. * CttO. i . J-INOIS LIBRAK , *BANA-CHAMPA JIM 2 Q 1997 AGRICULTURE LIBRARY Fungi Colonizing Cysts of Heterodera glycines Bulletin 786 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, College of Agriculture, Agricultural Experiment Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture Lori M. Carris, formerly Graduate Research Assistant Department of Plant Pathology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Dean A. Glawe, Associate Professor Department of Plant Pathology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Editor: Eva C. Kingston Designer: Lynn H. Smith The Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station provides equal opportunities in programs and employment. Cover illustration: Fungal mycelium growing from cyst of Heterodera glycines. CIRCULATING AGRICULTURE LIBRARY Fungi Colonizing Cysts of Heterodera Lori M Carris glydnes and Dean A. Glawe Bulletin 786 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, College of Agriculture, Agricultural Experiment Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1989. AGRICULTURE LIBRARY JAN 2 3 1990 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS Introduction The soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichi- nohe) is generally considered the world's most serious threat to soybean production (Anonymous 1984). The nema- tode feeds on soybean roots, causing reduced vigor in par- asitized plants. At maturity, the body of the female nematode becomes greatly enlarged and serves as a protective struc- ture, termed a cyst, that con- tains 200-600 eggs. The hard- ened cuticle of the cyst provides protection from des- iccation, chemicals, and other factors (Melton et a/. 1985). Eggs within cysts may remain viable in soil for up to seven years (Sinclair 1982), making control of the nematode ex- tremely difficult. Current methods of control involve the use of resistant soybean varieties, crop rotation, or ne- maticides. However, problems exist in the effective imple- mentation of these strategies. A number of pathogenic races of the nematode exist, and the dominant race in each field must be identified in order to determine which resistant soy- bean variety will be effective. Another problem is that new races of the nematode, viru- lent on resistant varieties, tend to arise. The longevity of the nematode cysts complicates the use of crop rotation. Safety concerns and the po- tential for problems resulting from groundwater contamina- tion limit the usefulness of ne- maticides, as does their ex- pense. Clearly, new ways of dealing with this pest are needed. In recent years much atten- tion has been focussed on the possible use of fungi as biolog- ical control agents of cyst nem- atodes. As early as 1877, stud- ies showed that fungi are capable of invading cysts and parasitizing the eggs (Tribe 1977). Kerry (1975) provided the first evidence of biological control of a cyst nematode when he demonstrated that naturally occurring fungal par- asites were responsible for the widespread suppression of cereal cyst nematode (H. av- enae) populations in Europe. More recently, Morgan-Jones and Rodriguez-Kabana (1985, and references therein) stud- ied the fungi associated with cysts of H. glycines in the southeastern United States. They found 55 species of fungi-colonizing cysts, includ- ing a number of nematode parasites. During 1983 through 1986, we studied the fungi associ- ated with cysts of H. glycines in Illinois and isolated over 70 species, half of which had not been reported previously from this nematode. Identification of many of these fungi proved to be difficult because the tax- onomic literature is scattered and often difficult to obtain. In addition, several undescribed species were encountered, and the cultural features of many known species had not been adequately described in the literature. In an attempt to help remedy the problems in- volved in identifying cyst-colo- nizing fungi, we have com- piled the material in this publication. Included are keys for all the fungi presently known to occur in cysts of H. glycines and illustrations and descriptions for all known spe- cies from Illinois. We hope that including this material in one publication will simplify identification of these fungi by nontaxonomists and ultimately encourage further research on cyst-colonizing fungi and their potential use as biological con- trol agents. Acknowledgments Illinois Agricultural Experi- ment Station Project 68-0331 research was supported in part by the Illinois Soybean Pro- gram Operating Board. The manuscript is based on a por- tion of the thesis of the senior author submitted in partial ful- fillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign. We thank D.I. Ed- wards for providing study sites for this project, and J.L. Crane, J.D. Rogers, and C.A. Shearer for reviewing the manuscript. We also thank M. Barr Bige- low, J. Boise, H. Burdsall, S.J. Hughes, D. Malloch, J.W. Rip- pon, and G. Samuels for their assistance in fungal identifica- tion. L.M.C. thanks Rutgers' Blueberry and Cranberry Re- search Center for the use of word processing facilities to prepare the original manu- script. LMC DAG Materials and Methods Nematode cysts used in this study were from one soy- bean field near Sidney, Cham- paign County, in central Illi- nois, and another near Dix, Jefferson County, in southern Illinois. Race 3 of H. g/yc/'nes was predominant at each loca- tion. In 1983 and 1984, the two locations were planted with a cultivar susceptible to H. g/yc/'nes, Williams 82. In 1985, the Dix field was planted with cultivar Fayette, resistant to H. g/yc/'nes, and the Sidney field again was planted with cultivar Williams 82. Soil samples were taken at planting in May 1983, every 3 to 4 weeks through November, and from February through November 1984 and 1985. Soil samples were collected from the top 10 to 12 centimeters (cm) of soil. One sample was collected from each of five rows, each sample consisting of 20 individual soil plugs taken approximately every 75 cm from near the bases of soybean plants. Cysts were ex- tracted from 250 cubic centi- meter (cc) subsamples by a wet-sieving technique (Southey 1970). Intact, mature cysts were surface-sterilized for three minutes in 0.5 per- cent NaOCI, then rinsed three times with sterile deionized water. At each sampling, five cysts were placed on each of 20 9-cm diameter plastic plates containing water agar (Difco, Detroit, Ml) with 100 micro- grams/milliliter (/tg/ml) strep- tomycin sulfate. Subcultures were made from fungal myce- lia growing from cysts after 3 to 4 days. Cultures were main- tained on Difco corn-meal agar (CMA) and subjected to fluorescent light (10 hours daily) on a lab bench at 22° to 26°C. The use of CMA re- sulted in an acceptable bal- ance between mycelial growth and sporulation for most fun- gal species encountered. Other media used to identify certain species included Difco potato dextrose agar (PDA), Czapek's agar (Pitt 1973), Difco malt extract agar (MEA), and oatmeal agar (OA) (Stevens 1974). Representative cultures were deposited with the American Type Culture Col- lection (ATCC), selected culti- vars with the Northern Re- gional Research Laboratory at Peoria (NRRL), and the Univer- site Catholique de Louvain, Belgium (MUCL). Dried cul- tures were deposited with the Illinois Natural History Survey Mycological Herbarium (ILLS). Colony morphology in petri dishes was studied under a stereomicroscope. Prepara- tions for examination with a compound microscope were mounted in water, Melzer's reagent, lactophenol, or 70 percent ethanol. Measure- ments were made from water mounts and observations made with Olympus model BHS mi- croscopes equipped for bright field or differential interfer- ence contrast microscopy. Photomicrographs were made using Kodak Technical Pan 2415 film (Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, NY). Pho- tomacrographs were made with a Wild M420 Photomak- roscop using Kodak Pana- tomic-X film. Table Of Contents Key to Major Taxa 1 Key to Ascomycetes 1 Key to Coelomycetes 2 Key to Hyphomycetes 2 Species Descriptions 9 Acremonium kiliense 9 Acremonium sclerotigenum 9 Altemaria alternata 9 Aphanocladium album 10 Arthrobotrys oligospora 10 Arthrocladium caudatum 10 Aureobasidium pullulans 11 Botryotrichum piluliferum 11 Camposporium pellucidum 12 Chaetomium cochliodes 12 Chaetomium histoplasmoides 12 Chaetomium perlucidum 13 Chalara heteroderae 13 Cladosporium cladosporioides 14 Corynespora cassiicola 14 Cristaspora arxii 15 Cylindrocarpon destructans 15 Cylindrocarpon fusiforme 15 Cylindrocarpon magnusianum 16 Dactylaria acerosa 16 Dendryphion nanum 16 Dictyochaeta heteroderae 17 Diheterospora chlamydosporia 17 Drec/is/era avenae 18 Engyodontium album 18 Epicoccum purpurascens 18 Exophiala pisciphila 18 Fusarium aquaeductuum 19 Fusarium equiseti 19 Fusarium oxysporum 19 Fusarium so/an/ 20 Ceniculosporium sp 20 Gliocladium catenulatum 21 Gliocladium roseum 21 Conytrichum macrocladium 22 Humicola fuscoatra 22 Lecythophora hoffmannii 22 Mariannaea elegans 22 Me/anospora zam/ae 23 Metarhizium anisopliae 23 Microsphaeropsis olivacea 23 Mortierella elongata 24 Mycocentrospora acerina 24 Nectr/a sp 24 Neocosmospora vas/nfecta 25 Nigrospora sphaerica 25 Paecilomyces Hlacinus 25 Paed/omyces marquandii 26 Papu/aspora sp 26 Parap/ioma radidna 27 Penicillium oxalicum 27 Periconia macrospinosa 27 Phaeoisaria clematidis 28 Phaeoramularia sp 28 Phialophora gregata 29 P/ioma medacaginis 29 P/ectosp/iaere//a cucumerina 29 Pyrenochaeta (errestris 30 Ramichloridium schulzeri 31 Septonema chaetosp/ra 31 S/stotrema brinkmannii 31 Stagonospora heteroderae 32 Staphy/otr/c/ium coccosporum 32 St//6e//a bulbicola 33 Thielavia ov/'spora 33 Trematosp/iaeria fa//ax 33 Tricellula inaequalis 34 Trichocladium opacum 34 Trichoderma korimgii 35 Tritirachium oryzae 35 Vo/ute//a d/iata 35 Literature Cited 36 Photographs of Species 38 Key to Major Taxa The following diagnostic key is based on cultures on CMA. Species isolated in other studies, but not illustrated or discussed here, are listed within brackets and references to earlier reports are given. la Hyphae coenocytic 2 1b Hyphae septate 3 2a(1a) Sporangiospores produced in sporangia on elon- gate sporangiophores Mortierella e/ongata 2b Zoospores produced in sporangia, oospores usu- ally present [Pythium spp., Phytophthora cinnamomi (Gintis et a/. 1983)] 3a(1b) Ascospores produced Ascomycetes 3b Basidiospores produced Sistotrema brinkmannii 3c Sexual reproductive structures absent 4 4a(3c) Pycnidia produced Coelomycetes 4b Pycnidia absent Hyphomycetes Key tO Ascomycetes 1a Ascocarps without ostioles 2 1b Ascocarps with ostioles 5 2a(1a) Ascospores hyaline, 2-3 nm diam, with equatorial furrow Cristaspora arxii 2b Ascospores otherwise 3 3a(2b) Ascospores with apical germ pore, asci clavate 4 3b Ascospores without germ pore, asci globose to ellipsoid [Pseudeurotium ova/e (Gintis et a/. 1983)] 4a(3a) Ascospores 8-10 x 5-7 /urn, anamorph present .. Thielavia ovispora 4b Ascospores 12-16 x 7-9 nm, anamorph absent .. [Thielavia terrico/a (Gintis et a/. 1983)] 5a(1b) Ascospores septate 6 5b Ascospores aseptate 7 6a(5a) Ascospores hyaline, roughened, 1-septate; Fusar- /um-like anamorph formed in culture Plectosphaerella cucumerina 6b Ascospores hyaline, becoming golden yellow, smooth, 1-septate; no anamorph formed in culture Nectr/a sp. 6c Ascospores brown, multiseptate Trematosphaeria fallax 7a(5b) Perithecia glabrous 8 7b Perithecia hairy 9 8a(7a) Ascospores ellipsoid, smooth Me/anospora zam/ae 8b Ascospores globose, roughened Neocosmospora vasinfecta 9a(7b) Perithecial hairs distinctly coiled 10 9b Perithecial hairs wavy or straight 11 10a(9a) Perithecia 74-110 x 56-100 Mm, ascospores with subapical germ pore — Chaetomium perlucidum lOb Perithecia 184-296 x 120-240 /urn, ascospores with apical germ pore Chaetomium cochliodes 1 1a(9b) Perithecia 1 10-180 ^m diam, hairs dichotomously branched, anamorph absent : [Chaetomium indicum (Godoy et a/. 1982)] lib Perithecia 225-350 /tm diam; hairs unbranched, wavy, or loosely coiled; anamorph absent [Chaetomium globosum (Godoy et at. 1982)] 11c Perithecia 120-240 Mm diam; hairs unbranched, wavy, or loosely coiled; H/stop/asma-like anamorph dominant in culture Chaetomium histoplasmoides Key tO CoelomycetCS 1a Conidia septate 2 1b Conidia aseptate 3 2 2a(1a) Conidia 4-septate, appendages present, pro- duced in acervuli [Pesta/ot/ops/'s sp. (Gintis et a/. 1983)] 2b Conidia 3-septate, appendages absent, produced in pycnidia Stagonospora heteroderae 3a(1b) Conidia olivaceous M/'crospnaerops/s o//vacea 3b Conidia hyaline 4 4a(3b) Sclerotia produced in culture, pycnidia usually not formed or rarely so — [Macrophom/na phaseolina (Gintis et a/. 1983)] 4b Sclerotia absent, pycnidia present 5 5a(4b) Colonies pink, orange, or yellow 6 5b Colonies gray, olivaceous, or brown Phoma medacaginis var. pinodella [P. americana (Morgan- Jones & White 1983a), P. eupyrena, P. leveillei (Gintis et a/. 1982), P. mu/t/rostata (Godoy et a/. 1982)] 6a(5a) Colonies pink, pycnidial neck papillate to elon- gate Pyrenochaeta terrestn's 6b Colonies orange to yellow, pycnidial necks short Paraphoma rad/c/na Key to HyphomycetCS 1a Conidiophores united in erect synnemata, or in funiculose hyphae, or aggregated in cushion-like sporodochia — 2 1b Conidiophores otherwise, separate or absent 6 2a(1a) Conidiophores united into erect synnemata, or arising from funiculose hyphae 3 2b Conidiophores aggregated in cushion-like sporo- dochia 4 3a(2a) Colonies gray to brown, Conidiophores arising from fu- niculose hyphal strands, conidiogenous cells distinctly denticulate Pnaeo/saria c/emat/d/s 3b Colonies yellow to pale pink, synnemata erect, with dis- tinct stalk and rounded head, pale yellow; conidiogenous cells phialidic Stilbella bulbicola 4a(2b) Sporodochia green to black 5 4b Sporodochia yellow Vo/ute//a c///'ata 5a(4a) Sporodochia green, on dense white mycelial cushions; conidia cylindrical with bluntly pointed ends, appendages absent, adhering in dry, angular columns Metarhizium anisopliae 5b Sporodochia olivaceous to black, conidia fusiform with fan-shaped apical appendage, rarely in columns [Myrothec/um verrucaria (Gintis et a/. 1983)] 6a(1b) Conidia present 7 6b Conidia and conidiophores absent, reproductive units composed of dark brown aggregations of cells Papulaspora sp. 7a(6a) Conidia aseptate 8 7b Conidia with 1 or more septa 51 8a(7a) Colonies and/or conidia brown, black, green, or gray 9 8b Colonies and conidia hyaline or light-colored... 24 9a(8a) Conidiogenous cells micronematous, hyphal cells disarti- culating to form conidia [Scytalidium fulvum (Morgan-Jones et a/. 1984a)] 9b Conidiophores macronematous, conidia formed in basi- petal succession from phialides 18 9c Conidiophores macronematous or reduced, conidioge- nous cells not phialides 10 10a(9c) Conidiogenous cells determinate, each typically with 1 Conidiogenous locus; if more than 1, not proliferating in sympodial manner 11 lOb Conidiogenous cells indeterminate, proliferating in sympodial manner 16 11a(10a) Conidia borne on erect, branched conidiophores 12 11b Conidia borne on reduced conidiophores or directly on vegetative hyphae 13 12a(11a) Conidia globose, thick-walled, regular in shape, single or unbranched chains Staphylotrichum coccosporum 12b Conidia ellipsoid to lemon-shaped or irregular in shape, thin-walled, branched chains, often pro- ducing secondary conidia C/adospor/um c/adospor/o/des 13a(11b) Conidia smooth, medium brown to black 15 13b Conidia faintly roughened to distinctly tuberculate, hya- line, reddish-brown to pale brown 14 14a(13b) Conidia formed on aerial hyphae, roughened to tuberculate, hyaline to reddish-brown, vinaceous in mass Histoplasma- like anamorph of Chaetom/um histoplasmoides 14b Conidia formed on aerial hyphae and on erect conidiophores, faintly roughened, pale brown . . Staphylotrichum coccosporum 15a(13a) Conidia black; lenticular; on short, inflated, hyaline co- nidiogenous cells N/grospora sphaerica 15b Conidia medium brown, globose; lateral, intercalary, or on short, cylindrical Conidiogenous cells Humicola fuscoatra 16a(10b) Geniculate Conidiogenous cells on branched, erect conidiophores; conidia subhyaline to brown, ovate, with truncate bases . . Geniculosporium sp. 16b Denticulate Conidiogenous cells arising from hy- phae or funiculose hyphal strands; conidia hyaline to subhyaline, obovoid; base apiculate 17 17a(16b) Conidiogenous cells formed singly on hyphae, conidia roughened Ramichloridium schulzeri var. schulzeri 17b Conidiogenous cells arising from funiculose hyphal strands, conidia smooth Phaeoisaria clematidis 18a(9b) Conidia adhering in dry chains at apex of co- nidiogenous cells, colonies yellow-green to dark green 19 18b Conidia adhering in gloeoid masses at apices of conidiogenous cells, colonies gray, brown, or black 21 19a(18a) Conidiogenous cells in penicillate heads 20 19b Conidiogenous cells borne on swollen vesicle at conid- iophore apex [Asperg/7/us flavus (Gintis et a/. 1983), A. niger (Morgan-Jones et a/. 1984b)] 20a(19a) Conidiophores forming on white mycelial cush- ions; conidia cylindrical; adhering in dry, angular columns Metarhizium anisopliae 20b Conidiophores forming throughout colony; co- nidia globose to ovoid; adhering in dry, usually tangled chains — Penicillium oxalicum [P. decum- bens, P. restrictum, P. simplicussum (Gintis et a/. 1983), P. verrucosum (Morgan-Jones et a/. 