GAME, SHORE
5 AND WATER
BIRDS OF INDIA

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GAME, SHORE AND WATER

BIRDS OF INDIA.

BY

CoLONEL A, LE MESSURIER, RE.

ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-ONE ILLUSTRATIONS.

CALCUTTA:
THACKER, SPINK & CO., GOVERNMENT PLACE.

BOMBAY: THACKER & CO., LIMITED.
LONDON: W. THACKER & CO., 87 NEWGATE STREET.

1888.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,

RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET,

PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION.

Ow1ne to the insertion of additional matter, the Tabular form of
previous editions has been abandoned, and the Notes are now given

in paragraphs.

The system of reference, however, is intended to be the same. The
Index (p. 151) shows the Order to which a bird belongs, and the
Indices of the Orders (pp. 2-3, 36-37, 98-99) are divided into
Families, with references to the pages on which the different species

are detailed.

The illustrations were originally drawn from the specimens when
shot or when received from friends. Many of these were afterwards
beautifully executed in pen and ink by Mr. W. W. Turner, of Simla.

The numbers, names, and descriptions, as given in “ Jerdon,”’ have
been adhered to as far as possible. The additions have principally
been taken from ‘The Game Birds of India,” Messrs. Hume and
Marshall (H. &. M.), and ‘Stray Feathers’ (S. F.).

The Introduction has been copied from the descriptive exhibits at

the Natural-History Museum, where I have received every assistance.

+
The derivations of names have been chiefly taken from ‘A List of
British Birds compiled by a Committee of the British Ornithologists’

Union.’

A. LE MESSURIER.

Ealing, August 1887.

PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION.

Ir was intended that an edition for the public should have been illus-
trated ; but now that an expedition is starting for Central Asia, the
Notes which were privately circulated in 1874 without the pictures are

reprinted.

Some additions have been made, and the divisions into Families will

now be found on pages 1, 9, and 22.
A. LE MESSURIER.

Simla, October 1878.

PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION.
(for Private Circulation only.)

To Six Wititam Mereweruer, C.B., K.C.S.I., Commissioner
in Sind.

Deak Srr WititiaM,—

The accompanying Notes (commenced in 1861) on the Eastern
Narra have been so often referred to by brother officers, that, after an
interval of thirteen years, I have been induced to complete and print
them, not only to satisfy inquiry, but to remove if possible the
difficulty that exists in tracing Birds to their proper names.

The plan adopted is, it is hoped, both simple and concise. The
Index shows the Birds in Classes, and these again are divided into
Families on pages 1, 6, and 19, with references to the intermediate
sheets on which the different species are detailed.

Errors and omissions must occur, and if at the close of the shooting-
season those receiving copies will return them to me, I shall hope to
complete my first intention of presenting them with others fully illus-

trated in exchange for their suggestions, corrections, and illustrations.

These may be “Dry Leaves” from an “Unhappy Valley,” but
they tell of the advantages that Sind offers to the sportsman in the
abundance of its small game.

A. LE MESSURIER.

Kurrachee, November 1874.

i ts
‘(UOsBpOff) TSMOUH-ANVG AMINIVY “OB JO WeLovl]
of

MOUNT yy
is

REFERENCES TO PAINTED SAND-GROUSE.

References.

. Crown (Vertex).

. Forehead (fons).

. Hind head ( Occiput).
. Hind neck ( Cervix).
. Nape (Nucha).

. Back (Dorsum).

Lump (Uropygium).

. Upper Tail-coverts.

. Tail-feathers (Rectrices).

. Central Tail-feathers (Uropygiales).

. Lateral or outer Tail-feathers.

. Lore.

. Ear-coverts (Regio parotica).

. Eyebrow (Supercilium).

. Cheek.

. Side of Neck (Collum).

. Shoulder (/Zumerus).

. Scapulars or Humerals (J’arapteron).

. Interscapulary region (Interscapulium).
. Primaries or Metacarpo-digitals |
. Secondaries or Cubitals

. Greater coverts

. Middle coverts + (Tectrices).

. Lesser coverts

. Winglet or Bastard Wing (Ala spuria or Alula).
. Chin (Mentum).

. Throat (Guia).

(Remiges).

28. Fore neck (Jugaulum).

. Breast (Pectus).

. Abdomen.

. Vent (Crissum).

2. Under Tail-coverts.

. Tarsus.

. First or Hind Toe (Mallu).
. Tibia.

. Carpus.

. Radius and Ulna.

. Digit or Toe.

Vil

Upper or Dorsal Aspect of 829. Lares Grey Quan.

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Crown aed
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Oecr but .

Intersea pulum

Under or Ventral Aspect of 870. Pinvain Snive (Hodgson).

Bull or Beak

UI
WN
Tail Feathers

THe Exo-SKELETON, OR FEATHERS.
The Remiges, or Flight-Feathers.
Tue feathers of a wing of a bird have a very definite arrangement.
They consist of the large quill-feathers (Remiges, or flight-feathers) and
the coverts (Tectrices).

The Remiges are developed into the wing-membrane (ala membrana),
and come into close and definite relation to the bones, forming two
well-marked groups :—

(i.) The cubitals, or ‘‘ secondaries,” are attached to the ulna, and vary
greatly in number in different groups of birds.

(u.) The metacarpo-digitals, or ‘‘ primaries,” are attached to the bones
of the manus, and are typically eleven in number. Of these the meta-
carpus bears six (the “ metacarpals”’), and the phalanges cf the digits
bear five (the “ digitals”’), disposed as follows :—One (the “ addigital’’)
lymg upon the phalanx of digit i., and inserted at the metacarpo-
phalangeal articulation ; two (the “ middigitals”) inserted on the first
phalanx of digit 11.; and two (the “ predigitals’”’) inserted on the second
phalanx of digit 11. The most distal of these (the “‘remicle”’) is always
rudimentary, and sometimes absent. The bones of digit i. always bear
a small number of more or less developed quill-feathers, forming the
“bastard wing” (ala spuria or alula).

In many birds there is a development of large feathers lying over the
distal half of the humerus, resembling remiges, but really continuous
with the series of greater coverts; these are called ‘‘ humerals” (Para-
pteron). Corresponding with these on the surface of the wing are the
“axillaries” (Hypopteron).

The Arrangement of the Coverts.

The coverts of the upper surface of the wing (Tecirices superiores)
are divided into Tectrices majores, T. media, and T. minores. Those of
the lower surface are Tectrices inferiores. The relative development of
these series of coverts varies much in different groups of birds.

The most important, or ‘‘ Principal Coverts,” are the Tectrices majores,
consisting of one row of upper coverts attached to the bases of the
remiges, and a row of inferior coverts attached in a similar way. Each
remex has thus two principal coverts im relation to it, one on its upper
or dorsal, and one on its lower or ventral surface.

The dorsal covert of the first metacarpal remex is generally rudi-
mentary, in compliance with mechanical requirements in the folding of
the wing.

xl THE EXO-SKELETON.

Modifications of the Cubital or Secondary Remiges.

Beyond variation in number and form, the only important modifi-
cation in this series consists in the absence in many birds (Owls, Eagles,
Geese, Pigeons, Grebes, &c.) of the fifth remex (counting from the
carpal joint), the coverts being retained. This condition is “ Aquin
cubitalism ;” when the feather is present the condition is called “ Quin
cubitalism.”

Modifications of the Metacarpo-digital or Primary Remiges.

The typical condition of the metacarpo-digital remiges being as
described above, the following are the principal modifications :—

I. The metacarpals may be increased to seven (as in Grebes, Flamin-
goes, and Storks).

II. A decrease in the number of digitals may take place at distal end
of wing.

(a) A remicle may be lost, its principal coverts being retained (as in
Turkey, Goose, &c.).

(6) The remicle and its coverts may disappear, and, in addition, the
next predigital (2) may disappear also (as in “ nine-primaried birds”),
though generally some trace of it may be found. Among Passeres
almost every gradation in the development of these feathers may be met
with. (Nat. Hist. Museum.)

The Brix or Beak of Birds consists of two parts, generally called the
upper and lower mandibles, but more properly maxilla and mandible.

The externally visible part of each is an epidermic sheath of horny,
or sometimes leathery, consistence, which covers the anterior bony pro-
longation of the cranium in the one case (the premazillary bone), and
of the lower jaw in the other (the dentary bone).

In most birds the sheath (rhamphotheca) of each jaw is entire, but in
some (as the Petrels) it is “pieced” or divided into distinct parts by
various lines of slight connection.

The different parts of the bill have received names useful for descrip-
tive purposes. Of these the following are the most important :—

The whole length of the middle line of the upper surface, from the
tip or apex to where the feathers commence on the forehead, is called
the culmen.

The lateral sharp edge of the horny covering of either maxilla or
mandible is the ¢omium.

The point at which the edges of the jaws meet behind is the commis-
sure, or angle of the mouth (sometimes called the gape).

THE BEAK. Xill

The mandible is composed of two lateral halves, called rami or
branches, separate behind, but united in frout ; the space between them
where they are separate is the inter-ramal space ; the lower median edge
of the mandible, from the point at which the rami unite to the tip, is

called the gonys.

rt
ulmen Nasal fossa orSuleus * :
lS ae a {CO}
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—

Commissure wr =
MNS =

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Nat. Hist. Museum.

The nostrils are two in number, situated usually near the base of the
maxilla. Their form and exact position vary considerably in different
They often open into a depression or groove (the nasal fossa

birds.
or sulcus). In the Petrels (Tubinares) the borders of the nostrils are
In some birds (as Hawks and

prolonged forwards in a tubular form.
Parrots) they open in a soft waxy-looking covering of the base of the
In the Apteryx alone of existing birds the

maxilla, called the cere.
(Nat. Hist. Museum.)

nostrils open near the tip of the bill.
Posterior Extremity, or Lec, or Birps.

The hind limb consists of three principal divisions :—
III. The foot, or pes.

I. The thigh, or femur. II. The leg, or crus.
The latter has a more or less undivided portion, called, in ornithological

language, the tarsus, but the skeleton of which corresponds to the united
three metatarsal bones of mammals, to which is also joined the lower or

X1V THE DIGITS.

distal part of the tarsus proper. The other portion of the true tarsus is
united to the lower end of the tibia. he ankle-joint is therefore not
situated between the tibia and tarsus, as in mammals, but in the middle
of the tarsus itself.

To the lower end of the tarso-metatarsal bone the three principal
(second, third, and fourth) digits, or toes, are attached. The first digit
has a separate, or accessory, metatarsal bone, of which only the lower
end is developed, and which is usually attached loosely to the hinder
surface of the principal bone.

The front, or dorsal, surface of the tarsus is called the acrotarsium,
the back the planta, as it corresponds to the sole of the foot of man
and plantigrade animals. (Nat. Hist. Museum.)

NumBeEr oF THE Diaits, or Tors.

Birds have usualiy four toes, never more; in some cases only three ;
in the Ostrich alone two. These are designated the first, second, third,
and fourth. The one attached to the accessory metatarsal bone, and
which is almost always directed backwards, being called the first or

) RemeSieet "hi

812. Rep Jun@LE-Fowt (Gray).

hallue. The second toe has normally three phalanges ; it is the inner
one of these that turns forwards. The third has four phalanges, and it
is the middle toe of these that is usually directed forwards. The
fourth has five phalanges, and is the outer toe.

Reduction from the normal number of Toes.

When one of the four normal toes is absent it is almost always the
first, or hallux, which may be entirely suppressed or exist im a rudi-

THE DIGITS. XV

mentary condition, the bones being present but concealed beneath the
skin.

It is not always the hallux which is absent in three-toed birds. In
the Kingfishers of the genera Ceyx and Alcyone the hallux is well
developed; but the second digit is reduced to its basal phalanx,
appearing externally merely as a wart-like eminence.

In the Passerine genus Cholornis the fourth, or external, digit is in a
rudimentary condition.

In the Ostrich two digits only are present, which represent the third
and fourth of the normal foot. The small size of the latter, and the
frequent absence of its nail, indicate a tendency to reduction toa single
toe (the third), as in the Horse among Mammals.

Position of the Toes.

The vast majority of birds have three toes in front and one (the

hallux, or first toe) behind.
Exceptions :—

1. All four toes may be turned forwards, as in the Coliide and some
Swifts (Cypselide).

2. The first toe may be versatile, turning backwards or forwards.

3. The outer front toe (fourth) may be versatile, or capable of being
turned backwards or forwards, as in most Owls and the Osprey
(Pandion).

4. The toes may be permanently in pairs, two before and two behind,
as in Woodpeckers, Toucans, Cuckoos, and others, a condition described
as Zygodactyle, or yoke-toed. In these cases it is always the first and
fourth that turn backward, except in the Trogons, where it is the first
and second. ‘The third toe is invariably directed forwards. (Nat. Hist.
Museum.)

Leapine Mopirications or tHE [oor or Brrps.
There are three functional plans or types upon which birds’ feet are
constructed, each with various modifications and with transitional forms
connecting them.

I. The Percuine or Insessoriat type, in which the foot is best fitted
for the grasping function required in perching on trees.

(a) The typical Passerine modification.—All the toes free and moy-
able, and the hinder one well developed; the foot is thus like a hand
with three fingers and an opposite thumb. Ewamples: Song-Thrush
(Turdus musicus) and Sky-Lark (Alauda arvensis).

Xvl MODIFICATIONS OF THE FOOT.

(6) The Raptorial modification.—The toes armed with powerful
curved sharp claws and widely spread, so that they may have greater
power in seizing and holding their prey. Their under surface bulbous,
scabrous, or even spiny, for greater security in grasping. Examples:
Osprey (Pandion haliaétus) and Sea-Hagle (Haliaétus albicilla).

(c) The Syndactyle modification, in which the outer and middle toes
are coherent for most of their extent, with a broad sole in common.
This occurs in perching birds, as Kingfishers, which scarcely use their
feet for progression, but simply for sitting motionless. Examples: King-
fisher (Ceryle torquatus), Hornbill (Buceros rhinoceros), Cock of the
Rock (fupicola crocea).

(d) The Zygodactyle, or yoke-toed modification.—Two toes are turned
forwards and two backwards. This occurs in many families of birds
not otherwise related either in structure or habits. Hzamples: Wryneck
(Yunx torquilla), Common Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus), Indian Koel
(Eudynamys honorata), Red-and-Blue Macaw (Ara macao).

II. The Watxine or Wanine (Cursorial or Grallatorial) type.—In
this form the foot has the grasping power, but is especially adapted for
walking on the ground. The hind toe is elevated above the level of the
others, and reduced in size or totally lost. In some wading birds the
intervals between the toes are completely or partially webbed. Ez-
amples: Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), Heron (Ardea cinerea), Phea-
sant-tailed Jacana (Hydrophasianus chirurgus), Moorhen (Gallinula
chloropus), Red-necked Avocet (Recurvirosira avocetta).

III. The Swimmine or NatatoriaL type.—By the development of
webs between the toes the foot is transformed into a swimming instru-
ment, usually with much loss of its power of perching and running.

(a) The Lobate modification.—The toes not united together by webs
but furnished with lobes or flaps along the sides, as in the Coot (Fulica
atra) and Crested Grebe (Podiceps cristatus).

(6) The ordinary Palmate modification.—All the front toes united
by webs. The hind toe free, as in the Wild Duck (Anas boschas),
Black-headed Gull (Larus ridibundus), Skimmer (Rhynchops flavi-
rostris) .

(c) The Totipalmate modification.—Webs not only between the front
toes, but also extending between the second and first, or hind toe; so
that all four are united together, as in the Pelican (Pelecanus onocro-
talus). (Nat. Hist. Museum.)

R A@douK. ES.

Gawee. Bie Dé. .

(SCRATCHERS.)

RASORES.
GAME BIRDS.

Order.

(Type, Domestic Fowt.)

Bill strong, short, arched. Wings usually short and rounded. Legs very stout. FrrT FORMED FOR WALKING.

Suborder. Family.

( CRACIDZS.—No spurs. Toes long an
toe long. Tail of 14 feathers ......

Hind toe on same plane as |
anterior ones .........- MEGAPODIDZ:.—Large strong feet:
Tail of 12 feathers, not always dé

L toe long. Plumage dull green-brow:

a fowl. Frequent sandy soil ......

PTEROCLIDZ®.—Tarsus feathered i
long and pointed. Hind toe very
Orbits more or less nude. Plum:
variegated with brown. Tail of 16}
rapid. Feed on seeds .........>..

PHASIANIDA®.—Head often furnish
nude skin, or lappets and wattles.
feathers, much developed. Tarsus
in males. Hind toe raised. Freq’
thick cover. Roost on trees .....

Hind toe raised above level
of others or wanting ....

TETRAONIDA®.— Wings rounded in
tail very short. Hind tve elevated.
Differ slightly in sexes. Frequen
jungle ... 2... scene ene eee esaneee

TURNICIDAS.—Bill slender. Wing
short or none. Lateral toes short.
toe small or none. Frequent bi
jungle ....... . 0s. R eee ees

* Not repr

Subfamily.

wee ee eee n ees DEAOINAD 5 iccc,%. 0.
@large claws. ) TALEGALLINA ......
oped. Hind

‘Smaller than ( WRGAPODINA........

1ort or none. |
pale yellow, >
hers. Flight

mr ce ee esses

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ually spurred
t forests and ~

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PEE DICEN A oe 53's 5:

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lumage game.
rass and low

ODONTOPHORIN&
|

i) TETRAONINAS ........

oderate. Tail

s and grass-

spurs. = TELRIVIOIN AS, wench. 0

Se eee

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ender. Hind { PENELOPINA: ........

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IRAVONINAD... «0 sco. bse.
with crests or | PHASIANIN 45

COTURNICINA........

CHIONIDINAS..........
TEEPE A shoo e's as

( MOONAERD 11.5 Bisa ouk sats

CHEER (TRUE) PHEASANTs ....
ICAI RHASANTS” sce soda o.

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| SNOW-PARTRIDGES............
IPARMERID GES Mes. kee roe ene

| BusTarp QuamLs ............

Burron-QUAmS <5 555 [cnc se:

SHE ADHBTEMS BF ha oek «so slalels

ALIN AMOUBIE co dcrwia ees sink adc

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Order RASORES. GAME BIRDS.

Scratchers. Type, Domestic Fowt.

Gattinacrous (or Game) Birds, of which the Domestic Fowl may be
taken as a type, are termed Rasores (Rado, ére, rasi, rasum, to scratch
up), from their habit of scratching in the ground for grain, seeds, roots,
and insects as food. They do not wash in water, but flutter in the dust,
and almost all nestle on the ground. Many are polygamous, and in
these the male bird is the larger and adorned with a much richer
plumage. The female is prolific; the young are born covered with
down, and run as soon as hatched.

This order is remarkable in comprising so many species capable of
domestication, in having the tarsal spur (considered as representing the
thumb), in the presence, in most of the groups, of the accessory plume
to the clothing-feathers, and in the bastard secondary feather of the
wing. Owing to the simple construction of the windpipe and muscles
they cannot modulate the voice.

Game Birds evince many interesting analogies with ruminating
animals among Mammals. The crop may be said to represent the
paunch, and the ceca of both are large. They both have a low degree
of intelligence, are easily domesticated, and are more prone to variation
than most other tribes. The head, too, is, in many of both orders,
adorned with appendages, horns, and crests, and they afford more whole-
some food to man than any other orders.

Game Birds are found over the greater part of the world, but the
finest groups and greatest variety of form are from Asia.

Bill strong, short, arched. Wings usually short and rounded. Legs
very stout. Fret FORMED FOR WALKING.
Cc

6 CRACIDA.—MEGAPODID.

A. Hind toe on same plane as anterior ones.

Family CRACID/. Guvawns and Curassows.

No spurs. Toes long and slender. Hind toe long. Tail of 14
feathers.

Exclusively American. By their habits they appear to be the lnk
that jois the Pigeons to the Game Birds. There are three genera of
Guans :—1. Ortalida, from warmer parts of S. America; 2. Penelope ;
3. Oreophasis, from Guatemala; and two genera of Curassows :—l.
Crax, from Tropical America, and 2. Pauzi.

Family MEGAPODID. Movnp-Birps.

Large strong feet and large claws. Tail of 12 feathers, not always
‘ developed. Hind toe long. Plumage dull green-brown. Smaller than
a Fowl. Frequent sandy soil.

Mound-Birds are distributed as under:—1. Megapodius in N.W.
Australia and Eastern Archipelago. 2. Leipoa (the Australian Phea-
sant) in 8.W. Australia. 3. Mesites in Madagascar. Jerdon thinks
that the Lyre-bird of Australia (Menura superba) is more nearly allied
to the Megapodes than to the Wrens and Warblers.

Subfamily TALEGALLINE. TALEGALLAS.

The Talegallas include 7. lathami, the Brush-Turkey of Australia,
T. cuvierit from New Guinea, and M. maleo from tie island of Celebes.

Subfamily MEGAPODIN».

Large strong feet, placed far back.

Genus MEGAPODIUS.

peéyas = great; movs = a foot.

Dull green plumage. Long hind toe. Tail of 12 feathers.

Megapodius nicobariensis. Tur Nicopar Mecarope.
3g 143” to 17"; 14 to 2} lbs. Legs dark horny. Bill greenish.
Orbits brick-red. Crown pale olive, grey behind ears. Above olive-
brown, below grey-brown. Breast tinged grey.— Young suuff-brown,
with tail ike bunch of fur. (‘Stray Feathers,’ ii. 276.)

PTEROCLES.

=

B. Hind toe raised above level of others or wanting.
Family PTEROCLIDAZ. Sanp-Grovse.

Found in Southern Europe, Africa, and Asia. Placed by Jerdon as a
distinct natural family. Gray groups them as a subfamily of Tetrao-
nide, with which they only agree in having feathered tarsus.

Tarsus feathered in front. Wings long and pointed. Hind toe
very short or none. Orbits more or less nude. Plumage pale yellow,
variegated with brown. ‘Tail of 16 feathers. Flight rapid. Feed on
seeds.

Genus PTEROCLES.

mrepov = a feather; kdeis = a bar.

Male uniformly coloured.—Female more or less spotted or barred.
First and second quills longest. Toes bare. Minute hind toe raised.

(i.) With tail-feathers graduated.
799. Pterocles arenarius. Tue Larce or BLacK-BELLIED
SAnD-GROUSE.
Arénarius = pertaining to sand, aréna.

Bhut-titur, Buk-tit, Upper India; Banchur, Peshawar; Siahsin (Persian),
Khorassan; Bagrikara (Turkish), N. Persva.

Jerome-Khojak, 1879.

fh 134" to 142"; 18 oz. 2 13" to 14’. Legs dull yellow. Biull
bluish. Central tail-feathers slightly lengthened. Primaries slate, with
c2

8 PTEROCLID.,

black shafts. Abdomen and breast-band black.—Male above mottled
ashy and fulvous. Orange wing-band. Chin deep chestnut. Black
triangle on throat. Breast fawn.—Female: Breast, head, and above
fulvous, banded brown. Chin fulvous, with black edges and specks.

800. Pterocles fasciatus. Tue Painrep Sanp-Grovuse.

Fascio (no perf.), atum = to swathe or envelop in bands.
Bhut-titur, Bhut-bur, V.W. P.; Palki, Belgaum; Handeri, S. India; Pokundi
(Marathi); Kal gowjal haki (Kanarese), Mysore; Sonda polanka (Telugu).

o 102” to 112”; 6 to 7 oz. 2 10" to 103". Legs dull yellow.
Bill red. Primaries brown-black, with pale edgings. Abdomen black,
with crescentic white marks.—Male above yellow, banded brown. Four
stripes on forehead. ‘Triple breast-band. Wing-coverts banded black,
edged white.—Female: Breast and above finely barred. Abdomen finely
barred, chocolate and cream-white.

Pterocles lichtensteini. THe Ciosr-Barrep Sanp-GRovse.

In honour of Lichtenstein.

& 102”; 8 oz. ¢ 102". Legs orange. Bill flesh-brown. Primaries
hair-brown, margined dull white. Resembles P. fasciatus. Abdomen
white, with crescentic black marks. Neck-feathers yellowish white,
tipped black spot.—Female: Chin, throat albescent, closely speckled
blackish brown. (S. F. 1. 219.)

Pterocles coronatus. THe CoronetreD Sanp-GROUSE.

Cordno, avi, atum = to crown, wreathe.
Katinga, Sind.

\ IN Say

lo
sf

An \s
SAE
SST AN

g 104" to 114”; 8 oz. 2 10” to 103”. Legs fawn. Bill bluish.
Primaries umber, white shafts, some with imner webs edged rufous,
Yellow cheek-patch.— Ma/e: Black stripe on each side of the bill, and

PTEROCLES. )

one from chin down throat. Above light brown, mixed grey.—Female :
Brown pale cinnamon, spotted black. Neck, breast, and above cin-
namon, barred dusky. Abdomen fawn, faintly speckled.

(ii.) With medial tail-feathers greatly elongated.

801. Pterocles alchata. [Laren Prinvait or Soritary Sanp-Grouse.

d 14" to 151”; 10 to 1202. 9? 133" to 15”; 8 to ll} oz. Legs
plumbeous. Bill brown. Primaries slate, inner webs brown. Median
tail blackish. Male: Stripe behind eye. Bands on crown and nape.
Chin, throat, and double breast-band black. Above olive-grey. Abdo-
men white.—Female: Throat white, with half-collar black. Above
barred black, with ashy spots.

Supposed Quail of the Israelites.

802. Pterocles exustus. Tue Common or Rock Sanpb-GRovseE.

Exwro, ussi, ustum = to burn up.

Bur-titur, Kuhar, NV. W. P.; Batiban, Sind; Popandi (Bheel); Pokandi,
Deccan; Palki, Belgaum; Jam-polanka (Telugu) ; Kal-Kondari (Tamil).

& 112" to 1382"; 8 to100z. 2 11" to 122"; 74 to 8202. Legs
plumbeous. Bill plumbeous. Primaries black, tips, except of first
four, white. Plain bar on wing.—Male above dusty green. Abdomen

w= =a

yy ANY \ an HN

Dorbajee, 8-8-72.

chocolate. Narrow black breast-band.—Female : Abdomen chocolate,
closely barred. Neck and breast spotted. Above fulvous, barred brown.
—Young have mixed plumage alternately edged and barred.

Pterocles senegalus, Tue Srorren Sann-Grovss.
Gutu, Sind.

3 134" to 143"; 9tol2o0z. ¢ 11" to 124"; 8to9oz. Legs blue-

ave, \, a gh aN
\. Ny
on . eS

10 PHASIANIDE.

grey. Bill plumbeous, dark tip. Primaries pale madder-brown, black
shafts, first three tipped black, rest tipped white. Chin and throat-
patch yellow. Abdominal line sooty.—Male: Crown and nape dove-
colour. Neck, breast, and eye-patch ash-grey. Above fulvous yellow.
—Female: Neck and above dotted dusky grey on buff.

Genus SYRRHAPTES,

Syrrhaptes derived by Illiger from ovpparrerv = to sew or stitch together, because
the last phalanges of the toes alone are free.

No hind toe. Feathered to claws. First and second quills length-
ened; second quill longest.

Syrrhaptes tibetanus. Tse Tuisetan Sanp-Grovse.
Kaling, Kuk, Ladak.

g 18" to 20". ¢ 163” to 18". Bill bluish. Legs feathered to the
claws. Primaries black, with white patch on inner web of hinder ones.
—Male: Crown and nape white, closely barred. Narrow yellow band
across back of neck. Black blotches on inner web of scapulars. Breast
grey. Abdomen white-——Female: whole breast lineated with zigzag
brown lines. (‘ Lahore to Yarkand,’ p. 259.)

