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NOVEMBER, 1912

Ten Cents a Copy

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Two Interesting Examples of "L and B's** Greenhouses

Forming Part of the Educational Equipment

of Prominent Institutions

Here, there and everywhere all over this big prosperous country, institutions are
building greenhouses as an essential part of the educational equipment. No longer
are they confined to Agricultural Coljpges and Experiment Stations.

TOHNSHOPKINSUNIVERSITY at Baltimore. Md.,
J conducts a distinct horticultural course. The botanical
laboratories and experimental greenhouses are set in the
midst of a beautiful formal garden filled with countless
domestic and foreign specimen plants. Many of these are
very rare. The greenhouse work is carried on in the same
vigorous, thorough way so characteristic of this wonderful
institution.

YHE COLLEGE OF ST. ELIZABETH is a Cathohc
institution for girls, located at Convent, between
Morristown and Madison, N. J. On the campus is this
attractive group of houses where the girls have both labora-
tory work and practical greenhouse experience. The course
is somewhat like the one so ably conducted by Professors
Genung and Canning at the Smith College greenhouses
erected by us several years ago.

We will gladly give you details of both these greenhouses,
catalog, send for it.

If vou haven't our

NEW YORK

St. James Bldg.

Lord and Burnham Co.

SALES OFFICES
BOSTON PHILADELPHIA

Tremont Bldg. Franklin Bank Bldg.

CHICAGO

Rookery Bldg.

FACTORIES
IRVINGTON. N. Y.
DES PLAINES. ILL.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

227

A Parallel Proposition

A HOUSE 200 feet long on private
grounds looks too commercial, but
two 100 foot houses built parallel
fashion like these, and you have an attract-
ive, compact proposition.
Hovi'ever, it is just as you say — "the vi^ay a
house is planned depends pretty much on
where it is to be located," and for what it
is to be used.

Now that you mention the question of lo-
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and see some of the diflferent stunts we
have accomplished in locating. Many of
them were tough nuts to crack and the
catalog tells how we cracked them.
Want the catalog?

U-BAR GREENHOUSES

PIER50N U-BAR CO

About Saving Money

npHERE are times, you know,
when price is not the only
factor in landing a job.
Every once in a while a man real-
izes that it's good business to spend
money to save money.
There is much to be said strongly
in favor of a repair free house like
these iron frame ones of ours are.
Write to us.

Hitchings Z^ Co,

Write to our General Offices and Factory
Elizabeth, N. J., or

Call at our New York Office. 1170 Broadway

LILY OF THE
VALLEY PIPS

Our Stock of RUSSIAN LILY
the Valley is the Finest
Imported

of

Case
250

$6.00

Case
500
$11.00

12.00

Case
1000
B20.00

New Crop

Cold Storage — Excellent for

Christmas and Holidav

KorcinL' '. 6.50 12.00 22.00

American Pure Culture Mushroom Spawn

10 lbs. will spawn 10 square feet.
This type produces larger Mushrooms than the Eng-
lish, coming into bearing somewhat earlier, and con-
tinuing to crop for a long time. This spawn is pro-
duced by selecting spores from individual specimen
Mushrooms, and is propagated and transferred to the
bricks of manure, which, wlicn planted, produce Mush-
rooms all of one type.

Per Brick (about IH lb.') 30 cts. Per 10 Bricks, $2.40
Per 25 Bricks, $5. Per 100 Bricks, $15.

York

50 Barclay Street

Nt

ORCHIDS

We are specialists in this kind of plants. We
collect, import and grow orchids from all parts of
the world where orchids grow.

We will be glad to fill your order for one plant
or a thousand according to your requirements.

Our beautiful Catalogue and special lists on
application.

LAGER & HURRELL

Orchid-Growers and Importers

SUMMIT, N. J.

Competent Gardeners

^ The comlorls and products ol a country home ore
increased by emplo>ing a compeleni gardener; if you
want to engage on»^ write to us.

^ Please give piiriiculars regarding place and say
whether married or single man is wanted. We have
been supplying Ihom lor years to the best f)eople
everywhere. No lee asked.

PETER HENDERSON & CO.

Seedsmen 3nd Florists
33 and 37 Cortlandl St. NEW YORK CITY

228

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

MILADY

the new, red forcing rose will be dis-
seminated by us in March.

We can supply Mrs. Chas. Russell
and Mrs. Geo. Shawyer.

Our catalog covers Roses, Carnations,
Chrysanthemums, Geraniums, Cannas,
Bedding Stock, Orchids, Gardenias.
We want you to receive our catalog.
Send us a card and make sure your
address is correct on our maiHng list.

A. N. PIERSON

INCORPORATED

CROMWELL, CONN.

Let us repair your trees and
do your spraying. We have the
men that will climb high.

Why risk your lives climbing

high when we will furnish
men who do it the year round
and consequently become al-
most like squirrels in a tree ?

Send for our Free Leaflet explain-
ing our methods.

JOHN. T.wifHERS, INC.

I Montgomery St., Jersey City, N. J.

BON ARBOR

Awarded Diploma and Silver Medal at 1912
Royal Interna tioDal Exhibition, London, England

It is a complete plant food. Feed
your plants ; get results ; do it now.
Bon Arbor is favorably known every-
where it is used and it is widely
used. Such gardens as those of the
Capitol at Washington, D. C, and the Parliament Gardens,
Ottawa, Canada, and the Royal Windsor Gardens, Eng-
land, on the one side, and over 2000 country estates and
farms on the other, represent the field supplied. Show
flower and vegetable growers find Bon Arbor indispensable.

Bon Arbor is put up as follows :

$0.30
.55
1.80

}^-pound package, making 15 gallons, by mail
1-pound package, making 30 gallons, by mail
5-pound package, making 150 gallons, exp. extra.

25-pound boxes, making 750 gallons 6.25

50-pound boxes, making 1500 gallons 12.50

100-pound boxes, making 3000 gallons 20.00

Barrels, from 250 to 300 lbs., 18c. per lb.
Ask your dealer or write direct.

Ant Destroyer, Positively Kills 65c. per lb.

BON ARBOR CHEMICAL CO.

Paterson, N. J., U. S. A.

Write for descripti-
ture also Radix Worn
agricultural chemicals

catnlogue, new 1912 edition. We
Eradicator, Insecticides, Weed Kille
Special prices on large quantities.

Get the Best in All Creation

TIP-TOP
TOBACCO POWDER

FOR FUMIGATION

Refuse, Reject the Imitation
$3.00 per Bag, 100 lbs.

Money With Order

Interstate Tobacco Co.

1397-1399 AVENUE A
NEW YORK

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA

ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

Vol. XVI.

NOVEMBER. 1912.

No. 1.

The Anatomy and Physiology of the Honey Bee

By J. B. THOMPSON, Millbrook, N. Y.

^

C_5

UJ

Amid the profound, mysterious and inexhaustible pro-
fusion of life by which we are surrounded, which in-
creases to our eyes as Science leads us onward, we behold
the various manifestations of the boundless power of the
great Creator. Amid all these there is probably not one
individual subject fuller of interest, alike to the different
minds, than that of the honey bee. Philosophers have
written and poets have sung their praise, and the man of
science sees involved in the life of the honey bee some
of the most attractive problems that can possibly engage
his attention within the circle of created being.

To those who look merely on the surface of things
for amusement, there is the spectacle presented of an in-
sect community constituted under a regular government,
exhibiting various social phenomena which are not the
less attractive because they are but partially understood.

When we endeavor to classify objects in nature we sep-
arate them into three great divisions — the animal, the
vegetable and mineral kingdoms. These again are divided
into groups. In one section of the animal kingdom is the
sub-kingdom, annulosa, so called, from the insects in-
cluded in it having their bodies arranged in rings, joints
or segments articulated to each other; to this class the
honey bee belongs, and the varieties are British, Cyprian,
Italian, Syrian, Carniolan, Ligurian and Punic, or
African bee, which has been imported in recent years.

In the economy of a hive there are queens, drones and
worker bees.

We will now enter into a minute investigation of the
bodies of these, more particularly the workers, which
have neither bones nor cartilaginous framework, but
whose structure and covering is formed of a hard leathery
substance called chitine, which looks like horn but is dif-
ferent in composition, and the whole is covered externally
with a mass of hairs of eight dift^irent kinds.

The body of a bee is divided into three sections — the
head, thorax and abdomen. The head is composed of the
vertex or crown, on which are placed the three stemma,
or simple eyes. One is in front and two are at the back.
This is their natural protection from birds and small
bovs with bonnets, when inside a flower. The other
])arts of the head are the gonae or cheeks, the face
and nose on either side of which are situated the
two large compound eyes, named the ocelli, which have
one hundred and twenty facets to each, with a hair at the
junction of each facet, shapefl like an arrowhead, these
hairs protecting their eyes in place of eyelids.

Then the two antennae or feelers project from the
center of the face above the nose, and is composed of
scape and flagellum, with thirteen joints, terminating with
a round knob in which are situated the ends of the dif-
ferent nerves. These guide the bee in all its movements
on each side of which are situated the mandibles or jaws,
inside the hive in the dark. Below this is the mouth.

for kneading wax, etc., and from the mouth is the pharynx
or gullet, a tube very like an elephant's trunk in shape,
which, when at rest, is doubled under the breast, but
when in action falls as' low as the feet ; down through
this the tongue projects, and up which the bee sucks nec-
tar. At the point of the tongue is the boutong, or spoon,
covered with hairs like a brush, by which the bee col-
lects and then sucks up the sweet substance it finds in
flowers, called nectar. This nectar if collected into any
vessel would ferment, but it undergoes a process in the
honey sac of the little bee by which water is extracted
and certain acids are formed, and when regurgitated into
the cell it is honey, and will keep for any length of time.

Three thousand five hundred bees weigh one pound,
and it takes all these coming home with their honey sacs
full to make one ounce of honey, and from six to eight
pounds of bees make an ordinar)' swarm.

We come now to the second division of the body of a
bee, which has three parts — the part next the head, the
prothorax, then the mesa-thorax, and meta-thorax.

The prothorax has a thin, flexible neck connecting it
with the head. The upper side of all three is thickly
covered with downy hairs, and on the under side of the
worker they are long and feathered, for the purpose of
holding pollen. To each part of the thorax is attached a
pair of legs, and to the last two a pair of wings. Each
pair of legs differ, and those of the worker from the queen
and drone. The first pair of legs terminate with
palms, the other two with plantae or soles, with a
hollow part in the center, through which exudes an ad-
hesive secretion, by which, when they press their feet on
a smooth surface, such as glass, or upside down, they
are enabled to walk by the vacuum created. On the edge
of the palms is a row of hairs called the pecten, or
comb, by which they clean all debris and pollen from their
eyes when coming out at the entrance to the hive, and on
the outer edge of the soles they have strong claws like
the shears of a crane, by which they can hold on to
any rough surface. On the inside of all these legs are
rows of hairs like miniature scrubbing brushes, by which
they clean all their little bodies, and on the outside of the
third pair of legs they have rows of hairs which form
pollen baskets. They moisten the pollen, roll it into little
balls, place in the pollen baskets and carry home to
make the bread, as they require pollen, honey and water
in about equal proportions to make a perfect food. So
experienced bee keepers have a vessel with water, into
which they put a pinch of salt, and a vase lying on its
side, into which they keep a supply of peasemeal, as a
substitute for pollen in early spring.

We now come to the abdomen, which is the third divi-
sion of the body ; it is connected to the thorax by a short
tube, the petiole.

The abdomen is made up of six rings of chitine, which

230

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

gradually diminish toward the familiar or stinging end.
These rings on the upper side are the dorsal plates, and
those on the under side are the ventral plates ; underneath
the latter are situated the eight wax pockets, into which
the bees secrete wax by glands.

It is manufactured by them at will from honey or sugar
syrup at a temperature of about 90 degs. It comes into
these pockets like melted fat and gradually cools into little
scales, which are drawn out by a hooked spur situated
on the middle joint of the middle leg. These scales are
kneaded into the proper consistency by the mandibles and
built into honeycomb.

Scientists differ as to the amount of honey or sugar
syrup required to make one pound of wax, but all bee
keepers agree it takes a considerable amount, probably
10 pounds of honey or 8 pounds of sugar syrup to make
1 pound of wax ; hence the reason comb foundation is
used to as large an extent as possible.

The bee, like most insects, does not breathe through
the aperature in the head, but by openings called spira-
cles. There are seven of those on each side of the body,
four being on the thorax and ten on the abdomen. All
these openings are protected by hairs, and also by a
membranous mechanism that can be closed at will. These
spiracles also admit air into air sacs, by which the bee
lessens the specific gravity of its body, and is thereby
enabled to sustain a long flight with but little expendi-
ture of muscular power.

The sting consists of a dark brown chitinous sheath or
scabbard which encloses two darts or lancets. This sheath
is hollow and is cleft along one side and terminates in
an extremely thin cutting edge.

When a bee stings the sheath is first driven home, then
the lancets project farther to increase the depth of the
wound ; these two lancets are provided with ten deep
retrose barbs so that the moment the bee attempts to ex-
tract its sting these barbs open out leaving cavities by
which the poison passes into the wound.

To the base of the sting is attached the poison bag
from which the poison goes down the hollow sheath and
sting.

When a person is stung he should never attempt to
pull out the sting with their finger and thumb, as this
presses the poison out of the poison bag into the wound.
The sting should always be extracted by scraping with a
pen knife, catching the sting at the sheath and pulling it
out, and bringing all the remaining poison and bag away.

I will now give you a short description of drones
which are hatched as a first preparation for swarming.
They are males, have neither honey-sac, pollen baskets,
nor sting, are even wholly dependent on the workers for
their daily food, their only use keeping up the tempera-
ture of the hive at a critical period, and for fertilizing
young queens. When the workers decide they have no
further use for them, they withhold their food till they
become weak and then throw them out.

The queen is the mother of all ; is a long, graceful bee
with gold colored legs ; in truth, she has all the appear-
ance of a queen, being so long and beautifully formed.
Like the drones, she has no pollen baskets or honey sac,
has a curved sting, and is fed by the bees on royal jelly.
She it is that lays all the eggs, from which hatch workers,
drones or queens, and drops her eggs into the cells at the
rate of hundreds per day during the busy season. When
a queen dies suddenly, from accident or other causes, the
workers can raise perfect young queens from worker
eggs that are not more than three days old.

I will conclude this article by advising all bee keepers
to have all their hives supplied with twenty-two pounds
of winter stores not later than the second week in Oc-
tober. This enables the bees to seal all up, as unsealed
stores during winter ferment, and are the foundation of
all bee diseases except bacillus alvei. I hope to furnish
another article on "The Relation of Bees to Horticul-
ture."

Gardenia Culture

By GEORGE MASSON, Oakhurst. N. J.

The Gardenia is generally considered difficult to grow,
but such is not the case if proper care and attention is
given them.

As Gardenias have become very popular during the past
few years, a few notes on their cultural requirements will
not be out of place. Cuttings should be secured in Janu-
ary from strong, vigorous plants, the young tips oft' the
flowering shoots making excellent propagating material.

The principal requirements in the rooting of Gardenia
are plenty of bottom heat, a good porous sand, and a copi-
ous supply of water. Most of the failures to root Garde-
nias are due to an insufficient water supply. Keep the cut-
tings well spra3-ed, and in about a month's time they will
be rooted.

Directly they are rooted, they should be potted into 234-
inch pots, using at this potting equal parts of leaf soil and
loam, with sufficient sand to keep porous. After potting
they should be placed in a frame in one of the houses, and
kept close for a few days, then graduallv hardening theai
off.

Water carefully and at all times keep plenty of moisture
around. After the pots become tilled with roots, shift
into 4-inch pots, using 'a compost of equal parts of leaf
soil and loam with a sprinkling of bone meal added.

Place the young plants in a house with a night tempera-

ture of 60 degs., and where they will have plenty o[ light.
Give ventilations whenever possible, and keep them well
syringed during bright days. Treated thus, they will be
ready for planting on the bench about the first week in
June. See that the benches are scrupulously clean, and
that there is good drainage in the benches before the soil
is put in. One of the most important factors in Gardenia
culture is in the compost used. This should consist of
one part loam, one part leaf soil, and one part old cow
manure, with a good sprinkling of bone meal added to it.

The leaf soil should be about half decayed, and should
be left in rough pieces, rather than broken up. In filling
the bench, just put sufficient compost in, so that in planting
the stock out of 4-inch pots, the top of the ball will merely
be covered, the bottom of the ball being placed c^rectly
over the drainage. This is done to allow for successive
top dressings, which I think is one of the secrets of Gar-
denia culture, as by this method a veritable network of
active roots is kept near the surface.

Give the plants plenty of room, about 16 inches apart
each way, being sufficient. After planting, water thor-
oughly, and keep the plants sprayed three or four times
daily, giving plenty of ventilation at all times during the
summer months. About the last week in July, they will
be ready for their first lopdress.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

231

In mixing this compost, equal parts of leaf soil and cow
manure with a sprinkling of Clay's Fertilizer added, is
used ; whenever the roots begin to show above the surface
is the time to appl_v a little more of this material. "A
little at the time and often," is the motto.

A word in regard to pinching: Do not pinch the main
stem ; let it continue growing and it will continue giving
ofif the side shoots, which should be disbudded clear back
to the main stem, as soon as the bud shows. By this
method long stems are procured.

To produce good flowers from October on, requires
watchfulness in ventilation, watering, temperature and
cleanliness. When the buds become fairly large, syring-
ing must be reduced to about two thorough syringings a
week, which will keep the plants clean and prevent the
constant drip consequent on daily sprayings. For much

syringing has a tendency to make the buds drop, a condi-
tion to be guarded against during the fall months. When
watering, soak the soil thoroughly and then let it dry out
before more is applied.

If the soil is porous, there will be no trouble with sur-
face scum. Keep a moist atmosphere by keeping all
paths well damped down. Ventilate when the temperature
gets above 75, a little at a time. A night temperature
of 6.S degs. suits them admirably. But good Gardenias
can be grown with a night temperature of 60 degs. Keep
the plants clear of green fly and mealy bug, the former by
frequent syringings, and the latter by spraying.

The "yellows" is generally caused by over-watering.
Running a hot water pipe under the bench will tend to
dry the soil out quicker, and thus prevent the soil from
remaining soggy, a condition favorable to the ''yellows."

The Gardener at the International Show^

By CHARLES H. TOTTY, Madison, N. J.

Members of the National Association of Gardeners :

The question I wish to present to your notice is "What
part are the superintendents and gardeners of this country
going to play in the International Show, scheduled for
next April, in the New Grand Central Palace, New
York?" I think I am safe in saying that the finest plants
in the world have been imported and sold in the neigh-
borhood of New York in«the last twenty years. These
plants in the natural order of things, since they cost con-
siderable money, have been bought by your employers
and are at the present time, many of them, reclining in
the greenhouses, within easv shipping distance of New
York.

Are you going to leave them there or bring them out
next spring and let the rest of the country see stock they
have never previously had any knowledge of. We are
now working on the Final Schedule, which devotes con-
siderable to the special classes, solely for the private
growers in both plants and flowers and which in the
aggregate amounts to some $5,000 for the gardeners
alone. This is the first lime in the history of the Society
of .American Florists and Ornamental Horticulturists, to
my knowledge, that special classes have been made — the
first time that the private growers have been recognized
as a large factor in the development of horticulture, and
the fact that this Society of American Florists, which is
primarily a trade organization, is willing to do this is a
tribute to the growing force and power in the horticul-
tural world of the private gardener.

As a member of different local horticultural societies,
your response to my appeal to join with the parent body
for this show has been very generous. Practically, every
society within a reasonable distance of New York will
be represented by a silver cup or cash premium.

We also have working with us, the American Rose
Society, American Carnation Society, the Gladioli and
Sweet Pea Societies, and for once horticulture in .'\merica
presents to the world a solid front, standing together, and
it will show to the people an exhibition that will demand
recognition as being the finest achievement in the annals
of horticulture and floriculUire history in America.

j\Iy friends, it is fitting that this should be so. As the
editor of the New York World said in a recent editorial :

"When 130,000 throng to see a Flower Show in New
York, the popular vogue of flowers must be regarded as
pretty conclusively established. This is about as many

people as constitute the capacity audience at the theaters
on holidays, and the fact bears witness to the place flower
exhibitions now hold as fixed events in the Fall calendar
equally with football, the opera and the Horse Show."
The final paragraph as follows :

"But behind the vogue in this country and most sug-
gestive of all the circumstances having to do with its
popular appeal, is the confirmation the attendance at
Flower Shows gives of the true aesthetic sense, in a city
where as many of the population go to see flowers as a
world's baseball series."

I remember, and so do you, when about all the space
a flower show would get in the metropolitan dailies was
two or three lines in an obscure corner. Flower shows
and the flower industry were regarded with toleration
simply as hobbies of the rich. Today the people are awak-
ened to a sense of the value of the flower show in culti-
vating the aesthetic taste of a cit)', and we can get almost
any space we wish in the leading newspapers of the coun-
try.

An indication of this is shown in yesterday's New
York Herald, which gives ovej half a column to the Na-
tional Flower Show we are at the present time discuss-
ing.

The popularity of an undertaking, be it sport or busi-
ness or an individual, can always be determined by the
amount of space that the newspapers can be induced to
give to the same. A newspaper man has his ear to the
ground all the time watching the trend of popular
thought, moulding it ofttimes when wrongly directed and
giving it unlimited space when as a news item it is of in-
terest to the large body of our people. I am firmly of
the opinion that this Flower Show in New York is going
to set a record for attendance at a flower show in Amer-
ica.

Many of j-our employers who are connected with the
"upper crust" of New York society will be present. If
that employer sees his name in conjunction with a first
prize at the "greatest flower show .America ever had," he
will be just that much prouder of his gardener. Those of
you who are so loyal to your local shows and win prizes
know just how true this is.

The average American is content with nothing but the
best, and if the spirit of emulation between the employer
and the gardener is encouraged there is little doubt but
that horticulture will rise even more rapidly in the im-
mediate future.

There is nothing about the cultivation of plants and

232

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

flowers that can degrade a man. On the contrary, it is
the most elevating pastime that a milHonaire can spend
his time and money in following.

Those of you who saw the International Show in Lon-
don this year, or who followed it closely, could not fail
to be struck by the thousands of wealthy men who gave
their time and money generously to make this show the
glorious success it was.

Conceding that this interest is not so widespread in our
own people, still it is bound to come, and I want to see
the gardeners occupy their proper position at the head
of the procession, and there is no better place to leap with
one bound into this premier position than next spring at
the National Flower Show in New York. New York
has not had a really representative show for years. The
exhibitions have always been badly handicapped by the
many local societies that are holding their own exliibitions
at about the same time. Loyalty to his local society and a
desire that his employer (who is very often still stopping
at his country house) will see his products make the gar-
dener look after his local show first. In this case we
have a grand spring show when there will be no other
flower shows to take away the interest of the exhibits,
and I look to see the gardeners make a show worthy of
the highest praise.

Since the preliminary list was printed we have received
many handsome donations of cups, gold, silver and bronze

medals, and from the purely material standpoint of get-
ting something in exchange for one's labor, the show will
be something worth while.

As an educational feature, the society is planning to
give two lectures a day on dififerent matters pertaining to
horticulture every day during the exhibition. Felton, for
instance, whose fame is international as a color artist on
flowers and plants, will speak on "Color Harmony and
Floral Arrangement." Mr. J. K. L. M. Farquhar will
give us one of his inimitable talks on some of the gardens
of the old world. One or more American floral artists
will give lectures on their ideas of Floral art from an
American point of view, and other well-known men will
speak on difTerent phases of horticulture. In this branch
alone these lectures ought to put horticulture at least ten
years ahead.

This is not an American show alone. Some European
exhibitors are having stock especially grown and bulbs
forced in this country to give it an international flavor.

The Chicago and Massachusetts Horticultural Socie-
ties, the Shaw Botanic liardens of St. Louis, Mo., all
offer gold, silver and bronze medals for this show, as does
also the American Institute of the City of New York.

Th4 hall is large enough — the number of classes is large
enough, and every man here present this afternoon can
be. if he wishes, represented to a greater or lesser degree
in this "Teat show.

How To Grow and Plant Conifers In the Northeastern States

iCcUiiuied from October issue.)

By C. R. PETTIS, Expert in Planting, U. S. Dept. of Agri.

WHITE PINE.

The seed of white pine is the easiest to collect, and the
methods already described are the results of long experi-
ence with this species. The cones usually should be col-
lected between September 1 and 15, but the time for col-
lecting may vary over a period of six weeks.

BALS.\M.

The time for gathering balsam seed is also during the
first two weeks in Septemfeer. When fully ripe the cones
of this species fall to pieces, and therefore must be gath-
ered before maturity. They may be spread on the floor of
the curing room to ripen, when they will fall to pieces and
be ready for cleaning. They are cleaned and fanned like
white-pine seeds, with the same sized screen mesh.

NORWAY SPRUCE.

Norway spruce has been introduced from Europe for
ornamental purposes and for forest planting. The cones
should generally be collected during the first two weeks
in September, and when fresh cones are obtainable they
may be collected and cured in the same manner as white
pine.

RED PINE.

It is most difficult to cure the cones and extract the
seed of red pine. The cones should ordinarily be collected
between September 1 and 20, yet the cones on the south
side of the tree will open early and lose their seed, while
those on the north side may remain closed all winter. It
takes about two weeks in the drying room to open them,
while white pine opens in about six hours. The drying
trays should be fitted with a covering of cheese cloth over
the wire bottom, because the seeds are so small they will
fall through the wire mosquito netting. If there are only
a few bushels of cones of this species it is best to place
them in trays in the upper part of the drying room and
leave them there for several weeks while. drying other

cones, though if there are enougli to warrant it they should
be dried separately. It will be impossible to extract all
the seeds, but those which are retained at the butt and tip
of a cone are usually not fertile.

PITCH PINE.

The cones of jiitch pine may be collected during the
months of September and October. When the cones re-
main on the tree they may hold the seed for years, but
they open readily in a drying room. There is no pitch,
the seeds come out easily, and the yield is large. The
only difficult part of the process is the removal of the
seed wings, and the best way is to rub the seeds on an or-
dinary washboard before fanning.

ARBORVIT^.

The cones of arborvitje should be collected from about
September 5 to 20, and should be spread out on the cur-
ing-room floor to dry, since after they are cured the seeds
can be pounded out of the cones witliout heating. If the
cones are free from leaves the result will be clean seed.
The wings cannot readily be separated from the seed.

Hemlock cones are small and hard to collect, and the
seeds are not easily cleaned. They may be collected from
about September 5 to 20. They can be cured and dried
easily enough, because the thin cone scales soon lose their
moisture ; but unless all dirt is removed before the cones
open it will be almost impossible to separate it from the
tiny seeds afterwards. The cones need to be cured for
some time, and then will open after a few hours in the
drying room, when they will be ready for thrashing. As
in the case of red pine, the bottom of the drying-room
trays should be covered with cloth, and since the cones are
small they may spread on the floor of the curing room in-
stead of on racks.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA,

233

RED SPRUCE.

Cones of red spruce should be gathered from about
September 5 to 25. They are very pitchy and require
careful treatment, such as a frequent stirring in the curing
room to break up the pitch}- film about each cone, which
keeps them from drying and tends to stick them together
in large masses. As soon as they dry so that they will
not stick together, all dirt should be removed. This is to
obtain clean seeds, because it is very hard to separate the
dirt from the seed after the cones open; screening will not
altogether remove the particles of dirt of the same size as
the seed, and fanning will not separate particles of the
same weight. The pitch makes thrashing very irksome.

WHITE SPRUCE.

The cones of white spruce should be collected between
September 1 and 20. The treatment is the same as for
red spruce.

STORING SEEDS.

Seeds of all conifers should be stored in a cold room over
winter. Cellars or stables are not good storage places,
because in the former the air is moist and there is no free
circulation, and in the latter ammonia fumes will injure
the seed. They may be inclosed in a bag, and to be safe
from mice should be suspended from the ceiling. Or they
may be layered in boxes with moist sand and left in a place
cold enough to keep them from germinating before spring.
The sand can be sifted from the seed, which must be
sown as soon as they are separated ; otherwise they will
dry out and deteriorate rapidly. This method of layering
is called ripening by some commercial nurserymen, al-
though there is no actual ripening. Still another and a
successful method for winter storage of seed, especially
for large quantities, is by the use of tight tin cans, each
having a capacity of 50 pounds, placed in an unheated
building.

ESTABLISHING A FOREST BY PLANTING
TREES.

The right choice of species in making a forest planta-
tion of conifers is of prime importance. This choice can
be made only after full investigation of all conditions,
and before starting a nursery or beginning forest plant-
ing it is exceedingly desirable that the owner seek expert
advice from the State or the Federal Government, or
from private foresters. If only a small plantation is to be
made, or if a nursery is impracticable, the owner should
purchase the trees from a reliable nurseryman. If ex-
tensive areas are to be planted, a forest nursery should be
established.

NURSERY PRACTICE — LOCATION OF NURSERY.

The nursery should be conveniently located, either for
conditions of labor and supervision or for nearness to the
land to be planted, or for both, if possible. If the plant-
ing operations are to be extensive and suitable, conditions
can be found at a central point where faciHties for labor
and transportation are good, a permanent nursery, should
be established. But if the planting is on a small scale,
and the cost of shipping the seedlings to the planting site
is low, it will be advisable to establish the nursery con-
venient to supervision and labor. The initial cost of the
nursery will, of course, be determined largely by the quan-
tity of planting stock required and the number of years
the nursery will be in use.

A good soil is prerequisite to success, and even though
an unfavorable one can be artificially improved, great
care should be used in its selection. A rich sandy loam

soil is best. It should be further enriched with fertilizer
in an available form to be taken up easily by the young
plants. .Seed beds, particularly, must be heavily fertilized.
Expenditure for this is economy in the end, especially in
producing large numbers of trees. Experiments with
commercial fertilizers have not been carried far enough
to determine the best for use on seed beds. It is known,
however, that ground-bone meal, as a top dressing, has
severely injured one-year-old spruce seedlings. Well-
rotted barn manures probably are best if they do not con-
tain live weed seeds. A compost heap should be made each
year and allowed to rot three years before it is used. This
can be arranged by having three piles, so that when one pile
is used another one is made. All fertilizers will probably
be improved by the addition of imleached hardwood ashes.
The ground should lie so that water will not stand on it
in winter and spring, but on the other hand should not
slope so that the beds and paths will be washed or gullied.
.A. northern exposure has an advantage over others in that
the frost does not go out of the ground so early in the
spring that it will freeze later and thaw again, and so
heave the plants out of the ground. This heaving out
results in loss unless these seedlings are promptly reset be-
fore the roots dry out from exposure to sun and wind.
The nursery might be placed to decided advantage in a
sheltered spot so that the ground will be protected from
drying winds in hot weather, and from winter winds that
would blow the snow away when it is needed as a protect-
ive covering.

Water for irrigation or sprinkling is at times a neces-
sity and if it can be had at a small outlay the cost of rais-
ing the young trees will be lessened and the assurance of
success greatly increased. If care is taken to select a
place not overgrown with weeds it will save much money
and labor in future cultivation. \\'eed seeds may be killed
bv burning brush on the site. The ground should be
turned in the fall preceding the first spring planting, or
better still, might be used in growing potatoes the first
year in order that the soil may be thoroughly worked up.

