NOAA SVAN Cult bate ot. craters eae ghee hy a oA ne + ; a wea, f . eh Nines ) ft eh ; » SN ene OMe we : N ews Fgh kg a 2 : ; ; mx ne , Saha iia ) bao ? 4 RUE) ; . . x . : RN Re EAE es ate ye nie ag Vi SPSS, EN a te NN Sv t ) wy es ie —e * rie hes wets MW Vey Spree x mt Yat : fan ae eS, de tal Aj v. '. She Sg eee Pet oF wh. PS ° a Ly Canes To, wR Or the Stage te aad nl Saas - es ree * Oe AG ay oes rere »e SP e rt ay Ys tig FRONTISPIECE. HEAD OF A TYPICAL ROOKERY BULL. Drawn from nature by Bristow Adams. “OL, / Division of tise. ae U. 8. National Museu oes peer es AND FURSEAL ISLANDS OF THE NOKTH PACIFIC OCEAN. BY DAVID STARR JORDAN, President of Leland Stanford Jr. University, COMMISSIONER IN CHARGE OF FUR-SEAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 1896-97. WITH THE FOLLOWING OFFICIAL ASSOCIATES: LEONHARD STEJNEGER and FREDERIC A. LUCAS, Of the U. S. National Museum. JEFFERSON F. MOSER, Lieutenant-Commander, U.S. V., In Command of the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross. CHARLES H. TOWNSEND, Of the U. S. Fish Commission, GEORGE A. CLARK, Secretary and Stenographer. JOSEPH MURRAY, Special Agent. WITH SPECIAL PAPERS BY OTHER CONTRIBUTORS. JEYNIRMIDY 3S), WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1899. CONTRIBUTORS OF PAPERS ON SPECTAL? SUBJECTS WILLIAM H. ASHMEAD, NATHAN BANKS, oO. FULLER COOK, DANIEL Ww. COQUILLET, WILLIAM H. DALL, WILLIAM R. DUDLEY, HARRISON G. DYAR, ELMER E. FARMER, PIERRE A. FISH, CHARLES H. GILBERT, ALBERT HASSALL, MARTIN LINNELL, JAMES M. MACOUN, JENNIE: Cc: MILLER, WALTER MILLER, WILLIAM PALMER, MARY J. RATHBUN, WILLIAM E. RITTER, JOSEPH N. ROSE, EUGENE A, SCHWARZ, a ee. SE’TCHELL, ROBERT E. SNODGRASsS, WILLIAM A, SNOW, CHARLES w. STILES, WILBUR w. THOBURN, FREDERICK w. TRUE. Poor FEL, SIPBCIUAL, JENeIBIS RELATING TO THE FUR SEAL AND TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS. STANFORD UNIVERSITY, California, August 30, 1898. The present volume consists of a series of papers by different authors relating to the natural history and resources of the fur seal islands in Bering Sea. It has been compiled under the editorial supervision of Mr. Frederic A. Lucas. DAVID STARR JORDAN, Commissioner in Charge of Fur Seal Investigations. Hon. LyMAn J. GAGE, Secretary of the Treasury, Washington, D. C. ‘ es hs Aa eo) © OMNMM BAN AS: Page. PANELED Oe vk TES Te RUMI GV AUG he eos ar ay ln ates payne cares ccnretlyoy Sree pakatavayae Shalneay dh cre rusiaue av ebatatercectaY exe eeclha ee 1 Tae) ARO HS Oe ITU NAGI sequoosbosseecsoEe Seasons eoKd HSos SE a UesbeSoEs poco aocebaee 1 The species of the genus Callorhinus ...-..-...--....---.-..-- SPani aes peea LS te Sad 2 Variations in size and color of the Pribilof fur seal ...................--.--.--..-- 4 Le en PACNVACR@ Mevar OM RET SR NS LE ORs SOUR GIHVAI a ee yet cree erotic oes) cise eral cere etercianie lee eels 9 IDET RAKOLS 2 Satin ao Sey tS ES aE ee It et Ee Aes ee nnn il ere ey PT ee 9 Muscles tibloodavesselssiamdisvals COL aerate rere re asia aye a tera) sate seer eee 11 TREAD OLS pO een REE SID core See IR ne I ite aa pis Pe eerie pea en 21 Ii.—BREEDING HABITS OF THE PRIBILOF FUR SEAL .--.-..-.-:2.--2- 222+ 00--c0 +025 so--- 2 43 IWF HOOD, OVALE NORTHERN MUR SHAMS. = sete tects = ce oie aisle nee taesiere co cusiajaiclerei me miele) ele SiS 59 Me NPN CAra RATT Se Olu RH Rus TOM RU SEAI a) = esr sse seat ome al lomas seitaae scree els 69 VI.—CAUSES OF MORTALITY AMONG THE PRIBILOF FUR SEALS -..-.-..---..----- seal er eet eet 15 Ville IN TER NAR EPARASERE Ss Ok ZBEH) 2 Rns I Ok) HVUWIR) SHAW 252555 sess cee esses cee e ose koe oe 99 VilE—PARLY HISTORY, OF THE) NORTHERN BURUSHALS. 24.4.2... sce nsse hose. coe ce Sen ese 179 Sbelllenisise an easiest se etere toe. atest encin ania sioteee Miers cic eee eA BE ie BN aa 179 hen an aie ed Ghiybim an errs ee ae creche eee emis. sree: ols Sie, eve Sree eyale een eiciedeia Dera alain ce aoe 182 NSO WEN as SSS 5 Soa dS ROI RSS Ere ES Cree ICG ENC Ea Pa outs ar aE et ee 201 MININQRSE APL OMe pene eee em EIS ae ee oe faces exe Sosreete aiince sinvSinjets aus ate einie aide 208 PITA ORS AKO Lilie Meee eye ee etme ter Ir lee acer er NOY aya ress evar TS MM aguas on Sado dies Sc 210 Veniaminot/s account oe bhe Seay beats 42. coe cies o-oo eee ee ecince ees ve-s cone 218 SSA GCS EVAUE LIN Gees spare races telaiarava one oie a eens sicie Sila ects in eee een tesla CR Peer oot Sees 223 Wessels, loniuss, nngl we NCC 535555 ecce bs on nase Had eneees Hone baa ons bes couse eesaoe 227 NWSSSOISMOS Ui rere rete rete eahe ac cto ease a ere ee aie ap eeisk sleercelliae) sercid. eh oc ya che ad ters ace 230 JnTRMNG CHOU Soae soso shes cheb Goods cosnuo sesuugecoucUuuesees spende cooomesseades 232 Inspection of (seal) skims—excessiof females: 2-2 ------ 22-5 2222-2 22522 eee eee ee 235 Weather conditions on the sealing grounds... -- SNE CSCC IS HEaoS Scie aoe 237 Wastefulness of indiscriminate sealing..-..........--..----..-..-.-.--..-.--.----- 250 LOG ROCORGIS OF Kealling: WEEsallS Sock. ca sagcoadane ones sane ease boon asoues cena cage eaue 251 The fur seals of Guadalupe, the Galapagos and Lobos Islands --...-.....-.-.-.-.-. 265 XE Xe TN LON eR Ome Gy UVASI ANTS UPC Bente yen epee oem re Om eet IS Mae rs en A ees We Sh Eh 275 XI.—OBSERVATIONS DURING A CRUISE OF THE DORA SIBWARD IN 1895.-..-..-.---...---. 285 XII.—FuR SEAL HUNTING IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE ........---..--.---------------- 307 Nene OOMUR Ven TAPSO UlEn se REBIG OM LSGANID Ss aemee selenite esos eee eee ee ee | BOT XIV.—PRACTICAL EXPERIMENTS IN BRANDING AND HERDING FUR SEALS........--......-.-. 325 DeCiRICAl Cxgnemutaemius m0) MERTCYON 358 ooo Soh obs0 cooose b55b05 Geo ene dese es e5e6 sence 333 Experiments in branding and herding in 1897.-............----.-----..----------- 336 BIEMNGKING Om Sit, COOKS. cs0s sob esgcqbeed decade Aa deoe Saeeccunbedd ooceae eoeeenaenee 338 ROW =I EAT, LOI, INOS On’ Wisi) JVs HOI IGN Soe bos eA So eee ke eaen dee aaee Hoe Se Doeeee 339 OWI WOES) Ole Gusho; IPI AKO SANDS Go peSccacsl5 Ss obce 5 SU ane Sones Babee oaeoee eSsaee 345 yaar VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS. XVII.—THE AVIFAUNA OF THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS— Check listiot the speciess--5- --4= 4 = eee eee ee The topography of the islands ornithologically considered. qsseee cee one ee=s = Species added to the North American fauna from the group. -.-...--.-------.-----.- Geographical distribution of Pribilof birdsi222c-e-s-s-> see eae eee Migration of the Pribilof binds! ]o--2 See see cee eae ee eee eee ee eee Annotated list\of species: =...) 5.5 -.5-5... s2- see alee oo eee See eee eee ees XVIII.—THE FISHES OF BERING ‘SEA 2 9.225...5 soe eee ee oe ee ee eee eee Pena List of fishes obtained in the waters of Arctic Alaska .........--..---...---..---.- XIX.—A CONTRIBUTION TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE TUNICATES OF THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS. XX.—THE MOLLUSK FAUNA OF THE PRIBILOK ISLANDS —2-< csseessese oe ee eee cele XXI.—LIsT OF INSECTS HITHERTO KNOWN FROM THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS...-.-.--------------- XXII.—LisT OF CRUSTACEA KNOWN TO OCCUR ON AND NEAR THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS.... ..-- XXIII.—A LIST OF THE PLANTS OF THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS, WITH NOTES ON THEIR DISTRIBU- TION wiows:peicetin scincie Gee sisrs ects een sabe mS Sine See ener See PhenogaMms ....2 032 s2ceseieees dues = 35 Ons psec Sane See Ree seo Bee Eee eee ee MuG6l » 25.025 sci Spee Sn Soe ec Sn hepa ere eet er ie ee eae ate tee 6 fey oe 0 Cr: en ee ent Ee ee totais oe. een ecboine Soda ACacge Sous LAChOnS wis w-25 32 2S ais 2, spss wie ie saree Sain io agave oe ets ete Sree eee Geographical distribution of phenogams and vascular cryptogams --.