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Historic, archived document

Do not assume content reflects current scientific Knowledge, policies, or practices.

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LIBRARY

BOOK NUMBER I : Ens 2B 391142 WS. ,n@.64

Bul. 84, Bureau of Entomology, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE |.

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APPLES INFESTED WITH SAN JOSE SCALE. z

Fig.1, Baldwin; fig. 2, Esopus (Spitzenburg) ; fig. 3, San Jose scales, enlarged.

THE ECKERT LITHO.CO. WASHINGTON,D.C. -

f

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Y9 BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY— BULLETIN No. 84.

L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.

FUMIGATION OF APPLES FOR THE

SAN JOSE SCALE. € & B 5 ae | Tv) i. Ey Rp ; BY \ An? 6 1251 : JAN iA ia A. L. QUAINTANCE, enn ‘ . legaree: In Charge of Deciduous Fruit Insect Invbighti 5 ISSUED SEPTEMBER 30, 1909.

WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

jae (UN

BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. C. L. Maruarr, Entomologist and Acting Chief in Absence of Chief. R. 8. Curirron, Executive Assistant. C. J. Gruss, Chief Clerk.

F. H. CurrrenvEN, in charge of truck crop and stored product insect investigations. A. D. Hopkins, in charge of forest insect investigations. es W. D. Hunter, in charge of southern field crop insect investigations. F. M. WEBsTER, in charge of cereal and forage insect investigations. A. L. QUAINTANCE, in charge of deciduous fruit insect investigations. E. F. Puriires, in charge of bee culture. D. M. Rogers, in charge of gipsy moth field work. A. W. Morritt, in charge of white fly investigations. W. F. Fiske, in charge of gipsy goth laboratory. F. C. BrsHopp, in charge of cattle tick life history investigations. A. C. MorGan, in charge of tobacco insect investigations. R. S. Woeium, in charge of hydrocyanic acid gas investigations. R. P. Currie, in charge of editorial work. MaBEL CoLcorD, librarian.

Decipuous Fruit INsEect INVESTIGATIONS. A. L. QUAINTANCE, tn charge.

FRED. JOHNSON, DUDLEY Mouton, S. W. Foster, E. L. JENNE, P. R. JonEs, C. B. HaRDENBERG, R. W. Braucuer, A.G. Hammar, F. W. Faurot, E. W. Scott, C. W. Hooxer, J. R. Horton, E. J. Hoppy, W. Postirr, agents and experts.

2

EERE OF TkANSMIP TAL:

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BurEAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, Washington, D. C., June 2, 1909.

Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith for publication a manuscript entitled ‘““Fumigation of Apples for the San Jose Scale,”’ prepared by Mr. A. L. Quaintance, in charge of Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations of this Bureau.

The possibility of the dissemination of the San Jose scale on fruit has been frequently under discussion, and while it is the consensus of opinion of American entomologists that this danger is negligible, many European governments have in operation laws and decrees providing for the inspection of imported American fruits and the exclusion of such as may show the presence of this insect.

The likehhood that the marking of the fruit by the scale will increase rather than diminish renders desirable some method of treatment which will destroy the insect and thus remove any objec- tion to its importation or shipment. In cooperation with Mr. William A. Taylor, of Field Investigations in Pomology, Bureau of Plant Industry, an investigation was undertaken by the Bureau of Ento- mology to determine the possibility of fumigating apples with hydro- cyanic acid and other gases. The results of this investigation are given in the accompanying manuscript, which I recommend for publication as Bulletin No. 84 of the Bureau of Entomology.

Respectfully, L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture.

CON PENS:

Page

mtirodwetiomegens. so - eyes se ee as BS ory swe Ney cM eeart sy oes SO ler vn tek ee 7 Xe CHIME ESM ALR UIM MUI SACOM 2 ane athe ey ee ee as Spe lat WACO [DUE UIS a ema Meese ce Sheree ee yaa he Negras ee MEN sire cae he id aig 11 Pxaminatonsiom thelscalennsects=s.2 240. Sa Saks tae se Ae ioe 15 xqpenriimemts amie O06 — eas ei setae cee a ee es eee nen estes: 16 Siremet zo eas Series ni Wale ene A Soe ee ee eS, Ce 17 Wenetheol-expOsurevseries.. 2a os fs ee ae, Se eae 18 ACHR Cy SE TICS aco eye Oe hea HNL Ure EN Ae ReN i aey gerap ed roa, cs 18 Woartetiye Ol iruditsSenles ae ese ora Sen ere Mein ea 22 Rhode-Island-Greening-injury series..-.........----------+-+-++---- me 23 CWOLMEStORAC EC ISCHICRECN SN Wie Sapte ge Oe ee Ne aN Ss eee 24 MREStSLOMCATOONe ISU MI Gh secs es ok en NN Meee eit Be ae 26 periments tmp OO (Savers wees tse e Ce ee i 27 Rackacersenles, 90/8 mina tee te eed eb ee Le 28 SUM ATV OMTeS US mer nya eet ees aimee tk ie are eee 3 30 Conclusionsrand recommendations. =. 5.86. 2d es ee aS 32 ING OV OVEN GIS c fs east oe FOE MSR PS SA Nile ct reagan EG il A as 33

Synopsis of laws and decrees in force in foreign countries bearing on the introauetion.or live wplants andres irults:.-to6. 225. 9.222 es. 33

Laws and regulations of the various States of the United States bearing on

the introduction, transportation, and sale of fresh fruits infested with Ene san oserscale Ono her ImypUrlOusaNseetss.- 95-25 sen om Mi Gl eee rc ere rages st ee a Nice ats min hte ON os La ya 2 40

PEE Sk A PrONS: PLATES.

Page.

PiatE I. Apples infested with San Jose scale. Fig. 1.—Baldwin. Fig. 2.— Esopus (Spitzenburg). Fig. 3.—San Jose scales. -............Frontispiece.

II. Apples infested with San Jose scale. Fig. 1.—Rhode Island Green-

ing. Fig. 2.—Same variety, showing also discoloration as result Ol immuication. wath hydrocyanic acid wag. 95.. (222.506 2 22

TEXT FIGURES.

Ge Nee MASA GLOM ap WATAtUs ta eels See Ae ee es ek iS Pee MOMS A LOM LAT O ATA US Hjem mega iin ce itaNin Ane eae ek, 14

3. Special barrel “‘header” for replacing lower barrel head in fumigating dire chhygover discharme WOK oii sata ae hee ely 20

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FUMIGATION OF APPLES FOR THE SAN JOSE SCALE.

INTRODUCTION.

The possibility of the establishment in new localities of the San Jose scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst.) from shipments of scale- infested fruit, principally apples and pears, has been the subject of frequent discussion among entomologists and others. On the whole it seems to be the consensus of opinion that, although this danger un- doubtedly exists, the chances of establishment from this source are exceedingly remote.

The great bulk of the fruit harboring this insect is sold in cities and towns and the parings and refuse are mostly disposed of in a way to effectively prevent any young crawling “lice” from reaching plants upon which they could establish themselves. The fruit, furthermore, is offered for sale mostly during the late fall and winter, a time when the temperature is too low to favor the activity of the crawling young or to favor their production by the adult females. The danger of their establishment would perhaps be greatest in the case of varieties of fruit maturing in late summer or early fall, which would reach the markets some weeks before the approach of cool weather, thus afford- ing a period for the breeding of the scales present and, should they succeed in reaching a suitable host plant, for the necessary growth of the young to enable them to survive the winter. Their chances of survival would be correspondingly increased if the infested fruit were shipped to a warm or subtropical climate. Also, infested fruit kept for a time during the winter in a warm room, or in a conservatory, closely adjacent to suitable potted or other host plants, might result in the infestation of these plants and the later spreading of the insects to plants out of doors.

In the case of fruit used for culinary and dessert purposes, the refuse parts, as peel and core, are very largely consigned to the gar- bage, effectively eliminating any danger from that source. With fruit eaten out of doors, as obtained from fruit stands, it is conceivable that the refuse parts might by a strange chance be discarded in a way to constitute a source of danger. Thus, a pedestrian passing along a street or country road, in the act of eating an apple, might care- lessly throw aside the peel, which lodging in a suitable host plant might result in the scales obtaining a foothold. But it must be

89165—Bull. 84—09——_2 if

8 FUMIGATION OF APPLES FOR SAN JOSE SCALE.

remembered that the young crawling San Jose scale is comparatively fragile and quite susceptible to unfavorable conditions, and the chances would be greatly against it even were the described condi- tions present, very improbable in themselves.

Danger of infestation in this way would be limited practically to fruit on the market in. late summer or early fall, as allowing a suffi- cient time before cold weather for the insect to become about one- third grown, since most individuals younger than this die during the winter, as well as those much older. Ordinary winter varieties of apples, as Ben Davis, York Imperial, Baldwin, Greening, etc., come on the market in cool climates so late in the season as to practically eliminate them as possible disseminators of scale under out-of-door conditions. |

The history of the spread of the scale in the United States is of © interest in this connection. The insect was present in California for years before its introduction into the East occurred. Much scale- infested fruit. was unquestionably sent to various eastern markets, and thus unlimited opportunity was offered for its introduction in this way. Its actual establishment, however, so far as known, was brought about only by means of infested nursery stock received from a locality in California where the insect was abundant.

The foregoing remarks apply particularly to fruit consumed in the fall or early winter. If the fruit is held for any time in cold storage, the chances arg still more increased against the insect’s successful establishment. Holding the fruit for any considerable time in cold storage, in a temperature of from 30° to 32° F., results in the death of the younger individuals and older ones, especially those in a breeding condition. The survivors, as in the case of the insects under _ winter conditions out of doors, are mostly those about one-third grown, and the percentage of these which survive rapidly decreases with continued holding in cold storage. Hence, after the insects are again brought under favorable conditions, several weeks are required for them to reach a reproductive age, and the fruit exposed to warm temperatures for a necessary time for the development of the scales would most certainly become badly deteriorated, if not actually decayed, thus resulting in the premature death of the insects. In practice, fresh fruit is perhaps never held so long in a warm tem- perature before consumption. The probability of the young scales being able to continue development to maturity on fruit parings, etc., is scarcely to be considered, since this refuse would quickly decom- pose or dry.

The gradual dying of scales on fruit held in cold storage, during 1906-7 and 1907-8, is indicated in Tables II and XI, as determined at different times for comparison with the condition of scales on fumigated fruit. In the later examinations the live insects found were exclusively those about one-third grown.

INTRODUCTION. 9

On the whole, the danger of the scale becoming distributed by means of fruit is seen to be quite unimportant, and in the United States, where legislation against injurious insects finds its greatest development, this source of possible distribution, with a few excep- tions, is ignored. The possibility, however, under certain excep- tional conditions must be admitted, and this danger has appeared sufficient to warrant certain European governments in enacting legislation excluding from entry all fruits from America which show upon inspection the presence of the San Jose scale, including boxes, barrels, wrappings, etc., used for packing such fruit.

In the United States the scale each year is becoming more and more generally distributed, and the pest is now present in sections which were until recently quite free from it. In the Western and Eastern States it is especially prevalent, and while there are numerous orchards and fruit regions still uninfested, these will unquestionably be invaded. The States least infested are those immediately west of the Mississippi River, as Iowa, Kansas, Arkansas, etc., but in these the scale has also gained a foothold and its general spread in these States seems certain. In other words, the scale is now, or in a few years will be, present in the principal commercial orchards of the country, and the appearance on the market of fruit infested by the insect is an evil which will increase rather than diminish.

