m-6

Gen -sUi4cd PufHUlL

the Fungin 6

Newsletter of theTriangle Area Mushroom Club

P. O. 61061, Durham,North Carolina 27705
Volume lO Number i

TAMC is NAMA affiliated

President :

Jack Billman 3201 Stoneyford Ct. Raleigh, NC 27603 779-2419
Secretary/Treasurer :

David Green Apt 1-7 Colony Apts. Chapel Hill, NC 27514 929-9768
Fungifile Editors:

Billie Sessoms 802 Duluth Street Durham, NC 27705 383-5853
Jacques Poirier 210 W Lavender Ave Durham, NC 27704 220-8002
David Green Apt 1-7 Colony Apts. Chapel Hill, NC 27513 929-9768
Fungifile Mailing:

Joanna Billman 3201 Stoneyford Ct. Raleigh, NC 27603 779-2419
Foray Chairs:

Harriet Sato 1709 Sagamore Ct. Raleigh, NC 27604 231-8421
Steve Preissler 416 Severin St. Chapel Hill, NC 27516 942-2577
Program Coordinator:

Marge Richter gm Creek Farm Roadj Chapel Hill, NC 27516 942-4328

MARK YOUR CALENDAR:

MEETINGS

January 14 7:30 pm, 103 Gross Chem Lab. Jack and Joanna Billman

will show slides from their trip to British Columbia for the 1990
NAMA foray.

February 10 4:00 pm Annual business meeting on Sunday afternoon
to elect club officers. (Snow date Sunday, February 17.)

Potluck/walk-in-the— woods/business meeting at Richter house:
Orange County (8601 Little Creek Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC) See
map .

FORAY SCHEDULE

March: Workshop on growing Shiitake. Plan now to innoculate
your own logs. Meeting time and place will be in the March

Fung if i le.

April: Bill Burke and David Green will lead the Morel forays
Details will be in the next issue of the Fungifile.

deCurrent Events

January 19 — February 3 Amazon Foray: Explore the Peruvian

Rain Forest, visit remote tribes and foray for undiscovered
mushrooms on tributaries of the upper Amazon. Contact Gerry

Miller, 203-873-8286.

August, 1991 - A bit early, but you may want to start planning
now for the Northeast foray which will be held the second weekend
in August in the Arcadia National Park in Maine and the NAMA
foray the following weekend in New York State.

GROWING YOUR OWN MUSHROOMS

If you want to participate in a home propagation project, contact
Billie Sessoms at 383—5853. Leave your name, phone number and
message on the answer phone. We will be working with the

materials we have on several weekends in January and February.
We have strains of Lentinus edodes (Shiitake), Pleurotus sajor-
caju, Pleurotus columbinus, Morchella esculenta, Volvariella
volvacea, and Flammulina velutipes. We will be attempting to
produce spawn from the cultlures we have. Paul Stamets gave us
several extra test tube slants with which to experiment. Join us
for the fun.

AN EDITORIAL: ELECTION OF OFFICERS

At the February business meeting, officers will be elected. To
have a viable, active club where we can all learn about, share
and enjoy mushrooms requires that everyone share the
responsibilities of maintaining the club structure. It can only
be as viable, as lively as we make it. Most of the current
officers have served the club for several years. It's time for
others to step forward and volunteer. If you think you would be
willing to fill a slot, but want to know more about it, please
look at the list of officers and coordinators and call them for
a descripton of the duties. Within the club structure, no job
requires more than a limited amount of your time. If everyone
takes a turn at doing the necessary jobs then the club will
continue to be a good place to learn about mushrooms.

Plan now to attend the February meeting to participate in the
election. Attendance is not necessary to election, so if you
cannot be there, please let Jack Billman know in which position
you are ready to take a turn. Sharing the responsibilities of
any office is also encouraged, so find a partner to spread out
the duties. No experience is required. Those who have

previously served will gladly share their expertise.

Note that the usual business meeting will be much more this year,
thanks to Marge Richter! She has invited club members to bring
food for a potluck dinner/wal k— in— the— woods/business meeting at
her home in Orange County. Sounds like fun!

DUES FOR 1991 ARE DUE NOW Please send them in with the
membership form printed in the November/December Fungfile. If
you cannot remember whether you paid them yet, call David Green.

THE BOOKSHELF

The Fungus. By Harry Adam Knight. Published in USA in 1989 by
Franklin Watts, Inc., 387 Park Ave South, New York, NY 10016.
This shortened version of a book review by Mike Krapin was
printed in the Fall, 1990 issue of Spores Illustrated, published
by the Connecticut Westchester Mychological Society and
submitted by Jacques Poirier.

If you lie awake nights in dread of giant mutant fungi, do not
read British author Harry Adams Knight's suspense thriller The
Fungus. It will be your worst nightmare.

Laced with violence, kinky sex, and mini-lectures on fungal
lifestyles, this book will give perverse pleasure to mycophiles
and make the uninitiated squirm.

In her London lab, a comely blond mycologist isolates a virus-
like artificial enzyme that controls mushroom size and growth
rate. She intends to produce giant, protein— laden mushrooms to
feed the world's hungry. Her first triumph is a modest four

pound Agaricus bisporus, with a two foot long, seven inch thick
stipe, and a cap one foot in diameter.

She celebrates the achievement with a night on the town, unaware
that traces of super enzyme are trapped under her fingernail. In
the process, she bumps into several people. They quickly become
suffused with various species of fungal hyphae, and meet
grotesque ends. I don't mean to spoil the reader's fun, but I
can't resist revealing that one unfortunate beer drinker becomes
a yeast bomb.

I'm not sure the author's mycology is accurate. He doesn't
capitalize genus names, for one. But even if he's wrong, it's
tough to quibble at such marvels as a six foot tall Phallus
impudicus with several birds stuck to its slimy cap, an attack by
gleba bombs sprung from from a field of sphaerobolus , and a
carnivorus fungus that spears its human prey's "writhing body,"
shoots him full of toxin to keep him quiet, then feeds on his
innards. The last example is followed by an anticlimactic ,
albeit instructive passage of scientific description, one of
several Knight inserts into his fast— paced narrative: "She
didn't know it but she was watching a mutated form of
arthrobotrys oligospora in action. One of the carnivorus fungi,
it had been previously restricted to microscopic size in the soil
where it fed on small worms called nematodes. It trapped the
worms within the ringed snares strung along its adhesive network
of hyphae and then used a penetration knob to enter their
bodies, pump toxin into them, and spread out a cluster of special
feeding hyphae hat grew out along the length of the worms'
bodies. These hyphae would liquefy the worms' tissues and absorb
the digested food until only the skins remained."

Mushroom lovers, don't wait for the movie. Read The Fungus for a
bit of fun, then pass it on to your squeamish friends, the ones
who always warn that no good can come from your peculiar hobby.

AN ILLUSTRATED GUIDE TO COMMON SLIME MOLDS D 0 . , ^
By Peter J. katsaros.

19S9. Mad River Press, 141 Carter Lane, Eureka, CA . 95501-9528.

66 pp. Paperbound. $24.95 (quantity discounts available). This

review by Kerry T. Givens, MD , former TAMC member, was originally

published in The Mycophile, newsletter of NAMA for July and

August, 1989. Submitted by Jacques Poirier.

Sooner or later, most avid mycophiles roll over a big log and
come face— to— Plasmodium with an impressive slime mold. Ever try
to identify one of these things? Besides the handful of species
shown in Lincoff, few fungi guides cover the Myxomycetes; to make
things worse, slime molds can change in appearance rapidly.
Hence many of us never figure out exactly which one we've found.
But help has arrived. NAMA members who read Peter Katsaros'

essay on slime molds ("Not Animals, Not Plants, Not Fungi — Slime
Molds") in last year's Mcllvainea probably didn't realize it was
a Preview of a Coming Attraction. Now, about a year later, Mad
River Press has released Mr. Katsaros' An Illustrated Guide to
Common Slime Molds, a little book that is sure to improve the
public standing of these poor 1 y— understood organisms.

The author's aim is clear. In the Preface he states, "Cslime
molds] may never be as popular as wildflowers or birds, but
there is no question that interest in the subject will intensify
at a rapid rate as increasing numbers of popular works appear
that deal specifically with slime molds." Since weighty
textbooks rarely qualify as "popular works", the author has not
tried to creatae one. Instead, An Illustrated Guide to Common
Slime Molds is a tantalilzing invitation to the weird world of
Myxomycetes. A scant 66 pages in length, the book does, in fact,
limit itself to common species. Since there are probably

hundreds, maybe thousands of slime molds, and many of these are
extremely small — hence not likely to be noticed by anyone but a
truly diehard Myxomycetophi le — including them would quickly turn
this guide into a dense, expensive tome.

Following a few pithy, simply— i 1 lustra ted chapters on slime mold
anatomy and ecology, the author offers a dichotomous key for a
smattering of oft— found slime molds. To really pin down many
species, a hand— lens is a necessity here. An illustrated table
that segregates genera according to sporophore shape is a
particularly helpful adjunct. Undoubtedly most folks will bypass
the keys altogether and first consult the accompanying color
plates instead. Herein lies Mr. Katsaros' real contribution to
amateur mycology: he has collected under one roof 64 exemplary
photographs of slime molds, taken mostly by himself, but also
Samuel Ristich, Harley Barnhart, and several other noted
phpotographers and disciples of mycology. A brief primer on
slime mold photography is even included, although I find it just
a little too sketchy on details (I doubt amateur photographers
will know where to find a 3— diopter portrait lens, for instance).
The book closes with an annotated bibliography that reveals just
how spartan the available slime mold literature really is.

This book will not replace M. L. Farr's How to know the True
Slime Molds: (William C. Brown Publishers, Dubuque, Iowa); that

publcation covers many more species that Mr. Katsaros' volume.

However, An illustrated Guide to Common Slime Molds simplifies
the identification of many species, if only by providing updated,
manageable keys and outstanding color photographs. Granted,
compulsive critics will find flaws with Katsaros' book ...and
some may wince at the *24.95 price tag on Katsaros' book. These
criticisms aside, most amateur mycologists will greet An
Illustrated Guide to Common Slime Molds as a welcome
identification tool for these cryptic little blobs.

MASTERING MUSHROOMS

This note was taken from the Fall, 1990 Spores I 1 lustratrated
published by the Conneticut Westchester Mychological Association
and submitted by Jacques Poirier.

Puzzled about how to shop for, store and prepare fresh mushrooms?
The Mushroom Council has published a new recipe brochure called
"Mastering Mushrooms: A Guide to Mushrsoom Cookery." The

brochure features six easy— to— make mushroom recipes, including
marinated mushrooms, mushrooms Barcelona and Mexicali jumping
mushrooms. Tips for using exotic mushrooms also are included.
For a copy of the brochure and a free refrigerator magnet, send a

Mushrooms Magnet Offer, 55 Union St., San
94111.

SASE to Mastering
Francisco , Calif.

/ WITH G-KOOt of
'MytoLOfrcsT^ / J AM LCAv/i^O

^ToMpftiowJ fop.f\ Far /

A WAV CoOtJTRy

I Hope ail Tue

FROM TH£ OA/IF* We tOLLBtr

(?) J- P. LAT\u 2,/$o

A/

The Upside-down World of Disciseda by Elio Schaechter reprinted
from the Boston Mycological Club Bulletin, October, 1990.
Submitted by David Green.

Among the higher fungi no group displays greater and more
ingenuous variations in the ways they disperse spores than the
puff balls and their allies. Because they make spores in sacs,
the Gasteromycetes cannot avail themselves of the spore— popping
mechanism of the gilled or pored fungi. How then do they ensure
that their spores are distributed over great areas? Some, such
as the stinkhorns, call attention to themselves by emitting a
strong odor that attracts insects. Spores attach to the legs of
the insects and are borne to distant places. Others, including
the giant puffballs, let the wind waft their spores aloft. For
many other puffballs the spores are distributed with the help of
raindrops. For example, when the common small puffball,

Lycoperdon gemma turn, matures, a ragged hole is formed at its top.
The dry spores contained within are "puffed" by the action of
raindrops falling elsewhere on the leathery covering of the
fungus. Of course, mycologists also supply the mechancal power
by squeezing a dry puffball when they wish to observe the cloud
of brown spores arising from the hole.

The puff balls of the genus Disciseda also use the raindrop
strategy, but with a peculiar variation on the theme. During the
growth of the fungus, the hole from which the spores will be
extruded is formed not on the top but on the bottom of the
puffball! Seemingly, this would not have the desired effect of
dispersing spores in the atmosphere, but this fungus has a way to
correct this apparent error. Here is the story: Disceda grows
just below the surface of the soil, usually in fields and
prairies. They are covered all over by a gelatinous loose layer
to which sand or soil particles and bits of vegetation readily
stick. Such coverings are known as sand cases. When the

puff balls mature and erupt through the soil, the outer covering
or sand case splits along their equator. The puff balls can then
be dislodged by the wind, leaving the bottom half of the sand
case behind. The top half is still attached and, because it is
top heavy due to the adhering particles, it makes the puffball
right itself. The hole through which the spores will escape is
now appropriately facing the sky, ready to allow the normal spore
discharge of this group of mushrooms.

A mature Disciseda resembles the dolls of our childhood which
would always right themselves, no matter what position they
started with. The weight at the bottom of the dolls, probabaly
lead, is the equivalent of the relatively heavy dirt particles
sticking to the bottom of the Disciseda . In fact, a mature
specimen of Disciseda , whether tossed in the air or placed on a
surface in any orientation, will right itself with the hole
pointing to the zenith.

Why does Disciseda go through its unusual contortions? A
reasonable guess was made in 1934 by the Italian mycologist,
□reste Mattirolo, who proposed that the Disciseda strategy
fosters the protection of the fungus by allowing its development
to occur underground, yet it allows an efficient way of
dispersing its spores at maturity.

Legends

Fig. 1. An immature specimen of Disciseda , developing underground.

Fig. 2. Splitting of the outer layer (sand case).

Fig. 3. The specimen, with its upper half of the sand case adhering, is now freed.
Fig. 4. A specimen in the process of righting itself.

Figs. 5 and 6. Mature specimens of Disciseda with their hole (ostiolc) in the
normal position.

From O. Mattirolo, In: Reale Accademia Nazionale de\ Lincei, Series VI, Vol. 5,
fascicle 11, 1934.

COMMERCIAL MUSHROOM REPORT Press release from the National

Agriculture Statistics Service of the US Department of
Agriculture submitted by David Green.

Agaricus production totaled 715 million pounds, up 7 percent from the
previous season. Pennsylvania, the leading State, with 46 percent of the U.S.
Agaricus crop, grew 332 million pounds in 1989-90. Pennsylvania also conducts
a mushroom broker and repacker survey. This showed that, during the 1989-90
crop year, brokers and repackers purchased almost 156 million pounds of
Agaricus mushrooms from Pennsylvania growers at a total value of $110 million.
This represents a 19 percent increase in mushrooms purchased from growers in
that State by brokers and repackers and a 21 percent increase in total value
from the 1988-89 season. Agaricus production in the Eastern States accounted
for 59 percent of the U.S. total production; Central States, 11 percent; and
Western States, 30 percent. This year's survey included 259 Agaricus growers
with commercial production in 26 States. This was down 20 growers from the
previous year. The value of the 1989-90 Agaricus crop was $645 million, 8
percent above the 1988-89 season. Growers received an average of 90.2 cents
per pound. Volume of fresh market sales was 72 percent of the Agaricus crop.
The average fresh price to growers was $1.00 per pound. Sales volume to
processors totaled 203 million pounds. The average price received by growers
for processing Agaricus mushrooms was 65.3 cents per pound. Agaricus growers
used 138 million square feet of bed and tray area to produce the 1989-90 crop.
Yields averaged 5.19 pounds per square foot. The dollar volume per square
foot averaged $4.68. An estimated 141 million square feet of production area
is intended for use during the 1990-91 season, up 2 percent from the area used
during 1989-90.

Volume of sales for canmercially grown specialty mushrooms (Shiitake,
Oyster, and all other specialties) in 1989-90 totaled 5.86 million pounds, 6
percent above the 1988-89 volume. Virtually all specialty mushrooms are sold
fresh. The value of the 1989-90 specialty crop was $22.3 million, up 1
percent from the previous year. These specialty mushrooms were grown on 485
thousand natural wood outdoor logs, 541 thousand natural wood undercover and
indoor logs, and 1.52 million square feet of other indoor area. This compares
with 561 thousand natural wood outdoor legs, 244 thousand natural wood
undercover and indoor logs, and 1.47 million square feet used as other growing
area during the 1988-89 season. This year's survey included 215 specialty
growers with commercial production in 27 States. This compares with 233
growers in 26 States for 1988-89. Shiitake sales were 3.75 million pounds, 6
percent above the previous year. This production was grown on 485 thousand
natural wood outdoor logs, 541 thousand natural wood undercover and indoor
logs, and 1.04 million square feet of other indoor area. The value of sales
was $16.6 million or $4.43 per pound. Oyster mushroom sales totaled 1.52
million pounds, a 5 percent jump from the 1988-89 season. This production was
grown on 391 thousand square feet of indoor area. The value of sales was
$3.96 million or $2.61 per pound. All other specialty sales totaled 585
thousand pounds, 10 percent higher than the previous season. Production area
totaled 87.0 thousand square feet of other indoor area. The value of sales
totaled $1.69 million or $2.89 per pound. If growers' 1990-91 intentions are
carried out, the number of Shiitake natural wood outdoor logs in production
will increase 8 percent, the number of natural wood undercover and indoor logs
will rise 14 percent, and the square feet of other production area will go up
8 percent. Oyster producing area is expected to increase 7 percent. All
other specialty intentions are expected to almost triple.