Wherever the nursery is located, it should be well
fenced. Woven-wire field fence is best, because with it
snow will tend to lie on the level rather than to drift, as
it does with a picket or board fence.

AREA OF NURSERY.

An area of approximately 1% acres will annually pro-
duce 75,000 four-year-old transplants, yet if it is possible
to secure, at a reasonable cost, half as much more land,
or nearly two acres, this will permit a rotation of crop
every two years with the same annual output. In other
words, two-thirds of the nursery will be in trees, while a
soiling crop is grown on the other one-third. Every year
a different division of the nursery will be sown to some
other crop to iminove the soil, so that every third year
the rotation will I)i.- complete and the soil crop be repeated
in each division.

Both see<llings and transjilants may be raised in forest
nurseries, but transplants are generally the more desirable
for forest planting. The object of transplanting is to de-
velop a stronger and more compact root system. One
transjilanting is ordinarily sufficient to produce sturdy
stock for use on sites requiring stronger plants than seed-
lings. In this bulletin two-year-old seedlings are untrans-
planted trees two \ cars old, and four-year-old transplants
arc four-year-old trees once transplanted.

GROUND PLAN.

After the site and extent of the nursery have been de-
cided, beds should lie laid out and paths and roads located.
Should the nursor_\ work be limited to a few beds, the
best and most convenient place for them would be in one
corner of a garden. But a large nursery should be laid

234

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

out in the shape of a long rectangle with a road length-
wise through the middle.

A definite plan should be charted before work begins,
in which seed beds and transplant beds are arranged most
effectively for s)'stemat!C work and convenience, for beds
cannot be shifted until the trees in them are ready for re-
moval.

If it is decided to raise four-year-old transplants, which
are to be in seed beds two years, the nursery should have
two distinct parts equal in size, each to contain both seed
beds and transplant ground. The seed beds in one divi-
sion should be large enough to supply seedlings for the
transplant area in that division. After the nursery be-
comes fully established, there will be first-year seed beds
in one division and transplants in their third year ; in the
other division second-year seed beds and transplant beds
with trees transplanted the year before and now in their
fourth year. Hence, when the transplants in one division
of the nursery are four years old and ready for forest
planting, the seed beds in that division will furnish two-
year-old seedlings for transplanting to that portion of the
nursery from which the four-year-old stock is sent to the
field. Thus, all the new work each year is confined to one
division. In a nursery where three-year-old stock is
raised, it will not be possible to divide the nursery equally

in this way, and there may be other differences, since one-
year-old seedlings may be transplanted and grown two
years as transplants, or seedlings transplanted at two
years and held one year as transplants, before they are set
out in the permanent plantation.

SEED BEDS,

After the ground for the seed beds has been properly
enriched it should be spaded thoroughly and cleaned of all
debris, such as sods, roots, sticks, and stones, and the
earth pulverized. The seed beds should have their long-
est direction nearly east and west; this will secure a mov-
ing shade from lath frames which are placed over the seed
beds. The beds should all be of like size, and preferably
4 feet wide and either 6 or 12 feet long. If the nursery is
small and is to be cared for by one person, 6-foot-long
beds are best, because one person can, without assistance,
remove and replace the lath shade-frames, but 12-foot
beds are better and more economical for large nurseries
where there will be two men at hand to move the frames.

The seed beds must be in the best drained part of the
nursery to prevent "damping off," a fungus disease that
attacks the young seedlings when moisture is excessive.
The bed should be raised about four inches above the
path and its surface rounded off slightly, so that the center
will be about one inch higher than the outer edges.

What Becomes of Left-Over Blossoms and Plants

By KATHARINE PAUL.

"What becomes of all the flowers from fashionable
weddings and coming out receptions?" asked a woman
the other day. She was visiting New York from one of
the smaller towns and was impressed by the lavish dis-
play of floral decorations at a church wedding. The
same query, asked seventeen years ago, led to the foun-
dation of a new activity on the part of the National Plant,
Flower and Fruit Guild. The Guild has obtained the

vendor, but they have been wisely and impartially dis-
tributed. Their first mission carries out their second
mission of bringing hope and cheer to the sick poor of
the city steadily increased year by year.

During the year 1910 not less than 32,000 bunches of
flowers, first used as decorations at fashionable weddings
or sent to societv favorites when making their first bows,
ha\-e I'rrr rnrif-l'- ■■1 and svstematicallv sent out

privilege of free transpoi uitiuii fur as much as twenty
pounds of its fruits and flowers for a distance of 100
miles — a privilege which it still holds — but had not then
realized the enormous waste of beautiful blossoms in the
city itself.

Since that question was propounded in 1894, the
flowers from all the large social affairs in New York and
other cities have neither gone to waste nor have they been
sold by unscru])ulous servants to the itinerant street

through the guild to the homes of the poor and sick and
the toilers of the "long day," to whom the blossoms al-
ways bring a message of encouragement and hope.

Not very long ago the head worker of one of our set-
tlement houses of the upper West Side heard of a pitiful
case of illness and death. She telephoned to the guild for
"a few flowers to lighten the gloom" of the sordid home
where blossoms were a rare treat. That very day the guild
had received word that tiie flowers from an afternoon re-

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

235

ception were at its disposal, and a great cluster of roses,
fresh from the hands of a lovely girl whose life had been
sheltered and pleasure loving, were sent to the mother
of the child whose short years had known nothing but
hard work.

In writing to the guild of the flowers and the blessing
they brought to that stricken household, the head worker
said :

"When I took your flowers to the home — two rooms
on the top floor of a tenement in the most congested dis-
trict of the city — I did not see one of God's flowers ;
there was only a set wax piece, such as some of our flor-
ists delight to display in their windows. Tears streamed
down the cheeks of the mother as I handed your flowers
to her, and they stayed with her after the funeral and
comforted her, I know."

During the months of November and December, 1911,
through the courtesy of the members of the Junior
League of New York City, no less than fifteen thousand
bunches of flowers found their way from the mansions
of Fifth avenue to the homes of the tenement dwellers
on the East Side and to equally poor homes in old Green-
wich Village. In many cases the flowers were sent to
crippled children (and there are many such in this big
city) who will never be able to gather a flower them-
selves. To these poor little things lovely orchids and
violets and lilies were indeed a rare sight, even in the
florists' windows, and to them the idea of handling and
owning such beautiful blossoms was most wonderful.
The New York Transfer Company generously placed a
wagon and two helpers at the disposal of the Guild. The
drivers are always interested in taking the flowers — to
the children especially, and no "tip" other than a bunch
of roses is ever given or expected.

From the Roosevelt-Alexander wedding in June, 1910,
the flowers were sent both from the church and from the
reception. Four helpers divided the great masses of
glowing blossoms as evenly as possible, and each box,
properly labeled by the guild, was safely transported to
its destination. Fourteen institutions were supplied with
a wealth of flowers which some years ago would have
faded a few hours after serving their first purpose, but

which, through the guild's system, gave pleasure to thou-
sands of weary toilers.

From the most notable wedding of 1910 — that of Miss
Vivian Gould to Lord Decies — the guild had the privilege
of distributing the church flowers. Five thousand
bunches were sent to tenement homes, to hospitals and
to mission churches. Mr. McConnell, the florist, gave
the guild the use of his big vans and his men to transport
the flowers from the church to No. 70 Fifth avenue, the
office of the guild, and it was long after nine o'clock that
night before the last box had been delivered.

In addition to the cut flowers, one hundred potted white
flowering lilacs and daisies were sent to institutions hav-
ing a yard space, where each recurring year a reminder
of this international marriage will blossom, and blossom
again.

On the big covered roof of the East Side School for
Crippled Children 180 youngsters had a "Flower Day"
last spring. The auxiliary branches of the Guild scat-
tered throughout New York State and some through New
Jersey responded generously to the cry of the children for
"flowers," and for two days big crates, huge boxes and
enormous baskets packed high with blooming beauties
arrived.

The work of the guild brings it into contact with the
poorest of the poor — in homes where luxuries are un-
known, and where the occupants need all the light and
cheer that the "other half" can give them. If in summer
the advent of flowers is hailed with joy, think what pleas-
ure they must bring in the dreary cold of winter.

The guild is a co-operative charity and supplements
charitable and mission work. It is supported entirely by
voluntary contributions. Each year its field broadens,
and it now has over two hundred institutions on the re-
ceiving list of the New York branch.

NATIONAL FLOWER SHOW

NEW YORK

APRIL, 1913

XvA/o Important INew/ Rerns

THE GLORY FERN

.:<H'^Sb.

M

JteM^^*^

Adiantum Farleyense Gloriosa

(RuKm von MordrecKt)

An easy-growing form of that moat beautiful of all Maiden-
Hairs, Adiantum Farleyense. This new variety, which is identical
in every particular, has a stronger constitution and may be suc-
cessfully grown under the same conditions as any ordinary form
of the Maiden-Hairs, a decided and great advantage, which will
assure its widespread popularity.

&

^^-v-;:?^M

f A

m-A^ '"^^

P° Ci^RfcfislB^nL ^

FINE PLANTS.

5^^9IDh^''v^

2',4 inch pots 25 cts, each, $2.50 per dozen

8 " " 50 " •' 6.00 "

4 " " 75 " " 7.50 "

^P

;^|t^;J^ '\. '':^;.^

THE NEW CRESTED HOLLY-FERN

Cyrtomium Falcatum Rochfordianum

1

"T^ LLm^^^^H^k^ il

Next to the Boston Fern and its varieties, the Holly-Fern is the
moat satisfactory for apaitiucnt use, and this new variety has
already made a place for its. -If in the first rank as a decorative
plant. Its foliage is of a rich, glossy, dark green; the pinnae, or
leaflets, besides being wavy cr undulated on the edges, are also
deeply cut or toothed, g-ivintr the plant in connection with its
raassiveness a graceful and hght appearance,

STRONG 4 INCH POTS, 2j CENTS EACH; $2.50 PER DOZEN.

DREER'S GARDEN BOOK, a complete catalogue of Plants.
Bulbs. Seeds, etc., mailed ir.o to all applicants who mo-^tion this
publication.

HENRY A. DREER

7 14 CHestnut Street PKiladelphia. Pa.

GLORY FERN,

ADIANTUM FARLEYENSE GLORIOSA.

236

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

MORRIS CO. FLORISTS' AND GARDEN-
ERS' SOCIETY.

The seventeenth annual flower show of
the Morris County Gardeners' & Florists'
Society, was held in Assembly Hall, Madi-
son, October 31 and November 1. This
society, having amongst its members some
of the most noted growers in the country,
always exhibits particularly high class
stock in Roses and Chrysanthemums and
this year the standard of culture was raised
several points more. The quality of the
'mum flowers was simply marvellous. The
variety that showed most prominently in
the hall was Wm. Turner. This huge ball
of flufl'y white was the attraction of all
eyes in several classes.

The two premier classes in 'mums wliich
were 36 in 6 varieties and 24 in 4 varieties,
short stems, were won by W. H. Duckham,
gardener for ]Mrs. D. Willis James, Madison,
N. J., and A. A. Macdonald, gardener for
Jas. B. Duke, Somerville, N. J., the former
winning first and the latter second in each
class. The six vases of Mv. Duckham's ex-
hibit were: Wm. Turner, Hon. Mrs. Lopes.
Pres. Viger, Pockett's Crimson, Onunda, and
Mrs. H. Stevens. Mr. Macdonald's most
notable vases were: Wm. Turner. Pockett's
Crimson, W. Mease and Mary Donellan.

The 24 vases, 24 distinct varieties, that
Mr. Duckham secured first with are as
follows: Mrs. David Sy me, Onunda, Pres.
Viger, W. M. Moir, G.Lock, Mrs. Gilbert
Drabble. Hon. Mrs. Lopes, Annie L. Angus.
Reg. Vallis, Mary Mason, Mrs. O. H. Kahn,
Alice Lemon, Beatrice May, Woodmason,
Wm. Turner, Mrs. G. C. Kelly, D. V. CVane,
Naceur Bay, Mrs. H. Stevens, Pockett's
Crimson. Lady Hopetoun, Harry Converse,
Louiseau Rosseau, Mrs. E. D. Foote.

The most notable flowers in Mr. Mac-
donald's 24 were: Annie L. Agnus, Wm.
Turner, Mrs. Lopes and Pockett's Crimson.

Eighteen flowers, 6 varieties, was won by
Ernest E. Wild, gardener to C. W. Hark-
ness, Esq., Madison, N. J. Mr. Wild is a
comparatively new exhibitor, but he staged
some i-emarkable flowers in several classes.
His exhibit of 3 flowers each of 0 varieties
contained: Pres. Viger, Wm. Turner, .\jice
Lemon, Mrs. D. Syme and G. Lock. Second

prize in this class was won by John Down-
ing, gardener to Dr. D. H. McAlpin, of
Morris Plains, N. J. The best of Mr. Down-
ing's flowers were Mary Mason and Wm.

In the class calling for 10 flowers each,
white, yellow and pink. Mr. Harold B. Vyse,
gardener for the Whitney Estate, Morris-
town. X. J., and Mr. A. A. Macdonald, di-

Coutcsy of Stumfyp & Walters Co.

VEGETABLE EXHIBIT BY ROBERT E. TYSON, SUPT. ON TWOMBLY EST.\TE.
.AW.ARDED FIRST PRIZE AT MADISON', N. J., OCTOBER 30, 191J.

Turner. The third prize in this class, which
was strongly competed for, was won by
Peter Duff, gardener to Mrs. -I. Crosby
Brown, Orange, N. J.

The class for 12 flowers, 12 varieties. 1
vase, brought out a beautiful exhibit. The
first prize was won by A. A. Macdonald;
second prize by Jas. Eraser, gardener to
0. H. Kahn, Esq., Morristown, X. J., and the
third to Mr. John Downing. Pretty much
the same varieties were represented in this
as in previous classes, all being novelties of
tlu' past three or foin- years' introduction.

STACK SETTING OF 'MUMS EXHIBITED BY < IIAKI.KS II. TOTTY. M.ADISON. N. T.

vided lionors. The varieties most strongly
represented in this section were Mary Donel-
lan and Beatrice May.

In the class calling for 3 vases, 6 flowers
each, pink, yellow and white, Mr. Mac-
donald scored first prize.

The class calling for 12 flowers, 12 distinct
varieties on short stems, bi'ought forth a
marvellous display of bloom, and the first
prize was won by Ernest Wild whose won-
derful flowers have been previously men-
tioned. Second prize. Mr. Peter Duff, and
third prize, J. Lindabury, gardener for
Robert D. Foote, Esq., Morristown, N. J.
Mr. Wild's .flowers in this class were: Wm.
Turner, JIi-s. G. C. Kelly, Lady Hopetoun,
Alice Lemon, G. Lock, Onunda. Hon. Mrs.
Lopes, Jlrs. David Syme, Pres. Viger, Mrs.
H. Stevens, Mary Mason, Woodmason. The
most conspicuous varieties in Mr. Duff's en-
try were Woodmason and Mrs. Gilbert
Drabble.

Competition was particularly keen for the
Stumpp & Walter prize, for 6 flowers in 6
distinct varieties. The first prize was won
by Jas. Fraser; second prize. Henry Gaut,
gardener for H. L. Pratt. Glen Cove, L. I.,
and the third by Harold B. Vyse. The
most remarkable flowers in this exhibit
were: F. E.Nash, Mrs. 0. H. Kahn, Mary
ilason and AVm. Turner.

In the class calling for 6 flowers of white,
Chas. Barbanes, gardener for Dudley Olcott,
Normandie Heights, Morristown, N. J.,
scored first with very fine Mrs. David Syme.
Six yellow, Jas. Fraser with Yellow Miller.
.Six pink, same exhibitor with Wm. Duck-
ham. Six crimson. J. Lindabury. with
Pockett's Crimson. Six bronze, Mr. Fraser,
first with Glenview.

Class calling for Vase of flowers with
other foliage, arranged for effect, was won
by Mr. Eraser, who made a beautiful ex-
hibit of Beatrice Slay, with asparagus and
autumn foliage. Second prize was captured
by !Mr. ^Macdonald. who used small flowers
and had a heavier foliage effect.

In the display of Pompons number of

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

237

vases not to exceed 10, Mr. H:imilton S'colt,
gardener for C. W. McAlpin, Esq., Morris-
town, N. .J., won first.

The single classes brought out a large and
beautiful exhibit in which Mr. Alex. Mac-
Kenzie, gardener for Percy Chubb, Ks<i..
Glen Cove, L. I., was the principal winner.
His exhibits in several single classes were
wonderfully fine and contained, among
others, the following varieties: .lessie
Curtis, Merstham Jewel, Laurie Hearn.
Metta, E. Xottell, Crown Jewel, .\lex. Row-
bottom and Hilda.

The "Largest Flowers in the Show" Class
was won by Mr. Wild with a flower of Mrs.
H. Stevens.

In the Commercial Classes Chas. H.
Totty, Madison. N. J., secured first in all
sections with 10 white — Mrs. David Syme,
10 yellow — Mary Donellan, 10 pink —

I'ierson, Cromwell, Cunii.. which was
awarded a Certificate of .\.erit.

In Carnations the class for 25 pink first
prij^e was won by \Vm. Duckham, with 2.5
Mrs. C. W. ^\■ard, who also won first for
2.") white with Wodenethe. C. H. Totty.
won first for 2.1 red with Commodore and
first for 25 any other color with Benora.

In the 12 cla.sses Mr. Duckham, Jlr. Wild
and Mr. Reid, the latter gardener for
Sydney Colgate, Esq., Orange, N. J., divided
the honors. Special exhibits in this section
that were awarded certificates were the
new varieties — Northport — shown in ex-
cellent shape by C. H. Totty and Jas. Cock-
croft, of Northport, L. I., and Commodore
by C. H. Totty, also the new white variety
Matchless, exhibited by The Cottage Gar-
dens Co., Queens, L. I. Scott Bros, for Wm.
Eccles.

GROfP OF UUClllljS AM.i li'l
ESTATE.

AW..\RbElJ SPECIAL PRIZE.

J I I UK JAMES

Reginahi \"allis, and 10 any other color —
Mrs. O. II. Kahn.

The Rose exhibits, while not particularly
numerous for a town called ■'ITio Rose
City," were yet sufficient to fill a table 40
feet long and the quality of the llowers
was superb. The finest Rose on exhibition
was C. H. Totty's Mrs. Geo. Shawyer, which
was shown on five-foot stems, in magni-
ficent condition, towering over the Meauties
and everything else exhibited. This Rose
won first for 25 pink Rose any undis-
seminateil variety and the special prize of
Badgley, Riedel & Meyer for the best vase
of Roses, any variety except. American
Beauty.

The Beauty classes were won by L. A.
Noe, Esq., of Madison. N. J., with excellent
flowers, h. B. Coddington, Murray Hill,
N. J., secured first for 25 Killarripy; first
for 25 Richmond; first for 25 white Kil-
larney. and first for 12 My Maryland. He
also secured first for 25 yellow Rose, with
Mady Hillingdon. In the class for 12
yellow first prize was won by Jas. Eraser
with Sunburst. Wm. Mnlmichael, gardener
for C. A. Work, Esq., Madison. \. ■!., won
first for 12 pink Killarney, and I.. .\. Noe
first for 12, any other white.

In the Rose section mention must be m;tde
of a splendid exhibit of Milady from .\. \.

The competition for "Grouj) of 'Miim
Plants in Flower, Arranged with Foliage
and Other Flowering Plants for Effect"
brought out tlirce entries. Mr. H. B. Vyse
scored first; Mr. John Downing, second, and
.Vlr. A. A. Macdonald, third.

The specimen 'mum plants in flower, al-
ways a ?i)len(lid feature in this show, was
even better than ever this year. IMr. Peter
Duff won first for jellow with Mrs. R.
Hooper Pearson, white with Garza, and
crimson with F. T. Quittenton. Mr. Robert
Tyson, gardener for ^Irs. H. McK. Twombly.
Convent. N. J., had a splendid plant of
Mrs. J. Tranter, on exhibition.

In the Single Stem Pot-Plants Mr. ifac-
donald secured first in the class calling for
12 single stem pot-plants, with a handsome
lot of plants. Mr. Peter Duff won second
and Mr. II. 13. Vyse, third. These were a
splendid feature of the Show and much
admired.

Mr. Macdonald. as was to be expected
a man of his reputation for grape growing,
captured all promiunis for greenhouse
grapes.

The general effect of the flowers in the
hall was very fine. C. 11. Totty had a long
mi-foot table arranged with new singles,
which was one of the priiicijial features of
the exhiliiticin. lie al-o made a beautiful

and MUich admired exhibit of 'mums in pflts,
comprising a lot of newer varieties, es-
pecially adapted for pot culture. The same
exhibitor had "Not for Competition" a
splendid vase of Mrs. Gilbert Drabble 'mum,
a new variety that will give Wm. Turner
a very hard run when generally distributed.

In "the Orchid Class the Special Society
Prize for table, four feet in diameter, of
Orchid plants arranged with fern ))lants,
the first prize was won by Wm. Duckham,
and second prize by John Jones, of Convent,
N. J.

The vegetables, which are always a good
feature of this grand show, were splendid
this year. In the class for collection of 12
vegetables, 12 varieties, the first prize was
won by Robert Tyson with an exhibit most
beautifully arranged of clean, good stock
that would probably have scored his first in
any show. Mr. Macdonald scored second in
this class with another very fine entry.
Mr. Eraser also had a splendid entry in this
class, but did not score an award, as did also
Henry Gaut. Mr. Macdonald scored first
for collection of vegetables, 8 varieties, and
Jlr. Fraser, second.

The show as a whole was a very great
success, not alone in the splendid quality of
flowers but also in attendance, which was
better than any previous year at this show
anil its members feel very much encouraged.

The judges were : Eugene Dailledouze,
nalbush, N. Y.; Wm. Turner, Oceanic,
X. J., and Albert Jlillard, Riverdale-on-
lludson, N. Y.

THE WESTCHESTER AND FAIRFIELD
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The second annual flower show of the
society was held in Germania Hall, New
Koihelle, November 7, 8 and 9, 1912. The
li:ill. one of the largest in Westchester
( ounty, was more than filled up, Chrysan-
tlii'inumus, of course, being in the majority;
(piality and quantity could be seen in a)l
the different classes, causing the visitoijs
to wonder at the magnificent display — tl^e
results of the (^are and skill of the best
gardeners in the country. James Stuart.;s
group of flowering' and, foliage plants wits
simjily splendid, well deserving its bli^e
ribbon. -Jshiv. F. Burns, won first honoijs
with orchids;' the Geo. E. Baldwin Ctf..
Mamar.oncck;, w<.>.re awarded a Certificate qf
Merit for a grand display of orchid plants
in bloom. Chas. H.. Totty's new rose, Mrg.
Geo. Shawyer, created a sensation, and tl^c
same may be said of A. N. Pierson's MiladV.
both receiving a Certificate of Merit. Nortlj-
port. J. D. Gockcroft's new carnation won
the Certificate, of Merit for best novelty.
Scott Bros, and Fraendly & Shenck win-
ning fir.st prizes' with their sterling new
varieties. Anthon ". S, Peterson, of New
Hochelle, was awarded a Certificate of Merit
fcir a flue display 'of evergreen. Scott Bros.
ami Thos. Mehaii & Son received a special
mention for their display of Singles and
Pompons, some vers' fine varieties being
c-pocially noticed in Scott's collection of
Singles.

P. W. Popp received honorable mcntiop
for a fine vase of Dahlia^. Geisha, as did
(has. Totty for a vase of new singles,
( hrysanthemums.

The full list of winners is as follows:
W. J. Sealey, one first and one second; E.
MacKenzie. seven firsts, four seconds;
James .Mtchison. five firsts, eight seconds:
Thomas Aitchison, silver cup, bronze medal,
seven firsts, nine seconds: A. Bieschke, gold
metal, two thirds; James Stuart, eight
firsts, two seconds: A. Paterson, seven
firsts, two seconds: John F. Burns, silver
medal, bronze medal, four firsts, five

238

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

seconds; G. C. Allan, one first, one second;
W. llaginnis, one second; A. L. Marshall,
five firsts, two seconds; J. B. Roy, one
second; Mr. Eyan, one first; N. Stantiford,
one second; James Foster, two firsts, two
seconds; P. W. Popp, three firsts, one
second, bronze medal ; Mr. Bell, one first,
two seconds; W. Smith, one first; R. Allen,
two firsts; Wm. Cohen, one first; D. S.
Miller, two silver cups, one gold and two
silver medals, two firsts, one second; Oscar
E. Addor, one first; A. E. Townsend, three
firsts, two seconds; A. Wynne, two firsts,
two seconds; A. Peterson, one first, one
second; A. Geddes, three firsts, three
seconds; M. Glendon, one second; A. Allius,
two firsts, one second; H. Gant, one second;
W. S. Hitchcock, silver medal, one first and
one third; Paul Dwenger, one second; Mrs.
Pitt, silver cup, two firsts; Miss Eixen, one
third; Mrs. L. Richard, one second.

A special feature of the show was the
table decorations by gardeners on Novem-
ber 8. Theo. Aitchison, unanimous winner
with a simple but beautiful display; H.
Gaut, of Glen Cove, a good second. On
November 9, for ladies, amateur, table
decoration, Mrs. Pitt was an easy first,
Mrs. Richard, second, and Miss Rixen, third.
Mrs. Pitt winning as first a splendid silver
cup, donated by W. F. Leary, of New
Rochelle.

At the regular monthly meeting held in
Greenwich, Conn., on Friday, November 15,
a temporary report of the show was read
by the secretary, showing that financially
also the show was a grand success.
Nominations for officers for next j'ear were
made at this meeting, the regular election
to take place at the December meeting.
OSCAR E. ADDOR,
Cor. Sec'v.

OYSTER BAY HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

The regular monthly meeting of the
Oyster Bay Horticultural Society was held
in the Board of Trade rooms, November
5, at 8 p. m.. President James Duthie in
the chair.

Mr. John Grant and Mr. John Milne were
elected to active membership. Messrs. J. T.
Ingram, John Sorosick and A. Walker
acted as judges. For points competition
Jos. Robinson got 86% points for four
vases of roses. Mr. Frank Petroccia re-
ceived a cultural certificate for a collection
of vegetables which were very fine. The
gentlemen gave very interesting talks on
the ways and means they grew the ex-
hibits. President Duthie gave a very able
address on roses grown on own roots and
grafted stock, which was greatly enjoyed
by all present.

YONKERS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

There was a large attendance at the
above society's meeting, held in Hollywood
Inn on Friday, November 15. The principal
business was the nomination of office bear-
ers for 1913. The following were appoint-
ed; President, W. W. Waite; vice-presi-
dent, J. Canning; secretary, H. Nichols;
treasurer, W. Wright; corresponding and
financial secretary, W. Mills; executive
committee, T. Mahoney, R. Eennison, R.
Cochrane and E. Miller.

It was decided to form a bowling club
in connection with the society, and as
soon as the committee can engage alleys
the members will begin practice.

Tlie next regular meeting will be held
on December 6. when a full report of the
fall show will be read.

WILLIAM MILLS.

BEES AT THE PANAMA-CALIFORNIA
INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION.

Among the many unique features of the
Panama-California Exposition in San Diego
there is being planned an open air bee keep-
ing exhibit to be installed on the exposition
grounds, where there will be fully equipped
apiary with honey house, extractor and
tanks with everything necessary to illus-
trate just how bees are managed, and how
all of the operations attendant upon the
production and removal, packing and ship-
ping of honey are carried on. The exhibit
will also include a comb honey apiary and
a queen bee rearing apartment, containing
representatives of all of the varieties of
bees of commercial importance and the
methods employed in raising and introduc-
ing the improved strains of honey
gatherers.

The idea of such an exhibit is the out-
come of recent meetings of the honey pro-
ducers of Southern California, notably of
San Diego County, where it was thought
that a more widely disseminated knowledge
of the advantages of California as a bee
raising country would prove of profit to
tho.se who are seeking fresh fields and pas-
tures new for legitimate enterprise requir-
ing limited capital, as well as of educa-
tional advantages to those already engaged
in the business.

A novel feature of this exhibit will be
plants of all the cultivated honey plants
growing. The canyon will be utilized in
producing a natural mountain honey range
with all the native wild plants so famous
in California growing and in full bloom,
yielding their nectar to the energetic little
creatures whose business in life is to lay
up sweetness.

Lily of the Valley

NEW CROP JUST ARRIVED

MARSHALL'S MATCHLESS DRESDEN PIPS—
Extra strong pips producing flowers with 15 to 20
bells. Price, $2.50 per 100; $22.00 per 1,000.

BEST BERLIN PIPS— Extra selected stock for forcing.
Price, $2.00 per 100; $18.00 per 1,000.

Cold Storage Pips

Marshall's Dresden . . $3.00 per 100; $25.00 per 1,000
Berlin Stock Selected . $2.25 per 100; $20.00 per 1,000

WE ARE SHIPPING NOV. 30TH FOR CHRISTMAS BLOOM

W. E. MARSHALL & CO. seeds, bulbs and plants

166 West 23d Street, New York

Here, There and Everywhere

Now is the time to com-
KEEPING UP THE nience feeding the milk cows,
MILK YIELD. says P. M. Brandt, ofthe Mis-

souri Agricultural Experiment
Station. It is true the grass is still green, but it has not
much feeding value. A cattle feeder does not think for a
moment of finishing off a bunch of steers on this fall grass.
Why should a dairyman expect the cows to maintain their
milk yield on it? Butter fat is scarce. The price is high
and is going higher. It will pay to produce more butter
fat, but it cannot be done by feeding cows fall grass, corn
stalks and timothy hay. It is also a mistake to neglect
the cows for a few weeks, intending to make amends by
liberal feeding when winter comes. It is important that
the milk yield never be allowed to decline. It is almost
impossible to bring a cow back to her normal flow after
it has been permitted to decline. It is important that fall
feeding be commenced now before the milk flow is cut
down by short grass and scant feed. Those who are for-
tunate enough to own a silo should give each cow about
25 pounds of silage a day. Every cow should have all the
clover, alfalfa, or cowpea hay she will clean up. This will
amount to about 10 pounds a day if the silage is fed. If
silage is not fed, more hay should be given. It is well to
remember that cowpea hay is one of the cheapest of dairy
feeds. Cows giving over a gallon of milk a day should
be fed grain. A good grain mixture is corn chop mixed
with bran or cottonseed meal. Corn and cob meal may be
sut^tituted for the chop. A pound of this mixture should
be given each day for every three pounds of milk pro-
duced. The best cows will not produce milk unless fed
liberally on the right kind of feed.

FOREST Secretary Wilson, of the

EXPERIMENT United States Department

<?TATTON °^ Agriculture, has decided

to establish an experiment
station on the Manti National Forest, near Ephraim,
Utah, for the study of grazing and water protection
problems. In fact, bids for the construction of the
necessary buildings have been received and it is ex-
pected to have the station in working order before
winter. Already the gathering of observations on the
relations of erosion and run-off to the forest cover
have begun.