“ Baguerlac,”’ the Tetra paradoxus of Pallas, known as S. pallasi, is
Marco’s bird (Yule’s ‘ Marco Polo,’ p. 240).

Tétrdo = retpawv, a bird mentioned by Athenzeus and Pliny. Paradoxus = mapa-
dSoéos, strange, contrary to expectation; from the curious structure of its feet.

Family PHASIANID.

Head often furnished with crests or nude skin, or lappets and wattles.
Tail of 18 to 20 feathers, much developed. Tarsus usually spurred in
males. Hind toe raised. Frequent forests and thick cover. Roost
on trees.

Subfamily Pavonina#. PrarowtL and Pra-PHEASANTS.

Plumage more or less ocellated. Inhabit Thibet, India (not extend-
ing into Himalayas), Burmah, and some of the islands of the Indian
Ocean.

PAVO.—POLYPLECTRUM. 11

Genus PAVO.
Pavo = proper name = Peacock; the same as Greek rads, Anglo-Saxon pawa,
English Peafowl.
Tail of 18 feathers. One spur. Long upper tail-coverts beautifully
ocellated.

803. Pavo cristatus. He Common Prarowt.

Mor, India; Mujur, Terai; Myl (Tamil); Nimili (Telugu); Nowl (Canarese),
Mysore.

& 42" to 48” to end of true tail, train 40" to 48”; 9 to 114 lbs.
9 36” to 40”, train 12" to 15”; 6 to 84 lbs. Legs grey-brown. Bill
horny brown. Crest of 24 feathers webbed at tips. Head, neck, and
breast purple. Above green. Primaries and tail chestnut. Train
green. Abdomen black.—Female: Head and neck chestnut. Above
light brown, with faint wavings. Tail light brown, tips white.

Pavo muticus. Tue Burmese Prarowt.
Doun, Doung (Burmese).

3 40" to 48", train 24!" to 44; 84 to 11 lbs. Legs horny brown.
Bill greyish. Long crest of 10 or more feathers regularly barbed from
base. Blue crown. White eye and cheek-patch fringed beneath with
chrome-yellow. Lesser wing-coverts, tertiaries, and their coverts and
scapulars of uniform colour and unbarred. (H. & M. i. 93.)

Genus POLYPLECTRUM.

modvs = many, mAjKTpov = an instrument to strike with, a quill.

Tail of 16 feathers. Males beautifully adorned all over with green
or pink ocelli. Two or three spurs.

Polyplectrum tibetanum. Tur Grey Pea-Pueasanv.
Doungkulla, drakan and Pegu; Munnowar, Assam; Deadurug, Garo Hills.

3 244" to 26", tail 123” to 14”; 14 to 12 lbs. 9 19", tail 8;
14 oz. tol lb. Legs plumbeous. Bill horny brown. Spots grey-white
on grey-brown ground. White chin. Facial skin pale yellow. Crest
brush-like. Large green ocelli on tail— Female: Head and neck dark
brown, finely barred. Primaries and greater coverts liver-brown. Back,
rump, and upper tail-coverts minutely pencilled buff-brown. Breast

rr PHASIANIDA.

and abdomen hair-brown, minutely speckled. (S. F. i. 86; H. & M.1.
110.)

Polyplectrum bicalcaratum. THe Maayan Pra-Pueasanr.

Calcar, aris = a spur.
Quon-chermin (Malay).

3 204". 9 18". Legs dusk. Bill blackish. Spots hair-brown on
buff ground. Orbital space red. (S.F.1. 36; H. & M.i. 114.)

Polyplectrum germaini. Tur Loosuar Pea-Puzasanr.

General colour black-brown, irregularly spotted light brown. Head,
back of neck black, each feather barred white. Back, wing, and tail-
coverts with metallic spots, lustrous green and rich purple. Primaries
dark brown. Bill black. Feet black. (S. F. vii. 426.)

Genus ARGUS.

Argus, King of Argos, had 100 eyes, of which two only were asleep at one time.
Juno put the eyes of Argus on the tail of the Peacock, a bird sacred to her divinity.

Tail of 12 feathers. Secondaries longer than primaries. Covered
with fine ocelli. No spur.

Argus giganteus. Tae Arcus Pea-Pueasant.
Quon (Malay); Kyek-wah, Siam.
6 70" to 73", tail from vent 49" to52"”; 44 to 5L lbs. 2 27" to 30",
tail from vent 123" to 13"; 34t038%1bs. Legs bright red. Bill white.
Remarkable for its beauty. The wings painted and ocellated beyond
description. Secondaries three times as large as primaries. Facial
skin dull pale indigo. This is the Chinese Pheasant.

Genus CROSSOPTILON.

Kpooovus = shagey hair, a tuft of hair; mridov = a feather.
Crossoptilon tibetanum. Honeson’s Earep Pueasant.

3 88" to 40", tail 19” to 20". Legs bright red. Bill dull red. Eye-
patch and cheek red. Crest-feathers black, short, erect, velvety, and
thick-set. Sixth quill longest. 18 tail-feathers, satin-green or black.
Neck, back, and abdomen yellowish grey-white.

LOPHOPHORUS.—CERIORNIS. a

Subfamily PHASIANIN#&. PHEASANTS.

In which Jerdon includes Moonals, Tragopans, Blood, Pucras, Cheer,
Fireback, Kalij, and Silver Pheasants. They inhabit Asia, Himalayas,
India, Japan, and China, and do not (excepting some of the Kalij
group) extend into Burmah and not at all into Malayana.

Plumage rarely ocellated. Central tail-feathers sometimes very long.
Head more or less crested. Tail, in most, of 18 feathers.

Genus LOPHOPHORUS.
_ Addos = acrest; dhopéw = I carry.
Crest-feathers lanceolate at tip—Male: One short spur. Plumage
metallic green and gold. Rufous tail of 16 feathers.

804. Lophophorus impeyanus. THe Moonat Pueasanr. -
Nil-mor, Kashmir; Moonal, Himalayas; Datteya, Thibet; Dangan, Nepal;
Chamdong, Sikkim.

3 26" to 29"; 44 to 53 1bs. 2? 24!" to 26"; 4 t05 lbs. Legs ashy
green. Bill dark horny.—Male: Head and throat metallic green.
Above glossed purple and green. Middle of back white.—Female
pale brown, with dark spots and bars. Chin and throat white.— Young
in first year resemble females, with chin, throat, and vent spotted black.
Males in second year spotted all over with glossy green. Seventh quill
retains brown till third year.

Lophophorus sclateri. Tur Cresriress Moonat Pueasanr.

& 27". Legs dark brown. Bill yellowish. Bright blue eye-patch.
Entire lower parts and wing-lining velvet-black. Side, top and back of
head metallic green. Occipital and nuchal feathers curled up. Middle
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts silver-white. Fifth quill longest.
(H. & M. i. 135.)

Note.—The Moonals, Pucras, and Snow-Cocks are made a separate
subfamily by Gray.

Genus CERIORNIS.
Knpos = Wax; opus = a bird.
Crested head partly naked, with two horns and gular wattle. Black
tail of 18 feathers——Male plumage red, with white spots. The Argus
Pheasants of sportsmen.

14 PHASIANID-.

805. Ceriornis satyra. Tur Inp1an Crimson Tracopan or Hornep
PHEASANT.

carupos = a satyr, companion of Bacchus; at first represented with long pointed
ears, a goat’s tail, and small knobs, like horns, behind the ears.
Loongee, Auwmaon; Moonal, Nepal; Nunal, Sikkim; Dafia, Bengal.

S$ 26" to 281”; 42 ]1bs. 2 214" to 24"; 21 to 24 lbs. Legs yellow-
brown. Bill brown. Orbits blue. Gular wattle orange. Horns blue.
Crest black in front, red behind. Above brown, finely barred black,
with white spots. On wing-coverts white spotted on red. Neck,
breast, and below crimson, with white spots edged black.—Female brown,
with dark mottlings. White lines below, increasing in size from breast
to vent.

806. Ceriornis melanocephalus. Tue Wesrern Tracopan or
Hornep PHEASANT.
pédas = black; cepadn = a head.
Jewar, Garhwal; Jaghi, Bussahir; Sing-moonal, N.W. Himalaya; Fulgoor,
Chamba.

S 27" to 29"; 41 Ibs.. 9 24; 22 to 24 lbs. Legs ashy. Bill
black. Orbits bright red. Gular wattle purple. Horns sky-blue.
Crest tipped red. Above brown, irregularly barred and spotted white
on black. Breast and below black, dashed dull red, with white spot.—
Female above mottled with streaks of pale yellow. Below ashy brown,
powdered black, and irregular white spots.— Young: Second year head
and neck red.

Ceriornis blythi. Tux Grey-seLtiep TRacopan or Hornep
PHEASANT.

S21" to 23". 9 18" to 20". Legs light brown. Orbital skin
orange. Horns azure. Forehead black. Nape and breast maroon.
Abdomen creamy, with brown markings. Above brown, spotted white.
—Female black, freckled buff. (H. & M. i. 151.)

Genus ITHAGENES.
iayevns = well-known.
Lower plumage grass-green, with blood-red stains. Tail of 14
feathers. Several spurs.

ITHAGENES.—PHASIANUS. 15

807. Ithagenes cruentus. THe Bioop-Pueasanr.

Cruentis, a, um = bloody, gory, blood-stained.
Selmung, Nepal; Soomong-pho, Sikkim.

g 17" to 194"; 1 to 1} Ib. 2 163"to 17"; 12 oz. tol lb. Legs
coral-red. Bill black. Crest grey. Orbital skin scarlet. Above dark
grey, with buff on black stripe down each feather. Throat red. Breast
and below pale green, blotched blood-red.—Female brown, finely mottled.
Forehead black. Cheeks and chin rusty yellow.

Genus PUCRASIA.

Double and central drooping crest. Moderate spur. Tail of 16
feathers. Plumage lanceolate and cock-like.

808. Pucrasia macrolopha, ur Koxrass Puuasanr.

paxpds = long; Addos = crest.
Phokrass, Awmaon; Koklass, Simla; Koak, Kulu; Plas, Kashmir.

G23" to 25"; 21 to 3 Tbs. 9 20" to 22"; 2 lbs. Legs ashy. Bill
black.— Male: Head dark green. Crown ashy. Large white spot on
side of neck. Above light ashy, with long black streaks. Breast and
below chestnut.—Female: Above pale brown, varied and barred with
brown. Below light chestnut, with dark markings.

Pucrasia nipalensis. Tue Nerat Koxrass Pupasant.
Pokrass, Nepal.

3 24"; 2lbs. 2 21"; 14 to2 lbs. Legs bluish grey. Bill dusky.
Mantle, sides of neck, and flank-feathers striated black, chestnut, and
grey.

Pucrasia castanea is added (S. I. v. 188).

Genus PHASIANUS.

Phasidnus = pacravés, the Phasian bird in Aristophanes; from the river Phasis, in
Colchis, whence it is said to have been first brought by the Argonautic expedition.

True Pheasants. ‘Tail elongated, of 18 feathers. Cheeks naked, red.
—Male with spur.

16 PHASIANID.

809. Phasianus wallichi. Tse Curerr Pueasanr.
Kahir, Chihir, Nepal; Cheer, Kumaon; Bunchil, Mussoorie; Chaman, Chamba.

3 34! to 40", tail from vent 20" to 23"; 3 to 34 lbs. 2 24" to 30",
tail from vent 131/ to 153”; 2to3lbs. Legs brown. Bill pale horny.
Head dark ashy. Throat, breast, shoulders, and wing-coverts yellowish,
with curving black bars. Median tail long, barred and blotched ;
below dusky.—Female: Head, neck, and throat with dusky oval spots.
Back minutely mottled. Chin plain.

Other True Pheasants besides the English one, P. colchicus, are
P. torquatus, ring-necked, of China; P. mongolicus; P. versicolor, from
Japan, has interbred with Common and Ringed Pheasants in England ;
P. reevesi from China; P. semmerringi from Japan.

The Golden Pheasants form a distinct group, with crested head, neck,
ruff or tippet, and very long tail. Thaumalea picta, from China,
extends as far west as Orenburg, and was deemed by Cuvier to be the
type of Pheniz of the ancients; 7. amherstie, from Manchuria.

Genus EUPLOCAMUS.
evmAdxapos = well curled, having many locks.

Head more or less crested. Plumage glossy black and white. Neck
and breast hackled. Tail of 16 feathers, curving outwards.

810. Euplocamus albocristatus. Tue Wurrs-crestep Karis
PHEASANT.

Kalij, Kwmaon; Kookera, Mussoorie; Kaleysur, Kullu; Kolsa, Punjab.
¢ 24! to 29"; 25 lbs. @ 20" to 23"; 14 to 24 lbs. Legs grey-
brown. Bill greenish.—Male: Head, neck, wings, and tail blue-black.
Rump dull white, slightly barred. Eye-patch crimson. Throat and
breast hackled light grey ; below dark grey.—Female light brown, with
feathers tipped darker. Chin whitish.— Young assume full plumage in
first year.

Euplocamus leucomelanus. THe Nupat Karis Purasanr.
Kalich, Rechabo, Nepal.

3 23" to 26", tail from vent 102" to 12"; 12 to 23} lbs. 2 19” to203";
14to2 lbs. Legsbrown. Billgreenish. Orbital skin crimson. Small
black crest. Rump and upper tail-coverts dark green, white-tipped.
Feathers of throat and breast grey-white and lanceolate. (H. & M.1.
191.)

EUPLOCAMUS. 17

811. Euplocamus melanonotus. Tue Brack-Backep Katiy Purasanv.

d 21" to 25", tail from vent 93" to 122”; 21 to 3 lbs. 2 15" to 21",
tail from vent 8” to 83"; 2 to 21 Ibs. Legs horny brown. Bill pale
yellow.—Male: Above glossy black. Breast hackled white. Abdomen
dull black. No white on rump. Orbital skin bright red.—Female
brown, with feathers white-shafted, tipped grey on back, and broadly
edged white below.

Euplocamus horsfieldi. Tue Brack-sreastep Karis Pueasant.

Doreek, Debrugurh; Durug, Garo Hills; Muthoora, Sy/het; Mathura, Chitta-
gong.

¢ 23" to 243"; 24 to 3 lbs. 9 21" to 222"; 2 to 24 lbs. Legs
plumbeous. Bill greenish. Back and rump white. Entire lower
surface and neck-feathers black, with blue-black patches. Lower back,
rump, and upper tail fringed white. Coverts and long scapulars white-
tipped. Orbital skin crimson. (H. & M. i. 197.)

Euplocamus cuvieri. Tue Aracan Sitver Kary Preasanr.

Rak, Aracan; Yit (Burmese).

In males no white central stripes to any feathers. Tips of neck-
feathers patched glossy blue-black; rest of feathers freckled.—Female :
Back and wings olive-brown, closely freckled. Tail rufous. (H. & M.
i. 201.)

Euplocamus crawfurdi. Crawrurp’s Sitver Karis Pueasanr.

g 30"; 22 lbs. Legs pink. Bill pale blue. Markings of upper
surface bold, and parallel to margins of feathers. Whole of central
tail-feathers, except the tips and margins of inner webs, variegated black
and white. (H. & M. i. 2038.)

Euplocamus lineatus. Tue Vermicertatep Katy PHeasant.

Lineo, avi, atum = to fashion to a straight line.

Kayit (Burmese) ; Phoogyk, Burma.

3 254" to 30"; 223 to 3 lbs. 20" to 24"; 2 to 22 lbs. Legs
pinkish brown. Bill greenish horny. Facial skin blood-red. Above,
and nearly whole tail, black, finely zigzagged by white. Chin and
throat black. Below black, with white shafts—Female: Above pale
olive-brown, with white across head, and with bars on side of neck,
Below chestnut, with white shafts. (S. F. ui. 166.)

18 PHASIANID#.

Euplocamus vieilloti. Tue Frresack Karis Pueasanr.
Knokwah, Siam; Mooah-mooah (Malay).
3 27" to 29"; 44 to 5 lbs. 23” to 24"; 3 to 34 lbs. Legs ver-
milion. Bill white. Black plumage. Back fiery red, and median tail
white. Head slightly crested. Orbits blue.

Subfamily GALLINa&. JUNGLE- or SPUR-FOWL.

Head sometimes with fleshy crests or wattles. Tail compressed,
usually of 14 feathers.

Inhabit India and its islands, including Ceylon and Malayana. Gray
includes under this head Tragopans, Firebacks, and Kalij Pheasants of
Jerdon.

Genus GALLUS.

Gallus = a cock.

Naked crest. Face nude, with wattles. Long curved spur. Forked
tail semi-erect. Upper tail-coverts lengthened and curved. Neck-
feathers hackled.

812. Gallus ferrugineus. Tur Rep JuneLe-row..

Ferriigineus = of the colour of iron-dust, dusky.

Jungli-moorghi, Ban-moorghi, Upper India; Bunkokra, Sundarbans; Pazok-
tchi, Sikhim; Gera-gogor, Gondwara ; Lall, Chanda; Tanquet, Burmah; Ayam-
ootan, Malay.

3 25" to 28", tail from vent 11” to 14”; 12 to 2i lbs. @ 16” to 18",
tail from vent 53" to 64"; 13 to 18 lbs. Gold hackles on head, neck,
and breast. Har-coverts white. Back purple. Sides and upper tail-
coverts orange. Wing-coverts black, glossed green. Below black.—
Female yellow, minutely mottled dark brown. Red throat line passing
up behind ear. No comb or wattles.

813. Gallus sonnerati. Tur Grey or Mapras JuncLE-FOWL.
Komri, Abu; Jungli-murghi, India; Pardah, Komri, Chandah; Kombadi,
Deccan ; Katu-Koli (Tamil); Koli, Mysore.

3 28" to 32", tail from vent 14” to 16”; 18 to 2k Ibs. 2 18" to 20",
tail from vent 6" to 7"; 14 to 13 lbs. Legs yellowish. Bill yellowish.
Grey hackles, with yellow spots; each feather blackish, with shaft
white and two spots, the terminal one like wax. LEar-coverts rufous.
Plumage black and grey, with white shafts. Wing-coverts with oblong
wood-brown spots.—Female: Above mottled brown. Below black-
brown, broadly centred pure white.

GALLUS.—GALLOPERDIX. 19

Gallus lafayetti. Tue Ceyton JunGie-rowt.

Wali-kukula, Ceylon.

6 19" to 25", tail from vent 8" to 14; 21’ to 23 lbs. 9 15" to
16", tail from vent 5” to 6”; 13 to 12 lbs. Face, comb, and wattles
purplish red, with yellow oval spot. Above red. Below red. Tail
purple.—Female brown mottled, each feather margined dark brown.

Chin white. (H. & M. i. 243.)

Genus GALLOPERDIX. Srvur-rowt.
Gallus = a cock ; wépd:€ = Partridge in classical authors.

Of small size. Nude orbits. No comb or wattles. Two or more
spurs. rect tail, folded.—Female one or more spurs.

814. Galloperdix spadiceus, Tue Rep Srur-rowt.

Chota jungli murghi, C. P.; Kustoor, Deccan; Sarava-koli (Tamil); Yerra
kodi (Telugu).

3 14! to 15”; 11 to 1402. - 2 18" to 142"; 9 to 1202. Legs
vermilion. Bill dusky. Head olive-brown. Chin and throat pale
brown. Body and central tail chestnut. Below olive.—Female : Crown
dusky. Neck olive. Above brown banded black, minutely speckled.
Breast red, tipped black. Below dusky.

Galloperdix lunulatus, Tue Patnrep Srvur-rowt.

Liiniilatus, liniila, @, f. = a little moon, an ornament worn by women.

Askol, Orissa; Hootkah, Chanda; Cull-koli (Tamil) ; Jitta-kodi (Telugu).

6 12" to 133"; 9to 100z. ¢ 12" to 123”; 8to9oz. Legs horny
brown. Bill blackish. Head and neck black, with white streaks and
spots. Above chestnut, with white spots. Breast buff, with black
triangular marks.—Female dull olive-brown. Nape chestnut. Pale
ruff and moustache.— Young have the female plumage, with tertiaries
and tail chestuut banded black. Young females partly spotted black.

Galloperdix bicalcaratus. Tur Ceyton Srur-rowt.

fd 123" to 143"; 11 to 1802. 2 11" to 112"; 7 to 100z. Legs
pale red. Baill pale red. Below mottled black and white. Back
chestnut. Tail black. Males generally have four and sometimes six

20 TETRAONIDZ.

spurs. Wing-coverts chestnut, spotted white—Female brown, with
red eye-patch. Seldom devoid of spurs, and often have two or three.
(H. & M. 1. 261.)

Subfamily MELEAGRINA.

This includes the Turkeys from the Northern Continent of America
and the Guinea-fowls from Africa. Fifth remex present in Turkey’s
wing.

Family TETRAONIDAL. Grouse and ParrrinGEs.

Wings rounded in most. Bill and tail very short. Hind toe
elevated. Plumage game. Differ slightly in sexes. Frequent grass
and low jungle.

Subfamily PERDICINA.

Tarsus nude, often spurred and scaled. Bill short, strong, and very
convex. Moderate or small size.

Genus TETRAOGALLUS. Swow-Cocks.

TeTpdov = proper name; gallus = a cock.

Naked eye-patch. Second and third quills longest. Tail of 18
feathers. Blunt spur. Confined to Highlands of Central Asia and
Himalayas.

816. Tetraogallus himalayensis. Tux Himatayan Snow-Cocx.

Kullu, Nepal; Jer-moonal, Mussoorie; Leep, Kulu; Kubuk, Cashmi; Kank-
i-durra, Afghanistan; Kabk-i-dareh, Persia; Utar, Turkistan.

go 26" to 29"; 5 to 6h lbs. 92 21" to 24; 3 to4Ibs. Legs yellow-
red. Bill pale horny. Ashy grey, minutely freckled. Primaries
white, tipped dusky. Undertail white. Chestnut bands from eye and
mouth meet and form a collar.—Male has a blunt spur; female has
none.

Tetraogallus tibetanus, Tur Tuisetan Snow-Cocx.

Huinwal, Ular (Kirghiz) ; Hailik (Mongol); Cunmo (Tanguts).

3 19" to 211”. 9 18". Legs g coral, 9 orange. Bill ¢ orange-
red, ? blackish, orange tip. Pale grey tinged pink, fine freckled.
Primaries French grey, tipped white. Undertail black. White wing-

band. Gorget freckled grey and buff—VFemale: Ear-coverts white.
(‘ Lahore to Yarkand,’ p. 281.)

LERWA.—FRANCOLINUS. 21

Genus LERWA. Swnow-Parrrivce.
Lerwar = vox barbara.

Orbits plumed. Wing expansive and second quill longest. Tarsi
slightly feathered. ‘Tail of 14 feathers.

817. Lerwa nivicola. Tue Snow-Parrrince.

Larwa, Nepal; Jungooria, Kuwmaon; Koor-monal, Garhwal; Barf-ka-titur,
Kulu.

¢ 14" to 16"; 16 to 220%. Legs red. Bill bright red. Minutely
barred black and grey.—Male has short spurs.—Female like the male,
but no spurs.

Genus FRANCOLINUS.

Francolinus = proper name.

Rich spotted plumage. ‘Tail of 14 feathers, even or rounded.—Male
with strong blunt spur.

818. Francolinus vulgaris. THe Common Francomin or Brack
Merapow-PartrinGe.

Kala-titur, Nepal; Tetra, Garhwal; Vrembi, Manipur; Taroo, Afghanistan.

A\\

Vy ul (a! \

Khairadera, 12-10-72.

3 123" to 142”; 10 to 2002. 92 121" to 14"; 8tol7 oz. Legs
yellow. Bill black. Head black. White ear-patch. Chestnut collar.

—Female : Plumage below white, with black spots arrow-shaped.
D

22 TETRAONIDA.

819. Francolinus pictus, Tue Painrep Francoiin or SourHERN
Merapow-PartRIDGE.

Titur, Deccan; Kakora-kodi (Telugu).
¢ 11" to 18”; 84 to180z. Legs yellow-red. Bill blackish. Head

and neck chestnut. No spurs.—Female: Lower plumage variegated
black and white.

Francolinus chinensis. THe Cuinese Franconin or Eastern
MeEapow-PARTRIDGE.

Hka, Pegu; Nock-kahtah, Sram.
3d 12" to 182"; 10 to 140z. Legs brown-orange. Bill black.
Crown dark brown. Black eye-streak. Neck, wing-coverts, sides, and
breast black, with a row of oval white or buffy spots on each web of

every feather. Comparatively large spur.—Female: Feathers regularly
and closely barred black and fulvous white. (H. & M. i. 27.)

Genus CACCABIS.

Caccabis = kexxaBis, a collateral form of caxxa8n, a Partridge, in classical Greek.

Nude eye-patch. Plumage not mottled.

820. Caccabis chukor. Tue CauKor or ReptEc, or Rock-
PARTRIDGE.

, Se
s =,
if

Khojak, 2-6-79.
Kaukau, Kashmir; Keklik, Yarkand ; Kabk, Persia.

AMMOPERDIX.-—ORTYGORNIS. 23

3 142” to 16"; 19 to 27 0z. 2 18" to 144”; 13 to 19 0z. Legs
red. Billred. Black necklace from eye round throat. Breast and
belly banded.— Female same as male, but no spurs.

Genus AMMOPERDIX.

Of small size. No spur.

821. Ammoperdix bonhami. Tux Seesre or Sanp-Parrrives.
Sisi, Punjab; Tihu, Persia.
& 9" toll”; 7to8o0z. 9° 9" to92"; 6 to8oz. Legs olive-yellow.
Bill pmk. Pale brown freckled. Breast grey. Black streak from

Chaman, 31-5-79.

forehead across eye to behind the ear. Neck blue-grey spotted white.
—Female grey, finely mottled all over. (H. & M. ii. 45.)

Genus ORTYGORNIS.

Ortyx = éprvé = the Quail, in classical Greek ; from the root of verto = I turn, from
its whirling flight. Cf. Sanskrit vartakas = a Quail, vart = to roll. ¢épws = a bird.

Tip of bill well turned over. Tail of 12 feathers.

822. Ortygornis pondicerianus. Tue Grey or SpurReED, or
Busu-PartRipce.

Titur, India; Goujul-haki, Mysore; Kondari (Tamil); Kuwunzu (Telugu) ;
Jirufti (Persian).

& 112" to 132"; 9-to 12 oz. 910" to 12"; 7 to 11 oz. Legs
D2

24 TETRAONIDZ.

bright red. Bill plumbeous. Feathers red-brown, with three bars
cream-yellow.—Female smaller, with no spurs.

mn
;
Gs oa

Ee <
ae

Ortygornis pondicerianus.

823. Ortygornis gularis. Tux Kyan or Swamp-Parrripes.
Kyah, Bengal; Buntitur, India; Koi, Assam; Bhil-titar, Cachar.
3 15"; 17 to 220z. 9? 14". Lower plumage brown, white streaks
edged black, blotched on abdomen. Chin and throat chestnut.—Female
smaller, with no spur.

Genus PERDIX.

Perdix = répSié, a Partridge, in classical authors.

No spur. Tail of 18 feathers.

