around the eye, greenish yellow, mostly covered, striped, and blotched with red. Stalk small. Flesh tender, juicy, agreeable acid. October, November. (Ronalds.) Striped Porter. Fruit large, roundish oblong conical, yellow, with stripes and splashes of red, red and russet specks. Stalk slender. Cavity deep, russeted. Basin wrinkled. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, subacid. Octo- ber. (N. E. Far.) Striped Shropsavine. Curtiss Early Stripe. Fruit small, oblong conic, pale yellow, striped with bright red« Flesh crisp, pleasamt. July, August. A j)oor grower. Striped Winter Pearmain. Striped Sweet Pippin. Larjxe Striped Winter Pearmain. Snorter. Striped Pearmain. Winter Pearmain of some. Missouri Keeper ? Missourian V An old variety, whioh can only be trace. 1 to Kentucky. It is con- siderably grown now all through the West, and largely under the name of Btziped Sweet Pippin. Tree bardy, vigorous, spreading, productive. Young shoots clear reddish brown, slight bloom on ends. 364 THE APPLE. Fruit medium to large, roundish, inclining Lo oblate, yellow, striped, splashed, and shaded with shades of red, numerous gray dots, giving it somewhat appearance of bloom. Stalk medium or short, and small, in- striped Winter Pearmoin. sorted in a large cavity surrounded by russet. Calyx small, closed, set in a broad, uneven basin. Flesh yellow, juicy, crisp, tender, very mild, rich, pleasant, scarcely subacid. Very good. October to January. Steoat. Straat. An Apple formerly in high esteem among the descendants of the Dutch settlers on the North River. Not profitable. Fruit above the middle size, roundish, and tapering a little to the eye, yellowish green. Flesh yellow, very tender, brisk subacid. Good. September to December. Strode's Birmingham. Strode's. Origin, Chester Co., Pa. A vigorous, upright grower, very produc- tive. Fruit rather below medium, oblong oval or conic, yellow, sprinkled with a few gray dots. Stalk slender, set in a deep, narrow cavity. Basin broad, shallow, corrugated. Flesh yellow, moderately juicy, sub* acid. Good to very good. September. THF APPLE. 36t Strubel. Origin, Pennsylvania. Tree a moderate grower, hardy, and produc- tive. Fruit medium to large, roundish, oblong conic, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and marbled with rich red. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh compact, yellowish, juicy, subacid, slightly aromatic. Good. Core small. November to March. Stump. Supposed origin, Delaware. Tree spreading, productive. Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish, shaded with light red nearly ovei the whole surface. Stalk short, small. Calyx closed or partially open. Flesh whitish, rather firm, crisp, juicy, tender, sprightly subacid. Good. Core small. September, October. Sturmer Pippin. An English fruit. Below medium, oblate, approaching conic, yel- low, with a bronzed or crimson cheek. Stalk of medium length, insert- ed in a large cavity. Calyx closed. Segments long. Basin shallow and uneven. Flesh compact, rich subacid. Good. January, May. Stymus. This new and really excellent Apple originated on the farm of Jacob Stymus, Dobb's Ferry, N. Y. Tree moderately thrifty, upright, and pro- ductive. Young shoots dull reddish brown, slightly downy. Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and striped with light and dark crimson. Stalk short, small. Cavity large, deep. Calyx closed or partially open. Segments short, erect. Basin large, deep, uneven. Flesh whitish, fine, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid, slightly aromatic. Core small. Very good. Octo- ber, November. Styke. Forest Styre. A famous old English cider fruit, of medium size, roundish, pale yellow, with an orange cheek. Flesh firm, and makes a high-colored liquor. October, January. Sudbury Sweet. Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, upright, a good bearer. Fruit niediuni, roundish, inclining to conic, yellow, faintly splashed, marbled, and striped with dull red, many light and gray dots. Flesh whitish, rather tender, moderately juicy, rather rich, sweet. Good. December, January. Suffolk Beauty. A new variety from H. H. &, E. L. Brown, Deer Park, Long Island Tree a free grower and abundant bearer. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish white, with a few dark green dots, and a little russet near the stalk. Stalk slender. Calyx 366 THE APPLE. small. Flesh white, agreeable subacid. August, September. (Gat Mon.) Sugar and Brandy. A Lancashire, England, Apple. Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical, rib on one side, deep dull yellow, pale red in the shade, bright orange red in the sun. Flesh deep yellow, spongy, juicy, very sweet. August, September. (Hogg.) Sugar Loaf Pippin. Hutching's Seedling. A foreign sort. Tree of good growth and productive. Fruit of medium size, oblong or conical, smooth, clear pale yellow, becoming nearly white on one side when fully ripe. Flesh white, firm, very slightly acid, and moderately j nicy. Good. Ripens the latter part of July, and is very showy on the tree. Sugar Sweet. From Massachusetts. Tree vigorous, upright, a moderate bearer. Fruit large, roundish oblate conic, yellow, mostly shaded with red, and a dark maroon cheek. Flesh white, fine-grained, not very tender, but with a rich, honeyed sweetness. Good. December to February. Suisse. Pomme Suisse. Pomme Rubanee. Pomme de Perroquet. An old variety, described in 1665. Fruit medium to large, roundish, slightly conical, greenish, and striped in the shade with yellowish green, which in sun becomes dull reddish. Stalk slender. Calyx small. Flesh white, tender, moderately juicy, subacid. Good. Summer Bellflower. Origin, farm of J. R. Comstock, Dutchess Co., N. Y. Tree vigor- ous, upright, productive. Young shoots clear reddish brown. Fruit medium or above, oval, inclining to conic, clear yellow, with rarely a faint orange blush on the side of the sun. Stalk an inch long, in a shallow cavity. Calyx closed, with small reflexed segments, slightly five-sided basin. Flesh white, fine-grained, tender, excellent subacid. Good. Middle of August to middle of September. Summer Bellflower of Pennsylvania is quite distinct from the above, and very much resembles Yellow Bell- flower in shape and color, but has a very wide and deep cavity, and closed calyx. Flesh yellowish white, firm and fine texture, not very juicy, with a brisk, agreeable, pleasant subacid. Good. Last of August and first of September. Young shoots light reddish brown, downy. the api us. 367 Summer Broaden. Summer Colman. Summer Broadend. An old Norfolk, England, cooking Apple. Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, dull greenish yellow, tinged on the sunny side with dull pale brown. Flesh greenish white, subacid. October, November. (Lindley.) Summer Cheese. Cheese Apple. Maryland Cheese. Prather Apple. Findlay Apple. An old variety, of poor quality. Origin unknown. Tree a strong grower, spreading, not an early bearer, but moderately productive when old. Fruit medium, oblate, sides sometimes unequal, yellow, occasionally with a tinge of red in the sun. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, subacid. August, September. Summer Golden Pippin. A nice little English dessert Apple, but inferior to many of our own. Fruit small, ovate, flattened at the eye, bright yellow, with a little orange next the sun. Flesh yellow, firm, crisp, and rich. Good to very good. August. Summer Hagloe. Hagloe. An old sort. Tree vigorous, bvit slow in its growth while young, thick blunt shoots, productive. Young shoots clear light reddish brown. Fruit large, roundish oblate, whitish yellow, striped and splashed with bright red, and covered with a thin bloom. Stalk short and thick, inserted in a broad, open cavity. Calyx closed, set in a small, round basin. Flesh white, rather coarse, tender, juicy, subacid. Good to very good. An excellent culinar\r and table variety. August, Sep- tember. Summer Harvey. Origin unknown. Tree thrifty, spreading, very productive, an early And abundant bearer. Fruit large, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, sometimes nettings of russet and red cheek in the sun, thickly sprinkled with light and green do's. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. August. Summer Janet. Fruit medium, round truncated, regular. Surface smooth, pale yellow, mixed red, striped darker red. Dots scattered, gray. Flesh yellow, tender, fine-grained, subacid, aromatic. Good. September. (War- der.) Summer Limbertwig. A Southern fruit from Greensboro', N. C. Fruit medium, flat, regular, pale yellow, mixed pink, striped dark red. 368 THE APPLE. Flesh white, tender, fine-grained, juicy, September. (Warder.) subacid, aromatic. A\igust, Summer Marigold. An old English Apple. Tree a good grower and great bearer. Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, striped with two shades of red. Flesh breaking, juicy, pleasant subacid. August. Sour Bough. Walworth. Haverstraw Pippin. Paper Apple. Summer Pippin. Calkin's Pippin. Tart Bough. Champlain. Large Golden Pippin. Underdunk. Nyack Pippin. Geneva Pearmain. Origin unknown. An old fruit, much cultivated in Rockland and Westchester Counties, N. Y. ; a valuable market fruit. Tree vigorous, forming a beautiful round head, a regular and good bearer. Young shoots dull reddish grayish brown, slightly downy. Summer Pippin. Fruit medium to large, variable in form, generally roundish oblong, inclining to conic, pale waxen yellow, shaded with a delicate crimson blush, and sprinkled with green and grayish dots. Stalk varies in length and thickness, inserted in a deep, abrupt cavity. Calyx closed, set in a deep, abrupt, corrugated basin. Flesh white, tender, moderate- ly juicy, pleasant, refreshing, subacid, valuable for culinary uses, and THE APPLE. 369 profitable for market. Ripens the middle of August, and continues a month or more. There is another Summer Pippin which we have received from Iowa. Tree very vigorous, productive. The fruit is medium, oblate, inclining to conic, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and striped with crimson in the sun, large light dots. Stalk rather long. Calyx closed. Flesh white, pleasant subacid. August, September. Summer Pound Royal. Pound Royale. Pound Royal of the Putnam List. Summer R. I. Greening. Orange. An old variety, the origin of which has not been traced. It is now pretty widely disseminated in some parts of Michigan, Ohio, and in the South and West. Tree a strong, vigorous, upright spreading grower, hardy and productive. Young shoots very dark brown. Summer Pound PoyaL Fruit large, roundish conical, sometimes roundish oblate conical greenish white, and moderately sprinkled with green and Light dote Stalk rather short. Cavity large, deep, slightly russeted. Calyx closed. Segments medium, erect. Basin abrupt, rather deep. Flesh white fine-grained, tender, juicy, mild, sprightly subacid. Good to very good! Core small. August, September. A profitable orchard and market variety. 24 370 the apple. Summer Queen. Sharpe'a Early. Lancaster Queen. Polecat. This variety forms a large tree with somewhat pendent boughs, and is a profitable sort for orchards and marketing over a large territory. Summer Queen. The fruit is large and broad at the crown, tapering towards the eye. The stalk is rather long, and is planted in a pretty deep cavity, some- times partially closed. Calyx but little sunk, in a narrow plaited basin. Skin fine deep yellow in its ground, though well striped and clouded with red. Flesh aromatic, yellow, rich, and of good flavor. August and September. Summer Rambo. Rambour Franc. Rambour Gros. Frank Ramboui. Summer Rambour. Rambour d'Ete. This is an old French Apple which was pretty freely distributed many years since, and the old trees of which everywhere prove hardy and profitable for early marketing. Tree vigorous, spreading, open round head. Fruit a little above medium size, flat, generally evenly formed, but occasionally a little irregular, pale greenish yellow, stained and streaked with red on the sunny side. Flesh rather soft, sprightly subacid Good. Ripens early in September. the apple. 371 Summer Red Calville. Calville Rouge d'£te. Calville d'fite. Madeleine. Rother Sommercalville. An old French Apple of medium size, roundish conical, ribbed, yel- lowish white, streaked and stained with red, becoming very bright in the sun. Flesh white, soft, tender, tinged with red, mild subacid. Good. July, August. Summer Red Streak. Origin, Columbia Co., N. Y. Tree moderately vigorous, produo tive. Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and striped with rich red. Stalk small. Calyx closed. Flesh white, Bometimes a little stained next the skin, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. Valued for cooking. September. Summer Reinette. Weisse Wack's Reinette. Weisse Sommer Reinette. Reinette d'£te Blanche. A beautiful German Apple. Fruit very large, roundish oblate. Skin oily. Color clear yellow, faintly washed with clear bright red. Calyx half open. Stalk very short. Cavity russeted. Flesh white, fine, juicy, vinous, sweet, aromatic. September, October. (Diel.) Summer Rose. Woohnan'8 Harvest. Lippincott's Early. A very pretty and very excellent Apple, highly esteemed as a de»- •ert fruit. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. Bummer Row. Fruit scarcely of medium size, roundish, smooth, rich waxon yel- iow, streaked and blotched with a little red on the sunny side. Stalk 172 THE APPLE. rather short and slender. Calyx closed, set in an even basin. Flesh tender, abounding with sprightly juice. Very good or best. Ripens early in August. Summer Sweet. An old Connecticut Apple. Tree vigorous, very spreading, and pro- ductive. Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, yellowish, netted with rus- set. Stalk short and small. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, crisp, tender, moderately juicy, rich, sweet. Excellent for baking. Core small. September. Summer Sweet Paradise. Originated in Pennsylvania. Tree very vigorous, spreading, produc- tive. Fruit quite large, round and regular in its form, a little flattened at both ends. Skin rather thick, pale green, sometimes faintly tinged with yellow in the sun, and very distinctly marked with numerous large dai-k gray dots. Stalk strong, and set in an even, moderately deep hollow. Flesh tender, crisp, very juicy, sweet, rich, aromatic. Good to very good. Ripe in August and September. Summer Thorle. Thorie. Thoral Pippin. Whorle Pippin. Watson's New Nonsuch. A favorite Scotch Apple. Tree a free grower, rather pendent, very productive, bearing in clusters. Fruit small, oblate, rich yellow, with mottled stripes of rich red. Stalk short. Calyx half open. Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp, juicy, brisk subacid. August, September. (Ron.) Summer White Calville. Calville Blanche d'Kt.''. White Calville. Calville Blanc. Wahrer Weiser Sommercalville. An old variety. Tree a strong grower and productive. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, with prominent ribs, pale straw color, with traces of delicate russet in the sun. Flesh white, tender, delicate, sweet, and pleasant. August, September. (Hogg.) Superb. Origin, Franklin Co., N. C. Tree tolerably vigorous, spreading, and a prodigious bearer. Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, regular. Skin green, rarely with a blush. Stalk of medium length, in a shallow cavity. Calyx large and open. Flesh yellow, solid, slightly coarse-grained, rich, sub- acid. Good to very good. November to March. Superb Sweet. Raised by Jacob Deane, Mansfield, Mass. Tree vigorous, produo tive. THE APPLE. 373 Fruit rather large, roundish, inclining to conic, pale yellow, shaded, splashed and mottled with red. Stalk long, inserted in a deep cav- ity. Calyx large, open. Basin broad. Flesh white, very tender, juicy, sweet, rich. Core large. Good to very good. September, Octo- ber. Surprise. A small, round, whitish yellow Apple, of little or no value, but admired by some for its singularity, the flesh being stained with red. November to January. Surrey Flat Cap. Hogg describes- this as a very excellent dessert Apple. Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, pale bluish green, rough veiny russet, and deep red next the sun. Flesh yellow, firm, rich, and sugary. October, January. Susannah. Large, oblong oval, greenish yellow. Flesh crisp, rich, aromatic. November to April. (Sumner MS.) Susan's Spice. Originated in Franklin Co., Pa. Tree moderately vigorous, upright. Fruit medium, compressed, glossy light crimson, deeper in the sun, with fawn-colored dots. Stalk short. Flesh yellowish white, stained occasionally with red, juicy, pleasant, aromatic. October. (Gar. Moo.) Sutton Beauty. Beauty. Origin, Sutton, Mass. Tree upright, thrifty, and very productive. Fruit medium or above, -oundish oblate conic, waxen yellow, shad- ed, mottled, and obscurely striped with fine crimson, and thinly sprin- kled with whitish dots. Stem rather short, inserted in a medium cavity, slightly surrounded by greenish russet. Calyx partially closed, set in a moderate, uneven basin. Flesh whitish, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid. Very good. November, February. Swaar. Hardwick. This is a truly noble American fruit, produced by the Dutch set- tlers on the Hudson, near Esopus, and so termed from its unusual weight, this word, in the Low Dutch, meaning heavy. It requires a deep, rich, sandy loam to bring it to perfection, and, in its native soils, we have seen it twelve inches in circumference, and of a deep golden yellow color. It is one of the finest flavored apples in America, and deserves exten- sive cultivation in all favorable positions, though it does not succeed well in damp or cold soils. Fruit large, regularly formed, roundish or roundish oblate. Skin greenish yellow when first gathered, but when entirely ripe ot a nne, 574 THE APPLE. dead gold color, dotted w^ith numerous distinct brown specks, and some- times faintly marbled with gray russet on tbe side and round the stalk Stalk slender, three-fourths of an inch long, inserted in a very round cav ity. [Sometimes this cavity is partially closed.] Calyx small, greenish, Swaar. set in a shallow basin, scarcely plaited. Flesh yellowish, fine-grained* tender, with an exceedingly rich aromatic flavor and a spicy smell Very good to best. Core small. The trees bear fair crops, and the fruit is in season from December to March. Swasey. Supposed origin, Ohio. Tree hardy, but a poor grower. Fruit small, oblate, yellow, with a red cheek in the sun. Flesh whitish, crisp, tender, subacid. Good. Core small. December, Janu- ary. Sweeney Nonpareil. An English Apple. Tree a good grower and bearer. Fruit above medium, roundish conical, greenish, with patches of russet and brilliant red cheek in sun. Flesh firm, crisp, juicy, acid. Janu- ary to April. Cooking. Sweet and Sour. Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. Fruit large, oblate, ribbed, the ribs being green, and the intervening hollows light yellow ; the ribs bearing the flavor of the fruit, which is acid, the intervening hollows being almost flavorless, but sweetish ; thi* portion not having its juice well elaborated. December, February. the apple. 375 Sweet Baldwin. Origin unknown. Tree very vigorous, upright spreading, productive. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and striped with light and dark red, thin bloom, light dots. Flesh yellow- ish, moderately juicy, mild, sweet. Good. October. Sweet Belle Bonne. Belle et Bonne. A very old Apple. Origin unknown. Tree a spreading, moderately upright grower, and an annual bearer. Young shoots reddish brown, somewhat grayish, slightly downy. Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate conic, yellow, with nettings and patches of russet, few large brown dots. Calyx small, closed. Flesh yellow, moderately juicy, rich, sweet. Good. October, December. Sweet Bellflower. Sweet Butter ? Butter of some. Of unknown origin. Tree vigorous, spreading. Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, slightly ribbed, greenish yel low, with a few brown dots, slight blush in the sun. Stalk rather long, slender. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish white, tender, aromatic, sweet. Good. October, November. Sweet Bellflower of Wyandot County. The origin of this Apple is unknown, but as Elliott has first described it as of Wyandot County, we follow him until its history is disclosed. The variety is a profitable market sort. Tree a good grower, some- what drooping in fruit. Young wood reddish brown. Fruit rather large, roundish oblong conic, rough greenish yellow netted and patched with russet. Stalk rather short. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, moderately juicy, half tender, sweet. Good. October, November. Sweet Doctor. From Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and striped with light and dark red. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, rich, sweet. Good. Core small. October. Sweet Fall Pippin. Grown in "Westchester Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit large, oblate, greenish yellow, slightly sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk short, in a large cavity. Calyx closed, in a very shallow basin. Flesh juicy, sweet, and rich. Good. October, November. sweet Greening. Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. Fruit large, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with dull bronzed red 576 THE APPLE. in the sun, many irregular scattered rough dots and marblings of russet Stalk medium. Cavity broad, acute, regular. Calyx in a broad, deep, slightly furrowed basin. Flesh white, loose-grained, mild, sweet, lather dry. Good. Core small. December to February. Sweet Janet. Origin, Indiana. Tree healthy, vigorous, spreading, annually pro- ductive. Fruit large, round, somewhat conical, covered with rich red or crim- son, mixed and striped. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Flesh yel- low, breaking, not juicy, sweet. Good. December, January. Fine for baking, and the tree claimed to bloom late in season and thus escape frosts. (O. P. S.) Sweet King. Origin, Oyster Bay, Long Island. Tree a stout, erect grower, an early and abundant bearer. Young wood reddish brown, slightly gray- ish. Fruit medium, roundish conic, yellowish, shaded, striped, and splash- ed with red, few light gray dots. Stalk varying. Calyx large, open. Flesh white, tender, juicy, sweet. Good to very good. October to March. Sweet Mary. Originated with J. W. Dodge, Pomona, Tenn. Tree a vigorous, upright grower, and a great bearer. Young shoots dull grayish brown. Fruit above medium, roundish conical, whitish yellow, very smooth, sprinkled with a few light brown dots. Stalk very short. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, sweet. August, Septem- ber. Sweet Pear. Origin unknown. Tree a vigorous, upright grower, very hardy and productive. Fruit medium, roundish conical, pale yellow, with dull blush red in the sun. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, sweet, aromatic. Very good. September, October. Sweet Pearmain. An old variety, of unknown origin. Tree a strong, upright grower, and good bearer. Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conic. Stalk short. Cavity broad, deep. Calyx small, closed. Basin shallow. Flesh whitish, juicy, ten- der, brisk, rich, sweet, aromatic. Very good. January to April. Sweet Pippin. An old variety. Tree productive. Fruit medium, roundish oblate or oblate, yellowish, with red in the Bun. Stalk short. Flesh firm, moderately juicy, sweet. Good. Novem- ber, Decern oer the apple. 377 Sweet Queen. Dale's Sweet Fall Queen. Origin, Pennsylvania. Tree a fair grower, and productive. Fruit large, elongated conic, ribbed at apex, whitish, shaded, striped, and splashed with shades of red. Flesh white, tender, pleasant, sweet. Scarcely good. November. Sweet Rambo. Origin, supposed Pennsylvania. Tree stout, upright, vigorous, not an early bearer. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, mostly shaded with red, and thickly covered with large gray dots, a little elevated above the surface. Stalk slender, insei-ted in a deep cavity, surrounded by russet. Calyx closed, set in an open basin. Flesh whitish, juicy, pleasant sweet. Core small and close. Good to very good. October to December. Sweet Ribbed Gilliflower. An old Connecticut variety. Fruit large> roundish elongated conic, ribbed, mostly covered with bght red, striped and splashed with dark. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, rather compact, moderately juicy, half tender, sweet- Good. Core large. November, December. Sweet Romanite. Red Winter Sweet ? Sweet Nonsuch. Origin unknown. Tree a strong, upright grower, hardy, moderate bearer. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped with red, light dots. Stalk short, slender. Calyx closed. Segments erect, slightly recurved. Basin corrugated. Flesh yellowish white, compact, tender, juicy, rich, sweet. Good to very good. Core small. November to March. Sweet Russet. Summer Russet. Received from Parsons & Co., Flushing, Long Island. Origin unknown. A nice Little Apple. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. Young wood reddish olive. Fruit small, roundish, inclining to conic, sometimes oblate, yellow, nostly covered with light russet, and sprinkled with brown russet dots, tinge of red in the sun. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, crisp, very tender, juicy, rich, sweet, aromatic. Very good. Sep- tember. Another Sweet Russet is grown in Massachusetts, New York, and elsewheie. The tree an upright, spreading grower, productive. Good for cooking. Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, mostly covered with nettings and patches of russet. Flesh whitish, half tender, rich, sweet. Good November, March. Another Sweet Russet of Kentucky, is described by Warder as* 378 THE APPLR. Fruit small, conical, truncated, rough, dark russet. Dots minute, ■white, prominent. Flesh yellowish white, . fine-grained, not tender, sweet. Scarcely good. December, February. Sweet Seek-no-Farther. Origin, Hanover, N. H. Tree a good grower, an early and abun- dant bearer. Fruit above medium, roundish conical, yellowish green, with a red cheek next the sun. Flesh firm, juicy, sweet. Good. A long keeper. Sweet Sponge. Origin unknown. Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish white. Flesh white, tender, sweet. July. (Warder.) Sweet Willie. Origin, Todd Co., Ky. Tree a good grower, and productive. Fruit large, greenish, mostly covered with stripes of red. Flesh fine- grained, tender, juicy, rich, sweet. Good to very good. November, December. Sweet Winesap. Henrick Sweet ? Henry Sweet. Ladies Sweet, of some. Sweet Pearraain, of some. Red Sweet Winesap. From Pennsylvania. Tree of moderate, upright growth, productive, Fruit medium, oblate, slightly approaching conic. Color red, splashed with deep criuison. Stalk long and slender, inserted in a deep cavity, surrounded, with russet. Calyx partially open, set in a rather deep, open basin. Flesh tender, juicy, very sweet, rich. Good to very good. November to March. Sweet Vandervere. Sweet Redstreak. Sweet Harvey. Origin unkuown. Tree of crooked growth, a profuse bearer. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded and striped witk dull red. Stalk short, rather slender, inserted in a large, irregular cavity. Calyx partially closed, set in a broad, open basin. Flesh tender, juicy, mild, sweet, aromatic. Good. November, March. Sweet Winter Pennock. From Ohio, supposed origin Belmont Co. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, rather slender, a moderate bearer. Fniit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, shaded and striped with red. Flesh whitish, moderately juicy, mild sweet. Poor. December January. Swiss Reinette. Reinette Suisse. Of foreign origin. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading. Fruit medium or above, oblate, inclining to conic, fine yellow, moder< the apple. 379 ately sprinkled with gray and rather indistinct light dots. Stalk short. Cavity large, slightly russeted. Calyx closed. Basin abrupt, deep, slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, crisp, rather tender, juicy, pleasant subacid Very good. December, February. Syke-House Russet. A Yorkshire Apple. Tree spreading, productive. Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish, mostly covered with light brown russet. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, sprightly, juicy, subacid. Novem- ber, February. (Hon.) Sylvester. Originated on the farm of Dr. E. W. Sylvester, Lyons, N. Y. Tree vigorous, forming a beautiful open, round, spreading head, a profuse bearer. Young shoots dark reddish brown, slightly grayish or downy. Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, regular, waxen white, beauti- fully shaded on the sunny side with bright crimson, thinly sprinkled with minute light and brown dots. Stalk small, short. Cavity regular. Calyx closed. Basin rather shallow. Flesh very white, tender, crisp, juicy, brisk subacid. Very good. September, October. Excellent for cooking and drying. Table Greening. Origin, Cornish, Me. Tree vigorous, upright spreading, productive. Fruit medium, roundish, dull green. Flesh juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. Good. December to March. Talman's Sweet. Talman's Sweet. Tolman'i Sweeting. Tallman's Sweeting. Brown'B Golden Sweet. A native of Rhode Island. In quality the fruit is scarcely second rate as a table sort, but it is a very popular and profitable orchard sort, 380 THE APPLE. from the hardihood of the trees, their great productiveness, and its value for stock feeding and various culinary uses. Tree an upright spreading grower, vigorous. Form nearly globular. When fully ripe, whitish yellow, with a soft blush on one side, and generally a line running from stem to calyx. Stalk rather long and slender, inclining to one side, and inserted in a rather wide, shallow, but regular cavity. Calyx set in a small basin, slightly depressed. Flesh quite white, rather firm, fine-grained, with a rich sweet flavor. November to April. Tardive de Joncret. Originated in Belgium. Tree vigorous, very productive. Fruit medium to large, roundish conical truncated, ribbed, golden yellow, with bright red on the sun side. Dots and splashes of gray. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Basin deep. Flesh white, tender, sweet subacid. December, February. (An. Pom.) Tart Bough. Sour Bough of some. An old variety, originally disseminated, so far as we can learn, by Judge Buel, of Albany, N. Y. It much resembles Early Harvest in the fruit, but the trees are more rapid in growth, and it ripens much later, is more acid, and not considered profitable. There is another Tart Bough, the fruit of which is small, roundish conical, whitish, thickly sprinkled with dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx closed, with long segments. Basin shallow. Flesh white, firm- grained, tender, juicy, sprightly, pleasant subacid. Good. Core small, August. Tarvey Codlin. Raised from seed of the Manks Codlin. Fruit large, conical, dull olive green, with yellow and yellowish red, much spotted with broken rows of blood-red dot, next the sun. Flesh white, juicy. A good culinary apple. November, December. (Hogg.) Taunton. Origin unknown. Some claim it for Alabama, others Georgia. The tree is a vigorous but straggling grower, very productive. Young shoots reddish brown, slightly downy. Fruit rather lai'ge, oblate conic, greenish yellow, striped and splash- ed with red, darkest on sun side, large light dots. Stalk slender. Cavity deep, russeted. Calyx closed. Segments long, slender. Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, aromatic, acid. Good. Sep- tember, October. Taunton Golden Pippin. Tree hardv and productive. Fruit belo w medium, roundish, rich yellow, markings and freckles of russet in shade, clouded red, and streaked in sun. Flesh yellow, firm, crisp, delicate, brisk, vinous. December to March. (Hogg.) THE APPLE. 381 Tenderskin. Of Southern origin. Tree very vigorous, 1 ealtty, and productive, Young wood reddish brown, downy, veiy short-jointed, with prominent buds. Fruit below medium, roundish conical, yellow, striped and splashed somewhat with red, some bloom. Stalk long. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, tender, very juicy, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. November to January. Ten Shillings. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, covered with pale brown russet orange streaked with red in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, tender, sweet acid. November. (Hogg.) Tenterden Park. Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish green, mostly covered with deep red, striped with a still deeper shade in the sun. Flesh greenish white, tender, crisp, brisk, juicy, not rich. October, February. (Hogg.) Terral's Late. A Southern Apple of unknown origin. Tree very productive. Fruit large, oblong oblique, whitish, shaded with light red, striped and splashed with dark red, thickly sprinkled with light brown dots. Stalk very short. Cavity narrow, deep, partially russeted. Calyx small, closed. Segments small, erect. Basin abrupt, deep. Flesh white, ten- der, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. October, November. The Tetofsky is a Russian Summer Apple, which proves profitable for market growing. The tree is an upright spreading grower, forming 382 THE APPLE. an open head, conies early into bearing, and produces annually. Very hardy. Young shoots yellowish reddish brown, leaves very large. Fruit of medium size, oblate conic, sometimes nearly round, smooth, with a yellow ground handsomely striped with red, and, like most apples of that country, covered with a whitish bloom, under which is a shining skin. The flesh is white and juicy, sprightly acid, fragrant, and agreeable. Good. August. Succeeds at the North. Teuchat's Egg. Chucket Egg. Summer Teuchat Egg. Fruit below medium, varying in shape from ovate to conical, irreg- ularly ribbed, pale yellow, washed and streaked with red. Flesh ten- der, juicy, pleasant. September. (Hogg.) Tewkesbury Winter Blush. Tewkesbury Blush. Coxe says this Apple was brought from Tewkesbury, Hunterdon Co., N.J. It is a handsome, fair fruit, with more flavor and juiciness than is usual in long-keeping apples. They may be kept till August, without Tewkesbury Winter Bbish. particular care, quite plump and sound. The tree grows rapid y and straight, and the fruit hangs till late in the autumn. Young shoots grayish reddish brown. The size is small, rather flat. The skin smooth, yellow, with a red cheek. Flesh yellow, with more juice and flavor than any other long- keeping variety. Mild, pleasant subacid. January to July. Them's Red Streak. Fruit medium, roundish, pale green, with red stripes. Flesh acid Winter. (Hov. Mag.} THE APPLK. 383 Thomas. An old unknown variety, carried many years since from Maryland to Illinois, where it has received the name of Thomas. The tree is very hardy, moderately vigorous, forming a handsome-shaped top, annually productive. Fruit large, roundish conical truncated, greenish, becoming yellow when fully matured. Skin thin. Flesh soft, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. December to February. (N. Lyon : MS.) Tift's Sweet. Origin, New England. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. Fruit medium, oblate, green, netted with russet, sometimes with a dull brown cheek. Flesh yellowish, exceedingly sweet and lich. A regular, but not profuse bearer. Unprofitable. September, October. Tillaqua. Big Fruit. Origin, North Carolina. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. Fruit above medium, roundish oblate or oblate, yellowish ground, neaily covered, shaded, splashed, and striped with red, moderately sprinkled with large light dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, moderately juicy, brisk subacid. Good to very good. Novem- ber to March. Tinmouth. Teignmouth. Vermont Pippin. Origin, Tinmouth, Vt. This fine Apple is much esteemed in the region of its origin. The tree is a good grower, very productive, and a profitable sort. Young shoots dull brownish red, slightly downy. Fruit above medium, oblate, whitish yellow, considerably shaded with carmine, and sprinkled with a few brown dots. Stalk short, in- serted in a deep cavity. Calyx partially closed, set in a deep open ba Bin. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, pleasant, mild subacid, with a pecu- liar melon-like aroma. Good to very good. November to February. Titus Pippin. Well Apple. Hang- On. Timothy. Timothy Titus Sort. Origin, near Hempstead, Long Island. Tree an upright, thrifty grower, productive, and profitable for market. Fruit large, roundish oblong conic, somewhat ribbed, pale yellow, rarely with a blush. Stalk rather slender. Calyx open. Flesh whit- ish yellow, a little coarse, breaking, juicy, tender, brisk subacid. Good Core large and open. December to February. Toccoa. Muskmelon. Originated in Habersham Co., Ga. Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, with a light shade of crim- 384 THE APPLE. son in the sun, few gray dots. Stalk slender. Calyx closed Basin small, corrugated. Flesh yellowish, tender, mild subacid. Good. August, September. Toker's Incomparable. An English culinary sort. Fruit large, roundish oblate, ribbed or five-sided, yellowish green, with traces and streaks of red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, tender, juicy, brisk, pleasant acid. November, December. (Hogg.) Tolbert. From Pennsylvania. Fruit medium, roundish, deep red, with indistinct stripes, and light dots. Stalk short and small. Cavity narrow, a little russeted. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, moderately juicy and tender, mild subacid Good. Core small. September. Tom Potter. A Devonshire, England, Apple, described by Ronalds. Tree healthy, but uncertain bearer. Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical, yellow, shaded and striped with red in the sun. Flesh j uicy, high-flavored. September, October Toole's Indian Rareripe. Origin unknown. Tree stout, upright, short-jointed, forming a dense round head, moderately productive. Young shoots smooth clear reddish. Fruit large, roundish slightly conic, greenish yellow, with a tinge of red in the sun. Stalk very short. Calyx small, closed. Basin medium, uneven. Flesh greenish white, tender, brisk subacid, valuable for cook- ing. Core large. September, October. Tower of Glammis. Glammis Castle. Late Carse of Gowrie. Carse of Gowrie. A fine culinary Apple from the Clydesdale orchards, Scotland. Tree an excellent bearer. Fruit large, roundish conical, sides sometimes unequal, pale yellow, shaded with crimson in the sun. Stalk rather slender. Calyx large, open. Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh white, tender, juicy, sharp sub- acid. Good. December, January. Tower's Glory. A cooking Apple, described by Hogg as of medium size, roundish, with obtuse angles, yellow, covered in sun with red, and streaked with darker shades. Stalk very short. Calyx large, open. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, brisk, acid. October to April. Townsend. Hocking. Heager. Originated in Bucks Co., Pa., found over one hundred years ago, in THE APPLE. 386 an Indian clearing by Stephen Townsend, when he first settled in that then wild country. Tree healthy, vigorous, upright spreading, produc- tive. Young wood reddish brown, slightly downy. Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, pale yellow, striped and splashed with red, and covered with a thin bloom. Stalk rather long, slender, inserted in a medium cavity. Calyx closed, set in a basin of moderate depth. Flesh white, tender, very mild, agreeable, subacid. Good to very good. Ripe middle of August to middle of September. Townsend's Smiling Beauty. An excellent kitchen Apple. Fruit large, roundish oblate, ribbed, yellow, with a brownish red cheek. Calyx closed. Flesh tender, fine-grained, juicy, agreeable acid, October to April. (Hogg.) Trader's Fancy. Originated in the nurseries of Solomon Phillips, Washington Co., Pa, Tree a vigorous grower, a good and regular bearer, and popular where known ; valued as a late keeper and market fruit at the South- west. Young wood dull reddish brown. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, stiiped and shaded with dull red, covered with a bloom. Stalk short, slender. Calyx closed. Basin broad and corrugated. Flesh whitish, cx*isp, tender, juicy, with a mild, pleasant, subacid flavor. Good to very good. January to May. Transparent Codlin. Lindley describes this as a handsome Apple, forming a spreading tree, and an excellent bearer. Fruit medium, roundish oblong conic, lemon yellow, tinged with Balmon or red in the sun. Flesh tender, semi-transparent, juicy, sweet. September, November. Transparent de Zurich. Fruit small or medium, beautiful waxen white, clear, translucent. September. (Elliott.) Transport. Origin, Indiana. Tree poor in the nursery, good in the orchard, rery productive. Fruit large, globular, flattened, angular, pale yellow, blushed car- mine. Dots scattered, green, with white bases ; purple where exposed, bloom white. Flesh yellowish white, tender, melting, fine-grained, juicy, mild subacid. Good to very good. December to February. Not very profitable. (Warder.) Trenton Early ? A variety somewhat grown in Ohio and the West, the origin or identi 25 386 THE APPLE. ty of which has not yet been discovered. The tree is a moderately vigor ous grower, hardy, and quite productive. Young wood reddish brown. Fruit above medium, irregular, ribbed. Color yellowish, with slight undulations over the surface, which are green. Skin smooth and oily, Cavity wide. Basin furrowed. Flesh not very fine-grained, very light and tender, with a pleasant, subacid flavor. Good. August. Trescott Russet. Originated in Sharon, Conn. Tree a strong grower, good bearer ; and the fruit keeps well, but inclines to shrivel. Fruit roundish conic oblique, yellow russet, with a dull red cheek. Stalk short, thick. Calyx closed. Flesh tough, mild subacid, vinous, almost sweet. Good. February, April. Trumbull Sweet. Fenton Sweeting. Trumbull Sweeting. Originated in the orchard of Aaron Fenton, Trumbull Co., Ohio. Tree a healthy, spreading, vigorous grower, an early and good bearer. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, whitish yellow, with a blush in the sun, and a few brown and indistinct green or gray dots. Stalk rather short and slender. Cavity broad, uneven. Calyx closed. Flesh white, juicy, tender, mild, sweet. Very good. Core rather large. Sep tern ber, October. Trumpeter. Treadle-Hole. An Apple esteemed in the orchards of Lancaster, England. Fruit large, oblong, ribbed, pale green, with a tinge of yellow in the ■sun. Flesh greenish white, crisp, juicy, sweet subacid. October, De- cember. Tucker. A cooking Apple, described by Cole as medium, flattish round, green- ish yellow, crisp, juicy, acid. July, August. Tuebner's Cider. Origin, Missouri. Valued only for cider. Fruit below medium, roundish truncated, dull yellowish red. Flesh vellow, acid. October. Tuebner's Golden. Originated in Missouri. Fruit small, roundish, yellow. Flesh acid. Valued only for ite productiveness. Sejiteinber. Tuft's. tTift's Baldwin. Originated in Cambridge, Mass. The tree is vigorous, forming a handsome head, and bearing annually. Young wood dark brown. THE ArPLE. 387 Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellowish, much shaded and sometimes striped with red. Stalk in a large cavity. Calyx closed, in a plaited basin of moderate depth. Flesh crisp, rather juicy, with a flavor scarceh subacid, and slightly aromatic. Good. September, October. Tulip. Tulp. Tulpen. Dutch Tulip. Calville Tulipee. Tulipen Carville. A Dutch Apple. Fruit medium or below, roundish, yellow, nearly overspread with deep, almost purplish red. Stalk slender. Calyx open. Flesh yellow ish white, juicy, tender, sweet subacid. Good. November, J«uiuary. Turkey Greening. From Connecticut. Tree vigorous, very productive. Fruit fair and very productive, large, oblate, slightly conic. Skir green, with a dull blush and many light dots. Flesh greenish, tender, juicy, subacid, not valuable. January, February. Turk's Cap. A cooking Apple, described by Hogg as : Fruit large, roundish oblate, ribbed, golden yellow, some russet and a brownish tinge of red in the sun. Calyx large, open. Stalk long. Flesh yellow, firm, crisp, juicy, pleasant subacid. November, Decem- ber. Turn off Lane. Winter Strawberry. Origin, Salem, N. J. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, a regular and good bearer. Fruit medium or below, oblate, inclining to conic, yellow, striped and shaded with red. Flesh white, tender, brisk, sprightly subacid. Good, Prized in the neighborhood of its origin as a late keeper. Tuscaloosa. Tuscaloosa Seedling. A variety originated by Andrew Clements, of Tuscaloosa Co., Ala. A new seedling of good promise as a market sort for the South. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading, productive. Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, slightly conic, yellow, shaded, striped, and marbled with red russet near the stalk, few gray dots. Stalk slender. Cavity slightly russeted. Calyx closed. Basin corrugated. Flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, mild subacid. Good to very good. Core small. October to February Tuscaloosa Sweet. Supposed a native of Kentucky. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, spreading. Fruit large to very huge, oblate, Blightly ribbed, yellowish green, becoming deep yellow in the sun, small white suffused specks surrounded with crimson red. Stalk medium. Cavity broad and russeted. Calyx 388 THE APPLE. email, closed. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, tender, brisk, sparkling, sweet. Core medium, compact. Very good. October, December. Tuttle. Origin unknown. A strong, vigorous, upright, spreading grower. Fruit above medium, roundish; slightly conic, yellow, mostly shaded and splashed with dark and Light red, few whitish dots. Stalk very short and stout. Cavity small, russeted. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, rather firm, tender, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Good to very good. December, February. Twenty Ounce. Morgan's Favorite. Coleman. Twenty Ounce Apple. Cayuga Red Streak. Eighteen Ounce Apple. Lima. Aurora. Wine of Connecticut. A very large and showy Apple, well known in Cayuga Co., N. Y., but an old fruit from Connecticut. It is a good, sprightly fruit, though not eery high flavored, but its remarkably handsome appearance and large size render it one of the most popular fruits in market. The tree is thrifty, and makes a compact, neat head, bears regular crops, and the fruit is always fail' and handsome. Young wood rich brownish red. Fruit very large, roundish, slightly uneven, greenish yellow, boldly splashed and marbled with stripes of purplish red. Stalk short, set in a wide, deep cavity. Calyx small. Basin moderately deep. Flesh coarse-grained, sprightly, brisk subacid. Good to very good. October to January. Twin. A variety introduced and disseminated in Michigan by a nursery- man, who, having lost its true name, applied the above, because of its bearing its fruit in parrs. It has not yet been identified, but will pro- bably prove some old variety. Fruit above medium, oblate, yellowish white, nearly covered with bright red, shaded and striped with dark red, usually a patch of russet next the stalk. Flesh fine-grained, crisp, juicy, with occasional pink Lines or threads through it, aromatic. October, November. Core small, close. (T. T. Lyon, MS.) Twitchell's Sweet. Origin, Dublin, N. H. ; a vigorous grower, with slender branches, and very productive. Fruit medium, roundish conic, red, shaded with purple, and partially sprinkled with small gray dots. Stalk long and slender, inserted in a deep cavity. Calyx small and closed, set in an abrupt, plaited basin. Flesh very white, veined with red under the skin, and sometimes at the core, tender, very sweet and pleasant. Good. November, D«- ceniber. Tyre Beauty. A new variety, originated on the farm of Jason Smith, Tyre, Seneca THE APPLE. 389 Co., N. Y. Tree a good grower, productive of fruit uniformly even in size, and valuable as a market sort. Fruit medium size, roundish oblate, pale yellow, with broken lines and splashes of deep crimson, shaded and marbled intermediate, mouldy bloom, light gray dots. Stalk short. Cavity deep. Calyx with almost erect segments. Basin deep. Flesh white, crisp, tender, breaking, slightly acid, pleasant. Good. Core small. Seeds broad, pointed. Season, early Sep+*unber. (Rural New Yorker.) 4 Tyroler Pippin. Reinette der TyroL A Swiss Apple. Fruit small to medium, roundish, yellow, with dull red, broken stripes in the sun. Flesh white, veined with green, firm, sugary. Win- ter. (Verg.) Uncle John. Origin, Eastern Pennsylvania. Tree a strong, upright grower, pro- ductive. Fruit medium, oblate oblique, whitish, shaded with light, and splashed and striped with dark red or lake, thickly sprinkled with large light dots. Stalk short and small. Calyx closed. Flesh quite white, tender, juicy, mild subacid. Good to very good. Core small. Novem- ber, December. Unique. A French Apple. Fruit medium, oblong conic, ribbed, pale yellow, lightly shaded in the sun with red, and thickly sprinkled with small gray and light dots. Stalk short. Cavity medium. Calyx small, closed. Segments short to a point. Basin small, abrupt. Flesh white, firm, moderately juicy, subacid. Good. Core small. November, December. Union. Originated in the County of Way, la. Tree a good bearer. Fruit medium, roundish oblong conical, yellow, with pale red stripes. January. (Lewis Jones' MS.) Updegraff. From Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, spreading. Fruit medium, oblate or roundish oblate, inclining to conic, pale yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped with light and dark red, darkest in Bun, few areole dots. Stalk slender, Calyx large, open, or partially closed. Basin corrugated. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleassnt sub- acid. Core small. Good. November. Utter. A popxilar Apple in Wisconsin and some other Western section* Tree a regular bearer, and l*rdv 390 THE APPLE. Fruit medium to large, oblate, lemon yellow ground, mottled, shaded, and striped with light red, small russet dots. Stalk short and slender. Calyx small, closed. Basin open, furrowed. Flesh white, tender, juicy mild, pleasant subacid. Good. November, December. Vale Mascal Pearmain. Fruit below medium, roundish, greenish yellow, with bright red in the sun, and many spots of russet. Flesh yellow, crisp, sugary. (Hogg.) Van Buren. A Southern variety. Fruit medium to large, globular, a little conical, yellow, shaded with dark red, specks and patches of russet. Stalk short, fleshy. Cavity narrow. Calyx small, closed. Basin shallow. Flesh yellow, juicy, tender. Good keeper. October to April. (White.) Vance's Harvest. Vance's Early. Origin, Edgar Co., 111. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit small, oblate, inclining to oonic, yellow, shaded with orange red in the sun, few gray and light dots. Cavity russeted. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. August, Core small. Vandenabeele. Originated in Flanders. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit large, oblong conical truncated, ribbed at apex, golden yellow, splashed and marbled with red in the sun, many gray dots and shades. Stalk short. Cavity deep. Calyx large, open. Flesh yellowish white, half tender, agreeable subacid. December to February. (An. Pom.) Vandernoot. One of Van Mons' seedlings. Fruit lai-ge, roundish conical, clear yellow, splashed and clouded with deep rich red in the sun, greenish moidd toward the apex. Stalk long. Cavity deep. Calyx open. Basin furrowed. Flesh white, tonderj juicy, subacid. November, December. (Alb. Poai.) Vanderspiegel. Seek -no-Further of some. Origin, Bennington, Vt. Tree a good grower, and productive. Fruit below medium, roundish conic truncated, yellowish, shaded and splashed with red, few light dots. Calyx partially closed. Flesh yellowish, crisp, j uicy, pleasant subacid. Good. December, February. the apple. 391 Vandevere. White Vandevere. Vandevere of Pa. Green Vandevere. Little Vandevere of Indiana. Stalclubs. Vandiver. Vanderveer. Yellow Vandervere. Striped Vandervere. Pennsylvania Vandevere. Lasting Vandervere ? Fall Vandevere ? Red Vandevere. The Vandevere is an old fruit, a native of Wilmington, Del., and took its name from a family there by name of Vandiver, which should be by right the name of the Apple ; but it has so long been known and grown under the spelling Vandevere, that we deem it best not to change it. There is much confusion existing respecting this Apple and its sub-varieties, which possibly some of those may be, grown under what we give as synonyms. Tree of moderate horizontal growth, not very productive. Young shoots smooth, dark grayish reddish brown, with bold, full, projecting, rounded conical buds. Fruit of medium size, oblate. Stalk about an inch long, inserted in a deep cavity. Calyx small and closed, set in a round, moderate basin. Color waxen yellow, striped with red, and covered with numerous green dots. Flesh yellowish, compact, but tender, with a fine, rich, subacid flavor. Good. October to January. Valuable for culinary purposes. There is a Vandevere which Ave have received from Virginia, the young wood of which is slender, with very small inconspicuous buds. Vandervere Pippin. Indiana Vandevere. Watson's Vandevere. Big Vandevere. Mountain Vandevere. Imperial Vandevere ? Origin unknown. Tree a strong, rapid grower, spreading, a mode- late bearer. Young wood smooth, light reddish brown, medium sized, buds reddish. Fruit large, oblate, approaching conic, yellow, flaked all over with red, striped on the sunny side, and covered with rough brown dots. Stalk short, inserted in a broad, deep cavity, often russeted. Calyx partially closed, set in a moderate basin. Flesh crisp, with a brisk subacid flavor. Good. September to February. Valuable for cooking and drying. Vandyne. Origin unknown. Tree upright, vigorous grower, productive. Young wood smooth, brownish. Fruit large, roundish, slightly conic, yellowish, with a tinge of red, and slightly sprinkled with brown and reddish dots. Stalk rather slen- der, in a huge cavity. Calyx closed, in a deep, uneven basin. Flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid, agreeable. Good September, October. Van Mons Reinette. Reinette Van Mons. ( h*igin unknown. Fruit small, roundish oblate, slightly conic, rich yellow, with a rich red cheek in sun, considerable russet. Stalk rather short. ('alv.x closed. Flesh yellow, rich subacid. Very good. December, March Not pro Citable. 392 the apple. Vaughn's "Winter. Origin, Christian Co., Ky. Tree hardy, vigorous, and productive, Introduced by J. S. Downer, of Elkton, Ky. Fruit medium, oblate. Sides unequal, whitish, waxen yellow, shad« ed with crimson and lilac, and sometimes obscurely striped, and thickly covered with conspicuous light dots. Stalk small and short. Deep, uneven cavity. Calyx closed. Basin deep, abrupt, open, slightly cor- rugated. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, mild subacid. Good. Janu- ary to March. Vaughn's Pippin. Colonel Vaughn's. Fruit small, conical, waxen yellow, with bright crimson in the sun. Calyx small, closed. Stalk short. Flesh white, tinged with red under the skin on the side, crisp, juicy, sweet. September, October. (Hogg.) Vaugoyeau. Cadeau du General. Origin unknown. Tree vigorous. Fruit large, roundish conical, flattened at base, dull yellow, shaded and splashed with red, spotted with gray. Stalk short. Cavity deep Calyx half closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid. December to March. (An. Pom.) Vermillon Royee. A French Apple. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, yellow, mostly covered, shaded, splashed, and striped with red, few gray dots. Stalk short. Cavity russeted. Calyx large, open. Flesh yellow, crisp, juicy, brisk subacid. Very good. Core small. December, March. Vebsaillaise Reinette. Reinette Versaillaise. Of French origin. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conic, yellow, mostly covered with dull russet, a slight tinge of red in the sun. Stalk rather short. Calyx closed. Basin corrugated. Flesh white, tine, tender, moderately juicy, brisk subacid. Good to very good. Core small. December, February. Victuals and Drink. Big Sweet. Pompey. An old Apple, which originated in the neighborhood of .Newark, N. J., about 1750. Tree of vigorous, upright spreading habit, and a moderate bearer. Fruit large, oblong, rather irregular, and varies a good deal in size. Skin thin, but rough, dull yellow, marbled with russet, with a faint THE APPLE. 393 russet blush on the sunny side. Stalk moderately long and slender, deeply inserted in an irregular cavity. Calyx small, set in a rather shallow basin. Flesh yellowish, tender, breaking, rich, sprightly, sweet. Very good. In perfection from October to January, but will keep till April. VlOLETTE. A sauce or cooking Apple, described by Ronalds as of medium size, oblong conical, dark copper or purple color, covered with a fine bluish bloom. Flesh white, tinged with red under the skin, juicy, brisk acid* December to March. Virginia Greening. Boss Greening. Green Mountain Pippin. Virginia Pippin ? Origin unknown, supposed Southern. Tree a vigorous grower and very productive. Fruit large, oblate, greenish yellowish, thinly covered with large brown dots, and a slight blush. Stalk rather long, in a large cavity. Calyx open. Basin broad, corrugated. Flesh yellow, compact, a rather pleasant subacid. Esteemed at the South as a late keeper and a good market apple. Virginia Quaker. Origin not known. Tree vigorous, upright. Fruit quite small, globular, slightly conic, greenish yellow. Dots scattered, minute, black. Calyx small, closed. Flesh yellowish white, firm, breaking, subacid. Good. Midsummer. (Warder.) Virginia Spice. Origin unknown. Tree an erect, slender, moderate grower. Fruit medium, oblate conic, whitish, thinly sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk very short. Cavity russeted. Calyx small, closed. Basin small. Flesh yellowish, juicy, crisp, sprightly subacid. Good. Sep- tember, October. Voss' Winter. Southern. Fruit medium to large, globular, unequal, smooth white, with leather cracking, and a heavy bloom. Dots minute, brown. Calyx small, closed. Basin abrupt, deep, wavy. Stalk long. Cavity deep. Flesh whitish yellow, firm, juicy, subacid. Good. December. (Warder.) Wabash. Wabash Bellflower. Origin, Pennsylvania. Fruit large, roundish oblong, or somewhat conical, deep yellow, co? ered with clear orange red, brightest on the sunny side, and streaked with russet in the cavity around the stalk. Stalk short, slender Calyx 394 THE APPLE. rather large, open. Flesh white, firm, crisp, tender, subacid. Core large. November, December. (Hov. Mag.) Waddell Hall. A Southern Apple of unknown origin. Tree moderately vigorous. Young wood brownish. Fruit small, roundish conical, pale yellow, shaded, striped, and splashed with light red. Stalk long, slender. Calyx closed. Flesh wlritish, juicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Good. December to March. Wadhurst Pippin. Origin, Wadhurst, Sussex, England. A valuable cooking Apple. Fruit large, roundish conical, ribbed at apex, yellow, splashed and marbled with red in sun, small gray dots. Stalk very short. Calyx closed, with long segments. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, brisk acid. November, February. Wagener. Origin, Penn Yan, Yates Co., N. Y. Tree thrifty, upright, hardy, and early bearer ; requires thinning to produce good-flavored fruit ; when grown in the shade is wanting in flavor. Young wood light reddish brown, slightly downy. Buds prominent. Wagener. Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, yellow, mostly shaded with crimson, obscurely striped, and sprinkled with light dots. Stalk nearly an inch long, rather slender, inserted in a large, broad, irregular cavity, Calyx small and closed, set in a rather abrupt somewhat corrugated basin, Flesh yellowish, very tender, juicy, excellent, brisk, somewhat vinous Very good to best. A very delicate apple. Ripe, November to February the apple. 396 Walker's Yellow. Walker's Winter. This Apple is a native of Pulaski Co., Georgia, and introduced by George Walker. Tree upright, vigorous. Fruit large, roundish conic, tine golden yellow, with a faint blush on the Bunny side.. Stalk of moderate length, in a deep, acute cavity. Basin small. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, hard, rather too acid for a dessert fruit. Good. November to April. Walpole. Origin, Walpole, Mass. Tree moderately vigorous. Young wood grayish. Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, shaded and striped with bright red. Stalk short. Cavity large. Calyx closed. Basin shallow. Flesh vellowish, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid. Very good. Last of August and first of September. Waltham Abbey. Waltham Abbey Seedling Origin, Essex, England. Fruit large, roundish, slightly conic , yellow, with dull red in the sun, many minute russet dots. Stalk short. Cavity russeted. Calyx large, open. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet. October, January. (Lindley.) Wanstall. Green Street Apple. Originated in Kent, England. Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical, ribbed at apex, golden yellow, striped and mottled with dark red in the sun, patches and veins of russet, and russet dots. Calyx half open. Basin furrowed. Flesh yellow, firm, crisp, juicy, sugary, rich. December to May, (Hogg.) Ward. Origin, Westville, Champagne Co., Ohio. Tree healthy and produc- tive. Fruit large, oblong, flattened at ends, yellow, streaked and spotted with mottled red. Flesh yellowish white, subacid. (O. P. S.) For- syth describes an apple under this name as of medium size, flat, green, with some red in sun, sharp acid, and keeps till June. Wabfield. Originated in Muscatine, la. Tree hardy, thrifty, vigorous grower, an early and abundant bearer. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, light waxen yellow, with a blush iD tiie sun, moderately sprinkled with gray dots. Stalk slender. Cavity slightly russeted. Calyx large, open. Segments short. Flesh whitish, nuxlerately juicy, mild suba .-id. Good. Core small. Valuable foi cooking. September, October. 396 the apple. "Warner's King. Tree a free and vigorous grower, and a good bearer ; hardy, valua- ble for culinary use. Fruit very large, roundish ovate, deep yellow, with russet dots and patches. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Flesh white, tender, crisp, brisk subacid. November to March. (Hogg.) Warraschke de Guben. A Russian variety, new. Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, slightly conical, greenish yellow, with considerable brownish red at apex end. Flesh white, fine, tender, mild, sweet, agreeable. Early Winter. (Ver.) Washington Royal. Palmer Greening. Originated in Leominster, Mass. Tree vigorous and productive. Fruit above medium size, roundish oblate, yellowish green, with numerous small gray dots, and a clear red in the skin. Calyx closed, in a broad basin. Stalk short. Flesh whitish, crisp, juicy, subacid, slight- ly aromatic. Core small. Good to very good. Keeping till July. Washington Strawberry. Washington Strawberry. Originated on the farm of Job Whipple, "Union Springs, Washing- THE APPLE. 397 ton Co., N. Y. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright spreading, an early and abundant bearer. Young wood reddish. Buds prominent, rounded. Fruit large, roundish conical, flattened at base, yellow, shaded, splashed, and mottled with rich red, or crimson. Stalk short. Cavitj thinly russeted. Calyx closed. Segments rather long, reflexed. Basin abrupt, deep, furrowed. Flesh yellow, a Little coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Very good. September, October. Washington Sweet. Origin, Berlin, Mass. Tree a thrifty grower and annual bearer. Young wood reddish brown, slightly downy. Fruit below medium, roundish, slightly oblong conic, flattened at ends, yellow occasionally with crimson cheek in the sun, few green dots. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, pleasant sweet. Good. October, November. Water. Originated in Durham Township, Bucks Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, erect, forming a round somewhat close head, blooms nearly two weeks later than other varieties, and produces abundantly every other year. Young wood very dark, blackish brown. Water. Fruit medium, roundish conical, sometimes oblong conic truncated, whitish yellow, shaded with rich purplish crimson in the sun, few brown dots. Stalk short, slender. Calyx closed. Basin small, abrupt, slightly corrugated. Flesh white, very tender, juicy, pleasant subacid Very good. October, November. 398 the apple. Waterman's Sweet. Fruit medium, oblate inclining to conic, yellow, shaded, splashed; and mottled with crimson, few light gray dots. Stalk slender. Calyx small, closed. Flesh yellowish, crisp, tender, juiw, moderately sweet. Good. December to March. Watson's Dumpling. A large English kitchen Apple, nearly round, yellowish green, faintly striped with dull red. Flesh juicy, pleasant, subacid. Good. Octo- ber to January. Watson's Favorite. From Maine. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, reddish blush on yellow. Flesh yellowish, juicy, pleasant subacid. Very good. (Cont. Gent.) Waugh's Crab. Claimed to have originated in Culpepper Co., Va. Tree thrifty, very productive, valued mainly for cider and long keeping. Fruit small, roundish conic truncated, shaded with light red, splash- ed and striped with deep red in the sun. Stalk long, slender. Calyx in an abrupt basin. Flesh whitish, very firm, moderately juicy, sweet subacid. Good. February to April. Wax. Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellowish green, slightly shaded with red. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, a little coarse, sweet. Good. December, February. Waxen. Origin, supposed to be Virginia. Tree thrifty. Young wood dark. Fruit medium, roundish, slightly oblate, pale yellow, oily, sprinkled with a few dots. Stalk slender, in a deep cavity. Calyx closed. Basin shallow. Flesh whitish yellow, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly, mild sub- acid. Good. November, December. Wealthy. A new variety originated by Peter M. Gideon, near St. Paul, Minn., from seed gathered in Maine about 18G0. So far the tree has proved hardy, vigorous, and healthy. Fruit medium, oblate or roundish oblate, whitish yellow ground, Bhaded with deep rich crimson in the sun, obscure broken stripes and mottlings in the shade, sometimes entirely covered with crimson, many light dots. Stalk short to medium, slender. Cavity green, russet. Calyx partially closed. Basin deep, abrupt, uneven. Flesh white, fine- grained, stained with red, tender, juicy, lively, vinous, subacid. Verj good. Core small. Season, December, February. i-HE APPLE. «*99 Wealthy's Favorite. Winter Seedling. Bradley's Winter. Oricrin Town of Plymouth, Mich. . F [ft medium, mumSsh oblate, pale waxen ye low shaded m sun with crimson, and thinly sprinkled with brown and white dots. Stalk Sort Sy deep, acute. Calyx closed. Basin abrupt^ uneven. Flesh whitish yellow/tender, juicy, mild subacid, pleasant. Very good. December to February. An amateur's fruit. Webb's Winter. A Southern, probably Mississippi, variety. Tree slender, with droop- ingFrShmedium, roundish, yellow, shaded and rather faintly splashed and siped with red. Stalk long, slender Calyx closed. Flesh wtutxsh, unVgrained, moderately tender, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Good. Core° small. December, February. Wellford's Yellow. Origin, Essex Co., Virginia. A rapid grower and a great bearer. Fruit rather small, roundish flattened, pale yellow, with faint red streaks on one side. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, juicy, subacid, aroma- tic. Keeps well until June. Well's Sweet. Sweeting, Well's. Origin unknown. Tree upright spreading productive. FruTof medium ske, roundish, broadest m the middle, and lessen- bg each way, pale dull green, with a dull red or brownish cheek Stalk Trather 'slender and short. Calyx short, set in quite a shal ow basin Flesh very white, and very tender, abounding with a rich, arable, sprightly juice. Good to very good. November to January. Western Spy. Origin, farm of John Mansfield, Jefferson Co., O. Tree a slende. spreading moderate grower, but very productive. ^ Fruit rather large*, roundish oblate, yellow, often much shaded with crimson. Stalk short and stout, inserted in a large cavity Calyx open, sTt in an abrupt basin. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Excellent for cooking. Good. October to June. Westfield Seek-no-Further. Connecticut Seek-no-Further. Seek-no-Further. The Westfield Seek-no-Further is the Seek-no-Further of Connecti- cut, and is an old and highly esteemed variety of that district. It nas " ^dUar^Ipretty regularly round conical, pale or dull red over a pale clouded green ground-the red sprinkled with obscure russeted yel £00 THE APPLE. low dots. Stalk very slender, three-fourths of an inch long, inserted in an even cavity. Calyx, closed, or with a few reflexed segments, and set Westfield Seek-no-Further. in an even basin of moderate depth. Flesh white, fine-grained, tender, with a rich pearmain flavor. Very good or best. A first-rate fruit* October to February. West Grinstead Pippin. East Grinstead. A Sussex, England, Apple, described by Ronalds as of great excel* lence. Fruit medium, roundish conical, greeniph, with broken stripes and splashes of red brown dots. Stalk short. Calyx open. Flesh green- ish white, soft, tender, brisk subacid. November, February. Weston. Origin, farm of Major Weston, Lincoln, Mass. Tree vigorous, spreading. Fruit medium, roundish conical, light yellow, shaded, striped, and splashed with red. Flesh white, moderately juicy, mild pleasant flavor. Good. Cors large. October. Wheeler's Extreme. Origin, Gloucester, England. Fruit small, oblate, greenish yellow, shaded and mottled with red, and traced with russet. Flesh yellowish white, tender, eweet. No- vember, February. (Hogg.) the apple. 401 Wheeler's Russet. An Apple originated in Gloucester, England, and described by Lindley, as: Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, gray russet brown in the sun, and darker russety specks. Flesh firm, greenish white, brisk, sac- charine. November to March. Wheeler's Sweet. Origin, Harding Co., O. Fruit medium, roundish conic, yellow, with a red cheek in the sun,- minute brown and light dots. Stalk short. Cavity deep, furrowed. Calyx closed. Basin abrupt, deep. Flesh yellowish, rather firm, mode- rately juicy, pleasant, sweet. Good. Core rather small. October, No- vember. Whig. From Pennsylvania. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading. Fruit below medium, oblate, inclining to conic, often oblique, yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped with light and dark red, sometimes very dark, large light dots, often with a brown centre. Stalk short, smalL Cavity russeted. Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, mild sub- acid, almost sweet. Good. Core small. December. White Astrachan. Pyrus Astracanica. Transparent de Moscovie. Glace de Zelande. Weisser Astrakan. Astracanischer Sommerapfel. A nearly white, semi-transparent Russian Apple. Fruit of medium size, roundish. Skin very smooth, nearly white, with a few faint streaks of red on one side, and covered with a white bloom. Flesh quite white, partially transparent, tender, and of delicate flavor, but rather dry. Poor. First of August. White Beauty. Origin, Ashtabula Co., O. Tree a good grower, young shoots, red- dish, with gray specks. Fruit medium, roundish, smooth, dull greenish, with grayish specks. Flesh very white, tender, sprightly subacid. Good. September, De- cember. (Elliott.) White Calville. White Winter Calville. Calville Blanche d'Hiver. Weisser Winter Calville. The White Calville is a celebrated old French sauce and cooking Apple ; but, like most others of its class, is not worthy of cultivation. Fruit medium, roundish conic, ribbed, yellow, faint blush. Flesh coarse, tender, pleasant. Hardly good. November, February. 26 402 the apple. White Doctor. Origin, Pennsylvania. A profitable market sort, and valuable foi culinary uses. Tree vigorous and productive. Fruit large, roundish oblate, greenish yellow. Stalk short, set in an acute cavity. Calyx closed. Basin shallow and furrowed. Flesh white, tender, brisk subacid. Good. September, October. White Incomparable. Large White Incomparable Crab. An Apple described by Ronalds as above medium size, clear creamj yellow. Stalk slender. Flesh crisp, juicy, acid. October, December. Valuable for culinary uses. White Juneating. Joanneting. Owen's Golden Beauty. Juneating. Juniting. Jennetting. Ginetting. Gennetting. Juneting. Early Jennetting. Primiting. May Pippin. Yellow May. May of Virginia. Caroline. Carolina of some. Early May. This is an old variety, mentioned by Evelyn in 16G0, and described by Ray in 1688, and is a very tolerable little Apple, ripening among the very earliest, during the last of June and the first of July. It is very distinct from the Early Harvest, sometimes called by this name. Tree a moderate grower, and forms a roundish upright spreading bead. Pro- ductive. Fruit small, round, a little flattened. Calyx closed. Stalk rather long and slender. Pale green at first, light yellow, with sometimes a faint blush on the sunny side. Flesh crisp and of a pleasant flavor, but soon becomes dry. Good. White Nonpareil. Tree ATigorous and productive. Fruit medium, roundish, depressed at the ends. Skin gi-eenish yel- low, almost entirely covered with reddish gray. Flesh white, half firm, sugary, acid. May. (Soc. V. Mon.) White Paradise. Paradise Pippin. Lady's Finger. Long May. May. Egg. Eve. A Scotch fruit of some beauty, but of little value except for culinary use. Tree a free grower, and productive. Fruit medium, oblong roundish conical, broadest at base, clear yel low, splashed and mottled with red, brown russety dots. Flesh yellow iah, tender, crisp, pleasant acid. October. White Pippin. Canada Pippin. Thin Apple is much cultivated at the West, but of unknown origin. THE APPLE. 403 It is of the Newtown Pippin class, distinct from Canada Reinette. Tree thrifty, upright, a regular and good bearer. Young shoots dark clear reddish brown, downy. Fruit large, form variable, roundish oblate, slightly oblique, greenish white, waxen, sprinkled with green dots, and becoming pale yellow at maturity, sometimes having a dull blush and a few brown dots. Stalk short, inserted in a large cavity, surrounded by green russet. Calyx White Pippin. small, nearly closed, set in an abrupt furrowed basin. Flesh white, tender, crisp, juicy, fine, rich subacid. Veiy good to best. Core small. January to March. White Rambo. Origin, Huntington Co., Pa. Tree of medium growth. Branches remarkably slender. Very productive. Fruit medium, oblate, approaching conic, yellowish white. Stalk short, in a russeted cavity. Calyx closed. Basin shallow, surrounded by prominences. Flesh yellowish, fine, pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. November. White Romarin. Romarin Blanche. An Italian Apple. Fruit me'lium, oblong conical, clear light yellow, faint red in the sun, large gray dots. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish white, fine, aromatic subacid. Core large, open. December to March. (An. Pom.) *04 the apple. White Russet. An Irish dessert Apple. Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellowish russety green, intermixed with white, and having a little light red on the sunny side. StaH short. Flesh firm, good. Apt to grow mealy. November. (Lindley.) White Spanish Reinette. D'Espagne. Reinette Blanche d'Espagne. Fall Pippin, erroneously. Reinette d'Espagne. Large Fall Pippin. Camnesar. Cobbett's Fall Pippin. Elgin Pippin ? A very celebrated old Spanish variety. Fruit very large, roundish oblate, with broad ribs on its sides, ter- minating in an uneven crown, where it is nearly as broad as at the base. Calyx large, open, very deeply sunk in a broad-angled, oblique, irregular basin. Stalk half an inch long, set in a rather small, even cavity. Skin smooth, yellowish green on the shaded side, orange, tinged with brown- ish red next the sun, and sprinkled with grayish dots. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, tender, rich subacid. Very good. The tree has the same wood, foliage, and vigorous habit as our Fall Pippin, and the fruit keeps a month longer. This is quite distinct from Fall Pippin. White Spice. Origin, Cumberland Co., Pa. Fruit large, roundish oblate. Flesh subacid, good. September. (A. Pom. S. Rep.) White Spitzenberg. Origin, Northampton Co., Pa. Tree an annual productive bearer. Fruit medium, roundish oblong, yellow, interspersed with large gray dots, with a blush on the exposed sides. Stalk short, in a deep, open cavity. Calyx small, closed, narrow basin. Flesh breaking, sufficiently juicy, subacid, agreeable aroma. Good. December to March. White's Red Winter. Southern. Fruit large, oblong, shaded and striped with red. Flesh rich, juicy. Good keeper. (Cont. Gent.) White Summer Pippin. An early dessert Apple, described in Ronalds as of medium size, roundish, straw color, mottled and variegated with some russet and pur- ple spots. Flesh tender and delicious, if eaten off the tree in August. White Sweet. "WitheriU'a White Sweet. Honey Sweet of some. Origin, supposed New Jersey. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit medium, roimdish oblate conic, whitish with a blush of crim THE APPLE. 405 boh in the sun. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh white, not very tender, moderately juicy, mild sweet. Good. September, October. Valuable for stock, cider, and cooking. White Virgin. Scotch Virgin. A culinary Apple, described by Hogg as : Fruit medium, oblate, pale yellow to rich orange, and streaked with red in the sun, a few dark dots and veins of russet. Stalk short. Calyx large, closed. Flesh white, soft, tender, juicy, brisk acid. October to February. White's Winter. Origin, Guilford Co., N. C. Tree thrifty, a great and early bearer. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish white, somewhat rich, juicy, and very good. Keeps well. (Count. Gent.) Whitewater Sweet. From Southern Ohio. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading. Fruit small, roundish oblate, yellowish green, with a few gray and many indistinct light dots. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, compact, juicy, crisp, mild sweet. Good. December to March. White Wine. Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellowish, with rays, patches, and specks of russet. Stalk short and fleshy. Calyx open. Flesh white, firm, crisp, pleasantly acid. October, December. White Winter. Origin, farm of Mr. Cocklin, Cumberland Co., Penn. Tree mode- rately vigorous, very productive. Fruit small, nearly globular, light yellow, with a dull crimson cheek. Stalk medium, in an acute cavity. Calyx firmly closed, a little sunk, in a very small basin. Flesh whitish, juicy, almost buttery, mild subacid. Good. January to May. White Winter Pearmain. Campbellite. Origin unknown, by some thought to be an old Eastern variety, nighly esteemed at the West. Tree spreading, hardy, and thrifty, a regular and good bearer. Young shoota very short-jointed, dull reddish brown, slightly grayish or downy at end. Fruit medium or above, roundish oblong conic, somewhat oblique. Stalk shor+, in a deep cavi nearly closed. Segments long. Basin uneven. Skin pale yellow, with a slight Mush or warm cheek, thickly 4<)r> THE APPLE. sprinkled with minute brown dots. Flesh yellowish, tender, crisp, juicy very pleasant subacid. Very good. January to April. White Winter Pearmain. Whitman. From South Abington, Mass. Fruit a little above medium, oblong, greenish yellow, with russet blotches. Stalk slender. Flesh sweet. December. (N. E. Farm.) Whitmore's Pippin. Fruit medium, conical, ribbed, yellowish green, dark green specks, and slight tinge of red in the sun. Flesh whitish green, breaking, brisk, slight aromatic. November, January. (Lindley.) Whitniy Russet. Origin unknown. Supposed Canadian. Tree a vigorous grower, productive. Young shoots reddish brown, grayish. Fruit small, oblate, slightly inclining to conic, yellow, mostly covered with thin light russet, sometimes a shade of crimson in the Bun. Stalk long, often with bracts. Cavity large, deep. Calyx closed. Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, rich, mild subacid. Very good. Core small. December to April. Wickham's Pearmain. Wick Pearmain. This variety, says Hogg, was grown at Wickham, near Winchester, Hampshire, England. It is an excellent dessert Apple. THE APPLE. 40? Fruit small, roundish conical, flattened at . base, yellow tinged ana shaded with red, patches and specks of russet. Flesh greenish yellow, tender, crisp, juicy, high flavored. October to December. Wier Sweet. Origin unknown. Tree moderately vigorous, forming a round, regular head, productive. Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow or 3'ellow, often with a shade of bronze in the sun, moderately sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant, rather rich sweet. Good. Core medium or rather small. December to March. Wilfong. From North Carolina. Tree vigorous, spreading. Fruit below medium, oblate, depressed, greenish yellow, shaded with dark purplish red, indistinct splashes and stripes, light dots. Stalk short, stout. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, rather firni, moderately juicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. December to March. "William Penn. From Columbia, Pa. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, yellow, shaded, splashed, striped, and mottled with bright red, many Light dots. Stalk very short. Cavity considerably russeted. Calyx closed. Basin large, deep, slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, pleasant sub- acid, slightly aromatic. Good to very good. Core small. December to March. William's Favorite. William's Early. William's Red. A large and handsome dessert Apple. It originated at Roxbury, near Boston, Mass., bears abundantly, and ripens from the last of July to the first of September. An excellent market variety. Fruit of medium size, roundish oblong conic, and a little one-sided Stalk an inch long, slender, slightly sunk. Calyx closed, in a furrowed basin. Skin very smooth, of a light red ground, but nearly covered ■svith a tine dark red. Flesh yellowish white, and of a very mild and agreeable flavor. Good. Requires a strong, rich soil. William's Pippin. Fruit below medium, somewhat conical, pale yellow, mottled wdth pale red in the sun. Flesh pale yellow, soft, pleasant subacid. Good to oat from the tree, and for baking and roasting. October, December, (Lindley.) William's White. Origin, supposed Cumberland Co., Pa. Fruit medium or below, oblate, slightly conic, whitish yellow, sprin- 406 THE APPLE. kled with a few brown dots. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Flesh light yellow, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. August, September Willis's Russet. Origin, farm of Mr. Willis, Sudbury, Mass. Tree hardy, vigorous, and an abundant bearer. Fruit small, oblate conic, russet on a yellow ground, and occa- sionally a sunny cheek. Stalk long, slender, curved, set in a large cavity. Calyx closed. Basin shallow. Flesh tender, juicy, with a rich pear-like flavor. Very good. December, January. Willis Sweet. Pear Lot. Pear-Tree Lot Origin on the farm of Edward Willis, Oyster Bay, Long Island. Tree a vigorous, spreading grower, productive. Young shoots rich, warm brown, slightly grayish. Willi* Sweet. Fruit rather large, roundish, whitish, somewhat shaded with a thin light red, and blotched with crimson, few brown dots. Stalk short and stout. Calyx small, closed. Basin abrupt, furrowed. Flesh whitish, crisp, juicy, tender, sweet, and rich. Very good. Core large. August, September. Valuable for table, market, and culinary purposes. the apple. 409 Willow Twig. Willow. James River. Of unknown origin. The tree is a poor grower in the nursery, but makes a good spreading, somewhat drooping, orchard tree, quite hardy, and very productive, and although of only good quality, its keeping qualities, productiveness, and hardihood make it a profitable market Apple for rich prairie and bottom lands in the West. Young shoot* Blender, reddish brown, downy. Buds inconspicuous. Willow Twig. Fruit medium size, roundish, slightly conic, somewhat oblate, light yellow, shaded and marbled with dull red, and sprinkled with numerous russet dots. Stalk rather short and slender. Cavity narrow, sometimes partially closed, with a lip. Calyx partially closed, in a somewhat cor- rugated abrupt basin. Flesh yellowish green, not very tender, pleasant subacid. Good. Valuable for late keeping. Willsboro. Supposed origin, Willsboro, Essex, Co., N. Y. Fruit medium, roundish conic, yellow, shaded, mottled, and marbled mostly with dull red. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, crisp, tender, sprightly subacid. December, February. (J. W. Bailey.) Wilmot. Wilmot's Seedling. A sauce or cooking Apple described by Ronalds. Tree an upright^ strong grower, productive. 410 THE APPLE. Fruit medium, conical, yellow, with marblings of graj and splashes of red. Flesh white, tender, juicy, fragrant subacid. Jtry, August. Wilson. Of Michigan. Fruit large, round, slightly conic, regular. Surface smooth, golden yellow. Dots scattered, dark. Flesh yellow, breaking, fine-grained, juicy, subacid, rich. January, February. (Warder.) The same author describes another Apple under this name as from Western Virginia. Fruit small, roundish oblate or oblate, smooth, nearly covered with very deep red, in which the stripes are almost obscured. Dots minute, white. Flesh white, fine-grained, crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid. January. Wilson's Summer. Origin, Forsyth Co., N. C. Tree upright, productive. Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conic, greenish yellow, thickly striped with clear red. Flesh rich, juicy, fine-flavored. August, Sep- tember. (Count. Gent.) Wilson's Volunteer. Fruit large, globular truncated or flattened, regular, yellow, mostly covered with mixed red, striped darker. Dots large, gray, and yellow. Flesh greenish yellow, tender, juicy subacid. December, February. (Warder.) Winchell Sweet. Origin, Hartford Co., Conn. Fruit medium to large, oblate, greenish yellow, with a brownish shade in the sun, moderately sprinkled with gray dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, rather firm, moderately juicy, sweet, and rich. Good. Core small. February to May. Valuable for cook- ing. Windham Russet. An Apple from Massachusetts. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, yellow, mostly covered with dull rough russet, often mixed with red in the sun, gray rough or raised dots. Stalk medium. Cavity deep, large. Calyx partially open. Flesh yellowish, rather firm, moderately juicy, mild subacid. Good. Core small. December to April. Wine. Hay's Winter. "Winter Wine. Pennsylvania Red Streak. English Red Streak, incorrectly. The Wine Apple is a very handsome, and an admirable winter fruit, a most abundant bearer, and a hardy tree. It is a native of Del- aware. The tree has small leaves, grows thriftily, and makes a fine spreading head. Young shoots smooth grayish reddish brown. THE APPLE. IH Fruit rather above medium size — in rich soils !arge ; form regular, nearly round, a little flattened at the ends. Skin smooth, of a lively deep red over a yellow ground, or more frequently with a few indis- tinct stripes of yellow. Stalk short, inserted in a round, smooth cavity, with a little russet around it. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, and crisp, with a rather vinous, rich, and pleasant flavor. Good to very good. Core 8inall. October to March. WlNESAP. Wine Sop ? Potpie Apple. This is not only a good Apple for the table, but it is also one of the very finest cider fruits, and its fruitfulness renders it a great favorite with orchardists. The tree grows rather irregularly, and does not form a handsome head, but it bears early, and the apples have the good quality of hanging late upon the trees without injury, while the tree thrives well on sandy, light soils. The tree is very hardy, and one of the most profitable orchard varieties wherever grown. Young wooa reddish brown, with smooth red buds. Wlnesap. Fruit of medium size, rather roundish oblong. Skin smooth, of a fine dark red, with a few streaks, and a little yellow ground, appearing on the Bhady side. Stalk nearly an inch long, slender, set in an irregular cav- ity. Calyx small, placed in a regular basin, with fine plaits. Flesh yellow, firm, crisp, with a rich, high flavor. Very good. November to May. Wing Sweet. An old variety, of unknown origin, profitable for stock feeding and cooking. Tree a moderate grower, spreading, and productive. 412 THE APPLE. Fruit medium or below, roundish, oblate conical, yellow, mostly shaded, splashed, and striped with dark red. Stalk long, slender. Calyx closed. Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, tender, moderately juicy, sweet, rich, and pleasant. Good to very good. September to December. Winn's Russet. Origin, Sweden, Me. Tree of slow growth, hardy and productive. Fruit large. Cavity deep. Basin broad and shallow. Color dark russet, with obscure stripes of red, covered with whitish spots. Flesh fine-grained, subacid. Good. Keeps till May. Winslow. From Virginia. Fruit large, globular, flattened at base, dark and light red streaked, light brown specks and dark flakes. Stalk short, slender. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, subacid. Fall and early winter. (Elliott.) Winter Codlin. An English culinary Apple. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. Fruit medium, roundish conic, whitish yellow, partially splashed, striped, and marbled with light red, few gray dots. Calyx closed. Basin slightly furrowed. Flesh white, rather firm, moderately juicy, subacid. Good. October to March. Winter Colman. Norfolk Colman, Norfolk Storing. A culinary Apple, described by Lindley as : Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, pale yellow, deep red in the sun. Flesh firm, crisp, sharp subacid. November to March. Winter Gray Reinette. Reinette Grise d'Hiver. Reinette Grise Extra. Belle Fille. Prager. Reinette Grise. Grauwe Franse Rennett. Reinette Grise Francaise. Among the Reinettes there is a world of confusion, and we feel no confidence in correctness until such time as they may be gathered and grown all in the same grounds. The present description of this variety is taken from Hogg. Tree healthy, vigorous, productive. Fruit medium, roundish, flattened on the sides, broadest at base, dull yellowish green in the shade, with a patch of thin dull brownish red in the sun, which side is so covered with brown russet that little color is visible. Stalk very short. Calyx closed. Flesh yellow, firm, crisp, rich, juicy, sugary. November to May. We have received and fruited a Winter Gray Reinette from Rivers, which is small, oblate, depressed, dull yellowish gray russet, indistinct raised dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, firm, moderately j uicy, rich, brisk subacid. Good. December to May. THE AITLE. *i* The Album of Pomology also describes a Winter Gray Reinette aa large, roundish, dull pale yellow, overlaid with dull greenish russet. Winter Harvey. Winter Pippin. Autumn Pippin An old Eastern variety. Tree' vigorous, upright, spreading, produc- tive. Young shoots dark grayish reddish brown. Fruit medium, roundish conic, slightly ribbed greenish yellow, rarely with a shade of dull red in the sun. Stalk rather short. Calyx partially closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Good. Core rather small. January to March. Winter Hog Island Sweet. Origin, Long Island. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. Fruit medium or below, oblate inclining to conic, slightly ribbed, pale yellow, striped, splashed, and shaded with light and dark red few Ught and brown dots. Stalk rather short. Calyx closed Flesh yel- lowish, tender, moderately juicy, rather rich sweet. Good. Core small, November to February. Winter Lading. A sauce Apple, from Sussex, England. Fruit medium, roundish conical, green, with patches and dots of thin russet. Flesh greenish white, juicy, tender, sweet subacid. Octo- ber, December. (Hogg.) Winter Maiden's Blush. From Bucks Co., Pennsylvania. MmtWu* Fruit medium, oblong conic, yellow, covered with large, distinct, carmine dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, crisp, tender, subacid. Very good. Core large. (Gar. Mon.) Winter Majettin. A Norfolk, England, Apple, described by Lindley as valuable for culinary uses. „ . . „i.n. Fruit medium, roundish ovate, ribbed at apex, yellowish green, with a dull brownish red in sun exposure. Flesh greenish white, firm, brisk, sharp subacid. December, February. Winter Pearmain. Old Pearmain. E^T!? d'Hiver- Ponrrmin Great Pearmain. P^pTSmain d'Hiver. Pepin Parmain d'Angleterre. Peremenes. This is one of the oldest Apples on record. The tree a free and healthv grower, and productive. . Fruit medium, conical greenish, with lively deep red in the sun, russety dots. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, slightly aromatic. November to March. 414 THE APPLE. There is grown in Illinois, and other Western Sta'es, an Apple undti the various names of Winter Pearmain and Red Pearmain, entirely distinct from above. The tree is vigorous, spreading, with slender bx-anches. Young shoots moderately slender, grayish reddish brown, with downj buds. Fruit medium, oblate, a little inclining to conic, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and striped with light and dark red. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, rather firm, crisp, juicy, rich subacid. Good. Cure small. November, February. There is another Winter Pearmain, grown in Pennsylvania, the fruit of which is below medium, oblate or roundish oblate, yellow, shaded and obscurely splashed with brownish red, few light dots. Stalk short. Calyx open. Flesh yellow, compact, moderately juicy, mild subacid. Good. Core small. January to May. Winter Pippin of "Vermont. Origin unknown, much cultivated in Vermont ; a fair grower and productive. Fruit large to very large, nearly globular, inclining to conic, ob- scurely ribbed, greenish yellow, sprinkled with star-like crimson dots, cheek shaded with dull crimson. Stalk short, inserted in a deep com- pressed cavity. Calyx small, nearly closed. Segments long, in a rather deep, uneven basin. Flesh white, tender, and agreeable. Good. No- vember to March. We have received a Winter Pippin from Michigan, where it was introduced from Western New York, but have not sufficiently tested it to decide as to its identity with the above. Winter Reinette. Weisse Antillische. Winter Reinette. A beautiful and excellent German dessert Apple. Fruit large, oblong conical, lemon yellow, with blush red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, sugary, vinous. December to March. (Diel.) Winter Strawberry. This variety is described by Ronalds as above medium size, roundish, yellow, splashed, shaded, and striped partially over with rich red. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, subacid. December, January. Winter Sweet Paeadise. Paradise Whiter Sweet. Grandmother. From Pennsylvania. The Winter Sweet Paradise is a productive and excellent orchard fruit, always fair, and of fine appearance. Tree hardy, upright, vigorous, not an early bearer. Young shoots reddish gray. Fruit rather large, regularly formed, roundish oblate. Color dull green when picked, with a brownish blush, becoming a little paler at THE APPLE. 415 maturity. Stalk short , set in a round cavity, often russeted. Calyx closed, small. Basin rather deep, slightly corrugated. Flesh white. Winter Sweet Paradise. fine-grained, juicy, sweet, sprightly, and very good. Core rather small November to March. Winthrop Greening. Lincoln Pippin. Howe Apple. Origin, Winthrop, Me. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. Fruit large, oblate, slightly ribbed, greenish yellow, with nettings and patches of russet, thickly sprinkled with light and gray dots. Stalk rather short. Calyx large, open. Flesh white, tender, juicy, rather rich subacid. Good. Core small. September. Winthrop Pearmain. Origin, Winthrop, Me. Size large, roundish ovate. Skin yellow, striped with red, and deep red in the sun. Stem in a lai-ge cavity. Basin shallow. Flesh white, juicy. Flavor spicy and pleasant. Septem- ber to January. (Me. P. S. R.) Wisner. Originated on the farm of Wisner, Middletown, Orange Co., N. Y. • Fruit small, conical, greenish, shaded and striped with dull red. Flesh tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. December, March. Woodland. A Southern variety. Fruit full medium, oblate, yellowish green, sometimes striped red 416 THE APPLE. Dots few, minute. Calyx small, closed. Stalk medium to long. Flesh yellow, rather tough, but juicy, subacid. Good. Midwinter. (Am. Hort. An.) WOODRING. Originated in Fairfield Co., O. Tree a moderate grower, slendei branches, early bearer. Fruit below medium, roundish, yellow, mostly covered with red, Flesh white, juicy, subacid. Good. January to March. Wood's Greening. Coate's Greening. Onstine. Cooke's Greening. A native of New Jersey. Tree a moderate grower, hardy, somewhat spreading, productive. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish green, with rough spots 01 patches. Stalk short. Calyx large. Flesh greenish white, fine-grained, tender, juicy, slightly subacid. Very good. Core small. January, February. Wood's Sweet. Hyde's Sweet. Origin, Sudbury, Yt., and there considered the best fall sweet Apple in cultivation. Growth nearly equal to Baldwin, and produc- tive. Fruit large, irregularly oblate. Color whitish yellow, waxen or oily, shaded and striped with fine rich red. Stalk rather short, inserted in a broad, deep, furrowed cavity. Calyx small, closed, set in a rather deep open basin. Flesh white, tender, juicy, rich saccharine. Good to very good. September, November. Woolfolks. Supposed Kentucky origin. Fruit full medium, truncated, regular, yellow green, scattered gray dots. Flesh white, tender, breaking, juicy, subacid. Good. Table, kitchen. December to March. (Warder.) Wormsley Pippin. Knight's Codling. An English fruit, middle-sized, roundish, tapering a little towards the eye, pale green or straw color, darker next the sun. Flesh white crisp, firm, with a sharp subacid juice. Good. September. Wright. Origin, Hubbardton, Yt. Tree vigorous and productive. Young wood olive brown. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, lemon yellow. Stalk short, inserted in a deep cavity. Calyx closed. Basin rather large and corrugated. THE APPLE. 41 1 Flesh white, very tender, juicy, vinous, almost sweet, aromatic. Good to very cood. Middle of September to middle of October. Wright's Janet. Supposed to have originated near St. Louis, Mo. Fruit medium to large, round, sometimes flat, regular, waxen yel- low, mixed, striped, splashed carmine. Dots minute, prominent, scattering. Flesh deep yellow, breaking, fine-grained, juicy, subacid. Good to very good. January to June. (Warder.) Wykjen Pippin. Warwickshire Pippin. Girkin Pippin. Arley. An old variety, originated near Coventry, England. Tree upright, hardy, and productive. Fruit below medium, oblate conical, greenish yellow, with dull orange blush in sun, mottled and marbled and dotted with light russety patches and dots. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet subacid. De- cember, February. (Ron.) Yacht. Origin, Montgomery Co., Pa. Tree of moderate growth, a regular bearer. Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and striped with two shades of red, large light dots. Stalk medium. Calyx partially closed. Flesh white, tender, pleasant, mild subacid. Good. Core small. November, January. Yadkin. Southern. Fruit large, round, regular, red striped. Flesh white, dry, subacid. Only good. August. (Warder.) Yahoola. Origin, Lumpkin Co., Ga. Tree with slender, wiry limbs, a good bearer. Fruit medium, oblate, yellow green, specked and streaked with rus- set. Stalk long, slender. Calyx and basin medium. Flesh juicy. Good. September to January. (White.) Yankee Spy. Seedsville Sweet ? Dutchess County Sweet. Ox Sweet. Of unknown origin. Tree vigorous, upright spreading, productive. Fruit medium, oblate, sometimes a little conic, deep yellow, some- times a tinge of red in the sun, large brown dots. Stalk medium. Calyx closed. Basin furrowed. Flesh yellowish, moderately juicy, rich, Bweet. Good. Core small. October, November. A valuable cuhnary sort. 27 41£ the apple. Yates. Originated in Fayette Co., Ga. Tree very upright grower, great bearer and good keeper. Fruit small, oblate or oblate conic, whitish yellow, overspread, shaded, splashed, and striped with shades of red, many light dots. Stalk slender. Cavity large, slightly russeted. Calyx small, closed. Flesh white, sometimes stained next the skin, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. March to May. Yellow Bellflower. Bellefleur Yellow. Belle Fleur. Bishop's Pippin of Nova Scotia. Lady Washington. Reinette Musque. Warren Pippin. The Yellow Belle Fleur is a large, handsome, and excellent wintei Apple, everywhere highly esteemed in the United States. It is most abundantly seen in the markets of Philadelphia, as it thrives well in the sandy soils of New Jersey. Coxe first described this fruit ; the original tree of which grew in Burlington, N. J. Tree a moderately vigo- rous grower, forming a spreading, roundish, rather drooping head. Young wood yellowish brown. A regular and excellent bearer. Yellow Belhlower. Fruit very large, oblong, a little irregular, tapering to tne eye. Skin smooth, pale lemon yellow, often with a blush next the sun. Stalk lon<> THE APPLE. 419 and slender in a deep cavity. Calyx closed and set in a rather narrow plaited basin. Seeds in a large hollow capsule or core. Flesh tender, juicy, crisp, with a sprightly subacid flavor ; before fully ripe it is con- siderably acid. Very good. December, February. Yellow Foster. Origin unknown. Received from Ohio. Tree very vigorous, spreading. Fruit below medium, oblate, yellow, thinly sprinkled with brown and green dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, rather coarse, moderately juicy, mild subacid. Good. October, November. Yellow Ingestrie. Fruit small, roundish oblate, clear bright gold color, without red. Flesh tender and delicate, with a plentiful juice when freshly gathered from the tree. Good. October. Yellow June. White June. Of unknown Southern origin. Tree vigorous, upright grower, and abundant bearer. Young wood light reddish brown, slightly downy, very small buds. Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, thickly sprinkled with green and brown dots. Stalk long, slender. Cavity slightly rus- 3eted. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk, sprightly subacid. Good. Core small. June, July, South. August at North. Yellow Meadow. A Southern fruit. Fruit large, oblate, greenish yellow. Stalk rather slender, in a deep, irregular cavity. Calyx large and open, in a shallow basin. Flesh yel- low, compact, vinous. Good. November. Yellow Newtown Pippin. Albemarle Pippin. The Yellow Newtown Pippin is handsomer in appearance, and has a higher perfume than the Green or Newtown Pippin, and its flesh is rather firmer, and equally high flavored ; while the Green is more juicy, crisp, and tender. The Yellow Newtown Pippin is rather flatter, measuring only about two inches deep, and it is always quite oblique — projecting more on one side of the stalk than the other. When full, ripe it is yellow, sometimes with a rather lively red cheek, and a smootn skin, few or none of the spots on the Green variety, but with the same russet marks at the stalk. It is also more highly fragrant before and after it is cut than the Green. The flesh is firm, crisp, juicy, and with a very rich and high flavor. Both the Newtown Pippins grow alike, and they are both excellent bearers. This variety is rather hardier and succeeds best. February to May. Yellow Sweet. A native Apple of unknown origin. 420 THE APPLE. Fruit small, roundish, light yellow, with a few gray dots. Fleet white, rather tender, pleasant, sweet. Good. October, November Yellow Newtown Pippin. Yopp's Favorite. From Georgia. Tree moderately vigorous, upright spreading. Fruit large, roundish, slightly conic, greenish yellow, with a blush in the sun, sprinkled sparingly with russet dots, and a little russet about the stem. Calyx open, in a deep basin. Stalk short. Cavity deep. Flesh white, fine-grained, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. Core small, November. York. From Massachusetts. Valuable for culinary purposes. Fruit medium, roundish conic, pale yellow, with a slight shade of red in the sun. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid. Good to very good. Core small. October, November. York Imperial. Johnson's Fine Winter. Origin thought to be York Co., Pa. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. Young wood rich brown, downy. Fruit medium, oblate oblique, whitish, shaded with crimson in the Bun, thinly sprinkled with light and gray dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed or partially open. Basin large, deep. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Good to very good. Core com- pact, small. November, February. THE APPLE. 421 Yorkshire Greening. Coate's. Yorkshire Goose Sauce. An English culinary Apple. Tree very vigorous and productive. Fruit large, oblate, slightly ribbed, greenish, with shades and stripes of dull red, specks and traces of russet. Flesh greenish white, firm, crisp, brisk subacid. Good. October, November. Yost. A native of Berks Co., Pa. Tree large and spreading. Fruit oblate, very much flattened, yellow, striped and shaded with crimson, thinly dotted with brown. Stalk short. Cavity slightly rus- seted. Calyx partially closed. Flesh yellowish, rather coarse, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. December, January. Zane. Zane Greening. Origin, Virginia. Fruit large, roundish, dull greenish yellow. Flesh greenish white, tender, soft. Poor. February to June. (Elliott.) ZlEBER. Origin, Reading, Pa, , Fruit below medium, roundish, yellow, with a striped red cheek. Flesh dry, pleasant, hardly good. Zoar Greening. Origin, Ohio. . Fruit large, roundish conic, greenish, faintly shaded with dull red in the sun. Flesh white, tender, moderately juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. November, December. SIBEEIAN CKABS AND IMPKOVED SIBEKIAN APPLES. The varieties of Siberian Crab Apples {Pyrus baccata) have, here- tofore, been mainly valued for their handsome flowers and the beautiful appearance of the tree when loaded with fruit. Within the past year or two, however, considerable attention has been given to their cultivation by fruit-growers in our Western and Northwestern States, because of the superior hardihood of the trees. Largo numbers of seedlings have been grown, some bearing full evidence of the paternity of the Pyrus baccata, others possessing more or less of the Pyrus malus, apparent more in the flesh and improved quality of the fruit, than in the habit of the trees. They are all valuable for cider, preserves, and cooking, and some of the improved varieties, more 422 THE APPLE. truly, perhaps, Siberian Apples than Crabs, are quite pleasant and ricr for the dessert. The great hardihood of the trees, and their produc- tiveness, make them highly valuable for sections where the better vari- eties of the Pyrus malus do not succeed. In description of these vari- eties the terms " medium, large, or small," must be considered as applied in comparison with the Siberian Crab. The common Siberian Crab is a beautiful little fruit, which is pro- duced in rich clusters on the branches, and, at a distance, resembles large and handsome cherries. It is highly esteemed for preserving, and almost every large garden contains a tree of this variety. It forms a vigorous, neat tree, of rather small size, and its blossoms, which are white, are produced in beautiful profusion in spring, and a large crop of fruit regularly follows. Akin's Winter. From Minnesota. Fruit medium or small, roundish oblate, light, pale yellow, with a rich clear carmine red cheek in sun. Stalk long and slender, set in an open acute cavity, often russeted. Calyx closed. Basin deep, broad, and somewhat furrowed. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, crisp, somewhat too acid for a pleasant table apple, but not too much so for cooking. December. ASTRACAN. Evergreen Apple Crab. Fruit medium, oblate, compressed, green, specked with white dots. Flesh greenish white, juicy. Inferior. ASTRACHAN. This is one of the very largest sized of the old varieties. Fruit medium to large, roundish conical, bright rich clear red, with a fine light bloom. Calyx with long segments, prominent. Flesh whitish, crisp, juicy, sharp, brisk acid, tender. September. Chase's Winter Sweet. Fruit medium size, roundish oblate, rich 'warm yellow ground, mostly overspread with dark rich red, minute dots. Stalk long, slender. Cavity broad, open, deep. Calyx half closed, with short, almost erect Begments. Basin shallow, corrugated. Flesh yellowish, very firm, mod- erately juicy, mild, sweet. December. Cherry. Fruit small, roundish ovate, pointed, light yellow, spotted and Bhnded with red. Flesh crisp, juicy, pleasant, hangs long, almost even to drying on the tree. September, October. Chicago. Origin near Marengo, 111. Fruit similar to Coral in general appearance — a little longer or more THE APPLE. 423 completely oblong. Flesh not as deep colorel as Coral, but quite crisp, sprightly subacid, and by many would be preferred to Coral, although it is not as rich. December to March. Coral. This variety has the same origin as Chicago. Fruit small, conical flattened at ends ; rich warm yellow ground, with a vermilion cheek. Stalk long, slender, set in a narrow, acute cav- ity, slightly russeted. Calyx closed, surrounded with corrugated ridges, but with little or no basin. Flesh yellowish, crisp, sprightly, juicy, rich, mild subacid, almost tender. An early winter sort, keeping until about February. Currant Crab. The fruits of this kind are of the size of currants, and are borne like them in clusters ; they are round, a little compressed towards the ends. Color red, slightly striped with deep red. It is ornamental in its flowers as well as its fruits. Double Flowering Chinese Crab. Double Flowering Apple. This very beautiful crab-tree from China, which produces a small green fruit, of no value, is highly admired for its showy blossoms. These are large, tipped with deep red in the bud, but when open are of a pale rose color, semi-double, large, and produced in fine clusters. It is an exceedingly ornamental, small tree, growing from ten to twenty feet in height. Double White Siberian Crab. Fruit roundish, irregular, swollen on one side. Color red carmine on the sunny side, green on the shaded side, covered with a white bloom. Flowers large double white, very ornamental. Foxley Crab. Raised by Thomas Andrew Knight, England, from seed of the Cherry Crab. Tree hardy. Fruit produced in clusters. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, golden yellow. Stalk long. Flesh yellow, crisp, juicy, subacid. Fragrant. The flowers of this variety are very fragrant. Fruit small, oblate, green, with whitish dots. Flesh inferior. General Grant.* Size large for a crab, round, oblate, warm yellow ground, with broken stripes of dark, becoming, on the sun-exposed side, entirely red, and very dark, almost black red, with a few minute light dots. Stalk ■lender. Cavity open, moderately deep. Calyx closed. Basin broad, *24 THE APPLE. not deep, but conspicuously furrowed. Flesh white, moderately fine- grained, not juicy, very mild subacid. Core large for size of fruit. Late Autumn. Golden. Fruit large, roundish oblate. Skin golden yellow. Stalk long, slen- der. Cavity medium. Calyx closed. Segments long, slender, recurv- ed. Basin medium. Flesh white, moderately juicy, brisk acid. Sep- tember. Hampton's Siberian Crab. A beautiful variety, originated with Wm. C. Hampton, Hardin Co., O. Fruit large for a Siberian Crab, ovate conical, deep rich crimson, blotched and indistinctly striped with clear orange and yellowish red. Blossoms large. This is one of the most beautiful of all the crabs, es- pecially when in bloom. Hutchison's Winter Sweet. Fruit medium size, roundish oblate, light yellow ground, with a blush red cheek in the sun, and many minute dots. Stalk long, slender, in a deep open cavity. Calyx closed, with long pointed segments. Ba- sin broad, deep, corrugated. Flesh yellowish white, dry, sweet. No- vember. Hyslop. This variety has been long and pretty extensively cultivated. The trees are hardy, the growth strong, rather spreading. Wood light col- ored, a little downy. Fruit large, produced in clusters, roundish ovate, dark rich red, cov- ered with a thick blue bloom. Stalk long, slender. Calyx closed Flesh yellowish, subacid, good for culinary uses and for cider. Lady Crab. This is a foreign variety, of great beauty, and the tree a vigorous, upright grower, much resembling the Lady Apple. Very productive. Young wood grayish reddish dark brown, with conspicuous white or gray dots. Fruit small, roundish oblate, a little oblique, rich dark red, with traces of russet, and many apparently rough russet dots. Stalk medium length for a crab, quite slender. Cavity open, broad, deep russeted. Calyx almost closed, with connected half-recurved segments. Basin bi-oad, shallow, distinctly corrugated next the calyx. Flesh yellowish, mode- rately juicy, mild subacid. November, December. Large Red Siberian Crab. This variety is about twice the size of the common Siberian Crab, roundish ovate, with a large and prominent calyx, and a pale red and yellow skin. It forms a larger tree, with rather coarser fobage than the common variety, and is esteemed for the same purposes. September and October. the apple. 42c Large Yellow Siberian Crab. Fruit similar in size to the foregoing, roundish oval, flattened at base and crown, light clear yellow often inclining to amber, with a warm cheek. Maiden's Blush. Fruit small, flat, somewhat ribbed, pale clear yellow, with clear bright carmine red in sun. Calyx large, half closed. Basin broad, slightly furrowed. Flesh yellowish white, rather dry, almost sweet. Late Autumn. Marengo. The discoverer of this variety, as well as its identity with the Sibe- rian Crabs, Pyrus baccata, as a tree, is attributed to James F. Lester, Marengo, 111. It is said to be a seedling found in the rows of an old seedling nursery of apple-stocks. The original tree is thought to be about eighteen years old. Young shoots vigorous, reddish brown, with the gray specks, bloom and scaly cuticle peculiar to the Siberian. The fruit is large for its class ; in form roundish, flattened at blossom end, bright warm red on yellow ground, smooth, with a few scattered gray or light russet dots. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, juicy, a little harsh until fully ripe, when it is a mild and pleasant subacid. Stalk long, slender, set in a narrow cavity. Calyx closed. Basin broad, open, corrugated. Early Winter to late in Spring. Meader's "Winter. Fruit medium size, roundish oblate ; warm, light yellow ground, shaded with clear rich red, many large gray dots. Basin deep, broad, slightly ribbed or furrowed. Flesh yellowish, moderately juicy, crisp, tender, rich, sharp subacid. Season, Winter. A valuable cooking sort, and rich for cider. Montreal Beauty. This is one of the most beautiful of all Crabs, in appearance. Fruit large, roundish oblate, bright yellow, mostly covered and shaded with rich red. Flesh yellowish, rich, firm, acid. September, Oc- tober. Oblong-Fruited Siberian Crab. Fruit elongated conic, Light yellow, almost white, washed, marbled, and striped with crimson and carmine, and covered with a thin bloom. Orange. Fruit medium, round, slightly flattened at ends ; light, warm yellow, or light orange-colored. Stalk slender. Cavity open, deep. Calyx closed. Basin furrowed. Flesh yellowish white, mild subacid, pleasant, a Little dry. 426 the apple. Powers' Large. Originated with Hiram Powers, Catskill, N. Y. Tree "vigorous, hardy, and productive. Fruit large, roundish oblate, waxen white, shaded and striped with carmine, crimson, and yellow, and covered with a lilac bloom. Flesh sharp, yet mild acid. Fine for cooking. Early October. Purple Siberian Crab. F: uit oblate. Color beautiful reddish purple on the sunny side, covert i with a bloom, the shaded side less brilliant, and the whole sur face speckled with some gray dots. Flesh, like all the crabs, coarse and harsh. Red Siberian Crab. Fruit about three-fourths of an inch in diameter, very regularly formed, and rather flat. Skin smooth, of a lively scarlet over a clear yellow ground, and, when the bloom is rubbed off, is highly polished. Stalk nearly two inches long, and very slender. Calyx small, slighth sunk. Fit for preserving in September and October. Pouen Transparent Crab. Fruit small, oblate, bright carmine red on light yellow. Stalk slen der, very long, set in a deep wide cavity. Flesh yellowish white, acid. September. Showy Crab. Fruit small, roundish oval, yellow, dotted with red in sun. Stalk very long. Flesh dry. Not valuable. Soulard. A sort of little value except in appearance. It is said to have originated near St. Louis, Mo. Fruit medium, oblate, clear smooth greenish yellow, with many minute, suffused, dark green dots. Stalk short for a crab, slender, narrow cavity. Calyx small, closed. Pasin medium, slightly corrugated. Flesh white, bitter, astringent, unfit for anything except cider. Striped Siberian Crab. Fruit medium size, roundish. Color rose yellowish, red striped all over, carmine on the sunny side, more yellow towards the stalk, covered with a fine white bloom. Transcendent. This is one of the best of early autumn varieties. Fruit medium to large for its class, roundish oblong, flattened at ita ends, slightly but regularly ribbed, golden yellow, with a rich crimson, THE APPLE. 1-7 red cheek in the sun, covered with a delicate white bloom ; when fully ripe the red nearly covers the whole surface. Stalk long and slender, set in an open, deep cavity. Calyx closed, with long reflexed segments, Flesh creamy yellow, crisp, subacid, a little astringent until fully mel low, when it is pleasant and agreeable. Early Autumn. Warfel Crab. Originated with John Warfel, Lancaster, Pa. Tree vigorous. Fruit medium size, oblate, yellow, beautifully striped with red and crimson. White Winter. Fruit medium size, roundish oblate, light pale yellow, with a faint blush and a few scattering, irregular-sized, dark carmine dots in sun. Stem short. Cavity very broad, open, yet deep, slightly russeted. Calyx closed, with short segments. Basin shallow, with slight broad furrows. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, moderately juicy, sharp acid. December and January. Yellow Sibebian Crab. Amber Crab. This scarcely differs from the common Siberian Crab except in its fruit, which is rather larger, and of a fine amber or golden yellow. Both this and the red are beautiful ornaments to the fruit garden in summer and autumn, and are equally esteemed for preserves and jellies. Sep- tember. SELECT LIST OF VARIETIES FOR TABLE USE, MARKETING, COOKING, AND KEEPING. In this list it is not assumed that all against which the word market is written are equally profitable, but that their size and appearance will generally command for them a ready sale. Again, some varieties are classed as market sorts mainly because of their long keeping, and there- fore coming into use when there are but few sorts with which to com- pete. Soil and climate make so great a change in the growth, quality, and period of maturity of varieties, that it is impossible to make a list adapted to general cultivation; ami so, kinds which, because of their good quality (like the American Golden Russet), which we mark as only for table use, in some localities are found also profitable for mar- ket. The planter, in selecting from this list, should he guided some- what in adopting kinds by a record of the place of origin of the variety, which may be found on the page where the Apple is described in the book. We have appended the words " South " and " North " to some vari- eties, to designate them as of most value in oar Southern or Northern States. 428 THE APPLE. American Golden Pippin. Table and market. American Golden Russet. Table. American Summer Pearmain. Table. Baldwin. Table and market. Baltimore. Table and market. Belmont. Table. Ben Davis. Market, South and Southwest. Benoni. Table and market. Bentley Sweet. Market and keeping. Bethlehemite. Table and market. Bonum. Table aud market. Broad well. Table and market. , Buckingham. Table and market. Canipfield. Cider, market, and keeper Canada Reinette. Table and market. Carolina Red June. Table and market. Cogswell. Table and market. Domine. Table and market. Dutchess of Oldenburgb. Cooking and market Dyer. Table. Early Harvest. Table and market. Early Joe. Table. Early Strawberry. Table and market. English Russet. Market and keeper. Esopus Spitzenburgh. Table and market. Evening Party. Table and market. Fallowater. Market and cooking. Fall Pippin. Table and market. Fall Wine. Table. Fameuse. Table and market. Garden Royal. Table. Gilpin. Market and keeper. Golden Sweet. Market and cooking. Gravenstein. Market and cooking. Green Cheese. Table and market, South. Grimes' Golden Pippin. Table and market* Hall. Table and market, South. HaskeU Sweet. Table. Higby Sweet. Table. High Top Sweet. Market, West. Horse. Market and cooking, South. Hubbardston Nonsuch. Table and market. Hunt's Russet. Table. Jersey Sweet. Table and market. Jonathan. Table and market. Keswick Codlin. Market and cooking. King of Tompkins Co. Table and market. Klaproth. Table and market. Lady Apple. Table and market. Lady's Sweet. Table and market. Large Yellow Bough. Table and market. Late Strawberry. Table and market. Lowell. Market and cooking THE APPLE. 428 McLellan. Table. Maiden's Blush. Market and cooking. Mangum. Table, South. Maverack Sweet. Market and cooking, South. Melon. Table. Monmouth Pippin. Table and market. Mother. Table. Newtown Pippin. Table and market. Newtown Spitzenburgh. Table and market. Nickajack. Market and keeper, South. Northern Spy. Table and market. Ohio Nonpareil. Table and market. Peach Pond Sweet. Table, market, and cooking. Peck's Pleasant. Table and market. Pomme Grise. Table and market, North. Porter. Table and market. Primate. Table. Pryor's Red. Table and market, South and West. Eambo. Table and market. Rawles Janet. Table, market, and keeper, Southwest. Red Astrachan. Market and cooking. Red Canada. Table and market. Rhode Island Greening. Market and cooking. Ribston Pippin. Table and market, North. Roxbury Russet. Market and keeper, North and West. Shockley. Market and keeper, South. Smith's Cider. Market. Smokehouse. Market and cooking. Striped Winter Pearmain. Table and market, South and Sov/ hwest. Summer Pippin. Market and cooking. Summer Queen. Market. Summer Rose. Table. Swaar. Table. Tetofsky. Market and cooking. Tewksbury Winter Blush. Table, market, and keeping. Tolman's Sweet. Market and cooking. Wagener. Table. Washing-ton Strawberry. Table and market. Westfield Seek-no-Furtker. Table and market. White Pippin. Table and market. Willis Sweet. Cooking, table, and market. Willow Twig. Market and keeper, West and South. Winesap. Table, market, and keeper. Winter Sweet Paradise. Table. Yellow Bellflower. Table and market. Yellow Newtown Pippin. Table and market. 430 THE ALMOND. CHAPTER X. THE ALMOND. Amygdalus communis, Dec. JZosacece, of botanists. Amandier, of the French ; Mandelbaum, German ; Mandorlo, Italian ; Almendro, Spanish. The Almond-tree, which is a native of the north of Africa and tha mountains of Asia, has long been cultivated, and is mentioned in Scrip- ture as one of the charms of the fertile land of Canaan. It so strongly resembles the peach-tree that it is difficult to distinguish it by the leave? and wood only ; indeed, several botanists are of opinion, from experi- ments made in raising the almond from seed, that this tree and the peach are originally the same species, and that the rich and luscious peach is the effect of accidental variation, produced by culture on the almond. The chief distinction between the two in our gardens lies in the fruit, which, in the almond, consists of little more than a stone covered with a thick, dry, woolly skin, while the peach has in addition a rich and luscious flesh. The blossoms of the almond resemble those of the peach, but are larger ; they are produced in great profusion, early in the season, before the leaves, and are very ornamental. Uses. The kernel of the sweet almond is highly esteemed as an article of food, and is largely used as an ingredient in confectionery, cookery, and perfumery. It is raised in great quantities in the south of Europe, especially in Portugal, and is an important article of commerce. The bitter almond is used in cookery and confectionery, and in medi- cine ; it furnishes the prussic acid of the shops, one of the most powerful of poisons. From both species an oil is also obtained. In France the almond is preferred as a stock on which to bud and graft the peach, which in a very dry climate or chalky soil, it is found, renders the latter more healthy and fruitful than its own bottom. The sweet hard-shelled variety {Douce a coque dure) is preferred for stocks by Fiench nurserymen. Cultivation. The almond thrives best in a warm dry soil, and its general cultivation in this country is precisely like that of the peach. The sweet almond is the only variety considered of value here, and it is usually propagated by budding it on Plum stock, or on the bitter almond seedlings. It is rather more hardy at the North when budded on the former, and as the buds of the sweet almond are rather slender and small, the plum stocks to be budded should be thrifty seedlings, not more than a fourth of an inch in diameter at the place where the bud is inserted. The Common Almond, the Hard-Shell Sweet Almond, and the Bitter Almond, are hardy in the latitude of New York, and will bear tolera- ble crops without care. The Soft-shell Sweet Almond, or Ladies' Almond, will not thrive well in the open garden, as a standard, north of Philadelphia ; but they succeed well trained to a wall or on espalier rails in a warm situation, the branches being slightly protected in winter. There is no apparent reason why the culture of the almond should not be pursued to a profitable extent in the warm and favorable climate THE ALMOND. 431 of some of the Southern States. Especially in the valley of the Ohio and Tennessee it would be likely to succeed admirably. Bitter Almond. The Bitter Almond has large pale blossoms, differing little from the common almond except in the kernel, which is bitter There are two varieties, one with a hard, and the other with a brittle shell. The fruit, which is produced abundantly, ripens in September. The leaves are longer and of a darker green than those of most of the ■ sweet-fruited varieties. Common Almond. A. c. dulcis. Amande commune. Amandier a Petit Fruit. Common Sweet. commun. This is the common Sweet Almond of France and the South of Europe, and is one of the most hardy and productive sorts here. Nuts hard smooth, about an inch and a quarter long, compressed and pointed, of an agreeable flavor, but inferior to the following. Flowers expand before the leaves. Ripens last of September. Peach Almond. Pecher. Peach Almond. Amandier-Pecher. A rather indifferent variety, nearly sweet, but often slightly bitter. It is a true cross between the peach and the almond, and in its leaves, Bowers and stone strongly resembles the peach ; the fruit is also pulpy and of tolerable flavor, like an indifferent peach. The nut scarcely ever ripens well as far north as this. Pistachia Sweet Almond. Amande Pistache. Amandier Pistache. A variety of Almond with a very small pointed fruit, about the size and shape of that of a Pistachia, enclosing a kernel of a delicate sweet flavor. The shell not quite so soft as the Soft-Shell Almond. This ia {scarcely known yet in this country, but is worth further trial at the South. Soft-Shell Sweet Almond. Doux a coque tendre. Amandier des Dames, Sultan a coque tendre. Ou Amande Princesse. Amandier a coque tendre. Ladies' Thin Shell. des Dames. The Soft-Shell or Ladies1 Almond is the finest of all the Almonds. [i is the very variety common in the shops of the confectioners, with a shell so thin as to be easily crushed between the fingers, and the kernel of which is so highly esteemed at the dessert. It ripens early in the season, and is also highly esteemed in a young or fresh state, being served ^n the table for this purpose about the middle of July in Paris. The 4*32 THE ALMOND. blossoms of this variety expand at the same time with the leaves, and are more deeply tinged with red than the foregoing. Several varieties are made of this in France, but they are (as quoted above) all essentially the same, Fruit two inches long, oval, compressed. The nut is more than an inch long, oval, pointed, one-sided, with a light-colored, porous, very tender shell. The kernel sweet and rich. On the plum stock, in a favorable aspect, this Almond succeeds, with a little care, in the Middle States. Sultana Saveet Almond. Amande Sultane. Amandier Sultane. Sultan. A tender-shelled Almond of excellent quality, with smaller fruit and narrower kernel than the Soft-Shell Almond, but of equally excellent flavor, and which is preferred by many. It is thought by Poiteau to be scarcely different from the Soft-Shell or Ladies' Almond. The Long Hard-Shell Almond. Amandier a gros fruit. Amandier a gros fruit dur. A variety with handsome, large, pale rose-colored flowers, opening before the leaves, and large and long fruit, a third longer than other va- rieties. The stone is about as large as the soft-shell variety, but the kernel is larger and plumper. This is a good hardy sort, and it is very ornamental wdren in blossom. Bipi'ns about the last of September. Ornamental Varieties. The Dwarf Double Flowering Almond {Amygdalus pumila. Lin. Primus sinensis of some) is a beautiful, well-known low shrub, extremely ornamental in spring, being covered with a profusion of small pink blossoms, very double. There is also a Double White, similar in habit of growth. The Large Double Flowering Almond (A. d grand ' jleur, N. Duh.) (A. communis plenoi) is a beautiful French variety, with large nearly white flowers, two inches in diameter. It also bears a good small hard- shell Almond. CHAPTER XI. THE apricot. Armeniaca Vulgaris, Dec. Bosaceos, of botanists. Abricoticr, of the French ; Aprikosenbaum, German ; Albercoco, Italian ; Albaricoque, Spanish. The Apricot is one of the most beautiful of stone fruit-trees, easily known by its glossy heart-shaped foliage, large white blossoms, and amooth-skinned golden or ruddy fruit. In the fruit-garden it is a the ArmcoT. 433 highly attractive object in early spring, as its charming flowers are the first to expand. It forms a fine spreading tree of about twenty feet in height, ami is hardy enough to bear as an open standard south of the 42d degree of latitude in this country. The native countries of this tree are Armenia, Arabia, and the higher regions of Central Asia. It is largely cultivated in China and Japan ; and, indeed, according to the accounts of Grosier, the mountains west of Pekin are covered with a natural growth of apricots. The names by which it is known in various European countries all seem to be cor- ruptions of the original Arabic term JSerkoche. Uses. A very handsome and delicious dessert fruit, only inferior to the peach, ripening about midsummer, after cherries and before plums, at a season when it is peculiarly acceptable. For preserving in sugar or brandy, for jellies or pastries, it is highly esteemed, and, where it is abundant, an admirable liquor is made from the fruit ; and it is also dried for winter use. In some parts of Germany, the free-bearing sorts — the Turkey, Orange, and Breda — are largely cultivated for this pur- pose. Cultivation. This tree is almost always budded on the plum stock (on which in July it takes readily), as it is found more hardy and du- rable than upon its own root. Many nurserymen bud the apricot on the ] teach, but the trees so produced are of a very inferior quality — short lived, more liable to diseases, and the fruit of a second-rate flavor. Budded on the plum they are well adapted to strong soils, in which they always hold their fruit better than in light sandy soils. Apricots generally grow very thriftily, and soon make fine heads, and produce an abundance of blossoms and young fruit ; but the crop of the latter frequently falls off when half grown, from being stung by the plum-weevil or curculio, to which the smooth skin of this fruit seems highly attractive. To remedy this, the same course must be pursued as is directed for the plum. Seedling apricots are usually more hardy and productive here than the finer grafted sorts. This is a favorite tree for training on walls or espaliers, and, in town gardens especially, we often see it trained against the sides of brick houses, and yielding most abundantly. As it bears its fruit in the same way as the peach, and requires the same management, we must refer our readers to the latter head for direction as to pruning and training. As the apricot, however, expands its blossoms very early, it should not be placed on an east wall, or in a situation where it is too much exposed to the full morning sun. Diseases. When budded on the Plum, this tree is but little liable to diseases, and may be considered a hardy fruit-tree. In order to render it fruitful, and keep it for a long time in a productive state, we cannot too strongly urge the advantages of the shortening-in system of pruning recommended for the peach. Albergier. Alberge. This is a variety very common in the interior of France, where it is constantly reproduced with but little variation from the seed — Alberge being the name of the apricot in some of the provinces. It is a free grower, and bears well, but is neither so large nor fine as many othei 28 434 THE APRICOT. varieties The leaves are small, and often have little wing-like ears at the base. The Albergiers are much used for stocks in France. _ Fruit small, roundish, deep yellow. Flesh reddish, firm, with a brisk, vinous flavor. Stone compressed. Kernel bitter. Esteemed for preserving. Ripe middle of August. Angoumois. Anjou. Kouge. Violet Fruit small, oval, flattened at the apex. Skin clear deep yellow on the shaded side, but dark rusty brown on the side next the sun. Flesh deep orange, juicy, and melting, separating from the stone, rich, sugary, and briskly flavored, but when highly ripened charged with a fine aro- ma. Back of the stone impervious. Kernel sweet. End of July. (Hogg.) Beauge. A foreign variety very much resembling the Moorpark, but ripening a little later. Black. Amygdalus dasycarpa. Purple Apricot. Norc Violet. Du Pape. This remarkable little Apricot so strongly resembles a dark round plum, that at a little distance it might easily be mistaken for one. (It was indeed called Primus dasycarpa by the old botanists.) It is pretty good, and very bardy, and its unique appearance renders it sought after by amateurs. The tree has a rough, somewhat crooked trunk, and small, oval foliage. Fruit about an inch and a half in diameter, round. Skin pale red in the shade, but dull reddish purple in the sun, covered with a slight down. Flesh pale red next the skin, yellow near the stone, adhering somewhat to the stone, juicy, with a pleasant, slight astringent flavor. Kernel sweet. August. Breda. De Hollande. Amande Aveline. Persique. Hasselnussmandel. Ananas. This is a very excellent small Apricot, said to be originally from Africa, which bears well with common culture, and deserves a place in all gardens, as it is not only a high-flavored dessert sort, but it makes one of the richest preserves. The blossom buds are tinged with deep red before they expand. Fruit rather small, about an inch and a half in diameter, roundish sometimes rather four-sided. Suture well marked. Skin orange, be coming dark orange in the sun. Flesh deep orange, rich, high-flavored, and rather juicy — separating freely from the stone. The kernel, which is sweet, is eaten in France, whence the name Amande Aveline. First of August. the aprkjot. 435 Brown's Early. Origin, Chelsea, Mass. Fruit large, short oval, yellow, bright red cheek. Flesh yellow melting, rich juicy, luscious flavor. Season, middle to last of July. (Cole.) Brussels. The Brussels Apricot is not a fine fruit in this country, but it is a good bearer iu light soils. Fruit of medium size, rather oval, and flattened on its side. Skin pale yellow, dotted with white in the shade, but often marked with a little russety brown in the sun. Suture deep next the stalk. Flesh yellow, rather firm, with a lively but not rich flavor. Kernel bitter. Middle of August. The Brussels of some collections is the JBrecbi. Burlington. Raised by Mrs. Woolman, Burlington, N. J. Tree vigorous. Fruit medium to large, oblong, somewhat compressed at the sides, with a distinct suture. Skin golden yellow, with numerous red spots and a ruddy tint on the side exposed to the sun. Flesh yellowish, sweet, and fine. Middle of July to the first of August. This variety is probably out of existence. Canino Grosso. A variety from the Papal States of Italy, introduced by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England. Tree hardy and a vigorous grower. Fruit quite large. Skin orange, becoming red in the sun. Flesh rich reddish yellow, melting, high-flavored. Middle July. Claude Bidot. From France. Tree vigorous and productive. Fruit medium, roundish ovate, deep suture, half round. Skin deep orange yellow, spotted and shaded with deep red. Flesh deep yellow, slightly colored with red on the side of the sun. Flesh tine, melting, sugarv, aromatic. Stone medium, roundish ovate. Kernel very sweet. (An. Pom.) Comice de Toulon. Of French origin. Fruit large, roundish ovate. Skin very downy, yellow, becoming orange in the .sun, with deep carmine dots. Flesh orange yellow, fine, jukv, aromatic. Kernel sweet. Early July. (An. Pom.) I>es Farges. Originated near Lyons, France. Fruit medium to large, roundish oval, golden yellow, covered with a rfhort down. Flesh orange yellow, fine, juicy, musky perfumed. Stone large. Separates free from the flesh. Last of June. (Verg.) 436 the apricot. Early Golden. Dubois' Early Golden. Origin unknown. Introduced by Charles Dubois, Fishkill Landing, N. Y. Tree vigorous, with long, rather slender brancnes. Fruit small, roundish oval, with the suture well marked, and ex- tending half-way round. Skin smooth, pale orange. Flesh yellow, mo- derately juicy and sweet, with a very good flavor — separates from the stone. Middle of Jnly. Early Moorpark. A variety much resembling fche Moorpark, but ripening some weeks earlier. Fruit roundish, inclining to oval, deep suture on one side, extending from the base to the apex. Skin yellow, mottled and dotted with crim- son on the exposed side. Flesh in all respects resembling that of the Moorpark. Stone oblong, with a covered channel along the back, which is pervious. Kernel bitter. Golden Drop. This new Apricot is described by Rivers as having been raised from seed of the Musch-Musch, and is about the size of an Orleans Plum, bright orange and crimson. Flesh melting, with a delicious pine flavor. Ripe middle July. Hemskirke. A large and beautiful English variety, of the finest quality. It strongly resembles the Moorpark, from which it is known by its stone not being perforated like that variety. It also ripens a little earlier. Fruit lai-ge, roundish, but considerably compressed or flattened on its sides. Skin orange, with a red cheek. Flesh bright orange, tender, rather more juicy and sprightly than the Moorpark, with a rich and luscious plum-like flavor. Stone rather small, and kernel bitter. End of July. Jaques. Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, hardy. Fruit small, ovate. Skin with a fine short down or bloom, greenish yellow. Flesh orange yellow, melting, juicy, sugary, perfumed. Stone medium. July, August. Kaisha. A variety from Syria, of high reputation abroad, but we have found the tree tender and unhealthy. Fruit medium, roundish, with a deep suture toward the stalk, pale yellow, mottled and tinged with red in the sun. Flesh tender, juicy, pale yellowish, parting freely from the stone, sugary, high-flavored, Stone small, roundish. Kernel sweet. July and first of August. Lafayette. Origin, City of New York. Tree remarkably vigorous. THE APRICOT. 437 Fruit very large, oval. Skin light yellow, marbled with, red next tb.6 sun. Flesh high-flavored and excellent. Ripens in August. (W. Bi Prince.) Large Early. Gros Precoce. De St. Jean. Precoce d'Esperin. Gros d'Alexandrie. Gros Fruhe. d'Hongrie. De St. Jean Rouge. A fine, large, early variety from France, of vigorous growth, and one of the best of the early sorts. Fruit of medium size, rather oblong, and compressed. Suture deep Skin slightly downy, pale orange in the shade, fine bright orange with a few ruddy spots in the sun. Flesh separating readily from the stone, orange-colored, rich, and juicy. Kernel bitter. Middle of July. Large Red. Gros Rouge. Gros Rouge HatifL This is a variety of the Peach Apricot, the tree hardier than the Moorpark. Fruit large, deep orange red. Flesh rich, juicy, separating freely from the stone. Kernel bitter. Last July. LlABAUD. Origin, near Lyons, France. Fruit large, ovate, depressed at ends. Skin dull yellow, shaded with orange in the sun. Flesh orange yellow, translucent, fine, melting, sugary. Stone ovate, obtuse at summit. July. (Verg.) Luizet. Originated near Lyons, France. Tree vigorous. Fruit large, ovate truncated at apex. Skin thick, orange yellow, washed and dotted with deep crimson. Flesh yellow, firm, sugary, per- fumed. Stone large. Freestone. July. (Verg.) Mexico. Originated near Lyons, France. Fruit medium, ovate elongated. Skin thick, greenish yellow, wash- ed with reddish brown. Flesh pale yellow, fine, tender, sugary, musky. Stone obtuse at apex end. July. (Verg.) MONTGAMET. Crotte. Alberge de Montgamet. Fruit small, oval, somewhat compressed on the sides, and marked with a shallow Buture. Skin pale yellow, with a slight tinge of red on the side next the sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, adhering to the stone, juicy, and agreeably acid. When well ripened, highly perfumed. Store round islu Kernel bitter. End of July. I 438 THE APRICOT. MoOKTATtK. Anson's. Oldaker's Moorpark. Dunmore. Walton Moorpark. Dunmore's Breda. Temple's. Sudlow's Moorpark. De Nancy. Hunt's Moorpark. This fine variety is the most popular and widely disseminated in this country, except the Breda. It has its name from Moorpark, the seat of Sir William Temple, in England, where it was cultivated more than one hundred and forty years ago. It is only a moderate bearer here, and especially requires the shortening-in mode of pruning, as recommended for the peach. Fruit large, roundish, about two inches and a quarter in diameter each way, on a standard tree ; rather large on one side of the suture than the other. Skin orange in the shade, but deep orange or brownish red in the sun, marked with numerous dark specks and dots. Flesh quite firm, blight orange, parting free from the stone, quite juicy, with a rich and luscious flavor. Stone peculiarly perforated along the back, where a pin may be pushed through nearly from one end to the other Kernel bitter. Ripe early in August. Musch-Musch. D'Alexandrie. This delicious little Apricot takes its name from the city of Musch, on the frontiers of Turkey in Asia ; but it is also common about Alex- andria, and in northern Egypt it is said to be raised in such abundance that the dried fruit is an article of commerce. The tree is rather deli- cate, and requires a sheltered position. Fruit rather small, about an inch and a half in diameter, round. Skin deep yellow, with a little orange red on the sunny side. Flesh yellow, with a translucent pulp, tender, melting, and very sweet. Ker- nel sweet. Newhall's Early. Origin, Lynn, Mass. Fruit medium, short oval, bright orange, deep red cheek, tender, iuicy, rich delicious flavor. Clingstone. Last July. Early August (Cole.) Orange. Early Orange. Persian. Royal George. Royal Orange. Royal Persian. An Apricot of only tolerable quality for the dessert, but it is much esteemed by many for preserving; and it makes delicious tarts, even before the fruit begins to acquire color. Fnut of medium size, roundish, with a well-marked suture, deeply followed near the stalk. Skin firm, orange, sometimes tinged with a ruddy tint in the sun. Flesh dark orange, moderately juicy, but often rather dry and insipid (unless ripened in the house), not separating en- tirely from the flesh. Stone small, roundish. Kernel sweet. Mi idlfl of July. the apricot. 43£ Oullins Early Peach. A. Tariety of the Peach Apricot, differing only in time of ripening. Peach. Anson's Imperial. Royal Peach. Peche. Abricot POche. De Nancy. Du Luxembourg. Pt'che Grosse. Wurtemburg. Pfirsiche. The Peach Apricot, originally from Piedmont, has long been con tidered the finest variety ; and it is with us the largest and most excel- lent sort cultivated — being often as lai'ge as a Peach — of medium size, handsome, and of delicious flavor. It very strongly resembles the Moorpark, but the two are readily distinguished by the eye when stand- ing near each other, and the fruit of the Peach is rather larger and finer, and a few days earlier. Fruit of the largest size, about two and a half inches in diameter, roundish, rather flattened, and somewhat compressed on its sides, with a well-marked suture. Skin yellow in the shade, but deep orange, mot- tled with dark brown, on the sunny side. Flesh of a fine yellow saffron color, juicy, rich, and high-flavored. Stone with the same pervious passage as the Moorpark, and with a bitter kernel. Pine Apple. Ananas. Fruit large, roundish, flattened, and marked with a rather shallow suture. Skin thin and delicate, deep golden yellow in the shade, with a high-colored red cheek where exposed to sun, and speckled with large and small red specks. Flesh reddish yellow, somewhat firm, juicy, rich pine-apple flavor. Stone oval. Kernel bitter. Middle August. (Hogg.) Portugal. Male. Fruit small, resembling in shape and size the Red Masculine, round, divided on one side by a deep suture. Skin pale yellow on the shaded side, deep yellow tinged with red, and marked with brown and ied rus- set spots next the sun. Flesh deep yellow, tender, melting, rich sugary. musky, adhering somewhat to the stone. Stone almost round. Kernel bitter. Middle of August. (Hogg.) Provence. Abricot de Provence. Fruit small, compressed on the sides, with a deep suture, higher on one side, yellow, with red in the sun. Flesh yellow, melting, rich, rather dry, pleasant. Kernel sweet. End of July. i40 THE APEICOT. Red Masculine. Early Masculine. Apricot Prfecoce. Brown Masculine. Apricot hatif Musquee. Abricotier. Abricotier hatif. Friihe Muscateher. A small early sort, hardy, veiy productive, of tolerable flavor, bul not rich, growth upright, slender. Fruit small and nearly round, scarcely an inch and a half in dia- meter, with a well-marked suture on one side. Skin bright yellow, tinged with deep orange and spotted with dark red on the sunny side. Flesh yellow, juicy, with a slightly musky, pleasant flavor. Stone thick, obtuse at the ends. Flowers smaller than in most other sorts. Kernel bitter. Ripe about the 12th of July. Ringold. Originated in Athens, Ga. Fruit large, roundish, a little oblong, suture slight. Skin light orange, darker in the sun, where it is beautifully dotted with carmine. Flesh deep yellow, juicy, and excellent. Ripens just after the orange, hardy and productive. Roman. Abricot Commun Germine. Qrosse Genuine. Transparent. This is with us one of the largest growing and hardiest Apricot trees, and produces good crops every year in cold or unfavorable situa- tions, where none of the other soi'ts except the Masculine succeed. It is therefore, though inferior in flavor, a valuable sort for northern situ- ations. The blossoms will bear quite a severe frost without injury. Fruit middle-sized, oblong, with the sides slightly compressed, with but little or no suture. Skin entirely pale yellow, or very rarely dotted with a few red spots on one side. Flesh dull yellow, soft, rather dry. When ripened by keeping a few days in the house, the flavor is tolerably good. Stone oblong, with a bitter kernel. Ripe the last of July and first of August. There is a Blotched-leaved Roman (commun a feiiilles panaches, of the French), precisely like the foregoing in all respects, except the white or yellow stain in the leaf — but it is quite distinct from the blotched- leaved Turkey, cultivated here. Royal. A fine large French variety, raised a few years since at the Royal Luxembourg Gardens. It is nearly as large as the Moorpark, but with larger leaves borne on long footstalks, and without the pervious stone of that sort. It is quite as high flavored, and ripens a week or ten days earlier. Fruit roundish, large oval, slightly compressed. Skin dull yellow, with an orange cheek, very faintly tinged with red, and a shallow suture, Flesh pale orange, firm and juicy, with a rich vinous flavor. Ripe the latter end of July. THE AriUCOL 44V St. Ambroise. This li a large early Apricot, almost the size of and earlier than the Moorpark. It is compressed, of a deep yellow color, reddish next the Bun. Flesh juicy, rich, and sugary. Middle August. (Hogg.) Sardinian. De Sardaigne. Tree a great bearer, ripening its fruit as early as the Red Mas- culine. Fruit small, with a deep suture on one side. Skin white, with a few crimson spots, and sometimes a flush of red. Flesh juicy, sprightly, sweet, pleasant. Stone small. Kernel bitter. Shipley's. BlenLeim. Shipley's Large. A very good early variety, of small or medium size, of vigorous but rather slender growth. Fruit medium, oval, orange, with a deep yellow, juicy, and tolera- bly rich flesh. Stone roundish, impervious, with a bitter kernel. Ripens here about the 25th of July. Surer Para. Green Gage. From Syria. Fruit medium, roundish, smooth skin, small stone, delicious, rather dry, very sweet flesh. Texas. Originated with Dr. M. A. Ward, Athens, Ga. Fruit small, round. Color dark maroon, darker in the sun. Suture slight, a mere line. Flesh juicy and pleasant, except at the stone, where it is astringent. Adheres to the stone. (W. N. White, MS.) Turkey. Large Turkey. De Nancy of some. The Turkey Apricot is a fine old variety, which is seldom seen in our gardens, the sort generally sold under this name being the Roman. It is quite a late soi't, ripening after the Moorpark, from which it is easily known b}>- its impervious stone and sweet kernel. Fruit of middle size, nearly round, not compressed. Skin fine deep yellow in the shade, mottled with brownish orange in the sun. Flesh pale yellow, firm, quite juicy, with a flavor in which there is an excellent ing of sweet and acid. Kernel nearly as sweet as that of an Al- mond, which, as well as the form and color, distinguishes this sort from the Etoraj n. Ripe the middle of August. The Blotched-leaved Turkey, or" Gold Blotched (Ab rulh\ is a sab-variety, very well known here, resembling tJ e common Turkey H'2 THE BERBERRY. in all respects, except that it has in the centre of each leaf a lai ge rel lowish spot. It is a thrifty tree and bears delicate fruit. Ours is not identical with the Turkey, as the last edition of the L. H. S.'s Cata- logue arranges it, but is a globular fruit, and a true variation of the Turkey. White Masculine. White Apricot. Early White Masculine. Abricot Blanc. Blanc. Abricotier Blanc. White Algiers ? This scarcely diners from the Red Masculine before described, except in color. It is four or five days later. Fruit small and roundish. Skin nearly -white, rarely with a little reddish brown on one side. Flesh white, delicate, a little fibi-ous, ad- heres a little to the stone, and has a delicate, pleasant juice. Kernel bitter. Curious or ornamental varieties. The Briancon Apricot (A. brigantiaca, Dec), a very distinct species, so much resembling a plum as to be called the Briancon Plum by many authors (Prune de Jjrianpon, Poit.), is a small irregular tree or shrub, ten or twelve feet high, a native of the Alps. It bears a great abundance of small, round, yellow, plum- like fruit in clusters, which are scarcely eatable ; but in Fx-ance and Piedmont the kernels of this variety make the " huile de marmotte," which is worth double the price of the olive oil. The Double flowering Apricot is a pretty ornamental tree, yet rare with us. Selection of Apricots for a small garden. Large Early, Breda, Peach, Moorpark. Selection for a cold or northern climate. Red Masculine, Roman, Breda. CHAPTER XII. TH E BERBERRY. Barberis vulgaris. L. Berberacem, of botanists. Epine-vinette, of the French ; Berberitzen, German ; Berbero, Italian ; Berberts, Spanish. The Berberry (or barberry) is a common prickly shrub, from eight to ten feet high, which grows wild in both hemispheres, and is par- ticularly abundant in many parts of New England. The flowers, the roots, and the inner wood are of the brightest yellow color, aud the small crimson fruit is borne in clusters. It is a popular but fallacious notion, entertained both here and in England, that the vicinity of this plant, in any quantity, to grain fields, causes the rust. The barberry is too acid to eat, but it makes an agreeable preserve THE BLACKBERRY. 443 and jelly, and an ornamental pickle for garnishing some dishes. From the seedless sort is made in llouen a celebrated sweetmeat, confitivrt d'epine-vinette. The inner bark is used in France for dyeing silk and cotton a bright yellow. Culture. The culture is of the easiest description. A rich light soil gives the largest fruit. It is easily propagated by seed, layers, or suckers. When fine fruit of the barberry is desired, it should be kept trained to a single stem — as the suckers which it is liable to produce frequently render it barren or make the fruit small. Common Red. This is too well known to need description. In good soils it grows twelve or fifteen feet high, and its numerous clusters of bright oval berries are vei-y ornamental in autumn. There is a Large Red variety of this, which is only a variation produced by cultivation in rich soil. There are also varieties of this in Europe with pale yellow, white, and purple fruit, which are not yet introduced into this country, and which scarcely differ in any other respect than the color. And there is a so- called sweet variety of the common Berberry from Austria (I>. v. dulcis)t but it is scarcely less acid than the common. A variety with purple foliage differs but little in the fruit, which is perhaps not quite as fleshy, but the foliage is extremely ornamental. THE BLACKBERRY. There are several species of the Bramble indigenous to this country, which produce eatable fruit, but the best for the table, or for cooking, are the Low Blackberry, a trailing shrub, and the following varieties of the High Blackberry. The fruit is larger than that of the Raspberry, with fewer and larger grains, and a brisker flavor. It ripens about the last of July or early in August, after the former is past, and is much used by all classes in this country. There is no doubt that varieties of much larger size, and greatly superior flavor, might be produced by sowing the seeds in rich garden soil, especially if repeated for two or three successive genera- tions. Their cultivation in gardens is similar to that of the Raspberry, ex- cept that they require to be planted at greater distances apart, say from lix to eight feet. (See pa Adair's Claret. Originated with D. L. Adair, Hawesville, Ky. The plant is not quite hardy. Fruit medium size, claret color, soft, with a mild pleasant flavor. Albion. A wildling found and introduced by John B. Orange, of Albion, 111. Although described as large and productive, we have never been able to gather more than half a crop from our plants, and the fruit cf only fair size, imperfect, and without flavor. 444 the blackberry. Cape May. Fruit large, black, sweet, quite soft, loses color soon after gathering, not valuable. Colonel Wilder. Introduced by John B. Orange. Fruit of medium size, oblong, light cream color, moderately firm, does not fill well. Crystal White. Orange's Crystal Introduced by John B. Orange, Albion, HI. It is a vigorous grower, Backers freely, and not hardy. Does not set its fruit well. Fruit medium, oblong oval, light creamy white, translucent, sweet. Good. Only desirable as a curiosity. Cumberland. A New Jersey variety, productive, hardy. Fruit medium, black, sweet, early. Cut-Leaved. Parsley Leaved. An old European variety, valued more for its curious foliage than for the amount of its fruit. Fruit roundish, black, sweet, with a musky peculiar flavor. Cutter's Mulberry. Introduced by G. B. Cutter, Newtown, Mass. Fruit long, slender, remarkably sweet. (Hov. Mag.) Doctor Warder. Introduced by John B. Orange. Fruit rather shorter and thicker than the Albion, nearly as large. Color dark rosy red. (Hov. Mag.) Dorchester. Introduced to notice by the late Capt. Lovett, of Beverly, Mass. Nearly equal in size to New Rochelle, of a more elongated form, grains rather smaller, somewhat sweeter, and producing large crops of high- flavored fruit, a vigorous grower. Fruit large, oblong conic, sometimes measuring an inch and a quar- ter in length, of a deep shining black. The berries should be fully ma- tured before they are gathered ; it bears carriage well. Bipens about the first of August. the blackberry. 446 Duncan's Falls. Introduced by J. C. Neff, Duncan's Falls, O. An upright, very vig orous grower. _ „ Fruit large, black, moderately firm, juicy, sweet. New, not fully tested. Farley. Origin unknown. New. Fruit nearly as large as New Rocbelle, black, sweet, and ripens two weeks earlier. (Hort.) Felton. Introduced by Oscar Felton, of Camden, N. J. Fruit large, long, slightly conical, sweet. Good. Ripens early, moderately productive. Holcomb. Introduced by E. A. Holcomb, of Granby, Conn. Canes hardy and )du Fi early. productive. Fruit large, roundish, black, moderately firm, well flavored. Kipens Kentucky White. Introduced by D. L. Adah-, Kentucky. Plant tender. Fruit medium size, oblong oval, light dirty white. Imperfect. KlTTATINNY. A native wildling from the Kittatinny Mountains, Warren Co., N. J. It has within a few years become widely disseminated, and every- where proves of the highest value. Canes quite hardy, and very pro- ductive ; ripening early, and continuing a long time. Fruit large to very large, roundish conical, rich glossy black, mod- erately firm, juicy, rich, sweet, excellent. Low Blackberry. Trailing Blackberry. Dewberry. Rubus Canadensis. A low trailing, prickly shrub, producing large white blossoms in May, and very large roundish oblong black fruit iu midsummer. Leaf- lets from three to five in number. The fruit, when hi good soil and fully exposed to the sun, is high-flavored, sweet, and excellent. Mason's Mountain. A new variety. Canes hardy. Fruit large, conical, black, sweet, rich. Missouri Mammoth. A. variety recently disseminated from Missouri. It has not ye* 446 THE BLACKBERRY. fruited here, but is described as " bearing fruit of the very largest size, quite black., firm, rich, juicy, sweet, without any core. Ripens very early, and continues a long time in bearing." Newman's Thornless, A new variety, discovered by Jonas Newman, Ulster Co., N. Y. Promises to be valuable. Growth not so vigorous as New Rochelle and Dorchester, but produces good-sized oval berries of excellent flavor. The canes have but few spines or thorns in comparison to the others. Ripens about the first of August. New Rochelle. Seacor's Mammoth. Lawton. This remarkable variety was found by Lewis A. Seacor, in its native wildness by the roadside, in the town of New Rochelle, Westchester Co., N. Y. It is of very vigorous growth, with strong spines which belong to the bramble, is hardy and exceedingly jiroductive. Fruit very large, oval, and, when fully ripe, intensely black. When mature the fruit is very juicy, rather soft and tender, with a sweet, ex- cellent flavor ; when gathered too early it is acid and insipid. The gra- nules are larger, consequently the fruit is less seedy than any other va- riety. Ripens about the first of August, and continues in use five or six weeks. Sable Queen. Introduced by J. W. Manning, Reading, Mass., who describes it as in size, beauty, and fruitfulness, equal if not superior to Dorchester or New Rochelle. We have not seen it. Wachusett. Found growing wild on Monadnock Mountain. Canes hardy, nearly thornless. Fruit medium, oblong oval, moderately firm, productive. (J. of H.) Washington. Raised by Prof. C. G. Page, Washington, D. C. Wilson's Early. Introduced by John Wilson, Burlington, N. J. A hardy, produc- tive, very early ripening market sort. Fruit large, oblong oval, black. Flesh firm, sweet. Good. Ornamental Varieties. — The " Double White Blossomed " and " Double Pink Blossomed Brambles " are beautiful climbing shrubn, of remarkably luxuriant growth, which may be trained for a great length THE CHERRY. 447 in a season, and are admirably adapted for covering walls ana _n- sightly buildings. The flowers are like small double roses, and are pro- duced in numerous clusters in June, having a very pretty effect. North of New York these climbers are rather tender in severe winters. The Rose Flowering Bramble (Hubus odoratus) is a very pretty native shrub, with large broad leaves, and pleasing rose-colored flowers, and groups well with other shrubs in ornamental plantations. CHAPTER XIII. The Cherry. Cerasus sylvestri-s, and C. vulgaris, Arb. Brit. Rosacem, of botanists. Cerisier, of the French; Kirsclienbaum, German; Ciriego, Italian ; Cerezo, Spanish. The Cherry is a fine, luxuriant fruit-tree, with smooth, light-colored bark, and generally of rapid growth. The varieties of the black and heart-shaped cherries are always vigorous, and form fine large spreading heads, forty or fifty feet in height ; but those of the acid or red cherry are of lower, more bushy, and tardy growth. In the spring the cherry- tree is profusely covered with clusters of snow-white blossoms, and earlier in summer than upon any other tree, these are followed by abun- dant crops of juicy, sweet, or acid fruit, hanging upon long stalks, and enclosing a smooth stone The Cherry comes originally from Asia, and the Roman general, Lucullus, after a victorious expedition into Pontus, has the reputation of having brought it to Italy from Cerasus, a town in that province, in the year 69 b.c. According to Pliny, the Romans, 100 years after this, had eight varieties in cultivation, and they were soon afterwards carried to all parts of Europe. The seeds of the cultivated cherry were brought to this country very early after its settlement, both from Eng- land and Holland. Uses. As a pleasant and refreshing dessert fruit, the cherry is everywhere liighly esteemed. The early season at which it ripens, its juiciness, delicacy, and richness, render it always acceptable. While the large and fleshy varieties are exceedingly sweet and luscious, others which are more tender, and more or less acid, are very valuable for pies, tarts, and various kinds of cookery. The fruit of the Kentish or Early Rich- mond is excellent when stoned and dried, and the Mazzard, and our wild Virginia cherries, are used to give a flavor to brandy. When canned *hey retain their character and are very delicious. The Dukes or Mo- rellos arc best for the purpose. The celebrated German J^irschwasser is made by distilling the liquor of the common black mazzard or gean (in which the stones are ground and broken, and fermented with the pulp), and the delicious Ratafia cox- dial of Grenoble Is also made from this fruit. Marasch inoy the most celebrated liqueur of Italy, is distilled from a small gean or mazzard with which, in fermenting, honey and the leaves and kernels of the fruit are mixed. 448 THE CHERRY. The gum of the Cherry is nearly identical with gum arabic, and there are some marvellous stories told of its nutritive properties. The wood of the cherry is nard and durable, and is therefore valuable for many purposes ; but the best wood is afforded by our common wild or Virginia cherry, which is a very good substitute for mahogany, taking a fine polish. The larger growing sorts of black cherry are the finest of all fruit- trees for shade, and are, therefore, generally chosen by farmers, who are always desirous of combining the useful and the ornamental. Indeed the Cherry, from its symmetrical form, its rapid growth, its fine shade and beautiful blossoms, is exceedingly well suited for a roadside tree in agricultural districts. We wish we could induce the planting of ave- nues of this and other fine-growing fruit-trees in our country neighbor- hoods, as is the beautiful custom in Germany, affording ornament and a grateful shade and refreshment to the traveller at the same moment. Mr. Loudon, in his Arboretum, gives the following account of the cherry avenues in Germany, which we gladly lay before our readers : — " On the Continent, and more especially in Germany and Switzer- land, the cherry is much used as a roadside tree ; particularly in the northern parts of Germany, where the apple and pear will not thrive. In some countries the road passes for many miles together through an avenue of cherry-trees. In Moravia, the road from Brunn to Olmutz passes through such an avenue, extending upwards of sixty miles in length ; and in the autumn of 1828, we travelled for several days through almost one continuous avenue of cherry-trees, from Strasburg by a cir- cuitous route to Munich. These avenues, in Germany, are planted by the desire of the respective governments, not only for shading the travel- ler, but in order that the poor pedestrian may obtain refreshment on his journey. All persons are allowed to partake of the cherries, on condi- tion of not injuring the trees ; but the main crop of the cherries, when ripe, is gathered by the respective proprietors of the land on which it grows ; and when these are anxious to preserve the fruit of any particu- lar tree, it is, as it were^ tabooed ; that is, a wisp of straw is tied in a conspicuous part to one of the branches, as vines by the roadsides in France, when the grapes are ripe, are protected by sprinkling a plant here and there with a mixture of lime and water, which marks the leaves with conspicuous white blotches. Every one who has travelled on the Continent in the fruit season, must have observed the respect that is paid to these appropriating marks ; and there is something highly gratifying in this, and in the humane feeling displayed by the princes of the different countries in causing the trees to be planted. It would indeed be lamentable if kind treatment did not produce a corresponding return." Soil and Situation. A dry soil for the cherry is the universal maxim, and although it is so hardy a tree that it will thrive in a great variety of soils, yet a good sandy or gravelly loam is its favorite place. It will indeed grow in much thinner and dryer soils than most other fruit-trees, but to obtain thc3 finest fruit a deep and mellow soil, of good quality, is desirable. When it is forced to grow in wet places, or where the roots are constantly damp, it soon decays and is very short lived. And we have seen this tree, when forced into too luxuriant a growth in our over-rich Western Foils, become so gross in its wood as to bear little r - no fruit, and split open in its trunk, and soon perish. It is a verj THE CHEKRT. 449 hardy tree, and will bear a great variety of exposures without in- jury. In deep warm valleys, liable to spring frosts, it is, however, ■well to plant it on the north sides of hills, in order to retard it in the spring. Propagation. The finer sorts are nearly always propagated by bud- ding on seedlings of the common black mazzard, which is a very com- mon kind, producing a great abundance of fruit, and very healthy, free growing stocks. To raise these stocks, the cherries should be gathered wben fully ripe, and allowed to lie two or three days together, so that they may be partially or wholly freed from the pulp by washing them in water. They should then be planted immediately in drills in the seed plot, covering them about an inch deep. They will then vegetate in the following spring, and in good soil will be fit for planting out in the nursery rows in the autumn or following spring, at a distance of ten or twelve inches apart in the row. Many persons preserve their cherry stones in sand, either in the cellar or in the open air, until spring, but we have found this a more precarious mode; the cherry being one of the most delicate of seeds when it commences to vegetate, its vitality is frequently destroyed by leaving it in the sand twenty-four hours too long, or after it has commenced sprouting. After planting in the nursery rows, the seedlings are generally fit for budding in the month of August following. And in order not to have weak stocks overpowered by vigorous ones, they should always be assorted before they are planted, placing those of the same size in rows together. Nearly all the cherries are grown with us as standards. The English nurserymen usually bud their standard cherries as high as they wish them to form heads, but we always prefer to bud them on quite young stocks, as near the ground as possible, as they then shoot up clean, straight, smooth stems, showing no clumsy joint where the bud and the stock are united. In good soils the buds will frequently make shoots, six or eight feet high, the first season after the stock is headed back. Grafting of the cherry may be perfoimied the same as with the apple and pear, but the work, to be successful, should always be performed early in the season, before the frost is well out of the ground. If omitted until the buds begin to swell strongly the chances for success are less than those of failure. When dwarf trees are required, the Morello seedlings are used as stocks, or the Perfumed Cherry (Cerasus Mahaleb) is employed ; but as standards are almost universally preferred, these are seldom seen here. Dwarfs in the nursery must be headed back the second year, in o der to form lateral shoots near the ground. Cultivation". The cherry, as a standard tree, may be said to require little or no cultivation in the Middle States, further than occasionally supplying old trees with a little manure to keep up their vigor, pinning out a dead or crossing branch, and washing the stem with soft soap should it become hard and bark-bound. Pruning, the cherry very Utile needs, and as it is always likely to produce gum (and this decay), it should be avoided, except when really required. It should then be done in midsummer, as that is the only season when the gumisnot more or Less oxuded. The cherry is not a very long-lived tree, bul in favor- able soil the finest varieties generally endure about thirty or fortj years. In the County of Perry, Ohio, there is a tree of the Black Mazzard variety which is eighty feet in height, and four feet one inch in ilia 29 460 THE CHERRY. meter of main trunk, while the length of the largest limb or branch is forty -two feet. A large cherry-tree at Walworth, N. Y., is recorded as measuring fourteen feet six inches in circumference, sixty feet in height, and having a spread of over four rods. It has produced forty bushels of fruit in one season. Twenty feet apart for the strong, and eighteen feet for the slow- growing kinds is the proper distance for this tree. Training the Cherry is very little practised in the United States. The Heart and Bigarreau Cherries are usually trained in the horizontal manner, explained in pages 44, 45. When the wall or espalier is once filled, as there directed, with lateral branches, it is only necessary to cut off, twice every season — in the month of May and July — all additional shoots to within an inch or so of the branch from which they grew. As the trees grow older, these fruit-spurs will advance in length, but by cut- ting them out whenever they exceed four or five inches, new ones will be produced, and the tree will continue to keep its proper shape and yield excellent fruit. The Morello Cherries, being weaker growing sorts, are trained in the fan manner {pages 42, 43). Gathering the Fruit. This tender and juicy fruit is best when freshly gathered from the tree, and it should always be picked with the stalks attached. For the dessert, the flavor of many sorts in our climate is rendered more delicious by placing the fruit, for an hour or two pre- vious, in an ice-house or refrigerator, and bringing them upon the table cool, with dew-drops standing upon them. For market or transpor- tation long distances, they should be gathered only when perfectly dry. Varieties. Since the first publication of this work was written, the number of varieties has greatly increased, and become so hybridized that no distinct line can now be drawn separating many of the Heart Cher- ries (tender and half tender) from the firm-fleshed or Bigarreau varieties, «ach class insensibly approaching and intermingling with the other. We have therefore made but one class of these, whose main characteristic is the large, vigorous growth of the trees. The Duke and Morello Cherries, also wanting a natural division, we make to constitute another class, and in these two have comprised all the cherries. CLASS I. BIGARREAU AND HEART CHERRIES. Adam's Crown. Of English origin. Fruit medium, round heart-shape, pale red. Flesh tender, juicy, agreeable. Middle of June. Amber. Imperial English Amber ? A variety described by Coxe as large, round. Skin glossy cream color, faint blush. Flesh firm, luscious. Ripens late in June. Tree grows large, regular, spreading. the cherry. 451 Amber Gean. Gean Amber. Of foreign origin, exceedingly productive, ripens late, and hangs til. the middle of July. Fruit small, oval or obtuse heart-shape. Skin very thin, color pale vellow, partially overspread with a very faint red. Stalk long and slender, very slightly inserted. Flesh white, juicy, melting, of a sweet and pleasant flavor. Am b ree. Cerise Ambree. An English variety, des>. ribed in Lindley as of rather tender habit in tree. Fruit large, round, flattened next the stalk. Skin thick, of a fine amber color, mottled with red and yellow. Flesh pale yellow, slightly tinged with red, juicy, excellent. Middle of July. American Amber. Bloodgood's Amber. Bloodgood's Honey. Bloodgood's New Honey. Raised by the late Daniel Bloodgood, of Flushing, Long Island. A vigorous tree, productive. Fruit of medium size, roundish heart-shaped, slightly indented at the apex. Skin thin, smooth, light amber, delicately mottled and overspread with bright red. Stalk long and slender, inserted in a slight narrow cavity. Flesh tender, abounding with a sprightly, though not liigh- flavored juice. Ripe about the 25th of June. American Heart. Its origin is uncertain. The tree is quite luxuriant, with wide- spreading branches. Productive. Fruit pretty large, heart-shaped, often nearly four-sided, and irregu- lar in its outline — borne in clusters. Skin at first pale, not becoming covered with light red or pink, mixed with very little amber. Stalk rather long and slender, inserted in a small and shallow cavity. Flesh half tender and crackling, adhering to the skin, which is rather tough. Juice abundant, and in dry seasons sweet and excellent, but rather want- ing in sweetness in cool or wet seasons. Ripens early in June. Anne. A very productive early variety. Received from A. V. Bedford, Paris, Ky. Fruit medium to small, bright red, tender, juicy, very sweet, and excellent, a good amateur's fruit, growth moderate. Ripe with Early White Heart, or soon after. Argental's Late. Bigarreau Tardive d'Argental. A Cherry from France, of rather spreading habit, with irregular rather slender branches, the fruit in form unlike any other cherry. 452 THE CHERRY. Fruit medium, elongated oval. Sides compressed, narrow suture; Stalk medium, slender, in a small cavity. Skin deep purplish black. Flesh half tender, juicy, sweet. Very good. Stone small, narrow, elon» gated oval. Ripens July 10. Baumann's May. Bigarreau de Mai. Wilder's Bigarreau de Mai. Of foreign origin. A very productive, early variety, of vigorous growth, of good quality, but not equal to E. P. Guigne. Fruit rather small, oval heart-shaped, and rather angular in outline. Skin deep rich red, becoming rather dark when fully ripe. Stalk an inch and three-fourths long, pretty stout at either end, and set in a very nar- row and rather irregular cavity. Flesh purplish, tender, juicy, and when fully ripe, tolerably sweet and good. Ripens here the 20th of May. Belle Agathe. Autumn Bigarreau. Belle Agathe de Novembre. A variety from Belgium. Tree vigorous, hardy, good bearer. Fruit small, roimdish oval, depressed at ends, yellow, mostly covered with red. Flesh firm, hard, sweet, moderately juicy. Stone large Valuable only because of its time of ripening, late in August. Belle d' Orleans. Bigarreau. Belle d'Orleans. A foreign variety, ripening just after the Early Purple Guigne. lree a vigorous grower, spreading habit, productive, and a valuable addition to the early kinds. Fruit above medium size, roundish heart-shaped. Color whitish yellow, half covered with pale red. Flesh tender, very j uicy, sweet, and excellent. Ripens early in June. THE CHERRY. 453 BlGARREAU. Graffion. Yellow Spanish. White Bigarreau. Amber, or Imperial. Turkey Bigarreau ? Bigarreau Royal. Italian Heart. Bigarreau Gros ? West's White Heart. Bigarreau Tardif. Groote Princess. Hollandische Grosse. Prinzessin Kirsche. Cerise Ambree. This noble fruit is uuquestionably one of the largest, most beautiful, and delicious of Cherries. It was introduced into this country about the year 1800, by the late William Prince, of Flushing, and has been very extensively disseminated under the names of Yellow Spanish, Graf- fion, and Bigarreau. The tree is short, but thrifty in growth, making 6trong lateral shoots, and forming a large and handsome head with spreading branches. Fruit very large, and of a beautiful waxen appearance, regularly formed, obtuse heart-shaped, the base a good deal flattened. Stalk stout, nearly two inches long, inserted in a wide hollow. Skin pale whitish yellow on the shaded side, bordered with minute carmine dots, and deepening into bright red, finely marbled on the sunny side. Flesh pale yellow, quite firm, juicy, with a rich, sweet, and delicious flavor if allow- ed fully to ripen. In perfection the last of June. Bigarreau Gros Cceuret. Large Heart-shaped Bigarreau. Bigarreau Gros Monstruetut Bigarreau Cceur de Pigeon. Bigarreau Marcellin. Gros Cceuret. This, the true Large Heart-shaped Bigarreau, is a French variety only rarely seen in the fruit gardens of this country. Fruit large, roundish heart-shaped, with a suture blue frequently raised, instead of being depressed. Skin at first yellowish red, marked with deeper red streaks, but becoming, when fully ripe, a dark shining red, almost black. Stalk inserted in a shallow hollow. Stone oval and rather large. Flesh firm, purplish, a little bitter at first, but of a sweet flavor when fully matured. Ripe first week in July. Bigarreau Jaboulat. Bigarreau de Lyon. This is a fine large, early Bigarreau. Skin covered with clear red. Stalk an inch and a half long. Flesh firm, juicy, richly flavored, and delicious. End of June. (Hogg.) Some years since we received a Bigarreau de Lyon from Lewis B. Eaton, of Buffalo, N. Y., he having purchased it from a lot of imported French trees. The label being lost, the above name was given, and as it has been so disseminated, we continue it and give description to aid in its identity. The tree is a free grower, with long, spreading, some- what pendulous branches. Fruit large, heart-shaped, somewhat irregular compressed. Suture slight. Skin deep red, almost black at maturity. Stalk rather long, slender, curved, set in a round narrow cavity of moderate depth. 