The Manti National Forest was chosen as the site
for this experiment station because it offers exception-
ally good opportunities for investigating problems of
practical value in connection with regulated grazing.
Ephraim and other towns in its neighborhood have
suffered severely from floods following violent rain-
storms in the mountains, and it has already been
proved conclusively that tiie overgrazed condition of
areas on which the natural vegetative cover has been
seriously altered is responsible for the formation of
torrents and the rapid discharge of debris-laden flood-
waters. In a recent destructive storm the water ran
clear from a part of the watershed which was within
the National Forest, and in good condition as a result
of well regulated grazing, while from other areas it
swept down sand and hmildcrs. One of the objects
of the study will be to learn how the maximum of
grazing use of Natural Forest land can be obtained
without injury to forest reproduction and stream flow.

The National Forests provide range during a part or
all of the year for a considerable part of the stock {iro-

duced in the western States. Approximately one and
one-half million head of cattle and horses and seven
and one-half million head of sheep and goats occupy
the Forest lands each year. These figures do not in-
clude nearly three hundred thousand calves and over
four million Iambs and kids for which permits are not
required.

The experts of the department believe that when the
ranges which were denuded by many years of im-
proper use are restored to a normal condition of prod-
uctivity it will be possible to provide feed for a much
larger number of stock without injury to forest
growth or watersheds, and both the stockgrower and
the consumer of meat products will thus be benefited.
Consequently eveiy effort is being made to determine
practicable means of regenerating depleted ranges.
All of the studies which are about to be initiated have
this point in view.

SOME APPLE
PIES.

Apple pies baked at the rate
of 2,250 per hour in an oven
75 feet long and served by
500 well-known Spokane resi-
dents were served free on the opening day of the National
Apple Show, November 11 to 17. This was the opening
event of the Enakops Jubilee, the amusement feature of
the apple exhibition. The apples were first made into
sauce in a huge kettle weighing 1,890 pounds. Gas was
used to cook the sauce. Five hundred bushels of apples
were cooked at a time. When enclosed in the crust, the
pies were placed on an endless chain in the bake oven.
Eduardo Rampan, chef at Davenport's, and A. N. Can-
tril directed the cooking, while the populace was served
by leading men of Spokane as waiters.

FIGHTING THE
CHINCH BUG.

The chinch bug cost the
State of Missouri, approxi-
mately $5,000,000 this year.
Unless immediate steps are
taken to destroy the swarms which are living over during
the winter this loss will be greatly increased next year,
says L. Haseman, of the Missouri Agricultural Experi-
ment Station. Between now and December 1, all mead-
ows, pastures, roads waste lands and other fields, which
are heavily overgrown, should be carefully examined for
the hibernating chinch bugs. Those fields near wheat and
corn fields which were infested last summer should be
examined with special care. The insects hide deep down
in clumps of grass, under leaves and rubbish, and in many
cases their presence can be detected from the disagreeable
odor of the crushed bugs, even before one finds them in
their hiding places. Wherever they are found, the fields
should be burned over immediately and carefully, so that
every possible shelter will be destroyed. The wind should
not be too strong so that the heat will penetrate down into
the clumps of grass and make a clean job. Farmers should
co-operate in burning over all public highways and rail-
road right-of-ways in the infested regions. With careful,
systematic burning of all harboring places in the fall, a
large per cent, of the millions of hibernating bugs will be
killed by the heat directly and many more left exposed
to the winter. After each and every farmer has done all
he can to destroy the pest during the winter, the fight will
be well enough started so that, of taken up in time next
summer, the injury from the pests may be greatly reduced.

240 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

The Mrs, Geo. Shawyer Rose

has won 17 certificates, a silver medal, a sweepstake
cup and other awards in the past two weeks. No
other rose was ever so extensively shown in such
a short period. Now come and see it growing and
you will agree with me that it is a winner. It
opens just as freely in winter as it does in summer,
growing all the time, and every shoot a flower.

New Carnations

Commodore, Wm. Eccles, Northport, Salmon
Beauty and Enchantress Supreme — all good and all
in our 1913 catalog, which will be mailed you in
December.

New Mums?

Why, certainly ! And you ^vill need them, too, for
the shows, to keep on top. Why not write me?

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

241

A. C. Savler

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA

AUSTIN C. SAYLER, Managing Editor.

ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

THOS. W. LOGAN

Pretident

M. C. EBEL
Secretary

ROY H. CAVERLY
Treasurer

Published by

CHRONICLE PRESS

M. E. MAYNARD, President.

1 MONTGOMERY STREET, JERSEY CITY, N. J.
New York Office

236 WILLIAM STREET, NEW YORK CITY.

Subscription Price, 12 MontKs, $1.00 :: :: Single Copies, 10 Cents

Foreign, $1.50

Entered as second class matter February 18, 1905, at tke Post Office at
Jersey City. N. J., under Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.

Published

09 Monthly

Vol. XVL

NOVEMBER, 1912.

No. 1.

CONTENTS.

Page.

The Anatomy and Physiology of the Honey Bee; by J. B. Thomson... 229

Gardenia Culture ; by George Masson 230

"The Gardener at the International Show; by Chas. H. T.otty 231

How to Grow and Plant Conifers (Concluded); by C. R. Pettis 232

What Becomes of Left-over Blossoms and Plants; by Katharine Paul.. 234

Premium List, Morris County Florists' and Gardeners' Society 236

Premium List, Westchester and Fairfield Horticultural Society 237

Meeting of the Oyster Bay Horticultural Society 238

Meeting of the Yonkers Horticultural Society 238

Here, There and Everywhere 239

Editorial 241

New Greenhouses at Delaware Park, Buffalo, N. Y 242

Among the Gardeners 244

Association Notes 245

Minutes of Second Convention, N. A. G 246

Societies 252

Nassau County Horticultural Society 252

Premium List,' Lenox (Mass.) Flower Show 252

Premium List, Nassau County Horticultural Society 253

Premium List, Northern Westchester County Horticultural and Agri-
cultural Society 254

Premium List, -American Institute 255

N. A. G. BOWLING TOURNAMENT.

Si.x teams entered the tuurnament held in connection
with tlie convention, the team representing: the Pennsyl-
vania Tlorticiiltiiral Society winning the contest.
Philadelphia — Scores. Strikes. Spares.

John Dodds .... 119 199 151—469 9 12

S. Batchelor .... 153 161 151—465 7 15

Wni. Robertson.. 124 200 160—492 6 16

New York —

HeaV

1,426

83 106 125—314 1

1,111

Westchester —

T. Stuart 141 104 136—381 4

T. Aitchison .... 89 131 143—363 4

O. .\(ldor 89 128 138—355 5

1,099
O ranee —

G. ■'Wilson 71 109 87—267 0

S. Horn 80 134 84—298 1

J. Manda 156 172 149—477 6

1,042
Elberon —

J. Kennedy 98 126 147—371 4

G. Masson 104 83 100—287 2

Chas. O. Duncan. 135 129 112—376 2

1,034
]\Iadison —

P.Witney 80 110 80—270 3

^I. C. Ebel 72 . . . .— 72 1

Wm. Tricker . . . . 107 103 110—320 3

11
9
6

4

8

14

9

3

13

Thomas W. Head . 173 112 162—447 5
W.E.Marshall.. Ill 1.19 100—350 4

16

662
The following entered the individual contest :

Thomas Aitchison 180 146 201—527

Tos. Manda . . . ., 164 157 155^^77

William Robertson 157 162 156—476

James Stuart 148 161 161— 170

Samuel Batchelor 165 159 142—466

Walter Gray 132 152 171—455

John Everett . :..... 141 156 116-^13

Tames Kennedy ...;...... ; . 146 114 137—397

Thomas W. Head Ill 150 127—388

Andrew Wilson 106 138 120—364

Alexander Mackenzie 114 130 117—361

J. Austin Shaw 115 117 112—344

Charles Adcock 81 131 116—332

W. A. Sperling 137 90 103—330

A. Bauer 108 95 .122—325

Peter DuiT 82 96 118—296

J. Garvan 96 94 100—290

The prize winners were :

Highest team score in three games, won by Philadel-
phia Horticultural Society, Philadelphia — Aphine cup.
Also to each member of the winning team, Dodds, Batche-
lor and Robertson — J. Manda prize, ale mugs.

Highest score in any game, team bowling, won by
W'illiam Robertson — Association cup.

Highest number of strikes in three games, teams and
individual, won by Walter Gray — President's cup.

Lowest team score, three games, won by Madison —
'Charles H. Totty prize, bo.x of cigars.

Highest total pins in three games, individual, won by
Thomas Aitchison— Association cup.

Second highest total pins, three games, individual, won
by Jos. A. Manda — Association cup.

Highest single score, individual, won by William Rob-
ertson— Michell prize, bronze medal.

Highest number o1 spares, individual, won by Williain
Robertson — James Stuart prize, fountain pen.

Highest score, first game, teams and individual, won
by Thomas Aitchison — William E. Marshall prize, box of
cigars.

Sweepstakes prize, won by Thomas Aitchison — Chron-
icle cup.

242

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Photographs Furnished by
Courtesy of Lord & Burn.

The New Greenhouses at II

■M

i|y^

hh

IHP^^

i^^^SHE^

^^^^^^^1

^Bm0(Kmr^

^^1

»^m^. ^B^Ktm^k

mS'^^si

1^^

»i(;:is^

At each end of the Show House are interesting rockery fountains and pools,
filled with gold fish.

The "kiddies" are the two canny Scotch bairns of Assistant-Superintendent,
Mr. Donaldson.

Nut to be beaten by Rochester with its Hig
group of Show Houses, erected last }-ear, its hi
Buffalo, has beautified its range of growing hou
ware Park, by adding this highly ornamental S

It is 125 feet long and 50 feet wide.

The work room is located in a jog of the S
and connected to five ridge and furrow grov
just back of it.

Although the curvilinear roof has a maniir|tl
is so framed that neither columns nor a mi
heavy roof trussing and bracing is necessar}-.

As an example of greenhouse construction
skill, it is highl}' interesting.

With the classic architecture of the Albrit t .
lery on the left of the Park's encircling drive; a
fied, graceful lines of the Show House on tl
effect as you enter the grounds is most strikir

D. A. Seymour is the Superintendent of th
falo Park System.

Mr. Donaldson, the Assistant Superintepen
handy by, in the vine-covered cottap"

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

243

elaware Park, Buffalo, N. Y.

nd Park
ling rival,
s at Dela-
House.

\v House,
jf houses,

1 span, it
plicity of

igineering

Art Gal-
ihe digni-
right, the

a tire Buf-

cnt, }ives

^ V -^\

The photo was taken before the house was stocked, but it gives a splendid idea of its size and airy structural freeness.

244

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

AMONG THE GARDENERS

Mr. Herbert Greensmith, who for the past three years
has been landscape gardener of the parks in Cincinnati,,
Ohio, has resigned. Mr. W. R. Munger, the tree sur-
geon of the department, will temporarily fill his place.

Dr. Frederick W. Hamilton, recently president of Tufts
and Jackson Colleges, has re-entered the business field
from which he withdrew several years ago for profes-
sional work as an educator, and has taken the position of
general manager of the American Forestry Company.

As a young man. Dr. Hamilton's successful business
career combined with his broad education early brought
him to the front. For many years he was a trustee of
Tufts College, and later became its president, keeping at
the same time other high positions in the educational
world, including membership of the Massachusetts State
Board of Education.

The success and rapid growth of the American Forestry
Company, with its "Little Tree Farms," open a field of
unusual opportunity to a man of Dr. Hamilton's caliber,
in the combination which forestry offers of the commercial
and the aesthetic, and it is, therefore, with much enthusi-
asm that 'Dr. Hamilton has associated himself with the
company, and taken up his new duties.

This afiFiliation will allow Mr. Theodore F. Borst, for-
est engineer of the company, to devote his energies more
exclusively to the professional side of the prosperous in-
dustry of which he was the founder.

Dr. Hamilton will from now on make his headquarters
at the offices of the American Forestry Company, at 15
Beacon street. Boston, Mass.

The American Forestry Company is to be congratulated
upon obtaining the services of a man who has made a
marked success in the fields both of business and edu-
cation.

Philadelphia turned out with the usual force^ The dele-
gation included Messrs. Logan, Thilow, Kleinheinz,
Dodds, Robertson, Batchelor, Schmitt, Moore, and Fuld.
It was the first to arrive and one of the last to leave.

Mr. Ernest Westlake, of Glen Cove, L. L, secretary of
the Nassau County Horticultural Society, sailed for Eng-
land, his native heath, with his wife and son, on the
Oceanic, leaving New York December 14. Mr. Westlake
intends staying abroad two months, enjoying a well-
earned vacation.

Among others seen at the convention were Mr. John
F. Huss, of Hartford, Conn. ; Mr. Robert Bottomly, New
Canaan, Conn. ; Mr. Albert Millard, Riverdale, N. Y.,
and "Jack" Everett, Glen Cove, N. Y.

The many friends of Mr. Samuel Horn, who is now
located in the Oranges, were glad to meet him at the con-
vention. Mr. Horn feels himself again, and those who
watched his activities on the bowling alleys were con-
vinced of this.

Mr. and Mrs. William H. Duckham will sail for home
from abroad on the 30th inst. Mr. Duckham left for
England some two months ago, and from reports received
has had a pleasant trip.

Imported Specially
For the Private Trade

All Mammoth and Thoroughly
Ripened

SURPLUS BULBS

2,000 Named Hyacinths

10,000 Darwin Tulips

Narcissus Empress and

Von Sion Double Nosed

HARDY LILIES

Any Quantity
Send for Bulb Catalogue

SPIREAS

Queen Alexandra

Gladstone and all other

Standard Varieties

KENNEDY 6 HUNTER

(Incorporated 1911)

Andrew R. Kennedy, Pres. and Treas.

156 West 34tli Street, near Penn. Station

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

245

ASSOCIATION NOTES

M. C. EBEL, Secretary, MADISON, N. J.

The secrctan's notes this month will be contined to the
"aftermath" of the convention. He has been so busil}' en-
gaged arranging the details of this event within the month
that all other afifairs of the association have been neg-
lected.

The association is much indebted to our friends, Messrs.
Robert Craig, Patrick O'Mara and J. Otto Thilow, for the
success of the convention and the banquet. Messrs.
Charles H. Totty, Harry A. Bunyard and Prof. J. J. Tau-
benhaus also contributed much, both educational and in-
teresting, and were listened to by an appreciative audience.

The exhibitions were both beautiful and liberal, and
thanks are due among the trade to Messrs. W. A. Manda,
Scott Brothers, William Tricker, Henry A. Dreer, Inc.,
A. N. Pierson, Inc., Charles H. Totty, Thomas Meehan
& Sons, S. S. Pennock-Meehan & Sons, James D. Cock-
croft, and Treandley & Schenk ; and among the gardeners
to Messrs. William Reid, Richard Hughes and George
Melvin for the fine display- made.

The bowling tournament provided the fun of the con-
vention and much good fellowship existed, both at the
team tournament on Monday night, and at the individual
tournament on Tuesday afternoon. It resulted in those
present suggesting to the secretary that he take up the
matter with the executive board of having the N. A. G.
hold another tournament in connection with the flower
show in New York in April, 1913, to which teams from
gardeners and florists clubs and societies from all over the
country should be invited to participate, and also indi-
vidual bowlers. There is no doubt that this will be fa-
vorably acted on early in the year, so that teams and indi-
viduals will have ample opportunity for practice. Several
prizes were immediately ofl:'ered conditionally that the
N. A. G. will arrange for the tournament.

As a result of the N. A. G. convention in Newark, the
press of that city is advocating an annual flower show,
and some of its prominent citizens have taken the matter
up with a view of making inducements to the National
-Association of Gardeners to make that its^jcrmanent con-
vention city, and hold its conventions there in conjunction
with the flower show. There is no reason whv Newark
should not conduct a successful annual flower show if it
will jM-ovide liberal enough premiums to make it worth
while for the gardeners to compete.

Men present at the convention who have attended the
gatherings of gardeners for more than a score of vears
stated that they could not recall an event which brought
together a more representative body of the profession
than the meeting just closed. It was one which indicated
by its every action that it w-as in earnest and interested
in all tliat was being advocated for the development of
gardening. It was representative of the "progressives"
in the profession.

-A word of appreciation is due the management of the
Continental Hotel, the New .\uditorium 1 tall and the
Tu.xedo bowling alleys. .\11 combined to make the burden
of the various committees lighter by their ready willing-
ness to aid in every way possible in the necessary details
of arranijements.

THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION BANQUET.

The banquet which followed the business session of the
convention and which occurred in the Continental Hotel,
in Newark, in the evening, w'as declared a decided success
in every respect. There was nothing lacking in speakers,
menu, music, decorations. The excellent service and the
promptness with which the dinner began brought forth
much favorable comment.

Those who have had the pleasure of listening to that
good friend of all gardeners, Mr. Patrick O'Mara, preside
at a banquet know what was in store for those present.
He was not w-anting for wit and ever ready to respond to
every occasion when introducing the speakers of the even-
ing. When presented by President Logan the reception
accorded him must have immediately made him feel that
he was at home with the boys.

Mr. J. Otto Thilow, president of the Philadelphia Flor-
ists' Club, one of the honored guests of the evening, was
also at his best and what he had to say to the gardeners
relative to the progress their organization has made re-
cently and the attention of the other horticultural bodies
which it is drawing to itself was pleasing to hear, and he
was enthusiastically applauded for his remarks.

Other prominent speakers of the evening w^ere Clar-
ence Moore, of Philadelphia, Pa. ; F. W. Kelsey, New
York, N. Y. ; William Kleinheinz, Ogontz, Pa. ; Charles
Totty and J. E. Clarey, of Madison, N. J. ; Joseph Mandaj
president of the New York Florists' Club, of Orange,
N. J. : President Logan and the newly elected officers,
President William H. Waite ; Treasurer James Stuart,
Mamaroneck, N. Y. ; Secretary ^Martin C. Ebel, Madison,
N. J. To these could be added a long list of others w'ell
known to the profession who were heard from.

The banquet hall, a large, spacious room, presented a
fine appearance. The tables were handsomely decorated
with roses, carnations, 'muius and other flowers. The
general appearance of the tables and decorations was a
treat to many visitors of the hotel who were permitted
to view the same before the dinner began. The inner
man was weell satisfied with good things provided by
the chef, and the excellent orchestra tended to cheer
things from the start.

MENU

Blue Point 0\'sters on Shell

Mock Turtle au Maderia

Table Celery Olives

Planked Blue Fish Julienne Potatoes

Braised Tenderloin of Beef with Mushrooms

New String Beans

Roman Punch

Broiled Spring Chicken on Toast

Delmonico Potatoes

\Valdorf Salad

Bisque Cream Fancy Cakes

Neufchatel Cheese Toasted Wafers

Cofl'cc Cigars

During the dinner the bowlfng prizes were distributed.
The Aphine cup was presented to the winning team,
which represented the Pennsylvania Horticultural So-
ciety. The President's cup w-ent to Mr. Walter Gray, of
Orange, N. J.; the National Association cups to William
Robertson, Jenkintown, Pa. ; Joseph Manda, Orange,
N. J. ; and Thomas .\itchison, Mamaroneck, N. Y.

246

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

The Goodsell $50 gold prize offered to the member
bringing in the greatest number of new members within
the year, which was won by Mr. James Stuart, of Mama-
roneck, N. Y., was presented to him by the donor, Mr. P.
Hamihon Goodsell, with a few well chosen remarks, stat-
ing that his only regret was that Mr. Stuart did not do
better by the association, which he might have done by
enlisting even a greater number.

NEW MEMBERS.

Frank Drews, West Orange, N. J. ; W. DeBree, East
Rutherford, N. J. ; Charles W. Cox, Philadelphia, Pa. ;
Robert Pyle, West Grove, Pa. ; Ernest E. Stubbs, Far
Rockawav, N. Y. ; W. W. Vert, Port Washington, N. Y. ;
S. R. Hil'mers, Tuxedo Park, N. Y. ; Wm. Reid, Orange,
N. J. ; John Dunn, Madison, N. J. ; John ]. Johnston, Glen
Cove, N. Y. ; Robert Scott, Madison, N.'j-; Max Schnei-
der, East Orange, N. J. ; Percy D. Witney, Morristown,
N. J. ; Wm. Eccles, Oyster Bay, N. Y. ; Charles Adcock,
Mamaroneck, N. Y. ; John B. Roy, Stamford, Conn. ;
William Wright, Riverdale-on-Hudson, N. Y. ; Stephen
Ager, Chestnut Hill, Pa.; Matthew Brophy, New Ca-
naan, Conn. ; George Edmondson, New York, N. Y. ;
James Stevens, Dobbs, Ferry, N. Y. ; Ernest J. Brown,
Glen Cove, N. Y. ; Thomas F. Goldney, Hastings, N. Y. ;
James MacDonald, Glen Cove, N. Y. ; Walter J. Dack,
New Canaan, Conn. ; Herman Siegle, Riverdale, N. Y. ;
Thomas Aitchison, Mamaroneck, N. Y. ; Alexander Ged-
dis, Stamford, Conn. ; M. A. Townsend, Portchester,
N. Y. ; Duncan McGregor, Tuxedo Park, N. Y. ; Andrew
P. Clarkson, Mamaroneck, N. Y. ; G. E. Baldwin, Mama-
roneck, N. Y. ; Walter M. Gray, Maplewood, N. Y. ; Jo-
seph Briggs, Westbury, L. I. ; Geo. Critchley, Ridgefield,
Conn. ; Alfred Beinlich, Stamford, Conn. ; Wm. H. Mc-
Ginnis, New Canaan, Conn. ; Edmund Lawrence, West-
port, Conn. ; David S. Miller, Tuxedo Park, N. Y. ; John
Hobson, Radnor, Delaware County, Pa. ; Frank Mac-
Nicoll, Cuba, N. Y.

MINUTES OF THE SECOND ANNUAL CON-
VENTION OF THE NATIONAL ASSO-
CIATION OF GARDENERS.

New Auditorium, Newark, N. J., Nov. 19, 1912.

Annual convention called to order by President
Thomas W. Logan in the above hall at 2 ;30 p. m.

The minutes of the first annual convention of the
National Association of Gardeners, under the charter
obtained from the State of New Jersey, held October
27, 1911, in the James Building, Madison, N. J., were
read. On motion seconded and carried they were ap-
proved.

The minutes of the first meeting of the Executive
Committee, held in the Herald Square Hotel, New
York City, January, 1912; of the Spring meeting of
the Executive Committee which was held in Horticul-
tural Hall, Philadelphia, Pa., April 15, 1912; and of
the Summer meeting of the Executive Committee, held
in Horticultural Hall, Boston, Mass., July 13, 1912,
were read. On motion seconded and carried they were
approved.

President Logan addressed the convention briefly,
recapitulating the work of the year.

Mr. Wm. Kleinheinz called to the attention of the
chair the presence of Mr. John Shore, the first presi-
dent of the association. He was called to the stage and
introduced.

secretary's annual report.

It is with much satisfaction that your secretary can
make a report of great activit}- and an increasing in-

terest within the organization during the past year.

We have been successful in adding to our list of
membership the men who rank as leaders in the world
of horticulture and floriculture, both in private and
commercial fields, and in eliminating from it some
whose affiliations have been detrimental rather than
creditable to it. During the past year we have taken
on-202 new members, our roll at the present time com-
prising 460 members in good standing. To this may-
be added some two hundred additional who may re-
gard themselves as members, but who have not yet
qualified by the payment of dues or through proper
enrollment, as required in writing, of their intention,
to affiliate with the association under its reorganiza-
tion, but who were members under the former admin-
istration. The names of these are not included on the
membership roll.

Your secretary was ambitious to have a complete list
of membership preparad to present at this convention
and made every eft'ort to accomplish this. Two letters
and a postal were sent out during the year to a list of
some 1,600 names, turned over to him when he' as-
sumed the office, in an endeavor to obtain an accurate
membership list. The percentage of the responses was
small and the list is as yet incomplete. To those who
have ignored these communications notice is given
that they are not enrolled in the N. A. G., but they
may reinstate themselves as members, if entitled to be,
by sending their names to the secretary's office.

Three executive meetings were held during the year
and it was decided at the first of these meetings that
members be invited to attend them, and when pos-
sible, a little sociability instilled into these meetings
seemed desirable.

The first meetings of the directors was held in the
Herald Square Hotel, New York City, January 12, and
was attended by members of the board only. The
Spring meeting was held at Horticultural Hall, Phila-
delphia, Pa., on April 15, a good gathering of members
being present, and after the routine business was dis-
posed of, bowling on the alleys of the Philadelphia
Florists' Club followed by a dinner at Dooner's Hotel
was enjoyed. A fine exhibit of this season's novelites
was a feature of the meeting. The summer meeting
was held at the Massachusetts Horticultural Hall,
Boston, July 13, and the business session was followed
by the members present attending the meeting of the
American Sweet Pea Society, to which they had been
invited. In the evening the visiting members were
the guests of the Gardeners' and Florists' Club of Bos-
ton at a banquet, and the following day became the
guests of the Boston Park Commission on an auto-^
mobile tour of that city's extensive park system.

The principal work of this office during the past year
has been confined to building up a membership of men
representative of the gardening profession. With this
accomplished it will then be possible to take up the
issues and problems of the profession and to promote
for it a general uplift in all phases of its work. There
is opportunity for improvement in its every branch,
and conscientious effort on the part of all members of
the association can accomplish much to bring about a
better general condition for the profession. It needs
to be established on a basis where the skill of the gar-
dener who is thoroughly familiar with his calling, will
be recognized and rewarded just as is the skill of any
other profession. The science of floriculture and hor-
ticulture is not as yet as well known as are the other
sciences, but it is gaining recognition by leaps and
bounds in this country at the present time, and thus
the opportunity is presenting itself to the gardener to

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

247

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BANQUET OF THE X. A. (1.. CONTIXEXTAI. HOTEr,. XEW AKK. X. T . \MVEMBER 19. 191.'.

248

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

develop his profession of gardening, and thus demon-
strate to those who require his services that he is
worthy of his hire. Fixed compensation is not the
rule in any profession, but the gardener is entitled to
receive in accordance with his ability. Individual ef-
fort will avail little, but co-operation on the part of
the entire ])rMfession must produce results. Concen-
trated oii-ii|ici;ition is the key note- of success of the
hour, and the secretary's office of the N. A. G. is the
natural nucleus for the forces on which depends the
betterment of the gardener.

More general discussion within the profession of the
problems and conditions which confront it is advocated
and the N. A. G. thnjugh its official argan can best
serve as the professji m's mouthpiece. The secretary's
office can and should serve as an agency for the dis-
semination of such discussions and to it should be en-
trusted a sort of censorship to confine within the
bounds of liberal conservatism the promulgation of the
profession's welfare.

The establishment of a bureau in connection with
this office for the purpose of producing a source
through which those of the profession may secure op-
portunities for advancement is recommended. Such
a bureau should be maintained solely for the purpose
of helping deserving members of the association who
are striving to advance, and not in any sense as a labor
bureau for men habitually out of employment. It
should be so conducted that it will quickly gain a rep-
utation for itself whereby those requiring the services
of competent gardeners will look to the bureau to sup-
ply their needs.

More use should be made of the "Queries and
Answers" columns conducted in the official organ in
conjunction with this office. The "snags" of flori-
culture should be freely discussed through its columns..
The exploited experience of one may help to solve the
problems of many. All gardeners are not journalists,
but many possess theories and facts which contain
sound sense. Such communications forwarded to this
office will be properly edited for publication.
.. A greater fraternity than now exists should be en-
couraged within the profession. By pulling together
it can progress. Factional strife hinders progress. A
united co-operation on the part of the gardening pro-
fession to develop its standard must result in good.

In conclusion your secretary wants to place on rec-
ord his appreciation of the able assistance rendered
him by officers and members of the association.

Respectfully submitted, M. C. Ebel, Secretary.

Moved, seconded and carried that the report be ac-
cepted and spread upon the minutes.

skcretary's fin.\ncial report. »

Madison, N. J., November 15, 1912.

RECEIPTS.

Dues received for the year 1912 $713.00

Dues received for the vear 1913 10.00

$723.00

P.W.MENTS.

Deposit vouchers to treasurer, No. 1 to No. 37,

inclusive $659.00

Gardeners' Chronicle account paid to treas-
urer 32.00

Cash on hand 32.00

Oct. 30, 1911, to Jan. 31. Sundries 1.80

Jan. 31 to .\pril 19.... Post cards and postage.. 35.55

" Printing 5.50

Tan. 31 to July 18 Sundries 3.60

April 19 to July 18 Postage 1.50

Tuly 19 to Nov. 15. . . .Sundries 4.0Q

Postage 15.20

Printing 30.40;

S161.23
M.ARTiN C. Ebel, Secretary.
Newark, N. J., November 18, 1912.
We have completed our audit of the accounts of
your treasurer up to November 15, 1912, and are
pleased to report that we find the statements as ren-
dered above to be correct.

John. H. Dodds,
J.\MES Stuart,
J.AMES Kennedy.
Auditing Committee.

On motion seconded and carried the report was ac-
cepted and a vote of thanks extended to the Auditing
Committee.

On motion seconded and carried a vote of thanks
was extended to the secretary for the arduous work-
performed by him dtu'ing the year. \

treasurer's report.
Cambridge, Mass., November 15, 1912. .

receipts.
January deposit vouchers from secretary. No. 1 :

to No. 16, inclusive '. $234.00

February deposit vouchers from secretarv.

No. 17 to No. 23, inclusive '. 134.00

March deposit vouchers from secretarv, No. 24

to No. 25, inclusive .' 22.00

April deposit vouchers from secretary, No. 26

- to No. 29, inclusive 48.00

May deposit vouchers from secretary, No. 30. . 16.00
July deposit vouchers from secretary, No. 31 . . 10.00
August deposit vouchers from secretary, No. 32 33.00
September deposit vouchers from secretary.

No. 33 to 35, inclusive 76.0p

October deposit vouchers from secretarv.

No. 36 ' :. 28.00

November deposit vouchers from secretarv,

No. 37 :. 58.00

November 15. Interest First National Bank. . 3.32

Jan.

Feb.
.Vpri

$723.00
Expenditures of the secretary's office for the past
year have been as follows:

Oct. 30, 1911, to Jan. 31. Printing and stationerv.. $33. 75
" " Postage ' . . 29.93

$662.32

disbursements. :

31. Madison Eagle, printing $31.00

31. M. C. Ebel. secretary, postage 28.00

31. M. C. Ebel, secretary, postage and

sundries 6.48

1. American Surety Co., Treasurer's

Bond 2.50

23. H. C. Tucker, association's seal 9.50

19. F. C. Palmer, decorating 20.00

19. M. C. Ebel, secretary, postals and

stamps 29.25

19. M. C. Ebel, secretary, postage 6.30

1. Gardeners" Chronicle on account.... 75.00

1. T. W. Johnson, repairing cups 27.12

18. A. T. De La Mare Publishing Co.,

association's certificates 16.00

18. Madison Eagle, printing 5.50

18. j\I. C. Ebel. secretary, postage and

sundries 5.10

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

249

WATERER'S
"HIGH GRADE" BULBS

Highest quality bulbs of Hyacinths, Tulips,
Narcissus, etc. ; the quality that carries off the
first prizes at the exhibitions.