1984b)] 21a(18b) Aerial mycelium absent, colonies slimy, conidiogenous cells intregrated or discrete, often with multiple conidi- ogenous loci Aureobasidium pullulans 21b Aerial mycelium usually present, colonies not slimy, co- nidiogenous cells typically discrete 22 22a(21b) Colonies slow-growing, dark gray to black; co- nidiogenous cells terminal, lateral, or intercalary, but not on erect Conidiophores Exophiala pisciphila 22b Colonies white, pale gray or brown; conidioge- nous cells on erect Conidiophores 23 23a(22b) Colonies pale gray to brown; conidiogenous celts lateral, encircling brown erect Conidiophores Gonytrichum macrocladium 23b Colonies white, becoming green due to abundant conidia, conidiogenous cells terminal, Conidiophores branched — Trichoderma koningii [T. harzianum (Gintis et a/. 1983)] 24a(8b) Conidia formed by disarticulating hyphal branches; blastic conidia also present in 1 taxon 25 24b Conidia formed holoblastically or enteroblasti- cally, occasionally other types of conidial forma- tion also occurring 26 25a(24a) Conidia with truncate ends, no conidia produced blas- tically [Ceotrichum candidum (Gintis et a/. 1983)] 25b Conidia with rounded ends, in chains; conidia also formed blastically [Trichosporon beigleii (Gintis et a/. 1983)] 26a(24b) Conidia formed in succession from phialides — 33 26b Conidia not produced from phialides (phialide- like cells present in Aphanodadium) 27 27a(26b) Conidiophores micronematous 28 27b Conidiophores macronematous 31 28a(27a) Conidia variously shaped, smooth; colonies yeast- like.. ..29 28b Conidia globose, roughened to tuberculate; col- onies mycelial 30 29a(28a) Conidia mostly formed from disarticulating hyphae [Trichosporon beige//'/' (Gintis et a/. 1983)] 29b Conidia mostly formed blastically from intercalary, ter- minal, and lateral conidiogenous cells Aureobasidium pullulans 30a(28b) Conidia hyaline to reddish-brown (vinaceous in mass), roughened to tuberculate, formed on my- celium on short, lateral conidiogenous cells H/stop/asma- like anamorph of Chaetomium h/stop/asmo/des 30b Conidia hyaline to pale brown, faintly roughened, formed on mycelium and on erect, brown conidi- ophores Staphylotrichum coccosporum 31a(27b) Conidiogenous cells lateral on aerial mycelium, flask- shaped, often collapsing; appearing phialide-like but form- ing solitary conidia Aphanocladium album 31b Conidiogenous cells formed in verticillate whorls on as- cendent conidiophores, rachis-like; conidia produced in sy mpodial succession 32 32a(31b) Colonies pink, radial growth restricted Tritirachium oryzae 32b Colonies white, spreading.. Engyodontium album 33a(26a) Conidia adhering in chains 34 33b Conidia adhering in gloeoid masses 42 34a(33a) Colonies white 35 34b Colonies yellow, green, or pink 37 35a(34a) Conidiogenous cells cylindrical to lageniform; deep, cy- lindrical collarettes; conidia cylindrical with truncate ends or variable 36 35b Conidiogenous cells irregularly swollen, long collarette; conidia with connectives [Sagenome/Ja /ew'spora (Morgan-Jones et a/. 1984b)] 36a(35a) Conidiogenous cell often subtended by spher- oidal cell, forming cylindrical and globose conidia Chalara heteroderae 36b Conidiogenous cells arising from hyphae, forming only cylindrical conidia [Chalara hyalina (Morgan-Jones et a/. 1984a)] 37a(34b) Colonies initially white, becoming yellow-green to green 38 37b Colonies white, becoming pink to vinaceous 39 38a(37a) Conidiogenous cells in penicillate heads Penicillium oxalicum [P. decumbens, P. restrictum, P. simplidssum (Gintis et a/. 1983), P. verrucosum (Morgan-Jones et a/. 1984b)] 38b Conidiogenous cells in palisade on swollen vesicle at conidiophore apex . . [Aspergillus flavus (Gintis et a/. 1983), A. niger (Morgan-Jones et a/. 1984b)] 39a(37b) Conidia formed in imbricate chains, colonies dark pink Mariannaea elegans 39b. Conidia formed in simple chains, colonies pale pink to vinaceous ..40 40a(39b) Colony reverse uncolored 41 40b Colony reverse bright yellow-green, conidia vi- naceous in mass Paecilomyces marquandii 41a(40a) Conidia irregular in size [Paeci/omyces variotii (Gintis et a/. 1983)] 41b Conidia regular in size Paecilomyces Hlacinus 42a(33b) Conidiogenous cells borne directly on hyphae.. 43 42b Conidiogenous cells borne on erect conidio- phores 47 43a(42a) Conidiogenous cells intercalary, terminal, or lateral; col- onies appearing yeast-like Aureobasidium pullulans 43b Conidiogenous cells usually lateral on hyphae, basal septa present or absent, colonies not yeast-like 44 44a(43b) Conidiogenous cells cylindrical, tapering to apex; single, occasionally branched; erect on hyphae, collarettes absent or reduced 45 44b Conidiogenous cells typically inflated, erect or repent, frequently in irregular clusters, collarettes present 46 45a(44b) Colonies pink to salmon, aerial mycelium reduced, co- nidiogenous cells smooth, chlamydospores present Acremonium kiliense 45b Colonies white, densely mycelial; Conidiogenous cells roughened; chlamydospores absent Acremonium sclerotigenum 46a(44b) Colonies white to pale gray, Conidiogenous cells each with a basal septum, in clusters Phialophora gregata 46b Colonies pale pink, Conidiogenous cells com- monly lacking basal septa, solitary Lecythophora hoffmannii 47a(42b) Conidiophores verticillately or penicillately branched 48 47b Conidiophores unbranched, Conidiogenous cells terminal, polyphialidic, with flaring collarette D/ctyochaeta rieteroderae 48a(47a) Conidiophores verticillately branched 49 48b Conidiophores verticillately branched, becoming penicillately branched over time 50 49a(48a) Thick-walled dictyospores produced Diheterospora chlamydosporia 49b Dictyospores lacking [Vertidllium lamellicola, V. lepto- bactrum (Godoy et a/. 1982), V. lecanii (Gintis et a/. 1983)] 50a(48b) Colonies white, pink, or salmon Cliocladium roseum 50b Colonies initially white, becoming green Gliocladium catenulatum 51a(7b) Colonies white or light-colored, conidia hyaline 52 51b Colonies pale to dark, conidia dark 61 52a(51b) Conidia 3-celled, 2 cells on main axis, constricted at septum, with 1 cell arising laterally from basal cell; colonies pink to salmon, moist Tricellula inaequalis 52b Conidia otherwise 53 53a(52b) Conidia 1-septate 54 53b Conidia 2 or more septate 55 54a(53a) Conidia broadly obovoid, formed on sympodially proliferating conidiogenous cells on tall, erect, unbranched conidiophores; colonies thin, white Arthrobotrys oligospora 54b Conidia fusiform to cylindrical, formed from phialides on branched conidiophores, colonies medium-dense, orange to yellow, often with or- ange-red pulvinate stromatal masses Cylindrocarpon magnusianum 55a(53b) Predominant conidia dictyosporous, thick-walled, hyaline, usually accompanied by Vert/c////'um-like state Diheterospora chlamydosporia 55b Predominant conidia phragmosporous, thin-walled, mi- croconidial state present or absent 56 56a(55b) Conidiogenous cells phialidic, producing succes- sion of conidia 57 56b Conidia solitary, or produced in sympodial succes- sion on conidiogenous cell 59 57a(56a) Conidia aggregating in gloeoid mass at apex of conidi- ogenous cell, macroconidia and microconidia usually present 58 57b Conidia formed in imbricate chains, microconidia absent, golden yellow chlamydospores present Cylindrocarpon fusiforme 58a(57b) Macroconidia cylindrical, straight or curved, with bluntly rounded ends Cylindrocarpon destructans 58b Macroconidia usually falcate, with notched basal cell (foot cell) Fusarium aquaeductuum var. medium, F. equiseti, F. oxysporum, F. so/an/ [F. lateri- terum, F. moniliforme (Morgan-Jones et a/., 1984b)] 59a(56b) Conidia becoming pale-to-medium brown, 7-1 1-septate, cylindrical with bluntly rounded ends, or apex becoming attenuated Camposporium pellucidum 59b Conidia remaining hyaline, otherwise 60 60a(59b) Conidia narrowly cylindrical, 1-3-septate, 27-41 x 1.6-2.4 /im/ formed on blunt denticles on conidiogenous cells Dactylaria acerosa 60b Conidia elongate-cylindrical with attenuated apex, 0-38-septate, leaving broad, flat secession scars on conidiogenous cells Mycocentrospora acerina 61a(51b) Conidia dictyosporous, globose, dark brown, verrucose to spiny 62 61b Conidia otherwise, smooth to faintly roughened 63 62a(61a) Conidia 6-18 ^m diam, with 3-4 ^m long spinelike projections; conidia developing in chains Periconla macrospinosa 62b Conidia 16-26 urn diam, verrucose; formed singly, in dense clusters Epicoccum purpurascens 63a(61b) Conidia adhering in chains 64 63b Conidia formed singly or in sympodial succession 68 64a(63a) Colonies pale gray to medium brown, woolly, conidia of various shapes, >10 nm diam 65 64b Colonies dark brown to black, mycelium mostly appressed, conidia cylindrical or fusiform, 2-4 fim diam 67 65a(64a) Dictyospores ovoid or beaked, in branched chains Alternaria alternata 65b Phragmospores in unbranched chains 66 66a(65b) Conidia euseptate, thin-walled, conidiophores proliferating sympodially — Dendryphion nanum 66b Conidia distoseptate, thick-walled, conidiophores unbranched, proliferating percurrently Corynespora cassiicola 67a(64b) Conidia 3-10-septate, in short, straight, unbranched chains, conidiophores darker than vegetative hyphae, with cir- cular secession scars Phaeoramularia sp. 67b Conidia 3-10-septate, in long, spirally twisted, branched chains; conidiophores simple Septonema chaetospira 68a(63b) Conidia 2-celled, T- or Y-shaped because of bifurcate apical cell, produced on denticulate conidiophore [Sco/ecobas/d/um terreum (Gintis et a/. 1982)] 68b Conidia otherwise 69 69a(68b) Conidiophores micronematous 70 69b Conidiophores dark brown, macronematous 71 70a(69a) Conidia dark brown, clavate to irregularly cylin- drical, longer when formed within agar Trichocladium opacum 70b Conidia pale brown, with 2-3 disarticulating basal cells and attenuated apex, formed singly or in clusters in aerial mycelium or on agar surface, not immersed Arthrocladium caudatum 71a(69b) Conidia medium brown, 2-4 jtm wide, 20-24 ^m long, narrowly cylindrical, colonies dense, dark brown to black Phaeoramularia sp. 71b Conidia >9 /tm wide, colonies pale gray to medium brown 72 72a(71b) Conidia 3-celled, curved, central cell larger and darker than end cells . . . [Curvu/ar/a lunata (Morgan-Jones et a/. 1984b)] 72b Conidia mostly >3-celled, otherwise 73 73a(72b) Conidia distoseptate, cylindrical, apex bluntly rounded .. Drechslera avenae 73b Conidia euseptate, cylindrical, apex often attenuated — Camposporium pellucidum Species Descriptions Acremonium kiliense Grutz, Dermatol. Wachenschr. 80:774. 1925. Figs. 1-6, 356. Fourteen-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 356) 6.0-6.3 cm diam, pale salmon, moist, aerial mycelium sparse, fasciculate when present; border even, reverse salmon. Conidiogenous cells (Figs. 1-3) phialidic, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, tapering at apex, basal septum, base not staining in aniline blue; simple or occasionally branched (Fig. 2); 3.2-49.6 urn long, 0.8-2.4 urn diam base, 0.8 ^m diam apex; arising singly from submerged hyphae, or laterally on fasciculate aerial hyphae; occasionally proliferating percurrently (Fig. 3, arrow). Conidia (Fig. 4) hyaline, smooth, cylindrical with rounded ends, straight or curved, 1-celled, 3.2-7.2 x 0.8-1.6 /im; forming gloeoid head at conidiogenous locus, dispersing readily in water. Chlamydospores (Fig. 5) hyaline, globose to pyriform, smooth, walls up to 1.0 nm thick, staining deeply in aniline blue (Fig. 6); 5.6-9.6 jim diam; terminal or intercalary, immersed in agar, single or in chains (of up to 4). Isolates Examined: S-1-8-4, isolated 30.V.1983; D-6-2-2 (ATCC 62171), isolated 8.IX.1983. Acremonium sclerotigenum (F. & V. Moriau ex Volenta) W. Gams, Cephalosporium-artige Schimmelpilze, p. 45. 1971. Figs. 7-9, 357. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 357) 1.5-2.0 cm diam, white, woolly to funiculose, border irregular, reverse uncolored. Conidiogenous cells (Fig. 7) phialidic, hyaline, faintly roughened, cylindrical, tapering apex, basal septum, base staining deeply in aniline blue (Fig. 8), 31.2-56.0 urn long, 1.6-2.4 jam wide base, 0.8 /tm wide apex; apical collarette less than 0.5 pm long, slightly flared; arising laterally on aerial mycelium. Conidia (Fig. 9) hya- line, smooth, cylindrical with rounded ends, 1-celled, 4.8-12.0 x 1.6-3.2 nm. Forming gloeoid head at conidiogenous locus. Sclero- tium-like structures hyaline, irregularly shaped, up to 140 ^m diam, formed on PDA. Isolates Examined: S-2-1-11, isolated 12.VI.1985; D-9-3-17 (ILLS 45617, ATCC 62182), isolated 25.VII.1985. Alternaria a/ternata (Fr.) Keissler, Beih. Bot. Zbl. 29:434. 1912. Figs. 10-13, 358. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 358) 2.3-7.0 cm diam, white to pale gray, woolly to funiculose, border even, reverse pale gray. Conidiophores (Fig. 11) macronematous, brown, smooth, cylindrical, straight, curved or geniculate, 0-7-septate, arising laterally and singly in aerial mycelium; 7.4-60.0 x 2.6-5.1 jrni. Conidiogenous cells tretic, brown, smooth, integrated, ter- minal or intercalary, with conspicuous pore; 4.8-11.2 x 3.2-4.0 /xm. Conidia (Figs. 12, 13) brown, verrucose (Fig. 10), thick- walled, ellipsoidal, conical to pyriform, tapering into beak up to 1/3 total length of conidium, occasionally swollen at tip; up to 7 transverse septa and several longitudinal and oblique septa; 11.5- 44.0 jmi long, 10.0-16.0 /*m diam at widest part, 3.0-4.0 nm wide at beak; formed in long chains (Fig. 13). Isolate Examined: S-7-15-2 (ILLS 45618, ATCC 62183), isolated 29.IX.1983. Aphanocladium album (Preuss) W. Gams, Cephalosporium-artige Schimmelpilze, p. 196. 1971. Figs. 14, 15, 359. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 359) 1.5-1.7 cm diam, white, aerial mycelium loose, cottony, border even, reverse pale pink. Conidiogenous cells (Figs. 14, 15) holoblastic, hyaline, smooth, obpyriform with elongate, narrow necks, 4.8-9.6 nm long, 1.6-2.4 nm wide base, 0.5 nm wide apex; arising laterally or terminally on ascendent hyphae, single or whorled, frequently on short, lateral branches; collapsing at maturity. Conidia (Fig. 14) hyaline, smooth, obovoid to ovoid, 1-celled, 2.4-5.6 x 1.6-2.4 ftm; formed singly. Isolate Examined: S-6-12-5 (ILLS 45619, ATCC 62346), isolated 15.IX.1983. Comments: Aphanocladium species are characterized by "aphan- ophialides" (Gams 1971) — conidiogenous cells that are severely narrowed at the neck, produce solitary conidia, and often col- lapse to become thread-like at maturity. Although the small size of the conidiogenous cells in A. album precludes definitive char- acterization of conidial ontogeny with light microscopy, the con- sistent production of solitary conidia suggests that these conidi- ogenous cells are not true phialides. Arthrobotrys oligospora Fres., Beitr. Mykol. 1:10. 1850. Figs. 24-27, 360. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 360) 4.5 cm diam, pale pink, downy, border effuse, reverse pale pink. Colonies covering plate at 1 month, becoming effuse, conidiophores abundant. Conidiophores (Figs. 24, 27) macronematous, hyaline, smooth, erect, cylindrical, multiseptate, unbranched, 80.0-540.0 x 2.8-4.0 Mm; each with apical cluster of short, blunt denticles (1.6-2.4 jim long) (Fig. 26); proliferating sympodially, occasionally forming ad- ditional conidiogenous nodes. Conidia (Fig. 25) hyaline, smooth, obovoid, 1-septate, broadest in apical cell, 17.6-30.0 fim long, 7.2-9.6 fj.m wide at basal cell. Chlamydospores golden brown, smooth, thick-walled (1.1-2.8 tim thick), globose to ovoid, inter- calary or terminal, 17.6-23.7 x 17.6-27.4 jim. Isolates Examined:D-3-12-3, isolated 7.VIII.1983; S-7-5-19 (ILLS 45620, ATCC 62172), isolated 27.IX.1984. Arthrocladium cat/datum Papendorf, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 52: 483. 1969. Figs. 16-19, 361. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 361) 0.3-0.9 cm diam, dark gray, aerial mycelium pale gray, cottony, immersed mycelium dark brown, constricted, up to 5.5 jim diam; border even, re- verse dark gray. Conidiophores (Figs. 16, 17) semi-macronema- tous, pale brown, smooth, variable shape, ranging from reduced and peg-like (Fig. 16) to long and tapering (Fig. 17); up to 30 fim long, 2.0-3.0 Mm wide. Conidia (Figs. 18, 19) pale brown, smooth, narrowly obclavate, 2-3 inflated basal cells, disarticulating at first septum (Fig. 19), apex septate and attenuated, often flexuous; 27.5-93.5 Mm long, 2.8-6.1 jim wide at base, 1.0-2.0 Mm wide at apex; occasionally proliferating from basal cells; solitary or fasci- culate, lateral or terminal on aerial hyphae. Isolate Examined: D-5-3-14, isolated 6. VII. 1984. Aureobasidium pullulans (de Bary) Arnaud, Ann. Mycol. 8: 475. 1910. Figs. 20-23, 362. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 362) 1.8 cm diam, creamy white to pale pink, turning dark black-brown, mycelium im- mersed, arachnoid, sporulation abundant, clusters of conidia forming in agar, slimy layer of conidia forming on agar surface. Hyphae hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, 2.4-6.4 urn wide; becoming dark, thick-walled, and constricted at septa in older cultures. Conidiogenous cells (Figs. 21, 23) holoblastic, hyaline, smooth, lateral, intercalary or terminal; or clavate, lateral, with short, blunt denticles (0.7-1.4 /im long, 0.7 ^m wide). Conidia (Figs. 20, 22) hyaline, smooth, ellipsoidal with obliquely flattened to apicu- late ends, 1-celled, 5.6-13.6 x 3.2-6.4 ^m. Secondary conidia (Fig. 20) frequently produced from ends of conidia, smaller than primary conidia. Isolates Examined: D-3-4-9, isolated 1.VII.1985; D-4-4-13, D-4-5- 20, isolated 16.VIII.1985; S-6-5-5, D-6-3-3 (ILLS 45622, ATCC 62184), isolated 2.X.1985; D-7-3-12, isolated 27.IX.1984. Botryotrichum piluliferum Sacc. and March., Bull. Soc. R. Bot. Belg. 24: 66. 