454 THE CHERRY. Flesh reddish purple, half tender, juicy, sweet, rich. Very good Early July. BlGARREAU OF MEZEL. Great Bigarreau ? Great Bigarreau of Mezel. Large Red Prool ? Monstrous de Mezel. Bigarreau Gaubalais. A foreign variety of the largest size, and, so far as we can ju Jge, iden tical with Great Bigarreau and Large Bed Prool. This is however doubted by some. The tree is a very vigorous grower, forming a wide- spreading open head, bearing its fruit on spurs along the limbs or branches. Fruit very large, obtuse heart-shaped. Surface uneven, dark red, or quite black at maturity. Stalk long and slender. Flesh firm and juicy, but not high-flavored. Bipe last of June and beginning of July. Bigarreau Biverchon. A late Cherry, described by Bivers as large, dark red, nearly black. Flesh rich. July. Bill and Coo. A variety that originated on the grounds of Prof. J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, O., and took its name from the tree being the haunt of two young lovers. Tree vigorous and productive. Fruit medium, regular, heart-shaped, flattened at apex. Stalk long, slender. Sides high. Color amber yellow ground, marbled with clear rich red. Suture half round, broad, opposite side knobby. Flesh rich, delicate, sweet. Early in June, but hangs a long time without decaying. (Elliott's Notes.) Black Bigarreau of Savoy. New Large Black Bigarreau. Bigarreau Noir de Savoi. Bigarreau Noir. An Italian variety, of very vigorous growth ; hardy and productive. Young wood quite dark. Fruit large, regularly heart-shaped, very slightly obtuse. Skin smooth and even on the surface, not very glossy, quite black at maturity. Stalk an inch and three-fourths long, rather stout, set in a narrow even hollow. Flesh purple,' quite firm and solid, with a rich but not abundant juice. Stone rather large. Bipe middle of July. Black Eagle. A very excellent English variety, raised by the daughter of Mr. Knight, at Downton Castle, in 180(3, from the seed of the Bigarreau fertilized by the May duke. It ripens at the beginning of July, or a few days later than the Black Tartarian. Black Eagle. THE CHERRY. 455 Fruit rather above medium size, borne in pairs and tl rees, obtuse heart-shaped. Skin deep purple, or nearly black. Stalk of medium length, and rather slender. Flesh deep purple, tender, with a rich, high-flavored juice, superior to the Black Heart. Branches strong, with large leaves. Moderate bearer. Black Hawk. Originated with Dr. J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio. The tree ia of healthy, vigorous, spreading habit, with much of the general character of Yellow Spanish. As a table fruit, its high flavor will always com- mend it ; while as a market fruit, its size and productive habit of tree place it among the very bust. Fruit large, heart-shape, often obtuse. Sides compressed. Surface un- even. Color dark purplish black, glossy. Flesh dark purple, half tender, almost firm, juicy, rich, sweet, fine flavor. Season from 20th June to 1st July. Black Heart. Early Black. Black Caroon. AnselTs Fine Black. Guinier a fruit noir. Spanish Black Heart. Guigne grosse noir. Black Russian. Grosse Schwarze Hertz Kirsche. The Black Heart, an old varit ty, is better known than almost any other Cherry in this country, and its great fruitfulness and good flavor, together with the hardiness and the large size to which the tree grows, render it everywhere esteemed. Fruit above medium size, heart-shaped, a little irregular. Skin glossy, dark purple, becoming deep black when fully ripe. Stalk an inch and a half long, slender, set in a moderate hollow. Flesh, before fully ripe, half tender, but finally becoming tender and juicy, with a rich, sweet flavor. Ripens the last of June, about ten days after the Mayduke. Black Mazzard. Mazzard. Whixley Black Common English. Merry Cherry. Wild English Cherry. Merisier a petit fruit. Black Honey. Merisier a petit fruit noir. Bristol Cherry. Corone. Cerasus avium. Caroon. Wild Black Fruited. Couronne. Small Wild Black. Large Wild Black. This is the wild species of Europe, being common in the forests of France and some parts of England; audit has now become nal iralized, and grows spontaneously throughout most portions of the settled States. It i the original species from which nearly all the fine Heart and other Bweet cherries have sprung. It is small, and of little value for eating, retaining, unless very ripe, a certain bitterness; but it ripens and hangs on th ntil the middle or last of July, so that it then becomes somewhat acceptable. Fruit small, roundish or oval heart-shaped, flattened a little on both sides. Stalk long and very slender, inserted in a small depression 456 THE CHERRY. Skin thin, and when fully ripe, jet black. Flesh, soft and melting, purple, with an abundant somewhat bitter juice. The White Mazzard of Mr. Manning is a seedling raised by that pomologist, which differs little except in its color. Tartarian. Black Circassian. Ronald's Heart. Fraser's Tartarische. Bishop's Large. Black Tartarian. Black Tartarian. Fraser's Black Tartarian. Superb Circassian. Fraser's Black Heart. Schwarze Herz Kirsche. Circassian. Ronald's Large Black Heart. Fraser's Black. Black Russian. Double Heart. This superb fruit has become a general favorite in all our gardens ; and in size, flavor, and produc- tiveness it has no superior among black cherries. It is a Russian and West Asian variety, intro- duced into England about 1796, and brought thence to this country. It is remarkable for its rapid, vigorous growth, large leaves, and the erect habit of its head. The fruit ripens about the middle of June, a few days after the Mayduke. Fruit of the largest size, heart-shaped (some- times rather obtuse), irregular and uneven on the surface. Skin glossy, bright purplish black. Flesh purplish, thick (the stone being quite small), half-tender, and juicy. Flesh very rich and deli- cious. Bohemian Black Bigarreau. Bigarreau Radowesnitzer. Foreign. Fruit very large, roundish heart-shape, very even and regular in outline. Skin shining jet black. Stalk short, stout, dark green. Flesh quite black, firm, juicy, richly flavored and de- licious. Season early July. (Florist and Pomo- logist.) Bowyer's Early Heart. Medium size, obtuse heart-shaped. Skin amber, mottled and shaded with red. Flesh tender, juicy, with a pleasant vinous flavor, Distinct from Early White Heart. Ripens immediately after. Brand ywine. Originated near Wilmington, Del. Tree vigorous, spreading, pio- iuctive. Fruit large, roundish obtuse heart-shape, almost without suture. Skin yellowish, beautifully mottled and marbled with light crimson and lake, small light dots. Stalk long, slender, in a moderate oavity, Flesh tender, juicy, sprightly acidulous. Fine for culinary uses. Stone rather large. Last of June. the cherry. 457 Brant. Origin, Cleveland, Ohio. Tree vigorous, with large foliage and spreading, of rather round, regular form. Fruit large, rounded angular heart-shape. Sides slightly compressed. Color reddish black. Flesh dark purplish red, half tender, juicy, sweet, and rich. Very good. Season early or middle of June. Brown's Seedling. Origin, Connecticut. Tree vigorous, upright. Fruit medium, obtuse heart-shaped, compressed with a line and slight suture. Stalk in a broad cavity. Skin whitish, shaded and mottled with red. Flesh half tender, j nicy , sweet. Good. Early July. Burr's Seedling. Origin, Perrinton, Monroe Co., N. Y. Tree a vigorous spreading grower, productive. Fruit large, heart-shaped, whitish yellow shaded with light red, and Hometimes mottled. Flesh nearly tender, with a sweet, rich, excellent flavor. Very good. Ripe the last of June. Buttner's Black Heart. From Germany. Tree a vigorous grower. Fruit large, heart-shaped, almost black. Flesh purplish, firm, juicy, not very rich. Good, Ripe middle of July. Buttner's Yellow. Buttner's Wachs-Knorpel Kirsche. Buttner's Gelbe-Knorpel Kirsche. Raised by Biittner, of Halle, in Germany, and one of the few Cher- ries entirely yellow. Fruit of medium size, roundish. Skin pale yellow. Flesh firm, yel- lowish, sweet, and not of much value. Ripe first week in July. Carmine Stripe. Raised by Prof. J. P. Kirtland. Tree vigorous, healthy, spreading. Very productive. Fruit above medium, heart-shaped. Suture half round, followed by a line of carmine. Color amber yellow, shaded and mottled with bright, lively carmine. Flesh tender, juicy, sweet, sprightly, and agreeable. Verv good. Stalk varies. Season, last of June. Caroline. One of Prof. J. P. Kirtland's originating. Tree a vigorous, somewhat upright spreading habit, very productive, and an exceedingly delicious fruit for the dessert. Fruit above medium, round oblong, one side compressed slightly. Color pale amber, mottled with clear light red, and when fully exposed to the sun becomes rich red. Flesh very tender, juicy, "weet, and deli cate. Very good or best. Season last of June. 468 the cherry. Byrnsville. Origin, Dutchess Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. Fruit medium to large, nearly globular, slight apex. Skin yellowish, shaded and mottled with light and dark red. Stalk medium or short. Flesh very tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. Last June. Champagne. Originated at Newburgh, N. Y. Tree of moderate growth, and forma a round head. Fruit of medium size, roundish heart-shaped. Color lively brick red, inclining to pink, a little paler on the shaded side. Stalk of moderate length and size, inserted in a rather flat shallow depression. Flesh amber-colored, of a lively rich flavor, a mingling of sugar and acid, something between Downer's Late and a Duke cherry, a good bearer, and ripens uniformly and hangs some time on the tree. Very good. Season last of June. China Bigarreau. Chinese Heart. Fruit of medium size, roundish heart-shaped, light amber, mottled and shaded with bright red. Flesh firm, with a sweet, peculiar flavor. Good. Ripe last of June. Cleveland. Cleveland Bigarreau. Raised by Professor J. P. Kirtland, a thrifty strong grower, spreading, productive, and a fine fruit. Fruit large, round heart-shape. Suture pretty broad, nearly half- round. Color bright clear red on yellowish ground. Flesh fine, juicy, rich, sweet, and fine flavor. Ripe a few days before Black Tartarian. Very good. Cocklin's Favorite. Late Amber. Origin unknown. Introduced by E. H. Cocklin, Shepherdstown, Pa. Tree upright, conical, vigorous, and exceedingly productive. Fruit large, roundish, regular, a little compressed, somewhat flatten- ed at base, almost without suture. Apex sunk. Skin yellowish shaded, and somewhat mottled in the sun with light crimson. Stalk long and slender, in a deep smooth cavity. Flesh tender, juicy, sweet, vinous. Very good. Stone very small. Ripens a little later than Downer's Red. Coe's Transparent. Originated with Curtis Coe, of Middletown, Conn. A produc- tive and valuable addition to the amateur's collection, but ralher toe tender for carriage to market. Tree vigorous and hardy, with a round and somewhat spreading head. THE CHERRY. 4o9 Coe's Transparent Fruit of medium size, remarkably round ani regular in form. Skin thin, wax-like, of a very delicate pale amber, nearly covered with pale cor- uelian red in the sun, and marked with delicate pale spots or blotches, which give it a unique appearance. Stalk set in a deep depression of moderate depth. Flesh very tender, melting, and juicy, with a deli- cate but sweet and excellent flavor. Best. Ripens just before Black Tartarian. Columbia. Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, spreading, pro- ductive. Fruit medium, heart-shaped, inclining to a point. Surface angular and uneven. Sides com- pressed. Suture deep and narrow. Stalk long and slender, in a large deep cavity. Skin whitish yel- low, shaded aud mottled with light red. Flesh whitish, slightly stained with pink, tender, juicy, pleasant. Good. Last of June. CoNESTOGA. Origin, Lancaster Co., Pa. Introduced by Cas- par Hiller. Tree a very vigorous spreading grower, and abundant bearer. Fruit medium, obtuse, heart-shaped, slightly compressed. Suturo shallow. Apex small. Stalk long. Cavity deep, large. Skin deep red or purplish, somewhat mottled. Flesh reddish, almost tender, juicy, brisk. Good. Early July. Cornelia. Originated by Charles Pease, near Cleveland, O. Tree vigorous, up- right spreading, very productive. Fruit medium to large, heart-shaped, compressed. Suture slight. Skin whitish yellow, shaded with rich bright crimson when fully ex- posed to the sun. Stalk long, in a narrow deep cavity. Flesh light yellow, tender, juicy, sweet, and lively flavor. Veiy good. Stone small. Last of June. Dacotah. A new variety, originated by Charles Pease, Sen., near Cleveland, O. The tree resembles Rockport in habit of growth, very productive. Fruit medium to large, heart-shaped, compressed. Suture shallow, with projection aud dark line on the opposite side Stalk long, slender, pretty deep, rather narrow cavity. Skin rich dark red, almost black. Surface a little uneven. Flesh purplish, tender, juicy, sweet. Very good. Stone medium. Ripe just after Black Tartarian. Davenport's Early Black. Davenport. Davenport's Early. New Mayduke. Origin, Dorchester, Mass. Tree of moderate upright growth, dis- tinct from Black Heart, an early and good bearer. 460 THE CHERRY. Fruit above medium size, roundish heart-shaped. Stem an incn and a half long, rather stout, in a medium cavity. Color dark purplish black. Flesh tender, juicy, and pleasant. Ripe about the time of May duke or just before. Very good. Delicate. Ripens early in June. Delicate. Raised by Prof. J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, O. Tree thrifty, rather spreading habit, productive, and its beautiful appearance and delicate flavor will make it a favorite for family uso. Fruit rather above medium size, roundish, slightly depressed. Stem medium length, in a rather broad deep cavity. Color fine amber yel- low in the shade, with a rich bright red on the sunny side. Flesh tender, juicy, sweet, with a delicate rich flavor. Best. Ripens the last of June. Doctor. The Doctor. Tree a free grower, somewhat spreading, very productive, apt to be small unless well cultivated. Fruit of medium size, roundish heart-shaped. Stalk of medium length, in a round regular cavity. Color light yellow, mostly shaded with bright red. Flesh tender, juicy, and pleasant. Very good. DOULIN BlGARREAU ? A foreign variety, which may be distinct, but doubtful. Tree a rapid, spreading grower, an early bearer. Fruit large, heart-shaped, compressed on one side. Suture slight. Stalk slender, curved. Cavity deep. Skin dark purplish red. Flesh pinkish, rather tender, juicy, sweet, pleasant. Good to very good. Early June. Downer's Late. Downer's late Red late Cherry was raised by Downer a Late. Downer. This valuable Samuel Downer, Esq., an ardent cultivator, of Dorchester, near Boston. It is a very regular and great bearer, ripens about a week after the Cherry season, and hangs for a considerable time on the tree. Fruit of medium size, roundish heart-shaped, inclining to oval. Skin very smooth, of a soft but lively red, mottled with a little amber in the THE CHERRY. 461 shade. Stalk inserted with a very slight depression. Fruit be rne thick ly, in clusters. Flesh tender, melting, with a sweet and luscious flavor Ripens from the 4th to the 10th of July. Downino's Red Cheek. Originated at Newburgh, N. Y. Tree vigorous, upright spreading, productive. Fruit rather large, regulaidy obtuse heart-shaped, with a pretty distinct suture. Skin thin, white, with a rich dark crimson cheek (somewhat mottled). Stalk an inch and a half long, set in an even hol- low of moderate depth. Flesh yellowish, half tender, and of a very debicate sweet. Very good. Ripens about the 14th of June. DOWNTON. A variety raised by T. A. Knight, Esq., of Downton Castle, from the seed, it is believed, of the Elton. Tree having a round spreading head, moderately productive. Fruit large, very blunt heart-shaped, nearly roundish. Stalk one and a half to two inches long, slender, set in a pretty deep, broad hollow. Skin pale cream color, semi-transparent, deli- cately stained on one side with red, and marbled with red dots. Flesh yellowish, without any red, tender, adhering slightly to the stone, with a delicious rich flavor. Very good. Last of June. Drogan's White Bigarreau. Bigarreau Blanc de Drogan. Fruit heart-shaped, pointed at apex, flattened on one side, yellow, mottled and flushed with red in the sun. Stalk stout. Flesh firm, sweet. Downton. (Hogg.) Drogan's Yellow Bigarreau. Bigarreau Jaune de Drogan. Drogan's Gelbe Knorpelskirsche. Fruit large, round. Skin clear pale yellow. Flesh very juicy, Bweet, and pleasant. Middle July. (Hogg.) Early Black Bigarreau. Fruit large, heart-shaped. Skin jet black. Stalk rather long. Flesh dark purple, firm, sweet. Ripe middle of June. (Hogg.) Eably Lamaurie. A rariety described by Rivers, not yet fruited in this country. Fruit large, dark purple. Flesh rich, juicy, excellent. A week earlier than Early Purple Guigne. (62 THE CHERRY. Early Lyons. Rose de Lyons. This, to our knowledge, has not yet been introduced to this country. Rivers, the celebrated English pomologist, describes it as : Fruit very large, light red and yellow. Flesh juicy, rich, excellent* Ripens about a week later than Early Purple Guigne. Early Prolific. Raised by Dr. J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio. An excellent early very prolific variety, of moderate growth. Fruit medium size, round obtuse heart-shape, light yellow ground shaded and mottled with bright red. Stalk long. Flesh half tender, juicy, rich, sweet, and very good. Ripe about a week before Mayduke. Early Purple Guigne. Early Purple Griotte. German Mayduke. Trempe Pnicoce. Origin unknown. An exceedingly early variety, ripening the last of May in favor- able seasons. Tree hardy, free grower, spreading, somewhat pendent, and the leaves have longer petioles than most other sorts ; a good bearer, and indispensable among the early varieties. Fruit medium size, roundish heart- shaped. Stem long, inserted in a rather shallow cavity. Suture indistinct. Skip smooth, dark red, becoming purple at maturity. Flesh purple, tender, juicy, with a rich and sweet flavor. Good to very good. Has proved hardy at the "West, and well adapted to that climate. Early Red Bigarreau. Bigarreau Rouge de Gouben. •An excellent early Cherry, the tree somewhat of the habit of a Duke in its growth. Fruit large, heart-shape, bright red, translucent. Stalk long. Flesh firm, rich, sweet, excellent. Early June. (Hogg.) Early White Heart. Arden's Early White Heart. White Transparent. White Heart. Amber Heart. Dredge's Early White Heart. Swedish. Herefordshire White An old variety. Tree vigorous, roundish upright, although a good early fruit. It is not equal to Belle D'Orleans, Early Prolific, and others of the same season. Early Purple Guigne. THE CHERRY. 463 Fruit below medium size, rather heart-shaped — often a little one- sided. Suture quite distinct. Stalk an inch and three-fourths long, rather slender, inserted in a wide shallow cavity. Skin dull whitish yellow, tinged and speckled with pale red in the sun. Flesh half tender, unless fully ripe, when it is melting, with a sweet and pleasant flavor. Good. First of June. Manning's Early White similar to abovp Elizabeth. Originated by Caleb Atwater, Ohio. Tree vigorous, upright, very prolific. Fruit medium to large, heart-shaped. Skin rich dark red when fully ripe. Flesh half-tender, juicy, pleasantly sweet. Good. Ripe middlfl to last of June. Elton. Bigarreau Couleur de Chair. Flesh -colored Bigarreau. Gros Bigarreau Couleur de Chair. Gr<>s Bigarreau Blanc. Bigarreau a Gros Fruit Blanc. Large Heart-shaped Bigarreau. Bigarreau de Rocmont. Coeur de Pigeon. Belle de Rocmont ? Elton Kirsche. Elton's Bunte KnorpelMrsche. The Elton, a seedling raised in 1806, by the late President of the London Horticultural Society, is certainly one of the first of Cherries in all respects. The trees grow very vigorously, and are readily known, when in foliage, by the unusually dark ed color of the foot-stalks of the leaves. Fruit large, rather pointed heart-shaped. Skin thin, shining, pale yellow on the shaded side, but with a cheek next the sun delicately mottled and streaked with bright red. Stalk long and slender. Flesh somewhat firm at first, but becoming nearly tender, juicy, with a very rich and luscious flavor, not surpassed by any large Cherry known. Ripens about the middle of June, or directly after the May- duke. Esperen Bigarreau. Bigarreau d'Esperm. Bigarreau des Vignes. Tree vigorous, rather spreading, productive. Fruit large, roundish heart-shaped. Skin yellowish wliite, mottled and shaded with bright rich red. Stalk long, rather slender, inserted Eton. in a large cavity. Flesh rather iJrm, juicy, and good flavor. Good. Ripe middle of July. This may yet prove th* same as Napoleon Bigarreau. Favorite. Elliott's Favorite. Tree vigorous and productive. Fruit small to medium. Stalk long, rather slender, in a slight de« 464 THE CHEERY. pression. Color pale yellow, -with a light red cheek, somewhat marbled Flesh tender, juicy, sweet, and of a delicate flavor. Very good. Eipe last of June. Florence. Knevett's Late Bigarreau. A most excellent Cherry, originally brought from Florence, in Ialy, which considerably resembles the Bigarreau, but ripens a little later, and has the additional good quality of hanging a long time on the tree. Fruit lai-ge, roundish heart-shaped, flattened at base, pale amber, mottled or mostly covered with bright red. Flesh amber color, firm, rich, sweet, fine flavor. Very good. Stone small. Middle July. Frogmoke Early Bigarreau. An early Cherry of recent introduction. It is described in the Lon- don Florist as " large, obtuse heart-shaped. Skin with a brilliant red cheek, dotted with minute yellow points. Flesh delicate, translucent, tender, juicy, rich sweet flavox*. Ripens before any fruit of its class." < ' ■ :'s Heart. Bleeding Heart. Red Heart. Herefordshire Heart. Guigne Rouge Hative. An old English variety. Fruit of medium size, long heart-shaped, small drop or tear at the end. Skin dark red. Flesh reddish, half tender, with only a tolerable flavo". Poor. Ripe the last of June. A bad bearer. Gifford's Seedling. Small, roundish heart-shaped, red, very sweet. Hardly good, ductive, last of June. Governor Wood. Light Pro- Raised by Professor Kirtland, Cleve- land, O. It deserves a place in every good collection. Tree vigorous, forming a round, regular head, very productive. Fruit large, roundish heart-shaped. Skin light yellow, shaded and marbled with bright red. Suture half round. Stem an inch and a half long, in a broad cavity. Flesh nearly tender, juicy, sweet, Ckremor Wood. rich, and delicious. Very good to best Ripe about the middle of June. Gkidlet. Apple Cherry. Fruit medium, roundish, black. Flesh firm, not very juicy nor rich. Ripens last of June. Poor. Productive. Origin, Massachusetts. the cherry. 466 Grosse de Wagnellee. Originated in Belgium. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit large, oval. Skin yellow, washed and spotted with red. Flesh tender juicy, sweet. July. (Alb. Pom.) Guigne Tres Precoce. Rivers says of this : Fruit rather small, round, dark purple. Stalk very short. Flesh very sweet. One of the earliest to ripen, and a great bearer. Hensel's Early. Origin, Lancaster, Pa. Tree a moderate grower, hardy, and pro- ductive. Fruit roundish, obtuse at base. Stalk slender. Flesh half tender, moderately juicy. Good. Early June. (Hort.) HlLDESHEIM BlGARREAU. Bigarreau Tardif de Hildesheim. Bigarreau marbrr de Hildesheim. Bigarreau Blanc Tardif de Hildesheim. Hildesheimer ganz Spate Knorpel Kirsche. Hildesheimer Spite Herz Kirsche. Spate Hildesheimer Marmor Kirsche. The Hildesheim Bigarreau is a German variety which ripens here in August. Fruit of medium size, heart-shaped. Skin yellow, mottled and marbled with red. Flesh pale yellow, firm, with a sweet and agreeable flavor. Good. HOADLEY. Raised by Prof. Kirtland. Tree of healthy, vigorous habit, form- ing a round, spreading head. Fruit above medium, regular round heart-shape, light clear carmine rod, mottled and striped on pale yellow. Flesh tender, juicy, rich, sweet, and delicious. Very good. Season, 20th to last of June. Honey. Large Honey. Late Honey. Yellow Honey. Murisier i fruit blano. A small, late, very sweet fruit, formerly much esteemed. Fruit small, roundish, yellow and red. Flesh tender, very sweet. Middle of July. HOVEY. Originated with C. M. Hovey, Boston, Mass. Tree vigorous, upright spreading, productive. 30 466 THE CHERRY. Fruit large, heart-sL aped, compressed on one side with a distinct line from apex to stalk. Stalk medium. Cavity deep. Skin whitish yellow, shaded and mottled with rich shades of red. Flesh rather firm, juicy, sweet, pleas- ant. "Very good. Middle of July. Hyde's Late Black. Origin, Newton, Mass. Strong grower and good bearer. Fruit medium, obtuse heart-shaped, pur- plish black. Flesh half firm, juicy. Good. Ripe first week in July. Hyde's Red Heart. Origin, Newton, Mass. Tree vigorous, pro- ductive. Fruit medium, heart-shaped. Skin pale, but becoming a light red at maturity. Flesh tender, sprightly. Ripe last of June. Jaune de Prusse. Foreign. Tree vigoro\is, with long slender branches, Hovey. productive, small, heart-shaped, light yellow, translucent. Stalk long and slender. Flesh yellowish-white, tender, juicy sweet, a little bitter before fully ripe, which is soon after Downer's Late. Jocosot. Origin near Cleveland, O. Fruit large, very regular, uniform heart-shape, slightly obtuse, and with a deep indenture at apex. Surface uneven. Color rich glossy dark liver color, almost black. Flesh tender, juicy, with a rich sweet flavor. Very good. Season, near the last of June. Kennicott. Raised by Prof. Kirtland. Tree vigorous, hardy, spreading. Very productive. Fruit large, oval heart-shape, compressed. Suture shallow, half round. Color amber yellow, mottled and much overspread with rich, bright, clear, glossy red. Flesh firm, juicy, rich, and sweet. Very good. Season, 8th to 10th July. Keokuk. Originated by Prof. J. P. Kirtland. Tree a strong, vigorous grower, forming a large tree. Fruit large, heart-shaped, dark purplish black. Flesh half tender, rather coarse, and deficient in flavor. Hardly good. Its chief merit a market variety. Ripe early in July. Kirtland's Mammoth. Originated by Prof Kirtland. Tree vigorous grower, but pool bearer. THE CHERRY. 467 Fruit of the largest size, obtuse heart-shaped. Color bright clear yellow, partially overspread and marbled with rich red. Flesh almost tender, juicy, sweet, with a very fine high flavor. Very good, or best. Season, last of June. Kirtland's Mary. Raised by Prof. Kirtland. Tree a strong, upright grower, said to be one of the best of his seedlings, and desirable either for the dessert or market purposes. Fruit large, roundish heart-shape, very regular. Color light and dark rich red, deeply marbled and mottled on a yellow ground ; grown fully in the sun, is mostly a rich, dark glossy red. Flesh light yellow, quite firm, rich, juicy, sweet, and very high flavored. Very good or best. Season, last of June and first of July. Knight's Early Black. A most adjoirable early Cherry, resembling the Black Tartarian, though much more obtuse in form, but ripening nearly a week earlier. Tree spreading. Moderately productive. Fruit large, a little irregular in outline, obtuse heart-shaped. Stalk of moderate length, rather stout, and inserted in a deep open cavity. Skin dark purple, becoming black. Flesh purple, ten- der, juicy, with a rich and sweet juice of high flavor. Lady of the Lake. Originated by Charles Pease, Sen., near Cleve- land, O. Tree vigorous, upright spreading, pro- ductive. Fruit medium to large, roundish obtuse conic, compressed, shallow suture, a knob, and bine on opposite side. Skin light yellow, shaded and marbled with rich bright crimson. Stalk me- Knight's Ewly Black, dium, in a deep cavity. Flesh half tender, pale yellow, juicy, sweet. Very good. Middle to last of June. Lady Southampton's Yellow. Lady Southampton's Duke. Golden Drop. Yellow or Golden. Spanish Yellow. Fruit of medium size, heart-shaped. Skin yellow. Flesh firm, not very juicy. Ripens about the middle of July. Large Red Bigarreau. Gros Bigarreau Rouge. Bigarreau ;i Gros Fruit Rouge. Bigarreau a Gros Fruit Rouge. Belle de Rocraont. Fruit la og shape. Skin dark red in the sun. Flesh firm. Early in July. Poor bearer. 468 the cherry. Late Bigarreau Originated by Prof. Kirtland. Tree thrifty, moderate growth, rathe* spreading, product] ve. Fruit large, obtuse heart-shaped. Skin deep yellow, shaded on the sunny side with bright red. Stalk long, inserted in a broad open cavity. Flesh almost firm, juicy, sweet, pleasant flavor. Very good. Ripe last of June and first of July. Late Purple Guigne. A new foreign variety. Fruit large, roundish, dark red. Flesh firm, juicy, sweet. Middle July. Laura. Originated with Charles Pease, Sen., Cleveland, O. Tree spreading upright, productive. Fruit medium to large, heart-shaped, globular, sometimes one-sided. Color pale yellow ground, mostly overspread with rich, bright red, with- out suture. Stem medium or short, in a shallow depression. Flesh peach-blow white, radiating lines wavy, juicy, sweet, very rich, and high flavor, excellent, half or nearly tender. Pit medium to small Season early in June, but hangs well. Leather Stocking. Raised by Professor Kirtland. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. Fruit medium, heart-shaped, reddish black. Flesh firm, sweet. Middle to last of July. Lincoln. Originated near Cleveland, O. Tree vigorous, spreading. Fruit large, oblong heart-shape, pointed. Color when ripe a brown red. Suture rather broad, shallow, half round. Stalk long. Cavity deep. Flesh almost firm, veined and marbled with shades of red, sprightly, juicy, sweet, and pleasant. Good. Stone above medium. First to middle of July. A good market sort. (Elliott.) Lindley. Origin, near Cleveland, O. Tree vigorous, moderately prolific. Fruit large, heart-shaped, dark purplish red. Flesh almost firm, tinged with red, juicy, but only good. Early July. (Elliott.) Logan. Originated with Prof. Kirtland. Fruit medium or above, obtuse, sometimes regular heart-shaped, with a hollow indenture at apex. Color purplish black when ripe. Flesh nearly firm, juicy, sweet, and rich flavor. Yery good. Season middle to last of June. THE CHERRY. 160 LuDWIG. Lndwig'8 Bigarreau. Bigarreau de Ludwig. A Cherry of recent introduction, not yet, to our knowledge, fruited in this country. It is described as large, heart-shaped, or pointed, with a deep suture on one side, bright rich red. Flesh pale yellow, half ten- der, juicy. Early June. Lundie Gean. Fruit medium, roundish, purplish black. Flesh tender, juicy. July. Madison Bigarreau. Raised by Robert Manning, of Salem, Mass. Tree healthy, very productive. Fruit of medium size, fair quality, roundish. Skin yellow, shaded with red. Flesh half tender, juicy, with a pleasant flavor. Ripe mid* die or last of June. Good. Manning's Early Black Heart. Raised by Robert Manning, of Salem, Mass. Tree vigorous, spreading. Fruit medium, similar to the Black Heart, rather earlier and smaller in size. Ripe about the middle of June. Manning's Late Black. Raised by Robert Manning, of Salem, Mass. Tree vigorous, pro- ductive. Fruit large, roundish, deep purple or nearly black. Flesh purplish, half tender, veiy juicy, sweet, and excellent. Good. Ripe the last of June. Tree vigorous. Manning's Mottled. Mottled Bigarreau. Raised by Robert Manning. It is a most abundant bearer. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. Fruit rather large, roundish heart-shaped, flattened on one side, with distinct suture lines. Skin amber color, finely mottled and overspread with red, with a semi-transparent, glossy appearance. Stalk slender, inserted in a shallow hollow. Flesh, when fully ripe, yellow, tender, with a sweet and delicious juice. Very good. Ripens the last of June. Merveille de Septembre. Tardive de Mona. A French variety, ripening in August, vigorous grower. Fruit small, firni, rather diy, Bweet, but of little value. Moyer's Honey Heart. Originated in Bucks Co., Pa. Tree a stroug grower, forming m round head. 470 THE CHERRY. Fruit small or medium, obtuse heart-shape, slightly compressed- Suture small. Apex slight. Skin whitish, shaded and mottled with rich red. Stalk long, slender. Flesh yellow, juicy, sweet, pleasant, often adheres to the stone. Good. Middle July. Nancy. Originated by Charles Pease, Sen., Cleveland, O. Tree a vigorous, rather upright spreading grower. Very productive. Fruit large, obtuse heart-shape. Suture slight. Stalk long, stout, in a large cavity. Skin pale yellow, shaded and mottled with crimson. Flesh tender, juicy, rich, and sweet. Very good. Stone small. Last of June. Napoleon Bigarreau. Bigarreau Lauennann. Lauermann's Kirsche. Lauermann's Grosse Kirsche. Clarke's Bigarreau. Lauermann's Herz Kirsche. Holland Bigarreau ? Clarke's Superb. The Napoleon Bigarreau is large, well-flavored, handsome, and pro ductive. Fruit of the largest size, very regularly heart-shaped, a little inclining to oblong. Skin pale yellow, becoming amber in the shade, richly dotted and spotted with very deep red, and with a fine marbled dark crimson cheek. Flesh very firm (too much so), juicy, with an excellent flavor. Stalk very stout, short, and set in a narrow cavity. Ripens a few days after the Bigarreau, about the first of July, and is a good and constant bearer. Good. The fruit is not so obtuse as the Bigarreau. Holland Bigarreau is so much like the above that we think it identical. Ohio Beauty. Originated by Prof. Kirtland. Tree a vigor- ous grower, with a rather spreading head, and has proved so far a productive, valuable kind. Fruit large, obtuse heart-shaped. Light ground, mostly covered with red. Flesh tender, brisk, juicy. Very good. Ripe about the middle of June. Osceola. Originated with Prof. Kirtland. Moderate bearer and medium growth. Fruit above medium, heart-shaped. Color fine dark red, approaching to black. Flesh juicy, tender, sweet, and excellent. Very good. Ripe last of June. Ox-Heart. Ohio Beauty. Lion's Heart. Bullock's Heart. Very Large Heart! Ochsen Herz Kirsche. Fruit large, obtuse heart-shaped. Skin dark red. Flesh red, THE CHERRY. 471 Qt*lf tender, with a pleasant juice, of second quality in point of ilavor. Good. Ripens last of June. Pierce's Late. Originated with Amos Pierce, Massachusetts. Growth free, rather upright, with a round head. Fruit medium, obtuse heai-t-shaped, dark red and mottled, light amber in the shade. Stalk rather short and slim. Flesh soft, tender, very juicy, sweet. Good. Stone small. Pipe the last of July. Pontiac. Originated with Prof. Kirtland. Tree vigo- rous, round headed, upright spreading. Very productive. Valuable either for table or market purposes. Osceola. Fruit large, obtuse heart-shaped. Sides com- pressed. Color dark purplish red, approaching to black when fully ripe. Flesh half tender, juicy, sweet, and agreeable. Very good. Season, last of June. POWHATTAN. For profitable market purposes this is one of the very best, the fruit ripening late, and all being uniform and regular in size. Originated with Prof. Kirtland. Fruit medium size, uniform, roundish, flattened or compressed on sides. Surface irregular. Color liver-like, highly polished. Suture half round. Flesh rich, purplish red, marbled, half tender, juicy, sweet, pleasant but not high flavor. Good. Season late, 8th to 15th of July. President. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. Fruit medium to large, regular heart-shape, slightly compressed, slight suture, followed by an indistinct line. Skin amber color, mottled and shaded with carmine and yellow. Flesh tender, juicy, and sprightly sweet. Very good. Last June. Prince's Black Heart. Originated by \Vm. R. Prince, Flushing, Long Island. Tree vigor- ous, upright spreading. Fruit medium to large, heart-shaped, slightly compressed. Apex amall. Suture small. Surface somewhat uneven. Flesh purplish, -ather tender, juicy, sweet, and good to very good. Last of June. Proud foot. Raised by D. Proudfoot, Cleveland, O. Tree vigorous. 4:72 THE CHERRY. Fruit large, heart-shaped, dark purplish red. Flesh firm, juicy, sweet* Ripe 15th to last of Jul\. Red Jacket. One of Prof. Kirtland's seedlings. A free- growing, rather spreading, late, and produc- tive variety. Very profitable for market. Fruit large, regular, obtuse heart-shaped. Color amber, mostly covered with light red. Flesh half tender, juicy, good but not rich flavor. Stalk long, slender, in a moderate basin. Ripe about the time of Downer's Red. Remington. Remington "White Heart. Remington Heart. Fruit small, heart-shaped. Skin yellow, rarely with a faint tinge of red on one side. Flesh yellowish, dry, and somewhat bitter. Middle and last of August. Richardson. Red Jacket Raised by J. R. Richardson, Boston. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit large, heart-shaped, dark red, inclining to black. Flesh deep led, half tender, juicy, sweet. Good. Last of June. Rival. An English variety. Its principal value being from its period of late maturity. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit medium, obtuse heart-shape, compressed one side. Suture distinct. Skin purplish black, or black. Flesh firm, sweet. Good. August. Rivers's Early Amber. Raised by Thomas Rivers, England. Fruit medium size, heart-shaped, prolific, a sub-variety of old Early White Heart, but not as early. Rivers's Early Heart. Raised by Thomas Rivers, England. Fruit medium size, heart-shaped, ripening just after Belle d'Or leans. Very much inferior. THE CHERRY. 473 Roberts' Red Heart. Originated in the garden of David Roberts, of Salem, Mass. Tree hardy, free grower, bears abundantly. Fruit of medium size, roundish heart-shape. Skin of a pale ambe. gro\ind, but nearly overspread with pale red, mottled with deeper red. Suture quite distinct. Flesh juicy, sweet, and well flavored. Stalk long, slender, set in a moderate depression. Very good. Ripe last of June Rockport. Bockport Bigarreau. Raised by Dr. Kirtland, Cleveland, O. Tree vigorous, healthy, up- right, forming a beautiful pyramidal head ; a good bearer, and worthy of a place in every good collection. Fruit large, rcmndish obtuse heart-shaped. Color, when fully ripe, a beautiful bright red, shaded with pale amber. Flesh rather firm, juicy, sweet, rich, with an excellent flavor. Very good or best. Ripens early in June, or just before May duke. Sparhawk's Honey. Sparrowhawk's Honey. Raised by Edward Sparhawk, of Brighton, near Boston. A profuse bearer. Vigorous grower. Fruit of medium size, roundish heart- shaped, very regular in form. Stalk of moder- ate length, rather slender, set in a round, even depression. Skin thin, of a beautiful glossy pale amber red, becoming a lively red when fully ripe. Flesh, juicy, with a very sweet fla- Tor. Ripe the last of June. Rockport. Strass's Early Black. Noir Precoce de S trass. Fruit Bmall, heart-shape, black. Flesh juicy, sweet, ripening, and an abundant bearer. New. Very early in Sumner's Honey. Originated by Clement Sumner, Dorchester, Mass. Tree a vigorous grower and good bearer. Fruit medium, roundish heart-shape. Skin amber, half cohered and marbled with pale red. Flesh rather firm, juicy, rich, sweet. Good. Last of June. (Cole.) 474 the cherry. Sweet Montmorency. Allen's Sweet Montmorency. Raised by J. F. Allen, Salem, Mass. Tree hardy, vigorous growth, good bearer. Fruit of medium size, -ound, flattened. Skin pale amber in the shade, light red, slightly mottled, in the sun. Stalk an inch and three- fourths long, rather slender, inserted in a small, shallow, even hollow. Flesh yellowish, tender, sweet, and excellent. Ripens here middle July. Tecumseh. One of Prof. Kirtland's varieties. Tree moderately vigorous, pro- ductive. Fruit medium to large, obtuse heart-shaped. Skin reddish purple Flesh dark red, half tender, with a brisk vinous flavor. Good to very good. Ripe towards the end of July. TOBACCO-XiEAVED. Four to the Pound. Cerisier de 4 a Livre. Bigarreautier a Feuilles de Tabac. Bigarreautier a Grandes Feuilles. Guignier a Feuilles de Tabac. Vier auf ein Pfund. Leaves very large. Fruit small, hard, of no value. Townsend. Tree a strong, vigorous grower, productive, and promises well. Raised by W. P. Townsend, Lockport, N. Y. Fruit large, obtuse heart-shaped, high-shouldered, compressed. Suture distinct. Apex depressed. Stem long, somewhat slender, set in a broad, rather deep depression. Color light amber, mottled and shaded with carmine. Flesh almost tender, juicy, rich, sprightly, re- freshing flavor. Pit small. Good to very good. Ripe last of June. Tradescant's Black Heart. Elkborn. Elkhorn of Maryland. Large Black Bigarreau. Tradescant's. Bigarreau Gros Noir. Guigne Noir Tardive. Gross Schwarze Knoorpel. Kirsche mit Saftigen Fleisch. It is an European variety, but a tree, growing about forty years since in the garden of an inn in Maryland, attracted the notice of the late Wm. Prince, who propagated it under the name of Elkhorn, by which it was there known. The bark is of a peculiarly gray color, and the growth quite vigorous. Fruit large, heart-shaped, with a very irregular or uneven surface. Skin deep black, glossy (before fully ripe, deep purple, mottled with black). Stalk rather short, set in a pretty deep hollow. Flesh very solid and firm, dark purple, moderately juicy. Good. Ripe first and second week in July. the cherry. 475 Transparent Guigne. Transparent Gean. Transparent. It is a pretty variety for the dessert, hanging late on the tree. Fruit small, regular, oval heart-shaped. Skin glossy, thin, yellowish white, delicately blotched with tine i*ed, distinct suture line on both sides. Stalk long and slender. Flesh tender, when fully ripe very sweet, mingled with a very slight portion of the piquant bitter of the Mazzard class of Cherries. Good. First of July. Triumph of Cumberland. Monstrous May. Brenneman's Early. Street's May. Cumberland Seedling. Origin, Carlisle, Cumberland Co., Pa. Tree vigorous and spreading, moderately productive. Fruit large, obtuse heart-shape, one side compressed. Suture slight. Stalk rather long. Skin deep crimson, almost black when fully ripe. Flesh purplish, rather firm, j uicy, sweet, not high-flavored. Good. Last of June. Warren's Transparent. Origin, Brighton, Mass. Fruit small, roundish heart-shape, pale yellow and red. Flesh tender. Good. Early July. (Cole.) Waterloo. An English vaiiety. Tree a moderate grower and bearer. Fruit large, obtuse heart-shaped, deep suture half round. Skin dark purplish black. Stalk rather short. Flesh purplish red, juicy, half tender, sweet. Good. Middle June. Wellington. Fruit medmm, roundish, obtuse heart-shape, purplish black. Flesh almost firm, juicy, sweet. Good. Early July. Wendell's Mottled Bigarreau. Originated with Dr. H. Wendell, Albany, N. Y. Tree upright, thrifty growth. Fruit large, obtuse heart-shaped, dark red, nearly black at maturity, mottled. Flesh dark red, firm, and high-flavored. Good to very good. Ripe about the time of Downer's Late. Werder's Early Black Heart. Werdsche Friihe Schwarze. Ilerz Kirsche. An early variety. Tree vigorous, spreading, moderately productive. Fruit large, roundish heart-shaped. Skin black. Flesh purplish, 476 THE CHERRY tender, sweet, and excellent. Very good. Ripens early in June, or just before Mayduke. White Bigarreau. White Ox-Heart. Ox -Heart. White Bigarreau. Harrison Heart ? Large White Bigarreau. Turkey Bigarreau. Bigarreau blanc ? The White Bigarreau is inferior to the Bigarreau or Graffion in hardi ness, and in the circumstance that it is a very poor bearer while the tree is young, though it bears fine crops when it has arrived at from twelve to fifteen years' growth. Growth upright. Fruit of the largest size, heart-shaped, with a rather irregular outline, and a pretty distinct suture line on one side. Skin yellowish white, overspread with marbling of red. Flesh firm, but scarcely so much so as that of the Bigarreau, and when fully ripe half tender, and more luscious than the latter Cherry. Good to very good. It is very liable to crack after rain. Middle and last of June. White French Guigne. A foreign sort, of vigorous growth. Fruit small, roundish obtuse conical, a little compressed, slight Buture. Skin whitish yellow, translucent, sometimes a tinge of crimson in the sun. Stalk long, slender. Flesh tender, juicy, sweet, pleasant. Good. Middle July. White Tartarian. Eraser's White Tartarian. Fraser's White Transparent Amber a petit fruit. Fruit of medium size, obtuse heart-shaped. Skin pale yellow. Stalk slender. Flesh whitish yellow, half tender, and very sweet. Good. Early June. Wilkinson. Fruit medium, heart-shape, compressed, slight suture. Skin deep red, almost purplish. Flesh purplish, tender, juicy, pleasant. Good. Stone large. Early July. CLASS II. DUKE AND MORELLO CHERRIE& Admirable de Soissons. De Soissons. Belle de Soissons. A Cherry of the Morello class, good for culinary uses. Fruit medium or above, broadly heart-shaped, slightly compressed, slight suture half round. Skin shades of red on yellow. Stalk rather long. Flesh tender juicy, brisk subacid. Last of June. THE CHERRY. 477 Arch Duke. Uriotte de Port igal. Portugal Duke. Late Arch Duke. Late Duke of some. Tree rather more vigorous and upright than the May duke, hardy and prolific. Fruit large, obtuse heart-shaped. Suture distinct on one side. Skin at first bright red, but becoming very dark when mature. Stalk an inch and a half long, slender, inserted in a rather deep open cavity. Flesh light red, melting, juicy, rich subacid flavor. Very good. Ripe the first and second week in July. Belle Audegoise ? Cerise Doucette. Belle de Choisy. Ambree de Choisy. Cerise de la Palembre. Schone von Choisy. Ambree a Gros Fruit. Cerise a Noyau Tendre. In our estimation, there is no Cherry for the dessert more delicious than the Belle de Choisy. It comes from the village of Choisy, near Paris, where it was raised in 1760. The habit of the tree is nearly that of the Mayduke, the leaves dark, and the head upright. It is hardy, a moderate bearer. Fruit round or slightly depressed. Skin very thin and translucent, showing a net-like texture of flesh beneath ; in color, pale amber in the shade, but in the sun finely mottled with yellowish red — the fruit fully exposed becoming a bright cornelian red. Flesh amber-colored, very tender and melting, of a delicate sweet flavor. Stalk rather short, swol- len at the upper end. Best. Middle of June, or directly after the May- duke. Belle de Sceaux. Chatenay. A Morello, from France. Fruit round, deep red. juicy acid. Last of June. Flesh yellowish, Belle Magnifique:. Belle et Magnifique. Magnifique de Sceaux. Belle de Sceaux. Belle de Chatenay. Planchoury ? Tree hardy, moderately vigorous, prodiictive, a beautiful and excellent late variety. Useful for culinary purposes, and good table fruit when pretty ripe. Fruit large, roundish, inclining to heart- shape. Stalk long, Blender, in an open medium cavity. Skin a fine blight red. Flesh juicy, tender, with a sprightly subacid flavor, one of the best of its class. Ripe middle of July till the middle of August. Bello Matmiflqaa. 478 the cherry. Buttner's October Morello. A foreign sort. Small, late, acid, and of little or no value. Carnation. Wax Cherry. Crown. Cerise Nouvelle d'Angleterre. Cerise de Portugal. Grosse Cerise Rouge Pule. Griottier Rouge Pale. Griotte de Villennes. A very handsome, light red, large Cherry, highly esteemed here for brandying and preserving. Fruit large, round. Skin yellowish white, mottled with red, becom- ing a lively red slightly marbled. Stalk stout. Flesh tender, a little more firm than most of this division, but juicy, and when fully ripe of a sprightly and good subacid flavor. The foliage is pretty large, and the wood strong, but the tree has a spreading, rather low habit. It is a moderate but regular bearer, and the fruit hangs a long while on the branches without decaying. Good. Ripe the middle and last of July Cluster. Cerise a Bouquet. Cerisier a Trochet. Chevreuse. Commune a Trochet. Tres-Fertile. Griottier a Bouquet Bouquet Amarelle. Trauben Amarelle. Busch WeichseL Flandrische Weichsel. Biischel Kirsche. A very curious fruit, growing closely clustered around a common stalk, small size, borne in clusters of from two to six ; round, of a lively red. Ripens the last of June. The tree is small in all its parts. Coe's Late Carnation. A promising late variety. Fruit above medium size, roundish. Suture shallow, with a line. Color amber, mostly shaded and mottled with bright red. Flesh juicy and sprightly subacid. Ripe from the middle till the last of July. Dauphine. Of the Morello class. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit medium, roundish, without suture. Skin bright crimson, mottled. Stalk long, slender. Flesh tender, juicy, less acid than most of the Morellos. Very good. Stone small. Last June. De Chaux. D'Allemagne. A Morello. Fruit large, roundish oblate. Skin dark red. Stalk long, slender. Flesh dark, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Middle July. Dechenaut. A fine large Cherry of the Duke class, ripening about the same tune as May duke. THE CIIERRY. 479 Fruit large, roundish heart-shape, broad at the stalk, rather flat- tened. Suture slight. Skin rich red. Stalk long, in a deep cavity. Flesh tender, succulent. (Hogg.) De Kleparow. Belle Polonaise. A Morello. Fruit medium, roundish, dark red. Stalk long. Flesh dark, tender, juicy, rich subacid. Middle July. (Hogg.) De la Toussaint. A variety of little value except as ornamental. It flowers almost continuously, and produces fruit the whole season, so that ripe and green fruit and flowers are upon the tree all at the same time. The fruit is small, round, deep red, firm, acid. Donna Maria. A Morello Cherry, forming a small tree, but very prolific. Fruit of medium size, roundish, dark red, tender, juicy, rich acid* Valuable for cooking. Middle July. (Elliott.) Double Natte. Doppelte Natte. Kirsch von der Natte. Fruit rather large, roundish, a little compressed and inclining to ovate. Skin brownish black. Stalk slender, very long, and bearing leaves. Flesh very red, tender, juicy, brisk, sprightly acid. Early July. (Hogg.) DUCHESSE DE PALLUAU. A vigorous tree of the Duke class. Fruit medium size, roundish heart-shaped, compressed, very dark purple. Stem long and slender, in a large open cavity. Flesh dark red, tender, juicy, mild acid. Ripe middle of June. Early May. May Cherry. Pn'coce. Small May. Petite Cerise Rouge Precoce. Cerisier Nain a Fruit Rond. K<>nigliche Amarelle. Pn'coce. Friihe Kleine Runde. Griottier Nain Precoce. Zwerg Weichsel. Hative. Cerise Indulle. An early Morello of rather dwarf habit. Ripening about the first of June. Fruit small, round, slightly flattened, lively red, tender, juicy, acid. This is an old variety from abroad. The Early May of Illinois and the West is probably a distinct sort, and by some considered as identical with our Kentish or Early Richmond. We have had no opportunity of comparing them. 480 fHE CHERRY. EXCELLENTE DOUCE TARDIVE. Originated at Jodoigne, France. A Morello of vigorous habit and productive Fruit medium tc large, re andish flattened at ends. Skin deep red. Stalk large and long. Flesli yellowish, melting, acid. Stone small. Aug. (An. Pom.) Flemish. Montmorency. Montmorency a Gros Fruit. Cerise a Courte Queue. Gobet a Courte Queue. Gros Gobet. A Courte Queue de Provence. English Weichsel ? Weichsel mit ganzkurzen Stiel. Double Volgers. Early May of some. Kentish of some. / This is a very odd-looking fruit, being much flattened and having a very short stalk. Fruit rather large, very much flattened both at the top and base, and generally growing in pairs. Stalk stout, short. Skin shining, of a bright lively red. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, and subacid. Good for pre- serving ; but, unless very ripe, scarcely rich enough for table use. Last of July. Great Cornelian. Double Glass. Fruit large, oblate, deep suture half round. Skin thin, translucent, at first light becoming dark red. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, subacid, vinous. Last June. (Hogg.) GUIGNE NOIR LUISANTE. Black Spanish. Fruit medium size, round heart-shaped, glossy, blackish red. Flesh reddish purple, tender, juicy, rich, acid. Ripe middle to last of July Hative Malgre Tout. A Duke Cherry from France. Fruit medium, roundish obtuse heart-shape. Skin very dark red, nearly black when fully ripe. Flesh dark red, juicy, subacid. June. (Alb. Pom.) Holman's Duke. A variety of the Duke class, which has been confounded with May- duke. It is very similar, but ripens later. The tree has short, erect shoots. Fruit large, round oblate, deep red, almost black. Flesh tender, juicy, rich, excellent. Very good. Middle to last of July. Imperatrice Eugenie. Empress Eugenie. A French Cherry of the Duke family, rather dwarf in habit, shoot* pretty stout, very productive. THE CHERRY. 481 Fruit Urge, roundish flattened. Skin rich dark red. Suture broad, shallow. Stalk rather short, in a deep cavity. Flesh reddish, tender, rich, juicy subacid. Very good. Stone small. Middle of June. Imperial Morello. A productive and early bearing variety. Fruit medium size, roundish, dark purplish red. Flesh tender, juicy, acid. Last of July. Jeffrey's Duke. Jeffrey's Royal. Jeffrey's Royal Caroon. Royale. Cherry Duke. Royale Ordinaire. Fruit of medium size, round, or a little flattened at the apex and basin. Skin of a fine lively red. Stalk moderately long. Flesh yellow- ish amber, scarcely red. Juice abundant, and of a rich flavor. The trees are of a distinct habit of growth, being very compact, and growing quite slowly. The buds are very closely set, and the fruit is borne in thick clusters. Middle and last of June. June Duke. Wetherill. Shippen. A variety described by Coxe as a vigorous grower. Fruit of large size, very rich, tree abundant bearer. We know little of it, having only heard of it as the Wetherill, grown near Phila- delphia. Kentish. Virginian May ? Common Red. Early Richmond. Pie Cherry. Kentish Red. Montmorency. Commune. Montmorency a longue queue. Muscat de Prague. Sussex. Cherry Cluster ).,,... De Kalb. May Cluster \ <* Virginia. The true Kentish Cherry, an old European sort, better known here as the Early Richmond, is one of the most valuable of the acid Cherries. It begins to color about the 20th of May, and may then be used for tarts, while it will hang upon the tree, gradually growing larger, and losing its acidity, until the last of June, or in dry seasons even until July, when it becomes of a rich, sprightly, and excellent acid flavor. The tree grows about eighteen feet high, with a roundish spreading head, is exceedingly pro- ductive, and is from its early maturity a very profitable market fruit, being largely planted for this purpose. This kind is remarkable for the tenacity with which- the stone adheres to the ?talk. Advantage is taken of this to draw ~Eariy~uieLmoiiu 31 482 THE CHEP.RY. out t ie stones. The fruit is then exposed to the sun, and become* one of the most excellent of all dried fruits. Fruit when it first reddens rather small, but, when fully ripe, of me- dium size, round, or a little flattened ; borne in pairs. Skin of a fine bright red, growing somewhat dark when fully ripe. Stalk an inch and a quarter long, rather stout, set in a pretty deep hollow. Flesh melting, juicy, and, at maturity, of a sprightly rather rich acid flavor. Yery good. Late Duke. Kirtland's Morello. Kirtland's Large Morello. One of Prof. Kirtland's seedlings. Tree a spreading, rather drooping grower, moderate, reg- ular bearer. Fruit pretty large for a Morello, roundish, dark red. Flesh juicy, acid, when fully ripe rich. Very good. Stone small. Middle July. Late Duke. Anglaise Tardive. A very laige and fine Duke Cherry, ripening later than the Mayduke, and therefore a very val- uable sort for the dessert or for cooking. The tree is of vigorous growth for its class. Fruit large, flattened or obtuse heart-shaped. Color, when fully ripe, rich dark i-ed (but at first white, mottled with bright red). Stalk rather slender, inserted in a shallow hollow. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, with a sprightly subacid flavor, not quite so sweet and rich as the May- duke. Ripens gradually, and hangs on the tree from the middle of July till the A 10th of August. Late Kentish. Common Red. Pie Cherry. Common Sour Cherry. Kentish Red. This Cherry, a variety of the Kentish, is better known among us than any other acid Cherry. It is emphatically the Pie Cherry of this country, being more generally grown than any other sort. Fruit medium, round, flattened. Skin deep lively red, when fully ripe. Flesh very tender, and abounding with a highly acid juice. Ripens middle July Louis Philippe. jfrom France. Tree upright spreading, habit between the Duket and Morellos. Vigorous and very productive. oouis Philippe. THE CTTERRY. 485 Fruit large, roundish regular. Stalk rather short, stout, set in a broad even regular cavity, usually grows in clusters. Skin rich dark, almost purplish black red. Flesh red, tender, juicy, sprightly, mild acid. Stone small. Very good or best. Middle to last July. Love Apple. Tomato. A Cherry from Spain of the Duke class. Fruit large, roundish obtuse heart- shape, shallow sutures, clear red. Flesh pale, tender, juicy. Good. Skin Mayduke. Royale Hative Cherry Duke of some. Cerise Guigne. Coularde. De Holland e. D'Espagne. Griotte Grosse Noire. Griotte d'Espagne of some. Griotte Precoce of some. Early Duke. Large Mayduke. Morris Duke. Morris's Early Duke. Benham's Fiue Early Duke. Thompson's Duke. Portugal Duke. Buchanan's Early Duke. Millet's Late Heart Duke. This invaluable early Cherry is one of the most popular sorts in all countries, thriving al- most equally well iu cold or warm climates. This, the Black Heart, and the Bigarreau, are the most extensively diffused of all the finer varieties in the United States. And among all the new varieties none has been foitnd to sup- plant the Mayduke. Before it is fit for table use, it is admirably adapted for cooking, and when fully ripe it is, perhaps, the richest of the subacid Cherries. In the gardens here, we have noticed a peculiar habit of this tree of producing very frequently some branches which ripen much later than the others, thus protract- ing for a long time the period in which its fruit is in use. The Mayduke is remarkable for its ujuight, or, as it is called, fastigiate head, es- pecially while the tree is young, in distinction to other sorts, which produce many lateral branches. Fruit roundish or obtuse heart-shaped, growing in clusters. Skin at first of a lively red, but when fully ripe of a rich dark red. Flesh red- dish, tender, and melting, very juicy, and at maturity rich and excellent in flavor. This fruit is most frequently picked while it is yet red, and partially acid, and before it attains its proper color or flavor. It begins to color, about New York, in favorable seasons, the last of May, and ripens during the first half of June. Mayduke is said to be a corruption of Medoc^ the province in France where this variety (the type of all the class now called Dukes) is believed 4o have originated. Mayduke. ♦84 THE CHERRY. MORELLO. Milan. English Morello. Cerise du Nord. Large Morello. Griotte Ordinaire du Nord. Dutch Morello. September Weichsel Grosse. Ronald's Large Morello. The Morello is a fine fruit. Its name is said to be derived from the dark purple color of its juice, which resembles that of the Moras 01 Mulberry. It is highly valuable for all kinds of preserves, and is an agreeable addition to a dessert. Fruit of pretty large size, round or slightly obtuse heart-shaped. Skin dark red, becoming nearly black when fully ripe. Flesh dark purplish red, tender, juicy, and of a pleasant subacid flavor when quite mature. Ripe 20th of July. The Common Morello of this country is a smaller variety of the foregoing, and a little darker in color. Little esteemed. Morello de Charmeux. This is a very late variety of the Morello, with a milder flavor, ripen- ing middle of August. NOUVELLE EOYALE. This recently introduced variety of the Duke class of Cherries is stated to possess great size and beauty of fruit, while the tree is of a pyramidal form, very handsome when grown upon the Mahaleb stock. Fruit large or very large, roundish, flattened at the stalk. Skin bril- liant glossy red, somewhat mottled with large dark red dots. Flesh ten- der, melting, juicy, sprightly, sweet, acid. 5th to 15th July. Ostheim. Zwerg Kirsche. Ostheimer Weichsel. Frankische Wucher Kirsche. Ostheimer Kirsche. A small growing tree of the Morello class. Fruit large, roundish oblate, slightly compressed one side. Skin red, quite dark at maturity. Stalk long. Flesh liver-color, tender, juicy, rich, almost sweet subacid. Very good. Middle July. Paramdam. Baramdam. A tree of very dwarf habit. Fruit small, round, pale red. Flesh pale, tender, agreeable, lively acid. Middle July. (Hogg.) Plumstone Morello. Tree of slow growth, makes a fine pyramid. A productive, hardy# and valuable sort. Fruit large, roundish, inclining to heart-shape. Skin deep red. Stalk an inch and a half long, rather slender and straight, set in a hoi low of moderate depth. Flesh reddish, tender, juicy, and when wel THE CHERRY. 486 matured, of a sprightly and agreeable flavor. Good. Stone long and pointed. Ripe last of July and first of August. Heine Hortense. Monstreuse de Bavay. Lemercier. Belle de Bavay. Seize a la Livre. French origin, of Duke habit. Tree a healthy and handsome grc er, productive, and a very desirable variety. Fruit very large, roundish elongated. Skin a bright lively red, somewhat marbled and mot- tled. Suture distinctly marked by a line without any depression. Flesh tender, juicy, very slightly subacid and delicious, best of its season. Ripe from the middle to the last of July. Royal Duke. Royale Anglaise Tardive. Growth upright, compact head, branches less slender than Mayduke. Moderate bearer. Fruit large, roundish, and distinctly oblate or flattened. Skin dark red. Flesh reddish, ten- der, juicy and rich. Good. Ripens in the last of June. Rumsey's Late Morello. Origin unknown. Tree moderately vigorous. Ripens gradually through August and September. Not of much value except to the curious ama- Eeine Hortense. tear. Fruit large, roundish heart-shaped. Color rich lively red. Flesh juicy, with too much acid for the table. Shannon. This is a Morello raised by Prof. Kirtland. Fruit slightly above medium size, globular, flattened at junction with stem, dark purplish red when ripe. Flesh tender, reddish purple, juicy, acid. Stone small. Stalk long, slender, inserted in an open cavity. Good. Season middle of July. Vail's August Duke. A very late Cherry, of the Duke class. Originated with Henry Vail, Esq., Troy, N. Y. Tree very productive, and of vigorous growth. Fruit large, obtuse heart-shaped. Stalk medium, in rather deep but narrow cavity. Skin rich bright red on the shaded side, and of a lively cornelian red in the sun. Flesh tender, subacid, much like the Mayduke in flavor. Very good. Ripe the last week in July, and the first week or two in August. 486 THE CHERRY. ORNAMENTAL VARIETIES. Chinese Double-Flowering. Yung To. Cerasus serrulata. Serrulated Leaved Cht nj. This is a variety from China, with the leaves cut on the edgia in the manner known as serrulate by botanists. Its flowers, which are borne in fascicles, are white, slightly tinged with pink, and nearly aa double as those of the Large Double-Flowering. The tree considerably resembles the sour cherry-tree, and appears rather dwarfish in its growth. Dwarf Double-Flowering. Double-Flowering Kentish. Small Double-Flowering. Cerisier a Fleurs Doubles. This is a double-flowering variety of the sour or Kentish Cherry, and has the more dwarfish habit and smaller leaves and branches of that tree — scarcely forming more than a large shrub, on which account it is perhaps more suitable for small gardens. The flowers are much like those of the Large Double-Flowering, but they are not so regular and beautiful in their form. Large Double-Flowering. Double French Cherry. Merisier a Fleurs Doubles. Prunus cerasus pleno. Cerasus sylvestris, flore pleno. . The double-blossomed Cherry bears no fruit, but whoever admires a beautiful flowering tree cannot refuse a place in his garden to this one, so highly ornamental. Its blossoms, which appear at the usual season, are produced in the most showy profusion ; they are about an inch and a half in diameter, and resemble clusters of the most lovely full double white roses. The tree has the habit and foliage of the Mazzard Cher- ries, and soon forms a large and lofty head. Virginian Wild Cherry. Wild Cherry of the United States. Cerasus Virginians. Cerisier de Virginie. Virginische Kirsche. Our native wild Cherry is too well known to need minute descrip- tion. It forms a large and lofty forest-tree with glossy, dark green leaves, and bears currant-like bunches of small fruit, which are palata- ble, sweet, aud slightly bitter when fully ripe, at midsummer. They are, howevex*, most esteemed for preparing cherry bounce, a favorite liqueur in many parts of the country, made by putting the fruit, along with sugar, in a demijohn or cask of the best old rum. The black wild Cherry ( C. serotiwt, Torrey and Gray), which ripens the first of September, is the best kind. The other species ( C. T^ir- ginicma), which is commonly known as the Choke Cherry, bears reddish colored fruit, which is more astringent, and ripens a month earlier. the currant. 487 Weeping, or All-saints. Ever-Flowering Cherry. C. vulgaris, semperflorens. Cerise de la Toussainte. Guignier a rameaux pendana. Cerise Tardive. Cerisier Pleuraut. Cerise de St. Martin. St. Martin's Amarelle. Martin's Weichsel Monats Amarelle. Allerheiligen Kirsche. This charming little tree, with slender, weeping branches, clothed with small, almost myrtle-like foliage, is a very pleasing ornament when introduced on a lawn. Its fruit is a small, deep red Morello, which is acid, and in moist seasons is produced for a considerable period succes- sively. When grafted, as it generally is, about the height of one's head, on a straight stem of the common Mazzard, it forms a beautiful parasol-like top, the ends of the branches weeping half way down to the ground. SELECTIONS OF CHOICE CHERRIES FOR FAMILY USE, TO RIPEN IN SUCCESSION. Early Purple Guigne, Belle d' Orleans, Mavduke, Bigarreau, Rock- port, Black Tartarian, Elton, Gov. Wood, Coe's Transparent, Osceola, Delicate, Downei^s Late, Reine Hortense, Belle Magnitique, Kentish. The hardiest Cherries are the Kentish (or Early Richmond), the Dukes, and the Morellos. These succeed well at the farthest limits, both North and South, in, which the Cherry can be raised ; and when all other varieties fail, they may be depended on for regular crops. CHAPTER XIV. THE CURRANT. Ribes ruhrum , Lin. G rosaulacecB, of botanists. OroseUtier commnri, of the French; Die Johanninbcere, German; Albesseboom, Dutch; Ribes rosso, Italian; and Grosella, Spanish. The name Currant is said to be derived from the resemblance in the fruit to the little Corinth grapes or raisins, which, under the name of VwrrantS) are sold in a dried state in such quanl ities by grocers ; the latter woid being only a conniption of Corinth, and the fruit of this little grape' being familiarly known as such long before the common currants were cultivated. The Cm rant is a native of Britain, and the north of Europe, and is, therefore, an exceedingly hardy fruit-bearing shrub, seldom growing 488 THE CURRAUT. more than three or four feet high. The fruit of the original wilf rather recent introduction from France. A vigorous 490 THE CURRANT. upright grower, productive. Fruit large. Bunches long, bright red, moderately juicy. Gondouin Red. Red Provens. From France. Red. Vigorous grower, very productive. Fruit not as large nor as good as Red Dutch, fails to ripen veH quite acid and worthless. Gondouin White. Fruit large, whitish yellow, quite sweet, more so than any other sort. Branches rather long, strong growth, productive. Knight's Early Red. The merit of this variety is in its ripening a few days earlier thai other sorts. Knight's Large Red. Fruit very large, bright red. Bunches very large, very productive, an excellent sort. Knight's Sweet Red. This is not a sweet Currant, but is considerably less acid than other red Currants, not as sweet as White Dutch. Fruit nearly as large as Red Dutch, rather lighter in color. Pro- ductive. La Fertile. From France. A vigorous upright grower, and productive. Fruit large. Bunches long, dark red. Flavor similar to Red Dutch. La HItive. Hative de Berthx A variety from France. Plant vigorous, foliage not as large as the cherry. Fruit large, dark red. Bunches medium length, tapering. In qual- ity about equal to Red Dutch. La Versaillaise. Macrocarpa. Caucase. Fertile d'Angers. Imperial Red. A variety from France. A very vigorous grower, with large, coarse foliage, productive. Fruit of the largest size, dark red. Bunches resembling Cherry Cur- rant, but occasionally longer. We have received this Currant under the various names above sriven THE CURRANT. 49) but have been uaable to discover any difference. There ma-) bo di* tinct so*fs under these names, but we have failed tc obtain them. Long-Bunched Red. Grosse Rouge de Holland. Fruit large. Bunches loug. Berries deep red, much like Red Dutch, with a little larger clusters, and rather larger fruit. Very productive. Prince Albert. Moderately vigorous grower, large foliage, late in ripening, produc- tive and valuable. Fruit large, similar in color to Victoria. Red Dutch. Large Red Dutch. Large-Bunched Red. New Red Dutch. Morgan's Red. Groseillier Rouge a Gros Fruit. An old, well-known sort, thrifty, upright growth, very productive. Fruit large, deep red, rich acid flavor, with clusters two or three inmes long. Short-Bunched Red. Much like Red Dutch, with rather shorter bunches. Fruit not quite as large, but similar in quality. Striped-Fruited. Grosse Weiss und Rothgestreifte Johannesbeere. Silver- Striped. A fruit from Germany. Distinctly striped, small, poor bearer, and of T.o value except as a curiosity. Gloiie des Sablons is similar to the ibove, and both without value except for ornament. Transparent. Blanc Transparent. A French Currant. Fruit very large, yellowish white, similar to White Grape in growth and fruit, and we are somewhat disposed to consider them identical. Very productive. Victoria. May's Victoria. Raby Castle. IToughton Castle. Goliath. Red Grape. Wiluiot's Red Grape. A very excellent, rather late sort, with very long bunches of bright red fruit, and is an acquisition to this class of fruits. Berries as large as Red Dutch. Bunches rather longer, of a brighter red, growth more slow, spreading, and very productive. Will hang on the bushes some two weeks longer than most Currants. 432 the currant. White Dutch. New White Dutch. Reeve's White Dana's New White T White Crys.al. Morgan's White. White Leghorn. White Clinton. White Antwerp. This is precisely similar to Red Dutch in habit, but the fruit i» larger, with rather shorter bunches, of a fine yeLowish white color, with a very transparent skin. It is cousiderably less acid than the Red Cur- rauts, and is therefore much preferred for the table. It is also a few days earlier. Very productive. White Grape. Imperial White. Imperial Blanc. Bunches moderately long. Berries very large, whitish yellow, sweet and good. Very productive. Branches more horizontal than White Dutch, and less vigorous. White Provence. A strong, upright growing variety, leaves often silvery edged. Fruit yellowish white. Bunch short, tapering. Not as productive or profitable as White G^ape. CLASS II. BLACK CURRANTS. Bang Up. A variety similar, and no way superior, to the Black English. Black Grape. Ogden's Black Grape. Very much resembling Black Naples, but the plant, perhaps, a ■tronger and more vigorous grower. Black Naples. The Black Naples is a beautiful fruit, the finest and largest of all Black Currants, its berries often measuring nearly three-fourths of an inch in diameter. Its leaves and blossoms appear earlier than those of the Common Black, but the fruit is later, and the clusters, as well aa the berries, are larger and more numerous. Common Black. Black English. Caaia. The common Black English Currant is well known The berries are quite black, less than half an \nch in diameter, and borne in clu8» ters of four or fi ve berries. THE CRANBERRY. 493 Several vaiieties of Yellow and Black Currants, Winch we have re- ceived from Utah, have not fruited sufficiently for us to decide upon their values. Selection of Currants. Red Dutch, White Dutch, White Grape, La Versaillaise, Victoria, Cherry. . Ornamental V lrieties. There are several very ornamental species of Currant, among which we may here allude to the MlSSOUBI ClJRBANl (Ribes Aurwm), brought by Lewis and Clarke from the Rocky Moun- tains which is now very common in our gardens, and generally admired rery fragrant yellow blossoms. Its oval blue hemes, which are produced in great abundance, are relished by some p srsans. But there is a Lwne-Fruited Missouri Currant, a variety of this, whirl, hears hemes of the size of bhe Black Naples, and also some with yellow fruit of large size, almost equalling small cherries. The Red Flowering Currant (B. sangumeum) is a very beauti- ful shrub from the western coast of America, with foliage somewhat like that of the Common Black, but which bears very charming clusters of large light crimson blossoms in April. < There are several other varieties, as R. sangumeum, n. pi., K. san- guineus atro-purpurea, and R. Gordoni. They are not quite hardy enough to stand our winters without protection, but at the South will make" a valuable addition to their shrubbery. CHAPTER XV. THE CRANBERRY. Oxycoccus, Arb. Brit. Ericaceip, of botanists. Airelle, of the French ; Die Mboseieere, German ; Veen bessen, Dutch ; Ossicocco, Italian. The Cranberry is a familiar trailing shrub, growing wild in swampy, sandy meadows and mossy bogs, in the northern portions of both hemi- spheres, and produces a round, red, acid fruit. ■ Our native species (O. ws), so common in the swamps of New England, and on the borders of our inland lakes, as to form quite an article .,1 commerce is much the largest and finest species; the European Cranberry ( O. palus- iris) being much smaller in its growth, and producing fruit interior in size and quality. Also the Russian {0. viridis), a medium-sized va- Of the 0. macrocarpus, there are three varieties :— The "Bell- shaped" winch is the largest and most valued, of a very dark, bright red color. The "Cherry," two kinds, large and small; the large one the best, of a round form, a fine dark red berry, nearly or quite equal to the Bell-shaped; and the Bugle, Oval, or Egg-shaped, two kinds, large and small, not bo high-colored as the Bell and Cherry— not so much prized, but still a fine variety. The valp " of the common Cranberry for tarts, preserves, and oth«- 494 THE FIG. culinary uses, is well known, and in portions of the country where 11 does not naturally grow, or is not abundantly produced, it is quite worth while to attempt its culture. Although, naturally, it grows mostly in mossy wet land, yet it may be easily cultivated in beds of peat soil, made in any rather moist situation ; and if a third of old thoroughly decayed manure is added to the peat, the berries will be much larger and of more agreeable flavor than the wild ones. A square of the size of twenty feet, planted in this way, will yield three or four bushels an- nually— quite sufficient for a family. The plants are easily procured, and are generally taken up like squares of sod or turf, and planted two or three feet apart, when they quickly cover the whole beds. In some parts of New England, low and coarse meadows, of no value, have been drained and turned to very profitable account by planting them with this fruit. In New Jersey, on Long Island, and elsewhere, large tracts of light sandy soils have been planted to Cranberries, and grown with profit and success. The Cranberry grows freely in light soils, but it is necessary to cover the surface, after ploughing, a depth of several inches, with clean sand. The average product is from eighty to one hundred bushels of cranberries, and the care they require after the land is once prepared and planted is scarcely any at all, except in gathering. Some of the farms in Massachusetts yield large crops, partly from natural growth, and partly from cultivated plantations. The Cranberry grows wild in the greatest abundance on the sandy low necks near Barnstable, and an annual Cranberry festival is made of the gathering of the fruit, which is done by the mass of the population, who turn out on the day appointed by the authorities, and make a general gathering with their cranberry rakes, a certain portion of the crop be- longing, and being delivered, to the town. A laborer will gather about thirty bushels of the fruit in a day with a cranberry rake. CHAPTER XVI. Ficus Carica, L. Arb. Brit. Urticacece, of botanists ; Figuier, of the French ; Fd'jenbaum, German ; Fico. Italian ; Higuera, Spanish. This celebrated fruit-tree, whose history is as ancient as that of the world, belongs properly to a warm climate, though it may be raised in the open air in the Middle States, with proper care. In its native countries, Asia and Africa, near the sea coast it forms a low tree, twenty feet in height, with spreading branches, and large, deeply lobed, rough leaves. It Ls completely naturalized in the south of Europe, where its cultivation is one of the most important occupa- tions of the fruit-grower. The fruit of the Fig-tree is remarkable for making its appearance,, growing, and ripening, without being preceded by any apparent blossom. The latter, however, is concealed in the interior of a fleshy receptacle THE FIG. 495 which is culled, and finally becomes, the fruit. The flavor of the fig is exceedingly sweet and luscious, so much so as not to he agreeable to many persons when tasted for the first time ; but, like most fruits of this kind, it becomes a great favorite with all after a short trial, and is really one of the most agreeable, wholesome, and nutritious kinds of food. It has always, indeed, been the favorite fruit of warm countries, and the ideal of earthly happiness and content, as typified in the Bible, consists in sitting under one's own ti^-tree. 1 1 s cultivation was carried to great perfection among the ancient Romans, who had more than twenty varieties in their gardens. But the Athenians seem to have prided themselves most on their figs, and even made a law forbidding any to be exported from Attica. Smug- gling, however, seems to have been carried on in those days, and a curi- ous Little piece of etymological history is connected with the fig. The informers against those who broke this law were called sukophantai, from two words in the Greek, meaning the " discoverers of figs." And as their power appears also to have been used for malicious purposes, thence arose our word sycophant. The fig was first introduced from Italy about 1548, by Cardinal Poole, and to this country about 1790, by Wm. Hamilton, Esq. Propagation*. This tree is very readily increased by cuttings taken off in the month of March, and planted in a light soil in a hot-bed, when they will make very strong plants the same season. Or they may be planted in a shady border in the open air, quite early in April, with tol- erable success. In either case the cuttings shotild be made eight or ten inches long, of the last year's shoots, with about half an inch of the old or previous year's wood left at the base of each. Soil and Culture. The best soil for the fig is one moderately deep, and neither too moist nor dry, as in the former case the plant is but too apt to run to coarse wood, and in the latter, to drop its fruit before it is fully ripe. A mellow calcareous loam is the best soil in this climate — and marl, or mild lime in compost, the most suitable manure. As in the Middle States this tree is not hardy enough to be allowed to grow as a standard, it is the policy of the cultivator to keep it in a low and shrub-lik e form, near the ground, that it may be easily covered in winter. The great difficulty of this mode of training, with us, has been that the coarse and over-luxuriant growth of the branches, when kept down, is so great as to render the tree unfruitful, or to rob the fruit of its (hie share of nourishment. Happily the system of rooi^prv/ning^ re- cently found so beneficial with some other trees, is in this climate most perfectly adapted to the fig. Short-jointed wood, and only moderate vigor of growth, are well-known accompaniments of fruitfulness in this tree; and there is uo means by which firm, well-ripened, short-jointed wood is so easily obtained as by an annual pruning of the roots — cutting off all that project more than half the length of the branches. In this way the fig-tree may be kept in that rich and somewhat strong soil ne- cessary to enable it to hold its fruit, and ripen it of the largest size, without that coarseness of growth which usually happens in such soil, and but too frequently renders the tree barren. The mode of perform- ing root-pruning we have already described, but we may add here that the operation should be performed on the tig early in November. When this mode is adopted but little pruning will be necessary, beyond that of keeping the plant in a somewhat low and regular shape, short- 49 C THE FIG. ening-in the tranches occasionally,, and taking out old and decaying wood. In winter the branches of the fig must be bent down to the ground, and fastened with hooked pegs, and covered with three or four inchea of soil, as in protecting the foreign grape. This covering should be re- moved as soon as the spring is well settled. Below Philadelphia, a covering of straw, or branches of evergreens is stifficient — and south of Virginia the fig is easy of culture as a hardy standard tree. Two crops are usually produced in a year by this tree : the first, which ripens here in midsummer, and is borne on the previous season's shoots ; and the second, which is yielded by the young shoots of this summer, and which rarely ripens well in the Middle States It is, there- fore, a highly advantageous practice to rub off all the young figs of this second crop after midsummer, as soon as they are formed. The conse- quence of this is to retain all the organizable matter in the tree, and to form new embryo figs where these are rubbed off, which then ripen the next season as the first crop. Ripening the Frujt. In an unfavorable soil or climate, the ripen- ing of the fig is undoubtedly rendered more certain and speedy by touch- ing the eye of the fruit with a little oil. This is very commonly prac- tised in many districts of France. " At Argenteuil," says Loudon, " the maturity of the latest figs is hastened by putting a single drop of oil into the eye of each fruit. This is done by a woman, who has a phial of oil suspended from her waist, and a piece of hollow rye straw in her hand. This she dips into the oil, and afterwards into the eye of the fig." We have ourselves frequently tried the experiment of touching the end of the Fig with the finger dipped in oil, and have always found the fruits so treated to ripen much more certainly and speedily, and swell to a larger size than those left untouched. There are forty-two varieties enumerated in the last edition of the London Horticultural Society's Catalogue. Few of these have, how- ever, been introduced into this country, and a very few sorts will com- prise all that is most desirable and excellent in this fruit. The follow- ing selection includes those most suitable for our soil and climate. Fruit nearly all ripen in August. CLASS I. RED, BROWN, OR PURPLE Black Genoa. The fruit of this Fig is long obovate, that poi'tion next the stalk being very slender. Skin dark purple, becoming nearly black, and covered with a purple bloom. Pulp bright red, flavor excellent. Habit cf the tree moderately strong. Black Ischia. Early Forcing. Blue Ischia. One of the most fruitful sorts, and pretty hardy. THE FIG. 497 Fruit of medium size, roundish, a little flattened at the apex. Skip dark violet, becoming almost black when fully ripe. Flesh deep red, and of very sweet, luscious flavor. Brown Ischia. Chestnut. Chestnut-colored Ischia. A good variety, with, however, a rather thin skin, rendering it lia- ble to crack or burst open when fully ripe. It is hardy, of good habit, and a very excellent bearer. Fruit of medium size, roundish obovate. Skin light or chestnut brown. Pulp purple, very sweet and excellent. Brown Turkey. Brown Italian. - Large Blue. Italian. Brow n Naples. Murrey. Lee's Perpetual. This is undoubtedly one of the very best for this country, and for open air culture, as it is perhaps the very hardiest, and one of the most regular and abundant bearers. Fruit large, oblong or pyriform. Skin dark brown, covered with <* thick blue bloom. Flesh red, and of very delicious flavor. Brunswick. Madonna. Hanover. Brown Hamburg. Black Naples. Clementine. Bayswater. Red. One of the largest and finest purple Figs, well adapted for hardy culture. Fruit of the largest size, pyriform in shape, with an oblique apex. Eye considerably sunk. Stalk short and thick, of a fine violet brown in the sun, dotted with small pale brown specks, and, on the shaded side, pale greenish yellow. Flesh reddish brown, slightly pink near the centre, and somewhat transparent. Flavor rich and excellent. The only fault of this variety for open air culture is. that it is rather too strong in its growth, not being so easily protected in winter as more dwarfish sorts. Malta. Small Brown. A small, but very rich Fig, which will often hang on the tree until it begins to shrivel, and becomes " a fine sweetmeat." Fruit much compressed at the apex, and very much narrowed in towards the stalk. Skin light brown. Pulp pale brown, and of a sweet, rich flavor. Ripens later than the foregoing, about the last of August. Small Brown Ischia. A very hardy sort, which, in tolerably warm places south of Phihv delphia, will make a small standard tree in the open air. bearing pretty good crops, that ripen about the first of September. 498 THE FIG. Fruit small, pyriform, with a very short footstalk. Skin light bro .vn. Pulp pale purple, of high flavor. Leaves more entire than those of the common Fig. Yiolette. A very good sort from the neighborhood of Paris, where it produces two crops annually. Fruit small, roundish obovate, flattened at the apex. Skin dark violet. Pulp nearly white, or a little tinged with red on the inside, and of pleasant flavor. Yiolette de Bordeaux. Bordeaux. A Fig which is much cultivated in France, being quite productive, though of inferior flavor to many of the foregoing sorts. Fruit large, pyriform, about three inches long and two in diameter. Skin deep violet when fully ripe, but at first of a brownish red. Pulp reddish purple, sweet, and good. CLASS II. FRUIT, WHITE, GREEN, OR YELLOW. Angelique. Concourelle Blanche. Melitte This little Fig is a very abundant bearer, and a pretty hardy sort. Fruit small, obovate. Skin pale greenish yellow, dotted with lighter colored specks. Pulp white, but only tolerably sweet. It will usually bear two crops. Large White Genoa. Fruit large, roundish obovate. Skin thin, pale yellow. Pulp red, and well flavored. Marseilles. White Marseilles. Ford's Seedling. White Naples. White Standard. Pocock. Figue Blanche. A very favorite sort for forcing and raising \mder glass, but which does not succeed so well as the Brown Turkey and the Iscliias for open culture. Fruit small, roundish obovate, slightly ribbed. Skin nearly white, with a little yellowish green remaining. Flesh white, rather dry, but sweet and rich. Nerii. A fruit rather smaller and longer than the Marseilles, and which, from a mingling of slight acid, is one of the most exquisite in its flavor. THE GOOSEBERRY. ^i) Fruit small, roundish obovate. Skin pale greenish yellow. Pulf red Flavor at once delicate and rich. This is a very favorite variety according to Loudon, " the richest fig known in Britain." Pregussata. A sort lately introduced from the Ionian Isles into England. It u tolerably hardy, quite productive, and succeeds admirably under glass. Fruit of medium size, roundish, a good deal flattened. Skin purplish brown in the shade, dark brown in the sun. Pulp deep red, with a luscious, high flavor. Seeds unusually small. Ripens gradually, in succession. White Ischia. Green Ischia. A very small Fig, but one of the hardiest of the light-colored ones Fruit about an inch in diameter, roundish obovate. Skin pale yel- lowish green, very thin, and, when fully ripe, the darker-colored pulp appears through it. Pulp purplish, and high flavored. A moderate grower and good bearer. CHAPTER XVII. THE GOOSEBERRY. Ribes Grossularia, Arb. Brit. Grossulacece, of botanists. GroseiUier, of the French ; StacMbeerstrauch, German ; L va Spino, Italian ; Grosella, Spanish. The Gooseberry of our gardens is a native of the north of Europe, our native species not having much improved by garden culture. Tina low prickly shrub, which in its wild state bears small round or oval fruit about half an inch in diameter, and weighing one-fourth ol an ounce, has been so greatly improved by the system of successive repro- duction from the seed, and high culture by British gardeners that it now bears fruit nearly or quite two inches in diameter, and weighing an ounce and a half. Lancashire, in England, is the meridian of the goose- berry, and to the Lancashire weavers, who seem to have taken it as a hobby, we are indebted for nearly all the surprisingly large sorts ol mod- era date. Their annual shows exhibit this fruit in its greatest perfec- tion, and a Gooseberry Book is published at Manchester every year, nving a list of all the prize sorts, etc. Indeed bhe elnuate of Lngland seems! from its moistness and coolness, more perfectly fitted than any Other to tie- growth of this fruit. Under our more clear and hot suns, however, the best varieties of English sorts do notsucceed well, suffering from mildew of the fruit and foliage in nearly every location. A few varieties of tl ts, and some few sorts of American origin, 8uc.c »d and their growth near large cities is considered quite profitable 600 THE GOOSEBERRY. Uses. This fruit is, iu the first place, a very important one in it* green state, being in high estimation for pies, tarts, and puddings, com- ing into use earlier than any other. The earliest use made of it appears to have been as a sauce with green goose, whence the name, goose-berry. In its ripe state it is a very agreeable table fruit, and in this country, following the season of cherries, it is always most acceptable. Umipe gooseberries are bottled in water for winter use (placing the bottles, nearly filled, a few moments in boiling water, afterwards corking and sealing them, and burying them in a cool cellar, with their necks down- ward). They are also canned, the same as with cherries, peaches, and other fruits. As a luxury for the poor, Mr. Loudon considers this the most valu- able of all fruits, " since it can be grown in less space, in more unfavor- able circumstances, and brought sooner into bearing than any other." Propagation. Gooseberry plants should only be raised from cut- tings. New varieties are of course raised from seed, and the produc- tion of new American varieties of large size and fine quality affords a field of occupation which we should rejoice to see abundantly filled. In preparing cuttings select the strongest and straightest young shoots of the current year, at the end of October (or very early in the ensuing spring) ; cut out all the buds that you intend to go below the ground (to prevent future suckers), and plant the cuttings in a deep rich soil, on the north side of a fence, or in some shaded border. The cuttings should be inserted six inches deep, and from three to six or eight inches should remain above ground. The soil should be pressed very firmly about the cuttings, and, in the case of autumn planting, the cuttings should be inserted into the ground level with the upper buds, and then covered with a mulch of coarse manure, to be taken away in the fol- lowing spring, when they should be examined, and the earth pressed to ■r it firm again should the cutting have been raised by severe frost. After they have become well rooted — generally in a year's time — they may be transplanted to the borders, where they are finally to remain. Cultivation. The Gooseberry in our climate is very impatient of drought, and we have uniformly found that the best soil for it is a deep strong loam; or at least whatever may be the soil, and it will grow in a great variety, it should always be deep — if not naturally so, it; should be made deep by trenching and manuring. It is the most common error to plant this fruit shrub under the blanches of other trees for the sike of their shade — as it always renders the fruit inferior in size and flavor, and more likely to become mouldy. On the contrary, we a\ ould always advise planting in an open border, as, if the soil is sufficiently deep, the plants will not suffer from dryness, and should it unfortu- nately be of a dry nature, it may be rendered less injurious by covering the ground under the plants with straw or litter. In any case i soil is necessary, and as the Gooseberry is fond of manure, a pretty heavy top-dressing should be dug in every year around bearing plants. For a later crop a few bushes may be set on the north side of a fence or wall. For the Gooseberry, regular and pretty liberal pruning is absolutely necessary. Of course no suckers should be allowed to grow. In No- vember the winter pruning should be performed. The leaves now be- ing off, it is easy to see what proportion of the new as well as old wood m\y be taken away ; and we will here remark that it is quite impossible THE GOOSEBERRY. 50) to obtain fine gooseberries here, or anywhere, without a verj thorough thinning out of the brandies. As a general rule, it may safely be said that one-half of the head, including old and young branches (more espe- cially the former, as the best fruit is borne on the young wood), should now be taken out, leaving a proper distribution of shoots throughout the bush, the head being sufficiently thinned to admit freely the light and air. An additional pruning is, in England, performed in June, which consists in stopping the growth of long shoots by pinching out the extremities and thinning out (superfluous branches; but if the annual pruning is properly performed this will not be found necessary, except to obtain fruit of extraordinary size. We do not think that this fruit shrub can be said to bear well for more than a half-dozen years successively, when grown in the single stem or tree form. In large plantations of acres, and where cultivation is given by means of the horse and plough, the system of growing in the bush form is by many considered most profitable ; and when so done, all that is requisite, from year to year, for many years, is to cut away dead wood, head back vigorous shoots, and keep the form open. A succession of young plants should be kept up by striking some cuttings every season. Varieties. The number of these is almost endless, new ones being produced by the prize growers every year. The last edition of the London Horticultural Society's Catalogue enumerates 149 sorts consid- ered worthy of notice, and Lindley's Guide to the Orchard gives a list of more than seven hundred prize sorts. It is almost needless to say that many of these very closely resemble each other, and that a small number of them will comprise all the most valuable. The sorts bearing fruit of medium size are generally more highly flavored than the very large ones. We have selected a sufficient num- ber of the most valuable for all practical purposes. I. Red Gooseberries. Boardman's British Crown. Fruit very large, roundish, hairy, handsome and good. Branches spreading. Champagne. A fine old variety, of very rich flavor. Fruit small, roundish oblong, surface hairy, pulp clear; branches of very upright growth. Capper's Top Sawyer. Fruit large, roundish, pale red, hairy; rather late ; flavor very good. Branches drooping. Farrow's Roaring Lion. An immense berry, and hangs late. Fruit oblong, smooth ; flavor excellent ; branches drooping. Hartshorn's Lancashire Lad. Fruit large, roundish, dark r(d, hairy ; flavor very good ; branches ei-ect. Keen's Seedling. Fruit of medium size, oblong, hairy; fla-vor first-rate; branches drooping. Early and productive. Leigh's Rifleman. Fruit large, roundish, hairy ; flavor first-rate; branches erect. Melling's Crown Bob. Fruit large, oblong, hairy; flavor first- -ate ; branches spreading. Miss Bold. Fruit of medium size, roundish, surface downy J flavor excellent; branches spreading. 502 THE GOOSEBERRY. Red Warrington, Fruit large, roundish ollong, hairy; flavor first-rate ; branches drooping. II Yellow Gooseberries. Buerdsill's Duckwing. Fruit large and late, obovate, smooth ; flavor good ; branches erect. Capper's Bunker Hill. Fruit large, roundish, smooth ; flavor good ; brunches spreading. Gorton's Viper. Fruit large, obovate, smooth ; flavor good branches drooping. Hill's Golden Gourd. Fruit large, oblong, hairy ; flavor good branches drooping. Part's Golden Fleece. Fruit large, oval, hairy ; flavor first-rate branches spreading. Prophet's Bockwood. Fruit large and early, roundish, hairy ; fla- vor good ; branches erect. Yellow Champagne. Fruit small, roundish, hairy ; flavor first- rate ; branches erect. Yellow Ball. Fruit of middle size, roundish, smooth ; flavor first- rate ; branches erect. III. Green Gooseberries. Collier's Jolly Angler. Fruit large and late, oblong, downy ; flavor first-rate ; branches erect. Berry's Greenwood. Fruit large, oblong, smooth ; flavor good ; •branches drooping. Early Green Hairy (or Green Gascoigne.) Fruit small and early, round, hairy ; flavor excellent ; branches spreading. Edward's Jolly Tar. Fruit large, obovate, smooth ; flavor first- rate ; branches drooping. Glenton Green. Fruit of middle size, oblong, hairy; flavor excel- lent ; branches drooping. Green Walnut. Fruit middle size, obovate, smooth ; flavor first- rate ; branches spreading. Hepburn Green Prolific. Fruit of middle size, roundish, hairy ; flavor first-rate ; branches erect. Massey's Heart of Oak. Fruit large, oblong, smooth ; flavor first-rate ; branches drooping. Parkinson's Laurel. Fruit large, obovate, downy ; flavor first- rate ; branches erect. Pitmaston Green Gage. Fruit small, and hangs long, obovate, smooth ; flavor rich and excellent ; branches erect. Wainman's Green Ocean. Fruit very lai ge, oblong, smooth ; fla- vor tolerably good ; branches drooping. IV. White Gooseberritts. Cleworth's White Lion. Fruit large and hangs late, obovate, downy ; flavor first-rate. Branches drooping. Cro.mpton Sheba Queen. Fruit large, obovate, downy ; flavor first- sate. Branches erect THE GOOSEBEt^KY. 503 Cook's White Eagle. Fruit large, obovate, smooth. Flavor first- rate. Blanches erect. Capper's Bonny Lass. Fruit large, oblong, hairy. Flavor good. Branches spreading. Hapley's Lady of the Manor. Fruit large, roundish oblong, hairy. Flavor good. Branches erect. Saunders1 Cheshire Lass. Fruit large and very early, oblong, downy. Flavor excellent. Branches erect. Woodward's Whitesmith. Fruit large, roundish oblong, downy. Flavor first-rate. Branches erect. Wellington's Glory. Fruit large, rather oval. Very downy. Skin quite thin. Flavor excellent. Branches erect. White Honey. Fruit of middle size, roundish oblong, smooth. Flavor excellent. Branches erect. Taylor's Bright Venus. Fruit of middle size, hangs a long time, obovate, hairy. Flavor first-rate. Branches erect. The following list of selected sorts, from one hundred varieties, is prepared by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England : — Atlas, late. Echo, late. Guido, very large. Red Gooseberries. Huntsman, early. Hopley's Companion. Overall, late. Prince Albert, early. Prince Regent, early. Young Wonderful Freedom. Lady Delamere. White Gooseberries. Ostrich, early. Queen Caroline. Smiling Beauty. Riley's Tallyho. Conquering Hero, late. Husbandman, late. Jolly Cutler, late. Riley's. Green Gooseberries. Elijah, early. Green River, late. Keepsake. Thumper, very late. Favorite. Independent. Profit, late. Wistastoa Hero, earry Yellow Gooseberries. Banks Dublin. Broom GirL Briton. Husbandman, late. Marigold, early. Pilot, early. Scorpion, early. Sovereign, early. Teazer, late. AMERICAN VARIETIES. Downing. A seedling of Houghton, originated at Newburgh, N. Y. Upright vigorous growing plant, very productive. Fruit somewhat larger than Houghton, roundish oval, whicisk green with the rib veins distinct. Skin smooth. Flesh rather soft, juicy, very good. Excellenl for family use. 604 THE GRATE. Hobbs' Seedling. A variety claimed to have originated by O. J. Hobbs, of Randolph Pa. It is light pale green, roundish, slightly oval, smooth. Flesh medium firmness. A good keeper, and nearly one-half larger than Houghton's. Houghton's Seedling. Originated with Abel Houghton, Lynn, Mass. A vigorous grower. Branches rather drooping, slender, very productive, generally free from mildew. A desirable sort. Fruit medium or below, roundish, inclining to oval. Skin smooth . pale red. Flesh tender, sweet, and very good. Mountain Seedling. Originated with the Shakers at Lebanon, N. Y. Plant a strong straggling grower. An abundant bearer. Fruit large, the largest of any known American sort, long oval, dark brownish red, with long stalk. Skin smooth, thick. Flesh sweet. A good market sort. Pale Red. American Red. American Seedling. Robert's Sweet Water. Ohio Prolific. Ohio Seedling. St. Clair. Dutch Joe. Cluster. A variety of unknown origin. Bush more upright than Houghton. Slender wood. Very productive. Fruit small or medium, or size of the Houghton ; darker in color when fully ripe. Hangs a long time upon the bush. Flesh tender, sweet, very good. ■ Smith's Improved. Smith's Seedling. A new variety recently introduced. Grown from seed of the Hough ton, by Dr. Smith, of Vermont, and in growth of plant more upright and vigorous than its parent ; the fruit is larger and somewhat oval in "orm, bight green, with a bloom. Flesh moderately firm, sweet and good. CHAPTER XVTH. THE GRAPE. Vitis vinifera, L. Vitacea, of botanists. Viffne, of the French ; Weintrauben, German ; Vigna, Italian ; Yid, or Vina, Spanish. The history of the Grape is almost as old as that of man. Growing in its highest perfection in Syria and Persia, itd luscious fruit, and the THE GRAPE. j05 aiirivalled beverage which its fermented juice affords, recoix. mended i$ to the especial care of the patriarchal tillers of the soil, and vineyards were extensively planted long before orchards or collections of other fruit-trees were at all common. The grapes of the old world are all varieties of the wine grape ( 1 riti» vinifera), which, though so long and so universally cultivated and natu- ralized in all the middle and southern portions of Europe, is not a na- tive of that continent, but came originally from Persia. From the lat ter country, as civilization advanced westward, this plan: accompanied it — first to Egypt, then to Greece and Sicily, and gradually to Italy, Spain, Prance, and Britain, to which latter country the Romans carried it about two hundred years after Christ. To America the seeds and plants of the European varieties were brought by numerous emigrants and colonists within the tirst fifty years after its settlement. The wild grapes of our own country are quite distinct species from the wine grape of Europe — are usually stronger in their growth, with larger and more entire foliage, and, in their native state, with a pecu- liar foxy odor or flavor, and more or less hardness of pulp. These traits, however, disappear in process of cultivation, and we have reason to hope that we shall soon obtain from the wild type new varieties of high quality, and of superior hardiness and productiveness in this climate. The grape-vine is in all cases a trailing or climbing deciduous shrub, living to a great age, and, in its native forests, clambering over the tops of the tallest trees. In the deep rich alluvial soils of western America it is often seen attaining a truly prodigious size, and several have been measured on the banks of the Ohio the stems of which were three feet in circumference, and the branches two hundred feet long, enwreathing and festooning the tops of huge poplars and sycamores. In a culti- vated state, however, it is found that fine flavor and uniform produc- tiveness require the plants to be kept pruned within a small compass. Uses. The grape in its finest varieties, as the Hamburgh and the Muscat, is in flavor hardly surpassed by any other fruit in debcacy and richness, and few or none are more beaiitiful in the dessert. Dried, it forms the raisin of commerce, the most excellent of all dried fruits, every- where esteemed. And wine, the fermented juice, has always been the first of all exhilarating liquors. Some idea of the past consumption of this product may be formed from the fact that more than 500,000,000 imperial gallons have been made in France in a single year; and as a data to judge of its value we may add that, while a great proportion of the vin ordinaire, or common wine, is sold at 10 or 12 cents a bot- tle, on the other hand, particular old and rare vintages of Madeiras or Sherries will not unfrequently command twenty or thirty dollars a gal- lon. Soil. The universal experience in all countries has established the fact that a dry and warm soil is the very best for the vine. Where vineyards are cultivated, a limestone soil, or one composed of decay- ing calcareous rocks, is by far the best; but where, as in most gardens, the vine is raised solely for its fruit, the soil should be highly enriched. The foreign grape will scarcely thrive well here on a heavy soil, though our native varieties grow and bear well on any strong land; but the essence of all that can be said in grape culture respecting soil is, that it be dxy and light, deep and rich. Frequent top-dressings of well-rotted 506 THE GRAPE. manure should be applied to vines in open borders, and tbi& should, every third or fourth year, be alternated with a dressing of slaked lime. Propagation. The grape-vine makes roots very freely, and is, therefore, easy of propagation. Branches of the previous or current year's wood, bent down at any time before midsummer, and covered with earth, as layers, root very freely, and make bearing plants in a couple of years, or very frequently indeed bear the next season. But the finer varieties of the vine are almost universally propagated by cuttings, as that is a very simple mode, and an abundance of the cut tings being afforded by the annual trimming of the vines. When cuttings are to be planted in the open border, a somewhat moist and shaded place should be chosen for this purpose. The cut- tings should then be made of the young wood of the previous year's growth, cut into lengths about a foot long, and having two or three buds — one near the top, one at the bottom, and the third in the middle. Before planting the cutting, pare off its lower end smoothly, close below the buds, and finally plant it in mellow soil, in a slit made by the spade, pressing the earth firmly about it with the foot.* The rarer kinds of foreign grapes are usually grown by cuttings of shorter length, consisting only of two buds ; and the most successful mode is to plant each cutting in a small pot, and plunge the pots in a slight hot-bed, or place the cuttings at once in the mould of the bed itself. In either case they will make strong plants in the same season. But the most approved way of raising vine plants in pots is that of propagation by eyes, which we have fully explained in the first part of this work. This, as it retains the least portion of the old wood, is mani- festly the nearest approach to raising a plant from the seed, that most perfect of all modes with respect to the constitution of a plant. In the case of new or rare sorts, it offers us the means of multiplying them with the greatest possible rapidity. As the grape usually receives its annual pruning in autumn or winter, the cuttings may be reduced to nearly their proper length, and kept in earth, in the cellar, until the ensuing spring. The hardier sorts may be buried in the open ground. The foreign and the native grapes are very different in their habits in this climate, and therefore must be treated differently. The native sorts are cultivated with scarcely any further care than training up the branches to poles or a trellis, and are, on this account, highly valuable to the farmer ; while the European varieties are of little value in this climate except with especial care, and are therefore confined to the garden. 1. Culture of the Foreign Grape. The climate of the temperate portion of this country, so favorable to all other fruits, is, unfortunately, not so for the foreign Grape. This re- sults, perhaps, from its variability, the great obstacle being the mildew, * In sandy or dry soils, to insure greater success, cover the upper end of the cutting with grafting-wax, or something of the kind, to prevent evaporation. The practice of growing grapes from single eyes, by making cuttings of one eye tach, and callosing them in sand, in the cellar or pit, has been recently renewed. The cuttings are made of one eye each, placed in sand, in a cool cellar or shed, free from frost, and in spring planted out, covering the bud half an inch or so with soil, and over the whole spreading a mulch of tan-bark or sawdust one or two inches deep. THE GRAPE. 507 which, seizing upon the 3 oung fruit, prevents its further growth, causes it to crack, and renders it worthless. Unwilling to believe that this was not the fault of bad culture, many intelligent cultivators, and among them men of capital and much practical skill, have attempted vineyard culture with the foreign sorts in varkms sections of the country, under the most favorable circumstances, and have uniformly failed. < >n the other hand, the very finest Grapes are produced under glass, in great quantities, in our first-rate gardens. In the small yards or gardens of our cities, owing to the more uniform state of the atmosphere, the foreigu Grape thrives pretty well; and finally, in all gardens of the Middle States the hardier kinds may, under certain modes of culture, be made to bear good fruit. Without entering into any inquiries respecting the particular way in which the mildew (which is undoubtedly a parasitical plant) is caused, we will endeavor to state concisely some practical truths, to which our own observation and experience have led us, respecting the hardy cul- ture of the foreign Grape. In the first place, it is well known to gardeners here that young and thrifty vines generally bear one or two fair crops of fruit ; second, that as the vine becomes older, if it is pruned in the common mode (that is to say, the spwrring-in mode of shortening the side branches, and getting fresh bearing shoots from main branches every year), it soon bears only mildewed and imperfect fruit ; and, finally, that the older and larger the vine, the less likely is it to produce a good crop. This being the case, it is not difficult to see that as the vine, like all other trees, is able to resist the attacks of disease or unfavorable climate just in proportion as it is kept in a young and highly vigorous state, it follows, if we allow a plant to retain only young and vigorous wood, it must necessarily preserve much of the necessary vigor of con- stitution. And this is only to be done, so far as regards training, by what is called the renewal system. The renewal system of training consists in an- 9- . p nually providing a fresh supply of young branches, \ / \ from which the bearing shoots are produced, cutting J 0} 1 out all the branches that have borne the previous year. y \ V Fig. 37 represents a bearing vine treated in this man- / / / ner, as it would appear in the spring of the year after > ) Jf having been pruned. In this figure a represents the \ cl Y two branches of last year's growth trained up for "^ 7^^*" bearing the present year ; 6, the places occupied by -ss^s^^S^ss.. the last year's wood, which, having borne, has been Renewal Training. cut down to within an inch of the main arm, c. The present year, therefore, the two branches, a. will throw out side shoots, and bear a good crop, while the young branches will be trained up in the places of b, to bear the next year when a are in like manner cui down. This renewal training will usually produce fair fruit, chiefly, as it appears to us, because the ascent and circulation of the sap, being mainly carried on through young wood, is vigorous, and the plant is healthful and able to resist the mildew ; while, on the contrary, the circulation of the sap is more f< eble and tardy through the more compact and rigid sap-vessels of a vine full of old wood.* * See Hoare on the Grape- Vint. 508 THE GRAPE. The above mode of tr lining is very easily understood, but we maj add here, for the benefit of the novice : 1st, that vines, in order that they may bear regularly and well, should always be kept within small bounds ; 2d, that they should always be trained to a wall, building, or upright trellis y * and 3d, that the leaves should never be pulled off to promote the ripening of the fruit. The ends of the bearing shoots may be stopped (pinched off) when the fruit is nearly half grown, and thia is usually all the slimmer pruning that, under our bright sun, the grape- vine properly treated requires. Following out this hint, that here the vine only bears well when it is young, or composed mainly of young wood, an intelligent cultivator near us secures every year abundant crops of the Chasselas by a system of renewal by layers. Every year, from his bearing vines, he lays down two or more long and clean shoots of the previous year's growth. These root freely, are allowed to make another season's growth, and then are made to take the place of the old plants, which are taken out ; and by this continual system of providing young plants by layers he always succeeds in obtaining from the same piece of ground fair and excellent grapes. Culture under Glass without Artificial Heat. The great superiority of this fruit when raised under glass, renders a vinery an indispensable feature in every extensive garden. Even without fire- heat grapes may, under our bright sun, be grown admirably ; the sud- den changes of the weather being guarded against, and the warmth and uniformity of the atmosphere surrounding the vines being secured. Cheap structures of this kind are now very common, and even the Muscat of Alexandria, and other sorts which are usually thought to require fire-heat, ripen regularly and well with moderate attention. A vinery of this kind may be erected so as to cost very Little, nearly after the following manner : Its length Jaa.y be thirty feet ; its width sixteen feet ; height at the front two {bet : at the back twelve feet. This part of the structure may all be built of wood, taking for the frame cedar or locust posts, setting them three and a half feet in the ground, the portion rising above the ground being squared to four or five inches. On these posts (which are placed six feet apart) nail, on both sides, matched and grooved planks, one and a quarter inches thick. The space between these planks not occupied by the post, fill in with dry tan, which should be well rammed down. The rafters should be fixed, and from three to four feet apart. The sashes forming the roof (which are all the glass that will be necessary) should be stationary, ventilation being given by small windows at the top of the back wall, fitted with hinges, to be opened or shut at pleasure by means of a pulley cord. The building will, of course, front the south, and the door may be at either end. The border for the grapes should be made partly on the inside and partly on the outside of the front wall, so that the roots of the vines may extend through to the open border. A trellis of wire should be fixed to the rafters, about sixteen inches from the glass, on which the vines are to be trained. Early in the spring the vines, which should be two-year-old roots, may be planted in the inside border, about a foot from the front wall, one vine below each rafter. * .And never on an arl or, except for the purposes of shade. THE GRArE. 509 Sotl. The border should be thoroughly prepared and jm.verized oefore planting the grapes. Two-thirds of mellow sandy loam, mixed with one-third of a compost formed of well-fermeixted Boanure, bits of broken charcoal, and a Little lime rubbish, forms an excellent soil for the grape in this climate, [f the soil of tin1 garden is old, or is not of a proper quality for the basis of the border, it is best to prepare some for this purpose by rotting and reducing beforehand a quantity of loamy turf from the road-sides. The depth of the border need aoi ex- ceed two feet, but if the subsoil is not dry at all seasons it should be well drained, and filled up half a foot below the border with small or brick-b Pruning. Decidedly the best mode of pruning for a cold house, or vinery without fire-heat, is what is called the long or renewal mode, which we have already partially explained. Supposing the house to be planted with good young plants, something like the following mode of training and pruning may be adopted. The first .season one shoot only is allowed to proceed from each plant, and this, at the end of the first season, is cut dowTi to the second or third eye or bud. The year follow- ing two leading shoots are encouraged, the strongest of which is headed or stopped when it has extended a few joints beyond the middle of the house or rafter, and the weaker about half that length. In November these shoots are reduced, the strong one having four or five joints cut from its extremity, and the weaker one to the third eye from its lower end or place of origin. In the third season one leading shoot is laid in from each of these, the stronger one throwing out side shoots on which the fruit is produced, which side shoots are allowed to mature one bunch of grapes each, and are topped at one or two joints above the fruit. No side shoots are allowed to proceed from the weaker shoot, but it is laid in to produce fruit the ensuing season, so that, by the third season after planting, the lower part of the house or rafters is fur- nished with a crop of fruit proceeding from wood of the preceding year. A.t next autumn pruning the longest of these main shoots is short ened about eighteen inches from the top of the rafter, and the next in strength to about the middle of the rafter, and all the spurs which had borne fruit are removed. Each vine is now furnished with two shoots of bearing wood, a part of old barren wood which has already produced fruit, ami a spur near the bottom for producing a young shoot for the following year. In the fourth summer a full crop is produced, both in the lower and upper part of the house, the longer or oldest shoot pro- ducing fruit on the upper part of its length, and the short sr on its whole Length ; from this last a leading shoot is laid in, and another to succeed it is produced from the spur near the bottom. At the next autumn pruning the oldest or Ion ot, which has now reached the top of the house, is entirely cut out and removed, and replaced by that which was next in succession to it, and :his in its turn is also cut out and replaced by that immediately behind it, a succession of a yearly shoot being obtained from the lower part of the old stem. (J/c Inianh.} This is decidedly the most successful mode for a vinery without heat, producing abundant and fair crops of fruit. Hoare, who is one of the most experienced and ingenious writers on the grape, strongly recom- mends it, and suggests that " the old wood of a vine, or that which has previously produced fruit, is not only of no further use, but is a positive injury to the fertility of the plant. The truth of this remark depends 510 THE GRAPE. on the fact that ev< ry branch of a vine ^hich produces little or nc foliage appropriates for its own support a portion of the juices of thr plant that is generated by those branches that do produce foliage." Routine of Culture. In a vinery without heat this is compara tively simple. As soon as the vines commence swelling their buds ir the spring they should be carefully washed with mild soap-suds, to free them from any insects, soften the wood, and assist the buds' to swell re- gularly. At least three or four times every week they should be well syringed with water, which, when the weather is cool, should always be done in the morning. And every day the vine border should be duly supplied with water. During the time when the vines are in blossom, and while the fruit is setting, all sprinkling or syringing over the leaves must be suspended, and the house should be kept a little more closed and warm than usual, and should any indications of mildew appear on any of the branches it may at once be checked by dusting them with flower of sulphur. Air must be given liberally every day when the tem- perature rises in the house, beginning by opening the rear windows a little in the morning, more at mid-day, and then gradually closing them in the same manner. To guard against the sudden changes of tempera- ture out of doors, and at the same time to keep up as moist and warm a state of the atmosphere within the vinery as is consistent with pretty free admission of the air during sunshine, is the great object of culture in a vinery of this kind. Thinning the fruit is a very necessary practice in all vineries, and on it depends greatly the flavor as well as the fine appearance and size of the berries and bunches. The first thinning usually consists in taking off all superfluous blossom-buds, leaving only one bunch in the large sorts, or two in the small ones, to each bearing shoot. The next thinning takes place when the berries are set and well formed, and is performed with a pair of scissors, taking care not to touch the berries that are left to grow. All this time one-third of the berries should be taken off with the point of the scissors, especially those in the centre of the cluster. This allows the remainder to swell to double the size, and also to form larger bunches than would otherwise be produced. Where the bunches are large, the shoulders should be suspended from the trellis by threads, in order to take off part of the weight from the stem of the vine. The last thinning, which is done chiefly to regulate the form of the bunch, is done by many gardeners just before the fruit begins to color — but it is scarcely needed if the previous thinning of the berries has been thor- oughly done. The regular autumnal pruning is best performed about the middle of November. The vines should then be taken down, laid down on the border, and covered for the winter with a thick layer of straw or a slight covering of earth. Culture under Glass With Fire-heat. As the foreign Grape is almost the only fruit of temperate climates which cannot be'raised in perfection in the open air in this climate, we shall give some concise directions for its culture in vineries with artificial heat. Those who only know this fruit as the Chasselas or Sweetwater appears, when grown in the open air, have little idea of the exceeding lusciousness, high flavor, size, and beauty of such varieties as the Black Hamburgh or Muscat of Alexandria, when well grown in a first-rate vinery. By the aid of artificial heat, which in this climate is, after all, chiefly required THE GKAPE. 5U in the spring and autumn, and to counteract any sudden cold changes of atmosphere, this most admirable fruit may easily be produced for the dessert from May till December. Indeed, by vineries constructed in divisions, in some of which vines are forced and in others retarded, some have Grapes nearly every month in the year. Construction of the Vinery. The vinery with fire-heat may be built of wood, and in the same simple manner as just described, with the addition of a flue above the surface of the ground, running close along the end, two feet from the front wall, and about a foot from the back wall, and returning into a chimney in the back wall over the furnace.* For the sake of permanence, however, a vinery of this kind is usuv ally built of brick ; the ends and front wall eight inches thick ; the back wall a foot thick — or eight inches, with occasional abutments to increase its strength. Tn fig. 38 (I) is shown a simple plan of a vinery of this kind. In this the surface of the ground is shown at a, be- low which the foundation walls are sunk three feet. Above the surface the front wall, b, rises two feet, the back wall, c, twelve feet, and the width of the house is fourteen feet. On these walls are placed the rafters, from three to four feet distant. In the present example the flues are kept out of the way, and the space clear, by placing them in a square walled space di- rectly under the walk ; the walk itself being formed by an open grating or lattice, through which the heat rises freely. The arrangement of the flue will be better under- stood by referring to the ground plan (IT). In this the furnace is indi- cated at d, iu the back wall ;f from this the flue rises gradually to e9 whence it continues nearly the length of the house, and returning enters the chimney at/*. For the convenience of shelter, firing, etc., it is usual to have a back shed, g, behind the back wall. In this shed maybe a bin for wood or coals, and a sunk area (shown in the dotted lines around d,f), with steps to descend to the furnace and ash-pit. [There are two doors, h, in the vinery at either end of the walk. * Heating by hot water is considered more successful in its results, because of enabling a more even and steady temperature to be maintained. The ex- pense is somewhat greater at first — but in the end. perhaps, most economical. f This furnace shoidd be placed two feet below the level of the flue at e. in order to secure a draught, after which it may lie carried quite level till it enters the chimney. An air-chamber may be formed round it. with a register to admit heated air to the house when necessary. A furnace fourteen inches square and deep, with an ash-pit below, in which anthracite coal is burned, will be found a very easy and perfect mode of heating a house of thie width, and thirtv fe-et long. Plan and Section of a Vinery, with Fire-heat. 612 THE GRAPE. TJie border should be thoroughly prepared previously to plantiri 5 the vines, by excavating it two feet deep and filling it up with suitable corn- post. This is best formed of one-half loamy turf, well rotted by huving been previously laid up in heaps (or fresh and pure loamy soil fro.n an old pasture or common) ; one-third thoroughly fermented horse or cow manure, which has lain in a turf-covered heap for three months ; and one-third broken pieces of charcoal and old lime rubbish : the win le to be thoroughly mixed together before planting the vines. The vines themselves should always be planted in a border prepared inside of the house ; and in order to give the vines that extent of soil which is necessary for them, the best cultivators make an additional border, twelve or fourteen feet wide outside, in front of the vinery. By building the foundation of the front wall on piers, within a couple of inches of the surface, and supporting the wall above the surface on slabs of stone reaching from pier to pier, the roots of the vines easily pene- trate to the border on the outside. The vines should be planted early in the spring. Two-year-old plants are preferable, and they may be set eighteen inches from the front wall — one below each rafter, or, if the latter are over three feet apart, one also in the, intermediate space. The pruning and training of the vines we have already described. The renewal system of pruning we consider the best in all cases. The spur system is, however, practised by many gardeners, with more or less success. This, as most of our readers are aware, consists in allowing a single shoot to extend from each root to the length of the rafters ; from the sides of this stem are produced the bearing shoots every year ; and every autumn these spurs are shortened back, leaving only one bud at the bottom of each, which in its turn becomes the bearing shoot, and is again cut back the next season. The fruit is abundantly produced, and of good flavor, but the bunches are neither so large nor fair, nor do the vines continue so long in a productive and healthy state as when the wood is annually renewed. The essential points in pruning and training the vine, whatever mode be adopted, according to Loudon, " are to shorten the wood to such an extent that no more leaves shall be produced than can be fully sd to the light ; to stop all shoots produced in the summer that are not likely to be required in the winter pruning, at two or three joints, or at the first large healthy leaf from the stem where they originate; and to stop all shoots bearing .bunches at one joint, or at most two, beyond the bunch. . As shoots which are stopped generally push a second time from the terminal bud, the secondary shoots thus produced should be stopped at one joint. And if at that joint they p'.sh also, then a third stopping must take place at one joint, and so on as long as the last terminal bud continues to break. Bearing these points in mind, nothing can be more simple than the pruning and training of the vine." When early forcing of the vines is commenced, the heat should be applied very gently for the first few days, and afterwards very gradually increased. Sixty degrees of Fahrenheit's thermometer may be the maximum till the buds are all nearly expanded. When the leaves are expanded, sixty -five may be the maximum and fifty-five the minimum temperature. When the vines are in blossom, seventy-five or eighty in mid-day, with the solar heat, should be allowed, with an abundance of, THE GRAPE. 513 air, and somewhat about this should be the average of mid-da} tempera- ture. To insure a good crop of Grapes, we are satisfied that they must have .—plenty of heat — plenty of air — p^en^y of moisture — severe thinning of bunches — and severe thinning of berries. The vines, also, must be pruned often, and kept free ; the wood never crowded. Great attention must be paid to the airing of the house, which must be done gradually, that there may be at no time a sudden change in the temperature. With such attention, and the prerequisite of a rich border, on a dry subsoil, good crops of tine Grapes are always to be obtained. The vines require much moisture until they have completed their last swell, when the moisture should be withdrawn. Insects and Diseases. When properly grown under glass the Grape is a very vigorous plant, liable to few diseases. The bleeding which often happens at the commencement of growth, usually ceases without doing harm when the foliage begins to expand. If excessive, it may be stopped by a mixture of three parts of cheese-parings and one part lime applied to the wound. The red spider, which sometimes infests vineries kept at a high temperature, is usually destroyed by coating over the flues with a wash of quick-lime and sulphur, after which the house must be kept closed for half a day. The smaller insects which occasionally prey on the young shoots are easily kept down by syringing the parts affected with a solution of whale-oil soap. Varieties. There are in the catalogue a vast number of names of Grapes, many of which belong to the same fruit. But there are really onlv twenty or thirty varieties which are at all worthy of cultivation in gardens. Indeed, the most experienced gardeners are satisfied with a dozen of the best sorts for their vineries. We will describe some of the finest foreign Grapes that have been introduced. Aleppo. Switzerland Grape. Raisin d'Aless. Striped Muscadine. Chasselas panach.\ Variegated Chasselas. Maurillan panache. Raisin Suisse. Maurillan noir panache. A very singular Grape, the berries being mostly striped with white and black in distinct lines. The foliage is also prettily striped in autumn. Bunches rather below medium size. Berries medium size, roundish. Skin thin, striped with white and dark red, or black. Flesh juicy, and of a rich and excellent flavor. Alicante. Black Lisbon. Black St. Peters. Black Portugal. Black Palestine. Black Spanish. Black Valentia. Meredith's Alicante. St. Peters. Espagnin Noir. Aiicantenivein. Blauer von Alicante. Sanct Peter's Traube Schwarzer Spanischer. An excellent late variety, which is large and showy, and hangs well 514 THE GRAPE. Bunches large, sometimes shouldered. Berries large, oval. Skin tough, rather thick, jet black, with a blue bloom. Flesh tender, juicy. Black Champion. Bunch large, long, shouldered. Berries large, roundish oval, deep black with a slight bloom. Flesh firm, juicy, sweet, rich. Ripens earlier than Black Hamburgh. A good variety for a cold vinery. Black Morillon. Franc Pineau. Pineau. Raisin de Bourgne. Black Burgundy. Schwarzer. Black Cluster. Morillon noir. Auverna. Vrai Auvernas. Small Black Cluster. Bother. Auverne. Auvernas Rouge. True Burgundy. Burgunder. Early Black. This is readily distinguished from Miller's Burgundy, by the ab- sence of the down on its leaves. The fruit is very sweet and excellent. Bunches small, compact (i. e., berries closely set). Berries middle sized, roundish oval. Skin deep black. Juice sweet and good. Ripens in the open air about the 20th of September. Black Frontignan. Muscat Noir. Muscat Noir Ordinaire. Black Frontignac. Black Constantia of some. Muscat Noir de Jura. Sir William Rowley's Black. Purple Frontignan. Purple Constantia. Bourdales des Hautes Pyrenees. An excellent Grape, originally from the town of Frontignan, in France, where it and other similar sorts are largely cultivated for mak- ing the Muscadine or Frontignan wine. Bunches rather long. Berries of medium size, round, quite black. Skin thin. Flavor musky and rich. Ripens in October. A good bearer. Black Hamburgh. Warner's Black Hamburgh. Purple Hamburgh. Red Hamburgh. Brown Hamburgh. Dutch Hamburgh. Victoria . Salisbury Violet. Hampton Court Vine. Valentine's. Gibraltar. Frankendale. Black Frankenthall. Frank enthaler. Frankenthaler Gros Noir. Trollinger. Blue Trollinger. Troller. Welscher. Fleisch Traube. Hudler. Languedoc. Mohrendutte. Weissholziger Trollinger. The Black Hamburgh has long been considered the first of black Grapes for the vinery, but it will very rarely perfect its fruit out of doors. Its very large size and most luscious flavor render it universally esteemed. Bunches large (about nine inches deep), and mostly with two shoul- ders, making it broad at the top. Berries very large, roundish, slightly Inclining to oval. Skin rather thick, deep brownish purple, becoming THE GRArE. 51" nearly black at full maturity. Flavor very sugary and rich. A good *nd regular bearer. Black Lombardy. West's St. Peters. Poonah. Raisin des Cannes. Raisin de Cuba. Money's. Bunches large and long, with shoulders. Berries large, roundish oval. Skin thin, very black at maturity. Flavor very rich and sugary. The leaves arc rather small, and turn purple as the fruit ripens. It requires a pretty high temperature, and is then a great bearer. Black Morocco. Le Coeur. Ansell's Large Oval Black. Black Muscadel. Raisine d'Espagne. A large and showy Grape, ripening late, but requiring a good deal of heat. The blossoms are a little imperfect, and require to be fertilized with those of the Black Hainburgh, or some other hardy sort. Bunches large. Berries very large, oval. Skin thick, dark red. Flavor tolerably sweet and rich. Black Muscadine. Black Chasselas. Chasselas Noir. A pretty good black Grape, scarcely succeeding well, however, in the open air, and inferior to other sorts for the vinery. Bunches of medium size, compact. Berries roundish oval. Skin thick, black, overspread with a blue bloom. Juice sweet, and of pretty good flavor. Black Muscat of Alexandria. Red Muscat of Alexandria. Red Frontignae of Jerusalem. Muscat Hamburgh. Bunches la rge and shouldered. Berries iai'ge, oval. Skin thick, of a reddish color, becoming black at maturity. Flesh quite firm, with a rich musky flavor. Requires a vinery with fire-heat. Black Prince. Boston. Sir A. Pytches' Black. Pocock's Damascus. Steward's Black Prince. The Black Prince is very highly esteemed, it is hardier than the Black Hamburgh, beai-ing profusely, witn the easiest culture, in the vinery. Bunches long and not generally shouldered. Berries large, rather thinlj set, oval. Skin thick, black, covered with a thick blue bloom. Flesh tender, juicy, rich sugary, sprightly. Black Sweetwater. Water Zoet Noir. Bunches small, compact. Berries small, round. Skin thin, with a sweet and pleasant juice. A second-rate, but rather hardy sort. 616 the grape. Black Tripoli. Black Grape from Tripoli. This Grape is said to be a large and very excellent one, ripening late, and well worthy of a place in the vinery. It requires some fire- heat. Bunches of medium size, shouldered, rather loose. Berries large, round, often slightly flattened. Seeds quite small. Skin thin, purplish black, slightly covered with bloom. Flesh tender and sweet, with a very high-flavored rich jiuce. Bowood Muscat. Tynningham Muscat. A new variety, claimed as a seedling from the Muscat of Alexandria which it closely resembles, but has rather shorter-jointed wood, and sets its fruit and bears well. Burckhardt's Prince. Aramon. Plante Riche. Ugrie Noir. A late variety that hangs well. Bunches long, tapering. Berries medium, round, a few inclining to oval. Skin of a deep black color, covered with a thick bloom. Flesh rather fiim, juicy, rich, piquant, vinous. Canon Hall Muscat. A variety differing from its parent, the Muscat of Alexandria, in being of stronger growth and more tapeiing bunches. Berries large, roundish oval, whitish, juicy, rich. Requires special care to grow it well. Chaptal. A French Grape, a great bearer, and adapted to a cold vinery. Bunches large and long. Berries large, round, amber color when ripe. Flesh sweet, juicy. Charlsworth Tokay. A variety from England, reputed to be of superior quality. Bunches long, compact. Berries large, oval. Skin thick, white. Flavor rich and excellent, with a Muscat perfume. Chasselas Musque. Musk Chasselas. Le Cour. St. Albans. A very delicious Grape, the highest flavored Chasselas, having much of the flavor of the Muscat of Alexandria. Bunches of medium size, lon^ and rather loose. Berries middle THE GRATE. 51 t size, round. Skin thin, yellowish white. Flesh tenaer, with an abund- ant juice, of a rich musky flavor. Leaves smaller and deeper green than those of the Sweetwater or Muscadine. Requires heat. Chasselas Royal. A new and excellent Grape. Bunches short and thick, with shoulders. Berries large, round pale amber color when ripe. A great bearer. (Rivers.) Chasselas Vibert. A strong grower, well suited to a cold vinery. Bunches long Berries large, round, golden amber when ripe. Flesh juicy, rich. (Rivers.) Duchess of Buccleugh. A Grape of recent introduction, and highly praised. It is said to be a cross between the Muscat and Chasselas Musque. Bunches large, long, tapering, slightly shouldered. Berries medium, roundish. Early, and an abundant bearer. Suited for a hot or cold vinery. Early Black Bordeaux. One of the best very early sorts. Bunches medium, short, shouldered. Berries medium, round, quite black, with a thin bloom. Flesh tender, melting, rich, sweet. Early Black July. July Grape. Madeleine. Madeleine Noir. Raisin Precoce. Morillon Hatif. De St. Jean. Schwarzer Fruhzeitiger. Burgunder. August Traube. Jacob's Traube. The earliest of Grapes, and chiefly valued for the dessert on that account. In the open ah- it ripens here the last of July, or early in August. The leaves are rather small, and bight green above and be neath. Bunches small and compact. Berries small, quite round. Skin thick, black, covered with a blue bloom. Flavor moderately sweet, but not rich or perfumed. Early Golden Frontignan. A variety adapted to hot or cold vineries. Bunch long, medium, not shouldered. Berries medium, round, yel- low, with minute dark dots. Flesh juicy, sprightly, melting, sweet. Early Saumur Frontignan. Muscat de Saumur. Muscat Hdtif de Saumur Madeleine Musquee de Courtiller. Precoce Musque. A very early variety, ripening well in a cold vinery. Bunches small, compact, shouldered. Berries medium, roundish 618 THE GRAPE. flattened. Skin thin, translucent amber color at maturity. Flesh juicy, with a pleasant, slight Muscat flavor. Early Silver Frontignan. Bunch medium to large, shouldtred. Berries large, roundish oval, whitish yellow, witli a silver bloom. Flesh very tender, melting, rich, very juicy, and agreeable. An early and productive sort, suited to hot or cold vinery. Early Smyrna Frontignan. Muscat de Smyrne. Isaker Daisiko. One of the earliest sorts, well suited for a cold vinery. Bunches medium, well set, not shouldered. Berries medium, round, bright amber. Flesh melting, rich, juicy, delicious. Early "White Malvasia. Morna Chasselas. Mornair blanc. Early Chasselas. Le Melier. Grove End Sweet Water. Melier blanc. White Melier. Blanc de Bonneuil. Early Kienzherm. A nice early Grape, and a good bearer, which is in fact only an ear- lier variety of the Chasselas. It bears very well in the open air. Bunches, in size and form, much like those of the White Chasselas or Royal Muscadine. Berries round, yellowish white. Skin thin. Flesh sweet, juicy, and agreeable in flavor. Bipens in August. The leaves are pale green on the upper side, slightly downy below, cut into five rather deep lobes. ESPERIONE. Turner's Black. Hardy Blue Windsor. Cumberland Lodge. The Esperione is a hardy, luxuriant, and prolific Grape, growing as well in the open air as the Muscadine, and even better in many situa- tions. Bunches large, shouldered, like the Black Hamburgh in size. Ber- ries round, or occasionally flattened, and often indented with a groove. Skin thick, dark purple, powdered with a thick blue bloom. Flesh ad- heres to the skin, of a pleasant, sprightly flavor, not very rich. Fintindo. This Grape is of Italian origin, brought to notice by M. De Bavay, of Vilvorde, who received it of Major Esperen, and is said to have been discovered by the French army in Naples. Its growth is vigorous. Peduncle very stout. Buuch large, compact, and shouldered. Berries of the largest size, nearly round, slightly oval. Skin dark violet. Flesh abounds in a Bugary juicQ, and has a peculiarly pleasant aroma. It has a resemblance to the Black Hamburgh, but is considerably earlier. the grape. 519 Foster's White Seedling. A new variety, described as superior to the Iioyal Musca.line, and ripening at the same time. Bunches large, sets well. Berries above medium, roundish oval, yel- lowish amber. Flesh tender, melting, sweet, and rich flavored. Said tc have the character of haner. CHAUV [ERE. A variety originated in France. THE NECTARINE. 507 Fruit medium, roundish, depressed at base. Skin smooth, colored with carmine or deep purple and dotted with gray in the sun. Flesh white, firm, juicy, vinous, aromatic, freestone. Season last of August. (Alb. Pom.) DOWNTON. The Downton is a seedling raised by Mr. Knight. It is in quality, appearance, and season, an intermediate variety between the Violette Hative and the Elruge, ripening a few days earlier than the latter. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers small. Fruit large, roundish oval. Skin pale green, with a deep violet rod e allowed to hang on the tree till it begins to shrivel, when the flavor ia much improved. Leaves serrated, without glands. Flowers large. Fruit rather large, roundish. Skin pale greenish yellow, nearly cov- ered with red, marbled with dark red. Flesh firm, pale, but deep red next the stone, juicy, sweet, and rich, with an excellent vinous flavor. Ripens about the 10th of September. New White. Neat's White. Flanders. . Cowdray White. Emerton's New White. Large White. The New White is a fine light-skinned variety. Leaves with reni form glands. Flowers large. Fruit rather large, nearly round. Skin white, with occasionally a slight tinge of red when exposed. Flesh white, tender, very juicy, with a rich, vinous flavor. The stone is small. Separates freely. Ripens early in September. Old White. This Nectarine is supposed to have been introduced from Asia into England about sixty years ago. It is much like the foregoing in flavor, perhaps a little richer, but it is less hardy and productive. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers large. Fruit rather large, roundish oval. Skin white, slightly tinged with red. Flesh white, tender, juicy, and rich. Separates freely from the stone. Early in September. Peterborough. Late Green. Vermash. This is the latest Nectarine known. It is rather small, and of infe- rior quality, and scarcely deserves cultivation except to make complete a, large collection. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers small. Fruit rather small, roundish. Skin mostly green, or slightly tinged with dingy red on the sunny side. Flesh greenish whit-} to the stone, «o me what j uicy, and of tolerable flavor. Separates freely from the stone. [t ripens early in October. Pine- Apple. Kaised by Thomas Rivers, England. THE NECTARINE. 571 Fruit large, nearly oval, pointed. Color deep orange and crimson. Ripens a week later than Pitmaston Orange. ^Rivers.) Pitmaston Orange. Williams' Orange. Williams' Seedling. The Pitmaston Orange, which is considered the best yellow-tleshed Nectarine, was raised in 18 16 by John Williams, of Pitmaston, near Worcester, England. The tree is vigorous. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers large. Fruit large, roundish ovate, the base (towards the stalk) being broad, and the top narrow, and ending in an acute swollen point. Skin rich orange yellow, with a dark brownish-red cheek, streaked at the union of the two colors. Flesh deep yellow, but red at the stone ; melting, juicy, rich, sweet, and of excellent flavor. The stone is rather small, separates freely. Ripens middle and last of August. Red Roman. Old Itoman. Brugnon Violette Musquee. Roman. Brugnon Musquee. The Red Roman is a very old European variety, having been enu- merated by Parkinson in 1629. It is one of the richest and best of clingstone Nectarines. The tree healthy and productive. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers large. Fruit large, roundish, a little flattened at the top. Skin greenish yellow, with a brownish, muddy red cheek, which is somewhat rough, and marked with brown russety specks. Flesh firm, greenish yellow, and deep red at the stone, juicy, with a rich, high vinous flavor. Ri- pening early in September. Rivers' Orange. New variety, produced by Thomas Rivers, England, from seed of Pitmaston Orange. It is described as much resembling its parent, but higher flavored, and ripening a week or so later. The tree is a great bearer, robust, and hardy. Leaves with uniform glands. Flow- ers large. Rivers' White. Originated in 1857, by Thomas Rivers, England. Fruit large, roundish. Skin smooth, whitish, with slight shades of red in sun, white bloom. Flesh melting, juicy, vinous. Glands rerJi'orm. Flowers large. Earlier than New White. Stanwick. A new late variety. At the South, probably, it will prove an ac- quisition. It was grown in England from a stone brought from Syria, and is described in the Journal of the London Horticultural Society as above medium size, roundish oval, slightly heart-shaped at base. Skin pale 672 nuts. greenish white, shaded into deep rich violet in the sun. Flesh white, tender, juicy, rich, sugary, and without the slightest trace of prussic acid flavor. Victoria. Raised by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England, from seed of Violette Hative fertilized by Stanwick. Fruit large, roundish, flattened at top. Skin greenish yellow, crim- son on the sunny side. Flesh rich, sweet, one of the best. Glands re inform. Flowers small. Middle of August. New. Violette Hative. Early Violet. Petite Violette Hative. Violet. Brugnon Hatif. Early Brugnon. Violette AngervimV-res. Brugnon Red at the Stone. Violette Musquee. Hampton Court. Lord Selsey's Elruge. Large Scarlet. Violet Red at the Stone. New Scarlet. Violet Musk. Aromatic. The Violette Hative, or Early Violet Nectarine, everywhere takes the highest rank among Nectarines. It is of delicious flavor, fine ap- pearance, hardy, and productive. Externally the fruit is easily con- founded with that of the Elruge, but it is readily distinguished by its dark-colored stone, and the deep red flesh surrounding it. The fruit is usually rather darker colored. It is of French origin, and has been long cultivated. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers rather small. Fruit rather large, roundish, narrowed slightly at the top, where it is also marked with a shallow suture. Skin pale yellowish green in the shade, but when exposed nearly covered with dark purplish red, mot- tled with pale-brown dots. Flesh whitish, but much rayed with red at the stone. The latter is roundish, the furrows not deep, and the sur- face reddish brown. The flesh is melting, juicy, rich, and very high- flavored. It ripens about the last of August. The Violette Grosse (Thomp.) resembles the foregoing in leaves and flowers, and general appearance. The fruit is, however, larger, but not so richly flavored. Selection of choice Jiardy Nectarines for a small Garden. — Violet Hative, Elruge, Hardwicke, Hunt's Tawny, Boston, Roman, New White. CHAPTER XXIII. MJTS. The Chestnut ( Castanea vesca, W. ; Chdtaignier, of the French ; JTastojiienbaum, German ; Castagno, Italian) is one of our loftiest nuts. 873 forest-trees, common in most parts of the United States and Europe, and bearing excellent Nuts. The foreign variety best known in this country is the Spanish Chestnut, with fruit nearly as large as that (if the Horse- Chestnut, and which is excellent when boiled or roasted. It thrives very well here, but is not quite hardy to the north or east of this. One or two English varieties have been produced, of considerable excelh'iue, among which the Downton is considered the best. The French cultivate a dozen or more varieties of greater or less excellence, but though soma of them have been introduced, we have not yet fairly tested them in this country. The CHINQUAPIN, or Dwarf Chestnut, common in some parts of the Middle and Southern States, is a dwarf species of the chestnut, usually growing not more than six to ten feet high, and bearing fruit of half the size of the common chestnut, with the same flavor. It is worth a place in a small fruit-garden as a curiosity. All the chestnuts are very easily cultivated in any good, light soil, and may be propagated by grafting and by sowing the seeds. The European Walnut (Juglans regia, L. ; JVoyer, of the French ; Widnussbaivm, German; JVoce, Italian; and JSFogal, Spanish), better known here as the Madeira Ifut, is a fine lofty growing tree, with a handsome spreading head, and bearing crops of large and excellent nuts, enclosed like those of our native black walnut in a simple husk. It stands the winter very well here, and to the south of this it would un- doubtedly be a profitable fruit to plant for the market. The fruit in a green state is very highly esteemed for pickling, and the great quantities of the ripe nuts annually imported and sold here, prove the estimation in which they are held for the table. There are several varieties re- puted to be of rather finer quality, which, however, have not displaced the original species, even in the gardens of Europe, and have not yet borne fruit here. This tree is usually propagated by the seed, and transplanted from the nurseries when from three to six feet high. But it may also be grafted, with due care, on the common hickory-nut. A number of dis- tinct varieties have been produced from seed and perpetuated by grafting. Among them the following are regarded as of the most value : — Dwarf Prolific. Early-Bearing. Fertile. Precocious. This is a dwarf-growing and very early bearing variety, very desi rable for small fruit-gardens, as it may in our Northern States be easily protected in winter. The trees commence bearing when not more than three feet high, and, like the common walnut, it reproduces itself nearly always from seed. La hoe-Fruited. Double. French. De Jauge. This is the largest of all, and of little value except as its size makes it attract i ve. or its shell may be of value for forming toys. 574 nuts. Thin-She .led. A Coque Tendre. This is an oblong-shaped nut with a tender shell, well filled, one of the best. The Filbert (JVoisette, of the French ; Jlaselstaude, German ; Ave- llano, Spanish) is an improved variety of the common hazel-nut of the woods of Europe ( Corylus avellana, L.). The fruit is three or four times as large as that of our common hazel-nut, and from its size and excellent flavor is admired for the dessert. The old Spanish filbert, common in many of our gardens, is a worthless, nearly barren variety ; but we have found the better English sorts productive and excellent in this climate, and at least a few plants of them should have a place in all our gardens. They are generally raised from layers, made in the spring, but they may also be grafted readily on the common hazel-nut, or the Spanish nut. When planted out they should not be permitted to sucker, and should be kept in the form of bushes with low heads, branching out about two feet from the ground, and they should be annually pruned somewhat like the gooseberry, so as to preserve a rather thin, open head, shortening back the extremities of the young shoots one-half, every spring. The following are the best filberts known : — - Cosfokd. Nut large, oblong. Husk hairy. Shell remarkably thin, and kernel of excellent flavor. A good bearer. Frizzled. Easily known by its handsome,' deeply cut husk. Nut of medium size, oval, compressed. Husk hairy. Shell thick. Kernel sweet and good. Lambert {Kentish Cob, Filbert Cob). This is perhaps the best of all the nuts, some of them being an inch or more in length. Husk nearly smooth. Nut large, oblong, and somewhat compressed. Shell pretty thick, of a brown color. Kernel full and rich. A great bearer. Pearson's Prolific {Dwarf Prolific, Nottingham Prolific). Nut medium size, obtusely ovate. Shell rather thick. Kernel full. Purple Filbert {Pimple-leaved). This is an ornamental shrub, as well as productive of excellent fruit. Its fruit is much like the Red Filbert, but the foliage is of a deep purple or red color. Northamptonshire Prolific. Ripens early. Nut of medium size, oblong. Husk hairy. Shell thick. Red Filbert. Easily known from other sorts by the crimson skin of the kernel. Fruit of medium size, ovate. Shell thick. Kernel with a peculiar, excellent flavor. White Filbert. Resembles the last, but with a light yellow or white skin. The tree is also quite bushy. Nuts ovate. Husk long and tubular. The English generally call those varieties with long husks, filberts (full-bean/*), and those with short husks, simply nuts. The Hickory-Nut {Carya alba), or shell-nark, the Black Walnut (Jugkms nigra), and the Butternut {J~. cinerea), are native nut-bearing trees, common in our forests, and too well known to need description here. There are occasionally found in the woods accidental varieties of the shell-bark hickory of much larger size and finer flavor than the THE OLIVB. 575 common species, which are highly worthy of cultivation, as we confess, to our own taste, this nut is much superior to the European walnut. There is indeed no doubt that, with a little care in reproduction by seed, the shell-bark may be trebled in size, and greatly improved in flavor. CHAPTER XXIV. THE OLIVE. Olea Europea, L ; Oleince, of botanists. Olivier, of the French ; Oeldbaum, German ; Dlivo, Italian ; OMvo, Spanish The Olive, which, as Loudon justly remarks, furnishes, in its invalu- able oil, the cream and butter of Spain and Italy, will undoubtedly one day be largely cultivated in our Southern States. The uses and value of the olive-oil are still comparatively unknown in this country. In the South of Europe it is more valuable than bread, as, to say nothing of its wholesomeness, it enters into every kind of cookery, and renders so large a quantity of vegetable food tit for use. A few olive-trees will serve for the support of an entire family, who would starve on what could otherwise be raised on the same surface of soil ; and dry crevices of rocks, and almost otherwise barren soils in the deserts, when planted with this tree, become flourishing and valuable places of habitation. The olive is a native of the temperate, sea-coast ridges of A_sia and Africa; but it has, time out of mind, been cultivated in the South of Europe. It is a low evergreen tree, scarcely twenty feet high, its head spreading, and clothed with stiff, narrow, bluish-green leaves. Its dark green or black fruit is oval, the hard fleshy pulp enclosing a stone. In a pickled state the fruit is highly esteemed. The pickles are made by steeping tlnj unripe olives in lye-water, after which they are washed and bottled in salt unci water, to which is often added fennel, or some kind of spice. The oil is made by crushing the fruit to a paste, pressing it through a coarse hempen bag into hot water, from the surface of iwhich the oil is skimmed off. The best oil is made from the pulp alone : when the stone also is crushed, it is inferior. Propagation and Culture. A very common mode of propagating the olive in Italy is by means of the uovoli (little eggs). Tb< knots or tumors, which form in considerable numbers on the bark of the trunk, and are easily detached by girdling them with a pen-knife, the mother-plant suffering no injury. They are planted in the soil like bulbs, an inch or so deep, when they take root and form new trees. It is also propagated by cuttings and seeds. The seedlings form the strongest and thriftiest trees; they are frequently some months in vege- tating, and should therefore be buried an inch deep in the soil as soon as ripe. The wild American olive ( Olea Americana, L.) or Devil-wood, a tree 576 THE OEANGE FAMILY. that grows more or less abundantly as far north as Virginia, wiL undoubtedly prove a good stock on which to ingraft the European olive. It is of a hardier habit, and, though worthless itself, may become valuable in this way. The olive-tree commences bearing five or six years after being planted. Its ordinary crop is fifteen or twenty pounds of oil per annum, and the regularity of its crop, as well as the great age to which it lives, renders an olive plantation one of the most valuable in the world. With respect to its longevity we may remark, that there is a celebrated plantation near Terni, in Italy, more than five miles in extent, which, there is every reason for believing, has existed since the time of Pliny. The Olive is not a very tender tree. It will thrive farther north than the orange. The very best sites for it are limestone ridges, and dry, crumbling, limestone rocky regions always produce the finest oil. The t»ee, however, thrives most luxuriantly in deep, rich, clayey loams, which should be rendered more suitable by using air-slaked lime as manure. It requires comparatively little pruning or care when a plan- tation is once fairly established. Varieties. There are numberless varieties enumerated in the French catalogues, but only a few of them are worth the attention of any but the curious collector. The common European Olive is, on the whole, much the best for general cultivation, yielding the most certain and abundant crops. The sub-variety most cultivated in France is the Long-leaved Olive ( Olea, e. longi folia), with lai-ger and longer leaves ; the fruit nearly of the same size as that of the common olive. The favorite sort in Spain is the Broad-leaved Olive ( Olea e. lali- folia). Its fruit is nearly double the size of the common Olive, and yields an abundance of oil, but the latter is so strong in flavor as to be more relished by the Spauiards than by strangers. The Olivier a Fruit Arrondi ( Olea spherica, N". Dun.) is a hardy Frencb variety, which, in a moist, rich soil, yields most abundant crop? of fine oil. The Olivier Piciioline ( Olea oblonga, N. Dub.) yields the fruit most esteemed for pickling. It grows quite readily in any tolerable soil, and is one of the hardiest varieties. The Olivier Pleureur ( Olea eranimorpha, N. Duh.), or Weeping Olive, is one of the largest and finest trees. Its branches are pendent, its fruit excellent, and the oil pure and abundant. It is a very hardy Bort, and grows best in damp valleys. CHAPTER XXV. THE ORANGE FAMILY. Citrus, L. Aurantiacece, of botanists. The Orange family includes the common orange ( Citrus aurantium) ; iihe Lemon ( C. iimonum) ; the Lime ( C. limetta) ; the Shaddock ( C. THE ORANGE FAMILY. 577 tecumana) ; and the Citron ( C medico) ; all different species, with the same general habit. The Orange, a native of Asia, is the most attractive and beautiful of fruit-trees, with its rich, dark evergreen foliage and its golden fruit , and it may well therefore enjoy the reputation of being the Golden Ap- ple of the liespeiides. When to these charms we add the delicious fra- grance of the blossoms, surpassing that of any other fruit-tree, it must be conceded that, though the orange must yield in flavor to some other fruits, yet, on the whole, nothing surpasses an orange grove, or orchard, in its combination of attractions — rich verdure, the delicious aroma of its flowers, and the great beauty of its fruit. The south of Europe, China, and the West Indies, furnish the lar gest supplies of this fruit. But it has, for a considerable time, been cul- tivated pretty largely in Florida, and the orange groves of St. Augustine yield large and profitable crops. Indeed the cultivation maybe extended over a considerable portion of that part of the Union bordering on the Gulf of .Mexico ; and the southern part of Louisiana, and part of Texas, are highly favorable to orange plantations. The Bitter Orange has be- come quite naturalized in parts of Florida, the so-called Wild Orange seedlings furnishing a stock much more hardy than those produced by sowing the imported seeds. By continually sowing the seed of these Wild Oranges, they will furnish stocks suited to almost all the Southern States, which will in time render the better kinds grafted upon them comparatively hardy. North of the latitude where, in this country, the orange can be grown in groves or orchards, it may still be profitably cultivated with partial protection. The injury the trees suffer from severe winters arises not from their freezing — for they will bear, without injury, severe frost — but from the rupture of sap-vessels by the sudden thawing. A mere shed, or covering of boards, will guard against all this mischief. Accordingly, towards the south of Europe, where the climate is pretty severe, the orange is grown in rows against stone walls or banks, in raced gardens, or trained loosely against a sheltered trellis ; and at the approach of winter they are covered with a slight movable shed, or frame of boards. In mild weather the sliding doors are opened, and air is admitted freely — if very severe, a few pots of charcoal are placed within the enclosure. This covering remains over them four or five months, and in this way the orange may be grown as far north as Bal- timore. Soil and Culture. The best soil for the orange is a deep rich loam. In propagating them, sow, early in the spring, the seeds of the naturalized or wild bitter orange of Florida, which gives much the har- -u>ek. They may be budded in the nursery-ro'fl or the next, and for this purpose the earliest time at which the opera- tion can be performed (the wood of the buds being sufficiently firm), the greater the success. Whip or splice grafting may also be resorted to early in the spring. Only the hardiest sorts should be chosen for orchards or groves ; the more delicate ones can be grown easily with slight covering in winter. Fifty feet is the maximum height of tho orange in its native country, but it rarely forms in Florida more than a compact low tree of twenty feet. It is better, therefore, to plant them so near as partially to shade the surface of the ground. Insects. The orange plantations of Florida have suffered verj 378 THE ORANGE FAMILY. severely from the attacks of the scale insect (Coccut Mspendum) ( which in some cases has spread over whole plantations, and gradually destroyed all the trees. It is the same small, oval, brownish insect, sc common in our greenhouses, which adheres closely to the bark and underside of the leaves. A wash of sal soda or potash water, applied with a brush to the bodies and limbs of the trees, is the most certain and sure remedy for destroying this insect that we have known. Repeating this once or twice will probably effectually rid the trees of the scaled insect. Varieties. From among the great number of names that figure in the European catalogues, we select a few of those really deserving atten- tion in each class of this fruit. The Orange. The Orange ( Oranger, French ; Pomeranzenbaum, German ; Arancio, Italian ; and JYaranjo, Spanish) is, on the whole, the finest tree of the genus. Its dark-green leaves have winged foot-stalks, its fruit is round, with an orange-colored skin. It is one of the longest lived fruit-trees as an instance of which we may quote the celebrated tree at Versailles, called "the Grand Bourbon," which was sown in 1421, and is at the present time in existence, one of the largest and finest trees in France. The fruit of the orange is universally esteemed in its ripe state. The bitter orange is used for marmalades ; the green fruits, even when as small as peas, are preserved, and used in various ways in confection- ery ; the rind and pulp are used in cooking ; and the orange flowers, dis- tilled, give the orange-flower water, so highly esteemed as a perfume and in cookery. Besides the Common Sweet Orange, the most esteemed sorts are the Maltese and the Blood-Red, both of excellent flavor, with red pulp. The Mandarin orange is a small, flattened fruit, with a thin rind separating very easily from the pulp, frequently parting from it of itself, and leaving a partially hollow space. It comes from China, and is called there the Mandarin, or noble orange, from its excellent quality. The flesh is dark orange-colored, juicy, and very rich. The Bergamot orange has small flowers and pear-shaped fruit. The leaves, flowers, and fruit being peculiarly fragrant, it is highly esteemed by the perfumer, and yields the bergamot essence. " The rind, first dried and then moistened, is pressed in moulds into small boxes for hold- ing sweetmeats, to which it communicates a bergamot flavor." The Havana or common sweet orange is a well-known fruit, of good size and moderately rough rind, pulp well filled with delicious juice. The St. Augustine oranges are a large variety of the Havana, much better than those brought from Cuba. The St. Michael's orange is a small fruit, the skin pale yellow, the rind thin, the pulp often seedless, juicy, and lusciously sweet. It is considered the most d-. uciout of all oranges, and the tree is a most abundant bearer. The Seville, or bitter orange, is the hardiest of all the varieties, en- during very hard frosts without injury. It has the largest and most fragrant flowers ; the pulp, however, is bitter and sharp, and is valued chiefly for marmalades. The Double Bigarade is a French variety of this species, with fine double blossoms. THE ORANGE FAMILY. 579 Besides the above, the Fingered, Sweet-shinned, Pear-shaped, and Ribbed oranges, are the most striking sorts — all chiefly cultivated by curious amateurs. The Lemon {IAmonier, of the French and German ; iAmone, Italian ; I/imon, Spanish) has longer, paler leaves than the orange, the footstalks of which are naked or wingless ; the flowers tinged with red externally, and the fruit is oblong, pale yellow, with a swollen point, and usually an acid pulp. Its principal use is in making lemonade, punch, and othei cooling acid drinks. Besides the common Lemon, there is an Italian variety, called the Sweet Lemon, the pulp of which is sweet and good. THE LIME. The Lime (Limettier, of the French) differs from the Lemon by its smaller, entirely white flowers, and small, roundish, pale yellow fruit, with a slight protuberance at the end. The acid, though sharp, is scarcely so rich and high as that of the lemon, and is used for the same pmposes. The green fruit is more esteemed than any other for preserving. The Italians cultivate a curiously marked variety called Porno oVAdamo, in which Adam is said to have left the marks of his teeth. THE CITRON. The Citron ( Cedratier, of the French ; Citronier, German ; Cedrato, Italian) is one of the finest growing trees of this family, with large, ob- long, wingless leaves, and flowers tinged with purple externally. The fruit, shaped like that of the lemon, is much larger, of a yellow color, warted and furrowed externally. The rind is very fragrant and very thick, the pulp is subacid, and is used in the same way as that of the lemon. It is chiefly valued, however, for the rich sweetmeat or pre- Berve, called citron, made from the rind. The Madras citron is considered the largest and best variety. THE SHADDOCK. The Shaddock (Pampefmons, French ; Arancio massimo, Italian) maybe considered a monstrous orange, with a comparatively tasteless pulp. It is a native of China and Japan, and has its name from Dr. Shaddock, who first carried it to the West Indies. The leaves are winged, like those of the orange, the flowers white, and the fruit globu- lar. Its size is very large, as it often weighs six or eight pounds. The Culp is sweetish, or subacid, and the juice is rather refreshing. It is, owever, more showy than useful, and certainly makes a magnificent appearance in a collection of tropical fruits. 680 THE PEACH. CHAPTER XXVI. THE PEACH. Persica vulgaris, Dec. Bosrtcea;, of botanists. Pecker, of the French ; PJirschbavm, German ; Persickkeboom, Dutch ; Persvx> Italian ; and el Melocoton, Spanish. The Peach-tree is a native of Persia and China, and was brought from the former country to Italy by the Romans in the time of the Emperoi Claudius. It was considerably cultivated in Britain as early as the year 1550, and was introduced to this country by the early settlers somewhere about 16S0. From Persia, its native country, its name in all languages — Persico — Pecher — Peach — has evidently been derived. The peach is a rather small fruit-tree, with narrow, smooth, serrated leaves, and pink blossoms. It is more tender and of shorter duration than most other of the fruits usually grown in temperate climates. It is never raised in England, and not generally in France, without the aid of walls. Even at Montreuil, near Paris, a village whose whole population is mainly employed in cultivating the peach for market, it is grown entire- ly upon white-washed walls. China and the United States are, there- fore, the only temperate countries where the peach and the apple both attain their highest perfection in the open orchard. The peaches of Pekin are celebrated as being the finest in the world, and of double the lsual size. It is a curious fact in the history of the peach, that with its delicious flavor were once coupled, in the East, certain notions of its poisonous qualities. This idea seems vaguely to have accompanied it into Europe, for Pliny mentions that it was supposed that the king of Persia had sent them into Egypt to poison the inhabitants, with whom he was then at war. As the peach and the almond are closely related, it has been conjectured by Mr. Knight that the poisoLOUs peaches referred to were swollen al- monds, which contain a considerable quantity of prussic acid. But it is also worth remarking that the peach-tree seems to hold very much the same place in the ancient Chinese writings that the tree of knowledge of the old Scriptures, and the golden Hesperides apples of the heathens, do in the early history of the western nations. The traditions of a peach- tree, the fruit of which when eaten conferred immortality, and which bore only once in a thousand years — and of another peach-tree of knowledge, which existed in the most remote period, on a mountain guarded by a hundred demons, the fruit of which produced death — are said to be distinctly preserved in some of the early Chinese writings. Whatever may have been the nature of these extraordinary trees, it is cer- tain that, as Lord Bacon says, " not a slip or sucker has been left behind." We must therefore content ourselves with the delight which a fine peach of modern times affords to the palate and the eye. We believe there is at the present time no country in the world where the peach is grown in such great quantities as in the Ignited States. North of a line drawn from the Mohawk river to Boston, comprising most of the Eastern States, they do not indeed flourish well, requiring some artificial aid to produce regular crops ; but in all the Middle, Scuthern, and Western States, they grow and produce the THE PEACH. 58 1 heaviest crops in every garden and orchard. Thousands of acres are devoted to this crop for the supply of the markets of our la.-ge cities-. The market price usually varies according to the abundance of the crop, and bj the earliness or lateness of the season at which they are offered. Many growers have orchards of from 10,000 to 100,000 trees of dif- ferent ages, and send to market in good seasons as many bushels of fruit from the bearing trees. When the crop is not universally abundant, the profits are very large ; if the contrary, they are often very little. The very great facility with which the peach grows in this country, and the numerous crops it produces, almost without care, have led to a carelessness of cultivation which has greatly enfeebled the stock, and, as we shall presently show, has in many places produced a disease pecu- liar to this country. This renders it necessary to give some additional care and attention to the cultivation of the peach ; and with very tri- fling care this delicious fruit may be produced in great abundance for many successive years. Uses. Certainly no one expects us to write the praises of the peach as the most delicious of fruits. " To gild refined gold " would be a task quite as necessary, and if any one doubts the precise rank which the peach should take among the different fruits of even that cornuco- pian month — September — and wishes to convince us of the higher flavor of a Seckel or a Belle Lucrative pear, we will promise to stop his mouth and his argument with a sunny-cheeked and melting " George the Fourth," or luscious " Rareripe ! " No man who lives under a warm sun will hesitate about giving a due share of his garden to peaches, if he have no orchard; and even he who lives north of the best Indian corn limits ought to venture on a small line of espalier for the sake of the peach. In pies and pastry, and for various kinds of preserving, the peach is everywhere highly esteemed. At the South and West a consid- erable quantity of peach brandy is annually distilled from them, but we believe by no means so much as formerly. Hogs are fattened, in such districts, on the refuse of the orchard and distillery. In most parts of the country where peaches are largely cultivated the fruit is dried, and in this state sent to market in very large quanti- ties. The drying is performed, on a small scale, in spent ovens ; on a large scale, in a small drying-house heated by a stove, and fitted up with ventilated drawers. These drawers, the bottoms of which are formed of laths, or narrow strips sufficiently open to allow the air to circulate through them, are filled with peaches in halves. They are cut in two without being peeled, the stones taken out, and the two halves placed in a single layer with the skin downward. In a short time the heat of the drying-house will complete the drying, and the drawers are then ready for a second filling. Farther south they are sjn-ead upon boards or frames, and dried in the sun merely ; but usually with the previous preparation of dipping the peaches (in baskets) for a few minutes in boiling water before halving them. The leaf of the peach, bruised in water and distilled, gives the peach water, so much esteemed by many for flavoring articles of delicate cook- ery ; and steeped in brandy or spirits, they communicate to it the fla- vor of Noyau. Indeed a veiy good imitation of the celebrated Noyau is made in this way, by using the best white brandy, which, after being thn- flavored, is sweetened with refined sugar mixed with a small juan tity of milk, and afterwards decanted. 