Perdix hodgsonie, THe Turseran Parrriper.
Sakpha, Thibet.

g 18"; 1lb. Legs green. Bill green. Nude crimson eye-patch.
Above olive-brown. Head red, with white speck. Black line from
forehead. Belt of black-edged feathers below represents the horseshoe
of English birds. (H. & M. 11. 66.)

This Thibet Partridge is the only representative of the true Partridge
in India. The English bird (P. cinerea) extends, except in extreme

PERDIX.—ARBORICOLA. 25

north, pretty well all over Europe, though rarer in the south, and
through Asia Minor to Western Persia. The Asiatic representative of
this species, P. barbata (differing chiefly in its smaller size, longer and
more pointed throat-feathers, and black instead of chestnut horseshoe
on lower breast), which is common in 8.E. Siberia, Mongolia, and
N. China, extends, in our direction at any rate, to the Kokonoor
Mountains and other localities in N.E. districts of Chinese Thibet.

Genus ARBORICOLA.

The Wood-Partridges occur throughout the Himalayas, but are
found nowhere else in India proper. They extend into Assam and
Burmah. One species is stated to occur in China.

Tarsus not spurred. ‘Toes with very long claws. Tail of 12 soft
feathers. Sexes alike in all except torgueolus.

(i.) With upper back barred or fringed with black.
824, Arboricola torqueolus. Tur Common Woop-Parrrince.

Torquis or torques = a twisted neck-chain, necklace.
Peura, Kumaon; Kaindal, Kangra; Kaugkom, Stkhim.

3 10%" to 12"; 18302. 9? 8o0z. Legs slate-grey. Bill black.—
Male: Crown bright red. Breast pale ashy, below a white band.—
Female: Breast grey, tinged rusty, with middle of throat rufous un-
spotted.

Arboricola atrogularis. Tur Buack-raroatep Woop-PartripcGe.
Peura, Sylhet; Duboy, Assam ; Sanbatai, Chittagong.
3 10" toll"; 7to100z. Q@7toldoz. Legs orange-red. Bill

black. Brown grey-olive, more or less black-spotted. Breast pale
grey. (H.& M. un. 79.)

Arboricola brunneopectus. THz Brown-preastep Woop-Parrrince.
Tounkha, Pegu.
3 104” to 113"; 9to1l30z. ¢ 10" to 102”; 8 tol20z. Legs red.
Bill black. Middle of throat fawn, densely spotted black. Breast
tawny. Wings strongly marked chestnut. (H. & M. ii. 87.)

Arboricola chloropus. Tur Green-Leccep Woop-Parrrince.

xA@pés = pale green ; rots = a foot.
Tounkha, Pequ.

3 114" to 12"; 9 to 12 0z. 2 103" to 114”; 8 to 10 0z. Legs

26 TETRAONIDZ.

pale green. Bill greenish. Chin, throat, and sides of neck white,
spotted black, not enclosed by black band. Breast olive, banded black.
(Ht pSc Mia. 01.)

(ii.) With upper back not barred or fringed.
825. Arboricola rufogularis. Tur Rurovs-tTHRoatED Woop-
PARTRIDGE.
Lakom, Sikhim; Pokhu, Daphla Hills; Peura, Kumaun.

$ 10" to 11”; 7 to100z. ¢ 9" to 102”; 7 to 10 0z. Legs red.
Bill black. Lower margin of rufous throat with sharply defined black
line. Breast grey. (H. & M. u. 75.)

Arboricola mandellii, Tur Buutan Woop-PartrinGe.

3 83". Legs red. Bill black. Lower margin of rufous throat with
sharply defined black line. Breast maroon. Patch in neck pure white.
(H. & M. 11. 83.)

Arboricola intermedius. Tur Arscan Woop-Parrrinée.

3 10’to 11". Legs red. Bill black. Lower margin of rufous
throat meeting grey of breast, without black line. Centre of throat
more or less black. (H. & M. 11. 85.)

Arboricola tickelli, Tur Tenassertm Woop-PartrinGeE.

Same as intermedius, but centre of throat rufous, spotted black.

(iu1.) With upper back freckled and mottled.
Arboricola charltoni. Tur Matayan Woop-PartripGe.

3 10’ to 11”. Legs red. Bill black. Chin, throat, and sides
of neck white, with black spots enclosed in irregular black band.
(H. & M. ui. 93.)

Genus BAMBUSICOLA.
Bambusicola fytchii. Tue Invo-Curnese or Western Bamsoo-
PARTRIDGE.

Vengte (Kuki).
$14”; 10 tol4oz. 9 12)” to 132”; 9 to120z. Legs plumbeous.

BAMBUSICOLA.—ROLLULUS. 27

Bill brown. Male with spurs. Black eye-streak. Side and flank-
feathers have velvet-black heart-shaped spots. Lower back and rump
olive-brown, irregularly barred. Chin dark brown. ‘Tail rufous, con-

spicuously banded. (H. & M. ii. 97.)

Geuus CALOPERDIX.

Caloperdix oculeus. Tue Tenasserim or F'rrrucinous Woop-
PARTRIDGE.

kadés = beautiful; mépd.E = Partridge ; dciilus = an eye.

Burong, Trung (Malay), Sumatra.

3 102”; 80z. Legs dirty green. Bill black. Head and breast
and below chestnut. Back black, with feathers fringed white. Often
double-spurred.

This genus may come in here. Might be classed with the Pea-
Pheasants or Spur-fowl. It extends up the Malayan Peninsula.

Genus ROLLULUS.

Rollulus coronatus. THe Matayan Crownep Partripcet.

Remarkable for wanting the claw of the hind toe. From their
colour, fan-like crest, and different colour of the sexes they might
rather be placed with the Jungle-fowl than with the Partridges. The
crest is similar to that of the Crowned Pigeons, and the bare frontal
plumes are only represented elsewhere in this family by some of the
American Partridges. (Jerdon, iii. p. 580.) Placed by Gray in
Tetraonine.

fg 102" toll”; 8tol00z.. 2? 94" to 102”; 8 oz. Legsred. Bill
black. No spurs. Red crest. Facial skin and eyelids bright red.
Head black. Below black. Back green. Wings umber.—Female :
Black head, grass-green body, and umber wings. (H. & M. 11. 103.)

Note.—Of Bush-Quails (as shown by Jerdon) the genus Perdicula is
peculiar to India proper, and not found to east of Bay of Bengal nor
across the Indus. Ophrysia is obtained near about Mussoorie, and
Microperdix on the Western Ghats and Nilghiris. As no other species
is known, they are here styled JuneLz-Quatts (instead of Jerdon’s term
Bush-Quails), to avoid mixing them up with Zurnicine (defined by
Jerdon as Bustard and Button-Quail), which Gray calls Bush-Quails.

28 TETRAONID#.

Genus OPHRYSIA.
opis (a plant with two leaves) = an eyebrow.

3 10". ¢ 10". Legs red. Bill dull red.—Male: Black, head
blotched white. Breast dark grey, lined black. Back tinged rufous.—
Female brown, broadly marked black. No other species of this genus

is known.
N.W. Himalayas.

Genus PERDICULA.
Blunt spurs. Tail of 12 feathers. Sexes differ.

826. Perdicula asiatica, Tue Junerz-Quait.
Lowa (Hindi); Juhar, Manbhoom; Girza-pitta (Telugu); Kari lowga, Mysore.
6 63" to 7"; 2to3 oz. Legs yellow. Bill dusky red. Chin and

3

eye-stripe chestnut. White superciliary stripe. Upper plumage dark
red-brown. Under surface white——Female: Lower plumage spotless
rufous, with white shafts.

827. Perdicula argoondah. Tuer Rep or Rock Juneiz-Quatt.
Lowa (Hindi); Lawunka (Telugu); Kemp lowga, Mysore.

6 62” to 7”; 23 to3oz. 2 62”. Legsdullred. Bill dark slaty.
Head and neck rufous, tipped black. Lower plumage with black cross-
bars.—Female rufous. Whitish on vent.

Genus MICROPERDIX.

puxpos = small.

Slender red bill. Male wants tarsal tubercle.

828. Microperdix erythrorhynchus. Tue Paintep JuneLe-Quvait.

Sapoora, 9-8-75,

Kokni-lowa (Hindi) ; Kadai (Tamil).

MICROPERDIX.—COTURNIX. 29

3 62” to 74”; 24 to3oz. Legs fine red. Bull fine red. Crown
black. Back olive, spotted black. Chin white, with black border.—
Female: Head brown. Chin rufous. Above olive, blotched black.

Microperdix blewitti. Tue Eastern Parnrep Juncie-
QualIL.

Sirsee-lowa, Mandla, Chanda.

3 6” to 64”; 14 to 23.0z. Legs coral-red. Billcoral-red. Narrow
black frontal band. Breast and below chestnut, widely spotted black.
Above grey.—Female grey, with broad pale frontal band. Sides spotted.
(H. & M. u. 129.)

Subfamily Coturnicina. TRUE Qual.s.

Genus COTURNIX.
Coturnix = a Quail, in classical Latin. Etymology unknown.

Wings pointed. No spur.

True Quail are most common in §. Asia, but occur throughout the
whole of the Old Continent as far as New Zealand. The Grey Quail
is found throughout the greater part of Asia, Europe, and Africa.
The Rain-Quail extends to Assam, Sylhet, and Upper Burma. Of
the Blue Quail, one species occurs in India and several in China, Malaya,
Australia, and New Guinea; but none in Central or Western Asia or
Africa. The species from Celebes (Excalfactoria minuta) is the smallest
game bird in the World.

829. Coturnix communis. THe Larce Grey or Evrorpean
QUAIL.

Bateyr, Upper India ; Butteyra, Sind ; Buttree, Lower Bengal ; Soipol, Manipur ;
Botah-surrai, Assam; Burganji, Deccan; Burli, Belgaom; Sipalé-haki, Mysore ;
Watwalak, Kashgar.

3 83"; 3to45 02. 9402. Legs fleshy pink. Bill grey-brown.
Double collar. Lower plumage pale rufous. Primaries barred.—Female
larger than male, with brown spots on breast.— Young birds ashy.

Sykes, Yarrell, and others say this was the Quail of the Israelites.
(See no. 801.)

30 TETRAONIDA,

Coturniz communis.

830. Coturnix coromandelicus. Tue Bruack-sBreasteD or Rain-
QUAIL.

Bateyr, Upper India; Chanac, Nepal; Butteyra, Sind; Ngon, Pegu.

3 62” to 72”; 2to3oz. Legs fleshy yellow. Bill dusky. Chin
pure white. Primaries unspotted brown.—Female larger than male,
wants black breast and cross-bar.

Call whit! whit! Stronger than the Grey.

Genus EXCALFACTORIA.

Excalfactorius, a, um = warming, heating.

Rich plumage. Second quill longest.

EXCALFACTORIA. al

831. Excalfactoria chinensis. Tar Buure-BREASTED or PAINTED
QUAIL.

Khair-butai, Nepal; Peeyo, Malay.

3 52" to 6’; 1k to 2o0z. 25”. Legs bright yellow. Bill black.
Red wing-band. Quills barred black. Breast dark purple.—Female
brown ; breast with dark cross-bars.

Subfamily ODONTOPHORIN&E. AMERICAN PARTRIDGES.

There are four genera :—1. Odontophorus, found in tropical forests of
America; 2. Cyrtonix, peculiar to Mexico ; 3. Ortyzx, ranges through
N. and 8. America, Jamaica, and W.-I. Isles; 4. is found in California
and Mexico, up lochs, on sandy plains or open wood.

Subfamily TeTRaAonInN#&. ‘TRUE GROUSE.

Not represented in India, being peculiar to northern parts of both
Continents. The best known are 7. scoticus (the Scottish Grouse),
T. tetriz (the Blackcock), T. urogallus (the noble Capercailzie), Lagopus
mutus (the mountain-loving Ptarmigan). Several other species of Grouse
occur both on the continent of Europe and N. Asia, and one species of
Ptarmigan occurs in the Caucasus; but as yet no species of Grouse or
Ptarmigan has been observed on the Himalayas or adjacent territories.
The Ruffed Grouse of Europe (Bonasia sylvestris) descends to a lower
latitude than any of the true Grouse. One group, called “ Pintailed
Pheasants,” is peculiar to N. America.

Family TURNICID.

Note.—The family is here given as Turnicide, in place of Jerdon’s
Tinamide, because the subfamily have nothing to do with Tinamide,
which are restricted by Gray to 8. America.

Bill slender. Wings moderate. Tail short or none. Lateral toes
short. Nospurs. Hind toe small or none. Frequent bushes and
grass-jungle.

Subfamily TurNicina&. Busrarp and Burron-Quvual..

Of diminutive size. Three toes in one genus. Hind toe in another.
Note.—Bustard-Quails differ more from Quails than the latter do
from Peafowl in structure.

32 TURNICIDA.

Genus TURNIX.

Turnix, shortened from Cotwrnix, q. v., to show that it was a mutilated form, wanting
the hind toe.

First quill as long as others. No hind toe. ‘Tail very short, of
12 feathers in a bundle.

(i.) Female black, barred on throat and breast.

832. Turnix taigoor. Tue Ivpian Bustarp-Quai.

Gulu, India; Durwa, Rutnagiri; Karehaki, Mysore.

Sapoora, 9-8-75,

3 54" to 62"; 1$ to20z. g 6" to 62"; 15 to 2 0z. Legs plum-
beous. Billdark slaty. Chin and throat black. Breast faintly banded.
—Female: Transverse black lines on back.

833. Turnix plumbipes. Tur Hix or Inpo-Matayan Bustarp-
Quai.

Timokpho (Lepcha); Ngon, Pegu; Gnoke-coone, Malaya.

3 54" to 62”; 14 to 202. 2 6’ to 7"; 4 to 20z. Legs leaden.
Bill slaty. Chin black. Black wing-spots, rounded.—Female: Back
minutely mottled.

(11.) Sexes nearly alike. Plumage more or less spotted.
Turnix maculosa. Tue Burmo-Matayan Burron-Quai.
Ngon, Pegu.

3 64” to 7”; 2202. ¢ 220z. Legs chrome-yellow. Bill red-

TURNIX. 39

brown. Chin, throat, and abdomen white. Breast rufous-buff. Side-
feathers with round black spots. (H. & M. i. 183.)

834, Turnix joudera, Tae Larcer Burron-Quat.
Lowa, Upper India; Pedda-dubba-gundla (Telugu).

3 6”; li toljoz. Legsdeep yellow. Bill yellow. Wing-coverts
light brown, with small black spot margined yellow. Seen singly.
Jerdon wrongly names this dussumieri.

835. Turnix dussumieri. THe Burron-Quat.

Chota Lowa, India; Chimraj, Muttra; Tatu-bateyra, Sind; Durwi, Rat-
magni; San-gundlu, Orissa.

Sapoora, 9-8-75,.

3 5” to 53”; ltolgoz. ¢ 53” to52”; 14 tol4oz. Legs fleshy
white. Bill plumbeous. Head brown, barred black. Chin and throat
pure white. Abdomen whitish. Rise once only. Single note.

Turnix albiventris. Tur Nicopar Burron-Quan.
Mool, Gamorta.
36”; lioz. 2 63; l#oz. Legs yellow. Bill yellow. Broad
half-collar chestnut. ‘Two black stripes from crown to nape. Outer
web of first primary nearly white. (H. & M. ii. 199.)

34 CHIONIDID#.—TINAMID.

Family CHIONIDIDZ.

Subfamily CHIONIDIN&. SHEATHBILLS.

One genus, Chionis ; singular birds in the islands of the Antarctic
and at southern extremity of South America. C. alba (the Kelp-
Pigeon) lives on coasts of Australia and New Zealand.

Family TINAMIDE.

Subfamily Tinamina#. TINAMOUS.

Given by Gray as the first and only subfamily. There are four
genera :—Tinamus, Nothura, Rhynchotus, and. Tinamotis.

GRALIATOR fs

Sho RE, iB dah tS:

(WALKERS orn WADERS.)

GRALLATORES.

Order.

SHORE BIRDS.

Outer toe usually joined to middle one by

Bill straight or inclining.
ALL FLY WELL, WITH LEGS OUT BEHIND.

Tail usually short.

Tarsus elongated. Wings usually long.
short web, and to inner toe occasionally. In a few, toes are bordered by loose web.

Lower part of tibia bare.

Sub-

order.

Young, when hatched, able to run at once.

Young helpless at birth.

Tribe.

STRUT HIONES.—Of large size.
Some with three toes, others J
with only two. Wings unde- i
veloped

ore ee eer eee eee ee eee oe

PRESSTROST RES. — ee thick

and compressed. ‘Tarsi long.
Hind toe small or Me abies

LONGIROSTRES.—Bill long
and slender. Hallux short or
raised. Hxterior toe generally
joined to middle by web

as

LATITORES.—Feet very large.
Hind toe large. Wings short, 4
Often spurred 06 aah «0s aes

L

CULTIROSTRES.—Bill thick,
pointed or slightly curved.
Wings ample. Hind toe on
same plane as anterior

f STRUTHIONIDZ.— Bil)

F:%

short or imperfect. To
varying from two to fou;

OTIDID.— Bill short,
with connecting membr
game-like

eee ee eee nes

CURSORIDA.—Bill so1
only. Plumage brown

GLAREOLIDZ.— Bill s:
Gape very large. Tail |

CHARADRIIDZ.— Bill
nasal groove. Wings lé
Hind toe generally want

HASMATOPODIDZE.—
the others. Plumage y
birds Si fal wii eau s be:tel'e eitatiel |

THINOCORIDZE.— Pur

GRUIDZEZ.—Bill short,
cleft. Large size. Plu
neck’. \.-4eeke ee eee

SCOLOPACIDZ5.— Bill |
long. Tail short. Pluy
ashy beneath. Hind to

HIMANTOPID/S.— Bill!
times recurved. Plum
long . .|-. ener Cee eee

PALAMEDEID2.— Ani
PARRIDZ.—Feet enorn!

spurred

RALLIDA.— Bill short |
feet. Tail short or none

CICONIIDA&.— Bill larg:
toes joined at base. Of |

ARDEIDZ2.—Bill very s|
toe only joined to mid¢
less serrated

ener eene

TANTALIDAS.— Bill h
curved. Front toes joi

* Not repre

<

f various forms. Wings
hort, broad, unequal, and
SA

ight. Three short toes,
. Plumage mottled and

OUR oa eee

raul. oa

mt, basal half soft. Long
and pointed. Gape small.

ll hind toe raised above
gated. Chiefly sea-shore

Mee eeessceee tee tte esoce

CIGEIGAs | ee

ut, straight, and slightly
ge grey or white. Long

2, slender, soft. Wings
re brown above, white or
snerally elevated

ty long, very thin, some-
» black and white. Legs

ey

s. Claws strong. Wings

d wedge-shaped. Large
Wing rounded, often with

Mes eS ecco sees sees es ese

meg, straight. Allanterior

eS eae
p and deeply cleft. Outer
one. Middle toe more or

, long, cylindrical, and
at base by web

ited in India.

r

:

L

|

r

|

y,
ay

L

|

|

|

c
|

2
|

X

Subfamily.

STRUTHIONIN At

Bee ere 6

APTERYGIN A

a p06 6 6

@).9'a ae se. @

CHARADRIINA ......
VANELLIN AS, o.oo.
ESACIN Ai

Aisrey ee) a) 8) 8s i mo

SLREPSILINA ..... 25.
DROMADINAS |. 25s ess
HAMATOPODINE ...

THINOCOREN At, se oi nr:

eee ee eee

SCOLOPACIN AS . va, c=.

ey

eee eee

ROTA NEN AG osais. 5 sis savages

eee ee eee

PALAMEDEIN A

ae veuetay =

PARRIN AL

GALLINULINA........

RALLIN At

ESOP REN AG £6, cian decas «

ARDEIN 4#

a) aye a @het ace) oye, wee

( WAN SALINAS oy dia eas

|
y)

PLATALEIN A

‘. ANASTOMATINZ......

IBISIN At

Genus. Page
OSTRICHTS Foe ein bok howe e. 39
UAB Mba re Ol tctes af eoay alan 39
UMRUSIRE £a ee Hoa oo ae wee 39
CASSOWARIES ® oo... 560 cecre. 39
APT Ra 1 is sends vere, creamer 40
IU STDARIIS rarity a on Bee Be ones 41
IDORERING acre okte teens eo 42
CoOURIER-PLOVERS............ 44

SwALLOw-PLoverRsS or PRATIN-

COWS Sen deg oke ed Atte din ab aya dae 45
TRUEVE LOVERS) .. oa)j sccm wane chavs 5 47
GAB WINGS) 5 tac oe oe ene eos 50
STONE-CURLEWS.............- 52
IPURINSTONDIS” -sa5).canart clare saves 54
CRAB=BROVERSt hye an oe 55
OYSTER-CATCHERS ............ 55
GAME PLOVERS or SHORE-

CARRS stares 8 hore: 58
GRANBY AS ea Sarena heron as 53
WiOODCOCKS? sooo fem saat es 60
TPRURASNIPES: Sacheine. stress 60
GODWERSI as his. o alte sas cle aoe 64
CURTEWS= 3.09 Ss Pate es 68
SIDENIE Se Sor yore hee aioe era ier ere ore 70
PHALAROPES or LOBEFOOTS.... 73

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Order GRALLATORES. SHORE BIRDS.
Waders.

Tue term GraLuarorss (derived from grddior, to take steps) is applied
by ornithologists to the Shore Birds, from their stalking, walking, or
wading. Shore Birds frequent edges of rivers, seas, lakes, and a few
dry plains and deserts; they feed on fish, reptiles, mollusks, insects, and
a few on vegetable matter. In large numbers there is a vernal moult,
and plumage changes considerably, in many becoming more or less
black, in others rufous.

Lower part of tibia bare. Tarsus elongated. Wings usually long.
Tail usually short. Bill straight or inclining. Outer toe usually joined
to middle one by short web, and to inner toe occasionally. In a few,
toes are bordered by loose web. ALL FLY WELL, WITH LEGS OUT BEHIND.

(A) The young, when hatched, able to run at once.
Tribe STRUTHIONES.

Of large size. Some with three toes, others with only two. Wings
undeveloped.

This tribe, not represented in India, includes the giants of the Bird
Kingdom, and approaches nearest to Mammalia.

In the subfamily Struthionine there are :—The Ostrich, S. camelus,
of the open plains of Africa (Jerdon supposes a second species, S. epoas-
ticus), with two unequal toes, a middle and an outer.

The Rheas, or S.-American Ostriches, with three anterior toes (lateral
toes shorter than middle, inner the shortest). Three species.

The Emus, of New Holland, with three toes, the inner the shortest.
Plumage resembles hair. Wings more rudimentary than in Ostrich.
Accessory plume as large as the feather. Two species.

The Cassowaries, of the Eastern Archipelago, with three toes, the
outer the longest, and the inner armed with a powerful claw. Plumage

40 OTIDID.

hair-like. Accessory plume very large, and a rudimeut of a third.
Four species.

It has been remarked that Emus and Cassowaries resemble Bustards
in their anatomy, while the Ostrich and Rheas are more like Game
Birds. Owen says Cassowaries are modified Coots, and Parker states
there is a connection between Rails and the Ostrich.

In the subfamily Apterygine there is the Apterye of New Zealand.
Wingless, and feathers want the supplementary plume. ‘Three species.

Fragments of some enormous birds have been discovered in New
Zealand. One, a Moa, lately supposed extinct, its egg larger than that
of an Ostrich. Fossil remains of a gigantic Ostrich have been found in
the Sewalik range.

Tribe PRESSTROSTRES. Bustarps, PLovers, and
CRANES.

Pressus, a, wm, adj. = compressed ; rostrum, 2, n. = the bill.

Bill thick aud compressed. Tarsi long. Hind toe small or absent.

Family OTIDIDA‘. Busrarps and FLoriKins.

Bill short, straight. Three short toes, with connecting membrane.
Plumage mottled and game-like.

Bustards and Florikins are found on grassy plains of the Old World
and Australia. They have the aspect and form of Game Birds, but their
general anatomy allies them with Plovers. In some there is a gular
membranous pouch. ‘They can raise ear-feathers to catch sound.

The European Bustard is found throughout Central Europe and
Central Asia; once shot at Hashtnagar (H.& M.i.1). The Little
Bustard occurs in Punjab and N. W. P.; is common in 8S. Europe and
N. Africa, and occurs from Syria to Biluchistan; does not appear to
go N. across Tianshan or into China.

Eupodotis occurs in India, China, Africa, and Australia (wild Turkey).

Houbara, from N. Africa, occasionally passes into Spain; one species
in N. W. P., and common in Afghanistan.

Genus OTIS.

@ris =a kind of Bustard with long ear-feathers, known to the Greeks; from ois,
genit. ards, an ear.

Short and stout limbs and bill. Long white moustachial tuft.

OTIS.—HOUBARA. 4]

Otis tarda. Tue Great or Evrorean Busrarp.

Tarda, the Spanish name, according to Pliny (Hist. Nat. x. p. 29). A Celtic or
Basque word. Tarda and Bistarda are always used as substantives, like the French
Outarde (from avis tarda, through the Provengal Austarde, as avis struthio became
Autruche in French and Ostrich in English) and our Bus-tard.

g 45"; 20 to 30 lbs. 2 36". Legs blackish. Bill brown.—Male:
Chin white, with long narrow feathers. Breast pale orange. Back
orange, barred black.—Female without chin-plume till third or fourth
year.— Young born buff-colour, barred black.

Otis tetrax. Tus Lirrce or Burrerrty Bustarp.
Tétrax = rérpa€, a bird known to the ancient Greeks.

3 17"to 19"; 14 to2 lbs. Legs yellow. Bill brown.—Male: Neck
and upper breast black, with white necklet and white gorget. Breast
white. Back chestnut, streaked black irregularly. Tail of 18 feathers.
—Female: Head and neck chestnut, mottled black. Breast with short
black bars.

Genus EUPODOTIS.

ev = well; rodorns = footed.

Long strong legs—Male with pouch. Crest black. Neck white.
Of very large size.

836. Eupodotis edwardsi. Tue Great Inpran Bustarp.

Toogder, Punjab; Hoom, C. P.; Kara-dhouk, Deccan; Gurahna, Sind; Heri-
hakki, Mysore.
go 45" to 50"; 17 to 221bs. 9 36” to 38"; 8 tolOlbs. Legs dingy
yellow. Bull dusky and yellow. Sexes alike. Plumage pale brown,
variegated with minute black lines. Greater coverts grey, tipped white.
Primaries slaty, tip white-——Female: Breast-band incomplete.— Young
resemble females.

Genus HOUBARA.
The Asiatic name for a Bustard.
Legs rather short. Male has a black ruff and white crest, with black

tip. Of moderate size.
E

42 OTIDIDA.

837. Houbara macqueeni. Tue Hovsara Busrtarp.

In honour of the sender of the specimens described by J. E. Gray.
Houbara, Tilaor, Punjab; Taloor, Sind.

Atti

REO

ae | ||
aeralnat Ld
oe
AXXARYS Lys

rad.

fb 28” to 30”; 4 to 54 lbs. 2 25” to 274”; 3 to 32 lbs. Legs
green-yellow. Bull slate. Sexes alike. Plumage pale buff, pencilled
black. ‘Tail with bluish bands and lateral feathers, tipped cream-white.

Primaries white base, black end.

Genus SYPHEOTIS.
ougpeds = a hogsty; oris = a kind of Bustard.

Male with white wing and black plumage. Highly crested or with
ear-tufts.—Females bigger than males.