1885. Figs. 28-32, 363, 367. Ten-day-old colonies on PDA 2.8-3.2 cm diam; covering plate by 5 wk (Figs. 363, 367). Two types of colony morphology present: either brown to orange (Fig. 363), aerial mycelium cottony, bor- der even, reverse brown; or buff-colored (Fig. 367), aerial myce- lium felty, with funiculose setae and hyphae, sporodochium-like masses of brown conidia present, agar becoming deeply buck- led, border white, even; reverse pale brown, concentrically zon- ate; odor faintly sweet. Conidia dimorphic, first kind holoblastic, hyaline to brown (Figs. 28-30), smooth, globose to obclavate, 1- celled, 7.2-16.0 nm diam; formed on hyphae or cylindrical co- nidiogenous cells up to 20 nm long, 2-6 jim wide; on aerial mycelium or immersed in agar; single or in racemose clusters (Fig. 28); second kind produced from phialides (Fig. 31), hyaline, smooth, fusiform, 1-celled, 3.2-4.8 x 1.6-2.4 ^m; formed in chains. Conidiogenous cells (Fig. 31) phialidic, hyaline, smooth, lageniform, tapering, with narrow necks, 12.0-20.0 x 2.4-3.2 /im, 0.8 nm wide at apex; lateral or terminal on aerial mycelium. Setae (Fig. 32) brown, rough-walled, multiseptate, up to 960 nm long, 2.4-4.8 /urn wide at base, 1.6-2.0 urn wide at apex; formed singly or in clusters in association with coils of hyaline hyphae resembling ascocarp initials. Isolates Examined: S-4-3-8 (ILLS 45623), D-4-4-18, isolated 16.VII.1985; ATCC 18983. Comments: Downing (1953) described the holoblastic conidia in 8. piluliferum as hyaline, surrounded by a hyaline membrane that commonly separated from the main spore wall. In the H. glycines isolates, this material is dark brown, but the conidia released upon its rupture are hyaline to subhyaline. We compared our isolates with B. piluliferum, ATCC 18983. The ATCC isolate produced blastic conidia similar to those of the fungi isolated in this study. Spores of the ATCC isolate were also pale to medium brown although this character has not been noted previously for 8. piluliferum. No phialidic state was observed in the ATCC isolate. Colony morphology in the ATCC isolate closely resembled S-4-3-8 (Fig. 367), and both isolates produced a faintly sweet odor. Camposporium pellucidum (Grove) Hughes, Mycol. Pap. 36: 9. 1951. Figs. 33-37, 364. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 364) 2.6-3.0 cm diam, white, pale orange to pale gray, mycelium mostly appressed, aerial mycelium sparse, cottony; border even, reverse white, pale orange, or gray. Conidiophores (Figs. 33, 34) macronema- tous, pale brown, smooth, erect, lateral, straight to flexuous, occasionally branched, 1-7-septate, 36-94 x 6-8 /urn. Conidioge- nous cells polyblastic, pale to medium brown, terminal; prolifer- ating sympodially, forming conidia on short, subhyaline pedicels 8-12 x 2 jim; pedicel frequently remaining attached to conidium base (Fig. 36). Conidia (Figs. 35-37) pale brown, smooth, cylindri- cal, base truncate or with fragment of pedicel attached, 7-11- septate, 80-114 x 10-12 fim; frequently tapering into hyaline, septate, apical appendage, 31.0-154.0 x 1.3-2.6 jim (Figs. 36, 37). Isolates Examined: S-1-7-3, S-1-15-3, isolated 19.IV.1984; S-9-4-1 (ILLS 45624), isolated 17.XI.1984; S-5-2-9 (ATCC 62185), isolated 30.VIII.1985. C/iaetom/um cochliodes Pall., North Amer. Flora 3:61. 1910. Figs. 278-283, 415. Fourteen-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 415) covering plate, white with abundant dull green perithecia, mycelium thin, ap- pressed, reverse uncolored. Perithecia (Fig. 278) subglobose, per- idium dark brown, textura intricata to epidermoidea (Fig. 279), covered with perithecial hairs; rhizoidal hyphae present; 184-296 x 120-240 Mm- Perithecial hairs dark brown, paler towards apices, ornamentation cupulate to globulate (fide Hawksworth and Wells 1973) (Fig. 280); septate, straight or coiled up to 6 times, up to 520 ^m long, 4-5 nm wide at base, 2 ^m wide at apex. Asci (Figs. 281, 282) clavate, thin-walled, 8-spored, deli- quescent, 46.4-54.4 x 12.0-14.4 fim. Ascospores (Fig. 283) brown, smooth, 1-celled, 1 apical germ pore, subglobose to widely el- lipsoidal, bilaterally symmetrical, frequently collapsing at matu- rity, ends umbulate, 9.6-10.4 x 6.0-8.0 pm; extruded in cirrhi. Isolate Examined: S-2-14-5 (ILLS 45625, ATCC 62174), isolated 16.VI.1983. Chaetomium histoplasmoides Carris & Clawe, Mycotaxon 29:451. 1987. Figs. 289-299, 416-418. Fourteen-day-old colonies on CMA (Figs. 416-418) 4.4-6.7 cm diam, white, frequently appearing vinaceous because of abun- dant conidia, aerial mycelium dense, uniformly woolly or with concentric ring-like zones; pale brown mycelial hairs present in some isolates; conidial production sparse to abundant, border even, reverse uncolored, center occasionally darkened. Perithe- cia (Fig. 289) dark brown, ovate, ostiole bluntly rounded, bor- dered by hyaline pseudoparenchymatous cells; covered with hairs; peridium (Fig. 290) dark brown, textura angu/ar/'s to epider- moidea; 128-224 x 96-200 ^m. Perithecial hairs (Figs. 291, 292) brown, septate, ornamentation cupulate to globulate (fide Hawks- worth and Wells 1973), terminal and lateral, straight to coiled; 34-450 x 1.6-4.0 jon. Asci (Fig. 293) clavate, thin-walled, 8- spored, deliquescent, ascospores irregularly biseriate; 27 x 10 Mm (immature). Ascospores (Fig. 295) medium brown, ellipsoidal to narrowly ellipsoidal, smooth, 1-celled, with 1 apical germ pore (Fig. 294); often collapsing to form longitudinal furrow (fide Ames 1961); 11.2-16.0 x 7.2-9.6 Mm. Conidia (Figs. 296-298) formed blastically, hyaline to reddish-brown, vinaceous in mass, smooth to distinctly tuberculate (tubercles hyaline, globose, col- lapsing, 1.6-8.8 x 1.6-8.0 Mm); globose to pyriform, 1-celled, 13 thick-walled, 4.0-14.4 x 4.0-12.0 Mm; single or in chains of 2; sessile or on lateral cylindrical to inflated conidiogenous cells up to 14.4 Mm long, 4.0-7.2 Mm wide. Mycelial hairs pale brown, cylindrical, tapering to bluntly rounded apices, septate, finely roughened, 16.0-630.0 x 2.4-4.8 Mm; repent in aerial mycelium or in clusters arising from hyphal knots (Fig. 299). Isolates Examined: S-6-1-20, S-6-2-5, S-6-4-9, isolated 30.VIII.1984; S-7-5-5, isolated 20.IX.1984; S-3-11-1, S-3-13-5, iso- lated 31.1.1985 from stored soil collected 7.VII.1983. Comments: This fungus appears to be heterothallic. Single iso- lates produce only the distinctive tuberculate conidia. Perithecia form at the juncture between paired isolates (Carris and Glawe 1987). The anamorph bears some similarity to the genera Histo- plasma, Chrysosporium, and Myceliophthora (Carris and Glawe 1987). Chaetomium perlucidum Sergejeva, Bot. Mat., Bot. Instit., Mos- cow, Leningrad 11:108. 1956. Figs. 284-288, 419. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 419) 4.0-4.5 cm diam, white; dull green perithecia developing in center; aerial myce- lium woolly, border even, reverse white. Perithecia (Fig. 284) olive green in mass, globose to ovoid; peridium dark brown, textura ep/dermo/'dea; covered with hairs, rhizoids reduced or absent; 74-110 x 56-100 Mm; forming in aerial hyphae or at surface of agar. Perithecial hairs dark brown, forming large, spreading heads; ornamentation cupulate (fide Hawksworth and Wells 1973) (Fig. 285), straight or coiled up to 12 times, coils becoming smaller towards apex; up to 540 Mm long, 3.2-4.0 Mm wide at base, 1.6 Mm wide at apex. Asci (Fig. 286) clavate, thin- walled, 8-spored, deliquescent, 25.6-28.0 x 1.20 Mm. Ascospores (Fig. 287) medium brown, smooth, 1-celled, ellipsoidal, slightly flattened, ends bluntly rounded, with 1 subapical germ pore (Fig. 288, arrow), 10.4-14.4 x 6.4 Mm. Isolate Examined: S-C-2 (ILLS 45626, ATCC 62174), isolated 14.VI.1983. Cha/ara heteroderae Carris & Glawe, Mycotaxon 21:441. 1984. Figs. 38-43, 365. Eight-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 365) 2.8-5.8 cm diam, white, center woolly, dense, border effuse, reverse uncolored. Mycelium superficial and immersed, septate, hyaline, smooth or verrucose (Fig. 39), 2-5 Mm diam. Conidiogenous cells (Figs. 38, 40) phialidic, hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical to lageniform, with gradual transition from venter to collarette, often with periclinal thickenings (Fig. 38, arrow); (12.7-) 19.3 to 35.8 Mm long, 3.3-5.5 14 isolated 5.VIII.1983. (-7.2) Mm wide venter, 2.8-3.9 Mm wide apex; arising usually from lateral spheroidal cells, or laterally from hyphae, or sometimes terminally. Conidia (Figs. 41-43) hyaline, smooth, 1-celled, thin- walled; dimorphic, either cylindrical with truncate to rounded ends or ranging from ellipsoidal or globose to pyriform; cylindri- cal conidia (Fig. 42) 6.6-11.6(-16.5) x 2.8-4.4 Mm; ellipsoidal to pyriform conidia (Figs. 41, 43) 5.0-12.7 x 3.3-8.8(-12.0) /*m; ex- truded singly or in chains. Isolates Examined: S-7-16-4 (ILLS 44303, MUCL 28624, living cul- ture deposited in ATCC), isolated 9.X.1983; S-4-20-4, S-4-C-6, Comments: For further details on conidial ontogeny and di- morphism, see Carris and Glawe (1984). Cladosporium cladosporiodes (Fres.) de Vries, Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Cladosporium Link ex Fr., p. 57. 1952. Figs. 44-47, 366. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 366) 3.2-3.4 cm diam, dark olivaceous-brown, aerial mycelium dense woolly, border white, even; reverse dark olivaceous-brown. Conidiophores (Fig. 46) macronematous, brown, roughened (Fig. 47), erect, cylindrical, apically branched, septate; 47.0-134.0 x 3.8-4.0 ^m. Conidioge- nous cells polyblastic, brown, smooth, irregularly cylindrical, cic- atrized scars distinct; 10.2-19.2 x 3.8-5.1 pm. Conidia (Fig. 44) brown, smooth, 1-celled, ellipsoidal to pyriform, with distinct basal and/or apical scars; 3.8-7.7 x 2.6-5.1 nm; in branched and unbranched chains; separating readily, frequently producing sec- ondary conidia (Fig. 45). Isolates Examined: D-5-W8-3 (ATCC 62295), D-5-W4-4, isolated 23.VIII.1983; D-7-1-19, isolated 20.IX.1984. Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & Curt.) Wei, Mycol. Pap. 34:5. 1950. Figs. 53-58, 368. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA 1.2-1.5 cm diam, white with gray center, dense cottony, border effuse, reverse gray with white border. Covering plate in 5 wk (Fig. 368), forming abun- dant clusters of dark conidia. Conidiophores (Fig. 53) macronem- atous, brown, smooth, cylindrical (Fig. 58), 0-7-septate, erect; 24- 205 x 4-12 jim; single or in fascicles, rarely dichotomously branched. Conidiogenous cells tretic, brown, smooth, inte- grated, terminal, proliferating percurrently through apical pore; often with pale brown spheroidal vesicle (Fig. 54) of 16-24 jim diam apex. Conidia (Figs. 56, 57) pale to medium brown, walls faintly roughened (Fig. 55), 0.8-6.0 nm thick but thinning at spore ends; obclavate to cylindrical, straight to curved, bases darkened and truncate; 4-18-distoseptate, 64-296 x 12-19 Mm; solitary or more frequently in chains of 2-6 (Fig. 57), germinating readily on water agar with single germ tubes from 1 or both ends. Isolates Examined: D-5-5-2 (deposited in ILLS, ATCC), isolated 19.VIII.1983; D-5-2-5, isolated 21.VI1I.1985; S-2-5, isolated 12.VI.1985; S-3-5-7, isolated 25.VI.1985; S-4-3-5, isolated 16.VII.1985. Comments: Corynespora cassiicola is a soybean pathogen occur- ring in leaves, stems, and roots (Ellis and Holliday 1971). Patho- genicity to soybean (Carris et a/. 1986) was demonstrated for nematode isolate D-5-5-2. Cristaspora arxii Fort & Guarro, Mycologia 76:1115. 1984. Figs. 300-305, 420. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA 0.3-0.5 cm diam, white, dense, woolly, forming yellow guttation drops; border even, reverse uncolored. Colonies 2.3 cm diam after 21 days (Fig. 420), white, woolly, forming numerous red guttation drops; border even, re- verse pale red. Cleistothecia (Fig. 300) pale red, globose; perid- ium smooth, texfura angu/aris (Fig. 301); cells 6.4-20.0 Mm diam, with overlying weft of hyphae (Fig. 302); 168-440 urn diam; formed superficially on agar under dense mycelial mat. Asci (Fig. 303) globose to subglobose, 8-spored, deliquescent, catenate 15 (Fig. 305), 4.8-12.0 x 4.8-8.0 Mm; formed at various levels throughout cleistothecia. Ascospores (Fig. 304) hyaline, finely ru- gose, lenticular, with equatorial furrow (Fig. 304, arrow), 2.4-3.2 x 1.6-3.2 Mm. Isolates Examined: S-4-1-19, S-3-4-2-1, S-4-2-2, S-4-3-9, S-4-3- 12, S-4-3-15, isolated 19.VIII.1984; S-5-2-8, S-5-3-2, S-5-5-18, iso- lated 6.VIII.1984; S-6-5-14, isolated 30.VIII.1984. Comments: This is the first report of C. arxii from nematode cysts, and the first report of the fungus since it was described by Fort and Guarro (1984) from soil in Spain. Cy//noYocarpon destructans (Zins.) Scholten, Neth. J. Plant Path. 70, Suppl. 2:9. 1964. Figs. 59-63, 369. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 369) 1.5-4.4 cm diam, white to golden yellow, aerial mycelium mostly appressed, occa- sionally woolly, conidia abundant, in slimy masses in central por- tion of colony, border effuse, even, reverse uncolored to yellow. Conidiophores (Figs. 59, 62) macronematous, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, branched or unbranched, up to 63.3 Mm long, 3.0-4.0 Mm diam. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, hyaline, smooth, cylin- drical, apex tapering; with periclinal thickenings and collarettes; 12.0-34.4 x 3.2-4.8 Mm. Conidia (Figs. 60, 63) of 2 types: micro- conidia (Fig. 60) hyaline, smooth, cylindrical with rounded ends, 0-1-septate, 5.1-16.0 x 2.6-4.0 Mm; macroconidia (Fig. 63) hya- line, smooth, cylindrical with rounded ends, straight or curved, 0-4-septate, 36.0-52.0 x 5.5-7.7 Mm. Chlamydospores (Fig. 61) brown, smooth, globose to subglobose, intercalary or terminal, single or in chains of 2-3, 8.8-15.4 Mm diam. Isolates Examined: S-2-5-10, isolated 7.VI.1984; S-7-1-13 (ILLS 45628, ATCC 62187), S-7-2-12, S-7-5-15, isolated 20.IX.1984; S-3- 5-9, isolated 25.VI.1985; S-5-1-17, S-5-3-1, isolated 22.VIII.1985. Cylindrocarpon fusiforme Matsushima, Icones microfungorum a Matsushima Lectorum, p. 144. 1975. Figs. 64-68, 370. Twenty-one-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 370) 3.5-4.2 cm diam, white, aerial mycelium dense, ropey, appressed in central region where conidiophores are abundant; border even, reverse uncolored. Conidiophores (Fig. 65) macronematous, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, erect, unbranched, solitary, 1-5-septate, 96.0-268.0 Mm long, 2.8-6.4 Mm wide at base, 2.4-3.2 Mm wide at apex. Conidiogenous cells (Fig. 64) phialidic, hyaline, smooth, terminal, integrated; collarettes 2.4-4.0 x 1.2-4.0 Mm with peri- clinal thickenings (Fig. 64, arrow); often proliferating percur- rently. Conidia (Fig. 66) hyaline, smooth, cylindrical-fusiform, often with constricted ends, 3-5-septate, 36.0-56.8 x 6.4-8.8 nm; adhering in imbricate chains (Fig. 67). Chlamydospores (Fig. 68) golden yellow, smooth or roughened, thick-walled (0.8-1.6 nm thick), globose to ovoid, intercalary or terminal, solitary or in chains; 8.8-27.2 /tm diam. Isolate Examined: S-1-5-9 (ILLS 45629), isolated 25.11.1985. Cylindrocarpon magnusianum Wollenw., Z. Parasit Kde. 1:164. 1928. Figs. 69-73, 371. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA 2.4 cm diam, orange to yellow, woolly, border even, reverse yellow. One-mo-old colonies on PDA (Fig. 371), up to 7.8 cm diam, pale yellow and orange, woolly to felty, numerous orange-red sclerotial bodies forming concentrically on agar surface; border effuse, even, reverse or- ange-red. Sclerotia (Fig. 69) orange-red, erumpent, dome- shaped, pseudoparenchymatous (Fig. 70), up to 350 /urn diam and 280 jtm long; covered with a felty to funiculose mycelial mat, or a dense layer of conidiophores. Conidiophores (Fig. 72) macro- nematous, hyaline, smooth, branched; single, or aggregates pro- ducing white conidial columns on agar surface. Conidiogenous cells (Fig. 71) phialidic, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical to slightly inflated, forming periclina! thickenings (Fig. 71, arrows), 15.2-28.0 x 2.4-3.2 pm. Conidia of 2 types (Fig. 73): microconidia hyaline, smooth, ellipsoidal, 1-celled, 5.6-10.4 x 3.2-4.0 pm, formed abundantly in gloeoid heads on surface of sclerotial bodies or in aerial mycelium; macroconidia hyaline, smooth, 1-3-septate (mostly 1-septate), cylindrical with rounded ends, apical end slightly oblique, 19.2-24.0 x 4.0-4.8 Mm; fracturing readily at middle septum; formed in dry columns. Isolate Examined: S-1-1-8, (ILLS 45630), isolated 25.11.1985. Comments: In culture on PDA (and to a lesser extent on CMA), this fungus forms large, orange sclerotia, often covered with slimy masses of microconidia. When first isolated from a cyst of H. g/yc/'nes, this fungus also produced erect, white columns of mostly 1-celled macroconidia; following repeated subculturing, only microconidia were formed. Dacty/aria acerosa Matsushima, Icones microfungorum a Matsushi-. ma Lectorum, p. 48. 1975. Figs. 74-78, 372. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA 1.3 cm diam, white, mycelium funiculose in central portion, appressed and slimy towards bor- der, border even, reverse uncolored. One-mo-old colonies on MEA (Fig. 372), 4.5-4.8 cm diam, white, woolly to funiculose, agar buckling in center; border appressed, even, reverse uncol- ored. Conidiophores (Figs. 74-77) hyaline, smooth, cylindrical to clavate, proliferating sympodially, bearing scattered, blunt denti- cles near apex; 8.0-42.4 x 2.4-3.2 fim; arising laterally from ap- pressed or aerial mycelium. Conidia (Fig. 78) hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, ends slightly tapered, bluntly rounded, 1-3-septate, 27.2-41.0 x 1.6-2.4 nm; produced abundantly throughout colony. Isolate Examined: S-2-2-12, isolated 4. VI. 1985. Dendryphion nanum (Nees) Hughes, Can. J. Bot. 36:761. 1958. Figs. 79-85, 374. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 374) 1.1-2.0 cm diam, white to pale gray, woolly, sporulation sparse, border even, re- verse uncolored. Conidiophores (Figs. 79-81) macronematous, dark brown, smooth to faintly roughened, 0-5-septate, cylindri- cal, forming aerial mycelium, terminal or intercalary; 19.0-136.0 x 6.0-8.8 urn. Conidiogenous cells tretic, pore conspicuous (Fig. 82); dark brown, smooth to roughened, terminal, proliferating sympodially; 7.2-12.0 x 6.6-8.3 urn. Conidia (Figs. 83-85) dark brown, paler towards ends, roughened, cylindrical with rounded apex and truncate base, straight to curved, 3-14-septate, 34.0- 110.0 x 10.0-11.0 Mm; formed in chains. Isolates Examined: S-7-2-3 (ILLS 45631), isolated 20.IX.1984; S-8- 17 3-3, S-8-3-12, isolated 13.X.1984. D/'ctyochaeta heteroderae (Morgan-Jones) Carris & Glawe, Myco- taxon 33:23. 1988. Figs. 48-52. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA 1.4-2.0 cm diam, gray-green to orange, woolly, border even, reverse gray. Conidiophores (Figs. 48-50) macronematous, brown, smooth, cylindrical, straight or curved, lateral or terminal, septate, 34-231 x 4-6 Mm; frequently with rhizoid-like hyphal branches at base (Fig. 48). Conidioge- nous cells (Fig. 51) monophialidic or polyphialidic, pale brown, smooth, terminal, integrated, with distinct, flared collarettes, (3.2-4.8 Mm wide at apex, 1.6-3.2 Mm deep); often proliferating percurrently (Fig. 50, arrow). Conidia (Fig. 52) hyaline to subhya- line, smooth, suballantoid, 1-celled, 8.8-18.0 x 3.2-6.4 Mm; ad- hering in gloeoid mass at conidiogenous locus. Isolates Examined: S-5-9-2, isolated 31.VIII.1983; S-1 4-11, iso- lated 25.11.1985; S-7-2-7 (ILLS 45627, ATCC 62186), isolated 25.X. 1985. Comments: D/ctyochaeta heteroderae originally was described from decayed cysts of H. glydnes in the southeastern United States (Gintis et a/. 1982) as Cod/naea heteroderae Morgan-Jones. Gamundi et a/. (1977) had previously reinstated Dictyochaeta as the legitimate name for this genus. Hence, a new combination is proposed for this species from nematode cysts. D/heterospora chlamydosporia (Goddard) Barron & Onions, Can. J. Bot. 44:866. 1966. Figs. 90-93, 375. Fourteen-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 375) 2.2-2.8 cm diam, white to pale yellow, woolly, dictyospores usually abundant. Conidiogenous cells (Fig. 90) phialidic, hyaline, cylindrical, apex tapering, borne laterally on aerial mycelium; single or in verticil- late whorls of up to 5; 14.4-32.0 Mm long, 1.6-2.4 Mm wide at base, 0.8 Mm wide at apex. Conidia of 2 types; amerospores (Fig. 90) hyaline, smooth, ovoid, 1-celled, thin-walled, 2.8-4.4 x 1.7- 2.8 Mm; adhering in gloeoid mass at phialide apex; dictyospores (Figs. 91-93) hyaline, becoming pale yellow, thin-walled becom- ing thick-walled with age, globose to irregular; 13.6-30.4 x 12.0- 24.0 Mm; formed holoblastically on short, lateral, cylindrical Conid- iophores, 16.0-29.6 x 1.6-2.4 Mm. Isolates Examined: S-1-20-4, isolated 25.V.1983; S-8-1-9, S-8-5-4, isolated 13.X.1984; D-1-1-5, isolated 25.11.1985; D-5-2-6 (ATCC 62189), S-5-4-9 (ILLS 45633), isolated 21.VIII.1985; D-6-5-5, iso- lated 26.IX.1985. Drec/is/era avenae (Eidam) Schariff, Studies on graminicolous spe- cies of Helminthosporium, Teheran, p. 72. 1963. Figs. 86-89, 373. One-mo-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 373) covering plate, medium to dark gray-brown, woolly to floccose, sporulation abundant, reverse dark gray-green. Conidiophores (Figs. 86, 87) macronem- atous, pale brown, smooth, cylindrical, flexuous, up to 400 nm long, in aerial mycelium. Conidiogenous cells polyblastic, tretic, dark brown, faintly roughened, 2-6-septate, geniculate, 24.0- 100.0 x 6.4-8.0 urn; conidial secession scars dark, circular, 3.2-4.0 nm diam. Conidia (Fig. 88) olive brown, thick-walled, faintly -jo roughened (Fig. 89), cylindrical, ends rounded and slightly ta- pered, straight to curved, 3-8-distoseptate, 29.6-68.0 x 8.8-16.0 /im; basal hilum prominent, dark, 2.4-4.0 nm diam. Isolate Examined: D-6-3-16 (ILLS 45632, ATCC 62190), isolated 2.X.1985. Engyodontium album (Limber) de Hoog, Persoonia 10:53. 1978. Figs. 94-96, 376. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 376) 1.4-2.0 cm diam, white, densely pulvinate, cottony, border even, reverse uncol- ored. Conidiophores (Fig. 94) micronematous, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, often bearing whorls of 2-3 conidiogenous cells, as- cendent, occasionally branched; up to 800 titn long, 1.1-1.7 /j.m diam. Conidiogenous cells (Figs. 94, 95) polyblastic, hyaline, smooth, proliferating sympodially to form geniculate rachis, lower portion subcylindrical, 11.0-24.8 x 1.1-1.7 /am; rachis 21.0- 39.0 x 1.1 ftm, with denticulate conidial secession scars. Conidia (Fig. 96) hyaline, smooth, ellipsoidal, base slightly apiculate, 1- celled, 2.2-2.8 x 1.1-1.7 fim. Isolates Examined: D-3-15-2, isolated 15.VII.1983; S-4-14-2 (ILLS 45634, ATCC 62170), isolated 4.VIII.1983. Epicoccum purpurascens Schlecht., Synop. PI. Crypt. P. 136. 1824. Figs. 97-100, 377. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 377) reaching 6.5 cm diam, off-white to pale salmon, floccose; forming pulvinate sporodo- chia (Fig. 97) up to 540 jim diam on surface or immersed in agar; border even, reverse uncolored. Conidiophores macronematous, pale brown, smooth, cylindrical, 12.0-17.5 x 2.4-3.2 jim; densely packed in sporodochia. Conidiogenous cells (Fig. 98) holoblastic, pale brown, roughened, terminal, integrated, 4.0-8.0 x 3.2-4.0 jim. Conidia (Figs. 99, 100) dark brown, verrucose, globose to pyriform, basal scar flattened, muriform, 16.8-25.6 nm diam. Isolates Examined: D-5-W8-2 (ILLS 45635, ATCC 62191), isolated 19.VIII.1983; D-9-19-4, isolated 23.XI.1983; S-7-2-18, isolated 25.X.1985. Exophiala pisdphila McGinnis & Ajello, Mycologia 66:518. 1974. Figs. 101-105, 378. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 378) 0.3-1.0 cm diam, dark gray, dense woolly to funiculose, border even, reverse dark gray. Conidiogenous cells (Figs. 101-104) enteroblastic, subhyaline to pale brown, smooth, single or aggregated; intercalary, lateral, or terminal; proliferating percurrently; neck region frequently with annellations (Fig. 104, arrow); if intercalary, cylindrical to inflated, neck lateral, 8.0-40.8 x 2.4-4.0 Mm; if lateral, doliiform, neck elongate, 4.8-19.2 x 2.4-4.8 pm; if terminal, cylindrical to in- flated, apex tapering into elongate neck, 5.8-28.0 x 2.4-4.8 Mm. Conidia (Fig. 105) subhyaline, smooth, ellipsoidal to obovoid, base truncate, 1-celled, 4.0-12.0 x 2.4-5.6 Mm. Isolates Examined: D-3-11-3, isolated 7.VII.1983; S-9-4-4, isolated 17.XI.1983; S-10-15-5, isolated 3.11.1984; D-1-5-11 (ILLS 45637, ATCC 62192), isolated 25.11.1985. Fusarium aquaeductuum Lagerh. var. medium Wollenw., Z. Parasit Kde. 3:298. 1931. Figs. 106-109, 379. 19 Seven-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 379) 0.9-1.3 cm diam, white to pale salmon, mycelium appressed, slimy, border even, reverse pale salmon. Conidiophores (Figs. 106-107) semi-macro- nematous, hyaline, smooth, elongate, multiseptate, 4.0 ^m diam. Conidiogenous cells (Fig. 108) phialidic, hyaline, smooth, forming periclinal thickenings; either intercalary, with conidiogenous lo- cus located below septa on conidiophores (Fig. 106, arrow), up to 4 Mm long, 2.4 ^m wide; or cylindrical, tapering at apex, terminal or lateral, 28.0-60.8 x 3.2-4.9 Mm. Conidia (Fig. 109) hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, curved, narrowing towards ends, foot cell indistinct, 0-3-septate; 32.0-48.0 x 4.0-4.8 Mm. Isolates Examined: S-7-2-1 (ILLS 45638, ATCC 62193), D-7-5-9, isolated 25.X.1985. Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Sacc. sensu Gordon, Can. J. Bot. 30:225. 1952. Figs. 110-113, 380. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA 3.7-4.5 cm diam, dark pink to white border, woolly, conidia in slimy masses, border immersed, reverse dark pink. Covering plate by 14 days (Fig. 380), with discrete orange sporodochium-like clusters of conidia forming on surface and submerged in agar. Conidiophores (Fig. 110) semi-macronematous, hyaline, smooth, simple or branched, sin- gle or in dense sporodochium-like clusters. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, hyaline, smooth, narrowly awl-shaped, straight or curved, 5.6-44.0 x 2.4-4.8 Mm; collarettes distinct (Fig. 110, ar- row), 2.4-4.5 x 1.6-2.4 Mm. Conidia of 2 types: microconidia (Fig. 111) infrequently formed, hyaline, ellipsoidal, smooth, 0-1-sep- tate, 8.0-14.0 x 2.0-4.0 Mm; macroconidia (Fig. 113) abundant, hyaline, 3-6-septate, falcate, strongly curved, basal cell distinctly foot-shaped, 32.8-82.4 x 3.2-5.6 Mm. Chlamydospores (Fig. 112) hyaline, smooth to roughened, thick-walled, globose, single, in- tercalary, 12.0-16.0 Mm diam. Isolates Examined: D-7-3-1, isolated 20.IX.1984; D-4-2-11 (ILLS 45639), isolated 16.VII.1985. Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. emend. Sny. & Hans., Amer. J. Bot. 27:66. 1940. Figs. 114-119, 381. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 381) 3.0-5.7 cm diam, white to pale pink, moderately woolly, sometimes becoming concentrically zonate, effuse towards border, border fringed, re- verse uncolored to pale pink. Conidiogenous cells (Figs. 114-115) phialidic, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical to doliiform, forming peri- clinal thickenings (Fig. 115, arrow); single or in sporodochia; cells producing microconidia 4.8-20.0 x 2.4-4.0 Mm; cells producing macroconidia, 11.2-37.6 x 2.4-3.2 Mm. Both types of conidioge- nous cells arising laterally from aerial or appressed hyphae. Co- nidia of 2 kinds: microconidia (Fig. 116) hyaline, smooth, ellipso- idal to cylindrical, 0-1-septate, 3.9-14.4 x 2.2-4.8 Mm; macroconidia (Fig. 117) hyaline, smooth, fusiform, ends curved, foot-cell present, 2-3-septate, 17.6-33.6 x 3.2-4.8 Mm. Chlamy- dospores (Figs. 118, 119) hyaline to subhyaline, smooth or rough- ened, globose, 1-celled, single or in short chains, terminal or intercalary, 6.4-11.2 Mm diam. Isolates Examined: S-3-15-4, D-3-12-5, isolated 7.VII.1983; S-7-1- 20 7, S-7-5-4, isolated 20.IX.1984; D-1-3-6 (ILLS 45640) and S-1-5-11 (ILLS 45641), isolated 25.11.1985. Comments: Fusarium oxysporum was second only to F. so/an/ in frequency of isolation during this study. It was also one of the most common fungi isolated from H. g/yc/nes cysts in the south- eastern United States (Gintis et a/. 1983) and Colombia (Morgan- Jones et a/. 1984b), as well as from H. schachtii cysts in California (Nigh et a/. 1980). Fusarium so/an; (Mart.) Appel & Wollenw. emend. Sny. & Hans. Amer. J. Bot. 28:740. 1941. Figs. 120-125, 382. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 382) 4.5-6.5 cm diam, white to pale yellow, cottony to appressed, border even, reverse white to pale yellow. Conidiogenous cells (Figs. 121, 122) phia- lidic, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, tapering towards apices, form- ing periclinal thickenings and collarettes (Fig. 120, arrow), 0-8- septate, single or in sporodochia, 76.0-320.0 Mm long, 4 Mm wide at base, 2 Mm wide at apex. Conidia of 2 types: microconidia (Fig. 124) hyaline, smooth, ellipsoidal to cylindrical, 0-1-septate, 5.6-28.0 x 2.0-6.4 Mm, forming gloeoid heads; macroconidia (Fig. 123) hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, ends tapering and curved, foot- cell not well-defined, 2-4-septate, 28.0-44.0 x 5.0-7.2 /mi. Chla- mydospores (Fig. 125) hyaline, smooth, globose, single or in pairs, terminal or intercalary, often forming in cell of conidium; 6-8 Mm diam. Isolates Examined: S-3-3-4, isolated 7.VII.1983; S-1-2-8, S-1-1-5 (ILLS 45642), D-1-2-15 (ILLS 45643), all isolated 25.11.1985; D-3-20- 2, isolated 25.VI.1985. Comments: Fusarium so/an/, the most frequently isolated species in this study, also predominated in the H. g/yc/'nes cyst mycota in the southeastern United States (Gintis et a/. 1983) and Colombia (Morgan-Jones et a/. 1984b). In addition, it was isolated from cysts of Clobodera rostochiensis and G. pallida in Germany (Gos- wami and Rumpenhorst 1978). Gen/cu/osporium taxonomic species Figs. 126-128, 383, 387. One-mo-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 387) covering plate, white, floccose, dark clumps of hyphae widely scattered on agar sur- face, reverse uncolored. One-mo-old colonies on PDA (Fig. 383), 7.0-8.0 cm diam, with dark brown stromatic aggregations of hy- phae in central regions of colonies, aerial mycelium white, felty; irregular patches of gray-green hyphae scattered throughout colony; border dark brown, immersed, deeply scalloped; reverse coloration dark brown and pale reddish brown; agar uniformly pigmented pale reddish-brown. Conidiophores (Fig. 126) macro- nematous, brown, smooth, erect, branched, terminating in dense head of geniculate conidiogenous cells; up to 320 ^m long, 3.2- 4.0 /inn wide. Conidiogenous cells (Fig. 127) polyblastic, prolifer- ating sympodially, brown, smooth, cylindrical to geniculate, bear- ing numerous circular scars (0.8-1.2 urn diam), 4.8-52.8 x 3.2-4.0 ion. Conidia (Fig. 128) subhyaline, becoming brown with age, smooth, obovate, rounded at apex, base truncate, slightly con- cave, 1-celled; 4.0-7.2 x 3.2-4.0 i*m. Isolates Examined: D-5-2-6 (ILLS 45644, ATCC 62194), D-5-2-10, isolated 6.VIII.1984. Comments: Geniculosporium was erected by Chesters and 21 Greenhalgh (1964) for the conidial state of Hypoxy/on serpens (Pers. ex Fr.) Kickx. The conidiophores of the nematode isolates resemble those described for Gen/cu/ospor/um (Greenhalgh and Chesters 1968), but the conidia are larger than those produced by G. serpens. Identification of Hypoxy/on species is difficult or impossible when based solely on conidial states in culture (Jong and Rogers 1972; Barren 1968). The ascigerous state of the nem- atode isolates is unknown. Until Geniculosporium is mono- graphed, it probably will not be possible to identify this fungus more precisely. Gliocladium catenulatum Gilm. & Abbott, Iowa St. J. Sci. 1:303. 1927. Figs. 129-131, 384. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 384) 2.2-4.2 cm diam, my- celium white, immersed, with abundant erect, dull green conid- iophores and conidial heads; border white, even; reverse uncol- ored. Conidiophores (Figs. 129, 130) macronematous, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, 0-3-septate, arising from submerged and aerial mycelium; branching verticillately (primary), or penicillately (secondary); 11.0-88.0 x 2.4-4.0 jum. Primary conidiogenous cells (Fig. 129) phialidic, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, tapering; 11.0- 34.4 x 1.7-2.8 Mm. Secondary conidiogenous cells (Fig. 130) phialidic, hyaline, smooth, awl-shaped, 6.1-24.8 x 2.2-3.3 pm. Conidia (Fig. 131) hyaline, green in mass, smooth, asymmetrically ellipsoidal, 1-celled, 3.9-8.8 x 2.2-4.0 /im, in gloeoid heads. Isolates Examined: D-8-1-1, D-8-13-4, isolated 20.X.1983; D-8-4- 16, isolated 13.X.1984; D-2-1-2, D-2-1-16 (ILLS 45645, ATCC 62195), isolated 4.VI.1985. Gliocladium roseum Bain., Bull Soc. Mycol. Fr. 23:111. 1907. Figs. 132-134, 388. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 388) 2.3-5.5 cm diam, pale yellow or salmon, mycelium white, immersed, with abundant erect conidiophores; border even, reverse uncolored. Conidio- phores (Figs. 132, 133) macronematous, hyaline, smooth, cylindri- cal, arising from submerged and aerial mycelium, branching ver- ticillately (primary), or penicillately (secondary); primary conidiophores (Fig. 133) 130-263 x 3-4 fim, secondary conidio- phores (Fig. 132) 104-306 x 3-4 fim. Primary conidiogenous cells phialidic, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, tapering, 24.0-48.0 x 2.0- 3.2 nm. Secondary conidiogenous cells phialidic, hyaline, smooth, awl-shaped with slightly inflated bases, 9.6-24.0 x 2.0- 3.2 urn. Conidia (Fig. 134) hyaline, yellow to salmon in mass, smooth, ellipsoidal to obovoid, flattened on 1 side, apex rounded, base bluntly apiculate, 1-celled; 4.0-6.4 x 2.4-3.8 /an; in gloeoid masses. Isolates Examined: S-1-24-3, isolated 31.V.1983; S-1-4-15 (ILLS 45646), D-1-1-19 (ILLS 45647), isolated 25.11.1985; D-6-1-2, S-6-3- 14 (ATCC 62196), isolated 26.IX.1985. Conytrichum macrocladium (Sacc.) Hughes, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 34:565. 1951. Figs. 135-139, 385. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA 0.8 cm diam, white, woolly, border even, reverse white. Ten-day-old colonies (Fig. 385) de- 22 veloping dark gray-brown concentric zones due to abundant conidiophore production. Conidiophores (Figs. 135-139) macro- nematous, dark brown, paler towards apex, smooth, cylindrical, tapering, 0-6-septate, arising singly, erect, 20.0-180.0 x 3.0-4.0 Mm. Conidiogenous cells (Figs. 137, 138) phialidic, pale brown, smooth, awl-shaped, straight to curved, collarette present, ter- minal or borne in whorls of up to 5, encircling main axis of conidiophore, 14.0-22.0 /urn long, 2.0-3.0 Aim diam at base, 1.0- 2.0 jtm at apex; proliferating percurrently (Fig. 136, arrow). Co- nidia subhyaline to pale brown, smooth, ellipsoidal to obovoid, 1-celled, 3.2-4.0 x 2.4-3.2 /tm; in gloeoid masses at apices of conidiogenous cells. Isolate Examined: S-7- 1-3 (ILLS 45648), isolated 1.XI.1985. Humicola fuscoatra Traaen, Nyt. Mag. Naturvid 32:33. 1914. Figs. 140-144, 386. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 386) 3.2 cm diam, white, becoming pale gray-brown, woolly, border even, reverse uncol- ored. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, hyaline, reduced or cy- lindrical, up to 21.0 iim long, 2.8 fim diam. Conidia (Figs. 140- 144) hyaline, becoming brown, smooth, subglobose to globose, occasionally cylindrical to pyriform, walls thickening with age, single or in chains of 2; 7.6-9.6 tim diam; lateral or intercalary on aerial mycelium, or immersed in agar. Isolates Examined: S-1-19-1, isolated 24.V.1983; D-4-1-20 (ILLS 45649, ATCC 62175), isolated 4.VIII.1984. Lecythophora hoffmannii (van Beyma) W. Gams & McGinnis, My- cologia 75:985. 1983. Figs. 145-148, 389. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 389) 0.5-2.5 cm diam, pale orange to pink, mycelium mostly appressed, slimy, border even, reverse pale orange or pink. Conidiogenous cells (Figs. 145-147) phialidic, hyaline, smooth, reduced and peg-like or narrow flask- shaped, straight to curved, single, lateral on appressed hyphae, occasionally terminal; usually lacking basal septum; 7.2-33.6 x 1.6-3.2 tim; collarette (Figs. 145 and 146, arrows) straight or flared, 0.8-1.6 ^m long. Conidia (Fig. 148) hyaline, smooth, cylin- drical with ends bluntly rounded, 1-celled; 5.6-10.4 x 2.4-3.2 Mm; adhering in gloeoid masses. Isolates Examined: S-2-1-13, isolated 4.VI.1985; S-6-5-17 (ILLS 45650), isolated 26.IX.1985. Mariannaea e/egans (Corda) Samson, Stud. Mycol. 6:75. 1974. Figs. 149-152, 390. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 390) 1.9-2.8 cm diam, dark pink, aerial mycelium white, cottony; border even; reverse dark pink. Conidiophores (Fig. 149) macronematous, hyaline, base roughened (Fig. 150), cylindrical, arising from immersed hyphae, branched dichotomously or whorled; 200-800 x 6-12 Mm. Conid- iogenous cells phialidic, hyaline, smooth, narrow, flask-shaped, 11.0-22.0 Mm long, 2.2-3.2 urn wide at base, 1.1-1.7 Mm wide at apex. Conidia (Fig. 151) hyaline, white in mass, smooth, ellip- soidal, ends apiculate, 4.4-6.1 x 2.8-3.3 pm; in dry, imbricate chains (Fig. 152). Isolates Examined: S-10-15-4 (ATCC 62197), isolated 9.11.1984; S-8-3-2, S-8-5-2, isolated 13.X.1984; S-1-3-14 (ILLS 45651), iso- 23 lated 25.11.1985. Me/anospora zam/ae Corda, Icon. Fung. 1:24. 1837. Figs. 306-309. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA 2.0 cm diam, white, woolly, border effuse, reverse white. Perithecia (Fig. 306) pale yellow, base globose, smooth; venter elongate, cylindrical, terminated by fringe of erect setae; superficial or immersed in agar, solitary; total height 478-666 Mm, base 208-270 tivn diam, venter 270-395 x 75-96 Mm. Asci deliquescent. Ascospores (Fig. 307) dark brown, smooth, ovoid, 1-celled, 1 germ pore at each end; 11.5- 14.0 x 9.0-10.2 Mm; extruded from ostiole in long cirrhi. Conidi- ogenous cells (Fig. 308) polyphialidic, hyaline, broadly flask- shaped, with narrow, elongate neck, 6.1-11.6 Mm long, 3.3-6.6 Mm wide at base, 1.7 Mm wide at apex; solitary, or more typically in clusters on hyphal coils. Conidia hyaline, smooth, globose to subglobose, 1-celled, 3.3-4.4 x 2.2-3.9 Mm. "Bulbils" (sensu Wer- esub and LeClair 1971) (Fig. 309) pale yellow, irregularly globose, composed of intertwining hyphal branches, numerous; 57-74 x 57-132 Mm. Isolate Examined: D-5-W8-2, isolated 19.VIII.1983 from imma- ture (cream-colored) cyst of H. glydnes. Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok. var. anisopliae Sorok., Plant Parasites of Man and Animals as Causes of Infectious Dis- eases 2:267. 1883. Figs. 153-156, 391. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 391) 1.8 cm diam, usually with numerous secondary colonies, white, woolly, with dull green conidial columns; border even, effuse, reverse uncolored. Conidiophores (Fig. 154) macronematous, hyaline, smooth, erect, penicillately branched; 20.8-32.0 x 1.6-2.4 Mm; in dense masses on flat stroma-like aggregations of hyphae. Conidiogenous cells (Fig. 153) phialidic, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical with bluntly ta- pered apices, 8.0-15.2 x 1.6-2.4 Mm. Conidia (Fig. 155) pale green, dark green in mass, smooth, cylindrical with rounded to bluntly pointed ends, 1-celled; 5.1-8.8 x 2.0-2.6 Mm; formed in chains, adhering in dry, angular columns (Fig. 156). Isolate Examined: D-1-17-1 (ILLS 45652, ATCC 62176), isolated 27.V.1983. Microsphaeropsis olivacea (Bonord.) Hoehnel, Hedwigia 59:267. 1917. Figs. 244-247, 409. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 409) 1.3 to 3.0 cm diam, pale gray, often with brown sectors, woolly, border even, reverse pale gray. One-mo-old colonies covering plate, pale gray-brown, aerial mycelium ropey, pycnidia abundant, in concentric rings; mycelium thinning towards edge, reverse pale gray-brown. Pyc- nidia (Fig. 244) dark brown; globose; papillate, setose ostioles, peridium textura angu/ar/s; 120-320 x 120-260 ^m; solitary or coalescing, on surface or embedded in agar or in aerial myce- lium. Conidiogenous cells (Figs. 245, 246) phialidic, hyaline, doli- iform, sometimes developing periclinal thickenings, lining inner wall of pycnidium; 4.8-5.6 x 4.0-4.8 ^m. Conidia (Fig. 247) me- dium brown, smooth, oval to ellipsoidal, 1-celled, thin-walled, 4.0-4.8 x 2.4 jtm. 24 Isolate Examined: S-2-5-13 (ILLS 45653, ATCC 62198), isolated 4.VI.1985. Mortierella e/ongata Linnem., Pflanzenforschung 23:43. 1941. Figs. 351-355, 428. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 428) covering plate, white, aerial mycelium abundant, cottony, consisting of mostly aseptate, ascendent and prostrate hyphae, usually not uniformly dense; reverse uncolored; faint garlic or onion-like odor. Sporangio- phores (Figs. 352, 353) hyaline, cylindrical, unbranched or branched at base, 60-300 ^m long, 4-6 nm wide at base, 2-3 ^m wide at apex; arising from both aerial and repent hyphae. Spo- rangia (Fig. 354) globose, smooth, with numerous spores, fractur- ing readily; 20-90 jim diam. Sporangiospores (Fig. 351) hyaline, smooth, ellipsoidal to cylindrical, straight to curved, 1-celled, 8- 16 x 4-8 jim. Chlamydospores (Fig. 355) hyaline, smooth, var- iously shaped, numerous, 10-24 x 10-22 ^m. Isolate Examined: S-7-2-15 (ILLS 45654), isolated 25.X.1985. Mycocentrospora acer/'na (Hartig) Deighton, Taxon 21:716. 1972. Figs. 157-162, 392. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 392) 0.8-2.2 cm diam, white, becoming pale brown; woolly, border fringed, reverse uncolored. Hyphae hyaline to pale brown, mostly cylindrical, 2.6-5.1 tim diam; with torulose clusters of subhyaline to pale brown, smooth, thin-walled globose cells (Fig. 157) 9.0-21.8 /xm diam. Conidiophores (Figs. 158-160) semi-macronematous, sub- hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, 0-4-septate, straight or geniculate, or bent up to 90° at conidiogenous loci (Fig. 160); up to 50 /^m long, 3-4 /urn wide; proliferating sympodially, separating readily at septa; lateral on aerial mycelium; conidiogenous scars circular, broad, evenly thickened, 1.6-2.4 urn diam. Conidia (Fig. 161) sub- hyaline, smooth, subulate, apex elongate, flexuous, 0-38-septate, 92.0-499.0 Mm long, 2.6-3.8 ^m wide at base, 3.8-6.4 Mm wide at widest part; 1.3-2.6 ^m wide at apex; rarely forming downwardly directed, awl-shaped basal appendages; forming in discrete clus- ters on conidiophores (Fig. 162). Isolates Examined: S-3-10-1, isolated 7.VII.1983; D-1-9-3, S-1-17- 1, isolated 11.IV.1984; S-9-5-7, isolated 28.VI.1984; D-4-3 (ATCC 62749), isolated 16.VII.1985. Necrria taxonomic species Figs. 317-321, 421. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 421) 1.7-1.9 cm diam, white to golden yellow, center darker, woolly to funiculose, bor- der even, reverse uncolored to yellow. Perithecia (Fig. 317) nu- merous, superficial or more typically immersed in agar (Fig. 318), orange-brown to yellow, globose to subglobose with slightly papillate ostiole; peridium smooth, textura angularis, 250-374 x 200-300 urn. Asci (Figs. 319, 320) clavate, 8-spored, spores biser- iate, apices rounded; 84-86 x 24-30 jim. Ascospores (Fig. 321) hyaline, becoming golden yellow, smooth, bilaterally elliptical, each with a single medial septum, thick-walled, 26-32 x 10-13 /urn; exuded in mass (Fig. 318, arrow). Isolates Examined: D-8-19-1, isolated 20.X.1983; D-4-1-2, iso- lated 19.VII.1984; D-5-2-10 (ILLS 45655), isolated 21.VIII.1985. Comments: The microscopic features and yellow-to-orange 25 color of the perithecia suggest that this fungus has affinities with Nectria. Precise taxonomic disposition is difficult until more is known about the morphology of Nectria and allied genera in culture. Neocosmospora vasinfecta E.F. Smith, Bull. U.S. Dept. Agric. 17:45. 1899. Figs. 322-328, 422. Ten-day-old colonies on CMA 7.0 cm diam, white, mycelium thin, cottony, mostly appressed, numerous pale orange perithe- cia forming on surface of agar, border even, reverse uncolored. Colonies covering plate at 2 mo (Fig. 422), mycelium thin, white, mostly appressed, perithecia numerous throughout colony. Peri- thecia (Fig. 322) pale orange, obpyriform, glabrous, peridium translucent, textura angularis (Fig. 323), 320-460 x 260-380 Mm. Asci (Fig. 328) cylindrical, 8-spored, uniseriate, apices bluntly rounded, 94-124 x 10-12 nm. Ascospores (Fig. 324) subhyaline to pale orange-brown, dark orange in mass, roughened, subglobose to ovoid, thick-walled, 13-15 x 9-12 Mm. Anamorph Acremo- n/um-like, fast-growing, forming in less than 7 days. Conidioge- nous cells (Fig. 327) phialidic, hyaline, cylindrical, apices tapered, basal septum present or absent, 4.0-31.0 x 2.4-3.2 Mm; lateral on appressed hyphae. Conidia hyaline, smooth, ellipsoidal to fusi- form, 0-1-septate, 6.4-20.8 x 1.6-4.8 Mm; numerous, adhering in gloeoid mass at apices of conidiogenous cells. Chlamydospores (Fig. 325) hyaline, smooth, thick-walled, globose to pyriform, 5.4- 10.4 x 4.8-8.8 Mm, wall 0.8-1.6 Mm thick; terminal or intercalary. Isolate Examined: E-8-8 (ILLS 45657, ATCC 62199), isolated 6.IV.1983, soil samples collected from soybean fields in Marion and Franklin counties, IL. Nigmspora sphaerica (Sacc.) Mason, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 12:158. 1927. Figs. 163-164. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA covering plate, pale gray, cot- tony, reverse uncolored. Conidiogenous cells (Figs. 163, 164) monoblastic, hyaline, flask-shaped to globose, 8.4-12.0 Mm diam; arising on short, lateral branches from vegetative hyphae. Co- nidia black, smooth, spherical, flattened dorsiventrally, each with equatorial slit; solitary, 1-celled, 12.8-19.2 x 14.1-21.8 Mm. Isolate Examined: D-5-16-1, isolated 23.VIII.1983. Paed/omyces lilacinus (Thorn) Samson, Stud. Mycol. 6:58. 1974. Figs. 165-168, 393. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 393) 2.0-2.7 cm diam, vinaceous, floccose, conidial chains abundant; border effuse, even, white, reverse uncolored. Conidiophores (Figs. 165-166) macronematous, subhyaline to pale yellow, smooth or rough- walled, cylindrical, flexuous; arising from immersed hyphae, 100- 270 x 1.6-2.4 Mm; or shorter, borne laterally on aerial hyphae, 8- 60 x 1.6-2.4 Aim; with dense clusters of metulae, 2-6 conidi- ogenous cells arising from each metula. Conidiogenous cells (Fig. 167) phialidic, subhyaline to pale yellow, smooth, narrowly flask- shaped with constricted, tapering necks; 7.2-10.4 ^m long, 2.4- 3.2 Mm wide at base, 1.0 nm wide at apex. Conidia (Fig. 168) hyaline, purple in mass, smooth, ellipsoidal, 2.4-3.0 (-4.8) x 1.7- 2.4 (-3.2) Mm; dry chains. 26 Isolates Examined: S-5-2-5, S-5-1-14 (ILLS 45656, ATCC 62200), isolated 22.VIII.1985; D-6-5-2, isolated 26.IX.1985. Comments: Rough-walled conidiophores said to be typical of P. lilacinus (Samson 1974) were not produced consistently; in addi- tion, the conidiophores frequently formed as side-branches on aerial hyphae. Paecilomyces marquandii (Massee) Hughes, Mycol. Pap. 45:30. 1951. Figs. 169, 170, 394. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 394) 1.7-2.5 cm diam, vina- ceous, floccose, conidial chains abundant; border thin, even; re- verse coloration bright yellow. Conidiophores (Fig. 169) macro- nematous, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, arising from submerged or aerial hyphae; branches lateral, verticillate, 2-4 conidiogenous cells per branch; up to 640 MID long, 2-5 tim diam. Conidioge- nous cells phialidic, hyaline, smooth, narrow flask-shaped with tapering necks; 9.4-14.3 x 2.2-2.8 Mm, approximately 1.0 /tm wide at apex. Conidia (Fig. 170) hyaline, purple in mass, smooth, ellipsoidal, ends apiculate when immature, 2.6-3.2 x 1.9-2.6 Mm; dry chains. Chlamydospores hyaline, smooth, globose, thin- walled, single, 3-4 Mm diam. Isolates Examined: S-3-12-4, isolated 15.VII.1983; S-6-2-13, iso- lated 30.VIII.1984; D-10-14-4, isolated 4.11.1984; S-1-2-14 (ILLS 45658), isolated 25.11.1985; S-7-4-11 (ATCC 62201), isolated 25.X.1985. Papulaspora taxonomic species Figs. 171-175, 395. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 395) 6.8-9.0 cm diam, white to pale brown, mostly immersed, aerial mycelium sparse, floccose; reverse uncolored. Papulaspores (Figs. 173-175) forming after 4 days on immersed hyphae, initially hyaline, becoming dark brown to black, subglobose to irregular, multi-celled, 40- 100 Mm diam; surface cells protruding moderately, central cells larger, darker, 10-20 Mm diam; arising from intercalary cells on pale brown, immersed hyphae; primordia originating from wid- ened hyphae or as blunt, lateral projections (Fig. 172) that en- large and proliferate (Fig. 171), intertwine (Figs. 174, 175), and darken with age. Isolates Examined: D-4-6-2, isolated 28.VII.1983; D-4-1-16 (ILLS 45659), isolated 16.VII.1985; D-7-5-11 (ATCC 62202), isolated 25.X.1985. Comments: The papulaspores in this fungus are similar in shape and mode of formation to those described and illustrated by Hotson (1917) for P. pallidula Hotson. Hotson's species, however, had colorless papulaspores, while those seen during this study became dark brown to black. These spores are also similar to those of P. immersa Hotson (as described in Domsch et a/. 1980); but again, the spores of P. immersa are not darkened, and the central cells are larger than in the nematode isolates. Further studies are needed to determine whether this fungus should be recognized as a new species. Paraphoma radicina (McAlp.) Morgan-Jones & White, Mycotaxon 18:60. 1983. Figs. 248-252, 410. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA 1.5-2.5 cm diam; dull yellow, orange, or occasionally brown; often with concentric zones of 27 yellow and orange; aerial mycelium hyaline to brown, woolly, border even, reverse dull yellow to orange; often producing yellow diffusible pigment and/or dark red crystals in agar. Pycnid- ia (Fig. 248) usually forming after 1 mo, dark brown, globose, setose, ostiole up to 20 jim diam; peridium textura angu/ar/s, up to 6 cells thick; 220-333 x 170-400 urn. Setae (Fig. 249) dark brown, smooth or verruculose, thick-walled, septate, branched, 120-220 x 1.6-4.0 Mm. Conidiogenous cells (Figs. 250, 251) phia- lidic, hyaline, globose to elongate flask-shaped, collarette cylin- drical to flaring, 4.0-8.0 x 2.4-5.6 nm, 1.6-2.4 jum wide at apex; arising from inner wall of pycnidium. Conidia (Fig. 252) hyaline, fusiform to obovate, guttulate, 1-celled, smooth, thin-walled, 4.0-5.6 x 2.4-3.2 Mm. Isolates Examined: S-5-1-20, S-5-2-2, isolated 22.VIII.1985; D-6- 1-18, isolated 26.IX.1985; S-7-2-6 (ILLS 45661), D-7-3-14 (ILLS 45660, ATCC 62652), isolated 25.X.1985. Penidllium oxalicum Currie & Thorn, J. Biol. Chem. 22:289. 1915. Figs. 176-181, 396. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 396) 2.0-3.3 cm diam, white to pale green, densely sporulating, center woolly, thinning to border, border even, reverse dull yellow. Ten-day-old colo- nies on 2 percent MEA 4.0-4.3 cm diam, dark blue-green with faint cinnamon-colored central region; uniformly dense with deep crust of conidia; border even, with thin zone of white mycelium; reverse orange-yellow; yellow pigment produced on both 2 percent MEA and Czapek's agar. Conidiophores (Figs. 176, 177) macronematous, 1- or 2-stage branched, hyaline, smooth, 24.8-160.0 x 2.4-4.0 nm. Branches in whorls of 2-3 ele- ments, 12.8-20.0 x 3.2-4.0 nm; apices slightly enlarged. Conidi- ogenous cells (Figs. 178, 179) phialidic, hyaline, smooth, cylindri- cal, tapering to short, narrow neck; forming periclinal thickenings (Fig. 179, arrow); in whorls of 3-6; 10.4-12.8 x 2.4-4.0 Mm, 1.6 Mm wide at apex. Conidia (Fig. 181) pale green, dark blue-green in mass, walls roughened (Fig. 180); ellipsoidal; dis- tinct, slightly darkened circular scars at both ends; formed in true chains with conspicuous connectives (Fig. 181); 4.8-5.6 x 3.2-4.8 Mm. Isolate Examined: S-4-5-5 (ILLS 45662), isolated 28.VII.1983. Periconia macrosp/nosa Lefebvre & A.G. Johnson, Mycologia 41:417. 