Lily of the Valley, Waterer's "XXX Perfection
Brand," the earliest, larj^est and best for early
forcing.

Waterer's Reliable Mushroom Spawn. Eng-
lish and American bricks, made by the best
makers.

LAWN GRASS SEED

If you desire a perfect lawn, use our "Special"
Evergreen Lawn Seed.

Catalogue mailed free upon request.

HOSEA WATERER

Seedsman and Bulb Importer

107 and 109 South Seventh Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

BOBBINK & ATKINS

World's Choicest Nursery and Greenhouse Products

The proper wa.v to boy Is to see the material growing. We shali
gladly give our time and attention to Intending purchasers visiting
our nursery, and invite everybody interested in improving their
grounds to visit us. Our Nursery consists of 300 acres of highly cul-
tivated land and 500.000 square feet of greenhouses and storehouses.
In which we are growing Nursery and Greenhouse Products for every
place and purpose, the best that e.xperlence, good cultii
excellent facilities can produce, pla
of any size.
OUR FOHMAL EOSE GARDEN,

i.OOO Roses
250 varieties, is now in full
bloom. Everybody interested
In Rosea stiould visit our Nur-
sery and inspjK-t

PALMS, DECORATHTE PLANTS
FOR CONSERVATORIES, in-
terior and exterior decorations.
Our greenhouses are full of
them.

BULBS AND ROOTS, We Im-
port large quantities of Bulbs
and Roots from Japan, Hol-
land and other parts of Europe.
Our Autumn Bulb Catalogue
will be mailed upon request.

HARDY TRAILING AND
CLIMBING VINES. We grow
li» |i"ts quantities for all kinds
of i.l.intlng.

PAE0NIE3. Tree and Hcr-
bji''.)us raeonies. September
(l.llvory.
OUR NEW GIANT FLOWERING MARSHMALLOW. Ev

should be Interested In this Hanly .New ()ld-Knshl..ned Flowi

will grow everywhere and when in bl.i.ini is the queen of flowers In

the garden. lUooms from .Tuly iiiiti! the latter part of September.
OUR ILLUSTRATED GENERAL CATALOGUE No. 4B describes our

Products. Is cotnprelienslve. int. r.-l in:. Iijstru.-tl ve and h.-lpful to

intending ptirrhnsers. Will be iiom1..I free iijion n-.|iiost,

WE PLANT GROUNDS AND GARDENS EVERYWHERE WITH

OUR WORLD'S CHOICEST NURSERY PRODUCTS, GROWN IN OUR

WORLD'S GREATEST NURSERY.

VISITORS, til lie Erie Rallrnad to Carlton Hill, second stop on .Main

Line, .'i minutes' walk to nursery.

BOBBINK & ATKINS

NURSERYMEN, FLORISTS AND PLANTERS

RUTHERFORD. N. J.

EVERGREENS, CONIFERS
AND PINES, More than 73
acres of our Nursery are plant-
ed with handsome specimens.
Our plants are worth traveling
any distance to see.

HEDGE PLANTS. We have a
UirKe quantity of California
1 'rivet. Berberis and other
Shrubs for Hedges.

POT-GROWN STRAWBERRIES.
We raise thousands of pot-
grown Strawberries, in all the
leading and popular varieties,
reatiy for Immediate delivery.

HARDY OLD - FASHIONED
FLOWERS. Wo have thou-
sands of rare, new and old-
fashioned kinds. Our Her-
baceous Grounds are especially
interesting at this time. Spe-
cial prices on quantities.

PLANT TUBS, WINDOW
BOXES AND GARDEN FUR-
NITURE. We tnauufacture
all shup.a and sizes.

erybody

SCALINE

For Summer and Winter Spraying

This is our new oil and sulphur composition, a scali-
cide and fungicide combined, which supplies the de-
mand for an insecticide that can be applied at all
seasons of the year for the destruction of San Jose
and other scale and all sap sucking insects infesting
trees, shrubs and hardy stock.

It can be applied as safely in the growing as in the
dormant season.

The sulphur contained in Scaline makes it effective as
a fungicide for various blights which affect hardy stock.
It is readily soluble in water, contains no sediment and
can be sprayed through the finest spraying nozzle.
Try it for your fall spraying of fruit trees. You will
find it a much cleaner remedy than those now in u-r.

$1.50 per gallon; 10 gallons, $10.00; 50 gallons, $37.50

VERMINE

For All Soil Insects in House or Garden

A soil sterilizer and germicide for all soil vermin, such
as cut, eel, wire and grub worms, slugs, root lice, mag-
gots, and ants.

Used in the green house, garden, and field, .-\pply
one part of Vermine to four hundred parts water, thor-
oughly syringing the ground.

It does its work effectively without injury to plants,
and protects your lawn and crops against ravages un-
der the soil.

$1.00 per quart; $3.00 per gallon; 5 gallons, $12.50

The Recognized Standard Insecticide

Not .3 cure-all, but a specific remedy for all sap-sucking
insects infesting plant life in the greenhouse or gar-
den, such as green, black, white fly, red spider, thrips,
mealy bug, brown and white scale.

$2.50 per gallon; $1.00 per quart

FUNGINE

The Fungicide of Much Merit

Fungine is an infallible remedy for mildew, rust, wilt,
spot and bench fungi affecting flowers, fruit and vege-
tables. Used with much success by rose, carnation
and chrysanthemum growers in house and garden.

75c. per quart; $2.00 per gallon
Sold by all up to date Seedsmen and Supply Houses

Aphine Manufacturing Company, Madison, N. J.

Manufacturers of Agricultural Chemicals

M. C. EBEL, General Manager

250

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA,

Nov. 18. J. W. Johnson, cxpressage 1.30

" 18. Gardeners' Chronicle,

Members' subscription to

July 1 $260.00

Less paid on account 75.00

Due secretary's office.... 32.00

153.00

Nov. 13. J. W. Johnson, engraving 3.40

" 13. M. C. Ebel, secretary, postage and

sundries 19.50

" 13. Madison Eagle, printing 30.40

Total disbursements $469.35

Nov. 15. Balance in First National Bank,

Madison, N. J 192.97

$662.32
Roy H. Caverly, Treasurer.

Newark, N. J., November 18, 1912.
We have completed our audit of the accounts of your
treasurer up to November 15, 1912, and are pleased to
report that we find the statements as rendered above
to be correct.

John H. Dodds,
James Stuart,
James Kennedy,
Auditing Committee.

In the absence of the treasurer, Roy H. Caverly, the
secretary read the above report.

On motion seconded and carried the report was
accepted.

The president read the following telegram invitation
from the gardeners of San Francisco, California:

NIGHT LETTER.

The Western Union Telegraph Company.

Received at Madison, N. J. 11/17/12.

From San Francisco, California. 16.

M. C. Ebel :

The "Pacific Coast Horticultural Society" sends
their greetings and invites the National Association of
Gardeners to hold their 1915 convention in San Fran-
cisco. We hope that you will be able to send us a
favorable reply next week. Wishing every success.

Daniel Macrorie.

Secretary Ebel advised the convention that a similar
invitation had been extended to the S. A. F., and O. H.,
who had, after admitting that the time was too far in
advance to give a definite reply, gone on record as being
in favor of such action if possible.

On motion by Mr. Kleinheinz this invitation was
tentatively accepted, and the secretary instructed to
notify the San Francisco gardeners of our action.
Seconded and carried.

Mr. Wm. Kleinheinz, the chairman of the Essay
Committee, stated that the time is certainly drawing
near when the gardeners should take more interest in
the Association, evidencing same by sending in papers
on floriculture and horticulture. He reported that he
had sent in several papers, but had many more prom-
ised which did not materialize, giving Mr. Tyson and
Mr. Ebel credit for doing good work on the committee.

Mr. Xavier E. E. Schniitt, the chairman of the Exhi-
bition Committee, reported that as he had nothing to
do with the attendant exhibition, wished to heartily
thank and commend the local gardeners for the excel-
lent exhibition.

President Logan appointed the following members
on the awards committee: Messrs. Wm. Kleinheinz,
Thomas W. Head, and John H. Dodds.

The president appointed the following tellers for
election : Messrs. James Stuart, Wm. E. Maynard, and
Samuel Bachelor.

During the counting of the ballots Mr. Charles H.
Totty, of Madison, delivered an address on "What
part are the superintendents and gardeners of this
country going -to play in the International Show?"
printed in another part of this issue.

On motion seconded and carried a rising vote of
thanks was extended to Mr. Totty.

Mr. John Shore was again introduced and spoke on
the early history of the organization and congratulated
the members on their advancement, stating that the
American people could thank the gardeners for much
of their refinement.

Secretary Ebel moved that a rising vote of thanks
be extended to Mr. John Shore ; seconded, carried and
so ordered.

Mr. Wm. E. Maynard, the first secretary and organ-
izer of the Association, spoke briefly on the trials and
tribulations encountered during the early life of the
Association.

Mr. James Bell was introduced and congratulated
the Society on the good showing of members present.

report of committee ON AWARDS.

Special mention to Wm. Tricker for an interesting
group of hardy plants, including vinca minor aurea.

Special mention to Thomas Meehan & Sons for col-
lection of hardy berried plants.

Certificate of merit to Col. Charles Pfafi' for new
vase of Solanum capsicastrum Melvinii.

Certificate of merit to Scott Bros, for vase of Carna-
tion, Wm. Eccles.

Certificate of merit to Chas. H. Totty for vase of
Carnation Commodore.

Special mention to Chas. H. Totty for vase of Roses,
Sunburst and Carnation Northport.

Certificate of merit to James D. Cockroft for vase of
Carnation Northport.

Special mention to W. A. Manda for display of
flowering and foliage plants.

Certificate of merit to W. A. Manda for Fourcroya
Watsonii, also for Polypodium Mandaianum.

Certificate of merit to Traendly & Schenk for vase
of Carnation Salmon Beauty.

Certificate of merit to Wm. Reid for 12 carnations,
flower of seedling No. 3.

Certificate of merit to Richard Hughes for crimson
Carnation seedling Hallavarden & Enchantress.

Certificate of merit to Chas. H. Totty for vase of
Roses, Mrs. Geo. Shawyer.

Certificate of merit to S. S. Pennock Meehan Co.
for vase of Roses, Mrs. Charles Russel.

Certificate of merit to H. Dreer Co. for display of
new Fern Adiantum Farleyense Gloriosa.

Certificate of merit to Traendly & Schenk for rose
Lady Alice Stanle)^

Certificate of merit to A. N. Pierson for vase of New
White Pompom Chrysanthemum Helen Newberry.

Special mention to A. N. Pierson for vase of Chrys-
anthemum, Indian Summer.

Certificate of merit to A. N. Pierson for Roses
Milady.

Signed by

Wm. Kleinheinz,
John H. Dodds,
Thomas W. Head.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

251

On motion seconded and carried the report was ac-
cepted and spread upon the minutes, and a vote of
thanks extended to the committee.

NOMINATION OF OFFICERS.

For president:

Mr. David Miller nominated Mr. A. S. Huss.

Mr. Peter Duff nominated Mr. Wm. H. Waite.

Mr. Wm. Kleinheinz nominated Mr. Thomas W.
Logan.

On motion seconded and carried the nominations
were closed.

Nominations for vice-president:

Secretary Ebel suggested the name of A. J. Smith,
of Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, who was nominated by
Mr. Xavier E. E. Schmitt.

On Mr. Kleinheinz's motion, seconded and carried,
the nominations were closed.

Nomination for secretary:

Mr. Bachellor nominated ]\Ir. M. C. Ebel. On mo-
tion seconded and carried the nominations were closed.

Nomination for treasurer :

Mr. Oscar Addor nominated Mr. James Stuart. On
motion seconded and carried the nominations were
closed.

Nominations for five trustees:

Messrs. Wm. Kleinheinz, Alexander Mackenzie,
Peter Duff, Wm. Duckham and John H. Dodds were
nominated. On motion seconded and carried the nomi-
nations were closed.

On motion seconded and carried that inasmuch as
there were no opposition candidates for the offices
other than the president, the recording secretary was
instructed to cast one ballot for the nominees for vice-
president, secretary, treasurer and the five trustees,
which he did, and the president therefore declared the
respective nominees elected.

At this point the question was raised as to the meet-
ing place for the next convention, which was laid on
the table.

During the counting of the ballots for president, Mr.
Wm. Kleinheinz spoke briefly on the Association, and
the work done by Mr. Wm. E. Maynard. On motion
by Mr. Kleinheinz, seconded and carried, Mr. Maynard
was constituted a life member without further pay-
ment of dues.

On motion by Mr. Kleinheinz, seconded and carried,
the treasurer was instructed to pay the stenographer
of the secretary $25 for work done by her during this
year.

The election tellers reported as follows: Total \ote
cast, 39.

For Mr. Logan, 11 votes.

For Mr. Huss, 2 votes.

For Mr. Waite, 26 votes.

President Logan therefore declared Mr. William H.
Waite, of Yonkers, elected president of this Associa-
tion for the ensuing year. The new officers were
brought to the stage and introduced to the convention.

Secretary Ebel referred to the Goodsell prize of $50
to the member bringing in the greatest number of new
members, which had been won by Mr. James Stuart,
of Mamaroneck.

Mr. Wm. E. Maynard reported in absence of Mr.
Goodsell that said prize would be delivered to the
winner at the banquet in the evening.

Mr. Robert Craig, of Philadelphia, was then intro-
duced and delivered the address found on another page
of this issue.

Secretary Ebel moved that a rising vote of thanks
be extended to Mr. Craig by the Association, seconded
and carried.

Mr. J. J. Taubenhaus, Assistant Plant Pathologist,
Delaware Agricultural Experimental Station, Newark,
Delaware, was then introduced and delivered an ad-
dress which will be published, with illustrations, in
our December issue.

On motion by Secretary Ebel, seconded and carried,
a standing vote of thanks was extended to Mr. Tau-
benhaus.

Mr. Harry Bunyard, of New York, was then intro-
duced and gave a very interesting and instructive talk
on the International Flower Show held in London,
England, illustrated with over 75 beautiful lantern
slide pictures.

There being no further business, the convention was
adjourned to the banquet hall in the Continental Hotel.
Respectfully submitted,

Austin C. Sayler,
Recording Secretarv.

SECRETARY'S NOTES.

Mr. P. Hamilton Goodsell again comes to the front with
an offer for a membership contest for the coming year.
The contest begins with this announcement and closes on
October 1, 1913, the prizes to be awarded at the next
convention of the association. Mr. Goodsell this vear
offers three prizes— $25 gold, $15 gold, and $10 gold—
to go to the three members bringing in the largest num-
ber of new members between now and October 1 next.
Membership application iilanks can be obtained from the
secretary's office by writing for them.

New Carnation

Wm. Eccles

Awarded 1st prize at the Carnation Societies* CoDvention la Detroit
lor the best 100 Blooms, Red or Scarlet.

The Silver Medal of the New York Horticultural Society for the
best undiscrinninated vnrioty, and first-class certificates wherever
shown. Has the color of Flamingo, a stronp. rigid stem, a perfectly
formed SMi-lich tlower, non-hurstlnB. highly perfumed, a grand keeper;
a cross between Beacon and Victory and as free as any scarlet to date.

We are also sole agents in America for Mr. Bngelmann's (Saffron
Walden, England) British Novelties. I^ady Northcllffe and British
Triumph. Two very proniixins Carnations. Come and see them grown.

Prices, Rooted Cuttings, Doz $3.00: 100 $15.00

Prices, Out of 2 V* -inch Pots, Doz $8.50; 100 $20.00

Don't forcet that we have a fine lot of home-grown grape vines in
all the leading varieties. 1, 2, and S-year-oM canes. These are more
satisfactMi-y than the Imported article, for half the price.

One-Year-Old Vines $2.00 each

Two* Year-Old Vines $3.50 each

Layer Fruiting Canes $5.00 to $7.60 each

Try our Grafted Roses this year. We supply the most critical buyers
In the country, and can satisfy you. Our Chrysanthemum list is com-
prehensive and contains the best there Is In Mums.

If our catalogue fails to reach you, drop us a postal.

SCOTT BROS.

EJmsford Nurseries
ELMSFORD NEW YORK

252

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

SOCIETIES

Societies are invited to accept the cour-
tesy of this permanent announcement col-
umn.

American Gladiolus Society.
L. Merton Gage, secretary, Grotou, Mass.

American Institute.

Robert A. B. Dayton, secretary,

15 William street. New York City.

American Peony Society.
A. P. Saunders, secretary.

Clinton, N. Y.

American Rose Society.

B. Hammond, secretary,

Fishkill-on-Hudson, N. Y.

Morris County (N. J.) Florists' and Garden-
ers' Society.

Edward J. Reagan, secretary,

Morristown, N. J
Meets at Madison, N. J., second Wednes-
day in each month at 8 p. m., except Julj
and August.

Nassau County Horticultural Society.

Ernest Westlake, secretary,

Glen Cove, N. Y.

Meetings second Wednesday of every
month, at 8 p. ra., in Pembroke Hall, Glen
Cove, N. Y.

New Jersey Floricultural Society.

William Eeid, secretary,

363 Centre street, Orange, N. J.
Meets second Friday of each month at
8 p. m., except July and August, at 240
Main street, Orange, N. J.

Newport Horticultural Society.

D. J. Cou^hlin, secretary,

Newport, R. I.

American Sweet Pea Society.
Harry A. Bunvard, secretary,

342 West i4th street, New York City.

Chrysanthemum Society of America.

Chas. W. Johnson, Secretary,

Morgan Park, 111.

Connecticut Horticultural Society.

Geo. W. Smith, secretary,

Melrose, Conn.
Meetings held second and fourth Fridays
of every month, at 8 p. m. in the County
Building, Hartford, Conn.

Dutchess County Horticultural Society.

Hubert G. Cottam, secretary,

Wappingers Falls, N. Y.

Meets at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., on the last
Wednesday in every month except May
and June, when no meetings are held.

Elberon Horticultural Society.

Benj. Wyckoff, secretary,

1104 4th avenue, Asbury Park, N. J.

New York Florists' Club.

John Young, secretary,

54 West 28th St., New Y'ork City.
Meets second Monday of each month, ex-
cept July and August, in the Grand Opera
House Building. Sih avenue and 23d street.
New York City.

Next Show.

Third National Flower Show, to be held
in the New Grand Central Palace, 46th
street and Lexington avenue, New York
City, April 5 to 12, 1913 (see schedule in
Aiiril, 1912, issue).

Southampton Horticultural Society.

William McLeod, secretary.

ileetings are held on the first Thursday
in the month in Memorial Hall, Southamp-
ton, N. Y.

Tarrytown Horticultural Society.

E. W. Neubrand, secretary,

Tarrytown, N. Y.

Meets last Tuesday of every month, ex-
cept December, at 7:30 p. m., in the banquet
room of the Corporation Building, Tarry-
town.

Annual meeting last Thursday in De-
cember.

Westchester and Fairfield Horticultural
Society.
Jleets second Friday of every month in
Doran's Hall, Greenwich, Conn., at 8 o'clock.
J. B. McArdle, secretary,

Greenwich, Conn.

Northern Westchester County Horticul-
tural and Agricultural Society.

M. J. O'Brien, secretary.

Mt. Kisco, N. Y.

Oyster Bay Horticultural Society.

John T. Ingram, secretary,

Oyster Bay, N. Y.
Meets third Friday of every month at 8
p. m. at Board of Trade rooms. Oyster
Bay, N. Y.

The Garden Club of Michigan.

Mrs. Edwiird H. Parker, secretary,

139 Seyburn avenue, Detroit, Mich.

Meetings for 1912: Two in May, four in
June, two in each month of July, Septem-
ber and October. The corresponding secre-
tary will notify the members of the date
and place of meeting.

The Horticultural Society of New York.

Geo. V. Nash, secretary,

Bronx Park, New York City.
Meets monthly, irregular, May to October
at New York Botanical Garden, Bronx
Park, New York.

November to April at the American
Museum of Natural History, 77th street and
Columbus avenue. New York City.

Paterson Floricultural Society.

Sebastian Hubschmitt, secretary,

61 Seventh avenue, Paterson, N. J.
Meets first Tuesday of every month in
the Romaine Building at 8 p. m.

People's Park Cottage Gardeners' Associa-
tion.

John Ainscough, secretary,

4 Chestnut street, Paterson, N. J.

Meets in the Working Man's Institute,
Madison avenue, Paterson, N. J., on the first
and last Friday of each month.

The Pittsburgh Florists' and Gardeners'
Club.

H. P. Joslin, secretary,

Ben Avon, Pa
Meets first Tuesday every month in Fort
Pitt Hotel, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Society of American Florists and Orna-
mental Horticulturists.

John Y'oung, secretary,

54 West 28th street, New York City

NASSAU COUNTY HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

The Second Annual Gardeners' Reunion
will be held at Thum's Bowling Alleys, 1241
Uroadwav, New York, on Wednesday, De-
comber 4, 1912. There will be a bowling
tournament, commencing at 2 p. m., and
dinner will be served at 7 p. m. Tickets
can be procured from Ernest Westlake, of
Glen Cove, L. I. Price of ticket $3, includ-
ing bowling and dinner.

Mr. J. W. Everitt is the committee in
charge of arrangements, so that those at-
tending can be assured of a good time.

The monthlv meeting of this society was
held at Pembroke Hall, Glen Cove, on Wed-
nesday, November 13. President Johnston
was in' the chair. It being chrysanthemum
night, there was a fine display of late
(lowering varieties. William Turner Wells
late pink and H. E. Converse were very
line. Prizes were offered for three white,
three pink and three yellow. The winners
were: J. W. Everett. James McCarthy and
Henry Gaut. Frank Petroecia received
thanks of society for a new pink celery.
H. Gaut was awarded a C. C. for chrysan-
themums grown in 6-inch pots, also for
three flowers of the new variety; H. E.
Converse and Cole, of single chrysanthe-
nmni. H S. Laden was elected to honorary
membership. James Edward Coleuso, Ben-
jamin AUmond, Tliomas Twigg. A. Rich-
ardson and P. Charbonnian were elected
to active membership, and there were four
applications received. Prizes are offered
for three poinsettias, fifty violets and twen-
lyfive carnations received at the next
meeting.
I.VMES MacDONALD, Corresponding Sec-

The Lenox (Mass.)
Flower Show

The first fall show of the season opened
at the Town Hall, Lenox, on October 24,

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

253

and was well attended by the wealthy resi-
dents of this section and many noted visit-
ors. The flower show is quite a society
event.

Lenox abounds in beautiful estates, the
same are elegantly equipped with fine
ranges of greenhouses, and their respect-
ive superintendents are men of high stand-
ing and experience in the horticultural
world.

The combination of wealthy owners, skill-
ful growers and a climate especially suited
to the fullest development of the finest
chrysanthemum flowers, produce the finest
exhibition of its size in this country. The
exhibition was well arranged. Five groups
occupied the premier position, the inter-
vening spaces being used to display the
large vases of chrysanthemums. Right
table consisted of roses, carnations and
orchids, left table being entirely filled with
excellent short-stemmed 'mums, the end
platform filled with flowering plants. The
vegetables and fruits filled a separate room
upstairs.

The judges were Wm. Kleinheinz and
Thomas Logan, Philadelphia; James Stew-
art, Mamaroneck, and A. E. Thatcher, Bar
Harbor. The competition being very keen
in the important classes, these gentlemen
found many problems in awarding de-
cisions, but gave general satisfaction. The
groups, always well contested at Lenox,
were very pleasing and artistic, Fred Herre-
mans, superintendent for W. D. Sloane, win-
ning the Breck silver cup with an eff'ective
and harmonious arrangement, consisting of
a central column and three side mounds of
Phoenix Roebellini Begonia, Gloria-de-Lor-
raine and Lilium Giganteum. The panels
filled with specimen Crotons. Lily of the
Valley and Farleyense Fern. Second prize
to Allen Jenkins, superintendent to S. P.
Spotter, using four Cocos Flexuousa Crotons
and Gloxinia in small pots used on a cork
frame with good efl"ect. Third to Ed.
Jenkins, superintendent to Giraud Foster, a
massive central column of foliage plants,
edged with Nerines, Cleredendron Fallax
and Farleyense Ferns.

The Boddington prize for Orchid group
was easily won by A. J. Loveless, super-
intendent to Mrs. Griswold, well arranged
and containing many choice varieties. The
central column of Oncidium. Varicosinm
Rogersii and (,'attleya Labiata; three tri-
angular pedestals of Cattleya Labiata, and
the panels being filled with Cypredidium
Sanderii, Oncidium Forbesii, Curtessii
Tigernum, Phalanoepsi, Amabile, Dendro-
bium, Phalanoepsi and Oncidium Ornitho-
rynchium and O. .Abla. Second to F. Herre-
mans, using Cattleya Labiata and Oncidium
Varicosa Rogersii in profusion.

The other Orchid prizes were shared by
A. H. Wingett, superintendent to Charles
Lanier E. Jhorman, superintendent to Mrs.
Westinghouse. and J. I. Donohue. superin-
tendent to Mrs. Jesup. Thomas Proctor,
superintendent to R. W. Paterson, staged
a most interesting Orchid exhibit in a
glass ca.se of seedling Cattleyas, six
months, one j'ear and two years old; also
the materials used and prepared bed for
sowing the seed.

The large chrysanthemums were finely,
staged, and probably the finest ever shown
in Lenox. The C. S. A. cup brought out
six competitors. The cup was won by C.
Carlquist, superintendent to Mrs. Winthrop,
with superb Mrs. J. C. Neill. Second, Allen
Jenkins, same variety. Third, A. L Love-
less, with peerless Wm. Turner. This vase
held some of the finest flower.s in the ex-
bibition. For 24 distinct, Fred Herreman
won with five blooms of — first row, F. S.
Vallis. Wni. Tinner, L. Morrison, Mrs. Wm.
Duckham: second row. J. .L Bruzard, Mrs.

Stevens, J. C. Neill, Artistic Queen, Rose
Pockett; third row, Manhattan Marquis, V.
Venosta, Onunda, Mrs. J. Diuine; fourth
row, W. Mease, C. J. Salter, Woodmason,
Mrs. D. Syme, John Lock ; Fifth row, Mer-
sham Blush, G. C. Kelly. Lenox, Mary
Mason, F. Payne. A. Jenkins, second, and
Ed. Jenkins, third.

Twelve distinct fell to A. I. Loveless, the
same exhibitor winning a silver medal for
new variety named Ursula Griswold.

Thomas Proctor staged superb Wm.
Duckham for 6 pink.

The exhibition of vegetables are always
a feature of great merit and rivalry. The
contestants, besides staging mammoth
onions, leeks and carrots, included such
out-of-season delicacies as asparagus and
peas and the finest mushrooms. This year
F. Herreman captured the silver cup do-
nated by Mr. Winthrop for collection of
18 varieties, with a superb display, closely
followed b.v Ed. Jenkins and G. Thomp-
son, superintendent to C. de Heredia. For
twelve varieties S. Carlquist won tlie
president's cup, and Allen Jenkins the
Stump & Walter cup for 6 varieties.

The single dishes of vegetables were of

resembles Bridesmaid, with a stem and flow-
er like American Beauties. This exhibit re-
ceived a certificate of merit. Scot Bros, had
a fine vase of their red carnation, Wm.
Eccles, and received a certificate of merit ;
as did also a new pink carnation, North-
port, put on exhibit by J. D. Cockcroft,
Northport, L. I. The Julius Roches Co.,
Rutherford, N. J., had a table of orchids,
which was greatly admired by all. Chrys-
anthemums, of course, were the chief at-
traction, and the following varieties were
best in their respective colors : White, Wm.
Turner and Naomah ; yellow, Mary Don-
nellon and Cheltoni ; pink. Lady Hopeton
and L. Rosseau ; crimson, Woodmason and
Pocketts Crimson ; any other color, Mary
Mason. Woodmason carried off the honor
for largest bloom in the show. The attend-
ance were large on both days, and the man-
agement are to be congratulated on the well-
arranged and successful exhibition. Fol-
lowing is the special prize-list :

The Mrs. F. S. Smithers' silver cup for
collection of hardy chrysanthemums, 50 va-
rieties— Mrs. H. L. Pratt, Glen Cove. L. L
(H. Gaut, gar.) first; Mrs. H. W. Bucknall,
Glen Cove, L. I. (G. Barton, gar.), second.

^^(#tf^St'

high order, especially onions and mush-
rooms.

Ed. Jenkins won with well-shouldered
Barbarossa grapes.

Trade Exhibits.

C. H. Totty, Madison, N. J., staged a
superb vase of his new rose, Mrs. Geo.
Showyer, winning the society diploma. This
vase was the center of attraction among
the rose enthusiasts. The same exhibitor
also staged a splendid collection of single
'mums and some noteworthy novelties.

Julius Roehrs Co., New Jersey, put up a
table of orchids and choice exotics. Scott
Bros, staged single and iionipom 'mums and
a good vase of Wm. Eccles carnations.
A. N. Pierson's exhibit of vase of ilihuly
received certificate of merit, the same award
being given to carnation Northport from
J. n. Cockcroft, both well shown.

HARRY TURNER.

NASSAU COUNTY HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

This society held its eiglilh annual ex-
hibition at Pendiroke Hall, Glen Cove, L. I..
N. Y.. on Tuesday and Wednesday, Oct. 29-
;'(). The two main floors of this large hall
were well filled with large exhibits of chrys-
anthemums, roses, carnations, outdoor flow-
ers, vegetables and fruit. Clias. Totty, Mad-
ison, N. J., had an exhibit of his new rose ;
Mi-s. Geo. Shawyer. a beautiful pink, which

The Mrs. H. L. Pratt's silver cup for din-
ner table decoration — 11. L. Ladew, Glen
Cove, L. I (J. Adler, gardener), first; Mrs.
II. L. Pratt, second.

The Stump & Walter Co. silver cup for
12 kinds of vegetables — A. G. Hodenpyle,
Locust Valley (F. Pattroccia, gardener),
first: Percy Chubb, Glen Cove, L. I. (A.
Mackenzie), second.

SPECIAL PREMIUMS.

The Elmer D. Smith special for 6 blooms
of Artistic Queen — H. Ladew, first.

The Peter Henderson & XTo. special for
12 blooms chrysanthemums arranged for
efl"ect— J. H. butey, first; Paul Dana,
second.

The Mr. Stapleton special for best speci-
men bush chrysanthemums — J. R. D,ela-
mar, first: Paul" Dana, Glen Cove (J. John-
ston, gardener), second.

The Bon Arbor Chemical Co. special for
12 chrvsanthennims, 12 varieties, long
stems-Mrs. H. L. Prate, first; W. D.
(Jutlnie, second.

riio Titus & Bowne special for 12 chrys-
anthemums, 12 varieties, short stems —
Percy Chubb, first; W. D. Guthrie, second.

The Isaac G. Cocks special for 3 ferns
distinct — Thomas Leaning, Glen Cove, L. I.
(K. A. Reidenback. gardener), first.