838. Sypheotis bengalensis. Tue Brnear FroriKin.
Charas, NV. W. P.; Dabar, Nepal; Ooloo Moora, Assam.
Ss 26" to 27"; 34 to 4i lbs. 9 28" to 29"; 4to5 Ibs. Legs pale
yellow. Bill dusky and yellow. Full breast-tuft. Above blue-buff,

minutely mottled with black. Below deep glossy black.—Female ful-
vous, with black and brown mottlings. Neck with dark lines.

'G1-8-6 ‘eioodeg-yoo rn yy

SYPHEOTIS. 43

839. Sypheotis auritus. Tue Lika or Lesser FLorixin.

Kurmor, Guzerat; Tun-mor, Deccan; Chini-mor, Belgaom; Likh, N. W. P.;
Charas, §. India ; Kannoul (Canarese).

wy

6 172" to 19"; 14 to 200z. 92 18" to 21"; 18 to 24 oz. Legs
whitish yellow. Bill dusky and yellow. Chin white. Primaries sharp-
pointed. Base of feathers rose-colour.—Female clouded and barred
deep brown.

44 CURSORID.

Family CURSORIDZE. Covurier-PLovers.

Resemble Bustards in anatomy, but they are of small size and do not
change plumage at breeding-season. One species, Cursorius pluvianus,
peculiar to N. Africa, and one species, C. oreophilus, in Chili and Falk-
land Isles.

Bill somewhat slender. Three toes only. Plumage brown and rufous.

Genus CURSORIUS.

Cursérius = pertaining to a race-course ; cursor = a runner, from curro = I run.

Nostrils not ina groove. Tail short, of 12 feathers. First and second
quills longest. Lateral toes divided.

Cursorius gallicus. Tas Cream-cotourep or European Courter-
PLoveER.

Gallicus = of the Gauls, Galli. Gmelin seems to have thought it only occurred in
France.

3 10". Legs cream. Bill brown, tip black. Ivides pale grey.—
Male: Forehead pale buff, hinder part shading into grey, below which
is a triangular black spot. Wing-coverts cream-yellow. Crown pale
orange.

Inhabits desert plains of W. Asia and N. Africa, being an occasional
visitor to S. Europe, and a rare straggler to England in late autumn.

840. Cursorius coromandelicus. Tuer Inpran Courrer-PLover.
Nukri (Hindi); Yerra Chitawa (Telugu).
3 9" to 10". Legs cream-white. Bill black. Irides brown. Black

from eye to nape. White eyebrow. Abdomen chestnut, with black
bar. Crown bright red.

Genus RHINOPTILUS.

piv = a nose.

Adopted by Jerdon as a mountain-form of Cursorius. The form com-
bines large eye and somewhat the colour of some of the true Plovers,
with legs and general structure of Couriers. The species also exists in
Africa. )

Second and third primaries subequal and longest. Outer toe joined
by web.

GLAREOLIDA. 45

841. Rhinoptilus bitorquatus. Tur Dovsie-sanpep Courirr-

PLoveER.
Adavi-wula-titti (Telugu).

3g 9" to 10". Legs pale flesh-yellow. Bill yellow at base. Throat
white, with red band. Broad brown gorget and second white collar.
First and second quills obliquely marked. Crown black.

Family GLAREOLIDA. Swatiow-PLovers or PRATINCOLES.

Bill short and arched. Small hind toe. Gape very large. Tail semi-
forked.

Inhabit S. and C. Europe, Asia, and as far E. as India and Africa,
and as far S. as Natal. In anatomy allied to the Plovers. Linnzus
placed them with Swallows, and Blyth approximates them to Night-
Jars. Called “ Sea-Partridges” by the French.

Genus GLAREOLA.
Glaréola = a diminutive from glaréa = gravel, from its haunting gravelly places.

Wings narrow, long, and pointed. Nostrils basal, oblique, semi-
tubular,
(i.) Yail forked.
842. Glareola orientalis, Tur Larce SwatLow-Piover.
g 10". Legs dusky black. Bill black. Chin and throat rufous,

bounded by black line from gape. Exterior tail-feathers project 1"
beyond central ones.— Young pale fulvous.

Glareola pratincola, Tue Cottarep or AusTRALIAN PRATINCOLE.

Pratincola, from pratum = a meadow; incola = an inhabitant. From its frequenting
the open meadows in Austria.

3 84" to 93". Legs brownish. Bill black. White tipping to short
secondaries conspicuous. Exterior tail-feathers project 2" to 24" beyond
central ones. (S. F. ii. 284.)

(ii.) Short and even tail.

843. Glareola lactea. Tue Smart Swatiow-PLover.
Utteran, Sind.
3 63". Legs dusky green. Bill black. Primaries brown, with first
four white-shafted.

46 CHARADRITD.

Glareola pratincola. Mandi Hissar, 21-4-79,

Family CHARADRIIDA. Ptovers, Lapwines, and
STONE-CURLEWS.

Comprising the true Plovers (Golden and Ringed, Lapwings, and
Stone-Plovers). The first grade into the Courier-Plovers through the
Dotterel, Eudromias morinellus, which species is not found out of the
W. Palearctic region (where it is widely distributed), except in winter,
when it migrates to N. Africa.

Bill short, basal half soft. Long nasal groove. Wings long and
pointed. Gape small. Hind toe generally wanting.

Subfamily CHARADRIINZ.

Bill short, slightly enlarged on top at tip. First quill usually
longest.
Genus SQUATAROLA.
Squatarola = the Italian name; of uncertain origin,

Minute hind toe, with rudimentary claw.

SQUATAROLA.—CHARADRIUS. AT

844, Squatarola helvetica, Tue Grey Proyrr.

Swiss, from Helvetii = the inhabitants of Switzerland, whence M. de Réaumur first
received specimens.
Barabattan, India.

Kurrachee, 12-10-74.

3 12". Legs black-grey. Bill black.—Jn winter: Forehead and chin
white. Below white, with brown spots. Above brown, tipped white.
Axillaries black—In summer: Lower surface deep black, edged white.
Back barred black and white.

Genus CHARADRIUS.

Charadrius = xapadprés, in classical Greek, a bird dwelling in clefts or river-valleys,
xapadpa. The sight of it was held to be a cure for jaundice.

No hind toe. Plumage brown, spotted yellow.

Charadrius pluvialis. Tue Evropran Goupen Proven.

Pluvialis = rainy; from pliwvia = rain. Charleton says because it frequents places
damp from rain, and marshes. Littré derives the French pluvier from the fact of the
birds only reaching France in the rainy season.

3 74". Legs blue-grey. Bill black.—Jn winter: Above black, mottled
golden. Throat, lower breast, and abdomen pure white. Azillaries
pure white—In summer: Above black, mottled golden and white.
Throat, breast, and belly black. (S. F. vii. 186.)

Reigns in the W. Palearctic, and C. virginicus in the Nearctic region.

48 CHARADRIDA,

Charadrius fulvus. Tue Eastern Gotpen Puover.
Fulvus = tawny.

Chota battan, India.

g 10". 92 93". Legs plumbeous green. Bill black.—ZIn winter :
Above dull grey, with triangular spots. Breast white, spotted yellow.
Primaries black. Awillaries smoky grey.—In summer: Above darker,
and spots smaller. Beneath deep black, edged white.

Breeds in E. Siberia, and has a wide range in Asia and Australia, but
it rarely reaches Europe.

Genus AIGIALITIS.

aiytaNiris = of the shore, atyiaAds.

The Sand-Plovers, found throughout the temperate parts of the Pale-
arctic region, wintering in Africa, India, and S. China. There are many
species of Ringed Plovers in America, Africa, and Australia.

No hind toe. Of small size. Often with black collar. Sexes alike.

(i.) Of stouter form and shorter tail. More or less rufous on neck and
throat. Shafts of all but first white. Frequent the shore.

AXgialitis vereda.

& 82". Legs yellowish. Bill black.—Jn winter: More-or less buffy
below. Undertail white. Shafts of first and second primaries white.
Avillaries dark grey.—In summer : Crown and above hair-brown. Fore-
head, eyelids, and chin white. Collar buff. Broad rufous breast-band.
(S. F. i. 83.)

gialitis asiatica.
& 7%". Legs horn. Bill black.—Jn winter: Crown, nape, and above
hair-brown. Broad rufous breast-band. Awillaries white —In summer :

Above pale brown. No breast-band, but patch dusky grey on each side
of breast. (S. F. vii. 438.)

846, ASgialitis geoffroyi. Tuer Lance Sanp-PLover.

3 84" to 93"; 24 to 3 oz. Legs grey-green. Bill black.—ZJn
winter: Grey-brown. Eye-streak and above bill white. Below white.
Secondaries partly white on outer web. Shafts of all primaries white.—
In summer : White mark on each side of black forehead. Breast rufous.
Throat white.

AGIALITIS. 49

847. Aigialitis mongola, Tue Lesser Sanp-Piover.

Stitt

BX
>
ED kth anttdods
DIDDY)

3 7+" to 8". Legs plumbeous. Bill black.
Similar to last, but smaller.

848. Adgialitis cantiana. THe Kenrish Rineep Prover.

Cantiana = Kentish, because specimens were first sent to Latham by Dr. Boys from
Sandwich, in Kent.

3 63" to 62"; 14 to 14 0z. Legs dusky grey. Bill black. Large
patch black on each side of breast. Central tail ashy.

Akgialitis placida.
Greyish fuscous. Quills fuscous black. Front, throat, collar, below
and margins of wing-coverts white. Black and grey breast-band.

(ii.) Of smaller size, with black collar and frontal band. Shafts of all
primaries but first brown. Frequent plains and dry river-beds.

849, Aigialitis dubia. Tux Inpian Rincep Prover.
Zinea, India; Bytu-ulanka (Telugu),

3 7". Legsyellow. _ Bill black, base yellow. Frontal zone yellow.
Band from top of head, through eye and ear-coverts, black. White
collar, with black border narrowing behind.

50 CHARADRIIDA.

850, Agialitis minuta. Tux Lesszr Rincep PLover.

Mandi Hissar, 22-4-79.

& 62. Legs yellow. Bill black, base yellow.
Similar to last, but smaller.

Agialitis nigrifrons.

3 64. Legs orange-yellow. Bill yellow, tip black. Forehead,
streak on either side extending through eye and ear and meeting behind,
dark brown. Breast-band brown-black. Wing-coverts ashy. Sca-
pulars maroon.

Subfamily VANELLIN&. Lapwines.

Some with crests, with spurred wings, and with watties. Plumage
in masses. Dark band usually on white tail.

(i.) Four toes. Wing not spurred. Generally no watiles about bill.
Genus VANELLUS.

Formerly often spelt Vannellus, diminutive of vannus=a fan, whence the French
name Vanneau.

Head crested. Fourth and fifth quills longest. Tubercle on wing.
Very short hind toe. Breeds in Punjab.

851. Vanellus vulgaris. Tue Peewir or Crestep Lapwine.
Vulgaris = common, from vulgus = the multitude.
g 12". Legs orange-brown. Bill black. Black slender crest.
Above green, glossed purple. Abdomen white. Undertail chestnut.—
In winter : Chin and throat white.

CHETTUSIA.—-LOBIVANELLUS. 5]

Genus CHETTUSIA.
Head not crested. Plumage ashy.
Found in Europe, Asia, Atrica, and West-India isles.

852. Chettusia gregaria. THe Brack-sipep Lapwina.

fg 13". Legs dull black. Bill black. Crown black. Abdomen
deep black, bordered chestnut.—JIn winter : Crown olive. No abdominal
patch.

853. Chettusia leucura. Tue Wuire-raitep Laprwine.

Aevkds = white.

$11". Legs bright yellow. Bill black. Belly and flanks tinged
rosy.

854. Chettusia inornata. Tue Grey-Heapep Lapwine.
Chappour, India.

3 15". Legs bright yeilow. Bill black. Head, neck, and breast
light grey, passing into black.
(.) Four toes. Flesh wattles at base of bill.
Genus LOBIVANELLUS.
With wattles at base of bill. Small hind toe.

855. Lobivanellus indicus. Tue Rep-warrtep Lapwine.
Titai, Titiri, India; Yennapa, Chittawa (Telugu); Alkati (Tamil).

3 13". Legs bright yellow. Bill red, tip black. Head and breast
black. Side of neck and round nape white.
DF ILL ft

52 CHARADRIIDA.

Lobivanellus atronuchalis. Tue Burmese Rep-warrtep Lapwine.

White ear-patch does not extend round the nape.

Genus SARCIOPHORUS.
capkidv = a little bit of flesh ; dopéw = I carry.
With wattles at base of bill. No hind toe.

856. Sarciophorus malabaricus. Tae Yetrow-warriep Lapwine.
Zirdo, India; Chitawa (Telugu); Jithiri, V.W.P.; Alkati (Tamil).
g 12". Legs yellow. Bill yellow, black tip. Chin, throat, breast,
and upper plumage pale ashy.

(iii.) Some with only three toes. Strong spines on shoulder of wing.

Genus HOPLOPTERUS.

No hind toe. Wing with horny spur.
Found in Africa, Asia, and South America.

857. Hoplopterus ventralis. Tur Srur-wincep Larwine.
Ventralis, adj. = a belly-band.

3 12". Legs red-black. Bill black. Head, crest, and broad band
down throat black. Abdomen white, with broken black band.

Subfamily Esacina#. Srone-CurLew.

Bill strong, dilated above and below. Nail of middle toe hollowed
beneath.
According to last results these are Bustarps and not PLovers.

Genus ESACUS.

Edges of bill notched towards tip.
Found in India, Indian Archipelago, and Australia.

858. Esacus recurvirostris. THe Larce Stonse-Cur Lew.
Abi, Bara Karwanak, India; Talur, Sind; Gang-titai, Bengal.
go 19" to 21”; 12 1bs. Legs yellow. Bill yellow, tip black. Hye-
brow, ear-coverts, aud moustache blackish. Plumage above grey. Below
white.

ESACUS.—C®DICNEMUS. 53

Esacus magnirostris, Tur Ausrravian Stone-Cur.ew.

3 222". Legs yellow. Bill greenish. Band round eye extending
back over ear-coverts. Chin and throat pure white. Nape, back, and

scapulars earth-brown. First five primaries umber-brown. (S. F. i.
290.)

Genus (2DICNEMUS.

oidos = a swelling; xynun = a leg.

Plumage brown and striated. Eye large. Nostrils in long groove.
Migratory, inhabiting all parts except North America.

859. (dicnemus indicus. Tue Gocerr-rye or Bastarp Frorixkin,
or EneLIsH StonE=CURLEW.

Karwanak, Barsiri, Lambi, India; Kharma, Bengal; Kalleydu (Telugu) ;
Kana mosal (Tamil).

3 16" to 17"; 2 1b. Legs yellow. Bill yellow, black tip. Upper

S sess |

Sv

.

Laughton Loharilung, 29-8-75.

feathers red-ashy, with longitudinal stripe. Breast reddish, with fine
streaks.

54 HEMATOPODIDA.

Family HAAMATOPODID. Sea-PLovers.

Small hind toe raised above the others. Plumage variegated.

Chiefly sea-shore birds, distributed all over the world. And here
Bonaparte puts the Turnstones and Crab-Plovers in one family, while
Gray groups them with Plovers.

Subfamily STREPSILINA.
Upper mandible turns up slightly.

Genus STREPSILAS.

Strepsilas, from orpépo = I turn, and Adas, contracted in Attic to Aas = a stone.

Top of bill compressed and truncated.

860. Strepsilas interpres. Tue TurNstons.

Interprés = an agent between two parties, an explainer; from inter = between, and
the root of the Sanskrit prath = unfold (whence mAarvs = broad); perhaps in allusion
to its warning note.

3 83" to 92"; 34 to 4.02. Legs orange-yellow. Bill black. Sexes

Kurrachee, 21-6-75.

alike. Crown white, with black stripes. Black stripe from eye meets
another from mouth behind eye. Incomplete collar with gorget, and a

STREPSILAS.—HAMATOPUS. 5D

second incomplete band towards wing-shoulder.—Jn winter: Below pure
white. Crown hair-brown. Gape-line mottled.
Found in most parts of the world.

Subfamily DroMADIN«.

Bill long, arching towards tip; strongly angulated below.

Genus DROMAS.
Spouas = a street-walker, a runner.

Feet much webbed.
Found in India. A remarkable genus.

861. Dromas ardeola. Tur Cras-Prover.

g 15". Legs plumbeous. Bill black. Head, neck, and below white.
Mantle and wing-coverts black.

Subfamily H aMaToPoDIN#.

Bill long, strong, and truncated. Plumage black or pied.

Genus HA MATOPUS.

Hemétopus = with blood-coloured feet; from aiva = blood; zrods = a foot.

Bill slightly bent up. Bony toes.
Found in most parts. Several species in America.

862. Hematopus ostralegus. Tue Oysrer-carcHer.

Ostréa = an oyster; légo =I bring together, collect.
Darya gajpaon, India; Yerri kali ulanka (Telugu).
¢ 16". Legs pink-red. Bill orange-yellow. Head, neck, back,
wings, and tail black; rest white. Broad wing-band.— Young birds less
black ; feathers pale-edged.

56

HAMATOPODID,

Babur Island, 22-10-75.

861. Dromas ardeola.

~~

Ker)
SEN
=
Ay
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a
=
a

862. Hematopus ostralegus. Chinnee Creek, 23-10-75.

58 THINOCORIDAZ.—GRUID.

Family THINOCORIDZ. Game-PLovers or SHorE-LARKS.

Not represented in India. Two genera: one, Attagis, in Falkland
Isles and on lofty mountains of southern portion of South America,
within the boundary of Alpine plants, or even in places entirely destitute
of vegetation; the second, Thinocorus, inhabiting the desolate valleys
of southern parts of South America. According to Darwin these birds
partake both of the character of Snipe and Quail. Their character and
mode of flight show them to be modified Gralle. Blyth thinks they
approach Pteroclide in appearance and habit. They frequent upland
plains, and resemble the Ptarmigan in habits.

Family GRUID. Cranes.

Bill short, stout, straight, and slightly cleft. Large size. Plumage
grey on white. Jong neck.

Inhabit the Palearctic region, migrating to India and North Africa in
winter. <A rare straggler to portion of the United Kingdom, probably
from Scandinavia. Externally allied to Bustards; while internal
anatomy is more that of Plovers.

Genus GRUS.

Grus = a Crane, in classical Latin; akin to yépévos, gallus, garrio = I chatter, &e.

Base of bill, orbits, and sometimes whole head nude. ‘Tertiaries
lengthened and overhanging.

863. Grus antigone. Tue Sarus Crane.
Sirhaus (Hindi); Sarus, Gyogya, Arakan.
3 56" to 60"; 16 to 20 lbs. ¢ 58" to 55"; 15 to 174 lbs. Legs

rose-red. Bill green, tip brown. Head and neck nude, crimson, with
few black hairs. Neck-ring.—Jn summer: Collar pure white.

864, Grus leucogeranus, Tur Larce Wurre, or SNow-wrearu,
or SipuRIAN CRANE.

Karekhur, N. W.P.; Tunhi, Oudh; Chini Kalung, Hans’; Syakbal, Cubul.

3 52"to 56"; 16to1l9 lbs. 9 48" to 53"; 121 to 16 lbs. Legs red.
Bill umber. Quills black. Face naked, red.

GRUS.—SCOLOPAX. 59

865. Grus communis. THe Common Crane.

Kooroonch, Koorch, V. W. P.; Kul-lung, Upper India; Kallam, Deccan; Ku-
lungi (Telugu); Wainu, Manipur.

3 43” to 48"; 93 to 13 lbs. Legs dull black. Bill green, tip dark.
Forehead nude, with black hairs. Crown nude, orange; between eyes
white. Plumage ashy blue.— Young birds want the naked patch.

Genus ANTHROPOIDES.

avOproewdns = in the shape of a man.

Head and neck densely feathered. Neck and breast-feathers lanceo-
late and hackled.

866. Anthropoides virgo. Tue DemoiseLte Crane.

Virgo = a maiden, from the bird’s elegant appearance and dancing propensity.
Karkarra, NV.1WV.P.; Ghanto, Nepal; Kurkurchi, Sattara; Parouthakee, My-
sore; Wadakoraka (Telugu); Shuck duruck, Cabuwl.

& 31” to 86”; 5 to 62 Ibs. Legs black. Bill green, tip pink.
Face, neck, and breast-plumes black. Hye-tuft of white decomposed
feathers.— Young birds have no black and want ear-tuft.

Tribe LONGIROSTRES.

Longus = long; rostrum = a bill.

Bill long and slender. Hallux short or raised. Exterior toe generally
joined to middle by web.

Family SCOLOPACID.E.

Bill long, slender and soft. Wings long. Tail short. Plumage
brown above, white or ashy beneath. Hind toe generally elevated.

Subfamily SCOLOPACIN.

Bill long and straight, rather soft, swollen and bent over at tip.
Eyes set far back. Plumage rich, often streaked black and yellow.

Genus SCOLOPAX.

Scdlipax = oxodoraé, a kind of Snipe mentioned by Aristotle; probably from
oxodoy = a thing pointed, a stake, and akin to oxd\Aw = I stir up, probe, Kc,

Tibia plumed to jomt. Tail of 12 uniform feathers.

60 SCOLOPACIDA.

867. Scolopax rusticola. THz Common Woopcock.

Rusticéla = a little Heath-cock in Pliny ; rustictilus = 4 little countryman in Cicero.
Diminutive of rusticus = of or belonging to the country, rus.

Sim-titar, Kumattu, Chinjarol, Chamba; Kangtruk, Manipur ; Wilate-chaha,
Chittagong ; Murgh-i-zerak, Persia.

3 13" to 15"; 9tol4oz. ¢ 16". Legs livid. Bill 3”, flesh-grey.
Four cross-bars on head. Plumage variegated brown, yellow, and grey,
with black lines and spots.—Female not so bright.

Woodcock are scattered throughout the world. A winter visitant to
India. There are other true Woodcock: one in Java (S. saturata),
and one (S. minor) in Eastern United States of America.

Genus GALLINAGO.

From gallina = a hen, feminine of an obsolete adjective gallinus, from gallus = a
cock, The termination is adjectival, as if from gallinaa, like virago from viraz.

Tibia bare for small space. ‘Tail of 16 to 28 feathers.
Scattered all over the world, and breeds in northern parts of Europe
and Asia.

(i.) Tacl of 16 or 18 feathers, four on each side, attenuated and stiff.

868. Gallinago nemoricola. Tue Woop-Snrez.
Ban-chaha, Nepal.

3 11}" to 123"; 5 to6 oz. 9 18"; 7 oz. Legs green. Bill 23",
red-brown. Top of head and back black, marked rufous grey. Breast
ashy. Outer margin of first three primaries nearly uniform with rest
of feathers. Abdomen, vent, and lower tail-coverts closely barred.

Home in the Himalayas.

(u.) Tail of 20 to 28 feathers. Laterals 5 to 10 on each side
attenuated and stiff.

869. Gallinago solitaria, Tur Easrern or Sorirary Sniper.
Bharka, Nepal. |

3 12" to 13"; 5t0o8 oz. 2 18"; 9 oz. Legs green. Bill 23", red-
brown. | Pale buff stripe along scapular and inner edge of wing. Breast
olive, dashed white. Outer margins of first three primaries white.
Abdomen, vent, and lower tail-coverts unbarred.—Female darker.

Home in the Himalayas.

GALLINAGO. 61

870. Gallinago stenura. Tue Pivrar Syren.

Chaha, V.W.P.; Bharka, Nepal; Chegga, Lower Bengal; Cherayga, Assam;
Cheklonbi, Manipur; Tibud, Ratnagiri; Oolan, S. India; Birku, Malaya; Kas-
watua, Ceylon.

3 92" to 10”; 4to50z. 2? 10” to 114”. Legs grey-green. Bill

a
\ SAy \

23, red-brown. Under wing-coverts richly barred dusky and white.
Six pin-feathers on each side of tail.
Breeds far north in Siberia.

(iii.) Tail of 14 to 16 feathers, of same width.

871. Gallinago celestis. Tue Fantar or Common Snipe.

Celestis = pertaining to or coming from heaven, celum. The Snipe was called by
the older authors Capella celestis, from its imitating the voice of a goat (capella) in its
“drumming” during the breeding-season.

Chaha, WV. W. P.; Bharka, Nepal; Chegga, Lower Bengal; Cheryga, Assam ;
Chek lonbli, Whaspur: ; Tibud, Ratnagiri; Oolan, S. India; Kadakecho, Orissa ;
Ketbatta, Ceylon; Pashalek, Afghanistan; Mahalamche, Yarkand.

6 9" to 114"; 32 to5 oz. 2 9" to 124"; 3 to 5i oz. Legs green-
drab. Bill 23", th oe Back volvatsbladk, crossed chestnut with
streaks of yellow. Lower wing-coverts faintly barred.—Female the
same. Eminently gregarious.

er!
bo

SCOLOPACID.

Gallinago celestis.

871.

pe)

GALLINAGO.—RHYNCHAEA. 6

(iv.) Tail of 12 uniform feathers.

872. Gallinago gallinula. Tue Jack Snipe.

Gallinila = a chicken; diminutive of gallina = a hen.
Chota bharka, Nepal; Oolan, Madras; Tibud, Ratnagiri.

3 73" to 9"; 14 to2h oz. @ 8k. Legs green-grey. Bill 13” to
13", blackish. Back black, glossed green. Two yellow bands from
shoulder to tail.

Occur in Asia Minor, Palestine, N. Africa, Mediterranean, and Europe,
excluding Atlantic isles, Faroes, and Iceland. <A winter visitant to
India, summering and breeding north of 60° N. latitude to far within
Arctic circle.

Genus RHYNCHA#A.
puyxos = a beak.
Tibia much denuded. Bill curved slightly down at tip. Tail of 14
to 16 feathers.

873. Rhynchea bengalensis. Tue Patnrep Snipe.

Ohari, Nepal; Kone, Singbhoom; Tibud, Ratnagiri; Mail-ulan, Madras; Bag-
gerjee, Lower Bengal.

fd 91" to 10"; 34 to50z. ¢ 92" toll”; 44 to 64 oz. Legs green.
Bill 12”, red-brown. Line on head and one from eye to nape buff.
Quills with outer webs spotted.—Female: Darker face. Neck chest-
nut.

Extends to Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Philippines.

64 SCOLOPACIDZ.

Subfamily Limosinaz. Gopwits.

Bill lengthened, straight, or bent upwards. Plain plumage. Web
between outer toes. Eyes less remote. Like Snipzs in bill, and like
Stints in plumage.

Scattered all over the world. Two or three species recorded from
Australia and New Zealand, and two from America.

Genus MACRORHAMPHUS.
With a long beak; from paxpds + paydos.
Bill more high than wide. Feet partly webbed.

874. Macrorhamphus semipalmatus. THe Snipe-sittep Gopwit.

3 183" to 1383"; 4 0z. 9 18" to 132". Legs green. Bill 23”,
dusky.—In winter: Ash-brown. Central tail-feathers spotted on outer
web.—In summer: Rufous. Wing brown, edged white. Tail banded
black and white.

Genus PSEUDOTOTANUS.

Bill longer than head, stout, nearly straight, but culmen recurved.