MYCRO-SOLUTIONS

P.O. BOX 1219
WEBSTER, NY 14580

RESEARCH REAGENTS FOR THE AMATEUR AND PROFESSIONAL MYCOLOGIST

• BASIC MICROSCOPY REAGENT SET

(INCLUDES: MELZER'S, POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE, nc
CONGO RED, PHLOXINEB) $22.95

• SUPPLEMENTAL REAGENT SET

(INCLUDES: ACETOCARMINE / FeCI3 MORDANT, METHYLENE BLUE, Qc
LACTO-PHENOL COTTON BLUE, AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE) >24.9S

• MELZER'S REAGENT $12.95

• POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE (3%) $4.95

• LACTO-PHENOL COTTON BLUE $8.95

• ACETOCARMINE /FeCI3 MORDANT $10.95

• CONGO RED (0.5%) $4.95

• PHLOXINEB (0.5%) $4.95

• METHYLENE BLUE (0.5%) $4.95

• AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE (5%) $4.95

• CUSTOM REAGENTS (On Request)

ALL REAGENTS PACKAGED IN 1FL. OZ. AMBER GLASS DROPPER BOTTLES
WITH GLASS PIPETTE & RUBBER BULB; INSTRUCTION MANUAL INCLUDED

D CHECK OR MONEY ORDER TO:

\/IYCRO-SOLUTIONS
\0. BOX 1219
A/EBSTER, NY 14580

non Oat*

10 90

NAME

ADDRESS

CITY

STATE

ZIP

PLEASE ALLOW 3-4 WEEKS FOR DELIVERY

DESCRIPTION

PRICE

NY RESIDENTS ADO 7% SALES TAX

POSTAGE & HANDLING

$1.50

TOTAL

REAGENT USES

Melzer's - Used to test the reaction of spores. An Amyloid (blue-black)
reaction occurs in certain species of Amanita, Xeromphalina, Russula
Lactarius and others. A Dextrinoid (reddish-brown) reaction occurs
with species of Lepiota and some species of Paxillus. No reaction
(yellow-brown) indicates spores are Inamyloid.

Potassium Hydroxide - A general purpose mounting medium for
microscopic study of ail hyphae and spores and to revive dried
material. Turns Chrysocystidia of Stropharia & Naematoloma yellow.
Also used in the field to help identify Hapalopilus nidulans (violet),
Phellinus (black), Amanita virosa / bisporigera and others (yellow).

Congo Red - Used to stain the walls of hyphae for better microscopic
contrast. Often used with Phloxine and Potassium Hydroxide.

Phloxine B - Used to stain the interior of hyphae for better
microscopic contrast. Often used with Congo Red and Potassium
Hydroxide.

Acetocarmine - Essential for the identification of Lyophyllum species
by the Carminophilous (blackish) reaction of the basidia.

Lacto-Phenol Cotton Blue - Used to test for Cyanopilous reaction of
spores in some species of Collybia and Lepista. Cyanopilous refers to
the strong blue adsorption of the blue dye by the spore walls or
ornamentation.

Methylene Blue - Invaluable in locating gelatinized hyphae. Also used
to test Metachromatic (reddish-violet) reaction of hyphae of certain
species of Agrocybe, Mycena and others.

Ammonium Hydroxide - Used as a general purpose mounting
medium similar to Potassium Hydroxide. Excellent for viewing spores,
trama, and cystidia.

WARNING!

Some reagents may be harmful or fatal if swallowed. Others may
cause irritation or burns if left in contact with the skin. Caution must
be used in the storage, use, and handling of these reagents to avoid
contact with eyes, skin, or clothing.

DON'T TRIFLE WITH TRUFFLES

This article was found in the Oct. 1990 is-
sue of Duff which is the official publica-
tion of the Fungus Federation of Santa Cruz.
It originally appeared in the July-August
1989 issue of FDA Consumer.

The distinctive aroma of fresh truffles is
an advantage in the wild. Without it, these
gourmet delicacies would be very difficult
to find since most truffles grow from 3 to
12 inches underground. But that same aroma
proved a liability to a French merchant who
recently exported some fresh truffles to
the United States.

The merchant was concerned that the truf-
fles' pungent aroma would attract thieves.
Although he was shipping only 5 kilograms
( approximately 1 1 pounds ) of the highly
prized fungus, it was worth over $2,000. In
addition, he wanted to ensure that the truf-
fles still smelled like truffles when they
reached their final destination. The mer-
chant's packing method, however, which kept
the truffles' identity a secret and the a-
roma intact, probably left them prey to a
deadly Clostridium botulinum, the bacteria
that produce the toxin responsible for bot-
ulism.

The fresh truffles, packed in clear, air-
tight plastic bags, were shipped unrefrig-
erated to the United States via United Par-
cel Service on December 13, 1988. UPS brought
them into the country through its interna-
tional import hub in Louisville, Kentucky,
and the import notice was duly submitted to
FDA's Louisville resident inspection post.
That notice alerted an FDA investigator
that something was amiss. Because all truf-
fles entering the United States via Louis-
ville in the past had been canned, the in-
vestigator checked the import notice for
required information on the size and number
of cans. (Because low-acid canned foods
such as truffles can support the growth of
C. botulinum if improperly processed, can-
ners must file their processing procedure
for each product and each size can they use
with FDA's Center for Food Safety and Ap-
plied Nutrition, and list the can size on
invoices and import notices.) But the notice
with these truffles indicated only the
weight - 5 kilograms.

To determine how the truffles were packaged
and whether FDA regulations on listing can
size and number had been violated, the in-
vestigator went to inspect the shipment on
December 14 only to find that the truffles
had already been forwarded to a wholesaler
in Alexandria, Virginia. The investigator
requested the product be returned to Louis-
ville for inspection, and when the truffles
were finally examined on December 20, the
packing box was bulging. The investigator
cut it open, and styrofoam packing material
went flying. The plastic bags were swollen,
and dark juice in the bags left little doubt
that the truffles had started to decompose.
As if that weren't enough, the individual
packages bore no labeling - another viola-
tion of regulations.

Scientists in FDA's Center for Food Safety
and Applied Nutrition determined that fresh
truffles packed in airtight plastic bags
and shipped unrefrigerated can support the
growth of C. botulinum bacteria and produc-
tion of botulism toxin. The agency request-
ed that the truffles be destroyed immedi-
ately under Customs Service supervision, but
warned that it had to be done carefully to
ensure that the plastic bags did not explode
and spray the possibly contaminated juice
and truffles. FDA also told the merchant
and the French embassy in Washington, D.C.
that the agency would not allow unrefriger-
ated fresh truffles packed in airtight bags
into the country. The truffles were incin-
erated on February 1, 1989 without incident.

MUSHROOM MIXUP AT SAN FRANCISCO RESTAURANT Reprinted from
November, 1990 Mycena News, newsletter of the Mycological Society
of San Francisco. Note: The Chicken of the Woods occurs in this
area and has been enjoyed in moderation by several members of
TAMC when well cooked. Submitted by David Green.

San Francisco is noted for its fine restaurants, some of
which have begun incorporating wild mushrooms into
their menus. Most stick to a few well known species
like morels, chanterelles, and porcini, but other spe-
cies are being introduced, sometimes with negative
results, as illustrated by a recent case involving four
physicians.

The physicians had dinner at a local Italian restau-
rant, which served a dish described as "raw lobster
mushroom in an oil and vinegar dressing." Thirty
minutes after eating this gastronomic delight, three of
the doctors became quite sick, suffering dizziness, vom-
iting, and diarrhea. After vomiting, they felt better
and required no medical treatment.

Suspecting the mushrooms, the physicians called the
S.F. Health Department, which gave the remaining
specimens to Dr. Dennis Desjardin at S.F. State Uni-
versity to identify. The mushrooms turned out to be
Laetiporus sulphureus, the Sulphur Shelf or Chicken of
the Woods, and not Hypomyces lactifluorum, the Lob-
ster Mushroom The Sulphur Shelf is described as ed-
ible in many field guides but has a checkered culinary
reputation According to Arora, it is not to be eaten
raw, but even when cooked, this fungus has given
some members of the MSSF GI upsets.

Upon checking the restaurant, a Health Department
investigator found a bill of sale indicating that the
Sulphur Shelf had indeed been sold to the restaurant
as Lobster Mushroom Because these two species are so
different in appearance, this appears to be a case of
mislabeling as opposed to misidentification. An irony
is that even if the fungi had been lobster mushrooms,
they still could have caused stomach upsets, for two
•reasons. One, they were served raw, which mycological
society members will recognize as unwise, and two, the
various species of Russula and Lactarius that the
orange Hypomyces lactifluorum mold parasitizes are
not all edible. Some like Russula emetica are capable
of causing stomach upsets.

An interesting footnote to this story is that five more
orders of the "raw lobster mushroom in oil and vine-
gar" were served that evening. However, no other re-
ports of illness were received by the Health Depart-
ment. I guess there's no accounting for lead-lined di-
gestive systems.

SV «*)«t -K, Jo M

&>OI - Utk Cr^K fa^ &
TrUtUw (<ii^ q,J-,_

8 £Ku>iH_!£_7

IVA Hosp

January 14

Triangle Area Mushroom Club
Box 61061
Durham, NC 27705

DUES ARE DUE!
DUES ARE DUE!
DUES ARE DUE!

NC Collections, Serials
Wilson Library/CB 3930
Chapel Hill, NC 27559-3930

IS YOUR LABEL CORRECT?
DEADLINE for submissions for March/April: February 8

the fungin e

Newsletter of the Triangle Area Mushroom Club

P. 0= 61061 , Durham, North Carolina 27705

Number 3 c ^

TAMC is NAMA affiliated

779-2419

President ^

Jack Bill man 3201 Stoneyford Ct. Raleigh, NC 2760:
Secretary/Treasurer %

Bill Burk 1122 Bourwood Dr. Chapel Hill. NC 27514 942-63S7
Fungifile Ed i torsi

Billie Sessoms 802 Duluth Street Durham, NC 27705 383-5853
-Jacques Pointer 210 w' Lavender Ave Durham, NC 27704 220-8002
David Green 1-7 Colony Apts. Chapel Hill, NC 27514 929-9768
Fungifile Mailings

Joanna Bill man 3201 Stoneyford Ct. Raleigh, NC 27603 779-2419
Foray Chairs:

Harriet Sato 1709 Sagamore Ct. Raleigh, NC 27604 231-8421
Steve Preissler 416 Severin St. Chapel Hill, NC 27516 942-2577
Program Coordinator:

Marge Richter 1202 Willow Drive Chapel Hill, NC 27514 942-4328

MARK YOUR CALENDAR:

MEETINGS

March 16 9:00 am — 12 : 00 Saturday morning at the Totten Center,
North Carolina Botanical Garden (see map). Annual Shiitake
workshop to inoculate your own logs. Led by Edmund Badham. See
details in the article which follows.

April 8 7:30 pm 103 Gross Chem Lab, Duke University campus.

Owen McConnell will lead a Bolete workshop.

May 13 7:30 pm Jack and Joanna Billman's home, 3201 Stoneyford
Court, Raleigh (see map). Jack will present the NAMA slide shows
Parts I, II and III on non— gilled mushrooms. This is a 60 minute
presentation .

FORAY SCHEDULE

March: Foray and meeting will be combined into the Shiitake

workshop at NCBG. See details in the article which follows.

April 6: 9 am Saturday morning meet at the Texaco station for
the MOREL foray led again by Bill Burk and David Green to the
same location used by Dr. Coker in 1902.

deCurrent Events

August 6 — 10, 1991 Course on Boletes preceeds the Northeast
Mycological Foray given by Dr. Richard Homo la at the Eagle Hill
Research Station in Steuben, Maine.

August 10 - 14, 1991 Northeast Mycological Foray at the

University of Maine, Orono, Maine.

hu gust
Foray at

18, 1991
Smiths Colli

North America?
;qe, Paul Smith*

Mycological As soc i a t i on
, NY in the Andirondack

Forest Preserve of New York State. Chief mycologist will be Dr.
Alan Bessette.

NAM A Trustee Needed

TAMC is affiliated with the North American Mycological
Assoc iataion . We can designate one of our members who is also a
NAMA member to represent the club at the NAMA annual meeting and
vote on official business. if any NAMA members wish to assume
this role (preferably members planning to attend the 1991 annual
foray), please notify the secretary by April 15. 1991.

THE ANNUAL MEETING : MUSHROOM CLUB AND EATING SOCIETY?

Sam Baron reports that on a sunny afternoon (February 14) ?
fourteen intrepid members ventured out to the woodland home of
Marge and Hal Richter. There, what was billed as the annual

business meeting turned into a truly delightful social occasion.
It began with a tour of the Richter acreage (complete with
stream) which turned up few mushrooms. However, Sam reports,

they did come upon the green shoots of quite a few early spring
plants and a couple of spring beauty blooms.

Then the group proceeded to the handsome and spacious Richter
home, where they quaffed beer and wine along with such tidbits as
hot stuffed mushroom caps, stuffed celery, and humus with pita
bread. This was but a prelude to an Brra.y of superlative dishes
brought forth in a banquet, inappropriately called a potluck.
There was a spinac h— ricotta pasta, beef Wellington, mashed
potatoes with morels, smatlina (a lamb dish with sour cream and
much else), sliced turkey breast with mayonnaise and rye bread.
Spanish rice con setas (mushrooms), a fresh fruit bowl and
strawberry shortcake. With the conversataion and fellowship

unusually warming, we lingered over our repast quite a while.
Those of you who were not on hand missed a memorable feast. But
there will be others — we now seem to have two potlucks a year.
On this occasion, I heard that the Billmans had brought to the
preceeding meeting a variety of delicious foods they had gathered
during a NAMA foray to Vancouver. On the strength of these
showings, it was suggested that we might rename ourselves the
Triangle Mushroom Club and Eating Society.

In the business meeting. Jack Billman was elected President for
another year, and Bill Burk was elected Secretary-Treasurer.
Marge Richter will continue as Program Coordinator, Billie
Sessoms as Editor of the Fungifile, and Harriet Sato and Steve

Preissler as Foray Co— Chairs. Appreciation was expressed to all
for their willingness to serve. Following the elections, there
was a discussion of ways and means to secure more active
participation of the membership in the club's activities. The
evening was concluded with an enthusiastic vote of gratitude to
the Ric titers for their gracious hospitality.

THE BOOKSHELF

Mushrooms and Truffles of the Southwest , by Jack States.
University of Arizona Press (1230 N . Park Ave., Suite 102,

Tucson, AZ 85719), 1990. Softcover $9.95, Hardcover 419.95, 232
pages. Color photos of 147 mushrooms (including 16 species of

truffles), 7 lichens and 2 slime molds. Submitted by David
Green .

Taking Better Mushroom Pictures, by Kerry Givens, a 23 page
booklet reprinted from a series of articles originally published
in the Fungifile in 19S4 and 19G5 is available from Bill Burfc ,
1122 Sourwood Dr., Chapel Hill, NC 27514. The cost is 46.00 by
mail or $4.00 at meetings or forays. Call Bill at 942-6387 if
you want a copy brought to a meeting or foray for you. Submitted
by David Green.

TAMC Treasurer's Report

BALANCE 2-1-90 513.04
CREDITS:

Dues 513.34

Photo Booklet Sales (Nate 1) 44.40

T-Shirt Sales (Note 1) 18.60

576.34

DEBITS:

Postage (Note 2) 292.39

Xerox 78.69

P. 0. Box 56.00

NCBG 50 . 00

Speaker Fee 50.00

NAM A dues 25.00

Labels 22.85

Garden Expo Fee 20 . 00

594.93

BALANCE 1-31-91 494.45

Note 1 : Net of Postage

Note 2: Excluding photobook and T— Shirt postage

Note 3: Paid 1990 on 2-9-90 ; paid 1991 on 1-17-91. Both fell in
this fiscal year.

NEW MEMBERS OF THE CLUB - Update your member list:
Steven Collier Rt 2 Box 282 D Angler, NC 27501

Kings Dessauer 606 Old Greensboro Hwy Chapel Hill 27516 929-4807
Grey & Dorothy Kornegay 4305 Regis Av Durham, NC 27705 383-4996

GROWING YOUR OWN MUSHROOMS

ropagatiori project, contact
cur name, phone number and

If you want to participate in a ho:T
message on the answer phone-

materials we have on several weekends. We have

Lentinus edodes (Shiitake), Pleurotus sajor— caju,
columhinus. Morchella esculent a , Volvarieila vol
F 1 ammu 1 irie

be working with the
strains of
Pleurotus
vacea, and

veluti]
rom the cultlures

ill £=-

be attempting to produce spawr

Wfc? I i<=i

I O.IA JL

slants with which t

o e x p e r x m e n t

iave us several extra
Join us for the fun.

COMMERCIAL RE I SHI ( GANQDERMA ) PROPAGATION submitted by Jacques
Poirier . This article from East West (May 1990) was seen in the

June 1990 Journal of the Los

es Mvcoloaical Society

Lone siar L?r
leading producer o"
( vo I . 5 , no 1 ) , a T«
Reishi ( Ganoderma lucidum) have been valued in Asia for centuries
and used to treat a variety of ailments such as hypertension,
r ter iosc 1 erosis , diabetes, ulcers, and allergies. Joe

San Antonio, Texas is fast becoming a
reishi mushrooms, says the Texas Gazette
Department of Agriculture newsletter.

^sident of

!

3ne

if ui

soon hope;

to beqin

T ? i-1

exporting the rare mushroom to Japan and China. The retail price
in Japan for a single- bottle of tablets made from the mushrooms
runs between $150 and $200. Ten thousand bottles of the tablets
can be made from 300 pounds of mushrooms. Lone Star expects to
produce over 1,000 pounds this year and 20,000 to 30,000 pounds
by 1991 .

Scientists at the University of Texas Health Sciences Center in
San Antonio are studying reishi mushrooms to evaluate their
potential to reduce inflammation, lower cholesterol, and boost
the immune system. "This project may well lead to the

development of a new agricul tureal industry in Texas involving a
host of plants that could be grown to make health and personal-
care products" said Texas Commissioner of Agriculture, Jim
Hioh tower .