The Mrs. H. W. Bucknall special for 6
chrysanthemums, distinct, long stems —
Percy Chubb, first; Mrs. H. L. Pratt, second.

The Robert Meserole special for 12 Ameri-

254

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

can Beauty roses— W. D. Guthrie, first; Mrs.
F. S. Smithers, Glen Cove, second.

The Weeber & Don special for 6 chrys-
anthemums grown in 6-in. pots — Percy
Cliubb, first; John Pratt, second.

The Mrs. D. Burns special for 4 varieties
chrysanthemums, 3 of each— W. D. Guthrie,
first; Mrs. B. Stern, second.

The Vaughan Seed Store special for 12
varieties single chrysanthemums — John
Pratt, Glen Cove (J. W. Kverett, gardener),
first; Percy Chubb, second.

The Julius Eoehrs Co. special for 4 pots
orchids in bloom— J. E. Delamar, first.

The A. G. Hodenpyle special for 8 kinds
of vegetables— Howard C. Smith, Oystei
Bay (R. Walker, gardener), first; John
Pratt, second.

The Butler's Grocery & Provision Co. spe-
cial for collection of fruit — James Holloway,
first.

The E. M. Underbill special for 6 chrys-
anthemums, 6 varieties, short stems — Percy
Chubb, first; J. H. Ottley, second.

The Mrs. J.H. Ottley silver cup for 18
Killarney roses— Mrs. B. Stern, Koslyn, L. I.
(W. D. Robertson, gardener), first; Colgate
Hoyt, Oyster Bay (J. Robinson, gardener),
second.

The Mrs. J. R. Maxwell special for collec-
tion of outdoor flowers not to exceed 25
varieties— Mrs. B. Stern, first; W. E. Kim-
ball, Glen Cove (J. MacCarthy, gardener),
second.

The Mrs. J. R. Maxwell special for 6 kinds
of vegetables — A. G. Hodenpyle, first; W. V.
Hester (H. Boettcher, gardener), second.

The Chas. H. Totty special for group of
chrysanthemums arranged for effect — Percy
Chubb, first; H. L. Pratt, second.

The Hitchings & Co. special for group or-
namental and flowering plants arranged for
effect— J. R. Delamar, Glen Cove (R. Mar-
shall, gardener), first; Percy Chubb, second.
The Howard E. Smith special for 8
blooms chrysanthemums, 1 variety — J. H.
Ottley, Glen Cove (J. MacDonald, gardener),
first ;"W. D. Guthrie, Locust Valley (H. Qiff,
gardener), second.

The A. T. Boddington special for collec-
tion of salads — Mrs. F. Smithers. Glen Cove
(V. Cleres, gardener), first; A. G. Hoden-
pyle, second.

The A. T. Boddington special for 3 heads
of cauliflower— Mrs. F. S. Smithers, first;
A. G. Hodenpyle, second.

The Cottage Gardens Co. special for
12 carnations not disseminated — Mrs. F.
Smithers, first, with Red Sjning.

The Cottage Gardens Co. special for 25
carnations, any one color — E. M. Townsend,
Oyster Bay (J. Duthea, gardener), first; H.
Gould, Port Washington {W. Vert, gar-
dener), second.

The Cottage Gardens Co. special for 50
carnations, mixed — H. Gould, first; E. M.
Townsend, second.

The Burnetii Bros.' special for 12 kinds
of vegetables — A. G. Hodenpyle, first; Mrs.
H. L. Pratt, second.

The Wm. E. Marshall & Co. special for
18 varieties hardy chrysanthemums — John
Pratt, first; B. Stern, second.

The Rev. J. W. Gammocks special for 0
plants begonia Gloria de Lorraine — Percy
Chubb, first.

The Kohler Bros.' special for best speci-
men palm — Mrs. F. S. Smithers, first.

The H. T. Shotwell special for 12 tea
roses — Mrs. B. Stern, first; Colgate Hoyt,
second.

The H. Schultz special for 12 tea roses,
mixed — Mrs. B. Stern, first; H. MacDonald,
second.

The Universal Engineering Co. special for
6 varieties outdoor grapes — Jas. Holloway,
first.

The Pino Typtol special for fi varieties

of apples— W. V. Hester, first; J. R. Dela-
mar, second.

The F. B. Edmonds special for specimen
plant begonia Gloria de LoiTaine — P. Chubb,
first; J. R. Delamar, second.

The Glen Cove Echo special for specimen
fern— Colgate Hoyt, first.

The James Holloway special for 3 apples,
3 pears, 3 bunches outdoor grapes — W. V.
Hester, first.

The Miss M. Peck special for largest
bloom in show — Percy Chubb, first.

JAMES MACDONALD,
Corresponding Secretary.

NORTHERN WESTCHESTER COUNTY
HORTICULTURAL AND AGRICUL-
TURAL SOCIETY.

The 10th aunuiil llower sliow of the
Northern Westchester County Horticultural
and Agricultural Society of Mt. Kisco,
^. Y., was held in St. Francis Hall on
Thursdav, Friday and Saturday. October
31^ November 1 'and 2, 1912, with all the
classes on the schedule of this society of
any note well filled and competition was
extremeh' keen. The hall was filled to its
utmost capacity, though nearly double the
size of the hall of former years; but one
remarkable feature of this year's show was
the general excellence of the quality of the
exliibits. Amongst those entries to be
noted was the superb collections of orchids
from Miss Bliss, New Canaan, Conn., and
also those of Hobart Park, Esq., Port-
ehester, N. Y. Mr. Burns and Mr. Alex.
Marshall, past masters in the craft, were
up against one another, Mr. Burns winning
the Blue through very fine discrimination
of the judges in this classic event. Mr.
Alex. Marshall was, notwithstanding this
event, the greatest winner of the Blue in
the whole show. Mr. Al. Thomson, gar-
dener to Moses Taylor, Esq., coming next
in line, a most ardent and painstaking
young gardener and with a future before
him, came next to tlie old war horse, Alex.
Marshall (who, by the way, was the or-
ganizer of this society in 1897), in carry-
ing off a good share of the Blues and de-
servedly to his credit, especially in his sev-
eral collections of greenhouse plants, which
were finely grown.

Mr. Wm. Scott (Scott Bros.) put up a
vase of "Wm. Eccles" carnations, which
gained first prize over Mr. James D. Cock-
croft's "Northport" for seedlings, not dis-
seminated. Scott Bros, winning first, but
both getting a certificate of merit from this
association.

Adolph Lewisohn, Ardsley, N. Y., showed
a superb specimen plant of Annie Laurie
which was much admired, John Caning,
gardener. The big wins were well repre-
sented in all the classes. The Bailey prize
of $50, in .$25, $15 and $10, brought out
very fine specimens.

Special Bailey Prize, 24 chrysanthemums
in not less than 12 varieties— Mrs. Neu-
stadt (David Gordon, gardener), first; Miss
Bliss (John Bun, gardener), second; Moses
Taylor (Alex. Thomson), third.

In the estimation of all who attended
this show it was given as the opinion that
no other show of recent years could come
near it for excellence of bloom, location of
hall, general appearance of the exhibit
when staged.

The judges of this show were: Mr. Wild,
of Greenwich, Conn.; Mr. Wm. Jamison,
Tarrytown, and Mr. Tom Aitcheson, of
Mamaroneck, N. Y., who kindly consented
to act in the place of Mr. Ewan Mackenzie,
New Roehelle, N. Y., who was not feeling
well, whose judgments in the several events
seemed to give entire satisfaction to all the
coiMpetitors in this show.

Following are the summaries of events:

Class 1 — Best 12 cut blooms chrysanthe-
mums not less than 6 varieties — Mrs. Moses
Taylor (Alex. Thomson, gardener), first;
ilrs. Neustadt (David Gordon, gardener),
second; Adolph Lewisohn (John Caning,
gardener), third.

Class 2 — Best 6 white chrysanthemums —
Mrs. Neustadt, first; Miss Bliss, second.

Class 3— Mrs. Neustadt, first; Miss Bliss,
second.

Class 4— Mrs. Neustadt, first; Miss Bliss,
second.

Class 5— Mrs. Neustadt, first; Mrs. J. H.
Hammond (John Conolly, gardener), second.
Class 6— Hobart Park, first; Mrs. Neu-
stadt. second.

Class 7 — Collection of Pompons — Hobart
Park, first.

Class 8— Collection of Suyles chrysanthe-
mums—Miss Bliss, first; Hobart Park,
second.

Class 9 — 20 chrysanthemums in pots not
exceeding 7 inches — Clarence Whitman
(William Will, gardener), first. ■-

Class 11 — Single chrysanthemums in pots
—Mrs. Taylor, first; James Sutton (D.
Fraser, gardener), second.

Class 13— Best 6 bush plants chrysanthe-
mums—Mrs. Neustadt, first; C. Whitman,
second.

Class 14— Specimen bush— Adolph Lew-
isohn, Esq. (John Caning, gardener), first;
James Sutton, Mt. Kisco, second.

Class 15 — Best collection of roses — Hobart
Park, first; J. J. Riker, Esq. (A. E. Lovar-
sud, gardener), second.

Class 16 — Best seedling carnation, not dis-
seminated—Scott Bros., Elmsford Nurseries,
with "Wm. Eccles," first; Jas. D. Cockcroft,
with ''Northport," both fine specimens of
their colors, second.

Class 17— Best 6 blooms red carnation—
Hobart Park, first, J. J. Riker, second.

Class 17A— Best 6 blooms white carna-
tion—Hobart Park, first; J. J. Riker, second.
Glass 18— Best 12 pink carnations— Ho-
bart Park, first; Mrs. S. Neustadt, second.
Class 19— Best bunch of single violets —
Mrs. Neustadt, first; Hon. Seth Low (Hugh
Birch, gardener), second.

Class 20—20 double violets— ^^^litman
Katmah, first.

Class 21 — Collection of decorative plants,
8 ft. space— Mrs. Taylor, first.

Class 22— Best specimen plant in show —
Mrs. Taylor, first; Mrs. Sloane (E. CuUam,
gardener), second.

Class 23— Best 6 plants table decoration
—Mrs. Taylor, first; Hobart Park, second.
Class 24 — Best pair adiantums — IMrs.
Moses Taylor, first.

Class 25— Best specimen fern— Hobart
Park, first; Mrs. Taylor, second.

Class 27— Best 3 Lorraine begonias— J. J.
Riker, Esq., first; Mrs. Taylor, second.

Class 28—6 best table plants— Mrs. Moses
Taylor, first.

Class 29— Best 6 geraniums— C. Whitman,
Esq., first.

Class 30— Best collection of orchids— Miss
Bliss, New Canaan. Conn., first; Hobart
Park, Portchester, N. Y., second.

Qass 32— Best collection of pears— A. W.
Butler (John Hall, gardener), first; J.
Borden Harriman (M. J. O'Brien, gardener),
second.

Class 33— Best 6 head celery— Mrs. J. H.
Hammond, first; A. W. Butler, second.

Class 34—12 distinct varieties vegetables,
exhibition— Mrs. Taylor, first; C. Whitman,
second; Mrs. J. H. Hammond, third.

Class 34A— 12 vegetables, table use—
Hon. Seth Low (Hugh Birch, gardener),
first; Eugene Meyer, Esq. (Chas. Ruthven,
gardener), second; A. W. Butler, third.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

255

Class 34B — Collection of farm product —
J. H. Hammond (Alex. Findley, superin-
tendent), first.

Class 37 — Best fern, amateur — John J.
Conolly, 11 3'ears, first.

Class 40 — The Bailey special prize (24
chrysanthemums) — Mrs. Neustadt, first;
Miss Bliss, second; Jlrs. Taylor, third.

Class 41 — 12 blooms chrysanthemums,
open to society members — Hobart Park,
fljst; Mrs. Neustadt, second; Mrs. Taylor,
third.

Class 42 — Best 8 chrysanthemums in 6
in. pots, SVz ft. high — James Sutton, first;
•C. Whitman, second.

Class 43 — Best bouquet of flowers — A. H.
Scribner (H. Kast, gardener), first; Mrs.
Taylor, second; J. B. Harriman, third.

Class 44 — Largest chrysanthemum bloom
in show — Mrs. Neustadt, first.

Class 45 — Best dinner table decoration
^'gardener" — Mrs. Taylor, first; C. Whitman.
Esq., second; J. B. Harriman, Esq., third.

Class 45A — Ladies' dinner table decora-
tion— Mrs. Taylor, first; Miss Ethel Harri-
man, second.

Class 47 — Best collection orchids, private
gardener — J. B. Harriman (M. J. O'Brien,
gardener), first.

Respectfully submitted,

M. J. O'BRIEN,
Cor. Secy., Northern Westchester County
Horticultural and Agricultural Society,
Mt. Kisco, November 7, 1912.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE

OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK.

List of Premiums

AWARDED AT

EIGHTY-FIRST FAIR

NOVEMBER 6, 7 and 8, 1912.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS.

Cut Flowers

For Commercial Growers Only

Traendly & Schenck, Rowayton, Conn. —

25 blooms, one variety, first, $25. Charles

H. Totty, Madison, N." J., second, $20.

Charles H. Totty. — 30 varieties, one
bloom of each, first, $20.

For Private Gardeners Only.

William Vert, gardener to Howard Gould,
Port Washington, N. Y. — 25 blooms, one
variety, first, $25.

William Vert. — 30 varieties, one bloom of
■each, first, $20.

D. F. Roy, gardener to Harry E. Con-
verse, Marion, Mass. — 10 varieties, one

bloom of each, first, $10. Walter Angus,
gardener to Robert H. Scoville, Chapinville.
Conn., second, $6.

Open to AU.

George H. Hale, superintendent to E. D.
Adams, Rumson, N. J. — 10 blooms, any
white variety, first, $8. Robert .Jones,
gardener to Payne Whitney, Manhasset,
L. I., second, $4.

George H. Hale. — 10 blooms, any pink
variety, first, $8.

Carl 'D. SchaefTer, gardener to Richard

Mortimer, Tuxedo Park, N. Y. — 10 blooms
any yellow variety, first, $8. William Vert,
second. $4.

William Vert. — 10 blooms, any bronze
variety, first, $8. Alex. Mackenzie, gard-
ener to Percy Chnbb, Glen Cove, L. I.
second, .$4.

Joseph G. P. Kennedv, gardener to Mrs
J. S. Lyie, Tenafly, N. J.— 10 blooms in
variety, first, $8. Alex. Mackenzie, sec
ond, $4.

J. W. Everitt, gardener to John T. Pratt,
Glen Cove, L. I. — 6 blooms, anv white var

Antoine Wintzer, Canna Hybridizer, and Origi-
nator of more than 75 per cent, of the Leading
.Cannas in Commerce today.

IMPROVED (ANNAS

MRS. ALFRED F. CONARD. introduced
ill lUlO, as a result of 15 years' careful
work, seemed, to the Eschauge represent-
ative as he looked upon it id full bloom,
to be one of the greatest creations in
Cannas ever sent out. Its very large,
' it_ar. salmon- pink flowers, profusely pro-
duced on numerous heads, stand erect well
aliove its rich green foliage. Its bloom-
ing season is apparently loDg, and it Is
certainly one of the most exquisite of the
Cannas whose blooms are in the lighter
colors.— From The Florists' Exchange of
S<_'ptember 28.

OTHER IMPROVED CANNAS
"WORTH HAVING.

Per 100

Beacon. Red $20.00

Gladioflora. Variegated 15.00

Meteor, Red 25.00

Rosea Gi&antea. Pink 25.00

Wm, Saunders, Red with bronze

I'af 10.00

Mt. Blanc. Near white 10.00

Kate F. Deemer. Yellow 35.00

Mrs. Alfred F. Conard. Pink 35.00

F. O. B. here.
For the best kinds in the CANNA
KINGDOM write to

The Conard & Jones Co.

WEST GROVE, PENNA.

Plant for Immediate Effect

Not for Future Generations

Start with the largest stock that can be secured ! it takes over
twenty years to grow many of the Trees and Shrubs we offer.

We do the long waiting — thus enabhng you to secure Trees and
Shrubs that give an immediate effect. Send for Fall price list.

ANDORRA NURSERIES

CHESTNUT HILL
PHILADELPHIA, PA.

WM. WARNER HARPER, Proprietor

ROEHR'S SPECIALTIES:

Orchids : Palms : Bay Trees : Roses

and all stove and ornamental plants. The
only strictly exotic nurseries in America.

JULIUS ROEHRS CO., Rutherford, N. J.

256

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

iety, first, $4. James Bell, gardener to
C. K. G. Billings, New York City, sec-
ond, $2.

J. W. Everitt.— 6 blooms, any pink var-
iety, first, $4. Walter Angus, gardener to
Robert H. Scoville, Chapinville, Conn., sec-
ond, $2.

Frank Black, gardener to Clarence E.
Chapman, Oakland, N. J.— 6 blooms, any
yellow variety, first, $4. Alex. Mackenzie,
second, $2.

Walter Angus. — 6 blooms, any crimson
variety, first, $4. Alex. JIackenzie, sec-
ond, $2.

James Bell. — 6 blooms, any bronze var-
iety, first, $4. William Vert, second, $2.

Max Schneider, gardener to Charles
Hathaway, East Orange, N. J.— 6 blooms,
Japanese, incurved, any white variety,
first, .$4. Frank Black, second, $2.

William Vert. — 6 blooms, Japanese, in-
curved, any yellow variety, first, $4. George
H. Hale, second, $2.

William Vert. — 6 blooms, Japanese, in-
curved, any pink variety, first, $4. Frank
Black, second, $2.

Joseph P. G. Kennedy, gardener to Mrs.
J. S. Lyle, Tenafly, N. J. — 6 blooms, Japa-
nese, incurved, any crimson variety, first,
$4. Alex. Mackenzie, second, $2.

William Vert. — 6 blooms, Japanese, in-
curved, any bronze variety, first, $4.
George H. Hale, second, $2.

William Vert. — 6 blooms, Japanese, re-
flexed, any white variety, first, $4. Max
Schneider, second, .$2.

William Vert. — 6 blooms, Japanese, re-
flexed, anv yellow variety, first, $4. George
H. Hale, second, $2.

William Vert. — 6 blooms, Japanese, re-
flexed, any pink variety, first, $4.

William Vert. — 6 blooms. Japanese, re-
flexed, any crimson variety, first, $4.

William Vert. — 6 blooms, Japanese, re-
flexed, any bronze variety, first, $4.

Williani Dowlen, Seabright, N. J.— 6
blooms, anemone, any white variety,
first, $4.

Jos. G. P. Kennedy. — 6 blooms, anemone,
any yellow variety, first, $4. William Dow-
len, second. $2.

Joseph G. P. Kennedy. — 6 blooms, ane-
mone, any pink variety, first, $4. William
Dowlen, second, $2.

William Dowlen. — 6 blooms, anemone,
any crimson variety, first, $4.

Joseph G. P. Kennedy. — 6 blooms, ane-
mone, any yellow variety, first, $4. William
Dowlen, second, $2.

NEW VARIETIES.

C. H. Totty, Madison, N. J.— 6 blooms of
any white variety, first, $5.

C. H. Totty. — 6 blooms of any yellow
variety, fir.st, $5.

George H. Hale. — 6 blooms of any pink
variety, first, $5.

C. H. Totty. — 6 blooms of anv other color,
first, $5.

George H. Hale. — Vase of anemone flow-
ered varieties, first, $5. Carl D. Schaeffer,
second. $3.

William Dowlen. — Vase of hairy and
plume varieties, first, $5. Joseph G. P. Ken-
nedy, second, $3.

George H. Hale. — Vase of single varieties,
first, .$5. Charles H. Rice, Rochelle Park,
N. J., second, $3.

HARDY CHRYSANTHEMUMS.

Charles H. Rice. — Collection of 20 vases,
first, $10. W. J. Sealey, gardener to Charles
Mallory, Port Chester, N. Y., second, $8.

W. J. Sealey. — Collection of Pompons, 10
vases, first, $5. Charles H. Rice, second, $?.

PLANTS.

Peter Duff, gardener to Jlrs. .Tohn Crosby

Brown, Orange, N. J. — Specimen bush
plant, white, first, $15.

Peter Dutf. — Specimen bush plant, pink,
first, $15. W. J. Sealey, second, $10.

Peter Duff.— Specimen bush plant, yellow,
first, $15. W. J. Sealey, second, $10.

Peter Duff. — Specimen bush plant, any
other color, first, $15.

John F. Johnson, gardener to Paul Dana,
Glen Cove, N. Y. — Specimen standard plant,
white, first, $15. Peter Duff, second, $10.

Peter Duff'. — Specimen standard plant,
pink, first, $15. Stephen G. Milosy, gardener
to George Schlegel, Baj' Ridge, N. Y., equal
first, $15. Max Schneider, second, $10.

Peter Duff. — Specimen standard plant,
vellow, first, $15. W. J. Sealey, equal first.
$15. Stephen G. Milosy, second, $10.

William Vert. — 12 plants in variety,
single stem, in pots, first, $10. William M.
Macbean, gardener to Mrs. Stuyvesant
Fish. Onrrisnii, X. Y., second,. $5.

^fi'|ilirii C. Alilosy. — 6 plants of one
\;irirt\. -iiii;!. slum, in pots, first, $5. Wil-
liam \'urt. ■.■,.,.,„i,l. $3. • ■

Jaiii''^ V.iAi. 12 bush plants as grown for
mark.i. in \'<<i>. first, $12. Joseph G. T.
Kennedy, second, .$8.

SPECIALS.

Henry Gaut. gardener to Herbert L.
Pratt, "Glen Cove, N. Y.— Collection of
Hardy Chrysanthemums, $4.

P. W. Popp, gardener to H. Darlington,
Mamaroneck, N. Y'. — Display of Hardy
and Pompon Chrysanthemums, $6.

Abraham Wynne, gardener to W. W.
Heroy, Stamford, Conn. — Display of Pom-
pon Chrysanthemums, $2.

Abraham Wynne. — Display of Anemone
and Single Chrysanthemums, $3.

Thomas W. Head, Bergenfield, N. J. — Col-
lection of Hardy and Pompon Chrysan-
themums, $15.

W. J. Sealey. — Specimen bush plant,
"Golden Shower"," $10.

W. J. Sealey. — Vase Pompon Chrysan-
themums, "Lillian Doty," $2. •

Peter Duff. — Specimen standard plant
anemone Garza, $15.

Peter Duff. — Specimen standard plant
"Bronze Brutus," $15.

Peter Duff. — Specimen bush plant ane-
mone Garza, $15.

R. Vincent, Jr., & Sons Co., White Marsh,
Md.— Collection of Pompons, $10.

Stephen G. Milosy. — Specimen standard
plant, "Bronze Brutus," $10.

Stephen G. Milosy. — Specimen standard
plant, pink, $10.

Traendly & Schcnck, Rowayton, Conn. —
Display of Roses and Carnations, $35.

A. N. Pierson, Inc.. Cromwell, Conn.—
Display of Roses and Chrysanthemums, $20.

J. W. Everitt. — Collection of Single
Chrysanthemums, $5.

Thomas Meehan & Sons. Philadelphia. Pa.
— Collection of Hardv Chrvsanthemvims. $5.

Chas. H. Totty. "Madison, N. J.— Vase
Roses, "Mrs. George Shawyer," $5.

Charles H. Totty. — Vase of single var-
ieties, $5.

Charles H. Totty. — Vase of anemone
flowered varieties, $5.

Chas. H. Totty. — Collection of Hardy and
Pompon Chrysanthemums. $25.

Henry -T. Allen, gardener to F. W. Van-
derbilt. Hyde Park, N. Y. — New rose, "Lady
Alice Stanley," certificate.

Cottage Gardens Co.. Queens. N. Y. —
New Carnations, "Matchless" and "Vivid."
certificate.

Waban Rose Conservatonier, Natick, Mass.
— New rose, "Mrs. Charles Russell," cer-
tificate.

S. S. Pennock-Meehan Co., Philadel-
phia. Pa. — New rose. 'Trish Fire Flame."
certificate.

Edward H. Behre, Madison, N. J. — Vase
of new Roses, certificate.

J. D. Cockeroft, Northport, L. I.— New
Carnation, "Northport," certificate.
JUDGES.
EUGENE DAILLEDOUZE,
WILLIAM TURNER,
ARTHUR HERRINGTON,
HARRY TURNER.

ORCHIDS

Established and Imported

Also Baaketa, Peat, Moss. Write for Cataleei

JOSEPH A. MANDA.:

91 Valley Ro

LANDSCAPE GARDENERS

will and It to their Interest to read PAUK AND
CEMETBKY and LANDSCAPE GARDENING
regulajly. Some gardeners consider it the best
jovirnal on landscape gardening. Send 25c. for
two copies and special offer to new subscribers.
R. J. HAIGHT, 440 So. Dearborn St., Chicago.
Mention Gardeners Chronicle of America.

"Howto6rowRoses"-FREE

Tt ' K. ' r .mr famous iiulboriU

tr, ,:,■.. : ,:,uii?, fLTtllizil>p, cuUl

v.i' ■ 1 iiii.ii , 1- eombiin;d witli oui

Conard & Jones Roses

...> M :, ..M.iiledfn

The Conarit 4 Jones Co., Cor ' " WesI Gro»e,Pa./

BURPEE'S SEEDS

PHILADELPHIA

Wholesale Price List for Florists
and Market Gardeners.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

257

Seeing how alliactivc ami practical lliis coiislructioii is. do you wonder wily THE LUTTOX PATENT CUR\'ED
EAVE method has changed Greenhouse Construction during the past few years? The result has been the most suc-
cessful house that can be produced ; the other concerns who had been producing the same antiquated buildings for years
had to simply destroy their patterns as well as their catalogues and start anew. Just ask some of our imitators to show
you some of their curved eave houses built before THE LUTTON PATENT was granted; you will then be con-
vinced that vou had better consult with me.

WILLIAM H. LUTTON,

DESIGNER
AND BUILDER

West Side Ave. Station, Jersey City, N. J.

258'

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

P. Hamilton Goodsell

200 Broadway New York City

Headquarters for specimen shade and ornamen-
tal trees of all kinds. Send in a list of your
wants and let us give you a figure on it. Rhodo-
dendrons and specimen evergreens a specialty.

Warehouse and Salesroom

1 57 and 1 59 William Street New York City

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

WEATHERED
COMPANY

196 Orient Ave.,

Jersey City, N. J,

The Only Greenhouse Builders on this Continent Awarded

A Gold and Silver Medal

for GREENHOUSE CONSTRUCTION

Weathered's Patent Cui-ved Eave Iron Frame Greenhouses

Erected at GEORGIAN COURT, LAKEWOOD, N. J.
For Mr. GEORGE JAY GOULD

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OK AMERICA.

Exhibit of vegetables at tbe Eoyal International Horticultural E.dubition, London, 1912, showing the English style of staging

Boddington^s Quality Vegetable Seeds

Boddington''s Prize-
Winning Quality
Vegetable Seed
Specialties for Ex-
hibitors

PEAS—

Boddington's Mammoth I'kt.

Marrowfat 5o 25

Boddington's Selected Extra-
Early Gradus 15

BEANS—

Boddington's Bountiful 10

Boddington's Exhibition 15

BEETS— Pkt,

Boddington's Early Model

Globe }o 10

Boddington's Exhibition.

Pkts. only. Ji lor 5.. 25
BRUSSELS SPROUTS—
Boddington's Exhibition. . . .
Pkts. only, Ji for 5. .
CABBAGE—

Boddington's Early of

Earlies i-jo/., .soi'..

Boddington's Exhibition
Blood-Red. $ I for 5 pkts. .
CARROT—

Boddington's Improved Long

Red Surrey

Boddington's Selected New

Intermediate

CAULIFLOWER—

Boddington's Extra-Early
Snowball.. . '40z.,Si.75. .
CELERY—

Boddington's Golden Self-
blanching

Boddington's Improved

White Plume

LEEK—

Boddington's Exhibition

Prizetaker

EGGPLANT—

Boddington's Improved New

York Spineless

KOHLRABI-

Boddington's Early White

Delicious

ENGLISH MELON—

Boddington's Selected Scar-
let Gem

Qt.

So 50 Si 00
30 60

S7 2.S

2 25

-'5 So 7.S S.' 50

50

6 00

50

I 25

I 25

I 50

75

4 00
4 00

Sparkill, N. Y., October 11, 1912,
MR. ARTHUR T. BODDINGTON

34J West 14th St., New York, N. Y.
Dear Sir: I think it only just to you to
let you know that I am more than pleased
with the seed you supphed me with this
spring as in the past. I made sixty-four ex-
hibits at the Bergen and Rockland County
Fairs, and took sixty first prizes, which
speaks volumes for the vitality of seed you
send out. You can depend upon my
patronage in the future.

Very truly yours,

J. BRADLEY,
Gardener for Mrs. W. R. Thompson.

CUCUMBER-

Boddington's Improved Telegraph

25c. and Jo so
Boddington's Selected White Spine . . lo
LETTUCE—

Big Boston: Boddington's Exhibition

Strain 10

May Queen: Boddington's Exhibition

Strain 05

Boddington's Eclipse Cos(Romaine) 10
MUSKMELON—

Boddington's Exhibition Emerald Gem. 10
KALE—

Boddington's Variegated Garnishing

$1 for 5 pkts.. . 25
MUSHROOM SPAWN—

Boddington's Quality Pure Culture.

Brick, -oc, s for $1 75, 10 for S3..
ONION—

Boddington's Bountiful . . J-ooz. 50 cts . 10
Boddington's Selected Ailsa Craig. . .

3->oz. 50c. . . 10
PEPPER—

Boddington's Selected Chinese Giant 10

Boddington's Hercules 10

PARSLEY—

Boddington's Exhibition . .5 pkts. $1.. 25
;'ARSNIP—

Boddington's Improved Hollow Crown. 05
KADISH—

Boddington's Early Frame 10

SOUASH—

Boddington's Extra-Early Jersey

White Bush 10

Boddington's English Vegetable Mar-
row, Long White 05

SPINACH—

Boddington's Triumph (Long Season) . 05
Boddington's Improved Large and

Crumpled 05

TOMATO—

Boddington's Early Sunrise . }4oz- 60c. 15

Boddington's Aero 25 cts. and 50

TURNIP-

Boddington's Model Snowball 10

SPECIAL OFFER. One packet each of the above varieties for $5.

$0 25

85

75
40

10

Jo 35

25

75

25

75

25

75

10

.^5

Brussels Sprouts

Boddington's

Exhibition

This is a page from our 1913 Garden Guide which will be mailed to all gardeners about Dec. 15th, 1912.

If you do not receive a copy, drop us a post card.

WHEN IN THE CITY CALL. ALWAYS WELCOME

ARTHUR T. BODDINGTON, Seedsman, 342 W. 14th Street, New York

GARDENERS'

OF AMERICA

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

A Credit to Any Gardener

AT Haverford, a suburb of Philadelphia, Mr. T. P. Hunter has a palatial manor house
with grounds in perfect keeping.
Here is a glimpse showing the greenhouses and the prominent location given them.
Joseph Hurley is the gardener. The illustration shows what an expert he is.
Always glad to send our friends and would-be customers our catalog.

Lord (Q, BurnHam Co.