--.-.-.------- Authorities. 1.22222 p..;; Com- eihiint Com- ‘ - mander. | Pribilof. | jander. | Pribilof.| ander | Pribilof Total length asp na scassn\snaactnanccissonnssedecetenassas cnc =- 1,930 | 1,887 1, 283 1, 262 1, 285 1, 224 Distance: bet weentey es: == -s--- soe ses tae aecenledon ee cen eseaae 104 | 127 70 89 71 83 Percent ol. total lene thon otc cect ace ness aegis Sasa etam ne =e 5.3 6.7 5.4 vi 5.5 6.7 Distance botween Garsl ect. 225.50 28S. eee cen enetee nana 176 306 138 204 138 217 Per cent in total length... oie 9.1 16.2 | 10.7 16.1 10.7 17.7 Distance nose to eye ------ a 98 115 67 89 80 76 Per cent in total length. - a3 5 6 5.2 7 6.2 6.2 Distance. Oke te. airs 255 2% cise wece meanmadesnian utace apeenwe ania 213 216 168 181 158 166 Per cent in'total longth on cc cerscsimeccccnieccscesiseeseuusess >= 11 11.4 13.1 14.3 12.3 13.5 VARIATIONS IN SIZE AND COLOR OF THE PRIBILOF FUR SEAL. By FreprErtc A. LUCAS. While the Pribilof fur seal varies in size, color, and proportions to such an extent that were but a few individuals known, they might be held as belonging to two distinet species; part of this, particularly the variation in color, is due to age. The young pups are black above, with a few gray hairs on the head and neck; the side of the neck is slightly tinged with gray and the greater part of the under surface is dusky brownish-gray. There is a spot of yellowish-brown at the axilla and the region around the mouth is of the same color, Between the middle of September and the middle of October the majority of pups have shed their black coats and assumed the silvery gray and white of the ‘‘oray-pup” stage. Up to the age of two years the young of both sexes are of a beautiful steel gray above, with the throat and belly white, the central portion of the latter being suffused with chestnut. On the breast, at the base of each flipper is a convex patch of gray which nearly meets its fellow of the opposite side, thus reducing the white at this place to a narrow isthmus, connecting the throat with the under parts. There is a dark spot at the anterior edge of the flipper and a light spot on the axil, this being retained for some time in the female. The white throat is very conspicuous even at a distance, and indicates that the animals have not reached a killable age. The coloration deepens with age, the gray encroaching upon the white of the throat and the chestnut deepening in intensity on the under side until it becomes rich and dark, while the patches below the flippers unite to form a band across the chest, the dark spots on the anterior edge of the flippers becoming a dull chestnut. Still later the chestnut under side gives place to gray with a slight chestnut tinge, the old females being dark gray above and lighter gray below; this last with a tinge of chestnut. There is a light patch on the center of the throat and a dark band running across the breast from flipper to flipper. COLOR VARIATIONS IN THE FUR SEAL. 5 The throat of the male becomes gray at an earlier age—4 or 5 years—than does that of the female, and at the same time the belly becomes ashy, the junction of the back pelage with that of the under side being marked by a lighter chestnut-tinged line. At the age of 6 or 7 years the males are an almost uniform dark gray, with the hairs of the top of the head and neck considerably longer than that of the rest of the body. There seems to be some variation in the color of the older rookery bulls—those 7 years old and upward—some animals being of a rich seal brown, washed with yel- lowish-white on the neck and shoulders; others with a distinct reddish or yellowish cast. Close examination, however, shows that even the darkest animals are more or less grizzled, and the reddish coloration is undoubtedly largely due to the length of time that the animal has been on land and undergone the bleaching effect of light and partial drying. This change of color—dué to exposure, and in a measure to dirt—is most notice- able among the females, those which have been longest out of water having a brown, sunburned a)pearance. The amount of dirt naturally varies according to the rookery, and is in some cases very noticeable when a female plunges into the wash of the surf, leaving a trail of muddy water behind. Still this explanation is not wholly satis. factory, and there is a certain amount of color variation which seems to be individual and not to be accounted for on the score of age. The gray bulls seen lere and there on the breeding grounds are either compara- tively young animals which have been able to take and hold a place on the rookery, or cases where the assumption of the dark color of the adult has been delayed, or for some cause failed to take place. It is probable that the lightest colored males are those in this last condition, in which age manifests itself by a general lightening in the color of the coat. As among birds, some seals undergo their color changes much more rapidly than others, and this results in occasionally finding a young female with the colors of old age, or old females with the light gray and white of the fresh 2-year-olds; these females are very noticeable among the other darker-colored females. As is only natural where individuals are so numerous, cases of albinism are occasionally noted, some being quite complete and others only partial. One or two pups have been taken of a yellowish color, with pink eyes and pale flippers, but no adult albino has been noted, the nearest approach to it being a cow of a yellowish cast seen on Lukanin, and another mottled with yellowish seen on Tolstoi. The accompanying tables of measurements and weights may be considered as representing good average specimens of their respective classes. The weights of the two fetal specimeus of April 22 were taken from nearly dry alcoholics, which were by no means so heavy as the fresh specimens would have been, so that 34 and 43 pounds would be well within the mark. The fetus at term is one of several obtained from dead cows on St. Paul and is a good average example, for while now and then a pup is Seen noticeably below the others in size, none was measured less than 22 inches long. The measurements and weights of newly born pups given by Elliott are worthless. Save for his brown color, the young fetal seal is much like the adult, being well formed and well proportioned, the head not having the disproportionate 6 TilE FUR SEALS OF THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS. size usually seen in mammals. Young pups measured between August 8 and Avgust 20 were from 25 to 28 inches long, the males being as a rule the larger. It will be noticed that some of the measurements, as well as the weight of the gray pup, exceed those of the yearling, and it has already been pointed ont by Elliott that the young gain little or nothing in weight between the time they leave in the fall and return in the following summer. Except in length the 4-year-old female may be considered as a good average example of a full-sized cow; the majority of females obtained from the sealers were slightly under 4 feet in length, two or three specimens which seemed to be far above the average proving, when measured, to be only 4 feet 1 inch long from tip of nose to root of tail. The very largest female taken was 51 inches long, 33 inches around the shoulders, and weighed 73 pounds, so that 80 pounds may be looked upon as an exceptional