The intelligent use of lime-sulphur wash, or other effective scalecide, will unquestionably control the insect so far as preserving the life and vigor of the tree is concerned. But a little carelessness in spray- ing, the use of improper solutions, or unfavorable weather conditions at the time of making applications, may allow the survival of the scale in sufficient numbers to result, later in the season, in their settling in considerable numbers upon the fruit. The use of the lime-sulphur wash, perhaps, actually favors this condition.* It has but little penetrating and spreading power and may fail to kill some of the insects, especially on the younger growth where they are more or less protected by the pubesence or fine epidermal hairs. Young “lice” from insects which have thus escaped destruction, and from those elsewhere on the tree, upon hatching, are probably forced, in their search for a suitable place for settlement, upon the fruit, if this be present, on account of the coating of the wash upon the tree. The young crawling insects settle principally in the calyx basin and stem cavity of the fruit, although they are often in abundance promis- cuously over the sides, as shown in Plates I and II. If infestation occur in early summer the fruit at picking time, in extreme cases, may be more or less incrusted with the insect; in well-sprayed orchards it should be present in but few or moderate numbers. The greatest pains should be taken by orchardists whose trees are infested

a See also remarks on this subject by C. L. Marlatt, in Bul. 46 of this Bureau, pp. 54-55.

10 FUMIGATION OF APPLES FOR SAN JOSE SCALE.

with the scale to insure its destruction as completely as possible by spraying, not only to preserve the life of the trees, but to prevent the marking of the fruit.

In cases of light infestation the intrinsic value of the fruit is but little affected, although the reddish spots or circles disfigure it for market purposes, and its keeping qualities are perhaps reduced. Despite care in packing and grading in infested orchards, a certain amount of scaly fruit will usually find its way into the barrels or boxes, and thus be distributed. In this connection is presented a table (Table I), compiled from the reports? of Dr. C. Brick, chief inspector in the Station fiir Pflanzenschutz, at Hamburg, on the condition of American apples received at that port during the years from 1888-9 to 1906-7, inclusive, consideréd merely as to infestation by the San Jose scale, although report is made upon numerous other species of © scale insects and certain fungous diseases found present.

TABLE I.—Receipts at Hamburg of American apples from the winters of 1898-9 to 1906-7, inclusive, with number of packages infested with the San Jose scale.

: Number and kinds of T = N pa ire ss of packages infested by eee ce Total San Jose scale. Pedal Pep E ea : number | F | cent Season and origin of fruit. | Miscel- | of pack- Miscel Bee as | Barrels. Boxes. | ae ages. | Barrels. |Boxes. ee ‘ages, | lested. ages. ages Season 1898-1899: | | Canada and Nova Scotia-; 14,484 | 133 |..----. (4 Ween ayer | Aas ete |i eet ce . Eastern United States---| 11,875 |-..---..- sees = Bit end rel ee he Western United States. .. fers nCCTTE gate Uses vee leerivir pe amen ae | 602) 1.99 Undetermined origin---.| 2,865.5 SOa|e =e | 16 STs Eetso aa | Season 1899-1900: Canada and Nova Scotia.) 24,647 G55 eesece= bie ite eden (lle cha ee = [eee ee | eee Eastern United States-__.| 52,004 805 251) =o (AS ee pe a aes > Western United States..| 131 | 3,321 |....... 82, 802 He, | es Sty ees | 2,586 | 3.12 Undetermined origin. 419 784 1)| 18 | 1 1 Season 1900-1901: | | Canada and Nova Scotia.| 4, 439 SOM Meaeeos | 168) oe oo) See Eastern United States...| 24,859 | 251 |.....-- | oe 9h eed Mute Actas late Western United States. - Si later: SY ee pS eet er | eee Es ee Niegued Ce ees se Oe 392} 1.24 Undetermined origin. ..-} 1,422 | 24 fe) 20 | AE Re yest | Season 1901-1902: | Canada and Nova Scotia.| 4,903 ies [eine eee eae SASS Se Hastern: UnitedsStates:- 4) 195/80) | S22 sae ee | : AY Pel fap Seen [pero Fess = Western United States--|........- {Jon 200 4 | ae | 0.3 Pee Maes hala Tavis eee aD Let Undetermined origin--.-}| 1,512 | - 926 8)| 1 50D | sae Season 1902-1903: Canada and Nova Scotia.| 10,041 | 1,537 |......- | UY |je- ae = loge Eastern United States.-__| 13,135. 7) Sale seee | 10,380 es sese 2 | Fa Western United States. .|......... 76Se(se see Eo eee 968 ee | 1265)" 7-10 Undetermined onigin= ==2)/ 145668) |S -sien eee | 290 a RE = Season 1903-1904: | Canada and Nova Scotia.| 36,253 /|14,509 61 | 12 apne: policy 2a Eastern United States._.|289,177 | 5,688 |.....-- = 9) | 18, 796 Pe OY fit le ears Western United States. .|......... 977 ty 302 AO se FASS | eee Zi a5 Undetermined origin..-.| 2,083 | 3,648 5 89 | 7 Ag eae Season 1904-1905: | Canada and Nova Scotia.) 28,131 (OG Ree eee f £470} - - Sr eee: Eastern United States...|154,017 | 1,135 |....--- | 4,356 DE ise ee 9 Western United States. -.|........- SV /al | Seek 209, i! eed toes 1 paneer 6,244 2-96 Undetermined origin... .| 24,907 665 2 30 2iGAl: Hees Season 1905-1906: Canada and Nova Scotia.| 75,401 | 1,129 |_-_...- 5 2 meres Eastern United States. ..|139,011 5S Ti lEaeeeee 919)| 16, 436 50's Saesse he is Western United States. .|_...._.-- 959044 Se 239, 212)| 8 O54 ae Pee 26,570 | 11.10 Undetermined origin....| 9,240 | 3,986 4 1,075 653 2 Season 1906-1907: Canada and Nova Scotia. 404 a | ead 2 fOOR ease nates | Eastern United States. .|184,521 { 3,348 |..._.-- ay] LOS2503), > 16 te | Western United States. .|......... AAT |e 2 oe 0 as Cowan 363 Jean -— 8 | EE = Undetermined origin. - . -| 2,161 6 3 872 38 Joe < == =5

aJahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten, XVI-XXIV.

APPARATUS. 11

The work of Doctor Brick and his associates, as set forth in Table I, shows that an undesirable amount of scale-infested fruit finds its way into our export shipments, which, from the regulations in force, must be excluded from entry, entailing a considerable loss to exporters. On account of the general occurrence of the scale in American orchards, and the vicissitudes of spraying, the condition is not likely to improve, and the desirability of some expedient to obviate the objections, if possible, is apparent. The laws and edicts now in force in foreign countries relative to the importation from America of plants, fruits, and boxes and wrappings used for same, infested with injurious insects, principally the San Jose scale, together with those in effect in the United States, are given in abstract in the appendix to this article.

EXPERIMENTS IN FRUIT FUMIGATION.*

At the instance of Mr. Wm. A. Taylor, pomologist, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, of this Department, the Bureau of Entomology, cooperating with Mr. Taylor, began in the fall of 1906 a series of experiments to determine the possibility of treating scale-infested apples in a manner to destroy the insects without injury to the appearance and quality of the fruit. This work was followed entirely along the line of fumigation and aside from certain preliminary experiments hydrocyanic-acid gas was used, although limited tests were made with carbon bisulphid.

APPARATUS.

Much care was taken to construct a fumigating apparatus which would be as tight as possible and in the use of which the various opera- tions of fumigation would be quite under control. Five equal-sized boxes were constructed out of tongue-and-grooved lumber, using two layers of boards with heavy building paper between, the whole fitting tightly together. The interior of each box was given two heavy coats of thick white lead paint and later treated with a shellac varnish. The inside dimensions of each box were 2.5 by 2.5 by 4 feet, and after deducting for certain pieces of timber used in the corners, and for plat- form for packages of fruit, contained 23.776 cubic feet. The appara- tus was installed in a basement room, the boxes placed side by side, as shown in figure 1, A-#. The front of each box, forming the door, was entirely removable, as shown in the figure, and when in place fitted against a 3-inch heavy wooden rim all around, covered with thick felt

a The writer wishes especially to acknowledge the assistance of Mr. Jas. H. Beattie, in the construction of the fumigating boxes; and of Messrs. Fred Johnson, E. L. Jenne, and §. W. Foster, in the fumigation of fruit and in making examinations of the scale insects.

12 FUMIGATION OF APPLES FOR SAN JOSE SCALE.

(fig. 1, box C), against wien it was tightly ppeeced by the six Ceiaps to each Ko (fig. 1, box E; fie? 7 1G)

To permit quick tea of gas at cts of period of exposure, each box was supplied on lower rear side and at top with a 2-inch pipe opening and a tight valve, the lower series (fig. 1, Sa) con- necting with the common outlet pipe (8), extending to the outside of the building and opening above the level of the roof, the upper series (Sa) joined to a pipe (5), connected with the electric blower (6), for generating the air blast. This arrangement permitted the simultaneous clearing out of the gas in all of the boxes, or one or more boxes could be operated independently of the others. About fifteen minutes were required to clear the boxes of gas, though this ~ was of course greatly diluted with fresh air almost immediately after the blower was put in operation.

To insure a uniform distribution of gas in the boxes from the start, a small generating box was constructed and placed on the floor at about the center, as shown in detail in figure 2, A, B, 3 a—d. This box, except as noted, was fairly tight, with a door in front for introducing the chemicals and four square hollow arms with the ends open and seven 4-inch holes along each side. A shaft of heavy steel wire extended from side to side in the upper part of the box, projecting on one side in the form of a crank. A small metal cup was rigidly attached to the middle of the wire shaft to receive the potassium cyanid (fig. 2, A, 5b). Beneath the cyanid cup was space for the introduction of a small jar containing the necessary sulphuric acid and water (3c). A string was attached to the crank end of the shaft bearing the cyanid cup, by means of which the cup could _ be inverted and the cyanid thus dropped into the jar beneath. With the door of the generating box closed, the gas was mostly forced out through the four arms, insuring a fairly uniform distribution from the moment the chemicals were brought together.

A heavy slat platform (fig. 2, A, 2) was provided somewhat above the generating box, and on this were placed all packages of fruit to be treated, as barrels, baskets, boxes, etc. The apparatus as described proved well suited for the work in hand, and it is believed was as tight as it was practicable to make it. At no time during fumigation could the odor of escaping gas be detected at cracks or around the door, though the gas was forced out into the room to some extent when the air blast was turned on.

In the operation of fumigation the two valves of a box were first closed, the package of fruit to be fumigated placed on the slat platform, the weighed cyanid lightly wrapped in tissue paper, put into the cyanid cup, and just before closing the fumigating box the jar of measured acid and water was inserted into the generating box

13

APPARATUS.

OHV TM ua

C(HOATCUNA SAUCE ETO TT

NE NUTT

Fic. 1.—Fumigation Apparatus: A to E, the respective boxes; 1, clasps for clamping in door; 2, discharge box; 2a, perforated arms for distributing gas; 3, slat platform for support of fruit packages; 4, flange and felt cushion against which door is clamped; 5, air supply pipe from hlower; 5a, air inlet valves to respective boxes; 6, blower and motor; 7, switch board; 8, gas outlet-pipe; 8a, location of outlet valves on respective boxes, connecting with outlet pipe, 8. (Original.)

14 FUMIGATION OF APPLES FOR SAN JOSE SCALE.

beneath the cyanid. The door was then put in place and fastened with the clamps. At the proper time the cyanid was dropped into the acid jar by pulling the string extending to the outside, and fumigation continued for the desired time. At the close of the period of fumigation, the lower valve was first opened, then the upper valve, and the electric blower started, thus driving out the gas.