Pseudototanus haughtoni. Armsrrone’s YELLOWSHANKS.

g 12" to 138"; 3402. 9 13!. Legs ochreous. Bill plumbeous.
Broad stripe from forehead. Chin, neck, breast, abdomen, and wing-
lining white. Crown, neck, secondaries, and tertiaries pale ashy.

Genus LIMOSA.

Limosus = muddy, from limus = mud.

Bill cylindrical at base, obtuse at tip. Nail of middle toe dilated
internally. .

875. Limosa egocephala, Tue Brack-Tar1Lep Gopwir.

The Linnean form of aiyoxépaXos, a bird mentioned by Aristotle; from até = a goat,
and xedadn = the head.

Goodera, Gairiya, V. W. P.; Malgujha, Nepal; Jaurali, Bengal; Susling,
Sind; Tonda ulanka (Telugu).

¢ 16" to 18"; 8to1l20z. 9? 18" to 21"; 9 to 15 oz. Legs dusky.
Bill 33" to 5", fleshy.—ZJn winter: Above ash-brown. Below grey-

65

LIMOSA.

Abdomen

Breast red.

875. Limosa egocephala,

In summer: Back black, tipped red.

white.
white.

66 SCOLOPACID A,

Limosa lapponica. Tue Bar-raitep Gopwir.
Lapponica = of Lapland.

fb,
fj” aes
Mie Le Uy
i Uy

Vig
tf
4

Kurrachee, 29-10-76,

¢ 135" to 145"; 73 to10 oz. 9 153"; 9to 114 oz. Legs black.
Bill 5” to 33", pin and black.—In winter: Above earthy, and dark
central shaft.—In summer: Below pale red. Above black-brown,
marbled grey. (S. F. i. 235.)

SVANAY ANG
WV Vy

FOS . ; NEF Vi NEN
\) af at ANY) SRE
Vy! \'
\

lodard .
877. Numenius arquata.

68 SCOLOPACIDA.

Genus TEREKIA.

3 9". 2 103". Legs pale orange. Bill 14", orange.—In winter :
Ashy blue. Shoulder-edge of wing and quills brown. Breast ashy,
with streaks of red.—Jn summer: Scapulars black, edged with brown.

Subfamily NUMENIN&. CURLEWS.

Bill very long, curved downwards. Same plumage all the year
round.

Genus NUMENIUS.

Niménius = vovpnmos, a kind of Curlew in Diogenes Laértius (about A.D. 200) ; from
véos = new, and pyvy = the moon, from its “crescent” beak.

Hind toe with nail short. Feet webbed and bordered with narrow
membrane. Differ from Gopwits and Srints in their curved beak and
fixed plumage.

Migratory and found all over the world. Said to perch on trees
occasionally in N. Europe.

877. Numenius arquata. THe Common Cur.ew.

The medieval name. It is generally said to be derived from the bird’s bill being
bent like a bow, arcus; but it more likely refers to arquatus morbus = the jaundice
(‘when the skin turns to the yellow colour of the rainbow”), in allusion to the legend
about Charadrius, Galbula, Icterus, &c.

Goar, Goungh, India; Choppa, Sada Kastachura, Bengal.

3 21"; 27 02. 9 26"; 30 0z. Legs grey. Bill 4" to 72", brown.
Above brown, edged rufous. Lower back and abdomen white, with
dusky spots.

878. Numenius pheopus. THe Wuimsret.

The medizval name; from dads = dusky, and rots = a foot.
Chota, Goungh, India.

3 16". 9? 18". Legs bluish. Bill 3” to 34", dusky. Crown brown,
with pale broad eye-streak. Flanks barred.

Genus IBIDORHYNCHUS.
iBis = Ibis; puyxos = a bill.

No hind toe, and outer toe free or nearly so.

NUMENIUS.—IBIDORHYNCHUS. 69

‘G)-O1T-0I— sndowmyd snmauny “818

879. Ibidorhynchus struthersi. Tue Rep-sittep CurRLEw.

3 16"; 10 oz. Legs blood-red. Bill 32”, crimson. Head black,
mixed grey and margined white. Plumage olive.

Peculiar to Himalayas. Hodgson says it has the short legs and feet
of a Plover. Gould remarks that its legs and feet are those of an
Oyster-catcher, and its bill that of an Ibis.

70 SCOLOPACIDZ.

Subfamily Trine1nz. STINTS.

Bill moderate, soft, and occasionally dilated or curved. Wings long.
Tail short. Toes usually divided to base or with rudimentary web.

Stints have shorter bills and legs than Gopwits, and shorter and
softer bilis than Sanppreprrs. Change of plumage in summer darker
above and rufous beneath. Frequent marine marshes and sea-shore.
Retire north in summer.

It is on the shore, after recess of the tide, in company with other
species, that these birds are seen collecting their food from the refuse
of the ocean, or quietly and intently probing the moist sand for worms
and small shell-fish, running before the advancing surf and profiting by
what is left behind.

Genus PHILOMACHUS.
giriéo = L love; paxn = a fight.
Web only between outer and middle toe. Males much larger than
females.
880. Philomachus pugnax. Tue Rurr.

Pugnax = fond of fighting; from pugna = a fight.
Geh-wala, India.

3 12" to 13"; 6 oz. ‘Legs yellow. Bill 13", brown.—ZJn winier :
Male has upper plumage brown, with black spots. Lower parts white.
Female smaller.—In summer: Male only has ruff.

Genus TRINGA.

The late Latin fcrm of Aristotle’s rptyyas. Derivation unknown.

Bill channelled almost to the tip. Toes free or barely united by a
web.

(i.) Bill straight. Small wed.
881. Tringa canutus. THe Kvor.

In honour of King Canute, because it was supposed to come from Denmark; or
perhaps from its littoral habits, in allusion to the story of Canute’s celebrated reproof
to his courtiers.

g 10". Legs black. Bill 14", bluish.—Jn winter: Ash-grey.—In
summer: Above dark black, edged brown and white. Beneath chest-
nut.

TRINGA. 71

(ii.) Bill distinctly turned down at tip. Toes perfectly free.
Tringa crassirostris. Tue Tuick-sitiep Srinv.

eile” to V2", 9 T13" to 12", Legs dusky. Bill 12" to 2", black.
—ZIn winter: Breast mottled, brown spots heart-shaped. Above ashy,

tipped white.—IJn summer: Breast-feathers black, with white cross-
band. (S. F. i. 240.)

882. Tringa subarquata. THe Curtew Srint.
Subarquata = a little like a Curlew, Arquata.
3 8" to 82". Legs grey. Bill 14", black.—Jn winter: Face, throat,
and beneath white. Brown streak from gape to eye.

883. Tringa cinclus. Tue Dunn.

3 7k". Bill 13", black.—In winter: Ash-brown, shafts darker.
Central tail dark brown. Laterals ashy, edged white. Abdomen white.
—In summer: Head and abdomen black. Breast spotted white.

884. Tringa minuta, Tue Lirrie Srinv.
Chota pan loha, India.

3 6". Legs black. Bill 34", black.—In winter: Above and sides
ash-brown. Below white.—IJn summer: Head, above, and central tail
black, edged rufous. Breast reddish. Shafts of primaries mostly white.
Middle toe 3".

Tringa damacensis

is like “‘minuta.” Shafts of primaries, with exception of first, brown.
Middle toe 1”. (S. F. i. 244.)

Tringa albescens.

3 4. 9 41", Legs blackish. Bill black. Forehead white. Pri-
mary shafts white about centre, sullied near base. Breast white.

885. Tringa temmincki. Tue Wurrs-raitep Srint.
In honour of Coenraad Jacob Temminck, Keeper of the Leyden Museum, b. 1778,
d. 1858.
g 6" to 6f". Bill 7", black.—Jn winter: Above brown, with dusky
streaks. Four central tail-feathers ash-brown. Laterals, throat, belly,
aud undertail pure white.

72 SCOLOPACID.

886. Tringa platyrhyncha. Tue Broap-BiLtiep Srtin7.
mAatus = broad; puyxos = a bill.

3 61" to 7". Legs dusky. Bull 1” to 13", black. Sexes same size.
Bill flat and slightly bent.—Jn winter: Above, tail, breast, and under-
tail tinged rufous.—Jn summer: Above black, edged rufous. Black
breast-spots.

Tringa sibirica, Tue Eastern Srinr.

In summer: Crown and above broadly margined bright rufous.
Upper throat unspotted. (S. F. v. 344.)

Genus EURINORHYNCHUS.

ed = well; piv = nose; puyxos = a bill.

Bill with tip expanded. Toes well cleft. Small outer web.

887. Eurinorhynchus pygmeus. THe Spoon-siniup Stn.

3 64". Legs black. Bill 1", black. Forehead white. Tail-coverts
dark. Shafts white, tipped black. Lower parts snow-white.

Genus CALIDRIS.

kddwSpus or oxddcdpis = a speckled water-bird in Aristotle. Derivation unknown.

No hind toe. Web very small.

888. Calidris arenaria. Tur SanpERLING.

Arenaria = pertaining to sand, arena.

PHALAROPUS. ba

3 73" to 8"; 1302. Legs black. Bill 1", black.—Jn winter: Ashy.
Shafts brown. Head, edge of wing, and tail deep grey.—In summer :
Head and cheeks black. Back, neck, and breast reddish, with black
spots.

Subfamily PHALAROPIN&. PHALAROPES or LOBEFOOTS.

Toes bordered by lobes. Plumage dense. Males incubate ; female
forsakes nest.

Inhabit north regions. Appearance in India occasional and acci-
dental. Of dense plumage, said to swim and dive well. Yarrelli classes
them with Coots. Males alone incubate, females forsaking nest and
leading a wandering life.

Genus PHALAROPUS.

Phalaropus, from dadapis = a Coot, in classical Greek, which is from Pddapos =
haying a patch of white (on its forehead); wovs = a foot.

Feet lobed.
(i.) Bill broad.
889. Phalaropus fulicarius. Tue Common Puararope.
Fillicarius = like a Coot, fitlica.

3 8h". 9 8". Legs green. Bill {", red, tip brown.—Jn winter :
Forehead and crown white. Grey nape-streak. White bar on wing.
Beneath white.

(ii.) Bill pointed.
890. Phalaropus hyperboreus, Tue Lesser Paararore.

Hyperboréus = northern; imepBdpeos = beyond Boreas, “at the back of the north
wind ;” from imép = above, and Bopeas = the north wind, the north.

3d 63". Legs green. Bill 2”, dusky.—Jn winter: Crown brown.
Back and tail brown, edged red.—Jn summer: Above black, edged red.
Neck red.

74 SCOLOPACID A.

Subfamily ToTANINa&. SANDPIPERS.

Bill moderate, tip hard and pointed. Outer toe joined by web to
middle one. Change of plumage in summer to black or dusky beneath,
and not rufous.

Migratory birds scattered in both hemispheres. Winter visitants to
India, breeding in North and Central Europe and Asia. They pick up
small crustacea and molluscs from the surface, and do not insert their
bills deeply like Snipes and Stints. Several are solitary in their habits.

Genus ACTITIS.

Bill long, straight, and grooved to tip. Slight change for summer
plumage.

891. Actitis glareola, Tur Srorrep Sanppirer.
Glaréola, a diminutive from glaréa = gravel, from its haunting gravelly places.
Chupka, Chobaha, India; Chinna ulanka (Telugu).
3 82" to 9". Legs green. Bill 13", green, tip black.—In winter :
Forehead and above deep brown, with grey spots. ‘Tail barred black
and white; laterals white-spotted.—Jn summer: Back with black spots.

892. Actitis ochropus. THe Gremn SanppiPer.

Ochropus, from dypés = pale yellow, and wovs = a foot.
Nella ulanka (Telugu).

3 92" to 101". Legs green. Bill 14", green, tip black.—Jn winter :
Above ashy, tinged green, with edging of small white spots. ‘Tail, basal
third white, rest white barred brown.—Jn summer: Darker, greener,
and more spotted.

893. Actitis hypoleucos. Tur Common Sanprirer.

Hypoleucos = inddeveos, which generally = whitish (pale from the ordinary sense of
tmé in composition, “ somewhat”), but here plainly = white underneath. — It was the
bird’s common medizeval name.

Potti ulanka (Telugu).

3 72" to 81", Legs pale green. Bill 1’, dusky. In winter and
summer the same. Above and four central tail-feathers glossed green,
with cross brown lines. Quills, except first two, with spot on inner

web.

~I
on

ACTITIS.—TOTANUS.

893. Actitis hypoleucos.

Genus TOTANUS.
Totdnus, Latinized from the Italian Tétano. Derivation unknown.

Bill distinctly curved, groove not extending to tip.

894, Totanus glottis. Tux Common GREENSHANKS.

yAe@rris = mouth of the windpipe.
Tim timma, Jndia; Gotra, Bengal.

g 13"to15". Legs greenish. Bill 2" to 22", dusky.—Jn winter and
summer the same. ‘Tail cross-barred and laterals white, with narrow
streak on outer web. Head white, with brown streaks. Back brown,
edged yellow.

895. Totanus stagnatilis, Tur Lesser GreEnsHaNks.
Stagnatilis = pertaining to ponds.
Chota gotra, Bengal.

g 102". Legspale green. Bill 18", dusky.—Jn winter : Ash-brown.
Quills brown, shafts white. Cheeks, neck, breast, and flanks spotted
brown.—ZJn summer: Beneath small, round, black spots.

896. Totanus fuscus, THe Srorren RepsHanks.
Fuscus = dusky.
Batan, India; Yerra Kal ulanka (Telugu).
3 13"; 71 to9 oz. Legs orange-red. Bill 24", orange, tip black’

—In winter: Black patch near eye. Central tail ash-grey ; outer tail
G2

76 SCOLOPACID.

vandyked white.—In summer: Vent and lower tail barred white and

brown.

896. Totanus fuscus.

897. Totanus calidris, THe Common RepsHanks.

kaAwdpis or oxddcdprs = a speckled water-bird, in Aristotle.
Chota battan, India.

30-10-76.

HIMANTOPUS.—RECURVIROSTRA. 77

gd 103" to 113”; 6 oz. Legs pale red. Bill 13", red, tip dusky.
Above brown. Darker shafts white and brown.
Known in flight by white on wing.

Family HIMANTOPID. = Stiuts and Avocets.

Bill very long and very thin, sometimes recurved. Plumage black
and white. Legs long.

Found in most parts of the globe. Breed in north region of
N. Africa. Rarely if ever swim. When flying have peculiar Tern-like
call. Avocets, from their strongly webbed feet, were classed by Tem-
minck and others near the Flamingo.

Genus HIMANTOPUS.

Himantépus = a kind of water-bird, in Oppian (cire. a.p. 180); from inas = a thong,
and rots = a foot.

Bill twice as long as head. Long thin legs.

898. Himantopus candidus. THe Common Srirr.

Candidus = of a glistening white.
Gaj-paon, India; Lalgori, Lamgora, Bengal.

3 153". Legs lake-red. Bill 22", red, tip black. Back, neck, and
tail grey. Wing, back of head black, glossed green. Rest white.

Genus RECURVIROSTRA.

Recurvirostra, from récurvus = turned back, and rostrwm = the beak.

Bill turned up, channelled above and below.

899. Recurvirostra avocetta. Tur Common Avocet.

The Italian name ; said to be connected with avis = a bird.
Kusya-chaha, Behar.

3 18". Legs pale grey. Bill 33”, black. Crown, nape, lesser
coverts, and quills black ; the rest white.

78 PALAMEDEIDA.—PARRID~A,

Tribe LATITORES.

Latito, avi, atum, v.n., to lurk, skulk, &c., to be in the habit of concealing one’s self.

Feet very large. Hind toe large. Wings short, often spurred.

Family PALAMEDEID/. Screamers.

Peculiar to America. Feet very large, covered with short skin.
Small soft plumes on neck. Of large size. One species (P. cornuta)
inhabiting marshes on north parts of S. America, and the other
(Chauna) peculiar to north of 8. and C. America.

Family PARRID.

Feet enormous. Claws strong. Wings spurred.

Subfamily ParRRIN#&. JACANAS.
Parra = a bird of ill-omen; supposed to be the Wheatear.

Size moderate. Feet and claws very long and thin.

Jacanas, as called in America, are found in the warmer parts of Asia,
Africa, and America. They walk or run easily over the plants that
float on the water. Not distantly removed from Ostriches and Casso-
waries, they also resemble Megapodius. They differ from Rails in
their more plump form. The fact of females being much larger than
males militates: against their association with Plovers. The genus
Parra is restricted to America.

Genus METOPIDIUS.

petamidios = on the forehead.

With forehead-lappet. Short tail.

900. Metopidius indicus. Tur Bronzep-wine Jacana.
Dal-pipi, Bengal; Kattoi, Purneah.
3 10"; 9 12". Legs green. Bill vellow.—Jn winter : Face white.

Crown chestnut. Front-lappet wanting.—In summer: Rich green,
with purple reflections. Back and lower tail chestnut.

HYDROPHASIANUS.

901. Hydrophasianus chirurgus, 8. Doi

g, E. Narra, 228-75.

80 RALLID ZA.

Genus HYDROPHASIANUS.

top = water; pacavds = Pheasant.

No forehead-lappet. Tail very long.

901. Hydrophasianus chirurgus. Tae Paessant-rartep Jacana.

xetpoupyos = a surgeon.
Piho, India; Dalkukra, Bengal.

3 18”; 9 20’. Legs green. Bill blue, tip green.—Jn winter: Hair
brown, barred white. Golden eye-line.—In summer : Head white, with
black mark on crown. Above olive. Tail black. First and fourth
quills tipped with white.

Family RALLIDZ:.
Rallus = thin.
Bill short and wedge-shaped. Large feet. Tail short or none.
Wing rounded, often with spur.
Extensively represented in Australia and Oceania; less so in

Malayan Islands. General aspect and partially vegetable diet give
them the appearance of Gallinaceous birds.

Subfamily GALLINULIN&.

Base of bill in many expands into a frontal plate. Toes bordered by
narrow web.
Scattered generally throughout the world.

Genus PORPHYRIO.

Porphyrio = roppupiav = a red-coloured water-bird known to the Greeks; from
moppupa = purple.

Base of bill prolonged to top of head.

902. Porphyrio neglectus. Tue Puree Coor.
Keim, Kharim, India; Kem, Bengal; Nila bolakodi (Telugu).

3 18" to 19". Legs brick-red. Bill red, with spot. Wing-coverts
pale blue. Breast pure blue. Undertail white.

FULICA.—GALLINULA. 81

Genus FULICA.
Fulicé = a Coot, in classical Latin; akin to dad-axpds = bald-headed.

Shield on forehead. Second and third quills longest.

903, Fulica atra. Tue Bap Coor.

Atra = black.
Dasari, India; Bara godhan, Purneah; Boli kodi (Telugu).

3 15" to 16". Legs with three garters. Bill white. Head and
neck deep black. Underparts ashy.—In young: Underparts grey.

Fulica personata.

¢ 22". Legs light green. Bill orange. Hind toe has no lobe or
web. Tail of 18 feathers, much rounded. Crown bluish grey. Sides
drab. Breast, abdomen, lower tail-coverts white. Back and scapulars
dark brown.

Genus GALLICREX.

Bill passes over forehead into a horn on top of the head.

904. Gallicrex cristatus, Ture Common Warter-cock.
Kora, Khora, India.
3 16" to 17"; 2 14". Legs, g dull red; ? dull green. Bill red,

tip yellow.—Jn summer : Male dull black, edged brown. Edge of wing
white.—Female : Brown, edged fulvous. Beneath barred brown.

Genus GALLINULA.

Gallintla = a chicken; diminutive of gallina = a hen.

Small fore shield. Second, third, and fourth quills subequal. Same
as “Gallicrex ;” but smaller.

905. Gallinula chloropus. Tue Common Warer-nen.
Chloropus = green-footed, from yAwpds + rods.
Godhan, Behar; Jumbu Kodi (Telugu) ; Jal murghi, Bengal.
g 13"; 9 12". Legs with orange garter. Bill red, tip yellow.
Head grey. Above olive. Beneath grey. Flanks streaked white.
Undertail white.

$2

RALLIDZ.

LEE

BD
=

22-10-75.

903. Fulica atra.

GALLINULA.—PORZANA. 83

Gallinula burnesi. Ture Smatyn Warer-HEN.
Gajra, Sind.

3 113"; 211". Legs olive-green. Front-plate small or wanting.
Chin and throat white.

907. Gallinula phenicura. THe Warre-sreastep WatER-HEN.
bowixovpos = a bird.

Dawak, India; Kureyn, Gondwarra; Kurayi, Sind.

3 123". Legs green. Bill ridge orange. Above black, with green
reflections. Beneath chestnut.

Subfamily RatLina#. Rats.

No frontal plate. Beak much compressed. Plumage soft and loose,
brown, streaked, and often banded. Sexes alike in colour. Mostly
of small size. Found in most parts. Many true Rails in America.
The Corn-Crake (Crex pratensis) is common in Afghanistan.

Genus PORZANA.

Porzana, the Italian name; also written Sforzana (Salvadori) and Forzane. Of
unknown derivation.

Bill equals length of head, somewhat narrowed in middle. Wings
rounded. ‘Tail short. Toes long, slender, and smooth. Sharp claws.

908. Porzana akool. Tur Brown Rat.
d 103" to 12"; 4to6Goz. 93 10" to 112"; 34 to 5 0z. Legs dull
lake-red. Bill green.—Male: Head black. Above olive-brown.
Wings and tail dusky. Undertail deep brown. White chin.

909. Porzana maruetta. Tue Sporrep Ratt.

Maruetta, Latinized from the French la Marouette. The word is probably not
Italian, as it is not mentioned by Salvadori.

Khairi, Bengal; Venna-mudi-kodi (Telugu).

¢ 81" to 9"; 3 to 40z. Legs bright green. Bill orange and
yellow. Above olive-brown, blotched. All feathers spotted and
streaked white. Nape black and white.

84 RALLIDZ.

Porzana parva. Tue Lirtie Rate.

3 8'; 12302. 2 72" to 8"; 14 toltoz. Legs yellow-green. Bill
yellow-green, red base. Throat and breast ashy, banded white on
abdomen. Above dark brown, splotched black.

910. Porzana pygmea. THe Piemy or Baition’s Ratt.

BarLiont, in honour of Louis Antoine Frangois Baillon, of Abbeville, who died
about 1855. He first found the species in Picardy, and gave Vieillot details of its
habits &e.

3 6)" to 72"; 1 to2oz. Legs yellow-green. Bill 2", dark green.
Above yellow-brown, with white irregular spots black-edged. Beneath
grey. Undertail black, with white cross-bar.

911. Porzana fusca. Tue Ruppy Ratu.

3 72" to 83". Legs red. Bill red, tip green. Above olive-brown.
Vent and undertail barred white. Head and breast deep red.

Porzana bicolor, Exwes’s Rat.

g 8’ to 9". Legs brown. Bill greenish. Head, neck, and breast
ashy. Back and wings chestnut. (H. & M. il. 217.)

Porzana cinerea. THE Wuity-Brown Ratt.

d 83"; 2102. Legs green. Bill brown-red. Above dark brown,
mottled. Belew white. Black eye-streak.

Porzana fasciata. THe Maayan Banpep Ratt.

3 82" to 93"; 22 to 43 oz. Legs coral-red. Bill slaty. Orbital
ring, gape, and skin of chin vermilion. Chin and throat whitish.
Sides of neck and breast chestnut. Above chestnut. Abdomen heavily
banded black and white. (H. & M. i. 235.)

912, Porzana ceylonica, Tue Banpep Ratt.
& 932" to 102”. Legs pale green. Bill 13", green. Same as
P. fusca, but larger—Male: Crown, nape, and back of neck rich
chestnut ; but in female same colour as the back.

RALLUS. 85

Genus RALLUS.

Rallus, the Latinized form of the French Zédle (spelt Ras/e in Bélon, 1555); our
Rail, Dutch Ral; akin to ratéle.

Bill longer, tip slightly curved and grooved for 3 of length. Fore-
head spiny.

Rallus canningi, THe Anpamanesr Banpep Crake.
Crex = xpe&, a Rail, in classical Greek. Cf. xpéka = I strike so as to sound.

6 13" to 144”. Legs olive-green. Bill 12”, pale green. Head,
neck, and above chestnut. Below black, banded white. (H. & M.
li. 241.)

913. Rallus striatus. Une Biue-sreastep Ratt.
Wade-kodi (Telugu).

3 92" to 113”; 33 to5 oz. Legs dingy pink. Bill 14”, reddish.
Above olive, with narrow white bars edged black. Vent and under-
tail dull, with white bands. Face, neck, and breast blue-grey. White
banding on wings.

Rallus obscurior. Tur AnpaMANEsE Banpep Ratt.

6 114" to 123". Legs slaty green. Bill 13". Indian-red. Face,
sides of neck, and breast lead-grey. Forehead and crown dark maroon.
Above dark brown, banded white. (H. & M. i. 253.)

914, Rallus indicus. Tue Invian Rai.

3 102" to 12"; 44 to6 oz. Legs dingy pink. Bill 14”, dull red.
Above olive-brown, with black streaks. Streak below eye. Under-
tail white, rufous, and black.

Rallus aquaticus. Tae Warer-Rait.
Aquaticus = living in or by the water, dqua.

$12"; 3 to 50z. Legs flesh-brown. Bill 13”, red. More grey
than R. indicus. No facial stripe. (H. & M. ii. 261.)

86 CICONIIDA.

(B) Young helpless at birth.
Tribe CULTIROSTRES.

Culter = a knife; rostrum = a bill.

Bill thick, poimted or slightly curved. Wings ample. Hind toe on
same plane as anterior.

Srorks have bill very stout and thick, and are of large size.

Herons have bill more slender and pointed, with middle toe more or
less serrated.

Isises have bill more or less curved.

Family CICONIID/. Srorxs.

Bill large, long, and straight. All anterior toes joined at base. Of
large size.

Inhabit India and its Archipelago, Africa, and America. Flight
powerful. A few migratory and gregarious. Breed in lofty trees.
Giants of the Bird Kingdom.

Genus LEPTOPTILOS.

Aemtés = thin; mrihov = a wing.
Bill enormous. Head more or less nude. Undertail somewhat
decomposed, and called Marabou feathers.

915. Leptoptilos argala, THE Gicanric or Apsutant Stork.
Hargila, Dusta, India; Chaniari-dank, Bengal; Garur, N. W. P.; Pini-gala-
konga (Telugu).
¢ 60". 9 55". Legs grey-white. Bill 12", greenish. Head bare,
with Jong neck-pouch. Wing-band silver-grey, very conspicuous.
Above slaty, glossed green.—In winter: No wing-band and pouch
yellowish.

916. Leptoptilos javanica. Tue Harr-crestep or Smati
ADJUTANT STORK.
Madan-chur, Bengal; Chinjura, India; Bang-gor, Purneah; Dodal-konga
(Telugu).
¢ 54! Legs dirty black. Bill 10", dirty. Bald, bare neck. Thin
mane. White neck-ruff. Above gloss-green, faintly barred.

MYCTERIA.—-CICONTIA. 87

Genus MYCTERIA.

puxTnpi¢m = to turn up the nose.

Bill large, solid. Tip ascending.

917. Mycteria australis, Tue Brack-necxep Srork.
3 52" to 56”. Legs red. Bill black. Under plumage white, rest
glossy green.

Genus CICONIA.

Ciconia = a Stork, in classical Latin. Cognate with cano = I sing, kikvos = a Swan,
kavaxn = a sharp sound, kévaBos = a din.