weight for a cow. The males from 1 to 5 years old are good examples of their respective ages, the measurements of the 3-year-old specimen coinciding with those of a similar animal selected by Mr. Redpath as a typical specimen for the United States National Museum. The 7 or 6 year-old male is a good example of the males just below the grade of rookery bulls, being full grown, in some particulars, but lacking just a little of the muscular development necessary to enable him to enter the rookery and hold his own against the older animals. It will be noticed that in girth the younger male exceeds the others, but this is due to the fact that the old bulls having passed two months in fasting and fighting had, in consequence, lost much of their fat and some of their flesh. The fore flipper of this young bull was exceptionally short, the flippers of that class measuring ordinarily 20 to 21 inches in length. As a rule, the size of the fore flipper is a fairly good indication of the age of the animal since it increases in length with age in a fairly regular manner, the flippers of the males also exceeding those of the females in size. The larger of the two bulls was one selected for the United States National Museum, on account of its size, being the largest of forty killed, and 80 to 82 inches may be held as representing the extreme length attained by the bulls, the average being 72. As these bulls had recently come off the rookeries, they were lean, and their girth was by no means what it would have been at the time of their arrival in May or June. Their measurements indicate to some extent the variations in size and propor- tions found among seals since the older bull was the shorter of the two, although in other ways nearly as bulky as the younger animal, while the flipper of the shorter specimen was an inch and a half longer than that of the other. It was not possible to weigh the large bulls, but in their lean condition they certainly did not weigh over 250 pounds, and it is doubtful if, even at his best, the bull weighs more than 400 pounds. Dr. Stejneger has spoken of the difficulty of drawing any line between the seals of various ages, stating that no one on the killing grounds of the Commander Islands was able to point out the differences between them. While this difficulty does exist, yet there are, aside from mere size, distinction between the teeth, length of flippers, color of mustache bristles, and length of wig of the seals of various ages which are very perceptible to any one who has noted them long and carefully. Personally, I am unable to differentiate the seals to any great extent, although the difficulty was less MEASUREMENTS AND WEIGHTS OF SEALS. (i! on the second visit to the Pribilof than it was on the first, and I am under obligations to Mr. J. C. Redpath for calling my attention to various distinguishing features. The opinion of the natives is of little value, and with them the question undeniably resolves itself into a mental sorting of the killable seals into various classes. That definite age characters do exist is fairly well shown by the agreement in measurements between seals selected at different times by Mr. Redpath and myself as 3 and 4 year olds, the selection in my own case being based on the condition of the canines, whiskers, and wig. Of course, there is an overlapping of seals from the fact that the small 4-year-olds, for example, will be of the same size as the large 3-year-olds, but here the condition of the teeth, flippers, and whiskers will usually show clearly which are the older. Table giving measurements and weights of seals of various ages. Fetus. Yearling. Gray g es Two Four up, years, ears, April 22.| April 22. a fen, maior Male. | Female. | female. pai. s | Length, tip of nose toroot of tail. .inches- - 16 17 24 344 38 | 364 38 494 Girth around smallest part of neck, ATIC) SS GAAS Aas cae eae SER 82 9 TOYS ee ener 19 17 17% 174 Girth around shoulders -.--.---- inches. - 114 124 1G) ||scoconcess 28 233 28 324 Girth back of flippers -.---.-.---.- GO-n22) cssccesescleessesesse 144 224 25 | 23 24 29 Girth around hips..-.-..--.-.-.-.- do. 9 9 Bs” ||ssecessoce 18% 154 18 20 Length of fore flipper, tip to arm pit, | TVGITOS oo cae ee Semen et Baa 5k 6 9 11 134 113 13 153 \WGNElitincopsdoseedcacacanadocos pounds 375 433 lly; 3378 47 | 32 55 73 ie pees Four years,| Five years,| Seven /|QOverseven| Over eight BLS 2 oe Ey, male. b male.b |years, male.|years, male.|yeare, male. Length, tip of nose to root of tail. .inches. . 42 49 53 59 72 79 68 Girth around smallest part of neck, [UCHR ees een ss eee nisans Mee sere oes 203 204 25 27 28 33 32 Girth around shoulders.....---.. inches 32 363 38 41 58 48 47 Girth back of flippers.-..-..---.--- do..-. 29 BB so secoaccese|[sooesososese 50 50 47 Girth around hips ..----.---------- do.... 204 21 234 24 34 32 36 Length of fore flipper, tip to arm pit, FREI NOE stars es ele acs eR a 16 1D | oscesscoscos|: coosocncead 18 223 24 \WGHEING 2 cocdeooencsnebdossagso9 pounds 66 GB |cosocecosced||ssescosssose B®) | osecooosscas|lesseeoesosss aMeasured by Mr. G. A. Clark. b Measured by Mr. J. C. Redpath. — wr ton . * i » pee f re \ II—THE ANATOMY OF THE FUR SEAL. THE DENTITION OF THE FUR SEAL. By FREDERIC A. LUCAS. The dentition of the adult fur seal is i., 3, ¢., +, pm., 4, m., 7, the conical premolars and molars all having simple roots, a well-developed cingulum on the inner side, and a small accessory cusp on the anterior face. In a fetus taken April 22 the milk dentition is complete, consisting of i., 3, ¢., +, m., 2. ‘The incisors are very minute, particularly the inner upper incisor, and there is no trace of a third lower incisor, although proper microscopic examination of a younger fetus might reveal it. So far as has come under my observation (five specimens at full term), the milk incisors are shed before birth, and this is doubtless often or usually the case with the milk molars and lower milk canines. In a full-grown fetus the lower canines were simply hanging to the gum, as were also the minute second and third lower milk molars; but in other fetal specimens and in some recently born animals the lower milk canines and lower and upper third (last) milk molars were still in place, as shown in PI. I, fig. 1. These last are situated directly over the fourth premolars, so that in Callorhinus the third milk molars have vertical successors. The first and second milk molars of the fetus are sometimes mere spicules loosely attached to the gum. In other instances they are well formed though small teeth lying external to the second and third premolars. The order of appearance of the permanent upper teeth is as follows: incisors 1, 2, 3, premolar 1, premolar 2 and molar 1 (although sometimes the molar is slightly in advance of the premolar), premolar 3, prémolar 4, molar 2. In the lower jaw the incisors appear first and the premolars and molars in regular order from before backwards, the first and second premolars appearing almost simultaneously and slightly before the corresponding upper premolars. The canines appear at about the same time as the second true molar, but not until premolars 1 and 2 are well through. There is, however, considerable irregularity in the develop- ment of the teeth, for in some individuals the last milk molar and lower milk canines are retained for a fortnight or more after birth. The teeth mature more rapidly in the female than in the male, for while the entire tooth row, including the canines, are fully developed in the 2-year-old female, the canines do not attain their maximum size in the males until the age of 4 or 5 years, at which time, or possibly a little later, the true molars have already begun to show some slight signs of absorption. There is also a decided increase in the length of the tooth row of the males between the ages of 1 and 6 of from five-sixteenths to five- eighths of an inch, with the natural result that in old animals the teeth are farther apart than in the young. (Compare figs. 1, 2,3.) The changes in the jaw itself are much more marked than in the teeth, for this continues to increase in size and weight after the fifth year, this change being one of the important factors in the fighting abilities of the adult males. 