Editor's Notes Paul Stamets reports that a double— blind study
showed that the claims that Gannoderma lucidum boosts the immune
system were not valid. When boiled in water, it makes a sweet,
licorice flavored tea which does produce a pleasant, soothing,
calming effect. Consumers of the tea report a feeling of well
being ,

r

VJha-TA MO RMQLe FORA/
MUSri Room . >. —

How CpMC
uucy seenf \
So pLfAfep I

f SHE foVtJt> HEfl 816
, KMFe Sffe HAP LOST
' IW THF foA^T LAST

PREHISTORIC MUSHROOM FIND

The following article Has printed in the Autumn, 1990 Long Island
Mycological Club newsletter. They credited the Mid New York

Mycoloqical Society as originally reprinting it from an
unidentified newspaper. Jacques Poirier submitted it to the

Fungi fi 1 e .

The oldest mushroom ever discovered has been found encapsulated
in 40— million year old amber from the mountains of the Dominican
Republic, scientists reported in the current issue of the journal
Science . The rare find was made by Dr. George 0. Poinar Jr. , an
insect pathologist at the University of California at Berkeley.
The mushroom almost surely had grown on a tree trunk, and the
resin from the tree covered the fungus before it decayed,
preserving it through the ages. A tiny mite was also trapped in
the same amber tomb.

The specimen was then analyzed by Dr. Rolf Singer, a botanist at
the field Museum of Natural History in Chicago and specialist in
mushrooms. He was able to identify the mushroom down to its
specific family and conclude that it represented a genus not
known before. It was given the new scientific name Copr ini tes
domincana .

By studying new life forms trapped in amber. Dr. Poiner is trying
to piece together a comprehensive picture of ancient life in the
Caribbean. His previous discoveries include insects, tufts of
animal hair and frogs, all preserved in amber.

FLQURESCENT MUSHROOMS by Greg Wright

Jacques Poirier submitted this article first published in the
Journal of the Los Angeles Mycological Society.

Many rockhounds know about flourescent minerals but how many
mycophiles know about fluorescent mushrooms? A fluorescent
mineral or mushroom is one which emits light in the visible
spectrum when ultraviolet (UV) light is shined on it. Most
mushrooms are weakly fluorescent w her as relatively few are
brightly fluorescent. Whereas both longwave and shortwavae UV
light is used to fluoresce minerals, mushrooms mainly respond to
longwave UV.

The most interesting genus for fluorescence is Cortinarius. Many
species fluoresce brightly, especially species in section
Leprocybe which contains large amounts of the deadly fluorescent
compound orellanine. The common southern California Leprocybe

is an unnamed species which is called "Yellow Fluorescing
Cortinarius" .

Another brightly fluorescing mushroom is Rhodocybe nitellina, a
small tan or orangish mushroom which has a rancid cucumber odour.
I made the mistake of eating a single bite of it and vomited
repeatedly as a result. A more common mushroom that fluoresces
bright yellow is !"4aematao loma fasciculare. Sometimes it causes
poisoning and sometimes it doesn't.

MYCHOPHAGIST'S CORNER

In anticipation of Morel finds in April, here are some recipes
from the New .Jersey Myco logical Association.

CREAMED MORELS by Jim Richards

2 Tbsp butter

i/2 cup minced onion

12 oz sliced Morels (weight after being reconstituted if dried)

1/2 cup chicken stock

2 Tbsp roux

i/2 cup heavy cream

Black pepper to taste

Saute onions in butter for a couple of minutes; add sliced Morels
and cook about 3 minutes E Add chicken broth and blend in roux.
Add heavy cream and simmer until sauce is medium thick.

MOREL FRITTERS by Bob Hosh

12 oz fresh morels finely minced

/2 tsp salt

/4 tsp finely ground pepper
. Tabsp finely chopped parsley
I Tabsp flour
! Tabsp butter

i-mall quantity of vegetable oil

for frying ©Q j\ -KmI^ v

Saute morels in butter for approximately 5 minutes. In a
separate bowl lightly beat the eggs and add the salt, pepper, and
parsley. Then add this mixture to the sauateed morels plus the
flour and mix to make a thick batter- Heat about 1/4 cup of
vegetable oil in an 8" skillet to about 350 degrees F. Drop
batter into the oil 1 Tabsp at a time (don't crowd too many
together). Fry until golden brown, turning at least once. Drain
on paper towels and serve.

ANNUAL SHIITAKE WORKSHOP AT NORTH CAROLINA BOTANICAL GARDENS

On Saturday, March 16, TAMC will hold its annual Shiitake
workshop from 9 am to noon. Edmund Badham will be on hand to
explain and guide you in innoculating logs with Shiitake spawn.
If you wish to participate, you need to bring logs to innoculate.
There will be a fee of $1.50 per log for spawn. A few logs will
be available for purchasing. If you must purchase a log, the
charge for the log and spawn will be *3.00.

Many TAMC members have producing logs in their backyards. We
always have enough to eat and dry. Care for the logs is very
simple. Use a large garbage can full of water to soak them for
24 hours each month to six weeks in the summer, stack them out of
direct sunlight and pick the Shiitake before snails and pill bugs
eat them up. Hope to see you there! For more information on

Shiitake, see the FungifiIeP January, 1990 issue.

NORTHWEST MUSHROOM BUYING by Michelle Seidl

Reprinted from M>

December, 1990.

. a recent trip to Washington
te, I had an opportunity to ob-
■ve a segment of what goes on in
! world of wild mushroom buy-
I While in Randle, WA, I visited
roduce market called the Garden
tch.

The market was run by a
mdly lady named Ollie who ad-
vised mushroom buying outside
; market. The mushrooms she
jght were in turn 6old to a com-
ny that exported mushrooms to
pan. When I asked if she made a
|>d profit from this venture, she
i d that it was small on most days
ft had the potential to be pretty
bd. She received $0.50/lb for all
jrieties of mushrooms that were
\.ng bought. When I asked what
ces the picker received, she re-
mded, "It's like the stock market
that prices change daily-they
i never be predicted." The big
ler was matsutake (Tricholoma
ignivelare).

The first day I visited the mar-
t was on October 10th. I arrived
t after a group of 30 Cambodian
:kers had left. On this particular
y, pickers were receiving $ll/lb
• top-grade matsutake. I returned
the 16th of October and the
ices had risen considerably. An
planation of the grades are as fol-
V6 (prices following each grade
re those paid to the picker on
t. 16, 1990 for each pound of
!6h matsutake):

(1) Tight button with no veil
ident; at least two-and-one-half
:hes long. $22/lb.

(2) Button with veil attached
not broken in any way. $12/lb.

(3) Similar to grade #2 but
holes or breaks in the attached

i; must have at least 60% veil at-
ent. $8/lb.

(4) Veil not attached or all
Is showing; cap not expanded and
U inrolled at the margin. $6/lb.

'cena News, Mycological Society of san Francisco,
Submitted by David Green.

(5) Cap expanded (plane); no
holes or breaks. $2.25/lb.

(6) Cap expanded, with breaks,
holes, or stains. $0.50/lb.

(7) Wormy but still firm.
$0.25/lb.

All rotten mushrooms are
thrown out.

I was curious about the next
stage of this process, so I stayed for
awhile. Presently, a man named
Lloyd from the Golden Pheasant
Mushroom Company of Shelton,
WA arrived. After answering a few
questions for me, he loaded the bins
of mushrooms into his truck. They
were primarily filled with
matsutake, which Ollie called the
pine mushroom, but also included
chanterelles (Cantharellus cibar-
ius), lobster mushroom (Hypo my -
ces) and hedgehog (Hydnum repan-
dum). From here, Lloyd drove to
SEA/TAC airport where the fresh
mushrooms were loaded onto a
plane and flown that evening di-
rectly to Japan.

To the Japanese, matsutake is
a highly prized mushroom. The
uses are countless in their culture,
including the following few ex-
amples. The less pristine specimens
are used primarily for soups and
stews. The better-looking speci-
mens are used in a variety of ways
in many recipes. Japanese women
have recently been known to make
a body powder from matsutake. I
wonder if they extract the spicy
odor and then add it to unscented
body powder, or just pulverized the
fruiting bodies!?

According to Lloyd and Ollie,
the very tip of the stipe base is sup-
posed to possess aphrodisiac quali-
ties. For this reason, the tip com-
mands twice the price of the rest of
the mushroom.

Another interesting bit of in-
formation is that the white chanter-
elle (Cantharellus subalbidus) was

not being bought for the Japanese
market due to a lookalike found in
Japan that repulses their palates.
Other mushrooms that were bought
on October 16th and the prices
given to the pickers include the fol-
lowing: yellow chanterelles $1.00/
lb, lobsters $1.00Ab, hedgehogs
$1.50/lb, and white chanterelles for
local use $0.35/lb.

While driving home I noticed
three to four additional advertise-
ments in Washington offering to
buy mushrooms. One was even at a
campground which read "mush-
room buyer in space #6." It was in-
teresting and curious at the same
time to observe this aspect of mush-
room buying, something we seldom
see in the S.F. Bay Area.

(htltharrHu4

HQH FOUR GENERA BECAME 40+ IN NO TIME! by Gary Lincoft

Reprinted from NJMA News, New Jersey liycological Association,

January, 1991. Submit ted by David Green.

Clavaria byssiseda Pers. = Lentaria byssiseda (Fr.) Cor.
Clavaria cristata (Holmsk.) Pers. = Clavulina cristata (Fr.) Shr.
Clavaria fistulosa Holmsk. = Macrotyphula fistulosa (Fr.) Pet.
Clavaria formosa Pers. = Ramaria formosa (Fr) Quel.
Clavaria fusiformis Sow. = Clavulinopsis fusiformis (Sow.

= Ramariopsis fusiformis (Fr.) Pet.
Clavaria kunzei Fr. = Ramariopsis kunzei (Fr.) Donk
Clavaria mucida Pers. = Multiclavula mucida (Fr.) Pet.
Clavaria pistillaris L. = Clavariadelphus pistillaris (Fr.) Donk
Clavaria pyxidata Pers. = Clavicorona pyxidata (Fr.) Doty
Clavaria vermicularis Mich. = Clavaria vermicularis Fr.

Hydnum adustum Schw. = Mycorrhaphium adustum (Schw.) M. Gees.
Hydnum albonigrum Pk. = Phellodon alboniger (Pk.) Banker

= Phellodon niger (Fr.) Karst. var. alboniger (Pk.) Harr.
Hydnum auriscalpium Fr. = Auriscalpium vulgare S.F. Gray
Hydnum chryscomum Under. = Phanerochaete chrysorhiza (Torr.) Gil.
Hydnum erinaceus Bull. = Hericium erinaceus (Fr.) Pers.
Hydnum imbricatum L. = Sarcodon imbricatus (Fr.) Karst.
Hydnum ochraceum Pers. = Steccherinum ochraceum (Fr.) S.F. Gray
Hydnum repandum L. = Dentinum repandum (Fr.) S.F. Gray

= Hydnum repandum Fr.
Hydnum septentrionale Fr. = Climacodon septentrionale (Fr.) Kar.
Hydnum spongiosipes Pk. = Hydnellum spongiosipes (Pk.) Pouz.

Polyporus albellus Pk. = Tyromyces chioneus (Fr.) Kar.
Polyporus berkeleyi Fr. = Bondarzewia berkeleyi (Fr.) Bond & Sing
Polyporus betulinus Bull, ex Fr. = Piptoporus betulinus (Bull.:Fr.) Kar.
Polyporus caeruleoporus Pk. = Albatrellus caeruleoporus (Pk.) Pouz
Polyporus caesius Schr. ex Fr.= Oligoporus caesius (Schr.:Fr.) G & R
Polyporus frondosus Dicks, ex Fr. = Grifola frondosa (Dicks. :Fr.) SFG
Polyporus giganteus Pers. ex Fr. = Meripilus giganteus (Fr.) Kar.
Polyporus squamosus Mich, ex Fr. = Polyporus squamosus Huds.:Fr.
Polyporus sulphureus Bull, ex Fr. = Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull : Fr . ) Murr
Polyporus tsugae (Murr.) Overh. = Ganoderma tsugae Murr.

Boletus af finis Pk. = Xanthoconium affine (Pk.) Sing.

Boletus castaneus Bull. = Gyroporus castaneus

Boletus chrysenteron Fr. = Xerocomus chrysenteron (Bull, ex St. A.) Quel

Boletus edulis Bull. = Boletus edulis Bull, ex Fr.

Boletus felleus Bull. = Tylopilus felleus (Bull, ex Fr.) Kar.

Boletus gracilis Pk. = Austroboletus gracilis (Pk.) Wolfe

Boletus granulatus L. = Suillus granulatus (L. ex Fr.) Kuntze

Boletus ravenelii B. & C. = Pulveroboletus ravenelii (B. & C.) Murr.

Boletus russellii Frost = Boletellus russellii (Frost) Gilbert

Boletus scaber Fr. = Leccinum scabrum (Bull, ex Fr.) S.F.G.

iAPS

G-orr»\

7 ' <ss&

Worth

DUKe west c/m/>us

00 '

NC Collections, Serials
Wilson Library/CB 3930
Chapel Hill, NC 27559-3930

IS YOUR LABEL CORRECT?
DLINE for submissions for July/August: J

the Fungifilo

Newsletter of the Triangle Area Mushroom Club

P. O. 61061, Durham, North Carolina 27705
vuiusnS 10 Number 3

TAMC is NAM A affiliated

President j

Jack Bill man 3201 Stoneyford Ct. Raleigh, NC 27603 779-2419
Secretary/Treasurer t

Bill Bark 1122 Saurwood Dr= Chapel Hillg NC 27514 942-6387
Funqifile Editors;

Billie Sessoms 802 Duluth Street Durham, NC 27705 383-5853
Jacques Poirier 210 W Lavender Ave Durham, NC 27704 220-8002
David Green 1-7 Colony Apts. Chapel Hill, NC 27514 929-9768
Fu.ng i f i 1 e Mailings

Joanna Billman 3201 Stoneyford Ct, Raleigh, NC 27603 779-2419
Foray Chairs:

Harriet Sato 1709 Sagamore Ct. Raleigh, NC 27604 231-8421
Steve Preissler 416 Severin St, Chapel Hill, NC 27516 942-2577
Program Coordinator:

Marge Richter 1202 Willow Drive Chapel Hill, NC 27514 942-4328

MARK YOUR CALENDAR:
MEETINGS

May 13 7:30 pm Jack and Joanna Bill man's home, 3201 Stoneyford
Court, Raleigh (see map in March/April Fungifiie). Jack will
present the NANA slide shows Parts I , II and III on nan— gil led
mushrooms. This is a 60 minute presentation,

FORAY SCHEDULE

To give members an opportunity to plan their other activities
around these forays, the club is publishing the schedule for the
rest of the year, Since these dates are necessarily tentative,
corrections will be made and directions furnished as necessary in
future bulletins.

Forays leave promptly from the meeting place at the appointed
time . In case of drought or rain, if a foray is cancelled, the
phone tree will try to notify everyone. If you have a question
about a foray contact the foray leader. Bring lunch, insect

repellent, sunscreen lotion, hat and collecting gear.

June 15; Shenck Memorial Forest, Raleigh at 9 s 30 am. Leader and
contact person is Dennis Drehmel 5 work phone; 929—9768 and

home; 467—6642= See map. Park cars near gate.

June 29: Kerr Dam, va. 10 s 15 am. Leader Mary Beall. If you
want to car pool meet at 9 am at Edison— Johnson Recreation Center
at 600 W;. Murray ave , one block from the NC Museum of Life and
Science in Durham. From I 85 exit at Duke St., Roxboro and go
north. Turn right into Murray Avenue at second light. Center
is on your left. Contact person is Jacques Poirier 477—5837.
See map for Kerr Dam.

July 13; Battle Park, Chapel Hill at 9?3C am. Leader; David
Green - 929-976S.

July 20— 21 s Jones Lake, Bladen County or private property near
Magnolia in Duplin County. Leader is Jack Biliman — Home phone
460-8302, Work phone 779-2419. Look in last year's May/ June

issue of the Fungifile for motel and camping information.

August 10s weaver Creek, Chatham County. Leader Diane Berg —
933-9628.

August 24 s Maxabei Acres,. Person County. Leader Jacques

Poirier - 477-5837.

August 31 — September is Asheville Club's Foray.

September 14 s Wallace Kaufman's property, Chatham County.

Contact persons David Green - 929-9768.

September 21: Hanging Rock State Park. Leaders Jack Biliman.
Educational foray — no picking.

October 5s Falls Lake

October 12s Duke Forest. 1 Joint foray with mycology students of

Rytas Vigalys at Duke University. Contact person : Bill Burk-

942-63S7.

October 26: Uwharrie National Forest. Leaders Steve Preissier
- 942 2577.

deCurrent Events

August 6 — 1 O , 1991 Course on Boletes precedes the Northeast
Mycolcgical Foray given by Dr. Richard Homola at the Eagle Hill
Research Station in Steuben, Maine.

August 10 - 14, 1991 Northeast Mycological Foray at the

University of Maine, Orono, Maine.

August 15 - 18, 1991 North American Mycological Association
Foray at Paul Smiths College, Paul Smiths, NY in the Andirondack
Forest Preserve of New York State. Chief mycologist will be Dr.<

A! an Bessei te .

THE BOOKSHELF

Taking Better Mushroom Pictures, by Kerry Givens, a 23 page
booklet reprinted from a series of articles originally published
in the Fungifile in 1984 and 1985 is available from Bill Burk ,
1122 Sour wood Dr., Chapel Hill , NC 27514. The cost is *6 . 00 by
mail or $4 . 00 at meetings or forays. Call Bill at 942-6387 if
you want a copy brought to a meeting or foray for you. Submitted
by David Green.

GROWING YOUR OWN MUSHROOMS

If you want to participate in a home propagation project, contact
Billie Sessoms at 383—5853. Leave your name. phone number and
message on the answer phone. We will be working with the

materials we have on several weekends. we have strains of

Lentinus edodes (Shiitake) ? Pleurotus sajor-caju, Pieurotus
columbinus s More he 1 1 a esculenta, Volvariei la volvacea, and
Flammulina velutipes. We will be attempting to produce spawn

from the cultures we have. Paul Stamets gave us several extra,
test tube slants with which to experiment. Join us for the fun.