082 THE PEACH. Propagation. The peach is the most easily propagated of all fruit- trees. A stone planted in the autumn will vegetate in the ensuing spring, grow three or four feet high, and may be budded in August ot September. Two years from this time, if left undisturbed, it will usu- ally produce a small crop of fruit, and the next season bear very abun- dantly, unless the growth is over-luxuriant. In nursery culture it is customary to bury the peach-stones in autumn, in some exposed spot, in thick layers covered with earth. Here they are allowed to lie all winter. As early in the spring as the ground is in line friable condition, the stones are taken out of the ground, cracked, and the kernels sown in mellow prepared soil, in the nursexy rows where they are to grow. They should be covered about an inch deep. Early in the following September they will be fit for budding. This is performed with great ease on the peach, and grafting is there- fore seldom or never resorted to in this country, except at the South The buds should be inserted quite near the ground. The next season the stock should be headed back in March, and the trees will, in good soil, grow to the height of a man's head in one year. This is by far the best size for transplanting the peach — one year old from the bud. In England the pluni stock is universally employed. The advantage gained thereby is, a dwarfer and neater habit of growth for their walls. In France, some of the best cultivators prefer the almond stock. Healthy peach stocks afford the most natural foundation for the growth of standard orchard trees. At the same time we must protest against the indiscriminate employment of peach-stones from any and every source. With the present partially diseased state of many orchards in this coun- try, this is a practice to be seriously condemned ; and moi'e especially as, with a little care, it is always easy to procure stones from sections of country where the Yellows is not prevalent. For rendering the peach quite dwarf, the Mirabelle pluni stock is often employed abroad. Soil and Situation. The very best soil for the peach is a rich, deep, sandy loam ; next to this, a strong, mellow loam ; then a light, thin, sandy soil ; and the poorest is a heavy, compact clay soil. We are very well aware that the extensive and profitable appropriation of thou- sands of acres of the lightest sandy soil in New Jersey and Delaware, has led many to believe that this is the best soil for the peach. But such is not the fact, and the short duration of this tree in those districts is unquestionably owing to the rapidity with which the soil is impover- ished. We have, on the contrary, seen much larger, finer, and richer flavored peaches produced for a long time successively on mellow loam, containing but little sand, than upon any other soil whatever. It is a well-founded practice not to plant peach orchards successively upon the same site, but alwajrs to choose a new one. From sixteen to twenty-five feet apart may be stated as the limits of distance at which to plant this tree in orchards, more space being required in warm cli- mates and rich soils than under the contrary circumstances. North of New York it is better always to make plantations in the spring, and it should be done pretty early in the season. South of that limit it may usually be done with equal advantage in the autumn. In districts of country where the fruit in the blossom is liable to be cut off by spring frosts, it is found of great advantage to make plan ta- tions on the north sides of hills, northern slopes or elevated grounds, in i THE PEACH. 5&5 secured against the prevalent evil, an over-crop, wo have also provi« ded for the full nourishment of the present year's fruit, and induced a supply of fipnit-bearing shoots throughout the tree for the next season. 'Tins course of pruning is followed regu- larly, every year, for the whole life of the tree. It is done much more rapidly than ,> l*fV one would suppose ; the pruned wounds are Coo small to cause any gum to flow; and it w done at the close of winter, when labor is worth least to the cultivator. The appearance of a tree pruned in this way, after many years of bearing, is a very striking contrast to that of the poor skeletons usually seen. It is, in fact, a tine A peach-tree pruned by the shorten- object, with a thick, low, bushy head, tilled with healty young wood, and in the summer with an abundance of dark- green, healthy foliage and handsome fruit. Can any intelligent man hesitate about adopting so simple a course of treatment to secure such valuable results ? We recommend it with entire confidence to the practice of every man in the country that cultivates a peach-tree. x\.fter he has seen and tasted its good eilects, we do not fear his laj ii ig it aside.* Training the peach-tree against walls or espaliers is but little prac- tised in this country. Espalier and cordon training, on a small scale, is, however, highly worthy of the attention of persons desiring this fruit beauty of the fruit depend on the size and vigor of the leaves. We have seen two peach-trees of the same age side by side, one unpruned, and the other regu- larly sJwrtenecl-iib. and both bearing about four bushels. That of the latter was, however, of double the size, and incomparably finer. ::: Our attention has been drawn to the following remarkable examples of the good effects of regular pruning, which we translate from the leading French journal of horticulture. We ask the attention of our readers to these i especially after perusing our remarks on the Yellows and its cause. " ML Duvilliers laid before the Royal Society of Horticulture an account of some old peach-trees that he had lately seen at the Chateau de Villiers, near Pert -Aleps (Seine-et-Oise). These trees, eight in number, are growing upon a terrace wall, which they cover perfectly, and yield abundant crops. The gar- dener assured M. Duvilliers that they had been under his care during the thirty years that he had been at the chateau ; that they were as large \v\<*\ he fn them as at present, and that he supposed them to be at least sixty yearsold. We cannot doubt (says the editor) that it is to the annual pruqring that these peach- trees owi this longlife ; for the peach-trees that are left to themselves in tht Ic of Paris 1,1 ,-, r ijrr beyond twi My or thirty years. ML Duvilliers gave the accu- rate measurement of the trunks and branches of these trees, an : what it is more interesting to know, that although all their trunks are hollow, like those of old willows, yet their vigor and fertility are still quite unimpaired.1' ( moval of the soil. 2. The utmost care should be taken to select seeds for planting from perfectly healthy trees. Nurserymen, to secure this, should gather chem * All knowledge relating to the Yellows appears to us as much in obscurity as when this was written. In our experience no one variety seems more liahle to be attacked than another, the most vigorous trees being as often affected aa liose oi moderate growth. — C. D. 692 THE PEACH. from the latest ripening varieties, or procure them from districts of tLfe country where the disease is not known. 3. So far we have aimed only at procuring a healthy stock of trees. The most important matter remains to be stated — how to preserve them in a healthy state. The answer to this is emphatically as follows: pursue steadily, from the first bearing year, the shortening- in system of pruning already ex plained. This will at once secure your trees against the possibility of over-bearing and its consequences, and maintain them in vigor and pro- ductiveness for a long time.* It will, in short, effectually prevent the Yellows where it does not already exist in the tree. To whoever will follow these precautions, pursue this mode of cultivation, and adopt at the same time the remedy for the Borer already suggested, we will con- fidently insure healthy, vigorous, long-lived trees, and the finest fruit. Will any reasonable man say that so fine a fruit as the peach does not fully merit them ? Whether the system of shortening-in and careful culture will pre- vent the breaking out of the Yellows, when constitutionally latent in the tree, we will not yet undertake to say. In slight cases of the dis ease we believe that it may. Of one thing, however, we are certain : it has hitherto failed entirely to reclaim trees in which the malady had once broken out. Neither do we know of any well-attested case of its cure, after this stage, by any means whatever. Such cases have indeed been reported to us, and published in the journals, but, when investi- gated, they have proved to be trees suffering by the effects of the borer only. A planter of peach-trees must, even with care, expect to see a few cases of Yellows occasionally appear. The malady is too widely ex- tended to be immediately vanquished. Occasionally trees having the constitutional taint will show themselves where least suspected : but when the peach is once properly cultivated these will every day become more rare, until the original health and longevity of this fruit-tree is again established. The Curl is the name commonly given to a malady which often at- tacks the leaves of the peach-tree. It usually appears in the month of May or June. The leaves curl up, become thickened and swollen, with hollows on the under and reddish swellings on the upper side, and finally, after two or three weeks, fall off. They are then succeeded by a new and healthy crop of foliage. Although it does not appear mate- rially to injure either the tree or the crop, yet it greatly disfigures it for a time. Innumerable seedlings have been produced in this country, and some of them are of the highest excellence. It is very desirable to re- duce the collection of peaches to reasonable limits, because, as this fruit- neither offers the same variety of flavor nor the extent of sea sun as the apple and pear, a moderate number of the choicest kinds, ripening from * The following remarks, directly in point, are from Loudon's last work "The effect of shortening the shoots of the peach is not merely to throw more eap into the fruit, but to add vigor to the tree generally by increasing the power of the roots relatively to the branches. The peach being a short-lived tree, it has been justly remarked by Mr. Thompson, were it allowed io expend all its- accumulninl sap every year, it wouJA noon exhaust itself and die of old aye."1 — Sii- burban Horticulturist THE PEACH. 593 the earliest to the latest, is in every respect better than a great >ariety, many of which must necessarily be second-rate. Tt is worthy of remark, that most of our American varieties of the first quality have proved second-rate in England. This is owing to the comparative want of sun and heat in their climate. Indeed, our finest late peaches will not ripen at all except under glass, and the early varieties are much later than with us. On the other hand, many of the best European sorts are finer here than in England, and we have lately endeavored to introduce all of the foreign sorts of high quality. In the description of peaches and nectarines the form and outlines of many kinds are so nearly similar that we are obliged to resort to other characteristics to distinguish the varieties. The two most natural classes into which the kinds of this fruit are divided are freestones and clingstones {inelters and pavies, of the English) ; the flesh of the former parting freely from the stone, that of the latter adhering. Next to this, the strongest natural distinction is found in the leaves of the peach. At the base of the leaves of certain kinds are always found small glands, either round and regular, or oblong and irregular, while the leaves of certain other kinds have no glands, but are more deeply cut or serrated on the margin. These peculiarities of the foliage are constant, and they aid us greatly in recognizing a variety by forming three distinct classes, viz. : — Characters in the leaves of poaohes. 1. Leaves serrated and without glands, a. 2. Leaves with small round or globose glands, b. 3. Leaves with large, irregular, reniform glands, c. This distinction of leaves is valuable, because it not only assists us 3* 5)94 THF PEACH. when we have the fruit before us, but it maybe referred to, for ihe sat* of verifying an opinion, at any time during the season of foliage. There is also another class of characteristics to be found in the Wos- soms, which is constant and valuable, though not so much so as that of the leaves, because it can only be referred to for a few days in the spring. The blossoms afford two well-marked subdivisions : 1st. Large flowers, always red in the centre, and pale at the margin ; 2d. Small flowers, tinged with dark at the margin.* The most desirable peaches for market-growers in this country are very early and very late kinds. These command double the price in market of kinds ripening at the middle season. For New England and the North only the earliest kinds are desirable, as the late ones seldom mature well. In describing peaches we have embodied their character as Free- stones or Clingstones in the text descriptive. Raising Peaches in Pots. The uncertainty of peach culture in the open air has become so common in many sections where once the crop was as sure as that of the apple, that many persons are resorting to or- chard houses, or artificial in-door culture, both for supply of families and also as a profitable item of fruit-growing for market. " Two inodes are adopted: one without fire-heat, the crop maturing a little earlier than in common orchards ; the other, where by the use of fire-heat the fruit is obtained two or three months earlier than in open ground." The former mode has been successfully prosecuted by Messrs. Ellevanger and Barry, Rochester, N. Y. ; and the following, written by P. Barry and published in Thomas1 American Fruit C'ulturist, we copy . " We have now fruiting in wooden boxes, ten b}r ten inches, fifty-three varieties of peaches, eleven varieties of nectarines, and seven of apricots. " -Age, Potting, and Soil. The trees are now three years from the bud. They were taken up in the fall of 1861 ; heeled-in and covered during winter ; potted early in spring — March, I think ; soil a mix- ture of about three parts yellow sandy loam and one part of old hot- bed manure. " Summer Care. After potting they were kept in a cool houser partly covered with glass, until they had made shoots four or five inches long, and the danger of cold weather over. They were then plunged to the rim of the boxes in an open border until the fall. They were carefully watered when necessary during summer, and the shootg kept as much as possible in uniform vigor by pinching. " Pruning. When potted the yearling trees were cut back to six or eight inches, and in some cases to four inches, or only two or three buds above the union of bud and stock, the object being to grow them in the form of bushes. We now find that those cut back farthest are the best trees. [Fig. 350 represents the yearling tree ; Fig. 351 the same, cut back ; Fig. 352 the tree set in a pot ; and Fig. 353, the same after a year's growth.] " Wintering. On the approach of very cold weather, or just before the freezing of the ground so as to prevent out-door work, they were * Lindley makes a third division, embracing a few sorts with blossoms of an intermediate size. But it is of no practical value, as any doubt as to which of the two divisions any blossoii belongs is immediately set at rest by the :olo> of the blossom. THE PEACH. 595 removed tc a shed, where they were piunged, as they had been during summer, up to the edges of the tubs. u Spring Treatment. On the return of mild spring weather abundance of air was admitted, and they remained there (ill 1st .May, when they were placed under glass, the buds at this time being about to expand. Here they were kept till the 15th of June, at which time the fruits were set, and all danger of cold to affect the foliage past. " Ventilation and Watering. During the period they were undet glass, May 1st to June 15th, the principal points of management were VENTILATION, which was ample, and watering — the latter being one of the most important points in the treatment of all trees and plants in pots. Careless watering will ruin any plant, no matter how skilfully or care- fully other points may be managed. Daily watering is nee sssary, and, sts soon as out of bloom, a free use of the syringe night and morning. " Summn- Treatment. On the 15th June, when all danger of cold was over, and the fruits set, they were removed from the glass cover- ing and plunged in an open but sheltered border, and mulched with old hot-bed manure. Since that time they have received no care but watering, except an occasional pinch to regulate the growth of shoots. " There has not been a single leaf curled on any one of all these trees, showing conclusively that the curl is due to unfavorable changes of weather. Each tree now is a b\ish about two and a half feet high, and occupies about three feet square of space. " The first winter we had putted trees we kept them in a cellar, but most of the buds dropped, and Ave changed to the cool dry shed, the boxes plunged, and this has been successful." In houses where fire-heat is used, and the fruit brought forward so as to ripeu in May and onward, the pots are either immersed in beds of tan bark over the flues or heating pipes, or placed on platforms or shelves, the pot containing the tree inside of one, two, or thr**e sizes 296 THE PEACH. larger, and the space between filled with moss ; this serves to keep the roots at a more even temperature than would be the case were they te stand without this double potting. The trees are generally prepared by training one or two years before being brought into fruit, forming a head at about one foot to sixteen or eighteen inches of stem. This is done by a systematic system of pinching or summer pruning, removing the end of each shoot as fast as it grows to form three or four leaves. Thia pinching gives to the head a compact round form, and supplies it with numerous spurs or bearing shoots. The trees or pots are kept in the house all winter, and the thermometer in no instance allowed to go be- low zero, as the buds are more easily affected than those of out-door cul- ture. It is usual to commence heating by artificial means about the middle of January, increasing it as the season advances and the natural growing season and influence of the sun's rays are increased, giving all the time attention to reducing the temperature at night and increas- ing it by day, as in the natural life out of doors. Great heat may be maintained in a peach-house, but it must be always accompanied by abundant watering, or the trees will be liable to drop their fruit before- mature. Some growers place their trees in warm, sheltered situations out of doors a few days before fall ripening, believing it affects and in- creases the flavor of the fruit. Growing peaches in pots without the aid of glass structures or fire- heat has also been successfully practised. The trees are prepared, pruned, and grown the same as for house culture, and during the grow- ing season the pots are plunged in the open ground in a warm, sheltered position in the garden, due attention being given to watering. Just before the approach of severe winter, say about the middle of Xovem- ber, they are removed into a cool, light cellar or pit frame, there to remain during winter. In spring they are returned to the garden, and should there be any sign of frost or cold, to injure the blooms, they are protected by means of a cloth awning, arranged so that it can be drawn over them at a moment's notice. VARIETIES. The varieties of peach are almost innumerable, new seedlings being produced in this country with great facility, and, after being heralded for a season, are suffered to pass out of existence and their places occupied with still later productions. A few of the old sorts remain as good to- day as when this work was first written, and occasionally a new variety is found of superior merits. In the following pages descriptive we have endeavored to record all of much value, omitting many which are infe- rior, and others perhaps that, although good, were not sufficiently so to make them desirable, and therefore they are rare to be found in any col- lection. A Bec. Mignonne a Bec. Pourprde a Bec. This is a new variety, ripening early in August. The leaves havf globose glands. Flowers large. THE PEACH. 597 Fruit large, roundish, uneven in its outline, having a bold blunt nipple at the apex. Suture shallow, highest on one side. Skin thin, of a lemon yellow, with crimson cheek. Flesh white, slight tinge of red next the stone, tender, melting, sweet. Freestone. (Hogg.) Abricotee. Yellow Admirable. Grosse Jaune Tardive. D'Abricot. Apricot Peach. Admirable Jaune. D'Orange. (Orange Peach. ) The Apricot. Peach (or Yellow Admirable, as it is more frequently called) is an old French variety, but little cultivated in this country, though deserving of attention in the Middle States. It ripens very late, and is thought to have a slight apricot flavor. It grows with moderate vigor, and bears abundantly. Leaves with reniforin glands. Flowers large. Fruit large, roundish oval, with a small suture running on one side only. Skin clear yellow all over, or faintly touched with red next the sun. Flesh yellow, but a little red at the stone, Arm, rather dry, with a sweet and agreeable flavor. Stone small. Ripens at the beginning of October. Acton Scott. The Acton Scott is an English Peach, raised by Mr. Knight. It is an excellent early fruit, and will thrive and ripen well at the North. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers large. Fruit of medium size, rather narrow and depressed at the top, with a shallow suture. Skin rather woolly, pale yellowish white, with a mar- bled bright red cheek. Flesh pale quite to the stone, melting, sugary, and rich, with sometimes a slight bitter flavor. Middle of August. Albert's Late Rareripe. A Southern variety. Glands globose. Fruit large, roundish. Suture slight. Skin not very downy, yellow- ish white, sprinkled with red dots and a marbled red cheek. Flesh pale, light red at the stone, juicy, sweet. Freestone. September. (White.) Alexandra. Alexandra Noblesse. Seedling Noblesse. This variety was raised by Thomas Rivers, from the Old Noblesse, and, unlike the old variety, the tree is not subject to mildew. Glands globose. Flowers large. Fruit of the largest size, round, and marked with a deep suture. Skin covered with a rough down, pale, with a few clusters of red dots on the side next the sun. Flesh white, quite pale at the stone, tender, melting, juicy, rich, vinous. Freestone. Early in August. (Hogg.) Alida. Originated with Charles Carpenter, Kelly island, O. Fruit l«rge, round, dark red. Flesh yellow, juicy, good. September Freestone. 598 the peach. Allen. An old sort, cultivated in Massachusetts. It has the habit of repro- ducing itself true from seed. Fruit small, roundish, white, with a red cheek. Flesh white, juicy pleasant. Freestone. Amelia. Stroman's Carolina. Rayzer's June. Nonesuch of North Carolina. Orangeburg. Sally's Peach. This Peach originated with Mr. Stroman, in Orangeburg District, S. C. Glands reniform. Flowers small. Fruit large, roundish oblong. Suture large and deep, extending nearly round. Skin pale whitish yellow, shaded and marbled with crimson in the sun, downy. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, vinous. Free- stone. Last of August. Ripens at the South with Early York. Amelia. This fine large Peach originated with George Husman, Hermann, Mo. It is much like Columbia, but later in ripening. Leaves with indistinct globose, almost reniform glands. Fruit large, round. Suture well defined, deepest towards the apex, which has a rounded point. Skin rich yellow, marbled with dull red. Flesh thick, rich, juicy, sweet. Ripe a few days later than Columbia. Freestone. (Hort.) Aremie. Origin, Pomaria, S. C. Fruit very large. Flesh yellow, juicy, high-flavored. 10th August. Clingstone. (Sumner's MS.) Astor. An American Peach, which originated in New York. It is good4 but hardly first-rate; not very productive. Flowers large. Leaves with globose glands. Fruit large, rather flattened or broad, and slightly sunk at the top. Suture well marked. Skin pale yellowish white, with a deep red cheek. Stone sniail. Flesh melting, very juicy, sweet, and of excellent flavor. Ripens the last week in August. Freestone. Atwood. Originated with Roscius Atwood, Newberry, S. C. Fruit large. Quality best, productive. Clingstone. (Sumner's MS.) Austin's Late Red. Glands reniform. Flowers large. Fruit large, oblong, white, with a red cheek. Flesh white, juicy, vinous, and well-flavored. Clingstone. Ripens middle of October. (P J. Berckman, MS.) the peach. 699 Baldwin's Late. Glands reniform. Flowers small. Fruit large, oblong, with a distinct swollen point. Skin greenish white, with a slight red cheek. Flesh very firm, juicy, melting, and well-flavored. Freestone, liipe the last of October at the South. Dis- Beminated by Dr. Baldwin, of Montgomery. (White's Gard.) Barrington. Buckingham Mignonne. Colonel Ausley's. A handsome, very fine, and very hardy English Peach. The tree ia vigorous and healthy. The fruit ripens at the medium season, about a week after the Royal George. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers large. Fruit large, roundish, inclining to ovate, and rather pointed at the top, with a moderate suture on one side. Skin pale yellowish white, with a deep-red marbled cheek. Flesh but slightly tinged with red at the stone, melting, juicy, very rich, and of the first quality. Stone rugged, dark brown. Beginning of September. Freestone. Batchelder. Origin, Haverhill, Mass. Hardy and productive ; said to produce the same from seed. Fruit large, round. Skin white, with a deep blush. Flesh white, melting, juicy, very pleasant vinous flavor. Last of September. (Cole.) Baugh. Leaves with reniform glands. Fruit medium, roundish, terminated with a small point. Suture obscure. Skin pale yellow, almost white, with a slight blush towards the sun. Flesh yellowish white, pure white at the stone, melting and juicy, with a sweet, pleasant flavor. Separates from the stone. Ripen? 'he first of October. (White's Gard.) Belle Bausse. Belle Bauce. Pourprt e Vineuse. Vineuse Hative. Pourpree Hative Vineuse. Vineuse de Fromentin. This delicious Peach is a variety of Grosse Mignonne, but larger, and ripens ten days later. Glands globose. Flowers large. Fruit large, somewhat flattened at extremities. Suture distinct, higher on one side than the other. Skin thin and delicate, covered with fine down, highly colored almost over the entire surface with deep ced. Flesh white, with a rosy tint round the stone, tender, melting, rinous. Freestone. Early Sejjtember. Belle Chevreuse. Glands reniform. Flowers small. Fruit elongated, with a bold nipple at summit. Skin downy, yel- 600 THB PEACH. lowish, marbled with red in the sun. Suture distinct. Flesh whitiab yellow, red at stone, sweet, and juicy. September. (Hogg.) Belle de Beaucaire. A Southern variety. Glands globose. Flowers small. Fruit large, roundish, with protruding point. Suture shallow. Skin light yellowish green, with cheek slightly reddened. Flesh pale greenish yellow, ml at the stone, a little coarse, melting, rich. Freestone. Kipe last of July, South. (White's Gard.) Belle de Doue. Belle de Douai. A large melting Peach, an early variety of Bellegarde. Flesh vinous, rich flavored. Freestone. Glands globose. Flowers small. Middle August. (Hogg.) Belle de la Croix. A new Peach raised at Bordeaux. Glands reniform. Flowers small. Fruit large, round. Flesh sweet and rich. Middle August. (Hogg.) Belle de Vitry. Admirable Tardive. Bellis. This is not the Belle de Vitry of most of our gardens, which is the Early Admirable ; it is quite distinct, also, from the Late Admirable ; but is the Belle de Vitry described by Duhamel, and is a very firm- fleshed and excellent French variety, little known in this country. Leaves serrated without glands. Flowers small. Fruit middle size, rather broad, with a deep suture, and the top depressed. Skin pale yellowish white, tinged and marbled with bright and dull red. Flesh rather firm, red at the stone, melting, juicy, and rich. Ripens here the last of September. Freestone. Belle et Bonste. A foreign variety. Leaves without glands. Flowers large. Fruit large, roundish. Suture deep. Skin downy, clear yellow, shade* with bright red in the s\m. Flesh white, fine, melting, highly perfumed. Freestone. August. (An. Pom.) Bellegarde. Galande. Red Magdalen. Noix de Montreuil. Brentford Mignonne. French Royal George. Ronald's Mignonne. Smooth-leaved Royal George. Early Garlande. Early Royal George. Belle de Fillemont. This very excellent French Peach is the one most highly esteemed by tie Montreuil growers, who supply the Paris markets, and it is THE PEACH. G01 equally valued by the English. It is also one of the handsomest and most delicious fruits here. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers small. Fruit large, round, and regular, the suture shallow, the top slightly hollowed, and having a little projecting point. Skin pale yellowish green, with a rich red cheek, often streaked with darker purple. Flesh slightly marked with red at the stone, a little firm, but very melting, juicy, rich, and high-flavored. Stone rather large. End of August and first of September. Freestone. Bergen's Yellow. One of the best of the yellow-fleshed Peaches, but not a good bearer, and therefore unprofitable. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers small. Fruit large (often measuring nine inches in circumference), globular, depressed, and broad ; the suture well marked, and extending more than half round. Skin deep orange, dotted Avith some red, and with a very broad, dark-red cheek. Flesh deep yellow, melting, juicy, and of rich and luscious flavor. Ripens at the beginning of September. Free- stone. Blanton Cling. Yellow Blanton Cling. Leaves large. Glands reniform. Flowers small. Fruit large, and shaped like Lemon Cling, with the same projecting, swollen point. Skin rich orange, with a slightly reddened cheek. Flesh orange yellow, firin, but full of a delicious vinous juice. Later and better than Lemon Cling. Reproduces itself from seed. Ripens 10th August. (White's Gard.) Blood Clingstone. Indian Blood. Claret Clingstone. Blood Cling. The Blood Clingstone is a very large and peculiar fruit, of no value for eating, hut esteemed by many for pickling and preserving ; the flesh very red, like that of a beet. This is an American seedling, raised many years ago from the French Blood Clingstone — Sanguinole a Chair Adiierente. It is a much larger fruit than the original sort, which has large flowers; otherwise they are the same in all respects. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers small. Fruit often very large, roundish oval, with a distinct suture. Skin very downy, of a dark, dull, clouded, purplish red. Flesh deep red throughout, firm and juicy — not fit for eating. September to Octolnr. There is a FRENCH BLOOD FREESTONE (Sanguinole, Sitii/iiinp. Car- dinale, or Beto'ave, Duh., Thomp.) of the same nature, and used for the. Same purpose as this, hut smaller in size, and not equal to it for cooking. Leaves without glands. There is also a Blood Freestone, raised by John M. Eves, Salem, Mass., which is of medium size. Blood red throughout. Tree hardy »jil a good bearer. Bonne Gros de Noisette. Originated with M. Noisette, Paris, France. 602 THE PEACH. Fi.*uit large, roundish, depressed. Sutu re deep. Skin nearly smooth, white, with faint marb lings of red in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, red at the stone, j uiey, vinous, aromatic. Freestone. September. Bordeaux Cling. Raised in New Bordeaux, Abbeville District, S. C, from a stone brought from Bordeaux. Glands reniform. Flowi rs large. Fruit large, oblong or oval, a little one-sided. Suture shallow. Skin very downy, lemon yellow, with a red cheek. Flesh yellow, red at the stone (to which it clings), juicy, melting. A showy market sort. First of August. (Win, N. White, MS.) Brevoort. Brevoort's Morris. Brevoort's Seedling Melter. One of the richest and most delicious of American Peaches, and one of the favorite sorts for garden cultivation. It was raised by Henry Brevoort, of New York. Bears regular, moderate crops. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers small. Fruit medium or large, round and rather broad, with a distinct su- ture, deep at the top. Skin pale yellowish white, often a little dingy, with a bright red cheek. Flesh rather firm, slightly red at the sto^e, rich, sugary, and high-flavored. Freestone. First of September. Briggs. Origin, Dedilam, Mass. Hardy and productive. Fruit large, roundish. Suture continued almost round it. Skin white, nearly covered with bright red. Flesh white, tinged with red at the stone, very juicy, of a rich, sweet, slightly vinous flavor. Freestone. From first to middle of September. (Cole.) Cable's Late. Cable's Late Melocoton. Originated with E. Cable, Cleveland, O. A seedling of the Red Cheek Melocoton, and resembles Crawford's Late, somewhat larger, and ripening a little earlier. Tree a good bearer. Freestone. (Elliott.) Cambridge Belle. Hovey's Cambridge Belle. Raised by Hovey & Co., Boston, Mass. Fruit large, roundish. A beautiful Peach, with a clear waxen skin, and a blush on the exposed side, and of a rich, brisk, delicious flavor. Freestone. Ripe early in September. (Hov. Mag.) Canary. An American variety. Glands globose. Flowers small. Fruit medium, roundish oblong. Skin thin, beautiful bright yellow Flesh yellowish, melting, juicy, rich, and good. July, Souta ; August, North. Freestone. THE PEA(TH. t',03 Carpenter's White. Raised by William S. Carpenter, New York City. Tree -vigorous and productive, with globose glands. Flowers small. Fruit large and round. Skin white, with a slight shade of green. Flesh white to the stone, juicy, melting, and of good flavor. Sepa- rates from the stone. Ripens about the middle of October. Catherine. Congress. The Catherine Cling is an old English variety, of excellent quality, but not, we think, equal to the Large White Clingstone, a native seed- ling, so much esteemed in the Middle States. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers small. Fruit large, roundish oval, moi*e swollen on one side than the other, and terminated by a small swollen point at the top. Skin pale yellowish green, much sprinkled with red dots, the exposed cheek of a bright lively redj streaked with darker red. Flesh firm, yellowish white, but dark red at the stone, to which it adheres very closely, juicy, rich, and good. Middle and last of September-. Chancellor. Chancelliere. Stewart's Late Galande. Noisette. Edgar's Late Melting. Late Chancellor. The Chancellor is said to have been originated by M. de Seguier, of Paris, then Chancellor of France. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers small. Fruit large, oval, with a well-marked suture. Skin pale yellowi?'> white, with a dark crimson cheek. Flesh very deep red next the stone, melting, and possessing a rich vinous flavor. Stone oblong. Freestone. Middle of September. Chinese Cling. Reniform glands. Flowers small. Fruit large, globular. Sides compressed. Suture quite shallow. Skin creamy white, shaded and marbled with fine red. Flesh white, red at the stone (which is adherent), very juicy, melting, with a rich, excellent vinous flavor. Ripens first to middle of September ; at the South, from the middle of July to the first of August. Christian a. Originated at Pomaria, S. C. Fruit large, beautiful. Flesh white to the stone. Flavor delicious. Freestone. September. (Sumner's MS.) Clemence Isaure. A new French Peach. Leaves with large reniform glands. Flowen small. 604 THE PEACH. Fruit large, roundish oval. Suture well marked. Skin covered vrith a gray down, whitish yellow, deep purple in the sun. Flesh deep yellow, purplish next the stone. Freestone. September. (Verg.) Clinton. A native variety, of second-rate flavor. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers large. Fruit of medium size, roundish, a little depressed at the top, but nearly without suture. Skin pale yellowish white, with a red cheek marked by broken stripes of dull red. Flesh scarcely stained at the stone, juicy and good. Last of August. Freestone. Cole's Early Red. An American Peach, which is a very fruitful and excellent variety for market culture. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers small. Fruit of medium size, roundish, with but little suture. Skin pale in the shade, but nearly all covered with red, becoming dark red on the sunny side. Flesh melting, juicy, rich, and very sprightly. Beginning to the middle of August. Freestone. Columbia. Indian Peach. Pace. Mulatto. The Columbia is a singular and peculiar Peach. It was raised by Mr. Coxe, the author of the first American work on fruit-trees, from a seed brought from Georgia. It is a very excellent fruit, which every amateur will desire to have in his garden. The tree is not a very rapid grower, and bears only moderate crops, being, of course, all the less subject to speedy decay. The young wood is purple. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers small. Fruit large, globular, broad and much depressed, the suture distinct, extending half way round. Skin rough and rather thick, dull dingy red, sprinkled with spots and streaks of darker red. Flesh bright yel- low, of the texture, as Coxe remarks, of a very ripe pine-apple, rich, juicy, and of very excellent flavor. Ripens from the beginning to the middle of September. Freestone. Columbus, June. Glands globose. Flowers small. Fruit medium to large, flattened or slightly hollowed at the apex. Suture shallow. Skin pale yellowish white, with a rich red cheek. Flesh slightly red at the stone, melting, juicy, and high-flavored, excel- lent. Ripens here in Georgia 20th June. Free. (White's Gard.) Comet. Raised by Thomas Rivers, of England, from the Salway. Glands reniform. Flowers small. Fruit large, round. Skin pale yellow, with a crimson cheek. Flesh pale yellow, separating freely from the stone, juicy, melting. Earlv October. (Hogg.) THE PEACH. 600 COMTESSE DE HAINAUT. Originated in Belgium. Flowers large. Fruit large, roundish. Suture distinct, not deep. Skin covered with a light down, clear yellow, red in the sun. Flesh yellowish wnite, red at the stone, juicy, melting. Stone large. Freestone. September. (An. Pom.) Cooledge's Favorite. Cooledge's Early Red Rareripe. This most popular early New England Peach was raised from seed by Mr. J. Cooledge, of Watertown, Mass. It is unusually productive, and a very bright-colored handsome Peach, of excellent quality ; and its hardiness renders it valuable at the North. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers small. Fruit large, roundish (the suture prominent at the top only), but rather the largest on one side. Skin clear, smooth, white, with a fine crimson mottled cheek. Flesh very melting and juicy, with a rich, sweet, and high flavor. Middle of August. Freestone. Counts'. Originated with H. H. Counts, Lylesford, S. C. Fruit large, white, with red cheek. Flesh white, rich, juicy, supe« rior. Clingstone. (Sumner, MS.) Crawford's Early. Early Crawford. Crawford's Early Melocoton. This is the most splendid of all early yellow-fleshed Peaches, and ia scarcely surpassed by any other variety in size and beauty of appear- ance. As a market fi'uit it is perhaps the most popular of the day. It was originated by William Crawford, Esq., of Middletown, N. J. The tree is vigorous, very fruitful, and hardy. Leaves "with globose glands. Flowers small. Fruit very large, oblong, the swollen point at the top prominent ; the sxiture shallow. Skin yellow, with a fine red cheek. Flesh yellow, melting, sweet, rich, and very excellent. It ripens here the last week in August. Freestone. Crawford's Late. Crawford's Superb Malacatune. Crawford's Late Melocoton, from the same source as the foregoing, is one of the most magnificent American Peaches. We think it deserving of universal ciiltivation. As a splendid market fruit it is unrivalled, and its size and beauty will give it a place in every garden. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers small. Fruit very large, roundish, with a shallow but distinct suture. Skin yellow, with a fine dark-red cheek. Flesh deep yellow, but red at the stone, juicy and melting, with a very rich and excellent vinous flsvcr. Ripens from the 20th to the last of September. Freestone 606 the peach. Crimson Galande. Crimson Mignonne. Glands globose. Flowers small. Fruit medium, roundish, faint suture, pitted at apex. Skin almost covered with dark crimson, nearly black. Flesh tender, melting, blood red at the stone, juicy, rich. Free stone. (Hogg.) Crockett's Late White. A late-maturing white Peach, originated in New Jersey, where it is popular as a market sort. Leaves with reniform glands. Fruit medium to large, oblong. Skin greenish white, occasionally some red in sun. Flesh pale, sweet, not very juicy. Last September. Freestone. (Gar. Mon.) Dagmar. A new Peach raised by Thomas Rivers, England. Glands globose* Flowers small. Fruit round, marked with a shallow suture, deepest at apex. Skin tender, very downy, pale straw-color, nearly covered wijj. minute crim- son dots, giving a mottled appearance. Flesh white, very tender, melt- ing, juicy, rich, vinous, sweet. Freestone. August. (Hogg.) De Beurre. A. French Peach. Leaves without glands. Flowers small. Fruit medium, oval, depressed at apex. Skin easily detached from the flesh, covered with a short, fine down, whitish yellow, washed with brownish red in the sun. Flesh fine, melting, purplish next the stone, sweet, vinous. August. Freestone. (Verg.) De Bonlez. A Belgian variety. Flowers large. Fruit large, round, depressed. Suture deep. Skin downy, yellow- ish, deeply colored with red in the sun. Flesh firm, yellowish, red at the stone. September. Freestone. (Alb. Pom.) Desse Tardive. Glands globose. Flowers small. Fruit large, round, flat at top, deep suture next the 6talk. Skin pale yellow, faint tinge of rosy red next the sun. Flesh gi-eenish white, slightly tinged with red next the stone, melting, juicy, sweet. Sep tern ber. Freestone. (Hogg.) De Zelhern. Fruit medium, round. Suture deep, large. Skin downy, yellow, more or less cflored with bright red. Flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet, August. Freestone. (Alb. Pom.) the peach. 607 Doctor Hogg. Originated with Thomas Rivers, England. It is described as the largest early Poach known. Glands reniform. Flowers large. Fruit large, round. Suture distinct. Skin lemon yellow, dotted with crimson, and a crimson cheek in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, some- what firm, but melting and juicy, stained with red at the stone. Last of July or early August. Freestone. D'OlGNES. Originated in Belgium. Leaves serrated. Fruit medium to large, roundish. Suture large and shallow. Skin downy, greenish yellow, with red in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, much colored around the stone, melting, juicy. September. Freestone. (An. Pom.) Donahoo Cling. From Mr. Donahoo, Clark Co., Ga. Glands reniform. Flowers small Fruit very large, roundish. Suture quite deep on one side, and visi- ble entirely around the fruit. Apex depressed. Skin creamy white, dotted and tinged with red in the sun. Flesh white to the stone, exceedingly juicy, rich, and luscious. Ripens from 10th to 20th Sep- tember. Double Montagne. Double Mountain. Montague. Montauban. A Peach much resembling the Noblesse, of French origin. Leaves serrated, -without glands. Flowers large. Fruit of medium size, roundish, but somewhat narrower at the top. Skin pale greenish white, with a soft red cheek, which is marbled with darker red at maturity. Flesh white to the stone, very delicate and melting, with a plentiful and high-flavored juice. Stone ovate and rugged. Middle of August. Freestone. 'oo Druid Hill. Originated by Lloyd N. Rogers, Esq., of Druid Hill, near Balti- more. The tree is unusually vigorous, the shoots and leaves very large, and it bears abundantly. The very late season of its maturity renders it valuable, as most of the luscious sorts are then gone. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers small. Fruit large, roundish; the cavity of the stalk rather narrow, the su ture very slight, and the swollen point distinct, but scarcely prominent Skin pale greenish white, clouded with red on the sunny side Flesh greenish white, purple at the stone, very juicy and melting, with an exceedingly rich, high vinous flavor. Stone long and rather compressed, much furrowed. Ripens from the 20th of September to the let of October. Freestone. 608 THE PEACH. Duff Yellow. Glands globose. Flowers small. An excellent early market P -ach. Fruit very large, round, with a sharp point. Skin yellow, with a red cheek. Flesh yellow, juicy, and pretty well flavored, a little acid, red at the stone. Clingstone. Ripens early in July. (P. J. B., MS.) Duperron. A seedling of M. Duperron. Promises of value. Leaves with glo bose glands. Flowers small. Fruit large to very large, roundish, depressed at end. Suture shal low. Skin downy, golden yellow, more or less washed with pale red. Flesh yellow. Clingstone. October. Dwarf Orleans. Italian Dwarf. This variety, introdiiced many years since, and described by Wm. Prince, in 1828, has recently been brought out anew under the name of Italian Dwarf. It forms a diminutive tree of about two feet in height, is a slow grower, with short-jointed wood, suited as a curiosity for pot- growing. Leaves long. Flowers large. The fruit is nearly as large as the Nutmeg Peach. White flesh, juicy. Freestone. Early Admirable. Admirable. Belle de Vitry. L' Admirable. A very excellent French Peach, wrongly known by many in this country as the Belle de Vitry, which is a distinct variety. We find it early, and very prolific. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers large. Fruit not quite i-ound. Skin pale yellowish white, with a lively red cheek. Flesh red next the stone, melting, and juicy, with a good, rich, sweet flavor. Middle of August. Early Albert. An early Peach raised by Thomas Rivers, of England. Glands glo- bose. Flowers small. Fruit above medium, roundish, frequently one side of suture higher than the other, pitted at apex Skin greenish yellow, shaded with deep crimson. Flesh white, tender, melting, with a faint brick red tinge next the stone, rich juicy. Freestone. Last of July. (Hogg.) Early Alfred. Raised by Thomas Rivers, from seed of Hunt's Tawny Nectarine. Glands globose. Flowers large. Fruit rather large, marked with a deep suture. Skin straw-color, mottled with crimson in the sun. Flesh white, melting, vinous, rich Early August. (Hogg.) the peach. 609 Early Anne. Anne. Green Nutmeg. The Early Anne is an old and familiar English sort. The tree i* of slender growth. Leaves serrated, without glands. Flowers large, nearly white. Fruit rather small, round. Skin white, with a faint tinge of red next the sun. Flesh white to the stone, soft, melting, sweet, and of pleasant flavor. Last of July and first of August. Fay's Early Anne, a seedling of the above, by Lincoln Fay, of Chau- tauque Co., N. Y., is larger and better. Ripens a week or two later, and just before Early York (serrate). Skin whitish, sometimes slightly tinged with red. Flesh white, juicy, melting, and very good. Early Beatrice. This Peach, says its originator, Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England, is the earliest sort known, ripening from 5th to 11th of July. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers large. Fruit medium size, with a marbled red cheek. Flesh melting, very juicy. Early Chelmsford. Mammoth. Leaves glandless. Fruit large, roundish. Suture clear round, deep on one side. Skin white, with a bright red cheek. Flesh white, very melting and juicy, of a very delicious, slightly vinous flavor. Freestone. 20th to last of August. Early Grosse Mignonne. Grosse Mignonne Hative . Mignonne Hative. This is a very fine Peach, ripening early in August. Glands globose. Flowers large. Fruit medium, roundish, pitted at apex. Nipple one side, and shal- low suture. Skin with a pale red cheek in the sun, dotted thickly with bright crimson dots. Flesh white, veined with red, very juicy, vinous, sweet. Freestone. (Hogg.) Early Louise. Seedling of Thomas Rivers. Glands reniform. Flowers small. Fruit medium, bright red. Flesh melting, juicy, excellent. Free- stone. July 12th to lGth. (Rivers' Cat.) Early Malden. Raised by James Dougall, Canada West. Flowers small. Leaves glandless. Fruit medium, roundish, one side enlarged. Suture distinct on one side. Skin whitish, mostly shaded with red in the sun. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sprightly. Freestone. Middle of August. 39 6iO THE PEACH. Earl? Newington Freestone. Newington Peach. Smith's Early Newington. Early Newington. Smith's Newington. This is a large and exceedingly high-flavored early Peach ; indeed we consider it without a superior at its season. It is quite distinct from the other Newingtons, which are clings and rather late, wliile this is early and generally parts from the stone, though it frequently hap- pens that some of the fruit on the same tree adheres partially or wholly to the stone ; and this peculiarity (common, so far as we know, to but one other kind) is one of its constant characteristics. The tree is only a moderate bearer. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers small. Fruit rather large, round, with a distinct suture, and one-half the fruit always the larger. Skin pale yellowish white, dotted and streaked with red, the cheek a rich red. Flesh white, but red at the stone, to which many particles adhere. If not fully ripe it has the habit of a, cling. Flesh juicy, melting, with a rich vinous flavor. Ripens directly after the Early York, about the 24th of August. Early Rivers. Glands reniform. Flowers large. Fruit large, pale straw-color, with a delicate pink cheek. Flesh melting, remarkably rich and racy. Middle July. (Rivers' Cat.) Early Silver. Raised by Thomas Rivers, in 1857, from seed of the White Nec- tarine. Glands reniform. Flowers large. Fruit very large, roundish ovate, sometimes a nipple at the apex. Skin cream-color, with a slight blush in the sun. Flesh white, melting, juicy, brisk. Middle August. Freestone. (Hogg). Early Sweet Water. Sweet Water. Large American Nutmeg. It is an American Peach, raised from a stone of the Early Anne. The tree is thrifty and productive, with pale shoots, and nearly white blossoms. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers large. Fruit of medium size, sometimes large, roundish, with a slight suture. Skin pale white, very seldom with a faint blush when fully exposed. Flesh white, slightly stained at the stone, melting, juicy, sweet, and of very agreeable flavor. Ripe about the 8th of August. Stone small. Early Sweet Water (Prince's) is distinct from this, and, Mr. Prince says, equally valuable. Early Tillotson. The Early Tillotson was first introduced' to notice by J. J. Thomas; of Macedon, Wayne Co. It is considered a native of that part of the State. This has not succeeded well here, and most cultivators at the North bavo discontinued it. It mildews badly grows slowly, and is not pro- THE PEACH. Gil d active. At the South it is one of their very best early peaches, and in many localities it has proved fine. Leaves deeply serrated, without glands. Flowers small. Fruit of medium size, round. Skin nearly covered with red, the ground color, pale yellowish white, being thickly dotted with red, and the exposed cheek being a dark red. Flesh whitish, but red at the stone, to which, though a freestone, it partially adheres, melting, juicy; with a rich, highly excellent flavor. It ripens the middle of August. Early Victoria. Raised by Thomas Rivers, England. Much like its parent, Early York. Early York. Early Purple. Pourpr_e Hative. Serrate Early York. The Early York has long been the most popular of early Peaches in this country. It is at least a week earlier than the (true) Royal George, more melting and juicy, though not quite so rich, and deserves a place in every garden. In unfavorable soil, the ends of the branches are a little liable to mildew ; but the tree is very hardy and productive. There are one or two newer seedlings raised from this, and bearing the same name, in New Jersey, which are rather more thrifty for the orchard, but do not possess the high flavor of the old kind. They are easily known from it by the absencv ii glands in the leaves and by the large flowers of the true sort. It is quite distinct from the Red Rare- ripe, which is large, broader, deeply marked with a suture, later in ripening and richer flavored. Leaves serrated, without glands. Flow- ers large. Fruit of medium size, roundish, inclining a little to ovate, with a slight suture only. Skin very thin, pale red, thickly dotted over a pale ground in the shade, but quite dark red in the sun. Flesh greenish white, remarkably tender and melting, full of rich, sprightly juice. Ripens about the 18th of August. Eastburn. Eastburn's Choice. American. Fruit large, roundish, pale yellow, with red on the sunny side. Flesh yellowish, red near the stone, juicy. Freestone. September. (Elliott.) Eaton's Golden. Origin, North Carolina. Glands reniform. Flowers large. Fruit above medium, round. Suture shallow. Skin golden yellow with occasionally a few faint pink spots near the base. Flesh golden yellow, sweet, juicy, with a marked apricot flavor. Clingstone. Pipe middle of September. (P.J. B., MS.) Eliza Peach. Origin, Plnladelplda. Leaves large, with reniform glands 612 THE PEACH. Fruit medium, round, terminating in a nipple. Skin yellow, will a mottled red cheek. Flesh yellow, red at the stone. Last of Sep tcmber. Freestone. Elmira Cling. Originated with M. W. Phillips, Mississippi. Glands reniform Flowers small. Fruit large, oval, depressed. Suture rather shallow on one side. Skin white, with a greenish yellow tinge, quite downy. Flesh whitei tinged with red at the stone, to which it adheres. Sweet and good Early in August. Emperor of Russia. Cut-Leaved. Serrated. New Cut-Leaved. Unique. A very rich and fine-flavored Peach, raised by Mr. Floy, in 1812. Its growth is slow, and its shoots are inclined to become mildewed. It is rather a shy bearer. The leaves are very deeply cut, or serrated on the edges. Leaves serrated, without glands. Flowers small. Fruit large, roundish and broad, with one half more swollen than the other. Skin downy, dull yellowish white, with a dark-red cheek Flesh yellowish white, rather firm, rich, and high-flavored. Last o' August. Ernoult. This is a singularly formed and colored Peach, from Belgium. Leave? with globose glands. Fruit large, roundish, depressed. Suture shallow in the middle of the fruit, deeper at ends, and peculiarly wrinkled pit at apex. Skin downy, clear yellow, shaded with deep reddish purple in the sun. Flesh white, some red next the stone, melting, juicy, rich. Freestone. (An. Pom.) Exquisite. A variety that originated in Georgia. Glands globose. Flowers small. Fruit large, roundish oval. Suture distiuct. Nipple at apex. Skin yellow, mottled with crimson in the sun. Flesh deep yellow, red at stone, tender, melting, juicy, vinous. September. Favorite. Favorite Red. A capital orchard fruit, of large size, hardy, and a most abundant bearer. It is a very good native Peach, though not of high flavor. Leaves with obscure globose glands, often with none. Flowers fjmall. Fruit large, oblong or oval. Skin white, rather downy, much cov- ered with red, which becomes a very dark red when fully exposed in the sun. Flesh red at the stone, '<■ little firm, but juicy, with a good, vinous, but not rich flavor. Second week in September. 613 the peach. Flater's St. John. Yellow St. John. A new variety, of Southern origin, said to be one of the mojt pro- mising of the early varieties. Fruit large, somewhat resembling Early Crawford, but deeper color. Flesh yellow, juicy, sweet. Freestone. Ripens a little before Early Tillotson. (R. R. Hunley, MS.) Flewellen Cling. Fruit large, globular, depressed at the apex. Skin downy, yel lowish white, mostly overspread with shades of red, dark dull purplish red in the sun, the lighter tints of red somewhat in stripes. Flesh yel- lowish white, red at the stone, to which it firmly adheres, very juicy, sweet, and high-flavored. A desirable early cling for the South. First of August. Fox's Seedling. A good and productive late Peach, a native of New Jersey. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers small. Fruit round, a little compressed. Cavity at the stalk narrow. Skir. white with a red cheek. Flesh melting, juicy, sweet, and good. Mid- dle of September. Freestone. Freeman. This Peach originated in South Pass, 111., and was brought to no tice by Parker Earle. It is there esteemed as highly valuable for late market, ripening considerably later than the Smock. Leaves with globose glands. Fruit large, round, yellow, with red in the sun. Flesh yellow, red next the stone, juicy. Freestone. Fruitland. Fruitland Seedling. A new variety, originated at Augusta, Ga. Fruit large, obovate to a point, greenish white, with a pale mottled red cheek. Flesh greenish white, very juicy, vinous, a little red at the Btone. Freestone. Early September. (P. J. Berckman's Cat.) Fulkerson. Fulkerson's Early. Originated with R. P. Fulkerson, Ashland, O. Hardy and produc- tive. Fruit medium, obtuse, rounded. Sides irregular, unequal. Sature half round. Skin whitish, rich red cheek. Flesh whitish yellow, tinged with red at the pit, juicy, rich, sweot, and high-flavored. Freestone, 20th August. (Elliott.) 614 the peach. Gaylord. Originated by Dr. M. W. Phillips, Mississippi. Glands globose Flowers small. Fruit large to very large, round, with a sharp point. Skin roseate, with a red cheek. Flesh white, juicy, rich, and superior. Freestone. Ripe middle of August. (P. J. B., MS.) George the Fourth. This is certainly the most popular Peach for garden culture in the United States. It is large, bears regular and moderate crops, is of the highest flavor, and the tree is unusually hardy and vigorous, succeeding well in all parts of the country. No garden should be without it. The original tree stood in the garden of Mi*. Gill, Broad Street, New York. Leaves large, with globose glands, often obscure. Flowers small. Fruit large, round, deeply divided by a broad suture, and one half a little larger than the other. Skin pale yellowish white, finely dotted with bright red, and deepening into a rich dark-red cheek on one side. Flesh pale, marked with red at the stone (which is small), melting, verv juicy, with a remarkably rich, luscious flavor. Ripens the last of August. Freestone. Goode's October. Belongs to the Indian type. Origin, South Carolina. Fruit large, round or slightly oblong. Skin white, veined with red, and quite downy. Flesh white, with red near the stone, very juicy, vinous subacid. Clingstone. Ripe early October. (P. J. B., MS.) Gorgas. Originated with Benjamin Gullis, Philadelphia. Growth vigorous. Leaf gland less. Flowers small. Fruit rather large, roundish, with a small swollen point at the apex. Skin yellowish white, clouded and blotched with red on the exposed sur- face ; dull greenish on the shaded parts. Suture indistinct. Flesh whitish, slightly stained at the stone, juicy. Freestone. Middle September. Great Eastern. Origin, Fruitland Nursery, Augusta, Ga. A very large fruit. Glands globose. Flowers small. Fruit very large, round, sometimes a little flattened. Skin greenish white, with a red cheek. Flesh white, juicy, and well -flavored. Ripe middle of July. (P. J. B., MS.) Gregory's Late. A very late variety. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers small. Fruit large, ovate, pointed. Skin pale green, with a dark red cheek, Flesh melting, vinous, sweet. Early October. Freestone. (Hogg.) Green Catharine. Origin uncertain. Glands globose. Flowers small. THE PJiACH. 016 Fruit large, roundish. Skin pale green, with a red cheek only when exposed co the stm. Flesh greenish white, red at the stone, very juicy melting, and very good flavor. Freestone. Requires a warm season tc bring it to perfection. Ripe from the first to middle of Sej teinber. Grosse Mignonne. Royal Kensington. Neil's Early Purple. Grimwood's Royal George. Johnson's Early Purple. New Royal George. Mignonne. Large French Mignonne. Veloutee de Merlet. French Mignonne. Pouvpr 'c de Novmandie. Swiss Mignonne. La Royale. Purple Avant. Pourpr. e Hative. Early Purple Avant. Ronald's Seedling Galande. Early May. Royal Sovereign. Early Vineyard. Superb Royal. The Grosse Mignonne is certainly the '• world-renowned " of Peaches. It is eveiywhere esteemed as one of the most delicious of varieties. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers large. Fruit large, roundish, always somewhat depressed, and marked with a hollow suture at the top. Skin pale greenish yellow, mottled with red, and having a purplish-red cheek. Flesh yellowish white, marked with red at the stone, melting, juicy, with a very rich, high, vinous fla- vor. Stone small, and very rough. Middle of August, before the Royal George. Freestone. Haines' Early Red. An early Peach, originated in New Jersey, of very fine flavor, and so hardy and productive as to be a popular orchard fruit. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers small. Fruit of medium size, round, depressed at the top, with a well- marked suture extending round the fruit, which is always one half larger than the other. Skin pale white, marked with red, and nearly covered with deep red. Flesh greenish white, very juicy, melting, sweet, and well-flavored. Middle of August. Hale's Early. Early German. This very early and profitable market Peach was originated in Sum- mit Co., (>., by a German, and was first distributed under the name Early German. The tree is quite hardy and productive, maturing thn earliest of any good sort. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers large. Fruit medium size, nearly round. Skin greenish, mostly covered and mott'ed with red when ripe. Flesh white, melting, juicy, rich, Bweet. Freestone. Last of July. Barker's Seedling. Origin, New Jersey. Glands globose. Flowers sirill. Fruit large, roundish, mostly covered with red. F'"^ yellowish, sweet, juicy. Early September. Freestone. (Elliott.) 616 the peach. Hastings' Rareripe. Origin unknown. Globose glands. Flowers small. Fr'iit above medium, round, often a little flattened. Skin yellowisi white, having a purplish-red cheek on the sunny side, shaded off with specks of the same color. Productive, juicy, and of delicious flavor. IV] iddle of September. Freestone. Hatch. Originated with S. O. Hatch, Franklin, Conn. Hardy and valuable at the North. Glands globose. Fruit roundish, pointed. Suture shallow. Skin deep yellow blush in the sun. Flesh yellow, melting, sweet, and excellent. Freestone. First of September. (Cole.) Hative de Ferrieres. An early French variety. Leaves without glands. Fruit medium, roundish. Suture shallow ; one side a little enlarged. Skin white, nearly covered with rich red. Flesh white, slightly tinged at the stone, juicy, melting, with a sweet, rich, vinous flavor. Freestone. Ripe last of August, just after Early York. Heath. Heath Clingstone. Fine Heath. White English. Red Heath. The most superb and most delicious of all late Clingstones. It seldom ripens in New England, but here, and to the southward, it ia one of the most vahiable kinds, of very large size, and the very finest flavor. Coxe informs us that this is a seedling produced in Maryland from a stone brought by Mr. Daniel Heath from the Mediterranean ; and it is frequently still propagated from the stone, without variation. The tree is vigorous, long-lived, and moderately productive ; with the short- ening-in mode of pruning, the fruit is always large and fine, otherwise often poor. This tree is well deserving of a place on the espalier rail, or wall, at the North. Leaves nearly smooth on the edges, with reniform glands. Flowers small. Fruit very large, oblong, narrowing to both ends, and terminating at the top with a large swollen point; the suture distinct on one side. Skin downy, cream-colored white, with a faint blush or tinge of red in the sun, or a brownish cheek. Flesh greenish white, very tendtr and melting, exceedingly juicy, with the richest, highest, and most luscious flavor, surpassed by no other variety. It adheres very closely to the stone, It ripens in October, and frequently keeps for a month after being gathered. Henry Clay. A Southern Peach, introduced and described in the Horticulturist by Rev. A. B. Lawrence, Woodville, Miss. Fruit very large. Skin deep purpla in the sun, shading to bright THE TEACH. 617 pink and creamy white. Flesh grayish white, delicate, tender, peculiar flavor, partaking slightly of pine-apple and strawberry. First of August ; September at the North. Freestone. HOFFNER. Hoffner's Seedling. Originated near Cincinnati, O. Glands globose. Fruit medium to large, roundish. Skin greenish white, red in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, juicy. August. Freestone. Honey. De Montigny. This is undoubtedly a variety that reproduces itself from seed with great exactness. The one grown mostly in this country was raised by Charles Downing, many years since, from seed brought from China and presented to him. Hogg describes a Honey as having originated at the " Jardin des Plantes," and from Chinese seed. Glands reniform. Flowers large. Fruit small, oval, compressed, with a pretty deep suture along one side, and turning the point to the opposite side, giving it the appearance of a beak. Skin whitish yellow, washed and marbled with fine red in the sun. Flesh creamy white, fine, juicy, melting, with a peculiar honeyed, rich, delicious sweet flavor. Freestone. Last of August Horton's Delicious. Fruit large, roundish, inclining to oval, depressed at apex, point very small, and within the depression. Suture shallow. Skin mode- rately downy, of a rich creamy white, with a faint blush in the sun, Flesh white to the stone, with the exact flavor of a Heath Cling. From first to middle of October. (Clingstone.) Hull's Athenian. From Henry Hull, Jr., Athens, Ga. _ Fruit very large, oblong, depressed at apex. Suture a mere line, Skin very downy, yellowish white, marbled with dull red in the sun. Flesh white, pale red at the stone, rather firm and rich. October, Clingstone. Hyslop. Hyslop's Clingstone. Origin unknown. An American variety, hardy and productive, Glands reniform. Flowers small. Fruit large, roundish, inclining to oval. Skin white, with a crim son cheek. Flesh very juicy, melting, with a rich vinous flavor. Ad- heres to the stone. First of October. 618 the peach. Incomparable. Pavie Admirable. Late Admirable Cling. Larger than the Catherine, which it resembles. Leaves witt reni form glands. Flowers small. Fruit large, roundish, one side enlarged. Skin pale yellowish white, light red on the exposed side. Flesh yellowish white, red at the stone, iuicy, melting, and of agreeable flavor. Last of September. Jackson Cling. Raised by Mrs. L. A. Franklin, Athens, Ga. Fruit large, oblong, with a very large, swollen point. Skin rich dark yellow, covered with dark red in the sun. Flesh rather firm, orange yellow, and dark red at the stone ; juicy, sprightly. Last of August. Jacques' Rareripe. Jacques' Yellow Rareripe. Origin, Massachusetts. A large yellow Peach of medium quality, and productive. Glands reniform. Flowers small. Fruit large, roundish, compressed. Suture shallow. Skin dark yellow, mostly shaded with dull red. Flesh yellow, red at the stone, juicy, slightly subacid. Freestone. Middle of September. Jane. Baxter's Seedling, No. 1. Irish Jane. Origin, Philadelphia, Pa. Fruit large, roundish oblate, greenish yellowish-white, with a red cheek. Good. Last of September. Freestone. Jones' Early. Raised by S. T. Jones, Staten Island, N. Y. Globose glands. Fruit medium, roundish. Suture shallow, distinct, extending around the fruit. Skin yellowish white, tinged with pale red in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, slight red at the stone, juicy. Middle of August. Freestone. Jones' Large Early. Raised by S. T. Jones. Glands reniform. Fruit large, roundish, flattened at each end. Suture deep, one half m produce good stocks, even in half a do: The seeds should be sown preei of the apple, in broad drills, and tihe treatmeni ofth . nrhen plained in the rowsfoi bud- ding, is quite similar. Budding isalmost universally preferred by usfot propagating the pear, and this tree takes so readily that very few failures can happen to an experienced hand. About the first of August, in this latitude, is the proper season for performing this operati We may add here, that one-year-old pear seedlings are often winter- killed when the autumn has uot been such as to ripen the wood tho- roughly. A few branches of evergreens, or some slight covering laid along the rows will prevent this. Or they may be laid in by the heels in a sheltered place. The thorn makes very pood stocks for the pear, except that if grafted above ground the tree is often apt to be broken off at the point of union by high winds. This is obviated by grafting a little below the surface. ' Grafting on the thorn is a very useful practice for strong clayey soils, as on such stocks the pear may be grown with sn when it would not otherwise thrive. It also comes rather earlier into bearing. The mountain ash is thought by some to be a valuable stock for light sandy soils, but care should be taken that the graft or bud be inserted low down near the crown of the stock, so that when transplanted the whole of the stock can be covered with soil, otherwise the borer will soon destroy it. The pear is sometimes budded on the apple, but it i< then usually very short-lived. For rendering the pear dwarf, the Quince stock isalmost universal!) used, as the pear unites readily with it, becomes quite dwarf in habit, aud bears very early. Some large-growing pears — as the Duche Angouleme — extremely liable to be blown off the tree, bear much I on the quince stock, and others are considerably improved in flavor by it. The dwarf pear, however, it must be confessed, rather belongs to the small garden of the amateur than to the orehardist, or him who de- sires to have regular large crops and long-lived trees. The dwarf tree is usually short lived, seldom enduring more than fifteen or twenty years in bearing — but it is a pretty and economical way of growing a good many sorts, and getting fruit speedily, in a small garde The pear, not being very abundantly supplied with fibrous roots, should never be transplanted, of large size, from the nursery. Small thrifty plants, five or six feet high, are much t" be preferred. Soil, Situation, and e. Thebes! soil for this fruit-tree is a Strong loam of moderate depth on a dry subsoil. The pear will, in- * Whether the Pear can be successfully cultivated on the Quince for market ia yet a debatable question ; some growers, owing perhaps to soil and climate, having succeeded satisfactorily, while others have entirely failed. That dwarfs are a great acquisition to the garden where large standards are inadmissible ia unquestioned. We believe the promise of some varieties on quince warrants the expectation that they will he found profitable for general cultivation. 344 THE PEAK. deed, adapt itself to as great a variety of soils as any fruit-tree, but ia unfavorable soils it is more liable to suffer from disease than any other. Soils that are we ; during any considerable portion of the year, are en- tirely unfit for the pear-tree ; and soils that are over-rich and deep, like some of the Western alluvials, force the tree into such over-luxuriant growth that its wood does not ripen, and is liable to be killed by winter blight. Soils that are too light, on the other hand, may be improved by trenching if the subsoil is heavier, or by top-dressing with heavy muck and river mud if it is not. In a climate rather cold for the pear, or on a cold soil, it is advan- tageous to plant on a Southern slope; but in the Middle States, in warm soils, we do not consider a decidedly Southern exposure so good as other rather cooler ones. The Pear succeeds so well as an open standard, and requires so little care for pruning — less, indeed, in the latter respect than any other fruit-tree — that training is seldom thought of except for dwarf's, or in the gardens of the curious or skilful. The system of quenouille or distaff training, an interesting mode of rendering trees very productive in a small space, we have already fully described in p. 40, as well as root- pruning for the same purpose in p. 36. The manner of growing and training dwarfs in this country, on a large scale, for orchards, is, however, more as bushes or low-headed tree? than as pyramids, quenouille, or espalier ; and while the same general principles are maintained, it is necessary to head back the leading shoot more severely ; and unless time can be given in the summer season to checking the growth, and forming a thick, round, open head by means of summer pinching, then, in order to maintain health and vigor in dwarfs, they must be annually shortened back from one-half to two- thirds of the preceding year's growth. The best time for tbis is imme- diately at the close of winter. In orchard culture the pear is usually planted about thirty feet distant each way ; in fruit-gardens, where the heads are somewhat kept in by pruning, twenty feet is considered sufficient by many. Pear-trees in a bearing state, where the growth is no longer luxu- riant, should have, every autumn, a moderate top-dressing of manure, to keep them in good condition. This, as it promotes steady and regular growth, is far preferable to occasional heavy manuring. Diseases. As a drawback to the otherwise easy cultivation of this fine fruit, the pear-tree is, unfortunately, liable to a very serious disease called the pear-tree blight or fire blight, appearing irregularly, and in most parts of the country ; sometimes in succeeding seasons, and again only after a lapse of several years ; attacking sometimes only the extremities of* the limbs, and at other times destroying the whole tree ; producing, occasionally, little damage to a few branches, but often also destroying, in a day or two, an entire large tree; this disease has been, it different times, the terror and despair of pear- growers. Some parts of the country have been nearly free from it, while others have suffered so much as almost to deter persons from extending the cultivation of this fine fruit. For nearly a hundred years its existence has been remarked in this country, and all notions of its character and origin have been so vague as to lead to little prac- tical assistance in removing or remedying the evil. Car-eful observations for several years past, and repeated comparison THE PEAR. 641 of facts -with accurate observers in various parts of the country, have led us to the following conclusions : — 1st. That what is popularly called the pear blight, is, in fact, two distinct diseases. •2d. That one of these is caused by an insect, and the other by sud- den freezing and thawing of the sap in unfavorable autumns. The first we shall therefore call the insect blight, and the second the frozen-sap blight. 1. The Insect Blight. The symptoms of the insect blight are as follows : In the month of June or July, when the tree is in full luxuri- ance of growth, shoots at the extremities of the branches, and often extending down two seasons' growth, are observed suddenly to turn brown. In two or three days the leaves become quite black and dry. and the wood so shrivelled and hard as to be cut with difficulty with a knife. If the branch is allowed to remain, the disease sometimes extends a short distance farther down the stem, but usually not much farther than the point where the insect had made his lodgment. The insect which causes this blight was first discovered by the Hon. John Lowell, of "Boston, in 1816, and was described by Professor Peck under the name of Scolytus pyri. It is very minute, being scarcely one-tenth of an inch long; and it escapes from the branch almost as soon as, by the wither- ing of the leaves, we are aware of its attack ; hence it is so rarely seen by" careless observers. In the perfect state it is a very small beetle, deep brown, with legs of a paler color. Its thorax is short, convex, rough in front, and studded with erect bristles. The wing-covers are marked with rows of punctured points, between which are also rows of bristles, and they appear cut off very obliquely behind. This insect deposits its egg some time in July or August, eithei be- hind or below a bud. Whether the egg hatches at once, we are not aware, but the following spring the small grub or larva bores through the sap-wood or tender alburnum, beginning at the root of the bud, and buiTows toward the centre of the stem. Around this centre or pith it forms a circular passage, sometimes devouring it altogether. By thus perforating, sawing off, or girdling, internally, a considerable portion of the vessels which convey the ascending sap, at the very period when the rapid growth of the leaves calls for the largest supply of fluid from the roots, the growth and the vitality of the branch are checked, and finally extinguished. The larva about this time completes both its transforma- tion and its passage out, and, in the beetle form, emerges, with wings, into the air, to seek out new positions for laying its eggs and continuing its species. The small passage where it makes its exit may now more easily be discovered, below or by the side of the bud, resembling a hole bored with a needle or pin. It is well to remark here that the attack of this blight insect is not confined to the Pear, but in some parts of the country we have observed it preying upon the Apple and the Quince in the same manner. In the latter* tree, the shoots that were girdled were shorter, and at the extremi- ties of the branches only ; not leading, therefore, to such serious conse- quences as in the Pear. The ravages of the insect blight, we are inclined to think, do not ex- tend much below the point where the insect has deposited its egg> — C material point of difference from the frozen-sap blight, which often poisons the system cf the whole tree if allowed to remain, or if origin ally very extensive. a 546 THE I EAR. The remedy for the insect blight is very distinct. It is that originally suggested by Mr. Lowell, which we and many others have pursued with entire success, when the other form of the disease was not also present, The remedy consists, at the very first indications of the existence of th« enemy, in cutting off and burning the diseased branch, a foot below the lowest mark of discoloratiou. The insect is usually to be found at the oottom of this blackened point, and it is very important that the branches be removed early, as the Scolytus is now about emerging from his burrow, and will speedily escape us, to multiply his mischief else- where. If there is much appearance of the insect blight, the tree should be examined every noon, so long as there are any indications of disease, and the amputated branches carried at once to the fire. 2. The Frozex-sap Blight. We give this term to the most for- midable phase of this disease that affects the pear-tree. Though it is by ordinary observers often confounded in its affects with the insect blight, yet it has strongly characteristic marks, and is far more fatal in its effects. The symptoms of the frozen-sap blight are the following : First. The appearance, at the season of winter or spring pruning, of a thick clammy sap, of a sticky nature, which exudes from the wounds made by the knife ; the ordinary cut showing a clean and smooth surface. Second. The appearance in the spring, on the bark of the trunk or branches, often a considerable distance from the extremities, of black, shrivelled, dead patches of bark. Third. In early summer months the disease fully manifests itself by the extremities shrivelling, turning black, and decaying, as if sud- denly killed. If these diseased parts are cut off, the inner bark and heart-wood will be found dark and discolored some distance below where it is fresh and green outside. If the tree is slightly affected only, it may pass off with the loss of a few branches ; but if it has been seriously tainted, the disease, if not arrested, may, sooner or later, 1$ carried through the whole system of the tree, which will gradually de cline or entirely perish. To explain the nature of this disease we must first premise that, in every tree, there are two currents of sap carried on : 1st, the upward current of sap, which rises through the outer wood (or alburnum), to be digested by the leaves ; 2d, the downward current, which descends through the inner bark (or liber), forming a deposit of new wood on its passage down.* Now let us suppose, anterior to a blight season, a very sudden and early winter succeeding a clamp and warm autumn. f The summer having been dry, the growth of trees was completed early, but this excess of dampness in autumn forces the trees into a vigorous second growth, which continues late. While the sap-vessels are still tilled with their fluids, a sharp and sudden freezing takes place, or is, perhaps, repeated several times, followed, in the daytime, by bright sun. The descend- ing current of sap becomes thick and clammy, so as to descend with * Being distributed towards the centre of the stem by the medullary rays which communicate from the inner bark to the pith. f Which always happens previously to a summer when the blight is very prevalent, and will be remembered by all as having" been especially the case in the autumn of 1843, which preceded the extensive blight of the nexl season. THE PEAR. ^47 difficulty ; it chokes up the sap-vessels, freezes and thaws again, loses its vitality, and becomes dark and discolored, and in some cases so poison- ous as to destroy the leaves of other plants when applied to them. Here, along the inner bark, it lodges, and remains in a thick, stickj state all winter. If it happens to now down till h meets with any ob- struction, and remains in any considerable quantity, it freezes again beneath the bark, ruptures and destroys the sap-vessels, and the bark and some of the wood beneath it shrivels and dies. In the ensuing spring the upward current of sap rises through ifa ordinary channel, — the outer wood or alburnum, —the leaves expand, and. for some time, nearly all the upward current being taken up to form leaves and new shoots, the tree appears llonrishing. Toward the begin ning of summer, however, the leaves commence sending the downward current of sap to increase the woody matter of the stem. This curr it will be remembered, has to pass downward through the inner bark or liber, along which still remain portions of the poisoned sap, arr< : • I in its course the previous autumn. This poison is diluted, and taken up by the new downward current, distributed toward the pith, and along the new layers of alburnum, thus tainting all the neighboring parts. Should any of the adjacent sap- vessels have been ruptured by frost, so that the poison thus becomes mixed with the still ascending current of sap, the branch above it immediately turns black and. dies, precisely as if poison were introduced under the bark. And very frequently it is accompanied with precisely the odor of decaying frost-bitten vegetation.* The foregoing is the worst form of the disease, and it takes place when the poisoned sap, stagnated under the bark in spots, remains through the winter in a thick, semi-iiuid state, so as to be capable of being taken up iu the descending current of the next summer. When, on the other hand, it collects in sufficient quantity to freeze again, burst the sap-vessels, and afterwards dry out by the influence of the sun ami wind, it leaves the patches of dead bark which we have already described. As part of the woody channels which convey the ascending sap probably remain entire and uninj tired, the tree or branch will perhaps continue to grow the whole season and bear fruit, as if nothing had happened to it, drying down to the shrivelled spots of bark the next spring. The effect in this case is precisely that of girdling only, and the branch or tree will die after a time, but not suddenly. From what we have said, it is easy to infer that it would not be diffi- cult, on the occurrence of such an autumn, when sudden congelation takes place in unripened wood, to predict a blight season for the following * We do not know that this form of blight is common in Europe, but the following: extract from the celebrated work of Duhamel on fruit-trees, published in 1768, would seem to indicate something very similar a long time "The sap corrupted by putrid water, or the cellular membranes in some places, extends it self between the wood an Dark, which it separates, and curries its poisonous acrid influence to all the neighboring parts, like a gangrene. When it attacks the should be cutoff ; if it appears in the Large branches o: d the cankered parts must be cut out down to the sound wood, and the wound co with composition. If the evil be produced by manure or stagnant water and it maybe produced by other causes), the old earth must be removed from the roots, and fresh soil put in its place, and means taken to draw off the water from the roots. But if the disease lias made much progress on the trunk, the tree is lost." — Troth des Arbrei 1 . vol. II, p. 100. 648 THE PEAR. summer. Such has several times been done, and its fulfilment miy be looked for with certainty in all trees that had not previously ripened their wood.* So also it would and does naturally follow, that trees in a damp, rich soil, are much more liable to the frozen-sap blight than those upon a drier soil. In a soil over-moist or too rich, the pear is always liable to make late second growths, and its wood will often be caught unripened by an early winter. For this reason this form of blight is vastly more extensive and destructive in the deep rich soils of the Western States than in the drier and poorer soils of the East. And this will always be the case in over-rich soils, unless the trees are checked in their luxuri- ance by root-pruning. Again, those varieties of the pear which have the habit of maturing their wood early, are very rarely affected with the frozen-sap blight. But late-growing sorts are always more or less liable to it, especially when the trees are young, and the excessive growth is not reduced by fruit-bearing. Every nurseryman knows that there are certain late- growing sorts which are always more liable to this blight in the nursery. Among these we have particularly noticed the Passe Colmar and the Eo- relle, though when these sorts become bearing trees they are not more liable than many others. The Seckel pear is less subject to blight than others, which we attribute entirely to its habit of making short-jointed shoots, and ripening its wood very early. To distinguish the blight of the frozen-sap from that caused by the attack of the Scolytus pyri is not difficult. The effects of the latter cease below the spot where the insect has perforated and eaten its bur- row in the branch. The former spreads gradually down the branch, which, when dissected, shows the marks of the poison in the discolora- tion of the inner bark and the pith, extending down some distance below the external marks of injury. If the poison becomes largely diffused in the tree, it will sometimes die outright in a day or two ; but if it is only slightly present, it will often entirely recover. The presence of black, dry, shrivelled spots of bark on the branches, or soft sappy spots, as well * Since the above was written, we have had the pleasure of seeing a highly interesting article by the Rev. H. W. Beecher, of Indiana, one of the most in- telligent observers in the country. Mr. Beecher not only agrees in the main with us, but he fortifies our opinion with a number of additional facts of great value. We shall extract some of this testimony, which is vouched for by Mi. B. , and for the publication of which the cultivators of pears owe him many thanks. '•Mr. R Ragan, of Putnam Co., Ind., has for more than twelve years suspected that this disease originated in the fall previous to the summer on which it declares itself. During the last winter Mr. Ragan predicted the blight, aa will be remembered by some of his acquaintances in Wayne Co. , and in his pear- orchards he marked the trees that would suffer, and pointed to the spot which would be the seat of the disease, and his prognostications were strictly verified. Out of his orchard of 200 pear-trees, during the previous blight of 1832, only four escaped, and those had been transplanted, and had, therefore, made little Dr no growth. "Mr. White, a nurseryman near Mooresville, Ind., in an orchard of over 150 trees, had not a single case of blight in the year 1844, though all around him its ravages were felt. What were the facts in this case ? His orchard is planted on a mould-like piece of ground, is high, of a sandy, gravelly soil; earlier by a week than nursery soils in this country ; and in the summer of 1 843t his trees grew through the summer, ripened and shed their leaves early in, t,h« fall, and during the wa- m spell made no second growth." THE PEAR. 649 as the appearance of thick clammy sap in winter or spring pruning, ara the infallible signs of the frozen-sap blight. The most successful remedies for this disastrous blight, it is very evi- dent, are chieriy preventive ones. It is, of course, impossible for us to avoid the occasional occurrence of rainy, warm autumns, which have a tendency to urge the trees into late second growth. The principal means of escaping the danger really lies in always studiously avoiding a wet soil for the fruit-tree. Very level or hollow surfaces, where heavy early autumnal rains are apt to lie and saturate the ground, should also be shunned. And any summer top-dressing or enriching calculated to stimulate the tree into late growth is pernicious. A rich, dry soil is, on the whole, the best, because there the tree will make a good growth in time to ripen fully its wood, and will not be likely to make second growth. A rich, wet soil will, on the contrary, serve continu- ally to stimulate the tree to new growth. It is in accordance with this that many persons have remarked, that those pear-trees growing in com- mon meadow land were free from blight in seasons when those in the rich garden soils were continually suffering from it. The first point, then, should be to secure a rich, but dry, well-drained soil. Cold aspects and soils should be avoided, as likely to retard the growth and ripening of the wood. The second is to reject, in blighted districts, such varieties as have the habit of making wood late, and choosing rather those of early habit, which ripen the wood fully before autumn. Severe summer-pruning, should it be followed by an early winter, is likely to induce blight, and should therefore be avoided. Indeed, we think the pear should always be pruned in winter or early spring. As a remedy for blight actually existing in a tree, we know of no other but that of freely cutting out the diseased branches at the ear- liest moment after it appears. The amputation should be continued as far down as the least sign of discoloration and consequent poisoning is perceptible, and it should not be neglected a single day after it mani- fests itself. A still better remedy, when we are led to suspect, during the winter, that it is likely to break out in the ensuing summer, is that of carefully looking over the trees before the buds swell, and cutting out all branches that show the discolored or soft sappy spots of bark that are the first symptoms of the disease. Finally, as a preventive, when it is evident, from the nature of the reason and soil, that a late autumnal growth will take place, we recom- mend laying bare the roots of the trees for two or three weeks. Root- pruning will always check any tendency to over-luxuriance in particu- lar sorts, or in young bearing trees, and is therefore a valuable assist- ance when the disease is feared. And the use of lime in strong soils, as a fertilizer, instead of manure, is worthy of extensive trial, because lime has a tendency to throw all fruit-trees into the production of short- jointed fruit-spurs, instead of +he luxuriant woody shoots induced by animal manure. In gardens where, from the natural dampness of the soil or locality, it is nearly impossible to escape blight, we recommend that mode of dwarfing the growth of the trees — conical standards, or quenouilles, described in the section on pruning. This mode can scarcely f;iil tc secure a good crop in any soil or climate where the pear-tr >-e wih flourish. 660 THE PEAR. After the blight, the other diseases which affect the pear-tree are of little moment. They are chiefly the same as those to which the apple is liable, the same insects occasionally affecting both trees, and we therefore refer our readers to the section on the apple-tree. There is, however, a slug-worm, which occasionally does great damage on the leaves of the pear-tree, which it sometimes entirely destroys. This elug is the Selandria cerasi of Harris. It appears on the upper side of the leaves of the pear-tree, from the middle of June to the middle of July. It is nearly half an inch long when fully grown, olive-colored, tapering from the head to the tail, not much unlike in shape a minia- ture tadpole. The best destructive for this insect is ashes, plaster, dry dust, or quicklime, sifted or sprinkled over the leaves, early in the morning.* VARIETIES. The varieties of pear have so multiplied within the last thirty years that they may almost be considered endless-. Of the new vari- eties, Belgium has produced the greatest number of high quality ; England and France many of excellence ; and, lastly, quite a number of valuable sorts have originated in this country, to which some addi- tions are made annually. The latter, as a matter of course, are found even more generally adapted to our climate than any foreign sorts. But we believe the climate of the Middle States is so nearly like that of Belgium, that the pear is grown here as a standard to as great perfec- tion as in any other country. More than one thousand kinds of pears, collected from all parts of the world, have been fruited here, but only a small proportion of these have been found of first-rate quality, and a very large number of them are of little or no value. The great difficulty seems to be, to decide which are the really valuable sorts, worth universal cultivation. We shall not, perhaps, arrive at this point, in this country, for several years, not until all the most deserving sorts have had repeated trials, and the difficulty is always increased by the fact of the difference of climate and soil, and the continuous increase of new varieties. A variety may prove of superior merit in one locality and quite indifferent in another, owing to the influence of soil and climate. This, however, is true only to a very limited extent, as the fact that most sorts of the first character receive nearly the same praise in Belgium, England, and all parts of this country, clearly proves. High flavor, handsome appearance, pro- ductiveness, and uniformly good flavor in all seasons — these are the cri- t,erions of the first class of pears.f * Many theories and speculative opinions have been promulgated luring the past twenty or more years since these remarks on blight were written, but, so far ^s we can learn, nothing conclusive is yet known. There are many persona holding the views here expressed, while others support a theory of atmospheric fungoid blight with equally good reasoning. f The most successful cultivator of pears in this country, whose collection comprises hundreds of varieties, lately assured us that if he were asked to name all the sorts that be considered of unvarying and unquestionable excellence in all respects, he could not count more than twenty ! It may, then, be asked, Why do all cultivate so large a variety? We answer, because the quality of many is yet not fully decided; again, there is a great difference in tas-e, as to thf THE TEAR. 651 Most of the finer varieties of pears have not the necessary haidi hood to enable them to resist, perfectly uninjured, the violent atmos- pheric changes of our climate, except under favorable circumstances; consequently the fruit is more or less variable in quality; and this ia more particularly true of some that come to us from abroad with promise of the highest excellence, and to pronounce an abiding judg- ment upon their merits requires many years' experience and careful ob- servation under different circumstances and in various localities. And it must be borne in mind, that although young trees give fruit of nearly or quite full size and beauty, yet perfection of flavor is only to be ex- pected from trees of more mature age. The inference is not legiti mate that a variety which exhibits great excellence in Belgium, or some of the districts of France, will exhibit generally in all localities in the United States the same excellence; but the supposition is fair, and borne out by some experience, that those which possess excellence of a particular character in an eminent degree in Europe, will generally ex- hibit the same in particular localities in this country. We would in- stance such vigorous growers, with pretty solid flesh, as the following : — Belle Lucrative, Rostiezer, Duchess d'Angouleme, Beurre Hardy, &c. To produce satisfactory results in the cultivation of pears, some of ita wants must always be complied with, such as good depth of soil, suffi- cient drainage, and proper enrichment. In describing pears, we shall, as usual, designate the size by com- parison, as follows: — Large, as the Beurre Diel or Bartlett; medium, as the Doyenne or Virgalieu ; small, as the Seckel. With regard to form, these are so numerous and complicated that it is difficult to determine upon any terms that can be always preserved ; but with a view to unity, and with a belief that they are the best now in use, we have adopted those established by the Massachusetts Hor- ticultural Society. (See pages 652 and G53.) As w\th apples and other fruits, we continue the alphabetical system of arrangement, it being the most readily applicable for general use ; and, as with apples, have, in designating the quality of flesh, continued the terms adopted by the American Pomological Society, as "best" "very good" and " good." The latter term, although in many cases having refer- ence only to the quality of the fruit as a dessert pear, may be often found attached to one of great value for cooking, or highly profitable for market. Abbe de Beaumont. Originated in the commercial gardens of Andre Leroy, Angeis, France. Fruit medium, obtuse, pyriform. Stalk short. Calyx large, open. Skin greenish yellow, marbled with fawn-color and washed with led in the sun. Flesh white, fine, juicy, melting, rough or gritty at core, vinous, sweet. August, September. (Leroy.) merits oi a given sort; there are also some --r.rt^ ko producMve, or handsome, &c that thej are highly esteemi only second-rate. In a work like the present. wc obliged to describe m of second quality, m onJe; to assist in identifying them, a-- ! cultivation. 6M THE PEAK. SIMPLE FORMS Globular. Ovate ObUta, Oblong. COMPOUND FORMS. Globular, obtuse pyrif orm. Globular, acute pyriforao. THE PEAK. COMPOUND FORMS- Continued. 653 Orate, pyrif orm. Obovate, acute pyriform. Obovate, obtuse pyriform. Oblong pyriform. Oblong, ovate pyriform. Oblong, obovate pyriform. 654 THE PfcAR. Abbe Edouard. One of Van Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous, spreading. Fruit medium size, roundish obtuse pyriform, rich clear green, be- coming yellow at maturity, with a russet cheek. Flesh white, half ten- der, melting, juicy, sweet, pleasant. Ripens in November. Abbe Perez. This Pear originated in Germany, and was introduced in 1862. Fruit small to medium, oval oblate. Skin yellowish green, splashed and dotted with red, shaded with fawn-color at the apex. Flesh whitish, firm, melting, juicy, harsh at the core, vinous, sweet. November, Feb- ruary. (Leroy.) Abbott. Origin, Providence, P. I., on the farm of Mrs. Abbott. A vigorous grower, and the fruit, although not of first quality, is uniformly good and beautiful. Young wood reddish olive. Fruit of medium size, oblong obovate pyriform. Skin yellowish, considerably shaded with crimson, sprinkled with gray and crimson dots, and having a few russet patches. Stalk medium, inserted by a lip 01 ring in a slight depression surrounded by russet. Calyx open, with segments persistent, in a broad open basin. Flesh white, granular, buttery, juicy, melting. Flavor sweet, pleasant, and perfumed. Ripens last of September. Abercromby. Abercromby's Seedling. An American chance seedling that was found in Tallapoosa Co., Ala. Tree a vigorous, stout grower, an early and abundant bearer. Fruit medium size, globular obovate obtuse pyriform, greatest breadth at centre. Skin rather rough, greenish yellow, netted and patched with russet, and with a mottled red cheek. Stalk short. Calyx large and open. Flesh whitish, coarse, granular, moderately juicy, and sweet, slightly vinous. Good. Ripens early in August. Adams. Raised by Dr. H. Adams, of Waltham, Mass. Tree a vigorous grower, with an upright, erect habit, making a pyramidal head. Young wood reddish yellow brown. Fruit large, obovate jDyriform, largest at centre. Surface uneven. Skin pale yellow shaded with light crimson in the sun, with many brown, green, and reddish dots. Stalk short, often set with a russeted lip. Calyx closed. Basin very shallow. Flesh white, very juicy, melting, vinous. Very good. Ripens early September. Adelaide de Reves. Madame Adelaide Reves. From Belgium. Tree vigorous. Young shoots very stout, yellow- ish brown red. THE PEAR. 656 Fruit large, oblong, obovate acute pyriform, yellowish green with a (shade of red in the sun, and russet specks and blotches, and russet at base of stalk. Flesh white, half fine, melting, juicy, vinous, sweet Good. October. Adele Lancelot. A Belgian Pear of recent introduction. Tret vigorous. Fruit medium to large, pyriforin. Skin cleai green yellow, shaaed with red in the sun. Flesh white, not very j uic) or rich. Good. Oc- tober. Admirable. Dana's Admirable. Originated with Francis Dana, Boston, Mass., and first exhibited before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1853. Tree a vigo- rous grower, somewhat irregular, and, according to Hovey, tardy in coming into bearing. Young wood olive brown. Fruit medium to large, roundish ovate, narrowing toward the stalk. Surface uneven. Skin yellowish, partially russeted and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk medium, a little inclined, planted in a small cavity, and sometimes with a lip. Calyx open. Segments short, erect. Basin medium, rather abrupt, uneven. Flesh juicy, melting, vinous, a little astringent. Good. September. • Admiral Farragut. This new American Pear originated with Dr. Shurtleff, Boston, Mass., who describes the tree as strong, vigorous, productive. Shoots long, medium size. Fruit very large, long pyriform, green with many dots, and blush in the sun. Stalk stout, curved. Calyx medium. Basin shallow. Flesh melting, juicy, fine-grained, subacid, pleasant. Season last of September. (J. of H.) Adolphe Catchet. Origin, gardens of M. Andre Leroy, Angers, France. Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform, rich yellow, dotted and splashed with red in the sun. Flesh white, juicy, vinous, sweet, harsh and grit- ty at core. August, September. (Leroy.) Adolphixe Richard. A Belgian Pear of recent introduction. Fruit medium, pyriforin, clear yellow, with shades and patches of brown red. Flesh white, half fine, juicy, vinous, sweet. Good. No- vember. Aglae Gr6goire. A Belgian variety, of vigorous and productive habit. Fiuit medium, obtuse pyriform. Skin yellow, dotted and splashed 666 THE PEAR. with reddish brown. Flesh yellowish white, half fine, half melting juicy, perfumed. Goo I. February, March. (Jardin Van Mons.) Ah ! Mon Dieu. Poire d'Abondance. Mandieu. Mod Dieu. The my-God Pear. Beurre Sprin. Esperine. An old French Pear. Tree vigorous, upright, productive. Fruit medium, obovate acute pyriform. Skin pale yellow, smoot> nearly covered with red. Flesh white, juicy, slightly vinous, and sww Good. October. Alexander. Origin, town of Alexander, N. Y. Tree moderate growth Yjvldi wood light olive brown. Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, somewhat one-pidc^/. Skin yellowish green, dotted, netted, and splashed with russet. Stalk slender, rather long, curved, fleshy at its insertion. CaJyx large, closed. Flesh white, a little coarse and gritty, very juicy, melting, sugary, and rich. Very good. Ripe last of September and e£,J/ Ubcober. Alexandre Bivort. A. seedling of Esperen in 1848. Tree vigorous, of a bushy habit. Young wood reddish brown. Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform. Skin pale yellow, with a few patches and traces of russet. Stalk rather long, set in a small cavity. Calyx small, open. Segments slender, partly lecurved. Basin large, ab- rupt, corrugated. Flesh whitish, a }\tiit coarse, moderately juicy, half tender, sweet, and pleasant. Good. December to February. Alexandra Lambre. One of Van Mons' seedlings. T»*se vigorous, spreading. Branches long, slender. Fruit medium, oblate obtuse pyriform, yellowish, netted and patch- ed with russet, brown red in sun. Flesh yellowish pinkish white, juicy, sweet, a little astringent. Good to very good. October, December. Alexandrina. Alexandrina Bivort. A Belgian Pear, too small in size to be of much value at its season of ripening. Fruit medium or below, oblate pyriform, light yellow, shaded with red in the sun, netted and dotted with russet. Stalk long. Calyx open Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet. Good to very good. September. Alexandrine Douillard. Douillard. This conpar; tively new Belgian Pear has size to commend it, and may prove valuable. Tree vigorous, productive, and comes early into bearing. Young wood dull yellowish brown. THE PEAR. 657 Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin pale yellow, slightly netted and traced with russet. Stalk varying in length, inserted in a slight cavity, sometimes with a lip. Calyx partly closed. Basin ab- rupt, uneven. Flesh white, juicy, melting, slightly vinous. Very good. October. Alexandrine Mas. A seedling of M. Mas, France, from seeds of Passe Colinar in 1850. Fruit large, obtuse pyriform, light yellowish green, with shades and patches and dots of russet. Stalk stout, set without depression. Calyx large. Segments erect. Flesh white, translucent, j uicy, sweet, perfumed. Late winter. (Verg.) Alpha. A Belgian seedling. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit medium or below, obovate, slightly oblong. Skin smooth, pale, yellowish green, dotted with reddish points, and having a thin, pale brown blush. Stalk about an inch long, inserted in a slight depression. Calyx stiff, open, set in a round basin of moderate size. Flesh white, fine-grained, buttery. Good. October. Alphonse Karr. Originated with M. Louis Berckmans. Tree vigorous. Young wood dull olive. Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, golden yellow, netted, mar- bled, and dotted with russet. Flesh whitish, fine, melting, juicy, slightly vinous, sweet. November, December. Althorpe Crassane. Fruit medium, roundish ovate. Skin pale green. Flesh white, buttery, and quite juicy, not rich, slightly perfumed. Good. October, November. Amadotte. Madotte. Autumn Superb. De Graine Damadote. Beiirre Knox ? Dame Houdotte. Beurre Blanc des Capucins. Fruit rather large, pyriform. Skin pale yellow. Stalk medium. Cavity small. Calyx open. Basin shallow and uneven. Flesh whitish, coarse, juicy, vinous, variable, sometimes astringent. Hardly good. Ripe October. Amandine de Rouen. A new French Pear, as yet little known. Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, with splashes ot fawn russet. Flesh white, half fine, melting, juicy, sweet. Good September, October. (Leroy.) 42 658 THE PEAK. Ambrette Ambrette d'Hiver. Trompe-valet Thcrny Ambrette. Ambre Gris. Ambret. Ambrette avec epinea. Ambrette Gris. Winter Ambret. Ambrette Opineuse Belle Gabrielle. Cheat Servant. De Chine. Tilton. A very old Pear-tree, very hardy and productive. Fruit medium to small, roundish oval, yellowish green, with russet spots and black blotches. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, melting, sweet. Good. December to March. Ambrosia. Early Beurre. A French Pear of medium size, roundish obovate. Skin greenish yellow, a little russeted. Flesh buttery, without much flavor. Hardly good. September. America. An American Pear, originated with Francis Dana, Boston, Mass. Tree a strong vigorous grower. Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate obtuse pyriform. Skin yellow, with traces, dots, and patches of russet. Stalk long, in a small cavity. Calyx open. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, half melting, sweet,, sugary, pleasant. Good. November, December. Amelie Leclerc. A seedling of the late Leon Leclerc, of Laval, France. Tree mod- erately vigoroxis, spreading, with long slender shoots. Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to obtuse pyriform. Skin green- ish yellow, with a shade of red in the sun, and slight nettings of russet. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly vinous. Good to very good. October. Amiral Cecil. Originated in France, of moderate growth, productive. Fruit medium or below, roundish ovate, yellowish, with fawn-color marbliugs in the sun. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, harsh and gritty at centre. Good. October, December. Amire Joannet. St. Jean. St. John's Pear. Amire Johannet. Joannette. Petit Johannet. Petit St. Jean. This fruit is one of the earliest, ripening at the beginning of July — in France, whence it originally comes, about St. John's day, whence the name Joannet. It is a pleasant fruit, of second quality, and lasts but a few days in perfection. It opens the pear season, with the Little Muscat, to which it is superior. Fruit below the middle size, regularly pyriform, tapering to the •rtalk, which is an inch and a half long, and thickest at the point of junction. Skin very smooth, at first light green, but becomes bright THE TEAK. o£9 »emon-color at maturity —very rarely with a faint blush. Calyx large, with reflexed segments, even with the surface. Flesh -white, sugary, delicate and juicy at first, but soon becomes mealy. Tresor. Tri'sor d' Amour. Amour. Poire d'Amour. Treasure. Love Pear. An old Fear, valued only for cooking. Fruit very large, oblong obovate pyriform. Skin rough, dull yel- lowish green, brownish in sun. Flesh white, coarse, harsh, astringent Good for stewing. December to March. Ananas de Courtrai. Ananas de Courtray. What we have received as Ananas de Courtrai from three or four sources, both here and in Europe, have proved to be Ananas d'Ete ; and AniiLM d'Et6. as there is said to be a distinct Ananas de Courtrai, we insert Leroy'i deocription. 660 THE PEAR Fruit large, pyriform, slightly obtuse, surface uneven. Skin pale yellow, -with a warm brown red cheek in the sun, more or leis marbled, some dots and patches of russet brown. Flesh white, fine, juicy, mild, sweet, musky, delicate perfume. Very good. Last of August and earl* in September. Ananas d'Ete. Ananas (of Manning and of Leroy). Ananas Francais. Du Bouchet. Summer Pine-apple. Favori Musque. An old variety, from Holland, which here is one of our best late summer or early autumn Pears. Tree very vigorous. Young shoot? strong, of a rich reddish-yellowish brown, with prominent sharp-pointed buds, and oblong white specks. Fruit rather large, pyriform, or occasionally obtuse at the stalk. Skin pale yellow, with a little brown on one side, and much covered with large, rough, brown russet dots. Stalk an inch and a quarter long, inserted sometimes in a blunt cavity, sometimes without depression, by the side of a lip. Calyx open, with short divisions. Basin shallow. Flesh fine-grained, buttery, and melting, with a sweet, perfumed, and high flavor. Very good. September and October. Andre Desportes. Originated in the gardens of M. Andre Leroy, in France, 1854. Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, oblique. Skin greenish yellow, with patches of fawn and bronze in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, fine, juicy, melting, granulous at the core, sugary acid. July. (Leroy.) Andrews. Beurre Oudinot ? Amory. Gibson. The Andrews is a favorite native seedling, found in the neighbor- hood of Dorchester, and first introduced to notice by a gentleman of Boston, whose name it bears. It is of excellent flavor, but variable and subject to rot at the core. Fruit rather large, pyriform, one-sided. Skin smooth, and rather thick, pale yellowish green, with a dull red cheek, and a few scattered dots. Stalk about an inch and a quarter long, curved, and set in a very shallow, blunt depression, or often without depression Calyx open, placed in a small basin. Flesh greenish white, full of juice, melting, with a fine vinous flavor. Good to very good. Early in September. The Beurre Oudinot, as we have received it, has always proved identical with our Andrews, but Leroy claims it a distinct sort. Angelique de Bordeaux. Gros Franc Beal d'Hiver. St.^Martial. Cristalline. MoUe Bouche d'Hiver. A variety from France. Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform. Skin yellowish green in the shade, brownish red in the sun, with brown dots. Stalk fleshy at insertion. THE PEAR. 661 Calyx small. Flesh tender, juicy, buttery, melting. January to April (Hogg.) Angelique Leclerc. Originated with Leon Leclerc, of Laval. Tree productive. Fruit medium to large, oblong obtuse pyriform. Stalk short. Ca- lyx small, open. Skin greenish yellow, shaded and dotted with red in tho sun. Flesh white, very close, melting, juicy, rough at the core, sweet, aromatic. October, December. (Leroy.) Angleterre. English Beurre. Monkowthy. Beurre d' Angleterre. Longue de Narkouts. Beurre Amande. Beurre Judes. Almond Pear. Amande Double. An old Fi'ench fruit of unknown origin. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit medium, acute pyriform. Skin dull light green, slight net- tings of russet. Stalk long, slender, curved, fleshy at its junction with the fruit. Flesh white, buttery, and melting, full of juice, and of pleasant though not high flavor. Good. Middle of September. Angleterre D'Hiver. Angoisse blanche. An old Pear of little value, except as a keeper and for cooking. Fruit large, acute pyriform, greenish yellow, with a brownish red tint in sun, many small russet and black specks. Flesh firni, rather dry, slightly acid. February to April. Angleterre Nain. Angleterre Parfume. Origin, Paris, France. Fruit small to medium, obovate obtuse pyriform. Stalk long. Calyx half closed. Skin rough, dull green, dotted with red in the sun. Flesh whitish, fine, juicy, harsh near the core, musky. September, October. (Leroy.) Angobert. Mansuette. Gros Angobert. Beurre de Semur. Dagobert. Solitaire. De Sainte Catherine. Double Mansuette. A. Gobert. A very old variety, described in 1660, and then, as now, considered one of the best of cooking Pears. Fruit large, or very large, irregular obtuse pyriform, greenish yel low. Flesh half melting, juicy, somewhat astringent. A cooking pear September. Anna Audisson. Doyenne! Anna Audisson. Beurr6 Anna Audisson. Originated at A.ngers, France. Fruit medium, roundish obtuse pyriform, yellowish green, with patches of russet and brownish red in the sun. Stalk short and stout. fi62 THE PEAK. Cavity slight, sometimes a lip. Calyx open. Fesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, and pleasant. Good to very good. October. Apple Pear. Pomoire. Poire-Pomme. Beurre de Rackenheim. Fruit below medium, round or roundish oblat<\ Skin covered with cinnamon russet, unless in the shade, when it is a dirty yellow green, with russet marblings. Flesh yellow, tender, melting, juicy. Good. October. Arbre Courbe. Amiral. Colmar Charnay. Tree vigorous, with irregular crooked branches. Young wood yeh lowish brown, with many specks, angled or bent from joint to joint. Fruit medium or large, oval pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, with patches and russet dots. Stalk large and fleshy. Calyx open. Basin broad and shallow. Flesh whitish, coarse, half butteiy, melting, juicy, slightly astringent. Good. Pipe last of September. Arlequin Musque. An old Pear, but little known. Fruit large, obovate pyriform. Skin yellowish green, with mar- blings and dots of brown. Calyx large, open. Flesh white, buttery, melting, sweet. Good. Last of September. Arthur Bivort. One of Van Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous. Fruit above medium, oblong obtuse pyriform, green, becoming yel- lowish at maturity, dotted with red in the sun. Stalk curved in a slight cavity. Calyx open. Flesh white, half fine, melting, juicy, vi- nous. October. (Alb. Pom.) Aston Town Fruit small, roundish turbinate. Skin pale yellowish, with brown specks. Flesh soft, buttery, moderately sweet, perfumed. Hardly good. Middle and last of September. Audibert. Belle Audibert. Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, orange in sun. Flesh white, breaking, granulated, acidulous. Good for stewing only. November. AUGUSTE JURIE. A seedling of M. Fortune, Willermoz, France. Tree moderately vigorous, very productive. Fruit small, oblate pyriform, yellow, shaded with dark red in the gun. Flesh white, half melting, juicy, slightly vinous, and slightly musky. Good. August. THE PEAR. 663 AUGUSTE KOYER. Tree very vigorous and productive, and promises to be a valuable orchard fruit. Fruit medium, roundish. Skin greenish yellow, covered with rus- set-fawn. Flesh whitish, half melting, juice abundant, sugary, and pleasantly perfumed. Good. Ripe October. Augustine Lelieur. Auguste Lelieur. A vai'iety from Belgium, but of unknown origin. Fruit below medium, oblong ovate pyriform. Skin greenish, with patches and nettings of nisset, russet dots, and a blush-red cheek in sun. Stalk long, curved. Calyx closed, basin small, corrugated. Flesh white, buttery, juicy, half-melting, sweet, and pleasant. Good. Octo- ber, November. Augustus Dana. An American Pear, originated with Francis Dana, Boston, Mass. The tree is a good but not strong or a handsome grower. Young shoots of a light reddish brown color. Fruit medium, varying in form from acute pyriform to obtuse pyri- form. Skin yellow, netted and patched with russet, and russet dots. Stalk often one side of a true axis, curved, and set with slight depression. Calyx open. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly aromatic. Good to very good. October. Aurate. An old variety. Fruit small, pyriform, pale yellowish green. Flesh juicy, rich Very good. Last of July. Autumn Bergamot. English Bergamot. York Bergamot. Common Bergamot. English Autumn Bergamot. Fruit small, roundish, and flattened. Skin roughish green. Flesh greenish white, coarse-grained at the core, juicy, sugary. September. The Bergamotte d'Automne of the French is a distinct fruit from this. Skin light yellowish green, brownish red cheek. Flesh breaking, juicy, and refreshing, but not high-flavored. A second-rate fruit. Autumn Colmar. A French Pear, of fair quality and a good bearer. Fruit of medium size, oblong or obtuse pyriform, a little uneven. Skin pale green, dotted with numerous russety specks. Stalk about an inch long, straight, planted in a small, uneven cavity. Calyx small, c'osed, set in a slight basin, a little furrowed. Flesh a little gritty at the core, battery, with a rich and agreeable flavor. Good. October. 664 THE PEAR. Autumn Nelis. Graham's Autumn Nelis. Graham's Bergamot. An English Pear. Tree much the habit of Winter Nelis, very hardy and productive. Young wood light olive. Fruit medium, obovate pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, mostlj overspread and netted with russet. Flesh yellowish, fine-grained, melt- ing, rich aromatic. Very good. October. Avril. D'Avril. Poire d' Avril. Tree a vigorous grower, productive. Fruit large, roundish, obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, slightly shaded and somewhat spotted with russet, and thickly covered with russet dots. Stalk long and curved, inserted usually in a depres- sion. Calyx closed, basin deep and irregular. Flesh whitish, compact, coarse, granular, juicy, half-melting, sweet, and agreeable. A good bak- ing pear. November to February. Barbancinet. Origin, Nursery of Andre Leroy, Angers, France. Tree vigorous, spreading, upright, productive. Young wood light brown. Fruit medium oblong acute pyriform, greenish yellow, with a brown- ish shade in the sun, sometimes slightly netted and patched with russet, and sprinkled with dots. Stalk medium, fleshy at junction. Calyx partially open. Segments short. Basin small. Flesh white, jnicy, melting, sbightly vinous. Very good. September. Barbe Nelis. Raised by Gregoire, of Belgium. Tree very vigorous, moderately productive. Young wood stout, Light yellowish brown. Fruit small, oblare obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, shaded and marbled with dull red in the sun, many green dots, and a few nettings and patches of russet. Stalk long, slender, curved, often with bracts in a slight cavity. Calyx open. Flesh white, buttery, juicy, half-melt- ing, sweet, pleasant. Good. Last of August. Baron Deman De Lennick. A Belgian Pear, too small to be of great value at its season. Fruit small, roundish to roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with net- tings and traces of russet, especially near the calyx, and many russet dots.^ Calyx large, open. Flesh white, coarse at centre, juicy, half- melting. Good. November, December. Baronne de Mello. Adele de St. Denis. St. Cerran. Adele de St. Cerras. Beurre Van Mono. A. Belgian Pear, first described by Bivort, in Album Pomology. Tree THE PEAR. 665 hardy, vigorous grower, and productive. Young wood light olh e brown with many specks. Fruit medium, irregular in form, varying from curved pyriform tc long acuto pyriform, occasionally roundish acute pyriform. Skin yel- Baronne de Mello. lowish, nearly covered with brown russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long, curved, inclined, fleshy at base, and often with i lip. Calyx partially closed. Segments short, erect. Flesh whitish, a ittle coarse, juicy, melting, vinous subacid. Very good. October. Barry. De Lestumieres. Doyenne Barry. An Old variety, lately introduced and renamed. Fruit medium, oblong obovate pyriform, greenish yellow, netted and shaded and dotted with russet. Stalk short, obliquely inserted, short. Calyx large, open. Flesh whitish, juicy, sweet, pleasant. Good tc very good. October. 666 THE PEAR. Bartlett, or Williams' Bonchretien. Bartlett. of all American Gardens. Williams' Bonchretien. Clement Doyenne. Poire Guillaume, of the French. Barnett's William. Bonchretien Barnett Delavault. This noble Pear is, justly, one of the most popular of all the sum met varieties. Its size, beauty, and excellence entitle it to this estimation, apart from the fact that it bears very early, regularly, and abun- dantly. It is an English variety, originated about 1770, in Berkshire, and was afterward propagated by a London grower by the name of Wil. Bartlett, or Williams' Bonchrfitien. liams. When first introduced to this country its name was lost, and having been cultivated and disseminated by Enoch Bartlett, Esq., of Dorchester, near Boston, it became so universally known as the Jhirtleti THE PEAK. 667 Pear, that it is impossible to dispossess it now. It suits our climate admirably, ripening better here than in England, and has the unusual property of maturing perfectly in the house, even if it is picked beforw it is full-grown. It has no competitor as a summer market fruit The tree grows upright, with thrifty, yellowish brown shoots, and nar- row, folded leaves. Fruit of large size, oblong, obtuse pyriform. Surface uneven. Skin very thin and smooth, clear yellow (with a soft blush on the sunny side in exposed specimens), rarely marked with faint russet Stalk one to one and a half inches long, stout, inserted in a shallow cavity. Calyx open. Segments short, erect, set in a very shallow, ob- scurely plaited basin. Flesh white, and exceedingly tine-grained and but- tery ; it is full of juice, sweet, with a highly perfumed vinous flavor. (In damp or unfavorable soils it is sometimes slightly acid.) Ripens from last of August to middle and last of September. Bartram. Origin, an accidental seedling on the premises of the late Miss Anna Bartram, near Philadelphia, Pa. Tree an irregular grower. Young wood slender, reddish yellow brown. Fruit medium, obovate, obtuse pyriform, pale lemon yellow, thickly sprinkled with brown gray dots and traces of russet. Stalk inclined in a narrow cavity. Calyx partially open. Flesh white, fine-grained juicy, melting, rich, slightly vinous. Very good. September. Bead nell. Beadnell's Seedling. Foreign. Tree vigorous. Shoots long, bright chestnut. Fruit medium, pyriform, pale yellowish green, blushed red in tie ran. Flesh melting, juicy. Good. Last September. (Elliott.) Beau Present d'Artois. Present Royal de Naples. Present Royal de Nantes. A foreign variety, by some persons highly esteemed. Tree vigo- rous, with long branches. Young wood dull brown, with white oblong specks. Fruit large, oblong pyriform, greenish yellow, dotted and patched with russet. Stalk long, rather stout, inclined, little or no depression. Calyx partially closed. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh buttery, juicy, meling. Good to very good. September. Beauvalot. Augiere. Augert. Anger. A foreign variety of indifferent quality. Fruit medium or above, obovate obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow iprinkled and patched with russet and many russet dots. Flesh juicyt vinous, pleasant. November, December. 668 TEE PEAK. Belle de Bruxelles. Belle d'Aout. Gros Muscadille. Beurre de Bruxellea, Petit Certeau. Bellisime d'Automne. Muscat Rouge. Beauty of Brussels- Muscadille. Vermilion des Dames. De Coq. Vermilion Vermilion d'Automne. Des Dames. A large and handsome fruit, of poor quality. Fruit medium, acute pyriform. Skin pale yellow, with a soft red cheek when fully exposed. Flesh white, sweet, and slightly perfumed. Middle of August. Belle de Figuier. Originated at Angers, France, in 1860. Fruit medium to large, globular obtuse pyriform. Skin rough, greenish red, with fawn-colored spots. Stalk short. Calyx large, open. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet aromatic acid, gritty at core. December, January. (Leroy.) Belle de l'Orient. A foreign variety, showy but of poor quality. Fruit large, oblong obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, netted and dotted with russet. Flesh white, tender, rots at core before ripe. Oc- tober. Belle de Thouars. Coulon de Saint Mare. Belle de Thouarse. Belle de Troyes. Saint Marc. Belle de Prague. Belle de Jersey A foreign variety, of indifferent or poor qualitv. Fruit medium to large, oblong obtuse pyriform, yellow, covered with a thin cinnamon russet. Flesh white, dry, sweet. December, January. Belle Epine Dumas. Due de Bourdeaux. Beurre Rochechourt Epine du Rochoir. Beurre St. Louis. Epine de Limoges. Colmar de Lot. Epine Dumas. Comte de Limoges. Beurre de Rochoir. Emile de Rochois. Beurre d'Elberg. Tree vigorous, pyramidal form, good bearer. Young wood dull yel- low brown, with sharp-pointed buds. Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin green, becoming greenish yellow when ripe, with small russet brown dots. Stalk long, set in a very small depression. Calyx partially closed, in a shallow, regular basin. Flesh white, buttery, half melting, juicy, sweet, and of a peculiar flavor. Very good. November and December. Belle Julie. Tilloy . St. Germain Dutilleul. Alexandre DTelie. St. Germain du Tillay. St. Germain du Tilloy. St. Germain de Graines. A Belgian Pear. Tree very vigorous, and productive. Young wood rather slender, light yellowish brown. THE PEAB. 669 Fruit medium, globular obtuse pyriform, sometimes inclined. Skin rather rough, greenish yellow, considerably netted aud patched with russet, especially around the stalk and calyx. Stalk generally curved, set in a slight depression, often without and sometimes with a lip. Calyx open. Flesh whitish, buttery, juicy, melting, slightly vinous. Good to very good. October. Belle Moulinoise. Originated at Moulins, France, and introduced in 1864. Fruit largo, oblong obtuse pyriform. Skin rough, greenish, dottpd and marbled in the sun, with fawn-color near the stalk. Stalk long, large, curved. Calyx large, open. Flesh whitish, fine, firm, juicy, crisp, sweet, musky. February, March. (Leroy.) Belle Rouennaise. A French Pear, introduced in 1856. Fruit medium, roundish oblique acute pyriform. Skin lemon yel- low, covered with russet dots. Calyx large, half open. Stalk stout. Flesh white, tender, melting, juicy, rich, sugary, with a delicate aroma. Early in October. (Hogg.) Belle Williams. A foreign variety little known. Tree a veiy erect, vigorous grower. Young wood olive, slightly yellow, glossy. Fruit medium to large, oblong pyriform, with a groove or sunken line from stem to calyx, yellowish, with traces -and nettings of russet. Stalk long, curved, set in a slight depression by a lip. Calyx partially closed. Flesh whitish, not juicy or rich. Good for cooking. Decem- ber to March. Bellissime d'Hiver. VermilloD d'Hiver des Dames. Du Bur. Bellisime du Bur. Belle Noisette. An old Pear, valuable only for cooking. Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, with shade of red in the sun, and many russet dots. Flesh white, fine, sweet, break- ing, not gritty. November, January. Belmont. An English kitchen Pear. Fruit rather large, obtuse pyriform. Skin yellowish green, a lit- tle brownish next the sun. Flesh rather coarse, juicy, and sweet. October. Bergamotte Boussiere. One of Tan Moms' seedlings. Fruit below medium, roundish oblate pyriform, yellowish green Flesh white, juicy, harsh at centre. Good. October, December. 670 THE PEAK. Bergamotte Bufo. Bergamotte Capraud. Crapaud. An old French Pear, heretofore confounded with Bergamotce Cadet Free vigorous, productive. Young wood light reddish yellow brown. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, netted and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long, in a broad, rather shallow cavity. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly vinous. Good. October. Bergamotte Cadet. Poire de Cadet. De Cadet. Milan de Bourdeaux. A good Bergamot from France. Productive. Young wood clear light yellowish brown. Fruit middle-sized, roundish inclining to oblate. Skin smooth, pale yellow, rarely with a pale red cheek. Stalk an inch long, thick set in an angular, shallow cavity. Calyx small, open. Basin nearly flat. Flesh buttery and juicy, sweet and rich. Good. October and November. Bergamotte d'Esperen. A seedling of Esperin, in 1830. Tree vigorous, productive. Young wood warm rich dark yellow brown, with small white specks. Fruit medium, oblate, exceedingly depressed, sides often unequal. Skin greenish yellow, thick and rough, covered with russet dots and patches. Stalk long and stout, thickened at its insertion in a small cavity, at an inclination. Calyx small, closed in a rather deep slightly furrowed basin, surrounded by russet. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, buttery, sweet, and rich. Good. December to February. Bergamotte de Millipieds. Said to have originated by Goubalt, at Millipieds, France, and first fruited in 1852. Fruit medium, roundish ovate, ribbed at apex, pale yellow, moderately sprinkled with small brown dots. Stalk long, stout. Cavity small. Calyx op«n. Segments erect. Basin deep, abrupt, uneven. Flesh white, a little coarse, juicy, half melting, sweet. Good to very good. Novem- ber. Bergamotte Dussart. A Belgian variety, described by various authors. Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, greenish yellow, with gray dots ind traces of russet. Flesh half melting, juicy, sweet, vinous. Good. December, January. Bergamotte Gaudry. Gaudry. A foreign Pear of little value. Fruit small, romdish oval oblate, greenish yellow, partially netted THE PEAR. 671 and patched with russet, and many russet dots. Stalk long. Flesh whitish, coarse, breaking, gritty at core, pleasant, vinous. Hardly good. October. Bergamotte Heimbourg. Raised by M. Bivort. Tree vigorous and very productive. Fruit large, Bergamotte-shaped. Skin rough, green, changing to lemon-yellow when ripe, dotted with brown, and tinged with red next the sun. Flesh white, very fine, somewhat buttery, juice abundant, sugary, peifumed. Ripe early in October. (Gard. Chron.) Bergamotte Leseble. A Pear of French origin, only good in quality. Tree vigorous and productive. Fruit medium, oblate, or Bergamotte-shaped. Skin yellow, with a sunny cheek, numerous small dots, and russeted patches. Stalk long, ourved, inserted in a depression. Calyx open, broad. Basin irregular Flesh juicy, buttery, melting, sweet, and pleasant. October. Bergamotte Parthenay. Bergamotte de Parthenay. Poire Poriault. Parthenay Beurre Parthenay. Bergamotte Stoffels. Poireau. Bergamotte Poireau. An old French Pear, large, and valuble only for cooking. Fruit large, oblate obtuse pyramidal, olive yellow, with fawn-colored specks. Flesh white, firm, juicy, subacid, astringent. January to May. Bergamotte Piquot. Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit medium, roundish, broad obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, tinge of red in the sun, traces of russet and russet dots. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly vinous. Good. Rots at core. September. Bergamotte Sageret. Sageret. A French Pear, of vigorous growth of tree. Fruit medium, roundish, greenish, very thickly sprinkled with brown and russet dots. Stalk fleshy at insertion. Calyx large, open. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. October. Bergamot Seckel. Raised by "William Pitmaston, England. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. Fruit medium or below, roundish, regular. Skin reddish-brown, russet specks. Stalk short, thick, inclined without depression. Calyx short, stiff. Basin shallow. Flesh white, juicy, sugary, -with all the 3picy flavor of the Seckol. (Gard. Ckrou.) Bergen. A chance seedling found in a hedge on land formerly belonging to 672 THE PEAR. Simon Bergen, of New Utrecht, Long Island. Tree moderately vigo rous, upright. Young wood reddish, an early and good bearer, but not profuse. Fruit large, elongated, obtuse pyriform, often with sides not sym metric, angular. Skin waxen, lemon yellow, finely shaded with crim- son and fawn where exposed to the sun, and thickly sprinkled with brown and crimson dots. Stalk long, rather stout, curved, inserted in a moderate depression by a fleshy ring. Calyx small, open. Segments 6tiff. Basin small, surrounded by a wavy border. Flesh whitish, veined with yellow, a little coarse and gritty, buttery, juicy, melting, with a sweet aromatic flavor, delicately perfumed. Good to very good. Ripe last of September and beginning of October. Berriays. Poire de Berriays. This is a new French variety, obtained from seed in 1861, by M. Bois- bunel. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. Young shoots reddish, Fruit medium, surface a little uneven, roundish obovate obtuse. Skin pale greenish yellow, sometimes a shade of brown in the sun, and thickly sprinkled with brown and green dots. Stalk long, set in a small cavity. Calyx closed. Segments short. Basin small, uneven. Flesh white, a little coarse at the core, juicy, melting, refreshing, slightly vinous. Good to very good. September. Beurre Antoine. Saint Germain Fondant. Originated in 1822, and was rebaptized in 1849, under name of the present synonym. Tree vigorous. Fruit medium or above, oblong pyriform, sometimes with a suture one side. Skin pale greenish yellow, sprinkled with green and brown dots. Stalk long, curved, inserted in a small cavity. Calyx large, open. Flesh white, buttery, not very juicy or melting, but sweet. Good. Last September. Beurre Antoinette. A Belgiar Pear, originated in 1846. Tree vigorous and produc- tive. Fruit meaium, roundish acute pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, slightly netted with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long, slender, inserted generally with a lip. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, juicy, buttery, sweet, pleasant, a little perfumed. Slightly vinous. Good. September. Beurre Assomption. Beurre de 1' Assomption. Originated near Nantes, in France. Tree vigorous, very productive. Fruit large, irregular, generally oblong pyriform, obtuse, yellow, doited, marbled, and splashed with red in sun. Stalk shor+. Calyx large, open. Flesh white, half fine, melting, juicy, rough next the core, acid sweet. July, August. (Leroy). THE PEArt. 67S> Beurre Auneniere. Origin, supposed France. Tree vigorous, productive. Young wood doll yellowish brown. Fruit medium, roundish oblong pyriform, pale yellow, with a few traces of russet, and sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk stout. Calyx partially open. Segments short, erect. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, aromatic. Good Last September. Beurre Bachelier. Bachelier . Chevalier. A French Pear, introduced in 1845. Tree vigorous. Young wood rich dark brown. Fruit medium or above, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, with brown dots and patch of russet next the stalk. Stalk short- ish, very much inclined in a moderate depression by a lip. Calyx partial- ly closed, set in a shallow basin. Flesh buttery, juicy, melting, with a brisk, vinous, aromatic flavor. Very good. November and December. Beurre Bailey. A variety that originated in France, and first fruited in 1848. Fruit large, irregular, elongated pyriform, yellow, dotted with green- ish gray, and with fawn color next the calyx. Flesh white, fine, halt melting, juicy, sugary, rough near the core. Octobei-, November. (Leroy.) Beurre Beauchamps. Beauchamps. Hag-kens d'Hiver. Biemont. Bergamotte Beauchamp. One of Van Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous. Young shoots stout, dark dull olive yellow, many long white specks, and patches of whitish gray. Fruit medium, roundish obovate. Skin rough, light yellow, slightly netted and patched with russet, and with many brown and crimson dots. Stalk pretty stout, long and curved, set in a moderate cavity, sometimes by a lip. Calyx open. Basin rather narrow, abrupt, and uneven. Flesh white, juicy, melting, a little buttery, very sweet, gritty, pleasant. Good. November. Beurre Beaulieu. Fruit medium, roundish pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, mostly covered with russet. Stalk short, inclined, without cavity. Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh whitish, somewhat coarse, buttery, melt- ing, with a brisk vinous flavor, resembling Brown Beurre\ Good. October. Beurre Beguines. A small but very rich Pear, one of Van Mons' seedlings, too small for the season. Fruit small, obovate oblate. Skin rough, nearly covered with dull russet. Stalk long. Calyx open. Flesh whitish, juicy, coarse, melt ing, sweet. Good. October. 43 674 THE PEAR. Beurre Bennert. From Belgium. Fruit small, roundish oblate pyriform, palt yellow, sometime! shaded and mottled with fawn and crimson in the sun, and often net- ted and patched with russet. Stalk long, slender. Calyx open. Flesh whitish or light rose color, juicy, melting, a little coarse, sweet, per fumed. Good. November, December. BeurrS Benoist. Beurre Auguste Benoit. Benoist. Beurre Benoist Nouveau. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading, very productive. Young wood reddish, with sharp spur-like buds. Fruit medium, roundish inclining to acute pyriform. Skin yellow, spotted and shaded with brown russet, red cheek in sun. Stalk of moderate length, inserted by a fleshy ring or lip. Calyx open, in a regular basin. Flesh white, fine, melting, juice- abundant, sugary, and well perfumed. Very good. Bipe end of September. Beurre Berckmans. Alexandre Berckmans. One of Major Esperen's seedlings, dedicated to M. Louis Berckmans, once a colaborer in pomology. Tree vigorous, upright, very productive. Young wood very stout, blunt at ends, yellowish olive. Fruit medium or above, obovate pjTriform, sometimes obovate acute pyriform. Skin yellowish, rough, chiefly covered with russet. Stalk of medium length, fleshy, very much inclined. Calyx small, open, in a shallow furrowed basin. Flesh white, juicy, very buttery, melting, with a rich, highly perfumed flavor. Very good. October, November. Beurre Boisbunel. Originated with L. M. Boisbunel, at Bouen, France, in 1835. Tree moderately vigorous and productive. Young wood dull yellowish brown. Fruit medium, obovate pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, with traces of russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long, slender, curbed, set in a small cavity, sometimes by a lip. Calyx small, open. Flerfh whitish, rather coarse, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly perfumed Good. September. Beurre Bollwiller. A winter cooking Fear, of good quality. Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin yellowish, with spots of grayish brown and russet near the calyx, shade of -red in the sun. Flesh white, half fine, j licy, sweet, agreeable. Good. January, March, Beurre Bosc. Bosc's Flasch anbirne. Calebasse Bosc. Cannelle. The Beurre Bosc is a Fear to which we give our vinqualified praise THE PEAR. 675 It is large, handsome, a regular bearer, always perfect, and of the high eat flavor. It bears singly, and not in clusters, looking as if thinned on the tree, whence it is always of line size. It was raised in 1807, by Van Mons, and named Calebasse Bosc in honor of M. Bosc, a distinguished Belgian cultivator. Having also been received at the garden of the Benn-6 Bosc. Horticultural Society of London under the name of Beurre' Bosc, Mr. Thompson thought it best to retain this name, as less likely to lead to a confusion with the Calebasse, a distinct fruit. The tree grows vigor- ously. Shoots long, brownish olive. Fruit large, pyriform, a little uneven, often tapering long and gra- dually into the stalk. Skin pretty smooth, dark yellow, a good deal cov- ered with streaks and dots of cinnamon russet, anil slightly touched with red on one side. Stalk one to two inches long, rather slender 676 THE PEAR. curved. Calyx short, set in a very shallow basin. Flesh white, melt ing, very buttery, with a rich, delicious, and slightly perfumed flavor, Best. Ripens gradually from the last of September to the last of Octx> ber. Beurre Brettouneau. Docteur Brettouneau. Brettouneau. One of Major Esperen's seedlings, originated in 1818. Tree vigorous, but comes late into bearing. Young wood yellowish brown. Fruit large, variable in form, generally obovate pyrifonn. Skin rough, light green, golden yellow at maturity, reddish brown in the sun. Flesh fine, yellowish white, not juicy, half melting, sugary, vinous, plea- santly perfumed. Good. March and April. Beurre Bruneau. Crassane d'Hiver de Bruneau. De Saint Herblain. Bergamotte Crassane d'Hiver. Crassane Bruneau. Crassane d'Hiver. Bergamotte Crassane de Bruneau. This variety, we believe, was originally figured and described in the Annals of Pomology as Bergamotte Crassane d'Hiver, but having re- ceived it as Beurre Bruneau, we prefer to continue that name as the most simple. It is not a variety of much excellence, although the tree is hardy and productive. Fruit medium, short obtuse pyriform, dull yellow, spotted and shaded with grayish brown. Flesh white, juicy, vinous a little acid. Good November, December. Beurr£ Burnicq. Originated and first fruited with Major Esperen, in 1846. Tree vig- orous, spreading, irregular, productive. Young wood reddish brown. Fruit medium, globular acute pyriform. Skin yellowish, partially netted and patched with russet, and sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk medium, fleshy at insertion. Calyx generally open. Basin small, un- even. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, vinous, slightly astringent. Good. October. Beurre Charron. Originated at Angers, France, in 1838. Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish, with many gray dots. Stalk long. Calyx small, closed. Basin deep. Flesh juicy, melting, buttery. Very good. October. Beurre Chatenay. A French Pear, too small for profit, but very good in quality. Fruit small, varying in form from obovate to ovate pyriform, pale yellow, netted and patched with russet, occasionally a red cheek in the Bun. Stalk rather short. Calyx partially open. Flesh* white, half fine, juicy, sweet, vinous. October. Beurre Citron. From Belgium, one of Van Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous. Young wood reddish brown. THK PEAR. 677 Fruit medium or below, obovate oblate. Skin whitish yelh/w, shade of red or crimson in the sun, traces of russet and many russet dots. Stalk long, a little curved, set in a small cavity, sometimes with a slight Up. Calyx open. Flesh white, half melting, juicy, sweet, a little per- fumed. Good to very good. Last September and October. We have received another and quite dilierent pear under this name, the wood of which is yellowish brown. Fruit medium or below, irregular, sometimes obovate obtuse pyri- form, and again ovate acute pyriform. Skin pale yellow, slightly netted with russet, and with small brown or russet dots. Stalk medium, fleshy at insertion. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, coarse, not juicy or melt- ing. Hardly good. November, December. Leroy makes General Lamoriciere identical with Beurre Citron, bm as we have received them they are quito distinct. B«urr6 Clairgcan. •78 THE PEAR. Beurre Clairgeau. Clairgeau. Clairgeau de Nantes. Raised by Pierre Clairgeau, of Nantes, France. Tree very vigorous. forming a beautiful pyramid. Young wood reddish brown, very produc- tive. The size, early bearing, productiveness, and beauty of this Pear ren- der it a profitable market sort. Fruit large, pyriform, but with unequal sides. Skin warm yellow, inclining to fawn, shaded with orange and crimson, thickly covered with russet dots, and sometimes sprinkled with russet. Stalk short, stout, and fleshy, inserted by a Up at an inclination almost without depression ; when the lip is absent the cavity is uneven. Calyx open. Segments stiff, in a shallow furrowed basin. Flesh yellowish, buttery, juicy, some- what granular, with a sugary, perfumed, vinous flavor. Good. October to January. Beurre Colmar. Beurre Colmar d'Automne. Beurre d'Enghien of France. It is one of Dr. Van Mons' seedlings, and is quite distinct from the Autumn Colmar. Fruit of medium size, oval obovate, regularly formed. Skin smooth, Dale green, becoming yellowish at maturity, with a blush next the sun, and thickly sprinkled with dots. Stalk an inch long. Calyx expanded, and set in a very shallow, narrow, irregular basin. Flesh very white, slightly crisp at first, but becoming very juicy and melting, with a slightly perfumed flavor. Good. October. Beurre Coloma. Beurre dn Coloma. Capucine d'Automne Coloma. The trees of this foreign Pear are good growers. Fruit small to medium, long oval pyriform, greenish yellow, with a tinge of red in the sun, and many green and brown dots. Stalk me- dium, inserted without cavity. Calyx open. Flesh whitish yellow, juicy, melting, slightly astringent. Good. October. Beurre d'Albret. Poire d'Albret. Beurre Delbret. Dalbret. Calebasse d'Albret A foreign variety. Tree vigorous and productive. Young wood reddish. Fruit medium or above, elongated pyriform, angular, often with a 3uture on one side. Skin yellow, mostly covered with cinnamon russet. Stalk short, thick, and fleshy, much inclined at its insertion by a lip. Calyx small, open, or partially closed. Basin small and uneven. Flesh greenish white, exceedingly juicy, buttery, melting, with a rich vinous flavor, highly perfumed. Very good. October. Beurre d'Amanlis. Hubard. Beurr - d'Amalis. Kaissoise. Beurre d'Amanlis. Kessoise. Tbiessoise. A Belgian Pear, very productive, variable. Succeeds best in cold latitudes. THE PEAK. 679 fruit large, obovate, not very regular, a little swollen on its sides fikin rather thick, dull yellowish green, with a pale reddish brown cheek Beurrd d'Albret. overspread with numerous brown dots and russet streaks and patches*. Stalk a little more than an inch long, set rather obliquely in a shallow, ir- regular cavity. Calyx open, with broad divisions. Basin shallow. Flesh yellowish, somewhat coarse, but buttery, melting, abundant, rich, with slightly perfumed juice, often astringent and poor. September. Beurre d'Amanlis Panachee differs from the above only in its skin, having green and greenish yellow shades and stripes. Beurre d'Anjou. Ne Plus Meuris of the French. A noble fruit, said to be of French origin. Tree vigoroiis. Young shoots yellowish brown, very productive. Fruit large, obtuse pyriform. Stem short, thick, and fleshy, inserted in A cavity, surrounded by russet. Calyx very small, open, stiff, in an exceed- ingly small basin, surrounded by russet. Skin greenish, sprinkled with russet, sometimes shaded with dull crimson, and sprinkled thickly with brown and crimson dots. Flesh whitish, not very fine, melting, juicy with a brisk vinous flavor, pleasantly perfumed. Very good to beat Oct >bor, November. 680 THE PEAK. This is one of the most profitable varieties foi orcharding, bearing abundantly and evenly, whether grown on quince or pear stocks. Benrrt d' Anjou. Beurre d'Aremberg. Due d'Aremberg. Deschamps. Colmar Deschamps. D'Aremberg Parfait. L'Orpheline. Beurr6 des Orphelines. Beurre Burchardt. Orpheline d'Enghien. Beurre Deschamps. Delices des Orphelins. The Beurre d'Aremberg is a fine fruit, high-flavored, bears most abundantly, and always keeps and matures with perhaps less care than most other winter fruits in the house. The Beurre" d'Aremberg was raised by the Abb6 Deschamps, in the garden of the Hospice des Orphelines, at Enghien. The Beurre d'Arem- berg of many French catalogues is the Glout Morceau. The two sorts are easily distinguished. The fruit of the d'Aremberg has a short, or thicker stalk, usually bent to one side ; its flavor is vinous instead of THE PEAK. 681 sugary, and its wood not so strong, with more deeply serrated leaves. Branches clear yellowish brown, dotted with pale specks. Tree un healthy and subject to canker. Fruit obovate, but narrowing a good deal to the stalk. Skin thick, rather uneven, pale greenish yellow, becoming yellow at maturity, with many tracings and spots of fight russet. Stalk short, half an inch to an inch long, thick, and very fleshy, especially where it joins the fruit, and usually planted very obliquely. Calyx short and small, set in a deep basin. Flesh white, buttery, and melting, with an abundant, rich, deli- cious vinous juice. Very good. December. Beurre d'Avoine. A variety of comparatively recent introduction from Belgium. Fruit medium, obovate. Skin greenish yellow, with a few patches and nettings of russet, and some russet dots. Stalk medium. Calyx ' closed. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, and pleasant. Good to very good. October. Beurr6 de Brignaia. Beurre de Brignais. Dm Nonnes. Poire dea Nonnes. Nun's Pear. De Nonne. A valuable variety, the origin of which we cannot learn. Tree 682 THE PEAR. vigorous, hardy, and productive. Young wood rich dark yellowiafc brown. Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Skin greenish, with numerous gray dots. Stalk long, curved, inserted in a narrow, uneven cavity. Calyx closed. Basin shallow, corrugated. Flesh white, juicy, melting, with a brisk, perfumed, high flavor. Very good. Ripe middle and last of September. Core small, continues a long time ere it decays. Beurre de Capiaumont. Capiumont. Beurre Aurore. Calebasse Vasse. Aurore. De la Glaciere. A Flemish Pear, very fair and handsomely formed, and a capital bearer, hardy in all soils and seasons ; sometimes first-rate ; but when the tree is heavily laden, it is apt to be slightly astringent. It grows freely. Branches a little pendent, grayish yellow. Fruit of medium size, long turbinate, very even, and tapering regu- larly into the stalk. Skin smooth, clear yellow, with a light cinnamon- red cheek, and a few small dots and streaks of russet. Calyx large, with spreading segments prominently placed, and not at all sunk. Stalk from three-fourths to an inch and a half long, curved. Flesh fine-grain- ed, buttery, melting, sweet, and, when not astringent, of high flavor. September and October. Beurre Defais. Beurre Audusson d'Hiver. Beurr6 Defays. A French Pear. Tree productive, and a strong, vigorous grower. Young shoots rich clear reddish brown, with a large pointed bud at end. Fruit rather large, oblique obtuse pyriform. Skin fine yellow, slightly netted with russet, and a few russet dots. Stalk varying in length, set in a narrow cavity. Calyx small, partially open. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly aromatic. Good. October. Beurre de Fevrier. This winter Pear originated in Rouen, France, and is classed as a Buperior variety ; we have not fruited it, and give our description from Leroy. Fi-uit medium, oblong obtuse ppiform. Skin greenish yellow, with clear spots of red in the sun. Flesh white, half fine, melting, slightly granulous, juicy, sweet with a vinous perfume. January, February, Beurre de Ghelin. Beurre Fromentel. Raised by M. Fontaine de Shelin, near Mons, Belgium. Tree vigo- rous, productive. Fruit large, very irregular in its outline, often roundish oblong oval, yellowish, with some few marblings of russet. Stalk short. Ca\ - ity irregular. Flesh yellowish white, half fine, juicy, sweet, agreeabji October, December. (Leroy.) THE PEAK. ggj Beurrb d'Hardenpont d'Automne. Wilfred? Tree upright, vigorous. Young wood grayish reddish brown. Fruit rather large, oblong obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin pale yel low, netted and patched with russet, and many large russet dots Stalk long, curved. Calyx open. Basin narrow, abrupt. Flesh yel lowish, juicy, sweet, slightly aromatic. Good to very good. Octo ber. Beurrb de Johnge. Originated in the garden of M. Gambier, near Brussels. Tree hardy, productive. Fruit medium to large, obovate acute pyriform, fleshy next the stem. Skin pale yellow, a tinge of red in the sun, considerably netted and patched with russet, and many russet dots. Stalk short, inclined lip at base. Calyx open. Segments short. Basin rather small and BeorrA de Konln«. jmeven. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, swe i rich, a little perfumeo. Good to very good. December, January. 684 THE PEAR. Beuiire de Xomng. Benrre Koninck. Beurre de Conick. Beurre Conning Auguste de Maraise ? A Belgian Pear. Tree moderately vigorous. Young shoots slen^ der, olive reddish yellow. Fruit medium, obovate, slightly obtuse pyriform. Skin yellowish green, with russet and brown dots and marblings. Stalk medium, si out. Calyx open, in a broad basin. Flesh white, juicy, melting, vinous Good to very good. October. Beurre Delannoy. «De Launay. Originated with Alexander Delannoy, of Tournai. Tree vigorous, productive. Young shoots dull reddish-yellowish brown. Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, a lit- tle brownish in the sun, with patches and traces of i-usset and many rus- set dots. Stalk varying, a little curved and inclined. Calyx open Flesh whitish, melting, refreshinglv sweet. Very good. October, No- vember. Beurre Delbecq. Delbecque. Fleur de Mars. Fondante Delbecq. Beurre Delberg. A Belgian variety. Tree vigorous and productive. Fruit medium, oval obovate, golden yellow, splashed and dotted with red in the sun. Flesh white, fine, melting, juicy, sweet. Good. September, October. Beurre Delfosse. Beurre Philippe Delfosse. Delfosse Bourgmestre. Delfosse. Philippe Delfosse. Bourgmestre Delfosse. Raised by M. Gregoire, of Belgium. Tree vigorous, productive. Young shoots very stout, rich warm yellow brown. Fruit medium to large, obovate obtuse pyriform, sometimes only obovate. greenish yellow, netted and patched with russet, and many russet dots. Stalk curved, set in a small cavity. Calyx open. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. October, November. Beurre de Mons. Beurr6 de Mans. A foreign Pear of little value, as it rots at the core. Fruit small, roundish obovate, yellowish, with a shade of brownish red in the sun, many green and gray dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx open. Flesh whitish, coarse, juicy, astringent. Poor. August. Beurre de Montgeron. New Frederick of Wurtemburg. De Montgeron, Beurre de Montigeron. A variety obtained by M. Guyot, of Villeneuve, in 1830. Tree vigo- rous, moderately productive. Young wood dull yellow brown. THE PEAR. G81 Fruit medium, broad pyriiorni. Skin yellow, shaded with fine rich red in the sun, and sprinkled with minute light brown dots, Stalk long, curved. Calyx open. Basin furrowed. Flesh whitish yeilow, juicy, melting, with a pleasant vinous flavor. Good to very good. August. Beurre de Nantes. Beurre Nantais. Beurre Blanc de Nantes. Raised by Francois Maisonneuve, at Nantes, France. Tree very vig- orous, upright, healthy, and comes early into bearing. Young wood olive. Fruit large, elongated pyriforin or pyramidal. Skin greenish yel- low, with a red cheek and minute dots. Stalk rather long and large, inserted by a lip almost without cavity. Calyx large, open. Basin broad and furrowed. Flesh juicy, sweet, melting, and pleasantly per- fumed. Very good. October. Beurre de Nivelles. A Belgian Pear, as yet but little known. Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform. Skin yellow, with brownish red in the sun, netted, patched, and dotted with russet. Stalk set in a small cavity. Calyx small, nearly closed. Basin small, narrow, abrupt. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, vinous. Good. October. Beurre de Quenast. We have received several Pears tinder this name, one of which has proved identical with Louise Bon de Jersey, and as we have doubts of the others, we copy description from the Annals of Pomology, as fol- lows : — Fruit medium, roundish oblong pyriform, slightly acute, greenish yellow, with patches of russet, and russet next the stalk and calyx. Flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet, and pleasantly perfumed. October Beurre Derouineau. A French Pear of small size and poor quality. Fruit small, obovate, yellowish, sprinkled with russet patches. Flesh white, sweet. October, November. Beurre de Saixt Arnaud. Beurre de Saint Arnaud. A Belgian Pear, originated in 1S">3. Tree vigorous. Fruit below medium, roundish obovate, yellow, becoming brownish red in the suu. Flesh white, fine, buttery, juicy, agreeable. Good. October. Beurre des Mouchouses. Origin, France. Fruit large, roundish obtuse obovate, yellow, with many gray dots Flesh white, fine, melting, juicy, vinous. July, August. (Leroy.) Beurr6 de Wettkrex. This Pear was discovered by Louis Berckmana, in his garden at 886 THE PEAR. Heyst-op-den-Berg, among a number of wild pear-trees of his sowing. Tree vigorous, very thorn)', suitable for a pyramid. Fruit middle size, turbinate. Stalk medium, with some small plaita around its insertion. Eye in a wide even cavity. Skin completely covered with russet, and slightly colored next the sun. Flesh fine, yel- lowish white, half melting, buttery, with an abundant sugary, agreeably perfumed, musky iuice. February. (An. Pom.) Beurr6 DieL Beurre Diel Dillen. Des Trois Tours. Mabille. Beurrt'1 d'Yelle. De Melon. Melon de Kops. Beurru Mag-nifique. Beurre Incomparable. Diel's Butterbirne. DieL Dorothee Royale. Grosse Dorothee. Sylvanghe vert d'hiver. Beurre Royale. Dorothee Royale. Gros Dillen A chance seedling near Brussels, Belgium, dedicated by Van Mona, Beurre de Gell«t Dillen d' Hi ver. Dry Toren. Gracioli d'Hiver. Fourcroy. Guillaume de Nassau. Beurre Vert. THE PEAR. 687 and named in honor of his friend Dr. Augustus Frederick Adrien Diel, » distinguished German pomologist. Its vigor, productiveness, and beauty have made it already a general favorite with our planters. It is in every respect a first-rate fruit in favorable situations, but on very young trees and in cold soils it is apt to be rather coarse and astringent. The tree has long, very stout, twisting branches, and is uncommonly vigorous. Young shoots reddish yellow grayish brown. Fruit large, varying from obovate to obtuse pyriform. Skin rather thick, lemon yellow, becoming orange yellow, marked with large brown dots, and marblings of russet. Stalk an inch to an inch and three-quar- ters long, stout, curved, set in a rather uneven cavity. Calyx nearly closed, and placed in a slightly furrowed basin. Flesh yellowish white, a little coarse-grained, especially at the core, but rich, sugary, half melt- ing, and, in good specimens, buttery and delicious. Very good. In eating, in this country, from September to December, if picked and ripened in the house. Beurre du Cercle. Beurre de Cercle. Pratique de Rouen. A new French Pear little known. Tree moderately vigorous. Fruit medium or below, very irregular in form, varying from obovate to oblong acute pyriform. Skin yellow, mostly covered with golden russet, and shade of red in sun, and many russet dots. Stalk rather short. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, coarse, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly vinous. Good. October. Beurre Duhaume. Tree a moderate grower, productive. Young wood yellowish brown. Fruit medium, oblate turbinate, very much depressed, with a suture along one side. Skin rough, covered with thin russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk short, thick, and fleshy, inserted by a lip at an inclination. Calyx open. Segments stiff. Basin irregular. Flesh coarse, buttery, juicy, melting, with a pleasant vinous flavor. Good. November to February. Beurre Dumont. Beurre Dumon. A Belgian variety, raised by Joseph Dumont. Tree a vigorous grower, with rather slender branches. Fruit rather large, obovate pyriform obtuse. Skin pale yellow, with a shade of red in the sun, and a few nettings and patches of rus- set and russet dots. Stalk rather stout, set in a slight cavity. Calyx open. Flesh white, a little coarse, juicy, melting, refreshing, sweet. Good. September and October. Beurre Dumortier. Du Mortier. Dumontier. Dumoustier. A Belgian Pear. Fruit medium, roundish obovate pyriform, often with unequal 688 THE PEAS. sides Skin rough, greenish, partially netted and patched with russet, and many russet dots. Stalk generally inclined and without depression. Calyx open. Segments long, recurved. Flesh greenish white, juicy, sweet, melting, a little vinous. Good to very good. October. Beurre Durand. Originated at Angers, France, and introduced in 1855. Fruit medium, oblong obtuse pyriform, yellow, dotted and mar- bled with fawn-color and splashed with red in the sun. Stalk short. Calyx half closed. Flesh white, fine, melting, sugary, vinous. Sep- tember, October. (Leroy.) Beurre Duval: Duval. Dwael. Roi Louis Nouveau. Audibert. A Belgian Pear, raised by M. Duval. Tree vigorous, productive. Young wood pretty stout, grayish olive brown. Fruit medium to large, varying in form from obovate to oblong obtuse pyriform. Skin warm yellow, dull brown in the sun, and with patches and nettings of russet and many brown dots. Stalk mode- rately stout, with little or no depression. Calyx open. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good to very good. October. Beurre Duvivier. Duvivier. General Duvivier. A coarse, poor French Pear. Fruit small, obovate, greenish with russet. Flesh white, coarse, sweet, pleasant, hardly good. Rots at core. September. Beurre Flon. Originated near Angers, France, in 1852. Fruit large, oblong obovate obtuse pyriform. Sides unequal. Skin rough, thick, citron yellow, mostly overspread, marbled, splashed, and dotted with red. Stalk short, set in a shallow cavity. Calyx open. Flesh white, half fine, tender, juicy, a little rough, sweet, aromatic. September, October. (Leroy.) Beurre Fougiere. A foreign Pear, introduced by J. C. Lee. Fruit of medium size, obovate. Skin greenish yellow, with patches and uoints of light russet, and some dark green spots. Flesh yellowish white, coarse-grained, a little gritty at the core, melting, juicy, sweet, and good. October. (Rob. Manning's MS.) Beurre Gendron. Poire Gendron. A large foreign Pear, fine for cooking. Fruit large, irregular, oblong obovate obtuse pyriform, yellowish, with a shade of brownish red in the sun. Flesh white, coarse, breaking juicy, sweet, vinous. Januarv, March. THE PEAR. 6«g Beurre Gens. Tree vigorous and productive. Young wood yel- A Belgian Pear, lowish brown. Fruit medium, roundish obovate, obscurely pyriform. Skin yellow shaded with bright red and sprinkled with russet dots, and netted and patched with russet. Stalk short. Calyx small, partially closed. Basir narrow. Flesh white, fine, juicy, melting, sweet, vinous, aromatic, a little gritty at the core. Very good. October. Beurr£ Giffard. Poire Giffard. Giffart. A chance seedling, originated with M. Giffard, Angers, France. Tree of moderate growth, with slender reddish-colored shoots. Benrre Giffard. Fruit medium in sue, pyriform, tapering to the stem, which is rather long. Skin greenish yellow, marbled with red on the sunny side. Calyx closed. Segments stiff, set in a very small basin. Flesh white, melting, juicy, with an excelh nt vinous flavor, delightfully perfumed. An early Pear of value, but requires to be gathered early, and does not continue long. Very good. Ripening middle of August. 44 6i)0 THE PEAK. Beurre Goubalt. Poire Goubalt. Originated in France, in 1842. Tree vigorous, an early bearer, an very rich, sugary, and delicious. Last of October. (Hogg.) Comte de Flandre. THE PEAR. 727 Cjmte be Flandre. 8t. Jean Baptiste. St. Jean Baptiste d'Hiver. One of Van Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous, productive. Foung wood reddish yellow brown. Friut large, elongated pyriform, obtuse. Skin yellowish, con- siderably covered with russet. Stalk long, much inclined, and insert- ed by a lip in a small cavity. Calyx open, set in a shallow, corrugated basin. Flesh very buttery, melting, juicy, granular, sweet, and rich Good to very good. October, November. Comstock. Comstock Wilding. A coarse cooking Pear that originated in Dutchess Co., N. Y. Fruit of medium size, regularly formed, obovate. Skin smooth and glossy, bright yellow, with a crimson cheek. Flesh white, crisp, and, if well ripened, with a sweet and sprightly flavor. November. COMTE DE LAMY. Beurre Curtet. Beurre Quitelet. Comte Lamay. Dingier. Bis Curtet. Beurre Cutter. Henri Van Mons, erroneously. Originated in Belgium in 1828. Tree vigorous, spreading. Fruit of medium size, oblate pyriform. Skin yellow, with a brownish red cheek, and sprinkled with patches and small russety dots. Stalk au inch long, straight, obliquely inserted under a lip, or planted in a slight cavity. Calyx open, set in a shallow basin. Flesh white, fine-grained, buttery, melting, sweet. Good. Last of September tc middle of October. Comte de Paris. One of "Van Mons' seedlings. Tree pyramidal, very vigorous. Young shoots reddish brown grayish. Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform, often elongated. Skin greenish yel- low, a little netted and patched with russet, and dotted with conspicuous russet and green dots. Stalk long, slender, curved, set in a shallow cavity, sometimes by a lip. Calyx large, open. Segments long. Basin small. Flesh whitish yellow, juicy, melting, brisk, slightly vinous, musky. Good to very good. September. Comte Lelieur. Frederick Lelieur. Of Belgian origin. Tree vigorous, upright, moderately productive. Young wood reddish olive brown. Fruit large, pyriforru. Skin yellowish green, with a brownish-red cheek, speckled with gray, netted and patched with russet. Stalk short, curved, inclined, set by a lip. Flesh yellowish white, a little coarse- grained, melting, juicy, sweet. Good to very good. September. 728 THE PEAR. COMTESSE d'AlOST. A Belgian Pear, highly commended abroad, but here proves onlj good. Tree vigorous. Young wood dull reddish yellow brown. Fruit large, oblong ovate pyriform, sometimes acute. Skin pale yel- low, slightly netted and patched with russet, and many brown dots, shade of red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, juicy, half melting, vinous, astringent. Scarcely good. November. COMTESSE DE ChAMBORD. Originated at Poictiers, France. Tree moderately vigorous. Young wood olive yellow brown. Leroy describes the fruit as follows : — " Fruit small to medium, obtuse pyriform. Skin yellowish green in the shade, bright golden in the sun, veined, dotted, and marbled with yellowish gray. Stalk short. Calyx large, half closed. Flesh yellowish white, melting, rough at centre, sweet, vinous, delicate aroma.,r Novem ber, December. Congress Pomologique. Triomphe de Pomologique. Originated with M. Boisbunel, at Rouen, in 1856. Tree a vigorous grower, with moderate-sized young shoots, long-jointed, and of a dull yellowish-brown color, with many rough specks. Productive. Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform. Skin rather rough, greenish yellow, with traces of yellow, and sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk long, slen- der, with bracts, set in a shallow cavity. Calyx large, open. Segments long, recurved. Basin broad, shallow, uneven, russeted. Flesh whitish, butteiy, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good to very good. October, November. Conklin. Originated in Westchester Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous and produc- tive. Fruit rather large, oblate obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish or pale yellow, netted and patched with russet, and dotted with green and brown dots. Stalk medium, fleshy at insertion. Calyx partially closed in a deep, abrupt basin. Flesh yellowish, coarse, juicy, half melting, sweet. Good. September. CONSEILLER RaNWEZ. One of Yan Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous, very productive. Young wood dull olive reddish brown. Fruit large, very irregular in form, obovate obtuse, obscurely pyri- form. Skin greenish yellow, rough, with a few patches of russet, and many brown clots. Stalk inserted in a broad cavity, by a slight lip or fleshy ring. Calyx open, stiff, set in a furrowed basin. Flesh coarse, a little granular, juicy, melting, perfumed, sweet, vinous, slightly astrin gent. Good. October. THE PEAR. 72& COPIA. A Philadelphia seedling. Fruit large. Skin yellow. Flesh rather coa-se, but sugary. Poor September to October. Cornwell. Cluster ? An old Pear, origin unknown, transferred by travelling grafters from the New England States, and may yet prove some named sort. Fruit small, nearly globular, greenish yellow, netted and patched with light russet. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, vinous, a little astxin- gent. Good. Early September. Coter. One of Van Mons' seedlings, of moderate growth and productive. Fruit medium or below, irregular in form, varying from obtuse to acute pyriform. Skin yellowish, with numerous russet dots, some patches of russet, and russet around the calyx and stem. Stalk slightly curved, and enlarged at its insertion, without cavity, and inclined. Calyx open, set in an abrupt, not very deep basin. Flesh whitish, not very fine, j uicy, vinous. Good. December. Crassane. Bergamotte Crassane. Cresane. Bergamotte Crassane d'Automne. Beurre Plat. Flat Butter. Crassane d'Automne. An old variety, cultivated as long ago as 1667. Tree hardy, vigo- rous, and productive. Young wood Light reddish. Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate. Skin yellow, rarely with a blush, dotted with russet dots. Flesh coarse, rather dry, sweet, plea- Bant. Good. October, November. Crawford. Bancrief. Lammas of the Scotch. A Scotch fruit, of second quality ; the chief merit of which is its hardiness La a cold climate. Fruit middle-sized, obovate. Skin light yellow, tinged with browu Ln the sun. Flesh white, buttery, sweet, and of a tolerably pleasant flavor. August. Croft Castle. An English variety, peculiar in its shape, and especially so in its flavor ; very productive Fruit medium. Skin pale greenish yellow. Flesh juicy, crisp, and 3W3«'t. Scarcely good. October. 730 THE PEAR. Cross. Originated on the premises of Mr. Cross, of Newbuiyport, Ma*s, .Branches rather slender, of slow growth. Fruit of medium size, roundish oblate. Skin smooth, deep yellow, with a red cheek, and marked with numerous russet dots, and patches of russet around the eye. Stalk planted in a slight depression. Flesh coarse, white, melting, juicy, and sweet. Good. In eating from the last of November to the middle of January, but chiefly in December. Crouch. Originated at Colchester, Conn. Tree vigorous. Young wood dull yellow brown. Fruit below medium size, roundish inclining to oblate. Skin pale yellow, considerably netted and patched with russet, many russet dots. Stalk slender, curved. Calyx open. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. Early September. Cumberland. A native fruit, in Cumberland, Rhode Island. Fruit rather large, obovate pyriform. Skin orange yellow, pale red cheek. Flesh white, buttery, and tolerably juicy. Good. September and October. Cushing. The Cushing is a native of Massachusetts, having originated on the grounds of Colonel Washington Cushing, of Hingham, about forty yeara ago. It is a very sprightly Pear, and, like many of our native varieties, it produces most abundant crops. Branches rather slender, diverging olive yellow brown. Fruit medium size, obovate, tapering rather obliquely to the stem Skin smooth, light greenish yellow, sprinkled with small gray dots, ana occasionally a dull red cheek. Stalk an inch long, planted in an abrupt cavity. Calyx rather small, set in a basin of moderate size. Flesh white, fine-grained, buttery, melting, sweet, sprightly, perfumed. Good. Middle of September. Dallas. Raised by Governor Edwards, of New Haven, Conn. Tree upright, vigorous. Young wood reddish brown. A profitable Pear to grow, aa it produces abundantly and keeps long after gathering. Fruit rather large, ovate obtuse pyriform. Skin yellow, with a sunny cheek, thickly sprinkled with crimson and russet dots. Stalk large, long, inserted by a slight lip in a very moderate cavity. Calyx open. Basin shallow, corrugated. Flesh buttery, juicy, with a sweet, rich, pleasant aromatic flavor. Very good. Ripe October and November. Dana's Hovey. Raised by Francis Dana, of Roxbury, Mass. Tree vigorous, hardy, THE PEAR. 731 and productive. Young wood olive yellow brown, retains its foliage late in season. This is one of the highest-flavored Pears, next to the Seckle, that we have known. It lacks in size for a market variety, but as an amateur sort is one of the most desirable. Dana's Hovey. Fruit small, obovate obtuse pyriform, regular. Skin greenish yei- low or pale yellow, considerably netted and patched with russet, and sprinkled with many brown dots. Stalk rather short, a little curved, set in a slight cavity, sometimes by a lip. Calyx open. Basin snialh' uneven, and slightly russeted. Flesh yellowish, juicv, melting, with a sugary, rich, aromatic flavor. Best. November to January. Darlington. An American variety, the origin of which we have been unable tc learn. Tree very vigorous, upright grower, productive. Youn" wood yellow brown. Fruit large, oblate obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, with sometimes a shade of crimson in the sun, nettings and patches of iusset, and russet dots. Flesh whitish, coarse, sweet. Not quite good. Rots at core. Early September. Davis. Introduced from Delaware Co., Pa. The only claim this Pear hai is that some specimens are almost, or entirely, seedless. Fruit small, obovate obtuse, yellowish," netted and patched with russet dots. Stalk short, in a small cavity. Calyx partially open. 732 THE PEAR. Flesh yellowish, rather coarse, not juicy, melting, sweet. Good. Sep tember. This is similar to and may be identical with Elton. Dearborn's Seedling. Nones. Dearborn's Sanding. Dearbom'i Seedling. A very admirable early Pear; of first quality, raised in 1818, b} the Hon. H. A. S. Dearborn, of Boston. It bears most abundant crops, and is one of the most de- sirable early varieties, succeeding the Bloodgood, and preceding the Bartlett. Young shoots long, reddish brown. Fruit scar.oely of medium size, roundish pyriform, and very regu- larly formed. Skin very smooth, clear light yellow, with a few mi- nute dots. Stalk slender, rather more than an inch long, set with very little depression. Calyx with delicate spreading segments, set in a very shallow basin. Flesh white, very juicy and melt- ing, sweet and sprightly in fla- vor. Very good. Ripens about the middle of August. De Bavat. Poire de Bavay. One of Van Mons' seedlings. Tree a moderate grower. Young wood dull olive brown. Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform. Skin yellowish, netted and patched with russet, and sprinkled with large russet dots. Stalk stout, curved, a little inclined, set in a small cavity. Calyx open. Basin shallow, un- even, often nisseted. Flesh yellowish, rather coarse, juicy, melting, sweet, a little aromatic. Good to very good. October. De Deux Foix Lane. A small foreign Pear, handsome but of poor quality. Fruit small, oblate pyriform, irregular, or a little inclined, lemon yellow, with a crimson-red cheek, fawn and russet nettings and dots. Flesh white, coarse, rather dry, sweet. Poor. August. D£lices de Charles. We have received two Pears under tliis name, one as of Van Mons, the other of Bouvier. The former is medium in size, irregular in form, varying from obo- vate to obovate pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, netted and patched THE PEAR. 733 with russet, and sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk rather lorg, inclined, Bet in a slight depression, often with a lip. Calyx open. Flesh yellow ish, juicy, melting, vinous, sweet. September, October. The latter is above medium in size, obovate obtuse. Skin greenish, with traces of russet, and sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk long, curved, set in a rather large cavity. Flesh whitish, buttery, rots at core. Middle of September. Delices de Froyennes. This variety was obtained by M. de Courcelle, of Lille, near Tour- nay. Fruit medium, acute pyriform. Skin a little rough, clear fawn-color. Stalk straight, stout. Calyx open. Flesh white, fine, melting, juicy sweet, perfumed. November, December. (Revue Horticole.) Delices d'Hardenpont of Angers. Beurre des Hautes. Vignes. Beurre Lasalle. Delices d' Angers. Tree of moderate growth, productive. Fruit medium, roundish, greenish, becoming yellowish at maturity, with a warm cheek, sprinkled and patched with russet. Stalk short and thick, inserted by a ring or lip at an inclination, in a shallow cavity. Calyx open. Segments short, stiff, in a small, uneven basin. Flesh yel- lowish, nearly melting, juicy, sugary, aromatic. Good to very good. October, November. Delices d'Hardenpont of Belgium. Fondante Pariselle. Charles d'Autriche. Delices d'Ardenpont. Pariselle. Archduke Charles. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, with long, slender shoots of dull olive brown color. Fruit medium, truncate conic or pyramidal, angular. Skin rough, greenish, covered with .small brown dots, becoming yellowish at matu- rity. Stalk short and thick, inserted in a small uneven cavity at an in- clination. Calyx large, set in a shallow furrowed basin. Flesh while, buttery, juicy, melting, sweet, with a fine aromatic perfume. Good. November, December. Delices de Jodoigne. This Belgian Pear originated in 1846, but it i,s yet little known. Tree moderately vigorous. Young wood reddish brown. Fruit rather large, varying from obtuse to acute pyriform. Skin pale yellow, rich brownish crimson in the sun, netted and patched and dotted with russet. Stalk medium, sometimes with a slight depression at insertion, again fleshy, without cavity. Calyx open. Segments ro- curved. Basin small, shallow. Flesh white, iuicy, buttery, half melt ing. Good to very good. October. 