Bill convex above; tip below inclining upwards. Toes strongly
webbed. Third and fourth quills longest.

918. Ciconia nigra, THe Brack Srork.
Surmai, India.
3 44"; 9 lbs. 9 393”; 74 Ibs. Legs dark red. Bill blood-red.
Breast and abdomen white; rest blackish, with purple reflections.

919. Ciconia alba. Tue Wuire Srorx.
Laglag, India; Dhak, N. W. P.; Wadume konga (Telugu).
gd 42’. Legs red. Baill blood-red. Greater coverts and quills
black, rest white.

920. Ciconia leucocephala, THe Wnuire-nEecKkEp Stork.
Manikjor, Kali, Laglag, India; Kandesur (Mahratta) ; Sanku-budi-konga
(Telugu).
3 36" to 37". Legs dull red. Bill dusky. Neck and tail white ;
rest black-glossed. Face and ear-patch nude.

Family ARDEIDA. Herons.

Bill very sharp and deeply cleft. Outer toe only joined to middle
one. Middle toe more or less serrated.

Subfamily PsopHina». 'TRUMPETERS.

Inhabit Tropical South America. Two genera, Psophia and Cariama.

88 ARDEIDA.

Subfamily ARDEINZ.
Genus ARDEA.

Ardéa =a Heron, in Virgil, Georg. i. 564. Cognate with the classical Greek
epwd.s, of which the supposed primitive form, pwdids, occurs in Hipponax (about
546 B.c.). Old Norse arta = a Teal.

Bill with groove from nostrils towards tip. Outer toe joined to
middle one by web. Second, third, and fourth quills subequal and
longest.

921. Ardea goliat. Tue Grant Heron.

Darya anjan, Bengal.

3 60". Legs black. Bill dusky, tip green. Stands nearly 4 feet.
Upper plumage grey. Short brown crest. Below chestnut-brown.—
Young have dense crest.

922. Ardea fusca. Tur Dusky Heron.
Anjan, Bengal; San barado, Sind.

3 46". Legs green-grey. Bill yellow. Narrow crest as long as 8”.
Breast-plumes and long scapulars silver-grey.

Ardea sumatrana.
3 50”. Legs dirty green. Bill yellowish. A sea-coast bird. Breast,
abdomen, Jower tail-coverts, wing-lining, axillaries, and lower back

dirty ash. Broad bare space above and below the eye dirty green.
Above slaty. (S. F. vi. 469.)

923. Ardea cinerea. THE Common Heron.
Cinerea = ash-coloured, from cinis = ashes.
Kabud, India; Anjan, Sada-kanka, Bengal; Saa, Sind; Khyra, Behar; Nar-
raina pachi (Telugu); Narrayan (Tamil).
3¢ 39". Legs brown. Bill dark yellow. Narrow crest of black.
Neck white. Long grey scapulars. Neck-feathers spotted black, form
pectoral plume.

924, Ardea purpurea. Tne Purrie Heron.
Nari, India; Lalkank, Bengal; Pamula nari-gadu (Telugu).

3 36" to 42", Legs red-brown. Bill deep yellow. Three narrow
black cheek-bands. Scapulars purple, forming plume.

HERODIAS.—DEMIEGRETTA. 89

Genus HERODIAS.

epwdids = a Crane.
Bill slender and straight. Neck long. ‘Tibia naked for half its
length. Plumage white.

Herodias alba. Tue Great Waite Heron or Earer.

Bill 5”, yellow in winter, black in summer.—IJn summer: No crest.
No pectoral plumes. Dorsal train long, of decomposed feathers
extending 5” beyond tail. (S. F. vi. 480.)

925. Herodias torra. Tur Inp1An Larce Wuite Heron.

¢ 36". Legs black. Bill 33" to 43"; yellow in winter, black in
summer.—IJn summer: No crest, no pectoral plumes. Dorsal train
extends about 4” beyond tail. Orbital skin pea-green.

926. Herodias intermedia. THe Smatter Wuite Heron or Ecret.
Patokha bagla, India.
3 27” to 28". Legs black. Bill 22” to 3”; yellow in winter, black

in summer.—Zn summer: No crest. Pectoral plume of long decomposed
feathers. Dorsal train extending about 7’ beyond tail.

927. Herodias garzetta. Tue Lirrte Ware Heron or Earer.
Kilchia, India; Nella muka konga (Telugu).
3 24" to 25". Legs black. Bill 3" to 32", black.—In summer : Crest
on head of two or three feathers 5” to 6" long. Dorsal train curving
up, scarcely extending beyond tail. Pectoral plume of narrow ordinary

feathers.
Herodias eulophotes.

3 27". Legs green-black. Bill 34" to 4", black.—Jn summer: Crest
full of numerous narrow feathers, the longest 43”. Dorsal train and
pectoral plume of narrow ordinary feathers. (S. F. vi. 480.)

Genus DEMIEGRETTA.
Adult dark. Young birds white.

928. Demiegretta gularis. Tue Asuy Ecrer.

3 24" to 272". Legs black. Billred-yellow. Crest onhead. Short
dorsal train. Breast plumes narrow and pointed.—In winter: Throat
only white.

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DEMIEGRETTA.—BUTORIDES. 91

Demiegretta sacra.

$ 21" to 24", Legs green. Bill yellowish.—In summer: Above
slate. Head almost black. Pectoral and dorsal plumes slate-grey.
Crest about 1". (S. F. ii. 305.)

Genus BUPHUS.

Bill stout and curved at tip.

929. Buphus coromandus. Tue Cartie Eerer.
Doria bagla, Gai bagla, Bengal; Samti konga (Telugu).
¢ 21". Legs greenish. Bill yellow in winter, orange in summer.

Head, crest, breast, and dorsal plumes golden buff.—Jn winter: Plu-
mage white.

Genus ARDEOLA.

Ardeéla, diminutive of Ardéa. Ardéa, @, f. = épwdids = a Heron (Virgil, Georg. i.
364).

Tibia feathered to the knee nearly.

930. Ardeola grayi. THe Pappy-Birp or Ponp-Heron.

3 183". Legs dull green. Bill blue, yellow, and black. Crest
white. Neck yellow. Back maroon.—In winter: Head, breast, and
thigh fulvous.

Ardeola prasinosceles.

3 21"; 11 oz. Legs bright orange. Bill black, yellow, and pale
blue. Chin and neck-stripe white. Head and back of neck chestnut.
Crest of long pointed feathers; longest 4”. Breast and side-feathers
disintegrated. Back black; rest of bird white. (8. F. 11. 481.)

Genus BUTORIDES.
Inner toe short. Neck thick and short.

931. Butorides javanica. Tue Green Heron.

¢ 16" to 17". Legs greenish. Bill black and yellow. Head black.
Back green. Central line to breast white.
H2

92 ARDEID.

Genus ARDETTA.

Ardetta, diminutive of Ardea = a Heron, on the analogy of the Italian Garzetta Ke.
In Pliny the diminutive is Ardedla.

Toes long, and claws strong. Of small size.. Of nocturnal habits.
These may be said to be Birrerns with Eerer bills.

932. Ardetta flavicollis. THe Brack Birrern.

¢ 23" to 24". Legs pale brown. Bill red-brown.—Jn summer :

Golden stripe on sides of neck. Neck-feathers mixed white, brown,
and black.

Ardetta cinnamomea. Tue Cuestnut Bittern.

3 16”. Legs greenish. Bill yellow. Pectoral gorget dark brown
in centre.— Young birds: Feathers brown, with yellow edges.

934. Ardetta sinensis. THe YELLow Bittern.

¢ 14" to 15". 2602. Legs pale green. Bill pale yellow. Top of
head, quills, and tail black.

935. Ardetta minuta. Tue Lirrie Birrern.

Minita = small, from miniio = I diminish.

¢ 14". Legs greenish. Bill yellow. Head, back, and tail black.

Genus BOTAURUS.

Botaurus = a Bittern, in late Latin; probably akin to our “ Bittern.” French butor,
&e. Certainly not derived from bos+tawrus, though perhaps confused therewith in
popular etymology.

Long lax feathers. Plumage game. Toe longer than tarsus.

936. Botaurus stellaris. Tue Common Birrern.

3 26" to 30". Legs greenish. Bill yellow and brown. Moustache
black. Neck yellow, with brown spots.

Genus GOISAKIUS.
Short thick neck. Middle toe shorter than the tarsus.

Goisakius melanolophus.
2 17"to19"; 21b. Mantle dull chestnut, finely barred black-brown.

NYCTICORAX.—TANTALUS. 93

Rump and upper tail-coverts slate. First three primaries blackish,
broadly tipped white; others tipped chestnut. Wing-lining, axillaries,
flanks, and under tail-coverts barred black and white. (S. F. ii. 512.)

Genus NYCTICORAX.

vuxtixopaé = a Nightjarin Aristotle, a Screech-Owl in the Anthology (xi. 186) ; but
strictly a ‘ Night-Raven,” from viE-+«édpaé.

Third quill longest. Tarsus scaled.

937. Nycticorax griseus. Tur Common Nicut-Heron.
3 21" to 24". Legs greenish. Bill black. LHye-streak white. Back
black, glossed green. Crest of narrow feathers fitting into each other.
The Boat-bill of South America (Cancroma cochlearia) is evidently a
Heron; the Whale-bill of Africa (Baleniceps rex) is another nearly
related form, and the Umbre (Scopus umbretta) is usually considered
as belonging to this family.

Family TANTALIDA.

Bill hard, long, cylindrical, and curved. Front toes joined at base
by web.

The Ibises and Spoonbills are said not to belong to the same group
as Herons. They inhabit warmer parts of Asia, Africa, and America.
They hunt about for their food.

Subfamily TANTALINA.

Bill very large, thick, rounded, and smooth.

Genus TANTALUS.

Tantalus, King of Phrygia, ancestor of the Pelopide (akin to rd\avroy, radavtaa,
ravrddow), probably in relation to the mythological story of his hanging balanced over
water.

Tip of bill bent down, emarginated.

938. Tantalus leucocephalus, Tue Pecican Inis.

3 42". Legs fleshy. Bill deep yellow. Plumage white. Tertiaries
rosy, with darker band and tipped white.

94 TANTALID.

Subfamily PLATALEINA.
Bill broad, flat, and depressed.

Genus PLATALEA.

Platdléa = the Spoonbill, in Cicero, N. D. ii. 49,124. Platéa, in Pliny, H. N. x.
40, 56, probably from mAatvs = broad.

Bill like a spatula. Second quill longest.

939. Platalea leucorodia. Tuer Sroonsitt Isis.

Leucorédia = the late Latin form of Aevkepwdids; from AevKds = white, epwdids =
a Heron.

¢ 31” to 36”. Legs black. Bill black, tip yellow. Breast-patch
buff-yellow, extending towards back. Crest long.—Female smaller.

Subfamily ANASTOMATINA.

Bill thick, coarse, and gaping in the middle.

Genus ANASTOMUS.

“Ava = up and down; ordéya = a mouth.

Second and third quills subequal.

940. Anastomus oscitans. Tue Suetx Isis.

¢ 29" to 32”. Legs fleshy. Bill green. Plumageash-grey. Wing
and tail black. Some nearly white, supposed to be adults.

Subfamily IBIsina«.
iis = the Ibis, an Egyptian bird to which divine honours were paid.

Bill long, thin, curved, and channelled. Breed on trees.

Genus THRESKIORNIS.
Head and neck nude and black.

941. Threskiornis melanocephalus, THe Wuire Isis.

3 29". Legs black. Bill black. Plumage white, glossed green.
Tertiaries with open barbs.

GERONTICUS. 95

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Genus GERONTICUS.

yeporrixds = old age, or belonging to an old man.

Top of head nude. Tarsus scaled.

942. Geronticus papillosus. THe Kine Curtew or Bracx Isis.

g 25!" to 30"; 31 Ibs. Legs brick-red. Bill leaden. Plumage black.
Red warts on back of head. Wings and tail steel-blue. Sexes alike.

Geronticus davisoni.

$ 82" to 324"; 83Lto4|lbs. Legs coral-red. Bill plumbeous. Head
black ; anterior portion only covered with small brown warts; none on
crown and occiput. Broad white necklet. (S. F. ii. 300.)

Genus FALCINELLUS.
Falz, falcis, £. = a sickle.

Face nude.

943. Falcinellus igneus. Tue Grossy Isis.

3 22’. Legs with blue garter. Bull blackish. Head, breast, and
below chestnut; rest dark green, glossed purple.—Young: Ash-brown,
with white markings.

NATALTORES:

WATER BIRDS.

(SWIMMERS.)

NATATORES.

Order.

WATER BIRDS.

FRET MORE OR LESS FULLY WEBBED.

Hind toe smnall or wanting.

Legs placed far back. Plumage thick and close, with quantity of down.

Sub-
order.

Young following the parent as soon as hatched.

Young requiring to be fed for a time.

Tribe.

LAMELLIROSTRES. — Broad
bill, covered with soft skin and
edged with thin lamelle; the
tip alone hommya, ai). +---..es .

MERGITORES. — Bill __ long,
straight, and pointed. Hind toe
Lolbed!. (2 eh at. See 2 ak =) Sa ierehcene

VAGATORES.—Bill hooked at
tip or pointed. Wings long and
PDOWUIGOD. 2" tle aie wee ens eer ents

PISCATORES. — Feet entirely
webbed, and hind toe joined to
inner {front toe by web. Legs
stiGrt: - 17.6" ju eee eee

URINATORES.— Usually three
toes only, or with small hind toe
pointing forwards ........++.-

Food chiefly vegetable.

Fcod chiefly fishes, crustacea, or insects.

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PHCENICOPTERIDA&
Bill suddenly bent dow)

CYGNIDZE.— Lengthens
high at base and of ect
very large size. Sexes

ANSERIDZ2.—Bill she}
hind. Plumage of sex

ANATIDA.— Bill broac
width or wider at tip,
differ greatly .......

MERGIDZ:.—Bill cyli
well bent over. Head

COLYMBIDZ.— Short
Anterior toes complet
preference to fresh wat

PODICIPIDA®.—Toes :
web. ‘Tail almost wii
ie Head often tufted. Y

( PROCELLARIDZ.—.
as if joined. Nostrils >

LARIDZ:. — Nostrils
generally present. Pl)
and browil 5.e.0<0%-

( PHAETONID:. — C
Bill finely dentated

SULID.— Bill stout.
ATTAGENIDZE.— Bi!)

GRACULIDA.— Bill 7)
Tail stiff. Plumage }\

ALCIDAS.— Bill high ;}
toe. Three anterior t
Fly badly. Swim an

SPHENISCIDA&.— Ws

kind of fin, with scal:fe
{| onthe sea ......-5 .

* Not reyjs

y.

neck. Short legs. Bill
| breadth throughout. Of
fe; no seasonal change ..

narrower in front than be- .

iffers slightly..........-.

at base than high, of equal
h numerous lamellee. Sexes

Deies we ee Reet te eeenersee

eal, edged with teeth; tip
ve or less crested

eee eee ee

il, and can stand upright.
webbed. Frequent seas in

Dee secs eee Peeesseeeereees

, bordered with large loose
ne. Under-plumage silky.
i striped black and white. .

much hooked, and appears
tained in one tube

me ee «©. 8

sar und basal. Hind toe
age ervey and white, or black

ps G@eneecsnecesececeeeeneere

Maps Seen eceoee te eeveeeees eo

aeape Oy ste 8

eee ee eee ee

pill, with pouch

indric, hooked, and grooved.

Suetets) eine sq ve tie. 6 ¢ 8\¢ 018 no 08

sharp on culmen. No hind
fully webbed. Short wings.
MATAR Ss cs sigs iicres va

‘s reduced in some cases to a
athers. Live almost entirely

ented in India.

|

i

~~. - =

L
(
}

L
}
|
|

L HALODROMIN A
; LESTRIDINAE

I

|
o}
\

Subfamily.

WAG) € Shyeve (e/.6

ANSERIEN AY. co5 oes oe ees
CEREOPSIN As
PLECTROPTERINE

WEECOPODIN AMS. 25%

TADORNIN 4

enc oc Cob 0! 0

ANATIN

FULIGULIN

DIOMEDIN 4&
PROCELLARIN A
PUFFININS

ph CO Oo GameorORe
© ws cve.e eee

LARIN As

COA OCC Os Gan CID

STERNIN UE

These might all be
included under}
one family:— }

PELECANID.

= Via

ALCIN&

URIIN Ai

Coa ae OV ok PI We a

eee eens

Genus Page

EM ATEUNG ORS) ursicare ecera. a) o o¥e cae 101
SWAIN St reg eects tar OR ee ecemal ener cpshere se 103
PIMs Gist Epis se susiey ete atte eey otic et LO4
New-HoLtuanD GEESE* ...... 107
SPuR GRESED =. cscs dss << 107
Conmnone Le Aina oer 108
\iiendspamue(e! AMoyN 95 gino poo boot 108
Gini DAURGE Siete oy releeneion lero cian= 109
Troe Docks (Rive): oh. 2... 110
ALM AGTrae key cae’ ote Vela yerc\sakei chore Nene, mieKelake 118
Pocwarps (Sra) or Divine

DUCE) <5 oss aiolenskotee woarede conte 121
IMMERIGAINSIERS| - a ctamiiaie octets eel 124

VILE b carats oats esc jaaicesveGiess ee 126
AGE AUR OSSELS Sun teeter ay secn tater: 127
IPRS oo ceuce eeaieeno ie ate che eh 128
IPWREIN EDR USt eee ect mesa. 29
lDinvane(es Jbisametos, oe oo eoa oor c 130
SICUWAGI, yen 5 3d eons 130
(CoTTBIOSH 40 oie a ROO oR eae 131
HANOI RUNIEY Sc) & arith GS ROPER OEE oe aon 136
ING Se oe ke co seroe ces 143
SonskOimasionirsts eo game meOObO Otc 143
MROPICIB UD Siiicls sees tis ere as 144
IRoveiOns) o@anroondd ose mone: 145
MRTGAGH BTID Sao a areraienctcraustete 145
eye Oren abe cor Conon ce Soc 146
GORAIORANTG oe moc sere neler: 147
ID Aras? Gees pon ue or boron otc 149
UI So reese ete ore tees el came eects 149
TTR INS SS) toes coe een rene oi 149
Gam MOS eee ie erecta ees 149
EN GEUENS eae roe Gn eal ict custorers 149

o) ¢' ve: é9

, ~~ M>..
a tet? Pees

101

Order NATATORES. WATER BIRDS.
Swimmers.

So variously organized that few generalizations can be made. The
connections of this order are not very apparent. Some imagine that it
is related on one side through the Geese with the Rasores, others
through the Grebes with the Coots. Again, the Frigate-birds show a
decided tendency towards Raptores. é

FEET MORE OR LESS FULLY WEBBED. Legs placedfar back. Plumage
thick, close, with quantity of down. Hind toe small or wanting.

(A) The young following the parent as soon as hatched.
Tribe LAMELLIROSTRES.

Lamella = a small plate; rostrum = a bill.

Food chiefly vegetable. Broad bill, covered with soft skin and
edged with thin lamelle. The tip alone horny.

Family PHCENICOPTERID 2.

Neck and leg of great length. Bill suddenly bent down. Have
fleshy tongue and anatomical structure of Ducks. Found in warmer
parts of the world.

Genus PH@NICOPTERUS.
owkdrrepos = red-feathered.

Bill high at base and suddenly bent down. First and second quills
subequal and longest. Fifth remix present in wing.

944, Phenicopterus antiquus, Tur Common Framineo.
Bag-hans, Raj-hans, India; Pukonga (Telugu) ; Pu-nari (Tamil).

¢ 52"; 10 lbs. 9 42". Legs rose-red. Bill rosy, black tip.
Plumage rosy white. Quills black.— Young mixed brown and dusky.

=

PHCENICOPTERIDZ.

Co)
=]
fel 0)
Ss
(o}
i
oo
a
oc
E
°
=
n =
S
r=
om
io]
qo
co
—_—
=

Kurrachee, 6-3-6],

944, Phenicopterus antiguas.

PHGQENICOPTERUS.—CYGNUS. 103

Phenicopterus minor, Tue Smatier FiaMineo.
& 33" to 34”. 9? 30". Legs deep red. Bill red, tip black.—IJn
winter: Pale rosy.—In summer: Bright rose, with cherry-coloured
plumes on scapulars. (S. F. i. 35.)

Family CYGNIDZ.

Lengthened neck, but short legs. Bill high at base and of equal
breadth throughout. Of very large size. Feed on seeds, roots of
water-plants, and also on grass. Sexes alike, no seasonal change.

Genus CYGNUS.

Kukvos = a Swan.

Bill covered with short fleshy core that extends in a point to the eye
on each side. Nostrils more or less in middle of bill, rather oblique
and oval. Second and third quills equal and longest. Hund toe short
and without any marginal lobe.

Cygnus olor. Tue Mure Swan.
(The “ Tame Swan ” of Europe.)
~ Olor = a Swan, in classical Latin, especially in poetry. Perhaps a Spanish word.
Cf. Welsh alarch.
Penr, Punjab; Koday, Yarkand.
$552”; 15 lbs. 2 53’; 138 lbs. Legs black. Bill red-orange.
Plumage white, with cream or buff tinge. Tail comparatively long
and wedge-shaped. (H. & M. iii. 41.)

Cygnus musicus. Tur Hooper Swan.
Misicus = musical ; from Misa = the Muse.
3 60"; 19 lbs. 9 52"; 163 Ibs. Legs black. Bill black. No
protuberance on bill. Basal part of bill bright yellow. Frontal
feathers prolonged into an angle. Plumage white. (H.& M. ii. 47.)

Cygnus bewicki. Berwicx’s Sway.
Bewicki, named after Thomas Bewick (b. 1753, d. 1828), author of the ‘ History of
British Birds.’
3 42" to 50". 2 39!" to 40". Legs black. Bill black. No protu-
berance on bill. Bare space from eye to nostril yellow. Plumage
white and light grey-brown.— Young birds brown.

104 ANSERIDZ.

Family ANSERIDZ.

Bill short, narrower in front than behind. Plumage of sexes differs
slightly. Live in flocks, breeding mostly in Polar regions.

Subfamily ANsERINa«. TRUE GEESE.

Bill short, high at base, and conical. Laminar teeth more or less
exposed. Large heavy body, with long neck and small head.

Genus ANSER.
Anser, anseris = a Goose.

Bill at base as high as head. Of large size and grey plumage. Bill
pale. Legs usually reddish.

945. Anser cinereus. THE Lac or Grey Goose.

Cinéréus = ash-coloured ; from cinéres = ashes.
Raj-hans, Hans, India; Kallank, Karhans, Bhaugulpore; Sona, N. W. P.;
Mogala, Nepal; Kangnai, Manipar; Ghaz, Kashgar.

2 30" to 35"; 52 to 9 lbs. Legs tile-red. Bill fleshy, tip white.
Head and neck dove-brown, tinged grey. Irides deep brown.

Anser segetum. Tue Bean-Goost.
Ségétum =gen. pl. of séges =a cornfield.

9 31”. Legs orange-yellow. Bill black, with orange band. Like
the Grey-lag, but smaller. Colour nearly uniform. (H. & M. ii. 67.)

946. Anser brachyrhynchus, Tue Pinx-roorep Gooss.
Short-beaked, from Bpaxvs + piyyxos.
2 26" to 80"; 6 lbs. 25 lbs. Legs pink. Bill red, nail black.

Head and neck brown. Body brown, with white waves. First and
second primaries bluish, others black.

947. Anser albifrons. THe Wuirte-rrontep or Lavcuine Goose.

Albifrons = with a white forehead ; from albus + frons.

d 26" to 28"; 44 to 54 Ibs. Legs orange. Bill purple, nail white.
Forehead and cheeks white, with brown band. Above ash-brown.
Beneath white, with black cross bands.

‘sna.laud asupy "CFG

ANSER.

Cn ih

4 Ih
A\ HN \
| M\\ \\
\\ « \

“Ray NY

MN \

Ri si We )

BNR i

Nt 4 Hi] i } H \

KY a, Wy TH \\ =
‘ne \ “
Va \ \\

if ‘ TENS SN \

My \ ANY

A Kj, vl ul = SS \y \\
4 Mul My all AN KS \ \) ‘ :

¢
Ne
ay
= SW

, } Ah) y
AAS

JATIN ANT

) \

h

106

ANSERIDZ.

Rookun, 9-12-74,

949, Anser indicus.

ANSER.—SARCIDIORNIS. 107

948. Anser minutus. Tue Dwarr Goose.

fb 22"; 40bs. Legs red. Bill orange. Back and scapulars dark
grey, with cross bands. Primaries grey. Abdomen black, bordered
white. Flanks dark grey.

949, Anser indicus. Tur Barrep-HEADED Goose.

Indicus = Indian; from its native country.

Birooa, Raj-hans, NV. W.P.; Paria, Nepal; Nang-pa, Ladak; Dod-sarle-
hake, Mysore; Neer bathoo, Coimbatore; Kangnai, Manipur ; Badi-hans, Chitta-
gong.

3 2721" to 332"; 4 to 7 lbs. Legs orange. Bill yellow. Two bars
on head and neck. Above ash-grey. Flanks cinnamon.

Subfamily CeREopsina&. NeEw-Ho.ianp GEESE.

Peculiar to Australia. Seldom enter water. Appear to have
affinities both with Rasores and Grallatores.

Subfamily PLECTROPTERIN &.

Wing with one spur or more.

Genus SARCIDIORNIS.

aapxidiov ; from odp& = a bit of flesh, and dps = a bird.

Bill with fleshy boss. Plumage black and white.

950. Sarcidiornis melanonotus. Tue Coms Duck or Biack-
BACKED SPuR Goose.

Nukhta, India; Nukwa, Chota Nagpur; Jutu chillawa (Telugu); Neer-
koli, Coimbatore ; Tanbay, Pegu; Bowkban (Karen).

3 30" to 34”; 6lbs. 2 26". Legs greenish. Bill black. Head
and neck white, spotted. Above black, glossed purple. Back ash-
grey.—Female : No boss on bill.

Subfamily NeETroPpoDIN/#.
Bill small, high at base.

108 ANSERIDA.

Genus NETTOPUS.

yatta = a Duck; from véo = I swim, and mots = a foot.

Bill narrowing in front. Lamelle concealed. Tail rounded, of
12 feathers.

951. Nettopus coromandelicus, Tue Corron Tran or WuitTE-
BODIED Goose TBA.

Girri, India; Gur-gurrah, Etawah; Bullia-hans, Dacca; Ade adla, Rutna-
gat; Chik-sarle-haki, Mysore; Neer-akee, Coimbatore; Karagat, Arakan.

o 12)" to 14’; 8 to ll oz. 9 122" to 122"; 62 to 9oz. Tess
greenish. Bill black. Face, neck, and below white. Black neck-
collar. Above black, glossed brown.—Female: Brown, neck mottled.
No white patch on primaries.

Subfamily TaDoRNIN 2.

Bill more or less raised at base and flattened tip. Plumage more or
less rufous. Sexes nearly alike.

Genus DENDROCYGNA.

devdpov = a tree; KUKvos = a Swan.

Bill large, long, and of uniform width. Second and third and
fourth primaries subequal and longest. No wing-spot.

952. Dendrocygna javanica, THe Common Wuistiine Txat.
Soreil, Saral, Bengal; Silli, India; Chihee, Etawah; Yerra chilluwa
(Telugu); Yerreindi, Quilon; Sisalee, Pegu ; Tingi, Manipur.
3 16" to 18"; 1to1i lbs. Legs dark. Bill black. Head wood-
brown, darkening on to black. Rump and wing-coverts maroon.
Lower surface light chestnut.