1949. Figs. 182-185, 397. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 397) 2.4-4.5 cm diam, white, woolly, border even, effuse, reverse pale gray with white border. Conidiophores (Fig. 182) macronematous, pale brown, smooth or roughened, multiseptate, bearing terminal and lateral branches of conidiogenous cells, up to 120 ^m long, 4.0-8.0 /im wide. Conidiogenous cells (Fig. 183) polyblastic, pale brown, smooth or roughened, globose to obovoid, irregularly branched, 6.4-14.4 nm long, 2.4-4.0 fim wide at base, 3.2-6.4 jim wide at apex. Conidia (Fig. 184) dark brown, globose, muriform, with dense aggregations of spines 3.0-4.0 /urn long; 5.6-18.4 /*m diam; formed in acropetal chains, maturing retrogressively from apex. Chlamydospores (Fig. 185) subhyaline, smooth, globose to ellip- soidal, thin-walled, intercalary, in short chains; 12.8-22.4 nm diam. Isolates Examined: D-6-13-2 (ATCC 62177), isolated 8.IX.1983; D-4-1-2 (ILLS 45663), isolated 16.VII.1985. Phaeoisaria clematidis (Fuckel) Hughes, Can. J. Bot. 36:795. 1958. Figs. 186-189. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA 0.6 cm diam, pale gray-green, dense cottony to funiculose, sporulating abundantly, border even, reverse gray-green. Conidiophores (Figs. 186-189) macro- nematous, pale to medium brown, smooth, straight to flexuous, cylindrical, 2-9-septate, 24.8-93.5 x 2.2-2.8 urn; formed singly on aerial hyphae towards border of colony, united into funiculose strands in center (Fig. 188). Conidiogenous cells (Fig. 189) prolif- erating sympodially; pale to medium brown, terminal, cylindrical and tapering at apex; 2.8-19.3 /tm long, 2.8 pm wide at base; with subulate denticles 0.8-1.6 nm long forming at apex. Conidia hyaline to subhyaline, smooth, 1-celled, obovoid to cylindrical, 4.4-8.3 x 1.7-2.2 /urn; dry, dislodging readily from denticles. Isolate Examined: S-7-12-4, isolated 9.X.1983. Phaeoramu/ar/a taxonomic species Figs. 190-194, 401. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 401) <1.0 cm diam, dark gray, woolly, border even, reverse dark gray. Conidiophores (Figs. 190-193) macronematous, medium brown, smooth, irregularly cylindrical, straight to flexuous, 1-5-septate, 11.2-28.0 x 4.0-4.8 jim; forming singly, basal cell intercalary on aerial or appressed mycelium. Conidiogenous cells proliferating sympodially; pale brown, terminal; conidial secession scars slightly darkened, cir- cular, 0.8-1.6 >tm diam, protruding when young, becoming less evident with age. Conidia (Figs. 192, 194) medium brown, smooth, cylindrical, 3-10-septate, slightly constricted in center, apex bluntly rounded or with flattened scar, often in chains, 20.0-74.0 x 2.0-4.0 urn. Isolate Examined: Ex-3-7 (ATCC 62203), isolated from H. g/yc/nes cyst in sample from Wayne County, IL; isolated 9.V.1983. Comments: Species of Phaeoramularia are described largely on the basis of host, and none has been reported previously from nematodes. Our isolate resembles the tropical species P. meridi- ans (Chupp) Deighton in conidium and conidiophore morphol- ogy. Lacking a culture of P. meridiana, however, it was not possi- ble to determine if the nematode isolate was conspecific with that fungus. Phialophora gregata (Allington & Chamberl.) W. Gams, Cephalo- sporium-artige Schimmelpilze, p. 199. 1971. Figs. 195-197, 399. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 399) 0.9-1.8 cm diam, white to pale gray, dense, with gloeoid clumps of conidia, cen- ter funiculose, border even, reverse uncolored. Conidiogenous cells (Figs. 195-197) phialidic, hyaline, lageniform, with distinct collarettes (Fig. 197, arrow); 6.4-12.0 x 2.2-4.8 Mm; borne singly, laterally or terminally, more frequently in irregular clusters, aris- ing from repent hyphae, hyphal coils, and aerial strands. Conidia (Fig. 196) hyaline, smooth, ovoid, slightly truncate bases, 1-celled, 3.3-6.6 x 2.2-3.2 Mm. 29 Isolates Examined: S-1-15-2, (ILLS, NRRL 13198, ATCC 62204), isolated 19.IV.1984; S-8-9-1, isolated 13.X.1984; S-2-5-16, isolated 12.VI.1985. Comments: Phialophora gregata, the causal agent of brown stem rot of soybean, is an important pathogen throughout the soy- bean-growing regions of the United States (Abel 1977). The spe- cies generally is considered to be restricted to only several leguminous plant hosts (Allington & Chamberlain 1948). Pathoge- nicity studies on soybeans using isolate S-1-15-2 demonstrated that the fungus retained pathogenicity to soybean (Carris et a/. 1986). Phoma medacaginis Malbr. & Roum. var. pinodella (L.K. Jones) Boerema, Neth. J. PI. Path. 71:88. 1965. Figs. 253-258, 411. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA 4.2 cm diam, white, mycelium mostly appressed, chlamydospores forming; border even, reverse uncolored. Seven-day-old colonies on PDA (Fig. 411) 5.0 cm diam, pale gray in center to white border, woolly, border even, reverse pale gray. Pycnidia (Figs. 253, 254) medium brown, gla- brous, globose to subglobose, frequently with > 1 ostiole, perid- ium textura angu/ar/s; 120-200 Mm diam; often aggregated and/or coalescing. Conidiogenous cells (Figs. 255, 256) phialidic, hyaline, doliiform, lining inner wall of pycnidium; 6.4-8.0 x 4.2-8.0 pm. Conidia (Fig. 258) hyaline, smooth, ellipsoidal, 1-celled, thin- walled, 4.8-8.8 x 2.4-4.0 /im. Chlamydospores (Fig. 257) golden to dark brown, smooth, globose to ellipsoidal, thick-walled (0.8 Mm thick), intercalary; single, in chains or in clusters of 2-4; numerous; 11.2-20.0 x 9.6-16.8 urn; in aerial mycelium or im- mersed in agar. Isolate Examined: D-7-3-17 (ILLS 45664, ATCC 62296), isolated 25.X.1985. Plectosphaerella cucumerina (Lindf.) Kleb., Phytopath. Z. 1:43. 1930. Figs. 310-316. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA 3.4-5.5 cm diam, white, myce- lium dense, felty to silky, border even, reverse uncolored. Peri- thecia (Fig. 310) numerous, superficial or more typically im- mersed in agar; obpyriform, base medium brown, globose, smooth, peridium textura angularis, hyaline to pale brown; 189- 231 /am long, 105-136 Mm diam at base, venter 74-95 Mm long, 44-53 Mm wide. Perithecial hairs (Fig. 311) brown, smooth, cylin- drical with bluntly rounded apices, arising from perithecial wall at transition between base and venter; 25.6-57.6 x 3.8-5.1 Mm. Asci (Fig. 316) narrowly clavate, 8-spored, spores biseriate, apices flat, with apical ring, 36-40 x 6-8 urn. Ascospores (Fig. 312) hya- line, roughened (Fig. 315), fusiform, 1-septate, 8.3-10.5 x 2.8 Mm. Anamorph fusar/'um-like. Conidiogenous cells (Fig. 313) phialidic, hyaline, smooth, erect, cylindrical, single, occasionally branched; forming collarettes; 7.7-15.4 x 2.6-3.8 Mm. Conidia (Fig. 314) hya- line, smooth, cylindrical, ends bluntly rounded, 0-1-septate, 6.4- 10.2 x 2.6-3.2 Mm; in gloeoid masses. Isolate Examined: S-1-8-4, isolated 1.VI.1983. Comments: The hairs encircling the perithecial neck observed in isolate S-1-8-4 were described by Lindfor in the original de- scription of this species. The hairs have not been reported by later authors (Domsch et a/. 1980). Pyrenodiaeta terrestr/s (Hansen) Gorenz, Walker & Larson, Phyto- pathology 38:838. 1948. Figs. 259-270, 412. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA 1.7-4.1 cm diam, pale to dark pink, woolly, border even, reverse pink. Three-wk-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 412), 6.6 cm diam, pink, woolly, with denser myce- lium in concentric rings, center pale brown; pycnidia variable in number, border even, reverse dark pink; forming pink diffusible pigment in agar. Pycnidia (Figs. 259, 261) dark brown to black, globose to ovoid, frequently confluent and irregular in shape, neck setose, papillate to elongate and tortuous (Fig. 261); perid- ium smooth, textura angularis; 100-200 Mm diam; solitary or more typically in aggregates, on surface or immersed in agar. Setae dark brown, septate, smooth to verrucose, 100-333 Mm long, 1.6- 5.1 Mm diam. Conidiogenous cells (Figs. 262-264, 266-268) arising from cells lining wall of pycnidium; phialidic, occasionally prolif- erating percurrently (Fig. 266, arrow); hyaline, doliiform, and simple (Figs. 262, 263), or elongated, cylindrical, and integrated (Figs. 264, 266-268); doliiform cells 5.6-6.4 x 4.8-6.4 Mm; cylindri- cal cells 6.4-36.0 x 2.4-4.0 jam; both 1.6-2.4 /im wide at apices. Conidia (Fig. 265) hyaline, smooth, fusiform to ovoid, 1-celled, thin-walled, 4.8-6.4 x 2.0-2.8 Mm; abundant, extruded from pyc- nidia in white, gloeoid masses. Chlamydospores (Figs. 269, 270) pale to dark brown, smooth, globose to ovoid, thick-walled, solitary or in chains, 7.7-11.0 x 6.1-8.3 Mm. Isolates Examined: S-2-3-12, isolated 7.VI.1984; S-3-2-18, isolated 28.VI.1984; D-5-2-11, D-5-2-17 (ILLS 45666, ATCC 62205), D-5-3- 9, S-5-3-7, isolated 22.VIII.1985; S-7-3-5 (ILLS 45665), isolated 25.X.1985. Comments: Two types of Conidiogenous cells were formed in pycnidia of P. terrestr/s: simple, obpyriform phialides; and cylin- drical, elongate, septate conidiophores with integrated conidi- ogenous cells. Morgan-Jones and White (1983b) recommended transfer of P. terrestr/s into Phoma because the fungus resembles Phoma leveillei Boerema and Bollen. Both species produce setose pycnidia. However, Boerema and Bollen (1975) state "the conidia in P. leveillei are produced on undifferentiated parent cells and not on elongated septate conidiophores as in true species of Pyrenochaeta DeNot." As Figs. 262-264 and 266-268 illustrate, both kinds of Conidiogenous cells are formed. This occurred regularly among the isolates examined in this study; therefore, we believe that they are best placed in Pyrenochaeta terrestr/s. Ramichloridium schu/zeri (Sacc.) de Hoog var. schulzeri de Hoog, Stud. Mycol. 15: 64. 1977. Figs. 198-205, 398, 400. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 398) 1.0-2.4 cm diam, white to pale salmon, mycelium mostly appressed, center fari- nose due to conidiophore production, border even, reverse white. Colonies on PDA (Fig. 400) becoming densely woolly, pale brown due to abundant conidiophore production, border un- even, reverse orange. Conidiophores (Figs. 198-202) macronema- tous, polyblastic, proliferating sympodially, medium brown, cylin- drical, often constricted at base (Fig. 200, arrow), straight, curved, or sharply bent; occasionally branched, 0-5-septate, 32.8-104.0 x 2.4-3.2 A»m; upper 1/2 to 2/3 covered with blunt denticles 0.8-1.6 Aim long, 0.8 Aim wide (Fig. 201); arising termi- nally or laterally from aerial or appressed mycelium (Fig. 205), single or in clumps. Conidia (Figs. 203, 204) pale brown, faintly ridged (Fig. 204), obovoid, base apiculate, 1-celled, occasionally with hyaline perisporium extending beyond spore wall (Fig. 203, arrow); 7.2-12.8 x 2.8-4.0 Aim; formed singly, readily dislodged from denticles. Isolates Examined: S-8-20-2 (ILLS 45667, ATCC 62206), isolated 20.X. 1983; D-4-4-7, isolated 16.VII.1985. Septonema chaetosp/ra (Grove) Hughes, Naturalist Jan. - Mar.:9. 1952. Figs. 206-210, 402. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 402) 0.5 cm diam, dark gray, aerial mycelium pale gray, woolly, border even, reverse dark gray. Conidiophores (Figs. 206, 207) micronematous, holo- blastic; pale olivaceous, smooth, cylindrical, straight or curved, multiseptate, often branched; 20.0-130.0 x 3.0-4.0 Aim; arising from aerial mycelium. Conidia (Figs. 208, 209) pale olivaceous, smooth, fusiform, tapering, ends truncate, 0-3-septate, 16.5-24.0 x 2.4-3.2 Aim; formed acropetally in long, simple, or branched chains (Fig. 209); chains spirally twisted (Fig. 210), separating readily into individual cells. Isolates Examined: S-3-13-3, isolated 7.VII.1983; S-9-9-3, isolated 23.XI.1983; S-1-14-2 (ATCC 62207), S-1-14-5 (ILLS 45668), isolated 11.IV.1984. Comments: Hughes (1952) transferred this species from Septocy- lindrium to Septonema. Septonema is characterized by simple to branched, little differentiated Conidiophores and branched chains of conidia (Barren 1968). Ellis (1976) later transferred this species to Heterocon/um, describing the Conidiophores and co- nidial chains as usually simple. However, isolates examined dur- ing this study exhibited frequent branching of both conidio- phores and conidial chains, suggesting that Septonema is a more appropriate genus for this fungus. Sistotrema brinkmannii (Bres.) John Erikss., K. Fysiogr. Sallsk. Lund. Forh. 18:17. 1948. Figs. 344-350, 426, 427. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 426) 6.2-7.0 cm diam, white, cottony to funiculose, with numerous hyphal coils (60-140 Aim diam); coarse hyphal strands in central portion of colony forming basidia; border thin, effuse, reverse uncolored. Covering plate by 3 wk (Fig. 427), irregularly funiculose, basidia and basid- iospores abundant. Hyphae hyaline, 3.2-4.0 Aim diam, with clamp connections (Fig. 344). Basidia (Figs. 345, 349) hyaline, clavate, 12.0-17.6 Aim long, 3.2-4.8 Mm diam at base, 4.0-4.8 Aim diam at apex; with 7-8 sterigmata (Fig. 346) 2.4 /urn long; formed on aerial, branched hyphal clusters (Fig. 348). Basidiospores (Fig. 347) hyaline, inamyloid, smooth, allantoid, 4.0-4.8 x 2.4 pm. Ana- morph Ptycnogaster-like, forming abundantly in aerial mycelium and in dense cluster immersed in agar. Conidia (Fig. 350) hyaline to subhyaline, staining deeply in aniline blue, smooth, globose to ovoid, 12.8-19.2 x 9.6-14.4 urn; forming in acropetal, branched chains, clamp connections between each cell. Isolate Examined: D-9-1-5 (ILLS 45669, living culture deposited with ATCC), isolated 23.XI.1983. Stagonospora hetemderae Carris, Glawe & Morgan-Jones, Myco- taxon 29:451. 1987. Figs. 271-277, 413, 414. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA 0.7-2.0 cm diam, white, pale gray to pink, woolly to funiculose, border even, reverse pale gray to pink. Ten-wk-old colonies on CMA (Figs. 413, 414) cov- ering plates, pale gray, often with pink to red pigment in agar of central portion of colony, dark gray to black areas with chlamydo- spores and pycnidia forming irregularly in agar; felty, woolly to floccose; reverse pale gray to red, with dark gray to black areas. Pycnidia (Fig. 271) black, globose, setose, mostly immersed, soli- tary or aggregated; 208-460 nm diam; forming after 1-2 mo cul- ture. Conidiogenous cells (Figs. 274-277) phialidic, hyaline, doli- iform to globose, forming periclinal thickenings, occasionally proliferating percurrently (Figs. 276, 277, arrows), 6.4-11.2 x 3.2- 5.6 /urn; arising from inner wall of pycnidium, separating readily from wall in squash mounts. Conidia (Fig. 273) hyaline to subhya- line, rarely becoming pale brown, thin-walled, smooth, fusiform to cylindrical, mostly 3-septate, with numerous lipid drops; 18.4- 27.6 x 4.0-6.4 /urn. Chlamydospores (Fig. 272) subhyaline to dark brown, globose, thick-walled (0.8 ^m thick), smooth to verrucu- lose, intercalary, in chains; 7.2-12.0 /xm diam; formed in clusters in agar, rarely in aerial mycelium. Isolates Examined: D-1-6-3, isolated 6.VI.1983; D-5-14-2, D-5- 19-3, isolated 23.VIII.1983; S-6-6-1, isolated 15.IX.1983; D-8-9-4, isolated 20.X.1983; D-2-4-8, isolated 14.VI.1984; D-3-1-1 (ILLS 45670), isolated 1.V1I.1985; D-5-1 (ATCC 62860), S-5-1 (ATCC 62861), isolated 22.VIII.1985; D-7-1-8, isolated 25.X.1985. Comments: This fungus was one of the predominant fungi iso- lated from H. g/yc/'nes cysts in this study and by Morgan-Jones et a/. (1981) in the southeastern United States. For further details, see Carris et a/. (1987). Staphylotrichum coccosporum J. Meyer & Nicot, Bull, trimest. Soc. Mycol. Fr. 72:323. 1957. Figs. 211-215, 403. Twenty-one-day-old colonies on PDA (Fig. 403) 7.6 cm diam, mycelium orange, woolly, fading to pale orange border, white floccose mycelium in center with red exudate droplets; agar buckled in center, border effuse, reverse orange-red fading to golden yellow. Conidiophores (Figs. 211, 215) macronematous, dark brown, becoming paler towards apices, smooth, cylindrical, bases swollen, 2-16-septate, apical branching racemose, branches dehiscing readily; erect, caespitose, distribution denser towards center of colony; 434-840 nm long, 6.0-8.0 ^m wide at base, 4.0- 6.0 fim wide at apex. Conidia (Figs. 212-214) subhyaline, wall faintly roughened (Fig. 212), globose, obovate, or pedicillate, 1-celled, thick-walled (1.2-1.6 jim thick); 10.0-20.0 urn diam; formed on aerial or submerged mycelium or on conidiophores; terminal, solitary or catenate (Fig. 214); forming gloeoid masses on conidiophores. Isolate Examined: S-7-1-7 (ILLS 45671, ATCC 62208), isolated 1.XI.1985. Stilbella bulbicola P. Henn., Hedwigia 44:176. 1905. Figs. 216-219. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA 1.4-2.5 cm diam, white to pale vinaceous, mycelium appressed, pale yellow synnemata forming in concentric zones; border even, reverse pale vinaceous. Conid- iophores macronematous, synnematous. Synnemata (Fig. 216) erect, unbranched, creamy white to yellow; stipes smooth, heads capitate, gloeoid; 84-136 ^m high, 8-16 nm wide at base, 6-8 /im wide at top of stipe, 32-70 pm wide at head. Conidiogenous cells (Figs. 217, 218) phialidic, hyaline, narrowly cylindrical, taper- ing neck, forming periclinal thickenings (Fig. 217, arrow) or col- larettes (Fig. 218, arrow); discrete and verticillate, 2-3 cells per whorl, 18.4-36.0 x 1.6-2.4 ^m. Conidia (Fig. 219) hyaline, smooth, ellipsoidal, 1-celled, 4.8-6.4 x 2.4-3.2 ^m; adhering in creamy white to yellow gloeoid mass. Isolates Examined: S-4-9-5, isolated 28.VII.1983; D-10-12-1, iso- lated 3.11.1984; D-1-12-1, isolated 11.IV.1984; D-4-1-17 (ILLS 45672), isolated 16.VII.1985. Thielavia ov/'spora Pidoplichko, Kirilenko, & Zakharchenko, Mi- krobiol. Zhurnal 35:724. 