Seer ee ee ITIL UOT PLE TT TLLEIDIILTLA

‘B 8 5

Fic. 2—Fumigation Apparatus. A: 1, Door in place; 1a, door clasps; 2, slat support for fruit packages; 3, discharge box; 3a, perforated arms; 3b, cyanid cup on wire pulley; 3c, sulphuric acid and water jar; 3d, door of discharge box; 4, air blast fan or blower; 4a, motor; 40, air suction pipe to outside of building; 4c-d, switch board and connections; 5, valve for inlet of air to box; 6, valve for discharge of gas from box; 6a, outlet pipe. B: Showing construction of discharge box; same lettering asin A. (Original.)

Chemically pure potassium cyanid and sulphuric acid were used in all the tests and also distilled water. The cyanid was weighed on chemical balances and the liquids measured by means of a burette graduated to 0.1 c¢c.¢. The chemicals were uniformly used in the proportion of potassium cyanid, 1; sulphuric acid, 2; and water, 4.

EXAMINATIONS OF THE SCALE INSECTS. 15

EXAMINATIONS OF THE SCALE INSECTS.

After fumigation, the fruit was kept in an outbuilding on the Agricultural Department grounds, the temperature varying mostly between 30° and 40° F., being rarely higher than 45° F. In 1906-7 the fumigated fruit for examination as to condition of scales was taken direct from this storehouse; but in 1907-8 it was first held for a couple of days in a warm room, which induced a prompt discolora- tion of the dead scales, greatly facilitating their recognition. The plan was to make two examinations of the scales on each lot of fruit fumigated: The first two weeks, and the second four weeks, after the time of fumigation, and this in the main was adhered to. All ex- aminations of scales were made by aid of a dissecting microscope, and. a dissecting needle was used to remove the scale proper, exposing the body of the insect. The color of the body was relied upon to de- termine if the insect were dead or alive, and there was not often difficulty in thus definitely classifymg them. In some cases, ex- amination of doubtful specimens was made under a compound microscope to detect possible body movements, and a method of staining was used to a limited extent. In all cases, specimens doubt- fully dead were regarded as alive, and, as will be noted in the tabu- lated results for 1906-7, these doubtful cases were numerous.

In 1907-8, however, the expedient of warming the fruit for a couple of days before each examination always resulted in the prompt discoloration of the scales, leaving no doubt as to their condition. In view of the uniformly successful results in killing the scales in all experiments made in 1907-8, and many of them duplicates of those made in 1906-7, it is considered practically certain that the insects regarded as alive in 1906-7 were in reality dead, but not showing sufficient discoloration for positive recognition on account of the comparatively low temperature at which they were held.

The supply of infested fruit for fumigation was kept in the original barrels in a local cold-storage plant, being taken out shortly before needed, the time depending upon the nature of the test to be made. Thus in treatment of fruit in a dry condition it was necessary to remove it several days in advance, so that the moisture condensing on the cold fruit would dry. In the fumigation of fruit in a moist con- dition, however, the condensed moisture on the cold fruit immediately after coming from cold storage put this in the desired condition for experiment.

An important question in the employment of hydrocyanic-acid gas in the destruction of scale insects on apples was the possibility of injury to the fruit. In this matter the Bureau of Entomology had the expert aid of Mr. William A. Taylor, pomologist, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, and his associates, who are also responsible for the correctness of names of varieties. There is also the question of

89165—Bull. 84—09——_3

16 FUMIGATION OF APPLES FOR SAN JOSE SCALE.

possible poisoning of the fruit by absorption of the gas. It is be- lieved that there is very little, if any, gas taken up by the fruit during the process of fumigation—certainly not enough to result in harm to the consumer. The writer, his associates, and many others have freely eaten of fumigated fruit at various times, and in several in- stances the fruit after wiping was eaten within thirty minutes after it had been taken out of the fumigating box.

To insure uniformity in conducting the tests and in recording results, a blank form 5 inches by 8 inches in size was used throughout, as follows:

Fruit Fumigation EXPERIMENTS. Ox NO. Meese Exp Nos. -442= iocalitiysie ses ar See ee | ee DAC Ee teen Brune. 24 eee Wanleliy soc: 225-52 aca ee UG eens oe SOUICE. saan Gee SIZ OLAUMISA LOREM So) ae 55 oe re Package; sizes as ee Amountsdeducted = o2 user ey Pumigant. rates 5-25.22 Nee eee Amounts: of chemicals used 2255-225 3-222 oe ee a ee EXPOSURE saa soot ee nae eRe eo ee ee Closed... 3-2 eee emp eraturesssesse=-e eee Condition of fruit/as to moisture. 22. --- 222) Deoree ol scale infestatiom:=s 2222-2. 252 Saas Se ee ee ee eee Condition of scale.betore treatment 352. < 222s eee ee ee Results: of treatment: 2. <2. ssc 2e5 es a ee ee en Bes Nes ea ea ee, emer Notes*by::22353:5 223. eee eee

EXPERIMENTS IN 1906-7.

The fumigation tests with hydrocyanic-acid gas during 1906-7

may be grouped as follows:

(1) Strength-of-gas series.

(2) Length-of-exposure series.

(3) Package series.

(4) Variety-of-fruit series.

(5) Injury-to-fruit series.

(6) Low-temperature series.

Except in the sixth series all tests were made in the basement room referred to, which was supplied with steam pipes for purposes of heating the building, maintaiing a temperature for the basement of from 65° to 70° F. An abundant quantity of each variety of fruit used was kept untreated to determine the condition of the scales from time to time during the winter. The condition of the scales on Baldwin and Rhode Island Greening apples during the winter of 1906-7 is shown in Table II, and in addition to furnishing a basis of comparison with the treated fruit will serve to show the increasing mortality of the scales as the season progressed.

STRENGTH-OF-GAS EXPERIMENTS, 1906-7. IU

Taste I].—Condition of San Jose scale on unfumigated apples during the winter of

1906-7.

For comparison with condition of scale on fumigated fruit.

Date of examination.

| Variety of apple.

alive. | dead.

ber ber cent of of of scales | scales | scales

Remarks.

November 12, 1906. .--

November 26, 1906... - December 13,1906. -_. February 20,1907... -- February 28,1907..... December 3,1906...--

December 14,1906... December 29, 1906... . January 14, 100K ee February 27, 1907-....-

Rhode Greening.

10 EP) in, LORS || ED 10 533 le Ane | beas0 10 360 640 | 36.00

| 898 | 10.20

Fruit kept in out-of-door store-

house.

Held in cold storage 4 weeks.

After Dee. 3 in out-of-door storage house.

STRENGTH-OF-GAS

SERIES.

From the first-mentioned or strength series of tests it was desired to obtain information on the strength of gas necessary to kill the scale, and incidentally the possible effect of these various strengths

upon the fruit.

The apples used were of the Baldwin variety, from

western New York (Niagara County), and badly infested with the scale. , 1906, with fruit but a few days in cold storage from the orchard and perfectly dry when treated. Ordinary open market baskets were used, of about one-third bushel

The fumigation was done November 12,

capacity, and were nearly filled with the infested fruit. continued for forty-five minutes.

Table ITI.

Fumigation

The essential details are given in

Tasie III.—Hffect of different strengths of hydrocyanic-acid gas on scales and fruit. Ex-

posure, forty-five minutes.

(Strength series. )

= ; Rate at which) Number . ariety 0 potassium | of scales Experiment No.— | “apple. eyanid exam- was used. ined. Gr. per.cu. ft. Web Ser al e Na Baldwin. .| 4 0. 05 3, 162 DAE ca tty ee eee AAO eee): 0. 10 1, 426 Aye eae re nee =O erene ae 0.15 1,678 Aas be fF eae eee REOeee: mn! 0. 20 1,963 ice i Role ae aera BAO) seca 0. 25 3,615 Ge Siriaas Seay Ss SMO ae 0. 30 3, 920 UL SOS SCTE gee, na ee BACOne ser 0. 35 2,006 Sobers OEM Ee Se SACOgetece 0. 40 2,131 1 a ee aie aa PAd Oe 0. 45 1, 862 A Nae he aaa Sud One Sew. 0. 50 2,059

: Effect on Effect on scales. crits

Many alive ......-. No injury. MVdeadae ee: Do. SEA O eae ae Do. mT Olea Neis secs Do. aALey (Oa Sc Mkt toad ae Do. Sean Cl Oy et ewe ene Do. STEAK KO) on es Re Do. Seat O (Oy nen etc Do. FR SAIOKO) Sees ae eee Do. ere LOR pea ra ea nse Do.

From the table it will be noted that all scales were killed without injury to the fruit, at all strengths except where 0.05 gram potassium

cyanid per cubic foot was used.

In this experiment (No. 1) at first

18 FUMIGATION OF APPLES FOR SAN JOSE SCALE.

examination, two weeks after treatment, a total of 13 scales of the 942 examined was regarded as alive. At the second examination, a month after treatment, all scales were plainly dead, being discolored and drying up.

LENGTH-OF-EXPOSURE SERIES.

In the second or exposure series it was desired to determine the effect on the fruit of various periods of exposure and also the effect of the treatments upon the scales. The variety employed was Bald- win, from the same orchard in western New York, and badly infested with the insects. The fruit was dry when treated and was placed in one-third bushel baskets. The fruit was fumigated November 13, 1906, with results as shown in Table IV.

TaBLe IV.—E fect of different periods of exposure on scales and fruit. Strength, 0.20 gram potassium cyanid per cubic foot. (Exposure series.)

| | Rate at which) Number | Experiment | Variety of Kind of potassium | Length of ex-) Wigele | Effect on | Effect on No.— | apple. | package. cyanid was | posure. | cares | seales. | fruit. | | TEAL. | counted. | | | | a | | | | | | | Gr. per cu. ft. | | ID Seneca er | Baldwin. .) 3 bu. basket. 0.20 | 3 hours......| 3,360 | Alldead...) No injury. Derr era |---do...... eeee dope eee 0.20 | 23 hours....-. iF OCS |B One Do. 1B eee ee SAC ORS Soe nee ae dos 0:20 | 2hours------ 3 OA aed Oe leeeDos PAR eae oe fepeeesCG Kee Seats mene dors 0.20 | 13 hours....- Iai) 3 ClOssscse |- Do. i yee soe ie eee OBS 2ee2 eee = Costa 0.20 | 1+hours.....- BW esac. 6s sce Do li Soneexenaace lend OG seers Sane Goss Bee 0320) | Mihour-sese2 MUO SOM ass se Do 17 fe eats |e GLOME eeacrs [ego Kola Bes Are 0.20 | 50 minutes. -} 1518s |e O mae Do iS pee era ee peer Obata ee Basak COs Qnene | 0.20 | 40 minutes. - 2 GIRS eC Oe estee Do OBrien = yo OS Seren omer Ose a2-= | 0.20 | 30 minutes-.| 2,185 |...do- Do DO meee et ce tl oe GO etal ease domsses- | 0.20 | 20 minutes. -! SC iltal eecl On eee Do | |

——.

It will be noted that all exposures were effective in killing the insects, as determined by the two subsequent examinations, without any injury to the fruit.

PACKAGE SERIES.

In the third or package series it was desired to determine the possibility of successfully treating the scales on apples in the original packages, but opened up in various practicable ways. Some of the fruit treated was but a short while from cold storage, and the con- densed moisture on the surface presented afforded opportunity to observe if this lessened the effect of the gas on the insect or contributed to injury to the fruit. Several varieties of apples were used, as Ben Davis, York Imperial, Baldwin, and Rhode Island Greening. The work of fumigation extended over the period from November 14, 1906, to January 22, 1907, as stated more in detail in the remarks following the table. Table V presents the essential features of the tests, grouped according to varieties of fruit and character of experiment.

