7Vy'5/6 66-78/3/ Biological Services Program FWS/OBS-78/31 June 1978 Rare and Endangered Vertebrates of the Southeastern United States Coastal Plain A Summary of Public Concern for Sensitive Wildlife Fish and Wildlife Service ^ U.S. Department of the Interior U5t> W/31 The Biological Services Program was established within the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to supply scientific information and methodologies on key environmental issues that impact fish and wildlife resources and their supporting ecosystems. The mission of the program is as follows: t To strengthen the Fish and Wildlife Service in its role as a primary source of information on national fish and wild- life resources, particularly in respect to environmental impact assessment. • To gather, analyze, and present Information that will aid decisionmakers in the identification and resolution of problems associated with major changes in land and water use. • To provide better ecological information and evaluation for Department of the Interior development programs, such as those relating to energy development. Information developed by the Biological Services Program is intended for use in the planning and decisionmaking process to prevent or minimize the impact of development on fish and wildlife. Research activities and technical assistance services are based on an analysis of the issues a determination of the decisionmakers involved and their information needs, and an evaluation of the state of the art to identify information gaps and to determine priorities. This is a strategy that will ensure that the products produced and disseminated are timely and useful. Projects have been initiated in the following areas: coal extraction and conversion; power plants; geothermal, mineral and oil shale develop- ment; water resource analysis, including stream alterations and western water allocation; coastal ecosystems and Outer Continental Shelf develop- ment; and systems inventory, including National Wetland Inventory, habitat classification and analysis, and information transfer. The Biological Services Program consists of the Office of Biological Services in Washington, D.C., which is responsible for overall planning and management; National Teams, which provide the Program's central scientific and technical expertise and arrange for contracting biological services studies with states, universities, consulting firms, and others; Regional Staff, who provide a link to problems at the operating level; and staff at certain Fish and Wildlife Service research facilitip<;. who conduct inhouse I r- Q <=u T— — ■ T\ 3 n m r-3 .= □ m = = □ o FWS/ODS- 78/31 June 1978 RARE AND ENDANGERED VERTEBRATES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES COASTAL PLAIN A Summary of Public Concern For Sensitive Wildlife by Steven P. Christman and Wallace S. Lippincott, Jr. National Fish and Wildlife Laboratory U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 412 N.E. 16th Avenue, Room 250 Gainesville, Florida 32601 Project Officer Donald W. Woodard National Coastal Ecosystems Team U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service NSTL Station, Mississippi 39529 This study was conducted in cooperation with the Office of En- dangered Species, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Performed for National Coastal Ecosystems Team Office of Biological Services Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Department of the Interior DISCLAIMER The opinions, feelings, conclusions, and recommendations expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Office of Biological Services, Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Depart- ment of the Interior, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the Federal Government. n PREFACE The information contained in thi 5. report was collected during the devel- opment of a format to be recommended for the preparation of species accounts for endangered and threatened species in the coastal area of Southeastern United States. Frequently, respondents to our inquiries requested information about which species were cited as endangered or threatened by neighboring States. This report was prepared to help meet the need to know where species are protected and which species are being proposed by groups having a special interest in endangered or threatened species. Any suggestions or questions regarding Rare and Endangered Vertebrates of the Southeastern United States Coastal Plain — a summary of public concern for sensitive wildlife should be directed to: Information Transfer Specialist National Coastal Ecosystems Team U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service National Space Technology Laboratories NSTL Station, Miss. 39529 This report should be cited as follows: Christman, S. P., and W. S. Lippincott, Jr. 1978. Rare and endangered verte- brates of the Southeastern United States Coastal Plain--a summary of public concern for sensitive wildlife. Office of Biological Services, Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. FWS/OBS-78/31. 