***N0TE***IF YOU HAVE LEFT YOUR NAME AND ADDRESS , YOU WILL BE
CONTACTED SOON? WE WILL BE STARTING THIS PROJECT IN JUNE.

MOREL FORAY REPORT Submitted by David Green

The annual TAMC Morel foray was held on April 6, 1991. As usual,
the Morel foray brought out an impressive turnout of active
members 5 seldom— seen members 5 new members and interested
parties. The foray was scheduled earlier than usual, in

recognition of the warmer temperatures and slightly moister than
normal early spring weather. The group split Into two uneven
groups with the vast majority heading south of Chapel Hill to a
traditional roadside area visited annually by TAMC members
following in the footsteps of professional mycologists of
historical acclaim . This group collected over 100 (possibly as
many as 200) morels in about two hours with fruitings mainly
concentrated in lower lying areas near a small creek. The
smaller more adventurous group which included the youngest and
presumably most perceptive morel seekers. went north of Chapel
Hill and found a total of 7 specimens.

/ Try Tooay s Fo«.Ay/ Nome \

OF THi= t To Utfp .

/ /8irr -yoo t>o Nor ^

/ ( 5EGM To Too )

I 1 HAT£ TO (SAT

M\9

LATI|_ 1/0,0

MYCOFHAG I ST ' S CORNER

The results of the Morel foray, at least for the group that went
South of Chapel Hill, were good. Mary Beall, from Bullock, HC to
showed her champion farm along with daughter Megan who collected
quite a few Morels herself. Mary. Megan and Minian Beall carried
their Morels to Dianne Berg's house after the foray where Mary
prepared a treat. The following is, more or less, her recipe.

MORELS , PLAIN AMD SIMPLE by Mary Beall

4 02 fresh Morels-
Butter

3 oz Crea.iT! cheese

Clean, chop and saute the Morels in butter. Stir then: into the
cream cheese. Refrigerate for an hour or so to allow the Morel
flavor to develop.

PORK AND PORCINI by Mike bJood, Mycological Society of S= F.

This recipe is reproduced from the November, 1990 Mycena News of
the Mycological Society of San Francisco.

6 pork loin chops

2 medium porcini (Boletus edalis) sliced
1 cup pork or chicken stock

4 cloves garlic, chopped

3 ounces Bourbon whiskey

1 cup heavy cream

2 Tabsp olive oil
2 Tabsp butter

salt and pepper to taste-

Brown the port chops in the olive oil and butter. Remove from
the pan. Saute the garlic and porcini over medium heat for 3—4
minutes. Deglaze the pan with the whiskey and return the pork to
the pan with the stock. Cover the pan and simmer until the pork
is done. Be careful not to overcook the pork.

Remove the pork to a heated serving platter. Reduce the stock

over high heat by one— half. Add the cream, bring to a boil, and

reduce to the desired consistency. Add salt and pepper if

necessary = Spoon the sauce over the pork and serve.

MUSHROOM BAKED POTATOES

This recipe comes from Mastering Mushrooms, published by the
Mushroom Council in San Francisco.

2 Tabsp olive oil

S oz fresh mushrooms, sliced

1 small red bell pepper, seeded and cut into 1— inch squares

1 large clove garlic, minced

2 Tabsp water

1 1/2 Tabsp lemon juice
salt and pepper to taste

2 baked potatoes (about 6 oz each)
Chopped parsley

Heat oil in 8" co 10" skillet. Add mushrooms, bell pepper and
garlic. Toss over hign heat until mushrooms brown lightly* Add

water and lemon juice. Reduce heat to lew. Cook and stir 3
minutes. Season with salt and pepper. Split and fluff potatoes.
Top with hot mushroom mixture. Sprinkle with chopped parsley.
Serves 2.

ANIMAL- ATTRACTING COMPOUND IN TRUFFLES ISOLATED

Experiments with pigs, truffle dogs, and compounds that occur in
French black truffles (Tuber me I an ospor urn) have determined that
it is primarily a single aromatic compound, dimethyl sulfide,
that attracts the animals. The idea that pigs are sexually

attracted by a musk— odored pheromone in the truffles was found to
be erroneous, since pigs were not attracted to pheromone
solutions in concentrations ten times higher than that in the
truffles.

It is not known whether dimethyl sulfide is also what attracts
certain flies (in the genus Suillia)to the truffles — flies which
lay their eggs above the truffles so that the hatched larvae
can feed on them — but it has been noted that the flies
theoiselves have a sulfurous odor.

Information from "Dimethyl Sulfide: The secret for Black Truffle
Hunting by Animals? by T» Talou, A. Beset, M. Del mas, M.

Kulifaj, and C . Hontant in Mycologicai Research (formerly
Transactions of the British Mycologicai Society), vol, 94,
pp.277— 78, 1990, This article was originally published in the
June, 1990 Journal of the Los Angeles Mycologicai Society and
submitted to the Fungifile by Jacques Poirier.

WHAT'S IN A NAME By Fred Stevens

This article was published in the September, 1990 Mycologicai
Society of San Francisco Mycena News and submitted to the
Fungifile by Jacques Poirier,

If you've shopped for mushrooms in the produce department of your
local supermarket, you know that the traditional mushroom of
commerce, Agaricus bisporus, is getting some competition.
Besides white button mushrooms, many Bay Area markets are
offering five to six other kinds of cultivated fresh mushrooms,
and at certain times of the year, wild species are ~ also being
sold. The new fungi bear exotic and sometimes confusing names
like ''Cloud Ears" and "Portobel Id" . To guide you in your

shopping the following is a list of common names and their
scientific equivalents.

Shiitake, Black Forest mushrooms. Golden Oak Mushroom are all
names for Lentinus edodes. Note, few stores distinguish between
Shiitake grown on sawdust and those produced on logs. The latter
are usually considered superior in taste and texture.

Wood Ears, Cloud Ears, Black Ears and names for species of
Auricularia, a jelly fungus.

Pom Blanc, Bear's Head and Bear's Paw fungus are names for
Hericium species.

Lr ufflpel is a tiny h'leurotus species. Oyster mushroom and
Tree Oyster are well recognized common names for Pieurotus

ostreatus. Less obvious is atoalone friushroom, another name for
species of Pleurotus.

Crsmini , Crimini , Portobello/a, and Italian Mushroom are
expensive sounding names for brown strains for Agaricus bisporus,
Call a mushroom Portobello or Italian mushroom {suggestive of
Boletus edulis} and you can sell it, or at least try, for
SlS«9S/pound .

Enoki , Enokidake are names for the immature spaghetti — I ike
fruiting bodies of Flammulina velutipes.

Japanese honey mushroom and hon— shimeji are names for a mushroom
in the Lyophyl I urn decastes group* Despite the name, it's not
related to Armillaria me Ilea, the honey mushroom.

Ursqon White Truffle is the name for Tuber gibbosum.

Most mycological society members wll 1 have no trouble recognizing
the common names of wild species sold xn our local markets, e.g.
hedgehogs are Hydnum repandum or H = umbilicatum while black
chanterelles are Craterellus cornucopiodes , but there are a
couple of exceptions- Can t hare 1 1 us tubaeformis is called !iyelIow
foot" in many stores and Verpa bohemica, which resembles a morel
but isn't, is sometimes sold under the name "spring morel". Good
luck keeping all the names straight! ror further information on
common names of cultivated mushrooms, refer to Geraldine Kay's
book . Wild and Exotic Mushroom Cultivation in North America from
which some of the information for this article came.

''What the...! This is
lemonade! Where's my
culture of Candida albicans? ! "

It's been done: See Krause, W. et
al., 1969, Fungaemia and funguria
after oral administration of
Candida albicans. Lancet 1:598-
599.

Triangle Area Mushroom u±uu
Durham, NC 27705

NC Collections, Serials
Wilson Library/CB 3930

Chapel Hill, NC

IS YOUR LABEL CORRECT V
DEADLINE for submissions for July /Augusts JjujT.e_JL4

/98t

the fungin 0

Newsletter of theTriangle Area Mushroom Club

P. O. 61061, Durham, North Carolina 27705
Volume 10 Number 4

TAMC is NAMA affiliated

President :

Jack Billman 3201 Stoneyford Ct. Raleigh, NC 27603 779-2419
Secretary/Treasurer :

Bill Burk 1122 Sourwood Dr. Chapel Hill, NC 27514 942-6387
Fungifile Editors:

Billie Sessoms S02 Duluth Street Durham, NC 27705 383-5853
Bill Burk 1122 Sourwood Dr. Chapel Hill, NC 27514 942-6387
Jacgues Poirier 210 W Lavender Ave Durham, NC 27704 220-8002
Fungifile Mailing:

Joanna Billman 3201 Stoneyford Ct. Raleigh, NC 27603 779-2419
Foray Chairs:

Harriet Sato 1709 Sagamore Ct. Raleigh, NC 27604 231-8421
Steve Preissler 416 Severin St. Chapel Hill, NC 27516 942-2577
Program Coordinator:

Marge Richter 1202 Willow Drive Chapel Hill, NC 27514 942-4328
MARK YOUR CALENDAR:

MEETINGS

No meetings scheduled during the summer months.
FQRAY SCHEDULE

Forays leave promptly from the meeting place at the appointed
time. In case of drought or rain, if a foray is cancelled, the
phone tree will try to notify everyone.

:oray, contact the for a

If you have a guestion
leader. Bring lunch, insect

about a

repellent, sunscreen lotion, hat and collecting gear.

;t 9:30 am. Leader:

i v 1

eer;

Battle Park, Chapel Hill
929-9768.

David

July 20-21: Jones Lake, Bladen County. See last year's

Fungifile volume 9, Number 4, July /August, 1990 issue for
in formation about the foray and the list of motels. Meet at the
campgrounds at 8 am on Saturday, July 20. Leader: Jack Billman
H 460-3302 W 779-2419. Please notify Jack if you are going.

NOTE: The August forays destinations have changed from June's
announcements .

August 10: Maxabel Acres, Person County. Directions to Edison
Johnson Recreation Center in above issue of Fung i file. For those
wishing to go directly to Maxabel Acres, see map. Wait at the
gate at 9:45 am. Leader: Jacques Poirier 220—8002.

August 24: Wallace Kaufman's property, Chatham County. Because
of limited parking space on the property, meet at the Texaco
station parking lot. Chapel Hill, for carpooling at 9:30 am.
Coordinator: David Green - 929-9763.

August 31
announcemen t

September
elsewhere in

1 : Ashevi lie

newsl etter .

Club' s

Forav .

See

FORAY REPORTS - Submitted by Harriet Sato
Schenck Memorial Forest, Raleigh, June 15, 1991.

It was sunny, 90 degrees F and there had been no rain for two
weeks, creating extremely dry conditions. As a consequence, only
four species were found, all along the stream: Lactarius
deceptius, Cantherellus cinnabarius, 2 Russula species and
Amanita bisporigera.

s and no recent
We found more

Kerr Dam, Va , June 29, 1991

Another hot, sunny day with temperature in the 90
rainfall since a heavy downpour a week ago.
mushrooms than expected.

Silled mushrooms: Lactarius volemus, Schizophy 1 lum commune,

Pleurotus ostreatus (surprisingly fresh and plentiful enough to
make a meal), Phyilotopsus nidulans, Pluteus cervinus, Agaricus
placomyces, Conocybe lactea, Pholiota sp.
Bgletes: Boletus fraternis and speciosis

Po 1 y pores
bi f ormis
Pare hmen t
Stink horn;

Polyporus elegans, Phellinus rimosus, Trichaptum

Jelly fungi

Stereum ostrea
Clathrus columnatus
Tremella fusif ormis.

Auricularia auricula

Non- fundi flora

Abundant blackberries

deCurrent Events

July 20 — August i, 1991 Field Mycology, a 3 semester hours

course is offered by State University College at Cortland at
Rague tte Lake in the Adirondacks. Instructor is E?r. Timothy J.
Baroni with emphasis on field work and laboratory techniques used
in identifying macrofungi. Contact Dr. Timothy J. Baroni, Dept
of Biological Sciences, State University College at Cortland, P0
2000, Cortland, NY 13045, (607) 753-2725.

August 6 — lO, 199i Course on Boletes precedes the Northeast
Mycological Foray given by Dr. Richard Homola at the Eagle Hill
Research Station in Steuben, Maine. Request registration forms
Ursula Hoffmann. 245 80th St., Apt. 7J , New York, NY 10021, phone
(212) 734-2331.

August 10 - 13, 1991 Northeast Mycological Foray at the

University of Maine, Or on a, Maine. Dr. Richard Homola will be
chief mycologist. If you are attending the Northeastern Foray,
then you could car pool from there to the NAMA foray (a day's
drive, or two if you stop to tour and collect fungi.)

August 15 - IS, 1991 North American Mycological Association
Foray at Paul Smiths College, Paul Smiths, NY in the Andircndack
Forest Preserve of New York State. Chief mycologist will be Dr.
Alan Bessette. Participants are encouraged to stay on site and
bring any essential items with them since this in a forest
preserve and there are no convenience, drug or grocery stores
nearby. Air travelers are advised to fly into Albany. From

there it is 2.25 hours by car. Transportation from Albany will
be available on August 15 and back again on August 18. NAMA
foray registration form is printed in this newsletter.

August 22 - 25, 1991 Telluride Mushroom Conference in Telluride,
Colorado, featuring information on hallucinogenic mushrooms and
Shamanism, Gary Lincoff, Paul Stamets, and others. Contact
Fungophile, P0 Box 480503, Denver, CO 80248-0503 phone
(303)296-9359.

October 11 - 29, 1991 Mushroom study tour to the Highlands of
Thailand, led by Gary Lincoff and Dr. Emanuel Salzman. For more
information, contact the Fungophile as listed above.

NEW MEMBERS OF THE CLUB - Update your member list:

Jean Paul Latil 123 Audley St., Kew Gardens, NY 11418

Virginia Pact, MD 812 Berkeley St., Durham, NC 27705 H 286-3440

0 220-6306

GROWING YOUR OWN MUSHROOMS

The home propagation project has been delayed, but if you want to
to participate in a home propagation project, contact Billie
Sessoms at 383—5853- Leave your name, phone number and message
on the answer phone. We have strains of Lentinus edodes

(Shiitake), Pleurotus sajor— caju, Pleurotus columbinus, Morchella
esculenta, Volvariella volvacea, and Flammulina velutipes. We
hope to produce spawn from the cultures we have. Paul Stamets
gave us several extra test tube slants with which to experiment.
Until this project is finally launched, you may want to try your
hand with some of the pre— inocui ated kits sold by Paul Stamets'
company. Fungi Perfecti. See the reprinted descriptions included
here .

BIOCHEMIST NEEDS FUNGI

Ed Login, 27 Bittersweet Br, Gales Ferry, Ct 06335 is studying
medicinal properties of fruiting bodies of mushrooms and seeks to
collect as many species as possible. If you would be willing to
send him identified discards after forays, at his expense, write
him to send you shipping boxes and full details.

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THE. BOOKSHELF Material submitted by Bill Burk

David Arora's New Book

Book Review: All that The Rain Promises, And More..A Hip Pocket
Guide to Western Mushrooms by David Arora; 10 speed Press. Reviewed
by Larry Stickney

Another happy coupling of David Arora and Ten Speed Press has en-
gendered a truly blessed event; barely out of the nursery, it is already
tickling the jaded minds of a few mycological book reviewers. Self-de-
scribed as a "hip pocket guide to western mushrooms," the book
nestles well into even form-fitting hip pockets. The word "hip" is used
here with more than smirking double entendre, from the long-haired
Santa Cruz musician on the cover, cradling more chanterelles than
trumpet, to the final page portrait of its basket-toting author in un-
usual garb But more particularly, it is hip: up to date, knowledgeable,
down to earth (what else!), and written in Arora's hilarious style.

All That Rain Promises, and More., has 250 full-color, sturdy-
weight, paper pages (they won't fray like paperbacks), and was printed
in Japan for quality color and afifordability, like Orson Miller's
original Mushrooms of North America in 1987. Two hundred common
species are beautifully pictured and briefly discussed with direct refer-
ences to fuller information in Arora's irreverent but successful Mush-
rooms Demystified. There are two hundred other singular photos of
well known and obscure mushroomers with their carpophores) of the
moment; Al Cattalini wearing his European pounded-polypore cha-
pe au; Ed Aguilar harvesting Agaricus bitorquis; Andy Weil with a bas-
ket of chanterelles; the late Chuck Barrows of New Mexico with his
first collection (at age 80) of California Craterellus cornucopioides; a
beaming Sylvia Stein of the Bronx wielding a two foot long deliquesc-
ing Coprinus comatus; Frank Dutra with an enormous Calvatia booni-
ana; the irrepressible Bo Hinrichs, like a giant elf under a Lepiota
rhacodes hot, or better yet, musing beside a tall yellow altar of living
shelves of Laetiporus sulphureus; and even a mushroom-dyed dog.
Complementing these vignettes are dozens of charming stories of
memorable mushroom hunts entertainingly told by famous and unfa-
miliar forayers you may have met or would certainly like to meet.
There are a number of recipe ideas by widely known cooks and locally
recognized adepts; a g., Diana Kennedy on Huit la Coche crepe filling
and David Canwright on garlic, pecan, and goat cheese stuffed dried
morels.

Inside the front and back covers are succinct picture keys for on-
the-foray guidance to quick recognition of fungal families, much like
the salient silhouettes of the Peterson Bird Guide. Rank amateurs as
well as intermediate and forgetful forayers will enjoy this new concept
in keys. Old hands will appreciate the delightful notes about many spe-
cies and their key features: habitat, edibility, and look-alikea That
bane of veteran mushroomers, nomenclature change, is softened by a
listing of other names, common and latin, for every title. If you like
Haiku poetry, watch for it throughout.

Ten Speed Press hasn't gambled on this publication. It is well
worth the retail price of $15.95. Congratulations, David!

(Extracted from: Mycena News, March 1991, page 2.)