PACKAGE EXPERIMENTS, 1906-7. 1)

Taste V.—Efrect of fumigation with hydrocyanic-acid gas on scales and fruit in different kinds of packages. (Package series.)

| Rate at Num- which Length | ber of Experi - Variety of Kind of package and | potassi- | o5 ae eenles Effect on Effect on noe apple. condition of fruit. a cya- posure. oxehie scales. fruit. eee | ined. | | Gr. per | cu. ft. | Hours. | ms se auee | Ben Davis...-| Barrel, slat bottom, 0. 20 3| 2,030 | A few alive....| No injury. | top out; fruit dry. | Di ape |h do......-..| Barrel, slat bottom, . 20 #2070) | Alledead 2s... | Do. | top in; fruit dry. QB iee rsa ae dose ceea- Barrel just from cold . 30 | 1 | 2,467 | 1 scale alive. .| Do. storage, iron header | in lower end; fruit | | wet from condensa- | tion. | 9 A eee doOunesskes 2 Barrel not opened; 1 30 1 | 1,709|Many live Do. | hour from cold stor- seales. age. Sl)sneuloes [eee rae do.........| Barrel’ with twenty . 30 il (8055|)-Allvdeadiss 22 Do. 3-inch auger holes | | in each end; fruit | | | moist. | See alae dOsFRaeeee | Barrel with twenty 30 | Th |] SYA) Nee Se Gl) steagsane Do. | 33-inch auger holes in each end; fruit | dry. Oe lien Cae concee Barrel open at top; 30 | A leant 50) yu pees or do Do. fruit dry. | Soran | YorkImperial. Barrel unopened; 30 | 1| 1,570 | Many live Do. | | fruit dry. | scales. DA tose do.......... Barrel, top open; fruit . 30 | Hole CA) Wisse do. Do | dry. SOR | Baldwin.....- Barrel, iron header in Eo Ol| (eel 5On|) All deadees= = 3. Do bottom; fruit moist. <3 Oeste | serene do.......... Barrel, top open; fruit . 30 | Ia Ne eee} do Do | moist. | | Sie Vee ras do......-... Barrel, iron header in . 30 | pas MRO) eke ee do. Do bottom, top open; | | fruit moist. | Sietonss Eee do.........| Barrel, lower head . 30 | el BO ee eee dor a Do. | with twenty ?-inch auger holes; fruit moist. | a0 eae iene Cho) suscesese Barrel, both ends 30 ita ee Ollies eee Oloieeseee ae Do. | with twenty 3-inch | | auger holes; fruit | | moist. | AQ sie | Rhode Island | Barrel, iron header at . 30 1 | 5,535 | A few seales | Fruit badly {| Greening. bottom; fruit dry. | alive. injured. A esa ewes do.........| Bushel box, fruit un- 30 | 1 S27, 970) Alledeadigc=- Do. wrapped; dry. Oe a epee doses sas Bushel box, fruit 30 | Leon ozo Mast = dorset. Do. wrapped; dry. |

In experiments Nos. 26 and 27 the fruit was fumigated November 14, 1906, and as the variety used, Ben Davis, was not sufficiently infested with scales for purposes of later examinations, about one- third bushe! of badly infested Baldwins was placed in the center of each of the barrels and carefully repacked. The slat bottom used consisted of several strips of wood fastened so as to replace the lower head and hold the fruit in place. In No. 26 the upper barrel head was also removed, leaving the fruit fully exposed above and below, and, as the packages in all cases were supported by the open platform in the box, the gas could pass through the barrel, thoroughly sur- rounding the fruit. The treatment of barrel in No. 27 differed only in leaving in the top of the barrel, this being open at the bottom only. Two examinations of the Baldwin apples from center of barrels were made at intervals of two weeks. In the first, Novem-

20 FUMIGATION OF APPLES FOR SAN JOSE SCALE.

ber 26, 1906, a few scales on one apple in No. 26 were regarded as doubtfully dead, and hence were classed as alive; and upon the second examination, December 14, six insects on one fruit and one on another were also doubtful. :

In experiment No. 28 an iron screen “header” was used in the lower end of the barrel, the top not being removed. This header, devised by Mr. S. J. Dennis of Field Investigations in Pomology, as shown in figure 3, consisted of a circular framework of strong iron strips, somewhat smaller than the barrel head, to which was attached a semicircular piece hinged along the middle, fitting over one-half of the frame beneath, and firmly held by a locking device on the rim,

1» y NININT AUANAY

j—L i) oe

ay \)

NN i SONS) i eN, i Y

ix TT ELL FgAT AE

= ETY

“a N / E ON

v. Ven oN a OE AX CH TJ TIE BGS y 7

(aE Pe J WT ett] fal pa) ae a ay ATIF SSIS GIGS f effete Efaiaey TTT, GSD PY TEA

\ ININ . \) NINE

LTTTTTITTTITTTTTTT

mT

Fia. 3.—Special barrel ‘‘ header” for replacing lower barrel head in fumigating directly over discharge box. (Original.)

The header, with screened surface turned inward, when pressed in place fitted the head tightly and firmly held the apples in their original positions, and permitted free access of the gas. This barrel when fumigated had been one and one-half hours from cold storage and the fruit was thoroughly wet from condensation of moisture, the temperature of fruit being 1.5° C. On account of scarcity of scale insects, only one examination was made, December 26, 1906, the fruit examined being taken from the top, middle, and bottom of the barrel. Of the 1,662 scales examined, one from an apple in the center of the barrel was regarded as doubtfully dead. No injury to the fruit was subsequently noted, despite the presence of the moisture.

PACKAGE EXPERIMENTS, 1906-7. 21

In experiment No. 39 the barrel was fumigated just as it came from the cold-storage plant an hour previous. Owing to the moist conditions under which it had been stored, the cracks of the barrel were very tight, and it was hardly expected that the gas could pene- trate the package sufficiently to kill the scales to any extent, which proved to be the case. The package was fumigated December 12, 1906, and December 27 apples from the top, middle, and bottom of the barrel were examined. Of the 1,709 scales counted, many were unquestionably alive.

With Nos. 30 and 31, twenty #-inch auger holes were bored into each end of the barrel, thoroughly perforating them to allow ready access of the gas. The barrel used in No. 30 was an hour from cold storage, and thefruit was wet with condensed moisture, the tempera- ture of the fruit being 1° C. In case of No. 31, the fruit was thor- oughly dried by spreading on the floor of the basement room, and then repacked. Fumigation was done December 12 and 13, respec- tively, and examinations made December 27 and 28, using apples from the top, middle, and bottom of the barrels, and in neither were any live scales to be found, nor was any injury to the fruit to be noted, then or subsequently.

Experiments Nos. 33 and 34, using the York Imperial variety, were made December 13. With No. 33 the fruit was well dried on the floor of the basement room, and then repacked, the barrel headed up as usual. In this package (examined December 28), of a total of 1,570 scales counted, 152 were unquestionably alive. In No. 34 the fruit had been taken from cold storage about eighteen hours before, and kept in the basement room. The top of the barrel was removed; otherwise the package was undisturbed. The first examination (December 28) of fruit from the top, middle, and bottom of the barrel included a total of 4,640 scales, of which 91 were considered doubtfully dead. Upon the second examination (January 15), including 2,680 scales, 6 were doubtfully dead.

In experiments Nos. 35 to 39, using the Baldwin variety, the fruit had been held in ordinary cellar storage by the orchardist in western New York until about January 1, when it was shipped to Washington, and received January 17, and at once placed in cold storage until January 22, when it was removed for fumigation. As shown in the table, these included a variety of tests, all scales being killed and without injury to the fruit. But one examination of this lot was made (February 20-21), using apples as previously from the top, middle, and bottom of barrels.

In Nos. 40 to 42 the Rhode Island Greening variety was used, also from the same orchard in western New York. Fumigation of No. 40 was done December 12, and owing to the scarcity of infested apples of this variety, about one-third bushel was placed in the bottom, center, and top of the barrel, respectively, using Baldwin and Ben Davis apples to fill up the balance of the barrel. The fruit was care-

29 FUMIGATION OF APPLES FOR SAN JOSE SCALE.

fully packed and the “iron header’’ put in place, the open end down. The single examination, made December 29, of fruit from the three parts of the barrel included 2,290 scales, of which 10 were doubtfully dead. In Nos. 41 and 42, fumigated December 1, the usual com- mercial apple box was used, in the former the fruit being unwrapped, and in the latter wrapped with the paper usually employed for this purpose. In both cases the fruit was examined twice (December 19 and 31) and all scales were found dead. With this variety, how- ever, namely, Rhode Island Greening, from western New York, there was marked injury to the fruit from the gas. This injury was evi- denced by a browning or “scalding’’ of the skin, especially around the calyx end of the fruit, including the calyx basin and adjacent parts. Plate II, figure 2, shows the color and locality of typical gas injury to this variety, which very closely resembles the ordinary cold- storage “scald.”

VARIETY-OF-FRUIT SERIES.

To test the susceptibility of various varieties of apples to gas injury a miscellaneous collection was secured from the market in Washing- ton. The origin of the fruit was not known, and it was free from the San Jose scale. About one peck of apples of each sort was used, placed in one-third bushel baskets, and to each basket were added 20 badly infested Baldwin apples, to determine the effect of treat- ment on scales. Three of the baskets were placed in each fumi- gating box, and.the entire 15 thus exposed simultaneously. The varieties used and other details are given in Table VI.

TaBLeE VI.—Effect of hydrocyanic-acid gas on different varieties of apples. Exposure, one hour; potassium. cyanid used, 0.30 gram per cubic foot. ( Variety series.)

/

|

olmiants wee tes sees 1-bu. basketa) » 0.30 1 1,037 | Alldead.| No injury. Wellowsbeliiiowenrs ss s4|— se doce 0. 30 Ih) SOs =sClOsl ss - Do. alla tere reser eee dole 0.30 eS ON adores Do. [AWAIT CS 2p See ete nee ene [Rrascee dors 0.30 1 POO ee oko = } Do. MAMEUSC Rese ee eee Pees dolarae= 0. 30 iL 950) jez =doresaee | Do. Morkelimperialy=- a= sees | eee Gorasnees 0. 30 1 89le es douras Do IBenubawiseas 2-55 Se eee do.a.._.. 0.30 1 986) 5 doz Do bay (eal DEN Ea Os 2 eee or ane loos be 0:0: === 0. 30 1 7508 |e aedossee Do IROUNG US Weels== = ss-6- eee | se ee Gotan 0.30 Li penl 21 Oy ead oncaee Do Rhode Island Greening....|...-- do.@..... 0. 30 1 O40) a2 sdokca= Do INOntherS Dyess See eee do.@....- 0. 30 Dy yl9oe secdorssse Do Kin Gere saan he ne Anam do.@__._: 0.30 1 967 |=. dor. = Do Grimes: Goldene sss 22-53 | sees doen 0.30 1 O1OR esd osess Do JERPIKG Kyi a eh ea aoe sneer |e COs 0.30 fi le AO Ree does Do 1 750 |2 doz Do

Peck#Pileasanttss 3 soe aa acloeee OKO S a Ss 0. 30

|

a In each basket were also placed 20 scale-infested Baldwins to determine effect on scales. Apples from Center Market, Washington, D. C.

Fumigation was done November 30, 1906, and the fruit was kept under observation for several weeks. No gas injury whatever developed and, as will be noted, all the scales on the infested Bald- wins were killed. The absence of injury to the Rhode Island Green-

Bul. 84, Bureau of Entomology, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. : Atiea | |p

APPLES INFESTED WITH SAN JOSE SCALE.

Fig. 1, Rhode Island Greening; fig. 2,same variety, showing also discoloration from effect of fumigation with hydrocyanic-acid gas.