9 10 THE FUR SEALS OF THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS. The condition of the last, or true molars is of value, particularly in the female, in determining the age of a given animal, for while it can not be said how many years a particular seal may have lived, yet it is possible to tell from the appearance of the molars whether the animal is adult, middle-aged, orold. (Seethe various figures on P1. I.) As Dr. Allen has already noted,!' irregularities in dentition are not infrequent in the fur seal through the failure of one or more of the grinders to develop. A good instance of this is shown in the skulls of two pups, a male and female, which were Jaws of male fur-seals, three, four, and over seven years of age, three-fourths natural size. collected on the same day and in the same locality, and, curiously enough, possessed a similarly abnormal dentition through the absence of the last molar in each side of each jaw. Believers in the coalescence theory of the development of teeth may find a crumb of comfort in the fact that in both cases the last tooth in the row was slightly wider than usual, and a little more deeply grooved vertically. On the other hand, Mr. Andrew Halkett” has noted a case in which three upper molars were present. ‘History of North American Pinnipeds, p, 329, 2 MSS. report. ANATOMY OF THE FUR SEAL. 11 The teeth are colored as they protrude from the gum, the brown color appearing first at the tip and working downward. PLATE I. All figures natural size. Fig. 1. Recently born male with milk canines and fourth milk molar in place. 2. Male with upper milk canines still in place. 3. Male with last upper true molar not yet through the gum. 4, Male with all teeth in place and all save last upper molar well developed. 5. Dentition of 2-year-old female, showing the teeth at their maximum. 6. Dentition of middle-aged female, 4 or 5 years old, in which the absorption of the last molars has begun. 7. Dentition of old female with absorption of molars advanced. 8. Dentition of oldest female obtained, showing the true molars of both jaws worn away and absorbed and all teeth diminished in size. PLATE II. All figures natural size. . Dentition of yearling male. . Dentition of 4-year-old male. . Dentition of adult male, 7 or 8 years old, showing characteristic wearing of anterior face of upper canine. Fig. oboe NOTES ON THE ANATOMY OF THE FUR SEAL. By RoserT E. SNODGRASS. THE ALIMENTARY CANAL AND LIVER. The pyloric end of the stomach is bent upon the anterior surface of the cardiac. In a bull the length from the cardiac end to the extreme right portion is about 18 inches, ——_—— SS Fie. 1.—Stomach of seal pup, one-half natural size. and from here to the pyloris 8 inches. The small intestine is extremely slender. Ina bull it measures in length a little over 100 feet; in a cow, between 50 and 60 feet. The large intestine is likewise narrow and is about 7 feet long in a bull and 2 feet in a cow. In a pup 22 inches long the small intestine is about 28 feet and the large 10 inches. ‘Hence the intestine increases in length proportionately as the animal matures. The cecum is short and blunt. From the pyloris the small intestine goes backward and 12 THE FUR SEALS OF THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS. makes a curve to the right, then turns dorsally and backward to the posterior end of the right kidney. From here it again goes forward and is disposed in innumerable coils, ending in the large intestine just back of the pyloris. The large intestine runs first backward to the posterior end of the right kidney, makes a bend to the left and forward, then turns back, doubles upon itself ventrally, turns inward and posteriorly to the middle line of the body, and finally goes straight to the anus. The stomach is large, elongate, and capable of great distension. It lies on the left side, and the pyloric end is bent upon the anterior surface of the cardiac. In an adult male the length from the cardiac end to the extreme right portion is about 18 inches, and from here to the pyloric 8 inches, the large part with more or less longi- tudinal, deep ruge. The small reflexed, pyloric portion is slightly striated, and in this lodge the fish bones, etc., which are subsequently regurgitated. The liver consists of two left lobes and three right lobes. The gall-bladder is pear-shaped and situated between the anterior and middle right hepatic lobes. The cystic duct is long and, near the posterior lobe of the liver, is joined by a hepatic duct formed by the union of three smaller ducts from different parts of the liver. The common duct formed by the cystic and hepatic ducts enters the duodenum about 2 inches below the pyloric. The heart.—The anterior end of the heart lies between the third and fourth ribs. The ventricular part is somewhat ovate, the longest transverse diameter being in front of the middle, and the posterior part tapering and bluntly terminated. The auricular lobes are rather small. In an adult bull the ventricular septum is very thick, and is convex to the right. Its long axis is almost antero-posterior, but it joins the outer wall to the right of the apex of the heart, so that the right ventricle is smaller than the left by more than the thickness of the septum. A line.joining any two extreme left points in the right ventricle does not pass through the left ventricle, so that, although the right ventricle is crescent-shaped in transverse section, it does not at all surround the left ventricle. In the posterior half of the left ventricle are two large longitudinal masses of muscle. One projects into the cavity from the left ventral aspect of the interior wall as a mass flattened perpendicularly to the part of the ventricular wall from which it arises; the other projects from the left dorsal aspect of the same as a mass flattened in a line parallel to the part of the wall from which it arises. About two-thirds of its lengti forward from its posterior end the dorsal mass becomes decreased to half its diameter by an abrupt contraction. The transverse surface thus formed is ventral to the remaining longitudinal part and gives origin to two sets of chorda, one ventral the other dorsal. The former consists of two large tendons, the latter of two large and two small, the small ones between the others. The remainder of this papillary muscle runs forward and bifureates into a right and a left mass, both of which become lost in the wall of the ventricle back of the right valve. From near their anterior: ends small fibers arise that are inserted upon the valve near its base. The ventral papillary muscle runs forward entire farther than the other, becomes suddenly con- tracted, leaving a transverse surface on the dorsal side, from which arise two sets of chordie of two each. The remainder runs forward, indistinctly bifurecates, and becomes lost in the walls of the ventricle after giving off a few fibers to the base of the left valve. The lett mitral valve is much the smaller of the two. THE HEART. 