734 THE PEAK. Delices de la Cacaudiere. This variety originated in France, in 1846. We do not know of its being fruited in this country, but its size aud period of ripening are pro- mising of value. Fruit large, obotrate pyriform, yellow green, shaded with red in the sun and many small dots. Stalk long, stout, set without depression Flesh white, a Little coarse, half melting, juicy, sweet. Ripens early in August. (Verg.) Deuces de Louvenjal. Jules Bivort. An old variety, yet little known in this country. Tree moderately vigorous and very productive. Fruit medium or above, obovate obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, with patches of russet and many small green and russet dots. Stalk rather stout, curved. Calyx small. Basin shallow. Flesh juicy, melt- ing, sweet, rich, vinous. Good to very good. October, November. Delices Van Mons. Delices de Mons. Delices de la Meuse. The date of origin of this Pear is unknown. So far as we can learn, it was first described simply as Delices. The tree is a healthy free grower, wTith young wood of a dull grayish yellow brown. Fruit medium, ovate obovate pyriform. Surface somewhat uneven. Skin pale yellow, with a sbade of crimson in the sun, nettings of russet, and numerous brown dots. Stalk rather long. Cavity small, russeted. Calyx small, closed. Segments short. Basin small, slightly russeted. Flesh white, coarse at the core, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant, slightly vinous. Good or very good. October. De Louvain. Poire de Louvain. Gros Quere. Valandree. Bezy de Louvain. Parabelle Musque. Raised by Van Mons in 1827. Fruit of medium size, obovate, inclining to pyriform, and tapering to the stalk. Skin rather uneven, clear light yellow, a little marked with russet, and dotted with brown points, which take a ruddy tinge next tlie sun. Stalk about an inch long, stout, inserted obliquely with- out depression, or by the side of a fleshy lip. Calyx placed in a very narrow, shallow basin. Flesh white, buttery, and melting. Good. October. Democrat. Originated in Pennsylvania. Tree a vigorous grower and produc- tive. Fruit medium or below, obovate roundish. Skin greenish yellow, nettings and patches of russet, and dotted with conspicuous russet and brown dots. Stalk long, slender, curved, set in a small cavity. Calyx large, open. Basin abrupt, uneven. Flesh half melting, juicy, sweet, pleasant. Good. September. THE PEAR. 736 Des Chasseurs. Chasseurs. Sportsman. Poire des Chasseurs. Hunter. This Belgian Pear is supposed to be one of Van Mons' seedlings. The tree is moderately vigorous, somewhat spreading, productive. Young Bhoots warm yellow brown. Fruit medium, pyriform, sometimes obtuse. Skin greenish yellow, covered with minute dots, and a few patches of russet. Stalk long, en- larged at its junction, without depression. Calyx small. Basin shal- low. Flesh buttery, juicy, slightly granular, perfumed. Good to very good. October. DeSIREE CoRNELIS. Cornells. Raised by M. Bivort. Tree vigorous, productive. Young wood cinnamon russet brown. Fruit medium to large, oblong obovate pyriform, slightly obtuse. Skin greenish yellow, with nettings of russet and irregular conspicuous brown dots. Stalk curved, set in a slight cavity. Calyx partially closed. Basin small. Flesh whitish, juicy, half melting, sweet. Yery good. Early September. Desiree Van Mons. One of Van Mons' seedlings, originated in 1836. Fruit medium to large, obtuse pyriform. Skin dull greenish, with a few traces and patches of russet, especially around the stalk, minute marblings and dots of black. Stalk slender, curved, set in a very slight depression. Flesh white, half melting, juicy, sweet, perfumed. Good. September, October. De Sorlus. One of Van Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous, very productive. Fruit medium or above, oblong obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, slightly netted and patched with russet, and sprinkled with minute green and brown dots. Stalk rather long, generally straight, Bet with little or no cavity, sometimes by a ring or enlargement at base. Calyx open. Basin small, uneven. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, not juicy or melting. Good. November. De Tongres. Poire Durandeau. Thift fine fruit was raised by M. Durandeau, of Tongres, France. Tree vigorous, with long slender branches, pyriform, bears young and abundantly. Young shoots olive yellow brown. Fruit large, obovate acute pyriform, slightly irregular. Skin pale yellow, covered with rich cinnamon russet, which becomes crimson on 786 THE PEAR. the sun-exposed side. Sprinkled with russet and brown dots. Stalk long, curved, inserted without depression, often by a lip. Calyx small, open, or partially closed. Segments short, erect. Basin shallow, abrupt, uneven. Flesh white, fine, melting, juicy, vinous, rich saccharine. Very good. October. Deux Sceurs. Des Deux Soeurs. The Two Sisters. A chance seedling found near Marines, France, and named by Major Esperen. Tree vigorous, thorny, hardy, productive. Fruit medium, oblong oval, irregular. Skin greenish yellow, sprin- kled with brown dots. Stalk rather short, set in a slight depression 01 by a lip. Calyx open. Flesh white, coarse, moderately juicy, sweet. Good. October, November. Devergnies. Belle du Vernis. Duvernay. Belle du Vernie. Duvernis. Beurre Duvernay. A Belgian Pear, originated at Hainault in 1817. Fruit medium, roundish short pyriform. Skin dull yellow, shaded and blotched with brownish red in the sun, dark russet dots and specks. Stalk curved, set in furrowed cavity. Calyx large. Basin furrowed. Flesh whitish, half fine, sweet. Good. December. DlCKERMAN. Pardee's No. 2. Raised by S. D. Pardee, New Haven, Conn. Tree vigorous and productive. Young wood dark rich brown. Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Skin yellowish, shade of bright cinnamon in the sun, thickly covered with minute dots. Stalk curved, fleshy at its insertion, in a moderate cavity. Calyx nearly closed. Seg- ments persistent. Basin broad and uneven. Flesh whitish, buttery, juicy, melting, perfumed. Good to very good. Ripe from the middle of September to the middle of October. DlEUDONNB AXTHOIXE. A variety from Enghien, Belgium. Tree vigorous, moderately pro- ductive. Fruit medium, roundish obtuse pyriform. Skin light yellow, vary- ing to a cinnamon yellow, with occasionally a flush of red in the sun. Flesh whitish, melting, juicy, sugary, vinous, perfumed. October. (An. Pom.) Diller. A Pennsylvania Pear. Tree a slow and poor grower. Young wood tight brownish yellow. Fruit below medium, nearly globular. Skin yellowish, sprinkled THE PEAR. '37 and patched with russet. Stalk long, inserted in a very slight cavity by a fleshy ring. Calyx closed, set in a rather broad, shallow basin. Flesh whitish, coarse, and granular, juicy, buttery, melting, with a very sweet, aromatic perfumed flavor. Good to very good. Ripe last of August and first of September. Dix. Dix. Lewis, erroneously of the Frenoh. The Dix is, unquestionably, a fruit of the highest excellence, and deserves the attention of all planters. It is one of die hardiest of pear- trees, but the tree does not come into bearing until it lias attained con- siderable size. The young branches are dull olive yellow brown, upright, and slender. The original tree stands in the garden of Madam Dix, Boston. It bom for the first time in 1826. 47 738 THE TEAR. Fruit large, oblong, or long pyriform. Skin ro ighish, fine deep yel low at maturity, marked with distinct russet dots, and sprinkled with fcjsset around the stalk. Calyx small for so large a fruit. Basin nar- row, and scarcely at all sunk. Stalk rather stout, short, thicker at each end, set rather obliquely, but with Little or no depression. Flesh not very fine-grained, but juicy, rich, sugary, melting, and delicious, with a slight perfume. Very good to best. October and November. DOCTEUR BOUVIER. A vigorous tree, forming a beautiful pyramid, very productive. Young wood yellow reddish brown. Fruit medium, roundish obovate pyriform. Skin greenish, becom- ing slightly yellow at maturity, sprinkled, shaded, and dotted with russet, sometimes slightly crimson and fawn in the sun. Stalk curved, set without depression. Calyx open. Flesh a Little coarse, juicy, melt- ing, brisk, vinous, slightly perfumed. Good to very good. December. DOCTEUR CAPRON. One of Yan Mons' seedlings, originated in 1842. Fruit medium, regular, ovate pyriform. Skin pale yelLow, a little brownish in the sun, with nettings, patches, and dots of russet. Stalk medium, inclined, set in a slight depression, russeted. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, juicy, half melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. October, November. DOCTEUR LENTIER. Doctor Lenthier. A Belgian Pear, originated about 1847, and named after M. Lentier, a physician. Tree vigorous, productive. Young shoots olive brown. Fruit medium, obovate, sometimes acute pyriform. Skin greenish or pale yellow, with traces and patches of russet, especially next the stalk, sometimes a shade of crimson in the sun, and sprinkled with mi- nute brown dots. Stalk varying, set without depression. Calyx par- tially closed. Basin small. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. September, October. Docteur Trousseau. Raised from seed at Saint Remy, France, in 1848. Tree a vigorous grower, with long, strong, rather spreading branches. Young wood dull dark red brown. Fruit medium to large, roundish obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, partially netted and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk variable, curved, set in a slight depression or oavity, sometimes by a lip. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melt- ing, vinous, a little astringent. Good to very good. November. Doctor Nelis. Another Belgian variety, originated in 1847, and named and dei THE PEAR. 739 dicated to a physician. Tree moderately vigorous and productive Young wood olive yellow brown. Fruit medium, roundish pyriform, slightly obtuse. Skin greenish yellow, with a shade of red in the sun somewhat patched and netted Doctor Nelis. with russet, and sprinkled with russet green dots. Stalk short, a little inclined, set in a small, russeted cavity. Calyx large, open. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant, slightly vinous. Very good. Last of September. Doctor Reeder. Reeder's Seedling. Raised from seed of the Winter Nelis by Dr. Henry Reeder, Vanck, Seneca Co., N. Y. Tree very hardy, healthy, vigorous, spreading, open foi-m, an excellent bearer. Young shoots warm olive brown. Fruit small to medium, roundish ovate obtuse pyriform, compressed, often apparently slightly farrowed on one side. Skin yellow, netted and patched with russet nearly over the whole surface, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long and slender, slightly curved, a little inclined, in a small cavity. Calyx large and open. Segments large, lying flat on the fruit. Basin medium, nearly regular. Flesh fine, juicy, melting, buttery, a little granular, very sugary, vinous, with a high musky perfume. Yery good to best. November. 740 THE PKAB. Doctor Beeder. Doctor Turner. A Connecticut Pear, origin unknown. Tree a moderate spreading grower. Young wood a dark olive brown. Fruit large, acute obtuse pyriform. Skin pale yellow, sometimes with a slight blush, and thickly sprinkled with green and brown dots, a few traces of russet. Stalk long, curved, set in a slight depression by a ring or lip. Calyx closed. Basin rather small. Flesh white, juicy, half melting, slightly vinous, somewhat astringent. Good. August. DOROTHEE ROY ALE NOUVELLE. Fruit about medium, pyriform, uneven. Skin smooth, clear deep lemon yellow, with here and there a patch of cinnamon russet. Calyx open. Stalk stout. Flesh very fine, melting, juicy, rich. Last of Oc- tober. (Hogg.) DORSORIS. American Beauty. Origin unknown. Introduced by Isaac Coles, of Glen Cove, Long Island. Tree a vigorous, upright, spreading grower, and an early bearer Young wood reddish yellow brown. Fruit medium, roundish pyriform. Skin pale yellow, shaded witk THK PEAR. 741 bright rich crimson in the sun, and sprinkled with brown and greeo dots. Stalk medium. Calyx nearly closed. Flesh white, buttery, eweet, pleasant. Good. August. Dow. Raised by Dr. Eli Ives, New Haven, Conn. Tree upright, vigorous, productive. Fruit rather above medium, obovate, acutely pyriform, sometimes turbinate. Skin rough, yellowish green, sprinkled with russet dots, and a few small patches of russet. Stalk long, inserted at an inclination in a very slight cavity. Calyx large, open, set in a very small basin. Flesh white, buttery, juicy, melting, with a good vinous flavor, some- times slightly astringent. Good. September, October. Doyen Dillen. Deacon Dillen. Doctor Dillen. One of Van Mons' Pears. Tree vigorous, productive. Young wood olive yellow brown. Fruit rather large, oblong pyriform. Skin fine yellow, inclining to russet, thickly sprinkled with russet specks. Stalk short, thick, and fleshy, strongly fixed, without any depression. Calyx small, rarely open. Basin of moderate depth. Flesh juicy, buttery, sweet, and rich, Very good. October, November. Dcyenn6 Bonaaock. f 42 THIS PEAR. Doyenne Boussock. Doyenne Boussouck Nouvelle. Beurre Boussock. Beurre de Merode. Albertine. Double Philippe. Beurre de Westerloo. Bossoch. Beurre Magnifique. Doyenne de Merode. Tliis Belgian Pear proves one of the most vigorous of trees, an i pro- fitable as a market sort. Tree vigorous, upright, spreading. Young wood dull reddish brown. Fruit varying in form, obovate inclining to pyriforin, or roundish obtuse obovate. Skin rough, deep yellow, netted and clouded with rus- set, with a warm cheek. Stalk rather short and stout, inserted in a round cavity. Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh buttery, juicy, melting, sweet, aromatic, and excellent. Very good. September and October. Delpiere, as we have received it, proves identical with the above. Doyenne dA-len^on. Doyenne d'Hiver d'Alencon. Doyenne Marbre. Doyenne Gris d'Hiver Nouveau. Doyenne' d'Hiver Nouveau. St. Michael d'Hiver. A foreign Pear, of unknown origin. Tree moderately vigorous and productive. Young shoots dull olive brown. Fruil medium, roundish oval, inclining to obovate or pyriform. Skin rough, yellow, shaded with dull crimson or carmine, sprinkled, netted, and patched with russet brown dots. Stalk of moderate length, pretty large, inserted in a medium cavity. Calyx open. Segments per- sistent. Basin deep, round, upright. Flesh somewhat granular, but- tery, juicy, sugary, very rich, sprightly, and highly perfumed. Very good. December to April. Doyenne de Cercle. Doyenne de Cercle Pratique de Rouen. Fruit medium, nearly round, inclining to pyriform. Sides unequal. Skin greenish yellow, with a blush of crimson in the sun, a few traces and nettings of russet, and thickly sprinkled with large brown dots. Stalk varying, set in a small cavity. Calyx open. Basin uneven, slightly russeted. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, slightly vinous. Good. October. Doyenne d'Ete. Summer Doyenne\ Jolliemont. Doyenne de Juillet. Roi Jolimont. St. Michael d'£te. Jolimont. Jolivet. One of Van Mons' seedlings, obtained in 1823. Tree vigorous, up- right, an early and abundant bearer. Young shoots reddish yellow brown. Fruit small, roundish obovate, slightly pyriform. Skin smooth, fine yellow, often shaded with bright red, anH covered with numerous THE PEAK. 743 gray or russet dots. Stalk rather short and thick, fleshy at its junction with the fruit, almost without depression. Calyx small and open, in a Doyenne d'Ete. very shallow, slightly corrugated basin. Flesh white, melting, juicy, with a sweet, pleasant flavor. Good to very good. Last of July. Doyenne Defais. Defaya Doyenne d'Affay. Originated at Angers, France. Tree moderately vigorous. Young wood dull olive brown, with many white specks. Fiiiit medium or below, roundish oblate. Skin pale yellow, some- times a slight shade of red in the sun, traces of russet and sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk short, a little curved, in a broad cavity. Calyx open. Basin abrupt, furrowed. Flesh white, juicy, lurking, sweet, pleasant, slightly aromatic. Good to very good. October. DoYEXN* DE SaUMUR. Tree vigorous. Young wood grayish olive. Fruit medium or below, roundish ovate. Skin (>a\e whitish yellow, thickly sprinkled with large green and brown dots. Stalk medium, curved. Calyx open. Flesh white, juicy, melting, swe< t, pleasant Good t~> very good. September. 744 THE PEAB. Doyenne Downing. Raised by Andre Leroy, and dedicated to the late A. J. Downing. Tree moderately vigorous. Young wood slender, dark rusty brown. Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, inclining to turbinate. Skin greenish yellow, sprinkled and netted with russet, very slightly shaded with crimson, and thickly covered with russet dots. Flesh fine, buttery, juicy, melting, with a sweet, vinous, rich, perfumed flavor, somewha* aromatic. Good to very good. October. Doyenne du Comice. A French Pear, of comparatively recent introduction, which promises to be of much value. Tree moderately vigorous, upright. Young wood rich warm reddish yellow brown. Doyenne da Cornice. Fruit large, varying, roundish pyriform or broad obtuse pyrifonn, sometimes obtuse. Skin greenish yellow, becoming fine yellow at rnatu* rity, often lightly shaded with crimson and fawn in the sun, slight net- THE PEAR. 74C tings and patches of russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk short, stout, inclined and set in a shallow cavity, often russeted. Calyx small, open. Basin large, deep, and uneven. Flesh white, fine, melting, a little buttery, juicy, sweet, rich, slightly aromatic. Very good or best. Core small. October, November. Doyenne Goubault. Origin, Angers, France. Of slow growth, and rather slender branches. An unprofitable sort. Fruit medium, occasionally large, obovate acute pyriform. Stalk short. Calyx small. Skin dull pale yellow, with a few traces of rus- set, particularly around stem and calyx. Flesh melting and juicy, sweet, aromatic. Good to very good. Ripe December to February. Doyenn6 Gray. Doyenne Gray. Gray Butter Pear. Gray Deans. Gray Doyenne*. Red Doyenne. St. Michel Dore\ Doyenne Galeux. Doyenne Boussouck, of some. Doyenne* Gria. Doyenne Rouge. Doyenne Roux. Doyenne d'Automne. Red Beurre, ) incorrectly Beurr6 Rouge, ) of some. Le Beurre. The Gray Doyenne strongly resembles the White Doyenne in flavo* and general appearance, except that its skin is covered all over with a 746 THE PEAR. fine, lively ciuiiamon russet. It is a beautiful Pear, usually keeps a lit- tle longer, and is considered by many rather the finer of the two, Shoots upright, grayish brown. Fruit of medium size, ovate obovate, but usually a little rounder than the White Doyenne. Skin wholly covered with smooth cinnamon rus- set (rarely a little ruddy next the sun). Stalk half to three-fourths of an inch long, curved, set in a narrow, rather deep and abrupt cavity. Calyx small, closed, and placed in a smooth, shallow basin. Flesh white, fine-grained, very buttery, melting, rich, and delicious. Best Middle of October, and will keep many weeks. Doyenne Robin. Beurre Robin. Raised by M. Robin, Angers, France. Tree vigorous. Young wood olive brown. Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Skin greenish yellow, netted, patched, and thickly sprinkled with russet and gray dots. Stalk long, stout, inserted in a broad deep cavity. Calyx partly closed. Flesh whitish, rather coarse, juicy, melting, somewhat granular, vinous, per- fumed. Good. September. Doyenne Rose. Fruit above medium, obovate, obscurely pyriform. Skin yellow, beautifully shaded with crimson. Stem short. Cavity small. Calyx small ; deep, regular basin. Flesh white, coarse, granular, with >ery little flavor. Rots at the core. Poor. Last of October. Doyenne Santellet. A fine handsome Pear from Flanders. Fruit above medium, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, with mar- blings and specks of gray russet. Flesh white, a little gritty, tender, musky perfume. October. (Lindley.) Doyenne Sieulle. Sieulle Beurre Sieulle. Bergamotte Sieulle. A hardy tree, and a profitable market Pear in some sections. Raised by M. Sieulle. Tree vigorous and productive. Young wood olive yellow brown. Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Skin greenish yellow, thickly sprinkled with green or brown dots, shaded with crimson and fawn in the sun. Stalk curved, stout, inserted in a broad cavity by a ring or lip. Calyx open in a small shallow basin. Flesh white, coarse, very buttery, juicy, with a rich vinous, slightly aromatic flavor. Good. October, November. Du Breuil Pere. A seedling grown by M. Alphonse Du Breuil. Fruit medium, roundish oblate pyriform. Skin greenish, with mar- blings and rays of brown in sun. Flesh white, fine, melting, juicy, sweet, vinous Middle September. (Leroy.) THE FEAK. 74i Due Alfred de Cruy. Fruit large, obtuse pyriform. Skin smooth, greenish yellow, with a thin crust of brown russet over the surface ; on the side next the sun it is tinged with pale brown. Stalk fleshy at base, set without depres- sion. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, not very juicy, buttery, rich, spicy November, December. (Hogg.) Due d'Aumale. Gedeon Paridant. A seedling of Van Mons', of vigorous growth and productive habit, young wood reddish yellow brown. Fruit medium, slightly obtuse pyriform. Skin pale yellow, shaded and marbled with brownish red in the sun, slight netting and patches of russet, and many russet dots. Stalk rather long, a little curved. Calyx large, open. Flesh whitish, juicy, sweet, aromatic. Good to very good. September. Due de Brabant. Fondante des Charneuse. Jamin. Waterloo. Miel d'Waterloo. Beurre Charneuse. Belle Excellente. Beurre d'Waterloo. A Belgian Pear. Tree hardy, vigorous, productive. Young wood olive brown grayish. Fruit large, oblong pyriform, sometimes acute, sometimes obtuse. Skin greenish, shaded with crimson on the sunny side, and thickly sprinkled with greenish dots. Stalk long, curved, and twisted, some- what fleshy at its insertion, in a very small cavity. Calyx large and open. Segments persistent, in an irregular ribbed basin. Flesh whit- ish green, very juicy, buttery, melting, with a refreshing vinous flavor. Very good. October, November. Duchesse d'Angouleme. Beurre Soule. A magnificent large dessert Pear, sometimes weighing a pound and a quarter, named in honor of the Duchess of Angouleme, and said to be a natural seedling, found in a forest hedge near Angers. When in perfection, it is a most delicious fruit of the highest quality. We are compelled to add, however, that the quality of the fruit is a little un- certain on young standard trees. The tree is a strong grower, the shoots upright, reddish yellow brown. Fruit very large, oblong obovate, with an uneven, somewhat knobby BUrface. Skin dull greenish yellow, a good deal streaked and spotted with russet. Stalk one to two inches long, very stout, bent, deeply planted in an irregular cavity. Calyx set in a somewhat knobby basin. Flesh white, buttery, and very juicy, with a rich and verj excellent flavor. Very good. October. Duchesse d'Arembero. A French Pear, the fruit of which we have seen but onco. Tree a vigorous grower and early bearer. Fruit medium, roundish obtuse pyriform, dull greenish. Stalk long, slender, curved, set in a broad, rather deep cavity. Calyx partial!} US THE PEAR. closed. Basin shallow. Flesh whitish, rather coarse, tender, juicy Good. September. DUCHESSE DE BERRY d'EtE. Duchesse de Berry. Duchesse de Berry de Nantes. Originated at Nantes, France. Tree vigorous, upright. Young wood dark reddish. Fruit small, roundish oblate, obscurely pyriform. Skin yellow ehaded with light red, nettings and patches of russet. Stalk short, in Duchesse de Berry d'Et6. sorted in a small cavity. Calyx partially open, set in a broad shallow basin. Flesh juicy, melting, with a good vinous flavor. Good to very good. Ripens last of August. Duchesse de Bourdeaux. Beurre Perrault. Originated with M. Secher, near Angers, France, in 1850. Tree mo- derately vigorous. Young wood dull olive brown. Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to obtuse pyriform. Skin yellow, netted and traced with russet, and sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long, stout, fleshy at insertion, often by a lip. Calyx open. Basin medium, uneven. Flesh white, moderately juicy, sweet, pleasant. Good. December to February. Duchesse de Brabant. (Durieux.) Tree very vigorous. Fruit of good size, tm-binate pyriform, sometimes elongated. Skin rough, bright green, becoming moderately yellow at ripening, much -had 3d with bright russet. Flesh whitish yellow, tine, melting, juice THE PE^R. 749 abundant, sugary, vinous, finely perfumed. Fruit of the first quality, ripening at the end of October. (An. Pom.) Duchesse de Brabant. (Capenick.) Tree vigorous and productive. Fruit medium, roundish, depressed at crown, clear yellow, tinged with bright red in the sun. Stalk long, inserted in a small contracted cavity. Calyx open. Flesh white, rather firm, but melting, juicy, lich, sweet. October. (Hovey Mag.) There is also another Duchesse de Brabant, the origin of which is un- known. We have fruited, but are in doubt of the correctness of our tree. Duchesse d'Hiveb. Tardive de Toulouse. Winter Duchess. Originated with M. Barthere, at Toulouse, France. Tree a vigorous handsome grower, and an early bearer. Young wood olive yellow brown. Friut large, obovate pyriform, uneven surface, dull greenish, with brownish dull russet shades and spots. Stalk stout, set in a slight un- even cavity. Flesh white, juicy, pretty fine-grained, mild, sweet, plea- sant. Very good. December to April. Duchesse de Mars. Comtesse de Lumay. A French Pear, first described in 1850, by M. Prevost, in Album Pomologie. Tree hardy, branches rather slender. Young wood verv dark reddish yellow brown. Fruit medium or below, oblong obovate, obtuse pyriform, yellowish brown, with considerable russet and russet specks. Stalk short, set in a rather deep cavity. Flesh whitish, melting, juicy, sweet, vinous Very good. Core small. October, November. Duchesse d'Orleans. Beunv St. Nicholas. St. Nicholas. Duo d'Orleans. A French Pear, of which the precise location of origin is unknown. Tree a good grower, upright, with long jointed wood. Young shoots dull olive brown, slightly grayish. Fruit rather above medium, elongated pyriform, narrowing towards the basin. Skin yellowish green, sometimes a sunny cheek, with brown dots. Stalk long, pretty large, curved. Calyx nearly closed, set in a shallow uneven basin. Flesh juicy, melting, slightly aromatic, with a very good flavor. Very good. September, October Duchesse Helene d'Orleans. Princess Helen d'Orleans. Heine de Vierge. According to the Album Pomologie this variety was fust described in 184 7. It has been, by some, confounded with Marechal de la Cour, and also with Duchesse d'Orleans, but is found by its growth of wood, more than by its fruit, to be distinct. Th rower, with long jointed, stout wood, the young shoots of a rich wai m re 750 ^HE PEAR. brown color, with scattered, nearly oblong, light gray specks. Budi sharp pointed. Fruit large, varying from oblong pyriform to oblong obovate pyri- form, whitish yellow, considerably netted and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk medium or rather stout, s» little inclined, set in a small cavity, sometimes with a lip. Calyx open, or partly so. Segments short, erect. Basin small, corrugated. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant, a little vinous. Good to very good. September, October. DUMONT DUMORTIER. This is a Belgian variety. Not having fruited it, we copy description from Hovey. " Tree a moderate grower and a good bearer. " Fruit large, roundish obovate, rounding to an obtuse point at stem. Dull green, nearly covered with dark russet, reddish in sun, and dotted with russet specks. Stalk rather short, straight. Cavity mode- rately deep. Calyx large, open. Basin shallow. Flesh white, melt- ing, juicy, pleasant, slightly vinous. Good. Core large. October." DUNDAS. Eliott Dundas. Felicite Dundas. Rousselet Jamin. Rousselet de Jamin. A Belgian variety, sent to this country by Van Mons, in 1834. Tree an upright, vigorous grower, an early and good bearer. Fruit medium size, roundish obovate pyriform, yellow, shaded with crimson in sun, thickly sprinkled with brown russet dots, and a few nettingp and patches of russet. Stalk medium, curved. Cavity small, some- times a lip. Calyx open. Segments small, persistent. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, agreeable. Good to very good. Dunmore. The Dunmore is a large Pear, raised by Knight. It is a strong- growing tree, and bears exceedingly well. Young wood grayish. Fruit large, oblong obovate, rather swollen on one side, greenisb, dotted and speckled with smooth brownish-red russet, and nettings and patches of russet. Stalk rather long, curved, inserted in a slight depression by a lip. Calyx open, with renexed segments. Basin shallow, flesh yellowish white, juicy, melting, rich, vinous, sometimes gritty, and rots at core unless gathered early and carefully ripened. Very good September. Dupuy Charles. A variety produced by Louis E. Berckmans, in 1847, and by him dedicated to Charles Dupuy, Loches, France. By description, in 1850, the tree is vigorous, half upright in growth, and productive. Fruit below medium, acute pyriform, yellow, netted and patched with russet, and sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk varying in length, curved, set without depression. Calyx open. Basin small, shallow, uneven. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. Oc- tober. THE PEAR. T51 DUREE. Duree's Seedling. The original tree of this variety was found on the farm of White- head Durce, Westbury, Long Island, N. Y., by Isaac Hicks, and by him introduced. Tree a vigorous, spreading grower, and an early bearer. Young wood dull dark olive brown. Fruit medium, oblong acute pyriform, pale yellowish, considerably netted and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long, curved, without depression. Calyx open. Basin uneven Flesh whitish, half melting, juicy, vinous, sweet, slightly musky. Gx>a to very good. October. Early Bergamot. A second-rate French sort. Fruit medium, roundish. Skin pale yellowish green. Flesh quite Jiucy, crisp, with a pleasant, sweet flavor. Ripe about the 20th of August. Early Butter (of Cincinnati). Early Summer Butter. Mear's Summer Butter. A variety somewhat grown around Cincinnati, O. Origin unknown. Tree upright, and a good grower. Fruit small, oval, inclining to obovate, light yellow, with a tinge of red in the sun, brown and green dots. Stalk rather long, curved. Calyx large, with long recurved segments. Flesh white, juicy, buttery. Good. Last of July. Easter Bergamot. Bergamotte de Paques. St. Herblain d'Hiver. Bergamotte d'Hiver. Bergamotte de la Grilliere. Bergamotte de Bugi. Bergamotte de Careme. Bergamotte de Toulouse. Bergamotte Ronde d'Hiver. Robert's Keeping. Bergamotte Soldat-Naboura Winter Bergamotte. Anderson's Favorite. Paddrington. Cape May. Royal Tairling. Bonner's Pope's Pear. Terling. An old French variety. Tree vigorous and productive, keeps well, and a good cooking fruit. Young wood olive, with round white specks Fruit medium, roundish obovate, narrow at the stalk. Skin smooth, pale green, thickly speckled with conspicuous light gray dots, and be- coming pale yellowish at maturity. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, with a sprightly flavor. Good for cooking. February to May. Easter Beurre. Bergamotte de la Pentecdte. Pastorale d'Hiver. Beurre" de la Pentecote. Beurre de Paques. Beurre d'Hiver de Bruxelles. Philippe de Paques. Doyenn • d'Hiver Bezi Chaumontelle trea-gToa. Doyenne du Printemps Chaumontelle tn-s-gros. Beurre Roupe. Canning. Du Pitre. Seigneur d'Hiver. Merveille de la Nature. Canning d'Hiver. 'ITte ftaster Beurre is considered abi-oad one of the very best late < Ol THE PEAK. winter or spring Pears. It seems to require a rather warmer climate than that of the Eastern States to arrive at full perfection, and has dis- appointed the expectations of many cultivators. It bears well here, but Easter Beurre. is rather variable in quality. In good seasons, if packed away in boxes and ripened off in a warm room, it is a delicious, melting, buttery fruit. The tree grows upright, and thriftily, with reddish yellow shoots. It requires a warm exposure and a rich soil to give fine fruit as an open standard tree. It is said to succeed well at the South. Fruit large, roundish obovate obtuse, often rather square in figure. Skin yellowish green, sprinkled with many russety dots, and some russet, which give it a brownish cheek in some specimens. Stalk rather short, stout, planted in an abruptly sunken obtuse cavity. Calyx small, closed, but little sunk among the plaited folds of the angular basin. Flesh white, fine-grained, very buttery, melting and juicy, with a sweet and rich flavor. January to March. Eastnor Castle. Fruit medium, roundish. Skin green and thick. Flesh greenish 'bite, juicy, melting. December. THE PEAR. 763 Bezi d'Echassey. Beai l'Echasserie. Jngdbirne. Bezi de Chasseray. Et'IIASSERIE. L'Echasserie. Verte Longue d'Hiver. Besidery Sandry. Echassery. Winter Long Green. Winter Green Long. Landry Wilding. A French Pear of second quality, productive. Fruit of medium size, roundish oval. Skin smooth, pale green, yel- lowish at maturity, slightly dotted with gray. Flesh melting, buttery, with a sweet perfumed flavor. January to April. Edmonds. Origin, town of Brighton, N. Y. A chance seedling on the farm of Edmunds. Eliphalet Edmonds. Tree a strong grower, reddish brown, with large spots. Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform. 48 Young shoots yellowish Surface uneven, yellow, 754 THE PEAR bronzed red in sun, and slight nettings of russet and russet dots. Stalk long, inclined, curved, fleshy at insertion. Cavity broad, uneven. Calyx open. Segments short, erect. Basin abrupt, corrugated. ■ Flesh fine-grained, whitish, juicy, half melting, sweet, with a peculiar flavor. Very good. September. Edward Morren. A foreign variety, the origin of which we have not traced. Tree vigorous and productive. Young wood rich brownish olive. Fruit small, roundish, greenish, with brownish cheek, sprinkled with green and brown dots. Stalk long. Cavity small, often a lip at base of stem. Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh white, juicy, half melt- ing, sweet, pleasant. Good to very good. November. Edwards. Raised by Governor Edwards. A very good baking fruit. Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, yellow, sometimes shaded with crimson. Stalk short and thick. Calyx closed. Basin deep, un- even. Flesh coarse, granular, not tender. September. Edwards' Elizabeth. Edwards' Elizabeth is a seedling raised by Ex-Governor Edwards, of New Haven, Conn. Fruit of medium size, often large, oblate obtuse pyriform, angular, and oblique at the base, the stalk frequently planted in a fleshy protu- berance like a fold, yellowish green, veiy fine, and a peculiar waxen ap- pearance. Flesh white, buttery, slightly subacid, and good. October. Edwards' Seedling St. Germain. Raised by Dr. W. D. Brinckle. Fruit medium, globular pyriform, yellow, with nettings and patches of russet, russet green dots. Stalk rather stout, set often with a lip. Calyx open. Basin medium. Flesh whitish, rather coarse, juicy, half melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. October to December. Eleonie Bouvier. A Belgian variety, as yet little known. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit medium or below, oblong obovate pyiiform, clear yellow, shaded with crimson and fawn, patches and nettings of russet, and many russet dots. Stalk medium, fleshy at insertion. Cavity slight. Calyx open. Flesh white, rather coarse, sweet. Good. September. Eliza d'Heyst. A French variety, introduced and described by Major Esperen in 1844. Tree a good grower. Young wood olive yellow brown. Fruit medium size, obtuse pyiiform, greenish yellow, shade of brown in sun, nettings and patches of russet, many brown russet dots. Stalk rather stout, often curved, set in a slight cavity with a lip. Calyx open, Segments short, erect. Basin small. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant, aromatic. Good to very good. January to March. THE PEAK. 754 Ejaiott's Melting. Raised by Betsey Elliott, Carlisle, Pa., some sixty years since. Tree vigorous, spreading. Fruit below medium, nearly globular, oblique, greenish, netted with russet, especially at the ends. Stalk short. Cavity narrow, smaLL Basin small, regular. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, aromatic, pleasant. Good to very good. September. Ellis. Raised from seed of the Seckel, by Mrs. Ellis, of New Bedford, Mass., in 1843. The tree is a vigorous grower, hardy, and prolific. Young shoots dull yellow brown, with long gray specks. Fruit large, oblong obovate obtuse pyriform. Surface somewhat un- evei, greenish yellow, patched and mottled with russet, and sometimes a shade of crimson in the sun, many russet dots. Stalk rather ! rge. 756 THE PEAR. long, curved, and set in a small cavity. Calyx open. Segments lo.ig recurved. Basin uneven. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly vinous, aromatic. Very good. September and October. There is another Pear under the name of Ellis, grown in Western New York, entirely distinct. Fruit medium, acute pyriform, greenish yellow, shaded with crim- son red in sun, many small brown dots. Flesh white, juicy, melting, \inous, and often astringent, and disposed to rot at the core. Good. August and early September. Ellsworth. Origin unknown. Fruit medium, globular pyriform, greenish yellow. Flesh whitish, coarse, sweet. Only to be valued for cooking. October. Elton. According to Lindley, the original tree of this variety grew in Here- fordshire, England, and must be now nearly two and one-half centuries old. The fruit is stated by Hogg to be frequently without core or seeds, the flesh being solid throughout. Fruit medium, oval obovate, greenish, with russet, shaded with orange red in sun. Flesh firm, crisp, juicy. Very good. September. Emerald. A Belgian variety, variable, sometimes good. Fruit medium size, obtuse pyriform, oblique. Surface uneven, yellow- ish, with a brown cheek in sun, and brown dots. Stalk rather stout, curved. Calyx partially closed. Flesh white, melting, rather coarse, juicy, subacid, vinous. Good. November, December. Emerance. Emerance Bivort. A foreign variety, the tree of which grows strong but somewhat rambling. Fruit large, obovate acute pyriform, greenish yellow, shaded with reddish crimson in the sun, patches and nettings of russet, and many brown dots. Stalk curved, inserted with a knob or rim, fleshy. Calyx partially open. Basin medium. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant Good. September. Emilie Bivort. Emily Bivort. A Belgian variety, dedicated by its first describer, Bouvier, to the laughter of the distinguished poniologist, A. Bivort. Young wood olive brown. Fruit medium or below, roundish irregular, sometimes oblate, yel- low, blotched and patched with russet, and many russet dots; somelimes nearly the whole surface is covered with cinnamon russet. Stalk inedi- THE PEAR. 757 am. Cavity shallow. Calyx partially open. Basin abrupt, dee}, fur- rowed. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, slightly aromatic; October. Very good. Emile d'Heyst. This fruit was dedicated by Major Esperen to the son of his friend L. E. Berckmans, of Georgia. It is of Belgian origin, and is one of the very best. The tree is hardy and productive, so much so as to re- quire thinning to obtain full-sized fruit. It holds its foliage quite late in autumn, and holds its fruit well. Tree vigorous, spreading. Young wood olive color. Fruit large, oblong obovate pyriform, angular and irregular. Skin clear yellow, with brownish orange cheek in sun, netted and patched with Emlle d'Heyat. russet, and thickly sprinkled with large russet dots. Stalk medium to long, inclined, curved. Cavity slight, often with a lip or fleshy ridge at base of stem. Calyx small, closed. Segments short. Basin medi- um, somewhat furrowed. Flesh yellowish white, line-grained, juicy, T58 THE PEAR. melting, sweet, slightly vinous and aromatic, rich and excellent Very good to best. November, December. English Jargonelle. Epargne. Sweet Summer. Grosse Cuisse Madame. Chandelle. Beau Pn'sent. Chopine. Poire de tables des princes. Certeau Madam. Saint Sampson. Beurre de Paris. Saint Lambert. Espargne. Belle Verge. Reserve Pear. Sparbirne. Jargonelle de Knoop. Frauenschenkel. Sicile. Real Jargonelle. Long Island Summer. An old varietv, variable in quality and decays at the core soon aftei maturity. If gathered early is very good. Tree a strong grower, with a rather straggling, pendent habit. Fruit pretty large, long pyriform, tapering into the stalk. Skin greenish yellow, smooth, with a little brownish color on the sunny side. Stalk nearly two inches long, rather slender, curved, obliquely set. Calyx open, with q\iite long projecting segments, and sunk in a small and furrowed basin. The flesh is yellowish white, rather coarse-grained, juicy, with a sprightly refreshing flavor. Good. August. Epine d'Ete. Summer Thorn. Petite Epine d'Ete\ Fondante Musquee. Bugiarda. Satin Vert. Bugiarda des Italiens. 'Tree moderately vigorous, spreading, productive. Fruit medium, pyriform. Skin greenish yellow. Flesh tender, melting, with a sweet, musky, peculiar flavor. Good. Last of August and first of September. Epine Royale. A French Pear. Tree vigorous, very productive. Fruit medium, pyriform, yellowish, with bright red in the sun. Flesh fine, melting, juicy, sweet, vinous. October. (S. V. M.) Ermesinde. A French variety. Fruit large, oblong ovate pyriform, dull greenish, mostly covered and netted with russet, few dark blackish dots. Flesh white, fine, melting, juicy, sweet, agreeable. October. (Alb. Pom.) Ernestine Auzolle. Of French origin. Fruit small, roundish pyriform, sometimes acute pyriform, greenish yellow, with a shade of brown in sun, often netted and patched with russet.' Flesh rather coarse, yellowish, moderately juicy, half melting, sweet. Good. September, October. THE PEAR. 759 ESPERINE This variety oi-iginated with Van Mons, and by him was dedicated to Major Esperin, of Malines. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit large, pyriforru, greenish yellow, red iu the sun, and shaded and specked with cinnamon russet. Stalk medium, set with a lip or inclined. Calyx with open, short, half erect segments. Flesh white, buttery, melting, very juicy, and sweet. Good to very good. October. (S. V. M.) Essex. Introduced by Jonathan Batty, from the garden of Wm. Flack, Essex, Essex Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous and health}'. Fruit below medium, oblong obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, with many brown and green dots, marbled with carmine in the sun. Stalk long. Cavity large. Basin russeted. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, granular, sweet. Good. September. Esturion. A foreign variety. Fruit small, obovate pyriform, yellow, shaded with crimson in the sun, russet around the calyx. Flesh white, coarse, not juicy, hardly good. September. Excelsior. Dana's Excelsior. A seedling of Francis Dana, Boston, Mass. Tree a strong upright grower, and good bearer. Young wood rich olive brown. Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, sometimes irregular, green- ish yellow, with traces of russet and many brown dots. Stalk long, curved, rather slender. Cavity small, russeted. Calyx open. Seg- ments a little recurved. Basin small. Flesh juicy, melting, ?weet, pleasant. Good to very good. September. Eyewood. A seedling of Mr. Knight's. Tree vigorous and hardy. Fruit of medium size, oblate or flattened. Skin much covered with russet. Flesh buttery, rich, and excellent. Famenga. A foreign variety. Fruit medium, obovate, greenish yellow. September. (Elliott.) Feast. Feast's Seedling. Originated with Samuel Feast, of Baltimore, from seed of Seckel. Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, greenish yellow, with brown dots Flesh whitish, juicy, sweet. Good. September. Felix de Leim. A Belgian variety, but little known. Fruit medium, "oundish obovate pyriform, often inclined, yellowish 760 THE PEAR. green or pale yellow, marblings and traces of russet, many small russet green dots. Stalk medium, rather slender, set inclined in a small cavity with a lip. Calyx with long reflexed segments. Flesh whitish, juicy-, melting, sweet, aromatic. Good. October. Figue. Figue d'Alencon. Petaless. Verte longue de la Mayenne. Figue d'Hiver d'Alen9on. Verte longue d' Angers. Pettalless. Figue d'Hiver. Figue d'Alencon d'Hiver. Bonnisseme. Pistolette. Boirnissima de la Sartha. Grosse Figue ? Sylvange d'Hiver. Originated in the town of Alencon, France. Tree vigorous, pro ductive. Young wood reddish or reddish brown on the upper side, olive yellow brown underneath, prominent pointed buds. Fruit large, oblong ovate acute pyriform, inclining by a lip over the stalk, greenish yellow, sometimes with a brownish cheek, partially netted and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet green dots. Stalk short, stout, fleshy at insertion by a lip, often russeted. Calyx open. Segments stiif, long, recurved. Basin small, shallow, uneven. Flesh greenish white, juicy, half melting, sweet, slightly vinous. Very good. October to December. Figue de Naples. Beurre Bronzee. Fig Pear of Naples. Fourcroy f Comtesse de FrenoL De Vigne Pelone. A Belgian Pear. Tree vigorous, with upright brown shoots. Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, greenish yellow, shaded and marbled with red in the sun, netted and patched with russet, many russet-green dots. Stalk long, slender, generally curved and enlarged at junction of fruit, and a little inclined. Calyx open. Basin small, shallow, and uneven. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good or very good. October. Fine Gold of Summer. Fin Or d'£te. Fruit small, roundish, yellow, with a beautiful red cheek. Flesh Juicy, good flavor, not rich. Very productive. Good. Middle of August. Flemish Beauty. Belle de Flandres. Bergamotte de Flandre. Bosch Nouvelle. Beurre Foidard. Bosch. Petersilie Peer. Bosc Sire. Beurre de Bourgogne. Poire Davy. Beurre St Amour. Imperatrice de France. Belle des Bois. Fondante du Bois. Beurre de Def tinge. Boschpeer. Beurre Deftinghern. Beurr" Spence (erroneously). Beurre Davy. Brilliant. Poire de Persil. Brillante. Molle Bouche Nouvelle. An old Pear, supposed of Belgian origin, although foreign author! THE PEAR. 7GI conflict in regard thereto. The tree is very luxuriant, hardy and bears early and abundantly ; the yo\mg shoots upright, reddish olive brown. The fruit requires to be gathered sooner than most pears, even before it parts readily from the tree. If it is then ripened in the house it is always fine, while, if allowed to mature on the tree, it usually become* soft, flavorless, and decays soon. Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform. Surface a little rough, the ground pale yellow, but mostly covered with marblings and patches of Flemish Beauty. light russet, becoming reddish brown at maturity, on the sunny side. Stalk rather short, from an inch to an inch and a half long, and pretty deeply planted in a peculiarly narrow, round cavity. Calyx short, open, placed in a small round basin. Flesh yellowish white, not very fine-grained, but juicy, melting, very saccharine and rich, with a slightly musky flavor. Very good. Last of September. Flemish Bon Chretien. Bon Chr.'tien Turc. Turkish Pear. Bonckn tien Vernois. Turkiah Bonchr^tien. The Flemish Bon Chretien is an excellent cooking Pear, not verj productive. 762 THE PEAR. Fruit of medium size, obovate pyriform, yellow, russeled neat the calyx, and with many large russet dots. Flesh whitish, ccarse, juicy ; stews very tender. November to March. Florent Scouman. Fruit large, pyriform, clear green, striped and spotted with brown- ish red. Flesh very fine, melting, juicy, sweet. October to December. (S. V. M.) Florimond Parent. One of Yan Mons' seedlings. Tree of moderate vigor and fer- tility. Fruit very large, pyramidal, swelled towards its centre, green, pointed and striped with brown russet, becomes deep yellow at ma- turity. Flesh coarse, melting, juicy, sugary, and agreeably perfumed. Good. Pipe at the end of September. FONDANTE AGREABLE. Fruit medium, roundish obovate. Color dull yellowish green, slightly russeted. Stalk planted at an inclination, and fleshy at its Junction with the fruit. Flesh juicy and melting. Flavor very pleasant and refreshing, with a delicate aroma. Pipe last of August. (Wilder in Hort.) FONDANTE D'ALBRET. Received from France. Tree a vigorous upright grower, produc- tive. Young wood yellow brown. Fruit above medium, nearly globular, a little oblique, pale yellow, slightly netted and patched with russet, thickly sprinkled with green and russet dots, a bronzed red cheek in sun. Stalk rather short, stout. Cavity broad. Calyx large, open. Pasin large. Flesh whitish, a little ooarse, juicy, half melting, sweet, pleasant, vinous, slightly musky. Good to very good. September. FONDANTE D'AUTOMNE. Belle Lucrative. Arbre Superbe. Seigneur d'Esperin. Lucrate. Bergamotte FieVee. Fondante de Maubege. Gresiliier. Autumn Melting. Du Seigneur. Esperin's Herrenbirne. Beurre Lucrative. Bergamotte Lucrative. Seigneur. This Flemish Pear is, when grown in perfection, one of the very best ; but if the trees are overloaded, soil unsuited, or a dull, cloudy, rainy season, it is only second-rate. The tree is moderately vigorous, healthy and productive. Young shoots yellowish brown. Fruit medium size, variable in form, from obovate obtuse pyriform to globular. Pale yellowish green, slightly russeted. Stalk little more THE PEAK. 763 than an inch long, stout, often fleshy, obliqiiely inserted in a slight, irregular cavity. Calyx very short, open, with few divisions, set in a Fondante d'Aatomne. basin of moderate depth. Flesn juicy, melting, sugary, rich, and delicious. Very good to best. Latrt of September. Fondante de Cuerne. A French variety, said to be superior to, and ripening with, Beurre" Gifiard. "We have not fruited it, and theiefore copy description: — Fruit medium, oblong obovate pyriform, pale greenish yellow, with traces of russet and russet brown in the sun. Stalk rather short, vary- ing. Calyx small, open. Flesh white, juicy, melting, buttery, sweet, agreeable. August. (An. Pom.) Fondante d'Ingendai. Fruit small, acute pyriform, greenish yellow, a little brownish in sun, with green and gray dots. Stalk long, curved, fleshy where joined to the fruit. Calyx open. Segments long. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, a little vinous, ">erfumed. "Very good. September. f64 THE PEAR. FoNDANTE DE LA MAITRE d'EcOLE, A foreign variety. Fruit medium, pyriform, yellow, dotted with green. Flesh yellow half melting. December, January. (Hov. Mag.) Fondante de Malines. One of the seedlings of Major Esperen, of Belgium. Tree vigorous, somewhat irregular in habit. Young wood dull yellow brown. Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, lemon yellow, with a tinge of crim son and fawn in the sun, sometimes russet patches and thickly sprinkled with brown russet dots. Stalk long, often curved, set in a shallow cavity by a Up. Calyx large, open, stiff segments. Basin rather abrupt, un- even. Flesh white, a little coarse, juicy, melting, sweet, a little aroma- tic. Good to very good. September, October. FONDANTE DE NEES. Fruit large, deep yellow, mottled and dotted with pale brown russet. Flesh yellowish, buttery, not juicy. Second-rate. October. (Hogg.) FONDANTE DE NOEL. Belle de Noel. Belle apres Noel Of French origin. Tree vigorous and a good bearer. Young wood olive brown. Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform. Surface uneven, fine yellow, mostly covered with cinnamon russet, and a brownish cheek in the sun, many russet dots. Stalk short, fleshy at insertion. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, coarse, juicy, melting, brisk, a little astringent. Good. Sep- tember. FONDANTE DES PRES. A seedling of Yan Mons'. Tree vigorous, productive. Young wood rich warm brown. Fruit medium, varying from obovate obtuse to obovate acute pyri- form, pale yellow, often with red cheek in sun, many brown dots. Flesh buttery, melting, agreeable. Only good. October. FONDANTE DU COMICE. Originated at Angers, France, about 1849. The tree is a good grower, with olive brown young shoots. Fruit large, ovate pyriform, sometimes obovate pyiiform, yellow, with a warm cheek, inclining to russet, with russet dots. Stalk varying, sometimes curved, inserted in a depression. Calyx open, set in a rather deep, open basin. Flesh juicy, buttery, with a rich, sugary, vinous fla- vor. Good to very good. October, November. Fondante Yan Mons. Raised by Dr. Yan Mons, and first introduced by Mr. Manning. H bears abundantly. Young wood brick red. THE PEAR. 76ft Fruit nearly of medium size, roundish, a little depressed. Skin pala yellow. Stalk stout, an inch and a half long, planted in a rather deep cavity. Calyx set in a pretty deep basin. Flesh wliite, juicy, melting, sweet, and of very agreeable llavor. Only good. First of November. Foote's Seckel. Raised by Asahel Foote, of Williamstown, Mass., from seed of the Seckel. A very promising new variety, ripening a week or two later than its parent, and a little more vinous. Tree healthy, vigorous, more spreading than Seckel. Young wood dark rich brown. Fruit small, oblate obtuse pyriform, yellow, shaded with brownish crimson in the sun, nearly covered with rich crimson russet. Stalk short, fleshy. Foote's SeckeL Cavity small. Calyx open. Basin medium, rather deep. Flesh whitish, fine, juicy, melting, sugary, slightly vinous. Very good. September Forelle. Forellen-birne. Corail. Petit Corail. Grave de Corail. Poire Truite. Trout Pear. This exquisitely beautiful German Pear — called in that language Forellen-birne, i. e., trout pear, from its finely speckled appearance — is one of the most attractive dessert fruits. Young shoots long, with few and dark-colored branches. Fruit oblong ovate, inclining to pyriform, smooth, at first green, but when fully ripe lemon yellow, washed with rich deep red on the sunny Bide, where it is marked with large, margined, crimson specks. Stalk rather slender, slightly curved, shallow, uneven cavity. Calyx rather small. Basin abruptly sunk. Flesh white, fine-grained, buttery, melt- 766 THE PEAR. ing, slightly vinous. Good. Beginning of November, and maj be kept^ with care, till Christmas. Forme de Bergamotte Crassane. One of "Van Mons' seedlings. Fruit medium, oblong ovate pyriform, pale yellow, a tinge of red in sun, slightly netted and patched with russet, many small russet dots Stalk rather stout, inclined, curved, set in a depression, often with a lip. Calyx large, open. Flesh whitish, juicy, pleasant, a little astrin- gent. Good. January to April. Forme de Delices. A Flemish Pear, received from the London Horticultural Society. Fruit medium, obovate. Skin rough, yellowish, with dull russet. Flesh buttery, melting, somewhat dry, but sweet. Good. Last of Oc- tober. Fortunee. Episcopal. Surpasse Fortunee. La Fortunee de Paris. Fortunee de Remme. La Fortunee de Parmentier. Beurre de Remme. Bergamotte Fortunee. An old variety, raised by M. Parmentier, of Enghien, and valuable and profitable to grow for sale as a cooking Pear. Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, slightly netted and patched with russet, many russet dots. Stalk short. Calyx open. Flesh whitish, melting, sweet. November, December. Foster's St. Michael. Fruit medium, roundish ovate. Stalk medium, in a small cavity. Calyx nearly closed, stiff. Basin shallow. Skin yellow. Flesh coarse, sweet. Good. September. Franchimont. Supposed French origin. Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, yellow, shade of red in sun, netted and patched with russet, many russet dots. Flesh yellowish, juicy, half melting, sweet, slightly aromatic. Good or very good. Sep- tember, October. Francois Bergia. A new French sort. Fruit medium, obtuse obovate, golden yellow, with large russet dots. Flesh coarse-grained, not very juicy, brisk, and not good. October (Hogg.) Franc Peal d'Hiver. Franc R6al. Fine Gold of Winter. Golden End of Winter. Fin Or d'Hiver. Gros Micet. The Winter Franc Peal is a good cooking Pear, bears well, and grows upright. THE PEAA. 767 Fruit of medium size, roundish, slightly pyriform. Skin yellow, speckled with russet brown, and having a brownish cheek. Flesh crisp and firm. In use from December to March. Frangipane. Franchipane. An old variety. Fruit small, roundish pyriform, yellow, with some light russet Stalk short, fleshy at base. Flesh whitish yellow, juicy, melting, sweet. Good. September, October. Frederic de Wurtemburg. Frederick of Wurtemburg. Roi de Wurtemberg. Medaille d'Or. Vermilion d'Ete. King of Wurtemberg. Origin disputed by authors. A very handsome and sometimes very good fruit, but often poor. Fruit large, one-sided, pyriform, rather uneven in its surface. Skir deep yellow at maturity, with a remarkably rich crimson cheek. Flesh white, juicy, melting, and sweet, and when in perfection, buttery and good. September. Frederick Leclerc. A French Pear, described in the Album Pomologie by L. E. Berck- mans, and dedicated to Doctor Leclerc. Tree moderately vigorous. Young wood olive. Fruit medium or above, oblong obovate pyriform, greenish yellow, with thin traces of russet. Stalk slender. Cavity narrow, acute. Flesh whitish yellow fine, melting, juicy, sweet, perfumed. November, December. Frederika Bremer. Introduced by J. C. Hastings, of Clinton, Oneida Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous. Fruit medium, irregularly obtuse pyriform, sometimes Bergamotte- shaped, greenish yellow. Flesh whitish, melting, buttery, sweet, and vinous, slightly perfumed. Good. October. French Jargonelle. Bellissime d'Et6. Saint Laurent. Bellissime Supreme. Muscadet d'Ete\ Bellissime Jargonelle. Bassin. Vermilion d'Ete. Just. Red MuscadeL Belle Comelie. Sabine d'Ete. Butler's Harvest. Summer Beauty. Cuisse Madame. English Red Cheek. Summer Jargonelle. Red Cheek. Cuisse Dame d'Ete. Udal. Fusee d'Ete. Laurenfcienne. This, which Mr. Thompson calls, by way of distinction, the French Jargonelle, because it is most commonly received under that name fte THE PEAR. from France, is a higher colored and handsomer fruit than the English Jargonelle, though much inferior in quality, and, in fact, lasts only a day or two in perfection, and is often mealy and overripe, while the exterior is fair and tempting. The tree is of very strong, upright growth. Fruit of medium size, obovate in form, light green, becoming lemon color, with a very rich, deep red cheek. Flesh white, coarse, breaking, sweet, and soon rots at the core. Ripens the last of July and first of A.ugust. Fulton. This American Pear is a native of Maine, and is a seedling from the farm of Mrs. Fulton, of Topsham, in that State. It is very hardy, and bears every year abundantly. Tree moderately vigorous. Young shoots rather slender, and yellowish reddish brown. Fulton. Fruit below medium size, roundish, flattened. Skin at first entire- ly gray russet in color, but at maturity of a dark cinnamon russet, Stalk one to two inches long, slender, planted in a narrow cavity. Calyx with long segments sunk in an uneven hollow. Flesh half buttery moderately juicy, with a sprightly, agreeable flavor. Very good. Oc- tober and November. THE PEAR. Gansel's Bergamotte. 7«§ Brocas Bergamot. Ives's Bergamot. Staunton. Bonne Rouge. Gurle's Beurre. Diamant. Gansel's Bergamotte is an old Pear, raised from seed of the Autumn Bergamotte, by the English Lieutenant-General Gansel, of Donneland Hall. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading in habit, and productive. Young wood dull grayish brown. Fruit large, roundish obovate, but much flattened. Skin roughish brown, becoming yellowish brown at maturity, tinged sometimes with a Gansel's Bergamotte. russet red cheek, and sprinkled with spots of russet. Stalk short, fleshy at both ends. Cavity moderate. Calyx short and small, placed in a smooth, moderate hollow. Flesh white, melting, very juicy, rich, sweet, and aromatic. Very good. Ripens during all September. Gansel's Late Bergamotte. Raised by Mr. "Williams, of Pitmaston, England. Of vigorous growth. Young wood grayish yellow brown. Fruit roundish oblate. Skin greenish, rough, sprinkled with rus- set. Stalk much enlarged at its insertion in a pretty deep cavity. Calyx large, open. Basin broad and shallow. Flesh juicy, granular, melting, sugary, and rich, vinous, highly perfumed with musk. Good to very good. December, January. 49 t70 the pear. Gansel's Seckel. Raised by Mr. Williams, of Pitmaston, England. Growth much like Seckel, although with a more rough bark. Young shoots dull olive brown. Fruit medium or small, oblate, much depressed. Skin yellow, rough, and uneven, mostly covered with thin russet. Stalk short and stout, inserted in a broad, shallow cavity. Calyx closed, set in a broad, deep basin. Flesh coarse, buttery, juicy, melting, slightly vinous, with a rich aromatic perfumed flavor. Very good. November. Garden Pear. Poire du Jardin, An old variety, valued for cooking. Fruit large, roundish obovate, yellow or yeUow green, with a blush of broken stripes, red in sun. Flesh rather coarse, gritty at the core, sweet. December. Gendesheim. Verlaine. Verlaine d'fite. Gendebien. A Flemish Pear, of not very good quality. Fruit small, obovate obtuse pyriform, pale greenish yellow, a little russet. Flesh rather gritty near the core, elsewhere buttery. Hardly good. October and November. • General Bosquet. Of French origin. Fruit medium size, ovate acute pyriform, greenish, thickly sprinkled with green and brown dots. Stalk long, rather slender, curved, set with- out cavity. Calyx with stiff, erect segments. Basin small, corrugated. Flesh white, tender, juicy. Good. September. General Canrobert. A French Pear. Fruit medium size, ovate acute pyriform, greenish, with traces of russet and many brown dots. Stalk inclined, fleshy at junction. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, buttery, not juicy or melting, without flavor. Hardly good. November. General de Lourmel. Of French origin. Fruit small to medium, roundish, greenish brtwn in sun, with patches and traces of russet, especially at apex, and many brown dots. Stalk variable, sometimes stout, and again long and curved. Calyx open. Segments long, recurved. Basin uneven. Flesh juicy, half melting, sweet. Good. November. General Dutilleul. Of Belgian origin. Fruit below medium or small, oblong ovate pyritorm, pale yel THE PEAR. 771 iow, shade of crimson in the sun, nettings and patches of russet. Stalk Bhort, moderately stout. Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, melting, sweet. Good. November. General Lamoriciere. A French Pear, the tree very vigorous, very productive. Young wood dark dull olive brown. Fruit medium size, irregular pyriform, inclined. Sides often un- equal. Surface rough greenish yellow, considerably netted and patched with russet, especially at base of stalk, and thickly sprinkled with large russet dots. Stalk rather stout, sometimes curved, set inclined in a small cavity. Calyx open. Segments recurved. Basin small and un- even. Flesh whitish, buttery, juicy, melting, slightly vinous. Good to very good. October. General Taylor. Homewood. Keyports. We have no doubt of this being a native American seedling. It was first introduced by L. N. Rogers, of Baltimore, who found it in the town of Franklin, Md. Afterwards it was said to have been brought from Germany by a man named Keyports, but we can find nothing resembling it in any foreign pomological work. Tree vigorous, upright. Young wood reddish brown grayish. Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, sometimes oblate obtuse pyriform, yellow, shaded in the sun with thin bight rich crimson, par- tially netted ana patched with russet, much russet near the calyx, and many russet dots. Stalk medium length and thickness, a little inclined in a small cavity. Calyx partially open. Basins lightly corrugated. Flesh whitish, a Little coarse, juicy, melting, sweet. Good to very good. October. General Totleben. General Todleben. Raised by M. Fontaine, of Gheling. First fruited in 1855, and first described by M. Adolphe Fapeleu, in 1858. Tree a vigorous grower, irregular, spreading, productive. Young wood reddish yellow brown. Fruit above medium or large, obovate obtuse pyriform, greenish yel- low, patched and netted with russet, and many russet brown dots. Stalk rather stout, often curved. Cavity small. Calyx small, closed, with short segments. Basin large, deep, uneven. Flesh whitish yellow, a little coarse, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly vinous, and aromatic. Very good. October and earlv November. Gerando. Poire Gerando. A foreign variety. Tree vigorous, spreading. Fruit above medium, roundish obtuse pyriform. Surface knobby 772 THE PEAR. yellow, mostly overspread with cinnamon russet, dull red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, rather coarse, granular, buttery, sugary, vinous, slightly astringent. Good. October. Gerardin. Girardin. Gerardine. Girardon. La Girardin. A foreign variety. Tree a vigorous grower. Young wood dull grayish brown. Fruit medium, roundish, somewhat irregular. Skin yellow, with many spots and patches of rough russet, and a reddish tint towards the sun. Flesh coarse, buttery, astringent, granular. Tolerably good, September. German Muscat. Muscat d'Allemagne. Muscat Allemand. Muscat Lallemand. Almain. Muscat I'Allemand. Colmar Boise. Muscat l'Alleinan. Muscat of Germany. Muscat l'Aleman. An old variety, described by La Quintinge in 1690. Tree vigorous, spreading. Young wood yellowish brown. Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, partially net- ted and patched with russet. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, juicy, irveet, slightly astringent. Good. October to December. GlLOGIL. Bergamotte Geerard. Gros Gilot. Bellegarde. Gros Gobet. Beurre" Geerards. Teton de Venus. Cir e d'Hiver. Fontarabie acure. Garde Ecorce. Girogille. Gile-o-gile. Gros Franc Real. Poire a Gobert. Gros Guy Grillaud. Garde d'Ecosse. Livre de Burgoyne. Jilogil. Pequini. Gilot. Poii-e de 16 Ounces. Gobert. Bis de Loup. A large showy French Pear, only fit for cooking. Fruit large, roundish. Skin thickly covered with russet, with a reddish russet cheek. Flesh very firm and crisp. November to Feb- ruary. Glory of Combrone. Supposed of French origin. Tree a fine grower, healthy, and hardy and productive. Fruit above medium, or nearly large, oblong pyriform, yellowish, mostly overspread, marbled, and dotted with warm brownish yellow rus- set. Stalk moderately stout. Cavity slight. Calyx medium. Seg- ments open, reflexed. Basin medium, regular. Flesh whitisli yellow granulated, almost buttery, melting, juicy, sugary, delicious. La3t *tf September and early October. (Elliott.) THE PEJit. 778 Glou-morceau. Qloux Morceaux. Trimble. Beurre d'Hardenpont. Gouluo Morceau de Chambion. Hardenpont d'Hiver. Beurre de Kent. Linden d'Automne. Glou Morceau de Cambron. Beurre d'Areraberg. Beurre d'Hardenpont de Cambron. Goulu Morceau. Beurre Lombard. Kronprinz Ferdinand. Beurre d'Ardenpont. von Oestreich. Glout Morceau. Beurre de Cambron. Hardempont. Got Luc de Cambron. Victoria. Woolaston. Langlier's Victoria. Potts. An old Flemish Pear, originated with M. d'Ardempont, canon of Tournay. The growth of the tree is distinct, having dark olive shoots, spreading in hal>it. Fruit, rather large, varying in form, but usually obovate ovate obtuse pyriform, smooth, thin, pale greenish yellow, marked with small green dots, and sometimes with thin patches of greenish brown. Stalk rather slender and straight, an inch or more long, planted in a small, regular cavity. Calyx usually with open divisions, set in a moderately deep basin. Flesh white, line-grained, and smooth in texture, buttery, very melting, with a rich, sugary flavor, with no admixture of acid. Sometimes astringent in heavy soils. Good to very good. December. Golden Beurre or Bilboa. Hooper's Bilboa. Beurre Dore de Bilboa. Driver ? Beurre Gris de Bilboa. Beurre Gris de Portugal. The Golden Beurre of Bilboa was imported from Bilboa, Spain, about 1827, by Mr. Hooper, of Marblehead, Mass. Its European name is unknown. The tree is healthy, hardy, and a vigorous grower, form- ing a beautiful upright, round head, and producing abundantly. It is a profitable orchard sort. Shoots stout, upright, light yellowish brown. Fruit medium, regular obovate pyriform, golden yellow, evenly dot- ted with small brown dots, and a little marked with russet, especially round the stalk. Stalk about an inch and a half long, rather slender, 3et in a small cavity. Calyx small, closed, placed in a slight basin. Flesh white, very buttery and melting, and fine-grained, with a slightly vinous flavor. Very good. First to the middle of September. GOODALE. Goodale's Seedling. Saco. Raised from seed of the McLaughlin, by Enoch Goodale, Saco, Me. Its size and period of ripening make it promise of high value as a market sort. The tree is very hardy, a vigorous, thrifty grower, spreading upright in habit, and uniformly productive. Young wood very stout, olive. Fruit large, oblong obovate obtuse pyriform, light yellow, shaded with crimson and fawn in the sun, slightly netted and patched with ru* 774 THE FEAR. set, and thickly sprinkled with small russet brown dots.. Stalk rathei short and set in an inclined cavity of considerable depth, sometimes a projection one aide. Calyx small, closed. Segments thick. Basin Goodale. rather deep and uneven. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, a little gritty a* the core, sweet, slightly vinous, with a brisk refreshing musky perfume. Very good. October. Grand Bretagne. Great Britain. Supposed of Belgian origin. Fruit medium or below, obovate acute pyriform, pale yellow, shaded and mottled with red in the sun, nettiDgs and patches of russet, and russet dots. Flesh yellowish, coarse, gritty, juicy, sweet. Not quite good. January, February. THE PEAR. 775 Grand Soleil. Introduced by Major Esperen, of Malines. Tree vigorous and pro- ductive. Young wood dull dark yellow brown. Fruit medium, roundish pyriform, pale yellow, mostly covered with cinnamon russet and fawn, and a red cheek in sun, many russet dots. Stalk medium, in a small cavity. Calyx small, nearly closed. Basin abrupt, deep, a little furrowed. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, juicy, half melting, sugary, slightly vinous. Very good. October, November Graslin. Of French origin. Tree vigorous. Young wood olive yellow brown, very productive. Fruit medium, obovate ovate obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, sprinkled with brown dots and sometimes traces of russet. Stalk rather long and stout, set in a slight cavity, sometimes by a Lip. Calyx open. Segments large, reflexed. Basin small, slightly furrowed. Flesh yel- lowish, juicy, buttery, sweet, slightly vinous. Good. October, No- vember. Great Blanquette. Blanquet de Florence. Musette d'Aujou. Grosse Blanquet. Grosse Blanquette. Boi Louis. Great Blanket. Grosse Boi Louis. Bagpipe of Anjou. An old French Pear, of little value. Fruit small, ovate acute pyriform, yellowish green. Flesh melting, %Hcy, sweet. Good. August. Great Citron of Bohemia. Citronenbirne Bomiscbe grosse, punctirte. Fruit small, oblong, yellow. Flesh sugary, juicy, a Little coarse- grained, and not much flavor. Bipens the last of September. Green Chisel. Madeleine Vert. Guenette. Hativeau. Petit muscat batard muscade. An old English Pear. The tree is very productive, erect, fruiting in clusters. Fruit small, roundish ovate, greenish. Flesh white, melting, juicy, Bprightly. Good. Middle August. oreen Mountain Boy. An American variety. Fruit medium, roundish obcvate or obovate pyriform, golden yel- low, with russety brown specks. Flesh yellowish, melting, juicy, sweet good. October. (Elliott.) 776 THE PEAR. Green Pear of Yair. Green Yair. The Green Pear of Yair is a European fruit, which proves but lit tie worthy of cultivation here. Fruit of medium size, obovate. Skin green. Flesh juicy, but not high-flavored or rich. Good. September. Groom's Pwncess Boyal. Matthews Eliza. Princess Roj al. Bergamotte Matthews Eliza. An English fruit, raised by Mr. Groom, the famous tulip-grower. Young wood olive yellow brown. Fruit of medium size, roundish. Skin greenish brown, with a tinge of brownish red, and some russet tracings. Stalk short and thick, set in a very trifling depression. Calyx small, open, set in a shallow basin. Flesh buttery, melting, a little gritty near the core, but sweet and high- flavored. Yery good. January and February. Gros Eousselet d'Aout. A seedling of Yan Mons. Catalogued in 1823. Tree vigorous, or pyramidal form, very productive. Fruit medium, pyriform. Skin green, becoming golden yellow at maturity, shaded with russet and spotted with fawn. Flesh whitish, fine, melting, very juicy, sugary, vinous, deliciously perfumed. Ripens in August. (Al. Pom.) Grumkower. Grumkower Winterbirnie. This variety is described by Lindley as of middle size, in shape like a Bon Chretien, with obtuse angles or ribs. Flesh melting, juicy, sweet, musky. November, December. GUSTAVE BlVORT. A French variety. Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow, patches and nettings of russet, shade of red in sun. Flesh white, juicy, half melting, sweet, slightly perfumed. Good or very good. August. GUSTAVE BURGOYNE. Fruit large, oblong obovate obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, a little brownish in the sun, slightly netted and patched with russet, sometimes nearly covered, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk set in a shallow cavity. Calyx open. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. September, October. Gustin's Summer. Ad American variety, of little value. Originated in New Jersey. THE PEAK. 777 Fruit small, roundish. Skin yellow. Flesh white, sweet, without much flavor. First of September. Hacon's Incomparable. Celestus. Downham Seedling. An English fruit, raised by Mr. Hacon, of Downham Market, Nor- folk. It is a hardy, productive tree, with rather depending branches. Young shoots rather slender, diverging, olive-colored. Fruit rather large, roundish, inclining to turbinate. Skin slightly rough, pale, and dull yellowish green, mixed with pale brown, sprinkled with numerous greenish russet dots and russet streaks. Flesh white, buttery, melting, with a rich vinous flavoi\ Good. October and November. Haddington. Raised by J. B. Smith, Philadelphia. Tree vigorous, spreading. Fruit above medium, obovate or pyriform. Color greenish yellow, with a brownish cheek. Stalk slender, inserted in a small cavity. Calyx small, in a round, shallow basin. Flesh yellow, crisp, juicy, with an aromatic flavor. Good. January till April. Hagar. A French Pear, of poor quality. Tree very vigorous, upright. Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, shade of red in sun, some russet. Flesh coarse, dry, sweet. October. Haight. An American variety. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading. Fruit of medium size, roundish pyriform, yellow, shaded and mottled with red in the sun, small brown dots and traces of russet. Stalk long, a little curved, fleshy at insertion, set in a small cavity. Calyx open. Basin broad and uneven. Flesh white, pink at centre, a Little coarse, breaking, juicy, sweet, and pleasant. Good. October. Hamilton. Hamilton Seedling. An American Pear, originated in South Carolina, where it is said to be of very good quality, but here at the North it is astringent and poor. Fruit medium, oblate. Surface rough, yellowish, slightly patched and blotched with russet, and many l-usset dots. Flesh yellowish, coarse, not juicy, slightly astringent. November. Hamon. Bed Fondante. Besi Hamon. Beurr6 Seringe f Originated by M. Nerard, Lyons, France, in 1837. Tree vigorous, productive. 778 THE PEAK. Fruit medium or below, irregular, oval, dull pale green, tinged with yellow. Stalk long, curved. Flesh, white, half melting, juicy, sweet. Good. August. According to Leroy, Beurre Seringe should be a synonym of Doyeunfj de Saumur ; but our trees received of these varieties are not identical. According to the Jardin Fruiterer, Beurre Seringe is identical »»ith Hamon. Not having trees of that variety with which to corupaie *i, we for the present place it here. Hampden's Bergamot. Bergamotte d'Angleterre. Bergamotte de Bruxelles. Fingal's. Bergamotte d'Ete Grosse. Scotch Bergamot. Bergamotte de Paysans. Ellanrioch. Gracieuse. Milan Vert. r Fanf areau. Longueville d'Ecosse. Great Bergamotte. Hampden. Deutsche National Bergamotte Beuzard. Poire sans Pepins. Belle et Bonne. Belle de Bruxelles. Belle sans Pepius Sans Pepins. Belle de Luxembourg. Schone and Gute. An old variety, the origin of which is unknown. Fruit large, roundish oblate, a little rising at the stalk end, greenish yellow, with traces and patches of thin russet, and greenish russet dots. Flesh white, a little coarse, tender, half buttery, sweet, agreeable. Good. September. Hampton's Bergamot. Originated with W. C. Hampton, Mt. Victory, Ohio. Fruit small, roundish oblate, yellow, netted and sprinkled with rus- set and green dots. Flesh whitish, coarse, juicy, half melting, vinous. Good. September. Hampton's Cluster. Hampton. Cluster Pear. Raised by W. C. Hampton, Ohio. Fruit borne in clusters, very small, roundish, greenish yellow, shaded with dull red in the sun, and netted with russet. Flesh juicy, melting, sweet. Very good. September. Hampton's Virgalieu. A seedling of W. C. Hampton, Ohio. Fruit medium, roundish pyriform. Surface uneven, green, slightly yellow at maturity, sometimes with a warm cheek in sun, patches, net- tings, and dots of russet. Flesh yellowish, slightly gritty, juicy, melt- ing, brisk, vinous. Very good. October. Hanners'. Harm as. Originated in the garden of Mr. Hanners, Boston, Mass. Tree an upright good grower and bearer. Young shoots dull olive. THE PEAR. 779 Fruit large, oblong, very obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, slightly netted and patched with russet, and many green and russet dots. Stalk varying, sometimes long, pretty stout, set in a cavity, often with a lip Calyx open. Segments long, slender, recurved. Basin shallow, uneven, slightly russeted. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, pleasant, sweet, a little perfumed. Very good. September. Hanover. From Hanover Furnace, N. J. Fruit below medium, roundish obovate. Skin green, with dull green russet markings, and a brown cheek. Stalk medium. Cavity shallow and angular. Calyx open, in an irregular basin. Flesh greenish yellow, ex- ceedingly melting and juicy. Flavor pleasant. Good. Ripe October. (Ad. Int. Rep.) Harris. Speckled Harris? Received from Georgia. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit medium, obovate obtuse to obovate acute pyriform, pale yel- low, deep red in the sun, many green and brown dots. Flesh whitish, buttery, not juicy, sweet. Good. September. Harrison's Large Fall. Rushmore's Bon Chretien. Richmond Englebert Lott. Large Swan's Egg. Lott's Pear. An American variety, a strong, rapidly -growing tree, comes early into bearing, and produces abundantly. Fruit large, irregular, inclined, obovate obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, with a red cheek. Valued as a cooking fruit. August, September. Harvard. Boston Eparne. Cambridge Sugar Pear. Belle de Flushing. The Harvard produces enormous crops, of fair quality. The tree is remarkably hardy and vigorous, with upright shoots forming a fine head. It originated at Cambridge, Mass. Fruit rather large, oblong pyriform, russety olive yellow, with a brownish-red cheek. Stalk rather stout, inserted rather obliquely on the narrow summit or in a small cavity. Calyx set in a narrow basin. Flesh white, tender, juicy, and melting, of excellent flavor, but liable, if not picked early, to rot at the core. Beginning of September. 1 Harvest. Early Sugar. Sugar Tear. Woleott'b Early ? An American variety. Tree an upriirhl round spreading head, 8 good grower and bearer. Young wood olive yellow brown. Fruit below medium, or small, roundish, pale yellow, brown tinge of red in the sun, and sprinkled with bro green doits. Flesh whitish, not very juicy or melting, but swe ( rood. July. 780 THE PEAR. Hawes' Winter. Morgan. Hewes' Winter. Origin, King and Queens Co., Va., on the farm of the Hawes family, Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit medium or below, roundish, greenish yellow, with traces and spots of russet. Flesh whitish, buttery, half melting, juicy, sweet Good. November. Heathcot. Gore's Heathcot The Heathcot originated on the farm of Governor Gore, in Waltham, Mass., by Mr. Heathcot, then a tenant; the original tree came into bearing in 1824. Tree moderately vigorous. Young shoots upright, reddish brown. Fruit of medium size, regularly obovate, pale greenish yellow, with a -very few dots, and a few russet streaks. Stalk an inch long, planted in a very small cavity. Calyx closed, and set in a rather narrow and shallow basin. Flesh white, buttery, and melting, moderately juicy, with an agreeable vinous flavor. Good to very good. Middle and last of September. Hebe. Raised by William Sumner, Pomaria, S. C. Tree thrifty, thorny, hardy, productive, and retains its foliage late. Young wood slender, grayish. Fruit large, round, obovate, with irregular protuberances, greenish lemon yellow, dotted with russet specks and blotches. Flesh sprightly, melting, buttery, slightly vinous. Seldom forms seeds. December. (Hort.) Hegeman. Hegerman. Heggerman. Hampton. Originated on the farm of Andrew Hegeman, North Hempstead, Long Island. Tree vigorous, upright in habit, not an early bearer, but when mature bears heavily. Young wood olive brown. Fruit medium, roundish ovate, variable in form, greenish yellow, netted and dotted with russet. Stalk short. Cavity shallow, uneven. Calyx large, open. Basin shallow. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, sweet. Good to very good. October. Helene Gregoire. Raised by M. Gregoire, of Jodoigne, Belgium. Tree vigorous and productive. Young wood dull reddish brown. Fruit large, ovate, light greenish yellow, slightly colored in the sun, russet patches and spots. Stalk short, set in a narrow cavity. Calyx large. Basin furrowed. Flesh fine, melting, half buttery, juicy, sweet, Derfumed. October. (An. Pom.) THE PEAR. Henkel. 781 Cumberland of Belgium. One of Van Mons' seedlings. Growth vigorous, upright, productive, Young wood dull grayish brown. Fruit rather large, broad obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, netted ana patched with russet, and sprinkled with green and brown dots. Stalk Henkel. inclined, rather stout, fleshy at insertion by a ring or lip. Calyx par- tially open. Segments short, stiff, sometimes reflexed. Basin rather large, slightly uneven, russeted. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, with a rich, slightly vinous flavor. Very good to best. September. Henri Bivort. Henri (Bivort.) A Belgian variety. Tree vigorous. Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, greenish yellow, few patches oi 782 THE PEAR. russet, and many green and brown dots. Flesh whitish, juicy, half melting, sugary. Good. September. Henri Desportes. A seedling of Andre Leroy's. Fruit large, pyriform. Flesh white, juicy, one of the best summer Pears. (Leroy.) Henrietta. Raised by Gov. Edwards, of New Haven, Conn. Tree a free grower, of upright form, a good bearer. Young wood reddish brown. Fruit medium, roundish oval, greenish or greenish yellow, a little netted and patched with russet, tinge of red in the sun. Flesh whitish green, juicy, half melting, sweet. Good. September. Henriette. Belle Henriette. Henriette Bouvier. Henriette d'Orleans. Raised by M. Simon Bouvier, of Jodoigne, Belgium. Tree a fine grower. Young wood reddish. Fruit medium, oblate, nearly globular, pale greenish yellow, a little shaded with fawn or dull red in the sun, thinly netted with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long, slender, a little inclined, fleshy at insertion, or with a mamelon neck. Calyx open. Segments long, slender, often recurved. Basin very shallow, slightly uneven. Flesh a little coarse, whitish, juicy, half melting, sweet, perfumed. Good to very good. November. Henri Van Mons'. Bergamotte Rouge Tardif. Fleur de Neige. Beurre Rouge Tardif. Snow Flower. One of Van Mons' earliest seedlings. Tree very vigorous, hardy, holding its foliage late in the season, and an abundant bearer. Young wood clear olive. Fruit medium to large, elongated acute pyriform, pale yellow, shaded and mottled with brownish red or crimson in the sun, netted and patch- ed with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long, rather slender, curved, without cavity. Calyx open. Segments long, generally recurved. Basin small, uneven. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melt- ing, sweet. Good to very good. October. Henry the Fourth Henri Quatre. Jaquin. Favori Musque du Conseiller. Beurre Ananas. Ananas. The tree of this French Pear is a good grower, hardy and productive, young wood dull yellow brown, with many specks. Fruit below medium size, roundish pyriform, pale greenish yellow, dotted with small gray specks. Stalk rather more than an inch long, slender. Calyx small, placed in a shallow abrupt basin. Flesh whitish, THE PEAR. 788 not very fine-grained, but unusually juicy and melting, with a rich, deli- cately perfumed flavor. It should always be ripened in the house. Good to very good. Early in September. Hericart. A second-rate Belgian Pear, with a pleasant, perfumed juice, ripen- ing early in autumn. Tree very vigorous and productive. Fruit of medium size, obovate, often rather oblong and irregular, yellow and russety. Stalk an inch or more long, rather slender, set in a small cavity. Calyx set in a shallow basin. Flesh white, fine-grained, buttery, not rich, but with a delicate, peculiar aroma, gritty, and slightly astringent. Good. The fruit ripens the last of September. Hericart de Thury. Raised by Van Mons. A good grower, of peculiar habits and ap- pearance, rather pyramidal, but with diverging crooked limbs. Not an early nor a very profuse bearer. Young wood dull reddish olive brown. Fruit medium or above, obtuse ovate pyriform, yellow, thinly shaded with red in the sun, slightly netted, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long, rather slender, curved. Cavity small. Calyx closed. - Segments short. Basin small, uneven. Flesh white, not very 'uicy, and slightly astringent. Good. December. Herkimer. Earl Pear. Originated on the farm of S. Earl, Herkimer, !N". Y. The tree is a vigorous grower, hardy and productive. Young wood warm reddish brown. Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate. Surface a little uneven, pale greenish yellow, clouded with dull red in the sun, and many green dots. Stalk pretty stout, curved. Cavity doep, round. Calyx with flat reflexed segments. Basin varying from shallow to moderately lee] Flesh white, a little coarse-grained at the core, juicy, sweet, melting, and agreeable. Good. September, October. Hessel. Hazel. Hasselbirn. A Scotch Pear, very productive. Fruit small, obovate. Skin yellowish green. Flesh whitish, juicy, of little or no value. First of September. HlKGHAM. ( )riginated in Hingham, Mass. Tree vigorous, spreading. Fruit medium, obovate acute pyriform, palo yellow, shaded with red in the sun, many brown dots. Stalk long. Calyx partially closed. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, vinous. Good. Oetober. T84 THE PEAK. HoLLANDE BERGAMOTTE. Holland Bergamot. Hollandische Bergamotte. Beurre d'Alencon. Bergamotte d'HoUand. Begamotte d'Alengon. Sarah. Jardin de Jougers. Bergamotte d'Hiver d'Holland, Bergamotte de Fougere. Beum- Extra. Amoselle. Lord Cheney. Lord Cheeney's. Musquine de Bretagne. An old variety, trie origin unknown. An excellent kitchen fruit which will keep sound till May or June. Shoots stout, diverging, olive brown. Fruit rather large, roundish, green, much marbled and covered with thin brown russet, but becoming yellowish at maturity. Flesh white, crisp, with an abundant, sprightly, agreeable j uice. Holland Green. An old variety, described by Coxe, and sometimes called Holland Table Pear. Fruit large, irregular, green, with spots of russet. Flesh juicy, melting, delicate, delicious. September. (Coxe.) Honey. European Honey. This Pear is considerably grown in many parts of the country, and although an old sort, its origin seems unknown, and to our knowledge is not noted by any American author. The tree is an upright, good grower, and a great bearer. Fruit medium or below, roundish, sometimes roundish pyriform, pale yellow, shaded and mottled with red in the sun, with many light russet dots, and sometimes patches of russet. Stalk short, rather stout. Calyx open. Basin broad, shallow. Flesh whitish, coarse, breaking, moderately juicy, sweet, pleasant. Good. August. HOSENSCHENCK. Hosenshenck. Queen of August. Shenk's. Moore's Pound. Watermelon. Eshleman. Smokehouse. Moore's Pear. Butter Pear. This Pear originated on the farm of John Schenck, Weaver Town- ship, Pa. Tree vigorous, productive. Young wood grayish olive brown. Fruit of medium size, roundish oblate. Skin light yellowish green, rarely with a blush. Stalk about an inch long, rather stout, inserted without much depression, sometimes by a lip. Calyx small. Basin deep. Flesh rather coarse, tender, juicy, slightly vinous, melting, with a pleasant flavor. Good to. very good. Ripens the last of August. HOVEY. Doyenne" Hovey. Raised by Andre" Leroy, and dedicated to C. M. Hovey, of Boston, THE TEAK. 781 Mass. Tree a vigorous, upright grower. Young shoots clear yellow brown. Fruit medium or above, varying in form from oblong oval to obo- vate obtuse pyriform, yellow or greenish yellow, slightly sprinkled, netted, and patched with russet. Stalk medium, moderately stout, in- serted without cavity. Calyx with short, stiff segments. Basin shal- low, lightly furrowed and slightly russeted. Flesh yellowish, buttery, juicy, melting, sweet, aromatic. Very good. October, November. Howard. Received from D. W. Coit, Norwich, Conn. Tree vigorous, upright, productive, with olive yellow brown young shoots. Fruit medium, roundish obovate, pale yellow, patches and traces of russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long, curved. Cavity small. Calyx open. Basin uneven, sbightly russeted. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, slightly perfumed, pleasant. Very good. September. Raised by Thomas Howell, of New Haven, Conn. A valuable 50 786 THE PEAR. variety . Tree an upright and free grower. Young shoots reddish yol low brown, an early and profuse bearer. Fruit rather large, roundish pyriform, light waxen yellow, often with a finely shaded cheek, thickly sprinkled with minute russet dots, and some russet patches. Stalk medium, inserted without cavity, some- times by a ring or lip, sometimes in a small cavity. Calyx open. Seg- ments recurved. Basin rather large and uneven. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, brisk, vinous. Very good. September, October. Huguenot. A fruit originated by Mr. Johonnot, of Salem, Mass. It bears abun dantly, but is rather dry, and not worthy of general cultivation. Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow, sprinkled with large spots of bright red. Flesh white, fine-grained, half breaking, sweet, but wanting in flavor and juice. Good. October. Hull. Originated in the town of Swanzey, Mass. Tree vigorous, somewhat rambling in habit, with long shoots of a rich reddish yellow brown. Fruit medium, oblong obovate obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, net- ted and patched with russet, especially near the stalk, thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long, rather stout, inserted by a ring in a shal- low cavity. Calyx partially closed. Segments short, erect. Basin small, uneven. Flesh white, juicy, melting, slightly vinous. Very Good. September. Hungerford's Oswego. Received from Oswego, N. Y. Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, with brown dots. Flesh white, Duttery, juicy, melting, gritty, sweet. Good. October. Huntington. Origin, New Rochelle, and brought to our notice by S. P. Carpenter. It was found by Mr. Huntington, and now stands on his grounds. Tree vigorous, forming a pyramid, an early and profuse bearer. Young shoots olive color. Fruit nearly medium in size, roundish oblate, rough yellow, often shaded with crimson, thickly covered with gray and crimson dots, and russet patches. Stalk medium or long, nearly straight. Cavity broad and uneven. Calyx open. Segments stiff. Basin broad and open. Flesh white, very juicy, melting, buttery, with a very sweet, vinous flavor, delicately perfumed. Very good. September. Hunt's Connecticut. An American fruit for kitchen use. Medium, oblate, yellowish green, coarse, dry, and sweet. Huyshe's Prince Consort. Raised by Rev. John Huyshe, of Clythesdon, Devon, England, from Beod of Beurre d'Aremberg, fertilized by Passe Colmar. This is one of THE l'EAK. 78? a series of four new Pears, originated by Mr. Huyshe, all of which are said to be of superior excellence. The tree is a vigorous grower, with short-jointed young shoots of a dark dull reddish brown, and indistinct white specks. Hogg describes the fruit as large, oblong obovate pyri- fonn, grass green, much covered with russet and russet dots. Stalk long, stout. Calyx small, open. Basin deep, uneven. Flesh yellowish, coarse-grained, juicy, melting, sweet, vinous, with a peculiar flavor un- like any other pear. November. Huyshe's Prince of Wales. Huyshe's Bergamot. Originated at Clythedon, England, by Rev. John Huyshe, from seed of Marie Louise crossed with Causer's Bergamot. Tree vigorous, spreading. Young wood reddish brown. Fruit large, roundish oval, lemon yellow, mostly covered with cin- namon-colored russet. Stalk stout and woody, somewhat obliquely in- serted in a round and rather open cavity. Calyx small, open, with erect tooth-like segments. Flesh yellowish white, tender, molting, juicy, and richly flavored. November to January. (Hogg.) Huyshe's Princess of Wales. Origin, Clythedon, England, by the Rev. John Huyshe. Fruit medium, oblong, abrupt at stalk, lemon yellow, with patches, veins, and dots of cinnamon-colored russet. Stalk long, stout, woody, somewhat obliquely inserted in a round and rather wide cavity. Calyx small, open, with narrow, erect segments. Flesh deep yellow, fine- grained, very melting, juicy, rich, and highly aromatic. Last of Novem- ber. (Hogg.) Huyshe's Victoria. This Pear is of the same origin as Huyshe's Prince of Wales. It has fruited in several collections in this country. Tree a good grower, spreading. Young wood dull brown. Fruit medium size, ovate pyriform or ovate acute pyriform, yellow, considerably patched and netted with russet, and thickly sprinkled with green and brown dots. Stalk medium length, stout, inclined, and joined to the fruit without depression. Calyx open. Basin medium, uneven. FletJi yellowish, juicy, melting, a little vinous. Good to very good. November. Incommunicable. A Flemish Pear. Fruit above medium, obtuse pyriform, grass green, with russety specks. Flssh yellowish white, a little gritty, melting, sweet. October (LincL) Inconnue Van Mons. L'Inconnue. One of Van Mons' seedlings. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright, very productive. 788 THE PEAR. Fruit medium or below, broad oval pyriform, light yellow, netted and patched with russet, and many russet dots. Stalk long, curved, inclined, and set in a slight depression, sometimes by a lip. Calyx open. Segments long, recurved. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh white, juicy, melting, very sweet, rich, and pleasant. Good to very good December to March. Inconstant. L'lnconstant. Fruit medium, ovate obovate acute pyriform, pale yellow, slight traces and patches of russet, shade of red in the sun, many dots. Flesh white, juicy, half melting, a little astringent. Good. October. Ibis Gregoire. A Belgian Pear, as yet little known in this country. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. Fruit medium to large, oblong acute pyriform, clear light yellow, with shades and marblings of red russet. Stalk short, with two or more fleshy rings at its connection with the fruit. Flesh white, fine-grained, melting, buttery, sweet, perfumed. December, January. (An. Pom.) Isabella. Raised by Dr. S. A. ShurtlefF, Brookline, Mass. Tree thrifty, upright. Fruit medium size, pyriform, light green, red in sun. Flesh white, juicy, sprightly, agreeable. October. (J. of H.) Island. Originated at New Utrecht, Long Island. Tree moderately vigorous, upright. Young wood olive yellow brown. Fruit medium, roundish pyriform, pale yellow, netted, sprinkled, and patched with russet. Stalk short. Calyx open. Flesh white, a little granular, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly perfumed. Good. October. Ives' August. Originated with Dr. Eli Ives, New Haven, Conn. Fruit medium, oblong obtuse pyriform, greenish, with a brownish red cheek. Flesh greenish white, juicy, half melting, a little astringent. Good. August. Ives' Bergamotte. Raised by Dr. Eh. Ives, New Haven, Conn. Tree closely resembles the Seckel, and is very productive. Fruit medium or small, roundish, greenish yellow, with slight traces of russet. Stalk short and thick. Flesh rather coarse, buttery, melting, juicy, vinous. Good. Ripens first of September. Ives' Pear. Raised by Dr. Eli Ives, New Haven, Conn. Tree vigorous and very productive. THE PEAR. toV Fruit small, oval oblong pyriform, greenish, with a biownish-ied cheek. Stalk long. Calyx open. Basin very small. Flesh juicy, melt* ing, sugary, and good. Ripens first of September. Ives' Seedling. Raised by Dr. Eli Ives, New Haven, Conn. Fruit nearly medium, somewhat globular, greenish yellow, shaded with crimson. Stalk short and thick. Calyx small, nearly closed. Basin shallow and irregular. Flesh whitish, coarse, and granular, j uicy , melt- ing, with a refreshing sugary flavor, well perfumed. Good. Ripe about the first of September. Ives' Virgalieu. Raised by Dr. Eli Ives, New Haven. Fruit below medium, acute pyriform, broad at calyx, greenish, shaded with dull crimson. Stalk inserted by a Lip. Calyx open. Basin shal- low and irregular. Flesh whitish, rather coarse and granular, buttery juicy, and melting, with a sweet vinous flavor. Good. October. Ives' Winter. Raised by Prof. Ives, New Haven. Fruit medium, depressed pyriform, yellowish, sprinkled with russet. Stem large and long, in an abrupt cavity. Calyx open, in a large basin. Flesh white, coarse, and granular. Cooking. December. Ives' Yale. Raised by Dr. Eli Ives, New Haven, Conn. Fruit medium, roundish, mamelon at base of stem, dull greenish yel- low, brownish crimson in the sun. Flesh greenish white, moderately jucy. Good. Early August. Jackson. Origin, New Hampshire. Tree vigorous and productive. Young wood dull reddish brown. Fruit medium, obovate, short pyriform, pale yellow, somewhat rus- Beted. Stalk limg and curved, fleshy at its junction, inserted in a slight cavity. Calyx small and open, set in a rather deep abrupt basin. Flesh white and juicy. Flavor brisk and vinous. Good to very good. Ripens the last of September. Jackson's Elizabeth. Mrs. Jackson. Jackson. Originated with 8. S. Jackson, of Cincinnati, (). Tree moderately ▼igorous, very productive. Young wood reddish brown. Fruit medium size, roundish obovate pyriform. Skin greenish yel- low, shaded with crimson in the sun, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk medium, set in a slight depression. Calyx small, partially closed. Basin small, regular. Flesh whitish, juiey, melting, sweet, pleasant, slightly aromatic. Good to \ en ^ood. Last of September. 790 THE PEAR. Jalousie. De Pucelle. An old Belgian Pear. Fruit rather large, roundish to obovate, and more frequently pyri form. Skin rough, of the deepest russet, ruddy in the sun. Flesh a little coarse-grained, soft, sweet, and of pleasant flavor. Good. Last of September*. Jalousie de Fontenay Vendee. De Fontenay Vendee. Jalousie de Fontenay. Belle d'Esquermes. The tree of this French Pear is vigorous, and an early and abundant bearer. Young shoots a dull olive brown color. Fruit medium, oblong obovate, slightly acute pyriform, dull yellow and green, considerably marked with russet patches and dots, and tinged with a red cheek. Stalk about an inch long, set obliquely, with- out depression, on an obtuse point. Calyx with stiff segments, set in a shallow, round basin. Flesh white, buttery, melting, with a rich-fla- vored juice. Very good. First of October. Jaminette. Sabine. Wilhelmine. Bergamotte Cheminette. D'Austrasie. Josephine. Sabine Van Mons. Beurre d'Austrasie. Colmar Jaminette. Beurre Saint Helier. Belle d'Austrasie. Crassane d'Austrasie. Tyrolle. Raised by M. Jaminette, of Metz, very productive, and in favoral;e seasons an excellent winter fruit. Young wood dull yellow brown. Fruit of medium or large size, varying in form, but mostly obovate, ■a good deal narrower at the stalk, clear green, paler at maturity, consid- erably marked with russety brown, especially near the stalk, and sprink- led with numerous brown dots. Stalk scarcely an inch long, rather thick, and obliquely planted, without any depression. Calyx open, set in a basin of moderate depth. Flesh white, a little gritty near the core, but very juicy and buttery, sweet. Good to very good. No- vember to January. Japan. This peculiar Pear originated with Gideon Ross, of Westfield, N. J., from seeds brought from Japan, and is similar to Chinese sand pear. The tree is a very vigorous grower, with very large thick leaves, an early and abundant bearer. Young wood rich clear brown, with long white specks. It has a hard flesh, with a peculiar quince-like aroma, and is only valued for cooking. Fruit medium, oblate, cinnamon yellow russet, with many large light-colored specks. Stalk very long. Cavity open, deep. Calyx in- conspicuous. Basin deep, open, broad. Flesh coarse, gritty, firm, in consistence and flavor much like a delicate quince. Very fine for cook- ing. October, December. Jean Baptiste Bivort. A new Belgian Pear. Tree vigorous. Fruit large, oblong pyriform, yellowish, nearly overspread with fHE PEAR. 791 cinnamon red and reddish specks. Stalk long, slender. Cavity narrow small. Flesh white, melting, buttery, juicy, sweet, slightly perfumed November. (An. Pom.) Jean de Witte. Dial. Beurre de Hamptienne. Passe Colmar Francois. Tree vigorous, upright grower. Young shoots very dark olive. Fruit medium, roundish obovato pyriform, yellowish green, dotted, sprinkled, and netted with russet, and slightly shaded with fawn 01 crimson in the sun. Stalk long, curved, inclined, set in a small cav- ity. Calyx open. Segments stiff. Basin rather abrupt. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good to very good. November, De- cember. J EFFERSON. Origin, Mississippi. Tree very vigorous, an eai'ly bearer, and very productive. Fruit large, roundish obtuse pyriform, straw color, shaded with red in the sun, and dotted with small green dots. Flesh white, not juicy, sweet, coarse, decays quickly at core, not high-flavored. August Jersey Gratioli. Gracioli of Jersey. Bedminster Gratioli. Nonis Pear. Originated in the Isle of Jersey. Tree a moderately vigorous grower and a good bearer. Young wood short-jointed, dull reddish brown. Fruit medium, roundish obovate pyriform, greenish yellow, netted and patched with russet, many brown russet dots. Stalk short, rather stout, inclined, in a small cavity, russeted. Calyx, open. Segments rather long and slender, recurved. Basin abrupt, deep, uneven. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, rich vinous. Very good. September. John Griffith. Originated in Westchester Co., N. Y. Fruit medium, roundish obovate obtuse pyriform, greenish yel- low, with many brown dots, and some nettings and patches of russet. Flesh whitish, coarse, not very juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant Good. September. Johonnot. Frankl in. Originated in the garden of George S. Johonnot, Esq., of Salem, Mass. The fruit is of medium size, of a roundish and peculiar irregular form, dull yellowish. Stalk short and thick, planted by the side of a swollen protuberance. The flesh is melting, buttery, and good. Septem- ber, October. 792 THE PEAR. JOLIE FlLLE DE GUST. This " pretty girl of Gust " is of Belgian origin. The fruit is small, roundish acute pyriform, pale yellow, shaded with crimson in the sun. Stalk long. Calyx open. Flesh white, coarse, dry; its beauty its only value. September. JOLY DE BONNEAU. Fruit above medium size, obovate, pale green, with spots and veins »«f brown russet. Stalk long, obliquely inserted, stout, woody, and in serted without depression. Calyx open. Flesh white, with a pink tinge fine-grained, melting, juicy, sweet, vinous. December. (Hogg.) Jones. Jones's Seedling. Origin, Kingsessing, near Philadelphia. This is one of the good Pears, and, were it a little larger, would be one of the most valuable. The tree is vigorous and upright in growth, and productive. Young shoots of a dull olive brown. Jones. Fruit medium or below, pyriform, broad at calyx, tapering to the stem, which meets it by a fleshy junction. Skin yellow, shaded with russet, bright cinnamon on the sunny side. Calyx open, in a broad, shallow, uneven basin. Flesh coarse, granular, buttery, sugary, brisk and vinous. Very good. October. the pear. 79j Josephine Bouvier. Fruit medium, ovate, green, with a few patches and nettings of rus set, and many brown dots. Stalk medium length, curved. Cavity shal low. Calyx partially open. Segments recurved. Flesh white, coarse, juicy, melting, sweet, without flavor. January. Josephine de Malines. Raised by Major Esperen, of Malines, and proves one among the best of winter varieties. Tree moderately vigorous and productive. Young wood olive yellow brown, very short-jointed. Buds round, pro- jecting. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly pyriform, pale greenish yel- tow, netted and patched with russet, especially aroimd the stalk, and Josephine de Malineg. with many minute brown dots, particularly around the calyx. Stalk enlarged at both ends, curved, sometimes set in a sm;ill cavity. Calyx small, open. Segments short, stiff, nearly erect. Flesh pinkish white, juicy, melting, sweet, with a delicate aroma. Very good. January, February. Joseph Staquet. A new variety, from Belgium. Fruit above medium, oblong pyriform, pale yellow, with patches and 794 THE PEAR. dots of green and russet. Stalk fleshy at insertion, set without depre* sion. Flesh white, melting, buttery, very juicy, sweet, with a musky perfume. September, October. (An. Pom.) Judge Andrews. Andrews' Kingsessing. Originated in Pennsylvania. Fruit medium, oblong obovate pyriform, yellowish, traced and mot- tled with red in the sun. Flesh coarse, breaking, dry. Poor. Sep* tember. Julienne. A handsome summer Pear. It is a productive fruit, and comes into oearing very early. It is often of excellent flavor, and of the first qua- lity; but, unfortunately, it is variable in these respects, and some seasons it is comparatively tasteless and insipid. In the Southern States, and in rich, warm, and dry soils at the North, it is almost always fine. The tree is of thrifty, upright growth, with light yellowish-brown shoots. Fruit of small size, but varying in different soils ; obovate, regularly formed, clear bright yellow on all sides. Stalk light brown, speckled with yellow, a little more than an inch long, pretty stout, inserted in a very shallow depression. Calyx open, set in a basin slightly sunk, but often a little plaited. Flesh white, rather firm at first, half buttery, sweet, and moderately juicy. Ripens all the month of August. Reiser. Fruit medium size, pyriform, yellowish green, with small gray russet specks, and russet round the stalk. Flesh greenish white, a little gritty, melting, sweet. October. (Lind.) Kelsey. Originated in the garden of Wm. Kelsey, Columbns, O. Tree up- right, partially spreading, vigorous. Young wood dull yellow brown. Fruit medium, roundish obovate, dull green, becoming yellowish when well ripened, marblings of russet near the calyx. Dots of russet. Stalk slender. Calyx small, open. Segments short, erect. Basin slightly furrowed. Flesh greenish yellow, melting, sweet, buttery, vinous, slightly aromatic. October to February. (Hort.) King. Originated at Oswego, N. Y. Fruit medium or below in size, roundish oblate pyriform, green- ish brown in the sun, with many green and brown dots. Flesh whitish, coarse, half melting, sweet. Good. September, October, King Edward's. * Jackman's Melting. Fruit large, pyriform, tapering gradually to the stalk, yellow, red THE PEAR. 795 cheek. Flesh yellowish, buttery, melting, and good, when the seasor is favorable. Good. October. KlNGSESSINO. Leech's Kingsessing. Originated in the family burying-ground of Isaac Leech, near Phi ladelphia. Tree upright and of vigorous growth, with dark olive yeb low brown shoots. Buds broadly shouldered, prominent. Fruit large, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, thickly sprinkled with minute green or gray dots. Stalk medium or loug, curved, and fleshy at its insertion in a broad, uneven cavity. Calyx set in a large, irregular, corrugated basin. Flesh whitish, somewhat coarse and gran- ular, juicy, buttery, and melting, with a sweet perfumed flavor. Good to very good. September. King. King's Seedling. Medium size, oblate uneven, yellowish green, rough. Stalk in a cavity. Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh greenish white, granular, juicy, sugary, aromatic, perfumed. Good. October. Klrtland. KlRTLAND. Kirtland'a Seedling. Hadley. Kirtland's SeckeL Kirtland's Beurre. Eaised by H. T. Kirtland, Poland, O. Tree moderately vigorous Foung wood olive yellow brown. Fruit medium or below, obtusely obovate, sometimes obscurely pyri T96 THE PEAK. form, line yellow, mostly covered with bright cinnamon n sset, occa sionally mottled and streaked with red on the sunny side. Stalk rathei short and stout, inserted in a small cavity, often by a ring or lip, Calyx partially open, persistent. Basin shallow and broad. Flesh melt ing, juicy, sweet, aromatic. Very good. Ripe first of September. Knight's Monarch. Monarch. An English Peai, raised by Thomas Andrew Knight, which has not proved of much value at the North. In the Southern States it promises well. Tree vigorous, hardy, and productive. Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish green, with brown russet and many gray russet specks. Flesh yellowish, melting, sweet, agreeable. Good. December, January. Knight's. Knight's Seedling. Raised by Mr. Knight, of Rhode Island. Tree vigorous, produc- tive. Fruit medium, oblate pyriform, yellowish green, rough. Stalk long, inserted by a slight cavity. Calyx closed, in a shallow basin. Flesh juicy and sweet. Good. October. KOPERTSCHER. Kossertscher. Beurre Prince de Schwarzenberg. Princiere de Kopertsh. Supreme Coloma. A foreign Pear, of uncertain origin. Tree vigorous and productive. Fruit medium or below, nearly globular, greenish yellow, with a few patches of russet, and many green and brown dots. Stalk short. Calyx large, open. Flesh whitish, juicy, buttery, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. October. Lafayette. Origin, Connecticut. Fruit small, roundish pyriform, pale yellow, with light russet, and dotted with brown russet dots. Flesh yellowish, buttery, juicy, half melting, sweet, lacking flavor. Good. November. La Herard. One of Van Mons' seedlings, originated in 1825. Fruit medium, oblong obovate pyriform, pale yellowish green, with reddish cheek in sun, and sprinkled with many brown dots. Stalk rather long, curved. Cavity small. Calyx partially closed. Segments short, erect. Basin small, slightly furrowed. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, a little perfumed. Very good. September. La Juive. Juive. Jewess. One of Major Esperen's introduction. Tree vigorous and producti ve foung wood yellow brown. THE TEAR. 797 Fruit medium, ovate obovate, pale yellow, considerably russet *d, net- ted, and patched, and with many brown russet dots. Stalk short, stout, fleshy at base. Cavity small. Calyx open. Segments persistent, often a little recurved. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh yellowish, a little coarse at the core, juicy, half melting, sweet, a little aromatic. Good to very good. October. Lamartine. De Lamartine. Of foreign origin. Fruit small, roundish oblate. Surface rough, greenish yellow, mostly covered with a light thin russet, and with many brown dots. Stalk short and small. Cavity small. Calyx small and open. Basin rather deep. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, juicy, melting, rich, sweet. Very good. Nove'niber. Lammas. Huntingdon. An old variety, described by Lindley as an erect, strong grower, hardy, good bearer, and profitable for the mai'ket. We do not know of its ever fruiting in this country. Fruit small, pyriform, pale yellow, tinged with red in the sun. Flesh juicy, melting, agreeable. Good. August. La Moulinoise. A foreign variety, that we have fruited but once. Fruit large, oblong pyriform, greenish yellow, partially netted and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with brown russet dots. Stalk long, rather stout, inserted by a lip. Calyx partially open. Seg- ments erect. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly vinous. Very good. September. L AN SAC. De Lansac. Dauphine. Satin. This Pear is described by Lindley as below medium size, nearly glo- bular, yellowish green. Flesh yellowish, melting, sugary, slightly per- fumed. November and December. Large Bound Blanquet. Grosse Blanquette Ronde. Gros Blanquet Rond. An old fruit of little value, small size, round, yellowish, shade of red in the sun. Flesh white, half breaking, sweet. Last of July. La Savourese. Probably of German origin. Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, green, with some marbling* and patches of russet. Staik long, slender. Flesh greenish white, but- tery, sweet, agreeable. Early winter. (Verg.) 798 THE PEAK. Las Canas. Bon Farent Bouvier. Bow Parent. A Belgian Pear, possessed of many of the best qualities that make ap a good fruit. The tree is a good grower, an early bearer, and the fruit keeps well. Fruit medium or below, ovate acute pyriform, pale or greenish yel- low, netted and patched with golden russet, and thickly dotted with rus- set gray dots. Stalk medium, inclined, fleshy at base, or inserted by a lip without depression. Calyx small, open. Basin shallow, russeted. Flesh yellowish white, buttery, melting, juicy, slightly astringent, and aromatic. Very good. October. La. Sceur Gregoire. Soeur Gregoire. Raised by M. Gregoire. Fruit large, oblong. Surface uneven, rich golden yellow, mostly overspread with dull brick red. Flesh fine, yellowish white, melting, buttery, juicy, sweet, with a delicate aroma. November, January. (An. Pom.) Laure de Glymes. A seedling of Van Mons'. Tree of moderate growth, very produc- tive. Fruit medium or below, roundish oval, inclining to obovate. Sur- face rough, yellow, nearly covered, netted, and patched with russet, many russet dots. Stalk rather stout, fleshy at insertion. Calyx par- tially open. Segments recurved. Basin shallow, corrugated. Flesh yellowish, a little coarse, buttery, not very juicy, slightly vinous, and a little astringent. Good. September, October. Lawrence. Originated at Flushing, Long Island. Tree hardy, a moderate grower, an early and abundant bearer. Young shoots dull yellow brown. A valuable sort for orcharding, and unsurpassed in its many good qualities among our early winter Pears. Fruit medium size, obovate obtuse pyriform, nearly regular. Color lemon yellow, with traces and occasional patches of russet, and ' thickly dotted with minute brown dots. Stalk of medium length and rather stout, set in an irregular russeted cavity. Calyx open. Segments short, persistent. Basin broad, shallow, uneven, or slightly corrugated, and thinly russeted. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, and aromatic. Very good or best. December. Le Breton. The origin of this Pear is unknown. Fruit medium size, irregular, obovate obtuse pyriform, yellow, net- ted and patched with russet, and many russet dots. Flesh yellowish, TITE PEAR. rather coarse at the core, melting, juicy, sweet, aromatic. very good. November to January. 799 Good to Lawrence. Le Brun. Originated in Troy, France. Fruit of medium size, oblong ovate pyriform, yellowish, with brown and fawn shades. Flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet, with a musky perfume. September, October. (Leroy.) Lee. Lee's Seedling. Originated at Salem, Mass. Fruit small to medium, roundish oval, greenish, russet brown in sun. Flesh white, juicy, coarse. Poor. September. (Elliott.) Beum'; le Fevre. Lefevre. Beurr6 de Mortefontaine. An old French Pear, originated about 1740. Fruit very large, roundish oval, dull green, dull brown in sun, with numerous conspicuous large gray dots. Stalk stout. Calyx with re- flexed segments. Flesh greenish white, fine, melting, juicy, vinous, perfumed. October. (Jar.) 800 THE PEAR. Lenawee. Origin unknown. Received from Dr. D. K. Underwood, of Adrian, Michigan. Tree at first upright, becoming straggling, and twisting irregular. Fruit medium, oblong pyriform. Surface uneven, light yellow, with a crimson cheek in sun, dotted with small russet specks. Flesh buttery, not very juicy, slightly aromatic. Good. September. Lent Saint Germain. Easter Saint Germain. Fruit pretty large, oblong oval obovate, pale green, full of small white specks. Flesh firm, breaking, with a very good flavored juice. March, April. (Lind.) Leochine de Printemps. This is one of the new foreign varieties, which we have fruited but once. Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, yellow, netted and patched with russet, and sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk short. Calyx open. Flesh white, firm, not very juicy. Good. Late Winter. Leon Gregoire. This new Pear is described in the Annals of Pomology as : — Fruit large, oblong, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, marbled, mottled, and shaded with reddish brown, and reddish gray dots. Flesh yellowish white, melting, buttery, sweet, vinous, agreeable. December, January. Leonie Pinchart. A new Belgian variety. Fruit of medium size, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, much cov- ered, netted, and patched with yellow russet, and minute russet dots. Stalk short, stout. Calyx open. Segments recurved. Basin rather shallow, uneven. Flesh whitish, juicy, sweet, melting. Very good. Sep- tember, October. Leon le Clerc Laval. Blanc-per-ne. One of Van Mons' seedlings. A good cooking Pear, large size, and very distinct from the celebrated " Van Mons Leon le Clerc." In fa- vorable seasons it is of tolerable quality for the table. Fruit large, obovate pyriform, yellow, tinge of red in the sun, with russety spots at either end, and some large dots. Calyx large, with long, straight, narrow divisions, and placed in a broad shallow basin. Stalk an inch and a half long, pretty stout, swollen at its point of insertion. Flesh vellowish white, juicy, crisp, and rather firm, sweet, pleasant Good December to April. THE PEAK. 801 Leon le Clekc Louvain. A seedling of Van Moris', Belgium. Tree of moderate growth, very productive. Fruit large, pyriform, russet, on greenish yeUow ground. Stalk long and curved, inserted in a slight cavity by a lip. Calyx open. Basin shal- low. Flesh white, juicy, buttery, melting, rich, and exceedingly sugary. October, November. Leon Rey. Beurr6 Leon Rey. A new variety, obtained by Rey at Toulouse. Fruit medium size, roundish pyriform. Flesh melting, juicy. Au- gust. (Leroy.) Leopold I. A Belgian Pear, little known, and, so far as we have fruited it, not specially valuable. Tree moderately vigorous. Fruit medium, oblate obtuse pyriform, yellow, partially netted and patched with russet. Many russet dots. Stalk stout. Cavity small. Calyx open. Basin small, uneven. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, sweet. Good to very good. (Dec.) Leopold Riche. One of M. de Jonghe's seedlings. Fruit rather large, obtuse obovate pyriform ; yellow, thickly dotted with large cinnamon russet dots. Stalk slender. Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh rather coarse-grained, crisp, very juicy, rich, sweet, with a fine almond flavor. November. (Hogg.) Lepine. De Lepine. Delepine. Poire de Lepine. Tree of moderate growth, very productive. Fruit small, oblate, yellowish, shaded with crimson, slightly rus seted. Stalk long. Cavity broad and shallow. Calyx small, open, in a corrugated basin. Flesh coarse, granular, melting, juicy, brisk, vinous. Good. November, December. Lewis. This Pear originated on the farm of John Lewis, of Roxbury, Mass. It bears enormous crops. The tree grows vigorously, and has long, drooping branches of olive brown color. Fruit scarcely of medium size, obovate, dark green in autumn, pale green at maturity, with numerous russety specks. Stalk long and slen- der, inserted nearly even with the surface. Calyx large, with white spread divisions. Basin almost level. Flesh yellowish white, rather coarse-grained, melting, juicy, and rich in flavor, with a slight spicy per- fume. Good. November to February. Liberale. Of Belgian origin. Tree a vigorous grower. Young wood dull brown 5] 802 THE PEAR. Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, shade of brown in the sun, sprinkled with brown or russet dots, and with patches of russet. Stalk long, curved, inserted in a cavity at an mclination. Calyx large and open. Basin broad and shallow. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, and peculiarly aromatic. Very good. October. Liebart. Chamoisine. Beurre" Liebart. A foreign variety, the origin of which is unknown. Tree a very vigorous grower, and an early bearer. Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, shade of red in the sun, a few large patches of russet and russet dots. Stalk rather stout. Cavity slight. Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh white, coarse, breaking, not juicy. Poor. September. Lieutenant Poitevin. Lieutenant Poidevin. A French Pear, introduced in 1853. Tree vigorous, and an early bearer, valuable as a cooking fruit. Fruit large, broad at calyx, obtuse pyriform, yellow, overspread, net- ted and patched with cinnamon russet, many russet dots, sometimes shade of crimson in sun. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Flesh white, rather firm, juicy, breaking, rather coarse. November to March. Limon. No. 10. Van Mons. Beurre Haggerston. Bergamotte Louise. A fine sprightly Belgian Pear, originated by Van Mons. The young shoots are long, slender, reddish brown. Fruit rather small, obovate, yellow, with a faint red cheek. Stalk an inch and a half long, rather stout, set in a moderately depressed round cavity. Calyx set in a rather shallow round basin. Flesh white, buttery, melting, and juicy, with a sprightly high flavor. Very good. Middle of August. Little Blanquet. Petite Blanquette. Little Blanket. Petit Blanquet. Musk Blanquet or Blanquette. Poire a la Perle. Small Blanquet. Blanquet Petit. White Pear. Pearl Pear. An old variety, superseded. Fruit small, pyriform, yellowish white Flesh half-breaking, plea- Bant. Good. Early August. Little Muscat. liittle Musk. Primitive. Sept-en -gueule. Petit Muscat. Muscat Petit. Chiot. This very little French Pear, well known in many of our gardens, is TITE PEAR. 803 allowed a place there, chiefly because it is the earliest of all Pears, rip* ening at the beginning of July. Fruit very small, turbinate, yellow, with a dull red cheek. Flesh breaking, sweet, with a slight musk flavor. Good. Very productive. Livingston Virgalieu. A.n old variety, somewhat grown along the Hudson River, origin unknown. Fruit medium, roundish obovaie, greenish yellow, patched and dot- ted with russet. Stalk short. Calyx small, open. Flesh whitish, juicy, nearly melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. September. Locke. Locke's New Beurre. This is a native fruit, originated by James Locke, West Cambridge. Mass. Fruit medium, roundish obovate, dull yellowish green, slightly mottled with spots of darker green and bits of russet. Flesh greenish white, melting, and juicy, with a sprightly vinous flavor. Good. November and December. Lodge. Smith's Bordenave. The Lodge, Pear is a native of Pennsylvania, and is understood to have originated near Philadelphia. It is a very agreeable subacid Pear, and has so much of the Brown Beurre character, that we suspect it is a seedling of that fine old variety. Fruit of medium size, pyriform, tapering to the stem, and one-sided, greenish brown, the green becoming a little paler at maturity, and nmch covered with patches of dull russet. Stalk an inch and a fourth long, obliquely planted at the point of the fruit, which is a little swollen tnere. Flesh whitish, a little gritty at the core, which is large, juicy, and melting, with a rather rich flavor, relieved by pleasant acid. Very Good. September and October. London Sugar. An English Pear, described by Lindley. Fruit small, pyriform, pale yellow with a brownish tinge in sun. Flesh tender, melting, sweet. Good. Last of July. Long Green. Verte Longne. Mouille Bouche. Mouthwater. An old variety, described by Duhamel. Tree very vigorous and pro- ductive. Fruit small, obovate acute pyriform. Stalk of medium length, nearly perpendicularly inserted. Calyx small, almost without bashx Skin remains green when fully ripe. Flesh melting, juicy, with a plea vant spicy flavor. Good. September. 804 THE PEAR. Long Green of Autumn. Verte longue d'Automne. Autumn Mouthwater. Mouille bouche d'Automne. Coule Soif d'Automne. Tlie Long Green of Autumn is said to be even an older variety than Long Green. The fruit of this sort is later in maturing. Fruit medium, oblong ovate acute pyriform, smooth, pale green, with occasional patches of russet, and thickly sprinkled with small brown dots. Stalk long, slendei", curved. Calyx open. Segments almost joined, short, persistent. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh greenish white, buttery, juicy, half melting. Good. October. Long Green of Esperin. Verte Longue of Esperin. We received this variety from L. E. Berckmans. It is of Belgian origin. Fruit medium, oblong ovate pyriform, greenish yellow, with a shade of crimson in the sun, and patches and nettings of russet, and many brown dots. Stalk rather short, moderately stout, set in a small cavity. Calyx open. Segments recurved. Basin shallow, furrowed. Flesh yellow- ish white, juicy, half melting, vinous. Good. September. Long Green Panache. Culotte de Suisse. Verte longue panache. This differs from Long Green only in being striped with yellow. Long-Stalked Blanquet. Blanquette a longue queue. Long-Stalked Blanket. Blanquette a longue queuen. Sucree blanche. Long-Tailed Blanquette. Gillette longue. Suchrin blanc d'Ete. A very old variety, now entirely superseded. Fruit small, roundish, greenish or greenish yellow. Flesh white, half breaking, delicate, sweet, vinous. Good. Early August. Louise Bonne. Louise Bonne Real. St. Germain Blanc. An old French winter Pear. Fruit large, pyriform, a little rounded towards the stalk, smooth, pale green. Flesh white, rather coarse-grained, melting, sweet. Good. December. Louise Bonne de Printemps. This variety was raised by M. Boisbunel, of Rouen, France, as he supposed, from seed of Louise Bonne de Jersey, which in appearance the fruit much resembles. The tree is a vigorous grower and productive. Young wood olive yellow brown. Fruit large, oblong ovate pyriform, rich clear yellow, with a red cheek in sun, and a little of russet, especially near the stalk. Stalk short, set in a narrow, furrowed cavity. Calyx with short persistent segments. Basin rather deep, furrowed. Flesh white, melting, juicy, but tery, swee4"-, and slightly perfumed. February, March. (An. Pom.) THE I'EAlt. 80ft Louise Bonne of Jersey. Bonne de Longneval. Louise Bonne d'Avranches. Louise Bonne de Jersey. Beurr6 or Bonne Louise d'Araudore. William the Fourth. Bergamotte d'Avranches. De Jersey. Beurre d'Araudore. Bonne Louise d'Araudore. Beurrr d'Avranches. Bonne d'Avranches. De Louise. William. Originated in France, near Avranches, succeeds admirably on thfl quince, forming a fine pyramid — not of the first quality, but profit able. Tree vigorous, upright, very productive. Fruit of better quality on the quince than on the pear. Young wood dull olive brown. Louise Bonne of Jerwej. Truit large, oblong pyriform, a Uttle one-sided, glossy, pale green in the shade, but overspread with brownish red in the sun, and dotted with numerous gray dots. Stalk about an inch long, curved, rather obliquely inserted, without depression, or with a fleshy, enlarged base. Calyx open, in a shallow, uneven basin. Flesh greenish white, very juicy and melting, with a rich and excellent flavor. Good to very good. Sep- tember and October. eotj TEE PEAR. Louise of Boulogne. Of Belgic origin. Fruit medium size, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk long, a little curved, ratber slender. Cavity small, russeted. Calyx open. Basin small and uneven. Flesh whitish, light pink at centre, juicy, melting, sweet. Good to very good. October, November. Louis Gregoire. A seedling raised in 1832 byM. Gregoire, of Jodoigne. Tree a vigo- rous, somewhat upright grower, and productive. Young wood dull yel- lowish olive brown. Fruit medium size, roundish obovate pyriform, greenish yellow, con- siderably covered with russet, and thickly dotted with russet dots. Stalk varying, set with little or no depression. Calyx open. Segments large, persistent. Basin small and rather shallow. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly vi- nous. Good. October, Novem- ber. Lucien Lecxekcq. A seedling of Van Mons' that first fruited in 1844. Fruit medium size, ovate, pal a green, with russet patches and russet near the stalk, distinct rough dots. Flesh fine, white, melting, sweet. November. (Alb. Pom.) Lycurgus. Originated with George Hoad- ley, of Cleveland, O., from seed of Winter Nelis. It is one of the best in quality of late Winter Pears. The tree is a moderate, rather spreading grower, produc- tive. Young wood dark rich olive brown. Fruit small, oblong pyriform, greenish yellow, mostly covered with a thin brownish russet, many large grayish dots. Stalk medium length, a little curved, set with little or no depression. Calyx open. Segments short, erect. Basin small, uneven. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, a little aro- matic, and slightly perfumed. Very good. December to February. Lydia Thierard. Raised by M. Jules Thierard, Bethel, France. Tree very vigorous^ productive. Fruit is of Bergamotte shape. Stalk of medium size, curved, a little fleshy at the base, in a large and uneven depression. Calyx small, open. Basin large, deep, regular. Skin thin, clear green, thickly LycurgaB. THE PEAB. 80? sprinkled with small brown dots, and russet spots near the calyx. Flesh fine, melting, juicy, sugary, and highly perfumed. Core large, Season, December to January. (Revue Horticole.) Lyon. Originated at Newport, R. I. Tree upright, vigorous, hardy, and productive. Fruit medium, oblong obovate, yellow, with a crimson blush on one side, minute dots, russet near the stalk. Calyx small. Segments per- sistent. Basin narrow, shallow. Flesh white, coarse, gritty at the core, melting, moderately juicy, sweet. Good to very good. October. (Hov. Mag.) McLaughlin. A native of Maine, introduced by S. L. Goodale, of Saco. Tree hardy and vigorous. Young wood light dull red. Fruit large, obtuse pyriform, greenish, mostly covered with russet, McLaughlin. which becomes yellowish at maturity, with a warm sunny cheek. Stalk short, inserted at an inclination, with some appearance i»f a lip. Calyx open, set in a shallow corrugated basin. Flesh whitish, not very tine, juicy, and melting. Flavor sweet, rich, and perfumed. Good to very good. November to January. McVean. Origin, Monroe Co., N. Y. Tree very vigorous, very productive young wood grayish light yellow brown. 808 THE PEAR. Fruit large, obovate acute pyriform, yellow, with nettings and patches of russet, and numerous green and brown dots. Stalk short, rather stout, fleshy at insertion, and often set inclined, and with a lip. Calyx partially closed. Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh coarse, not juicy, or sweet. Good. September. melting, Madame Durieux. A Flemish variety. Fruit medium or below, obovate acute pyriform, yellowish, netted and patched and dotted with russet. Stalk long or very lorig, and slen- der. Flesh white, buttery, melting, juicy, sweet. Very good. Octo- ber. Madame Ducar. Introduced by M. Esperen. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, pale lemon yellow, with a few rus- Bet dots. Stalk long, fleshy at insertion. Cavity medium, somewhat Madame Eliza. THE PEAR. 809 ribbed. Calyx open. Basin abrupt, uneven. Flesh white, juicy, melting, pleasant, slightly vinous. Very good. September. Madame Eliza. One of Bivort's seedlings, and named in honor of the wife of the well-known pomologist, L. E. Berckmans. The tree is vigorous, rather open and irregular in form, productive. Young wood dull olive yello"w brown. It is a Pear described as excellent in Belgium, and so far here sustains its foreign character. Fruit large, oblong ovate acute pyriform, pale whitish yellow, a few traces of russet, and thickly sprinkled with small russet dots. Stalk long, inclining, fleshy at insertion, or by a lip. Calyx small, par- tially closed. Segments small, erect. Basin abrupt, uneven, russeted. Flesh white, fine, juicy, melting, sweet, delicately perfumed. Veri good. October. Madame Millet. Tree moderately vigorous. Young wood olive brown. Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, pale yellow, much covered, netted, patched, and dotted with light russet. Stalk long, stout, curved, set in a slight cavity with a lip. Calyx open. Segments short, erect. Basin rather small, uneven. Flesh whitish, juicy, not melting, slightly vinous, a little aromatic. Good. November to April. Madame Gregoire. Of Belgian origin, seedling of Gregoire of Jodoigne, and dedicated to his wife. Fruit large, oblong obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, netted, patched, and dotted with brown russet. Stalk rather long, fleshy at base. Ca- vity rather deep. Flesh white, tinted with rose, half melting, sweet, vinous, perfumed. November, December. (An. Pom.) Madame Henri Desportes. Fruit roundish, obovate, yellow, mostly covered with dark cinna- mon-colored russet. Stalk short, stout. Calyx large, open. Flesh yellow, buttery, rich, sweet, juicy. October. (Hogg.) Madame Treyve. Souvenir de Madame Treyve. Raised by M. Treyve, of Trevons, France, and dedicated to his wife. Tree vigorous. Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, pale yellow, with a red cheek in the sun, some russet, and dotted with minute brown dots. Stalk slen- der. Cavity narrow. Calyx small, open. Basin narrow, round, regu- lar. Flesh white, melting, juicy, rich, sweet, with a delicate aroma. September. (Verg.) Madeleine, or Citron des Carmes. Madeleine. Sainte-Madelaine. Citron des Carmes. Grime Sommer Magdalena. Early Chaumontelle. Grune Magdalena. Magdelen. The Madeleine is one of the most refreshing and excellent of the 810 THE PEAR. early Pears. It takes its name from its being in perfection, in Frai c< ., at the feast of Ste. Madeleine. Citron des Cannes comes from its being first cultivated by the Carmelite monks. The tree is fruitful and vigo- rous, with long, erect, olive-colored branches. Fruit of medium size, obovate pyriform. Stalk long and slender, often nearly two inches, set on the side of a small swelling. Pale yellow- ish green (very rarely with a little brownish blush and russet specka around the stalk). Calyx small, in a very shallow furrowed basin. Flesh white, juicy, melting, with a sweet and delicate flavor, slightly perfumed. Good to very good. Middle and last of July. Malconnaitre d'Haspin. Fruit large, form roundish obovate. Stalk one inch long, inserted hi a slight depression. Calyx closed, set in a rather deep irregular basin. Skin dull yellow, with a brownish red cheek, stippled with coarse dots, and russeted at the calyx. Flesh juicy, tender, and melt- ing. Flavor rich subacid, perfumed. Tree vigorous, hardy, and pro- ductive. October, November. (Wilder's Pep.) Manchester. Manchester Late. Manchester October. A native variety, originated in Providence, R. I. Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, yellow, with a blush of crimson in the sun, traces and many dots of russet. Stalk rather long. Calyx open. Flesh white, moderately juicy, half melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. October. Manning's Elizabeth. Van Mons. No. 154. Elizabeth Van Mons. Manning's Elizabeth, a seed- ling of Dr. Van Mons', named by Mr. Manning, is a very sweet and sprightly Pear, with a peculiar fla- vor. A. beautiful dessert fruit, productive, growth moderate, shoots dull l'eddish. One of the most desirable Pears of its season, for amateur growing. Fruit below medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, bright yellow, with a lively red cheek, dotted with brown and red dots. Stalk one inch long, set in a shallow, round cavity. Calyx open, set in a broad shallow basin. Flesh white, juicy, and very melting. witn a saccharine but very sprightly aromatic character. Very good or best. Last of August. Manning's Elizabeth. THE PEAR. 811 Mansfield. A native variety, origin uncertain. Tree vigorous and productive. Young wood reddish brown. Fi-uit medium, roundisi oblate, yellowish green, with considerable russet and many green an I brown dots. Stalk rather long. Cavity narrow, small. Calyx open, with recurved segments. Basin broad, uneven. Flesh whitish, coarse, buttery, meltings sweet, a little astringent. Good. September. Marasquine. A Belgian Pear, obtained of Major Esperen. Fruit medium, oblong oval, light pale yellow, greenish in shade, with fawn russet in the sun. Stalk long, slender. Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh white, fine, melting, slightly sweet, perfumed. August. (Verg.) March Bergamotte. One of Mr. Knight's seedlings. Fruit small or medium. Color green, with small gray dots, and large patches of russet. Stalk long, straight, in a cavity like that of an apple. Flesh coarse, greenish, of no decided excellence. Marechal de la Cour. B. O. de la Cour. Baud de la Cour. Conseiller de la Cour. Grosse Marie. Marechal Decours. One of Van Mons' seedlings. Dedicated to his son in 1845. Tree moderately vigorous, holding its foliage late in season. Young shoots olive reddish brown, with many specks. Fruit medium to large, oblong obovate pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, with a slight netting and few patches of russet, and russet dots. Stalk rather long, sometimes inclined, set in a moderate cavity, some- what russeted. Calyx open, in a narrow basin, russeted. Flesh yel- lowish white, buttery, juicy, melting, rich vinous, very good. October. Marechal Dillen. Dillen d'Automne. One of Van Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous and productive. Fruit large or very large, oblong obtuse pyriform, dull greenish yellow, mottled with fawn, shades and traces and dots of russet. Stalk short, set in a broad shallow cavity. Flesh white, melting, buttery, juicy, sweet. October, November. (An. Pom.) Margaret. Raised by Christopher Wiegel, Clevelana, O. Tree a vigorous, up- right grower, productive, and au early bearer. Young wood dull reddish. Fruit small to medium, oblong obovate, yellow, mostly overspread with deep dull red, small russet dots. Stalk medium, inserted with 812 THE PEAR. out depression. Calyx large, open. Segments long, reflexed. Flesh white, juicy, vinous, sweet, good, early. August. (Hort.) Marochal de la Cour. Marianne de Nancy. Raised by Van Mons. Fruit medium or above, oblong obovate pyriform, yellowish green, netted and dotted with fine dull russet. Stalk short, stout. Calyx open. Flesh white, buttery, half melting, juicy, vinous, sweet. Octo ber. (Alb. Pom.) Marie de Nantes. A French Pear, originated by M. Gamier, in 1853. Tree mode- rately vigorous. Young wood olive brown. Fruit small, obovate acute pyriform, yellow, shade of brownish fed in sun, and partially netted and patched with russet, especially near THE PEAR. 813 ihe base. Stalk short, set in a narrow, furrowed, shallow cavity. Calyx small, open, .with short segments. Basin small. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet. Very good. November, December. Marie Guisse. This variety is said to have been grown from seed of St. Germain, in 1834, near the town of Metz, France. It was twenty years before it fruited. Fruit medium size, obovate oblong pyriform. Surface uneven, yellow, with shades of red in sun, and large, dull, dark specks. Stalk rather long and moderately stout, set in a narrow furrowed cavity. Flesh yellowish white, granular, melting, sweet, vinous. December, February. (Verg.) Marie Louise. Forme de Marie Louise. Marie Louise Donkelar. Marie Chretienne. Marie Louise Nouvelle. Princesse de Parme. Marie Louise de Jersey. Braddick's Field Standard. Corchorus. Marie Louise d'Elcourt. Marie Louise Delacourt. * Van Donkelear. Van Donckelaer. A Belgian variety, of first quality in its native country, and here, in some seasons, fully sustains that character ; but it is so uncertain, so variable in seasons, as greatly to detract from its value. Tree a vigo- rous but straggling grower. Young wood reddish olive brown. Fruit pretty large, oblong pyriform, rather irregular or one-sided in figure, pale green, but at maturity rich yellow, a good deal sprinkled and mottled with light russet on the exposed side. Stalk an inch and a half long, obliquely planted, sometimes under a slightly raised lip, some- times in a very small one-sided cavity. Flesh white, exceedingly but- tery and melting, with a rich, saccharine, and vinous flavor. Very good. Last of September and middle of October. Marie Louise d'Uccle. This variety was raised from a seed of the Marie Louise, by M. Gambier, in a village (Uccle) near Brussels. Tree a vigorous, upright grower. Young wood dark brown. Fruit above medium, roundish obovate pyriform. Surface rough, yellow, with a shade of brown in the sun, considerably netted, patched, and numerously dotted with russet. Stalk medium, inclined, curved, set in a small cavity, sometimes by a lip. Calyx large, partially open, with persistent segments. Basin large, uneven. Flesh white, juicy, melting, vinous, a little astringent. Good to very good. September, October. Marie Louise Nova. This variety was sent by Van Mons to Mr. Manning. It will by no means bear a comparison with the Marie Louise, though in some seasons a very good fruit. The wood is very strong and dark colored. Fruit medium, regular acute pyriform, yellow, with a brownish- red cheek. Flesh at first melting, juicy, but quickly decays. Hood Last of September. ci a the pear. Marie Parent. Sophia Beekmans. Roussellet ie Meester. Ferdinand de Meester. Raised by M. Bivort, in 1844, from seeds of the last generation of Van Mons' seedlings. It first fruited in 1851. Tree moderately vigo rous. Yoimg wood dull grayish-reddisli brown. Fruit medium, obovate pyriform to obovate acute pyriform, green- ish yellow, with shade of red in the sun, and traces of russet, and many minute brown dots. Stalk medium, generally inserted without cavity. Calyx large, open. Flesh whitish, juicy, vinous. Good. September. Marquise de Bedman. Of foreign origin. Fruit medium or below, roundish pyriform, pale greenish yellow, with a few traces and patches of russet, and many green and brown dots. Stalk long, slender. Cavity small. Calyx open. Flesh white, sweet, rather firm. Good. September. Marmion. A Belgian variety. Fruit small, roundish pyriform, pale yellow, some russet. Flesh whitish, coarse, sweet, dry and poor. November. Martha Ann. Dana's No. 1. Raised by Francis Dana, of Roxbury, Mass. Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, yellowish green, with patches and dots of russet. Flesh coarse, juicy, astringent. Poor October. Martin Sec. Uousselette d'Hiver Martin Sec d'Hiver. Dry Martin. Troken Martin. Winter Rousselette. Martin Sec de Champagne. An old variety, of which the origin is unknown. Tree vigorous, very productive. Fruit small, ovate, yellow, shaded with crimson in the sun, some russet. Flesh coarse, granular, juicy, half breaking, agreeable. Chiefly valued for cooking. Winter. Martin Sire. Certeau Musque d'Hiver. Sire Martin. A very old sort, valued only for cooking. Fruit large, pyriform, greenish yellow, with a shade of red in the sun. Flesh crisp, gritty near the core, juicy, sweet. December to February. THE PEAR. 81fi Marulis. Marcellis. Foreign. Fruit small, roundish, greenish yellow. Poor. September. (Elliott.) Mary. Originated in the grounds of "William Case, Cleveland, O. Tree an upright, vigorous grower, with brownish, short-jointed young wood. An rarly and productive bearer. Fruit small to medium, roundish pyriform, yellow, mostly overspread with rich red, a little russet, and many gray dots. Stalk short. Calyx large. Erect segments. Flesh white, juicy, almost buttery, sweet. Very good. Last of July. (Hort.) Mather. Originated with John Mather, near Jenkinstown, Montgomery Co., Pa. Tree a moderate grower. Young wood olive grayish brown. Fruit below medium, roundish ovate, greenish yellow, slight blush in sun, and many minute brown dots. Stalk short, stout. Calyx open. Flesh white, a little coarse, not juicy, sweet, pleasant. Good. August. Maynard. Origin unknown, grown in Lancaster Co., Pa. Fruit medium, obovate pyriform. Skin yellow, with russet dots ana a crimson cheek. Stalk obliquely inserted, fleshy at its junction. Calyx open, in a slight depression. Flesh white, juicy, and sugary. Scarcely good. Ripe last of July. Mellish. Fruit below medium, roundish pyriform, pale yellow, netted, patched, and dotted with russet. Stalk long, slender. Calyx partially closed. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good to very good. October. Merriam. Origin, Roxbury, Mass. Tree vigorous and very productive. Young wood reddish yellow brown ; a good market sort. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, dull yellow, covered with pale rus- set around the stun and calyx, and entire surface somewhat netted with russet. Stalk shoi \ moderately stout, in a small cavity, with one pro- tuberant side. Calyx closed. Basin shallow and furrowed. Flesh yel- lowish, coarse, melting, md juicy, slightly vinous, musky. Good to very good. October. Messire Jean. Chaulis. Messire Jean Dor6. Emmilacour. Mr. John. Marion. John. Monsieur Jean. Communaut6. Messire Jean Gris. Conlis. Messire Jean Blanc. Couvent. A_n old French Pear, ut rather coarse-graintd and gritty. SIC THE PEAR. Fruit of medium size, turbinate, yellow, nearly covered with brown russet. Flesh gritty, white, crisp, juicy, and breaking, with a very sweet flavor. Good. November and December. Merriam. MlCHAUX. Comte de Michaux. Fruit of medium size, nearly round pyriform, light yellowish green, with a faint blush on the sunny side. Flesh white, coarse, half buttery, juicy, sweet, but second-rate. Poor. September and October. MlGNONNE d'HiVER. An old Belgian variety, often very good. Fruit medium, ovate obovate to oblong ovate pyriform, light yellow, mostly covered with thick rough russet, and veined with crimson and fawn. Stalk rather stout. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, a little gran- ular, juicy, melting, sweet, vinous, aromatic. Good. November, De- cember. Milan de Rouen. A Flemish Pear, little known and not of much value. Fruit medium, roundish, greenish yellow, with nettings, patches, and dots of russet. Flesh white, coarse, juicy, melting, vinous. Septem ber, Millot de Nancy. One of Yan Mons' seedlings, named after M. Millot, a resident of Nancy, France. Tree productive. Young shoots reddish brown. THE TEAR. 817 Fruit mediu m , oblong obovate, greenish yellow, with many brown dots. Stalk medium, curved, often inclined, and set in a small cavity. Calyx partially open. Segments short, erect. Flesh yellowish, not juicy melting, sweet. Good. November. Mitchell's Russet. Origin, Belleville, 111. Fruit medium or small, roundish, slightly pyriform, rough, yellow brown russet, thickly covered with gray dots. Stalk long. Calyx open. Flesh juicy, melting, astringent. Scarcely good. October. Moccas. Originated by Mr. Knight. A good grower, productive, but not of good quality. Fruit medium, obovate, green, sprinkled with small dots. Flesh j uicy. Poor. December. Mollet's Guernsey Beurre. Mollet's Guernsey Chaumontelle. An English variety, raised by Charles Mollet, Esq., of the Island of Guernsey. Fruit of medium size, oval pyriform. Skin rather uneven, yellow and yellowish green, nearly covered on one side with dark cinnamon brown russet, in stripes and tracings. Flesh yellowish, melting, and buttery, with a rich vinous flavor. Good. December. Monseigneur Affre. One of Bivort's introducing. Tree hardy, vigorous, and productive. Young wood dull olive brown. Fruit below medium, roundish, greenish, considerably covered with thick russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long, curved, inserted in a moderate cavity. Calyx small, open, persistent. Basin broad. Flesh white, rather coarse, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. November. Monseigneur des Hons. A new summer Pear, from Troyes, France. Tree vigorous, spread- ing. Young wood reddish brown. Fruit medium, oblong ovate pyriform, rich warm yellow, veined with green, and shaded with a warm red cheek in the sun. Stalk me- dium, inserted without depression. Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh half fine, melting, aromatic, sweet. Early August. (An. Pom.) Monseigneur Sibour. A new French Pear, described in the Annals of Pomology : — " Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, with greenish shades, mottled, shaded, and dotted with warm red or crimson. Stalk long, 52 £18 THE I'EAR. Blender. Calyx large, open. Flesh yellowish white, half fine, melting, juicy, sweet. November." Morel. An English Pear, mainly valued for cooking. Fruit medium, obovate, yellow, freckled with large russet spota Flesh yellowish white, crisp, juicy, and sweet. December to ApriL (H°gg-) Mount Vernon. Walker's Seedling. A chance seedling, originated in the grounds of Samuel Walker, itoxbury, Mass., and by him named Mount Vernon. The tree is a vigo- rous grower, and an early bearer. Young wood yellow reddish brown. Fruit medium or above, varying in form, but generally roundish obtuse pyriform, light russet on a yellow ground, brownish red in the sun. Stalk short, inserted by a lip, with little or no depression. Calyx small, closed, with short segments. Flesh yellowish, granulated, juicy, melting, slightly vinous and slightly aromatic. Very good. November, December. MOYAMENSING. Smith'B Early Butter. Origin in the garden of J. B. Smith, Philadelphia, Moyamensing District. Tree vigorous and productive. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, lemon or greenish yellow, with patches, marblings, and dots of russet. Stalk short. Calyx nearly closed. Flesh whitish, coarse, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. August. Muscadine. The Muscadine is remarkable for its high musky aroma. Its history is uncertain, and it is believed to be a native. It bears very heavy crops, and if the fruit is picked early, and ripened in the house, it is a good Pear of its season. Tree vigorous, upright in growth. Young shoots stout, dark gray brown. Fruit of medium size, roundish obovate, regularly formed, pale yel- lowish green, a little rough, thickly sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk about an inch long, set in a well-formed small cavity. Calyx with re- flexed segments, set in a shallow basin. Flesh white, buttery, half melt- ing, with an agreeable, rich, musky flavor. Good to very good. I3& Fruit medium or below, ovate obovate pyriform. Skin yellow considerably covered with rough dull russet, aud thickly sprinkled with dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx small, closed. Flesh whitish, rather coarse, juicy, melting, vinous, aromatic. Go > September. Princess of Orange. Princesse d'Orange. Princesse Conquefce. A Flemish variety, raised by the Count Coloma, in 1802. Fruit medium, roundish. Skin cinnamon russet in the shade, bright reddish russet in the sun. Flesh pale yellowish white, crisp, juicy, astrin gent. Poor. October and November. Professeur Hennau. A new Flemish Pear. Tree vigorous and productive. Fruit medium or above, ovate pyriform. Skin yellowish, mostly covered with wai-in reddish brown in sun, and dotted with numerous small and large dots. Stalk very short, inserted, inclined, with a ring or lip. Flesh white, half fine, melting, juicy, sweet. December. (An. Pom.) Pulsifer. Raised by Dr. John Pulsifer, of Hennepin, 111. An upright and vigorous grower. Young wood light yellow brown. Fruit small, obovate pyriform. Skin pale yellow, slightly netted .ind patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet brown dots, sometimes shaded with crimson in the sun. Stalk medium. Cavity small. Calyx partially open. Basin small, uneven. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, juicy, melting, slightly vinous. Good. August. Puvis St. Germain. Saint-Germain-Puvia. A French Pear, as yet little known in this country. Fruit large, oblong obovate acute pyriform, dull green or greenish yellow, with nettings, patches, and specks of dull russet. Stalk stout, curved, set with a knob or lip. Flesh greeLish white, fine, half melting, juicy, vinous, sweet. September. (Verg.) Queen of the Low Countries. Reine des Pays Bas. A seedling of Van Mons'. Fruit huge, often very Large, broad acute pyriform. Skin in tbe shade dull yellow, dotted and russeted around the rye, and overspread with fine dark red on the side next the sun. Flesh white, buttery, melt- ing, and juicy, with a rich, subacid, vinous ilavor. Variable, sometimes naor. bliily in October. 34C THE PEAR. QUILLETETTE. An odd-looking, late autumn fruit, received from Van Mons. Fruit nearly of medium size, roundish, a little flattened. Skin green ish, nearly covered with dull iron-colored russet. The flesh is white, buttery, and melting, sweet and perfumed. Scarcely good. November Quinn. Knight's Seedling. This variety was imported by Prof. Mapes, and the name being lost when the fruit was shown before the American Institute Farmers' Club, it was newly christened as above. The fruit is below medium size, acute pyriform. Skin inclined "to golden russet. Flesh juicy. Good. January. (Hort.) Rallay. An old variety, of unknown origin. Fruit small to medium, globular acute pyriform. Skin rough, dull yellow, dull reddish cheek, and over all spots of russet. Flesh yel- lowish white, breaking, juicy, gritty. Good. November, December. (Elliott.) Rapelje. Introduced by Professor Stevens, Astoria, Long Island. Tree vigo- rous and productive. Fruit medium, obovate, sometimes obtuse, and sometimes acute pyri- form. Skin yellowish, covered with cinnamon russet. Stalk long, rather thick, generally inserted by a lip. Calyx large and open, set in a very shallow basin. Flesh whitish, somewhat granular, juicy, and melt- ing, with a sweet, vinous, aromatic flavor. Variable, sometimes poor. September. RaVENSWOOD. Origin, Ravenswood, Long Island. Tree a vigorous grower, with grayish olive brown, young shoots. Fruit small, obovate pyriform. Skin pale yellow, sometimes a tinge of red in the sun, and thickly sprinkled with green dots. Stalk short. Calyx partially closed, with persistent segments. Flesh whitish, slight ly coarse, juicy, melting, slightly vinous. Good to very good. Early August. Raymond. The Raymond is a native of Maine, and originated on the farm of Dr. I. Wright, in the town of this name. Tree of slow growth. Young shoots slender. Fruit of medium size, obovate pyriform. Skin yellow, marked with russet near the stalk, and tinged with a little red towards the sun, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk an inch or more long, inserted with little or no depression. Calyx round, firm, open, set in a shal- low basin. Flesh white, buttery, melting, juicy, sweet, aromatic Good to very good. September. THE PEAR. 841 Reading. Originated in Oley Township, Berks Co., Pa. Tree vigorous and productive. Young wood dull brown grayish, with conspicuous appa- rent ly rough dots. Fruit medium to large, obovate pyriform. Skin yellow, thickly dot- ted with brown and gray dots and sprinkled with russet. Stalk long, curved, enlarged and riwbed at its insertion, generally in a depression. Calyx open. Segments strong, in an exceedingly shallow basin. Flesh whitish, granular, melting, with a brisk, vinous flavor. Good. January to March. Red Bergamot. Bergamotte Rouge. Du Colombier. Bergamotte Musque. De Sidle Musquee. De Sicile. Crassane d'fite. Petit Muscat cTAutomne. Bergamotte Doree. A very old Pear, of little value. Fruit below medium, roundish, sometimes obovate acute pyriforni, pale yellow, mostly overspread with dull red in sun. Flesh soft, melt- ing, juicy, sweet. September. Red Garden. Raised by Josiah Youngken, of Richlandtown, Pa. Tree a good grower and bearer. Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, pale yellow, shaded and mottled with a few crimson dots in sun, netted and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk rather long, slender. Calyx partially open. Segments short. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good or very good. September. Regine. One of Van Mons' seedlings. Fruit medium, roundish pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, with slight nettings of russet, and thickly sprinkled with green and brown dots. Stalk long, inclined. Calyx open. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. September. Reine Caroline. A European Pear, only fit for cooking. Fruit of medium size, narrow pyriform. Skin yellow, with a brownish red cheek. Flesh white, crisp, rather dry and indifferent in quality. November. Reine d'Hivek. Fruit small, roundish oblate. Skin yellow, .rith a brownish tinge in sun, and nettings, patches, and dots of russet, Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. November. 842 THE PEAR. Reine des Poires. A French Pear, of poor quality. Fruit medium or above, obovate pyriform. Skin pale yellow, shaded and mottled with crimson in the sun. Flesh white, coarse, breaking, not juicy. Scarcely good except for cooking. October. Reine Victoria. Supposed a seedling of Van Mons'. Fruit medium, obovate acute pyriform, greenish yellow, with shades and patches of fawn. Flesb white, tinted with rose, fine, melting, juicy, sweet. December. (Alb. Pom.) Retour de Rome. One of Van Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous. Young wood reddish brown, with oblong white specks. Fruit medium, roundish obovate acute pyriform. Skin yellowish, blotched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russ«t dots. Stalk short, and stout at its insertion in a small inclined cavity. Calyx partially closed, in a round narrow basin. Flesh whitish, coarse, granular, melting, juicy, with a rich vinous flavor, sligMly astringent. Good. September. Reynaer Beerkaert. One of Van Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous. Fruit medium, roundish pyriform. Skin golden yellow, dotted with red. Flesh melting, juicy, sweet. December. (Soc. V. M.) Richards. Origin, Wilmington, Del. Tree moderately vigorous. Young wood alive brown. Fruit medium, obovate acute pyriform. Skin yellow, with nu- merous small russet dots, and traces and patches of russet. Stalk of medium length, curved, inserted by a fleshy ring in a slight depression. Calyx partially closed. Basin very small. Flesh buttery, melting, granulated, with a sweet, pleasant, vinous flavor. Good. Ripens first cf October. Ridelle's. Poire Ritelle. Tree of moderate vigor, productive. Fruit medium, oblate turbinate, remotely pyriform. Skin yellow, covered nearly all over with bright red. Stalk short. Calyx opea Flesh not very fine, rather juicy, not melting or delicate in flavor Scarcely good. September. THE TEAR. 843 Rivers1 Winter BxubbA. Winter Beunv (Rivera). Raised by Thomas Rivers, England. True moderately vigowLs, spreading, an early and abundant bearer. Young wood dull yellow brown. Fruit medium, roundish elongated pyriform. Skin greenish, rough, spotted, netted, and patched with russet. Stalk stout, curved, inclined al its insertion. Calyx partially closed, sel in a shallow irregular basin. Flesh white, tine-grained, gritty at core, melting, buttery, vinous or sub acid. Good. January, February. Roe's Bekoamot. Raised by William Roe, Newburgh, N. V. Tree moderately vigo rous, very productive. Young wood reddish yellow brown. Fruit medium, oblate or Bergamotte-shaped. Skin smooth, yellow, with minute yellow dots in the shade, mot tied and clouded with red on the sunny side. Stalk short, inserted in a narrow, abrupt cavity. Calyx small, with short stiff segments, set in a narrow basin. Flesh rather coarse, melting, with a sweet, rich, brisk, well-perfumed flavor. The flavor of this excellent new Pear is extremely like Gansel's Ber- gamotte, but much more sugary. Good to very good. September. Roi d'£te. Gros Rousselet. Large Rousselet. Great Rousselet. The Rousselet. Russelet. King of Summer. An old variety, of little value. Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, pale green, dull red in the sun, with numerous gray russety specks. Flesh half buttery, melting, agreeable subacid. Last of August. (Lind.) Roi de Rome. This variety was found in a province of Hainault, Belgium, by M, VAbbe Duquesnes, and first fruited in 1810. Under the name of Red de Rome, the Napoleon has been repeatedly received in this country, but, aa described in the Annals of Pomology, is entirely a distinct fruit. Fruit very large, regular, oblong ovate pyriform. Skin clear yellow, marbled with crimson in the sun, specked with russet, and dotted with many small gray dots. Stalk short, set with little or no cavity, but surrounded with Blight furrows. Flesh yellowish white, half lino, molt- ing, juicy, sweet, agreeable. October, November. Roitelet. A Flemish Pear. Fruit small, roundish, yellow, netted, shaded, and sprinkled with russet. Flesh whitish, half melting, juicy, swi i. September 844 THE TEAR. ROKEBY. Raised by M. Bivort, Belgium. Tree vigoious, very prolific, Young wood dark olive brown, with narrow oblong white specks. Fruit below medium, obovate pyriform. Skin yellowish, sometime! a tinge of red in the sun, netted, patched, and dotted with russet. Stalk short. Cavity shallow. Calyx open. Flesh white, half melting, vi nous, astringent. Poor. Early September. RONDELET. Fruit below medium, roundish oblate. Skin greenish yellow, shaded with brown russet, tinged with red in the sun, and speckled with large gray dots. Stalk an inch long, inserted in a narrow cavity. Flesh fine- grained, buttery, melting, juicy, rich, sweet, with a musky perfume. November. (Hogg.) RONVILLE. Martin Sire (incorrectly). Lord Martin Pear. Hocrenaille. Poire de Bunville. Rostiezer. vinous. Good or very good. An old Belgian Pear, of little value. Fruit medium to large, ovate, yellowish green, russeted at end, dotted with gray russet specks. Flesh white, breaking, gritty at core, sweet, pleasant. October. (Prince.) Ropes. Origin, garden of Mr. Ropes, Salem, Mi Fruit medium, ovate obovate. Color cinnamon russet, slightly tinged with red on the sunny side Stem short, in an inclined cavity, Calyx small, open. Basin shallow. Flesh whitish, coarse, melting, and juicy, sugary, and good, with a perfume. Good. Octobei No- vember. Roslyn. Found on the place of TV . C. Bryant, of Roslyn, Long Island. Tree vigorous. Young wood red- dish yellow brown. Fruit medium, nearly globular. Skin yellow, netted, patched, and dotted with russet. .Stalk long. Calyx partially closed. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, slightly Last of August. THE PEAR. 84f ROSTIEZEK. A foreign variety, which is scarcely medium iu size and has not generally much beauty of color, yet oombines an assemblage of excel- lences that places it in the rank before any other of its season. The young trees produce but few shoots of strong growth, and require severe shortening to bring them into a line symmetric form. The color of the young wood is dark olive brown. It is healthy and vigorous in Us habit, an early and most profuse bearer, and in flavor is onlv equalled by the Seckel, which ripens six weeks later. Fruit medium or below, obovate oblong pyriform. Skin dull yel- low green, mixed with reddish brown on the sunny side. Stalk long and slender, curved, and inserted with very little depression. Calyx open, persistent. Basin small and corrugated. Flesh juicy, melting, somewhat bitttery, exceedingly sugary, vinous, aromatic, and pleasantly perfumed. Best. Middle of August to middle of September. Kousse Lench. Fruit large, oblong oval. Skin lemon yellow, with a slightly rus- seted covering. Flesh yellow, buttery, juicy, sugary, pretty well fla- vored. January, February. (Hogg.) ROUSSELET AELENS. A Belgian Pear- of medium size, obovate acute pyriform, yellow, with shade of red in sun, patches of russet, and dots of grayish red. Stalk inserted without cavity. Flesh yellowish white, half tine, melting juicy, sweet, perfumed. (An. Pom.) ROUSSELET BlVORT. A Belgian Pear, raised from seed of the Simon Bouvier in 1840. Fruit medium, ovate obovate pyriform. Skin pale yellow, slightly netted and patched with russet, and sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk rather long, with a fleshy fold at insertion. Calyx partially open. Basin small, furrowed. Flesh yellowish, fine, juicy, buttery, melting, sweet. Good to very good. November. ROUSSELET DECOSTER. Rousselet de Coster. Decoster's Rusaelet. A seedling of Van Mons', dedicated to M. Decoster, of Louvain. Tree moderately vigorous. Young wood dull reddish brown. Fruit small, roundish pyriform. Skin pah- greenish yellow, patched and blotched with ially around the stalk and calvx, thickly sprinkled with ru wniflh cheek in sun. Stalk rather long. Cavity small. Calyx open. Seg< i stiff. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh i Howish, juicy, melting, slightly vinous, aromatic. Good. September. Rousselet de Janvieb. Of Belgian on Fruit small, obovate pyriform. Skin yell wish. Flesh fine, half melting, buttery, perfumed. January. (Soc. V. M.) W6 THE PEAR. ROUSSELET DE JONGHE. Fruit small, curved obovate, uneven and irregulai in its outline Skin smooth lemon color. Calyx very large, open. Flesh yellow, fine grained, firm, melting, juicy, rich, sugary. November, December, (Hogg.) ROUSSELET DE RHEIMS. Rousselet. Rousselet Musque\ Petit Rousselet. Late Catherine Spice or Musk Pear. Autumn Catherine. This French Pear, originally from Rheims, is supposed to have been the parent of our Seckel. There is a pretty strong resemblance in the color, form, and flavor of the two fruits, but the Seckel is much the most delicious. The growth is quite different, and this Pear has re- markably long and thrifty dark brown shoots. It is sugary, and with a peculiarly aromatic, spicy flavor, and if it were only buttery and melt- ing, would be a first-rate fruit. Fruit small, obovate, inclining to pyriform. Skin yellowish green, with brownish red and russety specks. Flesh breaking or half buttery, with a sweet, rich, aromatic flavor. Ripe at the beginning of Septem- ber, subject to rot at the core. Rousselet Enfakt Pt:odigue. Nectarine ? Enfant Prodigue. One of Van Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit medium, pyrifoi*m. Skin thick and rough, green, covered with russet, sometimes with a sunny cheek. Stalk of medium length, in an inclined cavity. Calyx large. Basin shallow. Flesh yellowish, juicy, granular, with a vinous flavor, highly perfumed with musk. Good. October, November. Rousselet Esperen. Rousselet Double. Tree very vigorous, and very productive Fruit medium, obovate pyriform. Skin yellow, with reddish gray and white dots, and covered with russet around calyx and stalk. Flesh whitish, half fine, half melting, juicy, sugary, vinous, and perfumed. Good. September. Rousselet Hatif. Early Catharine. Early Rousselet. Kattern. Perdreau. Cyprus Pear. Poire de Chypre. The Rousselet Hatif is productive, with long slender branches, of dark dull reddish brown color. Fruit rather small, acute pyriform. Skin, when fully ripe, yellow, with a brownish-red check. Flesh a little coarse-grained, sweet, plea- sant, and slightly perfumed. Ripens the middle of Augusst. Apt to rot at the core. tiie tear 847 Rousselet St. Nicholas A Be.gian Pear, so far as we have seen it, of little value. Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded with crimson in the sim, netted, patched, and dotted with russet. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, vinous. November. Rousselet Stuttgart. Poire de Stuttgard. Chevriera de Stuttgardt. Stuttgarter Geishirtel. Bellisime de Provence. Originated in the environs of Stuttgardt in 1779. Tree a vigorous, upright, healthy grower, and a good bean r. Young wood reddish purple. Fruit below medium, pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, netted and patched with russet, and sprinkled with russet and green dots, brownish crimson in the sun. Stalk rather long, curved, enlarged at its insertion, generally without depression. Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh rather coarse, juicy, half melting, with a sweet, rich flavor, spicy aroma. Ripe last of August. Rousselet Vandeuwecken. Raised by M. Gregoire, of Jodoigne, Belgium. A pyramidal tree of medium vigor, but very productive. Fruit small, varying in form from Doyenne to Bergamotte. Skin yellow at time of maturity. Flesh white, fine, melting, juice abundant, sugary, and strongly aromatic, bike that of the Rousselet. Fruit quite of first quality, and ripe first of November. (An. Pom.) Rousselixe. Russelin. An old variety, now superseded by larger and better Pears. Fruit small, nearly globular. Pale yellow, shaded with red in sun, and sprinkled with many russet dots. Flesh white, melting, sweet, musky. Good. November. Rousselon. Raised by Major Esperen in 1846, and figured and described bv 1. E. Berckmans in 1851. Tree of medium vigor, grows well as a pyramid Fruit medium, shaped like; a Doyenne. Skin citron yellow at matu- rity, dotted with russet, and highly colored on the side of the sun. Flesh fine, half melting, sufficiently juicy, sugary, vinous, with an agreeable perfume. February. (An. Pom.) Royal. Peck's Seedling. A seedling raised by Thomas I ;. I 'eck, Waterloo, N. Y. Tree a vigo rous grower, productive. Young wood yellow brown. Fruit medium, roundish pyriform. Skin yellow, mostly covered with thin crimson russet, and a shade of crimson in the sun, sprinkled with 648 THE PEAR. brown and russet dots. Stalk medium. Cavity small Calyx partiallj closed. Segments short. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly aromatic. Good to very good. September. Winter Royal. ROYALE D'HlVER. Royal Winter. Spina di Carpi An old variety, of unknown origin. Fruit rather large, obovate pyriform, or nearly pyriform. Skin yel low, with fine red in the sun, marbled with numerous brown specks and dots. Flesh yellowish, half buttery, melting, juicy, sweet, well flavored. December to February. (Lind.) Rutter. Raised by John Rutter, of Westchester, Pa. Tree a moderate grower, a good bearer, with young wood of a dull olive yellow brown color. Rutter. Fruit medium to large, nearly globular, remotely pyriform. Skin rough, greenish yellow, sprinkled and netted with russet, and numerous russet dots. Stalk large, leng, and woody. Cavity small. Calyx THE PEAR. 849 email, closed. Segments narrow, nearly erect. Basin rather small, un even. Flesh white, moderately juicy, half fine, somewhat gritty, nearlj melting, sweet, slightly vinous. Very good. October, November. Sacandaga. Van Vranken. Sacandaga Seckel. Found on the farm of Wm. Yan Vranken, Edinburgh, Saratoga Co., N. Y. Tree an upright moderate grower. Young wood rich warm brown. Fruit small, nearly globular. Skin pale greenish yellow, shaded with brownish crimson, and netted and dotted with russet. Stalk medium. Cavity small. Calyx open. Segments rather long, erect. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, a little perfumed. Good to very good. September. Saint Andre. Imported by Mr. Manning, from the Brothers Baumann, of Bolwyl- ler. Wood often cracks and cancers. Fruit medium, obovate. Skin light greenish yellow, somewhat dot- ted with red. Flesh white, fine-grained, buttery, melting, and good. TCarly in September. Saint Crispin. A seedling raised by Israel Buifum, of Lynn, Mass. Tree a strong grower, and an abundant bearer. Young wood yellow brown grayish. Fruit large, irregular in outline, generally oblong obovate pyriform. Skin a little rough. Surface uneven, greenish yellow, with tinge of red in aun, and russet patches. Stalk rather long. Calyx Large, closed. Flesh velloAvish white, a little coarse, melting, juicy, subacid. October. (Hov. Mag.) Saint Denis. Tree vigorous, with long dark reddish branches. Fruit small, turbinate angular. Skin yellowish, considerably Bhaded with crimson, thickly sprinkled with crimson dots. Stalk long. I open; broad, shallow, uneven basin. Flesh breaking, a little co sweet, and aromatic, rots at the core unless gathered early. Last of August. Saint 1 1 Royale Nouvelle. Of foreign origin. Tree vigorous. 5Toung wood grayish brown. Fruit rather large, oblong obovate pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, netted and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long, curved, inserted by a fleshy lip in a small cavity. Calyx jpen. Segments rather large, recurved, set hi a rathei abrupt basin. Flesh whitish, fine, juicy, melting, with a sugary, vinous, peculiarly pei- fumed flavor. Good to \ . Shawm ut. Originated with Francis Dana, Roxbury, Mass. Tree an upright, moderately vigorous grower. 5Toung wood grayish reddish brown. Fruit large, obtuse pyriform. Skin nearly smooth, dull yellow, ted with large round russet specks. Stalk long, fleshy, and wrinkled at base. Calyx open. Basin broad, deep. Flesh yellowish, coarse, melt mg> J1"^ vinous, sprightly, musky perfume. October. (Hov. M Sheldox. Wayne. Bland. Huron. Wisner. An accidental seedling on the farm of Norman Sheldon, in the town of Huron, Wayne Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, erect, hardy, and a good bearer. Young wood yellow brown. Fruit medium, roundish obtuse obovate. Skin greenish yellow mostly covered with thin light russet, a little brownish crimson in the Sheldon. sun, dotted with russet. Stalk short, stout. Cavity deep. Calyx open. Segments partly recurved. I'.asin broad, large. Flesh whitish, very juicy, melting, sweet, vinous, rich aromatic. Very good. ber. Sheppard. Raised by James Sheppard, of Dorchester, Mass. ; introduced to notice by Dr. L. W. Puffer. Tree a free grower, and wry productive Young wood grayish Olive brown. 856 THE PEAK. Fiuit large, obovate pyriform. Skin rough, yellow, sometimes wrJi a brownish red cheek, slightly sprinkled with russet dots, and with some patches of russet. Stalk short and stout, in a depression, often inclined, surrounded by russet. Calyx partially closed, set in a very shallow furrowed basin. Flesh whitish, coarse and granular, buttery, melting, juicy, vinous, perfumed. Good to very good. Ripens last of Septem- ber and first of October. Simon Bouvier. Souvenir de Simon Bouvier. Originated in 1833, with M. Gregoire, of Jodoigne, Belgium. Tree moderately vigorous. Young wood rich brown. Fruit medium or above, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin rough, yel- low, netted, patched, and dotted with russet, and a few specks and mar- blings of crimson in the sun. Stalk shoi't, inserted in a shallow, broad cavity. Calyx open. Segments reflexed. Flesh white, buttery, melt- ing, juicy, sweet, perfumed. October, November. (Al. Pom.) Skinless. Poire sans Peau. Sanspeau. Friihe Rousaelet Fleur de Guignes. Precoce de Glady. The Skinless is a very nice little Pear, with a remarkably thin, smooth skin, and a delicate perfumed flavor. It bears in clusters, and very regularly. It is not first-rate, but is esteemed by many. Fruit below medium size, long pyriform. Skin very smooth and thin, pale green, becoming light yellow, speckled with light red in the sun. Stalk long, slender, curved, inserted in a very trifling cavity. Calyx closed, set in a small basin. Flesh white, juicy, half melting, with a sweet and slightly perfumed flavor. Good. Middle of August. SOLDAT LaBOUREUR. Auguste Van Krans. Blumenbach. Soldat Esperen. A seedling of Major Esperen's, produced about 1820. Tree vigo- rous, upright, an early and abundant bearer. Young wood dull grayish reddish brown. Fruit rather large, roundish obovate pyriform. Skin yellow, patched, netted, and dotted with russet. Stalk rather stout, long and curved, inserted in a small, abrupt cavity. Calyx open, scarcely sunk. Basin very small. Flesh yellowish, slightly granular, melting, juicy, with a sugary, vinous, perfumed flavor. Good to very good. October, Novem- ber. Souvenir du Congress. This Pear was originated by M. Morel, of Lyon-Vaise, France, and by him dedicated to the Pomological Congress of France. Tree vigo- rous and fertile, pyramidal in form. Fruit large to very large, resembling in form the Bartlett. Skin smooth, of a handsome yellow at maturity, washed with bright red, or carmine, on the side exposed to the sun. Flesh much like the Bartlett3 having the musky flavor, though in a less degree. Its maturity com' mences in August and continues in September. (Revue Horticole.) THE PEAR. SOUVEN'IR D'EsiT.KI V 867 This seedling Tear of Major Esperen's proves one of the very best, either for amateur or market cultivation. Tree vigorous, healthy, hardy, and pi-oductive, and holds its foliage well and late. Young wood olive reddish yellow brown. Fruit large, oblong pyriform. Surface uneven. Skin greenish yel- low, mostly covered with dull rough russet, especially around the stalk Souvenir d'E-;|H.'rcn. and calyx. Stalk long, inclined, Bei to a Blight cavity, Bomtmrjrea by a lip. Calyx open. Segments medium, erect, somecimes a u«Od recurved Basin small, narrow, uneven. Flesh yellowing juicy, w±.^<.w, aromatic. Very good. October, November. Souvenir db la Reinb dbb D A BeMan Tear seedling of M. Gregoire. ] - rous and pro dnctive. Fmit above medium, acute pyriform, pale yellow, tanged with ron brown in sun, patched and dotted with thin 11 -alk short 858 THE PEAK. enlarged al end, and inserted by a ring. Flesh yellowish white, half fine melting, juicy, sweet, perfumed. October, November. (An. Pom.) Souvenir Favre. A French Pear, originated with M. Favre in 1850, and first fruited in 1857. Young wood reddish olive brown. Fruit above medium, oblong obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, deeper in the sun, and dotted with many gray dots, or reddish in the sun. Stalk rather stout, inserted with a slight cavity. Calyx open, with long half- erect segments. Flesh a Little coarse, half melting, juicy, sweet, and perfumed. November, December. (An. Pom.) SOUVERAINE D'ETE. Fruit below medium, roundish obovate pyriform. Skin light yel- low, with numerous dots, which are crimson on the sunny side. Stalk short, in a narrow cavity, frequently by a lip. Calyx partially closed. Basin medium. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sugary, vinous, aromatic. Good. Ripens first of September. SOUVERAINE DE PRINTEMPS. Poire de Printemps. A French Pear. Young wood dark olive reddish brown. Fruit medium, irregular in form, generally roundish obovate, slightly pyriform. Skin rough, greenish yellow, partially netted and patched with rough dark russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk curved, enlarged at insertion, in a small cavity, sometimes a lip. Calyx large and open. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good to very good. October. * Spanish Bon Chretien. Bon Chretien d'Espagne. Bon Chretien dore d'Espagne. Spina. Van Dyck. De Janvry. Compagnie d Ostende. Bon Chretien d'Automne. Janvry. Gratiole d'Automne. Grosse Grande Bretagne doree. Pi-' sident d'Espagne. Vermilion d'Espagne d'Hiver. Safran d'Automne. Gracioli de la Toussaint. Sai'ran rosat d'Automne. Vandyck. Bon Chretien Jaune d'Automne. Good Christian of Spain. Blanche. Spanish Warden. Grosse Grande Bretagne. Autumn Bon Chretien. Bon Chretien Spina. A very old variety. Tree a good bearer, and the fruit highly va- lued for cooking. Fruit large, pyriform. Skin at maturity deep yellow, with a brillianl red cheek, and dotted with reddish brown specks. Flesh white, crisp, or half breaking, good for cooking. December to January. Steinmitz Catherine. A Pennsylvania Pear. Tree very vigorous and productive. Fruit medium or small, oblong pyriform, greenish, with a tinge of brown in the sun. Flesh white, moderately juicy, half melting, viooua Good. September. THE PEAK. S59 Steinmitz Spue. Origin, Pennsylvania. Fruit small, roundish pyritbrm, greenish yellow, with nettings, patches, and dots of russet. Flesh whitish green, juicy, melting, sweet pleasant, aromatic. Good. September. Sterling. De Mott. Origin, Livingston Co., N. Y. ; grown from seed brought from Con necticut. Tree vigorous, upright. Young wood grayish-yellowish brown, an early bearer, and productive. Fruit medium, nearly round, slightly oval, very obscurely pyriform. Sterling. Skin yellow, sometimes with a few small patches of russet, and on thi sunny side a mottled crimson check. Stalk rather stout, ins. ited in a slight cavity, sometimes by a ring. Calyx open, in a medium, rat her un- even basin." Flesh rather coarse, juicy, melting, with a very sugary, brisk flavor. Good to very good. Ripens last of August and firs! of Septem- ber. Stevens' Genesee. Guernsey. Louise de Pruase. Crottee. Doyenne Oaleux. Saint Michel Crotte. Philippe Stria. Doyenn^ Crotte. Pasaa-tuttL Stephen's Genesee. ( ;■ -iiL'see. Benrre des Beiges. This admirable Pear, combining hi some degree the excellence of the 860 THE PEAK. Doyenne and Bergamotte, is reputed to be a seedling of Western Ne-w York. It originated on the farm of Mr. F. Stevens, of Lin a, Living ston Co., N. Y. Although placed among autumn pears, it frequently ripens here at the end of August, among the late summer varieties. Young shoots diverging, dark gray. Fruit large, roundish, and of a yellow color. Stalk about an Stevens' Genesee. inch long, stout, thicker at the base, and set in a slight, rather one- sided depression. Calyx with short, stiff divisions, placed in a smooth basin of only moderate depth. Flesh white, half buttery, with a rich aromatic flavor. Good to very good. First of September. Stone. Origin, Ohio. Tree vigorous and productive. Fruit large, roundish pyriform, uneven. Skin bright yellow with a sunny cheek. Stalk large, long, and curved. Calyx large. Basin open, broad, and shallow. Flesh white, somewhat buttery, slightly astrin- gent. August. Styer. Origin uncertain, introduced by Alan W. Corson, of Montgomery Co., Pa. Tree a very vigorous grower. Shoots stout and short-jointed, productive. Young wood olive yellow brown. Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate. Skin pale yellow, netted, patched, and dotted with cinnamon russet. Stalk rather short, inserted THE PEAK. 861 in a. small, shallow cavity. Calyx almost obsolete. Basis narrow, mo- derately deep. Flesh yellowish white, somewhat gritty at the core, buttery, melting. Good to veiy good. Ripens middle of September. Styrian. Keele Hall Beurr6. This very bright-colored and excellent Pear comes from Eng- land. Tree vigorous and productive. Young shoots dull grayish olive brown. Fruit medium or above, obo vate pyriform. Skin pale yellow, lightly shaded with crimson in the sun, traces and patches of russet, and nu- merous brown dots. Stalk rather long, inclined, curved, set in a small cavity, sometimes by a lip. Calyx partially closed. Segments a little recurved. Basin uneven. Flesh white, a little coarse near the core juicy, melting, sweet, aromatic. Good. September. Sucre de Tertolan. Sucre d'Automne de Tertolen. Sucre Yfert d'Automne de Tolsduyn Originated in Holland. Fruit below medium, roundish pyriform, pale green, mostly covered, netted, patched, and dotted with russet. Stalk rather long. Flesh white, tinged with yellow, half melting, juicy, sweet, perfumed. Last September, early October. (Verg.) OUCHEE DE HOVERSWERDA. Sugui of Hoyersworda. Sucre Noir d'fitd. Sucre-vert d'Hoyerswerda. A pleasant German Pear, of peculiar flavor, good when ripened in the house. It bears immense crops. Fruit small, roundish pyriform. Skin pale yellowish green, thickly sprinkled with greenish russet dots. Flesh white, quite juicy, with a sweet and piquant flavor. Scarcely good. It does not keep long. Last of August. Sucrbe dd Comice. This jv from France, and is described in bheC the Hort. Soc. of \ '• — Find of medium size, irregularly formed. Skin yellow, with green and russet dots. Flesh tender, sugary. Ripe in Septembei and October. Sucre Vert. Green Sugar. Bayonnaise. Oris de Chine. Verdette. Sukerey d'Automne. An old Pear, of unknown origin. Fruit medium or small, obovate pyriform. Skin green. Stalk me- drum, fleshy at its insertion in a very Blight cavity. Basin shallow Flesh juicy* melting, sweet, and pleasant. Q 1. October. 862 THE PEAR. Suffolk Thorn. An English Pear, raised from seed of Gansel's Bergamot Fruit small, roundish pyriform. Skin yellowish, mostly covered with jhin russet. Flesh rather coarse, juicy, melting. Good. October. Sugar Top. July Pear. Prince's Sugar. Prince's Sugar Top. Fruit roundish, top-shaped. Skin smooth, yellow. Flesh white, Bomewhat juicy and breaking, sweet, but with little flavor. Last of July. Sullivan. Van Mons, No. 889. Sent to this country by Van Moris, and named by Mr. Manning. Young shoots slender, diverging, reddish brown. Fruit of medium size, oblong pyriform. Skin pale greenish yellow. Stalk an inch and a half long, stout, tapering to the stalk. Flesh juicy, melting, sweet, and pleasant, Good. September. Summer Archduke. Archiduc d'Ete. Gros Ognonet. Archduke of Summer. Amire roux. Ognonet. Brown Admired. Amire roux de Tours. Ognonnet. Great Onion Pear. De-la-mi-JuiUet. Oignonet. Ognonet Musque. Fruit medium, obovate pyriform. Skin smooth, yellowish green, covered with dark brownish red next the sun. Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh whitish, rather gritty, juicy, and sweet. Ripe early August. (Hogg.) Summer Bergamot. Bergamotte d'Ete. The Summer Bergamot is an old foreign variety, of small size and second quality. The tree is of feeble growth. Fruit, quite small, round. Skin yellowish green. Flesh juicy, and pretty rich in flavor, but quickly becomes mealy and dry. Last of July. There is a La/rge Summer Bergamot, quite distinct from the above. Flesh breaking and half buttery, not rich. September. The tree grows and bears finely. Summer Beurre d'Aremberg. Raised by Thomas Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, Herts, England. Tree hardy, moderately vigorous, upright^ very productive. Fruit medium or below, somewhat turbinate or short obovate. Skin of a lemon color, slight nettings and patches of russet, particularly around the stem. Stalk rather long, inserted in a small cavity. Calyx very small. Basin deep and narrow. Flesh tender, melting, juicy, brisk, vinous and perfumed, apt to rot at the core unless gathered early. First of September. (Gard. Chron. ) THE PEAR. 8«S Simmer Bon Chretien. Bon Chr. tien d'Ete. Gratioli Gratioli d'Ete. Gratioli di Roma. Summer Good Christian. Musk Summer Bon Chretien Sommer Apothekerbirne. Sommer Gute Christenhirne. Die Sommer Christebirne. Large Sugar, of some. Gros Bon Chretien. Beauclerc. Safran d'Et- . Schelis Gracioli rouge. Bon Chretien d'Ete Jaime. Canelle d'Kte. De Dnchesse. Gros Bun Chretien d'Ete\ Bon Chr tien Oratioly. Gros Bon Chn tien Beauclero William Powell. Si uyversant. Richards Beurre, of some. Endicott. Tliis is one of the oldest Pears, having been cultivated for the List three centuries all over Europe. Fruit large, irregularly beD-shaped or pyriform, with swollen, knobby sides. Skin yellow, with an orange blush. Flesh yellowish, coarse-grained, very juicy, and of a pleasant, rich, sweet flavor. Good. Last of August, or early in September. Summer Crassane. Crassane d'Ete. Fruit small, roundish oblate, pale yellow, covered with crimson russet. Flesh half melting, very juicy, sweet, and aromatic. Last oi August. (Hogg.) Summer Franc Peal. Franc Real d'Ete. Fond ante. Gros Micet d' . Milan Blanc. Bergamotte d'Ete ou Milan Blanc. Milan de le Beurriere. Beurre d'Ete. The origin of this Pear is unknown. Fruit of medium size, obovate, bu1 largest in the middle, and taper- in<* each way. Skin pale yellowish green, dotted with small brownish green dots. Flesh white, fine-grained, buttery, sugary. Good. Pipe early in September. Summer Rose. I ; ovale. ILuiveau Blanc. Coule Soif, Gros Mouille Bouche. Great Mouthwater. Beurre Blanc. Epine Rose. Caillot Rosat d'Ete. Thorny Ruse. Poire de Rose. Epine d'Et ■ Couleur Rose. Caillot Rosat. Rosenbirne, of the Germans. The Rose Pear. Rose Epine Rose. De Cailleau. De Caillot. Calua Rosat. Caillou Rozat. Peral del Campo. Fruit medium, roundish. Skin faint De .Monsieur. Slontierea ■ age. H be da Dauphine. Viliane d'Anjon. Qgrandea. tit D'Eau Rose. ide. Bonne il'Automne. CaUlanrosat, Caillorozar. yellow, with a red rumet eheek. Flesh white, coarse. La?l of August, u> I eatable. 864 THE PEAK. Summer St. Germain. Short's Saint Germain. Joli-mopt of some. Saint Germain de Martin. Hoe-Lancer Hoo-Lievei Saint Germain d'Ete. Jargonelle des Provencaax A. pleasant, juicy summer Pear, of second-rate flavor, bearing larg' crops. Fruit of medium size, obovate pyriform. Skin pale green all ovei the surface. Stalk an inch and a quarter long, obliquely inserted Calyx large, in a basin scarcely sunken. Flesh juicy, tender, with 9 very slight acid. Poor. Last of August. Summer Virgalieu. Powell's Virgalieu. Origin unknown. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. Fruit medium, roundish pyriform. Skin yellow, slightly netted and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk rather long, often curved, set in a small cavity. Calyx open. Segments re- curved. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, a little vinous. Good. August. SUPERF0NT>ANTE. Fruit of medium size, obovate. Skin smooth, pale yellow, marked with russet. Flesh white, buttery, melting and good. October. Supreme de Quimper. This nice little Pear is of Belgian origin. Tree moderately vigorous, upright and productive. Young wood olive yellow brown, very short- jointed. Fruit medium, roundish, slightly pyriform. Skin fine, clear yellow, richly shaded with red, somewhat specked and netted with russet. Stalk lather short, obliquely inserted, without cavity, by a slight appearance of a lip. Calyx open or partially closed. Basin shallow. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet and perfumed. Good to very good. Ripe early in August. Should be gathered very early, or it becomes dry. SURPASSE MEURIS. Ferdinand Demeester. A seedling of Van Mons'. Tree vigorous, very productive. Fruit medium, roundish, slightly oval. Skin greenish yellow, some- times shaded with dull crimson in the sun, and thickly sprinkled with brownish dots. Stalk stout, fleshy at insertion, in a shallow depression. Calyx large, open. Segments lung, recurved. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh whitish, juicy, buttery, half melting, sweet. Good. November. Surpasse Virgalieu. Surpasse Virgouleuse. Colmar Van Mons, erroneously. The precise origin of this very delicious fruit is not known. It was first sent out from the nursery of the late Mr. Andrew Parmentier, of Brooklyn, under this name, and is, perhaps, an unrecognized foreign THE PEAR. 866 Pear, so named by him in allusion to its surpassing the favorite Virga- Ueu (White Doyenne) of New York. Fruit rather large, roundish, sometimes roundish obovate. Skin smooth, pale lemon yellow, with a very few minute dots, and rarely a little faint red on the sunny Bide. Stalk rather more than an inch long, not deeply planted in a cavity ratlnr higher on one side. Calyx rather small, and pretty firm, set in a slight, smooth basin. Flesh white, ex- ceedingly fine-grained and buttery, abounding with delicious, high- flavored, aromatic juice. Very good. October. Surpasse Virgalieo. SUZETTE DE BaVAY. Raised by Major Esperen. Tree vigorous, and very productive. Fruit small, roundish oblate. Skin yellowish, sprinkled with minute dots, and some traces of russet. Stalk curved, inserted in a small cavity Calyx open. Basin shallow and uneven. Flesh whitish, melting, swee^, and pleasant. Good. Only valuable for cooking. January to .March. Swan's ' Moor-fowl Egg. incorrectly. A very old Pear, unworthy cultivation. Fruit small, oval. Skin pale green, trashed with pah- brown on the sunny side, and dotted with brownish specks. Flesh soft, juicy, with a sweet, somewhat musky flavor. October. Swiss Beroamot. Bergamotte Suisse. Striped Bergamot Bergamot Bayee. A very pretty, roundish, striped Pear. Branches often striped. 866 THE PEAR. Fruit of medium size, roundish, a little inclined to turbinate. Skin smooth, pale green, striped with yellow and pale red. Flesh melting, juicy, sweet, and pleasant. Good. October. Sylvange. iJu-gamotte Sylvange. Bergamot Sylvanche. Green Sylvange. • Silvanbirne. Sylvanche. Silvange Pierard. A foreign variety, superseded. Fruit roundish obovate. Skin rough, pale green, with a slightly darker green cheek. Flesh greenish white, juicy, tender, and melting, with a sweet, agreeable flavor. Good. October, and keeps a long time. Tardif de Mons. Fruit oblong obovate. Skin yellow, with an orange tinge in sun, and strewed with large russety dots. Flesh white, tender, buttery, melting, very juicy, rich, sugary. November. (Hogg.) Tarquin. An old variety, which we have never fruited. The description by Prince resembles that of Belle Williams, recently received as new. Fruit large, oblong pyriform, with a shallow groove from one end of the fruit to the other. Skin greenish yellow, marbled over with fawn. Stalk medium length, enlarged, with a fleshy appearance near its junction with the fruit. Flesh breaking without being dry, rather delicate, and has a slight acidity. Good. Ripens April, May. Tarquin des Pyrenees. Tree vigorous. Fruit large, pyriform. Stem long, stout, fleshy at its junction, with- out cavity. Calyx large, open, with persistent segments, in a broad, irregular basin, surrounded by russet. Skin green, sprinkled or patched with russet, and thickly covered with brown dots. Flesh of poor qua- lity, a very long keeper, and said to keep two years. Only a cooking Pear. Taylor Pear. Merriweather. Originated on the farm of Mr. Merriweather, near Charlottesville, AJbeniarle Co., Va. Tree vigorous. Young wood clear olive brown, productive. Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Skin light green, mottled with dark green, netted and dotted with russet. Stalk medium. Cavity shallow. Calyx small, open. Flesh yellowish, coarse, buttery, juicy, half melting, sweet, and pleasant. Good. November, December. Tea. Raised by Mrs. Ezra Merchant, of Milford, Conn. The seed was found in a pound of tea, which she purchased at the store, hence its name. Tree vigorous and productive. Young wood olive yellotv. THE PEAB. 867 Fruit medium, obovate, inclining to pyriform. Skin lemon yellow, with numerous small brown dots, and sometimes a reddish check, netted and patched with russet. Stalk rather stout, inserted obliquely under a lip in a very small cavity. Calyx half closed. Basin shallow. Flesh white, fine, juicy, melting, and vinous. Good to very good. Ripens last of August to middle of September. Theodore Van Mons. This Belgian Pear, supposed one of Van Mons' seedlings, originated about 1827, but w;;s not brought to notice until about 184*3. The tree is a vigorous, iipright grower, quite productive. The young wood light yellow reddish brown. Thoodoro Van Moiul Fruit medium or above, oblong pyriform. Skin greenish or palo yd low, with traces and patches of russet, and many gray and green dots. Stalk curved. Cavity alight, russeted Calyx open. Segmanl Flesh whitish, rather coarse, juicy, melting, vinous. Good to very good September, October. 868 THE PEAR. Therese Kumps. A Belgian Pear, introduced in 1847. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit medium, oblong pyriform, pale yellow, slightly tinted with brownish in sun, small patches, large specks and dots of thin russet. Stalk medium, rough, inserted with rings at base. Calyx with short, almost erect segments. Flesh yellowish white, half fine, melting, juicy, Bweet, vinous, perfumed. November. (An. Pom.) Thompson's. This Pear, received by xis from the Horticultural Society of London, was named in honor of Mr. Robert Thompson, the head of the fruit de- partment in the Society's garden, to whose pomological acumen the hor- ticultural world is so largely indebted. Tree vigorous and productive. Fruit variable. Young wood reddish yellow brown. Fruit of medium size, obovate pyiiforni, slightly irregular in surface. Skin pale lemon yellow, with a few small russety dots and patches and streaks. Stalk pretty stout, an inch or more long, inserted in a blunt, uneven cavity. Calyx open, stiff, often without divisions. Basin abrupt, uneven. Flesh white, buttery, melting, sugary, slightly aromatic. Good to very good. October and November. Thooris. A Belgian Pear, introduced in 1854, and unworthy cultivation. Fruit below medium, oval, pale yellow, thickly sprinkled with brown dots. Flesh white, coarse, dry, sweet, and poor. Early September. Thuerlinckx. Tuerlinckx. Beurre Tuerlinckx, This variety was grown from seed and first exhibited in 1848, by M Thuerlinckx, of Marines, Belgium. Tree moderately vigorous. Fruit very large, regular oblong obovate pyriform. Skin dull green- ish, with a shade of brown at ends, and inarblings of dull dark green and brown. Stalk medium, inserted without depression by a ring. Flesh white, buttery, acidulous. November, December. (Al. Pom.) Tillixgton. Raised in the village of Tillington, near Hereford, England, and first exhibited by T. A. Knight, Esq., before the London Horticultural Soci- ety, in 1820. Tree hardy and productive. Fruit medium size, short pyriform, greenish yellow, with light brown russet dots. Stalk short. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, tender, but- tery, melting, not juicy, vinous, aromatic. Good. October. Totten's Seedling. Raised by Colonel Totten, of New Haven, Conn. Tree vigoroua Young wood dull olive yellow brown. Fruit small, roundish pyriform, pale yellow, with a shade of crimson in the sun, traces, patches, and dots of russet. Stalk long. Calyx open. Flesh white, sweet. Po">r. September. THE PEAR. 869 Trescott. Originated on the farm of Niles Trescott, Cranston, R I. Fruit medium size, roundish obovate, orange yellow, with patches of cini-imon russet. Flesh fine-grained, melting, juicy, pleasant flood. Last September. (Hort.) Triompiie de Jodoigne. A Belgian Pear, seedling of M. Bouvier in L 830, introduced in 1843. Tree vigorous and productive. Young wood short-jointed, dull grayish brown. Fruit large, obovate ovate obtuse pyriform. Surface uneven. Skin pale greenish yellow, shaded and mottled with crimson in the sun, patches, nettings, and traces of russet, and thickly sprinkled with brown and green dots. Stalk rather long, a little inclined, fleshy at its inser- tion by a ring. Cavity small. Calyx open. Segments short and stiff. Basin small, uneven. Flesh whitish, coarse, juicy, half melting, sweet. Good to very good. October. Triomphe de Louvain. Of Belgian origin. Tree vigorous, productive, an early bearer. Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Skin rather rough, greenish yellow, mostly covered with thin dull russet, with a dull red cheek in sun, many russet brown dots. Stalk rather short, stout. Cavity medium. Calyx large, open. Segments recurved. Flesh whitish, coarse, not juicy or melting, sweet. Good. September. Truckiiill Bergamot. Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate. Skin yellow, with crimson and fawn in the sun, sprinkled with gray and green dots. Stalk rather short. Cavity deep. Calyx open. Basin deep, abrupt, uneven. Flesh half melting, somewhat coarse and gritty, moderately juicy. Good. October. Twenty-fifth Ajjnivkrsaire de Leopold I. This Pear, with its unfortunate long name, is a seedling of M. Gre- goire, Jodoigne, Belgium. The tree is of medium vigor, and very pro- ductive. Fruit medium to large, oval obovate pyriform. Skin pale greenish yellow, with a few patches of crimson in the sun, and uetted, patched, and dotted with russet. Stalk medium or slender. Cavity narrow. Calyx with .half-ered segments. Flesh white, tine, melting, buttery, juicy, sweet, with a delicious perfume. November. (An. Pom.) '['\ I.KK. An American variety. Tree moderately vigorous. Young wood reddish yellow brown. Fruit below medium, roundish pyriform, yellow, netted and pat;hec and dotted with rn ft long and Blender, in a moderate cavity 870 THE PEAK. surrounded by russet. Calyx open. Basin shallow and uneven Flesh white, coarse, granular, buttery, melting, juicy, brisk, and vinous. Good. October. Tyson. A native seedling, found in a hedge on the farm of Jonathan Tyson, of Jenkintown, near Philadelphia. Tree an upright, vigorous grower, but a tardy bearer, very productive. Young wood olive yellow brown. Fruit medium or below, acute pyriform. Skin clear, deep yellow at fidl maturity, slightly russeted, with a fine crimson cheek, and numerous Tyson. minute brrwn dots. Stalk long and curved, generally inserted by a fleshy ring or lip. Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh rather fine, juicy, melting, veiy sugary, ami somewhat aromatic. Very good to best. Ripens last of August and first of September. Upper Crust. A seedling of South Carolina, and introduced by Colonel Sumner. Fruit below medium, roundish. Skin greenish, covered with dots THE TEAR. 871 wad patches of russet. Stalk rather short and stout. Cavity broacL. shallow. Calyx large, open. Flesh granular, not juicy, rots at core Poor. August. Urbaniste. Count Coloma. St. Marc? Beurre Picquery. Drapiez. Coloma d'Automne. Louise d'Orleans. Picquery. Louis Dupout. I *Var The tree grows thriftily, with drooping fruit branches. Sb LgU4£*da. Calyx /ery small, in a shallow furrowed basin. Color light yellow, with numerous gray dots. Flesh white, juicy, nearly melting, coarse, granu lar, sweet, and agreeable. Good. September, October. Wetmore. Raised by E. B. Wetmore, Westmoreland, N. Y. Tree uprig} t, vigorous. Young wood reddish yellow brown. Fruit small, roundish oval. Skin pale yellow, with nettings patches of russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk Long, slender, set in a small cavity, sometimes by a lip. Calyx open. ments short, erect. Basin shallow, slightly corrugated. Flesh white, juicv, melting, sweet, aromatic. Good to very good. October. Wharton's Early. Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, young wood olive yellowish brown- Fruit medium size, obovate oblong acute pyriform. Skin pale yel- low, traces of russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long, curved, rather slender, set in a slight cavky, sometimes by a lip. Calyx open. Segments short, erect. Basin small, uneven. Flesh whitish. juicy, melting, sweet, slightly musky. Good or very good. August. 880 THE PEAK. Wheeler. Originated in Greenwich, R. I. Tree vigorous, upright. Young wood olive yellow brown. Fruit medium, roundish obovate. Skin greenish yellow, a few traces and patches of russet, and numerous gray and green dots. Stalk medium. Cavity small. Calyx open. Basin abrupt, uneven. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. August. Whieldon. Whieldon's McLellan. McLellan. Originated in the garden of Wru. W. Whieldon, Concord, Mass The tree is moderately vigorous, and a profuse bearer. Fruit medium or above, obovate obtuse, slightly pyriform. Skin pale yellowish green, with a tinge of red in the sun, numerous russet nettings and dots. Stalk long, rather slender, a little inclined, set in a shallow cavity. Calyx open. Segments a little recurved. Basin me- dium, uneven. Flesh whitish, a little gritty near the core, juicy, melt- ing, buttery, sweet, pleasant, slightly aromatic. Good to very good. September. White Doyenne. Doyenne White. Virgalieu, of New York. St. Michael, of Boston. Butter Pear, of Philadelphia, Virgaloo. Bergoloo. Yellow Butter. White Beurr;'. White Autumn Beurre. Dean's. Warwick Bergamot. Pine Pear. St. Michel. Reigner. Doyenne. Doyenne blanc. Beurre blanc. Poire de Limon. Valencia. Citron de Septembre. Bonne-ente. A courte queue. Kaiserbirne. Kaiser d'Automne. Weisse Herbst Butterbirne. Dechantsbirne. Nouvelle d'Ouef. Edwige. Carlisle. White or Autumn Butter. Valentia or Valencia Poire du Doyen. Garner or Gardner. Sublime Garnotte. The White Doyenne is, unquestionably, one of the most perfect of autumn Pears. Its universal popularity is attested by the great num- ber of names by which it is known in various parts of the world. As the Virgalieu in New York, Butter Pear in Philadelphia, and St. Michael's in Boston, it is most commonly known ; but all these names, so likely to create? confusion, should be laid aside for the true one, White Doyenne.* It is an old French variety, having been in cultivation over two hundred years. The branches are strong, upright, yellowish gray or light brown. Fruit of medium or large size, regularly formed, obovate. It varies considerably in different soils, and is often shorter or longer on the same * Virgalieu seems an American name, and is always liable to be confounded with the Virgouleuse, a very different fruit. The Doyenne (pronounced dwoy- annay), literally deanship, is probably an allusion to the Dean by whom it was •rst brought irto notice. THE PEAR. 881 tree. Skin smooth, clear pale yellow, regularly sprinkled with small dots, and often with a fine red cheek. Stalk brown, from three-fourths to an inch and a fourth long, a little curved, and planted in a small, round cavity. Calyx always very small, closed, set in a shallow basin, smooth or delicately plaited. Flesh white, fine-grained, very buttery, White Doyenn^. melting, rich, high-flavored and delicious. Best. September — and, if picked early from the tree, will often ripen gradually till December. The Doyenne Panache, or Striped Dean, is a variety rather more narrowing to the stalk, the skin prettily striped with yellow, green, and red, and dotted with brown. Flesh juicy, melting, but not high-flavor ed. October. White's Seedling. Origin, New Haven, Conn. T _'<»rous grower, very produc- tive. Young wood olive brown. Fruit medium, oblong oval e. Skin yellow, sometimes with a brownish blush in the sun. considerably netted and patched with rus- set, and many russet dots. Stalk long, inclined, Bel in a shallow cavity, often by a fleshy lip. Calyx open. Segments Bhort, erect. .Basin small, uneven. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, sweet, aromatic. Good to very good. October Lo February. 5ft 882 THE PEAK. WlEST. From Pennsylvania. Tree a vigorous growe/. Young wood reddish yellow brown, with oblong gray specks. Fruit medium or below, roundish oval, green, shaded with dull red, and sprinkled with green and gray dots. Stalk rather stout. Calyx small, closed. Segments to a point. Flesh whitish green, juicy, melt- ing, subacid. Good. September. Wilbur. The Wilbur is a native fruit, which originated in Somerset, Mass. Shoots slender, light olive brown. Fruit below medium size, roundish ovate, pale yellow, slightly netted and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk small in a small cavity. Calyx open. Segments long. Basin small. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, slightly astringent. Good. Septem- ber. Wilkinson. The original tree grows on the farm of Mr. J. Wilkinson, Cumber- land, R. I. The tree is very thrifty, hardy, and a regular bearer. The shoots are long, upright, stout, olive yellow, with oblong white specks. Fruit of medium size, obovate, inclining to oval. Skin smooth and glossy, bright yellow, dotted with brown points. Stalk an inch and a quarter long, rather stout, inserted with little or no depression. Calyx small, open, and firm, set in a shallow basin. Flesh very white, juicy, melting, sweet, and rich, with a slight perfume. Good. October to De- cember. WlLLERMOZ. This Belgian Pear was produced in 1848. The tree is an extremely fine grower, with young shoots dark dull olive brown, very productive. Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, nettings and some large patches of russet, and many small russet dots. Stalk medium or rather stout, inclined, set in a small cavity. Calyx open, or partially closed. Basin abrupt. Flesh whitish, buttery, juicy, melting, coarse at core, slightly vinous. Good to very good. November, J anuary. William Edwards. A seedling of Ex-Governor Edwards, of New Haven, very produc- tive, and a good baking fruit, but not juicy or melting enough for the dessert. Fruit of medium size, obti;se pyriform, terminating rather abruptly at the stalk. Skin yellow, and at maturity profusely dotted with red and russet points or dots on the sunny side. Flesh yellowish white, buttery, sugary. September. THE PEAR. &63 William Photos. Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, upright, productive. Fruit medium, roundish pyriform. Skin greenish y- Low, with a shade of crimson in the sun, and many brown dots. Stalk rather short. Calyx open. Basin .shallow. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet. Good to very good. September, October. Williams' Eakly. A native fruit, which originated on the farm of Mr. A. D. Williams, of Hoxbury, Mass. Tree a moderate grower. Young shoots brown red. Fruit small, roundish slightly pyriform. Skin bright yellow, thickly sprinkled with rich scarlet dots on the sunny side. Stalk an inch and a half long, straight, a little fleshy where it joins the fruit. Calyx very short, open. Basin shallow and slightly plaited. Flesh yellowish white, a little coarse-grained at first, but, when ripe, very juicy, half buttery, with a slightly musky flavor, i rood. First to the middle of September. Williamson. Origin on the farm of Nicholas Williamson, Long Island. Tree hardy, vigorous, and a good bearer. Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Skin greenish yellow, a few patches and traces of russet. Stalk rather stout. Calyx open. Basin uneven. Flesh white, coarse, juicy, half melting. Good. October. Wilmington. A seedling of Passe Colmar, raised by J>r. Brinckle, of Philadelphia. Tree a moderate grower. Young wood dull yellow brown. Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, netted and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long, set in a small cavity, often by a lip. Calyx open. Seg- ments persistent. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh whitish green, juicy, buttery, melting, sweet, pleasant, Blightly aromatic. Good to very good. Saptember. Windsor. Summer Bell. Belle d' ! Green Windsor. Konjre. Lady Thigh. Grosse Jargonelle. Madame. Bell Tongue. Supreme. Madame de France. • of some. Watermelon, of some. The Windsor is an old European Pear, veiy C< mmonl; known in some parts of this country as the Summer Bell Pear. It is a profitable market sort, bearing regularly large crops, and selling well, although in quality it is, from i\ agency, almost uneatable, and to be valued „nly as a cooking fruit. The tree La remarkable for its stout, perfectly np right dark brown shoots. Fruit large, pyriform or bell-ahapod, widest above the middle, nar 884 THE PEAR. rowing to the eye. Skin yellowish green. Flesh white, tender or soft^ coarse-grained, with a somewhat astringent juice. Rots a*, the core. Last of August. Winship. Winship Seedling. Originated in the nurseries of the Messrs. Winship, Brighton, Mass Tree vigorous. Young wood rich dull yellow reddish brown. Fruit medium size, oblong acute pyriform. Skin greenish yellow with traces and patches of russet. Stalk long, rather stout, and uneven Calyx large. Segments short, erect. Basin small, corrugated. Flesh white, coarse, not juicy or melting. Poor. August. Winter Bonchretien. Bon Chr-tien d'Hiver. De Dos. Poire d'Angoise. De Fesses. Good Christian of Winter. De Bon Crustemenien. Winter Good Christian. De Chretien. Bon Chretien de Constantinople. Bon Chretien de Tours. Panchresta. Bon Chretien de Vernon. Poire d'Apothecaire. Bon Chretien. Crustemenie. Bon Chretien d'Auch. A Tetine. De Saint-Martin. This is perhaps one of the oldest Pears known, having been de- scribed in 1485. Its value is only for cooking. Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin dull yellow, tinge of brown in the sun, and sprinked with russet dots. Stalk medium. Cavity small. Calyx open. Basin deep. Flesh white, crisp, juioy sweet, perfumed. December to March. Winter Nelis. Nelis d'Hiver. Etourneau. Bonne de Malines. Bergamotte Thouin. Beurre de Malines. Colmar Nelis La Bonne Malinaise. Thouin. Milanaise Cuvelier. Colmar d'Hiver. The Winter Nelis holds, in our estimation, nearly the same rank amoug winter Pears that the Seckel does among the autumnal varieties. It is a very hardy and thrifty tree, and bears regular crops of pears, which always ripen well, and in succession. Branches diverging, rather slender, dark reddish brown. It is a Flemish Pear, and was originated by M. Nelis, of Mechlin. Fruit of medium size, or usually a little below it, roundish obovate, narrowed-m near the stalk. Skin yellowish green at maturity, dotted with gray russet, and a good deal covered with russet patches and streaks, especially on the sunny side. Stalk an inch and a half long, bent, and planted in a narrow cavity. Calyx open, with stiff, short di- susions, placed in a shallow basin. Flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, buttery, and very melting, abounding with juice of a rich, saccharine, aromatic flavor. Best. In perfection in December, and keep5 till th« middle of Januarv. run pkab. 8tt Winter Nelia. Winter Seckel. Origin, near Fredericksburg, Va. Introduced by H. R. Roby. Fruit small, obovate, yellow, with a brownish cheek in sun, patches and nettings of russet, and many large green and brown dots. Stalk slender. Calyx large, open. Flesh wliite, a little coarse at core, ju; 'y, half melting, sweet. Good. January to March. Winter Thorn. fipine d'Hiver. fipine Rose d'lliver. Fruit medium, roundish obovate, yellowish green, with grayish brown dots. Calyx small, open. Flesh whitish, tender, buttery, sweet, musky. November, January. (II" Woodbridge's Seckel. Originated at Detroit, Mich. Tree moderately vigorous. Fruit small, ovate pyriform. Skin pale yellow, shaded and marbled with crimson in \\q sun, and thickly sprinkled with brown and crimson dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melt- ing, sweet, vinous. Very good, bul rapidly decays at the core. Sep- tember. 886 THE PEAK. Woodstock. Origin, Vermont. Tree a moderate grower, very producti re. JToung wood olive brown. Fruit medium or below, varying in form from roundish obtuse to obovate pyriform. Skin pale yellow, netted and patched, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long, rather slender, inserted in a small cavity, often by a lip. Calyx open. Segments long, slender, per- sistent. Basin abrupt. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant, slightly musky. Good to very good. September. Wredow. This is of unknown origin, probably French. Tree moderately vi- gorous, very productive. Young wood dark olive. Fruit medium, obovate pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, shade of crimson in the sun, netted, patched, and dotted with rich golden russet. Stalk long, slendei*, inserted in a small cavity, sometimes by a lip. Calyx open. Segments recurved. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, brisk, vinous. Good to very good. September. Yat. Yutte. Graue Sommer Butterbirne. Beurre Gris d'fite. Jutjesbirne. De Hollande. Jut-peer. Gute Graue. Jutte. Originated in Holland, of little value. Tree vigorous. Young wood reddish yellow brown. Fruit small, obovate pyriform, green, with some large, round, light- colored specks, brown russet in sun. Flesh white, tender, juicy, sweet. Rots quickly. September. Zepherin Louis. Zepberin Louis Gregoire. Originated and first described by M. Gregoire, of Jodoigne, Bel gium. Tree a moderate healthy grower. Fruit medium, roundish obovate. Skin dull greenish yellow, clouded with brownish red, and shades of russet. Stalk very short. Cavity narrow, round. Calyx small. Flesh yellowish white, tinge of green, half melting, juicy, sweet, slightly aromatic. January. (Al. Pom.) Zephirin Gregoire. Raised by M. Gregoire, of Jodoigne, in 1843. Tree a free, grower. Young wood smooth, light olive yellow brown. Fruit medium, irregular, roundish acute pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, reddish in the sun, with patches of russet, and many green and gray dots. Stalk short, fleshy, very fleshy at insertion, and without a cavity. Calyx open. Segments long. Flesh whitish, melting, juicy, perfumed. Good to very good. October, November. THE TEAR. 887 Zoar Beauty. Zoar Seedling. A nathe of Ohio. Tree vigorous, dark brovvn shoots, an early and abundant bearer. Fruit medium, acute pyriform. Skin yellow, with a beautiful crim son or carmine cheek in sun, thickly dotted with minute green Stalk long, curved, fleshy at insertion, often by a ring or li]>, in a canity. Calyx open. Segments erect, sometimes recurved. I i white, granular, half breaking, moderately juicy, sweet, aromatic, per- fumed. Unless gathered early it rots at core. Good. Early August. SELECT LIST OF PEARS FOR TABLE USE, MARKETING AND COOKING. Ananas d'Ete. Table and market. Baron de Mello. Table and market. Bartlett. Table and market. Beurre d'Albret. Table and market. Beurre d'Anjou. Table and market. Beurre Bosc. Table and market. Beurre Brignais. Table and market. I'.eurre Clairgeau. M Beurre Diel. Table and market. Beurre Giffart. Table. Beurre Gris d'Eftvei Nouveau. Table and market. Beurre Hardy. Table and market. Beurre Koning. Table and market. Beurre Sterckmans. Table and market. Beuire Superfin. Table and market. Black Worcester. Market and cooking. Bloodgood. Table. Brandywine. Table. Brialmont. Table and irarket. Bulfum. Table and park Catillac. .Market and cooking. Church. T Clai>p*s Favorite. Table and market. Coit's Beurre. Table and mar! Dana's Hovey. Table and market. 1 dearborn 8 >edling. rable. Dix. Table and market. Doctor Reeder. Table. Doyenne Boussock. Table and market. Doyenne Cornice. Table and market. Doyenne d'Ete. Table and market. Doyenne « h is. Table and mar 888 THE PEAK. Duchesse D'Angouleine. Table and market. Duchesse D' Orleans. Table and market. Edmonds. Table and market. Emile d'Heyst. Table and market. Flemish Beauty. Table and market. Fondante d'Automne. Table and market. Foote's Seckel. Table. Fulton. Table and market. Gansel's Bergamotte. Table and market. Henkel. Table and market. Howell. Table and market. Jones1 Seedling. Table .and niai^ket. Josephine Malines. Table and market. Lawrence. Table and market. Leon le Clerc Laval. Market and cooking. Louise Bonne de Jersey. Table, market, and cooking. Lycurgus. Table. McLaughlin. Table and market. Madame Eliza. Table and market. Manning's Elizabeth. Table. Marechal de la Cour. Table and market. Merriam. Table and market. Onondaga. Table and market. Paradise d'Automne. Table and market. Pound. Market and cooking. Prince's St. Germain. Table and market. Bostiezer. Table and market. Butter. Table and market. Seckel. Table and market. Sheldon. Table and market. Souvenir d'Esperen. Table and market. Spanish Bon Chretien. Market and cooking. Stevens' Genesee. Table and market. Surjmsse Virgalieu. Table and market. Tyson. Table and market. Urbaniste. Table and market. Vicar of Winkfield. Market and cooking. Washington. Table and market. White Doyenne. Table and market. Winter Bonchretien. Market and cooking, Winter Nelis. Table and market. THK PLUM. 881 CHAPTER XXVIL THE PLUM. Prunus domeatica, L. Rosacea, of botanists. Prunier, of the French ; Pjlaumenbaum, German ; Prugiw, Italian ; Cirudo Spanish. The original parent of most of the cultivated Plums of our gardens is ;i native i f Asia and the Southern parts of Europe, bul it has become naturalized in this country, and in many parts of ii is produced in the st abundance.* That the soil and climate of the Middle 8 arc admirably suited to this fruit is sufficiently proved by the almost spontaneous production of such varieties as the Washington, Jefferson, Lawrence's Favorite, Szc. ; sorts which equal or surpass in beautj or flavor the most celebrate! Plums of France or England. Uses. The finer kinds of plums are beautiful desserl fruits, of rich and luscious flavor. They are not, perhaps, so entirely wholesome as the peach and the pear, as, from their somewhat cloying and flatulent nature, unless when very perfectly ripe, they are more likely to disagree with weak stomachs. For the kitchen the plum is also very highly esteemed, being prized for tarts, pies, canning, sweetmeats, etc. In the South of Prance an excellent spirit is made from this fruit fermented with honey. In the western part of this State, where they are very abundant, they are halved, stoned, and dried in the sun or ovens in large quantities, and are then excellent for winter use. For eating, the plum should be allowed to hang on the tree till perfectly ripe, and the fruit will always be finer in proportion as the. tree has a more sunny exposure. The si/.e and quality of the fruit is always greatly improved by thinning the fruit when it is half-grown. Indeed, to prevent rotting, and to have this fruit in its highest perfection, no two plums should be allowed to touch each other while g ind those wli.i are willing to take this pains, are amply repaid by the superior quality of the fruit. * Th' re are three species of wild plum indigenous to this ootmtry — of toler- able flavor, but seldom cultivate I in our gardens I owing:— I. The Chickasaw Pli m. Prunus C/iicasa, Mi fourths nt an inch in diam subacid the thin. Thi head rather bushy, with i distance somewhal [tusually i or 14 feet high ; but ><> form it is also common in Texas. The ! "•'• UW Ti:x If I rick is only I If. Wild Red ok Yellow Plum. /' ish oval, skin thick, redd - with a juicy, y< leaves are what thornv. Grows in hed Gulf "of Mexico. Tree from 10 to \~> feet high, Fruil n; • August. III. The Beach Plum, or Sand Plum. P with stout straggling branches. : Bachufc : "'I1 ripening w in diamett r, red <n the fruit. It is true thai Harris and seme other naturalists have sd thai the insecl does sometimes undergo its final transformation and emerge from the ground in twenty days, bul we are inclined to the opinion that this only takes place with a small portion of the br I, which, perhaps, have penetrated bul a very short distance below the surface of the soil. Tie-' making their appearance in midsummer, and finding no young fruit, deposit their eggs in the young branches of I etc. But it is undeniable that the season of the plum-weevil is early spring, and that mosi of the larva' which produce the annual swarm. re- main in the soil during the whole period intervening since tin- fall of the previous year's fruit. Plum-trees growing in hard trodden COurt-yardf! usually bear plentiful crops. The modes of destroying the plum-weevil are the following : — 1. Shaking the tree an I hitting the beetles. Watch the young fruit, and you will perceive when the insect n appearance by its punctures upon them. Spread some si ts under the tree, and strike the trunk pretty sharply several times with a, wooden mallet. The in- sects will quickly fall, and should be killed immediately. This should be repeated daily for weeks, or so long as the insects continue to make their appearance. Repeated trials have proved, beyond question, thai this rather tedious mode is a very effectual one if persisted in.* Coopa of chickens placed about under the trees al this season will assist in de- stroying the insects. Dr. E. S. Hull, of Alton, Illinois, has invented B machine lor catching the curculio on a large scale for orchard culture, bul not 1. seen it, we copy an extract from the Hearth cmd Home: "This is nothing but a gigantic white umbrella, turned bottom up- ward, mounted upon an inn- slbarrow, and split in front I ceive the trunk of the tree which is to be operated upon. At t!> tenor end of the split in front is a padded bumper, Vhich the trunk as the operator wheels the barrow, first a then i r, and with two or tin sudd- i 11 the insect is into the white umbrella, which ' * Merely shaking the tree is » I ■ additional | mote part experi the hand 1 caught t ■ more d callia hammer to less than an hour, moi " We wil] add to this, thai ''' 1,e substituted fur a hammer, and it if a thick layer of cloth iH boon its he rpstunnii: idily dialodge 1 eect. and as such, wh> rectly upon the bark I it is found to : mail limb and strike tb« blow upon the stunin. 894 THE PLUM. practical success three tnings are necessary : 1st. That the land should be decently clean, and not overgrown with rank weeds four or five feet high. 2d. That the orchard be a sufficiently large one to pay the inter- est on the prime cost of the machine. 3d. That the trees have a clear trunk of some three or four feet." For those wishing a full description of the machine, we refer them to the Doctor's own statement in the American Entomologist for July, 1869. 2. Gathering ihe fruit and destroying the larvce. As the insect, in its larva or grub form, is yet within the plums when they fall prema- turely from the tree, it is a very obvious mode of exterminating the next year's brood to gather these fallen fruits daily, and feed them to swine, boil, or otherwise destroy them. A simple and easy way of covering the difficulty, where there is a plum orchard or enclosure, is that of turning in swine and fowls dur- ing the whole season, when the stung plums are dropping to the ground. The fruit, and the insects contained in it, will thus be de- voured together. This is an excellent expedient for the farmer, who bestows his time grudgingly on the cai'es of the garden. The knots or black gum. In some parts of the country this is a most troublesome disease, and it has, in neighborhoods where it has been suffered to take its coxirse, even destroyed the whole race of Plum-trees. The knots is a disease attacking the bark and wood. The former at first becomes swollen, afterwards bursts, and, finally, assumes the appearance of large, irregular, black lumps, with a hard, cracked, uneven surface, quite dry within. The passage of the sap upwards becomes stop- ped by the compression of the branch by the tumor, and, finally, the poison seems to disseminate itself by the downward flow of the sap through the whole trunk, breaking out in various parts of it. The sorts of plum most attacked by this disease are those with pur- ple fruit, and we. have never known the green or yellow fruited varieties infected, until the other sorts had first become filled with the knots. The common Horse Plum and Damson appear to be the first to fall a prey to it, and it is more difficult to eradicate it from them than from most other sorts. The common Morello cherry is also very often in- jured by the same disease, and, in some districts, the sweet cherry also. There is yet some doubt respecting the precise cause of these knotty excrescences, though there is every reason to think it is the work of an insect. Professor Peck and Dr. Harris believe that they are caused by the same curculio or plum-weevil that stings the fruit ; the second brood of which, finding no fruit ready, choose the branches of this tree and the cherry. This observation would seem to be confirmed by the fact that the grubs or larvae of the plum-weevil are frequently found in t.hese warts, and that the beetles have been seen stinging the branches. On the other hand, the following facts are worthy of attention. First, in some parts of the country, where the curculio has been trouble- some for many years, the knots have never been known. Secondly, in many cases, the knots have been abundant on Plum-trees, when the fruit A^as entirely fair and uninjured by the curculio, even upon the same branches. These facts seem so irreconcilable with the opinion that the curculio produces both those effects, that we rather incline at present to the be- •ief, that though the curculio deposits its eggs in the tumors on the THE PLUM. 89i branches while they are yet soft and tender, yet it iB not to the curculio, but to some other insect or cause thai we owe tins unsightly disease. Practically, however, this is of little account. The experience of many persons, besides ourselves, has proved mosl satisfactorily that it is easj to extirpate this malady, ifil La taken in Beasou and unremittingly pursued. As early as possible La spring the whole of the infected trees should be examined, and every branch and twig thai shows a tumor should be cut oil' and immediately burned. Whatover maj he the in- sect, we thus destroy it, and, as experience bas tuught us thai the malady spreads rapidly, we will thus effectual^ prev< nl i - in xea e. If the trees are considerably attacked by it, il will probably be nect to go over them again about the middle of May, but, usually, once a year will be sufficient. If any oi much covered with these knots, it is better to head back the sh< or die them up and burn them outright, and it will be necessary to prevail upoi your neighbors, if they arc near ones, to enter into the plan, or yotu own labors will be of little value. Pursue this simple and Btraightfor ward practice for two or three seasons (covering any large wounds made with the solution of gum shellac), and the knots will be found to disappear, the curculio to the contrary notwithstanding. Varieties. There are now a pretty large number of fine plums, and some most important addition; have been made bj the seedlings raised in this country. The Green Gage still stands at the bead of the list for high flavor, though sei sorts are marly or quite equal to it. The Washington, the I Sei on, and the Madison are among the largest and most beautiful; and Coe's Golden Drop and Reine Claude de Bavay arc very desirable for their late maturity. In describing Plums, the surface of the young wood, when just ripened, is an important character; as it is smooth in some varieties, and downy, or covered with sofl hairs, in others. In seme varieties the Mesh purls from the stone, while in oth-i s it adheres. And, tinally, the depressed line or channel which runs down one side of the exterior surface of the plum is called the suture, and the prominence or absence of this feature enables US to distinguish many kinds at first sight. VARIETIES. Abricotee de Braunau. Branches smooth. Fruit large, roundish, inclining to oval, rather flattened on the aides, and marked with a suture which i> deep towards the stal higher on one side than the other. Skin whitish green, covered with a thick white bloom on the shaded Bide, and reddish, with some sp a deeper red on the side i ■ ■• die sun. Stalk an inch long, thick. Flesh yellow, firm, juicy, sweet, sugary, and rich flavored, separating from the stohe. Ripe middle of September. (Hogg.) Albany Beauty. Denniston's Albany Beauty. Originated with I ;■ ■ Denniston, Albany, N. V. Tree moderately vigorous. Brum lies smooth. 896 THE PLUM. Fruit rather below medium size, roundish oval, with an obsoire su ture. Skin pale whitish green, marked with numerous small purplish dots, and covered with a thin bloom. Stalk an inch or more long, slen- der, very slightly inserted. Flesh yellow, moderately j uicy, rich, and sweet ; separates from the stone, which is small and pointed. Good to very good. Ripe August. American Magnum Bonum. A native variety, quite common, but its origin unknown. Tret very vigorous, with strong, downy branches. Fruit rather large, oval. Suture broad, shallow. Skin deep pur- ple, covered with a thick blue bloom. Stalk rather long, curved, set in a moderately deep cavity. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sweet, and pleasant ; adheres to the stone. Good. Early September. American Wheat. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. Branches smooth, grayish brown. Fruit quite small, roundish, with a shallow suture. Stalk, slender. Skin greenish, shaded with violet purple, and covered with a thin bluo bloom. Flesh greenish, juicy, sweet. Good. Adheres partially to the stone. Last of August. Angelina Burdett. An English variety, raised by Mr. Dowling, Southampton. Tree moderate grower, productive, hardy. Branches smooth. Fruit above medium, round, with a suture deepest next the stalk. Skin thick, dark purple, thickly covered with brown dots and a blue bloom. Flesh yellowish, juicy, well flavored; separates from the stone. Good. Early September. Anna Maria. Raised by S. D. Pardee, New Haven, Conn. Tree moderately vigo- rous, rather spreading, very productive. Branches slightly downy, gray, short -jointed. Fruit below medium, roundish oval, without suture. Skin pale greenish yellow, splashed with darker green, and covered with a thin blue bloom. St Ok rather short, in a small cavity. Flesh pale green, very juicy, melting, rich, sugary. Good to very good. Adheres slightly at one edge of the stone. Last of August. Apple Plum. From the garden of D. U. Pratt, Chelsea, Mass. Fruit medium, roundish flattened, a. little swollen on one side. Su- ture medium. Skin reddish purple, with a blue bloom and light dots. Flesh greenish yellow, a little coarse, sweet, sprightly, with considerable austerity at the skin ; adheres partially to the stone. Good. Sep- tember. Apricot. Apricot Plum of Tours. Abricotee. Abricotee Blanche. Abricotee de Tours. Yellow Apricot. Old Apricot. Abricotee Blanc. Branches quite downy, nearly white. THE PLUM. 897 Fruit above medium size, roundish, with a deep suture or furrow. Skin yellow, dotted and tinged with red on the sunny side, covered with a white bloom. Flesh yellow, rather firm, separates from the stone ; slightly bitter, until fully ripe, when it is melting, juicy, and high-flavored. Good. Ripe the middle of August. Auburn. A native of Western New York. Tree vigorous. Branches smooth reddish. Fruit medium, oval. Suture shallow. Skin light reddish purple, with a thin lilac bloom. Stalk rather short. Flesh rather coarse, orange yellow, not juicy, sweet, pleasant; separates from the stoue. Good. Early August. AUTOMNE DE St'HAMALI. Prune d'Automne de Schamili. Damascena Schamali. D'Automne de Schamal. A German variety. Tree vigorous. Branches upright, smooth, light reddish brown. Fruit large, oval, with a long, peculiar mamelon neck, one side sometimes enlarged. Suture large, deep, two-thirds around. Skin light reddish purple, with a light lilac bloom. Stalk long and stout. Flesh orange yellow, j uicy, sweet ; adheres firmly to the stone. Good. September. autumn Compote. This variety was grown by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, Eng- land, from seed of Cooper's Large. Tree vigorous, moderately produc tive. Branches smooth. Fi-uit large, oblong oval, narrowing to the lower end. Suture broad and shallow, one side often swollen. Skin dull whitish yellow, witli light crimson on the sunny side, and covered with a thin lilac bloom. Stalk long, set in a small narrow cavity. Flesh yellow, a In juicy, sweety pleasantly mixed with acid; adheres partly to the stone. Good to very good. September. Autumn Roe's Autumn Gage. Reine Claude d'Automne. Raised by Wm. Roe, »urg. Of good quality, a very abun- dant bearer. H an< lies smooth. Fruit medium size, oval, rather bro vards the stalk. 81 fourths of an inch Iod 'I withoul am ,ale yellow, covered wi i li thin whitish b yellow, separating from the stone, j oit flavor. to very good- Stone long, compressed, September. Bavay's I IRE Reine Claude de Bavay. Monstrueuse de Bavay. Saint Clair. Raised by Major Esperen, and dedicated bo -M. De Bavay, of Yil- vonie. A very vigorous grower, very productive, and a \ duabhi addition to the late varieties. Branch o7 898 THE PLUM. Fruit large, roundish, slightly depressed. Skin greenish yeDo* with stripes and splashes of green, covered with a tliin bloom. 8u« ture medium. Apex dimpled. Stalk short and stout, set in a small cavity. Flesh yellow, juicy, melt- ing, with a sugary, rich, excellent flavor ; separates from the stone. Best. Last of September and first of October. Bejonnieres. Prune des Bejonnieres. A foreign variety. Tree vigo- rous. Branches smooth, reddish brown. Fruit medium or below, oval, often with a slight neck. Suture broad, shallow. Skin pale yellow, with a thin light bloom. Stalk rather stout, in a small cavity. Bavay's Green Gage. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sweet, slightly vinous; separates from the stone. Good. Last of August. Belgian Purple. Bleu de Belgique. Bleu de Perque. From Belgium. Tree vigorous. Branches smooth. Buds prominent. Fruit rather large, roundish oval. Suture shallow. Apex sunken. Skin deep brownish purple, covered with a blue bloom. Stalk half inch long, rather slender. Cavity large. Flesh a little coarse, greenish, juicy, rich, sugary; adheres to the stone. Very good. Early Septem- ber. Belle de Louvain. Prune de Louvain. A Belgian variety, of iinknown origin. Tree vigorous, productive. Branches stout, smooth, grayish brown. Fruit large, long oval. Suture deep. Skin purplish red, covered with a thin bloom. Flesh yellow, a little coarse, juicy, agreeable; separates from the stone. September. (Al. Pom.) Belle de Septembre. Van Mons' Red ? Reine Claude Rouge de Septembre. Van Mons' Red Gage ? Reina Nova. Autumn Beauty. Gros Rouge de Septembre. Reine Claude Rouge Van Mons ? A variety introduced from Brussels. Tree vigorous and productive. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to oval. Sides unequal. Suture large, extending a little beyond the apex. Skin light reddish purple, covered with a thin blue bloom. Stalk short, slender. Cavity small. THE PLUM. 899 Flesh oiange yellow, juicy, sweet, vinous; adheres to the stone. Good to very good. September. Benedict. Origin, Pa. Tree vigorous. Branches smooth, brownish. Fruit small, oval, one side a little enlarged. Suture distinct, extend- ing a little beyond the apex. Skin pale yellow, covered with a thin white bloom and a few red dots and blotches on the sunny side. Stalk of medium length, inserted in a small cavity. Flesh pale yellow, juicy, sweet and pleasant. Go »d. Adlie, ■., to the stone. Bingham. A native fruit, originally from Pennsylvania, and named after the Bingham family. Tree vigorous, productive. Branches downy. Fruit large, long oval, rather widest towards the stalk. Skin deep yellow, somewhat spotted with rich red on the sunny side. Stalk slightly inserted. Flesh yellow, adhering to the stone, juicy, and of rich and delicious flavor. Very good. Last of August and first of September. Bleecker's Gage. German Gage. Bleecker's Yellow. Bleecker's Yellow Gage. A fruit of the first quality, not oidy excellent but remarkably hardy, and a good and regular bearer. It was raised by the late Mrs. Bleecker, of Albany. Tree very vigorous. Branches downy. Fruit of medium size, roundish oval, very regular. Suture scarcely percep- tible. Stalk quite long, an inch or more, straight and pretty stout, downy, slightly inserted. Skin yellow, with numerous imbedded white specks, and a thin white bloom. Flesh yellow, rich, sweet, and luscious iii tlavor; separates almost entirely from si one, which is pointed at both ends. Very good. Easily distinguished from Yellow Gage by its longer and stouter stalk. Very good. Last of August. Blue <;.\<;k. Azure Hative. Black Perdrigou. Little Blue Gage. Cooper's Blue Gage. An ordinary little round blue Plum, the Azure Hdtive of the French, Branches slender and down v. Bloecker-* Gaga. Fruit quite small and round, Skin dark blue, covered with light blue bloom. Flesh greenish, juicy, • little acid, Bomewhat rich, and separates from the stone. Good Ripe nuddle of August. 900 THE PLUM. Imperatrice. Veritab.e Imperatrice. B.UE Imperatrice. Violette. Imperatrice Violet. Empress. Violet Empress. The true Blue Imperatrice is an admirable Plum, one of the fines* of the late plums, hanging for a long time on the tree, and may be kept in the fruit-room a considerable period after being gathered. H is rich, sugary, and excellent. The branches are long, smooth, and slender, and the smaller twigs start out at nearly right angles with the main branches. Fruit of medium size, oval obovate, obtuse, tapering most towards the stalk. Stalk nearly an inch long, set in a slight hollow. Skin deep purple, covered with a thick blue bloom. Flesh greenish yel- low, pretty firm, rather dry, but quite rich and sugary, adhering closely to the stone. Very good. Ripens in Octo- ber, and will • hang, in sheltered situa- tions, till the middle of November. Blue Perdrigon. Violet Perdrigon. Perdrigon Violette. Brignole Violette. A very old variety from Italy. Blue imperatrice. Branches downy. Fruit of medium size, oval. Skin reddish purple, with many brown dots, and a very thick whitish bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, rather firm, sugary; adhering to the stone. Good. Last of August. Blue Plum. From the South. Propagated by suckers. Tree productive. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, roundish, scarcely oval. Suture obscure. Skin dark blue, with light blue bloom. Flesh yellowish green, juicy, sweet ; adheres bo the stone. Early August. (White.) Blum. This is supposed to be a seedling of North Carolina. The Country Gentleman describes it as: — '; Fruit full medium or rather large, oval. Color dull orange, with numerous small brown dots. Suture distinct. Stalk short. Cavity narrow. Flesh yellowish brown, fine-grained, very juicy. Very good. July, August." Bonnet d'Eveque. Tree vigorous, upright. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, obovate. Skin dark purple. Flesh rich, separating from the stone. October. (Hogg.) THE PLFM. 901 BOULOUF. Fruit large, roundish, red or reddish violet, with spots. Fleak fellow, fine, juicy, slightly acid, perfumed. September. (S. V. M.) Bradsii.vw. Black Imperial Blue Imperial. Tree an upright, vigorous grower. Branches smooth, brownish. Fruit large, oval obovate, sometimes with a slight neck. Suture half round,broad, Bhallow. Apex a little sunk. Skin reddish pur- ple, covered with a li^rlif blue bloom. Stalk rather .tout, curv- ed, set in a small cavity. Flesh yellowish, coarse, juicy, brisk, pleasant ; adheres partially to the stone. Good to very good. Au- gust. Brahy's Green Gage. Reine Claude de Brahy. Tree vigorous, with stout, smooth branches, brownish pur- ple. Fruit large, roundish, inclin- ing to oval. Suture half round, large. Skin greenish yellow, splashed with darker green, and covered with a pretty thick light bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, sugary, rich ; adheres to the stone. Very good. Sep- Bradahaw. tember. Brevoort's Purple. New York Purple. Brevoort's Purple Bolmar. Brevoort's Purple Washington. Washington Purple. Tree vigorous. Branches Baised by Henry Brevoort, New York, long, smooth. Fruit large, oval. Skin reddish, covered with a violet bloom. Flesh yellowish, soft, juicy, not very sweet, but with considerable vinous flavor; adheres closely to the stone. Good. Ripe the Eu September. Petit Bricette. Bricet. r.TTA. Mirabelle Tardive. Mirabelle d'Octobr*. Tree moderately vigorous. B ranches smooth. Fruit medium, roundish oval. Skin yellow, with spota of red. Stalk of medium length, BO*, in a small cavity. Flesh yellow, rathe* 902 THE PLUM. firm, very juicy, sugary, and excellent; adheres to the si one. Good Ripens middle of September. Bryanston's Gage. Fruit medium, oval, with a shallow suture. Apex a little sunk. Skin dull pale yellow, with a bronze cheek in the sun, covered with a light bloom. Stalk rather stout. Cavity medium. Flesh yellow, a little coarse, juicy, sweet, pleasant; adheres partially to the stone. Good to very good. October. Buel's Favorite. Ad excellent Plum, raised by Isaac Denniston, of Albany, N. Y. Tree moderately vigorous. Branches smooth, reddish. Fruit pretty large, ovate, broadest towards the stalk. Suture quite distinct for half the circumference. Stalk nearly three-quarters of an inch long, rather stout, slightly inserted. Skin pale green, thickly sprinkled with lighter dots, and speckled with a little red next the stalk. Flesh greenish yellow, rather firm, juicy, and quite rich and high- flavored : adheres to the stone, which is long and pointed. Good. Last of August. Burgundy Prune. Prune de Bourgogne. Fruit medium, egg-shaped, with a neck. Suture indistinct. Skin red- dish black, with a blue bloom, covered with numerous small dots. Stalk long, set in a very small cavity. Flesh fine, juicy, sugary, very pleasant ; separates from the stone. Good. Middle of September. Burlington Gage. Origin, Burlington, Yt. Tree hardy, vigorous, spreading, irregulai giower, productive even when young. Wood yellowish gray. Fruit medium size. Form roundish oval. Color dark purplish blue, with rich bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, rich. Freestone. Good. August. Burettes. Baised by M. Gregoire. Tree of medium vigor, very fertile. Fruit large, long oval. Skin dull yellow. Flesh very delicate, melting, abounding in juice, very sweet, with a delightful aroma. Ripe the end of September. (Al. Pom.) Byfield. Tree moderately vigorous. Branches smooth. Fruit small, round. Skin light yellow. Flesh yellow, of good fla- vor { adheres to the stone, which is thick. Good. Middle to last of August. Caldwell's Golden Drop. An American variety. Tree vigorous. Branches smooth. THE PLIM. 903 Fruit large, oval, one side often enlarged. Suture half round, large Skin yellow, marbled with crimson in the sun, thin bloom, Stalk alec* der. Cavity small. Flesh yellow, juicy, .sugary, rich; adheres to the stone. Good. August. Caldwell's White Oaob. American. Tree productive. Branches smooth or slightly downy, grayish. Fruit medium, oval, narrowing a little to the apt \. Suture shal- low. Point at apex. Skin greenish yellow, dotted with purple in the sun, covered with a thick bloom. Stalk long. Flesh greenish yellow, rather coarse, juicy, sugary ; adheres to the stone. Good. September. Cam hell. CambelTs Seedling. McCauley's Seedling. Tree vigorous. Branches smooth. Fruit rather large, oval. Suture shallow. Skin pale yellow, splashed with green, dotted and marbled with crimson in the sun, light bloom. Stalk long. Cavity small. Flesh pale yellow, a little coarse, juicy, sweet ; adheres partially to the stone. Good. September. Chapin. Originated with Aaron Ch?«pin, Hartford, Conn. Tree vigorous grower. Fruit medium, oval. Suture shallow. Skin light reddish purple or chocolate, blue bloom. Stalk long, slender. Cavity deep. Flesh yellow, juicy, and vinous; adheres partially to the stone. Good. Late October. Cherry. Early Scarlet. De Virginie. Prunus Cerasifera. Myrobolan. D'Ain rique Rouge. Miser Plum. Virginia Cherry. Prunus jlyrobohma. The Cherry Plum or Early Scarlet is a very distinct species. Tree grows rapidly, forming a bushy head, with slender branches and small A beautiful early fruit. Good for preserving or market. Fruit is round, about, an inch in diameter, of a lively red, with very Hi i le bloom, and a very slender, 8hort stem, set in a narrow cavity. The flesh is greenish, mi Iting, soft, very juicy, with a pleasant, lively, acid flavor — neither rich nor high flavored — and adheres to the It ripens about i he middle of Jul; . most other plums, and this, and its pretty appearan icrt, are its nhii f n Branches smooth. The common Cherry Plum, or M^ -ope, i , and shaped like a lean. In all other respects thi ClM Origin,. Chester Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, upright, with long, Blen- der branches, smooth, and of a lighl grayish brown. Fruit medium or below. Ion,' oval s oval, almost without suture. Skin black, with a thick blue bloom. Stalk rather long, slen- der. Cavity small. Flesh greenish, (reelv from ih« stone. Good. Early September. 904 THE PLUM. A Cheston. Matchless. Diapree Violette. Violet Diaper. pleasant early Plum, but superseded now by better ones, Branches downy. Fruit rather small, oval. Skin dark purple, with a blue bloom, Stalk quite short, set without depression. Flesh yellow, firm, sweet, and rather sprightly ; separating from the stone. Good. Last of Julj- and first of August. Cleavinger. A native of Philadelphia Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, spreading. Branches downy. Fruit rather large, oval. Suture distinct, one side often enlarged. Skin deep purple, thick blue bloom. Stalk moderately stout. Cavity deep. Flesh orange yellow, coarse, juicy, vinous, subacid ; adheres to the stone. Good. Last of August. Coe's Golden Drop Bury Seedling. Coe's Imperial. New Golden Drop. Fair's Golden Drop. Golden Gage. Waterloo of some. Goutte d'Or. Coe's Plum. Prune Goutte d'Or. Raised by Mr. Coe, an English gardener, near London. Tree mo derately vigorous, productive; re- quires a warm, late season to ripen it north of 41° latitude. Branches smooth. Fruit of the largest size, oval, with a well-marked suture, on one side of which it is a little more swol- len than the other, the outline nar- rowing towards the stalk. Skin light yellow, with a number of rich dark red spots on the sunny side. Stalk nearly an inch long, rather stiff, set on the end of the fruits. Flesh yel- low, rather firm, adhering closely to the stone, which is quite pointed. Flavor rich, sweet, and delicious, Very good. Last of September. Coe's Late Red. Saint Martin. Saint Martin Rouge. Prune de St. Martin. Red Saint Martin. Tree vigorous, with long, rather slender branches, very productive. Ooe's Golden Drop. A good late variety. Branchea downy. Fruit of medium size, nearly round, with a well-marked suture tite rr.nM. 9ftf running along one side. Skin light purplish red, with a thin lili.o hi torn. Stalk pretty stout, three-fourths 01 an inch long, set nearly even with tin' surface. Flesh yellowish, rather firm and crisp, juicy, with a rich vinous flavor; separating almost entirely from the stone. Good to very apod. October and November. Coe's Violet. Coe'a Golden Drop Violette. Tree vigorous. Branches smooth, dark brown. Fruit large, oval. Suture large, extending a little beyond the ape* Skin light reddish, thickly sprinkled with brown dots and a lilac bloom. Stalk rather long and stout. Cavity small. Flesh yellowish, juicy, sweet; adheres to the stone. Good to very good. September. Columbia. Columbian Gage. Raised by L. IT. Lawrence, Hudson, N. Y. Tree vigorous, productive, but subject to rot. Fruit of the largest size, six or seven inches in circumference, nearly globular, one half rather larger than the other. Skin brownish purple, dotted with nu- merous fawn-colored specks, and cov- ered with much blue bloom, through which appears a reddish brown tint on the shaded side. Stalk about an inch Long, rather stout, inserted in a narrow, small cavity. Flesh orange, not very juicy, but when at full maturity very rich, sugary, and excellent ; it separates freely from the stone, except a little on the edge. The stone is quite small and compressed. Good. Last of August. Coo'h Violet. Comte G ima vt; d'Eggeb. An Austrian variety, originated with M. Liegel, of Braunau, from seed of the Abricotee. Tree moderately vigorous. Branches downy. Fruit small or medium, oblong oval. Suture half round, bi deep, distinct. Skin pale yellow, bronzed in sun ami tinged with \ Flesh yellowish, tine, sweet, juicy, delicious; separates from thee September. (An. Pom.) Cooper's Laiuje. cooper's Large Red. Cooper's Large American. La D61icien»« f Coxe, who firs! described this Plum, says it -, b; Mr Joseph Cooper, of New Jersey, from a Btone of the Orlean II 906 THE PLUM. aiders it as a fine large plum, but exceedingly liable to rot upon the tree Tree vigorous. Branches smooth, dark brown. Fruit large, oval. Sides unequal. Suture broad, large, often ex- tending beyond the apex. Skin deep bluish purple, pretty thickly covered with a blue bloom. Stalk medium. Cavity large, deep. Flesh yellow- ish, not very j uicy, sweet, slightly vinous; adheres to the stone. Good. September. Cope. Raised by John Cope, near Philadelphia. Fruit large, long oval, dark purple. Flesh not juicy, acid; senaratem from the stone. Good for cooking. Copper. French Copper. An old Plum, very productive and profitable. Tree vigorous. Branches smooth. Very productive and a good market sort. Fruit medium or below, oval, without suture and with a slight mame- ion neck. Skin deep copper color, covered with a thick blue bloom. Stalk rather long, slender, set on a point without depression. Flesh greenish, juicy and acid ; adheres to the stone. Good. Valued for cook- ing. Last September. Corse's Admiral. Raised by Henry Corse, of Montreal, Canada. Branches downy. Fruit above medium size, oval. Skin light purple, covered with a pale lilac bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy and sprightly, but second- rate in flavor, and adhering closely to the stone. Good. September. Corse's Field Marshal. Skin Lively purplish red. Raised by Henry Corse, Montreal, Canada. Fruit rather large, oval. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, but a little tart; adheres closely to the stone. Ripe middle of August. Corse's Nota Bene. Raised by Henry Corse, of Montreal, Canada. Tree very vigorous, very productive, and hardy. Branches smooth. Fruit of rather large size, round. Skin pale lilac or pale brown, often dull green on the shaded side, with much light blue bloom. Stalk half an inch long, set in a round hollow. Flesh greenish, rather firm, juicy, sweet, and rich, and separates from the stone. Good. First of September. Cox's Seedling. Raised by Mrs. Cox, York, Pa. Tree a vig(irous upright grower Branches smooth. Fruit very large, roundish oval, slightly compressed. Suture broad, Bhallow. Skin vellow, sometimes a liitle splashed with green, and cov- THE PLUM. 'J<»7 ered with a light bloom. Stalk rather stout, in a narrow, rather deep cavity. Flesh greenish yellow, a little coarse, juicy, eweet; separates from the stone. Good. Early August. Ckoft's Early. Fruit small, reddish blue. Flesh yellow, dry, devoid of flavor August. (Elliott.) Cruger's Scarlet. Cruger's. Cruger's Seedling. Cruger's Scarlet Gage. Raised by Henry Cruger, of New York. Tree of free growth. Branches long, downy, very productive. Fruit rather larger than a Green Gage, roundish oval, with an obscure suture. Skin, when fully exposed, a lively nil. bur usually a bright lilac, covered with a thin bluish bloom, and speckled with numerous golden dots; in the shade it is pale fawn-colored on one side. Stalk half an inch long, set in a shallow depression. Flesh deep orange, not very juicy nor rich, but with a very agreeable, mild, sprightly navor. It hangs well after ripening. Good. Last of August. Damson. Common Damson. Purple Damson. Black Damson. Early Damson of many. The common oval Blue Damson is almost too well known to need description, as every cottage garden in the country contains this tree, and thousands of bushels are annually sold in the market for preserves. The tree is enormously productive, but in the hands of careless cultiva- tors is liable to be rendered worthless by the knots, which are easily extir- pated if the diseased branches are regularly burned every winter Of spring. Branches slender, a little thorny and downy. Fruit small, oval, about an inch long. Skin purple, covered with thick blue bloom. Flesh melting and juicy, rather tart; separates [par- tially from the stone. September. As the Damson is frequently produced from seed, it varies somewhat in character. The Shropshire or Prune Damson is an English purple variety, rather obovate in figure, but little superior to our common Bort. The r Damson re embles the common Damson, and is but slightly acid. The Lai I >amson, Late i'\ rple I > • Damson, Small Red 1>.\m , Larue White Damson, are als Gcient vali ■ len- der separate descripl i< try. The Winter 1>a table market sort from its extreme lateness. It is small, round, purple, covered with a very thick light blue bloom. Fl ,with a slighl ^stringency, but makes good pies- ops, and will hang on the ti' the middle of N"\ . common Damson, un in jureu by the early froi 908 THE PLUM. Dana's Yellow Gage. A New England variety, raised by the Rev. Mr. Dan i, of Ipswich, Mass. It is a very hardy and healthy tree, and bears abundantly. Branches smooth. Fruit of medium size, oval, pale yellow, with a very thin bloom, the skin clouded like that of the Imperial Gage. Flesh adheres to the stone, juicy, sweet, with a lively peculiar flavor. Good. Last of August an! first of September. Date Plum. Prune Datte. Quetsche de Hongrie. Prune d'Autriche. Quetsche Datte. D'Autriche. Dattelzwetsche. Fruit small, nearly round. Suture distinct, rather flat. Skin yel- low, marked with touches of bright red in the sun, and covered with a whitish bloom. Flesh yellow, soft. Early September. (Pom. Mag.) De Delice. A foreign variety of excellence. Tree moderately vigorous and pro- ductive. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, roundish oval, with a slight neck, a little swollen on one side. Suture small. Skin green, marbled and shaded with violet, and covered with a thin bloom. Stalk three-fourths of an inch long, rather stout, very slightly inserted. Flesh orange yellow, juicy, melt- ing, with a rich, sugary, luscious flavor ; adheres slightly to the stone. Very good. Ripens the last of September. De Montfort. A seedling of Prevost. Tree of moderate growth, spreading, very ■productive. Branches smooth. Fruit medium size, roundish oval. Suture large, extending ito apex. Skin dull purple, with russet dots and stripes, a thin blue bloom. Stalk nearly an inch long, rather stout, without depression. Flesh greenish, juice abundant, sweet, and rich ; separates from the stone. Very good. Ripens last of August. Denniston's Red. Raised by Isaac Denniston, Albany. Vigorous grower, productive. Branches smooth, dark colored. Fruit rather large, roundish oval, narrowed towards the str.lk. Su- ture running half round. Skin of a beautiful light red, sprinkled with many small, fawn-colored dots, and dusted with a very light bloom. Stalk very long and slender, slightly inserted. Flesh amber color, juicy, rich, and sprightly, with an excellent flavor. It separates from the stone, wlrich is small, oval, and compressed. Good. Last of Au- gust. Denniston's Superb. Madison. An excellent seedling, from Mr. Denniston's famous plum orchard. THE 111 M. !»l'9 neat Albany, N V., of the Green Gage family, a third Larger than the variety, and nearly as rich in flavor. Tree very vigorous and pro- ductive. Branches downy. Fruit round, a little flattened, and having a distinct suture, often extending quite round the fruit. Skin pale yellow- ish green, marked with a lew large pur- ple blotches and dots, and overspread with a thin bloom. Stalk rough, three- fourths of an inch long, xei in a cavity of moderate size. Flesh very thick (the stone being small), moderately juicy, with a rich vinous flavor; stone parts readily, and is roundish and thick. Best. Middle and last of August. Diamond. Branches origin long, Denniston's Superb. English downy. Fruit of the largest size, oval. Skin black, covered with a blue bloom. Flesh deep yellow, coarse-grained, and rather dry, a little acid, and without flavor; separates from the long-pointed stone. Scarcely good. Valuable for cooking only. First of September. Dictator. Raised by Henry Corse, of Montreal. Tree vigorous and hardy. Fruit very large, brownish purple, covered with a bloom. Flesh juicy, rich, and high-tlavored. (I low Mag.) Domine Dull. Dutch Prune. Dutch Quetzen. This good American Prune was raised from a seed brought from Holland by the Rev. Mr. Dull, a Dutch minister, who afterwards re- sided at Kingston, N. V. The parent tree was th< mmon Dutch Prune. Branches long and smooth. Fruit of medium size, long oval, with little or do suture. Skin very dark purple, nearly black, dusted with some blue blooni. Stalk nearly an inchlong, inserted with very little cavity. Flesh yellow, quite juicy at first, illowed bo hang on the tree becomes dry, rich, and sweet ; a adheres closely to the st. me. ( lood. A prodigious bearer, and a really good fruit. September. Dorb'b Favorite. Originated with Elisha Dorr, Albany, N. Y. Tree moderateiji vigorous. Branches smooth, brownish. Fruit large, oval, with a alight nek. Suture hmad. A.pe B little sunk. Skin yellowish, marbled and dotted in the sun with purplish crimson, thin lilac bloom. Stalklong. Cavitysmall. Flesh yellowish, b little coarse, juicy, sweei ; adheres to the stone. Good to verj '.asc of September. 910 THE PLUM. Downing's Earia Originated at Newburgh, N. Y. Tree moderately vigorous. Branches short-jointed, slightly downy. Fruit medium, oval. Suture half round. Skin yellow, slight blush, and minute crimson dots. Flesh yellow, sweet ; adheres slightly to the stone. Good. Early September. Downton Imperatrice. Raised by Mr. Knight. A strong, upright growing tree. Branches long, smooth. Fruit of medium size, oval, narrowing a little to the stalk. Skin pale yellow, quite thin. Flesh yellow, melting, and sweet when fully ripe, with a little acidity before ; adhering to the stone. Good to very good. Ripens last of September, and hangs some time on the tree. Drap d'Or. Miiabelle Double. Mirabelle Grosse. Yellow Perdrigon. The Drap d'Or, or Cloth of Gold Plum, is about the size and figure of the Green Gage, but of a fine golden yellow, and ripens a week earlier. Branches slightly downy. Fruit below medium size, round, with an indistinct suture, a,nd a dimpled or pitted apex. Stalk slender, half an inch long. Skin rich bright yellow, with a few crimson specks when fully exposed. Flesh yellow, sugary, and rich ; separates freely from the stone. Good to very good. Early in August. Dronet Damask. Damas Dronet. Branches smooth. Fruit small, oval. Skin yellowish, with a thin light bloom. Flesh greenish, sweet ; separates from the stone. Good. Late August. Duane's Purple. Purple Magnum Bonum. Pourpree Duane. Raised by James Duane, of Duanesburgh, N. Y. Tree very vigor- ous, distinct from the Red Magnum Bonum of Europe. Branches very downy. Fruit very large, oval or oblong, considerably swollen on one side of the suture. Skin reddish purple in the sun, but a very pale red in the shade, sparingly dotted with yellow specks, and covered with lilac bloom. Stalk three-fourths of an inch long, slender, set in a narrow cavity. Flesh amber-colored, juicy, sprightly, moderately sweet ; adheres par- tially to the stone. Good. Ripens with the Washington (or a littl** before), about the 10th of August. Dunmore. Dumore. Foreign origin. Fruit small, oblong oval. Skin thick and green, becomes golden THE PLUM. 3 i I yellow at maturity. Flesh yellow, fine, very juicy, sweet, very aioma- tic ; separates from the stone. Ripens the first of October. (Al. l'om.) Early Amber. Fruit small, somewhat oblong, broadest at apex. Skin pale greenish yellow, with small cm bcnsi n specks in sun, covered with a thin whitish bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, subacid ; adheres to the stone. Early August. (Lind.) Early Apricot. Abricote H&tif. Abricotee Haisre. Fruit small, roundish. Skin prle red, darker in the sun. Flesh yellowish green, moderately juicy, acid ; adheres to the stone. Good. Early August. Early Cross. Originated with Mr. Cross, Salem, Mass. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. Fruit small to medium, roundish. Skin reddish purple, covered with a thick bloom. Stalk half an inch long. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sweet, and good ; adheres to the stone. Good. Ripens the second week in August. Early Favorite. Rivera's Early Favorite. Rivers' No. 1. Raised by Thomas Rivers, England. Tree moderately vigorous. Branches rather slender, slightly downy. Fruit small to medium, roundish oval, with a shallow suture. Skin almost black, sprinkled with russet dots, and covered with a blu6 bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sweet, vinous, not quite as early as Jaune Hative, separates from the stone. Good. First of August Early Green Gage. Reine Claude JLttive. Fruit small, round, flattened at top. Skin yellowish green, with a red cheek, and a few dots. Stalk about half an inch long. yellow, very tender, juicy, Bweet, rich; separates from the Btcne. Last of July. (Hogg.) Early Orleans. New Early Orleans. Monsieur H&tif de Montmonmcy. New Orleans. Wflmot's < GriruwoocVs Early Orleans. Will Orleans. Hampton Court. Monsieur. Monsieur II tif. Monsieur Hative. Tree a moderate grower. Branches downy. Fruit of the size and color of Hie common Orleans, a little more 5>12 THE PLUM. oval, and with a moro shallow suture. Skin a little marbled. Flesh yellowish green, of brisk flavor, rather richer than the old Orleans, and separates from the stone. Good. Last of August. Early Prolific. Early Rivers. Rivers' Earlv Prolific. Rivers' Early No. 2. Raised by Tlios. Rivers, England. A prolific early Plum. Tree moderately vigorous, with smooth grayish branches. Fruit medium, roundish oval. Skin reddish purple, covered with a fine blue bloom. Stalk about half an inch long, set in a very small cavity. Flesh yellowish, juicy, sweet, and pleasant ; separates from the stone. Good, First of August. Early Royal of Nikita. A German variety. Tree moderately vigorous. Branches smooth, gray. Fruit small, roundish oval, narrowing towards the stalk. Skin vio let purple, with a thin blue bloom. Stalk set with little or no cavity. Flesh orange yellow, juicy, sugary, rich; adheres to the stone. Good to very good. Early September. Early St. John. Prune de St. Jean. St. Jean. Tree moderately vigorous. Branches slightly downy. Fruit medium, roundish oblong. Suture shallow, distinct. Skin reddish purple. Flesh green, firm, sweet, sprightly ; separates from stone. Good. Last of August. Early Yellow Prune. A foreign sort. Tree vigorous and very productive. Branches down . Frxiit rather large, oval. Skin yellow, with a very slight bloom, and dotted with red in the sun. Stalk of medium length, inserted in a small cavity. Flesh yellow, sweet, juicy, with somewhat of a melon fla- vor. Separates from the stone. Good. Middle of August. There is another Early Yellow Prune that originated in Bedford Co., Pa., which differs but little from the above either in appearance or quality. Edouard Sexeclauze. Branches downy. Fruit very small, obovate, narrows toward the stalk. Skin cleat golden yellow. Flesh very tender, sweet, and rich ; separates freelj from the stone. July. (Hogg.) Elfrey. Elfry's Prune. Branches smooth. Fruit small, oval. Skin blue. Flesh greenish, very sweet, dry, and firm ; parting very freely from the stone. Good. Last of August. THE PLUM. 913 Emerald Drop. Origin, Newburgh, N. V. Tree moderately vigorous, and very pro- ductive. Branches long and smooth. Fruit of medium size, long oval. Suture strongly marked, and the fruit larger on one of its Bides. Skin pale yellowish green, sometim. a dull green only in the shade. Stalk three-fourths of an inch long, inserted with scarcely any depression. Flesh greenish yellow, very juicy; adheres somewhat to the stone, which lb long and pointed. Good. Last of August. English Wheat. Wheat Plum. Wheaton. Whitlow. Nutmeg. Fruit medium, roundish oval. Suture moderate, skin reddish pur- ple, with a blue bloom, covered with numerous white dots. Stalk half an inch long, rather strong, set in a rather deep cavity. Flesh yellow, a little coarse, juicy, sweet, with a rich flavor. It adheres to the stone. Good. Last of August. English Yellow Gage. Little Queen Claude. Reine Claude Blanche. Small Green Gage. Petite Reine Claude. petite espece. Gonne's Green Gage. Wrhite Gage. This Plum, formerly known, we believe, as the little Queen Claude, but which has now received the sobriquet of Yellow Gage, we suppose for good reasons, from the head of the fruit department in the London Horticultural Society's garden, is an old French variety described by Duhamel. Branches smooth and rather long. Fruit below medium size, round, with a distinct suture on one side. Stalk half an inch long, rather slender, inserted in a slight hollow. Skin pale yellowish green, speckled with a few reddish dots, and over- spread with a good deal of bloom. Flesh pale yellow, sweet, and plea- sant ; separates freely from the ston< . Good. Middle of August. Eugene Furst. Sweet Damson. Quetsche Precoce de Furat. A new German variety. Branches smooth. Fruit small, obovate pointed. Skin dark purple, with a thick bloorn. Flesh yellowish, juicy, sweet; separates from the stone. Good, r^st of August. Fine Bonte. This variety originated at Moselle, France. Tree vigorous. Branches smooth. Fruit small, oval pointed. Skin reddish purple or lilac, blue bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sweet ; separates from the stone. Last of July. ( Verg. ) Foote's Early Orleans. Raised by Asahel Foote, Williamstown, Mass. Tree vigorous, ipreading. Branches slightly downy, grayish. 914 THE PLUM. Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to oval, dot at apex. Skin deep black covered with a blue bloom. Stalk medium, slender, se: in a deep cavity. Flesh greenish, moderately juicy, sweet, pleasant; adheres tc the stone. Good to very good. Early August. Foote's Golden Gage. Same origin as the preceding. Tree very vigorous, upright. Branches slightly downy, reddish brown. Fruit large, nearly globular. Suture shallow, half round. Skin golden yellow, with obscure splashes of green, and shaded with red in the sun ; thin bloom. Stalk slender. Cavity small. Flesh yellow, juicy, sweet, slightly vinous; adheres very slightly to the stone. Very good. Early September. Fotheeingham. Sheen. Fotheringay. Grove House Purple An old English Plum of good quality. Branches smooth. Fruit of medium size, obovate, with a distinct suture. Skin reddish purple, covered with a pale blue bloom. Flesh pale greenish yellow, juicy, sprightly, and rich; separating from the stone. Good. Middle of August. Frost Gage. Frost Plum. A late Plum, scarcely yielding to any other late vaiiety in the excel- -mce of its flavor. It appears to have originated in Fishkill, Dutchess Co., N. Y., where it has for many years past been most extensively cvdtivated for market ; but of late has been so subject to knots that it is not now much grown. Branches smooth. Fruit rather below medium size, roundish oval, with a distinct suture on one side. Skin deep purple, with a few brown specks, and a thin bloom. Stalk half to three-fourths of an inch in length, inserted with little or no depression. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sweet, rich and melting; adhering to the stone. Good to very good. First of October. Fulton. Origin uncertain. Found at Johnstown, Fulton Co., N. Y. Tre«s vigorous and productive. Branches smooth, reddish. Fruit rather large, roundish oval. Suture shallow, half round Skin whitish yellow, covered with a bloom, blotched and marbled in the sun. Stalk rather stout. Cavity large. Flesh golden yellow, juicy, sugary, vinous. Good to very good. Separates from the stone. Early October. Galbraith. Originated with Mr. Galbraith, near Boalsburg, Pa. A straggling grower. Tree very vigorous. Branches smooth, brownish gray. Fruit medium to large, roundish oval. Suture shallow. Skin pur pie. Stalk medium. Cavity deep. Flesh tender, juicy; adheres to the stone. Good. Aiisust. the PLUM. 915 Gem. Originated near Albany, N. Y. Tree vigorous. Branches d >wny. Fruit small, roundish. Suture slight. Apex a little sunk. Skin whitish, mostly shaded and mottled with violet in the shade ami purple in the sun, covered with a blue bloom. Stalk rather long. Cavity large. Flesh yellow, juicy, sweet, adheres partially to the stone. Its beauty its only merit. Last of August. GENL. Hand. Origin uncertain : supposed to" have originated on the farm of Oenl. Hand, near Lancaster, Pa. Tree very rigorous. Branches smooth. Fruit very large, roundish, oval. Suture obscure, running half round. Skin deep golden yellow, slightly marbled with greenish yellow. Stalk long, set in a shallow cavity, the whole of that end being flattened. Flesh coarse, pale yellow, moderately juicy, sweet and good, hut not high flavor; separates freely from the stone. Good. September. ( rEKMAJN I'm SE. Common Quetsche. Trae Larpe German Prune. Turkish Quetsche. Leipzic Sweet Prune. Damask. Imperatrice Yiolette. Imperatrice Yiolette Grosse. Damns Violet Gros. Zwetsche. Quetsche Grosse. Prune d1 Allemagne. che "VAllemagne Grosse. i Covet Early Russian. a Quetsche. Couetsche. KoetBche. sen. Large German Prune. So many Plums are cultivated under the name of German Pram. that it is difficult to ii:: this fickle title, a eireumstance owing to the fact that the prune frequen • the same, or nearly th . and in prui e-grow- ing disui i popular way of increasing them, while it, >f cour . to many shades of character. It is a valuable da plums, of fair quality !' ible, hut most esteemed for drying and preserving - abundant bearers, and h the tree. Branches smooth. Thei lerman Prune is describ- ed as follows : — Fruit long oval, uearly two inches long, pecu- liarly . Idrawnoul towards the stalk. pur- ple, with a thick blu Stalk three-fourths ofaninch ider, slightly inserted, i firm, from the stone, which is llat, very long, and a little curved. Good to her. This prune is. perhaps, the most unr and mostvaluable fruit-tree in Germany, Bun- gary, Saxony, and all Central Europe. I Served, it is used ill winter as a substitute fOT Q«nnma Prnao. 916 THE PLUM. butter by the laboring peasantry ; and dried, it is a source of large profit in commerce. Tbe Austrian Quetsche, Tliomp. ( Quetsche de Breme, Bremen Prune), is a sub- variety, much like the foregoing, purple, a freestone, of rather better flavor, and ripening somewhat later. St. James' Quetsche is another variety, with smooth branches, and oblong fruit of medium size. Flesh purple, adheres to the stone, of very good flavor. It yields good crops. September. Ghiston's Early. Branches smooth, short-jointed. Fruit lai*ge, oval. Skin clear yellow, with a light bloom. low ; separates from the stone. Poor. Middle of August. Gifford's Lafayette. Flesh yel Tree very vigorous, aud very productive. Fruit medium, long oval, purple, with a bloom. Flesh greenish, coarse, juicy, not rich ; adheres to the stone. Poor. Last of August. Gisborne's. Gisborne's Early. Paterson's. Tree a moderate grower, spreading, productive. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oval. Suture distinct, one side often enlarged. Skin greenish yellow, with red next the sun, marbled and spotted, thin bloom. Stalk medium. Cavity deep. Flesh yellowish, rather coarse, moder- ately juicy ; separates from the stone. Good. Last of August. Golden Cherry Plum. Raised by Samuel Reeve, Salem, N. J. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit small to medium, roundish. Skin fine waxen yellow, becoming bronzed in the sun. Flesh yellowish, juicy, brisk, subacid ; adheres to the stone. July. Golden Esperen. Cloth of Gold Esperen. Drap d'Or Esperen. Raised by Major Esperin. Tree of moderate growth, spreading. Buds large pointed, a promising variety. Branches smooth, reddish brown Fruit large, roundish oval. Skin golden yellow, with light streaks of green oeneath, covered with a thin bloom, and a few crimson dots on the sunny side. Suture shallow. Stalk short and rather stout, in a small cavity. Flesh light yellowish, rather coarse, very juicy, sugary, and rich. Good to very good. Adheres partially to the stone. Ripens last of August Golden Esperin. THE PLUM. 917 Goliath. Caledonian. Saint Cloud. Steers's Emperor. Wilmot's late Orleans. A large and handsome Plum. It is easily distinguished from the Nectaiine Plum, with which it has been confounded, by its gray, very downy shoots. Fruit large, roundish oblong, enlarged on one Bide of the suture. Skin a tine deep red, approaching purple, a little paler in the shade, .lustrd with a thin blue bloom. Mesh yellow, adheres considerably to the stone, rather juicy, with a brisk, sprightly flavor. Good. Last of August. GONKE. Prune Gonne. A large and handsome Belgian Plum. Tree vigorous productive. Branches downy. Fruit large, roundish oval. Suture distinct. Skin reddish purple, with carmine dots and specks in sun, thin bloom. Flesh yellowish rather coarse, juicy, melting, sweet; separates from the stone. Early September. (An. Pom.) Great Damask Violet of Tours. Gros Damas de Tours Largest Damask of Tours. Damas de Tours gros. This French Plum is described by Lindley, whom we copy. Branches downy. Fruit medium, somewhat oval. Skin dark blue, covered with a vio- let bloom. Flesh yellow, and loosely adheres to the stone. Early August. Green Gage. Bruyn Gage. Abricot Vert Schuyler Gage, incorrectly . Bradford Gage. Dauphine. Trompe Gar«,on. Wilmot's Green Gage. Louis Brun ? Trompe Valet. New Green Gage. Abricot'-e Sageret? Verducia Late Green Gage, bla G i Verdochio. Islewortb Green Gage. Cant's late Green Gage. Verte Tiqi Brugnon Gage. Alo Claudia. ■'a. Hiding's Reine • llaudia. le Claude Great Green Damask. Reine Claudia blanche la grossc. e Reine laa yert. Damas Vert Mirabelle Vert Doable. Livingston Ma Sucrin Vert. Queen Cla Reine CI inde I'uree. Vert Bonne. R< The Green Gage is universally admitted to hold the first rank in 11 Plums, and is everywhere highly esteei 1. In Prance generally known a- the Kein . having, it is said, been introduced into that country n Claude, wife of Fiuii Durinj ttury an English family by the name of Gaffe ob- tained a numberof fruit-to ■ Anion.' theui v. ug lost its name, wu* 918 THE PLUM. called by the gardener the Green Gage. It is pronounced, by Lindley, the best plum in England, and we must admit that we have no superior to it here. The Green Gage is a very short-jointed, slow-growing tree, of spread- ing and rather dwarfish habit. It is an abundant and pretty regular bearer, though the fruit is a little liable to crack upon the tree in wet seasons. Branches smooth. Buds with large shoulders. Fruit round, rather small, seldom of medium size. Suture faintly marked, but. extending from the stalk to the apex.. Skin green, or yellowish green at full ma- turity, when it is often a little dotted or marbled with red. Stalk half to three-fourtha of an inch long, slender, very slightly insert- ed. Flesh pale green, exceedingly melting and juicy, and usually separates freely from Green Gage. f-^g st0ne. Flavor at once sprightly and very luscious. Best. Ripe about the middle of August. There are several seedling varieties of this Plum in various parts of this country, but none superior or scarcely equal to the old. Gundaker Prune. Groundacre. Raised by Samuel E. Gundaker, of Lancaster, Penn. The Gundaker Prune is of a yellowish white color, nearly as large as the Blue Prune, and of the same oval shape, very high-flavored, and a good bearer. Gundaker Plum. Same origin as the Prune, of a purple color on one side, and the other a light color, heart-shaped, resembling a Plum called Golden Drop, but larger in size, and a great bearer. (Gundaker in Hort.) Guthrie's Apricot. Guthrie's Golden. Raised by Mr. Guthrie, Scotland. Tree very vigorous, hardy, pro- ductive. Branches smooth. Fruit rather large, roundish oval. Suture very slight. Skin yel- low, sprinkled with a few crimson dots, and covered with a thin bloom. Stalk rather long, set in a small depression. Flesh yellow, coarse, juicy, sweet, but not high-flavored ; adheres to the stone. Good to very good. Ripens the last of August. Guthrie's Aunt Ann. Aunt Ann. Same origin as the preceding. Tree vigorous, upright. Branches smooth, reddish. Fruit medium, oval Suture shallow, a little more than half round THE PLUH. 9, 4 Apex a littlo sunk. Skin pale yellow, somewhal splashed with preen, covered with a thin bloom. Stalk rather long. Cavity moderate, Flesh yellow, juicy, Bugary, slightly vinous; adheres to the stone. Good to very good. Early September. Guthrie's Late Green. A very rapid grower. Branches Minette. Raised by Mr. Guthrie, Scotland. smooth. Fruit medium, globular, swollen on one side. Skin yellow, with splashes of green, and covered with a thin blown. Stalk three-fourth' of an inch long, inserted in a small cavity. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sugary, rich; adheres to the stone. Very good. Early September. Guthrie's Russet. Another of Mr. Guthrie's origi- nating. Tree vigorous. Branches smooth, brown isl i Fruit large, oval. Suture large, half round. Skin yellow, covered with a thin bloom, sometimes marbled in the sun with crimson. Stalk long, slender. Cavity small. Flesh yel- low, juicy, sweet, rich; adheres to the stone. Good to very good. Last of August. Guthrie's Lsto Green. Guthrie's Taybank. Same origin as above. Branches smooth, short-jointed. Fruit large, roundish oval. Skin greenish yellow. Flesh yellowish, juicy. Good. Last of September. (Elliott.) Guthrie's Topaz. Raised by Mr. Guthrie, Scotland. Tree a moderate grower, with smooth reddish brown branches, very productive. Fruit medium, oval, with a slight neck, one side somewhat swollen. Suture moderate. Skin golden yellow, with a thin bloom. Stalk an inch long, slender, curved, inserted in a small deep cavity. Flesh yel- low, juicy, Bweet, not very rich, but pleasant; adheres to the stone. Good. Middle of September. GWAL8H. Fruit large, oblong oval. Suture shallow. Skin deep purple, with 920 THE PLUM. a bloom. Stalk rather short, slightly sunk. Flesh greenish, coarse, not very juicy, sweet, and pleasant ; adheres to the stone. Good. First of September. Hallenbeck. Originated with Henry Hallenbeck, East Greenbush, Rensselaer Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, with upright stout shoots and prominent buds, rather slow growth. Branches smooth or slightly downy. Fruit large, roundish oval, one side often enlarged. Suture broad, shallow. Skin deep reddish purple, sprinkled witli numerous minute dots, and covered with a grayish blue bloom. Stalk stout. Cavity large. Flesh greenish yellow, very juicy, sugary, with a brisk flavor; adheres closely to the stone. Good. Last of August. Hartwiss' Yellow Prune. A German variety. Tree vigorous, very productive. Fruit medium, oval, narrowed toward the stalk, next which is a slight mamelon neck. One side compressed. Skin fine yellow, slightly blotched and dotted with crimson, thin light bloom. Stalk long, slender. Cavity small. Flesh yellow, a little coarse, juicy, sugary. Separates freely from the stone. Good to very good. Early September. Henrietta Gage. Early Genesee. Originated in the town of Henrietta, Monroe Co., N. Y. Tree of rather slow growth. Branches brownish gray, slightly downy. Fruit medium, roundish oval. Suture shallow, a little more than half round. Skin pale yellowish white, with a thin white bloom. Stalk rather short, stout, in a small cavity. Flesh yellow, not very juicy, sweet ; adheres to the stone. Good. Early August. Henry Clay. Raised by Elisha Dorr, Albany, N. Y. Tree vigorous and pro- ductive. Its great beauty will make it desirable. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, somewhat oval, inclining to a neck, with a slight suture. Skin yellow, with a light bloom, and the cheek beautifully marbled and shaded with red. Stalk long, slender, inserted in a small cavity. Flesh yellow, juicy, and sweet ; adheres slightly to the stone. Good to very good. Last of August. Highlander. Origin, Newburgh, N. Y. Tree vigorous and very productive. Branches gray, smooth. Fruit large, irregularly ovate, somewhat swelled on one side. Su- ture moderate, half round. Skin deep blue, inclining to reddish brown, covered with a thin bloom, and thickly sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk very short, inserted in a slight cavity. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sugary, rich, vinous ; adheres slightly to the stone. Good tr very good. Last of September. THE PLUM. Holland. 921 Blie Holland. Holland Prone Tree vigorous. Branches downy, rather slender. Frnit round, slightly flattened. Skin blue or light reddish puqde covered with a blue bloom. Flesh juicy, melting, sweet, and pleasant; separating freely from the stone. Good. Last of August to the middl< of September. IIoksi: PlJTM. Large Early Damson. Sweet Damson. Tree vigorous, upright. Branches downy. Fruit of medium size, oval, with a deep suture on one side. Skin purple in the sun, reddish on the shaded side, with blue bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, rather dry and acid, separates from the stone. Scarcely good. Last of August. Howard's Favorite. Raised by E. Dorr, Albany, N. Y. Tree a vigorous grower, very productive. Branches smooth. Fruit large, oval, narrowing toward the stalk, and flattened at apex. Suture shallow, a little more than half round. Skin pale yellow, dotted and marbled with carmine in the sun, covered with a thin lilac bloom. Stalk rather long. Cavity small. Flesh yellow, j uicy, sweet ; adheres to the stone. Good to very good. September. Howell's Early. Sea. Early Purple. Chapin's Early. Origin unknown ; brought from Virginia. Tree of rather slow growth. Wood slender, gray, and downy. Fruit rather below medium size, oval, without any suture, one side a little enlarged. Skin pale red, reddish purple in the sun, covered with a light lilac bloom. Stalk Bhort, stout, with a Blightly elevated collar. Flesh yel- low, juicy, rich, sweet; separates from the stone. Good to very good. Marly August. Howard'! FsrorlU. How's Amrer. Origin, Portsmouth, N. BL Tree vigorous, pn Fruit medium, roundish, nture. Skin amber-colored in the shade, mottled «nth rose, thinly covered with pale violet bloom. Stalk of medium lengtn, inserted without cavity. aelt- nicy; adhering to the stone. First of September. (Hov. M 922 the plttm. Hudson Gage. Reine Claude d'Hudson. Raised by L. U. Lawrence, of Hudson, N. Y. Tree thrifty, produc fcive. Branches downy. Fruit of medium size, oval, a little enlarged on one side of the oh scure suture. Skin yellow, clouded with green streaks under the skin, and covered with a thin white bloom. Stalk short, little moi^e than half an inch long, insert- ed in a moderate hollow. Flesh greenish, very juicy :uid melting, with a rich, spright- ly, excellent flavor. It separates from the stone (adhering very slightly). Very good. First week in August. Hulings' Superb. Keyser's Plum. Gloire de New York. Raised by Mr. Keyser of Pennsylvania, and brought into notice by Dr. W. E. Hulings of that State. Tree very vigo- Hndson Gage. rous, upright, large foliage, blunt shoots, large-shouldered buds, moderate bearer. Branches downy. Fruit very large, roundish oval, with a distinct though shallow su ture. Stalk strong and stout, set in a round, small cavity. Skin rathei dull greenish yellow, thinly covered with pale bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, rather coarse, but with a rich, brisk, sprightly flavor. Good. It adheres to the stone. Middle of August. ICKWORTH IMPERATRICE. Knight's No. 6. Raised by Mr. Knight, of Downton Castle. It hangs a long while on the tree, and if gathered and wrapped in soft paper, will keep many weeks. Branches smooth. Fruit rather above medium size, obovate. Skin purple, peculiarly traced or embroidered with streaks of golden fawn color. Stalk mode- rately long and thick. Flesh greenish yellow, sweet, juicy, and rich, mostly adhering to the stone, which is rather small. Very good. Early in October. Imperiale de Milan. Prune de Milan. Tree vigorous, rather spreading. Branches smooth. Fruit rather large, roundish oval. Suture broad, extending two- thirds around one side, often enlarged. Skin deep purple, covered with ft thick blue bloom. Stalk stout, set in a small cavity. Flesh greenish, juicy ; sugary, adheres to the stone. Good. Early September. THK PLUM. ra IMPERIAL GAGE. Flashing Gage. ine Clande Imperial*. White Gage. Prince's Gage. Prince's Imperial Gage. Admiral de Rigny ? Superior Green Gage. Prince's White Gage. Prince's Imperial The Imperial Gage has long enjoj the reputation of one of the inosi • and productive of Plums. It was raised al Prince's Nursery, Flushing, N. Y., from the .seed of the ( l-reen I rage, and of the fruit of a single tree near B having produced fruit to the value of near- ly fifty dollars annually, lias often I repeated as a proof of the profit of its cul- tivation for market. The tree grows freely and rises rapidly, and has Long dark sh< slightly downy. Fruit rather above medium si/e, oval, with a distinct suture. Stalk Dearly an inch long, slightly hairy, and pretty stunt. inserted in an even hollow. Skin pale green until fully ripe, when it, is tinged with yellow, showing a peculiar marbling imperial r;age. of duU green stripes, and covered with copious white bloom. Flesh greenish, very juicy, melting, and rich, with a very slightly agreeable flavor; it separates pretty freely from the stone. The latter is oval, and pointed at both ends. Best. Early September Imperial Ottoman. A very neat early Plum, of good flavor, and a prolific bearer. It has the reputation of having been brought from Turkey, but it is uncertain whether this is correct. Tree \ igor- ous, upright. Branches long, slightly downy. Fruit scarcely below medium size, round- ish, between Green Gage and the American Yellow Gage in appearance, and having a suture on one side, from the stalk half way down. Stalk downy, slender, curved, three- fourths of an inch long, insei-ted in a very Blight cavity. Skin dull yellow, clouded with darker streak.-, and covered with a thin bloom. It adheres considerably to the stone. The flesh is juicy, sweet, melting. Good to very good. Last of July. Imperial Ottoman. Imperial Purple Originated with Wm. R. Prince, Flushing, L. L Tree vigoroua, fery productive. Branches smooth. 924 THE PLUM. Fruit medium, roundibh oval, one side slightly compressed. Suturt Blight. Skin reddish purple, covered with a pretty thick lilac bloom. Stalk rather short, slender. Cavity small. Flesh greenish, juicy, sweet ; adheres to the stone. Good to very good. Last of August. Incomparable. Nonpareil. Incomparable Prune. A German Prune Plum. Tree vigorous, upright, with long slendei smooth branches. Fruit medium or below, long oval, narrowing at ends. Sutore shal- low, pointed at apex. Skin deep purplish black, covered with a thick blue bloom. Stalk long, slender. Cavity small. Flesh yellowish, sweet; adheres slightly to the stone. Good Last of September. Isabella. This is an attractive-looking English Plum. Branches quite downy and gray. Fruit medium size, oval, rather narrower towards the stalk. Skin dark dull red in the sun, paler in the shade, and thickly sprinkled with darker colored dots. Stalk three-fourths of an inch long, a little hairy, set in a moderate hollow. Flesh yellow, rich, juicy, with a smart flavor, and adheres to the stone. Good. Last of August. Italian Damask. Damas d'ltalie. Tree thrifty, vigorous. Fruit medium, roundish oval. Suture shallow. Apex slightlj sunken. Skin purplish black, covered with a thick blue bloom. Stalk rather stout. Flesh light green, a little firm, moderately juicy, slightly vinous ; separates from the stone. Good. Late August. Italian Prune. Prune d'ltalie. Altesse Double. Fellenberg. Italian Qnetsche. Quetsche d'ltalie. Tree vigorous, spreading. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, oval. Suture moderate. Skin dark blue, with a bloom. Stalk an inch long, rather stout, inserted in a very small cavity. Flesh dark yellow, juicy, sweet, and good; separates from the stone. Grood. First of October. Ives. Ives' Washington. Ives' Seedling. Raised by J. M. Ives, Salem, Mass. Tree of moderate growth, strag- gling and irregular, prominent buds. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, oval. Suture i mere line. Skin pale yellow, with a light thin bloom. Stalk long, slender. Flesh yellow, melting, juicy separates from the stone. Good. Early September. TH* PLUM. Mi JA( OB. Tree moderately vigorous. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, oval, with a neck, one side enlarged, Suture large iSkin violet purple, covered with lilac bloom. Stalk long, slender. Cav ity small. Flesh greenish, juicy, sweet; separates from the stone. Good September. J aim: Hativk. Early Yellow. I iatalonian. White Primordian. Jamie de Ci I alogne. Prune de St. Barnabe. D'Avoine. Amber Primordian. Ji an H.tive. Earlj .lohu. Bilboa St. Barnal Loudon Plum. Prune de Catalo Avant Prone blanche. Cerisette Blanche Pickett's .Inly. Prune Monsieur Jaune. Prune d'Alto Bse blanche. The earliesl of Plums, which is its chief recommendation. It is a very old variety, from Catalonia and the South of France, and has been in cultivation more than two hundred years. It is a pretty little fruit, and is worthy of a place in the garden of the amateur. The tree has long, slender, downy branch s. Fruit small, oval or obovate, with a shallow suture on one ride. Stalk slender, half an inch long. Skin pale yellow, thinly coated with bloom. Flesh yellow, tolerably juicy, and melting, of sweet and plea- sant flavor ; separates from the stone. Good. From the 10th to the middle of July. Jefferson. If we were asked which we think the most desirable and boautit'u. of all dessert Plums, we should undoubtedly give the name of this new variety. When fully ripe, it is nearly equal in flavor to the Green Gage, that unsurpassable standard of flavor. But when we contrast the small ap- pearance of the Green Gage with tie unusual si/.e and beauty of the Jetfer- SOIl, we must admit that it takes the very first rank. It is about ten days or a fort night later than the Washing ton, ripening tie- last .if August. We received t he Jefferson Plum, a few years ago, from the late Judge Buel, by whom it was raised and named. It is a good moderate grower and regular bearer, and the crop is verj handsome on the tree. Branches Blight ly diiu ny. Frail large, oval, slightly narrow ed on one side towards the Btalk. Skin golden yellow, with a beautiful pur- plish-red cheek, and covered with a thin white bloom. Stalk an inch long, pretty Stout, very slightly iu- 1. Suture indistinct. Flesh parts freely, and al- most entirely from the stone, which is long and pointed. Verj rich, juicy, luscious, and high-flavored. Best. Jefferson. 926 THE PLUM. Jerusalem. Prunier de Jerusalem. Prune Viclet de Jerusalem Violette Jerusalem. De Bordeaux. (Eil de Boauf. Fruit large, long, egg-sh:iped. Skin dark purple, covered with a dense blue bloom. Stalk au inch long, hairy. Flesh firm, sweet, brisk ; separates from the stone. Middle September. (Hogg.) Jodoigne Green Ga<;e. Boulouf. Reine Claude de Jodoigne. Royal de Vilvorde. Tree vigorous. Branches smooth, stout, short-jointed. Fruit large, round, inclining to oblate. Suture shallow, half round. Skin thin, greenish yellow, with blush red strewed green and yellowish dots on the side next the sun, and covex-ed with a thin blue bloom. Stalk half an inch long. Flesh whitish yellow, firm, very juicy, tender, sugary, rich. Late September. (Hogg.) JUDSON. Raised by Mr. Judson, of Lansingburgh, N. Y. Tree thrifty and productive. Branches smooth. Fruit large, long oval. Suture broad, rather deep. Skin reddish purple., covered with a thin blue bloom. Stalk long, stout. Flesh greenish, rather coarse, not very juicy, sweet; adheres partially to the stone. Scarcely good. Last of August. July Green Gage. Reine Claude de Bavay Hiltive. Early Bavay. Fruit medium, roundish, slightly oblong. Suture distinct, a little more than half round. Skin greenish yellow, tinged with purple in the sun, thin bloom. Stalk rather stout. Cavity broad, shallow. Flesh yellow, juicy, sweet; separates from the stone. Very good. Last Au- gust. Kester's Green Gage. Raised by Weaver, Mt. Pleasant, "Westmoreland Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit small, nearly globular, one side enlarged. Suture rather large. Skin pale yellowish green, with splashes of deeper green, slight bloom. Stalk of medium length, inserted in a large cavity. Flesh greenish, juicy, Bugary, rich. Very good. Adheres slightly to the stone. Kester's Yellow Gage. Raised by Weaver, Mt. Pleasant, Westmoreland Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, upright. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, roundish oval. Suture broad and shallow. Skin pale yellow, splashed with green, and covered with a thick white bloom. Stalk of medium length, inserted in a small cavity. Flesh greenish yel- low, juicy, sugary, rich. Very good. Adheres partially to the stone. Kirke's. Kirke's Plum is a variety which came to us from England, where THE PLUM. W7 it was first brought into notice by Mr. Kirke, the narserymar, at Brornpton. Branches .smooth. Fruit of medium size, roundish oblong, with very little suture Skin dark purple, with a few golden dots, and coated with an unusually thick blue bloom, which adheres pretty closely. Stalk three-fourths of an inch long, inserted in a very slight depression. Flesh greenish yel- low, firm, and verj rich in flavor. It separates freely from the stone which is flat and broad. Good to \vr\ good. Last of August and first of September. B \ur. Originated in the garden of W. Kolenkamp, Philadelphia, Pa. Fruit large, oval, red. Flesh yellowish, dry ; separates from the stone. Last of September. (Am. 1'. Sou.) Lady Plum. Baised by Isaac Denniston, Albany, N. Y. Tree of slender growth, productive. It is quite a pretty fruit, esteemed highly for preserving, this being its chief quality. It IS a rampant grower, an abundant bearer. Fruit quite small, oval. Sfalk short and stout. Color light yellow, spotted with red. Stone free and small. Flavor acid. First of Sep- tember. (E. Don1 in Cult.) Langdon. Langdon's Seedling. Baised by Beuben Langdon, of Hartford, Conn. Tree vigorous and productive. Branches smooth. Fruit rathe:- large, roundish oval, with a moderate suture. SkiD reddish purple, covered with a thick lilac bloom. Stalk three-fourths of an inch long, inserted in a rather deep Cavity. Flesh greenish yel- low, coarse, juicy, sprightly, subacid, and adheres mostly to the stone. Good. Last of August. Large Green Dbytko. Knight's Large Drying. A late variety, raised, we believe, by .Mr. Knight, and introduced here from the gardenof the ' Soci< ty of Loudon. Tin- tree is vigorous, and the branch* >oth. The fruit large, roun yellow. The flesh yellowish, derately juicy, sweet. Good. Adhert Middle oi tember. Late Black Oru Tree vigorous, with long and slender smooth bran ;. produc- tive. Fruit' mecium, nearly round. Suture broad, shall pex. Skin deep black, covered with a thick blue bloom, and thickly sprinkled witli minute brown dots. Stalk rather stout. Cavity small. deep yellow, juicy, sugary ; adheres firmlj to the i rid. 1-ast of September. 928 THE PLUM. Late Bolmer. Winter Bolmar. Fruit medium, roundish. Skin yellow, mottled with red next the sun. Flesh yellow, rather firm, sweet, but not rich ; separates from the stone. Good. Middle of September. Late Rivers. A seedling of Thomas Rivers, England. Branches smooth. Fruit below medium size, round, slight suture. Skin dark purple, al- most black. Stalk an inch or more long, slender. Flesh yellow, juicy, sweet ; adheres to the stone. Good. Last of October. (Hogg.) Lawrence's Early. A foreign variety. Fruit medium size, roundish oval, flattened at ends. Skin dark pur- plish red, covered with a thick bloom. Flesh juicy ; separates from the store. Good. Middle August. Lawrence's Favorite. Lawrence's Gage. Reine Claude de Lawrence. Lawrence's Favorite is a fruit of high merit, raised by Mr. L. U. Lawrence, of Hudson, N. Y., from a seed of the Green Gage. The general appearance of the fruit is like that of its parent, except that it is much larger. It hangs well on the tree, and its size, flavor, and pro- ductiveness should give it a place in every garden. Lawrence's Favorite forms an up- right tree of thrifty growth. Young branches smooth. Fruit large, heavy, roundish, a little flattened at either end. Skin dull yel- lowish green, clouded with streaks of a darker shade beneath, and covered with a light bluish-green bloom. The upper part of the fruit, when fully ripe, is cov- ered with a peculiar brownish network, and a, few reddish dots. Stalk short, only half an inch long, slender, inserted in a narrow cavity. Flesh greenish, Lawrence's Favorite. , , . . i_ . /• . i r* ?•, resembling that 01 the Green Gage, re- markably juicy and melting, perhaps scarcely so rich as the latter, but with a very rich, sprightly vinous flavor, and one of the most delicioua of plums. The flesh sometimes adheres a little when not fully ripe, but then separates freely. Best. Middle of August. Lawson's Golden. Damas Lawson. Golden Gage Lawson. Tree vigorous, productive. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, roundish oval. Suture very shallow. Skin pale yel THE PLl'M. 9St low, lightly shaded and mottled in the sun with dull crimson, covered with a thin bloom. Stalk long, Blender. Cavity small. Flesh yellow juicy, sweet. Adheres to the stone. Good to very good. Last df August. Lewiston Egg. Origin, Lewiston, N. Y. Tree vigorous and productive. Branches iowny. Fruit medium size, oval. Skin pale yellow, with a bloom. Flesh rellow, adhering closely to the si in . qo1 very sweet, and only second- rate flavor. Good. Last of August. LlEGEL's APRICOT. Abricotee de Braunau Xouvelle. Branches downy. Fruit medium, roundish. Suture deep. Skin like Green Gage, covered with a white bloom, becoming yellowish as it ripens. Flesh greenish yellow, melting, juicy, sugary ; separates from the stone. Last of September. (Hog Lombard. Bleecker's Scarlet. Beekman's Scarlet. Montgomery Prune. Tree very vigorous, hardy, baa strikingly crimpled leaves, bright purple glossy shoots, very productivi . popular. It was called the Lombard Plum by the Massachusetts Horticul- tural Society, in compliment to Mr. Lombard, of Springfield, Mass., who first brought it into notice in that State; and it is said to have been received by him from Judge Piatt, of YVhitesbo- rough, N. Y., who raised it from seed. But it was previously well known here by the name of Bleecker's Scarlet. Never having been described under that name, however, we adopt the present title. Fruit of medium size, roundish oval, slight- ly flattened at either end. Suture obscure. Stalk quite slender, scarcely three-fourths of an inch long, set in a broad, abruptly narrow- ing cavity. Skin delicate violet red, paler in the shade, dotted with red. and dusted thinly with bloom. Flesh deep yellow. juicy, and pleasant, but not rich; adhering to the stone. Good. Middle and last of L«»b»i*. August. Long Scarlet. Scarlet Gage. Red Gage, incorrectly. American. Tree very vigorous, and very productive. Bho< ts downy- Fruit of medium si/e, oblong obovate, bwo11< □ on one side of 'he suture, and tapering to the stalk. Skin bright red in the sun. pale yellowish red on the shady side, covered with a fine lilac bloom. deep yellow, juicy, acid at" first, but, if allowed to bang, it become* rather rich and sweet. ' It adheres to the stoni Last of August. 59 930 THE PLUM. Louisa. From Missouri. Tree vigorous, very productive, spreading. Branches evidence of its native wild character. Fruit medium, nearly round, yellow, nearly covered with purplish red, gray dots, thin bloom. Suture slight. Flesh yellow, juicy. Good. Adheres to the stone. Last of August. (Husmann.) .Lucombe's Nonesuch. An English Plum, raised by Lucombe, of the Exeter Nursery. Tree -moderately vigorous. Branches smooth. Fruit above medium size, roundish, shaped and colored much Jikethe Green Gage, but much more distinctly streaked with yellow and orange, and covered with a whitish bloom. Suture broad. Stalk straight, three-fourths of an inch long, set in a wide hollow. Flesh pretty firm, greenish, and adheres to the stone. Good. Last of September. McLaughlin, Raised by James McLaughlin, Bangor, Me. Tree hardy, vigorous, and productive, a valuable variety, nearly or quite equal to Green Gage. Branches smooth. Fruit large, nearly round, oblate, flat- tened at both ends. Suture slight. Stalk three-fourths of an inch long, inserted in a small cavity by a ring. Skin thin and ten- der, yellow, dotted and marbled with red on the sunny side, and covered with a thin bloom. Flesh dull yellow, rather firm, juicy very sweet and luscious, perfumed. It ad heres to the stone. Best. Last of August. Mamelonnee. Mamelon Sageret. A seedling of Sageret, near Paris. Tree moderately vigorous. Branches smooth, brownish gray. McLaughlin. j^ of remarkable gj^p^ having a n^ or (mamelon) at the base of the stock. It is of excellent quality, hardy and prolific. Fruit of medium size, oval, tapering towards the apex, and a well-marked suture on one side. Stalk small, inserted without depression. Skin pale yellow, a few splashes and streaks of green, dotted and marbled with crimson in the sun, covered with a thin light bloom. Flesh yellow, juicy, sugary, rich ; separates from the stone Good to very good. Middle August. Manning's Long Blue Prune. Manning's Prone. Large Long Blue. Manning's Long Blue. Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, with long dark-colored shoots, very productive. Branches smooth. Fruit quite large, long oval, a little one-sided, with an obscure suture. Stalk very long and slender, set in a very trilling depression. Skin dark purple, with a thick blue bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, firin, rather THE II. i M. 931 juicy, with a sweet, sprightly, pleasant flavor. It separates pretty readily from the stone, which is long and pointed, Good. First to last of Sep teniber. Ripens gradually and bears carriage well. Mann's [hpBBIAI Brandy Gage. .Mann's Brandy Oage. This fruit is a small form of Coe's Golden Drop, of rich flavor, hut very much earlier. It differs from < 'oe's ' i-olden I >*-op by having dowuy shoots. (Hogg. ) Makten. Garten's Seedling. An accidental seedling in the garden of Mr. Marten, Schenectady, N. Y. A very vigorous, upright grower, productive. Branches smooth, grayish. Fruit large, roundish oblong, irregular suture, rather deep from stalk to apex, which is a little sunk. Skin yellow, somewhat streaked with green, and dotted with red on the sunny side. Stalk aearly an inch long, set in a small cavity. Flesh yellow, a little coarse, juicy, with a brisk sprightly flavor. Separates from the stone. Good to very good. First of S -ptember. Maugeuon. Damascene Maugeron. Mangeron. Damas de Mangeron. .Maugeron Damask. Branches smooth. Fruit large, round, depressed. Skin purplish, dotted with yellowish dots, and covered with a blue bloom Flesh whitish yellow, not very juicy, breaking, sweet; separates from the stone. Early September. (LiegeL) M EDITEBB \N' Tree vigorous, productive. Branches smooth, quite reddish. Fruit medium, ovate-necked. Suture medium. Skin light crimson Stalk long, slender. Cavity small. Flesh yellow, BWeet, sprightly; sepa- rates from the stone. Good. Early September. MEIGS. Fruit large roundish oval. Suture indistinct. Skin dull reddish purple, with numerous b Stalk long, curved, Blender, set in a small cavity. Flesh greennJi y sllow, juicy, rich, sugary and excellent; adheres to the stone. G I. Last of September. M IN Kit. Hinckley. Gillett Robinson, IsabeL Townsend. This is an improved variety of the wild or Chickasaw Plum, origi- nated with Mr. Miner, Lane . Pa Branches smooth, dark red. Fruit medium, oblong, point d at apex, skin dark purplish red, with a tin- bloom. Flesh soft, juicy, vinous ; adhcrei to the stone. Earl} October. 932 THE PLUM. MlRABELLE. Mirabelle Petite. Mirabelle de Vienne. Gelbe MirabeUe. Mirabelle Jaune. White Mirabelle. Small Mirabelle. Mirabelle Blanche. Mirabelle Pr.coce. Little Mirabelle. Mirabelle Perle. Prune de Mirabelle. Petit Drap d'Or. A very pretty little fruit, exceedingly orramental on the tree the branches of which are thickly .sprinkled with its abundant crops. The tree is small in all its parts, and although the fruit has a tolerable flavor, yet from its size and high perfume it is chiefly valued for pre serving. Branches downy. Fruit quite small, obovate, with a well-marked suture. Stalk half an inch long, slightly inserted. Skin of a beautiful yellow, a little spotted with red at maturity, and covered with a white bloom. Flesh orange, sweet, and sprightly, becoming dry when over-ripe, and sepa- rates from the stone. Good. Middle of August. Mirabelle de Nancy. A variety resembling the foregoing, except in its maturing later. Fruit small, nearly round, rich yellow, dotted with red. Flesh juicy. September. (Hogg.) MlTCHELSON. Mitchelson's. Raised by Mitchelson, England. Tree hardy, productive. Branches smooth. Fi-uit above medium size, oval, without suture. Skin black, dotted with a few minute fawn-colored dots, covered with a thin blue bloom. Stalk stout. Flesh yellow, tender, j uicy, sweet ; separates from the stone. Good. Early September. (F. and F.) Monroe. Monroe Egg. Raised by Miss Dunham, Penfield, Monroe Co., N. Y. Tree very vigorous and productive. Branches smooth. Fruit medium or above, oval. Skin greenish yellow, with rarely a blush. Stalk rather long, with very little depression. Flesh greenish yellow, not very tender, sweet. Good. First of September. Morocco. Early Morocco. Black Morocco. Early Black Morocco. Early Damask. A good early Plum, of rather slow growth, and a moderate bearer. Branches downy. Fruit of medium size, roundish, with a shallow suture on one side, a little flattened at both ends. Skin dark purple, covered wi th a pale thin bloom. Stalk half an inch long, rather stout. Flesh greenish jellow, adhering slightly to the stone, juicy, with a smart, rich flavor, becoming quite sweet at maturity. Good. First to middle of Au gust. THE PLUM. 933 Moyret's Gage. Reine Claude Moyret. A new French Plum, originated by M. Moyret, at Neuville-sur-Ain. llee vigorous. Branches slightly down v. Fruit medium, roundish. Suture half round, distinct, not deep Skin light reddish, covered with an amber-blue bloom. Stalk rathei stout, set in a cavity rather deep. Flesh greenish yellow, fine, juicy sweet, perfumed ; separates from the stone. Early August. (Verg.) Mulberry. Raised by Isaac Denniston, of Albany. The tree is a vigorous grower. Fruit large, oval, somewhat narrowest towards the stalk. Skin pale whitish yellow, sprinkled with white dots, and dusted with a pale bloom. Stalk an inch long, rather slender, very slightly inserted. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sweet, good; adheres slightly to the stone Good. First of September. Muscle. This variety is only valuable for stocks on which to propagate other sorts. Fruit small, oblong, dark red. Stone large. Musk Damask. Prune de Malthe. Damas Musque. De Chypre. Prune de Chypre. Musque de Malta ? Tree vigorous, upright. Branches smooth or slightly downy. Fruit below medium, roundish. Suture distinct. Skin deep purple or bluish black, covered with a thick blue bloom. Flesh yellow or greenish yellow, juicy, sugary, musky. Good. Adheres slightly to the stone. Last of August. Nectarine. Caledonian. Peach Plum, erroneously. Howell's Large. Prune Peche. Jenkins' Imperial. Louis Philippe. Tree vigorous, upright, stout, blunt, purplish shoots, nearly smooth. A fine-looking fruit, of foreign origin, but only of second quality. Fruit of the largest size, regularly formed, roundish. Stalk about half an inch long, rather stout, and set in a wide shallow depression. Skin purple, dusted with a blue bloom. Flesh dull greenish yellow, be- coming tinged with red at maturity, a little coarse-grained, with a rich, brisk flavor, and adhering partially to the stone. Good. Middle of August. Nelson's Victory. Knevett's Late Orleans. Tree verv vigorous, an abundant bearer. Branches smooth. Fruit medium-sized, round, marked with a shallow suture. Skin ieep purple, covered with a blue bloom. Stalk half an inch long, «*t 9S4 THE PLUM. in a shallow cavity. Flesh firra, rather coarse, sweet, briskly flavored adhering to the stone. Middle September. (Hogg.) Newman. A variety of the Chickasaw family, that has recently come into no- tice through D. L. Adair, of Kentucky. Tree healthy, hardy, vigorous, and productive. Fruit medium, roundish oval. Skin light scarlet, with a thin bloom. Flesh soft, light pinkish, vinous, juicy ; adheres to the stone. Early August. NOKBERT. Prune de Lepine. Prune de Prince. Branches slightly hairy. Fruit very small, round, inclining to oblate. Skin dark purple, covered with a thick, clear, light blue bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, firm, sweet, not juicy. Separates from the stone. (Hogg.) Norman Perdrigon. Perdrigon Normand. A French variety. Fruit medium, nearly round. Skin light purple, considerable bloom, marked with fawn-colored dots. Flesh yellowish, melting, juicy, sweet; adheres to the stone. Last of August. (Pom. Man.) North. North's Seedling. Raised by Professor North, Clinton, N. Y. Tree very vigorous, very productive. Branches slightly downy. Fruit large, roundish oblong oval. Skin reddish purple, with a thin bloom. Flesh yellowish, juicy, moderately sweet, perfumed. Good to very good. Early September. NOUVELLE L>E DORELLE. Prune Grosse Quetsche Nouvelle. Dorelle's Neue Grosse Zwetsche. Prune Nouvelle de Dorrel. Quetsche de Dorelle Nouvelle Grand. Dorelle's New Purple Prune. A German variety. Tree moderately vigorous. Branches downy. Fruit large, oval, somewhat pointed at the stalk. Suture shallow, dis- tinct, one side often a little enlarged. Skin violet purple, covered with a thin blue bloom, and pretty thickly sprinkled with whitish brown dots. Stalk rather long and stout, set in a small cavity. Flesh yellow, juicy, sugary, vinous ; adheres to the stone. Good to very good Last of August. Oberley. Oberley's Greenwood. Originated in Northampton Co., Pa., on the farm of Ober ley. Tree a thrifty, upright grower, very productive. Brauohes solooJl, greenish. THE PLUM. 93C Fruit medium size, roundish. Suture shallow. Apex a little sunk. Skin amber, nearly covered with rosy red, thin light bloom. Stalk me- dium, slender, set in a moderate cavity by a ring. Flesh yellow, juicy, vinous, rather sweet ; adheres to the stone. Good. Last of August. October Green Gage. Late Green Gage. Reine Claude Tardive. Reine Claude d'Octobre. Tree very vigorous. Young wood smooth, stout, and short-jointed. Fruit small, roundish. Suture moderate. Apex dimpled. Skin greenish yellow, covered with a thin white bloom, mottled with crimson in sun. Stalk stout, rather long. Flesh green, juicy, sugary, and rich ; separates from the stone. Good to very good. First of October. Orange. Orange Gage. Wager. Origin, Rhinebeck, Dutchess Co., N". Y. Tree a vigorous growei, productive. Brandies stout and smooth. Fruit very large, oval, flattened at both ends. Skin bronze yellow, marked with roughish white dots and clouded with purplish red near the stalk. The latter is three-fourths of an inch long, rather rough, in- serted in a narrow round cavity. Flesh deep yellow, a little coarse- grained, moderately juicy, sugar and acid combined. It adheres a Little to the stone. Good. Last of August. Orleans. Monsieur. Anglaise Noir. Prune de Monsieur. Monsieur Ordinaire. English Orleans. Common Orleans. Old Orleans. Prune d'Orleans. Red Orleans. Red Damask. Late Monsieur. A popular English market Plum, being hardy and uniformly produc- tive. Tree vigorous. Branches gray, and very downy. Fruit middle-sized, i-ound, a little enlarged on one side of the distinct suture. Skin dark red, becoming purple in the sun. Flesh yellowish, sweet, mixed with acid, and separates freely from the stone. Good. Middle of August. Oullin's Golden. Reine Claude d'Oullins. Oullin's Golden Gage. Reine Claude Precoce. Monstrueuse d'Oullins. Ouillin's Gage. This is a German Plum, huge and showy. Tree very vigorous and productive, with smooth branches, stout, short jointed. Fruit large, roundish oblong. Suture very shallow. Skin rich yel- low, flecked and shaded with green, small crimson dots in sun, and cov- ered with a thin white bloom. Stalk inserted in a broad, moderately deep cavity. Flesh yellow, very tender, juicy, sugary ; adhering slightly to the stone. Very good. Middle of August. (Hogg.) 936 THE PLUM. Parsonage. Origin, lihinebeck, Dutchess Co., N. Y. Tree very vigorous, ap right, productive. Branches smooth. Fruit medium to large, oval. Skin pale yellow, lightly splashed -w ith green. Stalk of medium length, inserted in a small depression. Flesh yellow, juicy, with a rich sugary flavor. It separates freely from the scone. Good. First of September. Peach Plum. Prune Peche. Large Peach. Reine Claude Berger ? Tree upright, vigorous, only a moderate bearer. Tree rather tender at the North. Branches smooth. Fruit very large, shaped more like a peach than a plum, roundish, much flattened at both ends. Suture shallow, but strongly marked. Apex much depressed. Skin light browuish red, sprinkled with obscure dark specks, and covered with a pale bloom. Stalk short, rather stout, set in a shallow narrow cavity. Flesh pale yellow, a little coarse-grained, but juicy, and of pleasant sprightly flavor 'when fully ripe; separates freely from the stone. Good. Last of July. Penobscot. Raised by James McLaughlin, Bangor, Me. Tree vigorous, hardy, productive. Branches smooth. Fruit lai-ge, oval. Suture distinct. Stalk three-fourths of an inch long, set in a small cavity. Skin yellow, tinged with green and a fain^ red cheek. Flesh yellow, sweet, and pleasant ; adheres to the stone Good. First of September. Peoly's Early Blue. This if a native fruit, of medium quality. Branches very downy. Fruit middle-sized, roundish. Suture scarcely visible. Skin very dark blue, covered with light blue bloom. Flesh yellow, of pleasant flavor, adhering partially to the stone. Good. Early August. Perdrigon Violet Hatif. Tree hardy, vigorous, productive. Branches downy. Fruit medium or below, roundish, slightly oval. Suture half round, shallow. Apex a little sunk. Skin violet or reddish purple, sprinkled with brownish dots and covered with a blue bloom. Stalk short, stout. Oavity small. Flesh yellowish, moderately juicy, with a sugary pleasant flavor ; separates from the stone. Good or very good. Middle A a- gust. Pershore. An English variety. Branches smooth. Fruit above medium size, obovate. Skin yellow, with a golden tinge. Flesh tender, with a fine subacid flavor ; adhering to the stone Last of August. (Hogg.) THE PLUM. 937 Peter's Yellow Gage. Tree moderately vigorous, with short branches, which are downy. Fruit medium, nearly globular, a little depressed at base. Sutura broad, shallow. Apex broad, shallow, sunken. Skin pale yellow, some- times with crimson dots hi the sun and a thin light bloom. " Stalk rather short and stout, set in a large cavity. Flesh yellowish, juicy, .sugary; adheres slightly to the stone. Good to very good. Middle August Pond's Seedling. Pond's Purple. American origin. Tree very vigorous. Branches downy. Fruit middle-sized, roundish. Skin purple. Flesh yellowish, rather dry, separates from the stone, sweet, mingled with acid. Good. Early in August. Plum de llnde. Pond's Seedling. FonthilL Pond's Purple. English origin. Tree very vigorous and productive; a beautiful fruit. Branches smooth, grayish. Fruit very large, oval, taper- ing a little towards the stalk, some- times with a mamelon neck. Skin yellowish, nearly covered with bright red or carmine, haA'ing a thin whitish bloom, and sprinkled ^with brownish dots. Flesh yel- low, a little coarse, juicy, and sugary, but not rich. Good. Middle of September. Precoce de Tours. Early Violet. Violette Hative. Early Tours. Perdrigon Violet. Blue Perdrigon. Violet de Tours. Noire Hitive. Prune de la Madelaine. Damas de Tours. Prunt- de Gaillon. Of foreign origin. Tree vigo rous, with long, slender branches, moderately productive. Branches downy. Fruit rather more than an inch in diameter, oval, with a shallow su- tuie. Skin deep purple, covered with a thick azure bloom. Stalk half an inch long, set in a narrow cavity. Flesh at hist greenish, but becoming dull yellow at matuiity ; a little fibrous, but juicy, sweet, melt- ing, and slightly perfumed; it adheres considerably to the stone-. Good. First of August. Pond's SeetJing (English.) 938 THE PLUM. Precoce de Bergthold. Tree moderately vigorous, very productive. Fruit small, nearly globular. Suture shallow, but distmct point at apex. Skin pale yellow, sometimes with marblings of green, and cov- ered with a thin white bloom. Stalk short, stout. Cavity shallow. Flesh yellow, juicy, sugary ; adheres slightly to the stone. Good. Early August. Prince Englebert. From Belgium. This is a promising variety for market growing, as the tree is a great bearer, and the fruit valuable for dessert and cooking. Tree vigorous. Branches smooth. Fruit large, oblong oval. Suture very slight, one side a little enlarged. Skin very deep purple, sprinkled with brown dots, and covered with a deep blue bloom. Stalk rather stout, set in a deep cavity. Flesh yellowish green, j uicy, sugary ; separates from the stone. Very good. Last of Au gust. Prince of Wales. Chapman's Prince of Wales. Prince Albert ? English origin. Tree very vigo- rous, very productive. Branches smooth or slighthr downy. Prince Engelbert. Fruit large, globular, inclining to oblong, with a moderate suture on one side. Skin reddish purple, with brownish yellow dots, and a thick bloom. Stalk short and stout, set in a moderate cavity. Flesh a little coarse, greenish yellow, juicy, sweet, and sprightly, not rich, partially adhering to the stone. Good. First of September. Prince's Orange Egg. Raised by William Prince, Flushing, Long Island, N. Y. Tree very vigorous and productive. Branches smooth. Fruit rather large, oval. Skin yellow, covered with a thin bloom. Stalk three-fourths of an inch long, rather stout, set in a small cavity, Flesh golden yellow, coarse, j uicy, sprightly, subacid, not rich ; ad teres to the stone. Good. Middle of September. Prince's Orange Gage. Fruit modium, roundish oval. Suture moderate Skin yellow. THE PLUM. 939 Stalk long, set in an open cavity. Flesh -ight yellow, coarse, juicy, pleasant, but not rich ; adheres to the stone. Good. First of Sep- tember. Prince's Primorpian. Prince's Bl ae Primordian. Originated with William Prince, of Flushing, L. I. Branches slen- der, grayish. Fruit small, oval, blue. Flesh pleasant ; its principal value is its earlv maturity. (Pom. Man.) Prince's Yellow Gage. American Yellow Gage of some. White Gage of some. The Yellow Gage was raised so long ago as the year 1783, by the elder Mr. Prince, of Flushing, L. I. Its great hardiness and productiveness, joined to its rich, sugary flavor, make it a favor- ite sort. Branches smooth, short-jointed, and the tree forming a large spreading head. Fruit a little above medium size, oval, rather broadest towards the stalk. Su- ture a mere line. Skin golden yellow, a little clouded, and covered with a copious white bloom. Stalk an inch long, inserted in a small round cavity. Flesh deep yel- low, rich, sugary, and melting, though sometimes rather dry ; parts freely from the stone. Very good. Early in Au- gust. Provence Damask. Damas de Provence. Early Damask of Provence. Damas de Provence Hutif. Prince's Yellow Gage. Tree vigorous, branches downy. Fruit above medium, roundish. Suture deep. Skin reddish pur- ple, covered with blue bloom. Flesh yellowish green ; sejmrates from the stone. Good foi cooking. Last of July. D'Agen. Prune d'Ast. Prune t>'Agen. Robe de Sergent. Agen Datte. Prune du Roi. St. Manrin. Prune de Brignole of some. A. foreign variety of excellent quality. Tree of moderate growth, Branches smooth. Very productive. Fruit medium size, oval, slightly necked. Suture small. Skin vio 940 THE PLUM. let purple,. covered with a thick bloom and numerous small Jots. Stalk nearly an inch long, a little curved, set in a small depression. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sugary, rich, and delicious, slightly adherent tc the stone. Best. Middle and last of September. Prone d'Agen. Purple Favorite. Purple Favorite. This delicious fruit received its name from us some years ago. The tree from which the stock now in this country was derived, stood for many years (until it died of old age) in the centre of the principal gar- den here, and was planted by the father of the author. Its origin we were never able to learn, and we have not been able during all our pomological researches and comparisons to identify it with any other ^ort. The Purple Favorite, when in perfection, is not surpassed by any other Plum in luscious flavor. It is more juicy and melting than the Purple Gage, and has some affinity to the Diapree Rouge, or Mimms. [t should have a place in every garden, as it bears well, and is very Lardy. In the nursery it has the dwarfish habit of the Green Gage, but more slender shoots. Branches nearly smooth, short-jointed. Fruit medium size, often large, roundish obovate. Suture none. Skin light brown in the shade, brownish purple in the sun, dotted with numerous golden specks, and dusted with thin, light blue bloom. Stalk three-fourths to one inch long, set in a very slight depression. Flesh pale greenish, very juicy, tender, melting, with a luscious sweetness. Parts freely from the stone, which is very small and roundish. Best. Begins to ripen about the 20th of August, and will hang for a fortnight ou the tree. Purple Gage. Reine Claude Violette. Die Violette Koiiigin Claudie. Violette Queen Claude. Violet Gage. The Purple Gage holds the first place for high flavor among purple THE PLUM. 941 plums abroad. Although it is well known in France Tinder the title of •.he Heine Claude Violette, as in England under that of the Purpie *age, yet its native country is not precisely determined. Tree mod- erately vigorous. Branches smooth, much like those of the Green Gage Fruit medium sized, shaped like the Green Gage, roundish, a litth lattened. Suture shallow, but distinct. Stalk an inch long, rather hick, set in a narrow cavity. Skin a little thick, violet, dotted with pale yellow, and covered with light blue bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, rather firm, rich, sugary, and very high-flavored ; separates from the stone, which is oval and compressed. Ripens rather late, and will hang on the tree — shrivelling a little, but not cracking — all the month of Septembei . Very good. . BOSS. Introduced by Mr. Quackenboss, of Greenbush, K Y. Origin in the garden of S. 0. Groot, Albany. A very rapid upright grower, and productive. Branches smooth. Fruit large, oblong roundish. Skin deep purple, covered with a bit - ish bloom. Suture scarcely apparent. Stalk long, slender, and set in a slight depressed cavity. Flesh greenish yellow, sprightly, juicy, a little coarse-grained, sweet, and subacid ■ adheres slightly to the stone. Good. September. Red Queen Mother. Queen Mother. Pigeon's Heart. Damas Violet. A neat little reddish Plum, long known in European gardens. Branches smooth, rather feeble in growth. Fruit rather small, round, about an inch in diameter. Skin dark, purplish red in the sun, pale reddish amber in the shade, with many red- dish dots. Stalk half an inch long. Flesh yellow, sweet and rich, sepa- rating freely from the stone. Good. September. Reagle's Ancient City. Originated at Schenectady, N. Y., by C. Beagles. Tree very vigorous. Branches smooth. Fruit large, roundish oval. Skin clouded, orange, red in the sun. Suture distinct. Flesh yellow, juicy, sweet ; separates from the stone. Good. Last of August. Reagle's Gage Another of the seedlings raised by C. Reagles, Schenectady, N. Y., from seed of the Washington. Tree vigorous, upright. Branches smooth. Fruit me-dium, nearly globular, feuture broad and shallow. Apex Beagle e Gagfc. 942 THE PLUM. Bunkea. Skin greenish yellow, with splashes of darker green, and covered with a bloom. Stalk medium in length and thickness. Cavity large. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, .sweet, slightly vinous; separates from the stone. Very good. Last of August. Reagle's Union Purple. Same origin as the preceding. Tree vigorous, blanches smooth. Fruit large, roundish oval. Skin reddish purple, covered with a thin bloom, suture only perceptible near the stalk and apex. Stalk short, stout. Flesh greenish, a little coarse, vinous, sweet; adheres to the stone. Good. September. Red Apricot. Abricotee Rouge. A French variety. Tree moderately vigorous. Branches smooth. Fruit of medium size, roundish oval. Skin of a fine clear red in the shade, violet in the sun. Flesh orange color, sweet, but rather dry, and without much flavor ; separates freely from the stone. Good. Last of August. Red Diaper. Diapree Rouge. Mimras. Roche Carbon. Imperial Diadem. The Diapree Rouge, or Red Diaper, is a very large and handsome French Plum. A rather slow grower. Branches almost smooth. Fruit large, obovate. Skin of a reddish purple, with a few golden specks, and a light blue bloom, easily rubbed off". Stalk three-fourths of an inch long, slender, hairy, slightly inserted. Flesh pale green, juicy, very melting, rich, and delicious, separating from the stone, which is quite small. Good to very good. Last of August. Red Gage. An American Plum, of delicious flavor, very hardy, and a prodigious bearer. It is a seedling raised from the Green Gage by the elder Wm. Prince, of the Flushing Nurseries, in 1790. It grows very vigorously, and is distin- guished, when young, by its deep green crimped foliage. Branches dark reddish, smooth. Fruit about as large as the Green Gage, but more oval, regularly formed. Skin brownish or brick red, with little bloom. Stalk rather slender, set in a narrow cavity. Flesh greenish amber, very juicy, melting, sugary, and luscious. It parts freely from the stone, which is small. Best. Middle of August. Red Gage of Dutchess County. Ked Gas«- A seedling of Dutchess Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, uuright, productive. Branches slightly downy. THE PLUM. 943 Fruit medivun, roundish oval, a little compressed. Suture largt, often extending two-thirds around the fruit. Skin yellowish, nearly covered with a light reddish purple, and with a thin lilac bloom, thickly sprinklel with brown dots. Stalk short, stout. Cavity large. Flesh yellow, juicy, slightly vinous ; adheres to the stone. Good. Last of Viigust. Red Magnum Bonum. Purple Egg. Imperial Violet. Prune d'CEuf. Red Imperial Imperiale Violette. Red Egg. Imperial. Imp riale Rouge. Askew's Purple Egg. Purple Magnum Bonum. Dame Aubert Violette. Die Rothe Eiperflaume. Florence. Imp riale. Shepler ? A foreign variety of moderate growth, slender smooth shoots, dis tinct from the American variety, which is a vigorous grower, with downy shoots. Fruit large, oval, with a strong suture, on one side of which the fruit is more swollen. Skin rather pale in the shade, but deep red in the sun, sprinkled with many gray dots, and dusted with but little pale bloom. Stalk an inch or more long, slender, set in a narrow cavity. Flesh greenish, rather firm and coarse, with a subacid flavor, separating from the stone, which is oval and pointed. Good. First of September. RED Perdrigon. Perdrigon Rouge. Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit of medium size, roundish. Sides often unequal. Skin fine deep red, much lilac bloom. Stalk long, slender. Flesh pale yellow, a little coarse, moderately juicy and sweet, and parts from the stone. Good- Last of August to the middle of September. Red Primordian. Originated with William Prince, Flushing, L. I. Tree vigorous, upright, with long, smooth, brownish gray branches. Fruit medium or small, oval, somewhat pointed, slightly necked. Skin light lilac or chocolate, and covered with a thin, light lilac bloom. Stalk rather long, slender, set in a small ring. Flesh yellowish, moder- ately juicy, with a slight acid flavor ; separates from the stone. Good. Early August. Reine Yictoria. This is a French variety, and quite distinct from the Victoria. Branches downy. It is of short oval shape, much like Kirke's, but not quite so round. Skin dark reddish purple. Flesh very juicy, rich, and agreeable, and separating from the stone. It is from two to three weeks later than Kirke's. (Hogg.) We think this may yet prove to be Sharp's Emperor Reizenstein's Yellow Prune. An Italian fruit. Tree very vigorous and productive. Branches smooth. 94:4 THE PLUM. Fruit medium size, oval, narrowing at both ends, often enlarged on one side and swollen on one edge. Small mamelon neck. Suture large, extending beyond the apex. Skin fine yellow, often much shaded and marbled with rich crimson, and covered with a thin lilac Moom Stalk long, rather slender. Cavity small. Flesh golden yellow, juicy, sweet; adheres closely to the stone. Good to very good. Last Sep- tember. Rhixebeck Yellow Gage. Origin, Rhinebeck, N. Y. Tree very strong and vigorous. Branches smooth. Fruit large, oval. Suture deep. Skin yellow. Stalk rather long, inserted by a fleshy ring without depression. Flesh coarse, juicy, sweet, and pleasant; adheres to the stone. Good. First of September. Rhue. Rhue's Seedling. Origin, Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, productive. Branches slightly downy. Fruit large, oval. Suture shallow, broad, half round. Apex slightly sunk. Skin reddish purple, covered with a blue bloom. Stalk rather short, stout. Cavity deep. Flesh greenish yellow, rather coarse, juicy, sweet, vinous; adheres partially to the stone. Good. Middle Au- gust. Richland. Originated on the farm of Randall Elden, Richland, Bucks Co., Pa. Tree upright, vigorous. Branches smooth, long, slend«r. Fruit medium size, oval, a little pointed at apex. Skin reddish pur- ple, covered with a thin blue bloom. Stalk in a small cavity. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sugary ; adheres partially to the stone. Good. Last of August. Roby's Yellow. A seedling raised by H. R. Roby, Fredericksburgh, Va. Tree mode- rately vigorous. Branches smooth. Fruit rather small, roundish. Suture broad, shallow. Sides unequal. Skin greenish yellow, covered with a copious light bloom, and a few red dots in the sun. Stalk short. Cavity small. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sweet ; adheres to the stone. Good. Last of August. ROLLANDE GALLOPPI. Tree very vigorous, upright. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, elongated oval, with a large neck. Suture large, half round. Skin pale yellowish green, dotted and marbled with crimson in the sun, and covered with a thin light bloom. Stalk slender. Cavity small. Flesh yellowish green, juicy, sweet ; adherea to the stone. Good. Last of September. THE PLUM. 941 Ronald's Fancy. Fruit medium or above, oval. Suture half round. Skin yellow, Btriped, marbled, and splashed with green, and covered wi fch a thin light bloom. Stalk half inch long. Cavity moderate. Flesh greenish yel- low, juicy, sugary, vinous, sprightly ; separates from the stone. Good. Early October. Rostrave Bell. Originated with John D. Stephens, Westmoreland Co., Pa. Tree very vigorous and productive. Branches smooth. Fruit large, roundish oval. Suture broad, shallow, two-thirds round, one side enlarged. Skin reddish purple, many brown dots, and covered with a blue bloom. Stalk medium. Cavity large, rather deep. Flesh yellowish, coarse, not very juicy, vinous ; adheres partially to the stone. Good. Early September. Royale. La Royale. Royal Red. French Royal. Royal. Sir Charles Worsley's. Prune Royale. The Royale, a French variety, is remarkable for the exceedingly thick coat of bloom which covers the skin. The tree is a slow grower, forms a bushy, spreading head, and its very downy shoots have a gray or whitish appearance. It bears regularly, but moderately, and though not fit for the orchard, it is a first-rate garden fruit. Fruit of medium size, often quite large, round, lessening a little to- wards the stalk. Suture distinct at the apex on one side only. Skin reddish purple, dotted with light brown specks, and covered with a thick pale bloom, which adheres closely. Stalk three-fourths of an inch long, downy, set in a narrow cavity. Flesh dull yellow, rather firm, but melting, very juicy, with an exceedingly rich, vinous flavor ; it sepa- rates from the stone, which is small, roundish, pointed at both ends. Good to very good. Last of August, till the middle of September. Royale de Tours. Royal Tours. A French variety, received from several sources, but they do not agree, neither do the authorities; some say a freestone, and others a cling. Branches always quite downy. Fruit large, roundish, but marked with a large and deep suture ex- tending quite half round, and enlarged on one side. At the apex is a small, white, depressed point. Skin lively red in the shade, deep violet in the sun, with many minute golden dots, and coated with a thick blue bloom. Stalk half to three-fourths of an inch long, stout, set in a nar- row cavity. Flesh greenish, rather firm, with a rich, high-flavored, abundant juice. Good to very good. Middle August. Royale Hative. Early Royal. Marian. An early Plum, of French origin. Tree vigorous, with stout short branches. Branches very downy. 60 946 THE PLUM. Fruic of medium size, roundish, a little wider towards the stalk 8kin light purple, dotted (and faintly streaked) with brownish yellow, and covered with a blue bloom. Stalk half an inch long, stout, in" serted with little or no depression. Flesh yellow amber, with rich, high flavor, and parts from the stone (adhering slightly till ripe). Very good. Early August. Royale Hative. Saint Catherine. Saint Catherine. Among the fine old varieties of late Plums the St. Catherine is one of the most celebrated. In France it is raised in large quantities, in some districts making the most delicate kind of prunes. It is also much esteemed for preserving, and is of excellent quality for the dessert. Branches smooth, upright, rather slender. Fruit of medium size, obovate, narrowing considerably towards the stalk, and having a strongly marked suture on one side. Stalk three- fourths of an inch or more long, very slender, inserted in a slight cavity. Skin very pale yellow, overspread with thin white bloom, and occasion- ally becoming a little reddish on the sunny side. Flesh yellow, juicy, rather firm, and adheres partially to the stone. In flavor it is sprightly, rich, and perfumed. Very good. Middle to last of September. Saint Etienne. Tree of moderate growth. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, roundish heart-shaped. Suture shallow, half round. Skin yellow, shaded, marbled, and dotted with rich dark crimson. Stalk short, rather slender. Cavity small. Flesh fine yellow, juicy, Bweet, and rich ; separates from the stone. Good to very good. Last of August. Saint Julien. Common St. Julien. Petit St. Julien. French St. Julien. St. Julien petit. Fruit small, oval, dark violet, covered with bloom. Flesh greenish, ■lightly acid ; separates from the stone. Last of August. (Pom. Man.) THE PLUM. Saint Martin's Quetsche. 947 A very late variety of Prune from Germany. Hardy and a good bearer. Branches smooth. Fruit of medium size, ovate, or considerably broadest towards the stalk. Suture broad, shallow. Skin pale yellow, covered with a white bloom. Flesh yellowish, with a rich and excellent flavor, and separates, readily from the stone. Good. First of October, and will hang a month. Schenectady Catherine. Origin, Schenectady, N. Y. Tree vigorous, very productive. Brancbes smooth, grayish. Fruit medium, roundish oval. Suture shallow on one side. Skin red- dish purple, covered with a thin blue bloom. Stalk of medium length, slender, set in a small cavity. Flesh greenish yellow, very juicy, sugary, and rich ; separatee freely from the stone. Very good. First of September. Schuyler Gage. Originated with Gen. Schuyler, Alba- ny, N. Y., from a seed of the Green Gage. Tree upright, very vigorous and produc- tive. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, oval. Suture moderate. Skin yellow, with small green splashes, dotted and washed with carmine on the simny side, and covered with a thin bloom. Stalk long, curved, inserted in a small ca- vity. Flesh yellow, juicy, sweet, rich, and excellent ; separates from the stone. Very good Semiana of Boston. Blue Imperatrice of some. This is quite distinct from the Semiana of Europe. It is probably a native fruit. Tree moderately vigorous, with slender shoots nearly smooth, very productive, late, keeps well — a good market fruit. Fruit medium, oval, with a slight rise or neck next tbe stalk. Skin deep purple, cohered with blue bloom. Stalk short. Cavity very small. Flesh greenish, juicy, subacid, not rich; adheres to the stone. Good. 1 ast of September and first of October. September Damask. Damas de Septembre. Prune de Vacance. Prunier des Vacancea. Branches downy. Fruit small, roundish oval. Suture distinct. Skin dark purple, covered with a thick blue bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, sweet; sep*. rates from stone. Poor. Last of September. Schenectady Catherine. Last of September. 948 THE PLUM. Sharp's Emperor. Dolphin. Denyer's Victoria. "Victoria. Dauphin. Alderton. Royal Dauphine. Imperial de Sharp. A beautiful Plum, brought into notice by Denyer, of Sussex, England Tree vigorous and productive. Branches strong, downy, and foliage large. Fruit large, roundish oval. Suture shallow, but distinct. Skin light yellow, marbled, spotted, and shaded with light lilac and purple, thickly sprinkled with light and gray dots, and covered with a thin lilac bloom. Stalk medium length, rather stout, set in a rather deep cavity. Flesh golden yellow,' coarse, not very juicy or sugary, a little vinous ; separates from the stone. Good. Middle September. Sheldon. Originated on the farm of Wareham Sheldon, Huron, Wayne Co., N. Y. Tree a rapid grower, and very productive. Branches smooth, stout. Fruit large, oval. Suture shallow. Skin deep purple, thick blue bloom. Stalk short, in a small cavity. Flesh greenish, juicy, slightly acid ; separates from the stone. Good. September. Siamese. Branches long, slender, and smooth. Fruit mostly in pairs, distinct, but closely joined on one side, medium- sized obovate. Skin pale yellow, with a white bloom. Flesh yellow, juicy, and sprightly, of second-rate flavor, and adheres to the stone. Good. Early September. Smith's Orleans. Violet Perdrigon, incorrectly. Red Magnum Bonum of some. Smith's Orleans, the largest and finest of this class of Plums, is a native variety raised from the old Orleaus by Mr. Smith, of Gowanus, Long Island. It is one of the most vigorous of all plum-trees, making straight, glossy, reddish purple shoots, with dark green crimped leaves. Very productive. Bearing branches smooth, or nearly so. Fruit large, often of the largest size, oval, rather widest towards the stalk, a little irregular, with a strongly marked sutui'e on one side. Stalk quite small and slender, little more than half an inch long, inserted in ;t deep narrow cavity. Skin reddish purple, covered with a deep blue bloom. Flesh deep yellow, a little firm, very juicy, with a brisk, rich vinous flavor (not sweet and cloying), and adheres to the stone. Good to very good. 20(h to the last of An Smith's Orleans. gust. THE PLUM. 919 Spanish Damask. Damas d'Espagne. Fruit small, nearly round. Skin deep purple, covered with bloom. Flesh yellowish, not rich, mild, sweet ; separates from the Btone. Last of August. (Pom. Man.) Spotted Gage. Tree vigorous, very productive. Branches downy. Fruit medium or above, oval. Suture shallow. Skin greenish yel- low, shaded, mottled, and patched with crimson and lilac, numerous light dots, and covered with a thin bloom. Flesh coarse, yellow, sugary, juicy, a little vinous ; adheres partially to the stone. Good. Early Sep- tember. Standard of England. Said to have been raised by Mr. Dowling, of Southampton, England. Tree vigorous. Branches smooth or slightly downy. Fruit medium, ovate, slight character of neck. Suture shallow. Skin purplish lilac, many dots, and covered with a thin bloom. Stalk inserted in a small cavity. Flesh greenish, juicy, moderately sweet ; separates from the stone. Good. Early September. Stoneless. Kirke's Stoneless. Sans Noyau. Pitless. Branches downy. Of no value except as a curiosity. Fruit small, oval. Skin dark purple, covered with blue bloom. Flesh greenish, harsh acid. Kernel without any stone surrounding. Early September. Suisse. Simiana. Swiss Plum. Monsieivr Tardif. Monsieur Tardive. Prune d'Altesse. Switzer's Plum Prune Suisse. A foreign variety, of free growth, with long, slender, smooth branches, distinct from Semiana of Boston. Fruit rather small, roundish oval. Skin violet red, covered with a thick bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, firm, rather dry, but sweet, and separates from the stone. Good. Last of September. Thomas. A handsome native fruit, originated in the garden of William Thomas, of Boston. A free grower, and bears abundantly. Branches slightly downy. Fruit large, roundish oblong, a little irregular, and rather compressed in the direction of the suture. Stalk hairy, lialf an inch or more long, stout, set in a small narrow cavity. Skin salmon color, with numerous dots, and a soft red cheek. Flesh pale yellow, a little coarse-grained, but with a mild pleasant flavor; separating freely from the stone Good. Last of August. 950 THE PLUM. Thorndyke Gage. A native fruit, originated near Newburgh, N. Y. Tree moderately vigorous. Branches downy. Fruit below medium, roundish. Suture slight. Skin pale green, with a blue bloom. Flesh greenish, juicy, sweet, pleasant ; adheres to the stone. Good. Early September. Tomlinson's Charlotte. Charlotte. A seedling raised by Judge Tomlinson, Schenectady, N. Y. Tree vigorous. Fruit large, oval. Skin yellow. Flesh sweet, agreeable. August (Pom. Man.) Transparent Gage. Reine Claude Diaphane. Prune Diaphane Laffay. Diaphane Laffay. Reine Claude Transparent. Diaphane. A French variety, evidently from seeds of the Green Gage, raised by M. Laffay, of Paris. Tree vigorous, with long, stout, and smooth branches. Fruit above medium, roundish oblate. Suture shallow, distinct. Apex sunk. Skin greenish yellow, marbled and specked in the sun with carmine red. Stalk medium. Cavity small, rather deep. Flesh greenish yellow, tender, j uicy, sugary, rich. Very good or best. Mid- dle of September. Trouvee de Voueche. Found in the woods by Gregoire, and by him introduced. Tree mo- derately vigorous and very fertile. Fruit medium or small, regularly oval. Skin thick, reddish vio- let with a shady side, and a violet bloom on the sunny side. Flesh juicy, sweet, and very good. Last of August. (Al. Pom.) Ulysses. A variety from Western New York. Branches smooth. Fruit above medium, roundish oval. Skin whitish, shaded and mot- tled with violet purple, thin blue bloom. Flesh yellowish, juicy, sweet ; adheres to the stone. Good. Early September. Virgin. Virginale Blanc. Virginal Blanc. White Virginale. Virginal a gros Fruit blano. Virginal a Fruit blanc. A foreign variety, of free growth. Branches smooth, rather slender Fruit medium, roundish. Skin reddish purple, with a thick bloom, Flesh greenish, very juicy, sweet. Good to very good. Adheres slightly to the stone. First of September. THE PLUM. Wangenheim. 951 A German variety. Tree a moderate grower. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, oval. Suture shallow. Apex a little sunk. Skin deep purple, covered with a thick blue bloom. Stalk rather short. Cavity small. Flesh rather firm, greenish yellow, juicy, sugary, rich, Separates from the stone. Good to very good. Last of August. Bolmar. Bolmer. New Washington. Washington. Bolmer's Washington. Franklin. Irving's Bolmar. Jackson. Parker's Mammoth. Washington Jaune. Philippe I. The Washington, although not equal to the Green Gage and two 01 three others in high flavor, yet its great size, its beauty, and the vigoi and hardiness of the tree, are qualities which have brought this noble fruit into notice everywhere. The parent tree grew originally on De- lancey's farm, on the east side of the Bowery, New York, but, being grafted with another sort, escaped notice until a sucker from it, planted by Mr. Bolmer, a merchant in Chat- ham Street, came into bearing about the year 1818, and attracted uni- versal attention by the remarkable beauty and size of the fruit. In 1821, this sort was first sent to the Horticultural Society of London, by the late Dr. Hosack. The Washington has remarkably large, broad, and glossy foliage, is a strong grower, and forms a hand- some round head. Wood light brown, downy. Fruit of the largest size, round- ish oval, with an obscure suture, except near the stalk. Skin dull yellow, with faint marblings of green. but when well ripened, deep yellow, with a pale crimson blush or do1 . Stalk scarcely three-fourths of an inch long, a little downy, set in a shal- low, wide hollow. Flesh yellow, firm, very sweet and luscious, separa- ting freely from the stone. Good to very good. Middle to the last ,>f August. Washington. Wax. Raised by Elisha Dorr, Albany, N. Y. Tree moderately vigorous and productive. Fruit medium, roundish oval. Suture slight, broad, shallow. Skin yellow, with a bright carmine cheek, and covered with a thin whitish bloom. Stalk long, slender, set without cavity. Flesh yellow, juicy, Bubacid, sprightly ; separates from the stone. Good. Early October. 952 THE PLUM. White Apricot. Abricote Blanc. Abricotee Blanche. Fruit medium, roundish, yellow. Flesh rather firm, slightly acid separates from the stone. Good. Middle August. White Bullace. Branches downy. Fruit small, round. Skin yellowish white, mottled with red in the sun. Flesh firm, juicy, sweet; adheres to the stone. Cooking. Early October. White Damask. Damas Blanc. Damas Blanc Gros. Damas Blanc Hatif Gros. Branches smooth. Fruit below medium, roundish oval. Skin greenish yellow, with white bloom. Flesh sweet, pleasant ; separates from the stone. Cook- ing. Last of September. White Damson. Late Yellow Damson. White Damascene. White Prune Damson. Late Cluster. Shailer's White Damson. Frost Plum. White Winter Damson. Branches smooth, and of thrifty growth, very productive. Fruit small, oval. Skin pale yellow, with a white bloom, and sprinkled with reddish-brown spots at maturity. Flesh adheres closely to the stone, is yellow, and when fully ripe of a rich, sprightly, subacid, agreeable flavor. Good. Last of September. White Diaper. Diapre Blanc. Diapree Blanche. Fruit small, round. Skin whitish green, covered with bloom* Flesh rather firm, pale yellow, sweet. Good. Last of August. White Imperatrice. White Empress. Imperatrice Blanche. In the habit of the tree, appearance and flavor of the fruit, and sea- son of maturity, it strongly resembles the St. Catherine, but is a free- stone. It is not equal to the latter in flavor. Branches smooth. Fruit of medium size, obovate, a little flattened at the ends. Suture rather obscure. Skin bright yellow, covered partially with a thin white bloom, and spotted with a little red. Stalk a little more than half an inch long, set in a narrow cavity. Flesh yellow, very juicy, crisp, sweet,' and quite transparent in texture; separates freely from the stone. Good. Early in September. THE PLUM. 953 White Perdrigon. Perdrigon Blanc. Maitre Claude. Brignole. Tree rather a slow grower. Branches downy. Fruit middle-sized, oval, narrowing towards the stalk. Skin pale greenish yellow, a few crimson dots in the sun and numerous small wliite dots, and thinly coated with bloom. Flesh pale yellow, sweet, with a slight perfume, and adheres slightly to the stone. Good. Last, of August. Wilde's. Fruit medium, roundish oblong, dark brownish orange, covered with a white bloom. Flesh sweet, not juicy ; separates from the stone. Early August. Wild Goose. Nolen Plum. An improved variety of the Chickasaw, evident in the greater vigor of the tree and increased size of the fruit, which is nearly as large as a Green Gage. Skin purple, with a blue bloom. Flesh juicy, sweet; adheres to the stone. Last of July. Wilkinson. Tree vigorous. Branches smooth, rather slendei\ Fruit medium, oval, slightly necked. Skin reddish purple, covered with a thick bloom. Stalk medium, set in a small cavity. Flesh dark yellow, rather firm, sweet, not rich or high flavored ; adheres partially to the stone. Good. Last of July. Winesour. Rotherham. An English Plum, valued for cooking. Branches downy. Fruit below medium, oblong oval. Skin dark purple. Flesh green- ish yellow, acid ; adheres to the stone. September. Woolston's Black Gage. Of same origin as Angelina Burdett and Standard of England. Tree >rigorous. Brauches smooth. Fruit medium, roundish, with a shallow suture. Skin very deep purple, with many small dots, and covered with a blue bloom. Flesh melting, juicy, sugary; sejjarates from the stone. Good. Early Septem- ber. Yellow Damask. Damas Jaune. Branches smooth. Fruit below medium, nearly round. Skin yellow, with a fine white bloom. Flesh very juicy, separating from the stone. Early October (Hogg.) d54 THE PLUM. Yellow Egg. White Magnum Bonum. Askew's Golden Egg. E?g Plum. White Egg. Magnum Bonum. Yellow Magnum Bonum.* White Mogul. Wentworth. White Imperial. White Holland. Dame Aubert. Dame Aubert blanche. Dame Aubert jaune. Impi riale blanche. Grosse Luisante. Prune d Inde blanc. The White Magnum Bonum, or Egg Plum, as it is almost universally known here, is a very popular fruit, chiefly on account of its large and splendid appearance, and a slight acid- ity, which renders it admirably fitted for making showy sweetmeats or pre- serves. When it is raised in a fine warm situation, and is fully matured, it is pretty well flavored, but ordina- rily it is considered coarse, and as be- longing to the kitchen and not to the dessert. Branches smooth, long. Fruit of the largest size, measur- ing six ruches in its longest circumfer- ence, oval, narrowing a good deal to both ends. Suture well marked. Stalk about an inch long, stout, insert- ed without cavity in a folded border. Skin yellow, with numerous white dots, covered with thin white bloom- when fully ripe, of a deep gold color. Flesh yellow, adhering closely to the stone, rather acid until very ripe, when it becomes sweet, though of only second-rate flavor. Stem long, and pointed at both ends. A pretty good bearer, though apt, in light soils, o drop from the tree before matured. Middle of August. Yellow Imperatrice. Altesse Blanche. Monsieur a fruits Jaune. Branches smooth. Fruit large, roundish oval, marked with a suture, deep at apex, shallow at the stalk. Skin deep golden yellow, with a few streaks of red about the stalk. Flesh yellow, juicy, melting, sugary, rich, adheres to the stone. Middle of August. (Hogg.) Y"ohe's Eagle. An accidental seedling in the garden of Caleb Yohe, Bethlehem, Pa. * There is really no practical difference between the White and the Yellow Magnum Bonum. The fruit is precisely similar in appearance and quality, though the growth of the two trees may not fully agree. Yellow Egg. THE PLUM. 955 Fruit large, roundish, oblong oval. Skin greenish yellow, slight red cheek in sun, thin white bloom. Flesh firm, yellow, melting, juicy, sweet ; separates from the stone. Good. Early September. Young. Young's Seedling. From Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, roundish oval, deep reddish purple, with a blue bloom. Flesh yellow, not juicy, sweet ; separates from the stone. Good Last of August. ORNAMENTAL VARIETIES. There are few varieties of Plums which are considered purely orna- mental. One, however, is a remarkable exception to this, as it is scarcely exceeded in beauty in the month of May by any other flowery shrub- we mean the Double-Flowering Sloe. It is a large shrub, only 10 or 12 feet high, with quite slender shoots and leaves, but it is thickly sprinkled, every spring, with the prettiest little double white blossoms about as large as a sixpence, resembling the Lady Banks' Roses. It is one of the greatest favorites of the Chinese and Japanese — those flower- loving people. The Common English Sloe, or Blackthorn (JPrunus spirtosa), is rather an ornamental tree in shrubbery plantations. The branches are more thorny than those of the common Damson, and the fruit is nearly round, quite black, but covered with a thick blue bloom. In the spring fhis low tree is a perfect cloud of white blossoms. The Double-blossomed Plum has large and handsome double white flowers. Except in strong soils, however, they are apt to degenerate and become single, and are, indeed, always inferior in effect to the Double Sloe. The Cherry Plum we have already described. It is one of the fruit- bearing sorts. SELECTION OF VARIETIES FOR TABLE, MARKET, AND COOKING Bavay's Green Gage. Table and market. Bleecker's Gage. Table and market. Bradshaw. Market and cooking. Coe's Golden Drop. Table, market, and cooking. D'enniston's Superb. Table and market. German Prune. Market and cooking. Green Gage. Table and market. Howard's Favorite. Table and market. Hudson Gage. Table and market. Imperial Gage. Table and market. Imperial Ottoman. Table and market. Jefferson. Table and market. Lawrence's Favorite. Table and market. Lombard. Market and cooking. J THE POMEGRANATE. McLaughlin. Table and market. Pond's Seedling (English). Market and market. Prince Engelbert. Table and market. Prince's Yellow Gage. Table and market. Prune d'Agen. Table and market. Purple Favorite. Table. Smith's Orleans. Table and market. Transparent Gage. Table and market. Washington. Table and market. Yellow Egg. Market and cooking. CHAPTER XXIX. THE POMEGRANATE. Punica granatum, L. ; Granatacea, of Botanists. Grenadier, of the French ; Gfrcmatenbaum, German ; Melagran», Italian ; Granado, Spanish. This unique fruit, the most singularly beautiful one that ever appears at the dessert, is a native of China and the South of Europe. It grows and bears very readily in this country, as far north as Maryland and the Ohio River, though the fruit does not always mature well north of Carolina, except in sheltered places. It is even hardy enough to stand the winter here, and will bear very good fruit if trained as an espalier and protected in winter. The fruit is as large as an apple. Its skin is hard and leathery, of a yellowish orange color, with a rich red cheek. It is crowned in a peculiar manner with the large calyx, which remains and increases in size after the flower has fallen. There is a pretty bit of mythological history told by Rapin, the French poet, respecting this fruit. Bacchus once beguiled a lovely Scythian girl, whose head had been previously turned by the diviners having prophesied that she would some day wear a crown, and who therefore lent a willing ear to his suit. The fickle god, however, not long after abandoned her, when she soon died of giief. Touched at last, he metamorphosed her into a pomegranate-tree, and placed on the summit of its fruit the crown (calyx) which he had denied to his mistress while living. The fruit of the common Pomegranate is acid, but the cultivated variety bears fruit of very agreeable, sweet flavor. The interior of the fruit consists of seeds enveloped in pulp, much like those of the goose- berry, but arranged in compartments, and of the size and color of red c irrants. Medicinally, it is cooling and much esteemed, like the orange, in fevers and inflammatory disorders. The tree is of low growth, from twelve to twenty feet, with nume- ious slender, twiggy branches, and is very ornamental in garden scenery, either when clad with its fine scarlet flowers or decked with fruit, which hangs and grows all summer, and does not ripen till pretty late in the season. It is well worthy of a choice sheltered place at the TBE QUINCE. 