953. Dendrocygna fulva, Tur Larce Wuisriine Tear.
Murghabi, Bengal; Badak, Deccan, Yerrinda, Travancore; Silli, India;
Sisalee, Pevu.
f 21"; 12 lbs. 2? 192”; 1h Ibs. Legs dark. Bill leaden. Head
and neck chestnut. In centre of neck a patch of whitish hackles.

Flank-feathers long.

CASARCA.—TADORNA. 109

Genus CASARCA.

Cusarca, & proper name = Goose, in South Russian; Tartar karakchds = black
Goose.

Bill of uniform width, depressed towards tip. Nail large. Brilliant
wing-spot.

954. Casarca rutila. Tue Brauminy Duck or Ruppy
SHELLDRAKE.

Sarkhab, Chakwa, Chakwi, India; Mungh, Sind; Sarza, Sattara; Neer-
bathoo, S. India; Bassana Chilluwa (Telugu); Hintha, Pegu; Surkhed,
Cabul; Hangat, Yarkand.

gd 242" to 27"; 3 to 43 Ibs. 9 212" to 24"; 2 to 3} lbs. Legs
black. Bill black. Neck yellow, with black collar. Upper tail green-
black.—Female smaller and no collar.

955. Casarca scutulata. THe Wuire-wincep SHELLDRAKE.
Sciitiilata = diamond or lozenge-shaped, chequered.

3 28". Legs black. Bill yellow. Head and neck mottled black
and white. Above black-brown. Breast black. (Hume puts these
with “Anas,” H. & M. i. 147.)

Genus TADORNA.

Tadorna, an Italian word, which seems first to occur in Bélon, 1585, as the Latinized
name of a bird.

Bill short, high, swelling at base, and concave in middle. ‘Tip flat
and turning up. Nail hooked.

956. Tadorna cornuta. Tue Burrow Duck or Common
SHELLDRAKE.

Cornita = horned ; from cornu = a horn.

Shah-chakwa, Upper India; Niraji, Sind; Shah moorghabi, Cabul. :

6 23" to 25"; 3 lbs. 9 21" to 22"; 2 Ibs. Legs red. Bill red,
tip black. Brown breast-band, uniting on back. Mesial black line.—
Female : Lower plumage white, mottled brown ; no band.

‘VAVTOTT 'VPNULOI DULOPYT, “OGG

'
4

w
7 oh
AN)

My

Th

SEE tp pj OIA
BELLIED

FEE SEE
PASS oe =< ——Z

ANATIDAL.

110

Ret

Family ANATIDA.

Bill broader at base than high, of equal width or wider at tip, with

Sexes differ greatly.

numerous lamelle.

River-Duvucks.

Subfamily ANATINA.

Bill usually of even width throughout or

Hind toe not bordered.

SPATULA.—ANAS. 111

wider at tip, not raised at base. Numerous fine lamellae. Rapid
flight.

Genus SPATULA.

Spatiila = a small flat instrument, any thing bread like a spoon, spatha.

Bill much dilated. Lamelle very fine and projecting.

957. Spatula clypeata. Tue SHovetier.

Clypéata = armed with a shield, clypeus or clipeus; from its white shield-like gorget.
Tidari, Punana, N. IV. P.; Alipat, Sind; Kanak-aurdak, VYarkand.

gS 19" to 22". 9 18" to 19". Legs orange. Bill brownish. Head,
back, rump, upper and lower tail brown, glossed green. Lesser coverts
grey. Speculum bright green.—Female dark brown, edged whitish.

Genus ANAS.

vytra= a duck, from veo = to swim.

Bill not so deep as wide, of nearly uniform width. Lamelle short.
Nostrils near base of bill.

958. Anas boschas. THe Matziarp or Common Witp Duck.

Nilsir, India; Lilgah, Nepal; Niroji, Sind; Sabz-zurdan, Cabul; Sun, Yar-
kand.

fd 222" to 24"; 21 to 4 lbs. 9 20” to 211"; 2 to 22 lbs. Legs
orange. Bill yellowish. Head emerald-green. Speculum prussian-
blue. Four central tail-feathers curled.Female: Brown, edged
lighter. Head and neck yellowish. Fifth remix absent.

959. Anas pecilorhyncha. Tue Srorrep-sittep Duck.

Garmpai, India; Gugral, VN. W. P.; Hunjur, Sind; Kara, Manipur; Naddun,
Nepal.

¢ 24" to 26"; 2ito3i lbs. 9 22"to 24’; 2 to 23 lbs. Sexes alike.
Browneye-line. Speculum green, with black tip, edged white. Greater

coverts white, edged deep black.
52

ow

Te ANATID.

‘\

ry
Ae Uy Hey My } if 4 if | i
OH) WHA). allt | A
P AREA AIA i | SEN, \
4 LALA ie i, VIN
di" WV VA} { ang! Hit i Baa |), Gr. \
qi: GO AW Uh it) Nh AAA iA tE|! |! \\ a \)
AE NN gia ABW
AUN OAY NAVE OR if Ty tO aeeeenaa | \
TG ue CAMS A MAE Late Ma aly \\\
ee NG :
18 i 4 AA ALn i)
i \ HN a IY

HY)
i nah

A :

ie
it

} (i f Mt ANU
TAIRA YA
oy) MN ny
AN, i WTAE
\\) |

i,
HWA
it iN KNGYA
wai Wy i Mi
\ WN}

Zat
=,
OE

eee =

=,
—z

aS

PLZ

A te

Lag
ZA

—Z7

S

ae,

SP,

=

957, Spatula clypeata.

—s

=:
i — elt
7 path
f |

\\

\ YY

\ \\\W\ \\
AN
AEN

i

uh

Hiri

ll

a Y WwW
~ NR

ANAS 113

SSIS = eee
SO Ci ten: Mhz,
GCUOWOO’ NaC OCs
“' Mee tO MOM te% 4 -
, UieyE ult (begat fs CMupirtr,,
pe LOTT : WA CTtti ce -
yr v

Whore
Ss FE

958. Anas boschas,

‘g1Q] ‘aLoyery ‘Gurpdny ‘“pyauliywopoad soupy “GCG

i
i

——————— SSS SSS

ANATIDZ.

114

ANAS.—MARECA. 1145

960. Anas caryophyllacea. ‘Tne Pinx-neapep Duck.
Saknal, Bengal; Lal sira, India; Doomrar, Nepal; Doomar, Tirhoot.

¢ 24", Legs black. Bill rosy, tip bluish. Jn summer: Rosy tuft.
Plumage chocolate.—Female more dull. Vertex with brown spot.

Genus CHAULELASMUS.

xavids = loose, gaping; a word found only in classical Greek, yavAiddSous = with
outstanding teeth; and eAacués = metal beaten out, a metal plate, from eAadvw = 1
drive, strike, beat out. From the projecting laminz of the upper mandible,

Bill narrows slightly towards tip. Small nail. Lamellze long.

961. Chaulelasmus streperus. Tue Ganwaxt or Grey Duck.

Strépérus = noisy.

Mila, India; Beykhur, N. W. P.; Mail, Nepal; Burd, Sind; Syah-dum, Cabul.

a 20" to 212"; 12 to 2 lbs. . 9.18" to 20"; 1 to 12 Ibs. “Back
brown, with crescent lines. Wing-coverts chestnut. Speculum white
and black.—Female brown, edged buff. Bill pale, with red margins.

Genus DAFILA.

Tail long, with central tail elongated. Lamelle not projecting.

962. Dafila acuta. Tue Pin-raitep Dock.

Aciita = sharp, pointed; from aciio = I sharpen.

Sinkpar, V. IV. P.; Dighons, Bengal; Laitunga, Manipur; Taw-boy, Burmah ;
Digoonch, Nepal; Kokarali, Drighush, Sind; Sink-dum, Calbul; Chasugshu-
aurdah, Yarkand.

fd 22! to 29"; 12 to 22 Ibs. 9 20" to 22"; 1 to 2 lbs. Head umber.
White neck-streaks. Speculum green, glossed purple. Long ceniral
tail black—Female brown, edged white.

Genus MARECA.

Maréca, the native name, according to Marcgrave, of the Brazilian Teal ( Quergve-
dula brasiliensis),

Bill raised at base, narrowing. Lamellz project in centre. Short
tail cuneate.

ANATIDA.

116

Hy
Wy
i}
hii
AN
ff
nih

‘pono DIYVT “ZOIB

oD GF =
————F

AW :
i

1}

Ay)

1]

if

if

hi

hi

\}

He

ON Nee i

WY

Zz.

ZF

MARECA. LT,

963. Mareca penelope. ‘ne Wiceon or Wuew.

Pénélépé; myvédow = a kind of Duck with purple stripes, in classical Greek, which
was said to have fed Penelope (subsequently the wife of Ulysses) after her parents had
thrown her into the sea.

Pea-san, Patari, V. W. P.; Cheyun, Nepal; Parow, Sind; Ade, Ratnagiri.

3 19" to 192"; 14 to 14 lbs. 92 18" to 19"; 14 to 12 Ibs. Legs

LE

J eee SS.

yf } LET ae SSS SS ;

/ EAR ey SS
&: J: 5 =

=
2

eas ——

>. ct

Munchur Lake.

leaden. Bill blue, black tip. Crownyellow. Neck chestnut. Specu-

lum green, bounded above and below with black.—Female fulvous.
Head speckled.

118 ANATIDA.

Genus QUERQUEDULA.

Querquedila, a kind of Duck mentioned by Varro and Columella; perhaps from
képxoupos = a light vessel used by the Cyprians, or from képxaipw = Tring. Professor
Skeat says the name is from an onomatopceic base, guerg or kark, significative of any
loud noise. According to O. Miiller’s conjecture, from the Greek xépxovpos. Hence
the French ¢er¢elle.

Bill moderate, of uniform width, slightly raised at base. Lamelle
not apparent. Nail small, tip obtuse.

964. Querquedula crecca. THE Common Treat.

Crecca, probably from its note. Cf. Crex, q.v., and the German Kriech-Ente; old
English Cracker = Pintail.

Moorghabi, India; Kerra, N. W. P.; Naroib, Bengal; Baiji-lagairi, Nepal;
Kardo, Sind; Killowai, Madras; Sorlai haki, Mysore; Churaka, Cabul; Alah-
bash, Kurak-aurdak, Yarkand.

3S 144" to 16"; 10 to 15 0z. 9 13)” to 15”; 74 to 12072. Legs
greyish. Bill black. Green eye-patch. Head brown. Speculum
green, with black sides, with yellow bar above.-—Female: Throat, cheeks,
and eye-band yellow, spotted black.

965. Querquedula circia, Tue Garcaney or Biuz-wincrp Twat.

Circia, the ancient name, though not used by any classical at probably from
the root of kipxos = the Hawk.

Chaitwa, NV. W.P.; Ghangroib, Bengal; Sitch-dum, Cabul; Karak-aurdak,
Yarkand.

f-16" + 10°62) to T Tb 9515" 529::towl5 oz. . Legs dusky aaaee
blackish. White streak over eye. Speculum greyish green, with white
bar above and below.—Female dusky, edged whitish. Wing-coverts
ash-grey.

966. Querquedula formosa, THe Bimacutatep or Ciuckine-Trat.
3 153"; 1 lb. Legs dusky. Bill dusky. Head purple, with white
eye-line. Black throat-patch. Speculum green, ending velvet-black,
bordered silver.—Female dusky, edged rufous. Tail-coverts white, with
brown spots.

Querquedula falcata. THe Crestep or Bronzn-caprep Tra.

go 192”; 12 Ibs. Legs drab. Bill black. Frontal spot white.
Head bronze, with green eye-patch. Throat white, with greenish band.
Back mottled. (H. & M. ii. 231.)

119

QUERQUEDULA.

———

Fa
Foard

. i

964, Querquedula crecea,

120 ANATIDA.

SSS =
————————

==
=>
—

—
S
= S==>= —=

——

965. Querquedula circia.

Querquedula angustirostris. Tur Marsiep Trat.

3 181" to19"; Llb.50z. 9? 17"to173"; 1 lb. 30z. Legs brown.
Bill with blue spot above nail. Back grey-brown. Scapulars with
yellowish spots.—Female: Eye-patch less conspicuous. (S. F. i. 262.)

Scarcely a Querquedula.

Querquedula gibberifrons, Tur Ocranic Trat.

3 16" to 18"; 1lb. ¢ 15” to 16"; 12 0z. Legs plumbeous. Bill
greenish. Eye set in white ring. Full short occipital crest. Brilliant
longitudinal metallic green wing-band. (H. & M. in. 243.)

BRANTA.—AYTHYA. 121

Subfamily FuL1iauLIN«&. Divine Ducks.

Stout heavy body. Coloured in masses. Speculum less plain or
wanting. Hind toe short and bordered. Feet large and webbed to the
toes.

Genus BRANTA.

Brenta, a medieval word (Branta in Gesner and Aldrovandus). Brent = burnt ;
probably from its generally charred appearance.

Bill long; tip depressed, with rather large nail. Lamelle distant,
large, and prominent.

967. Branta rufina. Tue Rep-crestep Pocwarp.
Rifina, apparently an adjectival form, from rifus = red.
Doomer, Nepal; Rattoba, Sind; Nool-gool, Cabul; Kizil-bash aurdak, Yar-
kand; Lalsir, NV. W. P.
6 22”. Legs waxy. Bill red, tip white. Crown-feathers elongated.
Neck, breast, and abdomen black. Flanks white. Speculum white.—
Female on water appears grey, with dark eye-stripe and crest.

Genus AYTHYA.

ai@via = a water-bird ; perhaps the Solan Goose or Gannet (Sula alba).

968. Aythya ferina, THe Canvas-Back or Rep-HEapED Pocuarp.

Férina = of or belonging to wild animals, fér@ ; perhaps in reference to its “ game ”
flavour. Cf. German Zafel-Ente, “ Table-duck.”

Lalsir, V. W. P.; Lalmuriya, Bengal; Cheoon, Bengal; Thadingnam, Mani-
pur; Rutubah, Sid; Surkh-sir, Cabul.

& 18" to 182"; 2 to 23 Ibs. 9 17" to 18"; 123 to 23 lbs. Legs
bluish. Bull blue; tip and base black. Back white, with black lines.
Breast black.—Female the same, with breast red-brown, mottled white.

969. Aythya nyroca. THe Wurrs-ryep Pocuarp.

Nyréca, Latinized from the Russian name, Ootna nyrok.

Karchiya, NV. W.P.; Lalbigri, Bengal; Burnu, Sind; Malac, Nepal; Chiki,
Yarkand.

gd. 16" to 17"; 13 to 1} lbs. 9 15” to 162"; 13 Tbs. Legs grey.
Bill bluish. Head and breast red. Collar black. Abdomen white.—
Female brown, edged pale.

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968. Aythya ferina.

Genus FULIGULA.
Fiitligiila, for fulicula, diminutive of fia or Fulica, q. v. Fuliyo = soot.

Bill broad throughout ; tip broadest. Nostrils advanced.

970. Fuligula marila. Tue Scavr Pocnarp.
Marila, from papidn = the embers of charcoal; from its pitch-black fore parts.
& 20". 9 19" to 20". Legs ashy. Bill blue, black tip. Head,
neck, and breast deep black. Speculum, abdomen, and sides white.—
Female with white eye-space.

FULIGULA.—CLANGULA. 123

971. Fuligula cristata. Tue Turrep Pocnaro.
Dubaru, N. IW. P.; Malac, Nepal; Turando, Sind; Ablak, Cabu/.
3 16)"to 17"; 12 to 2 lbs: © 9 15" to 162"; 14 to 12 lbs. Legs

leaden. Baill grey, black tip. Black silky crest. Breast black. Spe-
culum white, with greenish edge.—Female spotted beneath.

Genus CLANGULA.

Clangiila, from clango = resound, clank; diminutive of clanga; xkdayyn = clangor,
any sharp sound, especially the scream of Cranes.

Head full and puffy. Differ from other Sea-Ducks in preferring
fresh water.

124 ANATIDZ.—MERGIDZ.

Clangula glaucion. Tue Garror or GoLpEN-rEyEp Pocuarp.

Glaucion = yavxtov, a grey-eyed water-bird in Athenzus, 395 B.c.; from yAavkés =
bluish-grey. Generally Latinized into glaucium by pre-Linnean writers, and always by
botanists, including Linnzeus.

3g 16" to 19"; 2 to 24 lbs. 2? 153" to 162”; 14 to 2lbs. Legs
yellow. Bill bluish. Head black-green, with black mouth-patch.
Neck, breast, and below white. Back black. (H. & M. in. 285.)

Genus ERISMATURA.
Stiff and pointed tail of 18 feathers.

Erismatura leucocephala, Tue Wuarre-racep or Spiny-TAILep
PocHarp.

3S 163". Legs plumbeous. Bill plumbeous. Above hair-brown,
minutely speckled, fulvous. Below bright orange-fulvous. White
stripe from upper mandible to nape. (H. & M. ii. 289.)

Family MERGIDZ.

Bill cylindrical, edged with teeth; tip well bent over. Head more
or less crested.

Genus MERGUS.

Mergus, 7, m. |mergo], a diver; a diving-bird, in classical Latin.
t

Bill narrow and toothed. Do not acquire full plumage till second
autumnal moult. ‘Tail wedge-shaped, of 16 or 18 feathers.

972. Mergus merganser. Tur Common Mercanser.

Merganser = a diving Goose; from mergus + anser. Coined by Gesner, on account
of the bird’s size.

Ala ghaz aurdak, Yarkand.

So 25" to 28’; 23 to 34 lbs. 9 23" to 25"; 2 to 23 Ibs. Legs
orange. Bill blood-red, with black ridge. Crest, head, and neck glossy
green. Above black and ashy. Breast and abdomen white. Wing-
coverts orange.—JIemale; Ashy-red head,

MERGUS.—MERGELLUS. 125

972. Mergus merganser. Bishop-Charbar, Mekran coast, 29-1-75.

Mergus serrator. Tue Rep-preastep Mrrcanser.
Serrator = one using a saw, serra.

Sb 24" to 26"; 2lbs. 9 22" to 231". Legs deep red. Bill deep
red. Light brown band streaked black round base of neck. Narrow
black band down back of neck. Flanks white, vermiculated grey and
black. (H. & M. iii. 305.)

Genus MERGELLUS.
Of small size. Pied black and white. Tail of 16 feathers.

973. Mergellus albellus. Tue Smew or Warre-Heapep Mercanser.

Albellus = the little white (albus) bird.
Nihenne, Etawah; Chota Khoruk, Cabul; Boz aurdak, Yarkand.

3 17" to 18"; 13 to 12 lbs. 9 153" to 162”; 1tol1d lbs. Legs
leaden. Bill bluish. Black eye-patch. Beneath white, with two black
bands.—Female: Head red-brown. Below clouded ashy.

Tribe MERGITORES.

Food chiefly fishes, crustacea, or insects. Bill long, straight, and
pointed. Hind toe lobed.

Family COLYMBID. Inpsers, Divers, or Loons.

Peculiar to northern hemisphere. Frequent seas in preference to
fresh water. Short tail, and can stand upright.

Inhabit Arctic Circle, migrating southward. Rarely fly. The Great
Northern Diver visits England.

126 PODICIPID.

Family PODICIPIDZ.

Feet lobed. Tail almost wanting. Under-plumage silky. Head
often tufted.— Young striped black and white.

Genus PODICEPS.

An ill-formed word, from pédex, gen. podicis = the fundament, and pés = a foot; as
if for podici-pes.

Bill straight, compressed. Nostrils long. Tarsus with large scutelle.
Hind toe bordered by web.

974. Podiceps cristatus. Tue Crestep GReBE.
3 21" to 24"; 21 to 8h lbs. 9? 20"; 21 Ibs. Legs leaden. Bill

— =
LIE

Z==
4

Manora, 30-11-76.

PODICEPS. 127

brown, tip white. Double black crest. Red-and-black collar.— Young :
No crest and collar rusty.

Podiceps nigricollis.
With black neck ; from niger + collum.
$6 138"; 1 lb. 9 12". Legs greenish. Bill black.—Jn summer:
Broad streak of orange behind eye. Sides and flanks streaked orange.
—In winter: Eye-tuft wanting. (S. F. i. 266.)

975. Podiceps minor, Tur Dascuicx or Lirrte Gress.
Panturri, Churaka, India; Dubari, Bengal; Manu-gudi-kodi (Telugu).
3 8" to 9’. Legs greenish. Bill black. Chin black. Cheeks,
ear-coverts, and sides of neck bright chestuut. Above black, tinged
green.

Tribe VAGATORES.

Food chiefly fishes, crustacea, or insects. Bill hooked at tip or
pointed. Wings long and pointed.

Lanp Birps are only at sea by accident. Coast Birps are seen at
sea, but near land. Ocxran Brrps seldom visit shore, except to breed.
Land Birds explain wind-currents, while difference between Coast and
Ocean Birds is the difference between signs that do and signs that do
not prove proximity of land. As a rough distinction, the more a bird
lives on land the more he flaps his wings. The Rook flaps continually.
The Gull skims and flaps in about equal ratio. The Albatross rarely, if
ever, flaps.

Family PROCELLARID.

Bill hooked, and appears as if joined. Nostrils contained in one
tube.

Subfamily DioMEDIN&. ALBATROSSES.

Of large size, and known in flight by the white of underwing, with
hindmost edge of white or brown.
Of Albatrosses proper there are two types. Diomedea fuliginosa, the

Great Albatross, brown all over, speckled white. Stretch of wing 10 to
K2

128 PROCELLARID.

14 feet; one has been measured 17 feet. In life beak is pink, and
cheeks streaked rose. Most clumsy on the water, and very timid in
approaching anything that moves. Name probably a composition of
Arabic-Portuguese “ Alcatraz,” meaning any big sea-bird.

Rarely, if ever, seen within the tropics. Common in Great Southern
Ocean, and, curiously enough, though frequent in Behring Strait, it
is practically unknown in the North Atlantic. The Albatross sup-
ports 20 lbs. weight on an area of 16 s. f. of wing for hours
together without any apparent effort, crossing and recrossing wake ot
ship steaming 16 miles an hour, and all this with wings perfectly still,
except for an occasional flap, say three or four times an hour. The
“ Molly-Mauk.”

D. chlororhynchos is distinguished by black on top of wings continued
across body. (‘Illustrated Guide Orient Line.’)

Subfamily PROocELLARIN 4.
Procellaria, procélla, e, f. = storm, tempest.

Hind toe generally present. Almost black. Nostrils in a tube.

There are varieties of Petrel between the Cape and Australia, ranging
between the Cape Dove and True Albatross. All of uniform dark hue.
Sailors call them generally “ Stink-pots” and ‘ Cape Hens,” and the
special epithet “Parsons” is given to a lesser species with white bill
and white spectacles. To the larger, with greenish beak, the terms
“ Nelly” or “ Mother Carey’s Goose” are applied: this is the Sooty
Petrel (D. spadiceus), and it is the Petrel that most frequently soars
over deck, and may be shot so as to fall on board.

Genus DAPTION.

Sdat@ = I devour.
Long wings. Short tail. Small feet. Bull short, thick, and well

hooked at tip. Lower mandible truncated. Few lamelle on inner
margin of upper mandible.

Daption capensis. Tuer Care Prenon or Fryine Perret.
(Called also ‘‘ Pintado Petrel.’’)
Has a spread of wing 2% feet.
g§ 14 to 18 0z. Legs dark brown. Bill blackish. Head, above,
and primaries soot-brown. Wing-coverts, back, and upper tail white,

DAPTION.—PUFFINUS. 129

each feather tipped soot-brown. Below white. Small white streak
below eye. (S. F. vii. 442.)

The “Cape Dove” or ‘‘ Fulmer Petrel” is larger, and known as the
“ Mall Duck.”

Genus PRION.

mpiov = a saw, jagged, serrated.

Neat plumage. Weak bill. Lamellze in upper mandible. Colour
blue-grey and white.

2 Tur Buur PetReEt.

Prion
Called by sailors “The Whale-Bird.” (S. F. ii. 317.)

Genus THALASSIDROMA.
@adacoa = the sea; dpoudw = I run.

Of small size. Slender compressed bill.
It is from the Stormy Petrel (Thalassidroma), “ Mother Carey’s
Chicken,” that the whole tribe derive their name.

976. Thalassidroma wilsoni. Wutson’s StormM-Perret.

& 7H". Legs black. Bill black. Pale yellow patch in centre of
webs. Second quill longest. Tiny spur at base of tarsus. General
plumage sooty. Upper and under tail-coverts white.

Subfamily PUFFININS.

Bill arched, hooked. Nostrils tubular, with two openings.

Genus PUFFINUS.

Puffinus, the Latinized form of the English “ Puffin ;” from “to puff” = to blow in
an intermittent way, thence “ to swell,” French “ bouffer”; from the swollen bill of
Fratercula arctica. Brisson seems to have applied the name to the Shearwater, from
Willughby calling it the “ Puffin of the Isle of Man.”

Puffinus persicus. Tue Suearwater or Purrin Perret.

g 13’ to 14". Legs white. Bill pale lavender. White line round
eye. Lateral lower tail-coverts deep brown. (S. F. 1. 5.)

130 LARIDZ.

Subfamily HALODROMINA.

Under bill truncated. Nostrils contiguous.

Genus PELECANOIDES.
Chin with pouch. No hind claw.

977. Pelecanoides urinatrix. Tue Lirrie Divine Perret.

& 82". Legs greenish. Bill black. Above brown. Chin black.
Below white.

Family LARIDA. Guts &c.

Nostrils linear and basal. Hind toe generally present. Plumage
grey and white or black and brown.

Subfamily LustRIDINAZ.

Bill short, thick, and hooked. ‘Tail cuneate and long. Strong sharp
claws.
Genus LESTRIS.
Anotpis = a pirate.
Base of bill covered by cere. Two central tail-feathers elongated.
First quill longest.

Lestris pomatorhinus. THe Pomaroruine Sxva.
Poimiatorhinus, from wpa, genitive topatos = a lid or cover; pis, genitive pivés =
the nose, nostril, from the nasal operculum. Originally written pomarius.
go 20". Legs blackish. Bill horny. Crown and nape brown. Chin
white. Above deep brown. Primaries with white shafts. Breast-
markings deep brown.

Lestris parasiticus. Burron’s Sxvua.

Parasiticus = mapacurikos, parasitic, from mapdoiros = one who eats uninvited at the
table of another; from mapa = beside, and otros = wheat, food, Xe.
g 19"; 1]b.30z. Legs black. Bill brown, yellow cere. Central
tail with two broad bars, projects 2. Head pale brown, with streaks.
Breast white. Flanks white, with bars.

LARUS., 131

Subfamily LAarin a.

Bill stout, curved at tip. Wings long. Tail full, even, rounded, or
slightly forked. Claws slightly hooked.

Genus LARUS.
Adpos = a ravenous sea-bird, in classical Greek. Akin to Old Norse Jiri = a Tern.

Bill long and strong. Wings long, exceeding tail. No summer
hood. Head and neck white.—Jn winter : Streaked brown.

(i.) Primaries black to their base.

978. Larus fuscus. Tue Lesser Buack-packep GuLt.

3 24". Legs dull yellow. Bill citron, red below. Head, neck, and
tail white. Body grey-black. First quill, and sometimes second,
black, with white spot. Secondaries bordered white. Scapulars black,
tipped white.