13 In the right ventricle the papillary muscles are very different from those in the left. There are three principal muscles. Two arise in the posterior end of the ven- tricle, one running forward along the septum and the other along the outer ventral THE CIRCULATORY ORGANS. WY Y flee — i Fic. 2. Heart of seal pup, natural size. ca. Carotid artery. vert. Vertebral artery. th. Thyroid axis. ma. Internal mammary artery. sc. Subclavian artery. dB. Ductus Botalli. wall. The inner one bifurcates a short distance from its origin, and each arm extends forward a little more than half this length, when it terminates, giving off three chord. 14 THE FUR SEALS OF THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS. The right muscle runs forward about twice the distance of the inner, and divides into an outer and an inner branch. The latter becomes lost upon the ventral wall of the ventricle, while the other bears six chord tendinz. The third papillary muscle is very short. It projects forward and to the right, into the cavity of the ventricle, from the septum near its ventral border, just back of the right auriculo-ventricular valve. The pulmonary vessels.—The ductus Botalli persists throughout life as a hollow vessel, closed at each end by a membrane. It is proportionately larger in a pup than in an old animal, but even in the latter it is well developed. There are four pulmonary veins. On the left side one large one comes from the anterior lobe of the corresponding lung and enters the left auricle at its anterior left aspect. From the posterior lobe on the same side three veins, decreasing in size from before backward, con- verge toward the posterior outer aspect of the left auricle and unite near it, forming a single trunk less than half an inch long. On the right side a very large trunk comes from the most posterior lobe of the right lung and is joined by a smaller vein from the middle lobe. The common trunk thus formed is very short, resembling the one on the left. These two empty very close together into the posterior part of the left auricle. The anterior vein on the right side is formed by the union of numer- ous branches from the anterior and middle lobes of the lung, of which branches the most posterior is the largest, and goes backward and inward dorsad to the right auricle and base of anterior veua cava, to the anterior right aspect of the left auricle. The systemic arteries.—The aortic arch gives off two main trunks, the brachiocephalic and left subclavian. The brachiocephalic is very short and gives off close together, first the left : common carotid and then the right common SEIS aie LE eel dec halen carotid. The remainder of the trunk continues ab. a. Abdominal aorta, i 3 ex. il. External iliac. outward and forward as the right subclavian. in. il. Internal iliac. f 2 : al. Allantoic vessels. Where the latter leaves the thoracic cavity it ep. Epigastric artery. 4 : f F : i gives off three principal trunks, the internal mammary, the vertebral, and the thyroid axis. The internal mammary runs inward and backward along the dorsal side of the costal cartilages just external to the sternum. The vertebral artery arises from the subclavian a little internal to the origin of the internal mammary. It runs forward and inward, entering the canal of the verte- CIRCULATORY ORGANS. 15 bral foramina at the sixth vertebra. It passes through the transverse foramen in the atlas, turns dorsally and runs along the groove between the transverse process and the anterior expansion bearing the facet for articulation with the condyloid process, and then goes through the foramen in the dorsal part of this to enter the cranial cavity by the foramen magnum. After leaving the transverse foramen of the atlas it gives off a branch backward to the muscles of the back of the head and to the dee}, . muscles of the dorsolateral aspect of the 1Y neck. The two arteries run forward along the ventrolateral aspects of the medulla ob- longata, but toward its anterior end they converge and unite. The single median trunk thus formed just back of the pons Varolii gives off a branch on each side to the cerebellum. The remainder goes for- ward to the infundibulum, where it breaks up into a number of branches, one on each side to the anterior surface of the cerebellum aud the others to the thalamencephalon and prosencephalon. The thyroid axis is distributed to the muscles of the neck and shoulder. Its first branch is one given off outward, and curves over the anterior aspect of the shoulder, and then goes posteriorly to the muscles on the dorsal aspect of the same. In front of this a second branch is given off inwardly. This goes forward a short distance and then di- vides into two vessels, both of which curve over the anterior aspect of the shoulder to the superior muscles of the same. The main trunk turns dorsad and then backward, soon to divide into numerous small vessels to the deep muscles of the neck and shoulder. Each common carotid at the base of the skull divides into an external and an internal carotid, the latter entering the cranium by the carotid canal. The abdominal aorta gives off a coeliac Fig. 4.—Right anterior venous system. axis, upper and lower mesenteric, renal and -7.in. ight mnominate. 6 = OL A 0 ant.j. internal jugular. genital. vessels, and then divides into an ea- ex.j. external jugular. ; as ; ‘t, vertebral vein. ternal and internal iliac artery on each side. oh eae Tn some eases the proximal ends of the in- figs Mera aay, vem. ternal iliacs form a short, common trunk. The external iliac gives off in the abdominal cavity an epigastric artery, which runs forward on the ventral wall of the abdomen, being distributed to the same, and then leaves the abdominal cavity and becomes the Jemoral. The internal iliac runs backward laterally into the pelvic cavity. It gives 16 THE FUR SEALS OF THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS. oft an allantoic vessel a short distance back of its origin, which runs ventrally and forward along the side of the urinary bladder to the anterior end of the same, where the right and left vessels fuse with the urachis. They are hollow trunks in the adult and contain blood. Back of the head of the ilium the internal iliac artery gives off a smali sciatic branch. Other branches are given off to the pelvic organs. The systemic veins.—The vena cava anterior is formed by the union of the right Fia. 5.—Veins of fore limb of pup, one-half natural size. and left innominate trunks. These run transversely across the anterior part of the thoracic cavity, and hence with the vena cava anterior they make a T-shaped vessel. A short distance in front of the auricle the vena cava receives the azygos vein, which is joined near its termination by two smaller veins from the neighboring muscles. Just a little back of its anterior end it receives ventrally the internal mammary vein. This is formed by the union of four vessels, two large inner ones and two smaller SYSTEMIC VEINS. 