957 North, on a wall or espalier rail, where it can be slightly protected with mats or si raw in winter ; and it deserves to be much more popular than it now is in every Southern garden. If raised in large quantities 1 here, it would become a valuable fruit for sending to the Northern cities, a? it is now constantly sent from the South of Europe to Paris and London Hedges are very often made of it near Genoa and Nice. Propagation and Culture. This tree is readily propagated by cuttings, layers, suckers, or seeds. When by seeds, they should be sown directly after they ripen, otherwise tbey seldom vegetate. Any good rich garden soil answers well for the Pomegranate ; and, as it produces little excess of wood, it needs little more in the way of pruning than an occasional thinning out of any old or decaying branches. Varieties. There are several varieties. The finest, viz. : — 1. The Sweet-Fruited Pomegranate ( Grenadier a Fruit Doux), with sweet and juicy pulp. 2. The Subacid Fruited Pomegranate ; the most common va- riety cultivated in gardens. 3. The Wild or Acid-Fruited Pomegranate, with a sharp, acid flavor, which makes an excellent syrup. Besides these, there are several double-tlowering varieties of the Pomegranate, which are very beautiful, but bear no fruit. They are also rather more tender than the fruit bearing ones. The finest are the Double Red Pomegranate, with large and very splendid scarlet blos- soms, and the Double White Pomegranate, with flowers nearly white. There are also the rarer varieties, the Yellow Flowered and the Variegated Flowered Pomegranate, seldom seen here, except in choice green-house collections. CHAPTER XXX. THE QUINCE. Gydonia vulgaris, Dec. ; Bosacew, of Botanists. Coignassier, of the French ; Quittenbamn. German ; Kivepeer, Dutch ; Cotogno, Italian ; and Membrillo, Spanish. The Quince is a well-known hardy, deciduous tree, of small size, crooked branches, and spreading, bushy head. It is indigenous to Germany and the South of Europe; and it appears first to have attracted notice in the city of Gydon, in Crete or Candia, whence its botanical xiame, Cydonia. The fruit is of a fine golden yellow, and more nearly resembles that of the orange than any other. It was even more highly esteemed by the Greeks and Romans, for preserving, than by us. " Quinces," says Columella, " not only yield pleasure, but health." The Quince seldom grows higher than fifteen feet, and is usually rather a shrub than a tree. Its large white and pale pink blossoms, which appear rather later than those of other fruit-trees, are quite orna- mental ; and the tree, properly grown, is very ornamental when ladeD in October and November with its ripe golden fruit. 958 THE QUINCE. Uses. — The Quince is, in all its varieties, unfit for eating raw. It isj however, much esteemed when cooked. For preserving it is every- where valued, and an excellent marmalade is also made from it. Stewed, it is very frequently used to communicate additional flavor and piquancy to apple-tarts, pies, or other pastry. In England, wine ia frequently made from the fruit by adding sugar and water, as in other fruit wines ; and it is a popular notion there that it has a most beneficial effect upon asthmatic patients. Dried Quinces are excellent. In this country large plantations are sometimes made of the Quince; and as it is in good soil a plentiful bearer, it is considered one of the most valuable market fruits. The Apple Quince is the most productive and salable ; but as the Pear Quince ripens and can be sent to market much later, it frequently is the most profitable. The Angers is also a profitable market sort, producing abundantly, and keeping equally as well as the Pear-shaped. Propagation. — The Quince is easily propagated from seed, layers, or cuttings. From seeds the Quince is somewhat liable to vary in its seedlings, sometimes proving the apple-shaped and sometimes the pear- shaped variety. Cuttings prepared in the autumn, heeled-in, and pro- tected during winter, and planted in a shaded situation early in the spring, root very easily, and this is perhaps the simplest and best way of continuing a good variety. Another way is to bud upon free grow- ing sorts, as that of the Angers. Quince stocks are extensively vised in engrafting or budding the pear, when it is wished to render that tree dwarf in its habit. Soil and Culture. — The Quince grows naturally in rather moist soil, by the side of rivulets and streams of water. Hence it is a common idea that it should always be planted in some damp, neglected part of the garden, where it usually receives little care, and the fruit is often knotty and inferior. This practice is a very erroneous one. No tree is more benefited by manuring than the quince. In a rich, mellow, deep soil, even if quite dry, it grows with thrice its usual vigor, and bears abundant crops of large and fair fruit. It should therefore be planted in a dee}) and good soil, kept in constant cultivation, and it should have a top-dressing of manure every season when fair and abundant crops are desired. As to priming or other care, it requires very little indeed — an occasional thinning out of crowding or decayed branches being quite sufficient. Thinning the fruit when there is an overcrop improves the size of the remainder. Twelve feet apart is a suitable distance at which to plant this tree. The Quince, like the apple, is occasionally subject to the attacks of the borer and a few other insects, which a little care will pit vent or den troy. For their habits we refer the reader to the Apple. VARIETIES Angers. This is the variety most generally used for stocks on which to bud the pear. It is only within a few years that its value as a fruit has been THE QUINCE. 959 known. The tree is one of the most thrifty growing, and an abundant bearer. It does not cook quite as tender as the apple, but will keep much longer. In form it is much like the apple, but the flesh is a little harsher and more acid. Apple-shaped Quince. Orange Quince. This is the most popular variety in this country. It bears large roundish fruit, shaped much like the apple, which stews quite tender, and is of very excellent flavor. It also bears most abundant crops Leaves oval. There are several inferior varieties of the Apple Quince. The true one bears fruit of the size of the largest apple, fair and smooth, and a fine golden color. New Upright. Paris de Fontenay. This is an upright growing variety, forming quite small, compact lit- tle trees. Of little or no value as a fruit. Pear-shaped Quince. Oblong Quince. The Pear-shaped Quince is drier and of firmer texture than the fore- going It is rather tough when stewed or cooked, the flesh is less lively in color, and it is therefore much less esteemed than the apple-shaped variety The fruit is of medium size, oblong, tapering to the stalk, and shaped much like a pear. The skin is yellow. The leaves are oblong ovate. It ripens about a fortnight later than the apple-shaped, and may be preserved in a raw state considerably longer. Portugal Quince. The Portugal Quince is rather superior to all others in quality, as it is less harsh, stews much better, and is altogether of milder flavor, though not fit for eating raw. For marmalade and baking it is much esteemed, as its flesh turns a fine purple or deep crimson when cooked The leaf of the Portugal Quince is larger and broader than that ot the common quince, and the growth of the tree is stronger. The fruit is of the largest size, oblong ovate, obtuse. The skin is m color not so deep an orange as that of the other sorts. The Portugal Quince is unfortunately a shy bearer, which is tue reason why it has never been so generally cultivated as the Apple Quince. Rea's Seedling. Van Slyke. A new seedling, raised by Joseph Rea, Coxsackie, Greene Co, N. Y. It is a superb fruit, averaging one-third larger than the apple or 960 THE RASPBERRY. orange quince, of the same form and color, fair and handsome, and equally as good, and by some preferred to the apple quince for culiuary purposes. Tree healthy, a thrifty grower, and moderately productive — an acquisition. Ornamental Varieties. — There are two or three ornamental varieties of the Quince, which are natives of China and Japan, and are now among the most common and attractive of our garden shrubs. They are the following : — Chinese Quince. We have had this pretty shrub in our garden for several years, where it flowers abundantly, but has as yet produced no fruit. The leaves are oval, somewhat Like those of the common Quince, but with a shining surface. The flowers are rosy red, rather small, with a delicate violet odor, and have a very pretty effect in the month of May, though much less showy than those of the Japan Quince. The fruit is described as large, egg-shaped, with a green skin and a hard dry flesh, not of any value for eating. The leaves assume a beautiful shade of red in autumn. Japan Quince. Cydonia Japonica. Pyrus Japonica. The Japan Quince is a low thorny shrub, with small dark green leaves. It is the most brilliant object in the shrubbery during the month of April, the branches being clothed with numerous clusters of blossoms, shaped like those of the Quince, but rather larger, and of the brightest scarlet. The fruit which occasionally succeeds these flowers is dark green, very hard, and having a peculiar and not unpleasant smeil. It is entirely useless. The White, or Blush Japan Quince ( C. jap.fl. alio) resembles the foregoing, except that the flowers are white and pale pink, resembling those of the common apple-tree. CHAPTER XXXI. THE RASPBERRY. Rubus Idmis, 4 ; Rosacea, of botanists. Framboisier, of the French ; Himbeerstrauch, German ; Framboos, Dutc'i ; Rom ideo, Italian ; and Frambueso, Spanish. The Raspberry is a low deciduous shrub, which in several forms is common in the woods of both Europe and America. The large-fruited varieties most esteemed in our gardens have all originated from the long cultivated Mubus Idceus, or Mount Ida bramble, which appears first to have been introduced into the gardens of the South of Europe from Mount Ida. It is now quite naturalized in some parts of this country, THE RASPBERRY. 961 Besides this, we have in the woods the common black raspberry, or thimbleberry (JRnbxs occidentalis, L.), and the red raspberry (Hubn8 striffosus, Michx.), with very good fruit. The name raspberry (Jxasjio, Italian) is probably from the rasp- ing roughness of prickly wood. The term raspis is still used in Scotland. Uses. — The raspberry is held in general estimation, not only as oi,e of the most refreshing and agreeable subacid fruits for the dessert, but it is employed by almost every family in making preserves, jams, ices, sauces, tarts, and jellies ; and on a larger scale by confectioners for mak- ing syrups, by distillers for making raspDerry brandy, raspberry vinegar, &c. Raspberry wine, made in the same way as that of currant, is con- sidered the most fragrant and delicious of all home-made wines. Succeeding the strawberry at the beginning of summer, when there is comparatively little else, this is one of the most invaluable fruits, and, with the strawberry, generally commands the attention of those who have scarcely room for fruit-trees. It is, next to the strawberry, one of the most wholesome berries, and not being liable to undergo the acetous fermentation in the stomach, it is considered beneficial in cases of gout or rheumatism. Propagation. — The raspberry is universally propagated by suckers, or offsets, springing up from the main roots. It may also be grown from pieces of the roots, two to three inches long, and planted in a light sandy soil early in the spring, covering about one inch deep, and adding a slight coat of light mulch to prevent the earth from drying or baking. The Black Caps, Yellow Caps, and the Purple Cane varieties are grown from burying the tips of canes in the latter part of August or September, or as soon as the ends of the canes stop growing about one inch deep, when they will form roots and make good plants for trans- planting the following spring. Seeds are only planted when new va- rieties are desired. The seedlings come into bearing at two or three years of age. Soil and Culture. — The best soil is a rich deep loam, rather moist than dry, but the raspberry will thrive well in any soil that is rich and deep. ■ In making a plantation of raspberries, plant the suckers or canes in rows, from three to four feet apart, according to the vigor of the sort. Two or three suckers are generally planted togethei', to form a group or stool, and these stools may be three feet apart in the rows, or they may be set one plant in a place, at distances of one foot to eighteen inches along in the row. The plantation being made, iis treatment consists chiefly in a single pruning every year, given early in the spring. To perform this, ex- amine the stools iii April, and leaving the strongest shoots or suckers, say about three or five to each stool, cut away all the old wood and all the other suckers. The remaining shoots should have about a foot of their ends cut off, as this part of the wood is feeble and worthless. It is also a good plan soon after the fruit is gathered to cut out the old canes, which have fruited so as to give the new a better chance to ripen. With a light top-dressing of manure, the ground should then be dug over, and little other care will be requisite during the season, except keeping down the weeds. When very neat culture and the largest fruit are desired, more space is left between the rows, and after being pruned the canes are tied to 61 362 THE RASPBERRY. long lines of rods or rails, like an espalier, by which, means they are more fully exposed to the sun and light. For field culture, the European varieties ought to be planted four of five feet apart each way, which gives room for the plow and cultivator to work both ways. The Black Cap varieties should be five or six feet each way, and the growing canes of these should be stopped or shortened in when about three feet high, which causes them to grow stocky and throw out lateral shoots, and these should be cut back to within eighteen inches or two feet the following spring. A fine crop of the autumnal varieties of raspberries is readily ob- tained by cutting down the canes over the whole stool, in the spring, to within a few inches of the ground. They will then shoot up new wood, which comes into bearing in August or September. We have found a light application of salt, given with the top-dressing of manure in the spring, to have a most beneficial effect oh the vigor of the plants and the size of the fruit. A plantation of raspberries will be in perfection at the third year, and after it has borne about eight or ten years it must be broken up and a new one formed on another plot of ground. All the raspberries except the hardy American varieties should be pruned in the fall. After which bend the canes gently on the ground, and cover them an inch or two deep with earth ; let them remain in the spring until the cold winds are over, or until the buds begin to swell, then take them up and tie them to stakes or frames. Varieties. — The finest raspberries in general cultivation for the dessert are the Hudson River Antwerp, Fastollf, Orange, Belle de Pallan, Knevett's Giant, French, Franconia, and Clarke. The common American Red is most esteemed for flavoring liqueurs or making brandy, and the American Black is preferred by most persons for cooking and drying. The Ever-bearing varieties are valuable for prolonging the season of this fruit till late frosts. Allen. Allen's Antwerp. English Red Cane. False Red Antwerp. The origin of this variety is unknown. It is said by F. R. Ellioft to have been brought to Cleveland by an English gardener, and was, by Mr. Elliott, sent to W. H. Sotham, Black Rock, N. Y., from whose gar- den Lewis F. Allen obtained it. Canes strong, vigorous, upright, some- .vhat branching. Spines purplish, quite numerous. This and the fol- lowing, in foliage and fruit, are similar to American Red, and no doubt are improved seedlings of it, or a cross between it and some foreign sort, both throw up a large quantity of suckers, which should not be allowed '■o grow if a crop of fruit is wanted. Fruit medium, nearl}r globular, light red, juicy, not very firm ; sep- arates freely ; mild, pleasant flavor. Allen's Red Prolific. Same origin as the preceding. Canes strong, upright, without branches. Spines whitish, rather scattering. Fruit medium, nearly globular, light red or crimson, rather juicy, not very firm, separates freely, productive. the raspberry. 963 American Black. Common Black-Cap. Black Baspberry. Thimbleberry. Rubus Occidentalis. This Raspberry, common in almost every field, with long, rambling, Eurple shoots, and flattened, small, black berries, is everywhere known, t is frequently cultivated in gardens, where, if kept well pruned, it? fruit is much lai"ger and finer. Its rich acid flavor renders it, perhaps, the finest sort for kitchen use — tarts, puddings, &c. It ripens a little earlier than most of the European sorts. American Red. Common Red. Stoever. The Common Red Raspberry is a native of this and all the Middle States. It ripens nearly a week earlier than the Antwerps, bears well, and though inferior in flavor and size to these sorts, is esteemed by many persons, particularly for flavoring liqueurs. Fruit of medium size, roundish, light red, pleasant subacid in flavor. Shoots very vigorous, long, upright, and branching, grows from four to six feet high. Light shiniug brown, with purplish spines. Leaves nar- row, light green. American White. Yellow Cap. Golden Cap. A variety resembling the American Black in all respects, except in the color of its fruit, which is pale yellow or white, and the flavor not as rich or sprightly. Arnold's Orange. Originated with Charles Arnold, Paris, Ontario, C. W. Canes strong, branching, yellowish brown, almost smooth, and produces but few suckers. Fruit large, somewhat shorter than Brinckle's Orange, and of a dark er orange color, unsurpassed by any for rich flavor. (Arnold's MS.) Arnold's Red. Same origin as the preceding. A strong grower. Canes strong branching, dark purple, somewhat drooping. Spines slightly purple, stout, quite numerous. Fruit large, red, about the size and shape of Philadelphia, but of superior flavor. An enormous bearer both in July and September. (Arnold's MS.) August Black. This variety was received from Thomas Rivers, England. Canes strong, branching. Spines greenish, quite numerous. Fruit medium size, roundish oblate, dark red, slight bloom, rather soft, subacid. Autumn Black. Raised by Thomas Rivers, England. It is said by its author to be propagated only from seeds. We quote his description of the fruit • — "Fruit medium size or large, dark purple, very juicy and agree- able." 964 the raspberry. Bagley's Perpetual. Fruit medium, oblate, crimson, brisk subacid. Of poor quality, Barnet. Cornwall's Prolific. Lord Exmouth'a Cornwall's Seedling. Large Bed. Barnet Cane. An old English variety. Canes long, yellowish green, branching Fruit large, roundish conical, bright purplish red. Pleasant Os vor. Belle de Fontenay. Belle d'Orleans. A variety producing its fruit mainly in the autumn. It suckers freely, and requires to be carefully thinned out. The canes should all be cut down in spring in order to obtain good crops. Canes strong, stout, branching. Spines purplish, short, and stiff, quite numerous. Fruit large, long conical. Grains large, dark crimson, thin bloom Flesh moderately firm, juicy, sprightly ; adheres slightly to the core. Belle de Paluau. A new French variety, of good promise. Canes strong, vigorous, upright. Spines short, purplish, rather slender, and numerous at base. Fruit very large, conical, a little obtuse, bright light crimson. Grains large, regular, a few hairs. Flesh quite firm, juicy, rich. Very good. Separates freely from the germ in picking. Black. English Black. This is a hybrid from England. An old variety. Canes mode- rately vigorous, with numerous purple spines. Fruit medium, roundish, dark crimson or purplish. Grains medium or small, compact. Flesh rather firm, brisk subacid, separates freely. Brentford Cane. English. Fruit medium, oval conical, dull dark red. Inferior to the best. Not productive. Burlington. Prosser. Originated by Benjamin Prosser, of Burlington, N. J. There is some confusion as to this kind, two or three having been sent out under this name. The one we have is moderately vigorous and productive. Spines greenish white, with a brownish tinge, slender, and more numer- ous than any kind we have ever seen. Fruit large, roundish conical. Grains rather small, compact, scar- let. Flesh quite firm, juicy sweet and good. Canada Black Cap. A variety of American Black, which we have not seen, Hit said to nave been brought from Canada to Piqua, Ohio, where it is popular. the raspberry. 961 Carter's Prolific. Prolific (Carter's). An English variety. Canes strong, with purplish spims. Fruit large, roundish or obtuse conical, deep scarlet, slight bloom, Grains medium compact. Flesh rather firm, moderately juicy, sweet, pleasant. Good. Catawissa. A native of Columbia Co., Penn. Vigorous and very productive. This is especially valued in some localities as an autumn or late-bearing variety. In order to obtain the best crops, the canes should all be cut away in spring, and as the new sprouts grow they should be thinned to four to six canes only. It is a little tender, and should always be covered in winter. Fruit medium size, flattened, dark crimson, covered with thick bloom. Flavor sprightly, rather acid, more suited to the amateur than for gen- eral cultivation. Commences ripening about the first of August, and continues in use a long time. Clarke. Raised by E. E. Clarke, New Haven, Conn. Canes very strong, vigo- rous, upright. Spines purplish, rather long and stiff. Foliage large, flat, and thick, and endures heat and cold better than any European kind wTe have. It is not entirely hardy, but more so than any foreign sort, and produces better crops by being covered. It is better suited to light sandy soils than any of its class. Fruit large, conical, regular. Grains large, quite hairy, bright crimson. Flesh rather soft, juicy, sweet, and excellent. Col. Wilder. Originated with Dr. Brinckle, Philadelphia. Strong white spines. Leaf much crimped. Productive, and a good grower. Fruit large, roundish, semi-transparent, yellowish white or cream color, pleasant flavor, but not rich. Cope. Raised by Dr. Brinckle. Canes strong, upright. Spines short, purplish, numerous. Fruit large, obtuse conical, or nearly globular. Grains compact, scarlet, with a slight bloom. Flesh firm, moderately juicy, sweet, and pleasant. Cretan Red. A rather late variety, of medium quality. Fruit of medium size, globular, inclining to conical, deep purplish red, subacid, and good. Cushing. Originated with Dr. Brinckle, Philadelphia. Canes moderately rigorous. Productive. Spines purplish, long, stiff, rather numerous. Fruit roundish conical, regular in form, crimson, with a thin bloom, sprightly rich acid flavor. Parts freely from the germ. •66 the raspberry. Davison's Thornless. Thornless Black Cap. Said to have originated in the garden of Mrs. Mercy Da Tson, G> wanda, Angola, Erie Co., N. Y. It differs from the American Black Cap only by its ripening a few days earlier. It is nearly as vigorous, and about. as productive, not quite as large, but a little sweeter and th? canes without spines, except a small one on the leaf stalk. DOOLITTLE. American Improved. Joslyn's Black Cap. Doolittle's Black Cap. Joslyn's Improved. Joslyn's Improved Black Cap. Introduced by Lean tier Joslyn, of Phelps, Ontario Co., N. Y. Canes very vigorous, branching. Spines whitish, stout, and numerous. Very productive. Fruit similar to American Black, but an improvement on it, and is one of the best of its class for market. D OUBLE-Be ARING. Perpetual Bearing. Late Liberian. A variety of the Antwerp, formerly esteemed for its habit of bear- ing late in the season ; but is now surpassed by better kinds. Duhring. Originated with Henry Duhring, Philadelphia, Pa. Canes strong. Spines slightly purplish, not very strong, but quite numerous. Fi'uit large, roundish obtuse, deep red or crimson. Grains large, rather soft, sweet. Good. Separates freely. Ellisdale. Described by H. A. Terry as having been found growing wild upon the Ellisdale Farm, in Iowa. It is a variety of the Purple Cane Family, but of stronger growth. Fruit large, darker in color, with a little more bloom, and about the Bame quality. Elm City. A hardy sort, size and flavor much like Philadelphia. Eight to ten days earlier than other sorts. (F. Trowbridge, MS.) Elsie. A seedling raised by Samuel Miller, of Bluffton, Mo., who describes it as very large and excelleut. We have not fruited it. Emily. A seedling from the Col. Wilder. White spines. Fruit large;, conical, sometimes round, often shouldered, which dis- tinguishes it from the other varieties ; light yellow. English Globe. Canes strong. Spines short, purplish, moderately numerous. Fnut large, obtuse conical, dark crimson. Flesh soft, juicy, sweet). the raspberry. 967 Fastollf. Filby. The Fastollf Raspberry is an English variety of high reputation. It derives its name from having originated near the ruins of an old castle, so called, in Great Yarmouth. Canes strong, rather erect, branching, light yellowish brown, with few pretty strong bristles. Fruit very large, obtuse or roundish conical, bright purplish red, rich and high-flavored, slightly adhering to the germ in picking. Franconia. Abel. This was imported from Viluiorin, of Paris, under this name, by S. G. Perkins, Esq., of Boston, some years ago. Its crops are abundant, the fruit is firm, and bears carriage to market well, and it ripens about a week later than Eed Antwerp. It is one of the finest for preserving. Canes strong, spreading, branching, yellowish brown, with scattered, rather stout purple spines. Leaves rather large, very deep green. Fruit large, obtuse conical, dark purplish red, of a rich acid flavor, much more tart and brisk than that of the Red Antwerp. Naomi so closely resembles this in growth, fruit, &c, that we ar« unable to see any difference, yet it is claimed to be a seedling, differing in the canes being more hardy and the grains of less size, &c. French. Vice-President French. Originated with Dr. Brinckle. A little later than most sorts, a very productive, vigorous grower. Canes . very strong, tall and upright. Spines purplish, stout and short, numerous at base, few at top. Foliage large, deep green, with many deep veins. Fruit medium to large, roundish or very obtuse conical, inclining to oblate, deep crimson, slight bloom. Grains large. Flesh rather firm, sweet and very good. Separates freely. Fulton. A seedling of the French. Raised by Dr. Brinckle. Fruit large, round, crimson, productive ; a vigorous grower, red spines. Garden. Doc-little's Red Flavored Black Cap. A variety of the Black Cap, lighter in color, more acid. Good cook- ing sort. Gen. Patterson. A seedling of the Col. Wilder. Raised by Dr. Brinckle ; vigorous grower, very productive, red spines. Fruit large, round, crimson ; does not part readily from the stem. Golden Thornless. A large variety of the American white or yellow, introduced from the west by Purdy and Johnston, of Palmyra, N. Y. It is moderately vigorous, very productive, and has but few spines. 968 THE RASPBERRY. Fruit equal in size to the McCor-mick, oblate, occasionally conical slight bloom, dull orange or darker than the American yellow, rathe* firru, juicy, sweet and pleasant. HlLDRETBT. Introduced by Isaac Hildreth, of Big Stream Point, Yates Co., N. Y. as a native sort near that place. It does not grow readily from the tips of the canes and produces but few suckers. Canes rather strong. Spines purplish, stiff, numerous. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, dull red or maroon, thick bloom, half firm, juicy, sweet, subacid and similar to Purple Cane in flavor. Hornet. Raised by Souchet, near Paris, very productive. Canes very strong, vigorous, upright. Spines purplish, rather stout, and numerous at the base. Fruit very large, conical, often irregular. Grains large, quite hairy, compact, crimson. Flesh rather firm, juicy, sweet, and good. Separates freely. Hudson River Antwerp. New Red Antwerp. Origin unknown, but as far as we have been able to trace it, was first brought to this country by the late Mr. Briggs, of Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Its firmness of flesh and parting readily from the germ, together with its productiveness, render it the most popular variety for market. Canes short, but of sturdy growth, almost spineless, of a very peculiar gray or mouse color. Fruit large, conical. Flesh firm, rather dull red, with a slight bloom, not very juicy, but of a pleasant, sweet flavor. Huntsman's Giant. Raised by Prof. T. W. Huntsman, Flushing, L. I. Fuller describes it as similar to the Franconia in size, shape, and quality, but the canea taller, and having a peculiar grayish white bark. Imperial. A large French variety. Canes pale green, nearly white, with a pale red blush. Fruit large, roundish, bright red. Flesh firm, excellent. (Gar. Mon.) Imperial Red. Red Imperial. A variety grown in New Jersey, where it proves hardy. Fruit medium, roundish, scarlet, half firm, j uicy, pleasant. Jouet. A French variety. Canes yellowish green. Spines whitish, numerous. Fruit small, long conical, bright lemon yellow, with a whitish bloom. Flesh soft, sweet. Only good. THE BASPBERRY. 969 KlRTLAND. Cincinnati Red ? Origin unknown. A vigorous, upright grower, not much branched, Spines whitish, not very stout nor numerous; the earliest to ripen, suckers freely. Fruit medium, roundish or obtuse conical, inclining to oval. Grains small, light crimson, slight bloom. Flesh tender, soft, not very juicy, nor high flavored ; separates freely. Knevet's Giant. This is one of the strongest growing varieties. Very productive, and of excellent flavor. Canes strong, erect. Spines small, reddish, very few. Fruit of the largest size, obtuse conical, deep red, firm in texture, and hangs a little to the germ in picking. Berries sometimes double, giving them a cock's-comb appearance. Large-Fruited Monthly. Rivers' New Large Monthly. Canes moderately strong, upright. Spines red, stout, and numerous. Fruit above medium size, roundish conical, crimson. Flesh soft, sweet, and excellent. LlNDLEY. Raised by Joseph B. Lindley, of Newark, N. J. Canes strong, tall, upright, much branched. Spines greenish and stout, numerous ; suckers too freely. Fruit medium to large, conical, a little obtuse, crimson. Grains medium to large, compact. Flesh rather soft, juicy, sweet, and good; adheres slightly. Lum's Ever-Bearing. Autumn Black Raspberry. Raised by H. B. Lum, of Sandusky, O. This variety is much like the Ohio Ever-bearing Black Cap, and is increased by layers from the tips of the canes. Like the Catawissa, it is advisable, when a full autumn crop is desired, to cut away the canes in spring. It is similar in size to the Black Cap, but not quite as firm. McCORMICK. Miami Black Cap. Large Miami Black Cap. Mammoth Cluster. Collinsville Miami Improved Miami. Superior Miami. A variety of the American Black Cap, with stronger and more vigo- rous canes, having fewer spines, and more productive, and is the largest and best Black Cap we have yet seen. Fruit similar in form to American Black Cap, bu; of much largor size, of deeper color, more bloom, juice, and sweetness. 970 the raspberry. Magnum Bonum. A white or yellowish fruit, of large size, rather firm flesh, and finely flavored, similar to the Old Yellow Antwerp. Very productive and vigorous. Miami Black. Little Miami Black Cap. A common Black Cap, originally found growing along the Miami River, in Ohio, from whence its name. It is of less value than the McCormick, but very vigorous, very productive, of a more bi*ownish red, not quite as sweet, and not quite as late in ripening. Mrs. Wood. Originated with Mrs. Reuben Wood, near Cleveland, O. Supposed a hybrid between the Black Cap and Purple Cane families. Canes very strong, much branched, productive. Fruit medium, roundish obtuse, purplish red, with a bloom. Flesh moderately firm, juicy, sprightly subacid ; separates freely. Matures its crop quite late, and is on that account valuable. Mote's Ever-Bearing. Raised by L. S. Mote, of West Milton, O. A new Ever-bearing va- riety, of vigorous growth, somewhat like Catawissa. Canes of a brownish color, branching. Spines slender, but sharp, and quite numerous at the base, few at the top. Fruit medium, roundish obtuse, dark red, with a bloom. Grains quite large, rather firm, juicy, subacid ; separates freely. Northumberland Fill-Basket. A foreign variety. Canes strong, vigorous, with numerous rather strong crimson-colored spines. Fruit somewhat globular or obtuse conical. Grains large, compact, deep red, with a good, pleasant, slightly acid flavor ; adheres a Little to the core. Nottingham Scarlet. An old English variety, of medium size, obtuse conical, red, good flavor. October Red. Merveille de Quatre Saisons. A French variety. Requires the canes to be cut down in spring ir order to produce much fruit. Canes strong, upright. Spines purplish. Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic or obtuse conical, crim- ■on.. Flesh rather soft, juicy, sweet, and separates freely. October Yellow. Merveille de Quatre Saisons. This is of same origin and similar to the above, except that th» fruit is of a yellow color and not quite as firm. the raspberry. 971 Ohio Ever-Bearing. Ohio Raspberry. This is a native of Ohio. It is precisely like the American Biach Raspberry, or Black Cap, in all respects, except that it has the valuable property of bearing abundant crops of fine fruit till late in the season. Orange. Brinckle's Orange. Originated with Dr. W. D. Brinckle. It is unquestionably the largest and finest flavored light-colored Raspberry yet known, and deserves a place in every garden. Canes strong, branched. Strong white spines. Very productive. Fruit large, conical, sometimes ovate, beautiful orange color. Grains large. Flesh juicy, a little soft, sweet, rich. Excellent. Philadelphia. Supposed a chance native variety, found wild in the county of Phila- delphia, Pa. The canes have proved hardy, very productive, and well suited to light soils in the southern portions of the Middle States. Canes vigorous, tall, branching, almost free from spines. Fruit medium, roundish, dark crimson or purplish red. Flesh rather soft, moderately juicy, mild subacid; separates freely. Good. Pilate. This is a French variety, of good flavor. Canes moderately strong, with a tinge of purple. Spines purplish. Fruit large, conical, crimson, with a slight bloom. Flesh moderately firm, juicy, sweet. Good. Separates freely. Prince of "Wales. Cutbush's Prince of Wales. An English variety. Canes strong, nearly upright. Spines purplish. Fruit large, conical, somewhat obtuse. Grains small, rather com- pact, regular, quite hairy, crimson. Flesh moderately firm. Sweet and very good. Separates freely. Prince's Globose. Raised by Wm. R. Pi'ince, Flushing, L. I. Canes strong, upright, branching. Spines long, very stout, and numerous. Suckers numerous. Fruit large, nearly globular or very obtuse conical. Graius very large, dull red, with a deep bloom. 'Flesh coarse, rather dry, crum- bling. Not valuab's. Purple Cane. Purple Proline. English Purple. Red Prolific Huntsville. English [toil Allen, erroneously. A native variety. Canes strong and tall, often branenrng, reddish purple. Spines rather long, still", and moderately numerous. 972 THE RASPBERRY. Fruit medium size, oblate, purplish maroon, slight bloom Flesh soft, juicy, and rich. Red Antwerp. Old Red Antwerp. Howland's Red Antwerp. Knevett's Antwerp. Framboisier a Gros Fruit. True Red Antwerp. Burley. This is the common Red Antwerp of England and this country, and is quite disthirt from the North Paver variety, which is shorter in growth, and has a conical fruit. Canes strong and tall. Spines light red, rather numerous, and pretty strong. Fruit large, nearly globular or obtuse conical. Color dark red, with large grains, and covered with a thick bloom. Flesh juicy, with a brisk vinous flavor. Red Pearl. Fruit medium, roundish conical, light red, moderately firm. Scarcely good. Riley's Early. From New Jersey. It is described as of medium size, good flavor, and quite early. We have not seen it. Rivers' Orange. Large Orange. Raised by Thomas Rivers, England. Canes strong, branching. Spines greenish, stout, not numerous. Fruit medium to large size, roundish conical, pale reddish orange or deep orange. Grains large. Flesh soft, juicy, subacid, but not rich; separates freely. Russell's Red. Raised by Dr. G. W. Russell, of Hartford, Conn. Belonging to the Antwerp family. Canes strong. Spines short, stout, whitish, productive. Fruit large, corneal, scarlet. Grains medium, compact. Flesh rather firm, juicy, sweet; separates freely. Semper Fidelis. An English variety. Canes strong, upright. Spines purplish, short, and stiff. Fruit large, conical, somewhat irregular, dull red, with a thick bloom. Grains medium, compact. Flesh* firm, not very juicy, subacid. Good. Seneca Black Cap. A variety of the American Black Cap, raised by Mr. Dell, of Seneca Co., N. Y. It is larger and later than Doolittle, very vigorous, very productive. Spines reddish, strong, and numerous. Fruit rather larger than Doolittle, not as black, but with a shade of purple, light bloom, juicy, and sweet. THE RASPBERRY. 973 SOUCHETTI. White Transparent. A French variety, raised by M. Soucket, near Paris, France. Canes moderately strong. Spines greenish, short, slender, scatteiing. Fruit rather large, conical, a little elongated. Grains medium, com- pact, pale creamy yellow. Flesh rather soft, moderately juicy, mild sweet, not rich ; separates freely. Summit. Of the American Yellow Cap class, raised by O. T. Hobbs, Kai dolph, Pa. Canes strong, branching. Spines stout and numerous. Fruit large for its class, roundish oblate, orange color, with pink at the base of most of the grains, which are rather small and compact. Much like Yellow Cap in form, but the flesh firmer and richer. Surprise. This is another variety of the American Black Cap, found wild and introduced to notice by George Husman, of Bluffton, Mo. In growth its canes have few and short spines, and have stiff upright branches. The fruit is larger, more conical, darker in color, with a peculiar deep bloom, and fewer seeds than the Common Black Cap. Sweet Yellow Antwerp. An old English variety, sweet but unprofitable. Canes slender. Fruit medium, roundish obtuse conical, light yellow. Grains small. Flesh soft, juicy, sweet. Thunderer. Foreign. Strong grower. Canes erect. Spines red, not numerous, productive. Fruit rather large, obtuse conical, deep red, rather acid flavor. Victoria. Roger's Victoria. An English variety, of rather dwarf and delicate habit. It is an autumn-bearing sort. Fruit rather large, dark red. Good. Walker. Raised by Dr. Brinckle. Canes strong, with few reddish spines. Fruit large, round, deep crimson, solid, adheres firmly to the stem, keeps long in perfection on the plant, bears carriage well. White Canada. Raised by Charles Arnold, Paris, Ontario, C. W. Canes vigorous, upright, brownish yellow Spines white, quite stout, numerous. Fruit about the shape of Biinckle's orange, pale yellow, of a decid- edly Antwerp flavor. (C. Arnold, MS.) 974 THE STRAWBERRY. WoODSIDE. Originated in New Jersey. One of the Black Cap family Canei ligit crimson or dark scarlet. Spines few and scattering. Fruit very large, globular, black, with little bloom, sweet, juicy, and good. Produces a second crop in autumn. (Fuller.) Woodward. Raised by Dr. Brinckle. Tins is one of the smallest varieties, though larger than the ordinary wild Raspberry. Fruit round, sometimes roundish '>vate, crimson, ripens quite early. Yellow Antwerp. White Antwerp. Double -Bearing Yellow. The Yellow Antwerp is a large, light-colored Raspbeny, and, v ith high cultivation, a good sort, but greatly surpassed by the > 'range. Canes strong and Vigorous, light yellow, sometimes with many bristles or spines, often nearly smooth. Productive. Fruit large, nearly conical, pale yellow, sweet, and of good flavor. Yellow Pearl. A variety of the Yellow Cap. More vigorous, very productive, often produces a fall crop. Fruit darker in color, with a slight bloom, and more sprightly in flavor. CHAPTER XXXII. THE STRAWBERRY. Fragaria (of species). L. Rosacea, of botanists. Fruitier, of the French ','Erdbei German ; Aadbesie, Dutch ; Pianta di Fragola, Italian ; and Fresa, Spanish. The Strawberry is the most delicious and the most wholesome of all berries, and the most universally cultivated in all gardens of temperate climates. It is a native of the temperate latitudes of both hemispheres, — of Europe, Asia, North and South America,— though the species found in different parts of the world are of distinct habit, and have each given rise, through cultivation, to different classes of fruit. The name of this fruit is by some understood to have arisen from the common and ancient practice of laving straw between the plants to keep the fruit lean. Another reason of the origin of the name conies from the custom of children stringing the berries on straws. In the olden times the variety of strawberries was very limited, and the garden was chiefly supplied with material for new plantations from the woods. Old Tusser, in his " Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry,** points out where the best plants of his time were to be had, and turns THE STRAWBERRY. 976 them over with an abruj^., iarmer-like contempt of little matters, to feminine hands : - "Wife, into the garden, and set me a plot With strawberry roots, of the best to be got ; Such growing abroad, among thorns in the wood. Well chosen and picked, prove excellent good. " The Strawberry, though well known, is of comparatively little value in the South of Europe. Old Roman and Greek poets have not, there- fore, sung its praises ; but after that line of a northern bard, " A dish of ripe strawberries, smothered in cream," which we consider a perfect pastoral idyl (as the German school would say) in itself, nothing remains to be wished for. Ripe, blusliing Strawberries, eaten from the plant, or served with sugar and cream, are certainly Arcadian dainties with a true paradisiacal flavor, and, fortunately, they are so easily grown that the poorest owner of a few feet of ground may have them in abundance. To the confectioner this fruit is also invaluable, communicating its flavor to ices, and forming several delicate preserves. In Paris a cooling drink, bavaroi.se a la grecque, is made of the juice of strawberries and lemons, with the addition of sugar and water. The Strawberry is perhaps the most wholesome of all fruits, being very easy of digestion, and never growing acid by fermentation, as most other fruits do. The often cpioted instance of the great Linnaeus curing himself of the gout by partaking freely of strawberries — a proof of its great wholesomeness — is a letter of credit which this tempting fruit has long enjoyed, for the consolation of those who are looking for a bitter concealed under every sweet. Propagation and Soil. The strawberry propagates itself very ra- pidly by runners,* which are always taken to form new plantations or beds. These are taken off the parent plants early in spring, or in Au- gust and September, and at once planted in the rows or beds where they are to fruit. The best soil for a strawberry is a deep rich loam. Deep it irmst be, if large berries and plentiful crops are desired ; and the wisest course, therefore, where the soil is naturally thin, lies in trenching and manuring the plot of ground thoroughly before putting out the plants. But even if this is not necessary, it should be dug deeply, and well en- riched with strong manure beforehand. The best exposure for strawberries is an open one, fully exposed to the sun and bight. Culture in Rows. The finest strawberries are always obtained when the plants are kept in rows, at such a distance apart as to give suf- ficient space for the roots, and abundance of light and air for the leaves. In planting a plot of strawberries in rows, the rows should be two feet apart, and the plants of the large-growing kinds, two feet from each other in the rows ; of the smaller growing kinds, from one foot to eighteen inches is sufficient. The runners must be kept down by cut- ting them off at least three times a year, and the ground must be main- tained in good order by constant dressing. During the first year a row * Excepting the Bush Alpines, which have no runners, and are propagated by division of the roots 576 THE STRAWBERRY. of any small vegetables may be sown in the spaces between the rows. Every atitumn, if the plants are not luxuriant, a light coat of manure should be dug in between the rows; but if they are very thrifty it should be omitted, as it would cause them to run too much to leaf. A light top-dressing of leaves, or any good compost, applied late in the fall, greatly promotes the vigor of the plants, and s< cures the most tender kinds against the effects of an unusually cold winter. Before the fruit ripens the ground between the rows should be covered with straw, or light new-mown grass, to keep it clean. A plantation of this kind in rows will be found to bear the largest and finest fruit, which, being so fully exposed to the sun, will always be sweeter and higher flavored than that grown in crowded beds. Culture in alternate Strips. A still more easy and economical mode is that of growing the strawberry in strips. Early in April, or in August, being provided with a good stock of strong young plants, select a suitable piece of good deep soil. Dig in a heavy coat of stable manure, pulverizing well and raking the top soil. Strike out the rows, three feet apart, with a line. The plants should now be planted along each line, about a foot apart in the row. They will soon send out runners, and these runners should be allowed to occupy a width of one foot, leaving an alley of two feet, which is kept clear from weeds, and is used to walk in when gathering the fruit. The occupied strip or bed of runners will now give a heavy crop of strawberries, and the open strip of two feet will serve as an alley from which to gather the fruit. After the crop is over, dig and prepare this alley or strip for the occupancy of the new runners for the next season's crop. The runners from the old strip will now speedily cover the new space allotted to them, and will perhaps require a partial thinning out to have them evenly distributed. As soon as this is the case, say about the middle of August, dig under the whole of the old plants with a light coat of manure. The surface may be then sown with turnips or spinage, which will come off before the next season of fruits. In this way the strips or beds occupied by the plants are reversed every season, and the same plot of ground may thus be continued for years, but less productive than when new land is taken. • It may be remarked that the Alpine and European Wood strawber- ries will do well and bear longer in a rather shaded situation. The Bush-Alpine, an excellent sort, having no runners, makes one of the neatest borders for quarters or beds in the kitchen garden, and produces considerable fruit till the season of late frosts. If the May crop of blossoms is taken off, they will give a moderate crop in September. To accelerate, the ripening of early kinds in the open garden, it is only necessary to plant rows or beds on the south side of a wall or tight fence. A still simpler mode, by which their maturity will be hastened ten days, is that of throwing up a ridge of soil three feet high, running east and west, and planting it in rows on the south side. (The north side may als< be planted with later sorts, which will be somewhat re- tarded in ripening.) Hermaphrodite and Pistillate Plants. — A great number of ex- periments have been made, and a great deal has been written lately, in this country, regarding the most certain mode of producing large crop* of this fruit. Cultivators divide all Strawberries into classes, characterized by theii THE STRAWBERRY. 97? blossoms. The first of these they call staminate (or male), from the stamens being chiefly developed. The second they call hermaphrodite (or perfect), from their having both stamens and pistils developed. The third are called pistillate (or female), from the pistils being chiefly developed. The first class really does not exist among cultivated varieties, be- cause a pure male variety, or one producing only male flowers, cannot bear fruit. In planting strawberry beds it is important, therefore, to the cultiva- tor to know which are the perfect, or hermaphrodite, and which are the pistillate varieties — as they are found to be permanent in these cha- racters. We have accordingly designated these traits in the descriptions of the varieties which follow. Upon the relative proportion of hermaphrodites, cultivators are not absolutely agreed. Some considering one plant of a hermaphrodite sufficient to* impregnate ten or twelve pistillates j others again set twenty pnstillates to one. The hermaphrodite, or perfect flowering sorts, require no special care of this kind, and are generally preferred by planters, and are considered fully as productive as an entire pistillate, even when most advantageously impregnated. STRAWBERRY BLOSSOM& 1 Perfect or Hermaphrodite blossom. Nothing is easier than to distinguish the two classes of strawberries when in blossom. In the Hermaphrodite, the long yellow anthers (a), bear- ing the fine dust or pollen, are abundant. In the fiistillate, only the cluster of pistils (b), looking like a very minute green strawberry, is visible (that is, to the common observer, for the male organs are merely rudi- mentary, and not developed), while the perfect, or hermaphrodite flower, as seen in the drawing, has both stamens and pistils developed. Varieties. The varieties of this fruit are very numerous, indeed quite unnecessa- rily so for all useful purposes. They were formerly divided into classes, designated as the pine and scarlet, but the introductions of late years have become so intermingled as to make reference thereto of no prac- tical value, if indeed it can be done correctly. The characters of the flowers corresponding with the above are noted in the text by the words Hermaphrodite and Pistillate. As before remarked, the varieties of the Strawberry are very nume- rous. They are also comparatively evanescent. We have therefore omitted to name or describe many sorts once recorded, because of a doubt as to their \ resent existence. Again, others have perhaps only a 62 978 THE STRAWBERRY. local habitation and name, and, possessing no superior qualities, are not worthy of perpetuation, and are therefore omitted. Adair. Nimorod. An English variety. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, conical, dark red. Flesh deep red, soft, hollow at corei Admiral Dundas. An English variety, of vigorous habit. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large. Color pale scarlet. Flesh moderately firm, juicy, with a good but not high flavor. Agriculturist. Abraham Lincoln. President. Raised by Seth Boyden, Newark, N J. Plant vigorous, foliage dark green; hardy and very productive. Pistillate. Fruit large, roundish conical, elongated, often with a neck. Sur- face somewhat uneven ; first berries often cock's-comb shape, deep crim- son. Flesh dark red, quite firm, juicy, sweet, and rich. Ajax. i An English variety. A large dark-colored fruit, of a blunt ovate form, with a deep-colored flesh, well flavored and good. Vines not hardy. (Hov. Mag.) Alice Maud. Princess Alice Maud. A foreign variety. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, conical. Color dark glossy scarlet. Flesh light scarlet, juicy, rich, and excellent. Ambrosia. An English variety. Fruit large, roundish, dark shining crimson. Flesh juicy, rich. (Hogg.) America. Raised by J. Keech, Waterloo, N. Y., who informs us they ripen nearly all at the same time, and quite as early as the Early Scarlet. Fruit large, obtuse conical, often wedge shape, crimson. Flesh quite firm, juicy, rich subacid. Ariadne. Pistillate. Fruit rather large, conical, slight neck, light scarlet, sweet, fine fl* Tor. (Hov. Mag.) the strawberry. 979 Austin. Austin Seedling. Austin Shaker. Shaker's Seedling. Originated at the Shaker Settlement, near Albany, N. Y. Hardy and productive. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, roundish conical, light scarlet. Flesh white, rather soft, acid, and deficient in flavor. Barnes Mammoth. Raised by D. H. Barnes, of Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Plant very vigo- rous, very productive, and said to be one of the best for market. Fruit very large, roundish obtuse conical. Surface somewhat un- even ; crimscn. Flesh scarlet, firm, juicy, sprightly subacid. Baron Deman de Lenniok. Fruit very large, elongated flattened cone, bight scarlet. Flesh pink, solid, sweet. (Fuller.) Bicolor. Foreign. Fruii large, conical, rich blush red. Flesh moderately firm. Bicton Pine. Barnes' White. Virgin Queen. An English variety, but too tender for our climate. Fruit large, roundish. Color white, with a tinge of pink on the eunny side. Flesh tender, delicate, mild and pleasant, but not rich. Bijou. Raised by M. De Jonghe. Not profitable. Fruit medium, conical, bright crimson or scarlet. Flesh white, firm. Bishop's Orange. Bishop's New. Orange Hudson Bay. Pistillate. Vines hardy, vigorous, and productive. Fruit medium, conical, regular. Color light scarlet, approaching orange. Flesh rather firm, rich, and excellent. Black Prince. Black Imperial. CuthilTs Black Prince. Malcolm's Aberdeen Seedling. A foreign variety, and, when in perfection, of the best quality. Variable. Pistillate. Fruit large, regular roundish or ovate depressed. Color very deep crimson, almost black, glossy. Flesh deep crimson, rather firm, rich, and high-flavored. 980 the strawberry. Black Roseberry. Fruit medium, nearly round, dark red or purplish, pleasant flavor moderate bearer. Bonte de St. Julian. A foreign variety. Fruit medium size, roundish conical, bright scarlet. Flesh tinged with red, rich, sugary. Boston Pine. Bartlett. Raised by C. M. Hovey, Boston, Mass. This fine Strawberry, tc have it in perfection, requires rich, deep soil, and to be grown in hills or bunches eighteen or twenty inches apart each way. Hermaphrodite. Fruit rather large, roundish, slightly conical. Color deep glossy crimson. Flesh rather firm, juicy, rich, and of excellent flavor — an un- certain variety in many places. BOUDINOT. Originated with H. Boudinot, Alexandria, Licking Co., O. Herma- phrodite. Fruit large, roundish conical, rich clear scarlet. Flesh firm, good flavor, and productive. Boule d'Or. Boisselot. Plant robust, moderately productive. Fruit very large, roundish flattened, bright glossy orange scarlet. Flesh white, sweet. (Fuller.) Boyden's Mammoth. Raised by Seth Boyden, Newark, N. J. Plant vigorous, not very productive. Fruit large, roundish, often depressed, dark crimson. Boyden's No. 30. Raised by Seth Boyden, of Newark, N. J. Plant vigorous, very productive. Its large size, productiveness and firmness give promise as a valuable market variety. Fruit very large, roundish obtuse conical, regular, often with a short neck, bright crimson. Flesh quite firm, juicy, rich subacid. Brewer's Emperor. English. Hermaphrodite. Medium size, ovate, dark red, good flavor. Brighton Pine. Raised by T Scott, of Brighton, Mass. Said to be early, hardy, and productive. Fruit medium to large, conical, light crimson, rich sprightly flavor. the strawberey. 981 Brilliant. Raised by Wm. R. Prince, Flushing. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, conical, deep crimson. British Queen. Myatt's British Queen. Raised by Mr. Myatt, England. Flowers hermaphrodite. Plant vigorous, rather tender, requires deep, rich cultivation. Fruit very large, roundish conical, occasionally cock's-comb-shaped, ol a beautiful shining scarlet. Flesh rather firm, juicy, rich, and. excellent Brooklyn Scarlet. Raised by A. S. Fuller. Hermaphrodite. Fruit medium to large, elongated, a little compressed, bright scarlet Flesh rather soft, sweet, rich. Bryan's Satisfaction. A new sort. Originated with S. Bryan, Vineland, N. J. Fruit small, heart-shape pointed, glossy crimson. Flesh firm. Burr's New Pine. Raised by Zera Burr, Columbus, O. Vines moderately vigorous, productive. Flowers pistillate. Fruit medium, regular roundish conical. Color light crimson. Flesh tender, juicy, with a sweet, rich, aromatic flavor. Burr's Seedling. Burr's Old Seedling. Burr's Staminate. Raised by Zera Burr, Columbus, O. Hermaphrodite. Vines hardy, vigorous, and productive. Fruit rather large, roundish, inclining to conic. Color light scarieu Flesh tender, juicy, with a mild, pleasant flavor. Caleb Cope. An American variety. Pistillate. Fruit large, pointed, scarlet. Flesh white. Capt. Cook. An English variety, of large size, somewhat resembling the British O^ueen, but not quite so large ; the color is dark and rich. Poo* bearer. Carolina Superba. An English variety. Plant hardy and productive. Fruit very large, ovate, sometimes cock's-comb shape. Seeds no* deeply emledded, pale red. Flesh rl.-.-.v white, firm, solid, rich. (Hogg.) THE STRAWBERRY. Champion. Originated by Dr. J. C. Neff, Carlisle, Cumberland Co., Pa. Her maphrodite. Fruit large. Flesh firm, melting, sweet. (Dr. Neff.) Charles Downing. Raised by J. S. Downer, Fairview, Ky. Plant very vigorous and very productive. Hermaphrodite. Fruit very large, nearly regular, conical, deep scarlet. Seeds brown and yellow, rather deep. Flesh quite firm, pink, juicy, sweet, rich. Charles Favorite. A seedling from Hovey's Seedling. Size, shape, flavor, and color similar, but ripens ten days earlier. (Hov. Mag.) Charlotte. Pistillate. Fruit large, obovate, dark scarlet. Flesh sweet. Chillian. Pyramidal Chillian, or Newland. Raised by Mr. Newland, in New Jersey. Fruit medium, conical, bright crimson. Flesh rather firm, mild acid, late. Productive, sometimes very good. Chorlton. Charlton Prolific. Raised by William Chorlton, Staten Island, N. Y. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, roundish obtuse, slight neck, scarlet. Flesh light scarlet, rather acid. Clinton. Raised by Elias Camfield, near Newark, N. J. Plant hardy, healthy, vigortms, productive, rather early, and said to be a valuable market sort. Fruit large, roundish, crimson. Flesh quite firm, juicy, rich, sprightly subacid. Cockscomb Obtained in the Royal Gardens, Windsor, England. Fruit very large, ovate, occasionally cock's-comb-shaped. Skin pale icarlet. Flesh white, with a rosy tinge, rich. (Hogg.) Colfax. From Indiana. Plant very vigorous, very productive, but too small to be of much value. Fruit small size, round, dark crimson. Flavor subacid, with a peculiar spicy taste. the strawberry. 983 Colonel Ellsworth. Raised by A. S. Fuller, Ridgewood, Bergen Co., N. J. Plan* moderately vigorous, productive, the foliage often burns with the sun. Hermaphrodite. Fruit medium, roundish conical, somewhat obtuse, slight neck, dark scarlet. Flesh rather firm, not very juicy, sweet. Columbus. American. Pistillate. Large, roundish, hardy, productive, dark red, tender, and sweet. COMTE DE FlANDRE. Fruit large, conical, bright crimson, fine flavor. Excellent bearer (Gar. Mon.) Comte de Paris. Fruit large, obtuse heart-shaped. Skin scarlet, becoming deep crim- son. Flesh pale red, and solid throughout, with a brisk acid flavor. (Hogg.) Cornucopia. Raised by Win. R. Prince, Flushing, L. I. Plant vigorous, moder- ately productive. Fruit large, conical, bright scarlet. Flesh rather soft, nweet. Good. Crimson Cluster. An English variety. Fruit medium size, roundish, sometimes cock's-comb shape, dark red. Flesh firm, juicy, sweet. (Hogg.) Crimson Cone. Scotch Pineapple. Dutchberry. Scotch Runner. An old and beautiful variety, a hardy, vigorous grower, productive. Pistillate. Fruit medium, irregular elongated conic. Color deep crimson. Seeds deeply embedded. Flesh rather firm, sprightly, with a rich acid flavor, rather late in ripening. One of the best for preserving. Crimson Favorite. Originated with A. S. Fuller. Plant vigorous, not productive. Fruit large, roundish obtuse conical, somewhat irregular. Color crimson. Flesh rich, juicy, sweet, sometimes hollow. Crimson Queen. Doubleday's No. 2. An English variety, moderately productive. Fruit medium to large, cock's-comb shape, irregular bright scarlet Flesh firm, brisk acid. 984 the strawberry. Culverwell's Seedling. An English variety. Fruit long, tapering, much furrowed, very dark red, almost black. Flesh firm, and rich flavored. (Hogg.) Cushing. Eaised by Dr. W. D. Brinckle, Philadelphia. Fruit medium, roundish conical. Color light scarlet. Flesh tender, with a sprightly, pleasant flavor. Cutter's Seedling. Bunce. Originated in Massachusetts. Plant vigorous, productive. Herma- phrodite. Fruit medium to large, roundish obtuse conical, slight neck, bright Bcarlet. Seeds yellow and brown. Flesh scarlet, rather soft, juicy, sweet. De Bath. Fruit large, roundish oval. Color pale rose, or white tinted with rose. Flesh white, fine, sweet, juicy, excellent. (Al. Pom.) DElices d'Automne. Not productive. Fruit large, roundish, light scarlet, sweet, rich, high-flavored. Deptford Pine. Myatt's Deptford Pine. English. Hermaphrodite. Large, wedge-shaped, bright glossy scarlet Flesh solid, rich, subacid. Shy bearer. Diadem. Raised by William P. Prince. Pistillate. Large, showy, rounded, beautiful light scarlet, pleasant flavor, a fine and beautiful berry. (W. R. P., in Hort.) Doctor Hogg. This variety is from Nottingham, England. It is described by for- eign authors as very hardy, holding its foliage well, and one of the finest. Fruit very large, cock's-coinb-shaped. Skin pale red. Flesh pale red, sweet, very rich flavor. Doctor Nicaise. This is a French variety, of recent introduction, often producing fruit sf extra large size. It is hermaphrodite ; not productive. Fruit very large, irregular cock's-comb shape, bright clear scarlet red. Flesh moderately firm, juicy, sweet, a little hollow at centre. Downer's Prolific. Raised by J. S. Downer, Kentucky. Hermaphrodite. Plant vigorous* very productive, early. Valuable for near market growing. THE STRAWBERRY. 985 Fruit medium to large, roundish conical, light clear bright scarlet, Flesh rather soft, juicy, rich, but a little acid. Downton. Knight's Seedling. English. Hermaphrodite. Medium, with a neck, ovate, dark pur plish scarlet, good flavor. Poor bearer. Due de Brabant. From Belgium. Fruit large, conical, bright scarlet, good flavor, tolerably productive, and early. Due de Malakoff. Fruit large, handsome, roundish, a cock's-comb shape, deep red. Flesh red, sweet. Duke of Kent. Austrian Scarlet Early Prolific Scarlet. Nova Scotia Scarlet. Oatland's Scarlet. Globe Scarlet. Duke of York Scarlet. English. Plant vigorous, productive. Hermaphrodite. Fruit small, roundish conical, blight scarlet. Flavor sharp and good* Ripens early, which is its chief merit. Dundee. A Scotch variety. Pistillate. Medium, roundish oval, light scarlet, rich acid flavor, productive, late. DURAND. Durand's Seedling. Raised by Elias W. Durand, Irvington, N". J. Plant moderately vigo- rous, not very productive. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, irregular in form, from conic to oblong. Color scarlet. Flesh somewhat firm, juicy, nearly white. Eclipse. Reeve's Eclipse. Fruit above medium size, corneal. Seeds small. Skin glossy red, shining as if varnished. Flesh firm, solid, white. (Hogg.) Crystal Palace. Myatt's Eleanor. An English variety, of vigorous growth, hardy, and requires plentj of room. Fruit large, very conical, regular, brilliant glossy scarlet. Flesh firm, fine-grai led, juicy, aud high-flavored. 986 the strawberry. Elton. Elton Seedling. Elton Pine. An old English variety, that ripens quite late. Fruit large, ovate, frequently cock's-comb shape, bright shining crin> eon. Flesh red, firm, brisk subacid. Elton Improved. Raised at the Royal Garden at Frogmore, England. Fruit large, conical, bright glossy crimson. Flesh solid, sweet, and good. (Fuller.) Emily. An English variety. Plant hardy, not very productive. Fruit large, round, pale red. Flesh white, juicy, and sweet. Emma. One of M. de Jonghe's raising ; vigorous, moderately productive. Fruit medium size, obtuse conical, bright deep red. Flesh whitish, juicy, moderately sweet. Empress Eugenie. A variety from France. Not valuable. Fruit large, irregular in form, deep red. Flesh red, sweet, tolerably good. English Lady Finger. Fruit medium size, oblong, orange scarlet. Flesh white, sweet, and good. Fairy Queen. Raised in the Royal Gardens at Frogmore, England. Fruit large, conical. Skin pale scarlet, shining as if varnished. Flesh pure white, tender, juicy, sweet, very rich. (Hogg.) Ferdinand e. This is a French variety, of good promise. Fruit large, regular obtuse conical, rich deep scarlet red. Seeds light yellow. Flesh firm, juicy, rich, and high-flavored. (Am. Pom.) Filbert Pine. Myatt's Seedling. An English sort, that is said to succeed finely in light soils. Vine* prolific, matures late. Fruit above medium size, conical, occasionally cock's-comb shApe, dull red. Flesh pale pink, firm, rich, brisk, with a fine aroma. (Hogg.) the strawberry. 987 Fill-Basket. An English variety, very large, roundish, dark scarlet, beautiful, good flavor. Fillmore. liaised by Samuel Feast & Sons, Baltimore, Md. Plants mode- rately vigorous. Pistillate. In deep rich soils, under high culture, this is one of value for amateur cultivation ; not profitable for market. Fruit medium to large, obtuse conical, rich deep scarlet. Seeds yel- low, and near the surface. Flesh moderately firm, rich acid. Fleming. Originated in Pennsylvania. Plants vigorous, moderately pro- ductive. Pistillate. Fruit large, roundish obtuse conical, deep scarlet. Seeds yellow, not deep. Flesh rather soft, sweet, and rich. Florence. Raised by Wm. R. Prince ; vigorous, moderately productive. Her- maphrodite. Fruit large, conical, scarlet, fine flavor. French. French's Seedling. From Moorestown, N. J. Plant vigorous, moderately productive. Hermaphrodite. A fine early variety for private gardens. Fruit medium to large, roundish obtuse conical, light bright scarlet. Flesh rather soft, rich, and good. Frogmore Late Pine. Raised by Mr. Ingram, at the Royal Gardens, Frogmore, England. Fruit large, conical or cock's-comb shape, with a glossy neck, bright, rich dark red. Flesh juicy, rich, high -flavored. Late. (Hogg.) Garibaldi. An American variety, raised by W. A. Burgess, near New York. Hermaphrodite. Fruifc medium size, roundish obtuse conical, light scarlet. Seeds yellow. Flesh soft, rich, sweet. Genesee. Raised by Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y. Hardy, vigorous, moderately productive. Hermaphrodite. Fruit rather large, roundish, somewhat oblate, largest at centre, tapering towards base and apex, generally necked. Color scarlet, inclining to crimson. Flesh tender, juicy, mild, and pleasant, no* rich. 088 the strawberry. General Scott. Raised by W, A. Burgess, near New York. Plant vigorous, pro ductive. Fruit large, roundish obtuse, deep scarlet, rather soft, rich, subacid. Globe. Myatt's Globe. English. Large, rich scarlet, excellent flavor, moderately productive, Globose Scarlet. Raised by Wm. R. Prince, Flushing, Long Island, N. Y. Plant vigorous, moderately productive. Pistillate. Fruit large, roundish, light scarlet. (Pr.) Golden Seeded. Raised by W. H. Read, Port Dalhousie, C. W. Poor bearer. Fruit medium, conical, rich crimson, bright yellow seeds. Flesn half firm, juicy, rich, mild, pleasant. Goliath. Kitley's Goliath. An English variety. Hermaphrodite. Plant vigorous, hardy, and moderately productive. Fruit very large, irregular, often cock's-comb shape, bright scarlet, rich, high flavor, and, like all the English varieties, requires plenty of room and high culture. Great Eastern. Plants vigorous, not very productive. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, broadly conical, light crimson. Flesh whitish, rather firm, sweet, not high-flavored, a little hollow. Green Prolific. Newark Prolific. Raised by Seth Boyden, Newark, N. J. Plant hardy, very vigorous, very productive, and is highly valued by some as a market sort. Pistillate. Fruit large, roundish obtuse conical, orange scarlet. Surface soft, eentre of flesh firm, rather acid. Grove End Scarlet. Atkinson's Scarlet. Aberdeen Beehive. English. Hermaphrodite. Medium, globular, bright scarlet, rather acid, early, productive. THE STRAWBERRY. 989 Haquin. This foreign variety is of good rich quality, but not productive. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, broadly conical, sometimes irregular, bright scarlet Seeds yellow brown. Flesh pinkish, rather firm, juicy, rich. Harlem Orange. Originated near Baltimore, Md. Pistillate. Fruit orange color, pineapple shape, glossy. Good. (Hov. Mag.) Hathaway. Hathaway's Seedling. Raised by B. Hathaway, Little Prairie Ronde, Mich. Plant vigo- rous, very productive. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, roundish obtuse or oblate. Seeds yellow and brown. Color deep scarlet. Flesh scarlet, j uicy, moderately firm, rich acid. Hendry. A new foreign variety, very beautiful. Fruit large, long ovate, slight neck, light red or pale red at point, glossy. Flesh moderately firm, juicy, rich, sweet. Hero. Fruit large, regular, globular, bright red. Flesh carmine, very sweet. Early. (Fuller.) Highland Chief. This variety, Hogg writes, " deserves universal cultivation." It is worthy of trial here. We copy his description : — Fruit large, roundish ovate, and somewhat flattened. Seeds not deep. Skin fine, clear red, becoming dark red. Flesh dark red, firm very juicy, vinous, with a rich pine flavor. Highland Mary. An English variety ; an abundant bearer. Fruit above medium, conical, inclining to cock's-comb shape, dark red. Flesh white, hollow at core. (Hogg.) Hooker. Rained by H. E. Hooker, Rochester, N. Y. Plant vigorous, hardy and productive. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, broadly conical, regular, very large, specimens some- times cock's-comb-shaped or depressed. Color deep crimson, almost n»aroon, with a polished surface, which is rather soft. Flesh deep crim- son, rather tender, juicy, with a fine rich flavor. 990 the strawberry. Hooper's Seedling. An English variety. Hermaphrodite. Medium, conical, deep gloss? crimson, rich and sweet, not productive. Hovey's Seedling. Young's Seedling. Germantown. This splendid Strawberry was raised in 1S34, by Messrs. Hovey, seedsmen, of Boston, and is undoubtedly one of the finest of all varieties. The vines are vigorous and hardy, producing moderately large crops, and the fruit is always of the largest size, and finely flavored. It is well known at the present moment throughout all the States. The leaves are large, rather light green, and the fruit-stalk long and erect. Pistillate. Fruit very large, roundish oval or slightly conical, deep shining scarlet. Seeds slightly embedded. Flesh firm, with a rich, agreeable flavor. It ripens about the medium season, or a few days after it. Hudson. Hudson's Bay. American Scarlet. Late Scarlet. York River Scarlet. An old American variety, formerly much cultivated for the markets, but other and larger kinds are taking its place. Pistillate. Fruit medium, conical, sometimes with a neck. Color rich, dark shining red. Seeds deeply embedded. Flesh firm, of a high, but brisk acid flavor. Good for preserving. Huntsman. American. Pistillate. Large roundish, Light scarlet, poor flavor, very productive. Ida. Miss Ida. Raised by E. H. Cocklin. Plants vigorous, and when fertilized very productive. Pistillate. Foot-stalks long, holding the fruit well up. Fruit medium, roundish conical, dark rich red. Flesh moderately firm, juicy, sprightly, rich, a little acid. Ripens among the earliest, and continues late. Imi*eratrice Eugenie. Fruit large, conical, bright glossy rosette, handsome, nrm, sweet, perfumed. Imperial Crimson. Raised by W. R. Prince. Plant vigorous, productive. Pistillate. Fruit large, short cone, or rounded. Color dark scarlet or c~' taaoo. Flesh firm, sweet, and line flavor. (Pr.) the strawberby. 991 Imperial Scarlet. Raised by Wm. R. Prince. Plant vigorous, productive. Pistillate Fruit very large, obtuse cone or rounded, scarlet, juicy, ai~d spright- ly flavor. Ingram's Prince Arthur. Raised at the Royal Gardens, Frogmore, England. Fruit medium, conical, regular, with a glossy neck, brilliant scar- let. Flesh white, solid, juicy, brisk, rich and fine flavor. Iowa. Early Washington. Washington. Brook's Prolific. A seedling of the Western prairies. Hermaphrodite. Plant hardy vigorous, and very productive. Fruit medium to large, roundish, light orange scarlet. Flesh tender, juicy, very acid ; an early variety. Jenny Lind. Raised by Isaac Fay, Cambridgeport, Mass. Hermaphrodite. Vines hardy, vigorous, and productive ; an early variety. Fruit medium, conical. Color rich crimson, glossy. Flesh rather firm, juicy, rich, sprightly subacid. Jenny's Seedling. An American variety, hardy, vigorous, and productive. Pistillate. Fruit large, roundish conical. Color rich dark red. Flesh firm, rich, sprightly subacid. Jessie Read. Raised by W. H. Read, Port Dalhousie, C. W. Hermaphrodite. Moderately productive. Fruit large, roundish conical, light scarlet. Flesh soft, sweet, rich. John Powell. Fruit above medium size, long ovate, with a neck, bright shining red. Flesh white, firm, juicy, sugary, rich. (Hogg.) Juounda. Knox's 700. A foreign variety, that, like some others of its class, does extremely well in some few localities, under high cultivation. Plants moderately vigorous. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large to very large, obtuse conical or coxcomb flattened, bright light scarlet. Seeds mostly yellow. Flesh light piok, moderately firm, sweet, not high flavor, often hollow. Julien. Originated with W. F. Kramer, Dubuque, Iowa. Said to be from seed of the Peabody. 092 THE STRAWBERRY. Fruit medium, roundish, rich scarlet, glossy. Flesh moderately firm, sweet, well fla rored. Keen's Seedling. Keen's Black Pine. Murphy's Child. An old well-known English sort of the finest quality, but does noi generally succeed here. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, roundish, often coxcomb-shaped, dark purplish scarlet. Surface polished. Flesh firm, with a rich high flavor. Kentucky. Raised by J. S. Downer, of Fairview, Todd Co., Ky. We have not seen the fruit, and give Wm. Parry's description. Plant strong, vigo- rous, very productive, with long fruit-stalks, bearing the berries well up from the ground, and the foliage standing the heat of summer and cold of winter, and is a week later than most varieties. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large to very large, roundish conical, bright scarlet. Flesh white, firm, juicy, rich, sweet, and of excellent quality. (Wm. Parry's MS.) Kimberly Pine. Fruit large, irregular oval, bright crimson scarlet. Flesh firm, juicy, subacid. Kramer. Origin, near Dubuque, Iowa. Plant vigorous, hardy. Hermaphro- dite. Productive. Fruit medium, roundish conical, rich dark red, moderately firm, juicy, a little acid, but pretty rich and good. La Challonaise. Fruit large, conical, bright pale scarlet. Flesh white, juicy, sweet. .'Hogg.) La Constante. A foreign variety that occasionally succeeds, but generally it burns and dies out. In quality it is excellent, and for some amateur gardens a desirable variety. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, roundish conical, bright lively crimson. Flesh white, tinged with rose-color, firm, juicy, rich, and delicious. La Delicieuse. Of foreign origin. Fruit large, roundish oblate, pale red. Flesh whitish, sweet. Ladies' Pine. Originated with W. H. Eead, Canada. TJnjnoductive. Pistillate. Fruit small, roundish, light scarlet. Flesh soft, sweet, rich, and delicious. Lady. This is comparatively a new variety from England. It is described THE STRAWBERRY. 993 as large in size, bright salmon-color, tinged with crimson. Flesh juicy, and delicious flavor. Lady Finger. Ladies' Finger. Originated in Burlington, N. J. Plants vigorous, moderately pro- ductive. Hermaphrodite. Fruit medium, oblong conical, dark rich clear scarlet or red. Flesh firm, juicy, rich, sprightly subacid. Very good. Lady of the Lake. Raised by John C. Scott, Brighton, Mass. Plants vigorous, hardy, productive. Pistillate. Fruit large, rather uneven, dark red. Flesh firm. (Jour, of Hort.) La Fektile. Fruit large, conical, bright red. Flesh white, with a rosy tinge, firm, j uicy, sweet. (Hogg.) La Grosse Sucree. A German variety. Hermaphrodite, Fruit large, oblong, dark crimson. Flesh white, solid, sweet, pleasant. La Liegeoise. French. Hermaphrodite. Large, bright scarlet, medium quality, unproductive. La Perle. Foreign. Fruit medium, conical, bright red. La Reine. A foreign sort. It is described as of large size, conical, or cox- comb shape. Flesh white, juicy, sweet, rich, not productive. Large Early Scarlet. Early Virginia. An American variety, one of the earliest, an abundant bearer ; popu- lar in many sections. Hermaphrodite. Fruit medium or below, roundish ovate, regularly formed, lignt, scarlet. Seeds deeply embedded. Flesh tender, of a rich, excellent flavor. La Sultane. This is a French variety, of large size, conical in form, light clear red. Flesh white, firm, juicy, sweet, perfumed. Laurella. Origin unknown. Plant vigorous, productive. Pistillate. Fruit large, broadly conical, scarlet. Seeds yellow brown. Flesh rather soft, pink, rather acid, not rich. 63 994 the strawberry. La Versaillaise. A French variety. Fruit very large, oblong, bright scarlet. Flesh shaded with red, firm, juicy, rich, sweet. Le Baron. Raised by Wm. R. Prince. Hermaphrodite Fruit early, very large, obtuse cone, dark scarlet, not showy, sweet, rich, melting. Lennig's White. White Pineapple. Albion White. Albino. White Albany. Origin, supposed Germantown, Pa. This is one of the very finest- davored sorts grown ; but unfortunately it does not produce but very moderate crops, and is therefore unsuited to any but amateurs. Plants vigorous. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, roundish obtuse conical. Seeds reddish, not deep. Color whitish, tinged with red. Flesh soft, tender, juicy, sweet, rich, delicious pineapple flavor. Lbonce de Lambertye. Fruit very large, conical. Skin bright shining red, as if varnished. Seeds slightly embedded. Flesh firrn, rosy white, very juicy, rich and sweet. (Hogg.) Leopold I. This is a Belgian variety. Fruit large, roundish conical, rich deep red. Seeds yellow, promi- nent. Flesh tinted with rose, juicy, sweet, delicious. (An. Pom.) Little Monitor. Originated with W. A. Burgess. Fruit small, roundish obtuse conical, light scarlet. Flesh soft, rich, *weet. Lizzie Randolph. American. Pistillate. Medium, roundish, light crimson, poor flavor, productive. Longworth's Prolific. Originated at Cincinnati, on the lands of Mr. Longworth, in the Gar- den of Eden, by Mr. Schneicke. Hermaphrodite. Vines vigorous and very productive. Footstalks long, stout. Leaves large, not very thick, considerably ruffled. Fruit large, roundish, broad at base, sometimes oblate. Color light crimson. Flesh firm, scarlet, with numerous rays (the remains of the filaments). Flavor rich, briskly acid. Valuable for preserving. Lorenz Booth. Fruit large, oval, bright glossy red. Flesh dark crimson, firm, sweet the strawberry. 995 Lorio. A new German variety. Fruit large, obtuse conical, rich, clear dark red. Flesh reddish kinged, juicy, vinous, sweet. Lucas. Fruit large, roundish oval, glossy crimson. Flesh firm, rich. Good. Lucida Ferfecta. Fruit medium to large, light clear crimson, conical or obtuse conical, occasionally coxcomb shape. Flesh white, juicy, sweet. McAvoy's Extra Red. McAvoy's No. 1. Same origin as Superior. Pistillate. Vines hardy, vigorous, and very productive. Fruit large, irregularly oblate, generally necked. Color deep scarlet. Flesh tender, juicy. Flavor exceedingly acid. Excellent for preserving. McAvoy's Superior. McAvoy's No. 12. General McLellan. Buffalo. Origin, Cincinnati, on the lands of Mr. Longworth. Pistillate. Vigorous and productive. Fruit large, roundish irregularly oblate, more or less necked. Color bight crimson, becoming deep crimson at full maturity. Flesh deep scarlet, tender, very juicy, with an exceedingly rich vinous flavor. Surface of the fruit rather tender, and will not bear long carriage. Mead's Seedling. Raised by Peter B. Mead, Tenafly, Bergen Co., N. J. Plant a good grower, moderately productive. Pistillate. Fruit medium size, long conical, inclining to a neck, light scarlet. Seeds brown yellow. Flesh pinkish, rather firm, sweet, and rich. Marguerite. A French variety. Fruit large, elongated conical, bright shining red. Flesh whitish pinkish, sweet, coarse, hollow, poor. Mammoth. Myatt's Mammoth. English. Hermaphrodite. Large, roundish, dark crimson, poor tla- vor, unproductive. Melon. Scotch, medium, roundish, dark color ; not of much value. 996 the strawberby. Metoalf's Early. Origin, Niles, Mich. Plant hardy, vigorous, moderately productive Fruit small, roundish, inclining to oval, light scarlet. Flesh rati «t Boft, mild acid. Not very early. Methven Scarlet. Methven Castle. Keen's Seedling of some. Warren's Seedling. Higgins' Seedling. Southampton Scarlet, British Queen of some. An English variety, of large size, roundish or coxcomb-shaped, rather dull scarlet. Flesh soft, and of indifferent tlavor. Pistillate. Monitor. Raised by A. S. Fuller. Hermaphrodite. Fruit medium to large, roundish conical, with a neck, bright scarlet. Flesh dry, coarse, hrni. Poor. Carries well to market. Monroe Scarlet. Raised by Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y. Pistillate. Plant vigorous and productive. Fruit rather large, roundish, light scarlet. Flesh tender, juicy, and of very good flavor. Montevideo Pine. Raised by Wni. R. Prince. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, conical, pineapple flavor, ripening late. (W. R. P. in Hort.) MOYAMENSING. Raised by Gerhard Schmitz, of Philadelphia. Pistillate. Moderately vigorous and productive. Fruit medium to large, broadly conical, deep crimson. Seeds numer- ous, deeply embedded. Flesh red, rather Arm, pretty briskly acid, much like Hudson. Myatt's Eliza. Omer Pacha. Rival Queen. An English variety, of fine fla or; but. like most of its class, a pool bearer. 1 [erraaphrodite. Fruit medium to large, roundish conical, with a glossy neck, light glossy scarlet. Flesh rich, sweet, delicious. Naomi. An accidental American seedling. Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to oval, quite deep scarlet. Fleah white, sweet, soft, not high-flavored. the 8trawbebby. 997 Napoleon. This variety originated with M. Lorio, of Liege, Belgium. Herma- phrodite. Fruit large, roundish, light clear red or scarlet. Flesh firm, juicy, sweet. Napoleon III. Originated with M. Gloede. Plants vigorous, productive. Herma- phrodite. Fruit large to very large, conical, irregular, sometimes coxcomb- shaped, light scarlet. Seeds yellow, reddish near the surface. Flesh white, rather firm, juicy, sweet, rich. Necked Pine. Unique Prairie. Pine Apple. An American variety, rather early. Pistillate. Medium size, conical, with a neck, light scarlet. Flesh tender, sprightly, rather acid. New Jersey Scarlet. Originated near Burlington, N. J. Plants vigorous, moderately productive. Hermaphrodite. Early. Fruit medium, conical, with a neck, light clear scarlet. Flesh mode- rately firm, juicy, sprightly, mild subacid. Nicanor. Raised by Messrs. Ellwanger &, Barry, Rochester, N. Y. Plants vigorous, productive. Hermaphrodite. Footstalks tall, upright. Fruit medium or above, roundish obtuse conical, bright scarlet, somewhat glossy. Seeds brown yellow, not deeply embedded. Flesh juicy, reddish, rather firm, rich, sweet. Old Black. Black. Mulberry. Black Pine. Black Canterbury. Black Beacon. Turkey Pine. A very old variety, described by Lindley, as : — " Fruit middle-size, conical elongated and pointed, with a neck, hairy, very dark purplish red. Flesh scarlet, firin, with a buttery core, very rich and high-flavored." Old John Brown. Raised by Dr. H. Schroeder, of Bloomington, HI. Fruit very large, broadly conic, pointed, light crimson, sweet. (FuL lex.) itfe THE STRAWBERRY. Old Pine, or Carolina. Pine Apple. Old Scarlet. Carolina. Blood Pine. Old Scarlet Pine. Grandiflora. American. Hermaphrodite. Medium, conical, with a neck, some- times coxcomb-shaped, bright scarlet. Flesh solid, juicy, and rich. Orange Prolific. Raised by Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y. Pistillate. Vines hardy, vigorous, very productive. Fruit large, roundish, sometimes oblate, often necked, deep crimson. Seeds deeply embedded. Flesh somewhat firm, with a brisk, rather acid flavor. Oscar. An English variety. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, irregular in form, from ovate to coxcomb, rich deep crimson. Flesh red, melting, firm, juicy, rich, and sweet. Peabody. Peabody's Seedling. New Hautbois. This variety originated with Charles A. Peabody, Columbus, Ga. Fruit of large size, foimi irregular. Flesh firm, sweet, melting, juicy, with a pineapple flavor. When fully ripe the color is a rich deep crimson. Peak's Emperor. Originated by E. Peak, South Bend, Ind. Fruit large, oblong conical, dark crimson. Flesh firm, juicy, mild, subacid. Pennsylvania. Raised by Gerhard Schmitz, of Philadelphia. Pistillate. Plant mo- derately vigorous, not productive. Fruit medium to large, broadly conical, deep crimson. Flesh red, very similar to Moyamensing. Premier. British Green Seedling. An English variety. Fruit large, roundish or roundish ovate, bright red, shining. Flesb white, firm, juicy, rich. (Hogg.) President Wilder. Raised in I860 by Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, of Dorchester, Mass., from seed of Hovey's Seedling impregnated with La Constante, and dedi- cated to him by the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. This new va- riety, as grown on the originator's grounds, promises to be valuable, and if it succeeds as well in other soils and localities it will be an acquisition. Plant healthy, hardy, vigorous, and very productive. Fruit-stalk short, THE STRAWBERRY. 999 utout, erect. It is said to stand the heat of summer and ccld of winter uninjured. Fruit large to very large, roundish obtuse conical, very regular, bright crimson scarlet. Seeds mostly yellow, near the surface. Flesh rosy white, quite firm, juicy, sweet, and rich. There is another President Wilder, originated in Europe, that is de- scribed as large, ovate conical, with a neck, bright rich deep crimson. Flesh rose-color, moderately firm, juicy, rich, and excellent. Primordian. Raised by Win, R. Prince. Pistillate. Fruit large, conical, deep scarlet. (W. P. P., in Hort.) Prince Albert. English. Hermaphrodite. Large, oblong cone, deep scarlet, not high flavor, moderately productive. Peine des Belges. A new Belgian variety. Fruit large. Form variable, from long conical to obtuse conical, bright rich scarlet. Flesh firm, juicy, sweet. Agreeable. (An. Pom.) Prince Frederick William. An English variety. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, roundish, pale red. Flesh with a rosy tint, sweet, and good flavor. Prince of Orleans. Hermaphrodite. Medium. Roundish, dark color, poor bearer. Prince of Wales. An English fruit of large size, with a bright deep red glossy sur- face, and a delicate solid flesh, somewhat acid. Prince's Climax. Raised by Wm. R. Prince, Flushing, L. I. Pistillate. Productive. Fruit large, conical, bright scarlet. Flesh sweet, good flavor. Prince's Excelsior. Raised by Wm. R. Prince. Pistillate. Fruit large, obtuse conical or rounded, deep scarlet. Flesh sweet, fine flavor. Prince's Magnate. Scarlet Magnate. Originated with Wm. R. Prince. Pistillate. Fruit large, roundish obtuse conical, bright scarlet. Flesh rather ■oft, pinkish, hollow, not rich. luoo the strawberry. Princess Royal. Ingram's Princess RoyaL This is an English variety. Pistillate. Fruit medium, roundish conical, bright deep scarlet. Flesh firm, juicy, rich, perfumed. Princess Royal. Originated in France, by M. Pelvilian. Fruit large, oblong obtuse conical in form. Skin very bright rich scarlet. Flesh half firm, juicy, melting, sweet. (An. Pom.) Princess Royal of England. i CuthuTs Princess RoyaL An English variety. Hermaphrodite. Fruit medium size, roundish ovate or conical, with a neck. Seeds deeply embedded. Skin deep scarlet. Flesh pale red at the surface, whitish at the core, rich, high flavor. (Hogg.) Prolific. English. Hermaphrodite. Large, conical, light glossy scarlet, rich flavor, unproductive. Profuse Scarlet. American. Pistillate. Medium , a 1 ittle improvement on the old Early Scarlet, which it much resembles. Productive. Randolph Pine. Raised by O. T. Hobbs, Randolph, Pa. Fruit medium, long conical, blight scarlet. Flesh sweet, whitish, not rich. Richardson's Early. American. Hermaphrodite. Medium, conical, dark crimson, early, good flavor. Not productive. Richardson's Late. American. Hermaphrodite. Large, roundish, light scarlet, good 6prightly flavor, moderately productive. Rifleman. An English variety. Fruit large, ovate or coxcomb shape. Skin bright salmon-colored. Flesh solid, white, firm, juicy, rich. (Hogg.) Ripawam. Faulkner's King. Faulkner's Seedling. Raised by J. W. Faulkner, Stamford, Conn. Plant moderate!} vigorous and productive. THE STRAWBERRY. 1 i Fruit large, roundish obtuse conical, sometimes coxc >mb shape, ica:let. Flesh whitish, rather firm, juicy, sweet. Rival Hudson. Raised by Mr. Burr, Columbus, O. An improvement on the old Hudson. Plant hardy and productive. Pistillate. Fruit medium, conical. Color deep crimson. Flesh firm, with a brisk subacid flavor. Rivers' Eliza. Seedling Eliza. Raised by Thomas Rivers, England. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, ovate conical, glossy scarlet. Flesh moderately firm, good flavor. , Robinson's Defiance. Raised in Ohio. Plant vigorous, not productive. Fruit medium, roundish conical, necked, dull red. Flesh quite firm, acid. ROSEBERRY. Aberdeen. Prolific Pine. Scotch Scarlet. Rose. Aberdeen Seedling. Briekley Scarlet. Foreign. Pistillate. Rather small, ovate, dark scarlet, tolerable fla- vor. Poor bearer. Rosebud. Fruit large, ovate, coxcomb shape, with a neck. Skin fine bright red. Flesh rich. (Hogg.) Ross's Pikenix. Raised by Alexander Ross, Hudson, N". Y. Hermaphrodite ; does not succeed unless with deep, rich soil, and good cultivation. Fruit large, generally coxcomb-shaped. Color very dark red. Flesh firm, and high-flavored. Ruby. English. Medium size. Bright-colored berry of a long ovate form, Bimilar in shape to Scott's Seedling. Flesh juicy, rich, and excellent. Not very hardy. Russell's Prolific. Originated with H. Russell, Seneca Falls, N. Y. Vines vigorous, productive. Pistillate. Fruit large, conic, compressed, ribbed, scarlet, changing to crimson. Seeds small, pretty deeply embedded. Flesh mild, moderately rich, rather soft, pleasant. i0u2 THE STRAV. SaBREI'R. A foreign variety, productive. Fruit medium, conical, bright orange scarlet. Seeds jrcminont Flesh solid, white, sweet, and of high flavor. (Fuller.) Salter's Versaillaise. An English variety. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, ovate, sometimes flattened or coxcomb-shaped, dark red. Flesh pale, juicy, and rich. (Thomp.) Scarlet Cone. Raised by Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y. Pistillate. Plant vigorous and very productive. Fruit large, perfectly conical, bright scarlet, beautiful. Scarlet Melting. American. Pistillate. Medium, conical, light scarlet, showy, very tender, not rich. Very productive. Scarlet Nonpareil. English. Large, pretty regularly formed, roundish conical, bright glossy red, saccharine, and rich. Scott's Seedling. Raised by Mr. J. Scott, of Brighton, Mass. Hermaphrodite. Fruit rather large, elongated conic, regular, light crimson or scarlet. Flesh pale red, not very juicy, nor high-flavored. Sir Charles Napier. An English variety. Plant tender. Fruit large, roundish, flattened or coxcomb-shaped, light scarlet, Flesh whitish pink, juicy, not high-flavored. Sir Harry. A seedling of the British Queen, impregnated with Keen's Seed- ling. The berries are large, of a thick coxcomb form, large calyx, and fitoul fruit stems. Color deep dark red, or mulberry, glossy. Flesh red, solid, fine-grained, very juicy, and of delicious flavor. Sir Joseph Paxton. A fine early variety. Fruit large, roundish, bright shining crimson. Seeis rrominenfc Flesh salmon-colored, firm, and rich. (Hogg.) THE STRAWBERRY. 1003 SOUTHBOROUGH. Southborough Seedling. Marshall's Seedling. English. Pistillate. Fruit medium, ovate conical, rich deep scarlet. Flesh firm, mild, rich flavor. (Elliott.) Souvenir. Souvenir de Kieff ? Raised by M. de Jonghe, of Brussels. Fruit large, roundish ovate to long conical, irregular and corrugatedj bright shining red. Seeds large, even with the surface. Flesh white, firm, juicy, rich. Stinger. Union. Stinger's Seedling. Raised by Wm. H. Stinger, near Philadelphia. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, roundish, sometimes coxcomb shape, brilliant glossy scarlet. Flesh firm, juicy, rich, pleasant Stirling Castle Pine. Fruit large, ovate or conical, bright deep scarlet. Flesh pale scarlet, brisk. (Hogg.) Swainstone's Seedling. English. Hermaphrodite. Large, ovate, beautiful light glossy scar- let, and good flavor. Bears only very moderate crops. The Prairie Farmer. Originated on the grounds of Wm. D. Neff, of Ottawa, 111. Plam strong aod vigorous. Foot-stalks large and tall, and promise well as a market variety. Hermaphrodite. Fruit very large, oblong compressed or ovate, occasionally coxcomb- shape, irregular, deep scarlet; texture firm; subacid. (Prairie Farmer.) Topsy. One of De Jonghe's seedlings, not valuable. Fruit medium, oblong conical, light scarlet. Flesh firm, sweet. Triomphe de Gand. The Triomphe de Gand is a Belgian variety, which appears to stand our climate, and produce more crops in more localities than any other foreign sort. The vines are vigorous, hardy, moderately productive, and well suited to strong clayey soils, requires high cultivation and to be grown in hills. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, roundish obtuse, sometimes coxcomb shape, bright rich red next the calyx, almost greenish white at point, glossy as if varnished. Seeds light yellow brown, near the surface. Flesh linn, white, a little hollow at core, juicy, with a peculiar rich and agreeable flavor. HI04 THE STRAWBERRY. Romeyn Seedling so closely resembles this that we are enable to see any difference ; but the originator claims that it is a seedling of more vigor in foliage and roots, more productive, and less number of coxcomb berries. Triomphe de Liege. A Belgian variety, raised by M. Lorio. Fruit large, oval, with a slight neck, bright deep scarlet. Seeds few, long-pointed. Flesh rather soft, juicy, rich, aromatic. (An. Pom.) Vicomtesse Hericart de Thury. Duchesse de Trevisse. Marquise de la Tour Maubourg A French variety, of fine quality, but the foliage does not stand our climate well. Hermaphrodite. Moderately productive. Fruit largo, roundish, broadly conical, sometimes coxcomb-shaped, deep scarlet, somewhat glossy. Flesh rich, sweet, and high-flavored. Victoria. Trollope's Victoria. Golden Queen. Union. Trembly's Union. An English variety, moderately productive, quite handsome. Her- maphrodite. Fruit very large, nearly globular, regular. Calyx very large, in a depression. Color light crimson. Flesh light scarlet, tender, juicy, sweet, rich, with a somewhat peculiar aromatic flavor. Victory of Bath. Fruit large, ovate, bright red. Flesh white, firm, juicy, rich. (Hogg.) Vineuse de Nantes. Fruit medium to large, flattened, bright glossy crimson. Flesh red, solid, sweet, peculiar vinous flavor. (Fuller.) Walker's Seedling. Raised by Samuel Walker, Roxbury, Mass. Hermaphrodite. Fruit medium to large, regular, generally conic. Color very deep crimson, becoming maroon at maturity, glossy. Flesh deep crimson, tender, juicy, with a fine, rich, brisk acid flavor. "W ard's Favorite. Fruit medium i,o large, roundish, deep crimson. Flesl: sweet, rich. Western Queen. Raised by Prof. Kirtland, Cleveland, O. Pistillate. Vines hardy And productive. Fruit medium to large, roundish conical. Color rich glossy dark red. Flesh firm, juicy, subacid, sprightly and agreeable flavor. (Elliott.) THE STRAWBERRY. 1005 WlLLEY. American. Pistillate. Yigorous, hardy, and very productive. Fruit medium, roundish. Color deep crimson. Flesh firm, with a sprightly acid flavor. A good sort for preserving. Wilmot's Prince Arthur. Fruit medium size, conical. Skin deep red and glossy. Flesh scar- let, firni, hollow at core. (Hogg.) Wilson's Albany. Raised by the late James Wilson, Albany, N. Y. Although not of high quality, because of its superabundance of acid, yet no variety has become so generally cultivated as the Wilson's Albany. The vine is very hardy and vigorous, very productive, commencing to ripen its fruit early, and continuing to the latest. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, broadly conic, pointed. Color deep crimson. Flesh crimson, tender, with a brisk acid flavor. Wizard of the North. A Scottish variety. Hermaphrodite. Fruit medium to large, roundish obtuse, dull red. Flesh red, soft, juicy, not rich. Wonderful. Jeyes' Wonderful. Myatt's Prolific. Fruit large, conical, frequently coxcomb-shaped and fingered. Skin pale red, whitish at apex. Seeds numerous. Flesh white, tender, melt- ing, juicy, sweet, with a fine aroma. (Hogg.) ALPINE AND WOOD STRAWBERRIES. Brune de Gilbert. A variety of the Alpine, with larger fruit than the common, ana remarkable for its reddish-brown color. It is well flavored, and an abundant bearer. (Hogg.) Galland. JThis is a variety of the Alpine, of a dark red color. Red Alpine. Red Monthly Strawberry. Des Alpes a Fruit Rouge. Des Alpes de Tous les Mois a Fruit Rouge, &c. The common Red Alpine, or monthly-bearing Strawberry, is a native >f the Alps, and succeeds well with very trifling care in this country. The Alpines always continue bearing from June till November; l>ut a 1006 THE STRAWBERRY. very tine autumnal crop is secured by cutting off all the spring blossoms The plant resembles the Red Wood, and the fruit is similar in flavoi and color, but long conical in form. Flowers always perfect. Red-Bush Alpine. Ruisson. Monthly, without Runners. Des Alpes sans Filets. Commun sans Filets. The Bush Alpines are remarkable among Strawberries for their total destitution of runners. Hence they always grow in neat, compact bunches, and are preferred by many persons for edging beds in the kitchen garden. The fruit is conical, and the whole plant, otherwise, is quite similar to common Alpines. We think it one of the most desira- ble sorts, and it bears abundantly through the whole season. The Bush Alpines were fiist introduced into the United States by the late Andrew Parmentier, of Brooklyn. To propagate them the roots are divided. Flowers always perfect. Red Wood. English Red Wood. Newland's Mammoth. Des Bois a Fruit Rouge. Stoddard's Alpine. Common Rouge. Washington Alpine. This is the wild Strawberry of Europe (/•'. vp,scn), long more com inonly cultivated in our gardens than an; other sort, and still, perhaps, the easiest of cultivation, and one of the most desirable kinds. It al- ways bears abundantly ; and though the fruit is small, yet it is produced for a much longer time than that of the other classes of strawberries, and is very sweet and delicate in flavor. Flowers always perfect. Fruit red, small, roundish ovate. Seeds set even with the surface of the fruit. It ripens at medium season. Triomphe d'Hollande. Triumph of Holland Alpine. Des Quatre Saisons. This new variety of the Alpine comes from the Netherlands, whcie it is said to have been raised by M. .1. Verkroost, Utrecht. The habit of growth is very vigorous, compact, and the plant very productive The fruit is large for its class, regular, roundish conical, light scarlet red. Feeds light yellow. Flesh juicy, sweet, rich, aromatic, delicious. White Alim.nk. White Monthly. Des Alpes a Fruit Blanc. Des Alpes de Tons les Mois a Fruit Blanc. &u. Precisely similar to the Red Alpine, except in color. Fruit conical, white. White-Bi sh Alpine. White Monthly, without Runners. Buisson des Alpes Blanc, Ac. This iiffers from the Red-Bush Alpine only in the color of the fruit, which is conical and white. the strawberry. 1007 White Wood. This is precisely similar in all respects to the Red Wood, except is Its color, which is white. It ripens at the same time. HATJTBOTS * STRAWBERRIES. Belle de Bohdelaise. A new variety. Plants very vigorous and productive. Fruit medium or large, ovate, deep rich crimson. Flesh firm and high -flavored. Prolific or Conical. Musk Hautbois. Double Bearing. Sir Joseph Banks. French Musk Hautbois. Caperon Royal. Caperon Hermaphrodite. Saoombe. Regent's Dwarf. This is a capital variety. Its strong habit and very large, usually perfect flowers, borne high above the leaves, distinguish it. The fruit is very large and fine, dark-colored, with a peculiarly rich, slightly musky flavor. It bears most abundant crops. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, conical, light purple in the shade, dark blackish purple in the sun. Seeds pi'ominent. Flesh rather firm, sweet, and excel- lent. It ripens tolerably early, and sometimes gives a second crop. The Common Hautbois, Globe, Laroe Flat, &c, are scarcely worthy of cultivation here. Royal Hautbois. This is one of the largest, most vigorous, and prolific of the Hautbois family. Fruit medium to large, roundish conical, regular. Seeds yellow, on the surface, rich dark crimson. Flesh whitish, soft, sweet, rich. CHILI STRAWBERRIES. True Chili. Patagonian. Greenwell's New Giant. Greenwell's French. Fruit very large, bluntly conical or ovatp*, dull red. Seeds dark brown, projecting. Flesh very firm, hollow-cored, of a rather indifferent sweet flavor. Ripens late. Wilmot's Superb. An English seedling, raised from the foregoing, very showy in size, but indiffei*ent fruit and a poor bearer. Fruit roundish, sometimes coxcomb-shaped ; surface pale scarlet, polished ; seeds projecting. Flesh hollow, and of only tolerable flavor. Medium season. * Haut-bois, literally high-wood, that is, wood strawberries «rith high leaves and fruit-stalks. 1008 • the strawberry. Yellow Chili. Fruit very large, irregular in form, yellow, with a brown check. Seeds slightly embedded. Flesh very firm, rather rich. GREEN STRAWBERRIES. Little valued or cultivated, being more curious than good. They resemble, in general appearance, the Wood Strawberries. Leaves light green, much plaited. Flesh solid. There are several sorts grown by the French, but the following is the only one of any value, and it is a shy bearer. Green Strawberry. Green Pine. Fraisier Vert. Green Alpine. Green Wood. Powdered Pine. Fnut small, roundish or depressed, whitish green, and at maturity tinged with reddish brown on the sunny side. Flesh solid, greenish, very juicy, with a peculiar rich, pineapple flavor. Ripens late. SELECTION OF VARIETIES. The Strawberry is so variable in soils and climates that it is very difficult to select such as will always give satisfaction. We present the following as a list embracing varieties that have proved satisfactory with us : — Agriculturist, Charles Downing, Downer's Prolific, French, Green Prolific, Hovey's Seedling, Jucunda, Longworth's Prolific, Napoleon III., Royal Hautbois, Triomphe do Gand, Wilson's Albany. Key to French standard names of Fruit. — To meet the wants of some of our fanning friends in various parts of the country who are zealous collectors of fruit, but at the same time are more familiar with plough-handles than with the sound of Monsieur CrapaucPs polite ver- nacular, wre have prepared the following little key to the pronunciation of such French names as are necessarily retained among the standard varieties. So long as these sorts must retain their foreign names, it is very desirable that they should be correctly pronounced. To give to these French terms what appears to merely English readers the proper sound is often as far as possible from the true pronunciation. A skilful Hiber- nian gardener puzzled his employer, a friend of ours, during the whole month of September with some pears thai he persisted in calling the " Lucy Bony," until, alter a careful comparison of notes, the latter found he meant the ZJouise Bonne. We have therefore, in the following, eschewed all letters with signs, and given, as nearly as types alone will permit us, the exact pronun- ciation of the French names. KEY TO FRENCH NAMES. APPLES. Couit Pindu Plat.— Coor Pahn du Plah. Drap d' 3r — Drah dor. Fenouihet Gris. — Fen-nool-yai Gree. Male Carle.— Mai Carl. Pomrae de Neige. — Puw. de Naije. Reinette Blanche d'Espagne. — Ren-ett-Blansh d'Espagne. Reinette Triornphante. — Ren-ett Tre-ome-fant. AJbergier. — Al-bare-je-ai.. Briancon. — Bre-ahn-sohn. Belle de Choisy. — Bel de Shwoi-sey. Belle Magnifique. — Bel Man-gne-feek. Bigarreau. — Be-gar-ro. Bigarreau Rouge. — Be-gar-ro Rooje. Bigarreau Couleur de Chair. — Be-gar-ro Coo-lur de Shair. Bigarreau Gros Cceuret. — Be-gar-ro Gro Keur-ai. Bigarreau Tardif de Hildesheim — Be-gar-ro Tar-deef de Hildesheim. Gros Bigarreau Rouge. — Gro Be-gar-ro Rooje. Griotte d'Espagne. — Gre-ote Des-pan. Chasselas Musqutf. — Shah-slah Meuskay. Chasselas de Fontainebleau. — Shah-slah de Fone-tane-blo. Ciotat. — Se-o-tab. Lenoir. — Lun-war. NECTARINES. Brugnon Violet Musque". — Brune-yon Ve-o-lay Meus-kay. Brugnon Musque. — Brune-yon Meus-kay. D'Ansdeter =• — Dahn-glet-are. J>uc du Telher. — Deuk du Tel-yay. PEACHE8. Abricote"e. — Ab-re-co-tay. Belle de Vitry. — Bell de Ve-tree. Grosse Mignonne. — Groce Mene-yon. Madeleine de Courson. — Mad-lane de Coor-son. Pavie de Porapone. — Pah-vee de Pom-pone. Pourpree Hative. — Poor-pray Hat-eve. Sanguinok a Chair adheVente. — Sahn-gwe-nole ah Shair Ad-hay-renfc f)4 1 ( > i< ! KEY TO FRENCH KAJ1BB. Amire* Joannet. — Am-e-ray Jo-ahn-nay. Ananas. — An-an-ah. Ananas d'Ete. — An-au-ah Da-tay. Angleterre. — Ahn-glet-are. Beune\ — Bur-ray. Belle de Bruxelles. — Bel-de Broos-eiL Belle et Bonne. — Bel-a-Bun. Belle-Lucrative. — Bel-lu-crah-teve. Beurre* de Capiuraont. — Bur-ray de Cap-u-monn. Beurre* d'Amalis. — Bur-ray Dah-mah-lee. Beurre* Gris d'Hiver Nouveau. — Bur-ray Gree Dee-vair Noc-TOt Beurre" Diel. — Bur-ra}' De-ell. Beurre Bronzee. — Bur-ray Brone-zay. Bezi d'Heri. — Ba-zee Daree. B'-zi Vaet. — Bazee Vali-ai. Beurre Crapaud. — Bur-ray Crah-po. B'-/.i de Montigny. — Bay-zee de Mon-teen-gnee. Bon Chretien Fondante. — Bone Cray-te-an Fone-dontn. Boucquia. — Boo-kiah. Calebasse Grosse. — Cal-bass Groce. Capucin. — Cap-u-san. Cliaurnontel tres Gros. — Sho-mone-tell tray Gro. Compte de Lamay. — Conte de Lah-me. Colmar Epine. — Cole-mar A-peen. Crassane. — Cras-sahn. Cuisse Madame. — Kuees Mah-dam. D' Amour. — Dam-oor. De Lou vain. — Dul-oo-van. Delices d'Hardenpont. — Day-lece Dar-dahn-pone. Doyenne* d'Ete-. — Dwoy-on-nay Day-tay. Doyenne Panache. — Dwoy-on-nay Pan-ah-Shay. Dumortier. — Du-mor-te-ay, Duchesse d'Angouleme. — Du-shess Dong-goc-lame. Duchesse d'( >rle*ans. — Du-shess Dor-lay-on. Enfant Prodige. — On-font Pro-deeje. Epine d'Ete. — A-peen day-tay. Figuc de Naples. — Feeg de Nah-pl. Fondante d'Automne. — Pone-don to do-tonn. Forme de Delices. — Form de Day-lece. Forclle— Fo-rel. Fondante du Bois. — Fone-dont du Bwoi. Fortunee. — For-tu-nay. Franc Real d'Hiver. — Fronk Ray-ahl Dee-vair. Gloul Morceau. — Gloo Mor-so. HeYicart. — 1 fay-re-car. Jaln'->;! Aberdeen 2Sfi Abram ~:; Accidental. . . 2 Si > Acklam's Russet 73 Aclemy Russet 73 Adams 73 Adams Pearmain. 73 jEsojms Spitzenberg 164 JEsopus Spitzenburg 164 Agate D'Enckhuysen 73 Agathe 73 A^nes's 74 Ailes 74 Akin's Winter. 422 Alabama Pearmain 265 Alant 74 Albemarle Pippin 419 Alexander 74 Alfriston. 74 Alleghany 286 Allemand 74 Allen's Choice 75 Allen's Pippin 75 All-Hallows 75 All-Summer 75 Allum 75 Alsace 75 Althorp Pippin 267 Amber Crab 427 Amelia 75 American Beauty 75 American Golden Pippin 76 American Golden Russet 76 American Mammoth 191 American Newtown Pippin 201 American Nonpareil 77 American Peach 304 American Pippin. 77 American Plate. 77 Ami Hewn Red Juneating 157 American Summer Pearmain. 78 Ananas 78 Ananas de Liege 79 Angle 79 Vmerican 79 Amuiberger 341 Api . '. 244 Api Petit 244 Aporta 74 Aralmtn .\p]>le, 304 Arhrmth Pippin 29« 1014 APPLES. Archiduo Antoine 79 Arley 417 Aromatic Carolina 79 Aromatic Russet 79 Arundel Pearmain 222 Ashland 79 Ashmead's Kernel 80 Ashmore 80 Asterus 80 Astracan 422 Astracanischer Sommerapfel 401 Astrachari 422 AstTi '.chan Rouge 323 August Apple 155, 181 A ugust Sweet 250 Augustine 80 Augustus Pearmain 80 Aunt Anna 80 Aunt A nun's Seedling 80 Aunt Dorcas 199 Aunt Hannah 81 Aunt Susan's Favorite 81 Aunt's Apple 81 A ufora 388 A limn:- , . . . 195 Austin Sweet 81 Autumn Golden Pippin 81 Autumn Pearmain 81 Autumn Pippin 413 Autumn Romanite 81 Autumn Rose 82 Autumn Seek-No-Farther. 82 Autumn Strawberry 250 Autumn Sweet Bough 82 Autumnal Swaar 82 Autumnal Sweet Swaar . . 82 Averill 83 ■Avery Sweet 163 Baccolinus 83 Bathe's Kernel 96 Bachelor 109 Bachelor's Blush 83 Bachelor's Glory 83 Backhouse's Lord Nelson 83, 284 Baddow Pippin 83 Boer 215 Bagby Russet • ■ • 159 Bailey's Golden 83 Bailey's Spice 84 Bailey's Sweet 84 Baker 84 Baker's Sweet 84 Baldwin • • • • 85 Baldwin 226 Baldwin Sweet 86 Balgone Pippin 194 Ball Apple 299 Balm 84 Baltimore 86 Baltimore 74, 167, 191 Baltimore Greening |C!6 Baltimore Pippin ,86, 93, 191 PAGE Baltimore Bed 93, 98 Baltimore Bed Streak 93, 98 Baltzby 87 Bar 87 Barbour 87 Barcelona Pearmain 87 Barchard's Seedling 87 Bardin 1 75 Bark Apple 88 Barlow 135 Bamham's Sweet 87 Bamhilt 87 Barre 88 Barrett 88 BarreWs Spiteenburgh 285 Bars 88 Bartlett 88 Bartlett Ill Barton 88 Barton's Incomparable 88 Batchdor 329 Bauman's Reinette 88 Baxter's Pearmain ... 89 Bay Apple 148 Bayfordbury Golden, Pippin 194 Beachemwell Seedling 89 Beadell 89 Bean Swirt 89 Bear Sweet *9 Beard Burden 152 Beau 89 Bi a " Bouge 219 Beauty 373 Bin ut // of America 75 Beauty of Kent . 89 Bewuty Bed 132 Beauty of the West 89 Bid f<>rd Sweet 323 Bedfordshire Foundling 90 Beefsteak 90 Peeler's Russet 90 Belden 90 Belden Sweet 90 Bell Dubois 332 BelVs Early 356 B< Ws Scarlet Pearmain 347 Bell Bonde 90 Belle d' Angers 91 Belle Bonne 91 Belle et Bonne 91 //,//, et Bonne 375 Bem Fille 204, 412 BeUe-Flew 324, 418 B( tie- Fit ur Rouge 324 Belle Grideline 91 BeUe GrisdeUne 91 Josephine 191 Belledge 91 BeUedge Pippin 91 Bellflower Pippin • 91 Belmont 92 Bi l!< 1hur de. France 183 BeUefleur YeUow ,418 APPLES. 1010 PAOE Belly Bounder 90 Belpie Keeper 92 Bt 'nre Russet 342 Belvoir Pippin 93 Belzer 93 Ben Apple 165 Ben Davis 93 Ben Harris 210 Bennet 94 Bi mi ington 350 Beuoni 94 Bentley's Sweet. 94 Benwell's Pearmain 95 Bere Court Pippin 95 Bergner 95 Berliner Olossapfel 341 Berry 286 Berry Bough 358 Bess Pool 95 Best Bache 96 Best Pool.. 95 Bethlemite 96 Betsey 96 Betsy's Fancy 96 Better than Good 97 Sevan's Favorite 97 Big Fruit 383 Big BM 286, 316 Big Red 310 Big Romanite 302 Big Sweet 392 Big Vandevere 391 Bigg's Nonsuch 97 Billy Barker 97 Billy Bond 90 Billy's Pippin 97 Bischoff s Reinette 98 Bishop's Bourne 98 Bishop's Pippin of Nova Scotia 418 Birmingham 97 Birmingham Pippin 97 Black American 99 Black Annette 99 Black Apple 99 Black Apple 144 Black Coal 98 Black Detroit 144 Black Gilliflower 99 Blackjack... 98 Black Lady Apple 245 Black Oxford 98 Black Warrior 98 Blackburn 109 Blackstone Valley Sweet 98 Blair 275 Blake 99 Blakely 99 lVakily 265 Bland's Jubilee 99 Blandilalie 212 Blauberger 101 Bleckensderfer 99 Bledsoe Pippin 99 PA OH Blenheim 100 Blenheim Orange 100 Blenheim Pippin 100 Blinkbonny 100 1 ll> a kin urn >/ Seedling 100 Blockley 100 Blockli y Pippin . . 100 Blondin 10C Blooming Orange 10C Blue .Mountain 101 Blue Mountain Sweet 101 Blue Pearmain 101 nine Sweet 313 Bluff Sweet 101 Blush June 118 Boalsburg 101 Boas 101 Bodickheimer 341 Bohannan 101 Bon ui' de Mai . . 148 Bon ut Rouge 219 Bonne Virginie 103 Bonnra... 102 Bordeauer Hold Reinette 197 Borden's Early 102 Borovitsky 102 Borsdorf Ognon 103 Borsdorffer 103 Bossom 1 03 Boston Russet 342 Botigne 103 Bottle Greening 103 Bough 250 Bourassa ... 104 Bowker 104 Bowling's Sweei 104 Bowyer's Russet 104 Box ford 104 Brabant BeUe-fleur 105 Brabant Bellfiower 105 Braddick's Nonpareil 104 Bradford's Best 238 Bradley's Autumn 104 Bradley's Winter 399 Ilia inly Apple 193 Brandy wine 104 Brand yirine 27(5 Braunschweiger Milch 275 Bread-dnd- Cheese Apple 319 Breedon Pippin 105 Brennaman 105 Brentford Crab 229 Brewer 105 Brewer's Pippin 105 Brickley Seedling 105 Bridgewater Pippin 106 Brigg's Auburn 105 Brill's Seedling 106 Brimer 106 Brinckeley White Sweet > . . . 106 Bringewood Pippin 106 Bristol 106 Bristol Pearmain IOC 1016 APPLES. PA OK Brittle Sweet 107 Broad-End 107 Broad-Eye Pippin 107 Broad River 339 Brooding 107 BroadweH 107 BroadweU Street 107 I in midia Ananas 78 Bronson Sweet 108 Brooke's Pippin 201 Brookes 1 08 Broughton 109 Brown 108 Brown Cockle 129 Brown Renting 108 Brown's Golden Sweet 379 Brown's Summer Beauty 108 Brown's Winter 108 Brownite 108 Brownlee's Russet 108 Ttnuridccft Seedling Russet 108 Brubacker 167 Brummage Pippin 97 Buclianan . . . 101 Buchanan's Pippin 109 BuchanarCs Seedling 109 Buck Meadow 110 Buckha/m 215 Buckingham 109 Buckley 124 Bucks County Pippin 109 Buel's Favorite 110 Buel's Sweet 110 Buff Ill Buffmgton's Early 110 Bull's Golden Reinette Ill Bullett Ill Bullocks Pippin 76. 166 Bullripe 152 Buncombe 329 Bunkum 329 Burlington 285 Burlington Greening 332 Burr Knott 193 Burr's Seedling Ill Burr's Winter Sweet Ill Burrell's Red Ill Burroughs Greening. 112 Bursdorff 103 Bursdorfer 103 Burst Open 112 Bush 112 Bush's Beauty 112 Bush whacker 112 Butter 112 875 ButU r Pippin 195 Butters. 85 Byam's Sweet 113 Byefs 109 Byefs Red 109 By son Wood 113 Byson Wood Russet 1 1 3 Caas 184 Cabashea. 113 Cabbage Head 113 Cable's Gittiflower 86 Cache 113 ( 'nd e au du General 392 Caillot Rosat 328 Cain 235 Cake Apple 113 Ciddir, V 344 Caleb Sweet 113 Calef's Sweet 114 Calf Pasture 133 < 'alkin'8 Pippin 868 Calville Ananas de Liege 79 CalviOe Blanc 372 Calville Blanche a Cote's 114 CalvHU Blanche d'titi 372 CalviMe Blatush, a 11 in r 401 CidriUi (PAngleterre 133 < 'nlrilie //■ de Pigeon 304 .11.. .' 130 i 'oqxwett Pearmain 130 130 Coleman 388 Ooles Quince 319 I raughn*8 392 ( 'dort d IliirhonVs Pippin. 209 Columbian 131 ( 'olumbian Russet 127 Colvert 131 Cdvittt Bairre 88 ■■'< 298 ( 'mi, stock's Garden 186 Conant's Red 131 < '<,!,, ■mi, bre des Cliartreux 345 Gondii Sweet 131 Congress 131 cticut Gake 113 aticut Seek-no- Further 399 Connecticut Summer Sweet 131 Connett's Sweet 131 Contin Ileinette 131 Conwav 132 Cook's Red Winter 132 Cooke's Greening 410 Cooledge's Favorite 132 Cooper 132 Cooper's Early White 132 Cooper's Market 132 Cooper's R< dZing 132 Cooper's Russeting 132 Copmanthorpe Crab 151 Gorbin 121 Coral 423 Coral Blush 134 CordwaM 344 ( 'oridndre Pose 134 Collie's Sweet 133 Cornell's Fancy 133 t'oi-,,, ii & Favorite. 133 ( '« .77/1 //'.v s,iff in 11 346 Cornfield 133 Cornish Aromatic 133 Cornish Gilliflower 133 •> July Flower ; 133 Cornish Spice 133 Corse's Favorite 133 Corn waUisser 1 33 Cos 131 rd 134 Cotsville Spitzenberg 1 34 Cotton Apple 126 CmWmrd 134 Court di Wick, 135 Court of Wick 135 Court of Wkk Pippin 135 Court-pendu 13-1 Court Pendu de Tournay 134 PACfl Court- pendu Dore ........ 19? Court-pendu Extra 134 t 'on rt pendu Gris 1 75 ( 'ourt-pendu M usque . 134 Court Pendu Plat 34 Court-pendu flat rougedt/re , . 134 Court-perdu Bond Gros 134 ( 'on ft I', niln Rosat 135 Court Pendu Rose 135 ( 'ourt-pi ndu Rose 134 ( 'ourt-pendu Rouge Musque 134 Cowarne Red 135 Cowarne's Queening 135 Cox's Orange Pippin 135 Cox's Pomona 135 Cracking 135 Cram 136 Cranberry 136 Cranberry Pippin 1 :>>6 Cranberry Russet 136 ( 'ram 's Pippin 296 Crawford 136 ( i.iw ford's Keeper 136 Cray Pippin 136 Crayton 137 Cream 137 Crede's Quittenreinette 137 s a nft, a Beinette 137 Creed's Marigold 137 Creek 137 Creeper 137 Crego Red Streak 137 i 'rimson Pippin 1 14 Crimson Queening 137 Crispin 138 Crittenden 138 Crofton Pippin . . 138 Crook's Seedling 138 ( '/ ooki d Limb P vppin 151 Cropsey's Favorite. . . . : 138 Crotcher 138 Crow Egg 138 Crow Nest. 138 Cullasaga 139 Cullawh.ee 139 Culp 139 Cumberland Pluck 146 Cumberland Seedling 139 Cumberland Spice 139 Currant Crab 423 Curry's Red Winter 139 ( 'urtis Pur/// Stripe 363 Curl is Greening 140 Curtis Sweet 140 ( 'ushman's Black 328 Custard 140 Cut Pippin 140 Cuttugaja 121 Daddy.... 322 Dahlongea 140 Dahlton 14C Daldton Pippi.n 14C APPLES. 101S PAOR Dainty Apple 218 Dale's Siceet Fall Queen 377 Dame Jeannette 140 Dan Pearmain 141 Dana 141 Dana Greening 141 Dana's Striped Sweet 141 Daniel 141 Daniel's Apple 141 Dan vers Winter Sweet 141 Dapper 141 Darling Pippin 142 Darlington 142 Darlington Russet 142 Dartmouth Sweet 142 B'Asterm 80 Davis 142 Davis 296 Davis White Bcllfloicer. \. 29(3 Davis's Sweet . . 142 Dawson's Cluster 142 Day 142 Dayton 142 Be Boutigne 103 De Bretagne. 115 B'Espagne 404 IT Ere 148 De Saint Julien 345 De Witt 14(5 Defiance 143 Delaware 143 Delaware 319 Delight 143 Democrat 143, 144 Der Citrpentin 120 Derrick's Graft 334 Berrikinan 334 Derry Nonsuch 144 Beterding's Early 323 Detroit 144, 296 Detroit Black. . .• 144 Detroit Red 144 Devonshire Buckland 144 Devonshire Golden Ball 144 Devonshire Quarrenden 145 Devonshire Queen 145 Devonshire Red Streak 145 Devonshire Wilding 145 Dickskill 145 Dickson's Emperor 145 Did Kernobst 145 Diel's Reinette 145 Dietzer Rothe Mandel Reinette. ... 145 Dillingham 140 Dinsmore . ....... 144 DircMs Graft 3:!4 Disharoon. 140 Double Flowering Apple. 423 Double Flowering Chinese Crab. . . 423 Double White Siberian Crab 423 Dobb's Kernel Golden Pippin 14(i Dobbel BeUefleur . 183 Doctor 146 TAOH Doctor Fulcher 149 Doctor Harvey. 211 Doctor Helsham's Pippin 146 Dr. Watson 82 Dodge's Crimson ... 146 Dodge's Early Red 356 Domine 147 Donnekm's Seedling 148 Double Bdleflt w 183 Doiix d '. 1 ngt rs 148 Doux d' Argent 148 Dow's Winter Pippin 148 Dowell's Pippin 148 Downing's Paragon 148 Dovmton Golden, Pippin 148 Downton Pippin .... 148 Downy 218 Drapd'Or 148 Drop if Or 175 Dredge's Bra,, ty of Wilts 211 Dredge's Fair Maid of Wishford. .. 149 Dredge's Fame 149 Dredge's Golden Pippin 149 Dn dye's WMte Lily 144 Du Haider 150 Due cPArsel 288 Duchess of Oldenburgh 149 Duchesse deiBrabant 149 Duckett 150 Duffield Pippin 150 DuifApfel 304 Duke of Beaufort's Pippin 150 Duke of Devonshire 150 Dulce Doman 151 DvMng 130 Dumelow's Crab 151 Dumelow's Seedling 151 Dumpling 151 Duncan . 151 Dundee 195 Dusten 151 Dutch Codlin 151 Dutch Mignonne 151 Butch Pearmain 194 Dutch Tulip 387 BuPihess County Siceet. 417 Duzenbury 152 Dyer or Pomme Royale 152 Earl of Yarmouth's Pearmain 297 Early Chandler 1 5:3 Early Crofton 229 Ear!,/ French Reinette 153 Early Golden Sweet 196 Early Harvest 153 Early Joe 154 Ear!,/ Joe 259 Early J< nnetting 402 Early Julien 155 Early Long Stem 155 Early Marrow 155 Early May 402 Early Nonpareil 15C 1020 APPLES. Early Pennock 155 | English Red Stripe Early Queening 156 English Reinette . . Early Red Juncating 156 English Russet . . . English Sweet .... English Sweet .... English Vandevere . Episcopal j Epse's Sweet Early Red Margaret 156 Early Red Streak , 156 Early Red Streak 211 Early Red Sweet 156 Early Ripe 156 Early Spice 156 Early Spice 155 Early Strawberry 157 Enib) Sum i r Pearmain 78 Early Sweet 157 Early Sw< ■ t i tough 250 Early Tart 157 j Ernsffs Pippin Early Tart Harvest 15S : Esopus Spitzenburgh Early Tart Harvest 313 ; Esquire Miller's Best Sort Early Wax 158 ! Essex Pippin Epsy Eptings Premium . . Eptings Red Winter Eguinetely , Erd Beere Erie Sweet Esten . Etoile Eustis Ere Eve Apple of the Irish Eve of Scotland Evening Party Evergreen Apple Crab Ewalt Excel Exquisite Eyer's Greruing Fail-Me-Never Fair Maid Fair Maid of Taunton . . . Fair's Nonpareil Fairbanks Fairfield Summer Queen Falder Early Yellow Reinette 158 East Grinstead 158 East Grinstead 400 Easter Pippin 158 Eaton 158 Edel K.inig 158 Edgar's 159 Edg< rlifs Street 84 Edit r Winter Bor-sdorffer 103 Edmonton's Aromatic Pippin 239 Edward Shantee 286 Edward's 159 Egg 402 Egg Top 159 Eggermont 159 montfs CalviUe 159 Egyptian Belle 159 Egyptian Russet 159 Eightt en Ounce Apple 388 Eldon Pippin 159 Elford Pippin 160 i Fall Bough .... Elgin Piypin 404 ! Fall Butter . . . Elicke's Winter Sweet 160 Fall Cheese Elizabet , 195 | Fall de WaUdes. Ellijay 160 ; Fall Greening . Ellis 160 | Fall Harvey Ellsworth 160 Elton Pippin . 148 Embroidt red Pippin 148, 175 Emperor 100 Euijit ror Alexander 74 fine's Winter Sweet 160 Enfield Pearmain 161 English Beauty 161 vuty of Pa 147 Englteh < 'odlin 293 English Crab 161 English Gillitlower 161 ... 196 . Golo\ a Russet 196 English Granat Reinette 162 English Nonpareil 288 h Pippin 195 English Itambo ... 147 English Red Streak 147, 410 .159, Fall Jenneting Fall Limbertwig Fall Orange Fall Pearmain Fall Pippin Fall Pippin FaU Romanite Fall Seek-No-Further, Fall Spitzenburgh . . . Swaar of West .. cere Fall Wine Fall Winesap , . ater FaUawalder , Falwalder Fania Gusta Fameuse 328 162 162 16* 218 355 169 141 163 163 163 109 324 163 292 164 314 164 165 165 165 40)2 156 265 165 422 166 166 166 166 166 167 167 167 166 167 167 82 167 265 167 167 168 168 168 168 168 169 404 109 319 170 169 82 391 170 171 167 167 167 171 171 APPLES. 1021 Family Fancher Fanny Farleigh Pippin Farley Pippin Farley's Red Faros Fm-rur's Summer Fi't Apple Father Fattier Apple Faust Fa usfs Winter Favorite Fay's Russet . Fearns Pippin Federal Pearmain Felch Fell's Winter Sweet Fenley . . FennouiUet Jaune Fenouillet Gris Fenouillet Jaune Fenouillet Rouge Fenton Sweeting Ferdinand Ferris ... Ferris Pippin Fett Field FindTay Apple Findley Fink FinKs Seedling Firdey First and Last Fish's Seedling Fishkill Beauty Fiske Five Crowned Pippin Flake's Fall Flanders Pippin Flanders Reinette Flat Apple, Flat Pippin Flit Pippin Flat Sweet Fleet's Nonpareil Fleiner Flint Russet Flora Florence Pippin Flory F lory's BcUflower Flower of Kent Flushing Seek- No -Further. Flushing Spitzenburgh Focht Foote's Nonpareil Forange Ford Apple Forelle . . . Forest .. .175, PAGE . 172 172 173 173 173 173 205 337 17G , 174 306 174 . 174 . 174 . 174 174 174 . 85 174 175 148 175 175 175 386 175 176 174 176 | 176 367 175 176 176 175 176 176 176 177 255 177 177 178 127 178 306 178 178 178 317 178 174 179 170 1 79 202 179 179 179 179 179 101 180 Forest Styre Forest Styre ... Forever Pippin Forge Forman's Crew Formosa Pippin Foimwalder ........ Forsyth (not of Coxe) ForsytJir's Seedling . . . Fort Miami Foster Sweet Fouldon Pearmain . . . Foundling Fourth of July Foust Fowler Fox- Whelp Foxley Crab Fragrant Fraise Framboise Framboos Franchot Frank Frank Rainbour Frav kfort Queen Franklin's Golden Pippin Franz Rennette Franeosische Edelreinette Freeman Freeze and Thaw Fremont Pippin French French Bellflower French Crab French Crab 158, French Nonpareil. French Pippin French Pippin 184, French Pippin of Indiana French Reinette French Russet French's Sweet Friar Frisland Reinette Frith Pippin Frith Pitcher Fronclin Front Door Fry's Pijuyin Fuller Fullerton Sweet Fulton Fulton Strawberry Fidwood Funkhouser PAUK 180 365 123 180 18C ;;:;:■ 167 158 286 180 180 181 181 181 17-1 354 182 423 423 182 182 182 182 124 37(1 109 182 184 184 183 183 183 183 183 183 27:1 183 184 285 151 tM 184 184 184 184 265 265 185 185 135 354 185 is.-, 185 185 93 Gabriel 186 Gaesdonker Gold Reinette 186 Ganges 186 Garden 186 dunlin Apple 90 Garden Royal 186 1022 APPLES. PA OK Garden Stripe 187 Garden Sweet 187 Gardener's Apple 281 Gardnei Sweet 188 Gardner Sweeting 188 Gardner's Sweet Pearmain 188 Garnon's Apple 134 Garret Pippin 103 Garrcttson's Early . . . 188 Garter 188 Gatt 92 Gault's Bellflower 188 Gaumont 188 Gay's Romamte 302 General Grant 423 General Haskell 188 l^/nn/le 298 Genesee Chief 188 Geneva Pearmain 3G8 Geneva Pippin 1 89 GennetUng 402 Gentle's Rarge Red 189 George 189 Georgia June 118 Gestreifter Somrner Zimmetapfel. . 190 Gewisa Good 190 / /, wisa Gnth 190 Giant 190 Giles 190 t nil, it's Seedling 340 Gilpin ' 191 Ginetting 402 Gipson's Kentucky 191 Gipson's Kentucky Seedling 191 Gvrkin J'i/>j>in 417 ( }lac Rouge 87 Glace de Lelande 401 Gladney's Red 191 ( r It tin mis i 'astte 384 Glanz Reinette 191 aln:i n wood Gloria Mundi 191 Gleason Sweet 191 Glendale 191 Gloria Mundi 191 Glory of England 192 Glory of the West 192 Glory of York 333 Gloucester Pearmain 127 Gloucester White 192 Russet 192 Gogar Pippin 192 192 Gold Reinette von Bordeaux 197 Golden 192, 424 Golden Apple 70 Golden Ball 192 Golden Burr 193 G olden Drop 135 Golden Goss 193 Golden Harvey ] 93 Golden Knob 193 Golden Lustre 193 Golden Monday 193 FAGl Golden Noble 193 Golden Nonpareil 194 Golden Pearmain 194 Golden Pearmain 127 Golden Pippin 194, 195 Gold, a Pippin. . . .76, 92, 109, 258, 29C Golden Red 195 Golden Reinette 195 Golden Reinette of Yanderlaans. . 195 Golden Russet [.. 196 Golden Russet 76, 303 Golden Russet of Massachusetts. . . 196 Golden Seedling 190 ( . i 'ih n Spire 152 Golden Streak 190 Golden Sweet 190 Golden Sweet 290 ' :, It 1 1 -a Yining 224 Golden Wilding 197 Golden Worcester 197 Guiding 76 Goodyear 198 Goodyea/r's Seedling 198 Gooseberry 198 Gooseberry Pippin 198 Gould's Sweet 198 Governor 198 Governor Charter 198 Governor Charter's Seedling 198 Gmcden 286 Gracey 198 Ci afton Street 349 Graham's Red Warrior 286 Grand Sachem 144 Grandfather 129 Grandmother. 361, 414 Grandmother's Apple. 199 Grange 198 Grange's Pearmain 199 Grange's Pijrjnn 199 Granite Beauty 199 Graniwinkle ... 199 (rrttlll'l/ Huff Ill Granny Earle 199 Grape Vine 114 Grau Osnabrucker Reinette 296 Gram Portugiesisdie Reinette 310 a run ire Frame Rennett 412 Gravt Slije 199 Gravenstcin 199 Gray Apple 308 Gray THppin 170 Gray Romanite 191. 319 Greasy Back 306 (in asy Pippin 258, 296 Great Pearmain 413 Great Unknown , 20(1 Green Abram Ill < h-een ]:< Uflower 296 Green Cheese 201 (in t a ( 'losings 344 Green Crunk 201 Green Domine 201 APPLES. 1022 PAGT? Green Fiilwood 185 Green Mountain Pippin 201 Green Mountain Pippin 167, 393 Green Newtown Pippin 201 Green Nonpareil 303 Green Reinette 202 Green Seek-no-Further 202 Green Skin 201 Green Street Apple 395 Green Sweet 203 Green Sweet 302 Green Sweet of Indiana 203 Green Tiffin 203 Green Yuudevere 391 Green Winter Pippin 201 Green Woodcock 203 Green's Choice 301 Greening 201 Greenup's Pippin 203 Green us's Pippin 203 Gregson Apple 121 Greist's Fine Winter 203 Grey Canada Reinette 204 Grey French Reinette 204 Grey Leadington 204 Grey Leadington Pippin 204 Grey Reinette 204 Greyhouse 204 Griffith 204 Grimes Golden 205 Grimes' Golden Pippin 205 Grindstone 77 Grise 308 Groene Frame Benette 202 Groene React 202 Grooveland Sweet 200 Gros Api Rouge 2 14 Gros Ccetwr de Pigeon 304 Gros Faros 205 Grosh 205 Grosse Reinette d'Angleterre 115 Grosser Gasselar Reinette 151 Grossei' Edler Prinzessinapfel. 314 Groton 181 Grouzier 200 G ' rumas Pijrpin 97 ored Pippin 296 Hollow Crown 220 Grown Pea/rmam 255 Hollow Crown Pippin 220 HoUcno-Eyed Pippin 220 Holly 220 Holmes 220 Holmes's Sweet 220 Holsten Sweet 220 / 356 Hommacher Apfel 140 Honemaker Pippin 140 Honej Greening 221 ll<>. nil Greening 203 Honey Sweet 221 Horn y Sweet 221, 404 Hood 221 Hood's Seedling 221 Hooker 221 Hoopes Hoover Hopkins Hopper Hopsey Hormead Pearmain Hormead Pippin Horn Hoi-rex's Pearmain Horse Horse Apple Horse Block Horsham Russet Horsley Pippin Hoskreiger House Housum's Red . Howard Howard Russet Howard's Edgemont , Howard's Sweet , Howburry Pippin I/mce Apple Hon i 's Russet HoWi r Hubbard Hubbard Hubbard's Pearmain HvbbaroVs Russet Pearmain Hubbard's Sugar Hubbardston Hubbardston Nonsuch Hubbardton Pippin Hudson la d Streak Hughes Hughes' Golden Pippin Hughi s' I "irginin Grab ' Hull Blossom Hull Sweet Hunge H"ittj, r Hunt I Hunt's Connecticut Hunt's Deux Ans Hunt's Duke of Gloucester Hunt's Fii'i Green Pippin Hunt's Green Neictoirn Pippin Hunt's Nonpareil 227, Hunt's Russet Hunthouse Hurlbut Hurlbut Stripe Hurlbut Sweet Hutcheson Hutching's Seedling Hutchison's Winter Sweet Hutton Square J/i/i/i '.v Sweet Hyslop Imperial Imperial Vandevere Indeed Good pagv 2U4 221 223 222 204 222 222 223 181 175 223 265 223 219 224 170 224 286 123 224 84 219 415 342 170 224 286 224 224 224 224 224 225 235 225 225 214 226 226 226 226 226 226 226 227 201 201 288 227 226 227 227 1/;:! 22 j 366 424 228 416 424 228 391 190 APPLES. 1025 PA OK. Indian Prince 228 Indian Queen 155 Indiana Beauty 228 Indiana Favorite 228 ■ i Ja n Hitting 821 Indiana Vandevere 391 Ingram 229 Truman 296 Irish Codlin 265 Irish Peach Apple 221) Irish Pitcher 265 Irish Reinette 229 Irish Rusk, t 340 Iran Apple 105 Ironstone Pippin 158 Island Beauty 229 M of Wight Orange 229, 294 Isle of Wight Pippin 229 Isleworth Crab 229 Italian Rose 329 Jabe 230 Jabez Sweet 200 Jack Apple 29(3 Jackson 230 Jackson Apple 124, 131 Jackson Red 286 Jmksorts Bed 829 Jacques Lebel 280 James River 409 James River 258 Jane 230 Januarea 115 Jarminite 230 Jefferis 2-0 Jefferson County 28 1 Jeniton 321 Jenkins 23 1 Jennett ! 321 Mng 402 Jenning's Sweet 281 Seedling 207 Jersey Black. 99 Jersi a Grei ning 290, 382 Jersey Pippin 231 Jersey Sweeting 28' 1 I, rusalem Jewett's Best 232 Jewett's Fine Red 232 Joanm ting Joannetteris Reinette 140 Joe Berry 285 Joel . . . .' 282 John Carter 28 I John May 224 Jim. Six pps1 856 John's Sweet 233 Johnson 233 Joh tison 828 Johnson Russet 288 Johnson's Fine Winter 420 Joh ust on's Favorite 2 >5 Jolly Beggar 234 , 65 pica Jonathan . 232 Jones'1 Pippin 108 Journalaskia 235 Jubilee Pippin 234 Judge Andrews , 284 Juicy Bite 284 Julian 234 Julii ii 284 Juling 284 July Apple 313 July Pippin 153 Junaliska 285 Junaluskee 285 June Sweeting 820 J 'unfitting 402 Jiini ting 402 J uniting 402 Kaigkn's Spitzenburgh 235 Kane 285 Keddleston Pippin. ... 285 Keeping Red Streak 285 Keeping Russet 280 Keim 280 Keiser 280 KeUey White 92 Kelsey 280 Kelsey 220 Kelsey Sweet 236 Kelter 101 /. fa Pippin 100 lump's Sweet. 210 Kennebec Russet 280 Kennedy's Red Winter 236 Kenney 287 Kenrick 287 KenricKs Autumn 237 fe's Hi d Autumn 287 Kent 237 Kentish Broading 287 Kentish Brooding 107 Kentish Fill-Basket 2:: 7 Kentish Pippin. 237 Kentucky. 238 Kentucky Cream Kentucky King 238 '.>:', ■ y Queen 109 Kentucky Red Streak 238 Kentucky Sweet 238 Kerry Pippin 289 Keswick Codlin 239 Lin's Favorite 239 Kikita 240 Kilham Hill 240 Kinellan 240 King 108, 109, L13, 240 K\ nij Apple 241 King George the Third 103 King Philip 232 King of the Pippins 240 King Tom 241 King of Tompkins County 241 1026 APPLES. Kingsbury Rvsset Kingsley Kingston Black Kinney Kirk's Lord Nelson Kirkbridge White Kirke's Golden Reinette. . . Kirki .1 Lemon Pippin. . . . Kvrke's Scarlet Admirable. Kirrland Kir Hand1 s Seedling Kittugeskee Klaproth Kieine Casseler Reinette. . . Kleim Gra/ue Reinette. . . . Knickerbocker Knight's Codling Knight's Golden Pippin. . . Knight's Red June KniyMwick Pippin Knobbed Russet Knobby Russet Knowles' Early Knox Russet K inig's Reinette Koi fang's Pippelin Kohl Kool-appel Kounte Kram Krauser Krauter Reinette. ....... Krouser Krowser La Candle l.n J/' re des Pommes Labute Lacker Lacy's Nonpareil Ladies' Blush 186, Ladu s' "Favorite Codies' Sweet 246, Lady Apple Lady Blush I.mhi CJ,eek Siceet L idy <'rab Lady Finger Fingt r 'itspatrick Lady ,], tin y'.v Lady Haley's Nonsuch Lady Washington 132, 257, Lady of the Wemyss Lady's Delight Lady's Fancy Lady's Winger Lady's Seedling. Ladj 's Sweet Lady's Sweeting Lady's White Lafayette Lake TAOK 123 241 241 241 242 241 195 252 219 241 241 242 242 8? 120 243 416 148 118 135 243 243 243 243 243 194 24:! 321 285 136 243 244 243 243 190 321 244 244 155 215 109 378 244 245 215 424 245 235 120 237 24'; 418 246 246 246 402 246 24' i 246 247 247 248 Lamb Abbey Pearmain Lamb Abbey Pearmain Lancashire < '■.■ab Lancaster Crab Lancaster Greening Lancaster Pippin Lancasti r Qm en Lancaster Sweet Landon Lane's Red Streak Lane's Sweet Lansingburgh Laquier Large Black Large Emit/ Red Large Fall Pippin Large Golden Pippin 195, Large Ra/mbo Large Red Siberian Crab Large Romanite Large Striped Winter Pearmain. .. Large WMte Incomparable Crab... Large White JuneaUng Large Yellow Bough Large Yellow Siberian Crab Largi YeUow Summer Larue's Big Green Lasting Vandervere LoU Bough Late Carse vf Gowrie Late Chandler Late Golden Sweet Late Strawberry Late Sweet Late Wine Latham Lauren's Greening Lawver Le Grand Bohemian Borsdorffer. .. Lraiiingfo/i's (j rauer Pippin Leanham Leather Apple Leather Coat Russet 293, Leaver Ledge Sweet Leech's Red Winter Leicester Sweet Leithemer Streifling Leland Pippin Leland Spice Lt mon Lemon Pippin Lesher Lewis Lewis's Incomparable Lexington Queen Liberty Libhart Ligoz Lily I lackland Lima Limber Twig Lincoln Pippin Mai 248 248 276 376 24b 248 370 248 248 249 249 249 244 144 323 404 368 319 424 302 363 402 153 250 425 25!) 25(1 391 82 384 122 84 251) 251 251 251 251 251 103 204 286 308 343 251 252 223 252 252 252 338 252 252 253 253 1(19 253 283 253 144 388 253 415 Arri.E.* 1027 Lincolnshire Holland Pippin 253 Lindenwald 254 Lindley's Nonpareil 254 Lippincott Sweet 254 LippincoWs Early 371 Litchfield Pippin 254 Little Beauty 254 Little Pearmain 76 Little Rmanite 191 Little Vandevere 391 Loan's Pearmain 254 Locy 254 Lodgeinore Nonpareil 254 Loudon Golden Pippin 194 Loudon Pippin 255 Loudon Sweet 255 Lyondon Winter Sweet 255 Londonderry 144 Long Island 168 Long Island Pearmain 255 Long Island Pippin 255 Long Island Russet 255 Long John 255 Long John , 235 Long May 402 Jjong Pearmain 235 Long's Red Winter 256 Long Start 256 Long Stem 256 Long Stem Sweet 84 Longville's Kernel 256 Lop- Sided Pearmain 270 Lord BwrgJdey 257 Lord Burleigh 257 Lord Gwydr's Newtown Pippin. ... 74 Lord Suffield 257 Lorick Cluster 257 Loring Sweet 257 Loudon Pippin 257 Louise Renard 257 Loure Queen 258 Loveden'a Pippin 288 Lovett's Sweet 258 Lowell 258 Lowre Queen 258 Luce's Early Joe 259 Lueombe's Pine- Apple 259 Lueombe's Seedling . 259 | Ludw ig 259 Lutticher Ananas Calville 79 Lyman's Large Summer 2.7:1 Lyman's Pumpkin Sweet 317 Lyon's Sweet 259 Lyscom 259 Mc Adam's June 181 McAfee's Nonsuch 260 McAfee's lied 260 McCoy's Pippin 260 McDaniel 260 McDowell's Sweet 260 McHemy 260 Mclutii e's Sweeting 266 PASS McKim's Vandervero 261 McKinley 261 McLellan 261 Mcr.oncrs Family 172 MacKay Sweet 260 MncMe's Clyde Beauty 128 Maclean's Favorite 261 Macomber 262 Madt hiit. 371 Mage's Johnny 203 Magi ifqvi .' 228 Magnolia 262 May mini Bonum 102 Wagoun . ipple 114 Maidt n's A pple 263 Maiden's Blush 262, 425 Ma! il( it's Bosom 283 Maiden's Favorite 263 Major 263 Mala Carle 263 Maltranche 228 Mamma 263 Mamma Beam 92 Mammoth 195 Mammoth June 264 Manaen 264 Mangura 265 Mank's Codlin 265 Mannington's Pearmain 265 Manomet 265 Manomet Street 265 Mansfield Russet 265 Marble Sweet 266 March's Red Seedling 266 March's Red Winter 266 Marengo 425 Man/, i ret 156 Margaretha Apfel 156 Margil 266 Maria Bush 266 Marietta Russet 342 Marigold Pippin 294 Marks 267 Marmalade Pippin 2(17 Ma/rrow Pippin 296 Marshall 267 Marshall's Sweet 267 Marston's Red Winter 267 Martin 268 Martin 261 Martin Nonpareil 268 Mary 268 Maryland Beauty 268 Maryland Cheese 367 Masten 268 MasterCs Seedling 268 Master's 268 Master's Seedling 268 Matapfel 341 Matchless 73, 285 Matlock's Summer 269 Matson 269 Mattamusket 269 1028 APPLKS. Matthew Stripe Mauck Ma wrack's Sweet Maxey Maxfeld May. May May Apple May of Myers May Pippin May Seek-no-Faither. May St ■ I; -in)- Further. . May of Virginia Meach Meachem Street Meader's Winter Meadow Sweet Mear's Seedling Mear's Sweet Megginch Favorite Mt ig's 270 PAOE 259 269 269 270 265 270 402 270 270 402 270 271! 402 270 2^2 42.-» 270 271 271 1!).-, 329 Meister ... 271 i Mela Curhi ... 2.;:; Mela di Carlo Mi in ili Rosmarino rossa 263 327 Melon ... 271 Melrose »>->> Melt in the Mouth 2 72 Melt in tin1 Mouth Melting Pippin Melvin Sweet Men igere 302 296 272 . . . . 272 Menouisten Reinette Mi a ift '<■'' r Cuiih rling 272 . . . 272 Winter Galville ieldCaMLLe Mercer 272 272 . ... 278 M re ile Menage . ... 273 Merit 100 I's 273 ?S Apple 's Sweet i 27:; 342 27M .... 27:! odist . . .. 273 I! . ... 273 i .... 27! 1 Henry Pippin 274 Michigan Golden 258 ... 274 Mh Mli bourg Reinette Mifflin King 27! .... 275 in- (L'lliver . . . 275 . . . 27."") Milch . . . 27.-, Milch Apfel .... 275 Mi.ler 355 27.-, 21 5 Millt r\s Apple ;;i2 Miller's Seedling 100 .... 194 PAel Minchall Crab 276 MincharrHs Crab 276 Minier'a Dumpling 270 Minister ... 2717 Minkler 276 Minshul ('rub 270 Mishler's Sweet 276 Mississippi 101 ' Janet 321 Missouri Keeper Missouri /'/) , m 286 Hid 286 Missowrian :' 13 Mitchelson 27 7 Mitchelsoris 8i < dlin g 27 7 Mitt, 1 274 Mr--. Weaver's Street 2.>r> Mobbs 286 Molasses 277 Molassi s Sweet 313 Moll, i Whopper 167 Monarch 277 Monarch i. 277 Monk's Favorite 277 Monkland Pippin 277 Monkton 277 Monmouth Pippin 27c Monstow's Pepping 193 Monstrous Bellflower 27b Monstrous Pippin 191 Montalivet 278 Montreal Beauty 125 Moore 270 Moore's Extra 279 Moore's Greening 279 Mooj'i '■■>• Si < dling 279 Moore's Sweet 270 Moorhen Pippin 270 Moose Apple 282 Moreland Morgan White 270 Morgaris Favorite Morris's Court of Wick Morris's Russet I Morris* Sack an I 8 igar Morrison Sweet on's Red Morton Morton\ 280 Moses Wood... 280 Moss's [ncomparable 280 Sweet Mother Mother Davis Motti uars Seedling .Mountain Belle 288 Mountain Pippin 107 Mountain Sweet 282 Mini nt nin Vandevere o91 Mountaineer 282 Mouse Apple 282 M 'undies Pippin 2G() Munson Sweet 283 APPLES. 102? Murphy Muscat Reinette. . . Museau de, Levre. . . . Musqraois Cooper. . Musk- Spice nelon Muster , Mi/efs Nonpareil. . . MygaWs Bergamot. Naigle's Winter Nanny Nantahalee Ne Plus Ultra i BeUflower Nectar Ned Needle , Neisley Bell flower , y's Winter Penick. \ Apfel Nelson Nelson's Codlin Nequassa Nequassa Sweet Neverf ail Neverfail 166, Neversink Neto Brunswick New Jersey Red Streak New Late Reinette New London Pippin New Nonpari il New Rock Pippin New Scarlet Nonpareil New Small Lemon Pippin New Y<>rk Gloria Mundi New York Greening New York Pippin New York 8j ice Newark King- Newark Pippin Newark Swt eting NewboM's Adi vir< I Duncan Newbola?s Duke of York Newbury Newtown Gn ening Newtow P Newtown Spitzenburgh Nichols Sweet ack !'< inette Nieman's Red Reinette Xix Green ad d Nonpareil Nonpareil cP Angleterre Nonpareil Russet Nonsuch Nonsuch Norfolk PA OB 282 282 . 304 89 170 383 283 201 152 283 283 283 100 284 2.83 283 284 178 284 302 133 284 284 284 284 266 321 284 149 155 285 255 155 285 347 285 191 7 Phihuhiphia Sweet 82 Pl.i'i, Rick 2:12 PhiMp's Reinette 135 Phillippi 303 Phillips' Sweet 303 Phoenix 304 Pickard's Reserve 304 Pickman 304 Pickman Pippin 304 Pie Apple 219 Pifer 304 Pigeon 304 Piip on Rouge 304 Pigeonet Plane 304 aette '■'<<> I pin 259 Pine -Apple Russet 305 Pine Creek Sweet 305 Pine Sua wherry. . 305 Pink Sweeting 305 APPLES. 103 I PAGE Pinned1* Favorite 152 Pinner 306 Pin tier Seedling 306 Pioneer 306 Pippin 306 Pitmaston 306 Pitmaston Golden Pippin 306 Pitmaston Nonpareil 306 Pitmaston Pine- Apple 306 Pittsburgh Pippin 306 Pittstown Pippin 194 Pitsn- Hill 316 Piatt's Sweet 306 Pleasant Valley Pippin 307 Plum 307 Plymouth Greening 270 Poland 324 Polecat 370 Polhemus 279 Polinia Pearmain 87 Polish 307 Polly Bright 307 Pomeroy 307 Pomme eVApi Rouge 244 Pomme (F Argent 346 Pomme d'Aunee 74 Pomme de Berlin 134 / 'omme du < 'aen 115 Pomme de ( 'aractere 14s, 1 T~> Pomme de ( liarles 263 Pomme de Codillac 341 Pomme de ( 'uir 308 Pomme Double Agathe 7;J Pomme Finale 263 Pomme Granate 162 Pomme (arise. 308 Pomme de Jaune 346 Pomme de Jaune de la Sartha. . . . 846 Pomme de LaaJc 151 Pomme <•>■ Maiingre Ill Pomme in- JSeige 171 Pomme d't Grange 229 Pomme WOr 194 Pomme (V Outre Passe 298 Pomme de Perroquet 366 Pomme Eegelans 133 Pomme RomaHn Rouge 327 Pomme Rose 24 i Pomme Roye 302 Pomme Rubanee 366 Pomme dt Saint JvMen 345 .7 Swaveur 345 366 VioU tte 324 Pomme Water 308 Pomme Water Sioet t 308 Pommeroy ~ ''• Pom in a 392 Ponto Pippin 308 Poorhouse 309 Pope 309 Popes Apple ;'>li!) Poppy Greening 221 Popular Bluff. Porter 195, Porter Spitzenburgh Portsmouth Sweet Portugal Portugal Gray Reinette Posey's Red Posey's Red Winter Sweet Posteley Postt ley's Seedling Pot/pie Apple Potter's Large Pott* r's Large Apple Potter's Large Seedling 237, Potter Sweet Pottinger PoiK/Jikeepsie Russet Pound 167, Pound Cake Pound Pippin Pound Royal Pound Royal 169, 195, Pound Royals Pound Sweet Pound Sweet 279, Pound's July Poveshon Powell's Russet Powers Powers 313, Powers' Large Pownal Spitzenburgh Procjrr 204. P; . ii i Rambaur Reinette Prairie < ialville , ath, r Apple Pratt's Sweet President President De Pay's Dumonceau. . . Press Press Ewiug Pride of September Priest's Sweet . . . PiieMley's American Priestly ........ Priestly Primate Primiting Prince of Orange Princes Ha/rvest Princes La rye Pud and Gran Sir, el. Princely Princess Noble Zo'ete Princesse Noble Princesse Noble Princesse Noble des (Jhartreaux. . . Prinz Prior's I oil Progress Proliferous Reinette Prolific Beauty Prolific Bt " u(y i Prolific Sweet PA OF 354 309 310 252 115 310 310 3io 310 310 411 310 810 310 252 31C 162 286 311 169 311 369 369 311 317 311 311 311 312 329 42f> 312 41 "J : : o67 HI 2 312 313 :; 3 313 350 313 313 313 111 313 402 :J1 1 153 323 :!l 1 134 314 195 HI 5 315 316 315 315 315 302 i032 APPLES. PA OF. Prop 316 Prussian 131 Prussian Pijyjnn 1 34 Prvor's Red 31 6 Pricker End 316 Pumpkin Russet 317 Pumpkin Sweet ;' I ? 123, 317 Purple Siberian Crab 42 ns 1 03 Quince 319 Rabbits Head 125 Rabine 319 Ragan 319 Ragan'sRed 319 Ram's Horns 321 Rambo 319 RambouiUt t ;' ! '••' Rambour $£ti. 370 Ra/mbour Franc 370 it Groa 320 370 Rambour Papeleu 320 Rai ibour Rose 321 /.V rnbour Roitge 321 u 320 RamsdeWs Red Pumpkin Sweet. .. . 163 163 // 163 RnndaWs Red Winter 163 ii,i ml ': B 4 321 Is Best 321 Swt "> elting Red Ranee Red Republican !,'< d Romarin Red Russet /,', d Russt t i ' her Red Seek-no Farther , Red 8t ek-no-Further Rt -I Shroj s.i rim Bed Siberian Crab Rt d Spitsenburg itzenburgh Red Streak - PASt 322 282 288 322 383 80 328 324 85 324 328 324 324 325 325 168 278 iso 347 146 329 326 326 133 109 323 286 326 109 326 326 lis 326 157 237 329 253 327 327 321 302 -m 302 362 307 323 163 14^ 137 327 327 327 327 194 328 826 236 356 426 235 334 APPLES. 1033 PAGE Red Streaked Rawiing 322 Red Stripe 328 Red Sweet 328 -eet Pifflrin 279 /,' d Sweet Wineswp 378 II d Vandevere 329, 355, 391 Red Warrior 328 ■'.■■■' Warrior 286 Red Winter Calville 328 Red Winter Pearmain 320 Red Winter Pearmain 235 Red Winter Sweet 329 Rt d Winter Sweet 377 Redick 326 Redling 132 Reed 329 /,', in ■ des Reincttcs 318 tie eVALr 195 Rt in Me r e 151, 243 tte Duchesse de Brabant 149 Reinette haute bonU 212 Rein, tte Qrise tV Hirer 204, 412 Reinette Grise de Portugal 310 Reinette Grosse du Canada. . . . . 115 Reinette d'llollande Reinette de HongTie Reinette Jaune Hatif. • Jaune Sardwe Reinette des Menonites 'joi/rg y/isnie isque •son, e Reinette Nonpareil Vormandy te Roman ite 319 Romanite of the West 191 Roma/rin Blanche 403 Rome Beauty 340 Rosa ' 340 Rose 340 Rose Calville 340 Rose de la Benauge 341 Rose 9 RwkmwHs Pearmain 1!<4 RuckmarOs Red 286 Rules Summer Sweet 343 Rum Apple 343 Runnells 343 Rushock Pearmain 344 Russam 235 Rum t Golden 196 Run ' Golden Pippin 194 Russet Nonpareil 306 Russet Pearmain. 344 Russet Table Pearmain 344 Russian 134 Russian Emperor 74 Russian Transparent 344 Russine 332 Rusty ('oat Milam 275 Rusty Core 291 Rymer , 344 Sable Sweet 344 Sick Apple 145 Sack and Sugar 345 Sailly Autumn 345 St. John's Nonpareil •. . . . 306 Saint Julian 345 Saint Julien 345 St. Lawrence 345 St. Mi i rif.i Pippin 1 48 Saint Sauveur 345 Salem 345 Salem Sweet 345 SaUe 345 Salopian Pippin 346 Sam Rowlings 218 Sam Wingara 265 Sam Young 346 Sam's Crab 256 Sanguineus 171 Sanguinole 328 Santouchee 346 Sapson 340 Sapson c>'ne 346 Sartha's Yellow 346 Sassafras Sweet 211 s Cheese 34(3 ell 346 Sawyer 347 Sawyer Sweet 347 283 Scarlet Crof ton 3 f APPLES. 103* 84, Scarlet Leadington Scarlet Nonpareil Scarlet Pearcnain Scarlet, Pearmain Scarlet Perfume , Scarlet Queening , Scarlet Sweet Scarlet Tiffing Schaffer's Early Sch offer's Early Red Schaffer's Garden Sclioolmocker Schoonmaker Schreveton Golden Pippin. . Schmteer Apple Sciota Beauty Scollop Gilliflower Scolloped Gilliflower Scotch Bridget Scotch Virgin Scott Scott's Best Scrivener's Red Scudamorda Crab Seaconk Sweet , Seager , Sea go Seaman's Sweet Seaver Sweet Seedless SeedsviUe Sweet Seek-No-Further 202, 319, 390 Seever Seever's Red Streak. 8i igneur cF Orsay Selby Bellflower Selnia Selma Selwood's Reinette Seneca Spice September Sergeant's Sweet Settin Pippin Shaker Geeening Shaker Pippin Shaker's Yellow Shakespeare Sim a lion ■ 'loupe's Early Sharpe's Greening .• 'harpers Spice Sheepnose Sheep Nose 76, 159, Shire Shell Shepherd's Fame Shepherd's Pippin Sheppard's Sweet SJierioood's Faro rite Shiawassee Beauty Shipley Green Shippen's Russet Shirley PAGE 347 347 347 . 235 130 137 347 348 348 348 348 348 348 348 306 348 348 348 349 405 313 349 349 328 349 384 21)5 349 349 349 417 399 350 350 345 350 350 238 350 319 350 350 151 350 350 155 351 392 370 351 170 351 235 179 351 351 74 351 124 351 352 181 PAGB- Shockley , 353 Showy Crab 426 Siberian August 181 Sigler's Red 347 Simmon 220 Simpson's Pippin 295 Simpson's Seedling 295 Simpson Sweet 353 Sin rloir's Yellow 153 Sine-qua-non 353 Sink 353 Sir William Gibbons 353 Skunk 353 Skunk 362 Sleeper 353 Sleeping Beauty 353 Sleight's Lady Apple 353 Slingerland Pippin 354 Shan's Seedling 317 Small Black 99 Saudi Romonite 191 Small's Admirable 354 Smalley 354 Smith's 354 SmiHi's Beauty of Newark 149 Smith's Cider 354 Smith field Spice 152 Smokehouse 355 Smyrna 124 Snediker 355 Snepps' 356 Snorter , 363 Snow 171 Snow Chimney 171 Sol. Carter 109 Somerset 356 Somerset Harvest 188 Sommerset Lasting 356 Sops of Wine 356 Soskrieger 122 Souisson Russet 356 Soulard 426 Sour Bough 357 Sour Bough 368, 380 Sour Harvest 313 Southern. Foil Pijmin 329 Southern Golden Pippin 201 rn Untiling 201 Southern Lady 357 SoutJu rn RomaniU) 339 Sovereign 357 Spafford Russet 357 Spark's 357 Spark's Late 357 Speckled 357 Spie/.ied Golden Reinette 87 Speckled Oley 357 Speckled P&trmain 87 SpcckM Sweet 117 or 357 Spencer Sweeting 210 Soiei 354 Spier. Apjtlt 293 1036 APPLES. PAOF I Spice Russet Spice Sweet 358 Spia d Ox Eye 285 burgh 285 Sponge 358 ' Pippin 110 Spragne 358 Spring 83 Grove Codlin 358 S] ring Pippin 358 Springer 358 Seedling. 358 oort Pippin 358 Squire's Greening :!">!) Staats' Sweet 359 Stack 359 Stackyard 359 / 155 te 391 Stamford Pippin 359 Stanard 359 rcPs Seedling 359 Stanley 360 Stanley's Serdtti ipt d Ashmore 80 Striped Beaunn 362 Striped Belle et Bonne 363 Striped Bt Ut - Fleur 324 Striped Fameuse 172 Striped TH 'ing. 168 Summer Limbertwig 367 Summer Marigold 368 ipareii L55 Summer Pippin 368 r Pippin 219 Summer Pound Royal 369 Summer Queen 370 Sum 'i,. . g 137 Summer Rambo 370 Si/mm< i " 370 Summer Red Calville 371 Summer Red Streak 371 Summer Reinette 371 r'B. T. Greening 369 Summer Rose 371 Ru886t .. 377 Summer Sweet 372 Summer Sweet 216 Summer Sweet Paradise 372 Summer Tcuc/tat Egg 882 APPLES. 1037 PAOK Summer Thorle 372 Summer White Calville 372 Summerowr 286 8um/m 'in) Jinn um 125 Superb 372 Superb Sweet 372 Surprise 373 Surrey Flat Cap 373 Susan's Spice 373 Susannah 373 Sutton Beauty 373 Swaar 373 Swasey 374 Sweeney Nonpareil 374 Sweet Baldwin 375 Sweet Belle Bonne 375 Sweet Belliiower 37.*; Sweet BeVflower 82 Sweet BellHower of Wyandot Co. . 375 Bough 250 Sweet Butter 375 Sweet Gann 115 Sweet Doctor 375 Sweet Fall Pippin 375 Sweet Golden Pvppin 82 Sweet Greening 375 Harvest 250 ■■'. i ( Harvey 378 8wt 1 1 Home 151 Sweet Janet 376 Sweet Jersey 209 Sweet June 216 Sweet King 376 Sweet Maiden's Blush 115, 204 Sweet Mary 370 Nonsuch 377 Sweet Pear 376 Sweet Pearmain 376 378 Sweet Pippin 376 Pvppi 218, 279 Sweet Queen 377 Rum bo 377 378 tabbed Gillillower Romanite 377 :)77 t '....123, 31 -no- Farther 378 rther 192 and Sour 374 Sponge 378 hcaar. 82 ; "ervere 37s1 Willie 378 Wine 170 Sweet Winesap 378 Sweet Winter Pennock 378 ng, Weirs 309 [pple 306 Pippin 'i(ii' Swiss Reinette 378 feyke-House Russet 379 PAOH Sylvan Russet 349 Sylvester 379 Table Greening 37!> Talhio Apple 258 Tollman's Sioeeting 379 Talmaii's Sweet 379 Tardi i e de Joncret 3S0 Tart Bough 380 Tart Bough 153, 368 Tarvey Codlin 380 Taubenfarbige Apfcl 304 Taunton . . .' 380 Taunton 30? Taunton Golden Pippin 380 outh 383 Ten Shillings 381 Tenderskin 381 Tenor Hills 91 Tenterden Park 381 Terral's Late 3£ t Terry's Bed Streak 319 Tetofsky 381 Tetofsky 181 Teuchat's Egg 382 ■bury Blush 382 Tewkesbury Winter Blush 382 Them's Red Streak 3 .* Thickset Thomas 383 Thomas 275 Thoral Pippin 372 372 Tift's Sweet 383 Tillaqua 3l 3 // Titus Sort Tinmouth Tinson's Red Titus Pippin 383 Toccoa Toker's Incomparable Tolbert ,\ Sweeting 379 Tom Potter Red Toole's Indian Rareripe . . : Tower of Glammis Tower's Glory end. . i ad's Smiling Beauty Trader's Fancy Transcendent 426 Transparent Codlin Transport at de Mbscovu 401 '// 135 Transparent de Zurich 385 Transport 385 Trovers' , Treadle Bole 1038 APPI/FS. Trmhwn 286 on Early 385 .- Early 2!):! Trescott Russet 386 ' Horse 22:! Trout Apple 101 Tvm S] itz, riburgk Hi I Trumbull Sweet 386 Trumbull Sin, tiny 386 Trumpeter ''s<> TrttmpCngt/m 143, 319 Tucker . '. 386 Tuebmr's Cider 386 Tuebner's Golden 386 Tuffs 386 Tuffs Baldwin :>v"'> Tulip 387 n < 'alviUe 387 Tulp 387 kocken KIT Tulpi n 387 Turk's Cap :!N7 Turkey Greening 387 Turn-off Lans 387 Turner1* ■"/„,.-, 2<)1 Tuscaloosa 387 Tuscaloosa Seedlivg 387 Tuscaloosa Sweet :>>s7 Tuttle :s : y Ounce 388 Tin nty Ounce Apple 381 : 2Q-Ounce Pippin 113 Twin 388 Twin ( luster Pippin 128 I TwitchelTs Sweet 388 Tyler 220 Tyler Apple \-'>\ Tyre Beauty 388 'nette l!)l Tyroler Pippin 389 Uncle John 389 '■'>■) i Sam's Best. . .'. 170 ; Union 389 Unique 389 ; praff 389 Utter 389 \ ale tfascal Pearmain .'!!)() luren :!:)() ]yne '3ur, Van Mona Et< inette 391 Vance's Early Earvest 390 uabeele 390 y in lernool 390 rspiegel ;;!)() "'tiitlt rrc\)>'< Virginia Swt et 266 Voss' Winter 393 Vrai Drop $Or 148 Wabash 393 II ahi ';, "'/ w&r ;>!);i Waddell Hall 394 Wadhurst Pippin 394 iea '■>') I Wahr Reinettt 115 Wahrer Weiser Sommer-calwMt .... 72 Wall 286 Walker's Winter <:!>o Walker's Yellow 39"5 Watt 286 Walnut Stmt . 338 395 Waltharn Abbey 395 Waltham Abbt y iSa dling 395 WalU Ajiptr..'. :.. ■' 1 Walworth 368 / 286 •• tall 395 Ward 395 * 107 Id ■■..' 342 1 Warrascl ■ aben nock 1- i 296, -1 I'- ll .,, i, fs Ooldi Pippin 194 Warwickshin Pippin 4 1 7 Waslvington 250, 356 Pearmain 144 Washington Royal 39(i Washington Strawberry 39(i Washington Sweet 397 Watch Ajrple 115 Water 397 APrLES. 1039 Waterman.s Sweet . . . Watermelon Watermelon , Watrous Dumpling. . . . Watson's Dumpling . . . Watson's Favorite Watson's Neio Nonsuch Wa toon's Vandevere . . . Wattaugah Waugh's Orab Wax .209, PA OK 398 271 271 151 398 398 372 391 221 398 398 .92, Wax Apple Waxen Wealthy Wealthy's Favorite Webb's Winter Week's Pippin Weisse Antillische l"~:t'.ise Italia nische Bosmarinapfel . . Weisse Reinette Weisse Sommer Reinette Weisse Weick's Reinette Weisser Astrakan Werner Winter CalviUe Welcome .'. Well Apple 'Well's Sweet Wellford's Yellow Wellington Wells Welsh Pippin. . . • West Grinstead Pippin West's Spitzenberg H estbrook Westchester Seek no Further Westt rn Baldwin Western Beauty 89, Western Spy Westfield Seek-no-Further Westmoreland Longstart Weston Wheeler's Extreme Wheeler's Russet Wheeler's Sweet T//. dock Sweet Whig Wliite Apple White Astrachan White Beauty White BeUfleur White BeUflower Wliite Calville White CabMe White ( 'ockle Dt t/roit White Doctor White Fulwood White Graft of Wis !(7 itt Ihiicthurnden White Incomparable White June White Juneating White Lily 158 398 398 399 399 135 414 229 184 371 371 401 401 98 383 399 399 151 147 2G7 400 140 357 175 299 291 399 399 256 400 400 401 401 323 401 92 401 401 296 296 401 129 296 -40-2 1 85 168 212 402 419 402 144 White Melrose , White Nonpareil White Oslin White Paradise Wliite Pippin Whiti Pippin 289, White Rambo . White Roi Larin White Russet Whiti S( < I.- -no- Further 202, White Spanish Reinette White Spice White Spice, White Spitzenberg White Stone Pippin 289, White Sugar White Summer Pippin White Sweet White Vandevere White Virgin White Wine White Winter 405, White Winter Calville White Winter Pearmain White's London Pippin White's Red Winter White's Winter Whitewater Sweet Whitman Whitmore's Pippin Whitney Russet Whorle Pippin Wiek Pi iiruiiiin Wickham's Pearmain Wier Sweet Wigwam Wildcat WUden Apfel Wilfong William Penn n Tell William's Early William's Favorite William's Pippin William's Bed William's White Willis Sweet Willis's Russet WiOffw Willow Leaf Pippin Willow Twig Willsboro Wilmot 1 1 Unnot's 8t < dling Wilson Wilson's J line Wilson's Summer Wilson's Volunteer WincheU Sweet Windham Russet . Wine Wi-te 159, 285 Wine of Connecticut PAflF 272 402 296 402 402 296 403 403 404 296 404 404 159 404 363 82 404 404 391 405 405 427 401 405 257 404 405 405 406 406 40<) 372 406 406 407 324 346 312 407 407 306 407 407 407 407 407 408 409 296 409 400 40" 400 410 118 410 410 410 410 410 334 888 !(H0 APPLES — APRICOTS. PAGE WineSop 411 Winesap 411 Win- Sweet 411 Win 1 1 's Russet 412 Winslow 412 '. 1 ,'u tt r Belle and Bonne 91 Win ter Belle boon 91 Winter Blush 167 ■ B ugh 115 Branding 107 Winter Cheese 201 Winter Citr>menapfel 243 Winter Codlin 412 Winter Colinan 412 Winter Golden Sweet 84 Winter Gray Reinette 412 Winter Greening 201 Winter Harvey 413 Winter Hog Island Sweet 413 280 Winter Jannetting 321 Winter Lading 413 Winter Maiden's Blush 413 Winter Majettin. ... 413 Winter May 270 Winter Pearrnain 413 Pearmain 81,275. 363 ■ Pippin 413 Winter Pippin of Geneva 189 Winter Pippin of Vermont 414 Wintt r 1' und Royal. 311 109 Winter Etd Streak 115, 238 Winter Reinette 414 r Reinette 414 r Rose 286 r Ernst t 243 Uing 399 Winti r Seek-no- Further 170 ping Beauty ... Winter Strawberry 41) ..- Strawbi rry ugh 1 1 5 Sweet Paradise 414 410 r< ening 415 larmain 41o 41. o Swett 404 83 208 410 jdon 135 >et 416 415 i ST ring 41(1 152 took Pippin 100 wr A Pippin 296 Woolfolks 416 WoU:w >Ss Harvest 371 PAOt Woolman's Lcng .. 296 Worden's Pie App^.e 356 World's Wonder 286 Wormsley Pippin 416 Wright 410 Wright's Janet 417 Wygera 19"> Wyken Pippin 417 Pippin 195 Wythe 306 Yacht Yakdin Yahoola Yankee Spy Yates Yellow Bellflower TelloiD Crank Yellow Foster 1 1 in Reinette Harvest Hoss Yellow Ingestrie t Yellow June 1/ y. Yellow Meadow Newtown Pippin Pearrnain YiUoto Pippin 285, Yellow Siberian Crab Yellow Sweet ■ e Voder Yopp's Favorite York York Imperial York Pippin 169, Fork Russet 123, Yorksh Sauce me Greening Young's Long Ke< 417 417 417 417 418 135 418 201 419 195 153 223 419 321 419 402 419 419 127 296 427 419 391 106 420 420 420 195 317 421 421 421 158 Zane 421 ing 421 421 Zoar Greening 421 Zour Bough 313 >f el 103 APRICOTS. o 442 nmun 440 ce 439 i hut if Musguie 440 439 I Precoce 440 440 Abricotier Blanc 44i APRICOTS. 1041 PAGE Abrfcotier hdtif 440 Alder ge 433 Alberge de Montgamet 437 Albergier 433 A mcmde Aveline 434 Amygdalus dasycarpa 434 Ananas 434, 439 Angoumis 434 Anjou 434 Anson's 438 Anson's Imperial 439 Beauge 434 Black 434 442 vm 441 Ek frJwd-leaved Roman 440 Blotched-leaved Turkey 441 Breda 434 Brianeon Apricot 442 Briancon Plum 442 Brown Masculine 440 Brown's Early 435 Brussels 435 Burlington 435 Canino Grosso 435 Claude Bidot 435 Cornice de Toulon 435 Crotte •. 4.37 D 'Alemndrie 438 Des Farges 435 De Holltuide 434 J)e Nancy. 438, 439, 441 De Sardaigne 441 l)> St. Jean 437 Jean Rouge 437 Double-flowering Apricot 442 Du Luxembourg 439 Du Pope 434 .Dubois' Early Golden 436 Dun more 438 Dun more' a Breda 438 Golden 43(5 \faseuline 440 Early Moorpark 436 Orange 438 White Masculine 442 Muscateher 440 ■ne 440 Gold Blotched 441 Golden Drop 436 Green Gage 441 Gros (P. W.randrie 437 Gros Fruhe 437 Gros Prcoce 437 Gros Rouge 437 Gros Rouge Hdtif 437 Grosse G< rmint 440 66 Hasselnussmandd 434 Hemskirke 436 Hunt's Moorpark 438 Jaques 436 Kaisha 436 Lafayette 436 Large Early 437 Large Red 437 Large Turkey. 441 Liabaud 437 Luizet 437 Male 439 Mexico 437 Montgamet. 437 Moorpark 438 Musch-Musch 438 Newhall's Early 438 Noir 434 Oldaker's Moorpark 438 Orange 438 Oullins Early Peach 439 Peach 439 Pe die 439 Peche Grosse 439 Persian 438 Persique 434 Pfirsiche 439 Pine Apple 439 Portugal 439 Pr.'coce cPEsjierin 437 Pr'coce oVHongrie 437 Provence 439 Purple Apricot 434 Red Masculine 440 Ringold 440 Roman 440 Royal 4 10 Royal George 438 Royul Orange 438 Royal Peach 43!) Persian 438 Rouge 434 St. Ambroise 441 Sardinian 441 Shipley's 441 Sldpley's Large 441 Sodlmr's Moorpark 438 Suker Para 441 Temple's 438 Texas 441 Transparent 440 Turkey 441 L042 BERBERRIES AND BLACKBERRIES CHERRIES. PAGE Violet 434 Walton Woorpark 438 White Algiers 442 White Apricot 442 White Masculine 442 Wurtemburg 439 BERBERRIES & BLACKBERRIES. THE BERBERRY. Common Red 443 BLACKBERRIES. Adair's Claret 443 Albion 443 Cape May 444 Colonel Wilder 444 Crystal White 444 Cumberland 444 Cut-Leaved 444 Cutter's Mulberry 444 ]), wberry 445 Doctor Warder 444 Dorchester 444 Double Pink Blossomed 446 Double White Blossomed 446 Duncan's Falls 445 Farley 445 Felton 445 Holcomb 445 Kentucky White 445 Kittatinny 445 Lawton 446 Low Blackberry 445 Mason's Mountain 445 Missouri Mammoth 445 New Rochello 446 Newman's Thornless 446 Orange's Ci'ystal 444 Parsley Leaved. 444 Rose Flowering Bramble 447 Rubus t 'anadensis 445 Jtnbus odoratus 447 Sable Queen 446 Seacor's Mammoth 446 Trailing Blackberry 445 PAOTI Wachnsett 440 Washington 446 Wilson's Early 448 CHERRIES. A Courte Queue de Provence 480 Adam's Crown 450 Admirable de Soissons 476 All-Saints 487 AH i /i's Sweet Montmorency 474 Allerheiligen Kirsche 487 Amber 450 Amber 453 Amber Gean 451 Amber Heart 462 Amber a, petit fruit 476 Arnbree 451 A mbree de Choisy 477 Ambr e d Gros Fruit 477 American Amber 451 American Heart 451 Anglaise Tardive 482 Anne 451 Ami Ws Fine Black 455 Apple Cherry 464 Arch Duke 477 Arden's Early White Heart 462 Argental's L^te 451 A utumn Bigarreau 452 Baramdam 484 Baumann's May 452 Belle Agathe 452 B< - . igathe de Novembre 452 Belle Audegoise 477 Belle de Bway 485 Belle de Chatenay 477 Belle de Choisy 477 Belle Maguifique 477 I), U, 1 1 Magrdjique 477 Belle d'Orleans 452 Belle Polonaise 479 Belle de Bocmont 463, 467 Belle de Sceaux 477 Ihlh de Sceaux 477 Belle de Soissons 476 BenlwmCs Fine Early Duke 483 Bigarreau 453 Bigarreau Ca ur de Pigeon 453 Bigarreau Couk ur de Chair 463 wu Blanc 47i> Bigarreau Blanc cU Drogan 401 Bigarreau Blanc Tardif de Hildes- lieim 465 Bigarreau 7 Jiigarreau Gros Monstrueux 453 CHERRIES. 104: PAGE Bigarreau Gros Noir 474 Bigarreau Jaboulay 453 Bigarreau Jaune de Drogar. 461 Bigarreau La nermann 470 Bigarreau de Ludtcig 4G9 Bigarreau de. Lynn 453 Bigarreau de Mai 452 Biga/m a/a Maria llin 453 Bigarreau marbri de HUdeshevm .. 4(55 Bigarreau of Mezel 454 Bigarreau Novr 454 Bigarreau Novr de Sa/ooi 454 Bigarreau liadmoesnitner 456 Bigarreau Riverchon 454 Bigarreau de Roomont 4G3 Bigarreau Rouge de Gouben 4'i'2 Bigarreau Royal 45:! Bigari'eau Turd if 453 Bigarreau Tardif de HildesJteim ... 4(55 Bigarreau Tardive d'Argental 451 Bigarreau des Vignes 463 Bigarreautier er 451 Bloodgood's I font;! 451 BloodgoocPs New Honey 451 Bohemian Black Bigarreau 45G Bouquet AmareUe 478 Bo wy er's Early Heart 456 Brandvvvine ■••'.... 456 Brant 457 Brennemarts Early 475 Bristol ('/terry 455 Browns Seedling 457 BvcJianan's Early Duke 483 BiiUock's Heart 470 Burr s Seedling 457 Basel, W, ichsel 47* ■ •■h<- 478 Buttner's Black Heart 457 Buttner's October Morello 478 Buttner's Yellow 457 Byrnsville 458 Carmine Stripe 457 Carnation 478 Caroline 457 Caroon 455 PAOI Ceramic avium 455 Cerams serrvlata 486 Cerasus sylvestris flore plena 48C ('eras, /s Vinjiuiana 486 C. nilgai is semperflorens 487 Ceiise Ambrie 451, 453 C< rise art. . . . Drogan's1' Oelbe Bjiorpelskirsche. Drogan's White Bigarreau Drogan's Yellow Bigarreau .... Duchesse de Palluau Dutch MoreUo Dwarf Double-Flowering Early Black Early Black Bigarreau Duke Early Lamaurie Lyons Early May i'rolirie Purple Gruigne Early 1 ; I I '• Richmond Early V Elizabeth Etkhorr Elton I 1 y Kxcellente Douce Tardive. . . . .470. r-AOE 459 459 478 483 483 481 470 476 47!) . 4(10 47S 4H0 . 470 470 48(5 . 486 . 480 . 456 . 479 . 480 . 460 . 460 . 400 . 160 . 461 . 401 . 402 . 461 . 401 . 401 . 484 . 4.-).-) . 40! . 483 . 461 . 462 480 ' , \ 463 463 463 487 460, Favorite Flandrische Weic/isel. Flemish 403 478 480 PAO« Flesh- Colored Bigar y.a m 40?. Florence 40* Four to the Pound 474 Frankische Wvcher KirscJie 484 Fraser's Black 456 Eraser's Black Heart 45(5 Fraser's Black Tartarian 456 Fraser's TartariscJu 45C Fraser's White Tartarian 470 Fraser's White Transparent 470 Frogruore Early Bigarreau 404 FriiJie Kleine Tin rale 47!) / 'ruhe Zwi rg Weichsel 470 Gascoigne's Heart 404 Gean Amber 451 (,', nnan Mayduke 462 Gilford's Seedling 404 ( 'ourtt Qui ue. 480 G olden 407 Governor Wood 464 Oraffion 453 On at Bigarreau 454 Great Bigarreau ofMezel 154 Great Cornelian 480 Gridley 464 Griotti (PEsjwgm 483 Griotte Grosse Noire 483 Griottt Ordinaire >ln Nord 484 Griotte de Portugal 477 (in..; . ,- Pi cc 483 ues 418 Grivttier " Bouquet 478 Griottiw Haiti Precoci 479 Griotti I'aii 478 fiexs . . 45:-} Gros Bi >> Bli ic 463 Gros Bi, Couleur de Chair. . 4(53 Gros Bigarreau Rouge 407 453 480 ■7 474 (fl'oxtil ' 47S GronKi ' ■ .. 455 ...... "> ubnc:. . - Giviym ■ • 5 180 174 ndans 187 '/• 47(: Uiitivi 479 Hative Malgre Tout 480 Hensel's Early 405 //. n fordshire Heart 404 UerefordsMre White 462 1I< rz KirscJie 475 Hddesheim Bigarreau 461 CHERRIES. ]04f PAGK tltidesheirner gam Spate Knorpel Kirsche 465 Uildesheimer Spate Herz Kirsche. . . 465 Hoadley 465 Holland Bigarreau 470 HoUandische Orosse 453 Holraan's Duke 480 Honey 465 Hovey 465 Hyde's Late Black 466 Hyde's Red Heart 466 Impera trice Eugenie 480 Imperial 453 Imperial English Amber 450 Imperial Morello 481 Italian Heart 453 Jaune de Prusse 466 Jeffrey's Duke 481 Jeffrey's Royal 481 Jeffrey's Royal Caroon 481 Jocosot 466 June Duke 481 Kennicott 466 Kentish 481 Kentish 480 K, ntish Red 481, 482 Keokuk 466 Kirsch von der Watte , 479 Kirsche mit SufUgen Fleisch 474 Kirtland's Large Morello 482 Kirtland's Mammoth 466 Rutland's Mary 467 Kirtland's Morello 482 K.i sett's Late Bigarreau 464 Knight's Early Black 467 Kdniglielte Amardle 471) Lady of the Lake 467 Lady SoutJiampton's Duke 467 Lady Southampton's Golden Drop . . 467 Lady Southampton's Yellow 467 Large Black Bigarreau 474 Large Double Flowering 486 Hi i rt-shaped Biga rrea a. 453, 463 Large Honey 465 Large Mayduke 483 Large MoreUo 484 Large Red Bigarreau 467 Tied Prool 454 White Bigarn an 476 Wihl Black 455 Imber 458 Late An-,'/ Duke 477 Late Bigarreau 4 dire, de Mens 469 Tartarian 456 Tecumseh 474 The Doctor 460 Thompson's Duke 483 Tobacco-Leaved 474 Tomato 483 Townsend '. 474 Tradescanfs 474 Tradescant's Black Heart 474 Transparent 475 Transparent Gean 475 Transparent Guigne 475 Tran iien AmareUe 478 Trempe Pr coce 462 Tres-Fertile 478 Triumph of Cumberland 475 Turkey Bigarreau 453, 476 Vail's August Duke 485 Very Large Heart 470 Vier auf fin Pfund 474 Virginian May 481 Virginian Wild Cherry 486 Virginische Kirsehe 486 Warren's Transparent 475 Waterloo 475 Wax Cherry 478 Weeping 487 Weichsel mit ganzkurzen Stiel 480 Wellington 475 Wendell's Mottled Bigarreau 475 Werder's Early Black Heart 475 Werdsche Fruhe Schtrarze 475 Wesfs White Heart 453 Wetherill 481 White Bigarreau 476 White Bigarreau 453, 476 White French Guigne 476 White Heart 462 White Mazzard 456 WMa Ox-Heart 476 White Tartarian 476 White Transparent 462 Whiccley Black 455 Wild Black Fruited 455 Wild 'la mi 486 Wild English Cherry 455 Wilder'8 Bigarreau de Mai 452 Wilkinson 476 Yellow 467 Yellow Honey 465 Yellow Spanish 453 Yung T<> . 486 Zwerg Kirsehe 484 CRANBERRIES Bell-Shaped 49t CRANBERRIES CURRANTS FIGS. 1047 Bugle, Oval, or Egg-shaped 493 Cherry 493 CURRANTS. Attractor 489 Bang Up 492 Black English 492 Black Naples 492 Black Grape 492 Blanc Transparent 491 Buist's Long-Bunched 489 Oasis 492 Caucase 490 Champagne 489 Cherry 489 Common Black 492 Dana's New White 492 Fertile (V Angers . 490 Fertile de Palluau 489 GoUath 491 Gondouin Red 490 Gondouin White 490 GroseiMiera F '/■ ait Couleur de Chair. 489 Groseillier Rouge a Gros Fruit 491 Grime Range de Holland. 491 Grosse Weiss und Rothgestreifte Jo- hannesbeere 491 HdUve de Bertin 490 Houghton Castle 491 Imp 'rial Blanc 492 Imperial Red 490 Imperial White ... . 492 Knight's Early Red 490 Knight's Large Red 490 Knight's Sweet Red 490 La Fertile 490 La Hative 490 La Versaillaise 490 [.urge- Bunched Red. 491 Large Red Dutch 491 Long-Bunched Red 491 Macrocarpa 490 Mag's Victoria 491 Missouri Currant 493 Morgan's Red 491 Morgan's White 492 Nvjs Red Dutch 491 New White Dutch . . 492 Ogam's Black Grape 492 pass Pheasant's Eye 486 Prince Albert 491 Baby Castle 491 Red Dutch 491 Red Flowering Currant 493 Bed Grape 401 Bed Provens 490 Reeve's White 493 Short-Bunched Red 491 Silver-Striped 491 Striped-Fruited 491 Transparent 491 Victoria 491 White Antwerp 492 White Clinton 492 White Crystal 492 White Dutch 492 White Grape 492 White Leghorn 492 White Provence 492 WilmoVs Red Grape 491 FIGS. Angelique 498 Bayswater 497 Black Genoa 496 Black Ischia 496 Black Naples 497 Blue Ischia 496 '/uz 498 En urn Hamburg 497 Brown Ischia 497 Brown Italian 497 Brown Naples , 49? Brown Turkey 497 Brunswick 497 Chestnut 497 Chestnut-colored Iscliia 497 Clementine 497 Concourelle Blanche 498 Early Forcing 496 Vigue Blanche 498 Ford's Seedling 498 Green Ischia 499 Hanover 497 Italian 497 Large Blue 497 Large White Genoa. 49? 1048 JIGS GOOSEBERRIES. Lee's Perpetual 497 Madonna 497 Malta 498 Marseilles 498 Melitte 498 Murrey 497 Nerii 498 Pocock 498 Pregussata 499 Red 497 SmnU Brown 497 Small Brown Ischia 497 Violette 498 Violette de Bordeaux 498 White Isohia 499 White Marseilles . 498 White Naples 498 Wliite Standard 498 GOOSEBERRIES. American Red 504 American Seedling. 504 Atlas 503 Banks Dublin 503 Berry's Greenwood 502 Boardman's British Crown 501 Briton 503 Broom Girl 503 BuerdsilTs Duckwing 502 Capper's Bonny Lass 503 Capper's Bunker Hill 502 Capper's Top Sawyer 501 Champagne 501 Cleworth's White Lion 502 Cluster 501 Colliers Jolly Angler 502 Conquering Hero 503 Cook's White Eagle 503 Crompton Sheba Queen 502 Downing 503 Dutch Joe 504 Early Green Hairy 502 Echo 503 Edward's Jolly Tar. 502 Elijah 503 Farrow's Roaring Lion 501 Favorite 503 Freedon: 503 PAOl Gfreen Gasccigne 503 Green River 503 Green Walnut 503 Guido 503 Hapley's Lady of the Manor 503 Hartshorn's Lancashire Lad 501 Hepburn Green Prolific 502 Hill's Golden Gourd 502 Hobbs' Seedling 504 Hopley's Companion. 503 Houghton's Seedling 504 Huntsman ' 503 Husbandman 503 Independent 503 Jolly Cutter. 503 Keen's Seedling 501 Keepsake 503 Lady Delamere 503 Leigh's Rifleman 501 Marigold 503 Massey's Heart of Oak 502 Melling's Crown Bob 501 Miss Bold 501 Mountain Seedling 504 Ohio Prolific 504 Ohio Seedling 504 Ostrich . . 503 Overall 503 Pale Red 504 Parkinson's Laurel 502 Part's Golden Fleece 502 Pilot 503 Pitmaston Green Gage 502 Prince Albert ... 503 Prince Regent 503 Profit 503 Prophets Rockwood 502 Queen Caroline . 503 Red Warrington 502 Riley's 503 Riley's Tallyho 502 Robert's Sweet Water 504 St. Clair 504 Saunders' Cheshire Lass 503 Scorpion ^03 Smiling Beauty O03 Smith's Improved 504 SmitlCs Seedling 504 Sovereign 503 Glenton Green 502 Taylor's Bright Venus 603 Gorton's Viper 502 [ Teazer 503 GOOSEBERRIES GRAPES. 10 Hi Thumper 503 Wainman's Green Ocean 502 Wellington's Glory 503 White Honey 503 Wistastoa Hero 503 Woodward's White Smith '. 503 Yellow Bail 502 Yellow Champagne 502 Young Wonderful 503 Black Frontignae 514 Black Frontignan 514 Black German ... 5gg Black Grape from Tripoli ... 51(1 Black Hamburgh 514 Black Hawk 531 Black July 531 Black Lisbon 5-3 Black Lombardy 515 Black MoriUon 514 Black Morocco 51."") Black Muscadel 515 Black Muscadine 515 Black Muscat of Alexandria 515 Black Palestine 513 Black Portugal 513 Black Prince 515 Aik?n 545 Black St. Peters .' .' . 513 GRAPES. Adirondac 528 Agawam 528 Albino 528 Aleatica du Po 520 Aleppo 513 Alexander's 528 Alexandnan Frontignan 521 Alicante 513 Alicantenivein 513 Allah* 528 Alvey '.. 530 Amber Muscadine 521 American Muscadine .... 554 Amiens 521 Amoureux. 554 AnsclVs Large Oval Black 515 A ramon 516 Black Spanish 513 Black Spanish Alabama 551 Black Sweetwater 515 Black Tripoli 516 Black Valentia 513 BlacksmiWs White Cluster '. . 522 Blanc de Bonneuil 518 Bland 531 Bland's Madeira 531 Bland's Pale Red 531 Bland's Virginia 531 Blauer von Alicante 513 Blood's Black 532 Bloomburg 536 Blue Favorite 532 Archer 530 j Blue Grape 531 Blue Imperial 532 Blue T rolling er 514 Bogue's Eureka 545 Boston 515 BourdaZes des Hautes Pyrim'es 514 Bowood Muscat 516 Brandywine 532 Brant 532 Brinckle 532 Brown 532 Brown Hamburgh 514 Bull 55 1 Bullett 554 Burckhardt's Prince 516 Burgunder 514, 517 Burg u mil/ of Georgia 552 Burroughs 532 Burton's Early 532 Busby's Golden Hamburgh 51'J Arcott 530 Arkansas 530 A molds No. I 552 Arnold's No 2 536 . ! molds No. 5 530 Arnolds No. 8 532 Arnolds No. 16 533 Aughwick 530 August Pioneer. 530 August Traube 517 Autuchon 530 Auvema 514 Auvernas Rouge 514 . 1 uverne 514 Baker 545 Baldwin le Noir 530 Barnes 531 Barry 531 Baxter 5:; I fid 556 Bird's Egg 531 Black Burgundy 514 Black Cape ... 528 Black Champion 514 Black Chasskas 515 Black Cluster 514 Black Const a nt ia 514 Black FvanhenthaU 514 Camden 532 Campa ;a 521 Canada 533 Canadian Ha iburg7i 552 Canadian Hybrid 552 Caiil>i/'s A ■ignst 558 Canon Hall .Muscat 516 Cape G-rape 528 Carter 5:W i050 GRAPES. PA OF. I Carter 556 Cassady 533 Catawba _. 533 ' a Tokay 533 Gatawissa Bloom 536 ; (', rest Septembro 521 ' Challenge . 533 Chaptal 516 i Charlsworih Tokay 516 Charlesworth Tokay Malaga 521 Charter Oak 533 Chasst las blanc 521 )•■' 521 ( '/,, issi las 1 7 Early Hudson 539 Early Kienzheim 518 Early Saumur Frontignan. 517 Early Silver Frontignan 518 Early Smyrna Frontignan 518 Early Sweetwater 524 Early White Teneriffe 521 Early White Malvasia 518 Early White Muscadine 524 Elizabeth 539 irough •r)40 Elsinboro 540 Elsingburgh 540 Emily 540 Erbalus 522 Espagnin Noir 513 Esperione 518 Eumelan 540 Fancher 5:53 Farineux noir 520 Fintindo 518 Flame- Colored Tokay 520 Fit isch Traube . 514 Flora 540 Foster's White Seedling 519 Framingham 541 Franc Pinenu 514 Frankendale 514 Frankmthaler 514 Frankenthaler Grot Noir . .. T>14 Franklin 540 Fromente 520 Garber's Albino 528 Garrigues 540 Gen nine Tokay 524 Germain 'Wine 558 Gibraltar 514 Goethe 540 Golden Champion 519 i 'hassi las 521 Golden Clinton 541 Golden Hamburgh 519 Graham 541 Grauer MuscateUer 519 Gray Tokay 524 Green's Prolific 519 y Frontignao 519 Grizzly Frontignan 5 9 Gros Maroc 519 Grosser RiessUng 524 Grove End Sweet Water 518 Ilagar 53C Hall 54J GRACES. 1051 PAGE Hampton Court Vine 514 Hardy Blue Windsor 518 Hart 531 Hartford Prolific 541 Hattie 541 Heath 5:17 Herbemont 541 Hcrbemont's Madeira 541 Hettie 541 Hine 542 Hopkins Early Bed 558 Howell 542 Hudler 514 Hudson 542 Husson 531 Hyde's Eliza 542 Iden 546 Imitation Hamburgh 557 Iona 542 Isabella 542 Imker Daisiko 518 Tsraella 545 Italian Wine 537 Ives 545 Ives1 Madeira 545 Ives' Seedling.. .'. . 545 Jack 551 Jacob's Traube 517 Jacguez 551 James' Seedling 533 Jeios 522 July Grape 517 Jura Muscat 520 Keuka 550 Kilvington 545 King 541 Kingsessing 545 Kitchen 545 Kittredge 545 Kit iner Riessling 524 Knight's Variegated Chasselas. . . . 520 Kiimmel Traube 519 Loan Hdtif 52? Labe. 545 Lady Downe's 520 Lady Downe's Seedling 520 Lake 546 Languedoe 514 Large German 558 Laura Beverly .... 536 Le Ccwr 515, 516 LeMelier 518 Le Meunier 520 Lee's 545 Lenoir 546 Ler.oir 531 Lincoln 531 Lindley 546 Logan 546 PASS Lombardy . 52C Long , , . 537 Long Noir cPEspagnt 5.82 Longworth's Ohio 55 1 Louisa 546 Louisiana 546 Lydia 546 Lyman 547 Mb (landless. 551 McCoun . 547 Mc Co/pan 53(j Me Lean . . 531 McNeil 54? Madeira Wine Grape . . 523 Madeira of York, Pa 528 Madeleine 517 Madeleine Musquee de CourtiUer. . . 517 Madeleine Noir 517 Mammoth Catawba 53a Manhattan 548 Marion 548 Marion Port 558 Marocain 519 Martha 548 Mary 548 Mary Ann 548 Massasoit 548 Mauritian noir panache 513 MauriSan panache 513 Maxatawney . 548 Mead's Seedling 533 M Her blanc 518 Meredith's Alicante 513 Merrimack .... 549 MerritPs Seedling 550 Michigan 533 Miles 550 MiUer Grape 520 Miller's Burgundy 520 Miner's Seedling 557 Missouri 550 Missouri Seedling 550 Modena 550 Mohrendutte 514 v 515 Monteiih 558 Montgomery . 550 MoriUon HdMf 517 MoriUon noir 514 MoriUon Taconne 520 Mama Chasselas 51s; Mornair Mane 518 Morone Farinaccio. 520 Moscado Bianco Moscatel Commun 523 Moscatel Gordo Blanco. 521 Mosclmta Bianca 523 Mottled 550 Mount Lebanon 550 MiiUer 52C Midlevrebe 530 Muscado Rosso 519 1052 GRAPES. Muscat of Alexandria Muscat Blanc . Muscat BLinc de Jura Muscat EscJiolata Muscat Escldata Muscat Grec Muscat Oris Muscat Hamburgh Muscat Ildtif de Saumur Muscat of Jerusalem Muscat of Lunel Muscat Noir Muscat Noir de Jura 514, Muscat Noir Ordinaire Muscat Romain Muscat Rouge Muscat de Saumur Muscat de Smyrne Muscat Troveren Muscat Troveren Blanc Muscateller Musk Chasselas PAGE 521 523 523 521 521 521 519 515 517 521 521 514 520 514 521 519 517 518 523 523 523 516 Neil Orape 541 Neff 550 Nepean's Constantia 523 Noi.rin 520 Nonautum 550 North America 551 North Carolina . . 551 North Carolina Seedling 551 Northern Muscadine 551 Norton"1* Seedling 551 Norton's Virginia .... 551 Ohio 551 Ontario 557 Onondaga 551 Oporto 552 Osmond 552 Othello 552 Paign's Isabella 542 Palestine 522 Pause Musquie 521 Passe Musquie 521 Pauline 552 Payn e's Early 542 Perkins 552 Petit Riessling 524 Ptneau 514 Pitmaston White Cluster 521 Hide 516 '.v Damascus 515 Pceschel's Mammoth 5:!:l Pollock 552 Pond's Seedling 5:!:! l'ltonah 515 Powell 531 I '/"'<■< 06 Musque 517 Piimavis Frontignan 521 Purple Constantia 514 Purple Frontign.tn 514 Purple Hamburgh 514 PuUerulenta 52C Raabe 552 Raisin eTAless. 513 Raisin de Bourgne. 514 Raisin des Cannes 515 Raisin de Champagne 521 Raisin de Cuba. 515 Raisin de Frontignan 523 Raisin Pricoce 517 Raisin Suisse 513 Raisine cPEspagne 515 Rebecca 553 Red Chasselas 521 Red Constantia 519 Red EJhen. ..." 554 Red Front ignac of Jerusalem 515 Red Frontignan 519 Red Grape of Taurida 520 Red Hamburgh . . 514 Red Lenoir 552 Red Muncy 533 Red Muscadine 521 R< d Muscat of Alexandria 515 Red River 537 Red Scuppernong 531 Reeves' Muscadine 521 Rentz 554 Rhemish Red ... 520 Richmond 545 Riessling 524 Roanoke 554 Rossling 524 Rogers' No. 1 540 Rogers' No. 3 548 Rogers' No. 4 557 Rogers' No. 9 54fi Rogers' No. 15 528 Rogers' No. 19 549 Rogers' No. 22 554 Rogers' No. 43 531 Rather 514 Rothrock 52S Royal Muscadine 521 RudesJieirnerberg 524 Rulander 554 St Albans 516 St. Catherine 554 St. Genevieve 554 St Peters 513 Sonet Peter's Traube 513 Salem 554 Salisbury Violet 514 Sanbornton 545 Sanbornton 542 Saratoga 533 Sauvignien noir 520 Sr/ih >ss Johanieisberg 524 Sch uylkiU Madeira 528 8ch a i/l !, ill Mu sea del 528 Sch uylMU Muscadine 528 GRArT.S. 105S PAGE Schwarztr 514 Schwarzer Fruhzeitiger 517 Sclurarzer Spanischer 513 Scotch White Cluster 522 Scuppernong 554 ■ 541 Shaker Grape 557 Sheppard's Delaware 555 Sherman 547 Sherry 531 Shurtleffs Seedling 556 Sir A. Pytches' Black 515 Sir William Bmcley's Black 514 SmaU Black Cluster 514 Small German 558 Smart's Elsingburg 540 Spofford Seedling 556 SpringmM Constantia 528 Steward's Black Prince 515 StiMward's Sweetwater 524 Stoekwood Park Golden Hamburgh . . 519 Striped, Muscadine 513 Sumpter 531 Switzerland Grape 513 Syrian 522 Tosher's Grape 528 Taylor's Bullet 556 Telegraph 556 Terra de la Promise 522 Thurmond 531 To Kalon 550 Tokai blanc 524 Tottenham Park Muscat 521 Trebbiano 522 Trebbiano Bianco 522 Trebbiano Vero 522 Trentham Black 522 TroUer 514 TroUinger 514 Troveren 523 Troveren Frontignan 523 True Burgundy 514 Tryon 558 Tuley •">:;1 Turner's Black 518 Tyningham Muscat 523 \gham Muscat 516 Blanc Wow 516 Una ~™ 7nde¥uifl ;,',(> Underbill's Celestial 556 ■hiU's Seedling 556 Union Village 55"i Urbana 557 Urn Salamana . ... 521 Valentine's 514 Van 4er Jjian Piecoce. . . 522 Variei, rted Chasselas 513, 520 Vonang.. 557 Verdal 523 Verdelho 523 Vei-dkliio 523 Vevay 528 Victoria 514 ViUs rotundifolia 55 1 Vitis Vidpina 554 Vrai Aiivemas 514 Walter 557 Wantage 520 Warner's Black Hamburgh 514 Warren 541 Warrenton 541 Water Zoet Netir 515 Water loete Blanc 524 Weisse Muscaten Traube 523 Weisser MuscateUer 523 Weissholzigcr TroUinger 514 Welscher 514 Wemple 5:57 West's St. Peters 515 White Cape 528 White Catawba 533 White Chasselas 521 Wldte Constantia 523 White Frontignan 52;! White Frontniac 523 White Hamburgh 523 White Lisbon 528 White Melier 518 White Muscadine 524 Wldte Muscat of Alexandria 521 White Nice 524 Nice 521 White Portugal 523 White Raisin 523 White Ressling 524 White Sweetwater 524 White Tokay 524 Wilder 55 7 Wilmington Winne 528 Winslow 558 Wolfe 558 Woodward 542 Worthington 534 Wright's Isabella 545 n 556 Wyoming Red 558 Xeres 521 Yeddo 524 York Lisbon 538 York Madeira 558 Zane. MELON FAMILY. 1. MELON& Allen's Superb. 533 0M 7054 WATER-MELONS — MULBERRIES — NECTARINES. PAGK Award's Hybrid 560 Bes> mwood 560 Christiana 560 Dampsha 561 Green Citron 560 Green Melon 561 Ispahan 560 Jenny Lind. 560 Large Musk Cantelope 561 Nutmeg 561 Persian 561 Pine-Apple. , 561 Skillman's Fine Netted 561 Valencia 561 White Japan 561 Winter Melon 561 2. WATER-MELONS. Apple-Seeded 562 Baugh 562 Black Spanish 562 Bradford 562 Carolina 562 Citron Water Melon 563 Clarendon 562 Ice Cream 563 Imperial 563 Mountain Sprout 563 Mountain Sweet 563 Odell's Large White 563 fe 563 \' enscroft 563 Souter 564 MULBERRIES. Black Mulberry 564 English Mulberry 564 Everbearing 564 PA.ll Hick's Everbearing. 564 Johnson. 564 Red Mulberry o6~> White Mulberry 565 NECTARINES. Albert 566 Anderson's 567, 570 Anderson's Round 570 Aromatic 572 Balgone 566 Balgowan 566 Black 567 Black Murry 56J> Boston 5(36 Broomfield 566 Brugnon Jfdif. 572 Brugnon Musquee 571 Brugnon de Newington 570 Brugnon Red at the Stone 572 Brugnon Violette Musguie 571 Chauviere 566 < 'lurcmont 567 Common Elruge 567 Coicdray W7dte 570 U A ngleterre 570 Be Bnlgone 566 De Feligny 568 Dovvnton 567 Du Haina/ut 568 Du nay's 567 Due du Tellier's 567 Due de Tello 567 Due 77 liters 567 Dukede TiUy 567 Early Black 567 Early Black Newington 567 Brugnon 572 Early Newington 567 Violet 573 Elruge 567 Eim rtoWs New White 570 Fairchild's 56E FairdvMa Early 568 Feligny 568 Fine ( inld-Jleshed 568 Flanders 570 French Newington 578 Gulopin 568 Gathoye 568 Golden 568 HICTARIKES — NUTS. 105c PAOK Hampton Court 572 Hardwicke 569 Hardwicke's Seedling 569 Hunts Early Tawny 569 Hunts Large Tawny 569 Hunt's Tawny 569 Large Scarlet 572 Large White 570 Late Green 570 Lewis 506 Lewies 506 Lord Napier 569 Lard Betsey's Elruge 572 Lucombe's Black 567 Lucombe's Seedling 567 Muffrum 5^9 Murrey 569 Murry 569 Neat's WJdte 570 New Dark Newington 567 New Early Newington 567 New Scarlet 572 New White 570 Newington 570 Oatlands 567 Old Newington 570 Old Roman 571 Old White 570 Orange 568 Perkins1 Seedling 560 Peterborough 57 0 Peterborough 567 Petit Violette Hdtive o72 Pine-Apple 570 Pitmaston Orange 57 1 Red Roman 571 Rivers' Orange 571 Ri vers' White 571 R/man 571 Rough Roman 570 Scarlet 570 Scarlet Newington 570 &ion mil 570 Smith's Newington 570 Spring Grove 567 Btanwick 571 Temple's 567 Vermash 570 Victoria 572 Violet 572 Violet Musk 572 Violet Red at the Stone 572 Violette Angervilliires 572 Violette Grosse 572 Violette Hdtive 579 Violette Musquee 572 Williams' Orange. 