(u.) Primaries greyish towards base.

Larus cachinnans, Tue Eastern Herrinc-Gutu.

3 23" to 253"; 1} to 2 lbs. 6 0z. Legs pale yellow. Bill yellow,
red below. Head, neck, tail, and below white. Mantle, secondaries,
and tertiaries grey. First quill black, with white band. Second
similar, but often without white band.—In winter: Spots near tips of
pul (Ss. F. 1. 270.)

Larus afiinis.

BS 2A" to 242"; 2 to 23 lbs. 2 22" to 234"; 2 lbs. Legs pinkish.
Bill yellow, patch red. Same as L. argentatus, but mantle and both
webs of primaries at base slate-grey. (S. F. i. 273.)

Larus gelastes.

3 173" to 183"; 12tol4oz. 9 1632" to 172"; 10 tolloz. Legs
deep red. Billdeep red. Breast rosy. Mantle French grey. First
quill white, tip black, and no black margin on inner web. (S. F. i.
274.)

LARIDA.

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CHROICOCEPHALUS.—XEMA. 155

Larus gelastes.

Genus CHROICOCEPHALUS.
Summer hood black or brown. Bill strongly hooked.

979. Chroicocephalus ichthyaétus. Tue Great Brack-HEADED
GULL.

Fish-eyed, from iy@vs + derés.
fg 294"; 2lbs. Legs dull red. Bill red, black bar. Back and

wings blue-grey. Five primaries white, with black band. First quill,
outer and half inner web, black.

Genus XEMA.
A fancy name, apparently devoid of meaning.

Summer hood black or brown. Of small size. Bill rather short.

Wings long. ‘Tail short. A very doubtful genus, scarcely admitted
by any one.

980. Xema brunneicephala. THe Brown-neapep Gutt.

3g 16" to 17". Legs red. Bill red, tip dark. Head and neck sooty.
Back and wings grey. First quill black, inner web white at base.—
In winter: Head white, with spot behind ear. Spots on first and
second primaries.

981. Xema ridibunda, Tue Laveuine Guu.
Ridibunda = full of laughter ; from ridéo = I laugh.

3 15" to 16". Legs deep red. Bill deep red. Head and neck red-

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XEMA. 135

brown. Four quills white. First primary, outer web black, and
black margin on inner web.—Jn winter: Head dusky white. First
four primaries white, tipped and edged black within.

980. Xema brunnercephala. Manora, 3-3-75.

981. Nema ridibunda.

Xema melanocephala,
Meélinécephaila = black-headed ; from pédas + xepadn.

3 15" to 16". Primaries white, except outer web of first quill.
(S. F. i. 278.)

156 LARIDEA.

Xema hemprichi. Hempricu’s Guru.
g 182" to 193"; 14 to 1802. 9 18 to 140z. Legs greenish.

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Bill green, tip red. Head grey-brown. Mantle sooty. Quills black,
with white tip and spot. (S. F. i. 279.)

Xema minuta. Tue Smatu Gutu.

& 101”.—In summer: Head and neck black.—In winter: Head
streaked, with spot under eye and behind ear.

Subfamily SterNina. Terns &c.
Bill almost straight. Long pointed wing. Toes short. Web
usually scalloped.
(i.) Bill Gull-like. Tail shortish.

Genus SYLOCHELIDON.

ovAov = rapine; xeAToav = a Swallow.

Bill stout and deep. Tail emarginate. Largest of all Terns.

982. Sylochelidon caspia, THe Caspian Marsa-Tern.

3 18" to 20". Legs black. Bull coral-red. Head and nape black.
Above pearl-grey.. Back, neck, and below white. Some primaries
edged and tipped.—Jn winter : Head white, with black streaks.

‘pidsps uopryayojlig "726

SYLOCHELIDON,

Os

138 LARID-.

Genus GELOCHELIDON.
yerdo = I laugh; yeAov = a Swallow.

Bill moderate. Tail forked.

983. Gelochelidon anglicus. Tus Guii-sirtep Marsu-Trrn.

3 14! to 16". Legs black. Bull black. Front, crown, and nape
black. Sides of head white. Five primaries tipped on inner webs.—
In winter : Head white, streaked grey.

Genus HYDROCHELIDON.

vdop = water; xeATSov = a Swallow.

Bill long and slender. Tail slightly forked. Not fully webbed.

984, Hydrochelidon hybrida. Tue Smarz Marsu-Turn.

Hybrida = a mongrel, hybrid ; because Pallas thought it like a hybrid between
H. nigra and Sterna flunatihs,

g 10” to 11". Legs dull red. Bill lake. Crown and nape black.
White eye-line. Chin and cheeks grey. Abdomen dull black.—In
winter : Front and round bill white. Beneath white.

Hydrochelidon leucoptera. Tue Warrs-wincrp Brack Marsn-
TERN.

Leucoptéra = devkdrtepos, white-winged ; from Aeukds + mrepov.

$10". Legs red. Bill blackish. Head and neck all round black.
Shoulders and greater parts of coverts white.

Hydrochelidon nigra. THe Brack Marsn-Trrn.

$9". Legs dark red-brown. Bill black. Head and neck all
round sooty black. Wings lead-grey.

(ii.) Slender bodies and forked tail.
Genus SEENA.

Bill stout, deep. Feet short. Inner web 3".

SEENA.—STERNA. 139

985. Seena aurantia. Tur Larce River-Tern.

Mulleokwalla, 19-10-72.

3 15” to 16”. Legs red. Bill deep yellow. Lateral tail white.
Flanks ashy.—Jn winter : Head with white streaks.

Genus STERNA.

The Latinized form of the name. Cf. Frisian Stirm, German Tanner, Swedish
Fisk-térna, Norwegian Makrel-tern, our Tern and Tarney. Derivation unknown.

Bill slender, lengthened. Tail much forked.

Sterna dougalli. Tuer Roszate Tern.

In honour of Dr, MacDougall, of Glasgow, who first sent a specimen and description
to Montagu in 1812.

g 154". Legs coral. Bill black. Black head and long, pointed,
velvet-black crest. Beneath rose. (S. F. iti. 876.)

986. Sterna fluviatilis. Tur European or Common River-Tern.

g 123". Legs red. Bill deep red. Black markings on bill near
tip. Wings reaching beyond tail. ‘Tail-feathers white on inner webs.
Abdomen greyish.—Jn winter : Crown white.

Sterna longipennis.

Close to the Arctic Tern, S. hirundo; but has a slightly longer
wing and stronger bill, which is black at all ages. (S. F. iv. 472.)

140 LARIDA.

987. Sterna melanogastra, Tue Buack-peviiep River-Tern.

g 12". Legs vermilion. Bill orange. Breast pearl-grey. Abdo-
men brown-black.—Jn winter: Head dusky. Abdomen grey.

Sterna albigena.

g 144". Legs Indian red. Bill blackish. Patch in front of eye.
Back, scapulars, wings, and tail French grey. First primary with
large portion of inner web white to margin.

Genus STERNULA.
Head slightly crested.

988. Sternula minuta. Tue Smatu River-Tern.

3 8! to 84". Legs crange. Bill yellow, black tip. Rump, upper
tail-coverts, and tail white. Shafts of outer primaries dark. Crown,
eye-line, nape, and hind neck black.

Sternula sinensis,

3 10". Bill yellow, tip black. Shafts of outer primaries white.
Rump, tail-coverts, and tail white. (S. F. v. 325.)

Sternula saundersi.

3 975. Legs yellowish olive. Bill yellow, tip dusky. First three
primaries black, with black shafts and broad white margins to inner
webs. Rump, tail-coverts, and tail grey. Back grey. Triangular
frontal patch. Crown velvet-black.

Sternula gouldi.
d 875"; 14 oz. Legs dusky orange. Bill green-yellow.
(iii.) Long wings. Tail forked.
Genus THALASSEUS.
@adacovos = belonging to the sea.

Bill long and slender. Feet fully webbed. Wings exceeding or
equal to forked tail.

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989. Thalasseus cristatus. THe Larce Sea-TErn.

3 192" to 21"; 1402. to 1 lb. 2 1402. to 1 lb. Legs black.
Bill pale yellow. Long black crest. Face, nape, and below silky
white. Tips of secondaries white.

Thalasseus cantiacus. Tue Sanpwicn Sua-Tern.
317" to 18"; l40z. 9216" to 17"; 1202. Legs black. Bull

black. Crest black. Lower parts rosy.—In winter: Black crescent
in front of eye. No rosy hue.

990. Thalasseus bengalensis. Tuer Smatier Sea-Tery.

g 15” to 16’. Legs black. Bill yellow. Crest black. Lower
parts white. Quills dark grey, with white on inside of inner webs.

Thalasseus alba. THe Waite Sra-TERN.

Legs orange. Bill black. Snow-white plumage. Only shafts of
quills blackish. Rather large bill, conical, pointed, and slightly bent
up. Tail graduated.

(iv.) Plumage more or less black.

Genus ONYCHOPRION.

ovvk, dvuxos = a claw; mpiwy = a saw.

Tail slightly forked. Middle toe with claw serrated.

ONYCHOPRION.—RHYNCHOPS. 145

991. Onychoprion melanauchen. Tne Buack-narep Ocran-Trrn.

3 12". Legs black. Bill black, red tip. Head white. Eye-line
widening to nape, black. First quill dark grey on outer web.

992. Onychoprion anasthetus, Tue Brown-wincep Ocran-
TERN.

3 14". Legs coral-red. Bill dusky red. Crown black. Nape
white. Quills blackish.

Onychoprion fuliginosa. Tue Soory Tern.

3 172"... 9 16". Legs purplish. Bill purplish. Middle claw much
curved. Forehead, chin, neck below, axillaries, wing-lining, and lower
tail-coverts white. Nape velvet-black. Back dusky brown.

Genus ANOUS. :
Andiis = dvoos (trisyllable), without understanding (véos, vovs), foolish.
Bill, tip curved slightly up. Nostrils in groove. Tail slightly
rounded.
993. Anoiis stolidus. THe Common Noppy.
3 14” to 163". Sooty brown entirely. Quills and tail darker.

994. Anows tenuirostris. THe Wuarire-nrapvep Noppy.
3 11" to 12". Legs black. Bill black. Sooty brown. Front and
crown white.

Anoiis leucocapillus. (S. F. ii. 322.)

Genus RHYNCHOPS.
pvyxos = a bill, dy = a face,
Upper mandible muck shorter than lower. Both tips of bill trun-
cated.
995. Rhynchops albicollis. Tur Inp1an Scrssor-Brux.

& 163”. Legs vermilion. Bill orange. Head, neck, and central
tail black. Lower parts and tail white—Young have bill and feet

dusky.

i.

144 PHAETONIDA.

(B) The young requiring to be fed for a time.
Tribe PISCATORES.

Food chiefly fishes, crustacea, or insects. Feet entirely webbed.
Hind toe joined to inner front toe by web. Legs short.

The Tropic-birds, Boobies, Frigate-birds, Pelicans, Cormorants, and
Darters are split up by Jerdon into separate families ; they might all be
included in one family Pelecanide, and, as all the toes are united by a
swimming-membrane, the term (or tribe) Piscatores may be considered
as equivalent to Totipalmate.

Family PHAETONIDZ. Ftyine Fisuers.
Central tail-feathers very long. Bill finely dentated.

| Genus PHAETON.

daerovris, poetical feminine of paeOwyv = shining.

Toes webbed to the tip. Wings very long. Bill straight, curved on
top. Margin of bill finely dentated.

996, Phaéton rubricauda. Tue Rep-Taitep Tropic-BirD.
G 24! to 25: 1 to 14 lb: -2 1lb. Goz: Legs red. . Bill ved:

Silky white, with pink gloss.— Young with upper plumage black arrow-
marked.

Phaéton indicus. THe Boatswatn.
(Called also “ Tropic-bird” and “ Straw-tail.’’)

3 18", and including two long (much prized) central tail-feathers
203"; 14 lbs. 9 202”. Legs white, claws black. Bull dull orange-red.
Black crescent in front of eye. Narrow black line from gape to nostrils
and from nostrils to culmen, dividing feathers from bill. First five
primaries black. Back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts white,
regularly and closely barred biack.

997. Phaeton candidus. Tue Wuitr Troric-Birp.

$ 29". Legs dusky. Bill yellow. White, with black wing-band.
Tail white, stem black.

SULA.—ATTAGEN. 145

Family SULID. Puuneina Fisuers.
Bill stout. Tail wedged.

Genus SULA.
Latinized from the Norse Sule, which is said to mean an awkward fellow, a dolt.
Upper mandible furrowed. Nostrils minute, in long groove. Tail
wedge-shaped.
998. Sula fiber, THe Common Boosy.

3 26! to 29". Above dark brown. Underparts white.— Young all
brown.

999. Sula piscator. THe Waite Boosy.
3 26" to 27". Legs red. Bill red. Upper tail slightly mottled.
Wings and tail dusky.
Sula cyanops.

3 33". ¢ 32". Legs lavender. Bill bluish. Tail, quills, and
greater wing-coverts black. (S. F. v. 303.)

Family ATTAGENIDA. Pouncine FIsHERs.

Bill long; both mandibles bent downwards.

Genus ATTAGEN.

drrayas = a long-billed bird fond of the water.

Bill long, hooked, and bent down. Long tail forked.

1000. Attagen aquilus, Tse Common Fricare-Brrp.
(Sometimes called “ Sea-Hawk,” “ Man-of-War Bird,” and might
also be called a “ Gannet-Eagle.”’)

3 37". Legs red. Bill red. Glossy black.—Young with head,
neck, and abdomen white.

Attagen minor. Tue Lirrie Fricare-sirv.

3 33". Legs dusty yellow. Bill red. Head and above ferruginous

146 PELECANID 2.

brown. Throat and breast white. Tail greatly forked. (S. F. vu.
447.)

Family PELECANIDAS. Swivine FIsHers.
Huge bill, with pouch.

Genus PELECANUS.

mehexavos = a Byzantine form of wedexay, a bird known to the Greeks, a Woodpecker ;
from méAexus = an axe.

Nostrils concealed in a groove extending throughout bill. Two bony
arches support a huge extensive pouch. Of gigantic size.

(i.) Frontal plumes come to a point.

1001. Pelecanus onocrotalus. Tur European or Waite Perican.
Onécrétdlus = évoxpérados, the Pelican, in Pliny; from gvos = an ass, and kpdraAov
= a rattle.
3 68"; 25 lbs. Legs fleshy. Bill 16”, with crimson central line.
Primaries and winglet black. Secondaries have outer webs white and
inner webs grey. Small crest. Pouch yellow, mixed red and purple.

Pelecanus longirostris.
3g 54". Legs reddish. General colour dull white. Primaries,
greater coverts, winglet, and secondaries deep brown. All secondaries
silvered on outer web. ‘Tail white, freckled and mottled dusky. Fore-
neck, breast, and abdomen intermingled buff. (S. F. v. 491.)

1002. Pelecanus mitratus. Tue Crestep Perican.

o 62". Legs flesh-red. Bill 153", yellow, tip red. Crest 5” long.
Primaries dusky. Secondaries grey on outer and black on inner web.
Pouch yellow.

1003. Pelecanus javanicus. Tue Lesser Wuirn Petican.

a Be" ) Legs flesh-pink. Bill 13’. Centre blue, tip red. Tertiaries
whitish, with broad black margins. Breast-feathers of some birds
golden.

PELECANUS.—GRACULUS. 147

(ul.) Frontal plumes square.

1004. Pelecanus philippensis. THe Grey Pexican.

3 62". Legs fleshy. Bill blue, tip yellow. Slight crest slightly
recurved. Primaries dusky, with black shafts. Lower feathers lanceo-
late white, with grey margins.

Pelecanus crispus.

". Silver-white. Crest lengthened and recurving. (S. F. i.

Os
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bole

Family GRACULIDZ. Divine Fisuers.

Bill cylindric, hooked, and grooved. ‘Tail stiff. Plumage black.

Genus GRACULUS.

Gracilus = a Jackdaw, in classical Latin; akin to garrio =I chatter, gallus = a
cock.
Bill, tip well hooked. Nostrils narrow. Under mandible truncated.
Cuneate tail.
i.) TLail of 14 feathers.

1005. Graculus carbo. Hr Large Cormorant.
Carbo = a coal; perhaps from the bird’s sooty blackness.
3 32" to 34". Legs black. Bill brownish. General colour bronze,
with black edges. White spot on thigh-coverts.—In summer: Neck-
feathers white and hair-like.

1006. Graculus sinensis. Tur Lesser Cormorant.

3 24" to 27". Legs black. Bill brown, red below. Cheeks pale
brown. Bronze feathers as in G. carbo.—In summer: White ear-tufts.
Chin black.

(i1.) Taal of 12 feathers.
1007. Graculus javanicus. THe Lirrte Cormorant.

3 19" to 20". Legs black. Bill brown. Feathers black, edged
brown. Chin white.—Jn summer: Short crest and white triangle on

crown,

148

GRACULID.

MH
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1005, Graculus carbo.

PLOTUS. 149

Subfamily PLotina. Darrers.

Bill long, slender, and acute. Margins finely serrated. Nostrils
basal, and covered with a shield. Hind toe long, and joined to inner
by broad web.

Genus PLOTUS.
Tos = & Swimmer.
Wings long; second and third quills equal and longest. Tail long
and broad towards the end, which is rounded. Outer tve as long as the
middle one.

1008. Plotus melanogaster. Tue Inp1An Darter.

¢ 32", Legs black. Bill dusky and yellow. Long and lanceolate
scapulars spotted white—Female: Fulvous neck-patch.

Tribe URINATORES.

The Auks, Puffins, Guillemots, and Penguins are not represented in
India.

The Great Auk (Alca major) has the shortest wing of any northern
bird, and cannot fly at all.

The Penguins are peculiar to the Southern Seas, and are less capable
of flying than the Auks; they move along the ground by trailing on
their bellies.

The Razorbill (Alca torda), the Common and the Black or Bridle
Guillemots (Uriine), and the Puffins (Fratercula) are found in British
seas, and a favourite breeding-place is at Handa Island, near Scourie,
- Sutherland.

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GAME BIRDS. (See page 5.)

RASORKES.

Bill strong, short, arched. Wings usually short and rounded. Legs very stout.

FEET FORMED FOR WALKING.

GENERAL INDEX.

Page
(GUL oes 5 pieainc Ulan am aa on eioe clam ccmlo-caeorten © orto c 6
GUTASSO WS) Pn oer ra rere iederstecel ueceaetogoistelre)regeion cc. enone 6
Palepallas® ts cen cancer steels s+) oes cnn de 6
Mound=Birdst 22 oSae doce ee ne oie snele crete ote eat G.
Rockaton Sand=G@ Tousen cos ore sellers eral a
1Beiihwd iso a Geraci aio oo rol o 0 Ole DMO ni Chen oiro Ory 1l
Pena PGE Goamods wedeuwboeehb oc anaggucacuD sd 11
IMiGorialaprsetns, San Nata UR Ae y mee oe ts ce cps chofoke 18
BUROWEMSS 22). e on te then oles eins Siem min one © maine mae eies 14
Bloodoheasantsue sees fh osee cro, A siele ciche chores sions miatioraens 15
ROIS cot Retreat oe SAM Ov tucue sis Siok ereret skates 15
Oheer(/Prue)) Pheasants)... 20. seas r+ onem acme 16
Kalij Pheasants ............-0- seer eee e ee ee neces 16
Shia LANGEREMUE, Gan cgotnnonecomedwoebcdoodpod.eds 17
Terrace) off Gl Ea ae ad OR Be ek 0, Ba a Ee Re nO Sl cy Cae Oe 18
Mimmplesto WIS te ante cee alee ora tose csaieipicne is we 18
Spmustowls) aisles eee hoe pie ee = rein see Mare 19
MPigrisoyee tte Cte tacit atten nets aerate isin Ney oc 20
(Ginmea fowls che settee oe iskonesas Gani crass athe 20
STOWE OCIS: Meee eR enn rae ciate ochayeeeie creel </s 20
Sie web ariridees: te esto tate t on ras eis ses en eh? mde Ri 21
aries vies cate sg} cra tpg olen 2 8s 2s nete aie eee 21
Wiaod=Partrid@es! jc coec sess sin les see foie s on ee ees 25
Fumple-Quails jes sais acts eos ies mois ieee 28
WGI) AMIS: ~. tois te ete etna aS 0 coe oe ass einer “ig 29
Aonerican Parinidg@ess enw cs 6 oen 18a eelmin pits dl
PUK GTOUSOH? toate reahes Tere ier ao do siava a olehemaravens 31
bard ONGALIN So. vie ar remem tee st sr.08 + 3 Cees 32
IBN Hoe Avent eeemcnnets o AWS BOOGIE Clomla DOG. 32
SS Hroabhitlise ee rea oie eee creme oiohera.c cals” ihe os tamdrenains 3
NAT OUS SE Meets tat ee Ieee eL tereccraie.c Ga) ors ancient ce 34

* Not represented in India.

152

(See page 39.)

SHORE BIRDS.

GRALLATORES.

Bill straight or inclining.

Tail usually short.

Tarsus elongated. Wings usually long.
Outer toe usually joined to middle one by short web and to inner toe occasionally. In a few, toes are bordered by loose web.

Lower part of tibia bare.

ALL FLY WELL, WITH LEGS OUT BEHIND.

ane

Praa

GENERAL INDEX.

Ostriches < 3h Nee eee
Fulieasiia cies hiro sais ct Ageeas? euayay atte eave
J SHELTIE Ss, Sean ecco manatee Ao ema yn |= 8 eet) Oc

ECRYAOS sn oe Wns oie. ad Ms oo SE ee er
Bastards fpf x: ibPeodds pee ERO oan. 72 ee
Blois ns): Ate 5 eee er ek ee
Courier Bloversm tanec nee ee ee
Swallow-Plovers or Pratincoles .......
rue -Ploversitywierratercctne ee eee
EAP WINES, Licie 82 as vated eercrs \ewea siete

@raib=Plovers’ xéshact-tue see tee eevee
Oyster-catchers .) 2) ccc. |. aera es
Game Plovers or Shore-Larks*.........
(Craneans 023 5.c28t tito dave ee ene

ADT EG SES re 55 icine ale ways oi ulghaeaye
GOG Wilts: Caied x «i vic ace toa ee ;
Curlews 2 ete. « «omer Soe fac tear.
SUMES 7 dete eee rae ook 8 hat ane ee
Phaleropes or Lobefoots ...........5..-
Mand pipers chars. c soos ae eee Sead Age oe) eee
Greenshamlts osc: a5 .lo. kb tags Re cae
Redshamkss 5.45 +52 Hogs oeuaee eee
BINS) oh tec act oa 0 rahe a apa aces

Seréamers® A546. faa Ose eee ewe
JACANASHE witehlae BH dee es acs Moonee
COOLS are Rk, See eae one a Ee

Water-hens ....

Mrie Ral Sic wes ae he EI oO
Storks! 72.52 202 a ie Se ee ee
Trumapeters*® 2 5. se aa cea ere
IFReranNS ot 2.5 ose LBs sonic eee DEEL
Herets: i. 55 hots hice nano cee eee
TBLGHETTIS «out jase ‘ne ante cas ei cnc naait rae
Nipht Herons... 23). .c 5: tee ea
Pelican: Thises. 46's. #5 «cst abana deon Sages © ole
Spoonbill Thises. «.:.. sa. vale eens estes ee eee
Shell Mbises). ..% 5.150 eh Seapets ate ee cl ene See
Mire sUPIS@S) cvs isnduee eeu eN MO aot eae TCO aes

* Not represented in India.

eo bwie. e; wile oJ (oe) altel meumam fp elm \m) ce) lei

eee ew tte ewe

ee

Ce ee

Ce ee re

ee

see eee et ee we

ee ee

ed

0m) fete wai =e ails

ey

eee eee ee eae

WATER BIRDS. (See page 101.)

NATATORES.

Hind toe small or

Legs placed far back. Plumage thick and close, with quantity of down.

FEET MORE OR LESS FULLY WEBBED.

wanting.

{

GENERAL INDEX.

Page
emME EI RCIO RENE sca ccgk ys at fe is oan Ree mvnetegd cuneate ack Pama 10L
WS VA CRN pe aics cet G eircuanan tee intre tanita ayroteenten Petar enete tons onsite 105
PTO HEL OOSO Maen cr: orennstace wish Saco tee saetsPavearel clined ele tatahens 104
INew—Hlollande(Geese* asc cie.e aciaccse lisse «overs ea 107
RIESELCGSCM Ravisids c<dt.acaia cs aoe d ayal eave avaieiyiqteteng eves 107
WObLOme Maen etme sarah ohne ays, accion elles te ticker eiore sy c aloe Pay 108
Wyeristlting, Reale. 5 Joie aed ognhnlgeelaern eayes gece st 108
Rlie Mcrae ar etsy, 32 a? latie gece Maree dened caress 109
DD Wee Bes ERIE) taetays ints ier cian esis eae hene eb syes aloo wreferaiereretian 110
Set labo eayop eee Sen oe esse Shy ob ober eye beg eter tate bose facohar oe conetons 118
Rochards or Divine Dues .¢)2.c.24sars 8 <4 cae 121
MGT OAN BEES 2/2) ators apacnialexd ois rags ba Ae ekaies alse he ays 124
ieabers. Divers,or Woons™ 25 ec. ee oe 3 oes ens 125
(GHG DES Sarkota ats bh cispecs oy San Oe EES RISERS Cece ol Pepe 126
pA babrossesien ser -25< ihc tebe seus wee eFar isis le terevantetogehe 127
Petre lane pee toe ene Ween wh tence. sino navaveehens 128
Buttinpleetrel st tinea ante crete wons eiccelao ale cbs ernetreieks 129
Miya eso trelae re otras clare ss ayaa sions <\ ages: sore, vice <! siete as 130
Shirase ranerin ys cate teacuetete ikciawken- ot rcrensco necoh ature 130
(Girl D ci een ens Rain cnc Scare eECS eee Car ee ciote ha 131
Nia oer PAPERS 0-0, CRORE Dene Oe Re CHO ETS cree ee 136
INOU GES te As Sek sects onetere erat os 6 tase Al Pei a earereue tothe enehens 143
ScissOrsbill sige msccacees 8 acl eee oes Oe INS ee eae aes 143
SRG PLCS DIGS aye Ayes wots sieved A, Seed ied gwne faves aes sommes 144
] BYatol oT (3c) aa ee, Aer a Ren is Ae eR MoS RSI 145
Birt ate— Inds) satiety tecrats o a.s 8) eye wits om <{ clad raise eere 145
TEENIE Naha om Gore egcee eee EEO RaenC eA AN Stone Foss ee naeio tracrctic 146
(Ora TOT NATE. ens bs fen rvoraacrn PRRRDID corona mina c.cforrois rants 147
Mar tersineraie ear Soe Ad LS EOI Cie saree os 149
FAG cio ME EMA eee ARG Ge aL OS TOR ck OC IERTC 149
JETNitnstst Senate oad reas to Boies Geeioio. clo Ho Ore Ono Cee 149
Guillemots*#.75 cece eae Sel deGieeiieis westerns. e 149
PEMANNNS TH «cafes at ele tiene ee hela end asian o's ws a 149

* Not represented in India.

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GAME, SHORE)
IND WATER

BIRDS OF INDIA

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