17 outer ones. These run forward along the costal cartilages with the internal mammary artery between the two of each lateral pair. The common trunk formed by the union is very short. Each innominate divides into three trunks, the vertebral, common jugular, and subclavian. The vertebral goes to the head through the vertebral canal. The common jugular is very short and is formed by the union of an external and internal jugular. The external lies laterally along the neck. It is formed at the base of the skull by the union of veins from the exterior of the head and lower jaw. A short distance back of its anterior end it is joined by a vein running forward from the dorsal aspect of the shoulder and neck. About half way down two smaller ones unite with it that come from the dorsal surface of the neck. Near its lower end, finally, a large branch curves over the anterior aspect of the shoulder from the dorsal surface of the same and unites with it just in front of the shoulder. The mus- cles of the neck and shoulder are hence abun- dantly supplied with both arteries and veins; the veins of this region emptying into the external jugular corresponding in size and numbers with the branches of the thyroid axis. The internal jugular is formed at the base of the skull by the union of numerous branches from the exterior and interior of the head. The most important of these are: Two veins curving around the pos- terior ends of the lower jaw from the muscles laterad of this and from the posterior lateral aspect of the head; a vein from the interior of the cranium which leaves the same by a small foramen in the anterior part of the ear capsule and which then goes backward and downward along the lesser cornu of the hyoid and receives a branch from the tongue; a vein from the base ,of the head and the soft palate, and the main | trunk from the jugular foramen in the skull. The internal jugular is much larger than the ex- ternal. It receives no important additions along Fic. 6.—Posterior venous system of left side. v.c.p. Vena Cava posterior. — the neck. c.tl. common iliac vein. c Go c * ex.il. external iliac vein. The subclavian vein is formed by the union of ¢7-‘; TtSHHAT GAG Sain. numerous veins from the fore limb. SR. ONE RTD. Beats i A % , - vein from plantar surface of hind flipper. The inferior vena cava is formed at a variable * *- median caudal and sacral vein. point either between or back of the kidneys by the union of the converging common ilac veins. Hach of these is formed farther back by the union of the external and 5974—pPT 3——2 e 18 THE FUR SEALS OF THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS. internal iliac veins. The former is composed of the femoral vein from the hind limb, where it is formed by the union of numerous trunks, of which the long saphenous is the largest, and of another vein beginning on the plantar surface of the hind flipper and then running forward superficially along the inside of the tibia and across the upper end of the thigh into the abdominal cavity. Where the latter vein pierces the peritoneum it receives the two epigastric veins of the same side. These lie one on each side of the epigastric artery. The external iliac receives a vein from the dorsal wall of the abdominal cavity. The internal iliac is formed at the posterior end of the pelvic cavity by the union of veins in that region. It increases as it passes forward along the dorsal wall of the pelvis by receiving veins along its course. In the posterior part of the abdominal cavity the two internal iliacs are united by a transverse commissure, into which a small median caudal and sacral vein empties. Beyond this the internal iliac veins diverge and each unites with the corresponding external iliac. The external and internal iliac veins are connected also by a com- missure, joining the latter just back of that between it and its fellow and the former a short distance back of its anterior end. A lateral vein from the pelvic organs empties into this commissure near its inner end. The veins of the reproductive glands join the vena cava just back of the renal veins. The portal vein.—The portal vein remains throughout life connected with the umbilicus by a hollow vitelline vein, and with the vena cava inferior just where this vessel pierces the diaphragm by a likewise hollow ductus venosus, Both of these unite with the portal vein between its two branches, going to the anterior right and left lobes of the liver. THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS. The male organs.—The testis is elongatedly oval, with the dorsal border a little concave. The epididymis begins at the anterior end, goes backward along the concave side, enlarging at the same time, and then at the posterior end of the testis turns forward on the inner side of the first part. It then again decreases in size and becomes the but slightly convoluted vas deferens. The scrotum is very long, but is entirely shut off from the abdominal cavity. By means of the extremely elongated cremaster muscles, however, each pouch can be drawn up far under the skin and fat of the pelvic region of the body close to the ventral pelvic muscles. Each cremaster arises from the ventral surface of the vertebra, just back of the posterior border of the kidneys, and is inserted along the entire length of the corresponding scrotal sac. The upper part of the urethra is enlarged and its walls are greatly thickened and glandular. The vasa deferentia unite into a common tube a short distance back of* the neck of the bladder, which immediately enters the glandular part of the urethra and open within on a flabby papilla. The spermatic veins join the vena cava just back of the renal vessels. Hach is formed by numerous veins near the surface of the testis, which converge and unite at its anterior end. Except near the vena cava the spermatic veins are very much convoluted, and each is surrounded by an inner layer of spongy tissue and by an outer membranous sheath. The penis is composed of two large corpora cavernosa having their distal halves ossified, and of a membranous corpus spongiosum and glans, The penis of a bull is from FEMALE ORGANS. 19, 10 to 11 inches long. The corpora cavernosa are united, the lines of their union being represented by a dense vertical plate. Between the two ventrally is a groove, the suleus urethralis, the floor of which is formed by the membranous corpus spongiosum. The distal half of the penis is composed mostly of a bone, club-shaped proximally and expanded vertically at its distal end. Transverse sections of the penis show that this bone consists of the united and ossified terminal halves of the corpora cavernosa. The posterior end of the corpus spongiosum forms no differentiated glans, but covers the end of the bone simply as'‘a thin membrane. The wrethra enters the penis at about its middle, and opens to the exterior below the distal end. The penis is ordinarily bent into a V-shaped position, the angle being at the anterior end of the bone. The proximal unossified half projects backward and the distal half forward below the other. The female organs.—Kach ovary is shaped somewhat like a spherical wedge with the edge lying longitudinally and turned dorsally. It is also slightly notched so that the ovary is kidney-shaped in dorso-ventral profile. It is connected with the liga- mentum latum at the notch and near it on the inner surface with the anterior inner aspect of the horn of the uterus on the same side, the exterior of Ai the latter being directly continu- ig ous with the ligamentum latum - Dp in front. Each ovary is inclosed in arecurved fold of the suspend- ing ligament forming a pouch almost closed, a small opening being left on the inner side near the dorsal edge. The vagina is wide and expands anteriorly. Below the widened part it re- ceives the wrethra on its ventral surface. The wterus is double; the two horns diverge in front, but their approximated posterior ends are coalesced for some distance. The distal end of each horn is rounded and lies close to the ovary of the same side. The very much convoluted Fallopian tube | enters very near the extremity on the anterior dorsal aspect. It runs forward to the anterior end of the ovary, going ventral to it, and then runs backward again on the inner side to near the posterior end. Here it opens on the inside of the ovarian sac by a slightly enlarged mouth with plicated edges. The ovaries are supplied with blood by vessels from the inferior vena cava and the abdominal aorta. The vagina and uterus receive their blood from branches of the pelvic vessels. About 2 inches forward from the posterior opening of the vagina its inner walls present a large backward-projecting fold. The free margin of this fold is very irregular and above and below it is extended in two wide conical flaps. The free end of the lower one is slit transversely and this fissure forms the vaginal opening of the urethra. This fold separates a lower vestibular region of the vagina from the vagina proper. The clitoris lies along the floor of the former. About half way forward to the point of divergence of the uterine horns is a seeond internal fold in the walls of the vagina. The dorsal part of this fold forms a thick pad-like thickening on the Fic. 7.