4fc pp m CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE iii INTRODUCTION 1 RARE AND ENDANGERED VERTEBRATES 9 FISH 9 AMPHIBIANS 16 REPTILES 19 BIRDS 26 MAMMALS 39 IV INTRODUCTION The table beginning on page 11 collates all available lists of rare and en- dangered vertebrate species occurring on the Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States. The area considered consists of terrestrial and aquatic habitats from the Potomac River to the Rio Grande and extends inland a distance of 100 km. The cetaceans have been omitted. Listed species within the five vertebrate classes are grouped by order and alphabetized by common name. Scientific names are provided. The status of each species, as it appears on each list, is indicated in the appropriate column in the table. A total of 479 species is listed under one or more of several categories of endangerement on one or more of 24 rare and endangered species lists. We have divided the various rare and endangered species lists into two basic types: PROTECTED refers to official Federal, State, or international treaty lists which provide legal protection for the species they list. LISTED refers to those lists which are not accompanied by protective legislation, such as those rare and endangered species lists compiled by academic or conservation groups. The information in the table has been confirmed up-to-date as of 1 January 1978 and includes species added since the original publication of the various lists, The lists reviewed and the categories of endangerment (with their abbrevia- tions) follow: PROTECTED (Lists accompanied by protective legislation) CITES U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 1977. International trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora - implementation of the convention. Federal Register 42(35) :10462-10488. App. I (Appendix I) - All species threatened with extinction which are or may be affected by trade. App. II (Appendix II) - All species which, although not necessarily now threatened with extinction may become so unless trade in specimens of such species is subject to strict regulations in order to avoid utiliza- tion incompatible with their survival; and other species which must be subject to regulations in order that trade in specimens of certain species referred to (above) may be brought under effective control. US U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 1977, En- dangered and threatened wildlife and plants - republication of list of species. Federal Register 42(135) :36420-36431. E (Endangered) -i Those species in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of their range. T (Threatened) - Those species likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of their range. The following States have signed cooperative agreements with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and, in doing so, agree to protect all Federally listed species: Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. VA Virginia has no official State list. NC North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission. 1977. Endangered and threatened species. Regulations 15 NCAC 101. Raleigh. E (Endangered) - Any resident species of wildlife which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range, or any resident species which is designated as endangered under the provisions of the Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973. T (Threatened) - Any resident species of wildlife which is likely to become an endangered species in the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range, or any resident species which is designated as threatened under the provisions of the Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973. SC South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department. 1975. En- dangered wildlife species of South Carolina. Columbia. E (Endangered) - Any species or subspecies of wildlife whose prospects of survival or recruitment within the State are in jeopardy or are likely within the foreseeable future to become so due to any of the following factors: (a) the destruction, drastic modification, or severe curtail- ment of its habitat, or (b) its overutil ization for scientific, com- mercial, or sporting purposes, or (c) the effect on it of disease, pol- lution, or predation, or (d) other natural or manmade factors affecting its prospects of survival or recruitment within the State, or (e) any combination of the foregoing factors. The term shall also be deemed to include any species or subspecies of fish or wildlife appearing on the United States' List of Endangered Native Fish and Wildlife as it appears on the effective date of this act (Part 17 of Title 50, Code of Federal Regulations, Appendix D) as well as any species or subspecies of fish and wildlife appearing on the United States' List of Endangered Foreign Fish and Wildlife. GA Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Game and Fish Division. [1975?] Rules and regulations for the protection of endangered, threatened, rare or unusual species. Atlanta. E (Endangered) - Any residei rpec j which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a signifi nt port on of its range, or one which is designated as endangered under the >. ovisions of the Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973. T (Threatened) - Any resident species which is likely to become an en- dangered species within the foreseeable future, or one that is designated as threatened under the provisions of the Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973. R (Rare) - Any resident species which, although not endangered or threatened as previously defined should be protected because of its scarcity. U (Unusual ) - Any resident species which exhibits special or unique features and because of these features deserves special consideration in its continued survival in the State. FL Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission. 1977. Wildlife code of the State of Florida. Tallahassee. 159 pp. E (Endangered) - A species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range. T (Threatened) - A species which may become an endangered species within the foreseeable future. AL Alabama has no official State list. MS Mississippi Game and Fish Commission. 