THE ECKERT LITHO.CO. WASHINGTON. D.C-

RHODE-ISLAND-GREENING EXPERIMENTS, 1906-7. 23

ing variety, used in this instance, is noteworthy, in view of the invari- able injury noted with this sort from western New York.

The following day, December 1, additional fruit of all of the varieties above listed in the table was fumigated, using gas, however, at the strength of 0.50 gram of potassium cyanid per cubic foot—an excessive amount. A final examination of this fruit, January 5, showed that no injury had resulted in the use of gas at this strength, including the Rhode Island Greening.

RHODE-ISLAND-GREENING-INJURY SERIES.

The injury resulting from fumigation to the Rhode Island Greening variety from western New York required further tests to determine, if possible, a strength of gas or period of exposure which, while effective against the scale, would not cause injury to the fruit. The experiments bearing on this subject are brought together in Table VIE.

Nos. 44, 44a, and 44b, while made to determine the relative effec- tiveness of the gas on scales on dry, moist, and wet fruits, are here inserted as bearing on the subject in hand. All the fruit was from the same orchard and kept under the same conditions. It arrived in Washington from the orchardist on October 18, and was at once placed in cold storage until fumigated.

Nos. 44, 44a, and 44b were fumigated December 1, 1906, and Nos. 53 to 59, January 22, 1907. Subsequent to fumigation fruit was kept in the storage house on the Agricultural Department grounds, as described. The further details are given in the table below.

TaBLE VII.—Effect on the Rhode Island Greening apple of different strengths of hydro- cyanic-acid gas, with different periods of exposure. Fruit loose in one-third bushel baskets.

i | 7 Effect on fruit.

Rate at | hii Total

24 FUMIGATION OF APPLES FOR SAN JOSE SCALE.

_As shown above, all lots of fruit of this variety from the western New York orchard were injured by fumigation. The injury increased in extent along with the increase in period of exposure. A stronger dose for a shorter period of exposure was less injurious than a weaker one for a longer period, as seen by comparison of Nos. 54 and 59. It will also be noted from Nos. 44, 44a, and 44b that injury does not depend upon whether the fruit be dry, wet, or moist at time of treat- ment. The injury, in fact, was less pronounced on the moist and wet samples than on the dry fruit. The increased injury noted at time of second examination of Nos. 52 to 59 was undoubtedly due in part to the appearance of the so-called ‘‘ cold-storage scald,’ to which this variety is quite susceptible, as shown by the untreated fruit kept for comparison. With Nos. 44, 44a, and 44b, the examinations were made too long after treatment to avoid danger of confusion of cold- storage scald, though it may be said that gas injury was noted. soon after treatment.

As bearing on the possible influence of moderate or excessive moisture on fruit at time of fumigation, the following tests are brought together, in part from other tables, and some are not else- where presented:

TaBLeE VIIl.—Effect of fumigation with hydrocyanic-acid gas on fruit in a dry, moist, and wet condition.

Rate at Experi- ) ees won. | Which po- Length 4 - ment | Variety of apple. Kaud Ee ale Seo eon tassium of ex- 2 oat o8 pee oa used. Gr.per cu.ft. Hours. | AO S62 York Imperial... 4 bu. basket; fruit dry-.-.-- 15 1 | No record: .-.- No injury. AQ ae eee yeas Once ae + bu. basket; fruit wet--..- 1.5 ile Soe do: Do. ee Rhode Island | 4 bu. basket; fruit dry-.--- 0. 30 14 All deadiees =n Badly in- Greening. jured ae ere ee C6 0 eee cere eae 2 bu. basket; fruit moist- - - 0. 30 IP cee Orca Do. Aa De sete ess do_-s-2. 4.2. .|'4 bu. basket; fruitjwet__==— 0. 30 pt eta dose Do. DO Se Baldwins 2 =-2-= Barrel: inuitewets- 2-3 = 0. 30 1 | One doubtful . No injury. a Se =k ee do. Barrel; fruit moist. .-..-..- 0. 30 1 | “Aditdead==] 5 Do. =U aie Nae 5 (0 ee me a Nee GOs ee So eae 0. 30 eect Gout eer Do. Oe ace eee One en tls GL eee ee re cers eer 0. 30 the Seowe dO Do. Sy seen eee Gove se eee OE see re ae ee ee 0. 30 1G) eee do Do. aCe ae eet GOs sss sae aeeee Oe tas Se eee 0. 30 1 Goss: st =e Do.

COLD-STORAGE SERIES. |

In order to test the fumigation process upon a larger scale, approxi- mating what might obtain in commercial practice, a larger fumi- gatorium was constructed, 6 by 6 by 8 feet. The sides, ends, and top were made separately, using 2-inch square lumber for the frame- work. These frames were covered with 10-ounce duck, which was treated with two coats of boiled linseed oil. Previous to bolting the frames together, strips of heavy felt cloth were glued where the frames came in contact, giving a very tight union. On the floor, a

COLD-STORAGE EXPERIMENTS, 1906-7. PAD

wide piece of heavy linoleum was used, and the framework screwed down firmly all around, also using felt strips to insure tightness. This made a very tight box which proved quite satisfactory for the work. The necessary potassium cyanid was divided into four parts, one of which was used near each corner of the fumigatorium.

To provide for removal of gas at end of period of exposure a large canvas box, 12 by 12 inches square, extended from a slide door opening at the rear of the fumigatorium to an adjacent window. A large electric fan was placed inside the fumigatorium and operated from the outside, forcing the air toward the outlet. With this arrangement it required about twenty minutes to sufficiently clear the box of gas to permit of opening it. The whole outfit was placed in one of the cold-storage rooms of a local cold-storage plant, in which the temperature was uniformly 30° F. This furnished oppor- tunity to determine the effectiveness of the gas at a comparatively low temperature and under conditions which might become neces~ sary in the actual fumigation of fruit in cold-storage houses.

Packages Nos. 60 to 67 were fumigated January 29 and examined for condition of scales on February 21. Nos. 68 to 70 were fumi-~ gated February 25 and examined March 15. .These latter were made to repeat some of the earlier tests, to secure corroborative data. The fruit used was of the Baldwin variety and had been held in the same cold-storage room since October, and undisturbed in the original barrels, except that used in boxes which was packed from one of the barrels of this lot. In Table IX the features of the work are pre- sented more in detail:

Taste 1X.—E fect of funugation with hydrocyanic-acid gas on scales and fruit at cold~ storage temperature, 30° F.

Rate at = E i- which Length Tea eee Variety of Kind of package potas- | of ae aeaiGS | Effect on Effect on Now| apple. (fruit dry). sium posure.| exam- seales. fruit. cyanid ad | was used. Be Gr. per cu.ft. | Hours. GOEzatas Baldwin....-. Barrel, each end with 0. 30 eo, OO0s mAlideadan = | Noinjury. | twenty 83-inch auger holes. Lay yas ee done sass Barrel, top open....... 0. 30 1 3, PO a aeas One cae Do. 63a Eger dover Barrel, iron header in 0. 30 als BO) ieee donee: Do. bottom. GA seeree EE ee doeteseees Box, fruit unwrapped. 0. 30 13 6008 tess GO ea ee Do. (Gian laees GO ees eee CG (Oyen oe eae or ere 0. 30 1 ool) Wee oe GOn see oaks Do. (loys | Rhode Island | 4 bu. basket........... 0. 30 1a era OO seers dose ae No record. | _ Greening. Saeee Bal divine seas ees CLOW era aecs 0. 30 LO DePaO tooe oe Clos Saw No injury. G8ee esos COM eee Barrel, top open......- 0. 30 1} 2,350 | A few scales Do. doubtful. Ue Aes aa eee Goya es Barrel, iron header in 0. 30 1 | 2,950 | 1 scale doubt- Do. | bottom. ful. (ESAS eee GOwe eee: Barrel, each end with 0. 30 1 | 3,400 | All dead...... Do. 15 1-inch auger holes. |

EE EE

26 FUMIGATION OF APPLES FOR SAN JOSE SCALE.

In examining the fruit, apples were selected from the top, middle, and bottom of the barrel, as usual. It will be noted that all scales were killed, except in case of Nos. 68 and 69. After fumigation of Nos. 68 to 70 it was found that one of the quarter packages of cyanid in which the total dose had been divided had failed to drop into the acid jar beneath, so that the quantity of cyanid used was in reality at rate of 0.225 gram per cubic foot, instead of 0.30 gram as indi- cated in the table. In No. 68, four scales were found on fruit from the center of the barrel which were considered doubtful. In No. 69, one scale only was doubtful, and this also on an apple found in the middle of the barrel. ,

In summarizing the hydrocyanic-acid gas tests during the winter of 1906-7 it must be said that the results were far from satisfactory. — In all cases of fumigation where the apples were more or less loose, as in baskets, the scales were invariably all killed, and in the tests of the effect of the gas upon the various varieties of apples no injury whatever resulted, even though excessive strengths were used— much stronger than necessary to destroy the scales. The exception of the Rhode Island Greening from western New York, however, is to be noted, and as shown in Table VII no strength of gas was found which did not injure the fruit.

In the package series, including the treatment of fruit in boxes and barrels as would be necessary in commercial use, there was lack of uniformity in killing the scales. As already stated, this was probably more apparent than real and resulted from error in classi- fication of the insect as to whether dead or alive, as the fruit was held under temperature conditions which would perhaps greatly ‘favor their preservation and natural color. However, in all cases where the barrel heads were perforated with auger holes and’ in boxes with fruit wrapped or unwrapped all scales were killed.

TESTS OF CARBON BISULPHID.

In the preliminary tests of fumigants, one of those tried was carbon bisulphid. The first test was made November 14, placing scale-infested Baldwin apples in one-third bushel baskets on the platform in the fumigating boxes. The carbon bisulphid was exposed in shallow dishes placed on top of the fruit. The period of exposure was uniformly three hours, the doses, however, varying as shown in the table. On account of the poor results secured in this test, carbon bisulphid was again tried December 14 (Nos. 45 to 47, inclusive), the fruit being placed on the floor of the boxes and the carbon bisulphid dishes above, so that if possible the fruit would be more thoroughly subjected to the fumes, as the liquid evaporated and the gas sank to the floor. In this latter, infested

EXPERIMENTS IN 1907-8. ONG

Rhode Island Greening apples were used, as shown in the following table:

TasLE X.—Effect of fumigation with carbon bisulphid on scales and fruit.

Num- Experi- aoe Fumigant | Time | ber of iF ent eae out, of Kind of package. and rate at | of ex- | scales potes eee on No:—= |} Pees which used. | posure. | exam- 3 | : ined. Ckxe: Be cE ae Hours. | aN JE ee | Baldwin...... 4-bushel basket...... C82 0.0 3 | 1,618 | Live scales | No injury.. abundant. | DIA ee i GO eens eae CLO ee ays es G8 eee & dowss ts Bh. I) ALAS Ne eee c doa eeG| Do Oe aire fete eis GO. Ea hee done aa has CS2 0.1384. Shite oelG onl ekees: dows Do Danie ee ees ON eter ENS COE a Ue, CS» 0.2768. - By) POLO) Ioana douse Do QO cee eee ChE is Sbes laos Coste ee one CSe 0.453... 3 Ci ligsocr COS See al Do Apes | Rhode Island | Apples loose on floor | CS21.81...-. 3 CHD Weeos = COP Do | Greening. of box. AG Sesrsalece (CKO Se ae eras COR eae eas CSe 0.453... . 3 C0) |Pseoe Gomer Do A ador es ts Be COMO area mel eee GO aes ares eee ee CSe 0.138... . 3 930; eee COsbegsu| Do

Examination of fruit as to condition of the scales in Nos. 21 to 25 was made November 27, about two weeks after treatment; and Nos. 45 to 47, December 29, approximately an equal interval after treatment; each lot was again exarnined about two weeks later. In No. 25 the carbon bisulphid was used at the rate of 0.453 c. c. per cubic foot. This is equivalent to 1 pound to 1,000 cubic feet. Using this as a normal, doses were consecutively decreased by one- half, Nos. 21 and 22 being duplicates. In the second series of tests, in which the fruit was placed on the floor on the boxes, the carbon bisulphid was used much stronger in the case of No. 45—that is, 1.81 c. c. per cubic foot, approximately equal to 4 pounds per 1,000 cubic feet. As to the period of exposure, namely, three hours, it was realized that this was perhaps too short, but in actual practice it would be undesirable to greatly lengthen this on account of the need of expedition in work of this character. It is not improbable that where fruit could be subjected for several hours, as overnight, to carbon-bisulphid fumes a heavy dose might be effective in destroying the scales and without injury to the fruit.