*Ten Speed Press, PO Box 7123, Berkeley CA 9W7.

Mycological Books* Notecards and Rubber Stamps of Washrooms
Available from the Triangle Area Mushroom Club.

(Please contact Bill Burk if interested. Prices do not include
postage & handling which are extra).
Books

Colorado Mycological Society. "Cook and Taste Recipes."

1983. 17 PP. (5 copies available) each $2.50

Labels providing scientific names for 755 species cited in

Gary Lincoff's "Audubon Society field guide to North American
mushrooms." (2 copies) each $3.25

Mandelli T. , et al. "Mushroom Madnessi creative ways to cook
wild mushrooms." 1984-. 73 pp. (1 copy available)

each $5.00

Miller, Orson K. , Jr. "Mushrooms of North America."
NY: Dutton, 198I. 368 pp. with many color plates.

1 copy available)

each $10.50

Notecards .

Packet of 7 mushroom notecards, by Van Metzler.

(1 available) each $5.00

Nature Impressions Rubber Stamp Impressions of Fungi.
( each of the following stamps is 00)
— Craterellus (Horn of Plenty) (2 available)
--Parasol Mushroom (Lepiota procera ) (1 available)
--Psilocybe semperviva (1 available)
--Poison Amanita (Amanita phalloides ) (3 available)
--Red-cracked Boletus (Boletus chrysenteron) (2 available)

Special Publications

Givens, Kerry. "Taking Better Mushroom Pictures." Edited by
Joan Zeller. Published by the Triangle Area Mushroom Club,
1989. 22 pp. (many copies available) each $5.00

($*4.00 if picked up at TAMC functions)

By Helenc M

Approxima te
This is- the
area. The b
and classif
species .The
west. She h
tions of th
hosting an

Mushrooms of Northwest America ■

. Scha]kwyk. 300 pages, 125 full colour plates from

water colours, softbound. ISBN 0-919433-47-.:

, postage

price $ 19.95 + . . .

first detailed, colour field guide to mushrooms in .his
00k includes information on on identification, habitats „
ication techniques and identifies edible and poisonous _

author, is a recognised expert on mushrooms of the nortn-
as been-' collect: ng mushroom specimens and painting illustrs
em for twenty years. The Edmonton Art Gallery is current.!,
exhibit of her paintings.

*.* *********

Order Form:

Lubrecht

RD 1, Box 2

Forestburgh

Phone (914)

( ) C h c c k

Name

****** * ******** *

* * * * * k ***************************

Cramer LTD
44

, NY 12777

7 9 4-85 3 9
enclosed .

Pleas e

Cha r y.

m y

s c n

c 1; <i
( )

cop, of Mushroom Calender
at' $ 9 . 95

cop. of Mushrooms of NW An;-
at ca$ 19.95 when publishe

it card Account No.

M/C; ( ) Am. Express Exp.

A d d l"

Josiah L. Lowe NAMA Foray -- August 15-18, 1991
Paul Smith College

Full Name of Registrant .
Address:

Street
Telephone ( )

City

Day ( ),

State

Zip

Eve

Other persons included in this registration:

h 2:

4: 5:

Foray: (Thursday through Sunday)
Registration Fees

' $50/ea for

Meals (3 days) @$42/ea for

Thursday dinner through Sunday breakfast

Housing (3 nights) ** @$45/ea for

Thursday, Friday and Saturday nights

Round Trip Albany Van
Thursday 4 PM _

1 $20/ea for

6 PM

Trustees: (Tuesday dinner through Thursday lunch)

Meals (2 days) @$31/ea for

Room (2 nights)

Round Trip Albany Van
Tuesday 6 PM

@ $30/ea for
@ $20/ea for

Make check to NAMA.

Send to: Ann Bornstein, 336 Lenox Ave., Oakland CA 94610-4675

persons
persons

persons

persons

persons
persons
persons

Total

I would like to room with
1:

Listed above

2:

Listed below

** All rooms are double occupancy. There are several 2 room suites. Young children (under 12) may stay in
parents' room at no room cost. (Meal tickets must be purchased.)

Please house us in a suite:

Number of children in room:

I/We hereby release NAMA from any and all liability arising out of any accident, injury or illness occurring as a
result of any activities at the 1991 NAMA foray.

Signature and Date:

• o o°
Poo

The Asheville Mushroom Club will once again host a Wild Fungus Festival starting Friday,
August 30 and running through Sunday afternoon, September 1st. The Western Carolina Nature
Center on Gashes Creek road in Asheville will be the meeting place.

The diverse flora, unique topography and usually warm, wet climate of the Southern Appala-
chian mountains make this area ideal for all sorts of fungi. Join us for a weekend of mushroom-
ing workshops, lectures, slide programs, forays, and fun.

We're pleased to have an excellent staff lined up. Dr. Alan Bessette from Utica, New York, Dr.
Van Cotter from Trenton New Jersey, and Dr. Tom Volk from Madison, Wisconsin will present
evening programs on Friday and Saturday night. Workshops on Saturday and Sunday by Allein
Stanley, Theresa Rey, Susan Mitchell, and Alan Bessette will include topics ranging from
mycophagy to lichenology, to dyeing with mushrooms. There is something to interest everyone
— from beginners to experienced mushroomers.

Our hunting grounds include sites in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park and Pisgah
National Forest, and along the Blue Ridge Parkway and the new NC Mountains-to- Sea Trail.
All programs and socials take place at the Nature Center starting 7:00 P.M.

Preregistration is encouraged, as space is limited. Use the form below to reserve your spot.
Those registered before August 15th will receive further information before the foray.

LABOR DAY FORAY REGISTRATION

AUGUST 30 - SEPTEMBER 1

Name

Address

City,State&Zip

Phone

Fee: Single:
Couple:

$25.00
$35.00

Please send information:

□ Motels

Check payable to: Asheville Mushroom Club
Send to: Susan Mitchell

51 Kentwood Lane

□ Campground

Pisgah Forest, NC 28768

Durham, NC 27705

NC Collections, Serials

Wilson Library/CB 3930 ,

Chapel Hill, NC 27559-3930

IS YOUR LABEL CORRECT?
DEADLINE for submissions far September/October: Augus

f98t

the Fungifilo

Newsletter of the Triangle Area Mushroom Club

P. O. 61061, Durham, North Carolina 27705
Volume 10 Number 5
TAMC is NAMA affiliated

uden t :

Jack Billman 3201 Stoneyford Ct. Raleigh, NC 27603 779-2419
Sec retary /Treasurer :

Bill Burk 1122 Sourwood Dr. Chapel Hill, NC 27514 942-6387
Fungifile Editors:

Billie Sessoms 802 Duluth Street Durham, NC 27705 383-5853
Bill Burk 1122 Sourwood Dr. Chapel Hill, NC 27514 942-6387
Fungifile Mailing:

Joanna Billman 3201 Stoneyford Ct. Raleigh, NC 27603 779-2419
Foray Chairs:

Harriet Sato 1709 Sagamore Ct. Raleigh, NC 27604 231-8421
Steve Preissler 416 Severin St. Chapel Hill, NC 27516 942-2577
Program Coordinator:

Marge Richter 8601 Little Creek Farm Road Chapel Hill, NC 27516
942-4328

MEETINGS

September 9: Monday at 7:30 pm at NC Botanical Gardens, Totten
Center. Bill Burk will present Dr. William Koch's audio-visual
presentation "Introduction to Mushrooms". All members should
bring vaguely interested friends and certainly all mushroom-
kickers who don't appreciate these natural wonders!

October 10: Saturday at 7 pm. Pot luck at Jack and Joanna

Billman 's house, 3201 Stoneyford Court, Raleigh. Bring a dish
for 6-8 people. If you have tried any of the TAMC recipes and
liked them, they would be a special treat. Speaker will be Sam
Baron, distinguished professor emeritus, UNC— CH Department of
History. His topic will be Myths and Mushrooms.

November 11: Monday at 7:30pm. Location: Duke campus, Botany Bldg.

Room 144. Dr. Wm. Culbreath will discuss Lichens.

December:

No meeting planned.

FORAY SCHEDULE

Forays leave promptly from the meeting place at the appointed
time. In case of drought or rain, if a foray is cancelled, the
phone tree will try to notify everyone. If you have a question
about a foray, contact the foray leader. Bring lunch, insect
repellent, sunscreen lotion, hat and collecting gear.

September 14 -15: South Mountain weekend. Meet at the parking
lot at 10 am. Foray on Saturday, September 14 at South Mountain
State Park will be led by Allein Stanley. Foray on Sunday,
September 15 will be led by Jack Billman. Directions: From 1-40
take exit 105 to IS South at Morganton. Travel 11 miles on 1-85.
Take a right into secondary road 1913 (west) for 4.3 miles. Make
a left (south) into SR 1924 for 2.6 miles. Make a right into SR
1901 (west) for 1.4 miles then take the gravel road for about 3
miles to the parking lot. Approximate travel time is 4 hours
from Raleigh. Because of the primitive camping conditions at
South Mountain, we recommend the economy motels available at
Morganton: Days Inn 704-433-0011, Econo Lodge 800-553-2666,
Sleep Inn 704-433-9000. If you wish to economize further, take
food for breakfast and lunches in a cooler. Join the group for
dinner at a restaurant on Saturday night. Please let Jack
Billman know if you plan to go. WP 460-8302 HP 779-2419.

September 21: Hanging Rock State Park, led by Jack Billman.
Foray starts at 10 am Saturday, September 21. There will be a
slide show at 8 pm . The Billmans are camping Friday and Saturday
and will welcome anyone wishing to join them. Hanging Rock is
one hour north of Winston Salem off of route 89 at Danbury, NC.
Camp sites are available at $7 per family. Hanging Rock State
Park phone: (919)593-8480. Directions: From 1-40 take route 66
(northwest) out of Kernersvi 1 le . Then take route 311 north to
route 89. Take route 89 to Danbury and follow the signs to the
state park. Notify Jack Billman if you plan to go. (Ph # above)

September 28: Weaver Creek, Chatham County. Leader, David Green
HP 929-9768. Meet at the Texaco parking lot at 9 am or at the
Wilsonville store at junction of route 64 and SR 1008 at 9:30 am.
See map,

October 5: Falls Lake, Wake County. Led by Owen McConnell.

Meet at 9 am at Edison Johnson Recreation Center at 600 W. Murray
Ave in Durham. Take 1-85 to Duke St, Roxboro exit north. Turn
right into Murray Ave at second light. The recreation center is
on the left. Raleigh residents wishing to carpool will meet at
the Sears parking lot at Crabtree Mall at 9:20 am. Otherwise
meet at Falls Lake at 9:30 am. (see map) Contact person: Owen
McConnell 220-5139 or David Green 939-9768.

October 12: Joint foray into Duke Forest with the mycology class
from Duke University and TAMC led by Rytas Vigalys. Meet at
8:30 am at Duke Forest entrance across from Phillips 66 station
on old Erwin Road. (see map) Contact person: Bill Burk 942-

6387.

October 26: Denson Creek Trail, Uwharrie National Forest (See
map for directions). Meet at the parking lot behind the ranger's
station at 10:00 am or at the Texaco station parking lot in
Chapel Hill at 8:30 am. Leader: Steve Preissler, 942-2577 or
David Green 929-9768. Map in Fungifile vol 9 no 5.

FORAY REPORTS

Battle Park Foray - July 13 Submitted by David Green

This foray took place three days after a heavy rain, following a

period of hot, dry weather.

Species list:

Galiella rufa, aka Bulgaria rufa

Tremel ladendron pallidum Cantharellus cinnabarinus

Cant hare 1 lula umbonata Amanita caesarea

Pleurotus ostreatus A. fulva

Boletus retipes A. muscaria

Tylopilus indecisus A. virosa

Pseudocolus fusiformis Lactarius piperatus

Auricularia auricula L. volemus

Lycoperdon perlatum Lycogala epidendrum

Crepidotus applanatus Several unidentified species

Ischnoderma benzoium of Boletus and Russula were

Phellinus gilvas found.

Jones Lake State Park, Bladen County - July 20-21
Submitted by Harriet Sato

Temperatures were in the 70' s — 90' s and it was very humid.
However the ground was damp as if there had been heavy rains a
few days previously. The species list has been separated
according to habitats, i.e. sandy coastal plain and under
hardwoods. Duplications occur if the species were found in both
habitats. Those which are starred are found uniquely in the
coastal plain (courtesy of J. Billman and 0. McConnell). Nine
people participated in the foray and in the buffet dinner at the
Front Porch restaurant Saturday night.

Coastal Plain habitat at Smith Swamp Trail and the campgrounds.
Amanita rubescens, *S. rhoadsiae, A. volvata, #A. mutabilis, A.
citrina, *A. longipes, A. peckiana, A. spreta, A. altifissura, A.
pantherina, *Tylopilus conicus, *Xanthoconium straminium,
*Austroboletus subflavidus, *Tylopilus perialbidus, Boletus
rubinellus, B. pseudosulphureus, B. auriporus, *Tylopilus
rhoadsiae *Phylloporus foliiporus, Russula sp. , Hygrophorus
borealis, Ganoderma lucidum, var: curtisii, Coltrichia perennis,
Collybia iocephala, Chlorophy 1 lum molybdites

Under hardwoods at Turnbull Creek Trail and Tory Hole Park.
Amanita flavoconia, A. vaginata(?), A. brunnescens, A. muscaria
var: formosa, A. velutipes, A. peliona, Lactarius subvel lereus ,
L. piperatus, L. hygrophoroides , L. volemus, Lepiota americanus,
Russula pectinatoides, R. albella, R. compacta, R. roseipes,
Marasmius siccus, M. rotula, M. f ul vof errugineus , M. olidus(?) ,
Collybia iocephala, Collybia sp., Clitocybe sp., Tricholomopsis

rutilans, Gerronema stromboides, Leucoprinus f ragi 1 1 isimus ,
Pluteus cervinus, Volvariella pusilla, Pleurotus sp. , Agaricus
auricolor, Cantharellus tubaeformis, C. cibarius, C.

cinnabarinus , Boletus bicolor or sensibilis, B. miniatol ivaceous,
B. speciosus, B. f raternus, B- subg 1 abipes , B- miniato-
pallescens, Bolitellus rusellii, Tylopilus ballouii, T.
indecisis, *Gyroporus subalbellus, Strobi lomyces confusus,
Phylloporus rhodoxanthus , Lycoperdon sp., Mutinus elegans,
Tremel ladendrum pallidum, Hypomyces hyalinus, Lycogala
epidendrum, Mycroporel lus dealbatus.

September 13 - 15, 1991 The sixth annual "Introduction to the
Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms of Michigan's Upper Peninsula"
workshop at Michigan Technological University's Ford Forestry
Center (near Lake Superior's south shore, 40 miles south of
Houghton). Both lectures and forays, with Johann Bruhn, Dana
Richter, Harold Burdsall and Thomas Volk. Includes presentations
for both novice and advanced non— prof essionals . Contact the
center by calling (906)524-6181.

September 22 - 27, 1991 Walt Sturgeon will be teaching a course
on the identification of mushrooms at the Sleeping Bear Dunes
National Lakeshore. For more information, contact Robert Karner
at the Leelanau Center for Education, One Old Holmstead Road,
Glen Arbor, MI, 49636.

October 11 - 29, 1991 Mushroom study tour to the Highlands of
Thailand, led by Gary Lincoff and Dr. Emanuel Salzman. For more
information, contact the Fungophile, P0 Box 48503, Denver, CO
80248-0503 phone (303)296-9359.

October 11 - 21, 1991 Spring tour to Buenos Aires, Iguazu and
Bariloche Agentina. Sightseeing, forays, workshops and lectures.
Led by Dr. Richard Homola. Contact Asensio Tours, Att: Celeste
or Juan Carlos, 445 5th Avenue, Suite 14A, New York, NY 10016.
Phone 1-800-221-7679.

October 31 - November 3, 1991 Mushroom weekend at Breitenbush,
Oregon. Forays, wild mushroom cookout, lectures, slide programs,
cultivation workshops, soaking in the hot springs. Contact Peter
Moore, (503)371-3754.

GROWING YOUR OWN MUSHROOMS

Jeff Miller, new TAMC member and Billie Sessoms are testing
several steps in the propagation process starting with growing
out spores to make our own cultures and spawn production in grain
and straw. As soon as we are confident that we have a successful
process we will call anyone who has indicated an interest to join
us. If you want to participate in this home propagation project,
contact Billie Sessoms at 383-5853. Leave your name, phone

number and message on the answer phone. We have cultures of
several good edibles to use.

THE BOOKSHELF Material submitted by Bill B
CORTINARIUSi FLORA PHOTOGRAPHICA.

The Cortinarius Photoflora Project was initiated in 1982 and is
being guided by the following mycologists* among others i
Tor Erik Brandrud (Norway), Hakan Lindstrom (Sweden), Hans Marklund
(Sweden), Jacques Melot ( Franc e/lc eland ) , and Siw Muskos (Sweden).
The Project aims to photograph as many European species of Cortinarius
as possible. Over a period of time, probably a few years, the Project
will print loose-leaf color plates (one species per sheet) with a
large studio photograph that shows the various developmental stages of
the species. A text which will emphasize the different characters of
the species development will accompany each plate. Plans include the
publication of five volumes, available in four different languages ,
including an edition in English.

The Photoflora t revises the taxonomy and nomenclature of the genus
Cortinarius, presents type material to species described as new
(holotypes) and to several "classical" species (neotypes), and contains
representative photographic plates to the Cortinarius species that will
be included in forthcoming books.

Cortinarius is the largest, and one of the most difficult of all
genera among the macrofungi. In Europe there are approximately 4-00-
500 species. Since colors play a very important role in identifying
Cortinarius species, the color plates of this publication should be
most helpful, especially for the more difficult species of Cortinarius
to identify.