—Testis and spermatic vein of young male, natural size. 20 THE FUR SEALS OF THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS. vaginal wall. The free border is elsewhere produced into papille. The lumen above this fold is much smaller than below and is soon divided by a vertical partition. This marks the beginning of the horns of the uterus, and the free lower end of the septum Fia. 8.—Urogenital organs of female, reduced. ao. Dorsal aorta. v.c.p. Posterior vena cava, al.v. Allantoic veins. ur. Urachis, the ovarian capsule of the ligamentum latum is round. . Ligament attaching ovary to ligamentum latum. KK. Kidney. ov. Ovary. fal. Fallopian tube. is terminated by a small papilla-like valve that may close either opening. In the nongravid uterus the lumina in the fused parts are considerably narrower than in the divergent parts of the horns. BRAIN OF FUR SEAL. 21 The mammary glands are two in number. Each is long and triangular, reaching from the fore limb to the posterior end of the body. The two are divergent in front, but posteriorly are closely approximated but not united. Each is provided with two very small abdominal teats. In a very old cow the mammary glands become absorbed and mostly replaced by fat. THE URINARY ORGANS. The kidneys are oval, with the inner border slightly concave, and are a little flattened dorso-ventrally. In a bull they are about 4.75 inches long. The hilus is small. The pelvis of each divides ultimately into a large number of small tubules, ending each in a calyx. The papille opening into these calices have no regular arrangement, since they are turned in all directions either toward or away from the hilus. The wrinary bladder is small, about 2.5 inches in a bull, and is pear-shaped. The wrachis is large and remains so throughout life. THE BRAIN OF THE FUR SEAL, CALLORHINUS URSINUS; WITH A COMPARATIVE DESCRIPTION OF THOSE OF ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS, PHOCA VITULINA, URSUS AMERICANUS, AND MONACHUS TROPICALIS. By PIERRE A. Fisu, D. Sc., D. V.S., New York State Veterinary College, Ithaca, N. Y. INTRODUCTION. The specimen was from a young male pup 25 inches in length, weighing about 12 pounds. The brain was still incased in the dura, and on the basal surface portions of the cranial bones were left adherent to this membrane. An occasional cut through the dura caused a protrusion or hernia of the cerebral substance. The weight of the brain in the fresh condition, as reported by Mr. Lucas, was 10 ounces and 240 grains. This included the dura with the attached cranial fragments. The specimen was preserved in a ‘rather strong solution of formalin,” and, except for some swelling of the tissue and softening of the interior, was in a very good condi- tion. The bloating was indicated by the increased weight, which, immediately after the receipt of the specimen, December 12, was found to be 13 ounces, a gain of about 3 ounces; the closure of the fissures and the cerebral hernias. The weight without dura and attached fragments of cranial bones after preservation from September 1 to December 12 was 94 ounces and 80 grains (avoirdupois). The lateral girth was 26 centimeters. The longitudinal girth with the oblongata cut off at an even level with the caudal surface of the cerebellum was 24 centimeters, being slightly less than the former. This may, perhaps, be accounted for to some extent by the tape resting slightly in the intercerebral cleft, and to the bloating, as this would affect the lateral rather than the longitudinal circumference. The brain, as indicated by the girth measurements, was of a subglobular form, slightly tapering at the ends, and its outer substance, though firm, was not unyielding. Twenty-four hours’ immersion in 95 per cent alcohol served to contract the nervous tissue sufficiently to open the fissures, and yet to retain enough flexibility of their 22 THE FUR SEALS OF THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS. walls to permit of an easy examination of their depths. In order to obtain the desired results, after photographing the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the entire brain it was cut across and the crura cerebri or mesencephalon and the cerebellum and oblon- gata separated. The cerebrum was then divided by a section along the median line, separating it as nearly as possible into two equal halves. REMOVAL OF DURA. The falx showed an interesting development; its frontal portion, especially in the region of the olfactory bulbs, being of considerable depth, then becoming very shallow along the middle of the length of the cerebrum and becoming very deep again in the intercerebral cleft in the caudal region of the cerebrum. 3 Total 2. Sess Sok Sorin 0 eon a pe a cre es ee ae ee ee ale 104 Age and condition of female seals examined in 1596. Examined August 10 and 11: TwO years Oldies. econ cmiecce sw eewe a= ee en emien =n leon oe einr l= ne ete e iee 3 Over 2 years 010... 2... ost enic ee one te anes 2 ne oe alela = 8 aele e Mo iar 43 Nursing, with milk abundant .......--...---- ------ +--+ +--+ 222-222 ----- 35 Little.or no milk .2. cosas eee ek oo bee = el teie eietcin ta etal aml li=ta le as stata aie 8 Pregnant -.....--. 202252 se cere an eee neie tra =e =~ = hee = Wm meni ine mie iE tee 45 Examined September 3: Two years Old -:...--u2. son ooidens se see lene oie ee =a lene ee eee es 1 Overi2'years old... 22-522 jee eine wie iawn elm cha eee ie 25 Nursing, with milk abundant ......--..---------------- +--+ --+---------- 15 Not nursing, no milk .....2.2- 2-02-2296 ©2222 ese senna seinen oe anno 5 Probably not nursing, little milk...-.-......---------------+----+---+--+--- 6 Pregnant. . .-- 2.022. secner one eee tence wen eae om panei errr ame np ne accimals 26 These figures differ slightly from those given in Mr. Townsend’s report for 1895, pp. 42-45, because reexamination shows that some marked questionable were pregnant. NOTES ON BREEDING HABITS. 