As shown, none of the strengths with the three-hour exposure was at all effective in killing the scale. In the case of No. 45, where the greatest strength was used, there were 120 live scales, of a total of 770 examined, or a little more than 15 per cent of the insects counted; or on the basis of live scales present, as shown by the condition of the checks, approximately 28 per cent came through alive. In no instance was there any injury to the fruit. |

EXPERIMENTS IN 1907-8.

In the package series of tests made during the winter of 1906-7, with the exception of the commercial boxes and barrels with both heads perforated with auger holes, a few scales were found on fumi- gated fruit which were so nearly normal in color and appearance

28 FUMIGATION OF APPLES FOR SAN JOSE SCALE.

as to give rise to doubt as to their condition, and these were there- fore uniformly regarded as alive. The preceding season’s work indicated that great range in strengths of gas was possible without injury to the fruit, excepting in the case of one variety, and in the case of loose fruit at least was entirely reliable in killing the scales. The variability in results of treatment of fruit in barrels required further tests, as if put to practical test 1t would be highly desirable that fumigation could be done without disturbing the fruit as originally packed. The tests in 1907-8 were therefore directed toward establishing a treatment for fruit im original packages, varying the strength of gas and the period of exposure. As in the preceding season, 0.30 gram of chemically pure potassium cyanid was adopted as a normal, and, while perhaps stronger than actually required, it was deaaple to lars an excess of strength, especially — since considerable latitude was allowable without danger of injury to the fruit. This dosage is furthermore approximately that already employed in treatment of dormant, deciduous-fruit nursery stock— that is, 1 ounce to each 100 cubic feet of space in the fumigatorium, The Baldwin variety was used, obtained, as previously, from Niagara County, N. Y., but from another orchard than the fruit used in 1906-7. The fruit was fumigated from November 29 to December 2, and at once placed in the outbuilding on the Agricultural Department grounds previously mentioned, in which the temperature ranged mostly from 30° to 40° F.

Extended examinations of scales on apples before fumigation showed that 81.1 per cent of these were alive, ranging in age from quite young to mature gravid females, occurring mostly in the stem _and calyx cavities. The condition of the scales on fruit at this time and at different dates subsequently is shown in Table XI, sae for comparison as to condition of scales in fumigated fruit.

TaBLE XI.—Condition of San Jose scale on unfumigated Baldwin apples during the winter of 1907-8 for comparison with condition of scale on fumigated fruit.

l i ae _ Total | Number | Number | ) amber | Per cent

March's 1908-556 ses su & Cos ok Lele Be pe ake aE | 101 | 954 | - 1,055 | 9.57

PACKAGE SERIES, 1907-8.

The fruit had been held in cold storage for a few weeks and at the time of fumigation the apples from the middle of the barrels were somewhat moist, not having yet dried from the condensation of

PACKAGE EXPERIMENTS, 1907-8. 29

moisture. In Nos. 83 to 86 fruit from barrels was packed in the usual way, wrapped and unwrapped, in commercial apple boxes.

The first examination for scale on the treated fruit was begun on December 14 and concluded December 24, and reexamination was done from January 3 to 8, using fruit from the top, middle, and bottom of barrels each time.

In all tests in 1907-8 the plan was adopted of holding the fruit in a warm room, where the temperature was from 70° to 75° F., for two days previous to examination to bring about a more marked discol- oration of the dead scales and eliminate as much as possible any doubt as to their exact condition. The method of treatment was found to blacken the dead scales without exception, and there was never any question as to whether the insect was dead or alive. The essential features of the test are given in the subjoined table:

Taste XII.—Effect of fumigation with hydrocyanic-acid gas on scales and fruit in dif- ferent kinds of packages. (Package series, 1907-8.)

Rate at | AStre Espen: Variety of Kandon oak: eats Length of | pene Effect on| Effect on Noo apple. By eee sium exposure. ee scales. fruit. ; cyanid amined. was used Gr. per | CUTE: alee are Baldwin..| Barrel, iron header in bot- | O3307 Mshours =. - 4,228 | Alldead.| No injury. tom. | (oi eeee. SeIAG OR eet | Wepre (CKO ene a recede ietrer ope ee Es SOUR SeHOUTS. = -l9 3;,602.|=2c0d 0) 55 Do. (Boe eeS we GOs annie lemieree COMER rete ios Reem e ical .30 | All night..| 4,899 |...do.-.-- Do. ie ese a BOE C lesa on wee GLO Se Sine noc eae ate ern H0ssynOurse a), 4.207 1ae.dosn a: Do. TiN e nese BNC OW cpieerte Pent OO) OSM > ce scoes oss | POs ehounaesa: AS 898 ea Ones: Do ORS o ate Op anatcs a ee SCL Oa tes Nae eh .30 | 3 hours. 2, 879 do Do Uae ClO sea eee ws. do Ey OR Hest ea aN eae ge 30 | All night 4, 562 Gone Do Victabeetate pen OR eevee Wee COE Ey ie ae ee LOOMS HOURS | kos Odell CORE) Do. Vhs ie eaves a SACO YS eras Barrel with 20 3?-inch auger PSO enous e403 eed ones: Do. holes in each end.

See e ed One eee GO ae eee eee YOON 23 NOUTSS 24743018 See doatee Do. Sire ee Ose: fae CUO ei a ee cre Rien ae £3 0h PAllimigh tse 3hOa/elisdOs. = - Do. eames SLAG Ome ees |e Clos Ses aoe serena on OOM hoe NOUTSeee|) 420002 200252 Do. Sopereen SC Ow ae te Box, eae unwrapped.....-- B10) | SasOlOsecaoe 2090 s\eaadOeea: Do S4te oe: Gh) Seema loa DAO OSe SRA ana nee s emcees 30 | All night 2,355 do Do ‘Sye oeeee pO Ree Box, fruit Wrappede= ee sa- FSO eoeHOUTSS=-7) eo 2Oae| == One ee Do. SO tee se RA Opecr elie ee Oe ne erp eT ar .30 | All night. St ASO -||SeeO Osos oily JDO.

It will be noted from the table that in every case the treatment was entirely effective in killing the scale insects and that no injury resulted to the fruit.

To corroborate these results, several of the tests were repeated, using fruit from the same source, but held longer in cold storage, namely, until February 5. The Baldwin and Roxbury Russet varieties were used and after fumigation were kept in the outhouse mentioned. The percentage of live scales in untreated Baldwins at time of fumigation was 24.4 and on the Roxbury Russet 70. In these tests it will also be noted (Table XIII) that all scales were killed and without injury to the varieties of fruits used.

30 FUMIGATION OF APPLES FOR SAN JOSE SCALE.

TasBLe XIII.—Corroborative results of effect of fumigation with hydrocyanic-acid gas on scales and fruit in different kinds of packages. (Package series 1907-8.)

1 } | | | Rate at | | Num

OSE Mera CO EN aes ess ere OKO ets Bebe so | 30 | | | | |

One barrel of scale-infested Rhode Island Greening apples, from Niagara County, N. Y., but from another orchard than the first used | in 1906-7, was fumigated February 5 to determine if injury would result as in the earlier tests. An iron header replaced the usual barrel head, the open end turned down over the generator. Three examina- tions of this fruit were made, the counts including 2,860 scales, all of which were found to be dead. The fruit, however, was more or less injured and scalded as described for 1906-7. |

SUMMARY OF RESULTS.

Strength-of-gas series (Table IIT).—In the fumigation of fruit loose in baskets all scales were killed with strengths of potassium cyanid at rate of from 0.10 to 0.50 gram per cubic foot, and exposed forty- five minutes. Five hundredths of a gram of cyanid per cubic foot was not entirely effective. No injury resulted to the fruit treated, namely, the Baldwin.

Length-of-exposure series (Table IV)—Baldwin apples loose im baskets were not injured by the use of potassium cyanid at the rate of 0.20 gram per cubic foot with periods of exposure ranging from twenty minutes to three hours. In every instance the scale insects were all killed.

Package series, 1906-7 (Table V).—Fumigation of fruit in barrels opened in various ways to permit access of gas gave apparently variable results as to effect on the scales. All insects were not with certainty killed, except in the case of fruit in boxes, wrapped and un- wrapped, and in barrels in which each head had been perforated with numerous auger holes. Scales on apples in unopened barrels were not killed to any extent, as the packages were too tight to allow entrance of the gas.

Package series, 1907-8 (Table X II).—In the package series of tests in 1907-8, with boxes, fruit wrapped and unwrapped, and with barrels opened in various ways, using potassium cyanid at the rate of 0.30

SUMMARY OF RESULTS. 81

gram per cubic foot and with exposures of one hour, three hours, and overnight, all scales were uniformly killed. The holding of fruit in a warm room for a couple of days previous to examination resulted in a marked discoloration of the dead insects, leaving no doubt as to their condition.

Variety-of-fruit series (Table VI)—Numerous varieties of apples, including the principal commercial sorts, fumigated for one hour and using potassium cyanid at the rate of 0.30 and 0.50 gram per cubic foot, were not in any way injured.

Rhode-Island-Greening-unjury serves (Table VIT).—The only variety of apple used in the tests showing gas injury was the Rhode Island Greening from western New York. Other fruit of this variety of unknown source was not injured by an excessive strength of the gas. No strength of gas or period of exposures was determined which was not injurious to western New York Greenings. Injury was more pronounced on fruit subjected to a long exposure than when a heavier dose and shorter exposure were given.

Fumigation of dry, moist, and wet fruit (Table VITI).—Observations made at different times on fruit fumigated in a dry, moist, and wet condition showed that its condition in this respect was immaterial. Apples thoroughly wet by applying water with a spray pump were not in the least injured, and all scales were killed.

Cold-storage serves (Table LX ).—Fumigation of scale-infested apples in a local cold-storage plant with the temperature 30° F. showed that adequate diffusion of the gas occurred, killing all of the scale insects, and without injury to the fruit.

Mortality of scales on frurt during winter (Tables IT and X I).—Data obtained at different times on condition of scales on untreated fruit for comparison with their condition on fumigated fruit showed, as occurs normally out of doors, that the very young and old scales die, the survivors being mostly those about one-third grown. In the case of fruit held in storage in 1907-8, until March 3, only about 9.5 per cent of scales present were alive, and these were exclusively about one-third grown. In 1906-7 the percentage of live scales present on Baldwin apples, on the 12th of November, 55.90, dropped by Decem- ber 3 to 30.20, and on the Rhode Island Greening variety, from 30.20 per cent alive on same date to one-tenth of 1 per cent alive by February 27—practical extermination.

Carbon-bisulphid series (Table X).—Treatment of scale-infested fruits with carbon bisulphid at strengths varying from 0.069 to 1.81 cubic centimeters per cubic foot and for a period of three hours failed to kill the scales to any extent. No injury resulted to the varieties of fruit used, namely, Baldwin and Rhode Island Greening.