York. St. Jan

SALES OFFICES:
nont Bldg. ; Philadelphia, Franklin Bank Bids,
FACTORIES: Irvington, N, Y, : Des Plaine

Chicago. Rockery Bldg, ; Rcclie

Granite Bldg,

fi»r;^«'

Satisfied Customers

AXT'IiEN Mrs. Delancoy Kaiie waiiteil
^ ^ a gri'cnlioiise I'ov her Newport
home we built it for her- it is sliown in
our catalog on pafic 17.

This year, when shp wanteil a house
at her New Kooholle home, on Loni.'
Island Sonnd. we erci'ted the (iiie shown
above.

A satisfied customer is the best recinn-
mendation a concern can have.

All "or customers arc satislicd with
their llitchings' honses.

Our catalofi shows who they arc.

You probalily knciw tlie gardeners at
nuist of the places.

Would yon like U, h:i\c a c.py ?

Hitchings £y Co.

Write to our General Ofliccs ,-uid Factory, l:h/abelh, N, |..
or call at our New V'ork Office, 1 170 Broadvvav

With

Storu

N1:.\I;BV was a choice little garden spot, charm
inKl.v reflective of Ital.v. .Xd.ioinins: it. this
Sim splashed slope of srcen. punctuated here
:inil there h.v flue old trees.

.Mons one side wandered a walk of steppin.a stones
inticins .von to the fiarden of hardy tiowors.

Now where woulrl ,von place a .urcenhouseV

•Pwii-i. unr'(.M;ival.l'i' to encroach on all this with
even so attractivi- a .ii'-cenhoiisc as a t'-Bar.

S<i on the edw of the hardy garden we placed it,
niakins; a cellar underneath for mushrooms.

The result is a simple, diKnilicd littlf house iu
perfect harmony with its environs,

l!v the comliinln;; of (Uir landscape architect's skill
witli our know I. 'dire as Krcenhouse designers and
huilders. thcrr is no douht aliout your setting both a

(thai ami

1,1 for .Ml

lit.

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U-BAR GREENHOUSES

PIER50N U-BAR CO

ONE MADISON AVt. NtWYORK

CANAtHAN OfUCt lOPHILLIFS PLAI.L MONTRtAl

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

BON ARBOR

Awarded Diploma and Silver Medal at 1912
Royal International Exhibition, London, England

It is a complete plant food. Feed
your plants ; get results ; do it now.
Bon Arbor is favorably known every-
where it is used and it is widely
used. Such gardens as those of the
Capitol at Washington, D. C, and the Parliament Gardens,
Ottawa, Canada, and the Royal Windsor Gardens, Eng-
land, on the one side, and over 2000 country estates and
farms on the other, represent the field supplied. Show
flower and vegetable growers find Bon Arbor indispensable.

Bon Arbor is put up as follows :

J4-pound package, making 15 gallons, by mail .$0.30
1-pound package, making 30 gallons, by mail . .55
S-pound package, making ISO gallons, exp. extra... 1.80

25-pound boxes, making 750 gallons 6.25

50-pound boxes, making 1500 gallons 12.50

100-pound boxes, making 3000 gallons 20.00

Barrels, from 250 to 300 lbs., 18c. per lb.
Ask your dealer or write direct.

Ant Destroyer, Positively Kills.

..65c. per lb.

BON ARBOR CHEMICAL CO.

Paterson, N. J., U. S. A.

Write f<rr descriptii
ture also Radix Worn
agricultural chemicals

catalogue, new 1912 edition. We
Eradicator, Insecticides. Weed Kille
Special prices on large quantities.

Get the Best in All Creation

TIP-TOP
TOBACCO POWDER

FOR FUMIGATION

Refuse, Reject the Imitation
$3.00 per Bag, 100 lbs.

Money With Order

Interstate Tobacco Co.

1397-1399 AVENUE A
NEW YORK

The Aphine Manufacturing

Company, Madison, N. J.

M. C. EBEL, Treas. and Gen'l Mgr,

E.xtends to its many friends in the gardening profession and
to all readers

AND

TWENTIETH CENTURY PRODUCTS

You know all about it.

FUNGINE

Effective against mildew, rust, and other blights.
For greenhouse and garden. A spraying material.
Unlike Bordeaux and lime and sulphur it does not
stain but cleanses the foliage.

VERMINE

Soil sterilizer and vermicide for cut, eel, grub and
wire worms, maggots, ants and all soil vermin.
Used one to four hundred parts water by thor-
oughly soaking the ground.. In the greenhouse and
garden it will protect your plants against the rav-
ages under the soil.

SCALINE

A scalicide, fungicide and insecticide combined —
three in one. A winter and summer spray. Com-
posed of oil and sulphur. For San Jose and other
scale and all sap sucking insects which infest trees,
shrubs and hardy plants.

For Sale by Seedsmen.

264

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

MILADY

the new, red forcing rose will be dis-
seminated by us in March.

We can supply Mrs. Chas. Russell
and Mrs. Geo. Shawyer.

Our catalog covers Roses, Carnations,
Chrysanthemums, Geraniums, Cannas,
Bedding Stock, Orchids, Gardenias.
We want you to receive our catalog.
Send us a card and make sure your
address is correct on our maihng list.

A. N. PIERSON

INCORPORATED

CROMWELL, CONN.

Our

Case

Case

Case

250

500

1000

New Crop $6.00

$11.00

$20.00

Cold Storage — Excellent fur

Christmas and Holiday

Forcing 6.50

12.00

22.00

LILY OF THE
VALLEY PIPS

Stock of RUSSIAN LILY of
the Valley is the Finest
Imported

American Pure Culture Mushroom Spawn

10 lbs. will spawn 10 square feet.
This type produces larger Mushrooms than the Eng-
lish, coming into bearing somewhat earlier, and con-
tinuing to crop for a long time. This spawn is pro-
duced by selecting spores from individual specimen
Mushrooms, and is propagated and transferred to the
bricks of manure, which, when planted, produce Mush-
rooms all of one type.

Per Brick (about V^ lb.) 30 cts. Per 10 Bricks, $2.40
Per 25 Bricks, $5. Per 100 Bricks, $15.

50 Barclay Street

New York

CONTENTS OF DECEMBER ISSUE

International Flower Show 264

The Private Gardener. By Robert Craig 265

Camera Snapshots. \\\ \^■. W. Waite 268

Cirowing Cucuml)ers Under Glass 269

Propagation of Herbaceous Perennials. By Win.

Lamb 270

The Aftermath. I!y W'm. E. Tricker 271

Sulphur as a Fertilizer 272

Here, There and Fvcrywhere 17 2>

Seedtime and Harvest. By M. Earle 274

The New Roses 274

The Warburg Estate 275

Editorial Page 277

Dr. W. S. A\'hitmore 277

Association Notes 278

Gardeners Notes 278

Queries and Answers 279

A Novel Group. By Jas. Stuart 280

I'ruit Under Glass, liy James Marlborough 281

National Associations 285

Local Societies - 285

Gardeners' Diary 285

A Gardener's Reunion 285

National Flower Show Prizes 286

Winkers Horticultural Society 286

Morris County Gardeners and Florists Club 287

Nassau Count}' Society 287

\\'estchester and Fairfield Horticultural .Society. . . . 287

Southampton Horticultural Society 287

ORCHIDS

We are specialists in this kind of plants. We
collect, import and grow orchids from all parts of
the world where orchids grow.

We will be glad to fill your order for one plant
or a thousand according to your requirements.

Our beautiful Catalogue and special lists on
application.

LAGER & HURRELL

Orchid-Growers and Importers

SUMMIT, N. J.

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA

ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

Vol. X\'I\

DECEMBER, 1912.

X..

The International Flower Show

Horticulture is a subject especially appropriate for ex-
hibitions, as it affords to the experts in their many-sided
interest lasting inducements to further efforts. An exhi-
bition shows what has already been achieved and what
there is still to learn. It stirs up the gardening enthusi-
asm of both professionals and amateurs and induces them
to spend more money on plants and flowers, thus con-
ferring an added blessing on the profession, says the in-
troductory of a pamphlet just issued by the International
Flower Show Committee.

The immediate effect of an exhibition is difficult to
define, but the efforts to develop and improve the horti-
cultural industry cannot be lightly estimated. The influ-
ence on business relations is far-reaching and enables
horticulturists to get in touch with their colleagues. It
is impossible for questions of general interest to be lim-
ited by geographical frontiers, and professionals from
various .sections of the United States and European coun-
tries will be afforded an opportunity for the interchange
of views and ideas at the THIRD INTERNATIONAL
FLOWER SHOW, which will provide both horticultural
education and scientific results of facilities open to stu-
dents of the profession. All scientific exhibits will have
a bearing on practical horticulture, so that the exhibition
will be of great popular interest. The Show is to make
for a higher standard of horticulture, and will be purely
educational, and with few exceptions the classes are open
to private growers and amateurs, and will enable them to
meet the professionals both as jurors and as exhibitors.

With a prize list aggregating nearly twenty thousand
dollars, exceeding in value the prizes offered at the recent
International Horticultural Show at London, the Third
International Flower Show will be held at the New Grand
Central Palace, New York City, from April 5 to 12,
1913, and will demonstrate the remarkable progress made
in the horticultural industry. The exhibits will be beau-
tifully laid out and present a succession of scenes showing
extreme skill in arrangement. Floriculture, arboriculture,
pomology — all will be represented in magnificent group-
ings. Vegetables, seeds, entomological collections and
horticultural requisites will also be grouped in classes,
and, combined with the whole, will mark an epoch in the
annals of the horticultural business. Never before in
America at a hortfcultural show has the prize list even
approached the value of the one in preparation for the

forthcoming show. i\.t the recent horticultural exhibition
held in London, the greatest of its kind ever held, the
prize list was roughly estimated, by an English horticul-
tural journal, at $19,480. This amount will be exceeded
in the value of the prizes to be oft'ered at the International
Flower Show in 1913.

Each of the previous shows held in this country has
presented special and valuable lessons in horticulture,
and the time has arrived for American gardeners once
more to show the world the utmost efforts of which they
are capable. Owners of private estates are becoming
more and more interested, and the show management
recognizes the desirability of encouraging the attendance
of amateur growers in addition to professional gardeners
and horticultural students.

The fact that an American grower took two or three
carloads of 'ipecimen plants to the London International

\i:W GRAM) CENTR.\L P-ALACE.

SliDw and won t\\cnt\-t\\o jn-izes is something which can
liardly be permitted without a return challenge exhibit at
an American show, and several European exhibits have
been promised.

The |5rizes in every section are very liberal. More than
a thousand dollars are offered for rose plant exhibits, and
this amount will be more than duplicated for exhibits of
cut roses. The carnation and sweet pea awards will be
on the same liberal scale. The orchid section will be most
interesting, the many very substantial prizes being calcu-

266

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

lated to bring out an unusual number of exhibits cover-
ing both cut flowers and plants. . The twelve classes for
bulbous plants and flowers should prove very popular to

MAIN HALL. CENTRE.

growers of bulbous flowers, both professional and ama-
teur. The prizes in the classes covering the general
groups and collections of flowering and foliage plants are
very generous, as well as those for specimen and decora-
tive groups.

A preliminary schedule was prepared and sent out sev-
eral months ago, but this naturally covered mainly the
sections entailing very early preparation for exhibits.
The schedule covering the classes for cut flowers and
exhibits not requiring any length of time for preparation
will appear in the final schedule, and will be published
before the first of next year. The exhibits will be attract-
ively displayed in the magnificent home of expositions,
the New Grand Central Palace, which is especially adapted
for this purpose. The building occupies the entire block
on Lexington avenue from Forty-sixth to Forty-seventh
streets, New York City. It is convenient of access to
visitors coming in vehicles, in cars or on foot, and its
location is in the center of the city and the heart of the
hotel district.

Co-operation is the keynote of the modern business
world, and nowhere is it being more fully exemplified than
in the horticultural profession. A great many owners of
large estates in the vicinity of New York have already sig-
nified their intention of attending, and by their subscrip-
tions and good wishes are planning to make this show the
greatest success in the history of horticulture in America.

The Private Gardener

By Robert Craig, of Philadelphia.

[Read before the convention of the National Associa-.
tion of Gardeners at Newark, N. J., November 19, 1912.]

I use the term "Private Gardener" because it is one in
common use and well understood to distinguish one who
has charge of a garden or grounds and culti-
vates vegetables, plants and flowers, not to sell,
but for the use of those who employ him to
do this work. The gardener assists and directs
nature in producing everything which grows out of
the ground for man's use ; for the gratification of his
palate, and which is capable of ministering to his sense
of beauty. His work is to provide not only food for the
body, but also "food for the soul." We sometimes see an
advertisement in the daily papers like this : "Wanted, a
gardener who understands care of horses," or "who can
milk." Such an ad. is a sad abuse of the word ; what is
wanted is a handy laborer, or man of all work. Much that
I shall say today cannot specially be applied to him.

I know that my audience includes many who are not
gardeners, but I feel that tliey, in their interest in the
subject, will pardon me if tlie greater part of my remarks
are directed specially to gardeners. I choose the subject
because I conceive that it is one of more importance than
is generally assigned to 'it and that the private gardener
is likely to play a part of continually growing importance
in American life. His influence on the future of horticul-
ture is powerful for good or for evil. If he be a capable,
energetic and honest man, he will do much work as will
make his employer a patron of gardening, and if he be
ignorant, careless and dishonest he will not only ruin him-
self, but will damage the cause he misrepresents. Allow
me to recite a couple of instances occurring in my own
neighborhood which illustrate this point :

I was well acquainted with a wealthy gentleman who
built new greenhouses and started to improve the grounds
surrounding his fine mansion. He was fortunate in se-
curing a fine English gardener, newly arrived in this
country; his place rapidly improved under the new gar-

dener's care, and after two years' work, when the owner
saw he was getting good results, he became greatly inter-
ested, and invested freely large sums to carry on the im-
provements and enrich the grounds with plantings of rare
and beautiful trees and shrubs; he built additional green-
houses, bought many jilants, and also a fine collection of
orchids. Everything prospered and was a source of great
pleasure to the owner and his friends, when suddenly the
good gardener was stricken with an incurable disease and
had to give up his work. The place was then put in
charge of his first assistant, a young man about twenty-
six years old, who was given a fine opportunity to make
a name for himself, but he could not stand even a little
prosperity ; he took to drinking and playing the races, and
during a spree in which he did not put in an appearance
for two days, an accident to the boilers resulted in the
entire stock of plants being frozen to death. The owner,
who had plenty of money to spend in gratifying his
tastes, lost all interest in gardening and became a liberal
patron of other fine arts. His collection of paintings and
examples of fine sculpture are known far and wide, but
the greenhouses are empty, the garden neglected, and it
is not likely the owner's interest in these will ever be
revived.

Another instance coming under my innnediate ob-
servation interested me still more : One of the wealthiest
men in the neighborhood of Philadelphia, retiring from
active business, built one of the finest mansions in the
State, employed the highest talent in landscape garden-
ing, and with -a large force of men, in a couple of years
had the n^w place greatly improved. He employed a
voung German gardener who had previously, at a salary
of only $60 per month, made a good name for himself;
gave him entire charge, and he worked with such intelli-
gence, industry and honesty, that the employer built
for him additional ranges of glass abojjt two years ago at
a cost of fifty thousand dollars, and allows him to spend
annually a large sum in improving the place. Only last

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

267

summer he took a trip to Europe at his employer's ex-
pense, with power to purchase such rare plants as he
might select. His salary is now quite satisfactory to him.
Oh ! but you say, this was a rare case ; perhaps it was,
but I am sure at the rate wealth is increasing in this coun-
try the number of such places will steadily increase. I
like to quote Lord Bacon on this point: "When ages grow
to civility and elegancy men come to build stately, sooner
than to garden finely, as if gardening were the greater
perfection.''

The problem of how a gardener should set about
PREPARING HLMSELF FOR HIS LIFE WORK is,
in this country, a serious one. In the older countries of
Europe opportunities to acquire a thorough knowledge of
all departments are plentiful. There are so many estates
on which the grounds are admirably planned and planted
and where there are numerous houses adapted for prop-
agating and growing everything for the garden ; cold
pits and cold houses ; intermediate houses and "stove"'
houses with graperies, fruit house* and hot beds, so that
a man may get a thorough knowledge of gardening in all
branches; and there are many conmiercial places which
carry on all lines and where boys may go and learn the
business as they grow to manhood. There are only very
few such commercial places in America. In this country
almost all the trade establishments cultivate specialties, as
roses, carnations or palms. Nearly all of our good all-
around gardeners get their training abroad, and it is well
for any young man who can get a chance to learn gar-
dening under such a man, either on a large private place
or in a park, some of which in the larger cities, I am glad
to say, have now large ranges of glass and grow every-
thing but vegetables, which is a very important branch
and on which I may have a few words to say later. Some
of our colleges have now facilities for teaching gardening.
I wish that all of the colleges would follow the e.xample
of Cornell, where they have six greenhouses in which
students may gain a practical knowledge of plant growth,
learn how to prepare soil and manure, and have oppor-
tunity to gain a general knowledge of advanced garden-
ing. Many of the colleges have now a course in forestry,
and I understand that young men getting diplomas, if
otherwise fitted, can readily procure employment at fair
salaries. It seems to me that the time is now ripe for all
the leading colleges to build ranges of glass and have
courses in practical horticulture. Graduates from these
classes, and otherwise desirable, would have an advantage
over uneducated men in securing the best positions. The
recent establishment of classes in landscape gardening
by the Florists' Club of Boston is of great advantage to
those near enough to take aflvantage, and is an example
for all similar institutions e\cry where to imitate.

Important as is the subject of forestry, gardening is
equally so. We can see on the part of American business
men a growing disposition as soon as they are financially
able, to establish gardens for their u.se and enjoyment and
as the most pleasant refuge from our all too strenuous life.

To the gardener who wants to improve himself, books
are a paramount necessity. The recorded wisdom of the
ages is at your service here. Nicholson's "Dictionary of
Gardening" and Bailey's "Cyclopedia of American Horti-
culture" should be in the jiossession of every gardener;
they describe nearly every plant in cultivation and their
cultural notes are of very great value. I will not attempt
naming all the good books but cannot refrain from men-
tioning Jcnkin's "Art of Propagation and Improvement
of Cultivated Plants" ; Professor Taft's "Greenhouse Con-
struction" ; Hunt's "How to Grow Cut Flowers" ; Hen-
derson's "Practical Floriculture"; Falconer's "Mush-
rooms and How to Grow Them" ; Elwanger and Rey-
nolds Hole, on "Roses" ; Downing's "Fruits and Fruit

Trees" ; Peter Henderson's "Gardening for Profit" ; Mrs.
Van Rensellaer's "Art Out of Doors"; "The Principles
of the Harmony and Contrast of Colors," by W. E. Chev-
reul ; Herrington and Smith on "Chrysanthemums."

Cultivate a love of books; it is a habit that grows by
indulgence ; as the fondness for books grows you can add
to your library ; all the larger seed houses now carry the
best of the horticulture books which you are privileged
to look over and select according to your needs or taste.
Subscribe for one or more of the trade papers and get
your names on the list of the Agricultural Stations so as
to get up-to-date information ; the result of the latest
experiments along all lines. The seedsmen's catalogues
are great educational factors. I know of no greater im-
provement horticulturally than in the character and con-
tents of these valuable publications. A gardener should
study natural landscapes so as to readily apprehend their
points of beauty and their beauty as a whole, and then
with "the art that doth mend nature," put the finishing
touches thereto.

Every garden may be made more interesting by ex-
celling in some specialty ; every gardener should have a
hobby. If the place be a small one and your opportunity
meagre, take in the flower line, Pansies, Verbenas or
Phlox Drummondii or the Herbaceous Phlox and in the
greenhouse plants, either Cyclamen, Cineraria, Primula,
etc. By saving your own seed, carefully selecting, year
after year, the finest, it is astonishing how you can improve
the varieties in any species. Like results follow a similar
course in vegetables. Buy, for instance, the finest varie-
ties of corn and select from these for seed the ears that
contain the greatest average of good points, as flavor,
size and good appearance and you are likely to get corn
better than you can buy. Or if your place and oppor-
tunity are greater, start, for instance, making a collection
of Conifers, in groups or in single specimens, or a collec-
tion of Rhododendrons, or Lilacs, of which there are now
so many fine kinds; or Roses or Paconias or similar plants
in the hardy garden. Vou will find in a few years your
constant and careful pursuit of your hobby will result in
making you and the place you represent more or less
famous,' and your application to work along a special line
will enable you to give valuable points to your fellows.
As Emerson says, "If you make shoes better than anyone
else you will find a path beaten to your cottage door."

It is profoundly interesting to study how new varieties
come. Nature works, often we know not how, in bring-
ing forth new varieties, the influence of heredity undoubt-
edly prevails to some extent and instances are not want-
ing to show that it does. Let me give you just one in my
own experience. Three years ago we made a number of
crosses in Carnations, using the variety Harlowarden as
one of the parents; you will recollect that this sort has a
very long, very desirable stem and we noticed that about
one-fifth of these seedlings had this Harlowarden stem,
but there were characteristics developed in a number of
seedlings which had no visible connection with either of
the parents. Sometimes, however, the influence of both
parents can be distinctly traced. Time will allow me to
mention only one or two instances. Many of you will
recollect the introduction of the "Daybreak" Carnation, a
charming variety which had not many stems, but these
were long and stiff and every shoot i)rnduced a flower.
.\bout the same time was introduced "Tidal Wave,"
which produced many stems but lacking in length ; the
crossing of these two varieties produced the famous
"Lawson," which inherited the good points of both varie-
ties. Among the seedlings with Lawson blood has been
found Enchantress, which I think has more good qualities
than any other variety and following along this line has
resulted in producing a free blooming, vigorous type

268

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

which has made Mr. Fislier famous. The results of Mr.
Walsh's work in roses of the Wichuriana type are little
short of marvelous. The man who does such things is a
public benefactor. But if, while man can do something in
breeding from types, nature is always at work and often
produces, we know not how, valuable "breaks" in seed-
ling or sports, which are frequently lost because the gar-
dener fails to recognize their merit and propagate and
perpetuate them. Private gardeners have done much in
the past to preserve and propagate good new things and
should be ever on the alert to take advantage of any
opportunities along this line which kind nature may afford.
The famous Seckel pear was a "chance" seedling found
growing along the roadside and man had no hand in its
origin, but some one should receive the blessings of gene-
rations for preserving and propagating it.

One of the main branches of work for the private gar-
dener is the growing of vegetables. Our enterprising
seedsmen are continually introducing new varieties and a
large percentage of these novelties have merit and occa-
sionally there is a great advance over previous varieties.
Be ever on the alert for the good new things.

There should be an abundance of vegetables for Spring,
Summer and Fall, and where the facilities exist, in the
Winter also. George Eliot says : "No man can be wise
on an empty stomach," and I5en Jonson, that "a good
dinner lubricates business." No dinner is complete with-
out fresh vegetables and many of the very finest, luscious
and delicately flavored cannot be purchased in the mar-
kets, because they do not pay to grow commercially. If
you can furnish your employer a regular supply of these
dainties, you will find yourself in close touch with him,
and he .is likely to help you in any of your plans. Vege-
tables grown under glass are superior to those grown
outdoors, in tenderness, crispness and fine flavor and
every large garden should have special houses or ranges
of houses for this purpose; these need not be expensive
structures, and may be in any out-of-the-way place so as
not to interfere with the architectural effect of the plant
structure ; connected with these vegetable houses there
could be other inexjjensive houses where seedlings could
be started, dormant plants kept, and much of the i«epotting
and unsightly work done, thus giving opportunity to keep
the show houses more attractive.

Now, a few words on the importance of industry. From
the very earliest times, the great men have extolled the
value of industry, "Go to the ant, thou sluggard, consider
her ways, and be wise" has served for the text of many a
powerful sermon ; the expression that "Genius is only an
infinite capacity for work" has been endorsed by many
thinkers. Napoleon said, "I have never found the limit
of my capacity for work." In short, the men who have
made their mark in the world have been at a loss for
words to express themselves strongly enough on the sub-
ject. Don't be afraid of work and don't forget that "Folks
who never do more than tliey are paid for, never get
paid for more than they do." Let not the amount of pay
he your main consideration, rather see how much and how
well you can do the work ; the real reward that life holds
out for work is the increased capacity to do more and bet-
ter work, and consequently greater satisfaction and en-
joyment. The man who wants an indolent life is not fitted
for a gardener. Many good men fail to do their best for
want of courage, and faith in themselves, and from lack
of energy and ambition ; there are not so many failures
from want of capacity. Hrvrick says: "The great man
is not so great as folks think, nor the stupid man so stupid
as he seems."

The late Peter Henderson, a great gardener, close ob-
server and successful business man, often said that he did
not think there was so much difference in the mental ca-

jiacity of men as in their courage, ambition and industry.
Have faith in yourself and loyalty to your employer. I
am fond of saying of Fra Elbertus, "If put to the point,
an ounce of loyalty is worth a pound of cleverness."
Don't be afraid to undertake all the time bigger things;
your ability will grow in your earnest attempts to accom-
plish; and, don't be afraid of manual labor if occasion re-
quires ; it will not lessen, but increase your mental power ;
a stiffening and strengthening of the spinal column begets
no weakness of the mind; "a sound mind in a sound
l)ody." The immortal Lincoln split rails, and it was only
recreation for Gladstone to cut down immense trees with
an axe. The advantage of outdoor exercise is recog-
nized everywhere. The orator in the English Parliament
exclaimed : "The battlefields of England were won on the
cricket field of Eton" ; there was as much force in the re-
joinder of the Irish member: "They were won on the bogs
of Ireland."

One of the most encouraging points in gardening is the
improvement in greenhouse architecture since the days of
small glass and heating by brick flues. Many of the more
ambitious structures of early date were failures for prac-
tical purposes ; architecturally effective, they were fre-
quently poorly heated and otherwise defective from a cul-
tural standpoint. Thanks to frequent consultations in re-
cent years between architects and advanced gardeners, the
more modern houses have gained in appearance and are
almost perfect in producing results.

The problem of compensation for gardeners is an in-
teresting one ; most gardeners think it is poorly paid work,
and perhaps it is, considering how much has to be learned.
1 think, however, the money reward rests largely with the
individual ; there can be nothing like a uniform scale of
wages. I had, for instance, paid my foreman about $1,200
a year, but I must say that one to whom I paid $2,000 per
annum was the most profitable one to me. I think, on
the whole, the outlook for first-class gardeners is good.
Never in the history of nations has wealth increased so
fast as in the United States during the past quarter of a
century, and a majority' of the wealthy men will, in the fu-
ture, I venture to say, find their highest pleasure in de-
veloping their garden and country estates. On the fine
old estates in England, France and Germany, no one is
more respected, nor in closer, kindlier touch with the/
owner than the head gardener. As fast as men fit them-
selves in character, deportment and ability, this is coming
to pass here ; but, admitting that salaries might in some
cases be justly increased, we must not forget that garden-
ingf has many advantages for those who are fond of it.
It is the most healthful of all occupations ; it is one of the
fine arts. Ruskin has defined fine art as any in which the
head, hand and heart work together. I cannot see why
the gardener cannot take as much pleasure as the owner.
"He who admires is the real possessor" ; "there is no an-
cient gentlemen, but gardeners."

"Give fools their gold and knaves their power,

Let fortune's bubble rise and fall.
Who sows a field, or trains a flower.
Or plants a tree, is more than all."

NATIONAL FLOWER SHOW

APRIL 5-12, 1913

GRAND CENTRAL PALACE

NEW YORK

Camera Snapshots

By W. H. Waite.

No. 4 — Primula Malacoides. — This beautiful baby prim-
rose has so far been somewhat of a disappointment to
many growers, due partly to the description of it given in
some of the catalogues last spring, in some of which, it
is said, it may be had in bloom at any time and in a few
months from the time of sowing. This is not quite true,
as seed sown last jMarch is not yet in flower, and seed
sown in May is just as far advanced, and, if anything,
better plants than those sown earlier. The general mis-
take that has been made this season with this plant was
the sowing of the seed too early. The month of May, I
find, is soon enough to sow the seed. In the early sowings
the plants get so large and soft that during the hot, humid
weather they dampen off very readily.

With these large and soft plants I have found it a good
plan to cut them entirely over, keeping them a little dry
and starting them up afresh.

They want to be grown in a cool, light, airy place, and
should never be syringed over head. Many growers have
spoken to me about this plant, and they all seem to be
disappointed so far with it, but to those who are not ac-
quainted with it but are grow'ing it for the first time I
would ask them to be a little more patient, for when well
grown this is a most beautiful primula, and they will all
be more than satisfied with it yet.

No. 5 — Phlox Elizabeth Campbell. — The hardy
Phlo.xes are amongst the most desirable of our border
plants, and the past few years have seen a wonderful im-
provement, both in size and coloring. They are so cheap
and easily propagated that there is no reason why the
old-fashioned varieties with their objectionable colors and
mildewed leaves should not be discarded entirely.

While there are a numlaer of good varieties that I could
recommend that are still wiiat one might sav are uncom-

mon, the subject of this note and illustration is one of
which I am especially fond, and one which I find is a great
favorite, with nearly every one who sees it. In color it is
a bright salmon pink with lighter shadings, something
we have not had in Phloxes previous to the introduction
of this variety.

In strong young plants the truss is perfect in form, and
the fiorets large; I have seen them often without exag-
geration the size of a silver dollar.

ruiMii.A ^r \T..\roinEs.

I'llI.OX KirZAIlETII CAMPP.KIJ..

\MiiIe on the subject of Phloxes a few notes on their
propagation would not be out of place. I find that the
best and quickest method is bj' root cuttings ; cut the roots
into sections of an inch or so in length, sow thinly in
flats, the same as seeds, cover with a layer of sand and
keep them in a temperature of about 40 degrees, and they
will in a few weeks come up as thick as grass. Now is a
good time to prepare for tiiis work ; root cuttings put in
now will all make blooming plants by next fall. The
photograph herewith illlustrated was made in September
from a young plant rooted from a root cutting propa-
gated in March ; there were several hundred in the batch
and every one had a spike just as good.

I do not think this method of propagation is so well
known as it ought to be. I gather this from the fact tjiat
in conversation with a college professor of horticulture
it was entirely new to liim. This method is used in all
the large liardy plant nurseries and ex|)lains why a new
variety can in a few months be sold by the thousands.

No. 6 — Bush ChrysanlJiemums exhibited at the New
"N^ork Show. — The accompanying illustration is, I think,
of sufficient interest to find a place in the pages of the
Chronicle. I believe I am justified in saying that never
lieforc in the history of liorticulture, either in this or any
other country, have such splendid specimens been

270

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

exhibited, and the growers, J. Canning, superintendent to
A. Lewisohn, and his foreman, James Campbell, deserve
the greatest of praise.

The varieties were Lady Lydia, R. F. Felton and
\A'ells Late Pink ; by actual measurement they were
eleven feet six inches in diameter.

Not only was their great size the main feature, but
tlie shape and finish in training was ])erfect. An exhibit

such as this made a splendid drawing card for the show,
and the daily press featured it.