This mycological flora will consist of:
— volume 1 (ring binder 1, text booklet of 36 pages, 60 photographic

plates and a register sheet). This volume has been published.
— volume 2 (ring binder 2 about 60 photographic plates, and register

sheet). This volume should be published in mid-1991 •
— volume 3 (about 60 photographic plates)

— volume 4- (ring binder 3 and about 60 photographic plates)

— volume 5 (about 60 photographic plates, and a second text booklet)

Volume 1, as described above, is available fromi Lubrecht & Cramer,
Ltd., RD 1, Box 244, Forestburgh, NY 12777. (phonet 914-791-75.75).
Cost for the English edition is $120.00, plus $3.00 postage and handling.

Below is a sample of the text that^ accompanies each photographic plate.
This sample text describes Cortinarius croceus subsp. norvegicus (Hoil.)
Brandr. & Lindstr. — —

Protologue: Hoiland 1984: 85.

Cap 1-4 cm, conical to campanulate with incurved margins,
then piano- convex, frequently acutely umbonate with a down-
curved margin, strongly fibrillose to scaly. Homogeneous red
brown to sometimes more yellowish towards margin.
Gills crowded (to moderately crowded), deeply yellow to ochra-
ceous yellow, soon darker brown, edge paler.
Stem 2-4(7) x 0.2-0.7 cm, cylindric, pale ochraceous yellow,
base yellow brownish of mycelium. Veil fibrillose or fine scaly,
red brown.

Flesh pale brownish yellow to olivaceous yellow. Smell indis-
tinct.

Microcharacters: Spores 7-9 x 4.5-5.5 pm, ellipsoid, distinctly
and rather coarsely verrucose. Gill edge with clavate sterile
cells. Yellow pigment in basidia and between the hyphae. Cap
cuticle with a moderately thick epicutis, hyphae 5-10(15) \irr\
wide, slightly brown encrusted, and with yellow, extracellular

1 1990. Brandrud • lindstrom • Marklund • Melot • Muskos COLOR TRYCK, S-Hamosand. 1990

pigment clumps. Hypodermium weakly developed, hyphae < 25
(im wide.

Habitat: Subalpine to middle alpine zone. Most frequently un-
der Betula nana in nutrientpoor, low alpine areas, but also
recorded at higher altitudes associated with dwarf Salix shrubs
and at lower altitudes with mountain birch {Betula pubescens
subsp. tortuosa). Rarely observed even in sandy coniferous for-
ests. Recorded from Fennoscandia only.
Comments: This is a small Dermocybe typical of alpine habi-
tats. It differs from C. croceus (Schaff.: Fr.) Britz. subsp. croceus
by its more fibrous-scaly, red brown cap and the ecology. It is
also somewhat deviating by its shape of cap (downcurved
margins), the darker colour of gills and the chemistry (a higher
content of dermorubin). Since transitions in the separating char-
acters occur, the taxa are best treated as subspecies.
Material: Sweden, Harjedalen, Storsjo, Flatruet, 16 Aug. 1986

CortinariUS CrOCeUS SUbsp. norvegicus (H01I.) Brandr. & Lindstr. A54

NEW MEMBERS OF THE CLUB - Update your member list:

Roger and Gwen Boyles 4 Blake's Drive., Pittsboro, NC 27312

AMERICAN YOUTH HOSTELS UPDATE

TAMC holds an organization membership in American Youth. Hostels.
To use it, contact Jack Billman to get the card. The Georgia
Council of American Youth Hostels has two facilities: Woodruff's
Bead and Breakfast and Hostel , in midtown Atlanta on Ponce De
Leon Ave, Phone (404)875-9449. In the Blue Ridge Mountains of
North Georgia is the Mountain Outdoors Expeditions hostel which
has access to fishing, mountainbiking , hiking, and canoeing. MOE
is located five miles east of Ellijay, off highway 52.

MUSHROOM KNIFE NOW AVAILABLE

NAMA member, Tom Mueller is marketing two folding mushroom
knives with brushes for dirt removal ($50 and $27) , blade
sharpeners ($4 to $8) and woven collecting baskets ($3.50 to $8).
Contact him at 607 Pine Road, Fort Washington, MD 20744, or phone
(301)292-5777 for a catalog. These look like good gift items
for your favorite mycologist.

LYME DISEASE UPDATE

From: Spores Illustrated (Connecticut Westchester Mycological

Association) Summer, 1991. Submitted by Bill Burk

The diagram below, which appeared in The New York Times in June, serves lo
emphasize the need to lake all possible precautions when hiking, gardening, or just
relaxing outside to avoid bites by the tiny deer tick, Ixodes dammini, the intermediate
carrier of Lyme disease. The fastest growing ailment (except for AIDS), Lyme disease is
found throughout the United States - but especially in the Northeast and especially in New
York Stale. More than half the reported cases have been from New York, mostly from
Westchester and Suffolk Counties. The ticks are spread by intermediate hosts like mice,
raccoons, and skunks (not deer, because ticks do not feed again once feeding on deer).
The greatest danger for people is found in tall grasses, leaf Utter, and shrubs, where the
ticks are most numerous. Tips for reducing risk offered by the Times include

\ Wear long pants tucked into socles, long sleeve shirts
with snug collars.

• Apply DEFf to exposed skin (except for children)
socks, pant legs, sleeve cuffs, and collars.

• In woods stay on trails, away from brush and leaf litter
where ticks arc more plentiful.

• Shower upon arrival home to wash away any ticks not
yet attached. (Editor's note: Undress in the laundry
room and put clothing directly into the washing
machine.)

• Do a full-body exam. It tak.es up to 24 hours for ticks
to begin transferring bacteria to the blood. Favorite
feeding sites arc the groin, armpits, lower legs, back of
knees, buttocks, navel, neck, and hairline.

•Remove ticks with a fine tweezers, placed at the mouth
part, pulling slowly upward until the tick lets go. Place
it in a vial of alcohol for identification by health
department. Wash hands and swab bite area with
alcohol.

• If symptoms of the disease appear, seek medical
treatment immediately. When caught early, the disease
is cured by antibiotics. Symptoms include a slowly
expanding red circular rash with a clearing in the center
and, days or weeks later, flu-like symptoms with
swollen or painful joints. Unfortunately many infected
people experience none of the early symptoms.

*At home make yard areas less hospitable to ticks by
removing leaf litter in the yard and garden and do not
keep the soil moist, the condition the tick prefers.

• Pregnant women should be especially vigilant to
avoid tick-infested areas because the fetus can become
infected.

Lyme Ticks arid the Suburban Terrain

Ixodes dammini ticks of all stages collected by dragging four. . 7,
fiabitat types on 67 properties in Armonk, N.Y.. in.l 989. Of ticks . ■;.
examined, nearly 30 percent of nymphs and nearly 50 percent of.
adults carried Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme disease microbe;

TTy:.st» YorkTimrs: llluiiriuion by H»nk Iktn

NAME CHANGING REVISITED submitted by Bill Burk

From: The Mushroom Log, May-June, 1991.

YOU RECALL WILL ROGERS ONCE SAID, "EVERYBODY TALKS ABOUT THE
WEATHER , BUT NOBODY EVER DOES ANYTHING ABOUT IT ". SO IT IS WITH
THE COMPLAINT OF THE CHANGING OF NAMES IN MYCOLOGY , SPEAKING IN
REGARD TO AMATEURS OF COURSE.

BEGINNING AMATEURS DON'T EVEN LIKE THE USE OF LATIN NAMES. IT
IS A FACT HOWEVER THAT LATIN NAMES ARE REALLY NO HARDER TO LEARN THAN
COMMON NAMES, IT IS JUST THAT THEY ARE UNFAMILIAR AND UNFAMILIARITY
SEEMS TO BREED APPREHENSION. THE TRUTH OF THE MATTER IS THAT TO
RELEARN IS MUCH MORE DIFFICULT THAN TO SIMPLY LEARN.

MUSHROOM MANUALS ARE WRITTEN WITH THE USE OF LATIN. NAMES AND
DESCRIPTIONS ARE SO WRITTEN THAT THEY MAY BE UNDERSTOOD THE WORLD
OVER . LATIN IS A DEAD LANGUAGE. IT IS LIKE A CLIMAX FOREST. IT
WILL NEVER CHANGE. ONCE A NAME APPEARS IN LATIN IT IS ETCHED IN
STONE. WE LEARN IT ONCE AND IT IS OURS. THE CHANGING THAT TAKES
PLACE IS NOT THE LATIN BUT RATHER A MYCOLOGICAL DECISION ON THE
MUSHROOM ITSELF.

COMMON NAMES CHANGE THREE MILES DOWN THE ROAD. WHAT COULD BE
NAMED A YELLOW GREENISH ROUGH HEADED STUMP JUMPER IN YOUR LOCALITY
COULD EASILY BE A GREENISH MAZE SCABBY HEADED WOOD LOVER IN THE NEXT
COUNTY.. AND GOD KNOWS WHAT ELSE TWO COUNTIES OVER. WHEN YOU GET
OUT OF YOUR PARTICULAR LOCAL YOU ARE IN A FOREIGN COUNTRY SO FAR AS
MUSHROOM NAMING IS CONCERNED. IT IS A FACT THAT THE COMMON NAME
IS MORE COMFORTABLE TO COPE WITH BUT NOT ANY EASIER TO LEARN. IF
YOU DON'T KNOW A NAME IT IS JUST AS SIMPLE TO LEARN ONE LATIN NAME
AS IT IS TO LEARN ONE COMMON NAME !

RELEARNING IS THE COMPLAINT. ONCE WE LEARN IT WE DON'T WANT
THE PROBLEM OF RELEARNING IT. I PERSONALLY CAN RELATE TO SUCH A
PROBLEM AND THINK IT SHOULD BE RECTIFIED IN THE FIELD OF AMATEUR
MYCOLOGY. NOTICE I SAID AMATEUR MYCOLOGY BECAUSE IT IS ABSOLUTELY
ESSENTIAL THAT IT BE CHANGED IN THE PROFESSIONAL AREA IF IT BE
WARRANTED BY THE MAJORITY. THIS IS A COG IN THE GEAR OF TAXONOMY AND
DON'T LOOK FOR IT TO CHANGE.. IT CANNOT.

MOST DEDICATED AMATEUR MYCOLOGISTS IN THE FIELD OF FLESHY FUNGI
OR, " MUSHROOM FREAKS " IF YOU WILL HAVE BEEN BROUGHT UP ON LATIN
TERMINOLOGY. THEY KNOW IT RELATIVELY WELL , ESPECIALLY THE NAMES
OF MUSHROOMS. THEY HAVE LEARNED THAT IT IS ESSENTIAL TO STAY ABREAST
OF LITERATURE ON THE SUBJECT, THIS LATIN LEARNING.

SHOULD SUDDENLY ALL THIS BE SUBJECT TO REVERSAL AND COMMON NAMES
BE DESIGNATED TO REPLACE THESE ALREADY KNOWN LATIN NAMES IT WOULD
CAUSE COMPLETE CONFUSION IN THE RANKS. TO ME, THE AUDUBON GUIDE
WAS A GOOD EXAMPLE OF THIS CONFUSION. IT WAS IMPLEMENTED BY THE
BOOK PEOPLE AND NOT BY THE AUTHOR SO LET ME GO ON RECORD OF EXCUSING
MR. LINCOFF FOR WHAT I CONSIDER A BAD ADAPTATION TO AN OTHERWISE
EXCELLENT MANUSCRIPT. I THINK THE AUDUBON SERIES OF NATURE BOOKS
IS WRITTEN FOR THE"WOULD BE" INTERESTS RATHER THAN THE ALREADY INTO IT
GROUP. NONE THE LESS, THESE CONTRIVED NAMES CAUSED ME RELEARNING,
AND I FOUND MYSELF FRUSTRATED AND CONFUSED . MUSHROOMS I WAS CERTAIN
I KNEW HAD AN UNFAMILIAR NAME: WHAT THE HELL IS A"GREEN FOOTED FIBER
HEAD" ? A"TURPENTINE WAXY CAP ? "A GREEN HEADED JELLY CLUB ? "
IS ALL THIS ANY MORE RIDICULOUS THAN THE " YELLOW GREENISH ■ ROUGH
HEADED STUMP JUMPER " MENTIONED ABOVE ?

NAME CHANGING (cont)

PUTTING A COMMON NAME ON ALL MUSHROOMS AS A BASIS OF UNDERSTANDING
AND OF SOLIDIFYING NAMES AND NAME CHANGING IS A VENTURE IN HOPE.
WHO WILL STEP FORWARD TO IMPLEMENT SUCH A MONUMENTAL TASK ? INSTEAD OF
LEARNING A FEW NEW LATIN NAMES WE ARE GOING TO RELEARN THOUSANDS OF
MUSHROOM NAMES WHO'S LATIN NAMES WE ARE REASONABLY FAMILIAR WITH. THIS
IS NOT AN IDEA FOR ACCEPTANCE !

SO, YOU ARE SAYING , WHAT'S YOUR ANSWER "MR. KNOW ! «

I DON't PROFESS TO HAVE THE ANSWER BUT I DO HAVE WHAT I CONSIDER
A PRETTY GOOD IDEA FOR SOLVING THE SITUATION WITH THE LEAST AMOUNT OF
EFFORT FOR EVERYONE CONCERNED. LET ME GO ON RECORD AT THIS POINT IN
TIME AS SAYING I HAVE NO CONNECTION NOR DO I ADVOCATE WHAT I AM ABOUT
TO SAY TO FURTHUR BOOK SALES FOR ANYONE. IT IS JUST AN IDEA AND I
FEEL CERTAIN IT WILL WORK.

BACK IN 1975 I PURCHASED A BOOK ENTITLED " AN INDEX OF THE COMMON
FUNGI OF NORTH AMERICA « THE TEXT WAS AUTHORED BY ORSON MILLER JR.
AND DAVID FARR. PROBABLY MANY OF YOU HAVE THIS BOOK.

THE BOOK IS A COMPLETE LISTING OF FUNGI IN AMERICA AND NOT ONLY
HAS THE LATIN LISTING BUT ALSO SYNONYMS USED REGARDING EACH LISTING,
FURTHER, IT HAS THE COMMON NAME LISTING WHERE THERE IS AN ACCEPTED
(NOT CONTRIVED) ONE..

GRANTED THERE WILL HAVE BEEN A FEW CHANGES IN NAMING SINCE THE
1975 PRINTING BUT NOT SO MANY TO BECOME BURDENSOME. TO ME THIS TEXT
IS ANSWERED PRAYER TO THE NAME CHANGING FIASCO WE LIVE WITH AS AMATEUR
MYCOLOGIST . IF ACCEPTED , AS IS, BY THE AMATEUR RANK AND FILE AS
THE GIVEN AND ACCEPTED LATIN NAMES FROM THIS TIME FORWARD THERE WOULD
NtvER BE A NEED TO RELEARN LATIN NAMES AGAIN.

ALTHOUGH IT IS TRUE THAT MANY OF THE NAME CHANGES NOW IN THE
PROCESS OF ALTERATION ARE NOT LISTED IN THE MILLER-FARR TEXT. MANY
OF THESE NAMES HOWEVER ARE AMONG THE LESSER FUNGI OF LITTLE INTEREST
TO THE MASSES. I ALSO REALIZE THERE ARE ABSENTEES IN GENERAL WHICH
THE BOOK DOES NOT COVER. ALL IN ALL HOWEVER I HAVE FOUND FEW MUSHROO!
WHICH ARE NOT COVERED IN THE BOOK ON MY FORAGING OVER THE YEARS.

THOSE AMATEUR MYCOLOGISTS WHO ENJOY THE CHALLENGE OF KEEPING

ABREAST OF THE CONSTANT CHANGES IN NAMING HAVE LITTLE INTEREST IN
ANY STANDARDIZATION OF MUSHROOM NAMES. TO PARALLEL THE PROFESSIONAL
IS PERHAPS THEIR SOLE PURPOSE OF THE MYCOLOGICAL HOBBY. TO BE THE
SMARTEST KID IN THE CLASS IS A FASCINATION OF MANY.

SO, I HAVE BEEN HUNTING TOADSTOOLS FOR PERHAPS THIRTY FIVE
YEARS. THIS HOBBY BEFORE THE ARDENT USE OF THE MICROSCOPE, THE
APPLICATION OF CHEMICALS, AND OTHER PRE NAME CHANGING SCHEMES...

WHEN I GOT MARRIED MY WIFE CHANGED HER NAME TO MINE. DAMNED IF
SHE bOESHT STILL LOOK LIKE THE SAME WOMAN REGARDLESS OF THAT NAME
CHANGE. I SUPPOSE MUSHROOMS MIGHT FEEL THE SAME WAY.

BY THE WAY, DON'T LOOK FOR ANYTHING TO HAPPEN, EVERYBODY
TALKS ABOUT THE WEATHER BUT NOBODY WILL EVER DO ANYTHING ABOUT IT.

* '1

Box 61061
Durham, NC 27705

NC Collections, Serials

Wilson Library/CB 3930 »

Chapel Hill, NC 2^9-3930 1

IS YOUR LABEL CORRECT?
DEADLINE for submissions for November \December : October 11

ii

£58% Z.-zzos'

the fungiffe

Newsletter of the Triangle Area Mushroom Club

PO Box 61061 Durham NC 27705

Special Memorial Issue
October 1991

Jack Billman photographing mushrooms
at Jones Lake\Bladen County, July 1991
(Photo, Courtesy of Marge Richter)

JACK BILLMAN As We Knew Him

GENTLE in manner
TALENTED in art and music

GIFTED in his enthusiasm for nature and life

KNOWLEDGEABLE in photography and mycology

ARDENT in camping and hiking

FRIENDLY, HOSPITABLE and PATIENT by nature

The HONORABLE husband and counterpart of Joanna

We shall miss our friend.

Hal & Marge Richter

*^L/ si, j, \ls vLr \ls +L- ~^L- -J, vLy -L »X ■X' -i-1 »L X" X' "X" ^t' "X" A' ^X -L >^ X- ^X ^X* X: '*X 'X- ^X" X- Xi^ %X' "X' ^X Xt X" *X X" X*' ~X "X- Xf ~-L- *X »X ■X- ^tf •X' X- X' -it "X Xt- X*1 X Xi- "4c X X- X
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Although I did not know Jack as long as other people did, he
made a most favorable impression on me. He struck me as even-
tempered, a wonderful teacher and full of enthusiasm for
learning; a perfectionist in everything he attempted. I learned
that besides amateur mycology, his avocations included scuba
diving, photography, painting, wood working, and guitar playing
and that one of his future plans was to write a book on boletes
of North Carolina. We've lost an incomparable member of our
mushroom club. It was a privilege to have known him.