571 Williams' Seedling 571 NUTS. 1. CHESTNUTS. Chestnut 572 Chinquapin 573 Dwarf Chestnut 573 Spanish Chestnut 573 2. FILBERTS. Cosford 574 Dwarf ProUfie 574 Filbert Gob 574 Frizzed 574 Kentish Gob 574 Lambert 574 Northamptonshire Prolific 574 Nottingham Prolific 574 Pearson's Prolific 574 Pujple Filbert 574 Purple-Leaved 574 Red Filbert 574 White Filbert 574 3. HICKORY NUTS, BUTTERNUTS. Hickory Nut 574 Shell Bark 574 The Butternut 574 4. WALNUTS. .4 Goque Tendre 574 Black ... 574 DeJauge 573 Double .. •• 573 Dwarf Prolific 578 Early-Bearing 578 European 573 1036 -fUTS — OLIVES — ORANGE FAMILY — PEACHES. TAGE Fertile 573 French 573 Large-Fruited 573 Precious 573 Thin-Shelled 574 OLIVES. Broad-leaved 576 Devil-wood 575 Long-leaved 576 Olivier a Fruit Arrondi 576 Olivier Picholine 570 Olivier Pleureur 57G Weeping Olive 576 Wild American 575 ORANGE FAMILY. 1. ORANGES. Bergamot 578 Bitter- Orange 578 Blood Red 578 Common Sweet 578 Double Bigarade 578 Fingered 579 Havana 578 Maltese 578 Mandarin 578 Orange ' 578 imped 579 Bibbed 579 St, Augustine 578 St Michael's 578 Seville 578 Shaddock 579 Sweet Skinned 579 2. LEMONS. Common 579 Sweet 579 P18I 3. LIMES. Common 579 Porno cP Adamo 579 4 CITRONa Common .... 579 Madras 579 PEACHES. A Bee 596 Abricotee 597 Acton Scott 597 Admirable 608 Admirable Jaune 597 Admirable Tardive ,!,)|1 Alberge Jaune 687 Albert's Late Rareripe 597 Alexandra 597 Alexandra Noblesse 597 Algiers Winter 621 Algiers Yellow 62l Alida 597 Allen 598 Allison '',21 Amelia 598 Anne 609 Apricot Peach 597 Aremie . . 598 Astor 598 Atwood 598 Austin's Late Red 598 Avant Peche de Tropes 639 Araitt Rouge 629 Baldwin's Late 599 Barnard's Early 637 Barnard's Yellow Honest John 637 Barrington 599 Batchelder 599 n.i.vt: fa Seedling, No. 1. 618 BeUe Bav.ce 599 BeUe Bausse 599 Belle de Beaucaire 600 it Bonne 000 ■ hevreuse 599 le l;i Croix 600 Belle de Douai 600 Belle do Done 600 Belle de FiU'emont 600 Pans 022 Le Vitry 600 t Vitry 008 Bell^arde 600 BeUia 600 Bergen's Yellow . . 601 Blanton Cling 601 Blood Clina 001 PKACHE8. 1057 PAOTC tilood Clingstone 601 Bonne Gros de Noisette 601 Bordeaux Cling 602 Br< n tford Mignonne 600 Brevoort 602 Brevoorfs Morris 002 BremorVs Seedling Melter 602 Briggs 602 Brown Nutmeg 629 inghcm Mignonne 599 Cable's Late 602 's Late Mi locoton 002 Cambridge Belle 002 Camellia- flowered 638 Canary 602 Carnation-flowered 688 Carpenter's White 603 Catherine 603 Chancellor 603 Ghancelli re 603 Chinese Cling 603 ('him «■ Peach 638 Christiana 603 Claret Clingstone 601 Clemence Isaure 603 Clinton 004 Cole's Early Red 604 Cole's White Mehcoton (124 ! Ausley's 599 Columbia 604 Columbus, June 604 Comet 604 Comtesse de Hainaut 605 as , 603 / \v Early Red Rareripe 605 Cooledge's Fa vc rite 605 Count's 605 Crawford's Early 605 ' y Mehcoton 605 Crawford's Late 605 ■ Superb Malacatune 605 Crimson-flowered 638 Crimson Galande ( -,i Mignonne Crockett's Late White 60G Jut-Leaved 612 Cutti r\s Ydlow 638 DAhrimt 507 Dagraar 606 De Benrre De Bonlez v 017 Desse Tardive 606 De Zelhern COO Hogg 607 D'Oignes 607 Donahoo Cling 607 If Orange 507 Dors 625 Double-Blossomed 638 Double Flowering reach 638 67 Double Montague. Double Mountain. . Double Swalsh Druid Hill Duff Yellow Duperron Dwarf Orleans. . . . .610, Early Admirable Early Albert Early Alfred Early Anne - Early Beatrice Early Four line Early -1 Early Garlande Early German Early Crosse Mignonne Louise Early Maiden May. , Early Newington Freestone Purple / 'urple Avant Early R< il Nutmi g Early Red Rareripe. Early Rivers Royal George 600, Early Silver t Water Early Tillotson E;.:ly Victoria Early J 'ineyard I Vhiie N-utmeg Early York E:isttmrn Eastburn's Choice Eaton's Golden Edgar's Lute .'fating Eliza Peach Elmira Cling. Emperor of Russia ' Galand Emoult Exquisite Favorite Favorite Red. ■-'/A Flat Peach of China Flatcr's St. John Flewellen Cling ig ne lb. nth 619, French Bmirdine French < 'luliii'eUor French M -,» canoe 634 Hoffman's Pound 623 Hoffner 617 Hoffner's Seedling 617 Hogg's Mclocoton 629 Honest John 619 Honey 617 Urn ton's Delicious 617 Uovi y's I 'ambridge Belle. 602 Hull's Athenian 617 Hyslop 617 Hyslop's Clingstone. 617 Incomparable 618 Indian Blood 601 Indian Peach. 604 Irish Jane 618 Italian 622 Italian Dwarf 608 Jackson Cling 6l8 JacqueB' Rareripe 618 Jacques' Yellow Rareripe 618 m Jane 818 Java Peach 638 Johnson's Early Purple 615 Jones' Early 618 Jones' Large Early 618 Jose Sweet 618 Judd's Melting 620 Julia 619 Kennedy's Carolina 621 Kennedy's Lemon Clingstone 021 Kenrick's Heath 619 I' Admirable La Grange La Royals 615, Lady Ann Steward Lady Parham Lady Palmerston Large American Nutmeg Large Early York Large French Mignonne \~, wington Largt Red Rareripe 624, Large "White Clingstone Large Yellow Rareripe Largest Lemon Late Admirable Late Admirable Cling. Late Chancellor Late Purple Late Red Rareripe Late Yellow Alberge Lemon Clingstone Lenoir Leopold I Lincoln Lockyer's Mignonne Long Yellow Pine-Apple Ij/rd Fauconberg's Mignonne ...... Lord Montague's Noblesse Lord Nelson's Lord Palmerston Luscious White Rareripe Lyon Madame d'Andrimont .......... Madeleine Blanche Madeleine Blanche deLoisel Madeleine de Courson Modi It inc. u Pi tite Fleur Madeleim Rougt Madeleine Rouge a Moyenne Fleur Madeleine Rouge d Petite Fleur . . . Madeleine Rouge Tardive Malacatuue Malagatune Malta Malic, de Normandie Mammoth Marie Antoinette Merriam MelHsh's Favorite 608 619 620 624 019 619 610 619 615 020 029 020 638 021 020 018 603 020 620 621 621 621 621 621 631 621 031 625 631 621 624 622 622 636 030 622 031 022 631 631 631 029 629 622 022 609 638 622 625 PEACHES. 1059 PAGE Middleton'd Imperial 629 Mignonne .... , 615 Mignonne d Bee 596 Mignonne Dubarle 622 Mignon no Hdtive 609 Mill t's Mignonne 631 Molden's White 623 Montagne 607 Montague Blanche 636 iban 607 Montgomery's Late 623 Moore's Favorite 623 Moore's June 623 Wonstrous Pavie 620 Monstrous Pomponne . . 626 Monstrueuse de Doue 630 Morris Bed 624 Morris's Red Rareripe 624 Morris's White 624 Morris's White Freestone 624 Morris's White Rareripe 624 Morrisania Pound 623 Morrison's Pound 623 MottewSs 620 Mrs. Hunley 628 Mrs. Poinsette 623 Mulatto 604 Napoleon 624 Nectarine Peach 624 N iVs Early Purple 615 New Cut- Leaved 612 New Early Purple 631 New Royal Charlotte 631 New York Rareripe 619 New York White Clingstone 020 Newington 62(3 Newington Peach 610 Nivette 625 Nivette VelouUe 625 Noblesse 625 Noir de Montreuil 600 Noisette 603 Nonesuch of N. C 598 October Yellow 621 Old Newington 626 Oldmixon Clearstone 625 Oldmixon CUng 625 Oldmixon Clingstone 625 Oldmixon Freestone 625 Orange Clingstone 626 Orange Peach 597 Orangeburg 598 Orchard Queen 030 Osceola 626 Owen 626 Owen's Lemon Rareripe 020 Pace 604 Pome Admirable. 618 Pavie Camu 626 Pavie Monstrueux 626 turn Pavie de Pompone 626 Pavie de. Pomponne Orosse 026 Pavie Rouge de Pomponne. 626 Peche Javne 687 Peeler d Fleurs Doubles 038 Pccher d Fleurs Semi-Doubles 638 PScht Matte 622 Peche Royale 620 Peen To 638 Pettit's Imperial 02!) Pirquet's Late 276 Pi i, -a pie Clm gstone 621 Poole's Large Yellow 027 I titt YeUow Freestone 027 Pourprie d Bee 596 Pourprie H'dive 611, 615 Pourprie Hdtive Vineuse 599 Pourprie de Normandie 615 Pourprie Tardive 020 Pourprie Vineuse 599 President 627 President Church 627 Prince of WTales 627 Prince's Climax 628 Prince's Excelsior 028 Prince's Paragon 628 Prince's Red Rareripe 620 Princess of Wales 628 Pucelle de Malines 628 Purple Alberge 037 Purple Avant 615 Ray 628 Raymackers 028 Rayper's June 598 Red Alberge 637 Red Avant 629 Red Cheek Malocoton 029 Red-Cheek Melocoton 020 Red Heath 016 Red Magdalen. ... 600, 622, 631 Red Nutmeg 629 Red Rareripe 020 Ri d Rareripe 024 Red and YeUow Rareripe 638 Reeves' Favorite 030 ReicTs Weeping PeacJi 639 Reine Des Vergers 630 Rivers' Early York 630 Rodman's Cling 630 Rodman's Red 630 Ronald's Mignonne 600 RoiiaUTs Seedling Oalande 615 Rosanna 637 Rose 033 Rose Aromatic 030 Rose-Ffowering 638 Rosebank 030 Rough Paysanne 022 Royal Charlotte 631 Royal George 631 Royal Kensington 61C Royal Sovereign 611 1060 FKAR8. St. Oeorge Sally's Peach Sanguinole d Chair Adherente Scott's Early Red Bci »( t's Magnate Scott's Nectar Scott's Nonpareil October Cling Early York ted bae Early Newington 010 Smi1 h's Favorite Smit h's Newington Smith's .v' wington Smock Freestone '/ Royal George Snow snson Cling ledling Stt wart's Late Galande Strawberry ■ 'arolina ■ the World Sturtevant , Sumner's Early Sumner's "White Free i Royal Susquehanna , Sir., t Water Swiss Mignonne , PA OF. 632 598 601 681 631 631 629 632 597 620 611 612 632 632 632 632 610 632 (ion 632 633 633 603 63!) 633 633 633 634 6C1 615 634 610 615 >h Venus 620 Tice 629 Tinley's October 68 t Tippecanoe 634 Titus 634 Troth's Early Red 634 Ti'iu /.'< d Magdalen 622 Tuft's Rareripe 635 612 Van Buren's Golden Dwarf 635 's Superb 635 625 red 638 t 615 /',.' 599 ."ill!! Violet Hative 637 Walburton Admirable 635 Walter's Early 635 Ward's Late Free 635 Washington 635 Washington Clinkstone 636 Washington Red Freestone 635 Weeping Peach 0;>y PAea White Ball . 636 White Blossom 636 White-Blossomed Incomparable. . . 636 White English 01C WhiU Heath ; 619 White Imperial 636 White Magdalene 636 Melocoton 624 Xutmeg 637 White Pace 637 Ran ripe 024 mson's New York 620 Peach 636 Admirable 597 Yellow Alberge 637 Y< Mow Blanton Cling 601 Malagatune 629 } 'tllriir Malocoton 629 Yellow Pine-apple 621 Yellow Rareripe 638 Yellow Rareripe 637 Yellow St. John 613 PEARS. A oourte queue 880 J Gobert 601 .i Tetine , 884 Abbe de Beaumont 651 Abbe Edouard 65 1 Abbe Mongem. . . '■ rry 875 Belle de Bruxelles 668 BruxeUes 778 BeUe des Bois 760 Bonne 778 bonne (TEzie 705 R i'. ( i Bonne erUiver . . 723 Belle Canaise 819 BeUe Comelie 767 1062 Belle ftpine Dnmas . , BeUe dEsquermes . . . BeUe eTEte Belle Excellente , Belle de Figuier .... B/ I 'ohma 678 Bt urre de Conick 684 Beurre donning 684 Beu rre Cullem 701 Beurri Curtet 727 Beurre Cutter 727 Beurre Uarv 700 Beurre Defais 682 Beurre Defays 682 Beurre de Def tinge 760 Pun it Deftinghern 760 Beurre Delannoy 684 Beurre Delbecq , \ 684 />> n rr. Briber () 684 Bi a rr • Ddbret 678 Beurre' Delfosse 684 Beurre Derouineau 685 Bi urre Desc/iamps 680 Beurre Diel 686 Bt 'irre Bore de Bilboa 773 Beurre Bone 710 Beurri Brapiez 871 Beurre Duhaume 687 Beurre Bumon 687 Beurre Dumont 687 Beurre Dumortien 687 Beurre Durand OSS Beurre Duval 68S Beurri. Duvemay 736 Beurre Duvivier 688 Beurre cPEWerg 008 11. urre jFEnghien, of France 678 Beurre Epine 696 Beurre ') Ban Chretien 884 Bon Chretien W Amiens Chartreuse . 716 Bon Ghr tit n o\ 1 uch 884 Bon Chretien cPAutomne 858 Bonchr tien Barm tt 666 Bon Chretien de BruxeUes 704 Bon Chretien de Chmmontd 718 ! ' , ( 'hretien de < 'onstantinople .... 884 Bon Chrt tien Dor- 819 Bon Ghretit n dori cPEspagne 858 hretien cPEspagne 858 Bon i It ri tit a 4 Bon Chretien Gratioly 863 Bon Ghretit n dPHiver 's-s4 Bon Chretien ,1a am cPAutomne. . . . 858 Bon Cl/r tien Joseph Lamar que. . . . 704 Bon Chretien Musqw Fondante.. , 704 Boil Chr tien de Han.? O'.JG Bon Chr> tien Spina 858 Ban Chretien de 'fours 884 Bon. Chr tien Tare 761 Bonchr tien Vernois 761 Ban Chretien de Vernon 884 Bon Gustavo 704 Bon Papa 875 Bon Parent 798 Bonaparte 819 Bonne Antoine 705 Bonne (P. 1 Branches 805 Bonne de la Chapelle 705 Bonne Charlotte 705 Bonne-ente 88C Bonne d'Ezce 705 Ho,, ne des J/nien 705 Bonne de Jalaia ii Id insheim 872 Bonne de Longueval 705. 805 Bonne Louise r Charnay 662 Colmar Deschamps 680 Colmar Bore 723 Colmar Epine 725 Colmar Epineaux 829 Colmar d'Ete 724 Colmar Oris 829 ( 'obnar Hardenpont 829 Colmar (TITirer 723, 884 Colmar des Invalide3 725 Col/mar Juminette 790 Colmar de Jonghe 724 Colmar de Lot 668 Colmar de Meester 725 Colmar Musque 829 Colmar Naves 695 Colmar Nlis 884 Colmar Mel 821 Colmar Pricoce. 724 Colmar Preule 829 Colmar de Silly 829 Colmar Souveraine 829 Colmar Van Mons 725, 864 Coloma d'Automne 871 Colore (FAout 717 Coloree de Juillet 725 Columbia 725 Columbia Virgalouse 725 Columbian Virgalieu 725 Cornice de Toulon 875 Commissaire Delmotte 726 Commodore 723 ( torn mom Bergamot 663 GommunauU 815 Compagnie (f Ostende 858 Comprette 726 Comptesse de Lvnay 701 Comstock 727 Comstock Wilding 727 Comte d'Egmont 726 Comte de Flandre 727 ( 'omte La may 727 Comte de Lamy 757 Comte Lelieur 727 Comte de Limoges 008 '• Mir]n nix 816 Comte de Pan's 727 Comtesse d'Alost 728 Comtesse n/, Soif Govle Soif tVAutomne. I 'oulis Coition de Saint Mure Count Coloma Courti & Ersol Convent Crapaud Crassane 'rassane d'. I ustrasie Crassane cPA utomne Crassane Brunewu Crassane cPIilte 841, Crassane t Fi 8868 884 De Fontenay Vendue 790 De Graine Damadote 657 De Gros Rateau Raisenette . . 716 De Henri 700 De llollande 886 De Jo a try 858 De Jersey 805 De Kriinheim 872 De Lamartine 797 De Lansac 797 De Launay 684 De Lepine 801 l)i Lest a mi' res 665 De Louise 805 De Louvain 7:!4 De Maune 723 De Melon 686 De Mimxieur 863 De Monsieur Le Cure 875 De Mt m tgeron 684 De MonUgny 701 DeMott 859 De Nonne 681 De Peiigord 830 De Puc'elle 790 De Quessoy 700 De Sainte Catherine 661 De Sainte Herblain 676 De Sain t Martin 884 De Saint Waast 702 De State 841 De Sicile Musquie 841 De Sorlus 735 De Solders 706 De Spoelberg 877 De Tongres 735 De Tout Temps 716 De VaUee 872 De Vigne Pehne 760 Di In Glad re 682 De-la-mi-Juillet 862 Di hi Montitres 863 Deacon Dillen 741 Dean's 880 Dearborn's Sanding 732 Dearborn's Seedling 732 Dechantsbirne 880 Decoster's Russelet 845 Defays 743 Delavault 668 Delbecque 684 FEARS. 1069 PAGE Delepine 801 Delfosse 684 Ddfosse Bourgmestre. 684 Dikes tfAlost 724 Dilkes d1 Angers 733 Dilkes (TArdenpont 733 Delices de la Cacaudiere 734 Delices de Charles 732 lX-lioes d'Hardenpont of Angers. . . 733 D, - li' ies d'Hardenpont of Belgium.. 733 Delices de Froyennes 733 Delices de Jodoigne 733 Delices de Louvenjal 734 Dilkes de In Meuse 734 D iUees de Mons 734 Dikes des Orphelins 680 Delices Van Mons. 734 Demeester 725 Democrat 734 Des Chasseurs 735 Des Dames 668 Des Deux Saeurs 736 Des Nonnes 681 Des Trois Tours 686 Des Veterans 701 Deschamps 680 Dt- sir. e Cornelis 735 Desiree Van Mons 735 Despoilberg 877 DevUche Nationcd Bergamotte. 778 Deux Scaurs 736 Devergnies 736 Dial 791 Diamant 769 Dickerman 736 Die Sammex- Christebirne 863 DM 686 DieVs Bntterbirne 686 Dieudonne Anthoine 736 Dillea 686 Dillen cTAutomne 811 Dillen tf niter 686 DMer 736 Dingier- 727 Dix 737 Doyen u 880 Doyenne cCAffay 743 Doyenne d'Alencon 742 Doyenn Anna Audisson 661 Doyenn cFA utomne 745 Doyenn> Barry 665 ^oyen » e bin no 880 Doyenne Boussock 742 J ')<>!/( !,.> Boussouck 745 Doyenne, Boussouck NouveUe 742 Doyenn ' de BruxeUes 712 Doyenne de Cercle 742 Doyenne de Cercle Pratique de Rouen 742 Doyenne du Cornice 744 Doyenni- CrotU 859 Doyenne Defais 743 Doyenne Downing 744 Doyenne d'£te 742 P18B Doyenne Galeux .745, 859 Doyenne Goubault 745 Doyenne Gray 745 Doyenn Oris 745 Doyenni rry d'Hiver 835 Ducftesst dt Berry de Nantes 748 Duchesse de Bourdeaux 74^ Duchesse de Brabant 748, 7 '•.'■* Duchesse Helene d'Orleans 749 Duchesse d'Hiver 749 Duchesse de Mars 749 Duchesse d'Orleans 749 Dumont Dumortier 750 Dumontu r 687 JDumousUer 687 Dundas 750 Dunmore 750 Dupuy Charles 750 Duree 751 Durh 'a Sift tiling 751 Dwmas 851 Dfi.val GS8 Duvemay 736 Duvt nu's 736 JDuvivier 688 Ihrael 688 Earl Pear 78:; Earlv Bergamot 75 1 Early Beurre 658. 703 Early Butter of Cincinnati 751 Early Catliarine 846 Early CJummonteUe 809 Early Dt nzelona 8:13 Early Queen s's Early Rousselet 846 Early Sugar- 779 Early Bummer Butter 751 Easter Bergamot ^;1 Easter Beurre 751 Easter Saint Germain 800 Eastnor Castle 752 -'■rie 753 Echn8sery 753 Edmonds 753 E<1 ward Morren 704 Edwards 754 Edwards' Elizabeth 754 Edwards1 Seedling St. Germain. . . . 754 Edimge 880 Eisenbart 710 Eleonie Bouvier 75 I EUott Dundas 750 Eliza d'Heyst 754 }'Hzitl)ttli Van Moms 810 I'Jhi, , rioch 77* Elliott's Melting 755 ullis 755 Ellsworth 756 Elton 756 Emerald 756 Emerance 756 Emt ranee Bivort . . 758 Emile d'Heyst 757 Emilt de Bochais 66<3 Emilie Bivort 756 Emily Bivort 750 Emmanuel 717 Emmilacour 815 Endicott 863 Enfant Prodigue 840 Englebert Lott 779 English Bergamot 003 English A utumn Bergamot 663 English Beurre 661 English Jargonelle 758 English Red Cheek 707 Epargne 758 Epint Dumas 668 Epine d'Ete 758 Epine dOEU Goukur Rose 863 Epint tPHvot r sv"' Spine dt Limoges 668 Epine de Roclwvr 668 Epint Rose 863 Epine Rost GrU 851 Epine Rose d'Hiver 885 Rpine Royale 758 Episcopal 766 de 758 Ernestine Auzolle 70S !]sliU imiii 784 Espargne 758 Esperin's He/rrehbirne 703 Esperine 759 aspirin? 656 Essex 750 Esturion 759 Etoumeau 884 Kiiru),, an Honey 784 Excelsior 750 Eyewood 759 False Sprecit ><■ 827 Famenga 750 Eanfare.au 77s Faux-BoUvar s:;~> Faux Sprt fit ir B27 Favori Musqui 660 Eavori Musqui du ( 'onst iUt r 782 Fig Pear of Naples 760 Pigue 70* Eigne cFAh neon 7(50 Figve d'Alencon d'Hiver 760 EigiU ■!' Hirer 700 /■'i//in «/' Hirer (C \l< lift/// 760 Figue de Naples 700 Fin Or s Rousselet d'Aout 776 Gros Rateau 716 Gros Rateau gris 716 Gros Thomas 710 Grosse Allongie 875 Grosse Blanquet 775 Grosse Blanquette 775 Grosse Blanquette Ronde 797 Grosse de Bruxelles 835 Grosse Calebassc du Nord 873 Grosse Cuisse Madame 758 Grosse Dame Jeanne 835 Grosse Dorothic 686 Grosse Figue 760 Grosse Grande Bretagne 858 Grosse Grande Bretagne doree 858 Grosse JargoneUe 883 Grosse, Marie 811 Grosse Roi Louis 775 Crosse Sucre 097 Grumkower 770 Grumkoweir Winterbirnie 770 1 : rune Magdalena 809 Grune Sommer Magdalena 809 Cm rnsey 859 Guts Crane 886 Guenette 775 Ciiilhrume de Nassau 686 Curie's Beurre 769 Gustave Bivort 770 Gustave Burgoyne 770 Gustin's Summer 770 Ilacon's Incomparable 777 Haddington 777 J in, /I,,/ 795 Hagar 777 Hi tgh< ns 1, 'Hi it r 07:! Haight 777 Hamilton 77 7 Hamilton Si ( dling 777 Hamon 777 Hampden 778 Hampden's Bergamot 778 Hampton 778, 780 Hampton's Bergamot 778 Hampton's ('luster 776 Hampton's Tixgalieu 778 J la n ii lis 778 Ilainiers' 778 Hanover 779 Hardempont 773 Harden pont (V Hirer 773 Hardenpont du Printemps 696 Harris 77$ PEARS. 1073 PAOE Harrison's Large Fall 779 Harvard 779 Harvest 779 Hassdhim 783 Hatireau 775 Hatkeau Blanc 863 Hawes' Winter 780 ■Hazel 783 Heathcot 780 Hebe 780 Hebron 833 Hegeman 780 Hegerman 780 Heggerman 780 Hi idt Iberg 703 Helene Gres-oire 780 Henkel 781 Henkel cFHiver 871 Henri Bivort 781 Henri (Bivort) 781 Henri Desportes 782 Henry the Fourth 782 Henri Qvatre 782 Henri Van Mons 782 Henri Von Mons 727 Henrietta 782 Henriette 782 lit a riette Bouvier 782 Henriette oV Orleans 7H2 Hepworth 879 Hericart . 783 Hericart de Thury 783 Herkimer . 783 llerimi uxliirne . . 850 Hessel 783 Hewes' Winter 780 Hingham . . 783 His Poiteau 850 HocrenaiUe 844 Hoe-Langer Hoe-Liever 864 Holland Bergamot 784 Holland Green 784 Hollande Bergamotte 784 HoUandische Bergamotte 784 limn i /rood 771 Honey 784 Hooper's Bilboa 774 Hosenschenck 784 Hosenschenck 784 Hovey 784 Howard ^s-> Howell 785 Hubard 678 Huguenot 786 Hull 786 Hungerford's Oswego 786 Hunt's Connecticut 786 Hunter 735 Huntingdon 797 Huntington 786 Huron ^>c Huyshe's Bergamot /87 Huyshe's Prince Consort 786 68 PAOg Huyshe's Prince of Wales 787 Huyshe's Princess of Wales 7«7 Huyshe's Victoria 787 Ice Pear 877 Imp- rat/rice 829 lniji. ratrice de France 760 Imperial 822 Imperial Oak-leaved 822 fm 1 1- ' riale a feuilles de chine 822 ) mimunicable 787 Incomparable 723 I n ron n ve la Fare 850 Inconnue Van Mons 787 Inconstant 788 Iris Gn:goire 788 Iron 702 Isabella 788 Isambert 710 Isambert le Bon 710 Island 788 Ives' August 788 Ives's Bergamot 769 Ives' Bergamotte 788 Ives' Pear 788 Ives' Seedling 789 Ives' Virgalieu 789 Ives' Winter 789 Ives' Yale 789 Jackman's Melting 794 Jackson 789 Jackson 789 Jackson's Elizabeth 789 Jagdbirne 753 Jalousie 790 Jalousie de Fontenay 790 Jalousie de Fontenay Vendee 790 Jamin 747 Jaminette 790 Jan vry 858 Japan 790 Jaquin 782 Jardin de Jougers 784 Jargonelle de Knoop 758 Jargonelle des Provencaux 864 Jean Baptiste Bivort 790 Jean de Witte 791 Jefferson 791 Jenart 696 Jersey Gratioli 7!) 1 -A loess 796 Jtiogti 772 Joannette 658 John 815 John Griffith 791 Johonnot 791 JoU-mon t 864 Jolie Fille de Gust 792 JoUmont 742 JoUtoet J42 JaUMemont , 742 Joly de Bonnoau , 799 [074 PEARP. TAGE Jones 792 Jones's Seedling 792 Joseph Staquet 793 Josephine 696, 790 Josephine Bouvier 793 Josephine de Malines 793 Jouffroy 875 Judge Andrews 794 Jvive 796 Jvlt s Bivort 734 Julienne 794 July Pear 8(52 Just 767 JuM-peer 886 Jutjesbime 886 Jutte $s(5 Kaiser (VAutomne 880 Kaiserbi/rne 880 Kaissoise 678 Kartofd 724 Katti rn 846 ikop 710 Keele Hall Beurri 861 Keiser 794 Kelsev 794 Kessoise. 678 Jut/jmrts 771 Kilmer 823 King 794, 795 King Edward's 794 King of Summer 843 King of Wm-ti mherg 767 King's S< > tiling 795 Ki^gsessing 795 Kirtland 795 ill's Beurre 795 KirtlancPs Seckel 7!>5 KirtlancVs Seedling . 795 Knight's 7!)!i 's Monarch 796 Kn ighffs St < dling 796, 840 883 Kopertseher 796 Kom rtscher 796 Kronprinz Ferdinand 773 Kronprinz von Oestreich 77:! j: Eehasserie 753 Vlnconnue 787 VIneonstani 788 'te'.int 680 J. a Bmm !. ss | J.ii Fortun ' d< Paris 7 La i'lr'n/i < de Parmentier 766 ardin 772 La II rani 796 La Juive 796 L«i Monlinoise 797 La Savourese 7U7 La Scaur Grcgoire 798 La Quintinye 835 LaRdne 696 PA OB La Virguleuse 877 Lady Thigh 883 Lafare 85C Lafayette 798 Lamartine 79? Lammas 7H7 l.ii in mux 729 Langeliefs Beurri- 693 '■ r's Victoria 773 Lansac 797 Large Round Blanquet 797 /."/;,» Rous8elet 843 Seckel 703 Large Sugar 863 Large Summer Bergamot 862 Large Swan's Egg . 779 Las Canas 798 Latch 832 /."/.- Catherine 846 / a a nd try Wilding 753 Laure de Glymes 798 Laurentienne 767 Lawrence 798 Le Beurre 745 Le Breton 798 Le Bran 799 Le Cure 875 /.- 1 Irgoule 877 Lebanon, 833 Lee 799 Lee's Seedling 799 La cKs Kingsessing 795 Lefevre 799 Left we 693 Lenawee 800 Lent Saint Germain 800 Lent St Germain 835 Leochine de Printemps 800 Leon le Clerc Laval 800 Leon le Clerc Louvain 801 Leon Gr goire 800 Li on Hey 801 Leonie Pinchart 800 Leopoldl 801 Leopold Riche 801 Lepine 801 Lewis v I Lewis 7:)7 Long Green 803 Long (Jreen of Autumn 804 Long Green of Esperin 804 Long Green Panache 804 hi' 758 ket 804 Long-Stalked Blanquet 804 Long- Tail d Blangut tte 804 Longui oiBe d'JSoosse 778 Lord ( 'hetneifs 784 Lord Chung 784 Lord Martin Pear 844 LotPs Pear 779 Louis Base 701 Louis Dupont WT I PEARS. 1075 I ■ n ■ PAOK 1 liouis Gregoire 80G Louise Bonne 804 Bonne cPAwanchea 805 Bonne cPHiver '.' 835 | Bonne de Jersey , 805 Louise Bonne of Jersey 805 Mandieu hsq Manning's Elizabeth 810 Mansfield " " 811 Mansuette , ." ' 661 Marasquine 811 Marct His ( 815 Louise Bonne de Printemps 804 March Bergamotte ' 811 Louise bonne 1! 7,/ 804 Marshal de la Cour.V. 811 Louise of Boulogne 806 LouMi J Orleans 871 Louist di Prusse s.->s"2 Marie Louise 813 [^(jen£Automne 77:; Marie Louis Delacourt. 813 Little Blank* t 802 Man\ Louise Donkebn- " 813 r -^ , ?iamluet 802 Mori, Louist (FElcourt 813 / 6 IlIruscat 802 Marie Louise de Jersey. .' 813 Little Musi,- 802 Mark Louise NbuveUe 813 Livingston Virgalieu 803 M arie Louise Nova " " ' 813 Livre de Burgoyne 772 . Marie Louise d'Uccle 813 Locke 803 Marie de Nantes . ' 812 Locke s iV eic II urr 803 J Marie Parent '.'..'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 814 Marim/ §15 Marmion 814 Man'otti Sucrie Jaune 829 Marquise de Bedman 814 Lodge 803 Loudon Sugar 803 Longue de Workouts 00! Love Pear 659 Lucien Leclercq 806 '• Martha Ann .......'.'.'.'.'.'. 814 Literate 750 Lycurgus 806 Lydia Thierard 806 Lyon '. * 807 Mabffle 686, 819 Me I Alan 880 McLaughlin 807 McVean 807 Madame 883 Madame Ad laide Rives 654 Madame Ducar 808 Madame Durieux 808 Madame Eliza 809 M id vine de France 883 Madame Gregoire 809 M idame Henri Desportes 809 Madame Millet 809 Madame Treyve Madeleine 809 I 809 Madeli ine Vert 775 M< ssire cPHivt r 875 657 Messire Jean "... Magdelen ... son Messire Jean Blame '.' 815 n of Flanders 818 Messire Jean Dore 815 Maiden of Xaintonge 818 Messire Jean (iris '. 815 Mailanderin drasse Orune 819 Michaux ' Makonnaitre 722 Miel ad&ic Ft asti r 70:; Mt ar's Summer Butter 751 M connaitre 722 M daill 819 M daitte - Mt Ion 819 Melon di Kops 686 ;a 815 ■■at her \f, re, Me ,!, la .Xoturr 7,", I 1075 PEARS. PAGE Milan de Bovirdeaux . 670 Milan de Rouen 816 Milan Vert 778 Milanaise Cuvelier 884 Miller's Early 828 Millot de Nancy ■ s I <> Misporde B< noist 710 Mima d'Hiver 875 Mitchell's Russet v ^ Moccas 817 Mogul Summer Tin Main 694 MoUt Bouclte cPHeoer 660 Moll* Bouchi X uvi Ue 760 Mollet's Guernsey Beurre 817 Mollet's Guernsey Cha/umontdle. . .. v! r Moil Dit u 65(5 Monarch 796 Monkowthy 661 Monseigneur Affre 817 Monseigneur des Hons 817 Monseigneur Sibour 817 Monsieur 875 Monsieu rU Cur S'T~> Monsieur ./< an 815 Monstrt use de Landers 710 Monstrut ust du Nord 873 Moor-fowl Egg 805 Moore's Pear 784 Moore's Pound 784 Morel 818 Morgan 780 Mouille Bouche >^' }[<>ii ill e bmtohe d? Automne s »/ Ora y< 824 Musk Pear 84fi Musk Bobine 818 Musk Summer Bon Chritien 863 Muskingum 819 Musguine de Bretagne 784 My-God Pear 656 ::. 772 Naaman's Creek 878 Women's Creek 678 Napoleon Napoleon (P nicer 31f Napoleon Savinien 8l8 'ii, 1 Trni 819 Naunikeag 819 Navez Peintre 819 Ne Plus Meuria .v2ii Ne Plus Meuris 679 Nectarine . . 820 (Ms d'lliver 884 Nan Crassane 82!) New Bridge 820 X' -" Fredeiick of Wurtemberg. ... 684 -Y< w St. (!i rmain 837 N( a- Spring Bat/rri 875 New York Bed Cheek Newhall s2*> Newtown 's2< I Nt wtown Seedling 820 Nickerson 820 Niell 821 Niles v2! No. 10 Vim Mom 802 No. 135 Vmi Mom 877 No. 1599 of Van Mons 692 X"irr/i"i/i 696 7:i2 Nonpareil 821 NonpareiVLi 702 Norri* Pear 791 Notarie Miuot 821 Nouveau Maison s"»4 Nouveau Mavxion 's~>4 Nouveau Poiteau 821 N i m velle Fulvie 822 ' u ell d'Ouef 880 Nun's Pear 681 \ utiiii g Pear 700 Oak-Leaved Imperial 822 Oak-leaved Imperial 822 Oakley Park Bergamotte 822 GBuf. . " ' 822 Ogiion ill XuiiiU'ii'ji 803 et 8 >2 ' )ynom I Musqui 862 .,t 862 et 8' PAS* Pennsylvania 832 Pequini 772 Peral del Campo 863 Perdreau. 846 Perfumed 828, 851 Perpetual 832 Petaless 760 Peters 832 PetersUie Peer 760 Petit Blanquet 802 Petit Certeau 668 Petit Corail 765 P, tit Johannet 658 Petit Muscat 802 Petit Muscat d Automne 841 Petit muscat batard muscade 775 Petit Musque 704 Petit Rousselet 846 Pi tit St. Jean 658 Petite Beurre dHiver 700 Petite Blanquette 802 Petite Epine dEte 758 Petre 832 PettaUm 760 Pfirsichbirne 831 Philadelphia 832 PMlippe Belfosse 684 Philippe Goes 833 PMippe de Pacques 751 Philippe Strie 859 Picciola 833 Pickering Pear 835 Pickering's Warden 835 Picquery 871 Pie IX 833 Pine Pear 880 Pinneo 833 Pioiilice 704 Piper 835 Pistolette 760 Pitmaston Duchesse d'Angouleme. . 833 Pitt's Prolific 834 Pitt's Surpasse Marie 834 Plantagenet 834 Piatt 834 PlatCs Seedling 834 Plombgastel 851 Pocahontas 834 I'uiri (FA 'Katilance 656 Pnre dMhret ' Poire dAmboise 71 0 Poire d. Amour 659 Poire /pre 840 ,078 PKARS. PA OK Poire Davy 7(50 Poire du Doyen 880 Poire Durandeau 735 Poire Gendron 688 Poire Gerando 771 Poire Gifard 689 I '<>ii-f -;/lnce 877 / 'ovn dt Chirp 877 Poire a Oobert 772 Poire GoubaU 690 Povn G uiRamme 666 Poirt His . . 850 Poire ih's Inralides 725 Poire du Jardin 770 i ' in de Lepine 801 ' iard 819 Poire de Union 880 Poire tables des princes 758 Poire Truite 765 Poire Van Muvum . . 873 / '"in 1 rauquelin 874 Pnii i" a 671 Pollan 834 P&moire 662 Pope's Quaker 834 Pope's Scarlet Major 834 Potts 773 Pound ..... • ■■■ 835 Poict Ws ^ 'irijnlieu. 864 I'nuh I//-, de '('atalogne 875 Prairie du Pond 835 Pratique de Rouen 687 Pratt 835 /'reel 829 Precilly 835 Prewce de Glady 856 Precocee Gouhault 695 Pnmices de Wagelwater . 836 Present de Malines 829 Present, Royal de Naples 667 PAG! Present Ror/al de Nantes .667 President . . 836 President (TEspagne 858 President Felton 836 President Mas 336 Prettv Girl of Gust 79? Preid 828 Prevost 836 /'riuiitire 802 Prince Albert 836 I'll nee (JamiUe de Rohan 714 Prince Imperial de France 837 Prince de Joinville 837 Prince Napoleon 837 Prince's Harvest 837 Prince's Pear 837 Prince's St. Germain 837 Prince's Sugar 862 Prince's Sugar Top 8(12 Princess 818 Princess Charlotte 838 Princess Helen d1 Orleans 749 Princess Maria 838 Princess of Orange 'v: S9 Princess Royal 770 Prineesse ConquMe 839 Prineesse Marianne 827 Prineesse (f Orange .... 839 Prineesse de Panne 813 Prineii re de Kopertsh 796 Prof esseur Hennau 839 Pucelle Condi denne 829 Pulsifer 839 Puvis St. Germain 839 Queen of August 784 Queen of the Low Countries 839 Queen's Amber 818 i,i in ru's Pear 818 Quilletette 840 Quinn 840 Quin a ipiae 850 Railroad Fvss % 831 Rallay 840 Rapelje 840 Ravenswood 840 Raymond 840 Read's Seedling 825 Reading 841 Real Jargonelle 758 Red Bergamot 841 Red I'turre 710. 745 Red Butter 710 Red Cheek 767 Red- Cheeked S(ckel 852 Red Doyenne 745 Red Garden 841 /,\ d M"scadd 761 Red Orange 824 Reedcr's Seedling 739 Regine 841 Regintin , 82«J PEARS. J 079 PAGK Reigner 880 Reine Caroline 841 Reine d'Hiver 841 Heine des Pays Bas 839 Reine dea Poires 842 *veine Victoria 842 Heine de Viearge 749 B serve Pear 758 Retour de Rome 842 Revnaer Beemaert 842 Richards 842 Richards Beurre 8G3 wnd 779, 850 Ridelle's 842 Loup 772 Rivers' Winter Beurre 843 Robert's Keeping 753 Robt rfs MuskateUer 818 Robertson 878 Robine 818 Robinson 878 Roe's Bergamot 841] Roid'Ete 843 Roi JoUmont 742 Roi Louis 775 Roi Louis Nouveau 688 Roi de Louvain 71G Roi de Rome 843 Roi de Rome 819 Roi de, Wurtemberg 707 Roitelet 843 Rokeby 844 Rondelet 844 Ronville 844 Ropes 844 Rose Epine Rose 863 Rose Pear 863 Rosenbvrne 863 Roslyn 844 Rostiezer 845 Rouge dWnjou 697 Rouge des Vierges 717 Round Top 872 Bousettet de Meester 814 Rousse Lench 845 let 843, 846 Rousselet Aelens 845 Rousselet Bivort 845 U t dt i 'oster 845 Rousselet Decoster 845 et Double 846 Rousselet Enfante Prodigue 846 Rousselet Esperen 846 Rousselet Hatif 846 lei cP Hirer 814 let Jamin 750 Rom sdi t de Jamin 750 Rousselet de Janvier 845 Rousselet de Jonghe 846 Rousselet Musqui 846 Rousselet de Rheims 846 Rousselet St. Nicholas 847 Rousselet Stuttgart 847 PAOI Rousselet "Vanderwecken 847 Rousseline 847 Rousselon 847 Rovsst tie cVAnjou 700 Royal 847 Royal cPAngleterre Royal Tairling 75 1 Royal Wilder 848 Royale 863 Royale d'Hiver Royale NbuveUe 849 du Dauphine 863 Bozatte d'lngrandes 863 Rushmords Bon Chretien 77!) Russelet 843 Russelin s4 7 Rutter 848 Sabine 790 Sabine d'1 EU 767 Sabine Van Mons 790 Sacandaga 849 Sacandaga Seckel 849 Saco 773 Safran iTAutomne 858 Safran cCEte 863 Safran rosat d'Automne t 671 Saint Andre 849 St. & rran l Saint Crispin 849 Saint Denis 849 Saint Dorothee 849 Saint Germain 850 Saint Germain Mane 804. 850 Saint Germain bran 850 St. Germain Don' 850 St. Germain DutMeul 668 Saint Germain cPBU 864 Saint Germain Fondant 672 St. Germain de Graines 6'W St. Germain Oris ■s"'1 ' ■SY. Germain Jaune 850 Saint Germain cP Hirer 850 Saint Gi rmain de Martin. ...... St. Germain Nouveau 874 St. Gt rmain Panachie 'v'"i( ' Saint Germain de Pepins Saint- Germain- Puvis s;';i St. Germain du Tittay 668 St. Germaindu Tilloy 668 tin VauqueUn 874 Saint i rt >;'11 Saint Ghislain Sit /A rblain d'Hiver 751 St. Jean 658 St. ./■ an Baptiste 727 St. Jean Baptiste d'Hiver 7-J7 St. Jean Musguee Grcs 818 St. John'* Pear 658 Saint Lambert 758 Saint I. anient : . • • 767 Saint Lezin 850 1080 PEARS. PACK Rain t Menin 850 Saint Marc 668, 871 St. Martial 660 St. Michael Archange 851 Saint Michael Archangel 851 St. Michael of Boston 880 St. Michael Bore 745 St. Michael d'fit, 742 St Michael d'lliver. 742 St. Michel 880 Saint Micliel Crotte 859 St. Nicholas 749 Saint Sampson 758 Saint Vincent de Paul 851 Sainte- Ma delaine 809 Salisbury Seedling 851 Salviata 851 Sand Pear 851 Sanguine d'ltalie 851 Sanguinole .... 851 Sanguinole de Belgique 852 Sam Pair 702 Sans Pareille 702 Sans Pepins 778 Sanspeau 856 Sarah 852 Sarah 784 Satin 797 Satin Vert 758 Sohelis 863 Schdne and Chute 778 Schuman 852 Scotch Bergamot 778 Seal 852 Sebastopol 852 Sevastopol (Ttite 852 Seckel 852 SecTde. 852 Seigneur. 7(52 Seigneur iVExperin 762 Seigneur d'Hiver. . . 75 1 Selleck 854 Senateur Mosselman 854 Sept-en-guevie 802 Seraphine Ovin 854 Serrurier 854 Serrurier (PA utomne 854 Seutin 854 Shakespeare 852 Shaumontel 718 Sham-Montel 718 Shawmut 855 Sheldon 855 ShenWs 784 Sheppard . 855 Short's Saint Germain 864 Sidle 758 Bickel 852 Sieulle 746 BUHnum's Russet 83:5 SUvanbirne 866 SUvange Pierard 866 Simon Bouvier 856 rial Sire Martin ... 814 Skinless 856 Small Blanquet 802 Small Winter Beurre. 700 Smith's Bordenavc 803 Smith's Early Butter 818 Smith'* Pennsylvania 832 Smokehouse 784 Snow Flower 782 Soeur Oregoire 798 Soldat Esperen 856 Soldat Laboureur 856 Soleure 71 16 Solitaire 661 Sommer Oute Christenbirne. 863 Sophia Beekmans 814 Souvenir du Congress 856 Souvenir d'Esperen 857 Souvenir Favre 858 Souvenir of Madame Treyve. 809 Souvenir de la Reine des Beiges. . . 857 Souvenir de Siinon Bouvier 856 Souveraine 829 Souveraine d' Ete 858 Souveraine d'Hiver 829 Souveraine de Printemps 858 Spanish Bon Chretien 858 Spanish Warden 858 Sparbvrne 758 Speckled Harris 779 sri<; Butter 703 Spice Pear 846 Spina 858 Spina di Carpi 848 Sponge 721 Sportsman 735 Spring Beurre 875 Staunton 769 Steinmitz Catherine 858 Steimnitz Spice 859 Stt p7u it's Genesee 859 Sterling 859 Stevens' Genesee 859 Stone 860 Stript tl Bergamot 866 Striped Dean 881 Striped Germain 850 Striped Orange 825 Stuttgarter Geishirtel. 847 Stuyversant 863 Sty'er 860 Styrian 861 Sublime Garnotte 880 Sucr< cPAutomne de Tertolen 861 Sucre Noir d'f'.f 861 Sucre de Tertolan 861 Sucre Vert 861 Sucre Vert oVAutomnede Tolsdvyn. 861 Sucre-vert (PHoyersworda 861 Sucrce blanche 804 Sucree du Cornice 861 Sucree de Hoyerswerda 861 Sucr- e Boi'ie 81S 1 EARS. 108 ' PAOK fhithrin blanc cCfite 804 Suffolk Thorn 862 Sugar of Hoyersworda 861 Sugar Pear 779 Sugar Top 862 Sukerey iVAutomne 861 Sullivan 862 Summer Aputhekerbirne 86:? Summer Archduke 862 r Beauty 767 Summer Bell. .'. 883 Summer Bergamot 862 Summer Beurre d'Aremberg 862 Summer Bon Chretien. 863 Summer Crassane 863 Milium, r Doyenne 742 Summer Franc Real 863 Summer Good Chiistian 863 Summer Jargonelle 7(57 Summer Pine-apple 660 Summer Portugal 828 Summer Rose , 863 Summer St Germain 864 Summer Thorn 758 Summer Virgalieu 864 Summer Virgalieu 825, 833 Superfondante 864 Supreme 883 Supreme Cohma 796 Supreme de Quimper 864 Surpass Maria Louise 834 Surpasse Crassane 829 Surpass,' Fortunes 766 Surpasse Meuris 864 Surpasse Virgalieu 864 Surpasse Virgouleuse 864 Suzette de Bavay 865 Swan's Egg 865 S, run's Orange 823 Street Summer 758 Swiss Bergamot 865 SyeMe 852 Sylvanche 866 Sylvange 866 Sylvange cV Hirer 760 Sylvanghe vert d'hiver 686 Tardif de Mons 866 < de Toulouse 749 Tarquin 866 Tarquin des Pyrenees 866 Taylor Pear 866 Tea 866 751 ■ u/oaise 700 ZVfc de Chat 716 T( ton de Venus 772 Theodore Van Mons 867 Th r se Kunips 868 Thiessoise 678 Thompson's 868 Thooris sum Thorny Ambrette 658 Thorny Rote Thouin Thuerlinckx Tillington TSOoy Tilton \\ Tombe de V Amateur Totten's Seedling Treasure Trescott Tresor Tresor & Amour Trimble Triomphe de Hassett Triomphe de .Jodoigne Triomphe de Louvain Triomphe du Nord Triomphe de Pomohgique Troken Martin Trompe-valet , Trout Pear , Trouve de Montigny , Truckhill Bergamot Tuerlinekx Tulip' e TuWped or Fly Pear Turkish Bonchrltien Turkish Pear Twenty-fifth Anniversaire de Leo- pold I Two Sisters Tyler Tynsbord TyroUe Tyson PASP , 862 , 884 868 86? 668 658 821 868 659 868 65!) 659 778 ST.'! 869 869 873 728 814 658 765 701 869 868 863 825 761 761 869 736 869 719 790 870 Vdal 767 Union 835 Upper Crust 870 Urbaniste 871 Urbaniste Seedling 871 Ursula 872 Ureduhi's St. Germain 835 Uwchlan 872 1 ra Deux Ans 725 Valandrie 734 via 880 ! :eventer Van de Weyei Hates S73 Bates ^?:> Van Do 813 1 'an Donkt lear 818 Van Dyek 858 Van Marum 873 Van .Mons Leon le Clerc 873 1082 *EARS. PAGE Van Mans No. 154 810 Van Mom No. 889 862 Van Mans No. 12:38 722 Van Mom St. Genvmn 874 Van Vranken *. 849 Vandyck 858 Vauquelin .s74 Verdette 861 Verlaine 874 Verlaine 770 u . 929 . 911 . 942 . 917 . 896 . 928 . 939 . 895 . 948 . 917 , 954 . 924 , 896 896 . 939 925 896 935 896 896 896 896 954 943 897 918 916 897 898 897 897 925 899 897 889 929 898 898 898 898 899 925 899 907 901 932 899 955 PA»1 Bleecker's Gage 89ft Bleeckefs Scarlet 929 Bleecker's Yelloto 899 Bleecker's Fellow Gage 899 Bleu de Belgigue 898 Bleu de Perque 898 Blue Gage 899 BlUi J I ■Hand 921 Blue Iniperatrice 900 Blue Iniperatrice 947 Blue Imperial 901 Blue Perdrigon 900 Blue Perdrigon 9:17 Blue Plum 900 Blum 900 Bdbma/r .. , !).r)i Bolmer 05 1 Burner's Washington 951 Bonnet d'Eveque 900 Boulouf 901 Boulouf 926 Bradford Gage 917 Bradshaw 901 Brahy's Green Gage 901 Brandy Gage 931 Si i m i Prune 916 Brevoorfs Purple 901 Brevoorfs Purple Bolmar 901 Brevoorfs Purple Washington 901 Bricet 901 Bricetta 901 Brignole 953 Brignole Yiolette 900 Brugnon Gage 917 Bruyn Gage 917 Bryanston's Gage. 902 Buel's Favorite 902 Burettes 902 Burgundy Prune 902 Burlington Gage 902 Bury Seedling 904 Byfield 902 Caldwell's Golden Drop 902 Caldwell's White Gage 903 Oakdonicm 917. 933 Cambell 903 ?s SeedUng 903 Canffs late Green Gage 917 i in 925 i 'erisette Blanche 925 Chapin 903 'a Early 921 ( 'hapmajn'a Princ. of Wales Charlotte 950 Cherry 903 Chester County Prune 903 Cheston 904 Chickasaw Plum 889 Cleavinger 904 Cloth of Gold Esperen 916 Cbth of Gold Plum 910 Cce's Golden Drop 904 1084 PLC MB. PAGK Coe's Golden Drop Violette 905 Coe's Imperial 904 Coe's Late Red 904 I 'oi '8 Plum 904 Coe's Violet 900 Columbia 905 Columbian Gage 905 Common Damson 907 Common English Sloe 955 ( '<>)n mon Orleans 985 < 'ommon Quetsche 915 ( '',111/n"// St. Julien 94G Comte Gustave d'Egger . . . . 905 < '"< r's Blue Gage 899 Cooper's Large 905 Cooper's Large American 905 ( 'ooper's Large Bed 905 Cope 906 Copper 906 Corse's Admiral 906 Corse's Field Marshal 906 Corse's Nota Bene 906 Couetsche 915 Covetche 915 Cox's Seedling 906 Croft's Early 907 ( 'ruger'8 907 Cruger's Scarlet 907 ( 'ruger'8 Scarlet Gage '. . . . 907 Cruger's Seedling 907 VAgen 939 IT A merique Rouge 903 D'Automne de Schamal. 897 IPAotriche 908 D1 .1 mine 925 Damas Blanc 952 Damas Blanc Gros 952 Dumas Blanc Ildtif Gros 952 Damas Dronet 910 Damas ffEspagne 949 Damas Gros 915 Damas (Tlialie 924 Damas Jaune . . 953 Damas Lawson 928 Damas de Mangeron 931 Damas Musqiti 933 Damas de Provence 939 Damas de Provence n&tif. 939 J)amas de SepU utbre 94 7 Damas dt Tours 937 Damas de Tours gros 917 Damas Vert 917 Damas Violet 941 Damas I riolt I Gros 915 P'lmascena ScliamaU 897 Damasci ne Maugeron 931 Damask 915 Dame A ttbert 954 Dame Aubert blanche 954 Pau/e Aubert Jaune. 954 Dame Aubert Violette 943 Damson 907 PA«a Dana's Yellow Gage 908 Date Plum 908 Datlelzwetsche 908 Dauphin 948 Dauphine 917 De Bordeaux 926 De Chypre 933 De Driice 908 De Montf ort. . 908 De Virginie 903 Dt nniston's Albany Beauty 896 Denniston's Red 908 Denniston's Superb 908 Denyer's Victoria 948 Diamond 909 Dictator 909 Diaphane 950 Diaphane Laffay 950 Diapre Blanc 952 Diapree Blanche 952 Diapree Rouge 942 Diapree Violette 904 Die Rothe Eiqierflaume 943 Die Violette Kimigin Claudie 940 Dolphin 948 Domine Dull 909 Dorelle's Neue Grosse Zwetsche 934 DorelWs New Purple Prune. 934 Dorr's Favorite 909 Double-blossomed Plum 955 Double-flowering Sloe 955 Downing's Early 91C Downton Imprratrice 910 Drap d'Or 910 Drap d1 Or Esperen 916 Dronet Damask 910 Duane's Purple 910 Dumore 91 0 Dunmore 910 Dutch Prune 909 Dutch Qtietzen 909 Dwarf Texas Plum 889 Early Amber 911 Earlv Apricot 911 Early Bo my 926 Early Black Morocco 932 Early Cross 911 Early Damask 932 Early Damask of Provence 939 Early Damson .". 907 Early Favorite 911 Early Genesee 920 Early Green Gage 91' John 925 Early Monsieur 911 Early Morocco 932 Earty Orleans 911 Early Prolific 912 Early Purple 921 Early Rivers 912 Early Roy d 945 Early Royal ct Nikita 912 PLUMS. 1065 Early Russian 915 Early St. John 912 Warty Scarlet 903 Early Tours 937 Early Violet 937 Early Yellow 925 Early Yellow Prune 912 Edouard Seneclauze 912 Egg PI 954 Elfrev 912 Elfry's Prune 912 Emerald Drop 913 Empress 900 English Orleans 935 English Wheat. 913 English Yellow Gage 913 Eugene Furst. 913 Fair's Golden Drop FeUenberg Fine Bonte Florence Flushing Gage FonthiU Footers Early Orleans Foote's Golden Gage Fotheringay Fotheringham Franklin French Copper. French Royal French St. Julien Frost Gage Frost Plum 914, Fulton. Gi ?s Damas de Tours 917 Gj os Rrmge de Septembre. 898 Grosse Luisante 954 Grosse Peine 917 Grosse Peine Claude 917 Qroundaere 918 Grove House Purple 914 Gundakcr Plum 918 Gundaker Prune 918 Guthrie's Apricot 918 Guthrie's Aunt Ann 918 Guthrie's Golden. . 918 Guthrie's Late Green 919 Guthrie's Russet 919 Guthrie's TaYbank 919 Guthrie's Topaz 919 Gwalsh 919 904 Hallenbeck 920 924 Hampton Court 911 913 Hartwiss' Yellow Prune 920 943 Henrietta Gage . . 920 923 Henry Clay 920 937 Highlander 920 913 Hinckley 931 914 Holland 921 914 Holland Prune 92: 914 ! Horse Plum 92' 951 How's Amber 021 906 ' Howard's Favorite 02! 945 Howell's Early 921 946 HoweWs Large 933 914 Hudson Gage 922 952 Hiding's Peine Claudia 917 914 Huling's Superb 933 Galbraith 914 Gelbe MirabeUe 932 Gem 915 Genl. Hand 915 German Gage 899 German Prune 915 German Quetsche 915 Ghiston's Early 916 Gifford's Lafayette 916 Gillett 931 Gisborne's. 916 Gisborntfs Early 916 Qloire de Xeio York 932 Golden Cherry Plum 916 Golden Esperen 916 Golden Gage 904 Golden Gage Lawson 928 Goliath 917 Gonne 917 Gonne's Green Gage 913 Goring' s Golden Gage 917 Goutte (POr 904 Great Damask Violet of Tours 917 Great Green Damask 917 Green Gage 917 Grimicoo(Ts Early Orleans 911 Gros Damas Vert 917 Ickworth Imperatrice 922 Ida Gage 917 73a Green Gage 917 Imperatrice 900 Imperatrice Blanche 952 i //) ratrice Violet 900 at/rice Violette 915 Imperatrice Violette Grosse 915 Imperial 04;! Imperial Diadem 042 Imperial Gage 923 Imperial Ottoman 923 Imperial Purple 923 Imperial de Sharp 948 Imp' rial Violet 943 Imp< riale 943 Imperials blanche 954 Imp riale de Milan 022 Imp riaie Rouge 04;? Imp riale I 'i'di tte 943 Incomparable 924 Incomparable Prune 924 Trriiafs P dinar 951 Isabel 931 Isabella 924 Isleworth Green Gage 917 Italian Damask 924 1086 PLUMS. Italian Prone 924 Italian Quetsche 924 Ives 924 Ives1 Seedling 924 Ives1 Washington, 924 Jaccson 951 Jacob 925 Jaunt de Catalogne 925 Jaune Hative 925 ,/< mi JIdlive 925 Jefferson 925 Jt n kins' Imperial 983 Jerusalem 926 Jodoigne Green Gage , . 926 Judson 926 July Green Gage 926 Kester's Green Gage 926 Kester's Yellow Gage 926 Keyser's Plum 922 Kirke's 926 Kirke's Stoneless 949 Knevett's Late Orleans 938 Knight's Large Drying 927 Knight's No. 6 922 Koetsche 915 Kolenkamp 927 La Diiicieuse 905 La Iioyale 945 Lady Plum 927 Langdon 927 Langdon's Seedling .... 927 Largt Early Damson 921 Large German Prune. ... ... 915 Large Green Drying 927 Large Long Blue 930 Large Peach 936 Large White Damson. . 907 Largi st Damask of Tours 917 Late Black Damson 907 Late Black Orleans 927 Late Bolmer 928 'hister 9521 Late Green Gage 930 Latt Monsieur 935 Late I'urple Damson 907 i Late Rivers 928 I ati Vellow Damson 952 Favorite 928 ••• - Oage 928 Mce's Early 928 Lawson's Golden 928 Leipzic 915 Lewiston Egg 929 Liegel's Apricot 929 Little Blue Gage 899 Little Mirabelle 932 Little Queen ( 'laude 913 Livingston Manor 917 Lombard 929 Long Scarlet 929 turn Loudon Plum 92* Louis Brun. .... . 91 7 Louis Philippe 938 Louisa 930 Lucombe's Nonesuch 930 McCauley's Seedling 903 McLaughlin 930 Madison 908 Magn um Bon urn 954 MaUre Claude 953 Ma/melon Sageret 980 Maruelonnee 930 Mangeron 931 Mann's Brandy Gage 981 Mann's Imperial 931 Manning's Long Blue 980 Manning's Long Blue Prune 930 Mn lining's Prune 930 Marian 945 Marten 931 Marten's Seedling 931 Matchless 904 Maugeron 931 Ma uqeron Damask 931 Mediterranean 981 Meigs 931 Mimms 942 Miner 931 Minette 7. 919 Mirabelle 982 Mirabelle Blanclie 932 Mirabelle Double 910 Mirabt He Grosse 910 Mirabelle Jaune 932 Mirabelle de Nancy 932 Mirabelle d'Octobre 901 Miriihvlle Perle 932 Mirabelle Petite 982 Miruhdle Pricoce 982 Mirabelle Tardive 901 Miruhdle Vert Double. 917 Mirabelle de Vienne 982 Miser Plum 903 Mitchelson 932 Mitchelson's 9 2 Monroe 932 Monroe Egg 932 Monsieur 985 Monmii %r fruits Jaime 954 Monsit "r J Lit if 911 Monsit ur HdUfde Montmorency . . . 91 1 Monsit ur HdUve 911 Monsit ur Ordinaire 935 ir Tardif 948 Monsit ur Tardive 949 Monstrut use de Bavay 897 Monstrueuse d'OuUins 935 Montgomery Prune 929 Morocco 939 Moyret's Gage 933 Mulberry....""" 933 Murray's Peine Clau Ua 917 PMJMS. 1087 PAGK Muscle . . 933 Musk Damask . . 933 Musque de Malta 933 Myrobolan 903 Nectarine 933 Nelson's Victory 933 New Early Orleans. 911 New Golden Drop 904 New Orleans 911 New Washington 95 1 New York Purple 901 Newman 934 Noire Dative 937 Nolen Plum 953 Nonpareil 924 Xorbert 934 Norman Perdrigon 934 North 934 North1 s Seedling 934 Nouvelle de Dorelle 934 Nutmeg 913 Oberley 934 Oberley's Greenwood 934 October Green Gage 935 OSil de Bieuf 926 Old Apricot 896 Old Orleans 935 Orange .... 935 Orange Gage 935 Orleans 935 Oullin's Gage 935 Oullin's Golden 935 Oulliii's Golden Gage 935 Parker's Mammoth 951 Parsonage 930 Paterson's 916 Peach Plum 936 Peach Plum 933 Penobscot 936 Peoly's Early Blue 936 Perdrigon Diane 953 Perdrigon Normand 934 Perdrigon Douge 943 Perdrigon Violet 937 Perdrigon Violet Hatif 936 Perdrigon Vioktte 900 Pershore 936 Peter's Yellow Gage 937 Petit Bricette 901 Petit Drap d'Or 932 Pt tit St. JuUen 946 Petite Reine Claude 913 Philippe I ■ 951 Pickett's July 925 Pigeon's Heart 911 Pittess 949 Plum de Vlnde 937 Pond's Purple 937 Pond's Seedling 937 Pourprie Duane 910 PAS» Precox de Bergthcld 938 Precoce de Tours 937 Prince Albert 938 Prince Englebert 938 Prince of Wales 938 Prince's Dive Piimordian 939 Prince's Early Damson 907 Prince's Gage 923 Prince's Imperial 92b Prince's Imperial Gage 923 Prince's Orange E?g 93S Prince's Orange Gage 938 Prince's Primordian 939 Prince's White Gage 923 Prince's Yellow Gage 939 Provence Damask 939 Prune d'Ajren 939 Prune d'AUemagne 915 Prune cPAltesse 949 Prune (TAltesse blanche 925 Prune d'Ast 939 Prune (TAutomne de Scliamili. 897 Prune d'Autriche 908 Prune des Dejonnieres 898 Prune de Bourgogne 9< 12 Prime de Brignole 939 Prune de Catalogue 925 Prune de Chypre 933 Prune Damson 907 Prune. Datte 908 Prim, Diaphane Lajfay 950 Prune de Gaillon 937 Prune Gonne 917 Prune Goutte d'Or 904 Prune Grosse Quetsche Nouvelle 934 Prune d'lude blanc 954 Prune d'ltalie 924 Prone de Lepine 934 Prune de Louvain 898 Prune de la Madelaine 937 ."run, de Malthe 933 de J f Hun 922 Prune de MirabeUe !'32 Prune de Monsieur 935 Prune Monsieur Jennie 925 Nouvelle de Dotrel 934 Prune d'CEuf 943 Prune d' Orleans 935 Prune Pche 933, 936 Prune de Prince 934 Prune ihi Hoi Prune Royale 945 Prune di St. Barnabe 925 Prune dt St. Jem, 912 Prune,!, St. Martin 91)1 Prune Suisse 949 I'luin ,'r Vaeance 947 Prune Violet de Jerusalem 926 /'/ unit r ile J, TUSoIa iu 926 Prut,.', r di.s I'lirunces 917 Prun us ( i rasift ra 903 Prunus Myrobolana 903 Purple Damson 907 i088 VLUMS. PAGE Purple Egg 943 Purple Favorite 940 Purple Gage 940 Put-pie Magnum Bonum 910, 943 Quackenboss 941 Qiu i n Claudia 917 Queen Mother 941 (hi, tsclie (PAUemagne Orosse. 915 Qut tsche de Breme 916 Qn, tsc/te Datte 908 Quetsche de Bardie NouveUe Grand. 934 Qui tsche Crosse 91.") Qut tsclie de. Hongrie 908 (jm tsche cVItcdie 924 Quetsche Precoce de Furst 913 Quetsen 915 Reagle's Ancient City Reagle's Gage Reagle's Union Purple. . . Red Apricot Rt d Da/mobk Red Diaper Bed Kan Red Gage Red Gage Red Gage of Dutchess County . . . Red Imperial. Red Magnum Bonum Hi (I Magn a hi Bonum Red Orleans Red Perdrigon Red Primordian Red Queen Mather Red Saint Martin. Bi inn Nova Hi i in I 'In >nli Hi a, ( 'l,i nor iT Automne Claude de Bavay Reine Claude de Bavay Hative. . . . Brin r < 'laude Berger 11, i,,, i 'laude Blanche Jt, ,',,,■ i 'In nd,- de Brahy /,,,,,, Claude Biaphane Claude Boree Hi in, ( lauds native /A in, < laude cPHudson Reine < laude Imp rials Rt I',, Claude de Jodoigne 11, in r ( '<■• 1 1, de de Lawrence Reine Claude Mm/ ret Brine Claude (TOctobre Brine Chi ude dPOuliins Reine Claude Brlcoce Reine Claude Rouge de Septembre. lli i ur Claude Rouge VanMons... Reine ( 'laude Tardive Reine Claude Transparent Reine Cluu le Violette Reine Claudia blanche la grosse. . . Reine petite esplce Reine Victoria 941 941 942 942 942 943 942 929 942 94:; 943 948 9::.-) 943 943 941 904 898 917 897 897 920 936 913 901 950 917 911 922 933 936 938 933 93.-) 935 935 898 898 935 950 940 917 . 913 . 943 Reizensteir's Yellow Prune 943 Rensselaer Gage 917 Rhinebeck Yellow Gage 944 Rhue 944 Rime's Seedling 944 Richland 944 Rivers' No. 1 911 Rivers' Early No. 2 912 Rivers'1 Early Favorite 911 Rivers' Early Prolific 919 Bo be de Sergent 939 Bobinson 931 Roby's Yellow 944 Boche Carbon 942 Boe's Autumn Gage 897 Rollande Galloppi 944 Ronald's Fancy 945 Rostrave Bell 945 Botherham 953 Rnyal 945 Royal Da wphine 948 Royal Bed 945 Boyal Tours 945 Boy al de Vilvorde 926 Royale • . 945 Royale Hative 945 Royale de Tours 945 St. Burnable 925 Saint Catherine 946 Saint Clair 897 Saint Cbud 917 Saint Etienne 946 St. James' Quetsche 916 St. Jean 912 Saint Julien 946 St. Julien petit 946 Saint Martin 904 Saint Marl in linage 904 Saint Martin's Quetsche 947 St. Manrin 939 Sand Plum 889 Sans Noyau 949 Scarlet Gage 929 Schenectady Catherine 947 Schuyler Gage 947 Schuyler Gage 917 Sea 92!_ Semiaua of Boston 94 7 September Damask ... 947 Sliaili fs White Damson 952 Sharp's Emperor. 948 Sli,,n 914 Sheldon 948 Shepler 943 Shropshire Damson 907 Siamese 948 Si mill ua 949 Sir Cha-les Worsley's 945 Small Green Gage 913 Small Mirabelle 932 Small Red Damson 907 Small White Damson 907 PLUMS — POMEGRANATES. 1089 PAGE Smith's Orleans 948 Spanish Damask 949 Spotted Gage 949 Standard of England. 949 Steertfa Emperor 917 Stoneless 949 8uorin Vert 917 Suisse 949 Superior Oreen Gage 923 Sweet Damson 913, 921 Sweet Prune 915 Swiss Plum 949 Switeefs Plum 949 Thomas 949 Thorndyke Gage 950 Tomlinson's Charlotte 950 Townsend 931 Transparent Gage 950 Trompe Oarcon 917 Trompe Valet 917 Trouvee de Voueche 950 True Large German Prune 915 Turkish QuetscJie 915 Ulysses 950 Van Monsy Red 898 Van Mons1 Bed Gage 898 Verdochio 917 Verducia 917 Veritable Imperatrice 900 Vert Bonne 917 Verte Tiquetie 917 Victoria 948 Violet Diaper 904 Violet Empress 900 Violet Gage 940 Violet Perdrigon 900, 948 Violet de Tours 937 Vidktte 900 Violt tie native 937 Yinh tte Jerusalem . . 926 Viol, tie Queen Claude 940 Virgin 950 Virginal Blanc 950 Virginal a Fruit blanc 950 Virginal ■', gros Fruit blanc 950 Virginale Blanc 950 Virginia Cherry 903 W/ger 935 Waugenheim 951 \Ya>hington 951 Washington Jaunt 951 Washington Purple 901 Waterloo 904 Wax 951 Wentworth 954 Wheat Plum 913 Wheaton 913 White Apricot 952 White Bulla-ee 952 69 White Damascene White Damask. . . . White Damson White Diaper White Egg White Empress White Gage 913, 923, White Holland White Imperatrice White Imperial White Magnum Bonum White Mirabelle White Mogul White Perdrigon White Primordian White Prune Damson White Virginale White Winter Damson Whitlow Wild Goose Wild Red Plum Wilde's Wilkinson WilmoVs Early Orleans Wilmots Green Gage Wilniofs Late Green Gage Wilnwfs Late Orleans Wilmofs New Green Gage WilmoCs Orleans Winesour Winter Bobnar Winter Damson Woolston's Black Gage PAea 952 952 952 952 954 952 D39 954 952 954 954 !):!2 954 953 925 952 950 952 913 953 889 953 953 911 917 917 917 917 911 9.-):; 928 907 053 Yellow Apricot 896 Yellow Damask 953 Yellow Egg 954 Yellow Imperatrice 954 Yellow Mi i (j it urn Bonum 954 Yellow Perdrigon 910 Yellow Plum 889 Yohe's Eagle 954 Young 955 Young's Seedling 955 Zwetsche 915 POMEGRANATES. Acid-Fruited 957 Double Red 957 Double White 957 Grenadier a Fruit Doux 957 Subacid-Fruited 957 Sweet-Fruited 957 Variegated Flowered. 957 Wild Pomegranate 957 1090 POMEGRANATES QUINCES R ASPBERR IE8. Yellow Flowered 957 QUINCES. Angers 958 Apple-shaped Quince 959 Blush Japan Quince 960 Chinese Quince 960 Cydonia Japonica 960 Japan Quince 960 New Upright 959 Oblong Quince 959 Orange Quince , 959 Paris de Fontenay 959 Pear-shaped Quince 959 Portugal Quince 959 Pyrus Japonica 960 Rea's Seedling 959 Van Slyke 959 White Quince 960 RASPBERRIES. Abel 967 Allen 962 Allen 971 Allen's Antwerp 962 Allen's Red Prolific 962 American Black 96:! Ami rican Imjyroved 966 American Red 963 American White 963 Arnold's Orange 963 Arnold's Red 963 August Black 963 Autumn Black 963 Autumn Black Raspberry 969 Bagley'8 Perpetual 964 Bamet 964 Bun* ft Cane. 964 Belle de Fontenay 964 Belli $ Orleans 064 Belle de Paluau 964 Black 964 Black Raspberry 963 Brentford Cane 964 Bri/tc/de's Orange 971 Barley 972 Burlington 964 Canada Black Cap 964 Darter's Prolific 965 Catawissa 965 Cincinnati Red ... 969 Clarke 965 Col. Wilder 965 CollinsviUe Miami. 969 Common Black- Cap 963 Common Red 963 Cope 965 Coi-nwalPs Prolific 964 Cornwall's Seedling 964 Cretan Red 965 Cushing 965 Cutbush's Prince of Wales 971 Davison's Thornless 966 Doolittle 966 Doolittle's Black Cap 966 Doolittle's Red Flavored Black Cap. 967 Double-Bearing 96(> Double- Beanng Yellow 974 Duhring 966 Ellisdale 966 Elm City 966 Elsie 966 Emily 966 English Black 964 English Globe 966 English Purple 971 English Red 971 English Red Cane 9(52 False Red Antwerp 962 Fastollf 9(57 Filby 967 Framboisier a Oros Fruit 972 Franconia 967 French 967 Fulton 967 Garden 967 Gen. Patterson 967 Golden Cap 963 Golden Thornless 967 Hildreth MS Hornet 968 Rowland's Red Antwerp 972 Hudson River Antwerp 968 Huntsman's Giant 968 HuntsviUe 971 Imperial 968 Imperial Rel 968 Improved Miami 969 Joslyn's Black Cap 966 Joslyn's Improved 966 Jostyn's Improved Black Cap 966 Jouet 968 Kirtland 969 Knevet's Giant 96fl KA8PBERRIES — STRAWBERRIES. 1091 KnevetCs Antwerp 972 Large-Fruited Monthly 969 Large Miami Black Cap 969 Lurge Orange 972 Large Red 964 Late Siberian 966 Lindley 969 Little Miami Black Gap 970 Lord ExmoutlCs 964 Lum's Ever-Bearing 969 MeCormick 969 Magnum Bonum 970 Mammoth Cluster 969 Mi rveffle de Quatre Saisons 970 Miami Black 970 Miami Black Cap 969 Mote's Ever-Bearing. 970 Mrs. Wood 970 New Red Antwerp 968 Northumberland Fill-Basket 970 Nottingham Scarlet 970 October Red 970 October Yellow 970 Ohio Ever-Bearing 971 Ohio Raspberry 971 Old Red Antwerp 972 Orange 971 Perpetual Bearing 966 Philadelphia 971 Pilate 971 Prince of Wales 971 Prince's Globose 971 Prolific ( Carter's) 965 Prosser 964 Purple Cane 971 Purple Prolific " 971 Red Antwerp 972 Red Imperial 968 Red Pearl 972 Red Prolific 971 Riley's Early 972 Rivers' New Large Monthly 969 Rivers' Orange 972 Rogers Victoria 973 Rubus Occidentals 963 Russell's Red 972 Semper Fidelis 972 Seneca Black Cap 972 Souchetti 973 Stoever 963 Summit 973 Superior Miami 969 Surprise 9 < 3 Sweet Yellow Antwerp 973 Thxmbleberry 963 FAMB Thornless Black Cap 966 Thunderer 973 True Red Antwerp 972 Vice-President French 967 Victoria 973 Walker 973 White Antwerp. . , 974 White Canada 973 White Transparent 973 Woodside 974 Woodward 974 Yellow Antwerp 974 Yellow Cap 963 Yellow Pearl 974 STRAWBERRIES. Aberdeen 1001 Aberdeen Beehive 988 Aberdeen Seedling 1001 Abraham Lincoln 978 Adair 978 Admiral Dundas 978 Agriculturist 978 Ajax 978 Albino 994 Albion White 994 Alice Maud 978 Ambrosia 978 America 978 American Scarlet 990 Ariadne 978 1 1 tk iuson's Scarlet 988 Austin 979 ^•1 ustin Seedling 979 Austin Shake)' 9T9 Austrian Scarlet 985 Barnes' Mammoth 979 Barnes1 White 979 Baron Deman de Lennick 979 BarUeU 980 Belle de Bordelaise 1007 Bicolor 9T9 Bicton Pine 979 Bijou 979 Bishop's New 979 Bishop's Orange 979 Black 997 Black Beacon 997 Black Cantt rbwry 997 Black Imperial. 979 Black Pine 997 Black Prince 979 Black Roseberry 980 Blood Pine 998 Bowebt 980 Bont - de St. Julian 980 Boston Pine 980 1092 STRAWBERRIES. PAOK Boudinot 980 Boule vlOr 980 Boyden's Mammoth 980 Boyden's No. 30 980 Brewer's Emperor 980 Brick ley Scarlet 1001 Brighton Pine 980 Brilliant 981 British Green Seedling 998 British Queen 981 British Queen. 990 Brook's Prolific 991 Brooklyn Scarlet 981 Brune de Gilbert 1005 Bryan's Satisfaction 981 Buffalo 995 Buisson des Alpes Blanc, etc 1006 Bunce 984 Burr's New Pine 981 Burr's Old Seedling 981 Burr's Seedling 981 J! 'i it's Stamiaate 981 Caleb Cope 981 Gaperon Hermaphrodite .1007 i 'up, ron Royal 1007 Oapt. Cook 981 Carolina 998 Carolina 998 Carolina Superba 981 Champion 982 Charles Downing 982 Charles Favorite 982 Charlotte 982 Charlton Prolific 982 Chorlton 982 Chillian 982 Clinton 982 Cockscomb 982 Colfax 982 Colonel Ellsworth 983 Columbus 983 Common Rouge 100(3 Coiumn n suns Filets 1006 Comte de Flandre 983 Comte de Paris 983 Conical 1007 Cornucopia 983 Crimson Cluster 983 Crimson 'Cone 983 Crimson Favorite 983 Crimson Queen 983 ( Irystal Palace 985 Culverwell's Seedling 984 Cushing 984 CuthilVs Black Prince 979 CuthUVs Princess Royal 1000 Cutter's Seedling 984 De Bath 984 Delices d'Automne 984 Deptford Pine 884 Dm Alpes d Fruit Blanc 1006 PAi.f Des Alpes d Fr lit Rouge 1005 Des Alpes de Tous les Mais d Fruit Blanc, etc 10M Des Alpes de Tous les Mois a Fruit Rouge. 1005 Des Alpes sans Filets. 100C Des Bois d Fruit Rouge 1006 Des Quatre Saisons 1006 Diadem 984 Doctor Hogg 984 Doctor Nicaise 984 Double-Bearing 1007 Doubleday's No. 2 983 Downer's Prolific 984 Downton 985 Due de Brabant 985 Due de Malakoff 985 Duchesse de Trivisse 1004 Duke of Kent 985 Duke of York Scarlet 985 Dundee 985 Durand 985 Dura ikVs Seedling 985 Dutchberry 983 Early Prolific Scarlet 985 Early Virginia 993 Early Washington 991 Eclipse 985 Elton 986 Elton Improved 986 Elton Pine 986 Elton Seedling 986 Emily 986 Emma ^ 986 Empress Eugenie 986 English Lady Finger 986 English Red Wood 1006 Fairy Queen 986 Faulkner's King 1000 Faulkner's Seedling 1000 Ferdinande 986 Filbert Pine 986 Fill-Basket 987 Fillmore 987 Fleming 9S7 Florence 987 Fraisier Vert 1008 French 987 Fr, /,,-// Musk Ilautbois 1007 French's Seedling 987 Frogmore Late Pine 9 ■ ; Galland 1005 Garibaldi 987 Gt a, nil JfeLellan 995 General Scott 988 Genesee 987 Germantovm 990 Globe 988 Globe Scarlet 985 Globose Scarlet 988 STBAWBEKRIES. 109* Golden Soeded 988 Golden Queen 1004 Goliath 988 Grandiflora 998 Great Eastern 988 Green Alpine 1008 Green Pine 1008 Green Prolific 988 Green Strawberry 1008 Green Wood 1008 GreenweWs French 1007 GreenweWs New Giant. 1007 Grove End Scarlet 988 Haquin 980 Harlem Orange 989 Hathaway 989 Hathaway1 s Seedling 989 Hendry 989 Hero 989 Rigging Seedling 996 Highland Chief 989 Highland Mary 989 Hooker 989 Hooper's Seedling 990 Hovey's Seedling 990 Hudson PAOl La Reine 993 La Sultane 993 La Versaillaise 994 Ladies'1 Finger 993 Ladies' Pine 992 Lady 993 Lady Finger 993 Lady of the Lake 993 Large Early Scarlet 993 Late Scarlet 990 Laurella 993 Le Baron 9'.)4 Lennig's White 994 L once de Lambertye 994 Leopold I 994 Little Monitor 994 Lizzie Randolph 994 Longworth's Prolific 994 Lorenz Booth 994 Lorio 995 Lucas 995 Lucida Perfecta 995 McAvoy's Extra Red 995 McAvoy's No. 1 995 MeA vo'y's No. 12 995 990 | McAvoy's Superior 995 Hudson's Bay 990 Huntsman 990 Ida 990 Imperatrice Eugenie 990 Imperial Crimson 990 Imperial Scarlet 991 Ingram's Prince Arthur 991 Ingram's Princess Royal 1000 Iowa 991 Jenny Lind 991 Jenny's Seedling 99 1 Jessie Read 991 Jeyes' Wonderful 1005 John Powell 991 Jucunda 991 Julien 991 Keen's Black Pine 992 Keen's Seedling 992 Hyatt's Deptford Pine 984 Keen's Seedling 996 Myatt's E'en nor . 985 Kentucky , 992 Myatt's Eliza 996 Kimberly Pine 992 Myatt's Globe 988 Kitley's Goliath 988 Myatt's Mammoth . 995 Knight's Seedling 985 Myatffs Prolific 1005 Knox'slOO 99l\Myatt'a Seedling 986 Malcolm's Aberdeen Seedling 979 Mammoth 995 Marguerite 995 Marquise de la Tour Maubourg. . . .1004 Marshall's Seedling 1003 Mead's Seedling 995 Melon 995 Metcalf s Early 996 M> th ven Castle 996 Methven Scarlet 996 Miss Lda 990 Monitor 996 Monroe Scarlet 996 Montevideo Pine 996 Monthly, without runners 1006 Moyamensing 996 Mulberry 997 Murphy's Child 993 Musk Hautbois L007 Myatt's British Queen 981 Kramer . 992 La Challonaise 992 La Constants 992 La Delicieuae 992 La Fertile 993 La Grosse Sncree 993 La Liegeoise 993 LaPerle 993 Naomi 996 Napoleon 997 Napoleon III 997 Necked Fine 997 New Uautbois 998 New Jersey Scarlet 997 Newark Prolific 988 Neicland 98? 1094 STRAWBERRIES. PAOK NewlancPs Mammoth 1006 Nicanor 997 Nimorod 978 Nova Scotia Scarlet 985 Oatland's Scarlet 985 Old Black 997 Old John Brown 997 Old Pine 998 OldScarlet 998 Old Scarlet Pine 998 Onicr Pacha 996 Orange Hudson Bay 979 Orange Prolific 998 Oscar 998 Patagonian 1007 Peabody 998 Penbody's Seedling 998 Peak's Emperor. 998 Pennsylvania 998 Pine Apple 997, 998 Powdered Pine 1008 Prairie Farmer 1003 Premier 998 President 978 President Wilder 998 Primordian 999 Prince Albert 999 Prince Frederick William 999 Prince of Orleans 999 Prince of Wales 999 Prince's Climax 999 Prince's Excelsior 999 Prince's Magnate 999 Princess Alice Maud 978 Princess Royal 1000 Princess Royal of England 1000 Profuse Scarlet 1000 Prolific 1000, 1007 Prolific Pine 1001 Pyramidal CMUian 982 Randolph Pine 1000 Red Alpine 1005 Red-Bush Alpine 1006 Red Monthly Strawberry 1005 Red Wood 1006 Rt evt 'a Eclipse 985 Rt hi nt's Dwarf 1007 Reine des Beiges 999 Richardson's Early 1000 Richardson's Late 1000 Rifleman 1000 Ripawaxn 1000 Rival Hudson 1001 Rival Queen 996 Rivers' Eliza 1001 Robinson's Defiance 1001 Romcyn Seedling 1004 Rose 1001 Roseberry 1001 Rosebud 1001 PAOB Ross's Phoenix 1001 Royal Hautbois 1007 Ruby ..1001 Ruisson . .100(1 Russell's Prolific 1001 Sabreur 1003 Sacemibe 1007 Salter's Versaillaise 1002 Scarlet Cone 1002 Scarlet Magnate 999 Scarlet Melting 1002 Scarlet Nonpareil 1002 Scotch Pineapple 983 Scotch Runner 983 Scotch Scarlet 1001 Scott's Seedling 1002 Seedling Eliza 1001 Shaker's Seedling 979 Sir Charles Napier 1002 Sir Harrv 1002 Sir Joseph Banks 1007 Sir Joseph Paxton 1002 Southampton Scarlet 996 Southborough 1003 Soutldwrough Seedling 1003 Souvenir 1 003 Souvenir de Kieff. 1003 Stinger 1003 Stingt r's Set tiling 1003 Stirling Castle Pine 1003 Stoddard's Alpine 1006 Swainstone's Seedling 1003 Topsy 1003 Trembly' s Union 1 004 Triomphe de Gand 1003 Triomphe d'Hollande 1006 Triomphe de Liege 1 004 Triumph of Holland Alpine 1 006 Trolhj)e's Victoria 100-1 True Chili 1007 Turkey Pine 997 Union 1003, 1004 I liique Prairie 997 Vicomtesse Hericart de Thury. . . .1004 Victoria 1004 Victory of Bath 1004 Vineuse de Nantes 1 004 Virgin Queen 979 Walker's Seedling 1004 Ward's Favorite 1004 Warren's Seedling 996 Washington 991 1 1 < ish in gton Alpine 1 00(5 White Albany 994 White Alpine 1006 White Bush Alpine 1006 White Monthly 1006 White Monthly, without runners . . .1006 STRAWBERRIES. 109; PAGE White Pineapple 994 White Wood 1007 Western Queen 1004 Wild Strawberry of Europe 1006 Willey 1005 Wilmot's Superb 1007 Wilmot's Prince Arthur 1005 Wilson's Albany .....1005 Wizard of the Noilh 1005 Wonderful 1005 Yellow Chili 1008 York River Scarlet 99C Young's Seedling 99f GENERAL INDEX. Al>MONT>, its nativity, 430 ; uses of, ib. ; its cultivation, ib. ; varieties, 431 ; or- namental. 432. American Blight, 66. Annual pruning of peach trees, 585 (note). Aphis, the Woolly, 66. Apple, its history, 58 ; where best nat- uralized, 59 ; its uses, ib. ; its quality, 60; propagation, ib. ; grafting, 21; soil and situation for, 61 ; planting and cultivation of apple orchards. 62 ; the bearing year. 63 ; pruning, ib. ; insects destructive to, ib. ; how to de- stroy, 64 ; gathering and keeping, 67; varieties of, 72; Siberian crabs and improved Siberian apples, 421 ; selections for different latitudes, and for table use, marketing, cooking, and keeping, 427. Apple bark beetle, 67. Apple Borer, 63. Apple Worm, 66. Apricot, uses and cultivation of, 433 ; liable to disease, ib. ; curculio fatal to fruit, ib. ; varieties of tree, ib. ; ornamental varieties, 442 ; varieties adapted for small gardens, and for cold climates, ib. Ashes, a cure for peach borer, 586. Aspect of fruit trees, 58. Bark Louse, the. 66. Bats, useful as destroyers of insects, 58. Bending down limbs, to produce fruit- fulness, 37. Berberry, description of, 442; its use and culture, 443 ; varieties of, ib. Birds, as destroyers of insects, 57. Black Gum, fatal to plum trees, 894. Black Walnut. f»74. Blackberry, culture and varieties of, 443 ; ornamental varieties, 446. Blight on Apple Trees, 67. Budding, 23; proper season for, 24; shield and American shield budding, 25 ; reversed shield budding, 26 ; an- nular budding, 27. Butternut, 574. Canker Worm, the, 65. Caterpillar, 64; to desticy, ib. Chamomile to destroy insects, 16. Cherry, its history, 447; uses of, ib gum of the, 448 ; as shade trees, ib soil and situation for, ib. ; propaga tion and cultivation, 440 ; classes of, 450; ornamental varieties, 486; se- lections of, for family use, to ripen in succession, 487 . Chestnut, 572. Cider, how to make, 69. Citron, the, 579. Coal Tar, a remedy for grubs, 56. Codling Moth, 66. Composition for wounds in pruning, 35. Crab, wild species of, 58. Cranberry, description of and value, 493 ; its culture profitable, 494. Cross-breeding, 7. Cucumber Bug, the, 559. Curculio, 892 ; habits of. ib. ; how to destroy. 893, Curl, the, in peach trees, 592. Currant, its history and use, 487 ; pro- pagation and culture, 488 ; insects de- structive to. 4SS, 489 ; varieties of, 489; ornamental, 493. Cuttings, to propagate by, 29. De Cakdolle, remarks on decay of varieties, 11. Deep planting to be avoided, 48. Disbarking and ringing, 37. Duration of varieties, 10. Eyes, or Buds, to propagate by, 23. Fig, its history, 404 ; its secret blossom, 404. 495 ; propagation, 40") ; soil and culture, ib. ; oiling the fruit, 496 ; va- rieties, ib. Filbert, varieties of, 574. Fire Blight, 644. French Standard Names, key to, 1009 Frozen-Sap Blight, 646. Fruit, production of new varieties, 1. GENERAL INDEX. 1097 Frit it fulness increased by root-pruning, 36 ; by bending the limbs, 37. Glands of the Peach, 593. Gooseberry, description and uses of, 490.500; propagation and culture,' 500; varieties. 501 ; selection of, 503; American varieties, ib. Graft, its influence on the stock, 27. Grafting, uses of, 16; proper time for, ib. ; scions selected, 17; stock for, ib. ; theory of, ib. ; confined to cer- tain limits, ib. ; its manual opera- tion, 18 ; splice and tongue grafting, 18, 19 ; American Whip-tongue graf- ting, 19; cleft grafting, 21 ; grafting the vine, 22 ; saddle grafting, ib. ; side grafting, 23. Grafting Clay, 23. Grafting Wax, 23. Grape, history of, 504 ; uses and soil, 505; propagation, 506; culture of foreign, ib. ; renewal system, 507 ; culture under glass, without heat, 508 ; soil for vinery, 509 ; pruning, ib. ; routine of culture, 510; thinning the fruit, ib. ; culture under glass, with fire-heat, ib. ; construction of vinery, 511; the border, 512; the spur system of pruning, 512 ; insects and diseases peculiar to, 513 ; varie- ties, ib. ; pruning, training, and cul- ture of American grapes, 525 ; dis- eases and insects. 527 ; grafting, ib. ; keeping, ib. ; varieties, 528 ; selection of varieties, 558. Grape Beetle, 027. Eickort Nut, 574. Eybridising, 7 ; limits of, 8. Inoculating Fruit Trees, 23. Insect Blight, 645. Insects, remarks on, 54 ; to destroy by hand-picking, 55; larvae, or grubs, ib. ; salt, a remedy for, ib. ; to de- stroy in the winged state, 56. Knight, his mode of raising new varie- ties, 10 ; his theory on the decay of varieties, ib. Knots Disease, fatal to plum, 894. Layers, propagating by, 31. Laying in by the heels, 50. Lemons and Limes, 579. Lime, a cure for peach-borer, 586. Loams, best adapted for plantations, 51. Longevity of Peach Trees, 585 (note). Madeira Nut, 573. Manure for fro it trees, 48, 49. Melon, its history and culture, 559 ; in- sects attacking, ib. ; varieties, 560. Mice, to prevent girdling trees, 35. Mildew in grapes. 527. Moths, how to destroy, 56. Mulberry, habits and varieties, 564 ; the ever-bearing ib. ; the red mulberry 565. " Mulching, 48. Nectarine, its history and culture, 565 ; curculio an enemy to, ib. • va- rieties, 566. Noyes. Darling, remarks on the yellows in Peach 588 (note). Nuts: Chestnut, 572 ; the Chinquapin and European Walnut, 573 ; Filbert Hickory nut, 574. Olive, history and uses, 575; propaga- tion and culture, ib. ; varieties, 576. Orange, history, 576, 577 ; soil and cul- ture, 577; insects on, ib. ; specific against, 578; varieties, ib. Peach, its history, 580 ; uses, 581 ; Propagation, 582; soil and situation. ib. ; pruning, 583 ; training. 583 ; in sects and diseases, 586 ; yellows in 587; symptoms, ib ; cause, 586 remedy for, 591 ; the curl. 592 ; class* fication of freestones and clingsto:i< ■.>- ib. , raising peaches in pots, 594 ; va rieties, 596; curious or ornamental varieties, 638 ; selection of choice sorts, 639; selection for the South, ib. Peach Borer, 586 ; remedy for. ib. Pear, history of, 639 ; its nativity. 640; extraordinary specimen of tree. 641 ; uses of ib. ; gathering and keeping, ib. ; propagating, 642; soil, situatim . and culture, 643; diseases of. (iil; insect blight, etc., 645; varieties, 650 ; select list for table use, marke'-, ing. and cooking, 887. Planting deep, bad effects of, 48. Plum, history and use, 889; propaga- tion and culture. 890; soil, 891 ; in- sects and diseases, ib. ; curculio <>r plum-weevil, 892; how to destroy, 893; the knots or black gum. varieties, 895 ; ornamental varieties 955; selection of varieties for ; market, and cooking, ib. Plum Weevil. 892. Pomegranate, history and uses, 956 ; propagation and culture, 957 ; varie- ties, ib. Position of fruit trees, 51. Potash Wash for fruit trees, 35. Preparing soil for fruit trees, 47 Propagatii'ii of Varieties, 16; by cut tings. 29 : by layers and suckers. 31 1098 GENERAL INDEX. Prunes, to make, 890. Pruning, to promote growth, 33 ; to in- duce fruitfulness, 36; annual, pro- duces longevity in peach treeB, 585 (note). Quenouille training, 39. Quince, its history and use, 957, 958; propagation, culture, and varieties, 958; ornamental varieties, 9(30. Quince Stocks to dwarf pears, 643. Rabbits, to prevent girdling trees, 35. Raspberry, its habits, uses, propaga- tion, and culture, 960, 961 ; varieties, 962. Remedies for Blight, 646 Renewal Training of vines, 507. Ringing and Disbarking, 37. Rivers, Mr. , on Root-pruning, 86. Root-pruning, 36. Saddle-grafting, 22. Salt, used to destroy insects, 55. Scale Insect on Orange, 578. Scions, to select, 17. Seedlings, to raise, 4, 5. Shaddock, the, 579. Shellac, for wounds in trees, 35. Shortening -in, mode of pruning the peach, 37. Siberian Crabs, 421. Slug- worm, 650. Smells will drive away winged insects, 56. Soft- Soap, for stems of trees, 36. Soil, best for fruit trees, 51. Species of Fruit Trees, 2. Spurring-in, training the vine, 507. Stocks, for grafting. 17 ; their influence on graft, 27. Stopping the bearing shoots of the vine, 50b. Strawberry, history and uses, 974 ; pro- pagation and soil, 975 ; modes of cul- ture, 976 ; fertile and barren plants, 976, 977 ; varieties, 977 ; Alpine and wood strawberries, 1005 ; hautbois strawberries, 1007; Chili strawberries, ib. ; green strawberries, 1008 ; seleo tion of varieties. 1008. Suckers, propagating by, 32. Taking up Trees, 46. Thorn, the, good stocks for pear trees, 643. Toads destroy insects, 58. Tobacco- Water, remedy for insects, 56. Training, remarks on, 38 ; its objects, 39 ; conical standards and quenouille training, 39, 40 ; pyramids and bush- es, 40 ; cordon-training, 41 ; fan-train- ing, 42 ; horizontal training, 44. Transplanting, remarks on, 45 ; best season for, 45, 46 ; preparing the places, 47 ; proper size for, 49 ; lay- ing in by the heels, 50. Trellis, use of, for the vine, 508. Trenching, to improve soil, 53. Valleys, objectionable for fruit trees, 53. Van Mons' Theory, 5. Varieties, to produce new. 1 ; tendency to change, 3 ; influence of grafting on, 4 ; Van Mons' method of raising new, 5 ; cross-breeding, 7 ; propaga- tion of, 16 ; remarks on the duration of, 10 ; Knight's theory on the decay of, ib. ; effects of climate on, 12 ; tc restore decayed, 15. Vine, grafting the, 22 ; culture of, 506. Vinery, cheap mode of building, 508 ; for fire-heat, 510. Vineyard Culture, 526. Wash for stems of fruit trees, 35. Water Melon, its uses, culture, and varieties, 561. Weevil, attacks plums, 892. Whale-oil Soap, to destroy insects, 56 Wild Plum, varieties indigenous, 889. Woolly Aphis, the, 66. Wounds made in pruning, composition for, 35. Yellows, disease of, in Peach, 587 symptoms, ib. ; cause, 588 ; remedy 591. 'TIE FRUITS AND FRUIT-TREES AMERICA: THE CULTURE, PROPAGATION, AND MANAGEMENT, IN THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD. OF FRUIT-TREES GENERALLY ; DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE FINEST VARIETIES OF FRUIT, NATIVE AND FOREIGN, CULTIVATED IN THIS COUNTRY. By A. J. DOWNING, COBBESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ROYAL BOTANIC SOCIETY OF LONDON I AND OF THE HORTICUL TUUAX. SOCIETIES OK BKKLIN, THE LOW COUNTRIES MASSACHUSETTS, PENNSYLVANIA, INDIANA, CINCINNATI, hIC. APPENDIXES -I.. II.. and III. NEW YORK : JOHN WILEY AND SONS, vst Tenth Stkeet, 11)00. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1872, by JOHN WILEY & SON, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at WashioTta», GENERAL INDEX TO APPENDIXES I, II, and IIL APPLES. [Standard names are in Roman letter.* PAGE Adam's WJiite 6? Allerson's Early 75 American Golden Russet of New England 53 American Beauty 105 Amsterdam Sweet 43 Andrew's Favorite 75 Andrew's Sweet 75 Annate 43 Annette 43 Arnold's Beauty 43 Austin Apple 76 Autumn PommeGris. 1 Bailey's Crimson Crab 33 Baldwin's Summer 107 Baltzley 2 Baltzley's Sweet 2 Bank 76 Baptist 44 Barnard 76 Beauty of the World 76 | Belle de Boskoop 77 Belle du Havre 2 Belle Donee du Havre 2 Bell's Seedling 3 /> mder 104 Bergen 44 Berkshire Spy 44 Bettie Brot-ks 43 Big (t ■; / / 45 Big Ramlo 37 Big II 57 Big Sweet 45 Big Tree !K Black Hawk 45 Black Jack 51 Black Pen nock 57 Black Twig 78 Black Vandi were 57 Black's An'.ette 45 Blenheim P'ppin 3 Blenheim. Orange 3 Bloomiufi Orange 3 Blenheim 3 Blue Bloom 78 iii The synonymous names in Italic.'] PAGB Blue Spitsenberg. 45 Bower's Nonpareil 45 Boyd 3 Breck, » ridge 78 Brewmgt on Pippin 78 Bn wington 78 Briers Sweet Crab 39 Brilliant 46 Broadwater 46 Brown Fall 85 Bucks County 46 Buck* County Seedling 72 Bullock's Pippin 53 Bunker Hill 4 Burlington Pippin 47 Bushnell 78 Busby's Early 4 Cabane du Ohien 102 Cadwallader's Golden 5 Calkin's Pippin 5 Canada Baldwin 79 Carpenter's Sweet 79 Carpentin 79 tin Rcinette 79 Centennial 80 ^heese Apple 48 35 Chester County 5 Child's 47 Clark's Prolific 48 Clark 80 Clayton 6 Clermont Cline's Codlin 6 Columbia 81 Golumb 81 Connecticut Bod Cheek I / 6 ( 'onnecticut lit d Sidi 6 < '"ii- 6 Cooper's 11',/ 51 ','s Early -15 Cornell's Favorite 45 Cornwall's Golden Sweet 81 Crain's Spice 7 iv APPLES. PAGE Cross 48 < Urtis' Greening 109 Dale's Seedling 49 Davage 7 I 'awes 81 Ddwi *' Porter 81 Dawes' Nonsuch 81 Dearie 49 Decaxie 82 DeHogg 83 De Long 82 Dr. Fulcher 7 Dr. Walker 83 Dollin's Pippin 64 Donahue 7 Doylestown 84 Duffield 8 Duling 8 Duling' s Sweet 8 Dulin's Red 9 Dutch Alignonne 3 Dwight Apple 108 Early Russet 107 Edelkonig Reinette 84 Edelkonig 84 Edgar Red Streak 50 Egyptian Queen 84 Ella 50 English Codlin 67 English Pearmain 55 Esperens Reinette 9 Etowah 51 Eureka 84 Fairy 9 Fall 68 Fall Brown 85 Fall Queen, or Haas 10 Fall Stripe 11 Fameuse Baldwin 102 Fameuse Sucree 85 Farley 69 Fay's Russet 53 Teuton 51 l-'ir, -Quartered Gilliflower 70 Fletchej Russet 51 Fli mhig 80 Foote's Nonsuch 51 Forney 86 Fountain Hill 52 Fox Apple 52 Fox Sheepnose 52 Franclin 11 Fn a !i Spitsenberg 36 : rench Wine 86 l eneral Lyon 11 < 'eneral Marion 11 Ci in rn 39 German Spitsenberg 57 PAGB Gillette's Winesap 12 Gloucester White 67 Goff 51 Golden Dixie 52-86 Golden Pippin 87 Gold< n Russet. .■ 53 Golden Russet of Massachusetts. . . 53 Golden Russet of New England. . . 53 Golden Spy 87 Goyeau 12 Granny Hyde 81 Grattan. 12 Gray's Keeper 21 Gray's Apple 21 Gray Romanite 57 Greyhouse 57 Gros Pigeonnet 12 Gros Vert 13 Gros Pommier 10 Gros Pomier 10 Guilford Red 87 Baas 10 Hames 88 Hannah 13 Hard Red 57 Harper 52 Hatehpr 13 Hatcher's Seeding 13 Haven 53 Hawkin's Chief 14 Hdyasche Gold Reinette 14 Hex's White 67 Hick's Whiti 67 Highland Beauty 88 High Top Sweet 43, 54, 91 Hiram 14 Hog Pen 68 Hoope's 57 Hoope's Remain 57 Hopsey 57 Hopson 57 Horse 10 Hoss 10 Hottenstein 53 Hoya Golden Reinette 14 BJubbardston's Nonsuch 21 II ml sun 1!< (I StTl nk 55 Hunt Russet Apple 53 Hunt Russet 53 Hunter Pippin 54 Huntsman Favorite 14 Humiston 15 Hyde 81 Illinois Greening 15 UHii i 'is Pippin 71 Imperial Ramlio 89 Imperial White 25 Improved K< d Spitsenberg 45 Indian 21 Iowa 82 A.PPLES. PAGE Iowa Russet 16 Irish Pippin 16 Izzard 23 •Jackson's Roman Stem 48 Jelly Flower 70 Johnson 16 Johnson 80 Jones 68 July Queen 90 Kaign's Spitsenberg 55 Kaign's Spitsenberg1. . . , 5~> Kansas Queen 17 Kansas Sweet 17 Keasbey's Favorite 19 A" ntucky Bellflower 55 Kentucky GiMflom r 55 A' milter's Pippin 3 Kestner 90 Key's Red 91 Ei //stone 57 Kidd 68 King 35 Kinkead 91 Kinnaird's Choice 18 King of the Rambos 95 King Solomon 18 King Sweet 54, 91 King of Sweets 54 Kirkland 92 Kuapp's Harvey 92 Ladies' Favorite 21 Lady Elgin 39 Lady Finger 55 Lady Heuniker 54 Lall'ier's Prolific Red 19 Lambert 19 Landsberger Reinette 20 Lank ford 92 Large Green 13 Large Striped Winter Pear main.. 21 Large Striped Pear main 21 Large Summer Queen 93 Lelieur 20 Lewis 80 Libert 53 Lincoln Pippin 93 Lipkin's Sweet 54 Lippart 53 Litsey 83 Long 6s Long John 55 Long Pearmain 55 Long Red Pearmain 55 Long's Russet. 30 Longworth s Red Winter. ....... 94 Lopside 57 Lucy Sweet 53 Mackie's Beauty Siberian 39 McAfee's Nonsuch 21 McAfee's Red 21 McAfee ... 21 Maggie's Favorite 95 Magog Red Streak 56 Major Sweet 75 Man 1 21 1 'jo Siberian, No. 4 39 Marquis of Lome 22 Mary Wornack 95 Maryland Queen 10 Mason's Stranger 23 Mason's Pippin 23 ; Massachusetts Golden Russet 53 Mathews 57 May Seek-no-Farther 57 j Mcintosh Red 55 McKinuey ."it; Mellinger 57 Mercer 98 Milden 5 S Milding 58 Missouri Keeper 23 Missouri Pippin 23 Missouri Superior 21 Monte Bello 24 Morgan 24 Morton's Red. 59 Moser's Sweet 96 Mosher Sweet 97 Mother's Favorite 97 Mountain Beauty 97 Mudhole 55 Mumper Vandervere . 59 Musg rove's Cooper 37 Mystic 59 Nansemond Beauty 60 Nelson Rock 60 New England Golden Russet 53 New England Russet 53 New Missouri '31 New Rhode Island Greening 109 New River Boat Apple 61 Nine Ounce 49 Nonsuch 21 Norton's Pippin 07 Northampton (il Northfield Beauty Crab 61 North irick Pippin 3 Ohio Beauty 37 OldBettk. .' 4:: Old Meld 23 Oustine Greening 98 Ontario 61 Orange Pippin 62 Otoe Red Streak Oxford 99 Palmer Apple 99 Park (Not of Kansas) 55 PAGE Park's Keeper 21 Parry's White 25 Peach Blow 9!) Pi ar Apple 99 Pear Pippin 99 pprle d'Angleterre 25 j'i arl of England 25 Pi armain 55 Mini's Nonsuch 100 ]'< rkins 80 v Red Streak 03 Hi inette Orise 79 Pewankee 20 ■ ckett 63 ] iedmont Pippin 04 Pilot 26 Pine Apple 64 PI uuib's Cider 65 Pomme Grise d'Or. . *. 27 Porter 08 Pound Royal 55 Presh's Winter 27 Prewit (55 Princeton 28 Prolific Blush 05 Puckett 35 Pueki it's Summer 35 Pyle's Red Winter 05 Races Red 66 Randolph Sweet 100 Ran: om 101 Red Streak 101 Reed's Golden Pippin 60 Med Bi Uftower 55 R.ed Bietigheimer 101 > rlasdna 57-105 Red GUliflower 09,70 Red Pearmain 55 Red Phmnix 55 Red Pippin 55 Red Spitsenberg 55 Red Wintt r I'< armain 55 Red Winter Sweet 101 en '.» •'/"//" 14 Landsfa rg 20 Rt ii>> t ig ' 81 rteinette Outs. ,.'. 00 Reliance '.' ■' r 70 28 s ' 'laret 28 101 ier Pippin 28 60 od 67 Roi. Tr.es. Noble 84 RomariiU 57 Rose Bee.. . 29 Rose Bud 29 Rose Red 30 PAGR Ru&sam 55 Rti88t t Pearmain 53 Salome 103 Sanderson . . 103 Sauta 104 67 Saxton 11 Scarl) t Pearmain 55 Schmffer 104 Schuyler's Sweet 31 Scollop Gilliflower 70 Scollop GUliflower 69 Scri oner's Spitsenberg .... 31 Seager 30 Settle Pippin 07 y, Hi 's Superb 07 Shatter 104 Shaffi r's Gardk n 104 Shannon Pippin 104 Sheriff 105 Sheepnose 52, 53-55 Sherman's Favorite 31 Shi ; man's Sum it 31 Sid in i/ Sweet 54 Sillix*. 31 Simmons' Red 105 Sisk (-7 Smith's Favorite 68 SmUfi's Favorite 97 S: epp's 106 Snepp'8 Nonsuch] 100 Snorter 21 Somerset 32 Soulard 32 Southern Porter 08 St. Hilaire 10' Starker 09 Starr 82 lan's Summer 34 h's Winesap 100 i .' Greening 107 g Wint, r Gfrt i ning i( 7 Steve Baldwin 107 Stevenson Pippin 108 Stonewall Jackson 108 Starr's Wine '31 Stribling town Pippin 9 r 69 : '!'"•' r 69 '-2 1 . 55 21 35 ppiu 35 Stuart's Golden 108 Stump HO Stump 1(|S Summt r ( lieese 81 Summer King 35 Summt r Sweet 54.91 Summer Spitsenberg 30 APPLES— CHERRIES— GP.APE3— PEACHES. vli Wabash Bellflotcer Walbridgt .' ' Watwood Wealthy Western Beauty Westmoreland Ram bo. . . W?i< '//a./' Wbitescarver Wlrite Apple White Crow " W7dti King Williams' Red Winter Wilson 's Summer Winter Pearmain 2 Wolf River Wyandotte Wythe \\\\\ Superb WJritr '67 Superior White 25 Sutton's Early 70 Swasie Pomme Orise 27 Sweet Rhode Island Greening ... 100 Sweet Winter Spitsenberg 109 Sylvan Sweet Crab 39 Tanner's Winter HO Thomas Sweet 54-91 Tom Apple 77; Town House 47 Transparent Zoar 70 S^V; :::::: so; / trin Apple 55 Uncle Zeeke 21 valley , \ jj Volandingham Wine 21 Yardlev Van Horn . . m Yei]mv- pv • • • •■••••• &l! yCk S Slbenan 39 **low Transparent Urns. 92 York stri P Victoria Pippin 111 * Additional Synonyms to Apples, x, xi, xii. CHERRIES. Barrhart igj Burgbley Park 101 Dyebouse 161 Early Lyons \Q) Earl v Rivers 1 (50 Flagg Galusha, or No. 11 I'AOB 55 50 71 87 37 112 4G 38 25 21 104 113 111 1-55 113 21 71 72 114 114 38 7-3- 114 Large Montmorency 163 Lee» .' Ki3 Love Apple igg Marie Theresa 1, | Montmorency, Large Fruited 163 164 Montmorency a Langue Queue 103 165 ' Northwest, or No. 29 165 Gloire de France 162 Olivet Guigne Hative de Lyon 162 Rose Hative de Lyon. '.'.'. 162 *da 162 Tomato ... 16S Lancaster 163 Weir's Early Kentish. .'. '. 164 GRAPES. Allen's Hybrid 110 , Lady Washington 167 Beauty 165 Niagara 167 Brighton 165 Duchess 166 Early Dawn 166 Early Victor 161, Peter Wylie. 1 19 Pocklington 1 (;s Prentiss 168 Quassaick 168 Janie Wylie IP B ' ''" ' ter 1C9 Senasqua 120 Triumph 169 Jefferson 167 Kalamazoo l jy PEACHES. zVlexander's Early 141 Amsden's June Ill Annie Wylie 169 Atlanta 120 Black's Extra Early Peach 120 Early A.scot 142 ('lunar 143 Connecticut I 1 3 Cook's Late White 141 142 PEACTTES— PEARS. PAGE , Early Rivers 120 Early Silver 170 Early Victoria 170 Family Favorite 170 Fetters 142 Foster 121 Freemason . . 121 Henrietta 171 High's Earlv Canada 142 Hill's Chili 'Peach 142 Honeywell 143 Hopkinsville 170 hnpi rial Yellow 144 Jenny Lind 142 Laporte 121 Leopold 142 Levy's Late 17l Madison 142 Mountain Rose 121 Mrs. Brett 143 . Muscogee 143 Nectarine Peach 171 Nix's Late White 143 Park's Cling 121 Petit, Imperial 144 Queen of Sheba . . 142 Quisenberg 1 70 Raisin 171 Richmond 122 Sallie Worrell 171 Salway 122 Si agrove 142 Scagrove's Smock 142 Sener 172 Smolk 142 Southwick, Late 122 Stanlt i/'s Late 142 Stedlv 172 Styles 170 thtgar 142 Thurber 144 Tuskena 172 Wager 173 Waterloo 173 Wheatland 173 Wilcox 142 Wirt 173 PEARS. Buerre Delpierre 124 Buerre Lade 122 Bonne du Puita Ansault 123 Brockworth 123 Bronze d'Enghien 124 Caiebass d'Octobre 145 Chambers 174 Clapp's. Ho. 22 14S Colmar Delahaunt 124 Colonel Wilder 140 Courte Queue d'Automme 146 Curran 152 Dean 132 Delpierre 12' Doctor Howe 1 !G Doctor Koch 124 Doctor Lindley 146 Due de Moray 1 24 Duche se de Conchy 12"i Duchesse Precoce 125 Duhamel du Monceau 146 Eastern Belle 126 Egerie 127 Eliot'sEarly 127 Elizabeth Maury 147 Eugene Appert 175 Fall Beurre D'Aremberg 175 FoxB. S 154 Frederick Clapp 148 General De Bouchamp 176 Grand Isle 176 Harris 149 Homestead 1 50 Hoosic 177 Horace Greeley 150 Housatonic 151 Indian Queen Jacques Chamaret Josephine de Hinche Jules D'Airoles (De Leon Leclerc). Jules D'Airoles (De X. Gregoire). . Keiffer 's Hybrid Longue du Bosquet Loriol de Barny Louis Vilmorin Lucie Andusson Lucv Grieve 127 127 127 178 178 179 179 151 L28 128 151 L51 Madame Andre Leroy 129 Madame Appert 151 Madame Baptiste Desportes 152 Madame ( uissard 129 Madame Favre 129 Madame Loriol de Barney 129 Mannington I 9 Marechal Vaillant 1:0 Maria 152 Marshall 179 Maurice Desportes 130 North field Seckel 154 P. Barry 152 PEARS-PLUMS-QUINCE-RASPBERRIES-STRAWBERRIES. Petite Marguerite v?f «st ti^_ page wmioes/Ecuny...:;:;::;::::;^ tL^'Z !g ?SrrHor,0,es g g«->tos-i::::::::::: ffi lo* souvenir Favre 134 Rogers J32 Saint Germain Van Mons. ...'.!.. 133 TWese^ert. ! I'. ". ! . . . ! . . \ ] . \ [ }g PLUMS. ^^ • 181 1 Gweii 181 Blue Magnum Bonum 181 I 01 Sr™"*:::;::;::: g *»•«—»». i» Canada Orleans 180 ^oore's Arctic 182 Canada Egg IgU Datte de Hongrie 156 £re™c^ £? L«cas i56 y 10° Pride of Waterloo igg Early Yellow Gage 156 Prune Tardine \\\\ 157 ^-S^::::::::::::::^^«^^;:::;;;:;;;j« Glass Igl Green Station 181 Sultau § 157 (rwa'i Igl Guii 181 Violette de Galopin 157 QUIXCE. Sweet Quince 136 I RASPBERRIES. Baldwin's Choice 185 Narragansett iqfi K»iimfnrt.h'« SoorlHr./v 100 -vr +? ■• ,, • ioO Baumforth's Seedling 183 Brandywine 137 New Rochelle 184 Ontario. . . . 137 a3&:::::::::::::::::::::;. IS w^°'*° Hudson"::.'.'.'::.":: M ! Queen of the Market 183 Gregg 184 j Great Western 184 \ Reliance Ig5 Herstine 136 s:"'t],r'-" Thornless ig5 I Susqueeo 137 Montclair 184 ; Turner lg5 STRAWBERRIES. Bidwell 186 ' Miner's Prolific lg« Black Defiance 180 Mine fs Great Prolific. . '. '. '. '. .' ". '.'..'. 188 Champion Igii Monarch of the West Ififl Crescent Seedling 187 Cumberland Triumph 187 Pioneer ISO ~ , Primo Igg Duchess is; _ _ Sharpless 189 Forest Rose 187 Triple Crown i«0 Glendale 188 | Golden Defiance 188 | Windsor Chief. 186 ADDITIONAL SYNONYMS APPL'E. Alpian Anderson American Nonpareil. . August Pippin B< il's Favorite Bully Pippin Chiliicothe Sweet. . . . Orutchfield Greening. Champ Sweet ( llaybank Conford Dixie Puverson's June Early White Early July Pippin Early Red Sweet Father Abram Garvia Seedling i;'miT of the West. Hollman Hazeldeen Herr's June Holland's Red Winter . Hutchinson's Pippin. . .Toe Allen Jones's Early Harvest. July Branch Kentucky Red Streak. Kirhy's Red Lady's Blush Long Island Graft Norman ton Wonder. . . New York Bellflower. . Regular Red Abram Uierley Saille Sweet Seneca Favorite speckled Striped Quaxendon SI riped Sweet Harvest St ri] >ed Red Harvest Susy Clark Summer Traveller Sweet ] Jumpling Tenan Red Texan Red Uxbridge Spice Van Klerk's Sweet Virginia June Virginia Sweet Virginia Pippin. .. . Westlirook White Codlin White Newell White, or Yellow June of some . Wine Sweet Wrigley York and Lancaster .Syn. of Cannon Pearmain (i u it " Domine. " Summer Sweet Paradise " Sops of Wine. " Ewalt. " Bailev's Sweet. " Bullet. " Hartford Sweet. " Griffith. " Pryor's Red. " Shockley. " Early Red Margaret. " Cooper's Early White. " Early Harvest. " Red June Sweet. " Abram. " Buckingham. " Dutch Codlin. " Nickajack. " Princely. " Early Red Margaret. ' ' Winesap. Ben Davis. u . . " Carolina Red June. " Jersey Sweet. " Ben Davis. " Red Winter Pearmain. " Ewalt. " Fall Orange. '' Dumelow's Seedling. " Fall Orange. " Cooper's Market. " Abram. " Cooper's Market. " Red and Green Sweet. " Quince. " Ball -Orange " Early Red Mnrgaret. " Red June Sweet. u . . " Carolina Red June. " Early Red Margaret. '• Bummer Sweet Paradise '• Ben Davis. " Winesap. " Gapron'e Pleasant. " Hog Island Sweet. " Early Red Margaret. " Red and Green Sweet. " Ben Davis. " Fall Orang-e. " Dutch Codlin. " Fall Orange. " Kkkbridge White. " Winter Sweet Paradise. " Cooper's Market. " St. Lawrence. ADDITIONAL SYNONYMS TO THE APPLE. American Beauty (incorectly) Syn. Aromatic Calville Belle Rose Beujamite Bersf ord Black Ann. Black Spitzenberg , Boston Pippin Broad Apple < Bytield '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..'.'.'.' ' Carolina Winter , Conic June < Copp's Mammoth Cranberry Pippin (incorrectly) Donah oe « Early Baldwin > Congress ' Sweet ............... ' " Washington < English King < Farmer's Profit « Flat Vaudevere ' Fee Apple, of some ' Franklin _ _ ' French Pearmain ' Green Sweet of Indiana ' ' ' Winter Pearmain ' Hare Pippin < Harris White HalL ' Haven Pippin ' Heicke's Summer Queen ' Highland Pippin ' Hoover ' June " Hower " Jefferson Pippin ' Jenkins' Summer Pippin ' Jennings 4 Jersey Pearmain " Je wett's Striped " J nicy Bite " J uniata " Keimebec Seedling " Kingsbury Russet t( Large Summer Pearmain 4< Limber Twig Russet " Lodge's Early •« Logan's Northern Pippin '« Maralandica. " Montgomery Sweet " Mountain Flora •• Mountain Green " North Carolina Vaudevere " Oats (incorrectly) " Paper Skin «« Potter's Early " Pound's July " to Baltimore. ' Aromatic Carolina. ' Primate. ' Fall a water. ' Pryor's Red. ' Black Coal. Flushing Spitzenberg ' Golden Pippin. 1 Pennock. Rock Sweet. Nix Green. 1 Kirkbridge White. 1 Gloria Mundi. 1 Black Coal. Red Canada. ' Primate. ' Gravenstien. High Top Sweet. ; Sops of Wine. ' Alexander. Hubbardston Nonsuch. ' American Pippm. American Golden Rumo* Fronclin. Autumn Pearmain. Victuals and Drink, Autumn Pearmain. Summer Sweet Paradise. Dyer. Ledge Sweet. Early Pennock. Primate. Black Coal. Yellow June. French Pippin. Rawles' Genet. Primate. Porter. Autumn Pearmain. Jewett's Best. Better than Good. Washing! (in Strawberry. Winthrop Greening. Pumpkin Russet. Buckingham. Golden Russet of N. Y. Summer Rose. Minkler. Early Harvest. Autumn Sweet Bough. Gloria .Mundi. F alia water. Horn. Early Harvest. Summer Pippin. Know les' Early. Largo Yellow Bough THE APPLE. Pound Royal (incorrectly) Syn. to Pound Sour " Queen of the Dessert " Rock Apple " lied Cheek Bellflower ...... " Red Gilliflower, of some " Red Harvest, of some " Red Winter Sweet, of some " Rittner " Robinson's Streak " Rolfe .'.'.'.'.'.' Royal Rod of Kentucky " Russian Hagloe " Ryerson " Shelborae's Sweet " Shropshirevine " St. John Strawberry " Striped Shropshire «> Tennessee Early Red " Vestal -t Virginia May " Waddell Hall .......... 7. 7.7. " Wakeman " Washington of Maine " Weidner i< Welch's Spitzenberg " White Water Sweet * " W illiamson *» Yellow Flat 7.7. 7.7.7.". .... .7. " Yellow May Pippin ? allow Summer Pearmain Lowell. Golden Pippin. Newtown Spitzenbeqj. Lansingburgh. Ewalt. Red Winter Pearmain. Carolina Red June. Moore's Sweet. Jackson. Ben Davis. Macomber. Winesap. Summer Hagloe. Primate. Spice Sweet. Sops of Wine. Early Strawberry. Early Strawberry. Maiden's Blush. White Juneating. Shockley. Baltimore. Washington Strawberry Early Ripe. Red Canada. Wells' Sweet. Domine. Kirkbridge White. White Juneating. Porter. APPENDIX. For specimens of Fruit, and information relating to many of the varieties in this Appendix. 1 am indebted to many of the leading Pomologists in many parts of the country, who will please accept my cordial thanks. Charles Downino. THE APPLE. Autumn Pomme Gris. Originated in the orchard of William Reynolds, Markham, Ontario. Tree a strong upright grower, very productive. Fruit small, oblate, inclining to conic ; skin yellow, nearly covered with thin nettings of russet, sometimes a shade of rich red in the sun; stalk long, slender inserted in a medium cavity ; calyx closed ; basin broad, shallow, dis Baltaley. tinctly and peculiarly corrugated; flesh fine, yellowish, tender, n .rt« ately juicy, rich, sprightly subacid and aromatic; very goad; core small. October and November. 3 the apple. Baltzley. Baltzley's Sweet. Originated on the farm of John Baltzley, Manellan Townslup, Pa. Tiee moderately vigorous, spreading, an early bearer, very productive > very other year, and a small crop alternate ones; an old apple, but a favorite where known; yoi ng shoots light reddish brown, many russet dots. Fruit rather large, oblate or roundish oblate, nearly regular ; skin pale yellow, often with a shade of light pale red in the sun, and a few grayish dots; stalk rather short, small; cavity large, deep; calyx closed ; basin large, deep, slightly corrugated ; flesh white, half flue, tender, moderately juicy, rather rich, sweet ; good to very good. Sep- tember, October. Belle du Havre. Belle Douce du Havre. A promising French variety. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright, an early and abundant bearer annually ; a good table fruit, and excellent for culinary uses ; young shoots reddish brown, slightly downy at the end. Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, conical ; angular or slight!? Belle du Havre. ribbed ; skin pale greenish yellow, shaded and rather obscurely striped and splashed with light and dark rich red over most of the surface, and man} light brown dots; stalk medium, slender; cavity large, deep; THE APPLE. calyx closed; basin rather large, corrugated; flesh quite white, flue, tender, moderately juicy, with a brisk, peculiar, quince-like flavor; good to very good ; core small. Ripe last of August to last of September. Bell's Seedling. Originated with the late Z. Bell, near Adairville, Kentucky. Tree a vigorous grower, making a large, handsome round head ; comes into beariug tolerably early, and rarely fails to produce a crop of fair fruit, and is popular where known. Fruit medium or above, roundish, inclining to roundish oblong, slightly angular; skin entirely covered with light red, striped and splashed with dark red and a few light dots ; stalk short, slender ; cavity deep, acute, russeted ; calyx closed or partially open ;. basin rather deep, medium size ; flesh whitish, half tine, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid ; good to very good ; core medium. Septeinbei October. Blenheim Pippin. Blenheim Orange. Blooming- Orange. Blenheim. Woodstock Pippin. Northwick Pippin. Kempter's Pippin. Dutch Mignonne, erroneously. An error having been made in the second revised edition of this work with this variety, Dutch Mignonne and Blooming Orange, — the last being a syn., — we give a corrected description. An old variety which originated in Oxfordshire, England. Tree very strong, vigorous, spreading, somewhat drooping when in full bearing, - makes a large handsome tree in the orchard. It is late coining into bearing, but when fully established is a good regular bearer. This apple is a favorite in England, and succeeds in most localities here in the Middle and Northern States, especially the latter. Young wood ptout, reddish brown. Fruit large, often very large, roundish oblate, regular, skin dull orange, half covered or more with rich dull red, often mixed with russet, dotted and mottled with large yellow russet. specks, some of which are areole ; stalk rather short, slender, curved; cavity large, deep, rus- seted, the russet sometimes extending in rays out on the fruit ; calyx large, open ; basin broad, large. rath< r deep, slightly corrugated ; flesh white, a little coarse — at first firm — but becoming crisp, tender, juicy, rich, brisk subacid, slightly aromatic ; core small, very good. Novem- ber, February. Boyd. Origin supposed to be on the McPherson farm, Monroe County, Kentucky, and introduced by Alfred and Thomas Boyd. Tree a strong, spreading, rather straggling grower, and productive. Fruit large, oblate, slightly conic; skin yellow, shaded with light and dark red, deep rich red in the sun, sometimes obscure Bplash.es and stripes and moderately sprinkled with light and brown dots ; stalk very short ; cavity huge, broad, deep, often slightly russeted ; calyx closed THE APPLE. or half open ; basin rather large and smooth ; flesh yellowish, a littl« coarse, rather Arm, moderately juicy, rather rich subacid, slightly aro- matic ; good to very good ; core small. January to April. Bunker Hill. Originated in the orchard of the late Dr. Paige, of Dryden, New York. Tree a healthy, rapid grower, an early and abundant bearer, and valued where known. Fruit medium, roundish conical, regular ; skin pale whitish yellow, shaded, mottled, striped and splashed with two shades of red, rather thinly over two-thirds the surface, and moderately sprinkled with bight dots, a few being areole ; stalk short, slender; cavity medium or large, a lit tie greenish ; calyx closed ; basin medium, slightly corrugated : tlesh quite white, sometimes a little stained next the skin, tine, tender, juicy, subacid, vinous, slight quince-like flavor ; very good ; core rather small. October. Buzby's Early. Origin uncertain, supposed to be Moorestown, New Jersey. Tree a moderate grower, rather spreading, very productive alternate years. Fruit below medium, roundish oblate ; skin pale yellow, thinly shaded, striped and splashed with light red over half the surface; stalk short, small ; cavity large, deep ; calyx closed ; basin quite deep, slightly corrugated; tlesh whitish, line, crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid; good to very good ; core small. Last of August and September. l'HE APPLE. 0 Cadwallader's Golden. Originated on the farm of James Simmons, near Greenbush, Warren County, Illinois, and introduced by E. F. Cadwallader, Paola, Kansas, who states that the tree is hardy, a strong, vigorous grower, spreading, an early and prolific bearer, and valuable for market and culinary uses. Fruit medium, oblate or roundish oblate ; skin bright yellow, some- times with a slight blush, moderately sprinkled with dark grayish dots ; Cadwallader's Oolden. stalk rather short, slender ; cavity quite large, deep, sometimes slight russet ; calyx closed or half open ; basin large, deep, slightly corrugated ; flesh yellowish white, half fine, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid ; good to very good ; core small. October, February. Calkins' Pippin. Originated with the late Elias Calkins, of West Corn wall is, Nova Scotia. Tree vigorous; forms a large round head, with drooping branches; an early and heavy bearer alternate years; is valuable fc- market and culinary uses. Fruit large, roundish conical, sometimes oblong, slightly angular; skin whitish, thinly shaded and mottled on the sunny side, sometimes a few nettings of russet and a few grayish dots ; stalk of medium length, slender; cavity large, deep; calyx closed: basin rather narrow, deep, much corrugated; flesh white, rather coarse, tender, juicy, brisk sub- acid ; good ; core large. November, February. Chester County. Origin uncertain ; fcmnd on the farm of Dr. J. C. Brosins, Cochran- rille, Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, spreading, inclining to droop ; ver; n THE APPLE. productive nearly every year; a late keeper, and considered valuaUt: if its locality. Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, very slightly conic ; skin yellow, shaded, splashed and striped with light and dark red in the sue ami faintly on the shaded side, moderately sprinkled with large, and email light dots, a few being areole; stalk short; cavity medium, some- tiroes slightly russeted ; calyx small, closed; basin deep, large, slighth corrugated; flesh yellowish, half fine, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid good to very good; core small. January, March. Clayton. Originated with Richard Worrell, near Clayton, Indiana, and is valued as a late keeper. Tree vigorous, upright, a regular and abun- dant hearer, but only moderate crop alternate years. Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, regular; skin smooth, yellow, nearly covered with light and dark rich red, and moderately sprinkled with light dots ; stalk short ; cavity rather large, thinly russeted ; calyx small, nearly closed ; basin medium, slightly corrugated ; ttesh yellow- ish, rather coarse, compact, moderately juicy, mild subacid; good; core small. January, May. Cline's Codlin. Origin unknown ; introduced by Daniel Cline, of Fairview Town- ship, York County, Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, upright, an early bearer, and very productive. Fruit medium, oblate, nearly regular; skin pale whitish yellow, almost waxen, sometimes a light shade of red in the sun; stalk short, small ; cavity large ; calyx closed ; basin medium, slightly corrugated ; flesh whitish yellow, fine, crisp, juicy, lively subacid ; good to very good; core medium. Middle of August to middle of September. Connecticut Red Cheek. Connecticut Red Streak. Connecticut Red Side. An old variety, which originated in Hartford County, Conn. Tree rigorous, uprighl spreading; v< ry productive alternate years. Fruit rather large, roundish oblate; skin pale, with a bright red cheek, mes a few obscure splashes and stripes, and a few scatter- ing brown dots; stalk short, small; cavity large, deep; calyx closed; basin large, <\cv]k slightly corrugated; flesh white, half hue, crisp, ten- der, juicy, mild subacid; good to very good: core medium. October, November. Cons. An old variety of uncertain origin, grown in Lancastti and York counties, Pa., where it is esteemed as a dessert apple. Tree moderatelv vigorous, rather upright, very productive. Fruit quite small, roundish, slightly conic; skin whitish, mottled and striped with rather dtill red, and sprinkled with a i'rw light dots; stalk long, slender ; cavity medium; calyx half closed ; basin medium, THE ArPLE. 7 corrugate , flesh white, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid; good to very good ; core medium, liipe last of July and August. Crain's Spice. Originated with Dr. James H. Crain, Undulation, Illinois. Tre6 vigorous, forming a round head ; an early, annual, and abundant bearer. Fruit below medium, oblate, slightly conic, slightly angular ; skin en- tirely covered with deep rich red, and a few light dots ; stalk very short, small; cavity small or medium; calyx small, closed; basin some- what narrow, deep, slightly plaited ; flesh quite white, a little stained next the skin, line, tender, quite acid at flrst, but when fully ripe a pe- culiar subacid, quince-Like flavor; good; core rather small. October, January. Davage. Origin unknown ; introduced by Judge James Davage, of Cale- donia, Illinois. Tree moderately vigorous, forming a round head, an early and annual bearer, said to be a fine apple, retaining its juice and flavor remarkably well. Fruit nearly of medium size, oblate ; skin whitish, nearly covered with light and dark red, many large yellowish and some brown, ir- regular, and star-shaped dots, a few being areole ; stalk short, small ; cavity medium, often slightly russeted ; calyx open ; basin quite broad, uot deep, slightly plaited; flesh whitish, tine, rather firm, juicy, mild subacid, inclining to sweet ; good to very good ; core small. February, May. Du. Fulcheb. Received from J. S. Downer, of Fairview, Kentucky, who informs me that it was a chance seedling found on the farm of the late Dr. Ful- cher, of that town, and is very popular there. Tree thrifty, upright, in- clining to spread in the orchard ; an early, annual, and abundant beaver; young shoots Light reddish brown. Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, a little flattened at the ends, sometimes slightly oblique; skin whitish yellow, shaded, mottled, striped, and splashed over two-thirds its surface with lighl and dark red. a thin grayish bloom, and a few Light dots; stalk short, small ; cavity rathei large, sometimes slightly russeted; calyx open or half closed; basin medium, slightly plaited; flesh white, half fine, sometimes a lit- tle stained next the skin, tender, juicy, refreshing, subacid; very gooU ; core small. November, January. Donahue. Originated with P. Donahue, near Cumberland, Md. Tree moder- ately vigorous, spreading, productive. Fruit medium or below, oblate, very slightly conic, regular; skin deep rich red or purplish in the sun, moderately sprinkled with light dots: stalk short, small; cavity broad, sometimes a little gnomish; THE APPLE. calyx small, closed; basin large, slightly uneven; flesh white, fine, teD der, moderately juicy, mild, pleasant subacid ; very good ; core small October, January. Duffield. Originated with James Duffield, Jr., Van Buren, Iowa. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading ; an early and abundant bearer. Fruit "medium, oblate, sides unequal, skin yellow, shaded, splashed and striped with light and dark red over the whole surface, and moder- ately sprinkled with light and brown dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity Doctor Fulcher. large, deep, slightly russeted ; calyx closed, basin medium, corrugated ; flesh yellowish, half fine, tender, juicy, pleasant mild subacid, rather rich ; good to very good ; core small. November, February. Dxtling. Duling's Sweet. Originated with Edmund Duling, Linton Township, Coshocton Co., Ohio. Tree healthy, vigorous, rather spreading; begins to bear quite early ; a regular bearer, some seasons very heavy crops ; young sLoots, grayish brown, smooth. Fruit roundish., inclining to conic, regular; skin yellow, shaded, striped and splashed with deep rich red nearly over the whole surface- the splashes sometimes in broad bands, — pale red in the shade; stalk >f medium length, slender, curved; cavity rather narrow, deep; calyx closed ; basin medium, regular; flesh whitish, tender, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid, almost sweet; very good ; core small. Middle of August *o middle of September. THE APPLE. Dulin's Red. Raised by Lodd Dulin, of Hopkinsville, Christian County, Ky., where it is considered a valuable aud popular winter fruit. Tree moderately vigorous, rather upright, and makes a handsome orchard tree, very productive alternate years; young shoots brownish red, grayish. Fruit medium, oblate, very little conic, sides sometimes unequal; skin entirely covered with light red, striped and splashed with dark red, and many light and brown dots; sialk short; cavity large, deep; calyx half closed; basin medium, regular; flesh yellowish, a little coarse, breaking, tender, moderately juicy, subacid, slightly aromatic; good to very good ; core medium. December, February. Esperen's Reinette. Reinette d' Espereru A foreign variety; tree strong and vigorous, spreading, very pro- ductive. Fruit large oblate, or roundish oblate, slightly conic ; skin light golden yellow, a shade of pale light red in the sun, and a few browr dots; stalk rather short, small; cavity large, broad, regular, thinh russeted; calyx closed; basin medium, corrugated; flesh whitish yellow. rather eoarse, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid ; good to very good; core small. December, February. Fairy. A new English dessert apple, which is spoken of as very handsome, and of fine quality, and it is thought will rival in size and color the celebrated Lady apple. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, hardy, and prolific. 10 THE APPLE. Fruit small, oblate, slightly conical ; skin lemon yellow, covered witih bright lively crimson, shaded with streaks of a deeper tinge ; stalk of medium length, slender; cavity small, russety; calyx closed; basin small, plaited; flesh deep yellow, firm, crisp, very juicy, with a ricL brisk flavor, and a fine delicate aroma. December, February. (Florist and Pomologist.) Gros Pommier. Gros Pomier. Fall Queen, or Haas. Haas. Maryland Queen. Horse of some. Hoss. Originated on the grounds of Gabriel Cerre many years since, adjoin- ing the then village of St. Louis (now city), Mo. It was at first called Gros Pommier, but now generally Fall Queen or Haas, and we retain this, as it is most commonly used. It is very popular through most of bhe West and Southwest as a profitable market fruit, and for family use. 'free hardy, very vigorous, upright, forming a beautiful symmetric bead ; an early, annual, and abundant bearer. Fruit medium to large, oblate, slightly conical, angular or slightly ribbed ; skin smooth, pale greenish yellow, shaded nearly over the whole surface with light and dark red, some rather obscure splashes and stripes, and a few light dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity medium, a little greenish; calyx closed; basin small or medium, slightly corrugated ; Fall Queen, or Haaa. flesh quite white, fine, often stained next the skin, and sometime* through the flesh, tender, very juicy, vinous, brisk subacid; good tc very good; (ore medium or large. September, October. the apple. 11 Fall Stripe. Saxton. An old variety which originated in Massachusetts or Connecticut, lVee vigorous, forming a handsome round head ; very productive alter- nate years ; an early bearer. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, regular ; skin yellow, shaded, striped and splashed with light and dark red over the whole surface, having a few light and brown dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity medium, slightly russeted; calyx closed; basin medium, slightly corrugated; skin yellow- ish, a little coarse, juicy, tender, subacid, slightly aromatic; good to very good ; core small. September. Franclin. Origin, Lancaster County, Pa. Tree moderately vigorous, with a round head, very productive alternate years, and a few the intervening ones. Fruit nearly of medium size, oblate ; skin pale greenish white, covered with pale red, often deep red in the sun, sometimes obscure splashes and stripes, ami a few light and gray dots ; stalk short, small; cavity rather large, sometimes a little russeted ; calyx closed ; basin medium, very slightly corrugated ; flesh whitish yellow, half fine, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid ; very good ; core small. September, October. General Lyon. A new variety, received from George S. Park, who writes that it was raised from seed of Ben Davis by the late Elias Peck, of Parksville, Missouri, and that the tree is hardy, and resembles its parent in growth ; very productive annually, a long keeper, and a good market fruit ; young shoots smooth, brownish red. Fruit medium or below, roundish conical, flattened at the ends, sometimes a little oblique ; skin bright yellow, shaded with light and dark red nearly over the whole surface; sometimes a few faint stripes and a few light and brown dots; stalk short, small; cavity medium, often slight green russet; calyx open: basin broad, not very deep, cor- rugated; flesh yellowish, fine, compact, moderately juicy, mild subacid, rather rich ; good to very good ; core small. January, April. General Marion. Originated with Henry Lyons, Columbia, S. C. Tree a strong, vigorous grower, quite spreading, not early coming into bearing, bul uniformly productive when it attains sufficient age, valuable for i ruary. 2C THE APPLE. L.\M-,., , [NETTE. Reinette de Landsberg. Originated with Justrigrath Burchardt, Hanover, Germany Tre» Strang, vigorous, .spreading, very productive. Fruit medium to large, oblate, regular; skin smooth, golden yellow, sometimes a shade of light red in the sun, and many light and brown dots; stalk long, slender; cavity medium, russet; calyx closed; basin medium, corrugated; flesh yellowish, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, lively subacid, rather rich ; good to very good ; core small. November, Jan- uary. Lelieur. Of foreign origin and a promising variety. Tree vigorous, upright, very prbductive. Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, slightly angular ; skin yel low, shaded, splashed, and striped with light and dark red over the en- tire surface, and a few scattering light dots; stalk short, slender ; cavity large, deep, a little greenish : calj \ closed : basin quite large, moderate- ly deep, slightly corrugated-; lest white, fine, tender, juicy, mild sub- acid; good to very good ; core small. November, February. Long's Russet. Originated with fche late J. S. Long, of Fairview, Tvy., and is con uidered one of the besl late keeping apples for that locality. Tree vigo- rous, upright, luit spreading when in fruit, and makes a large handsome tree; v i y productive annually; young shoots reddish brown, grayish. THE APPLE. 2\ Fruit medium to large, oblate, slightly oblique; skin greenish, near- ly covered with rough dull russet; stalk very short; cavity rathei broad, deep; calyx open; basin medium, regular; flesh white, green tinge, half fine, moderately juicy, half teuder, pleasant subacid ; good ; core small. March, April. McAfee's Nonsuch. McAfee. Wyandotte. Large Striped Pearmain. McAfee's Red. Gray Apple. Storr's Wine. Striped Pearmain. Indian. Missouri Superior. Snorter. Uncle Zceke. New Missouri. Nonsuch. Winter Pearmain. Yalandingham's Wine. Zeeke. Large Striped Winter Pear- White Crow. Gray's Keeper. main. Ladies' Favorite of some. Park's Keeper. Striped Winter Pearmain. Hubbardston Nonsuch, er- roneously. As this and Striped Winter Pearmain in the second revised edition ha\e proved to be identical, we give a new description with the addition- al syns. An old variety, which originated in the orchard of George McAfee, near Harodsburg, Mercer County, Ky. We ore indebted to Dr. William Howsley, of Leavenworth, Kansas, for its history, origin, etc. Tree very vigorous, forming a round spreading head. Tt does not come early into bearing, but is very productive when it attains some age. It is considerably grown through the West and South-west under (he name of Striped Winter Pearmain, also more or less by the syns. as given above. It is valued in many localities as one of the best of its reason ; in others of but little value. Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, inclining to conic ; skin yel- low, striped, splashed and marbled with light and dark bright red nearly over the surface, yet showing the yellow ground nearly all through, thickly sprinkled with large and small light dots, some areole; stalk shoi long, slender; cavity large, deep, often thinly russeted ; calyx small, closed; basin rather small, slightly plaited; flesh yellowish, half line, crisp, tender, juicy, rich mild subacid, inclining to sweet, slightly aroma- tic; very good ; core medium. October, February. Manx. A chance seedling in the orchard of Judge Mooney, of Granby, N. V. Tree hardy, an upright grow* r, with rather slender branches, forming a round head ; an earl" and annual bearer, a late keeper, valuable foj market and cooking, and a fair table fruit. Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, nearly regulai , skin deep yellow when fully ripe, often with a shade of brownish red where ex- posed, and thicl kb-.I with light and ■. , a few b areole; stalk short, rather small; cavity medium or quite latge, some- times slightly russeted; calyx generally closed; basin rather large, slightly corrugated; flesh yellowish, half fine, half tender, juicy, mild pleasant subacid ; good to very good; core medium. January, April. 22 THE APPLE. Marquis ok Lokne. Raised from seed of the Graveustien by "William Sutton, of Port Marquis of Lome. Williams, Nova Scotia. Tree verv vigoious, making a large spreading THE APPLE. 23 tree ; it is rather late coming into bearing, but produces good crops annually when established ; valuable for market and culinary uses. Fruit large to very large, roundish oblate ; skin smooth, whitish yel- low, shaded, mottled, and a few broken splashes and stripes of light and dark bright red over most of the surface, with a few light and brown dots ; stalk short ; cavity large, deep, russeted ; calyx large, open ; basin large, irregular or ribbed ; flesh white, rather coarse, breaking, tender, juicy, lively subacid; good to very good; core medium. No- vember. Mason's Stranger. Mason's Pippin. Old Field. Izzard. A chance seedling found on the farm of Dr. George Mason, Virginia. Tree of vigorous growth, forming a large symmetric head, very pro- ductive annually ; a popular and favorite apple where it originated ; young shoots brownish red. Mason's Stranger. Fruit medium, oblate, somewhat depressed; skin bight bright yellow, sometimes a shade of light red where exposed to the sun, and a few brownish dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity large, slight russet ; calyx open ; basin large, deep, smooth ; flesh whitish, fine, rather compact, crisp, juicy, mild subacid, inclining to sweet, somewhat spicy and rich; very good ; core small. Decemher, February. Missouri Pippin. Missouri Keeper. It is said to have originated in the orchard of Brink Hornsby, Johnson County, Mo. Tree hardy, a strong upright, rather spreading grower, an early and abundant annual bearer. , Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, slightly oblique, somewhat Hattened at the ends ; skin pale whitish yellow, shaded, striped and L'l THE API'LE. splashed with light and dark red, often qnite dark in the sun, 1 i^vin^ many largj and small light and gray dots; stalk short, small } cavity large, deep; calyx closed, or half open ; basin rather abrupt, deep, slightly corrugated ; flesh whitish, a little coarse, crisp or breaking, moderately juicy, subacid ; good; core small. January, April. Monte Bello. Originated with Matthew Gray, Riverside, Monte Bello Township, [11. Tree rather upright, hardy, healthy, moderately vigorous, an early bearer, very productive annually, a new variety, and A. C. Hammond, from whom specimens were received, writes that he considers it an *pple of great promise. Monte Bello. Fruit above medium, oblate, regular; skin pale yellow, shaded and mottled with light red, striped and splashed with dark rich red over tin whole surface, and a few large light dots; stalk very short, small: cavity large, broad, russeted; calyx .small, nearly closed; basin large, deep, smooth ; flesh quite white, fine, sometimes a little stained next the skin, very tender, juicy, mild subacid, vinous; very good; core small or medium. September, November. Morgan. Originated with Benjamin Morgan, Gloucester County, N. J., many years since. Tree a healthy moderate grower, not an early bearer, but produces good crops alternate years when the tree attains some age. Fruit medium, roundish ; skin pale greenish yellow, sometimes a shade of pale red in the sun, and many brown dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity small often a little russeted ; basin rather small, slightly corru- gated; flesh white, fine, tender, moderately juicy, pleasant, mild sub- acid ; good ; core small. October, January. the apple. 25 Otoe Red Streak. Originated with James H. Masters, Nebraska City, Otoe County, Nebraska. Tree an upright spreading grower, forming a round head; an early and abundant bearer annually. Otoe Red Streak. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, sides sometimes unequal ; skin whitish yellow, nearly covered with light red, many stripes and broken splashes of dark rich red, moderately sprinkled with light and grayish dots ; stalk rather short, slender ; cavity large, deep, russeted ; calyx closed ; basin large, deep, very slightly corrugated ; flesh quite white, sometimes a little stained next the skin, crisp, tender, juicy, mild, sprightly subacid ; good to very good ; core small. November, May. Parry's White. Imperial White. Superior White. White Apple. Of unknown origin, supposed to be Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, upright, compact head, a regular bearer, and very productive ; use, table, cooking, and market. Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, slightly conic ; skin smooth, whitish, sometimes a slight tiuge of red in the sun ; stalk short, small ; cavity large, deep; calyx closed; basin rather shallow, a Little uneven; flesh fine, white, crisp, very tender, juicy, subacid; good. August. Perle d'Angleterre. Pearl of England. Of foreign origin. Tree a strong grower, productive. Fruit medium or below, sides sometimes unequal ; skin yellow, thiruy 26 TIIE APPLE. « shaded with light red, some rather obscure stripes and splashes, and many brown dots ; stalk of medium length, slender; cavity quite large, russeted ; calyx large, open; basin large, broad, slightly corrugated; flesh whitish, half fine, half tender, juicy, brisk subacid, rather rich; good to very good ; core small. November, December. Pewaukee. Raised from seed of Duchess of Oldenburg by George P. Pepper, of Pewaukee, Wis., who sends us specimens, and writes that the tree ia strong and vigorous, centre upright, very spreading, an annual bearer, and one of the hardiest and best for the Northwest ; young shoots dark brownish red. Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate ; skin bright yellow, striped, splashed and mottled with light and dark red over mo.^t of the surface, covered with a thin grayish bloom, and many large and small light dots, a few being areole ; stalk short, small ; cavity small ; calyx closed ; basin medium, slightly corrugated ; flesh white, a little coarse, breaking, half tender, juicy, subacid, slightly aromatic; good; core small. Janu- ary to May. Pilot. An accidental seedling, found on the premises of John Bobbins, at the f^ot of Pilot Mountain, Nelson County, Va. Tree hardy, of mod- erate growth, forming a round head, rather slow coming into bearing, but when established produces large crops alternate years, and a few the THE APPLE. 'Si intervening ones, and is considered a valuable variety in its locality; young shoots reddish brown. Fruit large, roundish oblate, slightly angular ; skin pale yellowish vreen, shaded, splashed and striped with pale dull red nearly over the surface, and thickly sprinkled with large areole dots; .stalk short, small ; cavity rather large; calyx half closed ; basin large, deep, smooth; flesh yellowish white, fine, rather linn, tender, juicy, rich subacid, slightly aromatic; very good; con- small. December, January. fOMME GRISE ]>'<■ Hi. Swazie Pomme Grise. An old variety of unknown origin. I am informed it is consider- ably grown in Canada and s< u tions of Western New York, and there were trees of it near Niagara on the Colonel Swazie farm — where it probably originated- -two feet in diameter. Tree hardy, upright, moderately vigorous. »ood hearer every other year. The fruit is more oblong, more golden in color, and more aromatic than the Pomme Crise, and is considered superior Lo it. Pomme Grise d'Or. Fruit small, oblate, or roundish oblate, conical ; skin deep yellow, covered with a thin light cinnamon grayish russet, and many rather re light ! '. short to long, slender; cavity rather broad, deep ; cal, sin quite large, dei ; 'd ; flesh i;e, tender, juicy, mild subacid, rich and aromatic; very good or best ; core rather small. January to March or April. Peesh's Winter. Originated at the Forest Nursery of J. S. Downer & Son of Fair- view. Todd County, Ky., who write that the tree is a good grower, up 28 THE APPLE. right, lather irregular, very productive alternate seasons, a ±u an excellent winter apple; young shoots reddish brown. Fruit medium to large roundish, slightly conic ; skin pale yellow, shaded with dark red in the sun, thinly shaded and rather obscurely and faintly splashed and striped in the shade, moderately sprinkled with light dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity medium, considerably russeted : calyx open; basin quite large, deep, smooth; flesh yellowish, fine, a li:- tle firm, crisp, juicy, pleasant subacid, vinous; very good; core small. December, March. Princeton. Origin, Massachusetts. Tree a vigorous grower, spreading ; a good bearer alternate years. Fruit medium, oblate, slightly angular ; skin pale yellow, shaded, striped and splashed with light and dark red over most of the surface, a few light and gray dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity medium, smooth, sometimes thinly russeted ; calyx closed ; basin large, deep, a little un- even ; flesh white, fine, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid ; good to very good ; core medium. October, January. Reliance. Origin, Berlin, Wis. ; received from G. N. Smith, who writes that it is valuable for that locality for its hardiness, vigor, and productiveness. Fruit conical, or oblong conical, slightly ribbed, or with broad shal- low furrows ; skin pale light yellow with broken stripes and shades of deep red where fully exposed; stalk short; cavity deep, open, slight greenish russet ; calyx nearly closed ; basin deep, broad, open, with many small sharp furrows; flesh white, half fine, tender, moderately j uicy, mild subacid ; good to very good ; core rather open at centre. January to March. — (Mural JYew- Yorker.) Ripley. Ripley's Claret. This is said to have been raised by N. L. Ripley, of Collinsville, Madison County, 111. Tree said to be thrifty, well shaped and tolerably productive. Fruit medium to large, oblate, somewhat conical, sides unequal ; skin smooth and shining, greenisli ground, nearly covered with a bril- liant crimson and marked with numerous white dots ; stem medium length, slender; calyx large, closed; flesh white, firm, moderately juicy, subacid; very good; core rather small and closed. Septem ber. (W. C. Flagg, in Jour rial of Horticulture.) Rochester Pippin. A hybrid raised by Jacob Moore, of Rochester, N. Y., and judging from the specimens received, being of large size and excellent quality, is a very promising winter variety. Fruit large, roundish oblate, nearly regular"; skin smooth, pale greenish yellow, shaded with light brownish red in the sun, and a few THE APPLE. greenish dots ; stalk short, smai ; cavity large, smooth, a little green- ish ; calyx closed ; basin medium or rather large, smooth ; flesh whitish, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, vinous refreshing flavor, slightly aromatic and rich ; very good or best ; core small. January, March. Rochester Pippin. Rose-Bud. Origin unknown, supposed to be New Castle County, Del. Tree a strong, vigorous grower, forming a round, rather spreading top, very productive ; fruit hangs firmly to the tree, keeps well, and is useful for the table and kitchen. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly angular ; skin yellowish, shaded and rather obscurely splashed and striped with light and dark red nearly over the surface, and moderately sprinkled with quite large light dots ; stalk of medium length, slender ; cavity rather large, often slightly russeted ; calyx closed ; basin broad, moderately deep ; flesh whitish yellow, half fine, breaking, juicy, mild subacid ; good ; core small. December, March. Rose Bee. Originated with John Rose, Loudon, Mercer County, Pa. Tree vigorous, upright, a good bearer alternate years, and some the inter- vening ones. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, slightly angular ; skin pale whitish yellow, shaded with light ml, striped and splashed with dark red, sometimes almost purplish, and a few light dots; stalk short, rather stout; cavity rather small, often russeted; caly* closed 30 THE APPLE. basin small, slightly corrugated ; flesh quite white, sometimes a little stained next the skin, half fine, tender, moderately juicy, brisk subacid ; good ; core medium. October, January. Rose Red. Of unknown origin, supposed to be on the farm formerly owned by Gideon Eamsdell, Egypt, Monroe County, N. Y. Tree a thrifty, strong giower, upright, inclining to spread ; very productive and regu- lar bearer. Rose Red. Fruit medium, oblate, or roundish oblate ; skin whitish, shaded, striped and splashed with light and dark red, sometimes quite dark, nearly over the whole surface, many light dots, a portion being areole ; stalk' short, small ; cavity large, deep, smooth, a Little greenish ; calyx half closed; basin large, deep ; flesh yellowish, fine, very tender, juicy, vinous, lively subacid ; very good ; core small. Middle of September and November. Seager. The original tree grows on land owned by the Indians near Luinber- ville, Bucks County, Pa. Tree vigorous, upright, productive; young shoots dark brown, buds large, long, prominent. Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, slightly angular; skin pale yellow, sit. iped and splashed with light and dark rich red, some of the splashes quite broad and broken, and a few light dots; stalk ■■ long, slender, curved; cavity large, deep: calyx closed; basin medium, corrugated ; flesh white, tender, juicy, rather rich, mild sub- THE APPLE. 31 acid; good to very good; core rather small. Last of August and September. Schuyler's Sweet. Originated on the farm of Rensselaer Schuyler, Seneca Falls, N. Y. Tree vigorous, spreading, open head, a regular bearer, and productive. Fruit large, roundish or roundish oblate, slightly conic, slightly angular ; skin pale yellow, a few scattering brown dots ; stalk rathei short, slender ; cavity large, deep ; calyx closed ; basir. large, deep, slightly corrugated; flesh white, half fine, tender, moderately juicy, mild, pleasant sweet, slightly aromatic ; good to very good ; core small. September, October. Scribner Spitzenburgh. Originated on the farm of Elijah Scribner, Plattsburgh, N. Y. Tree vigorous, spreading, very productive alternate years. Fruit medium, roundish conical, angular ; skin pale yellow, shaded with bright deep red in the sun, sometimes obscure stripes and splashes and pretty thickly sprinkled with light dots ; stalk short, moderately stout ; cavity rather narrow, deep ; calyx half closed ; basin medium, furrowed; flesh whitish yellow, half fine, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid, slightly aromatic ; good to very good ; core small. December, February Sherman's Favorite. Sherman's Sweet. Originated on the farm now owned by E. C. Sherman, of Wyoming, N. Y. Tree vigorous, rather spreading, very productive alternate years. Fruit medium or above, oblate, angular or slightly ribbed ; skin greenish yellow, sometimes brownish red in the sun, moderately sprinkled with light and gray dots; stalk rather long, slender; cavity broad, not very deep, a little greenish ; calyx closed ; basin broad, rather deep; flesh a little coarse, half tender, crisp, juicy, mild, rather rich sweet ; good to very good ; core medium. November, January. Sillix. Originated on the farm of Thomas Sillix, Manellan Township, Pa, Tree moderately vigorous, upright, somewhat spreading, not an early bearer, but very productive alteraate years when the tree has attained some age. Fruit below medium, roundish, regular ; skin pale yellow, shaded with light and dark rich red over half or more of the surface, obscureh splashed and striped, and covered with numerous small light and graj dots; stalk short, small; cavity small, smooth; calyx half closed ; medium, slightly corrugated; flesh yellow, fine, compact, moderate!) iuicy, mild subacid, almost sweet, quite rich; very good; core small. December, March. THE APPLE. Somerset. Of uncertain origin; supposed to have originated in the town ot Somerset, N. Y. Tree vigorous, spreading; an annual bearer, but Somerset. heavier crops every other year ; a rich, high-flavored apple, desirable foi family use. Fruit below medium, roundish conical, much narrowed towards the calyx ; skin whitish yellow, some nettings and patches of russet, and a few brown dots ; stalk of medium length, slender ; cavity medium ; calyx closed ; basin small, corrugated ; flesh quite white, fine, very ten- der, juicy, rich, highly aromatic; very good or best; core medium. October. SOULARD. Raised by Antoine Lessieur, of Portage des Sioux, a few miles above St. Louis, Mo. Tree very vigorous, upright, slightly spreading when in fruit; an early and abundant bearer. This is highly prized in the neighborhood of its origin. Fruit medium to large, oblate, slightly conic, slightly angular, or ob- scurely ribbed ; skin whitish, shaded, striped and splashed with light and dark bright red over most of the surface, with a few light and brown dots; stalk short, small; cavity quite large, slight russet; basin medium, corrugated; flesh quite white, very tender, very juicy, spright- ly subacid, vinous; very good; core rather large. October, Novemb< r. Starr. This large early apple was an accidental seedling on the premises of the late John Starr, of Woodbury, N. J. The tree is said to be a THE APPLE. 35 vigorous grower, forming a round, somewhat spreading heal; branches rather slender; a regular and abundant bearer; valuable as an earl 7 Soulara. market sort, and for culinary uses ; young wood light reddish yetJo 1 brown, buds prominent. Fruit large, roundish oblate, obscurely ribbed ; skin greenish white, 01 i>ale yellow at full maturity, sometimes a shade of li'-riir reil in tin- mi 34 THE APPLE. moderately sprinkled with light and gray dots ; stalk short ; oavit • , deep; calyx closed; basin of medium size, slightly corrugated, flesh whitish, half fine, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid ; pood tc very good; core medium; ripens from the middle of July to the middle of September. stayman's Summer. Originated on the grounds of Dr. J. Stayman, Leavenworth, Kan- sas. Tree hardy, vigorous, spreading, irregular, tough, wiry, droops like a weeping willow with ropes of fruit, never breaking a limb; an early bearer and very productive, very nearly equal to Benoni and Sum- mer Pearmain, and handsomer. Fruit medium, round, regular, approaching conic ; skin smooth, greenish yellow, splashed and striped with red and purple, covered with a white bloom; dots small, gray, scattered; stem medium, rather slen der; cavity narrow, deep, irregular, russeted; eye very small, closed ; basin narrow, shallow, furrowed; core small, slightly open ; flesh ejreeu- ish white, very juicy, brittle, sprightly, high flavored, mild acid very good ; use, kitchen, table, and market. August, September. — ( V '.stern Pomologist.) Stribling. Originated with the late William Stribling, Medon, Tenn. Tree a good grower, rather upright, forming a regular round head ; an earl\ annual and abundant bearer ; young shoots reddish brown. Fruit medium, oblate, slightly angular; skin whitish, neaaly cove: witb stripes and splashes of lighl and dark rich red — some of ; THE APPLE. 3f. splashes almost purplish with rather conspicuous yellow dots; stalk short, sraaD ; cavity medium ; calyx half open ; basin rather small, slightly corrugated ; flesh white, tender, moderately juicy, mild pleasanl subacid ; good to very good. July at the South. Striped Sweet Pippin. Striped Pippin. An old variety of unknown origin, and was given as a syn. in formei editions of this work to Striped Winter Pearmain, but has proved distinct. Tree vigorous, forming a round, rather low head ; an earlj and abundant bearer, but nore heavily alternate years; valuable for table or market; young shoots olive brown, slightly downy at the end. Striped Sweet Pippin. Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, slightly angular; skin bright yellow, shaded with dark l'ich red in the sun, striped, splashed and mottled with Lighter red on the shaded side, and many light and gray dots; stalk short, small; cavity rather large, deep; calyx closed ; basin quite deep, rather abrupt, a little imeven ; flesh white, tine, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant rich sweet, or very mild subacid; very good; core rather large. November, February. Summer Kino. King. Puckett. Cheese. Puckett's Summer. Summer Cheese. An old variety supposed to have originated in North Carolina, and has been cultivated in Warren and Todd Counties, Ky., for many years. 36 THE APPLE. where it is highly prized as one of their best and handsomest applet oi its season. Tree upright, moderate grower, and productive alternate years; young shoots reddish brown, grayish. Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate ; skin yellowish green, striped with crimson, red and orange; stalk short; cavity large, deep, russeted; calyx closed ; basin medium, regular ; flesh whitish, yellow, fine, brittle, juic}', mild agreeable subacid flavor; core small. August, September. — ( Western Gardener.) Summer Spitzenburgh. French Spitzenburgh. Originated with Woolsey Ostrander, Plattekill, N. Y. Tree moder- itely vigorous, forming a round head ; an early and abundant bearer annually. Fruit medium, roundish conical, slightly angular; skin whitish, almost entirely covered with two shades of red in stripes and splashes, Summer Spitzenburgh. some of which are quite dark, and covered with a thin bloom; stalk short; cavity medium, sometimes slightly russeted ; calyx closed ; basin medium, slightly corrugated ; flesh yellowish white, half tender, moder ateiy juicy, subacid, and a little aromatic; good to very good. August Vpti-mber. TUTTLE. Originated on the farm of Lyman Tuttle, Hamden, Conn. Tree upright, vigorous, an early and abundant bearer every other year of fail TITF. APPLE. 57 fruit, and valued in its locality for market and family use ; young shoots dark brown, many light grayish dots. Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, sides sometimes unequal ; skin pale yellow, shaded, striped and splashed with light and dark red, nearly covering the fruit, and moderately sprinkled with light russet and gray dots; stalk medium, slender; cavity large, russeted, sometimes extend- ing in rays on the base; calyx closed ; basin small, slightly corrugated; flesh whitish, tine, tender, juicy, mild pleasant subacid; very good: core medium. December, March. Wealthy. A new variety, raised by Peter M. Gideon, of Excelsior, near St. Paul, Minn. So far the tree has proved hardy, healthy, vigorous, spreading, very productive ; a beautiful and excellent fruit. Fruit medium, oblate, or roundish oblate ; skin smooth, whitish vellow, shaded with deep rich red in the sun, obscure broken stripes, splashes and lnottlings in the shade, sometimes entirely covered with crimson, and many light dots: stalk short to medium, slender; cavity large, green russet; calyx partially closed ; basin deep, abrupt, uneven ; flesh white, fine, sometimes stained with red, tender, juicy, vinous, lively subacid ; very good ; core small. December, February. Westek.v Beauty. Musgrove's Cooper. Big Rambo. Ohio Beauty. Origin unknown. William T. English, of Rhinehart, O., seems tc have brought it into notice, anil furnished us specimens. Tree very 38 TUG APPLE. vigorous, making a large, spreading, open head; an early a ad goixJ bearer. Fruit lai'ge to very large, roundish oblate, regular; skin pale yeilow. shaded with bright red in the sun, some rather obscure splashes ana stripes of light red in the shade, thickly sprinkled with large light and gjay dots, the light ones being areole; stalk of medium length, slendei ; cavity large, sometimes light russet; calyx large, closed; basin large. broad, slightly corrugated ; flesh whitish yellow, coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid; good to very good; core rather small. October, February. Whitescarver. Originated with B. A. Whitescarver, of Laurel Mills, Va., who informs me that the tree is vigorous, rather spreading or round head, an early and good bearer annually, but more so alternate years. Fruit medium, roundish oblate ; skin pale yellowish green, a few light dots, a portion being areole; stalk short; cavity narrow; calyx small; basin broad, moderately deep; flesh yellowish white, half tine, crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid ; ver\ good ; core large, open. November, December. York Stripe. Origin York County, Pa. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading, an early bearer, and very productive alternate years. Fruit rather large, roundish, slightly conic, slightly angular; skin pale whitish yellow, shaded and rather thinly striped and splashed with light bright red over the whole surface, but quite faintly on the side least exposed to the sun ; stalk short, small ; cavity huge, dee]), a little greenish ; calyx open or half closed ; basin large, deep, slightly corru- gated; flesh white, rather coarse, breaking, moderately juicy, mild subacid; good; core small. January, February. SIBERIAN CRABS AND IMPROVED SIBERIAN APPLES. Bailey's Crimson Crab. Eaised by William H. Bailey, of Plattsburgh, N. Y. Tree vigor- is, upright ; very productive. Fruit large for a Siberian, roundish, very slightly conic; skin yellow, shaded over the whole sui-face with deep rich crimson, almost purplish in the sun, and covered with a light bloom; stalls short to long, sl< uder, in a medium or small cavity ; basin rather shallow, cot bed j flesh yellow, juicy, subacid and astringent. September. the apple. 39 Brier's Sweet Crab. Originated with B. B. Brier, of Baraboo, Wis. Is the result of a fertilization of the Siberian Crab with the Bailey apple. Tree perfectly hardy, vigorous and productive. Fruit as large as the Transcendent; shaped like the Bailey Sweet; color pale yellow, beautifully pencilled and splashed with carmine; flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, very sweet and rich ; quality best for dessert or preserves. (A. G. Tuttle, Manuscript.) Lady Elgin. Geneva. Marengo Siberian, No. 4. This beautiful new Siberian apple originated on the farm of James Forbes, of Ridott Township, 111. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright, slender branches, very productive, a pleasant dessert fruit, and said to be excel- lent for canning ; the slight acid or vinous flavor being preferred by some to the rich sweet of the peach. Fruit large for a Siberian, roundish oblate, regular ; skin smooth, whitish yellow, nearly covered with bright rich red, a few light and gray dots ; stalk medium, slender ; cavity small ; calyx closed ; basin shallow, corrugated ; flesh white, tine, tender, juicy, mild subacid, slightly vinous ; very good. September, December. Mackie's Beauty Siberian. Originated with Matthew Mackie, Clyde, N. Y. Tree vigorous; very productive. Fruit large of its class, roundish oblate ; skin whitish, nearly cov- ered with deep rich red, a light grayish bloom, and a few light dots ; stalk rather long, slender ; cavity quite large ; calyx closed ; basin broad, rather shallow, corrugated ; flesh white, crisp, tender, moderately juicy, subacid, a little astringent. September. Sylvan Sweet Crab. Raised by Mrs. C. P. Ailing, Sylvan, Richland County, Wis., from seed of Siberian Crab, and A. L. Hatch, of that town, describes the tree as vigorous, handsome, and suited to a northern latitude ; he says the flesh is tender, juicy, and sweet, and thinks it would make good cider. Fruit large, two inches or more in diameter, roundish oblate ; skin smooth, light yellow, nearly covered with bright red; stalk long, slen- der; cavity medium ; basin rather small ; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant sweet; core rather large; ripens last of August and first of September. {Nomologist and Gardener.) Van Wyck's Siberian. A chance seedling on the farm of Miss Caroline Van Wyck, Fish kill, Dutchess County, N. Y. Tree vigorous, upright, productive. Fruit large for a Siberian, roundish, slightly conic; skin smooth, whitish, shaded and mottled with light brighl red, and covered with a thin bloom; stalk rather long, slender; cavity rather narrow, deep; calyx closed; basin medium, smooth; flesh whitish, fine, rather firm, moderately juicy, rather rich, honeyed sweet ; good ; core small and close September. SECOND APPENDIX TO SECOND KEVISED EDITION. The publishers of Downing's Fruit and Fruit-Trees have requested me to give them a short Appendix con- taining some of the new fruits, with the additional synonyms, corrections, etc. Further corrections, with a more complete list of new fruits, must await a complete revision of the whole work; and this I hope to be able to accomplish if my life and health are spared, at a future day. I again thank the many Pomologists and Fruit Growers in various parts of the country for information and specimens of fruit relating to many of the varieties in this Appendix; their names will be duly acknowledged when the third revision of the work is issued. Charles Downing. Newbubgh, March, 1876. THE APPLE. Amsterdam Sweet. High Top Sweet, incorrectly. Origin, Amsterdam, N. Y., on the farm of Joseph Britten. Tree hardy; a vigorous, stout, upright grower; an early and moderate bearer annually. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, a little flattened at the ends; skin pale greenish yellow, striped and splashed with light and dark bright red ; stalk short, small ; cavity medium ; basin large, deep, slightly plaited ; flesh white, half fine, tender, juicy, rather rich sweet, slightly aromatic; core medium. October, November. Annette. Annate. Old Bettie. Bettie Brooks. Of unknown origin, received from John Dollins, Greenwood, Vir- ginia, who informs us that it was found in that locality in the late Nicholas Merritt's orchard a half a century ago ; tree vigorous, with an upright, round, compact head, requiring but little pruning — one of the most valuable of its season for its locality. Fruit medium, oblate, sides sometimes unequal, slightly angular ; skin pale greenish yellow, rarely with a blush ; stalk very short, small ; cav- ity large, deep, slight russet; basin, broad, deep, a little uneven; flesh white, half fine, brittle, tender, moderately juicy, mild, pleasant, subacid. September, October. Arnold's Beauty. This fine new apple was raised from seed of the Northern Sp>, crossed with the Wagener and Spitzenberg, by Charles Arnold, of Paris, 44 THE APPLE. Ontario Mr. Arnold states that the tree is hardy, an excellent uj> right grower, forming naturally a symmetric head, and bearing abun- dantly. Fruit medium, oblate, slightly angular ; skin bright yellow, occasion ally a shade of bright red, and a few brown clots ; stalk medium, slender; cavity large, deep, sometimes slight russet ; calyx closed ; basin, deep, round, slightly plaited ; flesh pale yellow, fine, rather firm, juicy, rich subacid, and slightly aromatic ; core small. January, May. Baptist. Origin, Clinton, Kentucky, but by whom is not known ; tree vigor ous, spreading, and an abundant bearer alternate years; not a gooa market variety, but valuable as a table and family apple. Fruit medium, oblate, somewhat depressed ; sides sometimes unequal ; skin yellow, entirely covered with dark red, a few faiut splashes on the shaded side, and many yellowish and brown dots ; stalk very short, rather stout ; cavity broad, deep, russeted ; calyx half open ; basin large, broad, deep, slightly wrinkled ; flesh whitish, half fine, tender, moder- ately juicy, very mild subacid, inclining to sweet ; core small. Decern ber, February. Bergen. Origin, on the farm of Jessie Griswold, Bergen, N. Y. ; tree hardy, vigorous, with an open spreading head, requiring but little pruning ; a full bearer alternate years, and a light crop the intervening ones ; a good table apple, but more valued for culinary uses. Fruit medium, roundish ; a little angular ; skin greenish white, shaded, splashed and marbled with light and dark red over half the sur- face ; stalk short, slender ; cavity small ; calyx small, closed ; basin rather small, corrugated; flesh white, tine, tender, juicy, mild subacid, slightly aromatic ; core medium. January, February. Berkshire Spy. A new variety, raised by Asahel Foote, of Williamstown, Mass., from seed of Northern Spy ; tree of moderate vigor, spreading, wood of great solidity; a moderate annual bearer. Mr. Foote has raised several promising apples, pears and plums which ai-e worthy of trial. Fruit medium, roumlish conical, sides sometimes unequal ; skin pale yellow, shaded on one side with light bright red, sometimes a few rather obscure stripes and splashes of a darker hue, and a few light dots; stalk short, small ; cavity medium, greenish russet; calyx open with short and divided seguments ; basin medium, slightly corrugated ; flesh whit- ish yellow, fine, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid, slightly aromatic and rich ; core small. December, February. the applk 45 Black's Annette. Cornell's Early. Cornell's Favorite. Of unknown origin, supposed to be Virginia ; tree vigorous, spread- ing, very productive alternate years. Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate conical ; skin whitish yellow* stalk short to long, slender; cavity large, deep ; calyx small, closed , basin rather small, slightly corrugated ; flesh white, fine, tender, mod- erately juicy, sprightly subacid ; core small. August. Black Hawk. Originated in the orchard of William Brooks, Rock Island, Illinois ; tree moderately vigorous, with 3 round rather spreading head ; blooms late ; an annual bearer of good crops, some seasons very large ones ; valuable as a late keeper. Fruit rather large, oblate ; skin greenish yellow, nearly covered with dull red or purplish red in the sun, a few rather obscure stripes and splashes, and a few lighr dots; flesh whitish, rather coarse, firm, moaer ately juicy, mild subacid , core small, January, April. Blue Spitzes burg. Improved Bed Spitzenberg. Origin, Oley Township, Pa. ; tree moderately vigorous, making a round head; not an early bearer, but produces good crops alternate years when a little advanced. Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, slightly conic, sometimes a little oblique ; skin pale whitish yellow, nearly covered with light and dark red, sometimes a few rather obscure stripes and splashes, and many lai-ge and small light dots ; stalk short, sinali ; cavity medium, slight russet ; calyx closed or nearly so ; basin medium, corrugated ; flesh whitish yellow, half fine, tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid, slightly aromatic ; core medium. January, March. Bower's Nonpareil. Big Sweet. Big Green. Origin supposed to be Harrisonburg, Virginia ; tree agorous, upright, Bomewhat spreading; an early and good bearer annually, but larger crops alternate years; a large fruit, and highly valued where known. Fruit large, oblate, regular ; skin pale yellow, often a shaue of red and numerous russet and brown dots; stalk short, small; cavity rather large, sometimes slight russe' , calyx closed ; basin large, deep, ccrru- 46 THE APPLE. gated; flesh white, half fine, tender, juicy, very mild subacid, 01 almost sweet, slightly aromatic ; core small. October, March. Bower's Nonpareil. Brilliant. Originated with Lindsay F. Thomas, near Portsmouth, Ohio, tree vigorous, rather spreading ; an early and good bearer annually ; much esteemed in the neighborhood of its origin. Fruit medium to large, oblate, slightly angular, sometimes a little oblique ; skin pale yellow, somewhat waxen, a shade of pale red where exposed, and a few grayish dots ; stalk short, rather small ; cavity large, deep, often slightly russeted ; calyx large, open; basin large, broad, deep, slightly corrugated; flesh white, a little coarse, tender, juicy, nleasant subacid ; core small. October, January. Broadwater. Wheatyard. Origin, on the farm of Col. Charles Broadwater, near Vienna, Vir- ginia ; tree healthy, vigorous ; an early and good bearer ; a favorite for the table and market in its season where it originated. Fruit below medium, oblate ; skin smooth, pale yellowish white, pale red in the sun ; stalk short, small ; cavity medium, slightly corrugated ; flesh whitish, fine, tender, juicy, mild rich subacid ; core small. Sep- tember. Bucks County. Originated on the farm of Thomas Head, Yardleyville, Pa. ; tre« vigorous ; long slender branches, spreading head ; an annual bearer of good crops, some seasons large crops. THE APPLE. 4T Fruit medium, roundish oblate, or nearly so ; skin greenish yellow, shaded, and rather obscurely striped and splashed with dull red ; stalk short ; cavity small ; calyx closed ; basin medium, corrugated ; flesh whitish, half fine, half firm, moderately juicy, mild subacid ; core small January, May. BUBLINGTON PlPPIN. Town House. Origin unknown, supposed to be Burlington, Vermont ; tree hardy, vigorous, forming a round rather spreading head ; a good bearer annually of fair fruit of uniform size and excellent quality. Burlington Pippin. Fruit medium or above, oblate, slightly conic, slightly angular; skin pale whitish yellow, shaded and mottled with light red, with stripes and broken splashes of dark red, and a few light and grayish dots ; stalk medium, slender ; cavity broad, deep, slight russet ; calyx closed ; basin medium, slightly plaited ; flesh quite white, sometimes a little stained next the skin, half fine, tender, juicy, pleasant mild subacid, and a little vinous; core medium. October, January. Childs. Raised by the late Ezekiel Fage. Belgrade, Maine; tree vigorous, spreading, and very symetric in form ; a good bearer annually. 48 THE APPLE. Fi iiit medium oblate to roundish oblate ; skin whitish, shaded, striped and splashed with light and dark i'ed over inosc of the surface ; stalk short, small; cavity rather large; calyx open; basin broad, not very deep, slightly corrugated; flesh white, fine; half tender, joicy, sprightly subacid ; core medium. December, January. Clark's Prolific. Raised by W. G. Clark, Albia, Iowa ; tree hardy, vigorous ; an early and abundant bearer, and is highly esteemed in the neighborhood of ita origin. Fruit medium to large, oblate conic, slightly angular; skin pale whitish yellow, a shade of light red, a few gray and many indistinct light dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity broad, deep, uneven, sometimes slight russet ; calynx small, closed ; basin rather small, slightly furrowed ; flesh white, fine, very tender, juicy, lively subacid, slightly aromatic ; core small. November, February. Clermont. Jackson's Roman Stem. Cheese Apple. The Clermont is said to be a seedling raised by Samuel Medary, near Batavia, Ohio. Tree a moderate grower, an early and good bearer, and a late keeper. Fruit medium oblate, depressed, sides sometimes unequal ; skin yel- low, deep orange yellow in the sun, sometimes a shade of bright red, and sometimes nettings of russet, and a few gray dots ; stalk very short ; cavity rather large, russeted, which sometimes extends out on the fruit ; calyx closed; basin rather large, slightly corrugated ; flesh yellow, half fine, quite firm, moderately juicy, rich subacid ; core close and small. January, May. Cross. Originated with Robert Cross of Fair Play, Maryland ; tree vig- orous, making a large spreading head ; an early bearer, producing large crops alternate years, and a light one the intervening ones ; its large size and jine appearance renders it one of the most valuable of its season for market and culinary uses. Fruit large to very large, roundish oblate, nearly regular; skin whit- ish, or greenish white, rather thinly striped, splashed and mult led with light and dark red, and a few light and grayish dots ; stalk very short; cavity large, deep ; basin large, deep, broad, slightly plaited ; flesh white, half fine, tender, j uicy, mild subacid ; core small. Middle of August to middle of September. THE APPLE. ia Cross. Dale's Seedling. Origin, farm of Christian Dale, near Boalsburg, Pa. ; tree of upright moderate growth ; great bearer alternate years, and valuable for making apple butter. Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, sides often unequal ; skin white, shaded, striped and splashed with light and dark rich red, and many whitish dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity medium ; calyx closed ; basin rather small, slightly corrugated ; flesh white, fine, tender, mild subacid, or almost sweet ; core small. September, October. Deane. Nine Ounce. Origin unknown, supposed to be East "Wilton, Maine, where it is considered the best apple of its season ; tree vigorous, spreading, bear- ing abundantly alternate years, and a light crop the intervening ones. Fruit medium, oblate to roundish oblate conic, angular, slightly ob- lique, and flattened at the base ; skin whitish, shaded and rather obscure- ly splashed and mottled with light red, and moderately sprinkled with yellowish dots, a few being areole ; stalk short, small; cavity rather large, a little greenish ; calyx closed ; basin medium, slightly corrugated ; flesh quite white, fine, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid or vinous ; core medium. September, October. 50 the apple. Edgar Red Streak. Walbridge. Origin, in the orchard of Joseph Curtis, Paris, Edgar County Illinois , this apple has been grown in the West and Northwest for many yean under the name of Walbridge, its true name being unknown until lately j Edgar Red Streak. tree very hardy, vigorous, upright |it first, but spreading with age and weight of fruit; very productive alternate years, and a light crop the intervening ones ; not of the best quality, but valuable for its hardiness, productiveness, and late keeping in a cold climate. Fruit medium, oblate, very slightly conic, regular ; skin pale whitish yellow when fully mature, shaded with pale red in the sun, narrow stripes and a few splashes of bright red over most of the surface where fully exposed ; stalk rather short, small ; cavity medium, sometimes slight russet ; calyx small, closed ; basin small ; slightly plaited ; flesh white, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid ; core small or medium. Janu- ary, May. Eixa. Another of Charles Arnold's seedlings, raised from seed of Northern Spy, crossed with Wagener and Spitzenburg; tree moderately vigorous, spreading, young wood dark brown ; bears heavy crops alternate years. Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, sides sometimes a little unequal ; skin pale yellow, nearly covered with light and dark dull red, some rather obscure stripes and splashes, and a few light dots; stalk short, Bmall ; cavity rather large, deep, slight russet ; calyx small, closed ; basin medium, slightly plaited ; flesh whitish, with a greenish tinge, half fine, tender, juicy, with an agreeable aromatic flavor, inclining to sweet; core rather small. December, February. the apple. ;,1 Etowah. Cooper's Red- Origin, in the garden of Major M. A. Cooper, Glen Holly, Georgia; tree healthy, moderately vigorous ; upright, compact, rather round head ; bearing abundantly nearly every year ; it is esteemed in the neighbor- hood of its origin as one of their best late-keeping apples. Fruit nearly of medium size, oblate conic, slightly oblique ; skin pale yellow, almost entirely covered with bright red, some obsure stripes and splashed, a few large light dots, areole ; stalk very short, small ; cavity large, deep, sometimes slight russet ; calyx half open ; basin large, very deep ; flesh whitish, half fine, tender, moderately juicy, mild pleasant subacid, inclining to sweet; core small. January, March. Fenton. Origin, Cheltenham Township, Pa., on the grounds of Samuel Fenton ; tree thrifty, spreading ; an abundant bearer alternate years, and valued in its locality for the table and cooking. Fruit rather largej oblate, angular ; skin pale whitish yellow, shaded, striped and splashed on the sunny side with light and dark red ; flesh white, a little firm, moderately juicy, pleasant subacid; core small. Octo- ber, November. Fletcher Eusset. Origin, on the farm of James Fletcher, Acton, Mass. ; tree thrifty, upright, with a round rather spreading head ; a good bearer alternate years, and much prized as a table apple where known. Fruit medium, oblate conic ; skin greenish yellow, or pale yellow when fully ripe, nearly covered with dull russet, often mixed with brownish red in the sun; stalk short, slender; cavity medium; calyx closed; basin medium, slightly corrugated ; flesh whitish, fine, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid and quite rich ; core rather small. December, Feb- ruary. Foote's Nonsuch. This fine new apple was raised by Asahel Foote, of Williamstown, Mass., from seed of Red Canada or Nonsuch. Mr. Foote writes that the tree is hardy, vigorous, upright, with bright reddish wood, remark- ably productive alternate years, and keeps well. Fruit medium, oblate, regular; skin very nearly covered with dark rich red, and many conspicuous light dots, a few bi iiiLr areola ; stalk rather short, slender ; cavity rather large, often thinly msseted ; calyx small, closed ; basin medium, slightly plaited; flesh white, sometimes a Little stained next the skin, fine, tender, juicy, mild, rich subacid, slightly rroinatic; core small and close. January, April 52 the apple. Fountain Hill. Raised by Suel Foster, Muscatine, Iowa, which he values as a good table apple, and for continuing long in use ; tree vigorous, rathei spreading ; an early and good bearer, evenly through the tree. Fruit medium or below oblate, regular ; skin pale green, shaded, striped and splashed, with dull red nearly over the surface, and many light dots; stalk very short; cavity medium; calyx closed or nearly so, basin large; flesh whitish, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid; core small. September, November. Fox Apple. Sheepnose. Fox Sheepnose. Originated with Eli Fox, near Coshoeton, Ohio ; tree strong, vigoi ous, upright, rather spreading ; an abundant bearer, and is esteemed aa an amateur fruit. Fruit medium to large, oblate to roundish oblate, slightly conical, angular, or slightly ribbed ; skin whitish, nearly covered with light and dark red, striped aud splashed rather obscurely with a darker hue, and many light dots ; flesh white, a little coarse, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid, slightly aromatic and rich; core rather large. October, No vember. Goff. Originated with J. S. Goff, near Bellefontaine, Ohio; tree hardy, ■vigorous, spreading ; an abundant bearer alternate years of fair fruit of uniform size, and valuable as a market and cooking apple. Fruit medium to large, oblate; skin whitish, a few light and gray dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity rather large ; basin large, deep, slightly corrugated ; flesh white, half fine, tender, brisk subacid ; core medium. Ripe the last of August and first of September. Golden Dixie. Originated on the farm of James Fitz, township of Rivanna, Virginia ; tree thrifty, vigorous, upright, forming a handsome pyramidal head, requiring but little pruning ; an early and abundant bearer alternate years, and much esteemed in its locality. Fruit medium, oblate to roundish oblate, slightly conic ; skin light yellow, deep yellow where exposed ; stalk short, small ; cavity medium, often slight russet ; calyx small, closed ; basin medium, slightly corru- gated ; flesh whitish yellow, half tine, rather firm, crisp, juicy, lively rich subacid, slightly aromatic ; core small. August. Harper. Of unknown origin, supposed to be Tennessee ; tree vigorous, round aead ; bears moderate crops annually, and popular where known. Fruit medium to large, oblate, slightly conic ; skin whitish yellow. THE APPLE. 00 *liaded, striped and splashed with light and dark bright red nearly ovei the whole surface, with many large and small light dots, a portion being areola ; stalk rather short, slender ; cavity large, deep, yellowish ; basis rather large, slightly wrinkled ; flesh whitish, half tine, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid ; core small. October, January. Haven. An old variety of unknown origin, but supposed to have been im- ported by the Haven family of Portsmouth, New Hampshire, many years since ; tree vigorous, rather spreading ; not an early bearer, but bearing abundantly alternate years when established ; fruit fair of uni- form size, which is highly esteemed where known for its excellent quality ; the tree requires good cultivation. Fruit medium, oblate conic, slightly angular; skin smooth, whitish yellow, often a shade of pale red on the sunny side, and a few grayish dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity large, deep ; calyx closed ; basin rather large, slightly corrugated ; flesh whitish yellow, fine, very tender, juicy, rich, sprightly pleasant subacid ; core small. January, March. HoTTENSTIEN. Libert. Lippart. Origin, Kutztown, Pa., on the lands of Frederick Libert ; tree vig- orous, spreading; an abundant bearer annually ; valuable for culinary uses and for market. Fruit large, roundish oblate, slightly angular ; skin greenish yellow, covered with stripes and splashes of light and dark red, moderately sprinkled with large light dots, a portion being areole ; stalk short, small ; cavity medium ; calyx closed ; basin rather shallow, corrugated ; flesh whitish, half fine, tender, juicy, mild subacid. October, December. Hunt Russet Apple. This favorite old apple is claimed, by those knowing it best,to have origi- nated with die Hunt family, at Concord, Mass., nearly 20U years since; •and. being o*' excellent quality, has been cultivated and disseminated widely under different names; and I am satisfied, from experience and examination, that Golden Russet of Mass., Fay's Russet, and Russet Pearmain are identical with the Hunt Russet, and that the latter is the original name, with the synonyms as stated below. Hunt Russet. Golden Russet (not of New England Russet. Fay's Russet. N. Y. ) New England Golden Russet Pearmain. Golden Russet of Mass. Russet. American Golden Russet Mass. Golden Russet. Bullock's Pippin, or of New England. Golden Russet of New Sheepnose. Incorrectly. England Then, i- sam to be a distinct h'usset Pearmain; but those iliat I rn 0-? THE APPLE. ^eivea as such frcm Connecticut, many years since, proved to be the I] ant Russet. The Golden Russet of New York, or Western New York, is quit* dis- tinct, and is incorrectly called by some, at the West, English G olden R usset. Hunter Pippin. A chance seedling on the land of William Gray Hunter, Westport, N. Y. ; tree moderately vigorous, hardy, spreading ; a good bearer annually. Fruit medium, roundish conical, angular or slightly ribbed ; skin pale whitish yellow, a few scattered gray dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity medium, often russeted ; calyx small, closed ; basin rather narrow, deep furrowed; flesh whitish, crisp, tender, juicy, brisk subacid, slightly ai omatic ; core rather large. August. King Sweet. Summer Sweet. Thomas Sweet. Sidney Sweet. King of Sweets. High Top Sweet, incorrectly. Origin, on the farm of Ichabod Thomas, Sidney, Maine; tree hardy, thrifty, upright, compact, and requires much inside pruning ; not a very early bearer, but produces large crops of fair fruit alternate years, and is highly esteemed where known. Fruit below medium, roundish conical, inclining to oblong; skin greenish yellow, or pale yellow at full maturity, a shade of pale red where exposed ; stalk short, small ; cavity medium ; calyx closed ; basin rather deep; flesh whitish, half fine, tender, juicy, rich honey sweet* core rather small. September, November. Lady Henniker. This new English apple was raised by John Perkins, Thornham Hall, Suffolk, England ; tree healthy, and a great bearer ; chiefly valuable as a cooking variety, but useful also in the dessert. Fruit very large, roundish, slightly conic, angular, with prominent ridges around the eye ; skin yellow, shaded with pale red, and broken streaks of crimson on the sunny side ; stalk very short ; cavity wide, deep, rus- Bety ; calyx large, open ; basin very deep, angular ; flesh very tender in the grain, well flavored, and with a pleasant perfume. October, February. {Jou/rnal of Horticulture.} Lipkins Sweet. Origin unknown, supposed to be near Philadelphia ; tree moderately vigorous, upright at first, but spreading with age and bearing ; a good annual bearer. Fruit medium, or nearly so, oblate or slightly conic ; skin pale whit- ish yellow, shaded with light red, many large and small light and brownisi THE APPLE. 55 iots, some star-shaped ; stalk short, small ; cavity rather small ; calyx 6mall, closed ; basin medium ; flesh white, fine, rather compact, moder- ately juicy, mild sweet, rather rich ; core small. December, March. Kaign's Spitzenburg and Long Red Peakmain. For many years these have been considered identical, and Downing so makes it in the second revised edition, but experience and examination have proven them distinct, both in the growth and form of the tree, and of the fruit. The Long Red Pearmain is said to have originated on the property of the Economites at New Harmony, Indiana, many years since ; The name and synonyms by which it is known in different localities aie given below. Long Red Pearmain. Red Pearmain. Red Winter Pearmain, in- Red Phoenix. Kaign's Spitzenburg, in- correctly. Pearmain. corectly. Scarlet Pearmain, incor- Kentucky Gilliflower. Long John. rectly Kentucky Bellflower. Red Spitzenberg. English Pearmain, incor- Hudson Red, Streak. Striped Pearmain. rectly. Sheepnose, of some. Lady Finger, incorrectly. Red Bellflower, incorrect- Wabash Bellflower. Winter Pearmain. ly. Russam. Long Pearmain. Red Pippin. Park (not of Kansas). Mudhole. Pound Royal, incorrectly The true Kaign's Spitzenberg, so far as I know, has no synonyms, and was first described by William Coxe. in his work on Fruits, in 1817, aa having oiiginated in Gloucester county, New Jersey. Neither of these apples are much cultivated now, as we have better kinds, the object being to correct the mistake. Lucy Sweet. Twin Apple. Originated on the farm of Samuel Jewett, Weybridge, Vermont ; tree vigorous, of a pyramid form, producing moderate crops annually. Fruit medium roundish oblate ; skin pale greenish yellow, a shade of pale red where exposed ; stalk short, small ; cavity deep, sometimes light russet; basin large, deep; flesh whitish, half fine, moderately juicy, mild, rather rich sweet ; core small. October, November. McTntosh Red. Originated with John Mcintosh, Dundela, Ontario, some seventy years since, but is not widely known; the free is said to be very hardy, long-lived, vigorous, with a spreading head ; a good annual bearer of fair, handsome fruit of excellent quality, and valuable for home use and market. Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, regular ; skin wbitish yel low, very nearly covered with dark ri^ *-ed or crimson, almost purplisl 56 THE APPLE. in the sun, moderately sprinkled with light dots ; stalk short, rather Bmall ; cavity medium ; calyx closed ; basin rather small, slightlj Mcintosh Red. plaited ; flesh white, fine, very tender, juicy, mild subacid, refreshing, peculiar slight quince-like flavor ; core medium. November, February. McKinney. Origin, on the farm of Luther McKinney, Crawford, N. Y. ; tree vig- orous, forming a round head ; an early and abundant bearer alternate years, and a light crop the intervening ones ; fruit fair of uniform size, and valuable as a late keeper. Fruit medium to large, oblate ; skin deep yellow, shaded with pale brownish red where exposed, a few grayish dots ; stalk very short ; cavity broad, deep, sometimes slight russet ; calyx open, or half closed ; basin broad, deep ; flesh whitish yellow, half fine, rather firm, moder- ately juicy, mild subacid; core close and small. January, April. Magog Red Streak. Raised from seed by William Warren, Newport, Vermont ; tree very hardy, thrifty and vigorous, an upright spreading head; bears every year, but large crops in even years ; valued for its extreme hardiness, vigor, productiveness, and long keeping. Fruit medium or nearly so, roundish inclining to oblong ; skin light yellow, shaded and faintly striped and splashed with light red over half the fruit; stalk shorty small; calyx closed basin medium, corrugated THE APPLE. flesh yellowish, a little coarse, moderately juicy, mild subacid ; core medium. December, March. Mathews. Origin, on the farm of Hugh Foster, near Alton Depot, Nelson Co., Virginia ; tree vigorous, with an open spreading head ; an early and abundant bearer alternate years, and a partial crop the intervening years. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic, regular ; skin smooth, whitish almost waxen, shaded with pale dull red where exposed, many large light dots, a portion almost obscure, a few areole ; stalk short, small; cavity medium, regular; calyx small, closed; basin leather abrupt, deep, slightly plaited; flesh white, fine, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant, sprightly subacid ; core medium. October, January. May Seek-no-farther. An old variety of unknown origin, and the original name also un- known, and was described in Downing's second revised edition, page 270 ; it was once valuable as a long keeper and a profitable market variety, but now nearly out of use ; tree hardy, vigorous, upright and very produc- tive alternate years ; it has been grown in different sections of the coun- try, under the following names, in addition to those named in the second revision. Lopside. Romanite, incorrectly. Greyhouae, incorrectly. Hoopes. Big Romanite. of some. Black Jack. Hopson. Black Pennock. Red Everlasting. Hopsey. Black Vandervere. Hard Red. Hoopes Pearmain. German Spitzanberg. Keystone. Gray Romanite, of soma Mellinger. An old variety of late introduction, found on the Mellinger property, now owned by Dr. Mellinger, Manor Township, Pa., and considered in that neighborhood one of the most valuable and showy apples of its season; tree healthy, vigorous, spreading, bearing large crops alternate years, and a light one the intervening ones. Fruit medium to large, roundish, or roundish conical; skin smooth, white, mostly covered with stripes and broken splashes of light and dark bright red, some of the splashes of a purplish red, and moderately sprinkled with Light dots ; stalk short ; cavity medium, slight russet ; calyx small, closed ; basin medium, rather abrupt, deep, slightly corru- gated; flesh quite white, half fine, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid ot vinous; core medium. September, November, 58 THE APPLE. Mcllinger. Milden or Milding. Milden or Milding. Origin, Alton, New Hampshire ; tree hardy, a strong, vigorous, tpright grower, forming a large round head ; very productive alternate THE APPLE. 59 years, of largo fair fruit, which is highly esteemed where known foi market and family use. Fruit large, oblate, slightly conic, slightly angular; skin smooth, whitish yellow, shaded, striped, splashed and mottled with light and dark bright rich red nearly over the whole surface, and a few light dots; stalk rather short, slender ; cavity broad, deep, sometimes thinly rus- seted; calyx closed or nearly so; basin broad, moderately deep, fur rowed ; tlesh whitish yellow, rather coarse, brittle, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid, slightly aromatic ; core medium. December, January. Mokton's Ked. Origin, supposed to be on the farm of the late Elkannah Morton, Bill Town, Nova Scotia; tree moderately vigorous, forming a round rather spreading head ; an early and good bearer annually, and a favorite apple for market and home use. Fruit medium, regular, roundish oblate, slightly conic; skin whitish, nearly covered with light and dark rich red, quite dark in the sun, sometimes a few obscure stupes and splashes, and sometimes nettings of russet; stalk medium, slender ; cavity medium, slight russet; calyx closed or nearly so; basin small, slightly corrugated ; tlesh quite white, half fine, tender, juicy, brisk subacid; core large. December, January. M UMPER VaJ^DEVERE. Origin, on the farm of John Mumper, near Dillsbury, Pa.; tree strong and vigorous, making a round, rather spreading open head; an abundant bearer alternate years of fair fruit of uniform size; valued chiefly for its late keeping, market, and kitchen use. Fruit medium, oblate or roundish oblate, regular, flattened at the ends; skin pale greenish yellow, rather faintly shaded, striped and splashed with light red, and moderately sprinkled with large light and gray dots; stalk rather short, small; cavity medium, often a little greenish; calyx large, open; basin broad, rather deep, corrugated J flesh whitish, coarse, compact, moderately* juicy, brisk subacid; core cdose and small. December, April. Mystic. ( h-igiu, .Mystic Valley, Conn., on the farm of Aldeii Fish ; tree vigor- ous, rather late coming into bearing, but produces large crops alternate years when of sufficient age. Fruit medium, roundish, flattened at the ends; skin pale yellow, shaded and mottled with light red. and some rather obscure stripes aud broken splashes of a darker hue, with a few russet dots; stalk long, slender; cavity medium, moderately deep; i-.{\\x small, closed ; liasin large, deep, slightly plaited; flesh white, tine, tender, juicy, pleasant mid subacid ; core rather small. October, November. 60 THE APPLE. Nansemond Beauty. Origin, somewhat uncertain, supposed to be Suffolk, Virginia ; tre« vigorous, rather spreading, bearing good crops annually of fair fruit of uniform si/.", and a good keeper. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic; skin pale yellow, nearlv covered with light and dark rich red, sometimes rather obscure stripes and splashes of a darker hue; stalk short, small; cavity quite large, slijrht russet; calyx half open; basin large, deep, slightly corru- gated; flesh quite white, half fine, crisp, tender, juicy, vinous subacid ; core small. January, April. Nelson Rock. Rock Apple. A chance seedling on the farm of the late Hemy G. Roberts, near Greenfield, Virginia ; tree moderately vigorous, upright at first, but spreading with weight of fruit; an abundant bearer alternate years, and a light crop the odd years; valuable in its locality for its good qiialitiea and late keeping. Nelson Rock, Fruit medium to large, oblate, slightly conic ; skin pale greenish white, shaded, striped and splashed with light ami dark red over most of the surface, and moderately sprinkled with light and gray dots; stalk 6hoit, small; cavity large, deep, souk limes slight russet; calyx closed ; basin rather broad, shallow, slightly corrugated ; flesh whitish yellow, half tine, tender, juicy, rich, mild subacid ; core small. December, March. the apple. 01 New River Boat Apple. Origin, on the premises of Robert Porter, Sr., Porter's Ferry, Virginia; tree a strong vigorous grower, spreading; an early and great bearer alternate years, and highly prized where known. Fruit medium, oblate, flattened at the base, sometimes a little oblique; skin bright yellow, rarely with a blush ; stalk very short ; cavity rather large ; calyx closed ; basin medium, slightly corrugated ; flesh whitish, half fine, tender, moderately juicy, mild, pleasant, peculiar sub- acid, almost sweet; core small. October, December. Northampton. A Pennsylvania apple from Northampton County, but exact origin unknown ; tree vigorous, upright, spreading, an early bearer, and very productive ; it is said the lower half of the tree bears one year and the upper part the next year, and this is more characteristic with trees of some age ; valued especially as a table fruit where known. Fruit medium, oblate, often depressed ; skin smooth, pale whitest yellow, shaded, striped and splashed rather thinly over most of the sur- face with light and dark red, and many large and small light dots, a few areole ; stalk short, slender ; cavity rather large, deep, regular ; calyx closed or nearly so ; basin medium, slightly plaited ; flesh white, fine, tender, juicy, pleasant mild subacid and very good ; core small. Oc- tober, Febuary. Northfield Beauty Crab. Raised by Leonard D. Cady, Northfield, Vermont, from seed of yel- low Siberian Crab ; tree vigorous, hardy, forming a compact symmet- rical head; a handsome apple of good size, good quality, and promises to be valuable in cold localities. Fruit medium, roundish oblate ; skin smooth, whitish, shaded with light red, rather obscurely striped and splashed with two shades of rich red and a few light dots; stalk short; cavity medium; calyx closed; basin rather small, slightly corrugated ; flesh white, half hue, tender, juicy, S]j rightly subacid ; core small. September, December. Ontario. This handsome and excellent apple was raised by Charles Arnold, Paris, Ontario, from seed of Northern Spy crossed with the Wagener; tree vigorous, somewhat spreading, bears quite young and abundantly. Fruit large, oblate, slightly conic, slightly angular; skin whitish yel- low, nearly covered with bright rich red, some rather obscui'e stripes and splashes, and moderately sprinkled with light dots; stalk short, rather stout ; cavity broad, deep, sometimes slight russet; calyx closed 01 nearly so ; basin large, deep, slightly corrugated ; flesh whitish yel- low, fine, tender, juicy, subacid, refreshing, slightly aromatic ; core srualL January, April 1? THE APPLE. Ontario. Orange Pippin. Origin unknown, considerably grown in some parts of New Jersey, where it is valued as a profitable summer market apple ; tree vigorous, upright at first, but spreading with age and bearing; good and sur« bearers alternate years. Orange Pippin. Fruit medium or above, oblate or roundish oblate ; skin smooth, pale yellow, orange red or fawn in the sun, a few gray dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity large, sometimes slight russet ; calyx large, open ; basic THE APPLE. 