To all who have grown specimen plants, and know the
difficulty, in getting them in shape to a show, considering
the fact that these plants were brought a distance of
about thirty miles in farm wagons, and placed in the
museum in the splendid shape in which they were shown,
1 sav. 1 lats ofif to T' >hn Canning and his able assistants.

ExinniTi ji

, iruAi. lllslnK^■. M-.w ^.

GROWING ENGLISH ^ ''^^^ °^^T wondered why

CUCUMBERS UNDER ^" "T' '''°' ' "" °'\"''"'';
ri A<?X '"■" common varieties of

cucumbers which are often
tough and strong flavored, when with very little outlay
a very superior type of this luuch esteemed vegetable can
be produced.

The most suitable structure for growing a crop in is
a low span roofed house having benches on either side.
There should be some kind of a wire trellis to train the
l^lants to. I prefer to train to wires stretched lengthways
of the house about (i inches from the glass and about 8
inches ai)art.

.Sow the seed in 3-inch jxils filled with fibrous loam. I
sow two seeds in a pot, and when germination has taken
place I pull out the weakest plant. .\ temperature of 70
degrees is about proper for germination. When plants
are showing the first rough leaf make up the beds for
])lanting out in the greenhouse. A good plan is to place
a layer of hotbed manure on the benches and on it at in-
tervals of Sy^ feet make a mound of compost composed of
good fibrous loam and well decayed manure, placing about
a bushel to a mound.

As soon as the plant* have made two rough leaves, plant
on the mound, so deep as to bury the stems of the plants
up to the cotyledons. Place a stake to each ])lant, tying
it to the trellis at the nearest point. From this stage
everything to promote vigorous growth should be done.
A temperature of not less than 60 degrees at night, rising
to 'X) degrees in the daytime, is very suitable. Ventilate
whenever the glass rises to 7S degrees. Syringe or hose
in the afternoon and close up the house when the sun

heat is on the decline. This will keep the house warm all
night in the summer.

Keep the soil uniform with regard to moisture. Top
dress whenever plants show signs of hunger, with a com-
post similar to the compost recommended to plant in.
When the plants have grown half way up the trellis, pinch
out the leading growth and keep the laterals trained
evenly over the wires. Pinch at one joint beyond wher-
ever a fruit shows.

.Always keep the plants well tied up, as when carrying
a heavy crop they sometimes break down under the weight
of the cucumbers. Watering with a little liquid manure
once a week is beneficial. During very hot weather shade
the glass or the leaves will scorch. Keep off male blos-
soms as insects will carry pollen and pollinate the female
blossoms, which results in the plants going to seed. Dry-
ness at the roots results in crooked fruits. Of insect
pests, the red spider is the most troublesome, but plenty
of moisture is the best preventive.

Fungoid diseases sometimes make their appearance,
and sulphur is the best remedy. Apply to the foliage with
a duster. If a temjierature of 60 degrees can be main-
tained at night, either by closing up the house early or
by heating apparatus, the plants will thrive and good re-
turns can be expected. I have cut nearly 1,700 fruits
from 12 to 18 inches in length ofT thirty-eight plants, or
an average of about 45 per plant.

Cultivation in frames varies little from the above meth-
nds with the exception of training on wires, frame grown
jilants being allowed to trail on soil.

S.XMUEL Clark,
The Gardens, Rodman liall, St. Catharines, Ont., Can.

Propagation of Herbaceous Perennials

By William Lamb.

SEED SOWING.

This group of plants is so large and varied that it would
be impossible to give fixed rules and methods that would
apply equally well to them all ; at the same time they do
fall into groups by which they may be considered in-
telligently and to which general principles may be applied.

A thorough plantsman can usually tell by the look of
a plant if it is possible to propagate it from cuttings, or
if it will be necessary to layer, bud, graft or by division,
or if it will come true from seed.

Propagation by seed is the most natural method and a
great majority of Herbaceous Perennials may be propa-
gated in this manner.

There is a decided advantage in having a greenhouse
that can be used for propagating perennials ; operations
can be started in January, and in the case of certain cut-
tings, early in December.

The greenhouse requires no special construction, so
long as it is light and the temperature can be kept to about
55 degrees at night in cold weather.

Seed boxes should be made three inches deep and a
uniform size to fill the entire space on the bench, so no
room may be wasted. If for any reason the seed boxes
must be shifted or the seedlings become large enough to
j^rick oft', the boxes can be readily closed up or others set
in their places. When making boxes always allow for
drainage by leaving cracks between the boards or bore
holes in them.

When preparing the seed boxes put a layer of rocks in
the bottom, then about one inch of well-rotted manure
after which fill with screened soil, level with the top of the
box. Use the fingers to press the soil down firm and
even, the center will be found firm enough, work the soil
toward the corners when it is loose. Wlien ready for
sowing the seed, the surface of the soil should be level
and about one-half inch below the top edge of the box.

Judgment must be used as to how thick seed should
be sown. Large seed, such as Lupinus polyphyllus, re-
quire more space than small seed like Heuchera san-
guinea.

A box 16 inches by 19 inches will produce three or four
hundred Lathyrus latifolius, while the same box would
grow almost as many thousand Campanula carjjatica
seedlings ready for pricking oft^ or transplanting.

After sowing the seed, press it into the soil with a
small piece of smooth board, then all the seed will be
about the same depth, and if covered evenly with fine
screened soil, most of the little seedlings will break
through the ground at the same time.

Wooley or winged seed, such as Anemone Pulsatilla.
Gaillardia, Echinops, etc., cannot be pressed into the soil
like .\(|uilegia. Campanula, Lychnis and other hard seed,
and require more soil for covering.

When sowing seed outside, a good rule to follow is to
cover the seed with soil, a depth equal to the thickness of
the seed. This is not necessary inside, especially if the
seed be pressed down evenly with a board ; harm can only
come from watering improperly.

A thorough watering shoukl be given with a can and
fine rose, after sowing the seed and the box has been set
on the bench or in the place where it is going to remain
while the seed is germinating. Never handle a box of
seed just after watering, as a crust is sure to form on top
of the soil. Nothing else but a can and fine rose should
ever be used when watering seed boxes or small seedlings.

Shade the seed boxes with paper until the seedlings
begin to break through the soil. The shade keeps the
soil moist, helps to prevent the covering of soil forming
a crust on top of the seedlings, and seed will germinate
more quickly in the dark.

The shade must be removed when the seedlings begin
to break through the soil or they will grow lanky and
damp oft'.

Begin in January by sowing seed that will germinate
quickl}-, such as Bellis perennis, Myosotis palustris, Alys-
sum saxatile, etc., follow every couple of days by sowing
a few more boxes of seed, so they will not all be ready for
pricking oft' about the same time. This work can then be
taken care of without extra help until work begins out-
side, about the first of March.

While it requires two or three weeks for seed to germi-
nate in January, one or two weeks is sufficient time to
germinate the same seed in the latter part of February
and March.

It is best to sow seed of new plants and very small
quantities of seed about the first of March, for the largest
percentage of seed to germinate. I have found a great
many kinds of seed will produce the greatest percentage
of seedlings if sown outside a couple of weeks after it
has ripened on the plants.

Alwavs allow for two or three sowings of the same
kind of seed. Sow about one-third of the packet of seed
at the first sowing, in case of failure through dull weather
or other causes, enough will be left to try again, when
the weather is more favorable. There are more clear
(lavs as spring approaches and the sun gives more heat
each day.

The temperature should not go below 55 degrees at
night and 65 degrees in the tlay. The ventilators should
he opened every day,, if only for a short time, no matter
how cold it may be outside. This will help to prevent the
voung seedlings from damping off, especially in January
and February, when there are so many dull days. It
freshens the inside atmosphere and heljis to keep down
a large family of aphis.

The seedlings will grow so thick at times as to raise the
soil in a crust, instead of pushing through it. This crust
is formed of the fine soil used when covering the seed at
the time of sowing. This crust must be taken off to .save
the seedlings; if it will not wash down between the little
plants after watering, lift it off with a thin piece of wood,
a label is usually most convenient.

Seedlings are ready for pricking off or transplanting,
when the first set of leaves have formed, after the seed
leaves.

\'ery small seedlings, such as Lobelia, .\stilbe. Cam-
panula, etc., are best left to grow until they are large
enough to handle, before an attempt is made to trans-
plant them. If seedlings grow too thick and begin to
damp oft', have them pricked off at once. An experienced
boy will transplant some very small seedlings and they
will grow, too.

Count on getting twelve hundred good seedlings from
each bo.x of seed sown and one hundred good jjlants from
each box of seedlings, when they are ready for potting or
planting out.

For pricking off seedlings, use the same size boxes as
for sowing seeds : they may be shifted about and fill all
the space on the bench.

.•\ box 16 in. x 19 in. will hold, as a rule, ten rows of

272

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

plants, and twelve plants to the row, or 120 plants. Plants
from these boxes will stand potting into 2y2 in. and 3-in.
pots, if intended for selling as pot plants in April and
May. Some small seedlings can be planted more thickly,
those with narrow foliage like Tritoma and plants with
small foliage. Young plants can be kept growing in
these boxes, in good condition for planting out in the
open ground, a period of six to eight weeks.

When room becomes scarce in the greenhouse, these
boxes of plants may be placed under the benches for a
short time, until the weather is favorable to shift them to
the cold frames, where they should be left to harden off
before planting out in the ground.

After each box of seedlings is pricked off, set it on
the greenhouse bench, where it is to remain while the
plants are growing. Give a thorough watering with the
can and fine rose, then shade with paper for a few days
until the young plants begin to grow and can stand the
sunlight without drooping. Shade a little later each day
and uncover a little earlier ; this helps the plants to be-
come accustomed to the sun in less time.

Weeds should be picked out as soon as they are large
enough to pull. Naturally the weeds grow best and if
allowed a good start, a crop of weak plants is the result.

Keep the surface of the soil loose by drawing an eight-
penny nail, back and forth, between the rows of plants,
this allows the water to settle through the soil, to the roots
instead of lying on top.

Much can be said in favor of growing plants from seed,
in boxes until they are ready for planting out in the open
rounds, especially if they are to be sold as field grown
plants.

They occupy much less room than if grown in pots, a
large item when propagating stock in the greenhouse.
The pots and all the time it would require to handle in
the operation of potting is saved.

They are shifted from the greenhouse to the frames or
place of planting in less time and instead of hundreds of
empty pots to gather and store away in bins, there are a
few boxes.

When planting they can be handled more readily than
pot plants, if knocked out of the boxes properly, in one
sod. Then as much as the planter can handle with one
hand is taken from the sod, the separate plants being
broken off as they are placed in the trench. — American
Nurseryman.

(To be continued.)

THE AFTERMATH.

By Wm. E. Tricker.

The Queen of Autumn has again passed another
eventful season; the exhibitors with their strenuous
struggles and battles are finished — the victors wallow-
ing in glory and the man who was defeated setting
his teeth with a stronger determination to lift the
coveted honors another season.

Yet there are men upholding the assertion that the
'mum today is no better than twenty years ago. Look
over all the exhibitions and see what varieties hold
the laurels. Is it the introduction of twenty or even
five years ago? Compare Robinson and Merza with
Wm. Turner and Mrs. Gilbert Drabble; Bessie God-
frey and Appleton with Ramapo and Mrs. Lloyd
Wigg, and see how far ahead the latter varieties are.

An exhibitors' list of several years ago would in-
clude varieties such as Ben Wells, Golden Wedding.
F. A. Cobbold, Jones, Church, Hutton, Salisbury, and
Cheltoni. Consider for one moment where the ex-
hibitor would stand a ghost of a chance today with
the above mentioned varieties. The intellisrent man is

well aware of the wonderful strides being made in the
"mum line, and therefore knows that to keep the pace
he must procure the latest and best of the new season's
varieties. Looking back, especially the past ten years,
an exhibitor with the prize card has always staged at
least 50 per cent, of the novelties — take the past ex-
hibitions for instance, where Converse, Drabble
Angus, Turner, etc., swept all before them.

Never before has the 'mum fever been so high and
every year we see new competitors aspiring to dis-
tinction and fame. What further demonstration does
one need to verify the fact that the 'mums were never
so large or embraced such distinctive colors as at the
present day?

Passing from the Japanese varieties to the single
flowered kinds, it is astonishing to note the stage they
have arrived at. No gardener can afford to be without
them. Wliat can fill their place? What looks more
exquisite and charming than the singles with their
great variation in color? What flowers can be used to
better advantage on the dining table and in the vases
about the home? Their simplicity makes them at-
tractive to even the most critical. There are so many
varieties grown that one has to see them in flower to
select. The large semi-disbudded types are no doubt
the most popular. The finest yellows this year were
Josephine, Chas. Kingsley, ^larjorie Lloyd. In pink,
Joan Edwards and Sam. Nash. In white, Mensa, W.
Buckingham ; and Dorothy Dann, a beautiful salmon
bronze, along with Ruby Beauty and Alex Rowbot-
tom, both distinct crimsons, make up a collection that
cannot be surpassed. There were also many other
varieties well worthy of a place in the greenhouses of
a gentleman who want^the best of everything.

Then we also have the large outdoor flowering type,
showing an array of color and variety rarely seen un-
der glass.

As the days pass into the chill autumn, what is more
pleasing than seeing a border of color or a clump here
and there growing naturally and enhancing the sur-
roundings.

During the past two years there has been introduced
into this country many of the French and English
varieties, out of which there has been selected fifty or
more varieties that are good growers, verj^ floriferous,
and in fact better adapted to this country than their
native home. It need not be inferred that these are
the Marie Masse type, but are the result of crossing
and recrossing the larger decorative varieties, and
these kinds are hardy practically over the entire coun-
try, provided they have a light covering of loose hay
or manure.

Such varieties as Ethel Blades, Petit Louise, L'Ar-
gentuillius, L'Aisne, Harvest Home, Champagne, Car-
melite, etc., are some of the best doers and need very
little attention. There are some fifty splendid varie-
ties out of the many hundreds that have been tested
for the past two years that are best adapted for this
country with its varying climatic conditions.

\\'e predict that in a year a two these early flower-
ing varieties will take the place of the Pompoms, since
they always flower early enough to make a splendid
showing for six or seven weeks, while the Pompoms
in too many cases are not in flower until too late to be
really eft'ective.

ADVERTISERS:

Our March issue will be the
Sho\v Number

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

273

SULPHUR AS A FERTILIZER.

NEW IDEAS IN PLANT FEEDING.

Remarkable discoveries regarding the use of sulphur
as a fertilizer have been made both in Europe and Amer-
ica during the last two or three years. Since the articles
telling of these new ideas have been published in tech-
nical journals not accessible to the average man interested
in agriculture, it seems worth while to gather the impor-
tant facts together so that they may be available to the
practical agriculturist.

The work of E. B. Hart and W. H. Peterson of the
University of Wisconsin will first be considered, as it is
in many respects the most important. These men, while
investigating the supply of sulphur in feeds and its re-
lation to wool production, found it necessary to deter-
mine the amounts of sulphur in common crops used as
feeds. Their determinations showed such startling dis-
crepancies from Wolfe's tables and other standard sources
as to the amounts of sulphur found in plants that they
made a thorough investigation of the subject.

Formerly when the amount of sulphur in a plant was
to be determined the plant was ignited and the sulphur
in the ash was reported as the amount of sulphur in the
plant. Sulphur, however, in certain forms is volatile,
and when exposed to a high heat is driven off in a gaseous
form and lost. In this way we secured our wrong ideas
regarding the importance of sulphur in plants. It is con-
ceded by all agricultural chemists that sulphur is abso-
lutely indispensable to the growth of plants ; they did
not suppose that it was required, except in extremely
small amounts, hence the common statement that the soil
already contains plenty of sulphur for the crops. Hart
and Peterson went at the problem in a different way.
They found the sulphur in the air-dry plant by a modern
method of analysis. This prevented the losses caused by
ignition and gives us our first reliable information on the
subject.

A few extracts from a table prepared by them will
probably give the practical man the clearest idea of the
importance of their discoveries. In the first column we
have the pounds of sulphur which would be removed per
acre according to the standard authorities previous to
1911. The second table shows the amounts of sulphur
actually removed, and the third the amounts of phos-
phoric acid removed per acre. The last table shows the
relative importance of sulphur and phosphoric acid. The
comparison is surprising in its results.

I II III
Sulphur

According Sulphur Phosphoric

Crop. to Wolfe's Actually Acid

Removed Removed Removed

Pounds Pounds Pounds

per Acre, per .\cre. per Acre.

Wheat (30 bu.) 3.55 15.7 21.1

Barlev (40 bu.) 5.1 14.3 20.7

Oats (45 bu.) 6.2 19.7 19.4

Corn (30 bu.) 5.35 12.0 18.0

Alfalfa (9,000 lbs.) 37.8 64.8 39.9

Turnip 44.4 92.2 33.1

Tobacco 21.0 16.0

Cabbage 62.8 98.0 61.0

Potatoes (3,600 lbs.) 11.5 21.5

It is seen at a glance tliat sulphur in special plants
such as alfalfa, turnip and cabbage is greatly in excess
of phosphoric acid, and in all cases it occurs in large
quantities. Not only is this the case, but sulphur is not
more abundant in the soil than phosphoric acid, what
is gained by rainfall being lost by drainage. From these
facts it is evident that if it is necessary to add phosphoric
acid to the soil, it is also necessary to add sulphur. This
has been done unconsciously to a certain extent, since
superphosphates and gypsum, also ammonium and potas-
sium sulphates, all contain sulphur. These fertilizers
were not used on account of the sulphur contained in
them, however, but for other reasons. The new facts
concerning sulphur help to explain the beneficial action of
some of these substances as compared with others. It is
suggested that the difference may be due more to the
sulphur than the difference in solubility, as formerly
supposed. Hart and Peterson naturally concluded as a
result of their investigations that sulphur must be sys-
tematically added to the soil in order to secure a rational
system of fertilization.

European agricultural scientists have also been giving
attention to sulphur as a fertilizer during the last two or
three years. The fact that they have approached the
matter from an entirely different point of view makes
their results all the more interesting and valuable. Their
methods have been invariably to use some form of sul-
phur directly as a fertilizer in pot or field experiments.
So far as is known they were not aware of the work of
Hart and Peterson ; at least, they seemed to have the idea
that sulphur acted indirectly, affecting the soil bacteria
in some way rather than directly as a plant food.

Maizeres added sulphur at the rate of 250-300 kila-
grams per hectare (2,226 to 4,452 pounds per acre) to
his fields of potatoes and beets. Large increases in the
yields followed, and he decided the value was due to two
causes — the disinfecting action of the sulphur and the
direct entering of the sulphur into the composition of the
plant.

The use of sulphur ii' Germany during 1909, according
to E. Chancrin and A. Desriot, resulted in the reduction
of potato diseases and an increase in yield. Their opin-
ion as to the reason for the beneficial action was that the
sulphur might cause a partial sterilization of the soil,
similar to that caused by heat and other agents.

An article in a German agricultural paper states that
experiments show a reduction of 50 per cent, of the total
number of diseased tubers when the soil was treated with
flowers of sulphur. Not only was this true, but the con-
dition of the soil was improved and the yield increased.

L. Degrully writes that experiments carried on in 1911
showed that 109 g. of sul])hur per square meter (about
975 pounds per acre) doubled the crop of beets and in-
creased the yield of turnips 33 per cent. A large part of
the sulphur appeared later in the soil as sulphates. He
supposed the benefit was due to the direct effect of sul-
phur on the plant.

The practical trials of sulphur in Europe confirm the
laboratory work done in America and show conclusively
that sulphur is a factor to be reckoned with in a rational
fertilizer. It is a point the practical man should be fa-
miliar with, and take into consideration when deciding
on a fertilizer. Sulphur may be applied as flowers of sul-
phur, iron pyrites, gypsum, or in superphosphates, sul-
phates of potassium and ammonium, and stable manures.
It would be an interesting experiment to apply flowers
of sulphur directly to plots of turnips, onions, cabbage
and potatoes, as the first three require particularly large
amounts of sulphur and the latter has responded to the
use of this element in a gratifying manner according to
actual trials. — Rural New Yorker.

HERE, THERE AND EVERYWHERE

"Alost of the periodicals de-
voted to gardening have got
NOT ALL SO. jj^jQ ^[-,g j.^,^ ^]-,^^ Qj^e (-an safely

say in advance what the next
one will contain," says the American Botanist, and "it
is hard to decide whether this is the fault of the pub-
lisher or of his circle of readers. One may indeed
question whether the magazine devoted to the unusual
flowers and vegetables would be as successful as one
that constantly harps on the commoner ones. Cer-
tainly the general public rarely has a taste for any-
thing out of the ordinary in gardening. The great
mass of people still need to be shown that there are
better and more beautiful flowers than the fevv with
which they are familiar. But how are they going to
find out these things if the garden magazines per-
sistently stick to their tulips and cabbages."
Answer, Read the Gardeners Chronicle.

TRAINED HELP.

The greatest need in the
nursery business in America is
for skilled or trained help.
What nurseryman has not felt
and is conthiually feeling the full force of this state-
ment. Laborers are sometimes scarce and more often
very poor quality, but methods, machinery and brains
can to a certain' extent be made to substitute for the
shortage. In the growing of plants, knowing how,
when and what to do at all times and under all circum-
stances requires trained judgment. Men that know
plants practically as well as theoretically. Men who
studied with a spade in their hands as well as in the
class room. Men who the moment they set eyes on
a block of trees know what ought to be done to them
and know how to do it, and the more able they are to
teach others and guide them in their work the more
valuable and scarce they are.

The nursery business'has assumed such proportions
in America tliat a defined efifort should be made to en-
courage young men to follow the nursery business as
a profession.

A young man with brains and ambition enough to
become a good nurseryman is just as able to become
a doctor, lawyer or any of the other professions or
trades. So there must be some inducement. — National
Nurseryman.

The investigation made by

AGRICULTURE the Diplomatic Service in con-

IN FRANCE. nection with President Taft's

elTort to introduce co-operative

credit in the United States reveals splendid results

from systematic organization of agricultural education

in France.

"The value of the annual crops in France during the
fifteen years that have elapsed since this educational
system was introduced has increased by $500,000,000.
This remarkable result is entirely due to improved
methods of cultivation resulting from the educational
advantages now enjoyed."

It would be hard to'rompute the results of improved
methods if they could be generally applied to the

United States, even of the land now under cultivation.
We must stand by our colleges and Agricultural Ex-
perimental Stations, and every efTort that is made
towards the broad-casting of knowledge of plant life.
— Exchange.

In the best farmed districts
DEEP of Europe the farmers plow

PLOWING. deep. It is said that the aver-

age depth of the furrow in
Germany, where grain is intended to be planted, is be-
tw-een eight and nine inches. When sugar beets are
planted the depth of the furrow averages about fifteen
inches.

In this country shallow plowing is the rule. In fact,
much af the cultivated land in the South, especially
on the one-horse farms, is not plowed over four or five
inches deep and many Northern farmers scratch over
their farms and call it plowing. While in fields with
a heavy clay subsoil it is not advisable to turn much
of the hardpan on top of the loam, if the farmers would
jjIow a little deeper each year they w-ould secure larger
crops.

If the lands that wash badly were plowed deep and
kept filled with decaying vegetable matter, the soil
would absorb much more of the water, and there
would be a great deal less damage from gullying.
Then the roots of the plants would penetrate deeper
into the soil and be better able to withstand drought.
— Exchange.

E\'ery new profession offers
VIRTUE IN A a new opportunity for the
NAME. sharks. Forestry is our most

recent example. As we em-
phasized lately, there is a vast difference between a
forester and a tree warden — one who merely attends
to street trees. Officials are realizing this and Phila-
delphia leads with the movement to change the title
of her city "forester" to that of "tree warden." For-
estry has enouo-h to answer for without carrying the
burden of a large and miscellaneous group of imita-
tions which are hiding under the cloak of its name.
— Cotmtrv Gentleman.

Competent Gardeners

q The comlorts ond products ol a country home ore
increased by employing a competent gardener; il you
want to engage one, write to us.

q Please give particulars regarding place and say
whether married or single man is wanted. We have
been supplying them lor years to the best people
everywhere. No lee asked.

PETER HENDERSON & CO.

Seedsmen and Florists
33 and 37 Cortlandt St. NEW YORK CITY

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

SEEDTIME AND HARVEST.

By M. Eari-K.
Through winter frost and summer dew.

Bv garnered wealth and famine bHght,
The ancient pledge of God stands true,

Sealed on His sevenfold of light.

What though the golden year's increase
De blasted once or twice again?

Seedtime and harvest shall not cease ;
The soil shall feed the sons of men.

O. ve who stay your hearts in trust

' Upon that primal pledge of earth,
The rhvthms of sun and star and dust,

Tlie blessing of the harvest's birth —

Can ve not trust a little more

The patience of His slow-wrought plan
Who built the carven coral shore.

And fashioned earth a home for man ?

Shall not His love supply the need

Of heart and mind and soul for bread?

Shall the great God who stoops to feed
The ravens leave His child unfed?

Our souls have known their famine > ears ;

Our hearts have thirsted for His rain;
Yet ever answering our fears

His hour of reaping came again.

O, trust Him in the days of dearth,

O, praise Him in the frost and dew.

The Lord who gives the fruits of earth.
Shall bringthe heart's full harvest too.

— Exchan£

New Carnation

Wm, Eccles

Awarded 1st prize at the Carnation Societies' Convention in Detroit
tor the best 100 Blooms, Red or Scarlet.

The Silver Medal of the New Yorlt Horticultural Society for the
best undiscriminated variety, and flrst-class certificates wherever
shown. Has the color of Flamingo, a strong, rigid stem, a perfectly
formed 3y.-lneh flower, non-bursting, highly perfumed, a grand keeper;
a cross between Beacon and Victory and as tree as any scarlet to date.

We are also sole agents in America for Mr. Engelmann's (Saffron
Walden. England) British Novelties. Lady NorthcliCfe and British
Triumph. Two very promising Carnations. Come and see them grown.

Prices Rooted Cuttings Doz $3.00; 100 $15.00

ISces', !.°t of S;^ LTh'Pots, Doz *3.60; 100 $20.00

Don't ft.rget that we have a fine lot of home-grown grape vines in
all the leading varieties. 1. 2. and 8-year-old canes. These are more
satisfactory tljan the Imported article, for halt the price.

One-Year-Old Vines f|'92 ""'^

Two-Year-old Vines »3.50 each

Layer Fruiting Canes $5.00 to $7.50 each

Trv our Ornrted Roses this year. We supply the most critical buyers
In tlie country, and can satisfy you. Our Chrysanthemum list Is com-
prehensive and contains the best there Is In Mums.

If our catalogue fails to reach you, drop us a postal.

SCOTT BROS.

Elmsford Nurseries
ELMSFORD NEW YORK

The New Roses

The new rose Alilady, of which a photograph is here
presented, and which will be disseminated this com-
ing season, is a hybrid tea, a cross between Richmond
and J. P.. Clark, and from its parent, J. B. Clark, has
taken the characteristics of strong growth, heavy
petalage and fragrance. In color it is similar to Rich-
mond in the bud, but as an open rose it is a very dis-
tinct red. r.v the intmducers it is not classed a- a

NKW ROSE "JIILADY."

crimson, the color l^eing a pleasing shade of red. The
Hower opens beautifullv, and owing to its beautiful
iorm in the wide open stage, has already made a very
decided impression on those who have seen it, both
on the exhibition table and growing. It shows char-
acter of growth, and is claimed by the introducers to
be a free blooming red rose.

"Mrs. George Shawyer."
This rose, which is reproduced on the front cover
page of this issue, is an English seedling that has
proved its worth in such emphatic manner that it is
believed it will displace Killarney, Radiance, and other
forcing roses as the premier pink. It is wonderfully
free, even surpassing Killarney in this respect, as ev-
erv "bud runs to flower. Plants set out as late as July
liaVe alreadv given lyi to 4 feet stems. It is an excel-
lent rose during the hot months of .-August and Sep-
tember when Killarney can hardly be used, owing to
its blooming open so quickly. .As an outdoor rose it
i< claimed iinsurpassed by any rose as yet distributed.

Watch for the January issue

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA

^

Photographs furnished by
Hitchings & Companv,
the builders.

The Warburg Estate at White Plains, N. Y.

At last there is visible evidence that- we
folks of the United States are awakening to the
advantages of the century-old English idea of
closely associating the greenhouse and the
residence.

We have spent freely our dollars for residence
terrace gardens, and paid fabulous prices for re-
productions of the gardens of Italy. We have
blasted out rocks, shifted big trees, and even moved
hills, that our residences might he in delightful
proximity to our gardens.

But when the greenhouse — a garden under
■glass — has come up for consideration, rare indeed
have been the instances where thev were not

located such a distance from the residence, or so
unattractivel)^ surrounded that the owners fail to
have a personal interest in them.

If they had flowers and vegetables from them
when they wanted them, they were satisfied.
The houses were seldom visited — and then all too
often onl}' to make a complaint that "the melons
were poor in flavor," or that "the madam was not
getting enough roses."

But happily all this is changing now. Chang-
ing because we American people are fast becom-
ing a flower loving nation in the fullest sense of
the word. We want our greenhouse garden
handy by, where we can visit it daily. We are

awakening to the deligh
We want a share in the
selves into thinking vye

This increased intert
and gardener in closer
the great advantage of

This range just comp
M. Warburgjs onjg of bi
groups of houses recer
the English idea of loca

F. C. Luckenbacher,
Mr. Warburg, formerly
scape work on the M. F
Conn.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

277

)f seeing thinti's L;rn\v.
;asure of joUyin;^ <iur-
ped some.

brings superinlendcnt
ch with emplovers. tn
h.

ed on the estate of P.

lalf a dozen or so large

erected which follow

le superintendent for
d charge of the land-
lant Estate at Groton,

The spacious palm house with its airy framing is just another
example of the perfection greenhouse con-
struction has reached.

278

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA
MARTIN C. EBEL, Managing Editor,

Madison, N. J.

ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

THOS. W. LOGAN M. C. EBEL ROY H. CAVERLY

Pmident Secretary Treaiurer

Published by

CHRONICLE PRESS

M. E. MAYNARD, President. A. A. FAY, Sec'y.

1 MONTGOMERY STREET, JERSEY CITY, N. J.

New York Otfice

236 WILLIAM STREET. NEW YORK CITY.

SutMcription Price, 12 Month*, $1.00 :: Single Copies, 10 Cents

Foreign, $1.50

Entered as second class matter
Jersey City, N. J., under Act of

February
Congress o:

18, 1905, at
E March 3,

the
1879.

Post

Office

at

Published <s

^=9

Monthly

Vol. XVII.

DECEMBER,

1912.

No.

2.

Progress leads to success. That great progress has
been made during the preceding nine months, in the
building up of the GardeiVers' Chronicle, during
which time it has been under the able management of
my predecessor, Mr. Austin C. Sayler, must be ap-
parent to all who have been watching this publica-
tion's development. Mr. Sayler has retired from his
position to re-engage in his earlier fields of endeavor.

In accepting the managing editorship of the Gar-
deners' Chronicle, while engaged in the commercial
field, catering to the gardening profession and to the
llorist trade, I fully realize the responsibilities I have
assumed. But I possess that sanguine confidence in
myself that I will prove capable of impartially con-
ducting my varied vocations without detriment to my
own or any one else's interests. I assume this new
duty with a feeling of "good will to all and malice
towards none," beginning with many friends and no
known foes ; striving to accumulate more friends.