Harriet Sato

X X X X "X' ,L' "X X-' "X 'X' "X" X' v4 ~X- X- ^L" X- X X' •X VX X- Xt X/ -V X- 'X -X X- ^X* -X- -X -i- "X- *Xi 'X-' ■J/ vi. X- ^X Xr X' X' X 'X' "X *X X" X' X Xj' X< X" X" "X X ^X' X Xr X' X- X X"

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Death of Jack Billman is hard to take, but we'll all meet
again in mushroom heaven. Sam Baron

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Jack was very generous with his time and happy to share the
things he had learned with anyone interested. David Green

On September 14, the Triangle Area Mushroom Club suffered a
great loss when its President, Jack Billman, died suddenly while
hunting mushrooms on South Mountain, NC .

Jack was a pillar of support to the Club. For the past
several years he accepted the office of President which he held
so capably and faithfully. Jack was the principal identifier of
mushrooms at meetings and fungus forays. He and his wife,
Joanna, became well known for their hospitality and graciousness
for hosting many notable mycologists from different parts of the
country. The Billman' s home was a happy and warm focal point for
many mushroom social events, including dinner meetings to plan
for the future of the club, among countless other events.

Among his wide array of talents, Jack was a superb
photographer, taking pictures of mushrooms in their natural
habitats. His mushroom photographs won awards in the North
American Mycological Association's Fungus Photo contests. For
all who viewed his slide shows there was always the thrill of
marvelling at the beautiful mushrooms and learning from Jack's
extensive knowledge of fungi.

Jack's unselfish and gentle ways touched so many of us. He
shared his vast knowledge of mushrooms in his typically
supportive and unassuming ways, all genuinely given without
pretense. At the last mushroom club meeting on September S,
before Jack's untimely death, I sensed that he was embarking on
yet another pursuit of mycological knowledge and exactitude.
Jack wanted to begin tracking down the original descriptions of
mushrooms as they first appeared in the literature. This was
probably not surprising to me as Jack's research and studies were
so scientifically accurate.

The loss of Jack has created a personal emptiness, but his
memory fills a reservoir of reflections of pleasant, friendly,
and learning interactions and association. I shall miss Jack
dearly. Bill Burk

***** ************************************************************

Jack Billman died Saturday [September the 14th] on the South
Mountain foray. Jack was a devoted mushroomer and surely enjoyed
himself up to that sad moment. He will be greatly missed by the
Triangle Area Mushroom Club. He was serving his fourth term as
President and, with his wife Joanna, saw that the Fung if ile got
printed and mailed. He took spectacular slides and was always
willing to share them with others. By participating fully in
club activities, he helped others enjoy and learn. He was a
quiet scholar who was always willing to share his knowledge and
enthusiasm .

Billie Sessoms

JACK BILLMAN by JACQUES POIRIER

In December 1987, I had decided that I could not serve a
third year as President of the Triangle Area Mushroom Club unless
I let my aging residence crumble around me. Still, the TAMC
Board of Directors had been unable to find any willing nominee
for President. Then one evening Jack phoned me to say that he
would consent to run, "Because otherwise the club might well
disintegrate." That act was typical of Jack's public spirit and
generosity, and its significance will be appreciated by
leadership cadres of other mushroom clubs.

As President from 1988 until his untimely fatal heart attack
on September 14, 1991, while on a foray at South Mountain State
Park NC, Jack led and strengthened TAMC in many ways. From the
time he joined the club within a year of its formation, he was
its pre-eminent photographer. Jack was always willing to present
segments of his fabulous slide collection whenever "open slots"
appeared in the meeting program schedule. Because he and Joanna
were avid campers and often attended out-of-state forays, these
slide shows opened vistas to those of us unable to go there in
person.

On many occasions, Jack and Joanna opened their home to
visiting noted mycologists, enhancing the national visibility of
TAMC and acquainting members with notable visitors. These
occasional dinner meetings and the annual TAMC potluck dinners
there starred Joanna's culinary prowess and Jack's low-key
graciousness as a host. On the rare occasions when the
conversational pace slackened, Jack would take his Gibson guitar
from the living room stand and say, "I can strum." We sang.

Jack was unstintingly interested in educating the wider
public about mycological matters. He and Joanna were among the
TAMC members running a booth at Durham's Garden Expo a little
over a year ago. Jack had led a state -approved educational foray
for campers at Hanging Rock State Park, and was due to repeat
this a week after his death. He and I had presented programs for
the general public at the Museum of Life and Science in Durham in
March and September of this year.

In the past year Jack had been developing additional methods
for the characterization of fungi. One was photomicrography; he
borrowed (and returned) my stage micrometer in order to calibrate
his microscope, and in return suggested a neat way to store spore
collections. Another was the use of chemical staining reagents.

We all deplore the premature passing of this fine electrical
engineer and amateur mycologist.

IN MEMORY OF JACK BILLMAN

by OWEN McCONNELL

TAMC's great loss due to the death of Jack Billman goes
without saying; for it is well-known that Jack, who was serving a
fourth term as President of the club, has given generously of his
time and talents for the benefit of all TAMC members. What I
would like to express here is the personal sense of sadness and
loss I felt at the untimely death of Jack, who was in the prime
of his involvement with mushrooms.

Whenever I attended a mushroom foray or meeting, I always
hoped that Jack would be there. Nine times out of ten I was not
disappointed because Jack seldom missed an opportunity to look
for or talk about mushrooms. In addition to leading and
participating in group forays, Jack and Joanna spent much time
searching for mushrooms on their own. He once told me, "I would
like to photograph every mushroom species in North Carolina!" I
seldom heard Jack put his feelings into words, but his behavior
suggested that behind his low-key manner, Jack had an intense and
absorbing passion for mushrooms.

Whenever I was with Jack on a foray, I could always count on
his being deeply interested in any mushroom that we found and his
willingness to engage in whatever effort was required to puzsle-
out the identification of an unfamiliar mushroom, It was not
uncommon for Jack to approach me several months after we had
struggled unsuccessfully in our attempt to identify a species and
say, for example, "You know that mushroom we found on the
Turnbull Trail in Bladen County--it was Boletus luridellus . I
checked it out, and it fit perfectly with Rolf Singer's
description. "

Jack's interest in mushrooms was well-rounded. He and
Joanna enjoyed eating wild mushrooms and frequently cooked them
at home and on camping forays, but his involvement went far
beyond mycophagy. Because of his broad interest in mushrooms, it
is difficult to say exactly what his primary interest was. At
first glance it appeared to be photographing them. His
photographic equipment was almost a part of him, and he usually
photographed them where they were found while they were still
fresh. He made his photographs with exacting care, and the
results were reliably excellent. I always enjoyed seeing Jack
and Joanna working as a team to obtain good photographs. If
Joanna was not assisting directly in the photographic process,
she would be leading the search for additional specimens for Jack
to photograph.

However, I suspect that photography was just a means to an
end for Jack. He really seemed interested in the mushrooms per
s_e, and his photographs were perhaps just a way to capture and
hold on to these ephemeral beauties which he loved--to preserve
them so that he could share them with others. Jack's slides
never gathered dust. He was most accommodating in showing his
pictures for others to enjoy. I am appreciative of many
occasions at TAMC meetings and dinner parties at Jack's home when
I and others benefitted educationally and aesthetically from the
showing of Jack's slides. We can be thankful that his

photographs of mushrooms, which he spent many hours making, will
remain as a tribute to his love of mushrooms.

I will sorely miss Jack's presence at future forays and
meetings. Not only did his enthusiasm and extensive knowledge of
mushrooms contribute much to my own enjoyment and learning; but
also his unassuming manner, even disposition, kindness, and
generosity made association with him always a pleasant
experience . I never heard Jack say an unkind word to or about
anyone. Neither was he a complainer. He would endure hot, humid
weather, chiggers, mosquitoes, rain, etc. without a single
complaint while mushrooming. The closest to a lament that I ever
heard him utter was a slight sigh when he discovered that I had
accidentally stepped on a beautiful young Tylopilus conicus which
he had hoped to add to another one for a group picture. I
admired him for his control because I know how much that accident
frustrated him.

Jack was also a humble and non-competitive person. He
hardly took any credit for his discoveries. He was the first to
discover Tvlor>ilus conicus and Austroboletus subf lavidus in North
Carolina, he reported it in a matter-of-fact manner that amazed
me, who was very excited by the news. When I exclaimed about
what a wonderful find he had made, he replied, "Well, I expected
to find it; I knew it must be here [in N.C.]." As this comment
illustrates, Jack was not provincial. He had mushroomed

extensively in Florida before moving to N.C, and he attended
NAMA forays throughout the country. He knew a great deal about
the ranges and habitat requirements of various fungi species.

My personal sense of loss is great at Jack's passing, but I
know the loss extends far beyond my egocentric concerns. It is
sad to contemplate that in the future many persons here on earth
will be deprived of the positive effect Jack would have had on
them. Yet what he has been and what he has done while living
here was good and will without doubt continue to bear good fruit.

•X' tlf -L- X \L J, X, X. . X. ids X. \Ls -X X- vi. X/ X. X sX X< X. 'X/ >X X- X- X; \±j -J,- X/ -X^ X» \X \X X <X> X X >X X, d> *X X O. X X/ X- X X/ X X, X X X X X X X X- X X X< X/ X/ X
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Jack Billman. How do I remember him?

Well, he was one of the first folks I met in the Club. Yes,
he was president then, too. Of course, he didn't tell me. He
was a quiet guy.

He had a very gentle manner, too. His characteristic
greeting was an eye twinkle of recognition, followed by an easy
smile, and an extended hand. He was generous with his attention:
leading forays and ready to look at what anyone found.

It's tough to separate memories of Jack from those of
Joanna. Well, because they were so good together. Complimenting
each other perfectly: yin and yang. They opened up their home,
their lives and their hearts.

Jack Billman. How will I remember him?

Peacefully. I'll keep his positiveness , his quiet

enthusiasm, generosity, and his genuine curiosity. Yeah, these
things will endure, as the sorrow fades. Steve Preissler.

My life is not this steeply sloping hour,
in which you see me hurrying.

Much stands behind me; I stand before it like a tree;
I am only one of my many mouths ,

and at that, the one that will be still the soonest.

I am the rest between two notes ,
which are somehow always in discord
because Death's note wants to climb over—
but in the dark interval, reconciled,
they stay there trembling.

And the song goes on, beautiful.

R.M. Rilke

From: "Selected Poems of Rainier Maria Rilke."

A Translation from the German and Commentary by Robert Bly.

New York: Harper & Row, 1979. page 31.

FROM:

TRIANGLE AREA MUSHROOM CLUB
PO BOX 61061
DURHAM NC 27705

NC Collections, Serials
Wilson Library/CB 3930
Chapel Hill, NC 27559-3930

0Sb9.

the fungifile

Newsletter of theTriangle Area Mushroom Club

P. O. 61061, Durham, North Carolina 27705
Volume 10 Number 6
November/December 1991
TAMC is NAMA affiliated

President :

Open

Secretary/Treasurer :

Bill Burk 1122 Sourwood Dr. Chapel Hill, NC 27514 942-6387
Fungifile Editors:

Billie Sessoms 802 Duluth Street Durham, NC 27705 383-5853
Bill Burk 1122 Sourwood Dr. Chapel Hill, NC 27514 942-6387
Fungifile Mailing:
Open

Foray Chairs:

Harriet Sato 1709 Sagamore Ct. Raleigh, NC 27604 231-8421
Steve Preissler 416 Severin St. Chapel Hill, NC 27516 942-2577
Program Coordinator:

Marge Richter 8601 Little Creek Farm Road Chapel Hill, NC 27516
42-4328

Joanna Billman sends the members of the Triangle Area Mushroom
Club the following note of appreciation:

"The family of Jack D. Billman acknowledges with grateful
appreciation your kind expression of sympathy.
Thank you so much for your gift to the American Heart
Association. The children and I appreciate your good
thoughts. "

Joanna, Daniel and Lori

MARK YOUR CALENDAR:

MEETINGS

November 9: Saturday at 2:00 pm. 802 Duluth Street, Durham.
Propagation group will pasteurize and inoculate straw with
Pleurotus sajor-caju.

November 11: Monday at 7:30 pm. Room 144, Bioscience Building,
Duke. Dr. Will iam Cul breath will present a program on Lichens.
Park behind building but enter through front door on Science Dr.

December: No meeting planned.

FORAY SCHEDULE

No forays are planned for November and December.

FORAY REPORTS

Battle Park Foray - July 13 Submitted by David Green

Additions to Species list published in September Fungifile:
Boletus griseus
Boletus vermiculosis

Maxibel Acres, Person County
Submitted by David Green
Species list:
Amanita flavoconia

A. rubescens
Collybia dryophila
Marasmius sp.
Boletus bicolor

B. curtisii

B. miniato— ol ivaceus

Foray — August 10

Suillus granulatus
Hericium erinaceus
Cyathus sp.
Schizophy 1 lum commune
Lycoperdon per latum
Trametes versicolor
Dacromyces palmatus

Wallace Kauffman's property, Chatham County — August 24
Submitted by Harriet Sato.

Temperature in the high 80' s was mitigated by the cloudy sky.
According to our host, rain had not fallen for at least two
weeks. Although a respectable number of people found a

respectable number of species, the total number of mushrooms were
pitifully few. The most common species was Amanita daucipes
which grew to a surprisingly large size, the cap of one specimen
measuring about 12 inches in diameter.
The species list:

Amanita daucipes Austroboletus betula

A. brunnescens Boletus frostii

A. citrina

B.

piedmon tensis

A. farinosa

B.

curtisii

A. vaginata

B.

subtomen tosis

Lactarius volemus

B.

oraf lammens

L. corrugis

B.

longicurvipes

L. piperatus var. glaucescens

B.

varipes

Omphalotus olearius

B.

pal 1 idus

Pleurotus ostreatus

B.

chrysen teroides

Marasmius f ul vof errugineus Ganoderma tsugae

Phylloporus rhodoxanthus Lenzites betulina

Craterellus fallux Mycorr haphium adustum

Cantharellus cinnabarinus Calvatia cyathiformis

Strobi lomyces confusus Clavulina cristata

Tylopilus indecisus Mutinus elegans

T. plumbeoviolaceus lietatrichia vesparium

Suillus hirtellus Tremel lodendron pallidum

Weaver Creek, Chatham County - September 28, 1991
Submitted by Harriet Sato

It was a beautiful day with temperature in the 70' s; it had
rained heavily the previous Wednesday and Thursday. Our
expectations were high for the foray in the mixed hardwood
forest. Our disappointment was all the greater for that reason.

Species list organized according to the Northeast foray list:
Amani taceae

Amanita cokeri, A. abrupta?
Aphyl lophorales

Fistulina hepatica, Hydnellum auran tiacum , Polypoms sp.,

Trametes versicolor, Stereum ostrea
Gastromycetes

Calvatia cyathif ormis , Scleroderma cepa
Myxomycotina

Lycogala epidendrum

Falls Lake, Wake County - October 5, 1991
Submitted by Harriet Sato

Cloudy day, low SO's, rain 1 1/2 weeks ago; mixed hardwood
forest. Leader, Owen McConnell.

Species List:

Aqaricaceae : Agaricus sylvaticus; Lepiota sp. possibly

sanguiflua (bruised yellow orange)
Amani taceae: Amanita daucipes
Boletaceae : Austroboletus betulina

Cortinariaceae : Cortinarius alboviolaceus; Hebeloma

crustul in i forme

En to loma taceae: Entoloma griseum
Russu 1 aceae : Russula cyanoxantha

Trie ho loma taceae : Armil lariel la mellea; Collybia dryophila;

Marasmius pulcherripes ; Mycena sp. (violet— pink spores)
Aphyl lophorales: Daedalea guercina; Lenzites betulina; Polyporus
sp. Trametes versicolor; Stereum ostrea

Gastromycetes : Lycoperdon candidum; Lycoperdon per latum
Myxomycetina : Lycogala epidendrum
Also, a pretty, small hognose snake.

deCurrent Events

December 8 liycological Society of San Francisco's annual
Mushroom Show, "The Fungus Fair" will be held at the S. F.

County Fair Building in Golden Gate Park.

March 5 - March S, 1992 International Conference on Truffles in
L'Aquila, Italy sponsored by the University of L'Aquila and the
Italian Academy of Cuisine. Price of $350 includes the

conference, hotel accommodations, sightseeing tour, theatrical
performances and meals. For more information, write Dott. Luigi
Marra / Prof. Giovanni Pacioni, University degli Studi— L ' Acqui 1 a ,
67100 L' Acqui la, Italy. Telephone (39)862-433209.

July 3 - July 12, 1992 Costa Rico Nature Expedition $2198 from
Miami with optional 3 day Man j el Antonio Extension $548. Program
will be led by staff members from NC State Museum of Natural
Sciences and The NC Maritime Museum. For more information,
contact Dr. Robert G. Wolk, NC State Museum of Natural Sciences,
Box 27647, Raleigh, NC 27611 (919) 733-450.