1977. An order and regulations adopting an official list of endangered or threatened vertebrates of Mississippi. Public notice No. 1916. Jackson. E (Endangered) - A species which is in danger of extirpation throughout al 1 or a significant portion of its range in the State. T (Threatened) - A species which may become an endangered species within the foreseeable future in the State. LA Louisiana has no official State list. TX Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. 1976. Regulations for taking, possessing, transporting, exporting, processing, selling or offering for sale, or shipping endangered species. 127. 30. 09.001-. 006. Austin. E (Endangered) - Fish or wildlife are classified as endangered species if they appear on the present United States list of endangered foreign or native fish and wildlife (50 C.F.R., Part 17), or if they are threatened with statewide extinction due to any of the following fac- tors: The destruction, drastic modification or severe curtailment of its habitat; the overutil ization of it for commercial or sporting pur- poses; the effect on it of disease or predation; or other natural or man-made factors affecting its continued existence. PE (Proposed Endangered) - Self-explanatory. LISTED (Lists not accompanied by protective legislation) VA Russ, Wayne P. 1973. The rare and endangered terrestrial vertebrates (RUSS) of Virginia. M.S. Thesis. Virginia Polytechnic Inst., Blacksburg. 339 pp. NC (ETBNC) E (Endangered) - A species or subspecies which is in danger of extinction throughout its range or one which is in danger of extirpation in Virginia unless assistance is given. R (Rare) - A species or subspecies which, although it is not immediately threatened with extinction, is in such small numbers throughout its range that it may become endangered if its environment deteriorates or one that, although it may be plentiful outside of Virginia borders, is re- stricted to a few localities or an explicit habitat within Virginia where ecological alteration may lead to endangerment. Cooper, John E., Sarah S. Robinson, and John B. Funderburg, eds, 1977. Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina. North Carolina St. Mus. Nat. Hist., Raleigh. 444 pp. E (Endangered) - A species whose continued existence as part of the State biota is clearly and imminently at hazard; a species in danger of extinction or extirpation. T (Threatened) - A species likely to become endangered within the fore- seeable future if certain conditions are not met; a species which ex- hibits a considerable decrease in numbers deemed beyond the limit of normal fluctuation, or documented range contraction, but which is not yet considered endangered. SC (Of Special Concern) - A species which exists in small populations (is rare) over a relatively broad range; is targeted for exploitation which could become extensive enough to pose a threat; which because of certain characteristics or requirements is especially vulnerable to specific pressures; or which is so designated for other reasons by ex- perienced investigators. NC (NCNHP) SC (SCHTP) GA (ESG) SI) (Status Undetermined) for precise assessment. A species for which insufficient data exist EXTIR (Extirpated) - Self-explanatory. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program. 1977. Special animal species. North Carolina Dep. Nat. Econ. Resour., Raleigh. E (Endangered), T (Threatened) , SC (Of Special Concern), SU (Status Undetermined), Extir (Extirpated) - Same definitions as used in Sym- posium on Endangered and Threatened Biota of North Carolina (see above). South Carolina Heritage Trust Program. 1977. Animal species of con- cern. South Carolina Wildl . Mar. kesour. Dep., Columbia. SC (Special Concern) - Not defined. McCollum, Jerry L., ed . 1974. Endangered species of Georgia, ceedings of the 1974 conference sponsered by Georgia Dep. Nat, at Fernbank Sci. Ctr., Atlanta on May 3-4, 1974. 66 pp. Pro- Resour, E (Endangered) - Any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range in the State or one that is designated as endangered under provisions of Public Law 93-205. 4 T (Threatened) - Any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future within the State or one that is designated as threatened under provisions of Public Law 93-205. R/U (Rare or Unusual ) - Species with small populations in the State which, though not presently endangered or threatened as previously de- fined, are potentially at risk. SU (Status Undetermined) - Species that are suspected of falling into one of the categories defined above, but for which available data are insufficient to provide a clear basis for decision. EXTINCT - Self-explanatory. FL Layne, James N., ed . 1976. Inventory of rare and endangered biota of (FCREPA) Florida. Florida Audubon Soc . Florida Def. Environ. Microfilm. 1152 pp. E (Endangered) - Taxa in imminent danger of extinction or extirpation and whose survival is unlikely if the causal factors presently at work continue operating. T (Threatened) - Taxa believed likely to move into the Endangered cate- gory in the near future if the causal factors now at work continue op- erating. R (Rare) - Taxa with small populations in the state which, though not presently endangered or threatened, are potentially at risk. SC (Species of Special Concern) - A species that does not clearly fit into the endangered, threatened or rare category yet which, for certain reasons, warrants special attention. SU (Status Undetermined) - Taxa which are suspected of falling into one of the above categories but for which the available data are insufficient to provide the basis for a decision. REC EXTINCT (Recently Extinct) - Self-explanatory. REC EXTIR (Recently Extirpated) - Self-explanatory. AL Boschung, Herbert, ed . 