55 Combining these tables, we have a total of 176 female seals taken during 1895 and 1896 between August 10 and September 35, which may be considered as fairly representing the age and condition of seals taken at sea. Of these 176, there were 14 yearlings, 16 2-year-olds, and 146 over 2 years old. All over 2 years old had brought forth young the season they were taken, and 151 of those 2 years old and upward were pregnant. The total number of seals examined whose condition was at all uncertain was 11, and 7 of these were 2-year-olds examined before August 22, and these might have been impregnated later in the season. Moreover, in 9 of the doubtful cases the ovaries were not preserved, or examination under more favorable circum- stances might have lessened even this number, for the corpus luteum does not show so clearly in fresh specimens as in those which have been hardened in alcohol. The exact condition of some of the specimens taken during 1896 was questionable when the ovary was fresh, while later examination showed that, with one exception, all the doubtful cases were pregnant. These tables show very clearly what has been so well stated by Mr. Townsend—that the majority of females at sea are both nursing and pregnant, so that the killing of one female is practically the loss of three seals, and pelagic sealing not only is the burning of the candle at both ends, but in the middle as well. On Pl. XI are shown a number of ovaries bisected to show the appearance of the sear of recent impregnation (corpus luteum) and the vanishing scar (corpus albicans) of former impregnation. The scar resulting from the simple rupture of a Graafian follicle soon disappears, but when impregnation has taken place the scar continues to develop for some time, and does not disappear until some little time after delivery. Old scars were plainly visible, after immersion in alcohol, on the ovaries of seals killed in September, although delivery must have taken place a month or six weeks previously. NOTES BEARING ON BREEDING HABITS. The first instance of copulation seen occurred on Tolstoi sand flat June 22. The harem contained a single cow, with a pup apparently 2 or 3 days old. Nothing is known about the arrival of the cow or the birth of the pup, but neither was present on the 16th when Tolstoi was first visited. The second copulation was witnessed at 3.30, June 23, on Lukanin, in a harem of five cows. This harem was formed during the night of the 19th, three cows being present in it at 8.30 on the morning of the 20th. As the harem lay at a distance from observation points, no record of the birth of pups can be given. The third copulation oveurred on Lukanin in a harem containing nineteen cows. The harem was formed with one cow on the 18th, first seen at 9a.m. Her pup was born between 8 and 9 a. m. the following day. The other cows were added to the harem on the 20th at 10.30, and a fourth at about the same hour the following day. Two additional pups were born to the harem at 3 p. m. on the 21st. The time of copulation was 9 o’clock, June 26. The fourth copulation was witnessed in the harem which has the cow that has been present since the 12th without a pup. A second cow joined this harem on the 21st at 10 o’clock, and her pup was born at noon the following day. There are now five cows in the harem, but three are recent arrivals. The time of copulation was 9.30 o’clock in the evening of the 27th. 56 THE FUR SEALS OF THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS. The fifth copulation was observed by Mr. Adams in a harem founded with a single cow on the 21st. She was alone until the 23d, and on the 25th had three companions. No records of births for this harem are available. The time of copulation was at 10.15 a. m. on the 27th. The sixth instance was observed at 5 p. m. on the 28th by Mr. Adams in a harem founded with a single cow on the 18th at 9a.m._ Its history, so far as known, is given under the third instance. A seventh case of copulation was witnessed by Mr. Adams a 4,30 p. m. of the 29th in the same harem as above noted in the third and sixth instances. The eighth case of copulation also occured in this same harem, The time was 9.30 p. m. of the 29th. The ninth case reported by Mr. Adams occurred at 3.05 p.m. of the 29th in a harem formed with a single cow on the 21st. The harem was not favorably situated for observation, and grew rapidly, having thirteen cows on the 25th. No records of births are available. A tenth case of copulation was observed by Mr. Adams at 5.30 p.m. of the 30th in the harem noted under the fifth instance. SUMMARY OF OBSERVATIONS ON ARRIVALS, BIRTHS, ETC. The first cow seen on St. Paul, Lukanin rookery, at 4 o’clock, June 12; not seen on the afternoon of the preceding day; has not had a pup to date, June 22. Two cows first seen on the amphitheater of Kitovi at 4.15 on June 14; of these one was seen to give birth to a pup at 3.30 on the afternoon of the 15th; the second cow gave birth to her pup at 3 o’clock on the 17th. A cow first seen at 4 o'clock, June 12, on Lukanin rookery, was seen to have a second cow with her on the 17th, at 8 o’clock; both cows had then pups. Two cows were first seen on the evening of June 15, at 9 o’clock; one of them had a pup at 8.30, June 17; it was not present at 5 o’clock on the 16th. The second cow could not be traced, owing to the fact that other cows were added to the harem before a second pup was hota On Lukanin rookery at 8 o’clock on the morning of June 17 a cow with her pup was seen; the pup was evidently not many hours old; neither cow nor pup was present at 5 the preceding evening. On Gorbatch a cow not present at 5 o’clock on the 16th was seen at 145 by Mr. Adams with her pup. A cow was first seen at 9 o’clock a. m. of the 18th; she had no pup at 9 p. m. of the 19th, but at 10.03 of the 20th she had a pup with her. A cow was seen to land at 3.30 on the 18th, and her pup was seen to be born at 3 o’clock on the 20th. A cow landed at 2 o’clock on the 19th, and her pup was born between 4.30 and 8 o’clock on the 20th. A cow was first seen at 9 a. m. on the 18th; she was seen with a pup at 9.45 on the following morning. A cow was first seen on the 18th at 9 a. m.; she had a pup at the same hour the following day. A cow was seen to land at 1.45 on the 17th on Gorbatch rookery; her pup was born between 11 and 3 o’clock of the 20th. ARRIVALS AND BIRTHS. 57 Many other cows were noted on landing, but became confused through additions to the harems before their pups were born. In cases of the cows mentioned the identification was clear. A cow landed between 5 and 9 p. m. on the 20th, and her pup was born between 5 and 8.30 the afternoon of the 21st. A cow arrived at 3.30 the 20th and bore her pup at 11 o’clock on the morning of the 21st. A cow arrived on the 19th at 9.30 a. m. and bore her pup at 4.15 of the 22d. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI. 1. Uterus and ovaries of an old fur seal, ventral aspect. A triangular section has been removed from the wall of the uterus to showits complete division into two portions. Delivery has taken place in the left branch (shown on right side), and the scar of recent impregnation is visible in the right ovary (at left of plate). 2,3. Ovaries of a 2-year-old female, showing corpus luteum in left ovary. Degenerate Graafian follicles appear in both ovaries. 4,5. Ovaries of old female, showing corpus albicans in left ovary, 4, and corpus luteum and degen- erate follicles in right ovary, 5. 6,7. Ovaries of an old female, showing corpus luteum in left ovary, 6, and almost absorbed corpus albicans in right ovary, 7. 8,9. Ovaries of an old female, showing corpus albicans in left ovary, 8, and corpus luteum and numerous Graafian follicles in right ovary, 9. All figures of natural size. Nos. 1, 6, and 7, by Dr. J. C. McConnell; 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, and 9, by A. H. Baldwin, from alcoholic specimens. a ‘ci y " ee pa m Le CM sep kee 2 ba ae Yaa SO ee Pane ‘ . \ Ge eth - oi. ‘ ra oan « “ang 7 ‘ ha ’ Art es ore +: . My i We an -e p | ‘ » ee Tel pT tas oe Lo > igh : a : % i ye ee) “oy e ifewes 1 cit Se oe ¢ . 3 > Mae a) é sé ah ee ' é i * + » 8 ‘ i jut erp: ‘ ’ 4 a a “ay © has | > ‘a! & . Ps 5 eh ihe Ui ia a ae ? ae Aa*4 Sie) ae ... $5 viv Tek aus ee ie” » * > * aa. 1 * M4 e ek ; ns ’ Pk ae A =~, i? 7 + Py, cae Pe rarer D a 7 # ot ye Rey i