The liycQphaqist' s Table
MUSHROOM CATSUP

Mushrooms to fill a 3— quart bowl (You can use Agaricus bisporus
from the grocery store, or any wild mushroom. Agaricus
campestris, Lentinus edodes, Boletus edulis or any Chanterelle
are all good . )
Salt

Place a layer of mushrooms in the bowl. Sprinkle lightly with
salt, then a layer of mushrooms, another sprinkle of salt,
alternating until all mushrooms are used up. Cover and

refrigerate for 4 days. On the third day, cook the following
ingredients in a sauce pan and stir into the bowl of mushrooms to
marinate for the final two days. Blend and cook these

ingredients, bringing to a full boil; reducing heat and allowing
to simmer for 30 minutes:

1 1/2 cups water 2 cloves garlic, chopped

2 Tabsp vinegar 1 whole clove
1 tesp black pepper corns 1 bay leaf
pinch of red pepper flakes 1/4 tesp basil

1 medium onion, sliced 1/ tesp dried thyme
pinch of celery seed

Place this mix in a large sauce pan, bring to a boil and cook for
15 minutes. Cool and pour the mixture into a colander to strain
the mushrooms out of the ketchup. Press the mushroom mix to
extract all the juice. Remove the mushroom leftovers. Boil the
juice 15 minutes and skim well. Pour into sterilized jars and
seal at once. Use the ketchup/ j uice as a condiment, much like
Worcestershire sauce or add to any dish to add mushroom flavor.

MUSHROOM BUTTER

1/2 lb mushrooms, sliced

2 to 4 Tabsp butter

Saute the mushrooms until golden brown. Put the sauteed

mushrooms and butter in a blender or food processor and add:

1/2 cup soft butter 1/4 tesp pepper

3 Tabsp dry sherry or brandy 1/4 tesp salt
Blend until smooth.

GROWING YOUR OWN MUSHROOMS

SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 9 - At last, we will be meeting to "grow our
own". Meet at Billie Sessoms ' house, S02 Duluth St, Durham (see
map) at 2 pm. Jeff Miller and Billie Sessoms have set up to
propagate mushroom cultures in a bathroom at Bil lie's house. We
have successfully grown Pleurotus sajor— caju mycelium on an
enriched agar medium. On Saturday, October 26, we sterilized and
inoculated rye grain with the agar mycelium. On Saturday,

November 9 anyone who is interested will get together to go on to
the next step of inoculating a pasteurized chopped straw
substrate for fruiting. We will also prepare petri dishes of
Lentinus edodes and discuss expansion of the agar culture on
grain and other growth media. If you want to participate in this
home propagation project, contact Billie Sessoms at 383-5853.
Leave your name, phone number and message on the answer phone.

THE BOOKSHELF Material submitted by Bill Burk

Wild Mushroom Cookery A culinary guide compiled by the Oregon
Mycological Society. Over 200 pages of recipes with chapters

such as What's In a Mushroom, Mushrooms and Health, and Hints
Tips and Tools. Each section of the 150+ recipes, ranging from
Agaricus to Exotics of the Oriental Market, is introduced by a
brief essay plumbing that particular mushroom's habit, habitat
and season. The reader is guided through the curiosities of
mushroom lore. Price is $12.95 postpaid.

C«J X L_E>

NAME

ADDRESS

mushroom couke:ry

No. copies
Amount $

Please make checks payable to O.M
to: 1943 SE Locust. Portland, OR,

S . and
97214 .

ma i 1

Mushrooms of North America by Roger Phillips Little, Brown and
Company, 205 Lexington Avenue, NY, NY 10016; *39.95, hardcover;
$24.95, paperback. More than 1,000 full— color photographs make
this book a comprehensive guide. Shot in controlled studio

light, the photographs, much like classical botanical drawings
show the cap, stem, gills, spines, and a cross section of each
mushroom in various stages of growth. Alongside the

photographs, Phillips provides complete information on collection
and identification.

1992 Calendar of Mushrooms and Fungi, by Orson K. Miller, Jr.,
Hope Miller and David Largent.

(Mad River Press Dept. M. , 1^1 Carter Lane, Eureka, CA 95501)

Once again, Mad River Press has issued a spectacular calendar
of North American mushrooms. For each month a stunning color
photograph, accompanied by a brief description of the species,
graces the top half of the calendar, and the bottom panel provides
the typical grid with the days. Full moons are depicted with the
outline of a mushroom. For the mycophagist a recipe is given for
"Puffball Parmesan. " Member Jacques Poirier has already tried
this recipe and says: "It was delicious and superb!"

The top and bottom panel each measures 8^ X 11", and is printed
on high quality, glossy paper. The calendar costs $9«95» but TAMC
members can purchase a copy from Bill Burk (phone 9^2-6387) for
$4.00, a special discount that Mad River Press extends for orders
of 10 or more copies. However, please beware that Bill will not
mail out calendars to people ordering them — you must pick the
calendar up at a TAMC function or make special arrangements with
Bill to pick up your calendar at another time. This offer is good
as long as TAMC's supply of calendars lasts.

Dr. Charles Leek, ornithologist at Rutgers, brought the following paper to our
attention. It was written by John Jaenike, Dept. of Biology, University of Rochester,
NY 1^627. It appeared in Trends in Ecology and Evolution. Vol. 6, No. 6, June 1991.

Mass Extinction of European Fungi

We used to think about modern-day
extinction in terms of the loss of
individual species: the passenger
pigeon, the quagga, the California
condor In recent years, it has become
apparent that extinction may affect
large taxonomic groups on a regional
or worldwide scale, such as the
Hawaiian avifauna', plants of trop-
ical cloud forests2, and amphibians
around the world3. As was made clear
in a presentation by Eef Arnolds
(Biological Station, Wijster, The
Netherlands) at the 4th International
Mycological Congress held in Ger-
many last autumn, another mass ex-
tinction may be taking place right
under our collective feet. In northern
Europe, there has recently been a
staggering decline in the abundance
and diversity of ectomycorrhizal
fungi, whose presence is manifest
by the appearance of above-ground
fruiting bodies - mushrooms.

Arnolds bases this conclusion on
several lines of evidence. Perhaps the
most sobering concerns the total
number of species of macromycetes
collected on over 8000 forays made in
the state of Saarland in western Ger-
many from 1970 to 1985. During this
period, the number of species col-
lected per year declined by nearly
60%. In the Netherlands, the average
number of ectomycorrhizal fungi col-
lected per foray remained fairly con-
stant from 1900 through the 1960s,
but started to decline significantly in
the 1970s. Inthe 1980s, the number of
such species collected per foray was

omv aDout naif of that for the first half
of the century

intensive collecting within more re-
stricted areas yields similar results.
Sites m Germany, Austria and the
Netnerlands that have been sampled
repeatedly reveal losses in species
diversity of 40-50% over periods of
30-60 years. On replicate plots in oak
forests in the Netherlands, the aver-
age number of mycorrhizal fungi de-
clined from 37 species per plot in the
earlv 1970s to 12 per plot in the late
1980s. The number of species of my-
corrmzal fungi found in the Giant
Mountains of Czechoslovakia de-
clined by 80% between 1958 and the
early 1980s.

The decline in species diversity is
paralleled by equally dramatic drops
in the abundance of those species
that still survive. This is clearly seen
in aata on the Quantity of mushrooms
brought to market. For instance, the
weight of chanterelles (Cantharellus
cibanus) brouoht to the Saarbrucken
market in Germany declined steadily
from an average of about 6000 kg per
year in the 1950s to under 200 kg in
the 1970s.

Reprinted from:

Finally, the geographical ranges
of many surviving species have
declined substantially. Arnolds4 has
shown that of 21 species of hyd-
naceous fungi (Basidiomycetes) native
to the Netherlands, eight have not
been seen since 1973 and are
regarded as extinct. The number of
localities in which the remaining
species have been found has de-
clined by over 90% for six of the
species and between 60% and 90%
for the rest.

What can be causing such a mass-
ive decline in these fungi? Harvest-
ing by humans appears unlikely to be
the culprit. In the same forests in
which the chanterelles have declined
so drastically, the abundance of
the honey mushroom (Armillana
melleai. which is also collected for
commercial sale, has remained un-
changed. A key difference between
these species is that C. cibanus forms
mycorrhizal associations with trees,
whereas A. mellea is parasitic on
them. Furthermore, many fungal
genera that have undergone the
greatest declines, such as Cortin-
anus, Amanita and Russula. are of
little or no economic importance.

Habitat loss may account for the
decline of some species, although
this seems unlikely to be a general
explanation. The hydnaceous fungi
of the Netherlands, whose ranges
and abundances have declined so
greatly, occur in habitat types (co-
niferous and deciduous forests on
dry sandy soil) that have actually
increased in recent years4. Furthei-
more, drastic declines in the abun-
dance of mushrooms have been
documented on permanent forest
plots that have been surveyed from
the early f970s through the late
1980s.

Arnolds argues that air pollution is
the primary cause of the disap
pearance of ectomycorrhizal fungi, as
the declines are greatest in the most
heavily polluted regions of Europe. It
is significant that the greatest de-
clines in these fungi, at least in the
Netherlands, have occurred in forests
on nitrogen-poor soils5. Precipitation
now brings an average annual input
of about 60 kg of nitrogen per hectare
to such forests. As D.J. Read (Univer-
sity of Sheffield, UK) noted in his
presentation at the same Congress,
ectomycorrhizal fungi serve to in-
crease the supply of nitrogen to their
tree associates. Since such fungi are
a substantial drain on the net pro-
ductivity of these trees67, could it be
that the trees are dispensing with
their fungal associates now that nitro-
gen is plentiful?

NJMAnews Vol. 21 #5, Sept. - Oct. 1991.

If plants can now obtain an ad-
equate supply of nutrients without
fungi, will there be any consequences
of the loss of these fungi? The
answer, in all likelihood, is yes. My-
corrhizal fungi can mediate competi-
tive interactions between their host
plants and other plants or soil micro-
organisms, and, by the production of
antibodies, they may protect their
hosts from plant pathogenic fungi7"9.
In fact, changes in plant species com-
position in some European forest
types have been preceded by de-
clines in the mvcorrhizal fungi4 Thus,
either the fungi are more sensitive to
environmental changes or their loss
contributes to changes in the plant
communities.

Documentation of the dramatic
losses of macrofungi in Europe was
greatly facilitated by the extensive
data on their distributions that had
been accumulated over many dec-
ades. Are similar losses occurring
elsewhere, such as Japan and North
America? The rapidity with which the
decline occurred in Europe indi-
cates an urgent need for mapping
macromycetes elsewhere. In North
America, reasonably complete range
maps are not available for most
species. There are numerous ama-
teur mushroom clubs around the
United States and Canada that could
play a key role in establishing a
database for the detection of future
changes in distribution and abun-
dance.

St John and Coleman7 have asked
wnat happens to an ecosystem if you
remove mycorrhizal fungi, and they
suggested that an experiment like
this may soon become possible .
Such an experiment, though not of
tne kind envisioned by St John ana
Coleman, now appears to be under
way on a massive scale.

References

1 Warner. R E (1968) Condor 70.
101-120

2 Gentry. A H. (1986) in Conservation
Biology (Soule. M . ed). pp. 153-181.
Sinauer

3 Blaustem. A R. and Wake. D.B. (1990)
Trends Ecol. Evol. 5. 203-204

4 Arnolds. E. (1989) Nova Hedwigia 48,
107-142

5 Arnolds. E. (1988) Trans. Br. Mycol
Soc. 90. 391-406

6 Harley. J.L (1971 ) J. Ecol. 59.
653-668

7 St John. T V. and Coleman. D.C (1983)
Can. J. Bot. 61, 1005-1014

8 Malloch. D.W.. Ptrozynski, K.A. and
Raven. P H (1980) Proc Natl Acad Sci
USA 11. 21 13-2113

9 Jackson. R.M. and Mason, P A (1984)
Mycorrniza. Edward Arnold

'Shroomin' Elsewhere

Cultivated Morels, Though morels have been
grown indoors on a laboratory scale for several years,
progress toward commercializing the process has been
slow. Now that may be changing. A small Michigan
business called Mountain Morels is producing about 30
pounds of morels a week in a 7,200 square facility using
methodology developed by Neogen and three other com-
panies. It takes about six weeks to grow a crop of morels.
The morels, which sell for between $25 and $30 per
pound, are being sold to gourmet restaurants in Michi-
gan, New York and Florida.
Michigan Out-of-Doors January 1991

Bad Air. Having a tough day at the office? Don't
blame it on your boss, it could be your office environ-
ment. Healthy Buildings International analyzed the air
in 412 buildings during the 1980s and discovered 27% of
the offices had low relative humidity, 3% had air con-
taining volatile organic compounds, and 2% had air con-
taining fibrous glass. In addition, the air in almost a
third of the buildings was contaminated with allergenic
fungi [presumably fungal spores].
The Wall Street Journal Jan 30, 1991

Truffles in Georgia? Tuber texense, a relative

of the European truffles of commerce, has been found growing among

the roots of pecan trees in a Georgia orchard. The species has also been

found in Florida and as its name suggests, in Texas.

Mcllvainea vol. 9 No.2 1990

Truffle Fraud. The truffle industry in France has been rocked
by scandal. The four companies that sell most of France's truffles have
been implicated in a scheme to defraud wholesale truffle buyers. Ac-
cording to authorities, the companies used walnut juice to stain light
colored summer truffles so they appeared to be the more coveted and
expensive dark winter truffles. Summer truffles sell for about $36 per
pound compared to $164 per pound for winter truffles. The fraud alleg-
edly involved several tons of truffles.

An AP report via the Jan. newsletter of the Texas My col. Soc

Tainted. Biologists monitoring the closed Kesterson National
Wildlife in Central California report finding dangerous levels of sele-
nium in Agaricus mushrooms. The mushrooms were growing in dirt
used to fill the emptied ponds at the refuge. It's not clear the source of
the dirt, but for years Kesterson's ponds have been used as a drain for
agricultural waste-water containing selenium.
From the Jan. 13th S.F. Chronicle

Moldy Diskettes. PC owners
used to worry about viruses attacking
their computers. Now it's fungi, spe-
cies of Penicillium and Aspergillus,
that in a high humidity environment,
like that of the tropics, can grow on
the surface emulsion of diskettes,
causing them to malfunction Plant
Pathologists at the University of Min-
nesota found that they could establish
colonies of fungi on diskettes in the
laboratory in as little as three days.
Arkansas Fungi Nov.-Dec 1990 via the
Fungus Federations's Duff

Reprinted from: Mycena News, April 1991, vol. 41:4, page 5.

MEMBERSHIP DUES ************* MEMBERSHIP DUES ************* MEMBERSHIP DUES*

Annual membership dues are due January 1. They are the same as last year.
Individual memberships include a subscription to The Fungifile, and (for
those over 18) full voting and office holding privileges. For additional
participating household members, associate memberships are $2.00 each and
include equal voting and office holding privileges. Corresponding membershi
are available for those who live too far away to take advantage of club
activities. Corresponding members are always welcome at meetings or forays
if they happen to be in the area.

Since TAMC is associated with the North American Mycological Association,
our members get a discount if they wish to join NAMA. Dues for NAMA are
$12.00 a year (individual or family), and include subscriptions to the
bimonthly Mycophile and annual journal Mcllvanea, privilege of attending the
annual national Foray, and numerous other educational services. To join,
send a SEPARATE check payable to NAMA.

TRIANGLE AREA MUSHROOM CLUB
1992 MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION FORM

Send form and dues to TAMC, Box 61061, Durham, NC 27705.
to TAMC.

Make check payable

DUES:

C 3 $8.00 Individual

[ ] $7.00 Corresponding (receives newsletter only)

[ 3 $2.00 (One Associate membership should be obtained for each

additional participating family member.)
C ] $12. OO North American Mycological Association (individual or
family). Send SEPARATE check payable to NAMA.

Name ( s )

Home Address

City State

Home phone Day Phone

Mailing address -

Zip

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
TAMC NEEDS INPUT AND PARTICIPATION BY MEMBERS

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++4-+++++++++++++++++++++++-

Areas in which you can participate/contribute this year:

Programs

Forays

Membership

Telephone tree_

Newsletter editing.
Book Reviews

Newsletter printing & mailing

Recipe Research and Development
Any topics for programs?

_Sketch mushrooms for club news letter.
Propagation

Any foray location suggestions?

CORN SMUT REVISITED

David Green

Long time readers of the Fungi file will be familiar with Ustilaqo maydis
from the article and recipe for "Corn Fungus with Zucchini" printed in the
September 1984 newsletter. In the intervening years, corn smut or huitlacoche
has achieved great popularity among patrons of gourmet restaurants. A recent
Wall Street Journal article reports that El Afficionado, a corn smut dealer in
Arlington, VA has boosted annual sales to 3000 pounds (at $8-$10/pound) , up
from fifty pounds two years ago. Of particular interest to fungi culturists,
the article mentions that a plant pathologist at the University of Georgia has
greatly increased fungus production by directly inoculating ears of corn
rather than relying on windborne spores. The Washington Post magazine of
September 29, 1991 features a photograph of some affected ears and quotes
Cristina Arnold on the collection of huitlacoche: "You have to get the fungus
while its silver grey— before it fills with spores and becomes inedible. Then
you trim it from the ears by hand and blast-freeze it. Otherwise, it has a
shelf life of only a few days".

-++++++++++++++++++-

-++++++++++++++++++

+++++++-

TAMC PRESIDENT

With the sudden death of Jack Billman, TAMC lost an avid, active
club member and club president. If you ideas as to good

candidates to fill this slot, or any position, please mail or
phone your suggestions to Bill Burk , TAMC secretary. Club
officers will be elected at the annual business meeting in
February .

FUNGI FILE MAILING

For each FUNGIFILE published, a variety of club members
contribute. Joanna Billman was responsible for the mailing which
consists of printing the newsletter and labels, applying labels
and stamps to each newsletter, and stapling them. Jack Billman
was able to print the newsletter at his office at a greatly
reduced price. For this issue. Bill Burk has located a printer
in Chapel Hill who will print and collate for 0.04 per side. If
you know of a print shop where the printing can be done for less,
please let us know. David Green has volunteered to help staple,
stamp and label. Before the January /February Fungifile can go to
press, a person is needed to fill this position. If you will
take this responsibility, or part of it, please contact Bill
Burk .

■+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Triangle Area Mushroom Club
Box 61061
Durham, NC 27705

NC Collections, Serials
Wilson Library/CB 3930
Chapel Hill, NC 27559-3930

IS YOUR LABEL CORRECT?

DEADLINE for submissions for January \February : >*December 6**
♦Note EARLY deadline for submissions.