1976. Endangered and threatened plants and (ETPAA) animals of Alabama. Bull. Alabama Mus. Nat. Hist. 2: 1-92. E (Endangered) - Are those species in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of their range in Alabama. Endangered species are those whose prospects for survival are in immediate jeopardy. An endangered species must have help, or extinction and/or extirpation from Alabama will probably follow. T (Threatened) - Are those species which are likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of their range in Alabama. SC (Special Concern) - Are those species which must be continually monitored because eminent degrading factors, their limited distribution in Alabama or other physical or biological characteristics may cause them to become threatened or endangered in the foreseeable future. EXTINCT - Self-explanatory. EXTIR (Extirpated) - Self-explanatory. MS Rare and Endangered Species Committee and Mississippi Game and Fish Com- (RTVM) mission. 1975. A preliminary list of rare and threatened vertebrates in Mississippi. Jackson. 29 pp. E (Endangered) - A species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range in the State. T (Threatened) - A species which may become endangered within the fore- seeable future in the State. R (Rare) - A species which is in such small numbers throughout its range in Mississippi that it may be threatened or endangered if its environ- ment worsens. SU (Undetermined) - A species which has been suggested as possibly threatened or endangered but about which there is not enough information to determine its status. PER (Peripheral) - A species whose occurrence in Mississippi is at the edge of its natural range. EXTINCT - Self-explanatory. MS Mississippi Natural Heritage Program. 1977. Special animal species. (MSNHP) Mississippi Parks Comm., Bur. Outdoor Recreation, Jackson. E (Endangered) - Those species in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of their range in the State. T (Threatened) - Those species likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant part of their range. R (Rare) - Those species which have small and scattered populations throughout their range but which have not been designated endangered or threatened. PER (Peripheral) - Those species rare or localized in the state because they are at the outer limits of their range. These species may be quite abundant elsewhere. SC (Special Concern) - Not defined. TX Texas Organization for Endangered Species. 1973-74. Summary statements (TOES) on rare, endangered, and peripheral fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals in Texas. Baylor Univ., Dep. Biol., Waco. E (Endangered) - Immediate threat to extirpation from Texas fuana. R (Rare) - Population numbers are low over a wide area or common in re- stricted area. D (Declining) - Populations appear less numerous today. PER (Peripheral) - At the edge of their range in Texas. IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 1966, 1968, 1972. Red data book. 3 vols. Morges, Switzerland. E (Endangered) - In immediate danger of extinction. R (Rare) - Not in immediate danger of extinction, but occurring in such small numbers and/or in such a restricted or specialized habitat that it could quickly disappear. Also includes V (Vulnerable) . D (Depleted) - Although still occurring in numbers adequate for survival, the species has been heavily depleted and continues to decline at a rate which gives cause for serious concern. SU (Indeterminant) - Apparently in danger, but insufficient data 'avail- able. OP (Out of Danger) - Not defined. SEWS Southeastern Section of The Wildlife Society. 1974. Endangered species workshop. Tallahassee, Florida. E (Endangered), T (Threatened) , SU (Status Undetermined), SC (Special Concern)", PER (Peripheral ) , EXTINCT - Not defined. AFS Miller, R. R. 1972. Threatened freshwater fishes of the United States. Trans. American Fish. Soc, 101(2) :239-252. E (Endangered) - Actively threatened with extinction; continued survival unlikely without implementation of special protective measures. R (Rare) - Not under immediate threat of extinction but occurring in such small numbers and/or in such a restricted or specialized habitat that it could quickly disappear. Requires careful watching. D (Depleted) - Although still occurring in numbers adequate for sur- vival, the species has been heavily depleted and continues to decline at a rate substantially greater than can be sustained. SU (Indeterminant) - Apparently threatened but insufficient data pres- ently available on which to base a reliable assessment of status. SSAR Ashton, Ray E. 1976. Endangered and threatened amphibians and reptiles in the United States. Soc. Study Amphib. Rept., Misc. Publ . , Herpetol . Circ. 5. 65 pp. Taxa are classified with respect to their status in each State. The State abbreviation follows the classification on the table. E (Endangered) - A taxon that has become reduced in numbers throughout its range (or had its habitat reduced) to such a point that reproductive populations are extremely small or vulnerable to extirpation. T (Threatened) - A taxon that is represented in only a limited part of what was once its total range, with reduced populations due to habitat destruction or poor State or Federal management. R (Rare) - Those species or subspecies that are considered rare through- out the State or are found in environmental conditions disjunct from the normal geographic range of the species. PER (Peripheral) - Those species or subspecies that reach the edge of their range in a State. EXTIR (Extirpated) - Those taxa that have become extirpated in a State, for which there have been no verified specimens observed or collected for 25 years. AOU American Ornithologists' Union. 1975. Report of the American Ornithol- ogists' Union Committee on Conservation. Auk 92(4, suppl .) : 1B-16B . 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