03 large, deep, slightly plaited ; flesh white, half fine, tender, jidcy, plea* ant subacid, slightly aromatic ; core small. September. Perky Red Streak. Origin, Lowville, N. Y\, on the premises of Dr. David Perry ; tree hardy, vigorous, spreading, forming an open head ; an abundant bearer alternate years, and a light crop the intervening ones ; it does not con- tinue long in use. Fruit medium, oblate, slightly angular ; skin light yellow, shaded, striped- and splashed with light and dark rich red, and modr.iately sprinkled with light and gray dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity large; sometimes slight russet ; calyx closed or nearly so ; basin large, deep, slightly corrugated ; flesh whitish, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid, slightly aromatic ; core medium. October. Picket. Origin, near Arlington, Kentucky, on the farm of William Picket , tree a strong, vigorous, upright grower ; an early and abundant bearer annually, and is considered an acquisition in its locality. Fruit rather large, oblate or roundish oblate, often slightly oblique, somewhat flattened at the ends ; skin yellow, nearly covered with light and dark red, some rather obscure stripes and splashes of a darker hue, Bometimes with a grayish bloom, a shade of light purple, and moderately Bprinkled with light and brown dots; stalk very short; cavity large, deep, slight russet; caT.yx open ; basin deep, round, slightly wrinkled; 04 THE APPLE. flesh whitish yellow, fine, tender, juicy, rich, mild subacid, and verj good ; core small. December, February. Piedmont Pippin. Dollins Pippin. Origin, on the farm of the late James Woods, Rockford Township, Virginia, and is supposed to be a seedling of the Albemarle Pippin ; tree quite vigorous, upright at first, but spreading with age ; not a very early bearer, but giving large crops alternate years when of sufficient age, and promises to be valuable. Piedmont Pippin. Fruit large, roundish oblate, conic, angular, sometimes oblique ; skin greenish yellow, a few nettings of russet and some brown dots ; stalk short, rather small ; cavity large, deep, sometimes slight russet ; calyx nearly closed ; basin large, deep, slightly corrugated ; flesh pale yellow, half fine, crisp, tender, juicy, rich subacid, slightly aromatic; core medium. November, March. Pine Apple. Origin uncertain, supposed to be Mt. Laurel, New Jersey ; tree cf moderate growth, upright, rather spreading, producing good crops alternate years. Fruit medium or below, oblate ; skin pale yellow, shaded and some- what obscurely striped and splashed with bright red, a few light, dots ; THE APPLE. 65 stalk short, small; cavity medium; calyx closed; basin medium; slightly corrugated ; flesh whitish, half fine, tender, juicy, pleasant mild subacid, slightly aromatic ; core small. October, November. Plumb's Cider. Origin uncertain, introduced by J. C. Plumb, Milton, "Wisconsin ; tree hardy, vigorous, round headed ; an early bearer, and very produc- tive alternate years. Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conic ; skin greenish yellow, shaded and rather obscurely striped and splashed with dull red, some light dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity small ; calyx small, closed ; basin small, corrugated ; flesh whitish, half fine, tender, juicy, mild subacid ; core small. September, January. Prewit. Origin, farm of William Prewit, Pock Spring Church, Kentucky , tree vigorous, upright, an annual bearer; chiefly valuable for its long keeping. Fruit medium, oblate, conic, sides unequal ; skin yellow, shaded, and rather faintly striped and splashed with light and dark red ; stalk very short ; cavity large, deep, slight russet ; calyx closed ; basin deep ; flesh yellowish, half tender, moderately jnicy, mild subacid ; core small. January, May. Prolific Blush. Origin, on the farm of E. H. Cocklin, Shepherdstown, Pa. ; tree a slow stout grower, forming a low head ; an early and great bearer alter- nate years ; blooms late ; valuable for home use, and a profitable early market variety. Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic ; skin smooth, white, a blush of bright red ; stalk short, small ; cavity large, deep, slight russet ; calyx closed; basin rather shallow, corrugated ; flesh quite white, crisp, juicy, brisk subacid; core medium. August. Pyle's Bed Winter. A chance seedling on the farm of Baynard Pyle, Thornbury Town- ship, Pa.; tree vigorous, spreading; an early and good bearer annually of large fair fruit of uniform size, of excellent quality, and keeping well. Fruit large, roundish, oblate, slightly conic, sometimes slightly ob- lique; skin greenish yellow, or pale yellow at full maturity, shaded with pale red over two-thirds its surface, with some rather obscure stiij.es and splashes of a darker color, and moderately sprinkled with light and brown dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity rather large ; calyx Bmall, closed ; basin large, deep, slightly wrinkled ; tlesh whitish yellow, half line, crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant lively subacid ; core rather small. January March. 66 THE APPLE. Pyle's Red Winter. Race's Red. A chance seeding on the farm of Stephen Race, Claverack, N. Y. ; tree strong, vigorous, forming a round rather spreading head, bearing large crops alternate years. Fruit medium, nearly globular, regular ; skin smooth, light yellow, nearly covered with light scarlet crimson, many light dots, some rather obscure ; stalk short, small ; cavity somewhat narrow, deep ; clayx closed ; basin medium ; flesh white, fine, sometimes stained next the skin, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid ; core small. August, September. Reed's Golden Pippin. Origin unknown, from Central New Jersey ; tree vigorous, making a lai-ge round head, bearing good crops annually, and evenly through the tree. Fruit medium, roundish, oblate, slightly angular; skin golden yellow, shaded with light bright red where exposed, a few nettings of russet and a few grayish dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity medium, often russeted; calyx closed ; basin medium, slightly corrugated ; flesh yellow, tine, a little firm, juicy, rich mild subacid, slightly aromatic; core small. Jan nary, March. Reinette Ontz. Origin, supposed to be Luxemberg, Belgium ; trf <} vigorous, spread- ing ; a good bearer alternate years. Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic ; skin palft greenish yellow, or pale yellow at full maturity, many grayish dots •, ktalk short, simll ; THE APPLE. 67 cavity medium ; calyx closed ; basin rather shallow, slightly corru- gated ; flesh yellowish, a litttle coarse, moderately juicy, subacid ; core small. December, March. Rockwood. Origin, Belgrade, Maine, on the farm of John Rockwood ; tree hardy, healthy, vigorous, upright ; an early and full bearer alternate years, and a light crop the intervening ones ; it is popular and profitable where known. Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to oblong, flattened at the ends, angular; skin greenish yellow, nearly covered with light and dark dull red, brownish red in the sun, and numerous yellowish dots, a few areole; stalk rather short; cavity medium ; calyx closed; basin me- dium, corrugated ; flesh whitish, half fine, tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid, inclining to sweet ; core small. December, February. Sarah. Origin, farm of John Tufts, East Wilton, Maine ; tree very vigorous, forming a broad spreading top ; an early and good bearer, annually, with very large crops alternate years ; a valuable and profitable apple for market and home use. Fruit large to very large, oblate conic ; skin yellow shaded and mottled with light red, striped and splashed with dark red, some splashes almost purplish, a few light dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity broad, deep ; calyx closed, or half open ; basin medium, slightly corrugated ; flesh whitish, coarse, tender, juicy, brisk subacid; core medium. October. Settle Pippin. Superb White. Hex's White. Hick's White. Adams White. Settle's Superb. Gloucester White, incorrectly. English Codlin, incorrectly. An old apple of unknown origin, supposed to be Maryland or Vir- ginia ; it is a popular apple in Winchester and the lower part of the Shenandoah Valley of its season ; tree thrifty and vigorous, making a fine head ; an early and annual bearer. Fruit medium or nearly so, roundish oblate conic ; skin white, shaded with h>ht red, and sprinkled with a few brown dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity rather large, deep ; calyx small, closed ; basin rather shallow, broad, corrugated ; flesh quite white, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, mild sub- acid, refreshing; core small. September, November. Sisk. Origin, on the the farm of Joseph Sisk, near Preston, Maryland ; tree vigorous, upright ; not an early bearer, but with age bears good crops, annually ; some seasons less alternate years. Fruit rather large, oblate, somewhat depressed; skin pale yellow, •hadrd, and rather obscurely striped and splashed with light and dark 68 THE APPLE. red, a few brown dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity broad, deep ; calya large, open ; basin broad, deep, slightly corrugated ; flesh whitish yel- low, half fine, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid, slightly aromatic. Octo- ber January. Smith's Favorite. Origin, on the farm of Isaac Smith, Winthrop, Maine ; tree vigorous, upright at first, forming a large round ftead ; an annual bearer, but more abundantly alternate years ; valuable in its locality for family use and market. Fruit medium, roundish, sometimes inclining to oblong, slightly anoular ; skin pale yellow, thinly shaded, striped, splashed, and mottled with li^ht red over half or more of the surface, and moderately sprinkled with light dots ; stalk rather long, slender ; cavity medium ; calyx closed ; basin small, corrugated ; flesh pale yellow, half fine, half tender, juicy subacid, slightly aromatic ; core medium. October, November. Southern Porter. Porter. Kidd. Jones. Fall. Hog Peru Long. An old and valuable apple, which originated about ten miles east of Chesterville, South Carolina ; tree hardy, a strong grower, young wood Southern Porter. nard and tough, rather spreading ; very productive alternate years, ana a moderate crop the intervening one; one of the most popular apples of its locality and season, ripening near two months later than the Porter. Fruit medium, roundish conical, regular ; skin bright golden yellow THE APPLE. f.O and a few gray dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity medium, deep ; calyx open ; basin large, slightly corrugated ; flesh whitish, fine, half tender, juicy, rich mild subacid, slightly aromatic ; core small. September at the South. Starkey. Origin, town of North Vassalboro, Maine, on the farm of Moses Starkey ; tree hardy, vigorous, spreading ; a regular good bearer, and highly esteemed in its locality as a profitable market variety as well as for home use. Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, regular; skin pale yellcw, shaded, striped and splashed witlt light and dark bright red, and moder- ately sprinkled with light and gray dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity medium, sometimes slight russet; calyx closed or nearly so; basin medium, slightly corrugated ; flesh whitish, half fine, tender, juicy, mild pleasant subacid ; core small. October, January. Strinestown Pippin. Origin, near Strinestown, Pa., on the farm formerly owned by Christo- pher Miller ; tree hardy, upright at fiisfc, but forms a round open head ; an early and good bearer alternate years ; valued mostly as a late keep- ing market variety and for culinary uses. Fruit medium, roundish, conical ; skin yellow, a shade of bright red in the sun ; stalk short, small ; cavity rather narrow ; calyx closed ; basin large, broad, deep, furrowed ; flesh whitish, rather coarse, com- pact, moderately juicy, brisk subacid ; core close and small. Jan- uary, April. Striped Gillifloweb — Farley — Scollop Gilliflower. These apples were formerly considered identical, but time ar> 1 experi- ence have proven them distinct. The striped variety is a vigorous grower, with long shoots, and generally bears good crops annually. It is a showy fruit, and in some localities, thought much of for market and culinary uses ; the fruit is variable in form and size, usually roundish con- ical, angular, or more or less ribbed ; skin white, striped and mottled with bright lively red ; flesh whitish, crisp, juicy, with a brisk, subacid flavor. The scollop variety is a moderate, or poor grower, the young shoots much darker colored, the tree more spreading, a poor bearer, and has nearly gone out of use ; the fruit is roundish oblate conic, more rib- bed, the color much darker, rather dull red, with broader stripes and splashes, the flesh more yellow, of a mild, subacid aromatic, richer in quality, and a month or more later in ripening, than the striped variety ; they are known by the following names and synonyms. Striped Gilliflower. Striped Bellflower. Scollop Gilliflower. incorrectly. Red Gilliflower. 70 the apple. Scollop Gilliflower. Ribbed Gilliflower. Five-Quartered Gilli- Jellyflowei . Red Gilliflower, of some flower. Sutton's Early. Raised by William Sutton, Port Williams, Nova Scotia ; tree vigor ous, spreading, productive ; young shoots stout, dark, downy ; promi* ing as an early apple for culinary uses. Fruit medium or above, oblate to roundish oblate, slightly conic, slightly angular ; skin whitish yellow ; stalk short, small ; cavity me- dium, slightly russeted ; calyx closed ; basin medium, corrugated ; flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk subacid ; core rather large. September. Transparent Zoar. A beautiful and very good apple, which originated with the Zoar Society, at Zoar, Ohio ; tree vigorous, making a round rather spreading head ; an early and abundant bearer nearly every year. Transparent Zoar. Fruit large, oblate, regular ; skin smooth, a beautiful waxen white^ shaded with light pink or carmine where exposed to the sun, a few rather obscure light dots ; stalk very short, .small; cavity large, deep; calyx small, closed ; basin large, round, slightly plaited ; flesh white, fine, very tender, juicy, mild subacid, refreshing; core medium. Octo- ber, November. THE APPLE. VoLNEY. 71 Origin, orchard of "William Munson, near Astoria, Illinois ; tree vig- orous, with an upright rather spreading head ; a good bearer annually, and highly esteemed where known. Fruit medium, oblate, regular ; skin smooth, bright yellow, shaded with light bright red in the sun, many light brown dots, some irregular or star-shaped ; stalk short, slender ; cavity medium, slight russet ; calyx closed or nearly so ; basin large, deep, a little wrinkled ; flesh whitish yellow, half fine, crisp, tender, juicy, rich subacid; core small January, April. Watwood. Origin, on the farm of Nathan Rose, near Blandville, Kentucky ; tree vigorous, upright, forming a round head ; a good bearer annually, and esteemed in its locality for its quality and long keeping. Fruit medium, oblate, depressed and flattened at the ends ; skin whitish yellow, shaded with pale red over two-thirds its surface, and a few light and gray dots ; stalk very short ; cavity broad, deep, slight russet ; calyx closed ; basin rather shallow, slightly corrugated ; flesh pale yellow, half fine, rather firm, juicy, pleasant subacid ; core sraalL January, March. Wythe. Illinois Pippin. Wythe. Origin, on the farm of Rodolphus Chandler, Wythe, Illinois ; tree u said to be hardy, vigorous, round head, blooms rather late, bears good crops annua. ly of fair fruit of uniform size, and keeps well. 72 THE APPL*. Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, nearly regular ; skin white, Bhaded, striped and splashed over more than half the surface with bright red and a few light and gray dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity rather large, deep ; calyx small, closed ; basin medium, slightly plaited ; flesh whitish, fine, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid, slightly aromatic ; core medium. January, March. Yardley. Bucks County Seedling of Soma Origin, on the farm of Thomas Yardley, Lower Makefield Township, Pa. ; tree vigorous, spreading ; an abundant bearer alternate years, and a light crop the odd years ; a large apple, valuable as an early market variety, and for home use. Fruit large, roundish oblate, slightly angular ; skin greenish white, thinly striped and splashed with pale dull red, and moderately sprinkled with quite large irregular brown dots ; stalk short, rather stout ; cavity large, deep, slight russet ; calyx closed or nearly so ; basin broad, mod- erately deep, corrugated; flesh whitish, rather coarse, tender, juicv, brisk subacid ; core small. August and half of September. Zachary Pippin. A chance seedling on the land of John Burbank, Belgrade, Maine, and was introduced the year Zachary Taylor was inaugurated ; tree vigorous, spreading ; not an early bearer, but when established produces good crops annually of large fair fruit, and esteemed in its locality. Fruit large to very large, oblate, angular ; skin greenish yellow, or yellow at maturity, shaded, striped, splashed and mottled with light and dark red, some of the splashes quite dark ; stalk short, rather small ; cavity large, quite broad, deep, slight russet ; calyx closed ; basin medium, slightly corrugated ; flesh whitish, a little coarse, tender, mod- erately juicy, subacid, rather rich ; core medium. November, December THIED APPENDIX SECOND REVISED EDITION. PREFACE. "When the second Appendix to " Downing's Fruits and Fruit Trees of America " was published it was my intention to revise the whole work, correct the errors in the descriptions of fruits, describe fully the new fruits, and make the whole complete to the present time ; but the publishers do not feel warranted in doing sO' at present, and I am obliged, therefore, to defer the revision ; I have, however, at their urgent request, prepared this third Ap- pendix. To the numerous friends of Pomology to whom I am indebted for specimens of fruit, and for information relating to them, 1 offer many thanks, and their names would have been acknowl- edged if the third revised edition had been required by the pub- lishers. Chakles Downing. Newburgh, 1881. THE APPLE. Alerson's Early. Origin uncertain, supposed by some to be Ohio, and it may prove to be the Earlv George or August Tart. Tree said to be hardy, up- right, moderately vigorous; an early and good bearer. Fruit medium, oblate, angular, ribbed or uneven; skin pale yel- low; stalk short, rather stout ; cavity rather broad, slightly russeted; calyx closed ; basin medium, slightly corrugated; flesh white, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid; core rather small. Ripens about the time of the Earlv Harvest, to which it is inferior as an eating-apple, but superior for cooking. Andrews' Favorite. Origin on the Andrews farm, Berlin, Vt. ; the original tree is said to be seventy years old, healthy, vigorous, spreading and ir- regular; a good bearer annually of handsome fruit, and of good quality. Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to oblong, slightly angular; skin whitish, shaded, and mottled with light red, with stripes and broken splashes of dark red or crimson, and many lighl dels. being areole; stalk short, small; cavity small, sometimes slighl rus- set; calyx small, closed; basin medium, corrugated; flesh white, half fine, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid; very good; core large and open. December, January. Andrew's Sweet. Major Sweet. Of Nova Scotia origin, on the grounds of Major Andrew, of Yar- mouth, and it is said to be a very hardy tree for that locality. Tree a free upright grower; an early and annual bearer, but larger crops on alternate vears. Fruit below medium size, round oblate conic, slightly angular; skin whitish or pale yellow; stalk short, small; cavity medium; 70 Tin: APPLE. calyx closed or nearly so; basin large, deep, slightly corrugated^ flesh white, half fine, tender, moderately juicy, mild, pleasant, sweet, rather rich, and very good; core medium. November, December. Austin Apple. Tom Apple. Originated on the farm of Thomas Austin, of Suffield, Conn., many years since. Tree a good grower, spreading, and produces good crops annually. Its size and color make it valuable as a market apple, and also for home use; the tree requires good cultivation. Fruit large, roundish . oblate conic, regular; skin pale whitish yellow, shaded with light red, splashed with crimson over most of the surface, and thickly sprinkled with large and small yellowish dots; stalk short; cavity medium; flesh white, half line, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid; good; core medium. Season middle of August to the middle of September. Bank. Cave. This is an old variety, but little known out of its locality, and originated in the orchard of James Hadsell, on the west bank of the Susquehanna River, opposite Ransom, Pa., and is a favorite apple in thai neighborhood. The tree is a vigorous grower, with a roundish spreading head; an abundant bearer on alternate years, and a. light crop intervening. Fruit medium, or rather large, oblate, slightly conic, slightly an- gular-, sides sometimes a little unequal; skin whitish yellow, shaded with light red stripes and broken splashes of dark red or crimson, and moderately sprinkled with light and brown dots; stalk short, small; cavity rather large, deep; calyx closed; basin medium, nearly smooth; flesh whitish, half fine, tender, juicy, refreshing, pleasant Subacid; core small. Season September, January. Barnard. Its origin is said to be on the farm of John Barnard, near Mus- catine, Iowa. Tree very hardy, vigorous, healthy, upright, somewhat spreading, roundish top, rather long, slender branches, valuable for iis hardiness, productiveness, long-keeping, and quality; an abun- danl bearer on alternate years. Fruit medium, oblate to roundish oblate, slightly oblique; skin whitish yellow, shaded with pale red (dark red where fully exposed to ih- sun), a few gray dots; stalk short, moderately stout; cavity medium, deep, sometimes light russet; calyx closed; basin rather large, broad, saucer-like shape, corrugated; flesh whitish, rather coarse;, crisp, juicy, with a peculiarly mild subacid flavor; core me- dium. December to .Ma". Beauty of the World. A new variety, raised by John Mace, of Morganton, X. C, or found in an old held of his at the foot of South Mountain — a THE APPLE. 77 opur of the Blue Ridge — «a few miles from Morganton. Tree a vigorous grower, rather tall and spreading; bears moderate crops annually; keeps well, and is said to be a valuable variety for that locality. Fruit medium, oblate, regular; skin yellowish, entirely covered with pale red and yellow, thickly striped and splashed with crimson, purplish crimson in the sun, moderately sprinkled with light, yel- lowish dots; stalk short, rather small; cavity small or medium, thin russet; calyx closed; basin rather large and broad; flesh white, half fine, rather firm, mild subacid; very good; core small. Ripens in November, and keeps till March. Belle l>e Boskoop. A new variety, trees of which I received from France; it is said to be of Russian origin. Tree vigorous, spreading, comes into bear- ing moderately early, and produces abundantly alternate years of fair fruit, good size, very good quality; keeps well, and is a promis- ing variety. Fruit medium to large, oblate to roundish oblate, sometimes a Belle de Iioskoop. little oblique; skin yellow, shaded with light and dark red over nearly the whole surface, with some rather obscure stripes and splashes on the shaded side, some specimens more or less mixed with russet, and manv small and large yellowish-brown dots, with some irreou'lar ones; stalk short, small; cavity rather large, often rus- seted sometimes extending in ravs out on the fruit: calyx closed, or partially open; basin large, round, deep, slightly corrugated; 78 THE APPLE. flesh a little coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, brisk subacid, rich, and of VeI7 good quality; cure small and close Season February to April. Black Tun;. The exact origin of this apple is unknown, but supposed to be in the northern portion of Lincoln County, Tenn. It is said to be one of the most valuable and profitable apples grown in that section. Tree very vigorous, spreading, rather an open head, not an earlv bearer, but giving good regular crops annually. Fruit medium, oblate, very little conical, slightly angular; skin bright yellow, shaded with light red (dark crimson in the sun), some obscure stripes and splashes on the shaded side, and rather thickly sprinkled with yellowish and brown dots; stalk short, rather stout; cavity medium, slight russet; calyx closed; basin medium, roundish, regular; flesh pale yellow, half fine, tender, juicy, mild subacid, rich; very good; core rather small. October to February. Blue Bloom. This apple originated in an orchard of seedlings planted by the Rev. Daniel, (r. Cartwright, in Union, Iowa, about 1840. Tree vig- orous, making a round head; a good bearer in alternate years, and a moderate intervening crop. Fruit rather large, oblate or roundish oblate, slightly angular; skin white, striped, splashed and mottled with light and dark red over most of the surface, with a light grayish bloom, often mixed with russet, and moderately sprinkled with light dots; stalk short, small; cavity large, deep, slight russet; calyx small, closed; basin rather small, slightly plaited; flesh white, half line, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid, good flavor and rich; core large. September, Oc- tober. Brewisgtox Pippin. Breckenridge. Brewington. This new apple originated with James Brewington, Garfield, K.V., about L870. Tree a vigorous grower, upright', becomes spread- ing with age and bearing; an early ami abundant bearer on alter- nate years, and blooms quite late. Fruit large, roundish oblate conic, slightly angular; skin yel- low, shaded with pale red, striped and splashed with rich crimson over most of the surface, and pretty thickly sprinkled with rather large yellowish dots, a portion being areole; stalk short, small; cavity medium, russeted, sometimes extending out on the fruit; calyx closed; basin rather abrupt, quite deep, slightly plaited; flesh white, half fine, tender, juicy, mild subacid, inclining to sweet; quality very good; core; small. Ripe February, March. Bushnell. Originated in the garden of General Andrew Bushnell, Hartford, Ohio, many years since. Tree hardy, a moderate grower, spreading; an early and prolific bearer on alternate years. THE APPLE. 1!) Fruit rather below medium, oblate, slightly angular; skin whitish yellow, having a few small gray dots; stalk short, small; cavity me- dium; calyx open; basin rather small, slightly plaited; flesh white, fine, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid; very good; core rather small. Season August and September. Canada Baldwin. This beautiful apple is said to have originated, some years since, in the orchard of Alexis Dery, St: Ililaire, in Rowville County, Prov- ince of Quebec, and is probably of the Fameuse type. Tree hardy, vigorous, thrifty grower, upright at first, gradually spreading with age and bearing; it begins to bear rather early, giving heavy and light crops on alternate years; it is a handsome fruit, of very good quality; it is considered one of the most valuable, long-keeping ap- ples of its locality, both for market and family use; it is said to suc- ceed best on heavy soils, while on light, warm soils, and sudden changes of temperature, the trunk is apt to sun-scald, which often causes premature decay. Fruit medium or below, oblate, slightly angular; skin quite white, thickly striped and splashed with rich red and crimson, pur- plish crimson where fully exposed, having a slight bloom, and many white dots; stalk short to medium, slender; cavity rather large, deep, regular; calyx small, closed; basin large, deep, slightly corru- gated; flesh very white, fine, sometimes a little stained next the skin, and sometimes veined in the flesh, tender, juicy, refreshing, with a mild subacid, peculiar slight quince-like flavor; very good; core small. Season January, April. CARPENTER'S SwrEET. An old variety which originated on the lands of Ephraim Car- penter, of Woodstock, Conn. Tree a thrifty grower, upright; comes rather early into bearing, and produces large crops alternate years; its size, color, and flavor make it valuable for home use or market. Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate conic; skin pale yellow, striped with light and dark red nearly over the whole surface, but quite thinly, with a few brown dots; stalk short, small; cavity me- dium or rather large, sometimes slight russet; calyx closed; basin medium, slightly corrugated; flesh white, fine, tender, juicy, with a mild, pleasant, rich, sweet flavor; very good; core medium. Uipe in September, and continues in use till November. ( 'akit.ntix. Carpentin Iteinette. Petite Rcinette Grise. Of German origin. Tree a moderate grower, forming a round, open head, producing moderate crops annually, often growing in clusters ; fruit of small size, but regular, handsome, and of I'm- qual- ity; valuable as an amateur fruit, and when well known will., no doubt, lie in demand for the market. Fruit small, oblate, slightly angular, nearly regular, entirely cov- 80 THE APPLE. ered with a peculiar light red russet, more or less mixed with crimson and russet where exposed, and a few brown Wots; stalk short to medium, slender; cavity medium, or rather large, regular; calyx Carpentin. closed; basin round, rather deep, slightly plaited; flesh white, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, with a rich, sprightly subacid flavor; very good; core small. November, February. Centennial. An old variety which originated on the farm of Stephen Child, East Woodstock, Conn., but was not brought into notice till quite recently. Tree a thrifty upright grower, somewhat spreading, an abundant bearer on alternate years; fruit always fair, handsome, and desirable for home use or market. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic, slightly angular; skin yellow, shaded with light and dark red, striped and splashed with crimson over the entire surface, and purplish crimson in the sun, with a lew light dots; stalk rather short, small; cavity medium, much russeted, sometimes extending its rays out on the fruit; calyx closed; basin rather large, deep, corrugated; flesh white, sometimes a little stained next the skin, half fine, tender, juicy, subacid, with a pleasant, refreshing flavor; very good; core large. Season Novem- ber, December. There is another Centennial which originated with J. Z. Schu- man, of Upper Berne, Pa., which he states is a new apple, and pro- duced its rirst fruit in 1875. Tree is vigorous, healthy, and a good bearer; the fruit is large, handsome, striped with red, of an aromatic. flavor, and keeps through the winter. Clark. Lewis. An old variety, but little known out of the neighborhood of its origin: it was raised from srt-d by Deacon Willi mi (lark, of Clark's Green, Pa. Tree a vigorous grower, spreading, and inclining to THK APPLE. 3J droop with over-bearing; an early and profuse bearer on alternate years; it is said to be uniformly fair, very productive, adapted to all purposes, and for a long- time, which makes it a favorite and popular fruit where known. Fruit medium, oblate, slightly angular, slightly conic; skin whit* ish, often with a blush, and moderately sprinkled' with grayish dots; stalk short; cavity small or medium, rather deep, light russet; calyx closed; basin medium, slightly corrugated; flesh white, half fine, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid, with a pleasant, slightly aromatic flavor; core rather large. Ripening in succession from September to January, and can be kept much longer. Columbia. Hyde. Columbia Hyde. Granny Hyde. Originated on the farm of Nathaniel Hyde, Columbia, Conn., about fifty years since. Tree a vigorous grower, upright, with a round top, and long, pendent, rather slender branches: a good bearer on alternate years, with a moderate crop the intervening ones, and is considered, in its locality, valuable for home use and for market. Fruit medium, oblate, regular; skin light yellow, shaded, striped and splashed with light and dark red over the whole surface, some of the splashes are of a purplish crimson, and a few light dots; stalk quite short, small; cavity medium; calyx closed; basin medium, slightly corrugated; flesh white, half fine, rather firm, moderately juicy, mild subacid; good or very good in quality; core medium. January to March. Cornwall Golden Sweet. This is supposed to have originated in Cornwall, Vt., with a Mr. Bartholomew, one of the old settlers, many years since. Tree very hardy, a vigorous grower, round head, somewhat spreading, an abundant bearer on alternate years; a late fall and early winter ap- ple, fair, uniform in size, and very valuable for culinary purpo: Fruit rather below medium, ovate, or roundish conical; skin deep yellow, a shade of red in the sun, and a few scattering brown dots; stalk short, small; cavity small, slight russet; calyx small, closed; basin medium, slightly plaited; flesh white, half line, half tender, moderately juicy, mild rich sweet; very good; core medium. October, December. I >AWES. Dawes Porter. Dawes Nonsuch. The Dawes apple is an old variety, originated on the farm of Francis H. Dawes, of Cummington, Mass., where it is much culti- vated, and is considered by some superior to the Porter. Tree hardy, a vigorous grower, making a large round head: not an early bearer, but, when fruiting, bears profusely on alternate years. Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical; skin light yellow, a shade of light purplish red, and sometimes a few rather obscure splashed £2 THE APPLE. and a few scattering gray dots; stalk rather short, slender; cavity medium, slight russet; calyx small, closed; basin small, slightly cor- rugated; flesh whitish yellow, half fine, half tender, juicy, sprightly subacid, and of very good quality; core medium. October, Novem- ber. Decarie. A very handsome and very good apple, said to have originated in the orchard of Jeremie Decarie, in Coteau, St. Pierre, Province of Quebec, and is more than one hundred years old. Tree hardy, vigorous, healthy, forming an erect head, which spreads out grad- ually, and bears heavy and light crops alternately; it is thought by some to be the same as the Red Autumn Calville, but I believe it to be distinct. Fruit medium, or nearly so, oblate, slightly conical, flattened at the base; skin white, nearly covered with light and dark rich red, dark crimson in the sun, moderately sprinkled with light and brown dots, and covered with a thin grayish bloom; stalk short, rather stout; cavity large, deep, slightly russeted; calyx closed; basin round, deep, slightly corrugated; flesh quite white, often stained next the skin, and sometimes in the flesh, fine, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid, having a slight peculiar, quincedike, agree- able flavor; core small. September, October. De Long. Iowa. The original tree of this variety was grown by William De Long, near Lexington, Iowa. It is sai I to be hardy, thrifty and vigorous, forming a roundish regular head: an early and productive bearer, a good dessert apple, and fine for culinary uses. Till: AI'I'I.E. 83 Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, slightly conical; skin whitish, thickly covered with broken splashes and stripes of bright red, some- what mottled; stalk medium; cavity rather large, deep; calyx closed; basin medium, slightly corrugated; flesh white, half line, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid; core medium. Ripens the last of Septem- ber and first of October. Dr. Hogg. A new apple raised from seed by Sidney Ford, of Leonardslee, near Horsham, England, and is supposed to be a seedling of White Winter Calville, as the resemblance is close. It is said to be hardv, healthy, and should be in any kitchen garden, as a constant and heavy cropper, being a large and handsome fruit of the finest quality for culinary purposes. Fruit medium, roundish conical, angular or ribbed; skin whitish or pale yellow, sometimes a shade of red where exposed; stalk me- dium, slender, in a rather large, deep cavity; flesh white, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid, rich, a first-rate baking apple. September to March. (Flo. & Pom.) Dr. Walker, Litsey. This is a seedling of Rawles' Genet, and originated on the farm of John Litsey, near Springfield. Ky. It is said to be superior in quality to its parent, and an acquisition for its locality. Tree Dr. Walker. hardy, vigorous, an early and good bearer annually. It blooms late, and keeps well. Fruit medium, oblate, incl'minor i ■ <' 'ideal, sometimes a litile oblique; skin pale yellow, shaded, stri >• I ;;nd splashed with light and dark red nearly over the wh< .and moderately sprinkled 84 THE APPLE. with light dots; stalk short, small; cavity medium; calyx closed; basin rather large, moderately deep, slightly corrugated ; flesh whitish, half hue, tender, juicy, quite rich, with a pleasant, mild subacid flavor; core rather small. February to May. DoYLESTOWN. Origin somewhat uncertain, but supposed to be on the farm of Elisha Lynn, Otsego, near Doylestown, Wis. The tree is said to be very hardy, moderately vigorous, with long, rather slender, tough branches, upright at first, but spreads out with age and bear- ing, requiring but little pruning; an early and good bearer annually. Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical, nearly regular ; skin whitish, shaded, striped and splashed with light and dark red over most of the surface, and moderately sprinkled with large and small yellowish dots, some irregular; stalk short to medium, slender; cavity medium, much russeted, and sometimes extending out on the fruit; calyx small, closed; basin medium, slightlv plaited; flesh fine, quite white, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid, with a peculiar slight cran- berry flavor; core large. October, February. Edelkonig Reinette. Reinetfce Edelkonig. Edelkonig. Roi Tres Noble. A German apple much valued for culinary uses. Tree very vig- orous, upright, productive Fruit large, roundish oblate conic, broadly ribbed; skin yellow, nearly covered with dark rich red, sometimes almost purplish in the sun, moderately sprinkled with light dots; stalk rather short; cavity large, deep, slight russet; calyx closed; basin medium, furrowed; flesh quite white, a little stained next the skin, tender, juicy, brisk subacid; good to very good; core large. October, November. Egyptian Queen. Origin unknown, supposed to be Kentucky. Tree vigorous, up- right, a good annual bearer, and esteemed valuable where known. "~ Fruit large, oblate, slightlv conical, sometimes a little oblique, angular, or slightly ribbed ; skin smooth, bright lemon yellow, some- what waxen, sometimes with a shade of bright red, and a few gray dots; stalk very short, small; cavity large, deep, often russeted; calyx closed or nearly so; basin large, deep, slightly plaited; flesh white, a little coarse, crisp, juicy, pleasant subacid; good to very good; core small. January to May. Eureka. Origin somewhat uncertain, but supposed to be Cheshire, Conn. Tree thrifty, upright, rather slender branches, forming a handsome round head; an early and prolific bearer on alternate years, and esteemed in its locality for market or home use. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conical; skin whitish, shaded, striped, and splashed with pale and dark red; stalk short, II IK APPLE. 85 small; cavity small; calyx closed; basin small, corrugated; flesh white, fine, tender, juicy, mild subacid, and of very good flavor; core medium. September, October. Fall Brown. Brown Fall. Of unknown origin, considerably grown in southern New Jersey, and is prized as a family fruit. Tree moderately vigorous, with a round spreading head, very productive biennially, and giving a moderate crop the intervening years. Fruit below medium, oblate; skin whitish, nearly covered with dull red, sometimes nettings of grayish russet, some obscure stripes and splashes, and a few yellow russet dots; stalk medium, slender; cavity medium, often slight russet; calyx small, closed; basin rather small, slightly corrugated; flesh whitish, fine, tender, moderately juicy, mild, pleasant subacid; good to very good. September, No- vember. Fameuse Sucree. This beautiful and excellent dessert apple is said to have origi- nated on the premises of Maurice Gougen, near Montreal, Canada, and its appearance indicates Fameuse parentage. Tree quite hardy, Fameuse Sucr£e. healthv, growth of moderate vigor, upright, spreads a little with age and bearing; a good but no1 a profuse bearer, and is highly esteemed as a table fruit where known. Fruit rather below medium, oblate, somewhat depressed, slightly angular; skin almost entirely covered with light and dark red aud 86 THE APPLE. crimson, often striped and splashed with leep purplish red on tho exposed side, and sometimes almost obscure; stalk medium to long, slender; cavitv medium; calyx small, closed; basin medium, slightly corrugated; (lesh very white, stained nex I the skin, sometimes a little in the flesh, which is line, tender, moderately juicy, with a delicate, lively, slighl quince-like flavor; of very good quality; core rather small. Ripens from the middle of September to the last of Octol "i\. FORN KY. Perkins. Fleming. An old variety, which has not been much disseminated, and is said to have originated in Burke County, X. ('., Imi the particular locality is unknown. Tree vigorous, upright, and hears abundantly nearlv everv year. It is much esteemed where known for its ap- pearance, excellent flavor, and market value. Fruit rather large, roundish, inclining to oblong, slightly conical, a little oblique; skin whitish, shaded, striped and splashed with light and dark red, covered with many small and large light dots, a few being areole; stalk short, rather small; cavity medium, rather narrow, deep; calyx closed; basin quite large, round, slightly plaited; flesh white, half tine, tender, moderately juicy, mild, pleasant subacid; quality very good; core medium. October, November. French Wine. This large apple was brought to notice by David IT. Merritt, of Highland, N. V., who informs me that the grafts were brought from Germany, where it was called " French Wine,*' by a man named Elickhoof, living in the northern part of New Jersey. Treea strong, vigorous grower, making a round head- an early and abundant bearer on alternate years; the fruit is large, fair, uniform in size, and a proficabl • apple for culinary purposes and market. Fruit lire,-' io very large, oblate, slightly angular; skin smooth, whitish, shaded with light and dark red, striped and splashed with crimson over a large portion of the surface, with many light dots; stalk: short, rather small; cavitv broad, deep, slight russet; calyx closed; basin broad, deep, slightly corrugated; llesh white, a little coarse, crisp, juicy, sprightly subacid; of good quality, but not rich; core medium. September, October. Golden Dixie. Originated on tin- farm of James Fit/., Township of Rivanna, Va. Tree thrifty, vigorous, nnright, forming a handsome pyramidal head, requiring but littlo pruning; an early and abundant bearer on alternat e vears. Fruit medium, oblate to roundish oblate, slio-htlv conical; skin light golden yellow, deep yellow on the sunny side; stalk short, small; cavitv medium, often with slight russet; calyx small, closed; basin rather abrupt, deep, slightly corrugated; llesh whitish yellow. half line, a little firm, juicy, brisk, rich subacid, slightly aromatic; good to very good; core small. Ripe about the time of Summer Queen. the apple. 87 Golden Putin. A variety of the Golden Pippin which originated with Moses Cason, of Kempsville, Va., many years since. It is said to be one of the kinds that succeed well in that locality, and is esteemed there for its good quality and productiveness. Tree a vigorous, healthy grower, making a large round head; an early and' prolific hearer on alternate years. Fruit small, oblate, slightly conical, a little oblique; skin golden yellow, moderately sprinkled with gray dots; stalk short, small; cavity rather large, deep, often a little russet; calyx small, closed; basin large, deep, corrugated; flesh pale yellow, half fine, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid, quite rich, slightly aromatic and of very good quality; core small. October, JariuarV. Goldex Spy. A new variety raised from seed of the Northern Spy, by 0. T. Hobbs, of Randolph, Pa. Mr. IJobbs says that the tree is a very stout and very upright grower; it is late coming into bearing, but bears moderate crops annually when the tree has attained some age; the fruit is of very good quality, and a late keeper. Fruit' medium, roundish oblate, slightly conical, slightly angular; skin pale yellow, orange yellow in the sun, and a few small grayish dots; stalk very short; cavity rather large, deep; calyx open; basin medium, rather deep, a little uneven; flesh whitish, half fine, crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid, rich, and of very good quality; core medium. February, April. Guilford Red. Origin near Greensborough, Guilford County, X. C, on the Guilford Kert. Edwards plantation. Tree a thrifty, strong, upright grower, some* 88 THE APPLE. what spreading, not a very early bearer, but produces good crops annually after it comes into bearing; it is valued for its good qual- ity and late keeping. Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conical, slightly angular; skin pale yellow, entirely covered with light and dark rich red and crim- son (purplish crimson where fully exposed), and moderately sprin- kled with yellowish dots; stalk short, rather small; cavity rather large, deep, sometimes slightly russeted; calyx closed; basin me- dium, corrugated; flesh pale yellow, half line, rather firm, juicy, sub- acid, rich, a little aromatic; core medium. January, March. Hames. A seedling raised by Henry S. Hames, West Point, Ga., and is said to be a valuable variety of its season for its locality, espe- cially for the market and all kinds of culinary uses. Tree a vigor- ous grower, upright, making a round head with age; an early and good bearer annually, ripening about the season of Red Astrachan. Fruit large, roundish, or roundish oblate; skin whitish, striped, splashed and mottled with light and dark red over most of the sur- face in well-colored specimens (purplish red where fully exposed), and moderately sprinkled with yellowish and brown dots; stalk short, small; cavity rather large; calyx closed; basin medium, slightly corrugated; flesh white, half fine, rather firm, juicy, brisk subacid; quality good; core medium. Ripens in Georgia from 15th of June to 15th of July. Highland Beauty. A new variety which originated in the garden of the late William Roe, Newburgh, N. Y. ; it is a beautiful apple, of very good quality, Highland Beauty. keeps well, and is a promising addition for the dessert. Tree thrifty, moderately vigorous, forming a round head; an abundant bearer on alternate years, with a light crop the non-bearing season. Fruit small to medium, oblate, slightly conical, somewhat angu- THE APPLE. 89 lar; skin smooth, almost waxen white, often a shade of bright red or tannine in the sun, and a few scattering- grayish dots; stalk short in medium; cavity broad, deep, sometimes a little russet; calyx closed; basin large, deep, corrugated; flesh white, fine, crisp, ten- der, juicy, mild, refreshing subacid flavor, of very good quality; core rather small. Season January, March. Imperial Rambo. A new variety raised by 0. T. Hobbs, of Randolph, Pa. Tree a strong grower, spreading; a regular and moderate bearer; a late fall and early winter apple of fine quality. Fruit medium, oblate, oblique, slightly angular; skin smooth, Imperial Rambo. whitish yellow, rather thinly striped and splashed with light red over most of the surface, with a few scattering light and grayish dots; stalk very short, small; cavity rather large, deep; calyx small, closed; basin large, deep, slightly plaited; flesh white, half fine, very tender, juicy, mild subacid, refreshing and excellent flavor; core small. October, February. Johnson. This fine winter apple was raised from seed by Thomas Johnson, Ash Ridge, 111., and is said to be equal to any apple of its season for quality, and for the locality of its origin. Tree a vigorous, up- right grower, an early and good bearer annually, and valuable for table and market. Fruit medium, oblate, sometimes slightly oblique, regular; skin pale yellow at maturity, nearly covered with dee], rich red or dark crimson, somewhat purplish in the sun, and moderately sprinkled with light and gray dots; stalk short, small; cavity medium or rather large, russeted; calyx closed; basin broad, not very deep, 90 THE APrLE. slightly plaited; flesh yellowish, half fine, a little firm, moderately juicy, mild subacid, rich, and of excellent quality; core small. December to March. July Queen. A new variety which originated in the nurserv of Newman Taunton, near Ophelia, Ga. Tree a vigorous grower, somewhat spreading, not a very early, but a good bearer every year; it ripens soon after the Gravenstein, and is considered an acquisition in the locality of its origin. Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical; skin pale yellow, a little greenish, striped and splashed rather thinly and faintly over half the surface in exposed specimens, and but little, color where grown in the shade, with a few light and brown dots; stalk short, small, some- times by a lip; cavity rather small, russeted; calyx closed, or nearlv so; basin rather small, slightly plaited; flesh whitish, half tine, ten- der, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid, slightly aromatic, arid of very good quality; core small. Ripens in Georgia from the middle of July till the 20th of August. Kestner. A new apple originated with Marcus Kestner, Hickman, Ky. Tree thrifty, vigorous, upright, tall, but spreading and irregular; an early and good bearer annually, and is considered a valuable acquisition for the locality of its origin. Fruit medium, oblate, somewhat flattened at the ends, slightly oblique; skin whitish yellow, nearlv covered with pale carmine red, many rather obscure stripes and splashes of a darker hue, and a few light and gray dots; stalk very short, small; cavity medium, slight russet; calyx closed or nearly so; basin rather large, slightly corru- gated; flesh yellow, half fine, tender, juicy, rich subacid; quality very good; core small. Season December to March. THE APPLE. 91 Key's Red. A new variety which originated with the late Martin Key, of Clay Brook, Term., and is said to be an acquisition for the locality of its origin. Tree hardy, a strong, vigorous grower, spreading, and hears good crops annually. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conical, sometimes a little oblique; skin pale greenish yellow, nearly covered with dark red, and many rather large yellowish arcole dots; stalk short, small; cavity medium, rather deep, russeted; calyx open; basin rather large, deep, slightly plaited; flesh whitish, a little coarse, juicy, sub- acid, slightly aromatic; core small. Ripens from October to Febru- ary. King Sweet. Summer Sweet, of some. High Top Sweet, of some. Thomas Sweet. Originated on the farm of Ichabod Thomas, Sidney, Me. Tree a hardv, thrifty grower, upright, compact, and requires much inside pruning, bears abundantly on alternate years; esteemed in its locality as an early family fruit. Fruit below medium, roundish conical, inclining to oblong; skin greenish vellow, often a shade of pale red; stalk short, small; cavity medium; calyx closed; basin rather deep; flesh half fine, whitish, juicy, half tender, rich honey sweet; core rather small. September, November. KlNlvEAD. This large, beautiful, and fine summer apple originated on the grounds of J. < '. Kinkead, Lancaster, < >hio. Tree a vigorous, stout, uprio-ht o-rower, producing good crops annually. This apple « 92 THE APPLE. first supposed to be the Western Beauty, or Big Rambo, but it has proved to be distinct, being of better quality, brighter in color, and earlier in ripening. Fruit large, oblate to round oblate; skin whitish, striped, splashed and mottled with light and dark rich red over nearly the whole sur- face, and moderately sprinkled with light dots; stalk short, moder- ated stout; cavity large, sometimes with slight russet; calyx closed or nearly so; basin large, deep, nearly smooth; flesh white, half fine, tender, juicy, mild subacid, refreshing; quality very good; core small. Season all the month of September. KlRKLAND. An old variety, but little disseminated out of its locality; it originated on the Kirkland farm, and was named after Dominie Kirkland, a missionary to the Oneida Indians. Tree hardy, a vigor- ous grower, with a round, rather spreading head; an early and good bearer annually, but more abundantly on alternate years; fruit not of the best quality, but valuable for its hardiness, productiveness, late keeping, market and culinary uses. Fruit medium or above, roundish, inclining to oblong, angular, or almost ribbed; skin smooth, bright straw color, a shade of pale red where exposed to the sun, and a few small brownish dots; stalk short, small; cavity medium, a little uneven; calyx closed; basin medium, somewhat furrowed or angled; flesh whitish yellow, half fine, crisp, half tender, juicy, with a brisk subacid flavor; core large. January to May. Kxapp's Harvey. Originated on the farm of Capt. Rufus Knapp, Sutton, Mass. Tree vigorous, spreading, inclining to droop; a good bearer annually. Fruit large to very large, oblate to round oblate, very slightly conical; skin pale yellow, or light straw color, a shade of pale red in the sun, and many grayish dots; stalk short, moderately stout; cavity large, deep, often live angled, and a little o-reenish; calyx open; basin medium, slightly plaited; flesh whitish yellow, rather coarse, moderately juicy, pleasant, mild subacid, slightly aromatic, and of good quality; core medium, or rather large. September, ( )etober. Lankfoim). Vickers. A chance seedling on the land of Thomas J. Vickers, Lankford, Md., and is much valued in that locality for its vigor, hardiness, product iveness, good quality, and adaptedness to that latitude. Tree vigorous, upright, with rather slender, firm branches, forming a round head, and bearing good crops annually. Fruit medium, oblate to roundish oblate, sides sometimes un- equal, or a little oblique, often flattened at the ends; skin pale green, shaded with pale and dark red over half or more of its sur- face, and moderately sprinkled with large light and grayish dots— THE APPLE. 93 many areole; stalk rather short, slender; cavity large, deep, green- ish; calyx closed, or partially open; basin large, rather deep, slightly corrugated; flesh whitish, a little coarse, tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid, inclining to sweet; core sniall. December, May. Large Summer Queen. This fine large summer apple is supposed to be of North Caro- lina origin, but the exact locality is not known. The tree is said to be very vigorous, upright at first, but, with age, spreading and ir- regular; in the orchard an early and abundant annual bearer, and valuable in its locality for its time of ripening, which is about the time ot' the American Summer Pearmain. Fruit large to very large, roundish oblate, nearly regular; skin pale greenish yellow, shaded, splashed and mottled with pale red, and moderately sprinkled with large, light, yellowish dots, a few being areole; stalk very short, moderately stout; cavity rather large, deep, smooth; calyx closed; basin quite large, deep, nearly smooth; flesh whitish, line, tender, juicy, rich, mild subacid, slightly aromatic; very good; core medium. Ripens in North Carolina from the last of July till the first of September. Lincoln- Pippin. An old variety, said to have been brought from Connecticut, many years since, to Syracuse, N. Y., by a Mr. Knapp, and lately brought into notice by the late Reuben Lincoln, whose name it bears, tlie original name being lost. Tree a tall vigorous grower, making a 94 TUK AFPLE. large, open, spreading head; an early and good bearer annually, but large crops on alternate years; and being hardy, healthy, long-lived, and the fruit of good appearance, large, fair, and uniform in size, makes it valuable for market or family use. Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, slightly conical, slightly Lincolu Pippin. angular, sides sometimes a little unequal; skin pale greenish yellow, moderately sprinkled with grayish dots; stalk short to long, slen- der; cavity large, deep; calyx small, closed; basin small of medium, slightly corrugated; Hesh half tine, pale whitish yellow, tender, juicy, subacid, slightly aromatic; very good; core rather large. October, December. Longwortii's Red Winter. Originated with William Longworth, Dubuque, Iowa, who writes that the tree is hardy, a vigorous grower, with a roundish head, in- clining to be upright: an early and good hearer annually, but larger crops on alternate years. Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical, regular; skin whitish vellow, shaded, striped and splashed with light and dark rich red over mosl of the surface, and thickly sprinkled with light dots; stalk medium, slender; cavity rather large, smooth ; calyx closed or nearly st>; basin medium, slightly corrugated; llesh white, fine, sometimes veins of red around the core, tender, juicy, mild subacid, having- a slight peculiar quince-like flavor; very good. November, February the apple. 95 Maggie's Favorite. King of the llauibos. An old variety originating "" the farm of Anson Purple, West- field, Penn., and although a first-class summer and fall apple, it appears not to have been widely disseminated out of the neighbor- hood of its origin. Tree a vigorous grower, making a large spreading head, bearing very full crops on alternate years. Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, nearly regular; skin Maggie's Favorite. pale yellow at full maturity, shaded with light red, having short stripes and splashes of dark red over half or more of the surface, and manv large yellowish and brown dots, a portion being areole; stalk short, rather stout; cavity medium, regular, slight greenish russet; calyx open; basin medium, roundish, deep: flesh whitish, fine, tender, juicy, very pleasant subacid, slightly aromatic and very o-ood quality; core small or medium. Ripens in September and keeps well. MART Wo mack. John W. Walker, of Anchorage, Ky.. who sends specimens of this apple, writes that it is a chance seedling on the farm of George Womack, near Middletown, Ky., and named for his bv the Kentucky Horticultural Society. It is evidently a seedling of the Ram bo, the color, form of fruit, and habit of the tree in- dicate it. yet it is a mild sweet apple of firsl quality; il ripens in Kentucky in August and September, or just after the Porter and Gravenstein. Tree a thrifty grower, bears full crops on alternate years, and a moderate crop intervening. Fruit medium, oblate, somewhat depressed, nearly regular; skin 96 THE APPLE. whitish, faintly striped and splashed with pale and bright red where exposed to the sun, and thickly sprinkled with small and large ir- regular brown dots; stalk short, rather small; cavity large, deep, a Mary Womack. little uneven; calyx small, closed; basin large, saucer-like form, slightly corrugated; flesh whitish yellow, half fine, tender, moder- ately juicy, mild rich sweet; quality very good; core medium. Mercer. The origin of this apple appears to be unknown. W. H. Lewis, of Pike County, Miss., writes that it was obtained by the late Jere- miah Smith, a successful fruit-grower on Bogue Chitto River, from a Baptist minister by the name of Mercer, many years ago, but where he procured the grafts is not known. It is more highly esteemed where known than any apple ripening at the same season. Tree a thrifty, strong, upright grower, forming a round head; an early and abundant bearer nearly every year. Fruit medium, oblate, nearly regular; skin whitish, shaded and streaked with light and dark red rather thinly over half or more of the surface, and a few light dots; stalk short, small ; cavity rather large, slightly russetted; calyx large, open; basin large, deep, par- tially plaited; flesh whitish, fine, tender, juicy, mild, rich subacid; quality very good; core small and close. Ripening all the month of July in Mississippi, or at the same time with the Horse apple. Moser's Sweet. Originated on the farm of Michael Moser, Cloverdale, Inch, the tree having been obtained as a seedling from the nursery of Mr. Duncan. The tree is said to be a vigorous grower, with rather slen- der branches, making a round spreading head, and producing good crops on alternate years; it is much valued by those who know it for its uniform size, fine appearance, home use, and for market. THE AITLE. 97 Fruit medium, oblate, a little oblique; skin smooth, bright yel- low, with a few scattering brown dots; stalk short, rather small; cavity large, deep; calyx nearly closed; basin quite large, a little uneven; flesh whitish, half hue, half tender, moderately juicy, sweet and rich; core small. December to March. Mosher Sweet. Originated in the orchard of Ephraim Mosher, Washington, N. Y., many years since. Tree very hardy, thrifty, vigorous, making a large spreading head; a good, but not prolific bearer; not a valua- ble market fruit, but desirable for those who like a good sweet apple either for eating or cooking. Fruit medium, oblate conical, angular, often considerably ribbed; skin pale yellow; stalk medium, rather stout; cavity large, deep; calyx closed; basin narrow, deep, much corrugated or ribbed; flesh white, half fine, moderately juicy, mild, rich, sweet, aromatic; core medium. Season all of October. Mother's Favorite. Smith's Favorite. Big Tree. A large, showy summer apple, raised by Patrick A^ . Smith, Kan- overton, Ohio; and his son, L. L. Smith, Brooklyn, Iowa, writes that the tree is hardy, a vigorous grower, making a laroe round-headed tree; requires very little pruning, and producing full crops on alter- nate years. Fruit large to very large, roundish oblate, slightly angular; skin bright yellow, sometimes pale red in the sun, a few brown dots, and many obscure light ones; stalk short, small; cavity large, deep, a little uneven; calyx small, closed; basin large, deep, slightly plaited; flesh pale yellow, half fine, rather firm, juicy, sprightly subacid, aro- matic; of very good quality, and one of the best for culinary uses; core small. Season September. Mountain Beauty. Originated with the late Stephen Ferguson, near Keswick Depot, Va. Tree vigorous, with stout shoots, spreading, bearing abundantly on alternate years; it is a beautiful apple, and said to be much es- teemed in the locality of its origin. Fruit medium or below, oblate, somewhat depressed : skin smooth, whitish, shaded with light and dark rich red (purplish red where exposed), with some obscure stripes and splashes on the shaded side, and many light dots, a few being areole; stalk very short, moderately stout; cavity broad, moderated deep, russetted; basin broad, not very deep, smooth; flesh white, half fine, tender, juicy, mild subacid, inclining to sweet; quality very good; core small. December, Jan- uary. Norton Pippin. The Norton Pippin originated with James Brewington, of Free- dom, Ky. Tree thrifty, a moderate grower, making a round, rattiel 98 THE APPLE. close head; an early and prolific bearer on alternate years, and a light crop intervening. Fruit medium or above, roundish, flattened at the ends, sides sometimes a little unequal, nearly regular; skin whitish yellow, shaded with Light and dark red over nearly the whole surface, with some obscure stripes and splashes, and moderately sprinkle,! with Norton's Pippin. light dots — a few areole; stalk short to medium, small; cavity me- dium, often slight russet or greenish; calyx closed, or nearly so* basin large, round, deep, slightly plaited; flesh white, half fine, ten- der, juicy, pleasant subacid, rich; very good; core rather small. November, December. Onstink Greening. Of uncertain origin, supposed to be Ohio; introduced by'Seth A. Bushnell, of Oberlin, Ohio, who states that the tree is a vigorous grower, somewhat irregular, spreading open head, bearing good crops annually, and although not a first class table apple, it is of goo. I quality; being a very late keeper, retaining its firmness and freshness to the last, makes it valuable for market and culinary pur- poses. Fruit medium, oblate to round oblate, slightly conical, a little angular, often slightly ribbed; skin greenish yellow, moderately sprinkled with grayish and greenish dots; stalk short, small; cavity rather large, sometimes slight russet: calyx open; basin rather shal- low, corrugated, or with small ribs; flesh whitish yellow, quite firm, moderately juicy, mild subacid; core medium. January to June. the apple. <.)<) Oxford. Originated in an old garden on the farm of John E. Morgan, of Oxford, Ind. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright, spreading with age; an early bearer, producing good crops annually; it is said to he valuable for its hardiness, keeping, and quality of the fruit. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conical, sometimes sides unequal; skin pale yellow, Govered with light red on the shaded side, dark crimson in the sun, mixed and spotted with gray, and many yellowish, conspicuous dots — a few being areole; stalk very short, small, often by a lip; cavity large, deep, thin russet; calyx small, closed, or nearly so; basin rather large, slightly corrugated; flesh whitish yellow, half tine, rather firm, juicy, mild subacid, a lit- tle aromatic, and quite rich; core rather small. January, March. Palmer Apple. Pear Apple. An old variety, of uncertain origin, but supposed to have origi- nated in Washington County, Ga., and said to be little known out of its locality, where it is much esteemed for its quality, market value, and home use in its season, which is a week or two later than Red Astrachan. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading, producing moderate crops annually. Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, slightly conical; skin light vellow, streaked and splashed with pale red rather thinly over most of the surface, and sprinkled with numerous rather large light dots; stalk of medium length, slender; cavity medium, slight russet; calyx closed, or nearly so; basin large, deep, slightly plaited; flesh whitish vellow, half fine, a little firm, juicy, pleasant subacid, slightly aromatic; core medium. Ripens the middle of June in Central Georgia. Peach Blow. Originated on the farm of Davis Jumper, Dexter, Me. Tree hardy, healthy, and vigorous, forming a wide, rather low-spreading head, bearing large? crops on alternate years, with a light one inter- vening; use, culinary and market. Fruit large, roundish oblate, slightly conical, nearly regular; some specimens angular; skin smooth, deep yellow al maturity, a shade of pale brownish red where exposed, moderately sprinkled with grav dots, and sometimes nettings of russet; stalk short to medium, "slender; cavity rather large, russetted; calyx open; basin rather large, deep, slightly corrugated; flesh pale whitish yellow, half hue. half tender, moderately juicy, subacid, slightly aromatic, and of good quality; core medium. Ripens from the middle of Oc- tober to the middle of November. Pear Pippin-. . The orio-in of this apple is somewhat uncertain, but it is said to have originated on the farm of the late Thomas Baldwin, near Hightstown, N. J., and considered, where known, a valuable fall 100 THE APPLE, apple for its fairness, large size, and good bearing qualities, either for market or family use. Tree a healthy, free grower, making a round head; an early and abundant bearer nearly every year. Fruit large, roundish conical, inclining to oblong, slightly angu- lar; skin pale, greenish yellow, or pale yellow at full maturity, with Pear Pippin. many rather obscure light and green dots; stalk short to long, slen- der; cavity large, deep, sometimes slight russet; calyx closed; basin large, deep, slightly corrugated; flesh whitish, half fine, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid, and good quality; core rather large. Sep- tember. Peasgood's Nonesuch. This beautiful apple was raised by Mr. Peasgood, of Stamford, England, and is a fine culinary or dessert apple, and is like a hand- some and highly-colored Blenheim Pippin. Fruit large, roundish oblate; skin yellow, overspread on the sunny side with red, and copiously streaked with bright darker crimson streaks; stalk short, deeply inserted; eye very large and open, set in a deep, round, and even basin; flesh yellowish, tender, very juicy, with an agreeable acid flavor. September, October (Hogg). Randolph Sweet. An accidental seedling on the farm of O. T. Hobbs, Randolph, Pa. The tree is said to be vigorous, spreading; not an early, but a good bearer annually, when it has attained sufficient age; it is a late keeper. THE APPLE. 101 Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, slightly angular; skin pale greenish yellow, a shade of red where exposed, some rather ob- scure splashes, and a few grayish dots; stalk short, small; cavity deep, rather narrow, slightly russetted; calyx small, closed; basin small, slightly corrugated; llesh whitish, halt fine, tender, juicy, mild, rich, sweet; very good; core large. February, April. Ransom or Red Stbeak. An old variety, which is said to have originated in Columbia, Conn., on the Pinneo farm. It is not widely known, but is valued by those who cultivate it; tree moderately vigorous, upright, some- what spreading, bears abundantly on alternate years, with light crops intervening. Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, slightly angular; skin pale yellow, shaded, striped, splashed and mottled with light and dark red, with a few light and brown dots; stalk short, small; cavity large, deep, often russeted, and sometimes extending out on the fruit; calyx closed; basin medium, slightly corrugated; flesh ye\- lowish white, half fine, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid, slightly aro- matic; very good; core medium. Season September. Red Bietigheimer. Of German origin, a large and handsome early autumn apple, valuable for market and culinary purposes. Tree a free grower, hav- ing large shining leaves, spreading; an abundant bearer on alternate years. Fruit large to very large, oblate, slightly conical, regular; skin smooth, whitish or whitish yellow, shaded with light and dark red, (purplish crimson where fully exposed to the sun,) sometimes ob- scure stripes and splashes, a few grayish and many rather indistinct light dots; stalk short, rather stout; cavity broad, deep, regular, often russeted; calyx closed, basin larg-e, deep, slightly corrugated; flesh white, half fine, quite firm, juicy, with a brisk subacid flavor; core medium or rather large. Season September. Red Winteb Sweet. Originated in the orchard of Gen. Isaac Sandford, Vermillion, ill. Tree vigorous, spreading, not an early bearer, but abundant on alternate years, and a partial crop the intervening years; a late keeper. Fruit medium or below, oblate, sometimes slightly oblique; skin pale vellow, shaded with light and dark dull brownish red, quite thickiy sprinkled with large yellowish dots — many of them areole; stalk "short, small; cavity large, slight russet; calyx open; basin large, deep, round; flesh yellowish, rather coarse, moderately juicy, rich, sweet, good; core small. January, April. Robinson. Originated on the farm of Moses W. Robinson, near Burlington, Iowa. Tree hardy, thrifty, vigorous, forming a handsome round top, 103 THE APPLE. a little spreading, producing good crops annually; it is valued in its locality lor hardiness, keeping, and good quality as a table apple. Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, conical, sides sometimes a little unequal, slightly oblique, a little flattened ;it tin' base; skin pale greenish yellow, shaded with pale brownish red over one-third of its surface, and moderately sprinkled with light and brown dots; .stalk short, slender; cavity medium, narrow, thinly russetted; calyx closed or nearly so; basin large, deep, slightly corrugated; flesh whitish yellow, half fine, tender, juicy, very mild subacid, or almost sweet, rather rich; quality very good; core rather small. January to March. St. Hilaire. Cabane du Chien. Fameuse Baldwin (of some). ^ This apple is said to have originated in the orchard of Alexis Dery, Province of Quebec, and is supposed to be a seedling of the Fameuse, which it much resembles in the color and form of the fruit, but is a little larger, more variable in size, beais nearly as early, and quite as heavily, keeps longer, will carry better, and is a favor- ite in the neighborhood of its origin ; tree as hardy as the Fameuse, and similar to it in growth and bearing. Fruit medium or below, oblate or round oblate, very slightly coni- cal, skin smooth, white, shaded with light and dark red and crimson (purplish crimson in the sun), sometimes obscure splashes, and sprin- kled with a few light and brown dots, more and minute ones near the basin ; stalk short to medium, slender ; cavity medium, regular ; THE APPLE. 103 calyx closed ; basin rather small, .slightly corrugated ; flesh quite white, tine, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid, possessing a slight cran- berry llavor ; core small. November, January. Salome. Anew variety, which originated on the grounds of Elias C. Hatha- way, Ottawa, 111. Tree said to be very hardy, healthy, vigorous; leaves large, thick and firm; young wood very dark, hard, and fine- grained; an upright grower, forming a round head with age; an early and good bearer annually, but more abundantly on alternate years; the fruit adheres firmly until gathering time. Its hardiness, lo«g keeping, good quality, uniform size, retaining its flavor quite late, even into summer, will no doubt make it valuable for the West and Northwest. Fruit rather below medium, roundish conical, slightly angular ; skin pale yellow, shaded with pale red, striped and splashed with dark red over most of the surface, and thickly sprinkled with large and small light yellowish dots — a portion areole : stalk short, rather small ; cavity quite large, deep, a little greenish ; calyx (dosed ; basin rather small," slightly plaited ; flesh whitish yellow, half fine, tender, juicy, mild subacid, slightly aromatic; very good ; core rather large. January, .May. Sanderson. This handsome apple was found in an old field owned by Miss Klla M. Gray, near Holly Springs, Miss., and was introduced by ( !ol. D. D. Sanders.' Tree a moderate grower, somewhat spreading; a good an- 104 THE APPLE. nual bearer, ripens just after the Red Astrachan, continues a long time in use, and is considered a valuable market variety for the lo- cality of its origin. Fruit medium to large, roundish, inclining to oblong, slightly angular ; skin whitish, shaded, striped, and mottled, with light and dark red, some specimens entirely covered with deep red or crimson, and purplish red where fully exposed, having a light bloom, and many light dots — a few areole; stalk rather short, moderately stout; cavity medium, deep, sometimes slight russet ; calyx closed ; basin rather small, slightly corrugated ; flesh white, sometimes a little stained next the skin, half fine, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid; core rather small. Season last of July to the 20th of August. Sauta. This apple is supposed to have originated in White County, Ga., on the banks of the Sauta River or Creek, and is said to be popular in its locality, and also in Mississippi and Alabama, for its long-keeping-, where only a few varieties are known possessing this quality. Tree thrifty, moderately vigorous, branches rather slender, spreading, a regular and moderate bearer annuallv. Fruit medium to large, oblate, a little oblique, sometimes sides unequal, angular ; skin smooth, light yellow or straw color, a few scattering gray dots ; stalk very short, moderately stout ; cavity medium, dull russet; calyx closed; basin rather large, round, quite deep, slightly corrugated; flesh whitish yellow, half fine, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid, and of good, but not high quality; core small. • February, April. . Shaffer. Schaeffer. Bender. Shaffer's Garden. White King. A very old variety, which is said to have originated with a Mr. Bender, near Philadelphia. Some forty years since, the late George Shaffer, of Allentown, Pa., obtained grafts and introduced it. Tree thrifty, very vigorous, making a large spreading top; an early and abundant bearer on alternate years; the fruit is large, fair, of uni- form size, and although not a first class table apple, is highly es- teemed, where known, as profitable for market and for culinary purposes. Fruit medium to large, or very large, oblate, very slightly coni- cal; skin smooth, pale greenish yellow, or whitish yellow, sometimes a blush in th<» sun, and a few gray dots; stalk short, small; cavity broad, deep, sometimes slight russet; calyx closed or nearly so; basin rather large, deep, slightly corrugated; flesh white, half fine, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid, and of good quality; core medium. September, November. Shannon Pippix. The origin of this apple is disputed, some asserting that it is the Ohio Pippin, taken from Indiana to Arkansas by a Mr. Rector in 1833; THE APPLE. 105 others that it is a distinct variety. Mr. Richard Thurston, of Van Buren, Ark., writes that he has lived in that State over thirty years, is well acquainted with the apple, and that it is distinct from the Ohio Pippin; that Granville Shannon, some thirty-live years ago, bought of a tree-peddler near Evansville, Ark., a number of apple trees of various kinds, and when they fruited, the labels being lost, they were named Shannon Pippin, and there were several of this kind. The tree is said to be a strong, vigorous grower, of a spreading habit; not an early bearer, but when established produces good crops on alternate years, ripening in succession from September to Decem- ber, and is a popular and valuable apple in that locality. Fruit large to very large, oblate, slightly conical; skin pale yel- low, deep yellow in the sun, and a few gray dots; stalk very short, moderately stout; cavity broad, deep, sometimes slight russet; calyx closed or nearly so; basin broad, moderately deep, slightly corru- gated; flesh whitish yellow, rather coarse, juicy, tender, mild sub- acid; good to very good; core small. Sheriff. American Beauty (incorrectly). This was brought from Pennsylvania, many years since, by James Sheriff— hence its name, the true or original one having been lost. The tree is said to be vigorous and very hardy, one of the iron-clads; this with its crops of fair fruit, although not rich, makes it of value for a cold climate; the tree grows tall, with few branches, forming an open, somewhat spreading, symmetrical top; it comes early into bearing, and bears regular annual crops. Fruit rather below medium, roundish oblate, flattened at the ends, nearly regular; skin pale yellow, nearly covered with light and dark red, with obscure stripes and splashes, and many small light dots; stalk short; cavity small, russetted; calyx closed; basin large, deep, slightly corrugated; flesh whitish, fine, tender, juicy, mild sub- acid; pleasant flavor, but not rich; core small. December, February. Simmons' Red. Red Everlasting. The Simmons' Red originated with the late John W. Davis, near Perry, Houston County, Ga. Mr. Davis planted the seed about 1840. Tree" a thrifty, upright, compact grower; an early bearer, and gives good crops nearly every year. It ripens in Georgia the end of June, continuing in use two or three months, and is considered one c«f their best summer apples. Fruit medium to huge, oblate, slightly conical, sides sometime a a little unequal, slightly oblique; skin pale yellow, shaded with dark crimson where exposed to the sun, and on the opposite side rather obscurely striped and splashed with light and dark red, and pretty thickly sprinkled with yellowish russet dots, small, large, and irregu- lar in" form; stalk short, small; cavity broad, deep, a little uneven, with light russet, sometimes i ^tending out on the fruit in rays and baches; calyx closed, or nearly so; basin round, deep, nearly Bmootbj 10G THE APPLE. flesh pale yellow, half fine, tender, juicy, mild subacid, slightly ara matic; quality very good; core rather small. Snepps. Snepps' Nonesuch. This fine apple is said to have originated near Edinburgh, Ind. Tree moderately vigorous, with short-jointed shoots, forming a round head, producing good crops of fair fruit of uniform size, which is high- ly prized by those who have grown it, both for the table and for culi- nary purposes. Fruit medium, oblate, angular, slightly oblique, or sides a little unequal; skin pale yellow to deep yellow, almost golden yellow in the sun, moderately sprinkled with gray and brown dots; stalk very short, quite small; cavity large, deep, sometimes with slight russet; calyx small, closed, or nearly so; basin medium, corrugated; flesh whitish yellow, fine, tender, juicy, mild subacid, rich, a little aro- matic, and inclining to saccharine; quality very good, at least; core small. December, February. Stayman's Winesap. A seedling of the Winesap, originated with Dr. J. Stayman, Leav- enworth, Kansas. We give his description: "Tree very vigorous, open, irregular, spreading; wood very dark; dark heavy foliage; an Stayman's Winesap. early and very abundant bearer; tree much in appearance like Wine- sap; fruit hangs well on the tree. " Fruit medium to large, heavy, oblate conical, regular; greenish yellow, mostly covered and indistinctly splashed, mixed and striped with dark dull red; dots medium, numerous, distinct gray; stem of THE APPLE. 107 medium length, slender; cavity wide, deep, much russetted, extend' ing, regular; calyx large, open, or half open, erect, large; basin rathel narrow, abrupt, deep, furrowed; core medium; flesh yellow, firm, ten- der, juicy, rich, mild subacid, aromatic; quality best. Season Janu- ary to May." Stearns' Greening. Stearns' Winter Greening. This fine winter apple originated with Thomas Stearns, Jackson, Ind. Tree said to be very hardy, a strong, vigorous grower, mak- ing a round symmetrical head; an early, annual, and abundant bearer, and is highly esteemed where known. Fruit medium, oblate, slightly flattened at the ends, slightly an- Stearns' Greening. I ular; skin pale green, with a pale blush of brown in the sun, and a ew scattering brown dots; stalk short, small; cavity rather large, deep; calyx closed; basin large, deep, corrugated; flesh Hue, pale yel- low, tender, juicy, with a mild subacid, rich flavor; quality very good; core small or medium. December, April. Steve Baldwin. Baldwin's Summer. Early Russet. A chance seedling found in the woods on the farm of Stephen Baldwin, town of Seymour, Conn. Tree a strong, vigorous, upright grower, rather an early bearer, producing large crops on alternate vears; it is said to be valuable for home use, is highly esteemed where known, and worthy of a place in every orchard. Fruit medium or below, obiate, very slightly angular; skin whit- ish, more or less covered with a peculiar net-work of russet; stalk 108 T11K APPLE. short, small; cavity rather large, deep, slight russet; calyx closed; basin medium, slightly corrugated; flesh quite white, fine, tender, moderately juicy, mild, rich subacid flavor; very good; core rather small. Season from the last of August and continues five or six weeks, and with care till December. Stevenson Pippin. D wight Apple. An Arkansas apple, which originated with the Cherokee Indians in what is now Pope County, and was first brought to notice by a Mr. Dwight, of the Dwight Mission, as it was known for a long- time. James G. Stevenson, of Crawford County, Ark., obtained trees of the variety, propagated and disseminated them, and they are highly esteemed where known. Tree a vigorous, upright grower, somewhat spreading with age and bearing; not an early bearer, but produces heavy and light crops alternately. Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, a little flattened at the ends, nearly regular; skin yellow, shaded with light red, striped and splashed with dark red and crimson rather thickly over the whole Surface, and large and small yellowish dots — a portion areole; stalk 6hort, small; cavity rather large, deep, much russetted, sometimes extending out on the fruit; calyx small, closed; basin rather large, slightly plaited; flesh pale yellow, a little coarse, half tender, juicy, pleasant subacid and aromatic; quality very good; core medium. October, February. Stonewall Jackson. A chance seedling found growing in a stone wall on Silas Jackson's farm, in Clarence, Annapolis County, Nova Scotia, hence the name. The tree is said to be a strong, upright grower at first, but becomes spreading and somewhat drooping with age and bearing; it has quite a local reputation, but is not much known elsewhere; is a very good bearer, and keeps well. Fruit medium or above, roundish, or roundish oblate, slightly conical, angular, or slightly ribbed; skin yellow, shaded with light and dark rich red, with a still darker hue in the sun, and moderately sprinkled with light and brown dots; stalk rather short, moderately stout; cavity deep, rather narrow; calyx small, closed; basin rather small, corrugated; flesh whitish yellow, half fine, tender, juicy, sub- acid, slightly aromatic, rich, and of very good quality; core large. January, March. This is distinct from the Stonewall Jackson of Southern Ala- bama. Stuart's Golden. . Stump (incorrectly). Originated on the farm of the late William Stuart, Rush Creek, U., where it grew near a stump many years since. It is said to be very popular, where known, for home use and a near market. Tree hardy, healthy, moderately vigorous, spreading, making a tree of THE APPLE. 109 medium size, with tough, close-grained shoots; an early and prolific bearer, alternate years, of fair fruit of uniform size, and keeps well. Fruit below medium, oblate, sometimes a little oblique, nearly- regular; skin bright yellow, deep orange red in the sun, with a few Stuart's Golden. brown dots; stalk short, small; cavity medium, sometimes slight russet; calyx small, closed; basin rather large, moderately deep, saucer-like shape, smooth; flesh whitish yellow, half fine, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid, rich, and of excellent quality; core small. Season, December to April. Sweet Rhode Island Greening. New Rhode Island Greening. Curtis' Greening. The place of origin of this apple appears to be unknown, but is supposed to be Ohio; it was first introduced into Illinois by Joseph Curtis, many years since. Tree very vigorous, spreading; it begins to bear rather early, and produces full crops the even years, and moderate crops odd years; the fruit is of large size, excellent qual- ity, and is said to be the best sweet apple, where known, for Decem- ber and January, for culinary purposes and market. Fruit large to very large, oblate, often oblique, sides sometimes unequal; skin greenish yellow, often a shade of pale l«rown in the sun, and sometimes spotted with red, a few brown and gray dots; stalk very short, small; cavity rather large; calyx closed; basin large, deep; slightly plaited; flesh yellowish, half fine, tender, juicy, sweet, rich, slightly aromatic; very good quality; core small. December, January. Sweet Winter Spitzexberg. An old variety, supposed to have been raised by the late Samuel Bartholomew, of Cornwall, Vt., and is considered one of the most useful and profitable winter sweet apples of thai locality; fruit al- ways fair, smooth, and keeps well. Tree a vigorous, upright grower, and an early and abundant bearer nearly every year. HQ TIIE APPLE. Fruit medium, roundish, or roundish oblate, conical, smooth and regular; skin golden yellow at full maturity, some rather obscure light and green dots; stalk short to medium, rather slender; cavity broad, not very deep; calyx small, closed; basin rather small, cor- rugated; flesh deep yellow, half fine, tender, moderately juicy, rich honey-sweet, slightly aromatic; very good; core medium. Decern ber to February. Stump. A chance seedling found in an old stump on the grounds of John Prue, Chili, N. Y. Tree a thrifty, vigorous, upright grower, forming a symmetrical, roundish conical head; rather an early and very abun- dant bearer, on alternate years, of fair, handsome fruit of good quality. Fruit medium or below, roundish conical, inclining to oblong coni- cal, sometimes sides a little unequal; skin smooth, white, shaded with bright red, moderately striped ami splashed with crimson over most of the surface, a few large and small light dots — a portion areole; stalk very short, rather small; cavity medium, often rus- setted; calyx small, closed; basin medium, slightly plaited; flesh white, half fine, tender, juicy, pleasantly subacid; quality good to very good; core rather large. September, October. Tanner's Winter. An old variety of unknown origin. It is considerably grown in Granville County. Ga., where it succeeds and is prized as a winter fruit for general use. The history and original name are unknown THE APPLE. HI Tree a good thrifty grower, with slender branches, upright, inclined to spread with age; a good bearer nearly every year. Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conical, slightly angular; skin whitish yellow, sbaded, rather obscurely striped and splashed with pale purplish red; stalk short, small; cavity broad, deep, sometimes thin russet; calyx small, half open; basin large, very deep, nearlv smooth; flesh whitish yellow, a little coarse, moderately juicy, mild subacid; good to very good; core small. October, February. Valley. Van Horn. Originated with George C. Stamford, Boston, O. The tree is saiil to be vigorous, healthy, of a roundish, rather spreading top, and has borne abundant crops biennially for sixty yearSj of smooth fair fruit, and comes early into bearing. Fruit rather below medium, oblate, sides sometimes unequal, a little flattened at the ends; skin smooth, pale whitish yellow, occa- sionally a shade of pale red, a few small brown or russet dots, and sometimes a few obscure stripes and splashes on the sunny side; stalk short, small; cavity rather large, deep; calyx closed; basin large, corrugated; flesh whitish, half tine, tender, juicy; mild sub- acid; core small. December, March. Victoria Pippin. A chance seedling on the farm of John Benge, near Elkton, Cecil County, Mil., and being an Englishman, named it in honor of his Queen. Tree a healthy, vigorous grower, making a round, rather spreading head; an early and moderate bearer every year, but full crops on alternate years; it is not a rich, high-flavored table apple, but is highly valued in its locality for culinary purposes and for market. Fruit medium to large, oblate to roundish oblate; skin yellow, shaded, striped and splashed rather thinly over most of the surface with light and dark red, and pretty thickly sprinkled with grayish and brown dots; stalk short, small; cavity rather large, sometimes slight russet; calyx closed; basin broad, moderately deep, a little uneven; flesh whitish yellow, rather coarse, juicy, sprightly subacid, and of good quality. September, October. Victoria Sweet. This is quite an old variety, the origin of which Is uncertain, al- though claimed for Chenango County, N. Y.; it may have an older and prior name. Tree a moderate grower, spreading, very produc- tive on alternate years; a beautiful and very good sweel apple of its season. Fruit medium, oblate, regular; skin entirely covered with light and dark red and crimson, sometimes obscure stripes and splasl a darker hue, and many rather conspicuous yellowish dots; stalk rather small; cavity medium, regular, sometimes slight russet; calyx 112 THE APPLE. small, closed; basin rather large, moderately deep, slightly plaited; flesh whitish, half fine, tender, juicy, sweet, rich; very good; core small. October, November. Victoria Sweet. Westmoreland Rambo. Grown from seed of the Common Rambo, by Joseph Kern, Greensburg, Tenn. Tree vigorous and a rapid grower, makes a large, spreading, open head, requiring very little pruning; it bears annually fair crops of large fruit of very good quality, and evenly distributed over the tree. There are several varieties of the Large Rambo raised from seed of the Old Rambo, which are much larger in size, more vigorous in growth; most of them ripen earlier, but do not quite equal it in quality. Fruit large to very large, oblate, somewhat flattened at the ends; skin pul'' greenish yellow, shaded, striped and splashed with light and dark red over nearly the whole surface, with a few brown dots; stalk short, rather small; cavity large, deep, a little greenish; calyx closed, or nearly so; basin large, deep, slightly corrugated; flesh whitish, a little coarse, juicy, tender, pleasant subacid; quality good or very good; core small. September, October. Wilson's Simmer. Origin unknown, but supposed to be near Salem, N. C. Tree a thrifty, upright grower, with rather slender wood, making a medium- sized tree when fully grown. It bears young and abundantly on alternate years, and is valued, where known, for its fine quality for summer use. Fruit rather below medium, oblate, slightly conical, side some- times a little unequal; skin smooth, whitish yellow, nearly covered with rich bright reel, more or less striped and splashed with crimson, THE APPLE. 113 and moderately sprinkled with light dots; stalk short, small; cavity medium, regular, often a little russet; calyx closed; basin medium, Wilson's Summer. nearly smooth; flesh white, fine, tender, juicy, mild subacid, rich, and of excellent quality; core small. Season about the time of American Summer Pearmain. Williams' Red Winter. Originated on the farm of the elder Abraham Williams, East Hartford, Conn., many years since, and is but little known out of its m-iyhborhood. Tree a strong, vio-orous "Tower, form in g a very large, spreading head; not a very early bearer, but bearing moderately an- nually; it is highly esteemed by those who know it best. Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conical, slightly angular; skin whitish, nearly covered with light and dark red (dark crimson in the sun), somewhat obscurely striped and splashed, and moderately sprinkled with, yellow russet dots; stalk very short, small : cavity medium, slight russet; calyx closed; basin large, moderately deep, slightly corrugated; flesh white, fine, tender, juicy, sprightly sub- acid, not rich, but pleasant and of good quality; core rather small. December, February. Wolf River. A new, large, handsome apple, the tree of which was grown by W. A. Springer, and disposed of before fruiting to the late Henry Riflen, near the east bank of Wolf River, Fremont, Wis.; suppi to bea seedling of the Alexander, which it somewhat resembles; not usually so large nor so regular in form, darker in color, and rath* i better in quality. The tree is said to be very hardy; a strong, vig- orous grower, spreading, with large thick leaves; not an early bearer, but producing full crops on alternate years. Fruit large to very large, oblate to roundish oblate, slightlj an- gular, some of the larger specimens uneven and irregular, but those of average size are regular; skin pale greenish yellow, but becomes 114 THE APPLE. whitish when mat are, shaded with light and dark red or crimson where fully exposed, having a thin whitish bloom, and a few light dots; stalk very .short, quite small; cavity rather large, greenish, sometimes much russetted; calyx open, or nearly so; basin large, very deep, a little uneven; flesh white, rather coarse, half tender, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid, with a peculiar spicy, slight quince- like flavor; core medium. Season, October, November. Yellow Pippin. Origin unknown; specimens under this name were received from B. ( ). Curtis, Edgar County, 111., whose father brought it from Adams County, Ohio, some sixty years ago; it is distinct from either the Green or Yellow Newtown Pippin in tree and fruit, and may prove to be the Newtown Pippin of Lewis Sanders, of Kentucky. Tree hardy, a very thrift}' upright grower, rather late coming into bearing, but then bears abundant crops nearly every year. Com- mences to ripen in January and continues in use till April, and longer with care. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly angular, often slightly oblique, somewhat flattened at the ends; skin deep yellow, sometimes a shade of light red, and many brown dots; stalk short, small; cavity medium, deep, slight russet; calyx open, or nearly so; basin medium, quite deep, a little wrinkled; flesh pale yellow, half line, half firm, crisp, juicv, rich, subacid, slightly aromatic, and very good; core small. January to April. ZoI.OTOREFF. One of the new Russian apples lately introduced, which promises to be valuable for a cold climate; it is said to be quite as hardy as the Duchess of Oldenburg; a good upright grower, an early and abundant bearer of large, showy fruit, ripening about a month later than the Duchess. Fruit large, roundish, very slightly conical, slightly angular; skin pale greenish yellow, or light yellow at full maturity, shaded, splashed and mottled with light and dark red over most of the surface; stalk short, rather stout; cavity rather narrow, deep; calyx closed or half ope,,; basin large, deep, corrugated; flesh whitish, half fine, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid, and of good quality; core rather large. Season middle to the last of September. Yello w Transparent. A new Russian variety, which was imported from St. Petersburg in 1870 by the Department of Agriculture, Washington. I). C, and promises to be valuable \'<>v a. cold climate as an early fruit of good quality*, ripening before the Tetofsky, with more tender and delicate flesh, but does not continue long in use. It is said that the tree so far lias proved to be very hardy, moderately vigorous, upright, an early and good bearer annually. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conical, slightly angular: skin clear white at first, becoming pale yellow when fully mature, THE APPLE. 115 moderately sprinkled with light and greenish dots, somewhat ob- scure; stalk short to medium, rather slender; cavity rather large, sometimes a little greenish; calyx closed; basin medium, slightly corrugated, sometimes small protuberances; flesh white, half fine, Yellow Transparent. tender, juicy, sprightly subacid; quality good to very good; core me- dium. Season early in August, and a week or two before Tetofsky. There appears to be some confusion regarding some of the new Russian apples, a few not being true to name, and others having proved synonymous with older varieties; some of the new varieties are large and handsome, and if the trees prove as hardy as is claimed for them, they will be valuable acquisitions for the North and North- west, APPENDIX. U RAPES, PEACHES. PEARS &o For specimens of Fruit, and information relating to many of the varieties in this Appendix, I am indebted to many of the leading Pomologists in tnany7 parte of the country, who will please accept my cordiaJ thanks. C'iarles Downing. GRACES. ALLEN'S HyBKID. Originated with J. Fisk Allen, Salem, Mass. It is a hybrid be- tween the native and foreign, and is one of the best in quality, and has peculiar crumpled leaves. The vine is not hardy, and requires winter protection, but is vigorous and productive, ripening quite early, and in sheltered situations is a desirable variety. Bunch medium to large, shouldered, compact; berry medium to large, round, sometimes depressed ; skin thin, white, changing to pale yellow when fully ripe ; flesh tender, juicy, sweet, rich, with a delicate slightly vinous flavor, and one of the best in quality. Janie Wylik A new hybrid between Clinton and foreign, raised by Dr. A. P. Wylie, of Chester, S. C, who kindly sent us specimens, and writes that the vine is vigorous and has a pretty large, thick, deep green foliage, and so far free from mildew ; an early and productive variety, hangs well and late. It may require protection at the north during winter. Bunch large, shouldered ; berry varying from medium to large, roundish oval ; some of the larger ones are nearly globular ; color dark red, with a thick grayish bloom; flesh rather firm and meaty, juicy, sweet, rich, slightly vinous, refreshing; skin tliick yet tender; very good. Kalamazoo. Said to have originated with Dixon, of Steuben ville, O., from *eed of Catawba, which it somewhat resembles in color, but the bunch &nd berry are larger, and it ripens a week or ten days earlier, and is a showy grape. . Bunch large, long, often shouldered, compact ; berry large, round ; skin rather light dull red, with a lilac bloom ; flesh soft, but not quite tender, and adheres a little to the seeds, juicy, sweet, vinous. Peter Wylie. This fine new early grape was raised by Dr. A. P. Wylie, of Ches- ter, S. C, from a seedling of a hybrid. The Doctor informs us when sending the specimens of fruit that the vine is ono of the most rapid growers, free from mildew and rot, entirely native in its appearance ; wood short jointed; leaves not large, but thick and leathery, hold well and late, and the fruit one of the first to ripen. 120 PEACHES. Bunch medium ; berry medium to small, round, transparent, yellow , with a rather thick whitish bloom ; flesh soft, juicy, sweet, rich, slightly vinous, with a Frontignan flavor ; skin thin but tough ; very good 01 best Senasqua. This new grape was raised by Stephen Underhili, of Croton Point, .N. Y., and is a hybrid between Concord and Black Prince. The vine is vigorous and hardy, and the fruit similar to Black Prince, and of fine quality ; but in consequence of its thin skin and compactness of bunch the fruit is sometimes apt to crack, especially in wet weather. Bunch large, often shouldered, very compact ; berry large, round ; »kir> deep black, with a thick blue bloom ; flesh quite firm, but tender, breaking, juicy, sweet, rich, slightly vinous; ripens about the time of Concord, or soon after. PEACHES. Atlanta. Raised by Dr. E. W. Sylvester, Lyons, N. Y. Tree vigorous, pro- ductive ; reniform glands. Fruit medium, roundish, slightly compressed, regular, suture large, distinct, extending nearly round the fruit ; cavity quite deep ; skin whi- tish, shaded, and mottled with deep red, almost purplish in the sun ; flesh white, a little red at the stone, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, adheres partially to the stone. Ripe last of September. Black's Extra Early Peach. An accidental seedling found on the farm of Dr. J. Stayman, Leav- enworth, Kansas. Tree a good grower, hardy, and productive. Fruit large, round with a slight point, suture distinct, shallow all around ; color clear rose pink, shaded maroon, and slightly mottled with light yellow, very handsome ; flesh stained red to the seed, to which it slightly adheres; juicy, tender, with rich subacid ; excellent. This is the earliest peach we are acquainted with, ripening this sea- son (1871) before the 4th of July, being ten days before Hale's Early > and it is of larger size and better quality. — Nomologist and Gardener. Early Rivers. Raised by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England. It ripens a few days earlier than the Albert or Alfred, and quite equal to them in flavor. The tree is thrifty, healthy, and productive ; glands reniform, flowers large. PEACHES. 121 Fruit medium, roundish oblong, slightly compressed, suturi slight, ending at the apex, which is a little sunk, and has a very small nipple ; skin creamy white, shaded with light red in the sun, cavity deep ; flesh white to the stone; juicy, melting, sweet, rich, refreshing, slightly vi- nous ; very good ; separates freely from the stone. Ripe middle of Sep- tember. Foster. Originated with J. T. Foster, Medford, Mass. Tree said to be hardy, vigorous, and productive ; a good market variety. Fruit large, slightly flattened, with a slight suture, stem moderately depressed ; flesh yellow, very rich and juicy, with a pleasant subacid flavor ; freestone of medium size ; color a deep orange red, becoming very dark red on the exposed side. Ripe from the middle to the last of September. — Jour, of Sort Free Mason. This new late peach originated with Nathan Todd, Denton, Caroline County, Md. Tree a vigorous grower, rather spreading ; leaves serrated, without glands ; flowers small. Fruit medium, roundish inclining to oblong, a little compressed, su- ture slight, apex small ; skin white, shaded with red where exposed to the sim ; flesh white, deep red at the stone, juicy and good. Ripens just after the Smock. — Hearth and Home. Laporte. Raised by M. Laporte at Ecully, near Lyons, France. Tree mode- rate vigorous, productive, a curious resemblance to the blood peach. Fruit medium to large, a little oval, tapering to the apex ; suture large, extending a little beyond the apex, which is a little swollen; skin yellow, covered and washed and strongly striped and splashed with dark red ; flesh white, reddish, or rose tint, but darker towards the pit, fine, juicy, sugary, melting, delicate and agreeable; very good. — The Verger. Mountain Rose. This new peach is said to have originated in Morris County, N. J . Tree vigorous and very productive. It ripens about the same time as Laige Early York, is more highly colored, but not cpiite as rich. Glands globose. Flowers small. Fruit large, roundish, slightly compressed ; suture distinct, extend- ing a little beyond the apex ; skin whitish, nearly covered with light and dark rich red ; flesh white, slightly stained at the stone, juicy, sweet, slightly vinous ; very good ; separates freely from the stone. Parks' Cling. A chance seedling on the grounds of A. L. Parks, Alton, 111. Tree vigorous, productive, leaves with globose glands, ripens eight or ter days later than Heath Cling. 122 PEARS. Fruit ven large, broader than deep ; suture deep, extei ding quite around the fruit ; skin slightly downy, light creamy yellow, mostly covered with red ; flesh also of a light creamy color, stained with red, but deeper red at the stone, very juicy, but not of the highest flavor; adheres to the stone. — Prairie Farmer. Richmond. Raised by Dr. E. W. Sylvester, Lyons, N. Y., who writes that the tree is vigorous and very productive, and ripens a few days later than Crawford's Early, is less acid, and a promising market variety. Glands reniform. Fruit medium to large, roundish, slightly compressed ; suture slight but distinct, ending at the apex, which is a little swollen ; skin fine yellow, shaded and mottled with dark rich red ; flesh yellow, a little red at the stone, juicy, melting, sweet, vinous ; very good ; separates from the stone, which is of medium size. Ripe last of September. Salway. Originated with Thomas Rivers, Sawbridge worth, England. Tree vigorous, very productive, ripens soon after the Smock. Flowers small. Glands reniform. Fruit large, roundish oblate ; suture broad, deep, extending beyond the apex ; skin downy, creamy yellow, with a warm, rich, clear crimson red cheek in the sun ; flesh deep yellow, stained with red at the stone, which is free, juicy, melting, rich, sweet, slightly vinous; very good. — H. JV. Yorker. Southwick's Late. An accidental seedling on the grounds of T. T. South wick, Dansville. N. Y., and is said by those who have it to be very juicy and rich. Tree vigorous and productive. Flowers small. Fruit large, roundish, a little depressed at the summit; suture quite distinct, mainelon small, sunken nearly to a level with the parts around ; skin yellowish white, sprinkled with minute red dots in the shade, and streaked and clouded with red towards the sun ; flesh white, parting freely from the stone, very juicy, melting, with a fine delicate flavor; stone very small. Last of September. — Jour, of Ilort. PEAE8. Beurre Lade. Originated by M. Gregoire-Nelis, of Jodoigne, Belgium, and dedi- cated to M. le Consul Lade. Tree vigorous, an abundant bearer, and fruit holds well to the tree. PEARS. 123 Fruit rather large, oblong obtuse pyriform ; skin fine yellow, shaded with carmine in the sun ; stalk long, curved, inserted in a slight depres Bion; calyx and basin rather small, surrounded somewhat by pointea knobs; flesh white, almost fine, melting, juicy, sugary, with a delicate aroma. October, November. — Revue Horticole. Bonne du Puits Ansault. Originated at Angers, France, in the nursery of Andre Leroy ; foi specimens of this and several other new varieties, we are indebted to Messrs. Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y. Tree moderately vigor- ous, very productive. Bonne du Polta Ansault. Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, inclining to obtuse pni form, surface a little rough, uneven ; skin light greenish yellow, mostly covered with a thin light russet ; stalk short ; cavity medium, uneven ; calyx small, closed ; basin deep, rather narrow; flesh white, fine, juicy, melting, sweet, vinous, and rich ; very good. September. Brockworth. A new English variety raised by Mr. Lawrence, Brcckworth Park and the English journals say it is of excellent quality. Fruit large, oblong obtuse pyriform; skin smooth pale yellow, ■lightly flushed anl streaked with red on the exposed side; stalk an 124 PEAK*. inch long, rather stout, obliquely inserted without any depression calyx small, closed ; basin shallow ; flesh white, buttery, melting, very iuicy, vinous, and rich. — Lon. Jour, of Sort. Bronze d'Enghiem. Originated by M. Paternoster, in the province of Hainaut, Belgium. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. Fruit medium, oblong ovate pyriform, regular ; skin rough, deep yel- low, nearly covered with brown russet and slightly bronzed in the sun ; stalk long, slender, curved, cavity shallow ; basin small, uneven ; flesh yellowish, a little coarse, juicy, half melting, vinous, slightly astringent; good. November, January. COLMAR DELAHAUT. Raised by M. Gregoire, of Jodoigne, Belgium. Tree vigorous, spreading, moderately productive ; young shoots olive brown. Fruit medium, roundish acute pyriform ; skin pale yellow, partially netted and patched with russet and many russet dots ; stalk long, curved, slender, joined to the fruit without depression ; calyx half closed ; basin small, uneven, russeted ; flesh white, juicy, half melting, sweet; good. November, December. Delpierre. Beurre Delpierre. A chance seedling in the garden of M. Delpierre, of Jodoigne, Bel- gium. Tree very vigorous, very productive ; young shoots dark olive brown. Fruit large, roundish obtuse pyriforni; skin pale yellow, partially blotched and netted with russet and thickly sprinkled with small russet dots ; stalk rather long, generally curved ; cavity medium ; calyx closed; basin medium, nearly smooth ; flesh white, a little coarse, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly vinous ; good to very good. September. Doctor Koch. Originated in the nurseries of Andre Leroy, Angeus, France. Tree moderately vigorous, very productive. Fruit medium, roundish pyriform ; skin pale yellow, a shade of red when fully exposed, a few traces of russet and many small russet dots ; stalk long, rather slender, curved ; cavity shallow; calyx half closed; basin rather small, uneven; flesh whitish yellow, half fine, juicy, melt- ing, slightly vinous ; good. October. DUC DE MORNY. A seedling of M. Boisbunel, Rouen, France. Tree vigorous, pr> ductive ; young shoots dark olive brown, many grayish specks. Fruit medium, roundish pyriform, a little obtuse ; skin pale yellow, sometimes a shade of red in the sun, a few traces of russet, and many PEARS. 125 small russet dots; stalk of medium length, inclined, curved, cavity very small ; calyx open ; basin medium, a little uneven ; flesh yellowish j half fine, juicy, half melting, vinous ; good. November, December. Delpierra DUCHESSE DE MOUCHT. A chance seedling discovered by Florentin Delavier, of Beauvaise, in a garden at Breteuil, France. Tree vigorous, upright, moderately productive. Fruit medium roundish, inclining to obtuse pyriform ; skin deep yellow, shaded with light orange red in the sun, slight nettings of russet and small russet dots ; stalk rather short, stout ; cavity small ; calyx half open; basin medium, a little uneven; tlesh white, half fine, half melting, moderately juicy, sweet; good. April, May. Duciiesse Pr6coce. Originated in the nurseries of Andre Leroy, Angers, France. Tree Btroug and vigorous, moderately productive. 126 PEAKS. Fruit medium to large, long pyriform, a little obtuse ; skin pale yellow, shaded and mottled with pale red where exposed to the sun, and covered with many small russet dots ; stalk of medium length, rather stout, inclined, inserted in a slight depression, sometimes small cavity ; calyx large, open ; basin shallow, uneven ; flesh whitish, a little coarse, juicy, half melting, sweet, slightly vinous, and a little astringent ; good. Ripe first of September. Eastern Belle. Raised by Henry McLaughlin, Bangor, Me., from whom we received specimens, which were of excellent quality. Tree hardy, vigorous, and a regular bearer ; young shoots yellow brown. Eartern Belle. Fruit medium, obovate pyriforni, somewhat obtuse ; skin pale yellow, often shaded with light red in the sun, a few nettings and patches of russet, and many russet dots ; stalk short, stout, inclined, and sometimes fleshy at its insertion in a slight depression, much russeted; calyx open; basin medium, nearly smooth, slight russet; flesh whitish yellow, a little coarse at the core, juicy, half melting, very sweet, rich, slightly aromatic, and a peculiar slight musky perfume ; very good. September, 127 Egerie. A chance seedling in the grounds of M. Tavenier de Boullongue at Angers, France. Tree moderately vigorous, rather upright, a good hearer. Fruit medium, roundish pyiiform, slightly obtuse; skin pale yellow, partially netted and patched with russet, and many russet dots ; stalk rather long, slightly cuiwed ; cavity small; calyx open; basin medium, regular, russet; flesh white, half fine, juicy, half melting, sweet, slightly vinous ; good to very good. October. Eliot's Early. A new early pear, raised by Charles Eliot, of Windsor, Ontario. Specimens received from James Dougall, who writes that the tree ia very hardy, a strong, vigorous grower, an early bearer, very productive, and ripens a week or more before the Madeline. Fruit small pyriform, regular ; skin pale greenish yellow, brownish red when exposed to the sun ; stalk long, slender, curved ; cavity small, russeted ; calyx closed or partially open ; basin small, slightly plaited ; flesh whitish, half fine, juicy, melting, sweet, slight perfume ; good to very good. July. Indian Queen. Raised by Henry McLaughlin, Bangor, Me., who writes that the tree is perfectly hardy, a vigoi-ous grower, productive, and a good mar- ket variety, although not of the best quality. Fruit rather large, long pyriform, somewhat acute, surface a little uneven ; skin pale yellow, often shaded with light red where exposed to the sun, slight nettings of russet, and many russet and brown dots ; stalk of medium length, rather stout, set in a slight depression ; calyx open ; basin medium, uneven ; flesh whitish yellow, a little coarse, moderately juicy, half melting, sweet, but not rich. September. Jacques Chamaret. A seedling of the late Leon Leclerc, at Laval, France. Tree strong, vigorous, erect, moderately productive ; young shoots Light redclif1 brown. Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to acute pyriform ; skin pale yel- low, sometimes thinly shaded and marbled with light red in the sun ; stalk rather long, curved, a little swollen at its insertion, sometimes by a lip; calyx open; basin shallow, uneven; flesh whitish, fine,- juicy, half melting, sweet, slightly vinous ; good to very good. October. Josephine de Binche. Raised at Binche, Belgium, from seed of Josephine de Malines Tree very vigorous and very productive, branches smooth, of a yellow- ish brown, with grayish dots. Fruit medium, roundish obtuse pyriform ; skin smooth, clear yellow. netted with brown and russet ; stalk of medium length, small, inserted 128 PEARS. in a moderate cavity ; eye large, deeply sunk ; flesh half fine, half iaelt ing, very juicy, sugary, of an exquisite perfumed flavor. October, De cember. — IUils. Horticole. LORIOL DE BARNY. Originated in the nurseries of Andre Leroy, Angers, France. Tree vigorous, upright, very productive. Fruit medium to large, oblong pyriform, slightly obtuse ; skin pale yellow, a few nettings and patches of russet, and numerous russet dots , stalk of mediiun length ; cavity small ; calyx closed ; basin medium, slightly corrugated; flesh whitish, half fine, juicy, melting, sweet, pleas- ant; good to very good. September. Louis Vilmorin. Originated with Andre Leroy, Angers, France. Tree vigorous, rather spreading, very productive. Louis Vilmorin. Fruit medium, pyriform, a little obtuse ; skin deep yellow, consider- ably netted with russet, many russet dots, and sometimes a shade of red wnere exposed ; stalk short, curved ; cavity small, sometimes broad and PEA1 129 shallow ; calyx large, open ; basin medium, uneven, russet ; flesh white, half fine, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly perfumed ; good to very good. December Madame Andre Leroy. Raised by Andre Leroy, Angers, France. Tree moderately vigo rous, but healthy, with long shoots, productive. Fruit rather large, oblong pyriform, somewhat obtuse, inclined or sides unequal ; skin pale whitish yellow, sometimes a shade of red in the sun, and many brown dots ; stalk rather long, set at an inclination in a small cavity, sometimes by a Up ; calyx closed or half open ; basin medium, uneven ; flesh whitish yellow, a little coarse, juicy, melting, vinous, a little astringent ; good to very good. Last of September and first of October. Madame Cuissard. A seedling of M. Cuissard, of Ecully, near Lyons, France. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. Fruit medium, roundish obtuse pyriform; skin pale greenish yellow, with many green and brown dots ; stalk rather long, curved ; cavity small ; calyx closed or nearly so ; basin medium, slightly corrugated ; flesh white, a little coarse, juicy, melting, sweet, very slight acid or vinous ; good. Last of August and first of September. Madame Favre. A chance seedling discovered by M. Favre, of Chalons, France. Tree very strong, upright, pyramid, an early and abundant bearer. Fruit large, roundish obovate, a little obtuse ; skin pale greenish yellow, with numerous traces and splashes of russet ; stalk rather long, quite strong, set in a slight depression ; calyx large, open ; basin quite deep, and rather abrupt; flesh whitish, fine, melting, juicy, sweet, and of a delicate flavor. October, November. — Illustrated Monthly. Madame Loriol de Barny. Originated in the nurseries of Andre Leroy, Angers, France. Tree vigorous, upright, productive. Fruit medium, oblong pyriform, a little obtuse ; skin greenish yel- low at first, changing to a deep yellow, slightly bronzed, sometimes a shade of red in the sun ; stalk short ; cavity small, or slight depression; calyx closed, or nearly so ; basin rather shallow, a little uneven ; flesh yellowish, a little coarse, meltiug, juicy, slightly vinous ; good to very good. October, November. Mannington Originated in the garden of James M. Hannah, of Salem, Manning ton Township, N. J., who writes that the tree is rather % slow grower, forming a compact symmetric head ; branches strong, short jointed ; 1 30 PEAKS. ripens two or three weeks later than Seckel, of the best quality, and keeping remarkably well. Fruit rather small, ovate acute pyriform ; skin pale greenish yellow, a shade of brownish red in the sun, slight nettings of russet and many russet dots ; stalk short, slightly curved, joined to the fruit without depression ; calyx open; basin shallow, uneven ; flesh white, juicy, melt- ing, sugary, rich, aromatic ; very good or best. September, October. Madame Loriol de Barny. MARfiCHAL YAILLANT. Originated with M. Boisbunel, of Rouen, France. Tree vigorous, upright, very productive. Fruit large, broad obtuse pyriform ; skin greenish yellow, a few nettings of russet and many russet and brown dots ; stalk rather short, moderately stout, curved ; cavity broad, not very deep ; calyx open ; basin large, deep, uneven; flesh whitish, half fine, melting, sweet, slightly vinous ; very good. November, December. Maurice Desportes. Originated in the nurseries of Andre Leroy, Angers, France. Tre« ▼igorous, moderately productive ; young shoots yellow brown. Fruit medium to large, long acute pyriforni ; surface somewhat un- PEABS. 131 even ; skin pale yellow, nearly covered with thin light russet, often a shade of red in the sun ; stalk long, rather slender, curved, joined to the fruit acutely without cavity, sometimes by a ring or lip ; calyx open ; basin medium, slightly corrugated ; flesh white, fine, juicy, melt- ing, sweet, slightly perfumed ; very good. September, October. ]far6chal Vafllant. Petite Marguerite. Originated in the nurseries of Andre Leroy, Angers, France. Tree moderately vigorous, very productive ; young shoots olive brown. Fruit nearly of medium size, oblate obtuse pyriform, surface slightly uneven ; skin greenish yellow, or pale yellow when mature, shaded with brownish red on the sunny side, and many greenish dots ; stalk long, slightly curved, set in a narrow, rather deep cavity ; calyx half open ; basin quite large, shghtly corrugated ; flesh white, half fine, buttery, juicy, melting, sweet, slight perfume flavor ; very good. Ripens last of August. 132 PEARS. Premices d'Ecully. Originated with M. Luizet, at Ecully, near Lyons, France. Tr©« moderately vigorous, very productive. Fruit nearly of medium size, obtuse pyriform ; skin pale yellow, a few nettings of russet, and many russet dots ; stalk of medium length, a little inclined ; cavity broad, shallow ; calyx closed or half open ; basin rather shallow, russet ; flesh whitish, a little coarse, juicy, half melting, sweet, slightly aromatic ; good. September. Maurice Desportea, Professor Hortoles. Tree This new pear originated with M. Morel, at Lyons, France, very strong and vigorous, and a very good bearer. Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, inclining to pyriform, slight ly obtuse ; skin dee]) yellow, slight nettings of russet, and many large dark brownish red dots, and often brownish red in the sun ; stalk short, stout; cavity medium; calyx large, open; basin rather wide, quite deep ; flesh tine, juicy, melting, sugary, vinous, and of the highest qual ity. September, October.- -Illustrated Montldy. PEARS. 133 Petite Marguerite. Rogers. Dean. A chance seedling in the garden of the late Capt. Rogers, of Boston, Mass., and introduced by A. J. Dean, of the same place. Tree vigor- ous, somewhat spreading, productive. Fruit medium, oblong ovate obtuse pyriform ; skin yellowish green, sometimes a shade of dull red in the sun, and many green and russet dots ; stalk long, curved, inserted in a slight depression or small cavity ; calyx half open ; basin rather small, slightly corrugated ; flesh whitish yellow, a little coarse, juicy, half melting, sweet, slightly vinous, and slightly aromatic ; good to very good. September. Saint Germain Van Mons. Origin Belgium, one of Van Mons' seedlings. Tree moderately vigorous, moderately productive. Fruit medium or nearly so, roundish obovate pyriform ; skin light greenish yellow, many brown dots ; stalk long, curved ; cavity very small ; calyx open ; basin small, russet ; flesh whitish, buttery, melting, juicy, sweet ; good. October. 134 PEARS. Sam Brown. Originated with Samuel Brown, Jr., at Walnut Hills, MA Trea a free grower, an early and regular bearer. Fruit nearly of medium size, roundish oblate, a little uneven; ■kin pale yellow, partially covered with thin russet, sometimes a little Rogers. brownish in the sun ; stalk short, rather stout, inserted in a large cavity ; calyx open or partially closed ; basin large, deep ; flesh white, a little coarse, juicy, melting, vinous, and rich ; very good. September. Souvenir Favre. A variety raised by M Favre, of Chalons, France. Tree vigorous, moderately productive. Fruit medium, obovate pyriform ; skin greenish yellow, sometimes a shade of red in the sun, many brown and green dots ; s^alk short, inserted at an inclination in a slight depression by a lip ; calyx open ; PEAKS. 135 basin small or medium, uneven, slightly russeted ; flesh whitish) half fine, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly perfumed; good to very good October. Bam Bxown. Tberese Appert. 136 quince kaspbkkk*. Therese Appert. A new variety raised by Andre Leroy, Angers, France. Tree utrong, vigorous, an abundant bearer. Fruit medium, rather long pyriform to roundish obovate pyriform, a little obtuse ; skin deep yellow, partially netted, dotted, and patched with russet, sometimes a shade of rich brownish red in the sun; stalk short, a little inclined ; cavity small, often without ; calyx open ; basin rather shallow, smooth ; flesh whitish yellow, half fine, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly vinous ; very good. September. QUIlSrCE. Sweet Quince. Origin said to be Chainbersburg, Pa., many years since. Tree a good grower and an abundant bearer. The fruit is less acid than other kinds, keeps late, and cooks tender. Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, angular or somewhat ribbed; skin deep yellow; stalk short, set on a swollen projection in a broad, shallow depression ; calyx open, with long, broad segments ; basin large, deep, corrugated ; flesh Arm, deep yellow, with the same juice and acid astringency of the apple-quince, but much less of it. EA8PBEREY. Herstine. This new raspberry originated with D. "W. Herstine, Branchtown, Fa. The plant is said to be hardy, is very vigorous, and very produc- tive, and is a promising market variety, except for carrying long dis- tances I fear it will not be quite firm enough ; canes strong, erect ; spines short, strong, scattering, greenish white, slightly purple. Fruit large, roundish obtuse conical, bright scarlet ; flesh moderately 6rm, juicy, sweet, rich, separates freely from the core. Narraganset. A new variety raised by John F. Jolls, of Providence, R. 1., which is said to be very large, very productive, and a promising variety for market, being large and keeping in good condition for a long time ; the berry is scarlet, of a conical form and fine flavor. We have not seen the fruit. RABPBBKBY. 137 Ontakio. A variety cf the Black Cap found on the grounds of E. E. Lord, Fairport, N. Y. Plant hardy, vigorous, and very productive, and, being firm, it will bear carriage to a distant market. The fruit is quite large of its class, deep black, -with a very thick bluish bloom, juicy, sweet, and very good. SUSQUECO. Brandywine. Of unknown origin, but said to be a good market sort for Delaware and Maryland. Fruit medium, roundish obtuse conical, bright red ; flesh quite firm, moderately juicy, sprightly subacid. SECOND APPENDIX TO SECOND REVISED EDITION PEACHES, PEARS, Ac PEACHES. 141 PEACHES. Alexander's Early. A chance seedling on the farm of 0. A. Alexander, near Mount Pulaski, Illinois. This new peach ripened here last season, towards the last of July, two weeks before Hale's Early ; tree vigorous, productive ; the fruit showy, of good flavor, and promises to be an acquisition as an early market variety and for home use ; leaves with globose glands ; flowers large. Fruit medium, nearly globular, slightly depressed ; suture shallow, ending at the apex, which is slightly sunk ; skin greenish white, nearly covered with deep rich red, almost purplish in the sun ; flesh whitish, with a tinge of green, sometimes a little stained next the skin ; a little firm, or half melting, juicy, sweet, slightly vinous, white at the stone, to which it adheres slightly, and which is small. Amsden's June. A chance seedling on the grounds of L. C. Amsden, near Carthago, Missouri ; tree vigorous, productive, and it is said to ripen two or three weeks earlier than Hale's Early, but not having fruited it here, cannot eay as to time. Fruit received July 13 from the originator, where the season is earlier ; leaves with globose glands ; flowers large. Fruit medium, roundish, slightly depressed ; suture rather broad, shallow, extending a little beyond the apex, which is slightly sunk ; skin greenish white, nearly covered with light and dark red, almost purplish in the sun, and somewhat mottled in the shade ; flesh greenish white, while at the stone, to which it slightly adheres, and which is small ; flesh half melting, juicy, sweet, slightly vinous and very good. Cook's Late White. A chance seedling in the garden of an unknown person in Philadel- phia, but was introduced by Joseph Cook of Salem, New Jersey ; it is a large peach, highly esteemed and popular, where known, for market and family use ; tree vigorous, an abundant bearer ; flowers small. Fruit large, roundish, a little inclining to oblong ; skin pale whitish yellow, a shade of pale red where exposed ; suture small, extending a little beyond the apex, which is a small point ; flesh white, a little stained with red next the stone, juicy, melting, sweet, rich and delicious ; free stone. Pipe last of September. 142 PEACHES. Early Ascot. Raised a few years since by Mr. Standish, of the Royal Ascot Nursery, England, and is considered a choice peach ; leaves with small roundish reniform glands ; flowers small. Fruit medium, roundish, somewhat depressed ; suture shallow ; skin flushed with bright red on nearly all parts, suffused on the shady with crimson and on the exposed side with deeper blood red ; flesh slight red at the stone, from which it parts freely, pale greenish straw color, with abundant juice, and an excellent flavor. Ripe first of September. (Florist cmd Nomologist.) Fetters. A new variety, raised by John Fetters, near Lancaster, Ohio ; tree vigorous, a good aud regular bearer and fine quality ; glands globose ; flowers small. Fruit medium to large, roundish, inclining to oblong ; suture distinct but not deep, extending a little beyond the apex, which is a small point ; skin creamy white, with a slight blush where exposed ; flesh white, a slight tinge of red at the stone, juicy, melting, sweet, rich and excellent ; freestone. Ripens the first of September. High's Early Canada. A seedling raised by Abraham High, Jordan, Ontario, who claims that it is as early or a few days earlier than Early Beatrice, larger and better quality : and the fruit he sent me was very similar in size, form, color and quality to Alexander's Early, Amsden's June and Honeywell, and I am inclined to think they are all seedlings, varying slightly, of one kind — probably Hale's Early. Hill's Chili Peach. Synonyms : Cass Seagrove. Climax Seagrove's Smolk. Connecticut Stanley's Late. Jenny Lind Smolk. Leopold Sugar. Madison Wilcox. Queen of Sheba It is now pretty well ascertained that this peach originated on the farm of Deacon Pitinann Wilcox, of Riga, Monroe County, N. Y., more than sixty years since, and is still healthy and bearing fruit ; it was first called Connecticut Peach. The tree is hardy, vigorous, very pro- ductive, and is considered a valuable market variety. It is also said to reproduce itself from seed, and the many names by which it is called in different localities is no doubt the result of its reproduction. TEACHES. 143 Fruit medium oval ; suture slight, ending a little beyond the apex, which is a small point ; skin deep yellow, shaded with dark red, often dark spots or blotches of brownish red where exposed ; flesh deep yel- low, red at the stone, moderately juicy, half melting, sweet, vinous; separates freely from the stone, which is rather small ; ripens the last oi September and first of October. Honeywell. A new variety, raised by John Honeywell, Randolph, Ohio ; a hand- some early peach, ripening a week or two before Hale's Early, and growing here last season side by side with Alexander's Early was two or three days earlier ; tree is vigorous and productive, and promises to be valuable ; leaves without glands, flowers large. Fruit medium, nearly globular, a little flattened ; suture slight, rather shallow, extending a little beyond the apex, which is small ; skin green- ish white, nearly covered with light and dark rich red ; reddish purple where fully exposed ; flesh whitish, juicy, half melting, sweet, slightly vinous and very good ; adheres slightly to the stone, which is small and not stained. Mrs. Brett. A chance seedling in the garden of Mrs. Maria Brett, Newburgh, N. Y. ; tree vigorous, productive ; glands reniform ; flowers small ; glands globose. Frxut medium, roundish ; suture broad and shallow, extending a little beyond the apex, which is a small swollen point ; skin whitish, shaded with dark rich red where fully exposed ; flesh white, red at the stone ; juicy, melting, sweet and rich ; free stone. Muscogee. A variety of the Columbia, raised by J. C. Cook, Columbia, Georgia ; the tree much resembles the Columbia in all its parts ; flowers small. Fruit large, roundish, slightly depressed; suture rather broad and distinct, extending a little beyond the apex, which is a small point ; skin downy, dull yellow, more or less striped, splashed or mottled with dull or brownisli red ; the splashes vary in form and size ; flesh whitish, a little coarse, sometimes a little stained and veined with red ; juicy, sweet, slightly vinous; free stone, which is nearly round and of medium size. Ripens at the South the first of August, and a month later at the No^h. Nix's Late White. Origin said to be Newtown County, Georgia ; tree vigorous, produc- tive, and ripens a week or two later than Heathcling ; leaves with reni- form glands ; flowers large. Fruit large, roundish, inclining to oblong ; suture medium, extending 144 PEACHES. to the apex, which is slightly sunk ; skin white, downy, a shade of red in the sun ; flesh white to the stone, to which it adheres ; rather firm, juicy, sweet, vinous and rich. Ripe middle and end of October. Petit's Imperial. Imperial Yellow. This was raised by David Petit, Salem, N. J. ; it is a large, hand- some late peach, one of the richest of the yellow-fleshed varieties, and continues in use longer than most kinds ; tree vigoixms, a moderate bearer generally, but some seasons produces good crops ; flowers small. Fruit large to very large, roundish, slightly depressed ; suture shal- low, extending a little beyond the apex, which is small ; skin deep orange yellow, shaded and mottled with dark rich red ; flesh yellow ; red at the stone, juicy, melting, rich, sweet and high flavored; freestone. Ripe last of September. Thurber. A new variety, raised from the seed of Chinese Cling, by Dr. L. E. Berckmans, Rome, Georgia, and named after his friend, Dr. George Thurber ; it is a handsome and very promising variety, and as it is said to carry well, and being of good size, it will be an acquisition for market and general use ; tree very healthy, Aigorous and symmetric in form ; tiowers small. Fruit large, roundish, inclining to oblong ; suture slight, extending to the apex, which is slightly sunk ; skin slightly downy, creamy white, shaded and mottled with pale red and carmine where fully exposed ; flesh white, a little red at the stone, which is free ; fine grained, very juicy, melting, slightly vinous, rich and delicious. Ripe from middle t< the end of July in Georgia. FBABS. 14; PEARS Calebasse d'Octobre. Of Belgian origin ; tree vigorous, upright ; promises to be an abun- dant bearer. Fruit large, elongated pyriform, a little obtuse, some specimens acute, when the stalk is inserted by a lip, without cavity ; skin smooth, pale yellow, a shade of rich crimson where fully exposed ; stalk long, in- clined, curved; cavity small; calyx closed; basin shallow, slightly cor- rugated ; flesh white, fine, jncy, melting, with a pleasant, rather riot flavor. Ripens in October. Oolonel Wilder. 1 4(3 PEARS. Colonel Wilder. A. new seedliDg raised by B. S. Fox, San Jose, California, and is said to be a valuable late variety. Fruit medium to large, roundish obtuse pyriform ; skin light ye. low, a shade of light orange red in the sun, slight nettings of russet, and numerous small russet and brown dots ; stalk rather short ; cavity small ; calyx small, open, or nearly so ; basin rather shallow, slightly plaited ; flesh whitish yellow, a little coarse around the core, juicy, melting, very sweet, with a peculiar slight musky and slightly aromatic flavor. December, January. Courte Queue d'Automne. Originated with Andre Leroy, Angers, France ; tree vigorous, some- what spreading, very productive. Fruit medium, oblate to roundish oblate, slightly elevated, surface rough, uneven and irregular; skin pale whitish yellow, sometimes a shade of pale red in the sun, and many russet dots ; stalk short, stout, a little inclined ; cavity medium ; calyx closed ; basin broa i, corrugated ; flesh whitish, fine, melting, sweet, slightly vinous, and a slight cinna- mon perfume. Last of September and first of October. Doctor Howe. Origin, in the garden of Dr. John J. Howe, Birmingham, Conn.; tree healthy, vigorous, spreading, with numerous branches of firm texture and persistent foliage ; very productive ; a new promising variety of its season. Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to pyriform, slightly obtuse ; skin greenish, but becoming light yellow at maturity ; slightly netted and patched with russet, and many russet dots ; stalk medium ; cavity small ; calyx open ; basin medium, a little uneven ; flesh whitish, half fine, juicy, melting, with a sweet, rich, slightly vinous flavor. Ripens the last half of October. Doctor Lindlev. Origin unknown ; tree vigorous ; an abundant bearer of handsome, high-flavored fruit. Fruit nearly medium, oblate pyriform, or broadly turbinate ; skin pale yellow, a shade of bright red where exposed, thinly netted and traced with russet, and many russet dots ; stalk rather long, inclined, set in a small cavity, sometimes by a lip ; calyx open ; basin medium, slightly plaited ; flesh whitish, fine, juicy, melting, sweet, rich and excellent. November. Duiiamel du Monceau. Raised by Andre Leroy, Angers, France, and dedicated to Duhamei du Monceau ; tree vigorous, spreading, and a good bearer. PEARS. 147 Fruit medium, roundish pyriform ; skin pale whitish yellow, a shade ot brown in the sun, partially netted and patched with russet, and sprinkled with many russet and brown dots ; stalk long, inclined, set in a slight d(»- Duhamel dn Monceau. pression, sometimes by a lip; calyx open, or half closed ; basin shallow, a little uneven; flesh whitish, half fine, buttery, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly vinous, and very good. November. Elizabeth Maury. A chance seedling on the ground of Reuben Maury, Charlottsville Virginia, and named after his grand-daughter, Elizabeth Maury ; tree vigorous ; an abundant bearer. Fruit small, oblate, slightly elevated ; skin pale greenish yellow, sometimes a shade of brown in the sun, and many greenish dots; stalk short to medium; cavity small; calyx small, open or half open; basin rather small, slightly plaited; flesh whitish, half fine, tender, juicy, luelting, Bweet, slightly vinous. August. MS PEARS. Frederick Clapp. Clapp's No. 22. This fine new pear was raised by Lemuel Clapp, (brother of the late Frederick and Thaddeus Clapp, who produced Clapp's favorite pear, and upon the same farm) Dorchester, Mass., from seed of Urbaniste crossed with Beurre Superfin, which it much resembles in flavor, only a little more vinous. Mr. Clapp writes that the tree is vigorous, with rather slender branches, somewhat inclined to spread ; a good bearer, and keeps remarkably well. Frederick Clapp. Fruit medium to large, roundish, inclining to obovate pyriform, but often variable and irregular in form ; skin smooth, bright yellow, with- out blush or russet, but many minute brown dots ; stalk of medium length and thickness, sometimes a little fleshy inclined, set in a slight depression or small cavity ; calyx nearly closed ; basin medium, regular ' flesh whitish yellow, fine, very juicy, melting, rich, highly vinous and slightly aromatic. Ripens from the middle to the last of October. PEARS. 149 Harris. This is another of the fine pears raised by Lemuel Clapp, of Dor- chester, Mass., from seed of Urbaniste, supposed to be crossed with Beurre Bose. Mr. Clapp states that the tree is moderately vigorous, short-jointed wood, and naturally inclined to make a compact pyramid, and very productive. Fruit medium, oblong, obtuse pyriform ; skin smooth, thin pale yellow, nearly covered with light cinnamon russet, sometimes a shade Harris. of crimson where fully exposed ; stalk medium, or rather long, curved. Bet in a slight depression ; calyx open or nearly so ; basin shallow regular; flesh white, fine, buttery, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, slightly aromatic and vinous. Ripens from the middle to the last of September 5f PEARS. Homestead. A new pear, raised by Asahel Foote, of Williamstowu, Mass., Iron, seed of tlie Virgalieu or White Doyenne ; tree vigorous, upright, ■ good bearer, annually. Mr. Foote has raised many seedling pears which promise well, and when fully tested will be noticed, if worthy. Fruit medium or above, oblong obtuse pyriform ; skin greenis^ yel- low, often pale yellow when fully matured, sometimes a shade of brown- ish red where exposed, slightly netted and patched with russet, and many russet dots ; stalk long, curved ; cavity small ; calyx large, open ; basin shallow, regular ; flesh whitish, a little coarse around the core : half fine, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly vinous and slightly aromatic Ripens from the first week in November to the middle of December. Horace Greeley. Hohace Greeley. Origin, in the garden of Dr. John J. Howe, Birmingham, Conn., tree a strong, vigorous grower, holding its foliage well ; very productive *nd promising. PEABS. 151 Fruit medium or above, roundish, inclining to obtuse pyrifoini ; skin j^le yellow at maturity, partially netted and blotched with russet, anil many russet dots ; stalk rather long, inclined, curved, set in a slight de- pression or small cavity ; calyx open ; basin medium, rather shallow, and a little uneven ; flesh a little coarse, juicy, melting, sweet, rich and Blightly ruinous. Ripe last half of October. Housatonic. Origin, in the garden of Dr. John J. Howe, of Birmingham, Conn. ; tree healthy and vigorous, rather upright ; a good bearer, and a good late variety. Fruit rather large, roundish pyrifonn; surface a little uneven ; skin greenish yellow, many green and brown dots ; stalk rather long, curved ; cavity small ; calyx small, closed ; basin rather shallow, slightly plaited ; flesh white, half fine, juicy, melting, rich and vinous. November. Longue du Bosquet. Origin, in the nurseries of Andre Leroy, Angers, France ; tree moder- ately vigorous ; an early and good bearer. Fruit medium, roundish acute pyriform ; skin bright straw color, shaded and mottled with pale red or carmine, a few traces of russet and many small russet dots; stalk long, slender, curved, joined to the fruit acutely ; cal) x closed or half open ; basin shallow, a little uneven ; flesh whitish, fine, melting, juicy, sprightly, with a slight musky perfume. September. Lucie Andusson. Raised by Alexis Andusson, Augers, France ; tree vigorous, upright, somewhat spreading, moderately productive. Fruit medium or above, roundish pyriform, obtuse ; skin pale yellow, much netted and patched with russet, and many small russet dots, stalk medium, inclined ; cavity small ; calyx open ; basin rather shal- low, slightly corrugated ; flesh white, fine, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, slightly aromatic. Ripens the last of October and first of November. Lucy Grieve. A. new pear raised from seed by Lucy Grieve, Guilford, England. Fruit medium, oblong obtuse pyriform ; skin clear, deep lemon-yel- low thinly marked with russet dots, and slight russet around the stem and calyx ; stalk of medium length and thickness, set at an inclination in a shallow, uneven cavity ; calyx closed ; basin shallow, regular ; flesh moderately firm, fine grained, tender, melting, very juicy, rich, slightly vinous. October. (Florist and Pomologist.) Madame Appert. Raised by Andre Leroy, and dedicated to his oldest daughter ; tre«j rigoroixs, upright, pyramidal ; a good bearer. Fruit medium or above, roundish acute pyriform ; skin pale green. 152 PKABS. sprinkled with many brown dots; stalk long, curved, slender, joined to the fruit acutely, sometimes by a lip ; calyx half open ; basin small, slightly plaited ; flesh whitish yellow, fine, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly perfumed, and quite rich. Last of September and first of October. Madame Baptiste Desportes. Origin, in the nurseries of Andre Leroy, Angers, France ; tree moder- ately vigorous ; an abundant bearer. Fruit medium, roundish oval ; skin pale yellow, sometimes a shade of brownish red, partially patched and netted with russet, and many russet dots ; stalk long, rather stout, inclined, set in a small cavity ; calyx open ; basin large, deep, slightly corrugated ; flesh white, fine, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, slightly aromatic. October. Maria. Curran. Origin, in the garden of the late Cuthbert M. Curran, Windsor, Nova Scotia, and was brought to notice by the late Hon. C. R. Prescott, and named by him in honor to his wife ; tree hardy, moderately vigorous, or of slow growth ; a good bearer. Fruit below medium, roundish, a little elevated around the stalk ; skin pale yellow, often shaded with light bright red ; stalk long, curved ; cavity small ; calyx open ; basin rather small, slightly corrugated ; flesh white, fine, buttery, juicy, melting, sweet, vinous, rich. Ripens a week or two earlier than the Bartlett. P. Bakry. A very promising new variety, raised by S. B. Fox, San Jose, Cali- fornia. Mr. Fox has raised several seedling pears of great merit, at least as grown with him ; how they will succeed elsewhere has yet to be tested. We give descriptions of Colonel Wilder, P. Barry and S. B. Fox, from specimens received from Ellwanger & Barry and Marshall P. Wilder. Fruit large, elongated pyriform, a little obtuse; skin deep yellow, nearly covered with rich golden russet ; stalk of medium length and thickness, inclined, set rather obliquely in a medium cavity, sometimes by a lip ; calyx small, open ; basin small, regular ; flesh whitish, fine, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly vinous and rich. December. Puebla. Origin, in the nurseries of Andre Leroy, Angers, France ; tree strong, vigorous, rather upright ; a good bearer. Fruit large, roundish pyriform, a little obtuse ; surface rough, un- even ; skin pale greenish yellow, sprinkled with many brown and greer PEARS. 153 dots ; stalk medium, stout ; cavity small ; calyx closed or nearly so ; basin mediixm or broad, corrugated ; flesh white, a little coarse, buttery half melting, juicy, slightly vinous. Last of September and first ol OHobor. Origiiated in the nurseries of Andre Leroy, Angers, France ; tree a good grower, upright, somewhat spreading. Fruit medium, oblong pyriform, slightly obtuse ; skin whitish yellow, shaded with bright red, slight nettings of russet, and many russet and brown dots ; stalk of medium length and thickness, inserted in a slight depression, or small cavity ; calyx open ; basin medium, a little uneven ; L54 PEARS. flesh whitish yellow, a little coarse, juicy, melting, buttery, sweet, and very good. October. B. S. Fox. This is thought by some to be one of Fox's best late fall varieties. Fruit large, oblong, obtuse pyriform; skin clear bright yellow, nearly covered with rich golden russet ; stalk rather short, stout, inserted obliquely by a lip in a slight depression ; calyx small, open; basin medium, uneven; flesh whitish, fine, juicy, melting, sweet, rich ana excellent. Sutton's Great Britain. A seedling of the Bartlett, raised by William Sutton, Cornwallis, Nova Scotia; the tree is said to be hardy, with stout short-jointed, dark colored young wood ; fruit large, showy, very productive, and is becom- ing popular as a market fruit. Fruit large, pyriform, a little obtuse ; skin greenish yellow or pale yellow, often with a shade of red where exposed, slight nettings and patches of russet, and manv russet dots ; stalk long, rather stout, a little inclined, set in a small cavity ; calyx open ; basin shallow, a little ud- even; flesh whitish, a little coarse, half melting, juicy, sweet and plea- sant. Bipens about ten days later than the Bartlett. Talmadge. Northford Seckel. A chance seedling in the garden of Levi Talmadge, i . -iiford, Conn. Tree hardy, vigorous, sy me trie ; an early and abundant beai'er. Fruit rather small, obovate ; skin yellow, more or less netted and patched with russet ; stalk long, inclined ; cavity medium ; calyx small, open; basin small, regular; flesh whitish, half fine, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly aromatic. September. CORRECTIONS. Ananas or Ananas d'Ete Pear. There is much confusion in regard to the pears Ananas, Ananas d'Ete Ananas de Courtrai, and Henry the Fourth. The three first having proved identical with me, and the latter distinct, I have received trees and grafts of Ananas de Courtrai from many sources, both in Europe and this country, and when in bearing have proved to be Ananas d'ete. From all I can learn of its history, it is a very old variety, and was first called De Bonchet, but was afterward named Ananas, which is still retained, with the syr onyms annexed : PEARS. 155 Ananas. De Bouchet ... Pouchet. Ananas d'Ete Comperette. Ananas de Courtrai Beurre Ananas. Summer Pine Apple.. Ananas Francaise. Favori Musque Favor i Musque du Conseiller, V. M Henry IV. , incorrectly The Henry the Fourth pear has but two synonyms, viz., Henry Quatre and Jacquin, and as we received it from Europe, and as it is generally known m tins country, is a small pear of -very good quality; but Andre Leroy, in his Dictionuaire de Pomologie, describes Henry the Fourth as a large pear of second quality ; which of the two is correct, I am unable to decide. Additional Synonyms Pears. Abbe le Berriays Syu. to Amande regenerie " Baron de Geer " Belleville Baking " Beurre d'Apremont " Beurre Dilly " Beurre de Paquea " Beurre Robert *' Beurre Sceringe " Due d'Orleans " Early Bergamont of Wisconsin " Ennes of Kentucky " Esturion " Francis Borgia " Henkel d'Automne " Humboldt's Butterbirn " Jackson's Seckel " Josephine Bouvier '* Lauren's Summer " Marquis d'Hem '* Nana " Phillip Goes " Itetour de Rome " Smith's Superior '* Sylvestre d'Automne " Sylvestre d'Hiver '* Turner's Early of Illinois " SVredow ** Berriays. Walker. Henri Van Mons. Harrison's Fall. Beurre Bosc. Beurre DeRannoy. Bonne de Soulers. Doyenne du Cornice. Doyenne de Saumur. Marechal de la Cour. Passans du Portugal. Windsor. Winter Xelis. Onondaga. Henkel. Beurre Bosc Jackson's Elizabeth. Beurre Navez. English Jargonelle. Hanipdeu's Bergamotte. Manning's Elizabeth. Barronne de Mello. Nouveau Poiteau. Windsor. Frederick de Wurtemberg U 11 .< Rousselet Hatif. Delices de Chai-les. PLUMS. PLUMS. Boddaert's Green Gage. Reine Claude Boddaert. Of foreign origin ; tree vigorous, rather upright ; branches snooth, brownish ; productive. Fruit large, roundish, inclining to oblong ; suture slight, apex a dot ; skin pale greenish yellow, with broad splashes of green, and covered with a thin whitish bloom ; stalk medium, rather stout ; cavity small ; flesh light yellow, melting, juicy, sugary and delicious. Ripens the end of August. Early Yellow Gage. A new early plum, raised by Asahel Foots, Williamstown, Mass. , tree a strong, upright grower ; an early and abundant bearer ; branches smooth, dark brown. Fruit medium, roundish oval, narrowing a little towards the stalk ; suture broad, shallow, extending to the apex ; skin greenish yellow or pale yellow at maturity, covered with a whitish bloom ; stalk medium, slender ; cavity small ; flesh greenish yellow, a little coarse, juicy, sugary and rich ; adhces slightly to the stone. Hungarian Prune. Datte de Hongrie. Of Belgian origin ; tree vigorous, spreading ; branches smooth, grayish brown ; a good bearer. Fruit medium, elongated oval, slight neck, sides compressed, one edge considerably flattened, and the other much rounded ; suture shal- low, apex a pointed dot ; skin dark purplish black, with a thick blue bloom ; stalk long, slender, curved at the end ; cavity small ; flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sugary, rich, separates freely from the stone. Ripens the first of September. Precoc£e de Lucas. Of foreign origin ; tree vigorous, upright ; branches smooth, grayish; »ery productive. Fruit medium, oval, narrowing a little towards the apex; suture a line ; stalk rather long, slender ; cavity very small ; skin deep black, thick blue bloom ; flesh greenish, juicy, sweet, slightly vinous ; separates from the stone. Ripens the last of August. PLUMS. 157 Prunk Tardine. Origin unknown ; tree vigorous, upright ; branches smooth, light reddish brown ; very productive. Fruit below medium, oval, narrowing a little at the ends, one side a little enlarged ; suture a line, apex a point ; skin black, with a thick blue bloom ; stalk rather long, slender ; cavity small ; flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sweet, slightly vinous ; separates from the stone. Ripens the middle of October. Royal de Braunac. Of foreign origin ; tree vigorous, upright ; branches smooth, grayish, slightly downy at the ends ; a good bearer. Fruit medium, roundish oval, regular, almost without suture ; skin bight reddish in the shade, purplish black in the sun, thickly dotted with brown dots, and covered with a thick lilac bloom ; flesh greenish yellow, a little coarse, rather firm, juicy, rich ; adheres to the stone.. Ripens the first of September. Sultan. Raised by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England ; tree vigorous ; very productive. Fruit medium, round ; suture rather shallow ; skin dark, purplish red, dotted with minute brown specks, and covered with a thin bluish bloom ; stalk medium ; cavity large ; flesh greenish yellow, firm, brisk, sweet, pleasant flavor ; adheres partially to the pit. Ripe middle of August. {Florist and Nomologist.) VlOLETTE DE GALOPIN. Origin unknown ; tree vigorous, upright ; branches smooth, brownish, short-jointed ; an abundant bearer. Fruit medium, nearly globular, slightly oval at the apex; almost without suture ; apex slightly sunk ; stalk of medium length, rather Btout; cavity small, deep; skin dark purple, almost black, thick blue bloom; flesh deep yellow, juicy, sugary, rich; adheres slightly to the pit on one side. Ripens the last of August. NOTE. There have been many new grapes, strawberries and raspberries in- troduced during the past few years, some of which are very promising, but further experience and examination is necessary before deciding "ully as to their merits. THIBD APPENDIX TO SECOND REVISED EDITION. CHERRIES, GRAPES, PEARS, &c. CHERRIES. Barnhart. This new cherry originated on the farm of Louis Shepler, of Belle Vernon, Pa., and is much grown by the Shepler Brothers, who have a large collection of cherries and other fruits, which are grown in quantities for the market, and it is said this cherry com- mands a higher price than any other variety. The fruit is large, handsome, firm flesh, and of excellent quality; the tree is healthy, vigorous, and an abundant bearer. Fruit large, obtuse heart-shaped, a little compressed; suture slight; cavity large, deep; stalk rather long, slender; skin whitish yellow, shaded and mottled with light and dark rich red; flesh firm, juicy, sweet, with a sprightly, rich flavor. Ripens the last of June and the first of July. Burghley Park. Origin Burghley Park, Stamford, England; a Duke cherry of moderately vigorous growth; a shy bearer at first, but abundantly productive in a few years. Fruit large, usually round, with an obscure suture, but occasion- ally compressed or flattened; skin very thin, transparent, the color deep rich red, with shades of maroon; the flesh is of a tawny color, juicv, melting, a little astringent at first, but very pleasant, refresh- ing,' subacid flavor when fully ripe. It belongs to the Red Duke class, and, in general characteristics, nearest to Reine Hortense, though it appears to combine the best qualities of both. — Gardeners' Weekly. Dyehouse. Origin unknown; was introduced by H. T. Harris, of Stamford, Kv„ and was found growing in an old MoreHo orchard, or- the farm of a Mr. Dvehouse, in Lincoln County, over thirty years smce; it is still grown there from suckers, and is claimed to be hardy, moder- ately vigorous, somewhat spreading, of the Morello typ-», but par- takes both of the Morello and Duke in growth, wood, pnd fruit; a very early and sure bearer; ripens a week before Early Richmond, is about the same size, of better quality, and quite as productive. Fruit meoium, oblate or roundish oblate, slightly depressed, without suture; apex slightly depressed; skin bright red, dark red 1G2 CHERRIES. in the sun; stalk of medium length, slender; cavity rather large, smooth; flesh soft, juicy, tender, sprightly subacid, rather rich; pit very small; sometimes the stalk adheres to the pit. Early Lyons. Rose Hative de Lyon. Guigne Hative de Lyon. A very large and handsome cherry of excellent quality. The fruit is roundish, obtuse heart-shape, with a faint depression or suture on the flattened side, and having the stalk, which is an inch and three-quarters long, set in a rather shallow cavity; the skin is blackish crimson-purple, or glossy blackish mahogany color; the flesh is of a very dark brownish-red, sweet, tender, juicy, and well- flavored. It is an early variety, ripening about the end of June. (Flo. & Pom.) Early Rivers. A new early cherry raised from seed of Early Purple Guigne, by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England. Tree luxuriant, healthy, and an abundant bearer; fruit as large as its parent, very rich and good, and a triile later. Fruit medium to large, roundish heart-shape, and somewhat un- even on the surface, slightly pitted on the apex, with a distinct style point; suture not well defined; skin deep black; stalk long, rather slender; cavity small, rather deep; flesh very tender, sweet, and agreeably perfumed; stone very small; a very excellent cherry. Ripe the end of June. {Lon. Jour, of Jlort.) Gloire de France. This beautiful cherry originated with Auguste Bonnemain, Etamps (.Seine-et-Oise), France, and is of the Mayduke type. Tree moderately vigorous, erect, with rather slender branches, making a regular, roundish, conical head, moderately productive. Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, somewhat depressed; suture broad, shallow, often very slight; apex rather large, a little sunk, skin bright scarlet or crimson, almost transparent; flesh pale red, tender, very juicy, sprightly, and when fully ripe of a rich, refresh- ing acid flavor. Season the first of July. Ida. A new and promising variety, raised by E. H. Cocklin, of Shep- henlstown, Pa., who says that it is a seedling of the Cocklin's Fa- vorite, and has borne good crops for fifteen years; it is considered worthy of general cultivation; it is named after his daughter Ida. Tree vigorous, upright, an abundant bearer. Fruit medium, or rather large, obtuse conical, slightly compressed; suture slight; skin pale whitish yellow, nearly covered wit h bright red, more or less mottled; stalk of medium length, slender, inserted in a rather large, deep cavity; flesh very tender, juicv, rich; very good, if not nest quality; pit very small. Season about the time of the Mayduke. 4 CHERRIES. -. fiq Lancaster. An accidental seedling in the grounds of Daniel Smeych, Lan- caster, Pa. The tree is said to be a vigorous, upright, compact grower, a prolific bearer, and the fruit continues in use a long time. Fruit medium, heart-shape, regular; suture very slight; apex very small; skin bright red; stalk long, slender; cavity medium, smooth; flesh half tender, juicy, sweet with a sprightly good flavor; the flesh adheres slightly to the pit, which is of medium size. Ripens during the month of June. Large Montmorency. Montmorency, Large Fruited. Montmorency a Longue Queue. According to Andre Leroy, this is a very old variety, and is sup- posed to have originated near Paris or Montmorency, France, more than 200 years since. Tree hardy, a vigorous grower of its class, and bearing abundantly. Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, slightly flattened at th > base, regular, almost without suture; apex small; skin dark, rich red; stalk of medium length, moderately stout; cavity medium, or rather large, smooth; flesh soft, tender, juicy, rich acid, becoming subacid when fully mature. Season a week or ten days later than Early Richmond. The Morello cherries appear to have been neglected of late years, probably on account of the introduction of so many choice varieties of sweet cherries. The Morellos are now becoming more popular, as they are more hardy, more certain bearers, less subject to rot, continue a longer time in use, are more valuable forearming, drying, and for various culinary purposes; also many of the kinds when fully ripe are good table fruits. Leib. This fine Morello cherry is said to have been brought from Ger- many thirty years ago and planted in the garden of a Mr. Leib, in the city of Galena, 111., where it still stands and is over thirty feet high; it is said to be very hardy, thrifty, healthy, upright in growth, bearing abundantly annually. The fruit is as large or larger than Early Richmond, a little later, much less acid, of better quality, and commands a better price in market. Love Apple. Tomato. A vigorous growing variety of the Duke cherry, which is said to have originated in Spain; it has borne abundantly here, and is a promising kind of its class. Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, often depressed, or tomato- shape; suture .'hallow; apex a dot; skin yellowish, shaded with light red, bright rich red in the sun; stalk rather long, slender; cavity quite large, broad, moderately deep; flesh pale yellow, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid, rich; very good. Ripens the first half of July. 104 ( HKRKIKS. Marik Thkkksk. A new seedling of M. tie Luigne, near Chateaugontier (Mayenne), France, and was dedicated to his daughter Marie Therese. Tree strong, vigorous, with rather long slender branches, forming a beau- tiful head; moderately productive, of excellent quality, and well worthy of cultivation. Fruit medium or above, roundish, flattened at the ends; suture broad, shallow; apex small, a little sunken; stalk long, slender; cavity very small; skin fine, strong, transparent, clear red in the shade, a cornelian red in the sun, slightly dotted with whitish gray; flesh yellow, compact, melting, very juicy, sugary, deliciously acid and perfumed; first quality. Ripens the last of August. (Leroy.) Olivet. A new French cherry, with the following description from the catalogue of Transou Brothers, of Orleans, France: " This sort takes a place not occupied up to the present among the list of early cherries. Nearly all the early sorts that we possess are sweet, amber, or red varieties, with a limited fruiting season. The Olivet cherry is a large, globular, very shining deep red sort. The flesh is red, with a rose-colored juice, tender, rich, and vinous, with a very sweet subacidulous flavor. It ripens in the beginning of June, and continues till July without losing its quality. It pos- sesses the fertility of the best of the Duke tribe, and is perhaps the largest of that class." A friend writes that it fruited with him the past season, but being very dry the fruit was small, otherwise it sustained i.s for- eign reputation. Daniel B. "YYier, of Lacon, 111., has been engaged for many years in growing and testing seedling cherries of the Morello class, in large numbers, for the purpose of obtaining varieties suited to a cold cli- mate, and of equal if not superior qualitv to those now in use. He states that he has been successful beyond his expectations, and is offering some of the most valuable of them to the public. The fol- lowing are his descriptions of three which he values highly: Flag a, or Wieb's Early Kentish. " Fruit medium, heart-shaped; black; ten days earlier than Early Richmond; in quality when fully ripe equaling the finest of the dark- colored sweet cherries, combining all the desirable qualities for kitchen or table; flesh firm; skin strong; at first rich subacid, but be- coming very rich and sweet, and so strong that it has hung upon the tree for a full month after being fully ripe without decaying or drop- ping; pit small. Tree a slender, short- jointed, regularly conical, moderate grower, entirely hardy, and enormously productive; should have high, dry, light soil, and an airy situation." Mr. Wier sent me specimens of this variety in 1876, which were of medium size, black color, with purplish-red flesh, tender, juicy, having a rich subacid flavor, of very good quality. Galusha, oe No. 1 1. " One of the finest of cherries; fruit above medium; light and subacid at first, very good, but as it matures, growing darker, firmer, richer, sweeter, until at last a very dark bright red, and one of the sweetest and most delicious of cherries; three days earlier than Early Richmond; hangs on the tree for a long period after being fully ripe without any rot. Tree hardy, foliage entirely free from disease, a vigorous and strong grower in the orchard, a very abun- dant bearer." Northwest, oe No. 29. "This is undoubtedly the most valuable of all cherries for the Northwest for market and home use. Fruit dark bright red, a little larger and six days earlier than Early Richmond, and the tree almost exactly similar in general appearance. This variety in time will supersede all other sour cherries of its season. Its fine size, color, richness, earliness, firmness, and great productiveness, with en- tire hardihood of tree and fruit-bud, and perfect health of foliage, will make it the cherry both for North and South. The fruit is a brisk, pleasant acid, entirely without the intense sourness of the English Morello. Pit small; fruit globular; stem long, adhering quite firmly to the fruit; and ripening very evenly and quickly after coloring, and hangs on the tree for weeks without becoming soft or rotting. "I have found all cherries ripening earlier than Early Richmond free from the attacks of the plum eurculio." GRAPES. Beauty. "One of the seedlings of Jacob Rommel, of Morrison, Mo., and is a cross between Delaware and Maxatawney ; has been vigorous and healthy so far; a strong grower and very productive; bunch full medium, compact, shouldered; berry about the size and color of Catawba, oblong, covered with lilac bloom; ripens here the last week in August; sweet exquisite flavor; thin but rather tough skin; tender pulp; this promises to keep well, and as the bunches are very even and attractive in appearance, it may be a very valuable market grape, as it is superior in quality to Delaware; and as it excels the Catawba in fine and delicate flavor, is without its harshness and aus- terity in pulp. I consider it the most promising of all our varieties of the Labrusca class." (Husmann.) Brighton. This handsome and fine grape was raised by Jacob Moore, of Brighton. N. Y., being a cross of the Concord and Diana Hamburg; vine hardy, a rapid vigorous grower, with medium to long-jointed 16G GRAPES. shoots, which ripen early; leaves large, thick, dark green, coarsely seriated, occasionally lobed; very productive, and if the small bunches were taken off early in the season it would be a great bene lit to the others. Bunch medium to large, shouldered, occasionallv double shoulders, moderately compact; berries medium to large, round, light bright red at first, changing to a dark crimson, or maroon when fully ma- ture, sometimes almost black, and covered with a thick lilac bloom; the berries adhere well to the peduncle; skin thin but tough; flesh tender, very slight pulp, sweet, juicy, slightly aromatic, verv slightly vinous, and of very good quality for an early grape. It has its best flavor when it is first Hue, but becomes pasty and loses its sprightly flavor when fully ripe. Ripens nearly as early as Hartford Prolific and before the Delaware. Duchess. This fine grape was raised by A. J. Caywood, Modena, N. Y., who states that " it was produced by crossing a White Concord seedling with Delaware or Walter, the pollen of both being applied at the same time." The vine is a vigorous grower, with moderatelv short- jointed shoots; leaves large, light green, rather thick, eoarselv ser- rated, adhere to the vine very late in the season; vine abundantly productive. Bunch medium to large, shouldered, occasionally double shoul- dered, compact; berries medium, roundish, inclining to oval; skin rather thick, light green at first, but pale greenish yellow when mature, sometimes a golden yellow where fully exposed and gath- ered late, and covered with a thin whitish bloom : flesh tender, free from pulp, juicy, sweet, spicy, rich, and of excellent quality; the ber- ries adhere strongly to the peduneie, and the fruit keeps a long time after being gathered. Ripens soon after the Concord. Early. Dawn. An early black grape of fine quality, which original: W'th Dr. Wm. A. M. Culbert, of Newburgh, X. V., being a cross v\ M iscat Hamburg and Israella; vine healthy, vigorous, and very productive; wood moderately short jointed; leaves large, thick, and firm, rcund-- ish, broadly, but not deeply serrated, sometimes slightly lobed. Bunch medium to large, long, shouldered, occasionally double shouldered; berry medium, round, black, with a thick blue bloom, skin thin but firm; flesh tender, juicy, sweet, slightly vinous, rich, and of very good quality; the fruit adheres well to the peduncle, keeps well, and is a valuable addition to the early grapes, either for the table or market. Ripens a week or more before the Hartfoid Prolific. Early Victor. "A chance seedling that originated with John Burr, of Leaven- worth, Kansas, about ten years ago, of the Labrusca class. Vine very hardv, health v, vigorous, and very productive; wood dark gray, rather long jointed; foliage thick, medium, dark green, deeply GRAPES. 16? iobed, partaking somewhat of the character of the Delaware and Hartford Prolific — not as pubescent as the latter. The original vine has not been injured by the severe cold and sudden changes of our climate, and has shown no rot or disease; it is not only the very best early market, but also the best wine grape that we know of in cultivation, making a rich, high bouquet, claret wine. " Bunch above medium, compact, often shouldered, and sometimes double shouldered; berry medium, round, black, with a heavy blue bloom; adheres to the peduncle until it shrivels; flesh slightly pulpy, juicy, sprightly vinous, agreeably sweet, without any foxiness. Sea- son at least a week earlier than Hartford Prolific." (Dr. J. Stay- man.) Jefferson. This new, handsome, and excellent grape was raised by James H. Ricketts, Newburgh, N. Y., and is a cross of the Concord and Iona ; it is healthy, very vigorous: wood rather short jointed; leaves large, thick and downy; very productive. Bunch large, shouldered, often double shouldered, compact; berry medium to large, roundish oval; skin rather thick, light red, with a thin lilac bloom; flesh meaty, yet tender, juicy, sweet, slightly vinous, aromatic and rich ; the berries adhere strongly to the peduncle, and the fruit maintains its freshness for a long time after being gathered; it is of fine quality, and very promising either for market or home use. It ripens about the time of the Concord, or soon after. Lady Washington. This beautiful and very good grape wras raised by James EI. Ricketts, Newburgh, N. Y., and is a seedling of Concord crossed with Allen's Hybrid; vine healthy, vigorous, short jointed; leaves large, roundish, coarsely serrated, occasionally lobed, thick and downy. Bunch large to very large, compact, shouldered, often double shoulders; berry medium to large, being very nearly uniform in size, round; skin pale yellow, with a tinge of delicate pink where exposed to the sun, having a thin whitish bloom; flesh soft, tender, juicy, sweet, very slightly vinous, and of very good quality; the berries adhere well to the peduncle, and the fruit continues a long time in use. Ripens about the time of the Concord, or soon after, and is a very promising variety for the table or for market. Niagara. This new grape originated with Hoag & Clark, of Lockport, N, Y. ; not having seen the vine in its growing and bearing state, I give Mr. Hoag's description of it: " Vine a cross of Concord and Cassady, hardy, healthy, very vigorous, and very productive; wood rather long jointed; leaves very large, thick, leathery, downy, lobed, sometimes double lobed." Bunch medium to large, compact, occasionally with small shoul- ders; berry large, roundish, slightly inclining to oval, quite uniform 168 GRAPES. in size; skin pale green at first, but changing1 to pale yellow when fully ripe, with a thin whitish bloom; flesh soft, tender, sweet, pleas- ant, and in quality about the same as Concord, and ripening with it or soon after; it has quite a foxy odor when first gathered, but loses much of this when fully ripe. PoCKXINGTON. This large showy grape was raised from seed of the Concord by John Pocklington, Sandy Hill, N. Y., and as I have not seen the vine in a growing and bearing condition, I give Mr. Pocklington's description: " Vine very hardy, healthy, very vigorous, with short- jointed shoots; wood close and firm; leaves large, thick, tough, and downy; very productive." Bunch medium to large, or very large, generally shouldered, com- pact; berry large to very large, roundish, whitish yellow, pale yellow when fully mature, covered with a thin light bloom; flesh with con- siderable pulp, juicy, sprightly, but not rich; perhaps not fully ripe when tested. The originator claims that when fully ripe the " flesh is not hard, but tender, juicy, sweet, rich, and superior to Concord, and ripens at the same time." Prentiss. This promising grape is a seedling of the Isabella, raised by J. W. Prentiss, Pultnev, X. Y. Not having seen the vine during its growth and bearing, I give Mr. Prentiss' description of it, viz.: " A hardy, healthy and good grower; wood rather short jointed; leaves quite large, thick, slightly downy; very productive and inclined to overbear. It ripens with Concord, except when overloaded, when it is a little later." Bunch medium, occasionally with small shoulders, compact; berry medium, round, inclining to oval; skin thick, greenish white, pale yellow when fully i lature, with a thin whitish bloom; flesh with a slight pulp, tender, juicy, sweet and pleasant; the berries adhere well to the peduncle, and keep well in good condition; its firm skin makes it valuable for market, where it has so far commanded a high price. QrjASSAICK. This fine black grape originated with James H. Ricketts, of New- burgh, N. Y., and is a seedling of the Clinton fertilized with Muscat Hamburg; vine vigorous, short jointed; leaves large, roundish, mod- erately thick, lobed, coarsely serrated: bunch large to very large, shouldered, sometimes double shouldered, compact; berry medium to large, roundish oval; skin thin, but firm, black, with thick blue bloom; flesh meaty, crisp, tender, juicy, very slightly vinous, rich and refreshing; the fruit adheres well to the peduncle, and con- tinues a long time in use; very productive, and is a valuable table f the West. This highly praised strawberry was raised by Jesse Brady, of Piano, 111. ' Plant very vigorous, witli large, pale green leaves, mod- erately productive; a good variety for home use and a near market; it requires high cultivation and a rich soil to produce large fruit abundantly and of good quality; it should be grown in hills or nar- row rows. Fruit large, sometimes very large, roundish conical, nearly regu- lar; a few of the first berries are coxcomb shape, and a little irregu- STRAWBERRIES. 189 lar; light scarlet; flesh light red, rather soft, juicy, sprightly subacid- rich ; quality very good. Pioneer. The Pioneer, raised by E. W. Durand, of Irvington, N. J., is said to be one of the best of the strawberries grown by him. Plant tall and vigorous, although the foliage is said to burn in some localities occasionally;' leaves large, light green; ripens rather early, and main- tains size well; but like most of the Durand seedlings requires good culture and removal of the runners to make it fairly productive; yields best under the narrow row system; very good for home use and near market; staminate. Fruit medium to large; roundish oval, with a slight neck; seeds mostly dark, a little below the surface; color light scarlet; flesh light red, moderately firm, juicy, sweet, rich, with a delicate flavor. Primo. A new seedling raised by Daniel Smith, Newburgh, N. Y. ; plant verv vigorous, with large, roundish dark green leaves, deeply veined; foot-stalks stout and heavy; berries large and handsome; productive and promising good returns for home use and a near market; a new variety not extensively tested; staminate. Fruit large, roundish oblate, obtuse-conical, regular; color dark scarlet; flesh white, moderately firm, juicy, sweet and pleasant; ripening with the early varieties. Sharpless. This large, showy strawberry originated with J. K. Sharpless, of Catawissa, Pa.; it is very vigorous, with large dark green, coarsely serrated, and deeplv veined leaves; very productive, and is best adapted to the hill' system, making large stools; it also succeeds when cultivated in narrow rows; staminate. Fruit large to very large, variable in form, from irregular cox- comb shape to roundish conical and oval; bright scarlet, somewhat glossy; flesh light red, quite firm, moderately juicy, sweet, rich, and of very good flavor; medium to late in ripening. The Sharpless is very promising, either for market or family purposes. Triple Crown. This excellent strawberry was raised by William Hunt, of Waterloo, N. Y. ; it is a strong, vigorous grower, and a very good bearer; it should be grown in hills or narrow rows to have it in per- fection; staminate. Fruit medium to large, oval conical, often with a neck; a few of the first berries are of wedge or coxcomb shape, the surface some- what uneven and irregular; crimson ; flesh light red, quite firm, juicy, sprightly, rich and of high flavor; separates readily from the calyx; one of the most promising varieties for market, also for any use in the family; it holds its size very well through the season. END. ir r. 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