32 FUMIGATION OF APPLES FOR SAN JOSE SCALE. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.

The data presented point out, it is believed, the practicability of destroying the San Jose scale on apples and suggests the desirability of the adoption of the practice of fumigation by exporters if such treat- ment will result in the acceptance by foreign countries of fruit so treated. A certificate of proper fumigation on each barrel, box, or package should constitute a sufficient guaranty that any scales present had been killed. It is considered probable that, if desirable, fumigation could be practiced in the case of numerous fruits, as pears, oranges, lemons, etc. In fact, the writer understands that it has been the practice of the California state board of horticulture to fumigate such fruit when desirable during the past several years.

In the fumigation of apples in barrels it would appear sufficient to remove the upper head only, or to use for the original heading boards with numerous ? or 1 inch auger holes—a total of 15 or 20 at each end. Fruit packed in usual commercial boxes, wrapped or unwrapped, would need no special preparation, as the openings between the several slats would allow sufficient gas to enter.

UIE IE Io ND) ae

SYNOPSIS OF LAWS AND DECREES IN FORCE IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES BEARIN G ON THE INTRODUCTION OF LIVE PLANTS AND FRESH FRUITS.

ARGENTINA.

Plants and plant products, from countries where there exists any infection which might affect the agricultural interests, are classed as doubtful, and as such are sub- mitted to treatment and disinfection, as the authorities may prescribe. Fruits and vegetables for consumption are held under the same ruling. These restrictions are applied to produce from countries infested with the San José scale and the Phyl- loxera. (Regulation of 1902, Law No. 4082.)

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.

Prohibits (decree of April 20, 1898) importation from America of living plants, grafts, and layers, and fresh plant refuse of every kind, as well as the barrels, boxes, and other coverings in which such goods or refuse may be packed, and fresh fruit and the refuse of fresh fruit, as well as the packings which may cover the same, when examination on frontier shall prove presence of San Jose scale. Admission limited to Bodenbach-Tetschen, Trieste, and Fiume. Also prohibits transit of such goods through the Empire. The Secretary of Agriculture is empowered to make excep- tions. (Regulations still in force March 9, 1909.)

BELGIUM.

Importation and transit of fresh fruits, living plants, and fresh parts of plants sent from the United States can take place only by ports of Antwerp, Ghent, and Ostende, upon production of a certificate from competent authority attesting that products are not contaminated by San Jose scale. If not accompanied by certificate, products can not be delivered until inspected, and, if not exempt, must be destroyed with packings; cost of all service at expense of importer. Order in effect March 15, 1899. Does not apply to shipments in direct transit by railway under supervision of customs authorities. (Decrees still in force February 8, 1909.)

BOLIVIA.

There are no special restrictions affecting the importation of living plants, fresh

fruits, etc.@ BRITISH COLUMBIA.

The importation and transit of fresh fruits, nursery stock, etc., found to be infested with injurious insects is prohibited. Fruit infested with the San Jose scale is not allowed to be sold or offered for sale in the Province. Any fruit found to be infested with the San Jose scale or other dangerous scale insects or the codling moth is either condemned and destroyed or shipped to a point without the Province. Systematic inspection of imported fruit is carried on at the port of entry. Nursery stock found to be infested is disinfected or destroyed.

a By “special restrictions” is meant those which relate to restriction of plants or fruits infested with injurious insects. No reference is intended to customs duties which may be in force.

: 33

34 FUMIGATION OF APPLES FOR SAN JOSE SCALE.

CANADA.

Prohibits (San Jose scale act, March 18, 1898) importations of nursery stock from the United States, Australia, Japan, and Hawaii. Stock so imported to be destroyed. Importer liable to penalty prescribed in section 6, customs tariff ($200 for each offense). There are exempted (1) greenhouse plants, including roses grown under glass; (2) herbaceous perennials; (3) herbaceous bedding plants; (4) all conifers; (5) bulbs and tubers.

Amended (Council order January 5, 1901) to permit entry of nursery stock, if fumi- gated, at the following customs ports, between the dates given; Winnipeg, Manitoba, and St. John, New Brunswick, from March 15 to May 15 in spring, and in autumn from October 7 to December 7; St. Johns, Quebec, Niagara Falls, Ontario, and Wind- sor, Ontario, from March 15 to May 15 in spring, and in autumn from September 26 to December 7; Vancouver, British Columbia, from October 1 to May 1 of the fol- lowing year. All shipments made at risk of consignees. Dakota cottonwood admitted at Brandon and Winnipeg, Manitoba, without fumigation.

While the act provides for the restriction of importation of fruits infested with the San Jose scale, this provision is not enforced, as danger from this source is considered negligible.

CHILE.

There are no special restrictions affecting the importation of living plants, fresh fruits, etc. CHINA.

Living plants, fresh fruits, etc., may under ordinary conditions be imported with- out special restrictions. Strict regulations covering these articles with the establish- ment of quarantine may be issued from time to time at various ports. These regula- tions apply to localities infested with cholera, and exceptions are provided for under certificate from medical officers. The following is an extract from the Shanghai quar- antine regulations of 1906.

‘SHANGHAI QUARANTINE REGULATION, 1906. A. FROM PORTS DECLARED INFECTED.

Fresh fruit.—lf accompanied by a certificate or bill of health from the medical officer of the port showing that no cholera is present in the district, apples, bananas, citrons, grapes, lemons, liches, loquats, mangosteens, mangoes, olives, oranges, peaches, pears, pineapples, pomegranates, pumeloes, and sugar cane, if in sound condition and cleanly packed as cargo. (Apricots, cherries, figs, melons, plums, raspberries, straw- berries, tomatoes, and thin-skinned fruit are prohibited.)

Vegetables.—Tubers, roots, bulbs, and bamboo shoots, 1f cleanly packed as cargo. (Celery, lettuce, endive, and other leaf vegetables are prohibited.)

Plants of any kind to which earth or vegetable mold adheres. Importation not permitted.

B. FROM PORTS FROM WHICH THE DECLARATION OF INFECTION HAS BEEN REMOVED. Earth and mold.—li adherent to plants or bulbs in small quantities and cleanly

packed, importation permitted when accompanied by certificate from the medical officer of the port that the earth and mold are from a plague-free district.

COLOMBIA.

There are no special restrictions affecting the importation of living plants, fresh fruits, etc.

APPENDIX. 35

CUBA.

There are no special restrictions affecting the importation of fresh fruits. A law promulgated on the 16th of July, 1906, subjects all citrus plants from other countries to a strict fumigation. In the absence of facilities for this fumigation, the governor decreed, on October 30, 1906, as a temporary measure until said service could be established, that plants from Florida be admitted if they come accompanied by a certificate of an official entomologist guaranteeing that they are free from injurious insects. (Regulation still in force, December 28, 1908.)

DENMARK.

Importation of potatoes or parts thereof from North America is prohibited. (Decree of January 28, 1876.) There are no other special restrictions affecting the importation of living plants,

fresh fruits, etc. FRANCE.

Prohibits (decree of November 30, 1898) entry into and passing through France of trees, shrubs, products of nurseries, all nursery cuttings, and all other plants or parts of living plants, as well as fresh débris from them, from the United States, as well as cases, sacks, etc., used for packing.

Also, prohibits fresh fruit and débris when examination proves presence of insects at entry into France.

This decree, according to the minister of agriculture, is still in force. (March 8,

1909.) GERMANY.

Prohibits (decree of February 5, 1898) the importation of living plants and parts of living plants from America, and barrels, boxes, etc., used for packing; also fresh fruits or fresh parts of fruits, when examination at port of entry shows presence of San Jose scale. The imperial chancellor is authorized to grant exceptions.

Amended (act of Juty 10, 1900) by annulling the regulation providing that dried and evaporated fruits from the United States be inspected. Such fruits are now admitted without other charge than customs duty.

By decree of August 16, 1900, the restrictions of the decree of February 5, 1898, are made applicable to Japan; and also, by decree of June 3, 1907, to Australia. List of places at the boundary where plants may be introduced will be found in Circular No. 41 of the Bureau of Entomology.

GREECE.

Seeds of all description and bulbs only from Holland are allowed to be imported into Greece. The importation of fresh fruits, except from the island of Crete, is pro- hibited.

GUATEMALA.

There are no special restrictions affecting the importation of living plants, fresh fruits, etc. EEA TAT:

There are no special restrictions affecting the importation of living plants, fresh

fruits, ete. Ate:

Laws are in force relative to importation of grapevines, erape cuttings, etc., likely to harbor Phylloxera. Other classes of nursery stock and fresh fruit are apparently subject only to customs duty.

36 FUMIGATION OF APPLES FOR SAN JOSE SCALE. MEXICO.

There are no special restrictions affecting the importation of living plants, fresh fruits, etc. THE NETHERLANDS.

_ Prohibits (San Jose scale law of May 23, 1899) the importation and transit from America, direct or indirect, of all kinds of living trees and shrubs, or living parts thereof, including boxes, kegs, barrels, or other objects which serve or may have served for packing.

NICARAGUA.

There are no special restrictions affecting the importation of living plants, fresh fruits, etc. NORWAY.

To protect against American gooseberry mildew (Sphzrotheca mors-uv2x), it isfor- bidden to import gooseberry plants or parts thereof, including the iresh fruit. There are no other special restrictions as affecting importation of live plants, fresh fruits, etc. PANAMA.

There are no special restrictions affecting the importation of live plants and fresh fruits, etc. PARAGUAY.

There are no special regulations in force affecting the importation of living plants, fresh fruits, etc.

PERSIA. There are no special restrictions affecting the importation of living plants, fresh fruits, etc. - RUSSIA.

No restriction is placed on the importation of fruit or vegetables, the prohibition for southwestern Russia (south of Radzivil customs-house to the Black Sea) having been removed (Collection of Laws 1901, No. 82, sec. 1767). The importation of living plants and parts thereof (excepting vines to which special rules apply) is allowed from many countries of Europe and the Orient, but is apparently not permitted from America. (Collection of Laws, Vol. VI, edition 1904; do, No. 27, act 322.)

SAN SALVADOR.

There are no special restrictions affecting the importation of living plants, fresh fruits, etc. SANTO DOMINGO.

There are no special restrictions affecting the importation of living plants, fresh fruits, etc. STAM.

There are no special restrictions affecting the importation of living plants, fresh fruits, etc.

APPENDIX. Sel

SPAIN.

The Spanish regulations (International Customs Journal No. 24, Spain, 1906-7, p. 18, etc.) prohibit importation from any country not adhering to the Antiphylloxera Convention of trees, shrubs, or live plants, except under a certificate of the Spanish consul at point of origin that the Phylloxera does not exist there, and that the said trees have come straight through without unpacking. American vines may be imported into Spanish provinces officially declared phylloxerated. Live plants and fruits from the United States may not be imported if found by the inspector to be infested with the San Jose scale. The importation of potatoes or any parts thereof from any part of America is prohibited.

SWEDEN.

To protect against American gooseberry mildew (Spherotheca mors-uvx) it is for- forbidden to import gooseberry plants or fresh fruits of same. Otherwise there are no special restrictions affecting the importation of living plants, fresh fruits, ete. (Royal ordinances, September 22, 1905; September 14, 1906.)

SWITZERLAND.

Prohibits plants; fresh fruits may be imported only through customs bureau at Basle, where they are subject to examination by an expert for the San Jose scale or other parasites. There are no restrictions to direct importation of dried fruits. This inspection provision has been also recently applied to Australian fruits (February 15, 1909). :

TURKEY.

A note from the minister of foreign affairs to the United States minister at Constan- tinople, dated October 18, 1899, states that the Imperial Government has decided to interdict the importation of trees, plants, and fruits coming from the United States. No further information has been received.