1974. Figs. 329-334, 423. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA 1.6 cm diam, white with dark gray to black cleistothecia forming, immersed in central portion of colony; aerial mycelium sparse, cottony, border even, reverse uncolored. Ten-day-old colonies on OA (Fig. 423) 4.0 cm diam, medium gray, becoming paler towards border, border even, re- verse pale gray. Cleistothecia (Fig. 329) dark brown to black, globose, glabrous, peridium textura angularis to ep/'dermo/'dea (Fig. 330), 46-74 /xm diam. Asci (Fig. 331) ovoid, thin-walled, 8- spored, spores irregularly biseriate, deliquescent, 18.4-22.4 x 10.4-14.4 Mm. Ascospores (Fig. 332) brown, smooth, broadly ob- ovoid, 1-celled, 1 apical germ pore in narrower end (Fig. 332, arrow), 8.0-10.4 x 5.6-7.2 pm. Conidia (Fig. 333) subhyaline, glo- bose to obovate, smooth, 4.8-6.4 nm diam; single or in chains of 2-3, formed as blown-out ends of short, lateral branches on hyphae. Isolate Examined: D-5-5-7 (ILLS 45673, ATCC 62178), isolated 22.VIII.1985. Comments: Thielavia ov/'spora is a little-known species described from soil in Russia (Arx 1975). In culture, T. ov/'spora forms abun- dant cleistothecia (Fig. 334) at all depths in the agar, causing older colonies to appear gray-black. Tremarospnaer/a fallax Mouton, Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belg. 25:155. 1886. Figs. 335-343, 424, 425. Two-mo-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 424) and OA (Fig. 425) cov- ering plates, medium gray, woolly, with numerous small pseu- dothecia on surface of agar or appressed to bottom of plate, or adhering to sides; reverse gray-brown. Pseudothecia (Figs. 335, 336) globose to obovoid, 240-380 (-420) x 160-260 (-360) Mm; covered with straight dark brown hairs up to 140 ^m long (Fig. 336) (mostly 70-80 Mm), 1.6-3.2 itm diam; wall 50-64 Mm thick, pale brown, (extura angularis with overlying dark brown hyphae forming textura intricata (Fig. 341), pale brown cell layer 4-5 cells wide, dark brown cell layer 1-3 cells wide, cells thick-walled. Asci (Fig. 337) clavate, bitunicate, 8-spored, spores biseriate, 156- 162 x 52-58 Mm; vertical striations ("nasse") present in ascus apex (Fig. 342), pseudoparaphyses hyaline, septate, filiform, 1.6-3.2 ^m wide. Ascospores (Figs. 338-340) dark brown with pale end cells, smooth, fusiform, straight to curved, thick-walled, 3-10-septate, •34 1 central cell often wider; 46-80 x 13-20 nm. Chlamydospores (Fig. 343) dark brown, smooth, globose to ovoid, thick-walled (0.8 Mm wide), 6.4-12.0 x 7.2-12.0 ftm; in branched and un- branched chains of up to 22 cells, intercalary, lateral and termi- nal, in aerial mycelium. Isolate Examined: S-9-11-3 (ILLS 45674, ATCC 62209), isolated 23.IX.1983. Comments: Pseudothecia formed in cultures grown on Difco CMA were thin-walled, small, and frequently did not produce ascospores. The few ascospores that were produced (Fig. 340) were smaller and more irregular in shape than those formed on homemade CMA, OA, and Difco PDA. Tricellula inaequalis van Beverwijk, Antonie von Leeuwenhoek 20:15. 1954. Figs. 220-225, 404. Three-wk-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 404) 3.0 cm diam, pale orange, slimy, mycelium mostly appressed, funiculose strands forming in center; border even, reverse pale orange. Conidio- phores micronematous, hyaline, smooth, branched, indetermi- nate, 1.6-2.4 jim diam. Conidiogenous cells (Figs. 220-222) mon- oblastic or polyblastic, hyaline, smooth, ampulliform to ellipsoidal, terminal or lateral, usually in clusters of variable num- ber, often forming dense heads (Fig. 222); 5.6-8.8 x 2.4-4.0 Mm. Conidia (Figs. 223-225) subhyaline, pale orange in mass, smooth, 2-3-celled (1 basal, 1 apical, and 1 lateral); basal and apical cells triangular to ellipsoidal, lateral cell ellipsoidal to allantoid; indi- vidual cells 3.9-6.6 x 2.2-3.3 Mm; total length of spore 9.6-13.6 Mm, total width 4.8-7.2 Mm. Isolate Examined: WEP 11-4 (ILLS 45678, ATCC 62179), isolated 12.V.1983, Wayne County, IL. Trichocladium opacum (Corda) Hughes, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 35:154. 1952. Figs. 226-230, 405. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 405) 1.5-2.0 cm diam, pale orange, aerial mycelium hyaline to pale gray, cottony, dark co- nidia forming in aerial mycelium and immersed in agar; border even, reverse pale orange to gray. Conidiogenous cells holoblas- tic, subhyaline to pale brown, 0-3-septate, smooth, cylindrical, widening towards spore, lipid drops conspicuous; lateral or ter- minal on aerial or immersed hyphae, frequently in clusters (Fig. 226); 7.2-16.0 x 2.4-7.2 Mm. Conidia (Figs. 227-230) medium brown, darkening towards apex, smooth, thick-walled, clavate to irregularly cylindrical, straight to curved, lipid drops conspicu- ous; with marked differences between spores produced in aerial mycelium and immersed in agar: aerial conidia (Figs. 227, 228) 2- 5 (-9)-septate, darker, 18.0-44.0 x 10.0-20.0 Mm, often with pale brown membraneous vesicle surrounding conidium (Fig. 227, ar- row); immersed conidia (Figs. 229, 230) paler brown, 3-9-septate, 22.0-76.0 x 10.0-24.0 Mm. Isolates Examined: S-4-2-14 (ILLS 45675), isolated 19.VII.1984; D8-1-13, D-8-2-14, isolated 13.X.1984. Trichoderma koningii Oudem., Archs. Neerl. Sci. 3(7):291. 1902. Figs. 231-233, 406. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 406) covering plate, white, mycelium appressed in center, becoming floccose towards bor- der, forming green conidiophores abundantly at border; reverse 35 uncolored to dull green. Conidiophores (Fig. 231) semi-macro- nematous, subhyaline, smooth, branched, erect, formed in tufts in ring-like zones, 6.4-38.4 x 3.2-4.0 urn. Conidiogenous cells (Fig. 232) phialidic, subhyaline, smooth, obpyriform with con- stricted bases, lateral or terminal, 4.8-8.0 x 3.2-4.0 nm. Conidia (Fig. 233) pale green, darker green in mass, smooth, ellipsoidal to subcylindrical, 1-celled, 4.0-4.8 x 2.4-3.2 nm; accumulating in dry masses at apices of phialides. Isolate Examined: S-6-5-2 (ILLS 45672, ATCC 62210), isolated 26.IX.1985. Tritirachium oryzae (Vincens) de Hoog, Stud. Mycol. 1:22. 1972. Figs. 234-237, 407. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 407) 0.4-2.0 cm diam, pink, pulvinate, aerial mycelium dense, cottony, conidiophores abun- dant, border even, reverse dull pink. Conidiophores (Figs. 234, 236) pink, smooth, cylindrical, tapering, bearing whorls of 2-3 conidiogenous cells, ascendent, up to 1227 ^m long, 2.2 Mm wide at base, 1.7 pm wide at apex. Conidiogenous cells (Figs. 235, 237) polyblastic, proliferating sympodially, pink, each con- sisting of smooth, tapering basal portion, 13.2-24.8 x 1.7-2.8 Mm; geniculate rachis with flattened conidial secession scars, 24.0- 29.1 x 1.7-2.2 Mm. Conidia hyaline, smooth, broadly ellipsoidal, 1-celled, 1.7-2.8 x 1.1-2.2 Mm. Isolate Examined:D-3-15-2 (ATCC 62211), isolated 15.VII.1983. Vo/ute//a ci/;ata (Alb. & Schw.) Fr., Syst. Mycol. vol. Ill: 467. 1832. Figs. 238-243, 408. Seven-day-old colonies on CMA (Fig. 408) 1.5-2.3 cm diam, white to pale yellow, mycelium mostly appressed, forming con- centric ring-like zones, sporodochia forming in center; border even, reverse pale yellow. Conidiomata sporodochial (Figs. 238, 239), pale yellow, slimy, pulvinate, discrete or coalescing, sur- rounded by fringe of setae; 60-300 Mm diam. Setae (Fig. 240) hyaline, smooth, subulate, thick-walled, curving over sporo- dochia; 100-500 x 4.0-10.0 MTI. Conidiogenous cells (Figs. 241, 243) phialidic, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical with bluntly tapered apex, base often slightly constricted, collarette present (Fig. 243, arrow); in densely branched heads; 7.2-13.6 x 2.4-3.2 ^m. Conidia (Fig. 242) hyaline, smooth, ellipsoidal to obovoid, 1-celled; 4.8- 8.8 x 2.4-3.2 Mm; accumulating in slimy, pale yellow masses on sporodochia. Isolates Examined: D-9-5-16 (ILLS 45677, ATCC 62212), isolated 7.XI.1984; S-4-2-15, isolated 25.VII.1985. Literature Cited 36 Abel, G.H. 1977. Brown stem rot of soybean. Cephalosporium gregatum. Rev. Plant Pathol. 56:1065-1077. Allington, W.B. and D.W. Chamberlain. 1948. Brown stem rot of soybean. Phytopathology 38:793-802. Ames, L.M. 1961. A monograph of the Chaetomiaceae. U.S. Army Res. Dev. Series No. 2. Anonymous. 1984. The soybean cyst nematode. W.F. Moore, chairman. The American Soybean Association and the South- ern Soybean District Workers, Mississippi State University. Arx, J.A. von. 1975. On Thielavia and some similar genera of Ascomycetes. Stud. Mycol. (Baarn) 8:1-32. Barren, G.L. 1968. The Genera of Hyphomycetes from Soil. Balti- more: Williams & Wilkins. Boerema, G.H. and G.J. Bollen. 1975. Conidiogenesis and conid- ial septation as differentiating criteria between Phoma and As- cochyta. Persoonia 8:111-144. Carris, L.M. and D.A. Glawe. 1984. Chalara heteroderae, a new species isolated from cysts of Heterodera g/yc/nes in Illinois. Mycotaxon 21:441-448. 1987. Chaetomium histoplasmoides, a new spe- cies isolated from cysts of Heterodera glycines in Illinois. Myco- taxon 29:383-391. Carris, L, D. Glawe, and L.E. Gray. 1986. Isolation of the soybean pathogens Corynespora cass/'/'co/a and Phialophora gregata from cysts of Heterodera glycines in Illinois. Mycologia 78:503-506. Carris, L., D. Glawe, and G. Morgan-Jones. 1987. Stagonospora heteroderae, a new species isolated from cysts of Heterodera glycines. Mycotaxon 29:451-455. Chesters, C.G.C., and G.N. Greenhalgh. 1964. Ceniculosporium serpens gen. and sp. nov., the imperfect state of Hypoxylon serpens. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 47:393-401. Domsch, K.H., W. Gams, and T.H. Anderson. 1980. Compendium of Soil Fungi. Vols. I and II. London. Academic Press. Downing, M.H. 1953. Botryotrichum and Coccospora. Mycologia 45:934-940. Ellis, M.B. 1976. More Demat/aceous Hyphomycetes. Commonw. Mycol. Inst., Kew. Ellis, M.B. and P. Holliday. 1971. Corynespora cassiicola. Com- monw. Mycol. Inst. Desc. Pathog. Fungi Bact. No. 303. Fort, F. and J. Guarro. 1984. Cristaspora, a new genus of the Eurotiales. Mycologia 76:1115-1118. Gams, W. 1971. Cephalosporium-artige Schimmelpilze. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag. Gamundi, I.J., A.M. Arambarri, and A. Giaiotti. 1977. Micoflora de la hojarasca de Nothofagus dombeyi. Darwiniana 21:94-114. Gintis, B.O., G. Morgan-Jones, and R. Rodriguez-Kabana. 1982. Mycoflora of young cysts of Heterodera glycines in North Car- olina soils. Nematropica 12:295-303. 1983. Fungi associated with several develop- mental stages of Heterodera glycines from an Alabama soybean field soil. Nematropica 13:181-200. Godoy, G., R. Rodriguez-Kabana, and G. Morgan-Jones. 1982. Parasitism of eggs of Heterodera glycines and Meloidogyne ar- enaria by fungi isolated from cysts of H. glycines. Nematropica 12:111-119. Goswami, B.K. and H.J. Rumpenhorst. 1978. Association of an unknown fungus with potato cyst nematodes, G/obodera rost- ochiensis and G. pallida. Nematologia 24:251-256. Greenhalgh, G.N. and C.G.C. Chesters. 1968. Conidiophore mor- phology in some British members of the Xylariaceae. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 51:57-82. Hawksworth, D.L. and H. Wells. 1973. Ornamentation on the hairs in Chaetomium Kunze ex Fr. and some allied genera. Mycol. Papers 134:1-24. Hotson, J.W. 1917. Notes on bulbiferous fungi with a key to described species. Bot. Gaz. 64:265-284. Hughes, S.J. 1952. Four species of Septonema. Naturalist Jan.- 37 Mar.:7-12. Jong, S.C. and J.D. Rogers. 1972. Illustrations and descriptions of conidial states of some Hypoxy/on species. Wash. State Univ. Coll. Agric. Tech. Bull. 71. Kerry, B.R. 1975. Fungi and the decrease of cereal cyst-nema- tode populations in cereal monoculture. EPPO Bull. 5:353-361. Melton, T.A., B.J. Jacobsen, D.I. Edwards, and G.P. Noel. 1985. The soybean cyst nematode problem. Report on Plant Dis- eases No. 501. University of Illinois Cooperative Extension Ser- vice, Urbana, IL. Morgan-Jones, G., B.O. Gintis, and R. Rodriguez-Kabana. 1981. Fungal colonization of Heterodera glycines cysts in Arkansas, Florida, Mississippi and Missouri soils. Nematropica 11:155-163. 1984a. Species of Cha/ara and Scytalidium iso- lated from cysts of Heterodera glycines. Mycologia 76:211-217. Morgan-Jones, G. and R. Rodriguez-Kabana. 1985. Phytonema- tode pathology: Fungal modes of action. A perspective. Nema- tropica 15:107-114. Morgan-Jones, G., R. Rodriguez-Kabana, and J. Gomez Tovar. 1984b. Fungi associated with cysts of Heterodera glycines in the Cauca Valley, Colombia. Nematropica 14:173-177. Morgan-Jones, G. and J.F. White. 1983a. Studies in the genus Phoma. I. Phoma americana sp. nov. Mycotaxon 16:403-413. 1983b. Studies in the genus Phoma. III. Para- phoma, a new genus to accommodate Phoma radicina. Myco- taxon 18:57-65. Nigh, E.A., I.J. Thomason, and S.D. Van Gundy. 1980. Identifica- tion and distribution of fungal parasites of Heterodera schachtii eggs in California. Phytopathology 70:884-889. Pitt, J.I. 1973. An appraisal of identification methods for Penicil- Hum species — Novel taxonomic criteria based on tempera- ture and water relations. Mycologia 65:1135-1157. Samson, R.A. 1974. Paecilomyces and some allied Hyphomycetes. Stud. Mycology (Baarn) 6:1-113. Sinclair, J.B., editor. 1982. Compendium of Soybean Diseases. St. Paul, MN: American Phytopathological Society. Southey, J.F., editor. 1970. Laboratory Methods for Work with Plant and Soil Nematodes. Tech. Bull. No. 2. Minist. Agric., Fish., Food. London. Stevens, R.B., editor. 1974. Mycology Guide Book. Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press. Tribe, H.T. 1977. Pathology of cyst-nematodes. Biol. Rev. 52: 477-507. Weresub, L.K. and P.M. LeClair. 1971. On Papulaspora and bulbi- ferous basidiomycetes Burgoa and Minimedusa. Can. J. Bot. 49:2203-2213. Photographs of Species F'SS- 1-6- Acremonium kiliense. Figs. 1, 2. Conidiogenous cells. x835. Fig. 3. Conidiogenous cell proliferating at apex (arrow). X2090. Fig. 4. Conidia. X2090. Fig. 5. Chlamydospores. X2090. Fig. 6. Chlamydospores stained in aniline blue. X2090. Figs. 7-9. Acremonium sclerotigenum. •™ Fig. 7. Conidiogenous cell. X2090. Fig. 8. Base of roughened Conidiogenous cell stained in aniline blue. X2090. Fig. 9. Conidia. X2090. Figs. 10-13. Alternaria alternata. Fig. 10. Roughened wall of conidium. X2090. Fig. 11. Conidiogenous cell. X2090. Fig. 12. Conidium. X2090. Fig. 13. Conidial chain. x835. Figs. 14, 15. Aphanodadium album. Fig. 14. Conidiogenous cells and conidia. Note narrowed neck on Conidiogenous cell on right. X2090. Fig. 15. Conidiogenous cell and developing conidium. X2090. Figs. 16-19. Arthrocladium caudatum. Fig. 16. Reduced conidiophores. x835. Fig. 17. Elongate conidiophore with developing conidium. x835. Fig. 18. Conidium. x835. Fig. 19. Conidium disarticulating at first septum. x835. Figs. 20-23. Aureobasidium pullulans. Fig. 20. Secondary conidium developing from primary conidium. X2090. Fig. 21. Conidia forming from terminal Conidiogenous cell. x835. Fig. 22. Conidia. X2090. Fig. 23. Conidia forming from undifferentiated intercalary conid- iogenous cell. x835. Figs. 24-27. Arthrobotrys oligospora. Fig. 24. Apex of conidiophore. x835. Fig. 25. Conidia. x835. Fig. 26. Conidiogenous node with blunt denticles. x2090. Fig. 27. Conidia in clusters on conidiophores in culture. x80. 18 39 27 Figs. 28-32. Botryotrichum piluliferum. Fig. 28. Cluster of conidia. X2188. Fig. 29. Darkened conidium. X2188. Fig. 30. Subhyaline conidium lacking dark membrane. X2188. Fig. 31. Phialide and conidia. X2188. Fig. 32. Ornamentation on seta. X2188. Figs. 33-37. Camposporium pellucidum. Figs. 33, 34. Conidiophores. x835. Fig. 35. Conidium with rounded apex. x835. Fig. 36. Conidium with short apical appendage. x835. Fig. 37. Conidium with long, flexuous appendage. x835. Figs. 38-43. Cha/ara neteroc/erae. Fig. 38. Conidiogenous cell with periclinal thickening (arrow). X2500. Fig. 39. Verruculose hyphae. X2500. Fig. 40. Conidiogenous cells subtended by spheroidal cells. x770. Fig. 41. Pyriform, globose, and cylindrical conidia. X2500. Fig. 42. Cylindrical conidia in chain. x2700. Fig. 43. Globose conidia. X2500. Figs. 44-47. C/adospor/um c/adosporioides. Fig. 44. Conidia. x 2090. Fig. 45. Conidiogenous cell (detached). X2090. Fig. 46. Conidiophore. X2090. Fig. 47. Roughening on conidiophore. x2090. 41 6 IB" Figs. 48-52. D/'ctyoc/iaeta heteroderae. Fig. 48. Conidiophore with rhizoid-like basal branching. x835. Fig. 49. Conidiophores. X835. Fig. 50. Proliferating conidiogenous cell (arrow). x835. Fig. 51. Polyphialide. X2188. Fig. 52. Conidia. x835. Figs. 53-58. Corynespora cass/'/co/a. Fig. 53. Conidiophore. x835. Fig. 54. Vesicle developing at base of conidium. x835. Fig. 55. Conidial wall roughening. X2188. Fig. 56. Conidium. X835. Fig. 57. Conidia in chain. x209. Fig. 58. Pore at apex of conidiogenous cell. x2188. Figs. 59-63. Cylindrocarpon destructans. Figs. 59, 62. Conidiophores. x835. Fig. 60. Microconidia and macroconidia. x835. Fig. 61. Chlamydospores. x835. Fig. 63. Macroconidia. X835. Figs. 64-68. Cylindrocarpon fusiforme. Fig. 64. Conidiogenous cell with periclinal thickening (arrow). X2090. Fig. 65. Conidiophore. x835. Fig. 66. Conidia. x2090. Fig. 67. Conidia in imbricate chain. x80. Fig. 68. Chlamydospores with roughened walls. X2090. 