UNITED KINGDOM.

Live plants, fruits, cuttings, etc., may be imported without special restriction except as below mentioned. Gooseberry bushes may not be brought into Great Britain except from the Channel Islands. Currant bushes are similarly restricted except under license from board of agriculture and fisheries. Gooseberry and currant bushes may not be landed in Ireland from any place out of Ireland without license from department of agriculture and technical instructions issued only to cover importa- tions for experiments in propagating new varieties.

LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE VARIOUS STATES OF THE UNITED STATES BEARING ON THE INTRODUCTION, TRANS- PORTATION AND SALE OF FRESH FRUITS INFESTED WITH THE SAN JOSE SCALE OR OTHER INJURIOUS INSECTS. 2

A recent inquiry (May 29, 1909) as to the provisions of the various State crop pest laws relative to the introduction, sale, or shipment of fruit infested with the San Jose scale shows much lack of uniformity in this regard. While most of the States now have in effect laws restricting the distribution of nursery stock infested with injurious insects or diseases, these do not apply to fruit, except in a few States. In several of the States, however, the laws give authority for action as to infested fruit, but this provision is not always enforced.

@ The full text of these laws will be found in Bulletin 61 of this Bureau.

38 FUMIGATION OF APPLES FOR SAN JOSE SCALE.

The following States have no restrictions affecting the introduction or shipment of scale-infested fruits: Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Caro- lina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.

Strict regulations are in force in regard to infested fruits as well as nursery stock in the following States:

CALIFORNIA.

Under the horticultural laws of California, the state board of horticulture is empow- ered to fumigate and hold all shipments of fruit infested with the San Jose scale until the insects are dead. The fruit, however, can not be destroyed, as this pest already exists in the State.

Shipments going into counties of California are subject to the ordinances of the county, and may be destroyed according to county regulations. Shipments from one county to another in the State are treated in the same manner.

COLORADO.

The law empowers the destruction of any fruit or nursery stock coming into the State which has upon it the living San Jose scale. . The consignor has the privilege of reshipping the infested fruit or nursery stock out of the State.

IDAHO.

Idaho specifically prohibits the importation and shipment of fruit infested with the San Jose scale. Fruit bearing the marks of infestation is not permitted to be sold in the State except for purposes of manufacturing by-products.

IOWA.

While there is no warrant to exclude introduction into the State of fruit infested with the San Jose scale, it is not permitted to ship fruit from orchards in the State known to be infested with the insect.

MONTANA.

The Montana horticultural laws provide that all deciduous and other fruit infested with the San Jose scale, from any State, shall be destroyed by burning or otherwise, which also apples to fruit from within the State.

OKLAHOMA.

The Oklahoma law provides that fruit or other articles of commerce, as nursery stock, found infested with the San Jose scale shall be placed under quarantine and by prac- tical methods the insect destroyed or eradicated. The regulations as to importation from other States, however, relate only to nursery stock.

OREGON.

The Oregon law declares that the offering for sale of fruit infested with the San Jose scale constitutes a public nuisance. Upon the finding of infested fruit, by the county inspector, the party having same for sale is promptly notified to destroy the insects by drenching with kerosene oil or to destroy the fruit. In case of failure, this work is attended to by the county inspector, or in case of large shipments in Portland the fruit is destroyed at the crematory.

APPENDIX. 39

Infested fruit shipped into the State and discovered before it is offered for sale may be returned to the consignor if he so requests. There is also in operation a law making it a misdemeanor to offer for sale, to pack for sale, or to deliver to a transportation com- pany for shipment, infested fruit, but this law is held in abeyance except in extreme cases.

UTAH.

The Utah law prohibits the possession or sale of fruit infested with the San Jose or other scale insects, and the larve of the codling moth. Shipments of scale-infested fruit are destroyed by burning, or are saturated with kerosene.

WASHINGTON.

The Washington law requires the treatment of all infested nursery stock, regardless of origin. Theshipper or consignee is allowed to treat for the San Jose scale by dipping in strong solution of lime-sulphur wash or by fumigation with hydrocyanic-acid gas, under the direction of an officialinspector. Fruits are allowed to be treated in thesame manner. Apples and pears infested with the codling moth are destroyed and are not permitted to be offered for sale in the markets.

INDEX.

Page Apples, American, infested with San Jose scale, receipts at Hamburg......-..- 10-11 effect of San Jose scale on commercial value and keeping qualities. . . . 10 iumigatiomehor San dose scaler...) 22. ew ee se 7-32 apparatus. . sisi Ra aoe eg Bet, ie ANE blank form for focordine Solis renee es 16 cold-storage experiments........----- 24-26, 31 conclusions and recommendations... .--- ay dnyamoist: andawet multe 2.-- 525-518. 24, 31 examinations of scale insects....--.------ 15-16 experiments in 1906-7 ......-...-.-.----- 16-26 TGOT 2S ee . 27-30 length-of-exposure experiments ...-.-...- 18, 30 package experiments, 1906-7.-......- 18-22, 30 TOOVE SE EAL ne 28-31 Rhode -Island -Greening -injury experi- TOMO TAGS one e eae mera alee oe te EY 23-24, 31 strength-of-gas experiments.....-...-- 17-18, 30 summary of resuliss 5.2.2 2.220 350.0820. 7 30-31 variety-of-fruit experiments.......... 22-23, 31 withicarbon, bisulphid .2 22 32525 4: 26-27, 31 infested with San Jose scale, danger therefrom............-....------ 7-9 Rhode Island Greening from western New York, ‘‘scalded” from fumi- COP BICONE ae cp ode UN a PU tea pe eh pete aa a oe SE ORS 22, unfumigated, condition of San Jose scale thereon, 1906-7_.......-.---- 16-17 NODES er ee 28 Aspidiotus perniciosus. (See Scale, San Jose.) Barrels header 2sioruse im tumicatimoyapples. 2240 00250 ee 20 Barrels; tumicationvolapplesstherein: .2 25... 5.00 2 2 es 19-22, 24-30, 32 ine keis, fumigation olapples therein. 222002 2220 8.6 ee Se: 17, 18, 22, 24,25, 27 eulonid of carbon. (See Carbon bisulphid. - Boxes numica tion of apples therein creo Se ie So 19, 22, 25-32 Carbon) bisulphid, tests in fumigation of apples:........2...-.-.---....-- 26-27, 31 Codling moth, laws bearing on introduction, transportation, and sale of infested fruit, in British Columbia RS Are ee 1a eB ne pone 33 bearing on introduction, transportation, and sale of infested fruihein: Wmited: Statesuasa sete ees ee ee ne 39 Cold storage, effect on San Jose scale on apples and pears ............-----cee 8 Fruits, fresh, infested with San Jose scale or other injurious insects, laws and regulations of States of United States bearing on introduction, (GiEeee OVS) OXO Ra REY LO Oye ee OV LSEEW US yea eSeses Sica Ey ice 25 peed a Maa 37-39 introduction, laws and decrees in foreign countries relative {ELEN ENC, src ae ac ARMM Ai Be ee ela aa 33-37 Fumigated fruit, no danger of poisoning therefrom...................-..------ 16

42 FUMIGATION OF APPLES FOR SAN JOSE SCALE.

Page Humigation of apples torisan Josescales 55 9154 a ee 7-32 APPAaAravUSes Ge Ue eel as heats een rermenys 11-14 blank form for recording results... ... 16 cold-storage experiments .......... 24—26, 31 conclusions and recommendations .... 32 dry, wet,.and: moist fruits: 2s) see 24,31 examinations of scale insects......... 15-16 pq Vesuinernngs mn WO) 5.5 anesssaoke 16-26 ISO etearar cede to Pak eee ae 27-30 length-of-exposure experiments ....... 18, 30 package experiments 1906-7....... 18-22, 30 1907282 28-31 Rhode-Island-Greening-injury experi- THCTIGS Sc fas yas Serene eee ee 23-24, 31 strength-of-gas experiments........ 17-18, 30 summary Ob resull(sse se. Uo variety-of-fruit experiments....... 22a wathcarbonebisualiplidess = =a 26-27, 31 ‘ Fumigatoriums for apples infested with San Jose scale.................. 11-14, 24, 25

Gooseberry mildew, American. (See Sphxrotheca mors-uv2x.) Hydrocyanic-acid gas. (See Fumigation.) Laws and decrees in foreign countries bearing on introduction of live plants andiireshstrutts a oe, See Ge ee apt ae eee ed 33-37 regulations of States of United States bearing on introduction, trans- portation, and sale of fresh fruits infested with San Jose scale or

Other 1MUTIOUS INSECTS] eer hers eee rns ree ee 37-39 Lime-sulphur wash, thorough use to prevent scale-infestation of fruit........- 9-10 Mildew, American gooseberry. (See Sphxrotheca mors-uv.)

Pears, effect of San Jose scale on commercial value and keeping qualities.-....- 10

infested with San Jose scale, danger therefrom...-...._./.-/:-2:..-22: ed

Phyllexera. quarantine: laws of torerom.coumtness--5-ses-5-= = ses a ee Bo; Sosad

Plants, live, introduction, laws and decrees in foreign countries relative thereto. 33-37

Poisomme of iruit, irom’ fumigation, possibility remote: ys... 925 see eee 16 ‘“Sealding” of Rhode Island Greening apples from western New York as result

olshumagation Sco ee Oe eee oe eA eS ae ed geet sc ee eee 22 Scale insects other than San Jose scale, law in Utah bearing on introduction,

iransportation, and sale ot amiestedsimmits-o.25525 255 epee ee 39

San Jose, condition on unfumigated apples, 1906-7.......-..--.-..------ 16-17

NO O22 erties ace ae eee as 28 effect on commercial value and keeping qualities of apples and

PORES eo 4a CADRES 2 ee ee CsA iy Ai tek ie eee 10

fumigation ofapplesss3) 22.0 hes ion ee ee ee 7-32

AP PALAGUS ie Svs a NE a ee a 11-14

blank form for recording results ....-...-- 16

cold-storage experiments -....-..----.- 24-26, 31

conclusions and recommendations ....--.- 32

dry, moist, and= wet arulte oe sere 24,31

examinations of scale insects ....-..----- 15-16

experiments im 1906—/- 2-2: 222. =2 ee ee 16-26

1907-86. es ee See 27-30

leneth-of-exposure experiments ...-. eS 18, 30

package experiments, 1906—-7...:..-.-- 18-22, 30

L90%=8 (aa 28-31

INDEX. 43

Page. Scale, San Jose, fumigation of apples, Rhode-Island-Greening-injury experi- TLC INES es eee eee hs Src ence aya LOA le strength-of-gas experiments....... 17-18, 30 SUMMARY OL TeSUlt sess sa eee o 30-31 variety-of-fruit experiments....... 22-23, 31 with carbon bisulphidias252 22-2. 26-27, 31 laws of States of United States, bearing on introduction, trans- portation--and salerotimiestedtinuit 2222252422255 ee. 5. 37-39 MOLbAalib yO PIU ChuNIMNe. WAMLCKe = “ee meene Saeee oe ot 16-17, 28, 31 on. American apples received at Eliamburgsss- 2953225 22 2327 10 possibility of establishment on apples and pears.....-.--.--.- 7-9 quarantine laws olioreiem countriess:.--2-2..-222:-2s1-225- 33-37 SpreadeimaWimitedsouatessae mets. co. cee en yaaa nets ane 9 Sphexrotheca mors-uvx, quarantine laws in Norway and Sweden.............- 36, 37 Spraying with lime-sulphur wash, thorough treatment to prevent scale-infested VTEOU Hes cs Gespel cies SSS cs ag Cie ey Se gee eS aie RU Ne Neg ge eee 9-10

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