43 Figs. 69-73. Cylindrocarpon magnusianum. Fig. 69. Sclerotial body produced in culture. x250. Fig. 70. Pseudoparenchymatous tissue composing sclerotial bod- ies. X835. Fig. 71. Conidiogenous cells with periclinal thickenings (arrows). X2090. Fig. 72. Conidiophore. x835. Fig. 73. Macroconidia and microconidia. X2090. 44 Figs. 74-78. Dacty/ar/a acerosa. Figs. 74-77. Conidiophores. X2188. Fig. 78. Conidia. X2188. Figs. 79-85. Dendryphion nanum. Figs. 79-81. Conidiophores. x835. Fig. 82. Pore in apex of conidiophore. x2188. Figs. 83-85. Conidia. x835. Figs. 86-89. Drechslera avenae. Figs. 86, 87. Conidiophores. x835. Fig. 88. Conidia. X835. Fig. 89. Roughening on wall of conidium. X2188. Figs. 90-93. Diheterospora chlamydosporia. Fig. 90. Conidiogenous cells and conidia. X2188. Figs. 91, 92. Developing dictyospores. X2188. Fig. 93. Mature dictyospore. X2188. Figs. 94-96. Engyodontium album. Figs. 94, 95. Conidiogenous cells. X2188. Fig. 96. Conidia. X2188. 46 Figs. 97-100. Epicoccum purpurascens. Fig. 97. Sporodochia in culture. x20. Fig. 98. Conidiogenous cells. X2090. Fig. 99. Conidium bleached with NaOCI to show septation. X2090. Fig. 100. Conidium. X2090. Figs. 101-105. Exophiala pisdphila. Figs. 101-103. Conidiogenous cells. X2188. Fig. 104. Conidiogenous cell with annellated neck region (arrow). X2188. Fig. 105. Conidia. X2188. 47 105 Figs. 106-109. Fusarium aquaeductuum var. medium. Fig. 106. Conidiophore with reduced conidiogenous loci (arrow). x835. Fig. 107. Conidiophore. x835. Fig. 108. Conidiogenous cells. x2090. Fig. 109. Conidia. X835. Figs. 110-113. Fusarium equiseti. Fig. 110. Conidiophores. Arrow indicates collarette. x835. Fig. 111. Microconidia. x835. Fig. 112. Chlamydospore. x836. Fig. 113. Macroconidia. x835. Figs. 114-119. Fusarium oxysporum. Figs. 114, 115. Conidiogenous cells. Arrow indicates periclinal thickening. X2188. Fig. 116. Microconidia. X2188. Fig. 117. Macroconidia. X835. Fig. 118. Smooth-walled chlamydospore. X2188. Fig. 119. Rough-walled chlamydospores. X2188. Figs. 120-125. Fusarium so/an/. Fig. 120. Conidiogenous cell with periclinal thickening (arrow). X2188. Figs. 121, 122. Conidiophores. X835. Fig. 123. Macroconidium. X2188. Fig. 124. Microconidia. X2188. Fig. 125. Chlamydospores. X2188. 49 Figs. 126-128. Gen/cu/ospor/um sp. Fig. 126. Conidiophores. x209. Fig. 127. Conidiogenous cell. Note circular scars. X2090. Fig. 128. Conidia. X2090. Figs. 129-131. Cliocladium catenulatum. Fig. 129. Primary conidiophore. x835. Fig. 130. Secondary conidiophore. x835. 50 Fig. 131. Conidia. x2188. Figs. 132-134. Gliocladium roseum. Fig. 132. Secondary conidiophore. x835. Fig. 133. Primary conidiophores. x209. Fig. 134. Conidia. x2188. Figs. 135-139. Gonytric/ium macrocladium. Fig. 135. Conidiophores. x835. Fig. 136. Proliferating conidiophore (arrow). x835. Fig. 137. Collar hyphae. x835. Fig. 138. Conidiogenous cell. X2188. Fig. 139. Conidiophores on aerial hyphae. x80. 128 51 Figs. 140-144. Humicola fuscoatra. Subhyaline and darkened conidia. X2090. Figs. 145-148. Lecythophora hoffmannii. Figs. 145-147. Conidiogenous cells. Arrows indicate collarettes. X2090. Fig. 148. Conidia. X2090. Figs. 149-152. Mar/annaea e/egans. 52 Fig. 149. Conidiophores. x209. Fig. 150. Roughened base of conidiophore. X2090. Fig. 151. Conidia. X2090. Fig. 152. Imbricate chain of conidia. Arrow indicates conidioge- nous locus. x835. Figs. 153-156. Metarhizium anisopliae. Fig. 153. Conidiogenous cells. X2188. Fig. 154. Conidiophores. x875. Fig. 155. Conidia. X2188. Fig. 156. Angular columns of conidia in culture. x80. Figs. 157-162. Mycocentrospora acerina. Fig. 157. Torulose clusters of cells. x835. Figs. 158, 159. Conidiophores. X2090. Fig. 160. Detached conidiophore. Arrows indicate sympodial proliferations. x835. Fig. 161. Conidium. x835. Fig. 162. Clusters of conidia in culture. x50. 140 fc V 53 162 Figs. 163-164. N/grospora sphaerica. Conidiogenous cells and conidia. x835. Figs. 165-168. Paeo'/omyces Hlacinus. Fig. 165. Conidiophore. x835. Fig. 166. Conidiophore on aerial hypha. x835. Fig. 167. Conidiogenous cells. x2090. Fig. 168. Conidia. x2090. -. Figs. 169, 170. Paeci/omyces marquandii. Fig. 169. Conidiophore. x835. Fig. 170. Chain of conidia. X2090. Figs. 171-175. Papu/aspora sp. Fig. 171. Enlarging cells of papulaspore primordium. X835. Fig. 172. Papulaspore primordium. x835. Fig. 173. Mature papulaspore. x835. Fig. 174. Papulaspore bleached in NaOCI to show central cells. X835. Fig. 175. Sheathing cells of papulaspore. X835. 55 Figs. 176-181. Penicillium oxalicum. Figs. 176, 177. Conidiophores. x835. Fig. 178. Conidiogenous cells and chains of conidia. x2090. Fig. 179. Conidiogenous cells with periclinal thickening (arrow). X2090. Fig. 180. Wall roughenings on conidia. Arrow indicates scar on conidium. x2090. Fig. 181. Conidia joined by connective (arrow). X2090. Figs. 182-185. Pericon/a macrosp/'nosa. Fig. 182. Conidiophore. x835. Fig. 183. Conidiogenous cells. X2090. Fig. 184. Conidium. X2090. Fig. 185. Chlamydospores. x2090. Figs. 186-189. Phaeo/saria c/emat/d/s. Figs. 186, 187. Conidiophores. x835. Fig. 188. Conidiophores on funiculose hyphae. x835. Fig. 189. Conidiophore showing denticles and developing co- nidium. X2090. Figs. 190-194. Ptoaeoramu/aria sp. Figs. 190-192. Conidiophores. x835. Fig. 193. Conidiogenous cell with circular Conidiogenous scars (arrow). X2090. Fig. 194. Cluster of conidia. x835. 57 Figs. 195-197. Phialophora gregata. Fig. 195. Cluster of conidiogenous cells. X2090. Fig. 196. Conidiogenous cells and conidia. X2090. Fig. 197. Conidiogenous cell with collarette (arrow). X2090. Figs. 198-205. Ramichloridium schulzeri van schulzeri. Figs. 198-199. Conidiophores. X835. Fig. 200. Conidiophore constricted at base (arrow). x2090. Fig. 201. Denticles on conidiophore. x2090. Fig. 202. Conidiogenous apex and developing conidium. X2090. Fig. 203. Conidia. Arrow indicates hyaline perisporium. X2090. Fig. 204. Conidial wall ornamentation. X2090. Fig. 205. Conidiophores covered with conidia in culture. x200. Figs. 206-210. Septonema chaetosp/ra. Fig. 206. Conidiophore and branched chains of conidia. x835. Fig. 207. Conidiophore. x835. Fig. 208. Conidium with new conidium forming at apex. X2090. Fig. 209. Conidia. x835. Fig. 210. Spirally twisted chains of conidia in culture. x100. 59 Figs. 211-215. Staphylotrichum coccosporum. Fig. 211. Branch of conidiophore. X835. Fig. 212. Roughenings on conidial walls. X2090. Fig. 213. Mycelial conidium. x835. Fig. 214. Catenate conidia. x835. Fig. 215. Conidiophores and conidia in culture. x40. Figs. 216-219. S(//6e//a bulbicola. Fig. 216. Synnema. x209. Fig. 217. Conidiogenous cells with periclinal thickening (arrow). X209. Fig. 218. Conidiogenous cells with collarette (arrow). X2090. Fig. 219. Conidia. X2090. Figs. 220-225. Tricellula inaequalis. Figs. 220-222. Conidiogenous cells. Arrow indicates developing conidium. X2090. Figs. 223, 224. Developing conidia. Arrow indicates primary cell. X2090. Fig. 225. Mature conidia. X2090. 61 Figs. 226-230. Trichocladium opacum. Fig. 226. Cluster of conidia forming in agar. x50. Fig. 227. Aerial conidium with membranous vesicle (arrow). x835. Fig. 228. Aerial conidium. x835. Figs. 229, 230. Conidia formed in agar. x835. Figs. 231-233. Trichoderma koningii. Fig. 231. Conidiophore. x835. Fig. 232. Conidiogenous cells. X2090. Fig. 233. Conidia. X2090. Figs. 234-237. Tritirachium oryzae. Fig. 234. Apical portion of whorled conidiophore. x875. Fig. 235. Conidiogenous cell. Arrows indicate flattened conidial secession scars. X2188. Fig. 236. Conidiophores in culture. x60. Fig. 237. Conidiogenous cell and conidia. X2188. Figs. 238-243. Vo/ure//a dliata. Figs. 238, 239. Sporodochia in culture. Note fringes of setae. x75. Fig. 240. Apex of seta showing thickened walls. x2090. Fig. 241. Conidiogenous cells. X2090. Fig. 242. Conidia. X2090. Fig. 243. Conidiogenous cell with collarette (arrow). x2090. 63 243 Figs. 244-247. Microsphaeropsis olivacea. Fig. 244. Pycnidia in culture. x30. Figs. 245, 246. Conidiogenous cells. Arrow indicates periclinal thickening. X2090. Fig. 247. Conidia. X2090. Figs. 248-252. Paraphoma radicina. Fig. 248. Pycnidium. x150. 64 Fig. 249. Pycnidial hair. X2090. Fig. 250, 251. Conidiogenous cells. x2090. Fig. 252. Conidia. X2090. Figs. 253-258. Phoma medacaginis var. pinodella-. Fig. 253. Pycnidia in culture. Note 2 ostioles on pycnidium on right. x60. Fig. 254. Pycnidium. x209. Figs. 255-256. Conidiogenous cells. X2090. Fig. 257. Chlamydospores. x835. Fig. 258. Conidia. X2090. 65 258 Figs. 259-270. Pyrenochaeta terrestris. Fig. 259. Pycnidium with setose neck region. x209. Fig. 260. Peridium. x835. Fig. 261. Pycnidium with 2 elongate necks. x100. Figs. 262, 263. Simple conidiogenous cells. x2090. Fig. 264. Septate conidiophore. Arrow indicates periclinal thick- ening. X2090. Fig. 265. Conidia. x2090. Fig. 266. Conidiogenous cell with annellations (arrow). X2090. Fig. 267. Conidiogenous cells. x2090. Fig. 268. Conidiogenous cells with periclinal thickenings (on left) and annellations (on right). X2090. Figs. 269, 270. Chlamydospores. X2090. Figs. 271-277. Stagonospora heteroderae. Fig. 271. Pycnidia in culture. x40. Fig. 272. Chlamydospores. X2090. Fig. 273. Conidium. X2090. Figs. 274, 275. Conidiogenous cells. Arrows indicate hyaline ge- latinous material at base of conidia. X2090. Figs. 276, 277. Conidiogenous cells with periclinal thickenings (arrows). X2090. 67 Figs. 278-283. Chaetomium cochliodes. Fig. 278. Perithecium with coiled hairs. x100. Fig. 279. Peridium with textura intricata. x2090. Fig. 280. Ornamentation on perithecial hair. X2090. Figs. 281-282. Asci. x835. Fig. 283. Ascospore. X2090. Figs. 284-288. Chaetomium perlucidum. Fig. 284. Perithecium with coiled hairs. x100. Fig. 285. Ornamentation on perithecial hair. X2090. Fig. 286. Asci. x835. Fig. 287. Ascospore. x2090. Fig. 288. Ascospore with subapical pore (arrow). X2090. 69 284 Figs. 289-299. Chaetomium histoplasmoides. Fig. 289. Perithecia with coiled hairs. x209. Fig. 290. Peridium. x835. Fig. 291. Perithecium in culture. X100. Fig. 292. Ornamentation on perithecial hairs. x2090. Fig. 293. Developing asci. x2090. Fig. 294. Apical pore on ascospore (arrow). x2090. Fig. 295. Ascospores. x835. Fig. 296. Smooth-walled conidium. x2090. Figs. 297-298. Tuberculate conidia. X2090. Fig. 299. Mycelial hairs ("setae") in clusters on hyphal coils. x40. 71 Figs. 300-305. Cristaspora arx/i. Fig. 300. Cleistothecia in culture. x50. Fig. 301. Peridium. X2090. Fig. 302. Overlaying hyphae on peridium. X2090. Fig. 303. Asci. X2090. Fig. 304. Ascospores with equatorial furrow (arrow). X2090. Fig. 305. Catenate asci. X2090. Figs. 306-309. Melanospora zamiae. 72 Fig. 306. Perithecium. x70. Fig. 307. Ascospores. x835. Fig. 308. Conidiogenous cell of anamorph. X2090. Fig. 309. Bulbil-like structures in culture. x209. Figs. 310-316. Plectosphaerella cucumerina. Fig. 310. Perithecium. x300. Fig. 311. Perithecial hairs. x835. Fig. 312. Ascospore. X2090. Fig. 313. Conidiogenous cell of anamorph. x2090. Fig. 314. Conidia. X2090. Fig. 315. Roughening on ascospore walls. X2090. Fig. 316. Ascus. X2090. .*» L **3pr* 'Ifc'viV.' * .//// } ~\ 73 313 Figs. 317-321. Nectria sp. Fig. 317. Perithecium. x230. Fig. 318. Perithecia in culture with ascospores in masses at os- tioles (arrow). x40. Fig. 319. Asci. x207. Fig. 320. Ascus. X835. Fig. 321. Ascospores. x835. Figs. 322-328. Neocosmospora vasinfecta. 74 Fig. 322. Perithecia in culture with ascospores in masses at os- tioles. x70. Fig. 323. Peridium. X2164. Fig. 324. Ascospores. X2090. Fig. 325. Chlamydospore. X2090. Fig. 326. Wall roughening on ascospore. X2090. Fig. 327. Conidiogenous cell and conidia of anamorph. X2090. Fig. 328. Ascus. x835. 75 Figs. 329-334. Thielavia ovispora. Fig. 329. Cleistothecia. x835. Fig. 330. Peridium. X2090. Fig. 331. Ascus. X2090. Fig. 332. Ascospores. Arrow indicates apical pore. X2090. Fig. 333. Conidia of anamorph. x835. Fig. 334. Cleistothecia in culture. x60. Figs. 335-343. Trematosphaeria fallax. 76 Fig. 335. Mature pseudothecia. x75. Fig. 336. Developing pseudothecium with hairs. x40. Fig. 337. Ascus (stained in cotton blue). x209. Figs. 338, 339. Ascospores. x835. Fig. 340. Ascospore on CMA. x835. Fig. 341. Peridium. X2353. Fig. 342. "Nassee" in ascus apex. X2353. Fig. 343. Chlamydospores. x835. 77 Figs. 344-350. Sistotrema brinkmannii. Fig. 344. Clamp connections. X2090. Fig. 345. Basidia. X835. Fig. 346. Seven-sterigmate basidium with basidiospores. X2090. Fig. 347. Basidiospores. X2090. Fig. 348. Aerial clusters of hyphae. x50. Fig. 349. Basidium and basidiospores. X2090. Fig. 350. Ptychogaster-like anamorph. Note clamp connections between cells. X2090. 78 Figs. 351-355. Mortierella e/ongata. Fig. 351. Sporangiospores. X2090. Fig. 352. Sporangiophore. x835. Fig. 353. Apex of sporangiophore. X2090. Fig. 354. Sporangium. X2090. Fig. 355. Chlamydospores. x835. 79 355 Fig. 356. Acremonium kiliense. Fourteen days on CMA. xO.90. Fig. 357. A. sclerotigenum. Seven days on CMA. xO.90. Fig. 358. Alternaria alternata. Seven days on CMA. xO.90. Fig. 359. Aphanocladium album. Seven days on CMA. xO.90. Fig. 360. Arthrobotrys oligospora. One mo on CMA. xO.80. Fig. 361. Arthrocladium caudatum. Seven days on CMA. xO.90. Fig. 362. Aureobasidium pullulans. Seven days on CMA. xO.80. Fig. 363. Botryotrichum piluliferum. Five wk on PDA. xO.80. Fig. 364. Camposporium pelluddum. Seven days on CMA. xO.90. Fig. 365. Chalara heteroderae. Seven days on CMA. xO.90. Fig. 366. Cladosporium cladosporioides. Seven days on CMA. xO.90. Fig. 367. Botryotrichum piluliferum. Five wk on PDA. xO.80. 81 Fig. 368. Corynespora cassiicola. Five wk on CMA. xO.90. Fig. 369. Cylindrocarpon destructans. Seven days on CMA. xO.80. Fig. 370. C. fusiforme. Twenty-one days on CMA. xO.90. Fig. 371. C. magnusianum. One mo on CMA. xO.90. Fig. 372. Dacty/ar/a acerosa. One mo on MEA. xO.90. Fig. 373. Drechs/era avenae. One mo on CMA. xO.86. Fig. 374. Dendryphion nanum. Seven days on CMA. xO.80. Fig. 375. Diheterospora chlamydosporia. Fourteen days on CMA. xO.90. Fig. 376. Engyodontium album. Seven days on CMA. xO.86. Fig. 377. Epicoccum purpurascens. Seven days on CMA. xO.86. 83 Fig. 378. Exophiala pisciphila. Seven days on CMA. xO.80. Fig. 379. Fusarium aquaeductuum var. medium. Seven days on CMA. xO.90. Fig. 380. F. equiseti. Fourteen days on CMA. xO.90. Fig. 381. F. oxysporum. Seven days on CMA. xO.90. Fig. 382. F. so/an/. Seven days on CMA. xO.80. Fig. 383. Geniculosporium sp. One mo on CMA. xO.90. Fig. 384. Gliocladium catenu/atum. Seven days on CMA. xO.90. Fig. 385. Gonytr/chum macrocladium. Ten days on CMA. xO.80. Fig. 386. Humicola fuscoatra. Seven days on CMA. xO.90. Fig. 387. Geniculosporium sp. One mo on PDA. xO.90. Fig. 388. Gliocladium roseum. Seven days on CMA. xO.90. 85 Fig. 389. Lecythophora hoffmannii. Seven days on CMA. xO.90. Fig. 390. Mariannaea elegans. Seven days on CMA. xO.80. Fig. 391. Metarhizium anisopliae. Seven days on CMA. xO.90. Fig. 392. Mycocentrospora acerina. Seven days on CMA. xO.90. Fig. 393. Paec/'/omyces Hlacinus. Seven days on CMA. xO.90. Fig. 394. P marquandii. Seven days on CMA. xO.80. Fig. 395. Papu/aspora sp. Seven days on CMA. xO.80. Fig. 396. Penicillium oxa/icum. Seven days on CMA. xO.90. Fig. 397. Periconia macrosp/nosa. Seven days on CMA. xO.90. Fig. 398. Ramichloridium schulzeri var. schulzeri. Seven days on 86 CMA. xO.80. Fig. 399. Phialophora gregata. Seven days on CMA. xS.OO. Fig. 400. Ramichloridium schulzeri var. schulzeri. Five wk on PDA. xO.80. Fig. 401. Phaeoramularia sp. Seven days on CMA. xO.90. 87 390 399 Fig. 402. Septonema chaetospira. Seven days on CMA. xO.90. Fig. 403. Staphylotrichum coccosporum. Three wk on PDA. xO.90. Fig. 404. Tricellula inaequalis. Three wk on CMA. xO.86. Fig. 405. Trichocladium opacum. Seven days on CMA. xO.90. Fig. 406. Trichoderma koningii. Seven days on CMA. xO.90. Fig. 407. Tritirachium oryzae. Seven days on CMA. xO.90. Fig. 408. Vo/ute//a c/'/fata. Seven days on CMA. xO.80. Fig. 409. Microsphaeropsis olivacea. Seven days on CMA. xO.80. Fig. 410. Paraphoma radidna. Two mo on CMA. xO.90. Fig. 411. Phoma medacaginis var. pinodella. Seven days on PDA. 88 xO.80. Fig. 412. Pyrenochaeta terrestris. Three wk on CMA. xO.80. 89 Fig. 413. Stagonospora heteroderae. Ten wk on CMA. xO.86. Fig. 414. S. heteroderae. Ten wk on CMA. xO.86. Fig. 415. Chaetomium cochliodes. Two wk on CMA. xO.90. Fig. 416. C. histoplasmoides. Two wk on CMA. xO.90. Fig. 417. C. histoplasmoides. Two wk on CMA. xO.90. Fig. 418. C. histoplasmoides. Two wk on CMA. xO.90. Fig. 419. C. perlucidum. One wk on CMA. xO.90. Fig. 420. Cristaspora arxii. Three wk on CMA. xO.80. Fig. 421. Nectria sp. One wk on CMA. xO.80. Fig. 422. Neocosmospora vasinfecta. Two mo on CMA. xO.86. 90 91 Fig. 423. Thielavia ow'spora. Ten days on CMA. xO.80. Fig. 424. Trematosp/iaeria fallax. Two mo on CMA. xO.90. Fig. 425. T. fallax. Two mo on CMA. xO.90. Fig. 426. S/stotrema brinkmannii. Seven days on CMA. xO.86. Fig. 427. S. brinkmannii. Three wk on CMA. xO.90. Fig. 428. Mortierella elongata. One wk on CMA. xO.90. 92 93 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA 30112027513750