Deserving and just criticism cannot harm the right-
eous, and may aid the wrong; and for such these col-
umns are open. To unjust and unfair criticism they
must remain closed.

The Chronicle's mission is to advance horticulture
and floriculture, and to better the profession of gar-
dening. It will be my aim to make the influence of
its columns felt in the productiveness of results of
what this organ represents.

The progress Mr. Sayler lias made I shall endeavor
to keep pace with, and if the co-operation of those in
the gardening profession who have the ability to con-
tribute towards making these columns both interesting
and educational will be forthcoming — and it should
be, T predict it will not be very long before the official
organ of the National Association of Gardeners will
rank as the leader among technical horticultural pub-
lications—as it should do. M. C. Ebel.

DR. ■W. S. 'WHITMORE.

With profound sorrow we announce the demise of Dr.
W. S. Whitmore, of Red Bank, N. J. The announcement
comes somewhat belated, as his death occurred in the
early part of October last, but the sad news has only just
been received by us.

Those who knew Dr. Whitmore. and he numbered many
gardeners among his friends, will subscribe that few
men can be found outside of the gardening profession as
deeply interested in floriculture and everything that per-
tains to it as he was. It can be said of Dr. Whitmore
that he was a passionate lover of flowers. Of the gar-
dener he recently wrote : "I consider the profession of
gardener the noblest that tames the intellect of man."
His last contribution. "Flowers and the Gardener," pub-
lished in the June issue of the Chronicle, beautifully
portrays the relation of the flowers to mankind, and must
arouse in the mind of the reader that accumulation of
wealth is not the great goal of achievement in this world.
It expresses the sentiment of a man who appreciates that
the beautiful alone is flivine. and that with the beautiful
removed the world would be barren. Dr. ^^'hitmore little
realized his close approach to the spiritual, from the ma-
terial world, when he wrote in June last :

"I should wish when the icy hand of death is laid upon
mv brow that I might be surrounded with a wilderness of
flowers whose perfume would be an incense ascending
from memory's altar to waft my spirit to the land beyond
the stars. I would wish that the angels should be gar-
deners that I might feel assured that the floral kingdom
would be forever perpetuated."

We learn that his remains were laid at rest in a
veritable bed of flowers. But he still lives, and will long
continue to live, in the memory of his friends among the
gardeners.

All articles sent to the editor's office will receive
careful consideration, and due credit will be given to
the contributor. If you have not the time or ability
to edit your own paper, send it in the rough, and we
will edit it for you. We realize that all gardeners are
not journalists, but man}- possess sound theories and
practical experiences which can benefit others. Sub-
mit vour views and we will write the storv.

Become a "booster." If you belong to the garden-
ing profession, but are not yet a member of the "N.
A. G.," join now. You will then begin 1913 right.
Then let your resolution for the new year be to do
your mite to help elevate that profession, which, a de-
parted friend declared, is "the noblest that tames the
intellect of mankind."

To the discriminating advertiser who looks for re-
sults from his expenditure, we recommend the adver-
tising columns of this publication. \\'e can ofl:'er him
a distinct class circulation, one which he cannot ob-
tain elsewhere. The Gardeners' Chronicle circulates
among the people who buy for large private estates,
owners, superintendents, and gardeners. People who
seek the best in everything that pertains to horticul-
ture and floriculture, and everything that is required
to supply a wealthy man's estate.

The Chronicle extends to its many readers the
compliments of the coming festive season. May yours
be a joyous Christmas and Happy New Year.

Subscribers to the Chronicle and others who do
not receive it after this issue, are advised that it will
be due to the fact that they have not remitted their
subscriptions due. As soon as subscriptions are re-
ceived their names will be restored to the mailing list.
Those in arrears will please observe this notice.

ASSOCIATION NOTES

M. C. EBEL, Secretary, MADISON, N. J.

Uefore the next isbuc ul the Chkuxicle appears,
members will receive their bill for annual dues for
1913. They will confer a favor on the secretary's of-
fice by remitting their dues early, so that they may
obtain their membership cards, which will be of
especial benefit to them next year.

Membership cards of the National Association of
Gardeners will be recognized by the Society of Amer-
ican Florists, and will entitle the owners to admission
to the International Flower Show.

Everybody who attended the annual c(in\-ention and
banquet of the National Association of Gardeners of
1912, was more than pleased, if reports that come to
hand are to be believed, and the indications at this
early date already are that the 1913 convention will
be a great event in every way. Plans are already
afoot to make it an occasion to demonstrate that the
gardener is alive to his interests as much as are the
men of other professions.

The recommendation is a good one, that the Na-
tional Association of Gardeners do something at the
International Flower Show next year, to show its ap-
preciation to the members of the "S. A. F." for what
is being done for the private gardener, both in the
restricted class and also in all the open classes. A
bowling tournament is suggested, to which the N. A.
G. invite the members of the "S. .\. If." to meet with it

Diamonci Jvtbil&& Edition

DREER'S

GARDEN BOOK

1913

This is our seventy-fifth anniversary gift to
those who grow flowers and vegetables. It
contains the accumulation of seventy-five
years of experience, and lists only tested varie-
ties of all the old-time favorites, as well as
the dependable varieties in flowers and vege-
tables. It also contains cultural articles writ-
ten by experts, has 288 pages with photo-
reproductions on each page, four color and
six duotone plates. DREER'S DL\MOND
JUBILEE GARDEN BOOK is not just a
catalogue — it is a book of information valu-
able both to the professional as well as
amateur gardener.

Sent free to anyone mentioniM^ this pul)!ica-
tion.

HENRY A. DREER

714 Chestnut Street Philadelphia

in friendly ri\alry. The matter will be referred to
the next meeting of the executive board for action.

In response to the suggestion made by your secre-
tary in his annual report relative to the establishment
of a bureau where the gardener may seek an oppor-
tunity for advancement and betterment, a number of
communications have already been received which de-
serve attention. This office will be glad to hear from
members who may learn of a chance or a vacancy to
which deserving applicants may be referred. It should,
and will be the duty of this office to carefully inves-
tigate references of all applications that rnay come to
it, and then only, refer such applicants and references
to whom may desire their services. This office can
recommend no one. Nor will it serve as an agency
for "the fellow who" cannot hold down a job."

The following have been enrolled as members since
the last issue of the Chronicle; Valentine Clares,
Glen Gove, N. Y. ; William Bartholomae, New York,
N. Y. ; Frank MacNicoll, Cuba, N. Y. ; Montague Free,
Ithaca, N. Y. ; Lester E. Ortiz, Glen Cove, N. Y. ;
Ernest Westlake, Glen Cove, N. Y. ; R. S. Renison,
Yonkers, N. Y. ; John Wallace, Deal, N. J.; William
Tamison, Tarrytown, N. Y. ; Allen Morrison, West-
bury, N. Y. ; S. J. Trepass, Glen Cove, N. Y. ; William
Saville, Bergenfield. N. J.; Alfred Cebelius, Hartford,
Conn.

AMONG THE GARDENERS

Mr. Henry Cliffe, superintendent of the Guthrie
estate. Locust Valley, N. Y., has been appointed super-
intendent of the city parks of Bridgeport. Conn. Mr.
ClifTe enters into his new position January 1, and takes
'vith him the well wishes of his host of friends.

The vegetable contests at many of the flower shows
next year should prove interesting, if not exciting.
With the fine exhibits staged by such men as Messrs.
Heeresmans, Tyson, AlacDonald, Jenkins, Patterson,
and Gaut, at this year's shows, other gardeners have
become ambitious to enter this class, and vegetable
groups will be prominent features at some of the 1913
fall exhibits. An opportunity presents itself for some
society to oflfer a liberal enough premium to induce
these "men to come together in competition.

Gardeners who successfully competed at the Asbury
Park Summer show, will be glad to learn that the
Elberon Society has at last been successful in making
that city's council realize the justice of its assuming
the obligation to pay the premium list, which w'as of-
fered and guaranteed by the city's publicity promotor.
The winners may exjiect their prize money before the
end of the month.

Mr. W. Saville, who has just joined the ranks of the
National .Association of Gardeners, is one of three as-
sociate members of the Royal Horticultural Society
of England, now located in this country. He is a

280

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

graduate of the University of Leeds, and holds a cer-
tificate of teacher of horticulture. He came to this
country in the spring of 1910, and started in the com-
mercial field, in which he has since been engaged.

At Duke's Farm, Somerville, N. J., the new range
of green houses is about completed, and Mr. A. A.
MacDonald, who superintends over this establish-
ment, expects to have it in fruit cultivation before
the end of the year. The fruit range on this place is
probably not equalled on any other private estate in
this country.

Mr. P. J. Fay is on the road representing Messrs.
Peter Henderson & Co. He has many friends among
the private gardeners in the territorj^ about New York,
on which he is calling.

Chas. H. Totty and the Aphine Manufacturing Com-
pany, both of Madison, N. J., are being represented
on the road by Mr. William J. Rickards, making a tour
of the New England states, visiting private places and
proclaiming the merits of what he represents.

QUERIES and ANSWERS

IVe believe the greatest good can be accomplished for the greatest
number, by instituting a query column; or an exchange of expe-
riences, on practical propositions, by our readers.

You are imnted to contribute questions, and answer others.

Each question as received vAll be given a number, the question-
er's name will not be published, but the source of the answer will
be given unless otherwise requested.

We all have something we would like to know more about. Here
is your opportunity to ascertain somebody's experience in just thai
matter.

Nothing will tend to better fellowship than helping each other.

Take advantage of this "Question Box."

In an article issued last month on the white fiy and
its control. Professor Taubenhaus made the statement
that in mixing sulphuric acid the former is poured in
the vessel first and then the water. One of our read-
ers has questioned this method, to which the author of the
article replies : No accident can ever result if water
is poured into the acid very slowly. However, when
done quickly, as might occur when in a hurry, an ac-
cident might result. So it is recommended as safer to
pour the. water in the vessel first, and then the acid.

I should like to get some advice as to what crop will
make the best sod for growing roses. Can you get
any information for me? T. M. C, Mass.

The following question came in our query box, and
caused quite a lot of discussion. Which part of the
tree is the youngest, the center, or the part nearest
the bark? Maybe, it will help us to hear from some
of your readers. A. A. F., Pa.

Would anybody tell his experience with shredded cow
manure? Fresh cow manure is hard to get nowadays.
Are the results with shredded cow manure equal ? — N. Y.

The worst thing you can do is to talk about high
prices for flowers. They never were so cheap in the
world's history. One of the glorious privileges about
living in 1912 is that we can afford things that only
a king could have a hundred years ago. By all means
boost the idea among the jx-ople that they can have
"beauty and fragrance for little money." The man
who does that with acumen and good judgment de-
serves plaudits from all of us and has a right to go
around with rings on his fingers and bells on his toes.
— George C. Watson in Horticulture.

EARLY SEEDS

Are ready now

Try our Tomato, Coronation

Carrot, French Scarlet Short Horn
Celery, French Golden Self

Blanching
Lettuce, Heart of New York
Onion, Ailsa Craig

SPIREAS for FORCING

Queen Alexandra and Gladstone

Extra large clumps

also
A few thousand bulbs ot various kinds
including

Tuberous Begonias and Gloxinias

Our Annual Catalogue will be
mailed you on January 1st. If
it does not reach you promptly
please notify us.

BEST WISHES FOR
THE NEW YEAR

Kennedy 6 Hunter INC

ANDREW R. KENNEDY, Pres. and Treaa.

156 West 34th Street New York

A Novel Group

The group of flowering and foliage plants exhibited
by James Stuart, gardener to Mrs. F. A. Constable,
Mamaroneck, N. Y., at The Westchester and Fair-
field Horticultural Society's exhibition at New Ro-
chelle, drew forth a good deal of favorable comment
from horticulturists as well as the general public.
The material that was used, the color harmony and
the tasteful arrangement were all worthy of special
notice. Single chrysanthemums were used exclu-
sively for flowering plants. The varieties were : E.
Nottell, Coleridge, Robert Milner, Golden Star. Cin-
namon, Mrs. Hartley-Bills, Sunrise, Felix, Hilda,

Mary Richardson, Merstham Jewel, Peter Pan, Miss
Hilda Wells, Red Light and J. B. Lowe; shades of
primrose and golden yellow, different shades of
bronze, Tuscan red and crimson. These colors seemed
ideal for a fall exhibition, and in the spacious hall made
a tine display.

The arrangement was in circular form, consisting of
a center column and six smaller columns round the
edge. The panels were filled with ferns and above
them were placed, at intervals three specimen plants
of Dracaena, Victoria and Crotons, which harmonized
well with the flowers.

GROfP KXIIir.ITF.n .\T NEW ROCIIELLE SHOW, BY T.XMES STU.\RT.

Fruit Under Glass .

By James Marlborough.

It is not my intention to go into details such as insect
diseases, etc., for most of you have your own methods of
dealing with them. I wish only to give, in a general way,
the methods we practice and not take up your valuable
time with details that many of you know better than I.

Perhaps the earliest and most appreciated fruits are
strawberries. Pot culture affords the best method of pro-
ducing them out of season. Where first-class fruits are
wanted, a planting should be made in the field, not with
the object of getting fruit from the plants, but of getting
plants for early forcing. The flowers are removed from
the plants and they are freely cultivated. Runners ob-
tained from plants thus treated will be earlier and will
make better pot plants than those taken from plants which
bear a crop of fruit first, and then a crop of runners.

The runners are layered in 23%-inch pots, and when
well rooted are removed to a frame and shaded lightly for
a few days, until they recover from the shock of being
detached from the parent plant. When ready thev are
potted into 4-inch pots. Again when ready they are given
their final shift into 6-inch pots.

We always use a good rose soil, and a good sprinkling
of bone meal at the last shift. Many growers do not think
it necessary to pot into 4's, but shift directly from 2i^'s
into 6's. I think to get the best results that they should
have the immediate potting. The tendency of the roots
is to pass through the soil until they reach the pot, and
there form a thick mat between the soil and pot. The
intermediate potting will eliminate this to a certain ex-
tent and form a better and more general root system with
greater ability to take up food when developing fruits.

Once potted in their final pots, they should be ]ilaced
on a bed of coal ashes, and in charge of a man who will
do all he can to develop the plants until the natural rest-
ing season sets in, about October 1. Water should be
partly withheld, and in rainy weather the pots should be
laid on their sides. As the season advances they are
placed in a frame where they can be covered at night to
protect them from severe frosts. Finally they are stacked
up on their sides in a frost-proof pit to await forcing.

To have strawberries continuously from March 15. it
is necessary to bring in the first batch December 15; the
next, January 10; and at intewals of two weeks until
March 15. This will reach the outdoor crop.

I believe a melon house or a structure on that principle,
makes a good house for forcing strawberries. The much
advocated method of placing them on shelves up close to
the glass, has no advantage. It not only places them in
the coldest part of the house, but it also places them out of
the direct observation of the grower. Writers of twenty
years ago advocated the growing of many plants three
or four feet away from the glass. Those same plants
today are grown twenty or thirty feet from it, with better
results. The same may be said of strawberries, to a
certain extent. There is no need of using old-fashioned
methods in modern structures.

The first batch of plants is placed in the house on the
date above stated. The temperature is kept at 45 to 50
degrees for the first two weeks, or until root action sets in.
Then the surface is scraped off and a good, rich top-
dressing added, and the temperature is raised to 50 to 55
degrees and continued at that point until the flower buds
a])i)ear on the crown. Then the temperature is increased
10 degrees for a week, or until the first flower opens.
This is to draw out the flower stems and is necessary only
for early forcing, say the first or second batch. When
the flowers liegin to appear tlic temperature is lowered to

55 degrees, and the atmosphere is kept dry and airy until
the fruits are set.

We go over each individual flower once or twice daily
with a camel's hair brush to do all we can to aid fertiliza-
tion. When a plant has set enough fruits for a crop, it is
at once taken from among the flowering ones, and placed
at the end of the bench, where it can be treated for de-
velopment. They are then thinned to ten or twelve fruits,
according to the strength of the plant. To insure the
best development, it is necessary to keep the fruit over the
foliage, so that it gets all the benefit of the light and air.
For tliis purpose we use what may be termed a miniature
carnation support with the circle 2 or 3 inches, and placed
so that it stands 3 or 4 inches above the pot. The fruits
are brought up into the circle and allowed to hang over
on the foliage. This done, the temperature is again
raised 10 degrees, and no time should be lost in supply-
ing liquid manure. In this way we get as good, if not
better, strawberries in March under glass, than we get in
June out-of-doors.

After trying several varieties, "Marshall' is the only
one we now use for pot culture.

It is not necessary to say how much appreciated these
fruits are, especially when produced out of season.

The method most generally practiced is to' set the
plants about l^A feet apart, and allow each plant to bear
three fruits. This method has one objection, more
so in some localities than in others. It is subject
to canker. This is a disease that gives very little
warning, and appears just as the fruits are about
to ripen. It causes the whole plant to collapse,
leaving a gap that spoils the appearance of the house, and
cuts deeply into the pride of the grower or the man in
charge. Perhaps it was in trying to avoid this humiliation
that I started the method which we now practice. Instead
of setting the plants 2',j feet apart and growing three
fruits on a plant, we set the plants 12 inches apart, and
grow only one fruit on a plant. With the increased num-
ber of plants we do not lose many fruits, and what we do
lose is more than made up in the weight and quality of the
others. The fruits are larger and of a more equal size.
The foliage is stronger and the plants being set closer to-
gether in the bench, the roots take better care of the soil.
In all, we get healthier conditions and seldom or never
lose a plant by canker.

Nothing is more appreciated at Christmas time than
a good house of melons, and it is not a difficult time to
liave them. With the idea of a crop for Christmas in
view, we sow our seed about August 10. The only trouble
with growing melons in this season of the year is that
diseases are harder to control, but with this in mind you
will use your cure as a preventive, and you will experi-
ence no trouble in maturing your crop.

For a sj)ring crop we sow seed January 1. This crop
will be ready the end of May. We find that there is very
little gained b}- an earlier start. There is one critical
period in the development of the fruits, and that is when
they are netting. They are liable to crack. To avoid this,
keep a drier atmosphere. Avoid wetting the fruits. If
you have to syringe, keep a little more air on, and do not
dampen the floor \\ hen you shut up the house in the after-
noon. Follow up this treatment for a week, and the crop
is safe.

We sow our seed in flats among pieces of chopped sod.
When large enough t(j handle, they are potted into 2j/4-

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

283

The Mrs. Geo. Shawyer Rose

has won 1 7 certificates, a silver medal, a sweepstake cup and other awards in
the past two weeks. No other rose was ever so extensively shown in such a
short period. Now come and see it growing and you will agree with me that it
is a winner. It opens just as freely in winter as it does in summer, growing all
the time, and every shoot a flo'wer.

New Carnations

Commodore, Wm. Eccles, Northport, Salmon Beauty and Enchantress Supreme
— all good and all in our 1913 catalog, which will be mailed you in December.

New Mums?

Why, certainly! And you will need them, too, for the shows, to keep on top.
Why not write me ?

CHAS. H. TOTTY

MADISON, N. J.

MARSHALL S GIANT LLEK,

NOVELTIES FOR 1913

CARROT, MARSHALL'S EXHIBITION— A superb variety.
SWEET CORN, EARLIEST NORDHEIM— The earliest variety.
Large and Sweet.

LEEK, MARSHALL'S GIANT— A grand exhibition variety.

ONION, INVINCIBLE GIANT— The largest grown.

PARSLEY, MARSHALL'S DWARF PERFECTION — Finely

curled.
TOMATO, THE MARSHALL — The greatest cropper in existence.

Very early. Will produce 40 to 50 lbs. of fruit on one plant. An

excellent forcer.
Also something new in

Flower Seeds and Plants

Write for our new illustrated catalogue, larger than ever.
We also issue a Nursery Catalogue. Write for same.

W. E. MARSHALL ^ CO.

Seeds, Bulbs and Plants

lOe MTEST 23rd STREET

NEAV YORK

284

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

inch pots and repotted into 4-incli pots, in whicli they re-
main until ready for planting in the bench. The bench
is about one-third filled with a good rose soil, mounded
against the inner side. The plants are set out one foot
apart and allowed to grow to the top of the trellis before
stopping. As we have only one fruit to set on each plant,
it can be placed high or low on the trellis as we desire.
This is the time to consider the general appearance of the
house. We should exercise great care in removing later-
als. They should never be cut close to the main stem.
Light top dressing is applied from time to time until the
bench is about one-half full. This, with liquid manure,
when the fruits are swelling, will be all that is needed.

The plants should not be subjected to cool treatment.
The minimum temperature should be 60 degrees.

Every grower has his favorite variety. We like Royal
Sovereign for the white-flesh and Blenheim Orange for
scarlet.

PE.\CHES .^XD NECTARINES

Are seldom seen in perfection in our northern climate ex-
cept when grown under glass. We use a house running
east and west, trellised crosswise about six feet apart.
This form of trellising has many advantages over the old
method of fixing the trellis at a uniform distance of two
feet below the glass and planting at the sides of the house.
In the first place, it gives us much more trellis space,
afi^ords free access to both sides of the trees and more sun
and light. In all it gives us more natural conditions.

The next thing to consider is the border. We use a
rather heavy soil from an upland pasture. To this we add-
one-tenth lime rubble, or old plaster. To each cubic yard
we add about fifty pounds of one-half-inch bone, and a
good sprinkling of wood ashes. We use an inside border
with a cemented bottom three feet below the surface, with
a suitable outlet for drainage. Over this is placed about
eight inches of rock. On this we place a fresh sod, grass
side down. This leaves somewhat over two feet for soil,
which is filled in with that prepared for the purpose.

Manures iti any form should not be added at planting
time, for it induces too strong a growth. Stimulants are
better added later on, when you know that the trees are in
want of them.

It is generally known that the best form of trellis for
trees is the fan. The grower having this in mind, forms
an idea of how the main ribs or branches should go and is
governed by the shape and size of the trellis and the loca-
tion of the tree. The main ribs of the fan should be about
18 inches apart. Between these are laid the young shoots
that are intended to bear fruit. When the shoot that is to
bear fruit is disbudded in the spring, a bud should be left
at the base and also at the tip. The latter will draw up
the sap to develop the fruit. This is pinched after the
third leaf. Now the bud that was left at the base has bro-
ken into growth, and is forming a new extension for the
next season's fruit. This is stopped when it reaches about
eight inches, and is kept stopped until the end of the
season. After fruiting the old shoot is cut out, and the
young one takes its place for the next season.

By this method there is very little winter pruning. We
get as good fruiting wood at the base of the tree as we do
at the top. I think it has many advantages over the long
or unstopped system more generally used. In disbudding
a fruiting shoot when growth starts, do it by degrees. It
would cause too great a check to remove them all at once.
TJie same may be said of thinning the fruits.

The space allotted to each fruit on a trellis tree, de-
pends largely on the variety. For instance, some of the
later peaches, such as "Sea Eagle,'' "Thomas Rivers," and
"Walburton Admirable," with good treatment can be de-
veloped so that each fruit would weigh nine ounces, or

sometimes over. In this case, they should be thinned to
twelve inches apart, while the earlier varieties, such as
"Duchess of Cornwall," "Hale's Early," and "Early Bea-
trice," cannot be developed to this size, and will not over-
tax your tree if left nine to ten inches.

Nectarines, as a rule, are not as large as peaches, and
should be thinned to eight or nine inches.

THE VINE.

There is probably no fruit grown under glass that re-
sponds as quickly to kind treatment as the vine. It also
shows neglect sooner than other fruits.

In erecting a new vinery I should prefer an even span
house, running north and south. This would give the
maximum amount of light morning and evening. With
its ridge and rafters it would give a little shade at midday.
These would be the proper conditions, except for very
early forcing, when a lean-to south exposure would be
preferred. We use the all-inside border on a cement bot-
tom. This bottom is SYz feet below the surface. On this
is placed six or eight inches of rock for drainage. To
provide soil, sod should be cut from an old pasture and
piled up for a few months before it is used. To each
cubic yard of soil, add 100 pounds of one-half-inch bone,
two bushels of old plaster, one bushel charcoal, and one-
half bushel of fresh lime. In filling the border we do not
fill it all at once. We fill in four or five feet on each side
where the vines are to be planted and the rest is added as
required. If we should fill this border all at once with
this rich compost, the center would be liable to get sour
before the roots would be able to take care of it.

Most people want results as soon as possible. Some-
times the young vines are cropped too soon, which has a
very bad efi^ect for years to come. To avoid this we plant
two sets of vines, one for temporary fruiting, the other
for permanent vines. If we wish to plant dormant canes
the planting should be done in the autumn. We first se-
cure enough planting canes to plant the house 3j/ to 4
feet apart. If pot grown, they are shaken out and planted
in their permanent position. Then we get the same num-
ber of fruiting canes grown in twelve-inch pots. The
pots are removed, but we do not disturb the roots but very
little. They are then planted between the permanent
vines.

PRUNING.

The permanent vines are cut back to a good bud at the
surface of the border, while the temporary vine is only
shortened to the desired length for bearing fruit. In this
way we ,get fruit the first season without any danger of a
permanent injury to the \'inery.

These temporary vines are allowed to remain two or
more years as required. When not wanted they are cut
out below the surface of the border. The roots are al-
lowed to remain . The temporary vines need not neces-
sarily be in the way of the permanent ones, even in the
second year or later. It can be fruited on the upper part
of the trellis. In this case the buds are rubbed off from
the lower part of the vine to the height of those left on the
permanent one. This will give fruit on the lower part of
the trellis from one and on the top part of the trellis from
the other.

Now we will assume that about three years have passed.
The border is all filled and the vine occupies its full posi-
tion. The next most essential point is to maintain the
vigor produced by the new border. To do this we must
furnish an annual top dressing of a good, rich compost.
This is best done during the dormant season. After the
house is cleaned out. all the loose material is removed
from the surface of the border. It is then loosened uj)
with a fork and the top dressing added. Bone meal, lime.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

285

and wood ashes should be used freely, mixed with the de-
sired amount of chopped sod. Other stimulants should be
given during the growing season.

In considering the subject of watering it must be un-
derstood that you are dealing with an artificially con-
structed border which is well-drained and water passes
through very freely. The vine border should never be
allowed to become dry. After the vines break into leaf
you should not water again with cold water until the crop
is ripe. The water used should be about the temperature
of the house. The atmosphere also should be kept moist.
This is done by syringing and dampening. It is also aided
by evaporating pans placed on the heating pipes. As soon
as you allow the atmosphere to become dry, red spider
will follow, and it is much easier to prevent this pest than
to get rid of it. Aside from this, the heavy foliage of the
vine needs the moisture.

"Black Hamburg" and "Foster's Seedling" are the two
best for early forcing. "Muscat of Alexandria" is a great
favorite and does best when grown for midseason. Good
companions for this are "Canon Hall Muscat" and "Mad-
resfield Court Muscat." The two former varieties are shy
setters, while the latter is a good setter and greatly assists
in the fertilization of the others. This trio makes an ideal
Muscat house, and is by far the best grape in cultivation
when grown for a midseason crop.

For late vines "Gros Colman," "Black Alicante," "Mil-
ton Constable" and "Lady Downe's" for black, and "Lady
Hutt" and "Mrs. Pearson" for white. "Lady Downe's"
is far the best keeper and can be kept nicely until the end
of March.

A vine can be fruited in a twelve-inch pot very satis-
factorily, provided it is grown for that purpose, but the
same vine would not be satisfactory the next season and
should be replaced with a new vine.

FRUIT TREES IN POTS.

This method of growing fruit has many advantages,
not only that first-class fruits can be grown this way, but
it is also ornamental. There are few plants more decora-
tive than well-fruited cherry trees when placed in the
dining room or hall for a dinner party, aside from the
pleasure that is given the guests of feasting on the fruits.
Other fruits are no less valuable for this purpose. One
of the most essential points in the culture of fruit trees in
pots is annual repotting. This should be done about the
end of October. A good soil for this purpose is that pre-
pared for the rose bench, with the addition of some old
mortar. This should be prepared a few weeks before using.
It is not necessary that you should use a larger size pot
when repotting. This all' depends on the vigor of the tree
and the desire to have large or small trees. When you
remove the trees from their pots, you will find a mat of
fine roots on the outside of the ball. This, with a portion
of the soil, should be removed. A good tool for this pur-
pose is a claw weeder.

If you were going to pot it into the same size ])ot it
would be necessary to remove more of the ball than if you
were going to give it a size larger pot. In either case, it
should have about one-half new soil each year to insure
its health and productiveness.

It is very necessary that crocks and the pots used for
drainage shotild be clean. Leave room for water and a
light surface dressing during the growing season.

The cherry should be repotted earlier than other fruit
trees, as it matures its fruit earlier. It should be well
rooted into its new soil in the autumn, and to that end it
is repotted about the last of .September. This also a])plies
to peaches and nectarines that are intended for early
forcing. As the trees are potted they should be placed
under glass and syringed once or twice daily mitil the

leaves fall. Early in December the pots are plunged to the
rim in coal ashes. The upper part of the pots is covered
with meadow hay or some material to protect them from
frost. They are allowed to remain in this position until
starting time, when lifted and placed on the surface.

It may be well at this point to say something about the
orchard house. We use an even span house, running east
and west, about twenty-five feet wide, with a walk through
the center. The border on each side is filled in with
twelve inches of coal ashes and is even with the surface
I if the walk. On this the pots are placed, either on the sur-
face or i)lunged, as we consider best for the dififerent
stages of their growth. They are left on the surface dur-
ing the spring, but wdien the hot weather sets in, they are
plunged to the rim. This gives the roots a more even tem-
[3erature and your trees are not so apt to get dry.

THINNING.

The number of fruits to leave on a potted tree, depends
wholly on the kind of tree and its variety. For instance,
a cherry will seldom bear more fruits than it is able to
mature and needs little or no thinning. Peaches and
nectarines w-ill bear many times more fruit than they are
capable of maturing. A good safe crop for a twelve-inch
pot of the mediu n size variety of peach or nectarine
would be about fifteen fruits, although with kind treat-
ment they could b; made to mature one-third more with-
out any injury to t le tree, or to the next year's crop. But
this is not so with ;he apple and pear. If you wish to pro-
duce an extra hea'y crop, you can easily do so and bring
\our fruits to a gr;at perfection, but you render your tree
fruitless for the next season. In this case the light crop-
ning is the best pn ctice.

The plum is a /aluable fruit for pot culture. It also
should be thinned according to the size of the variety,
leaving about fortv fruits of a medium size variety for a
tree in a twelve-ir ch pot.

Apricots are not as satisfactory as other stone fruits for
pot culture, and \,diere wanted they would be better on
trellises at the coo end of the peach house.

Figs are very s; tisfactory when grown in pots and are
more easily managed and more productive than those
grow-n in a border!.

After fruiting the trees are removed to the open border,
where they are plunged, and allowed to remain until pot-
tmg season. This gives more room in the orchard house
as the season advances.

THE FERTILIZATION OF THE FLOWERS.

As the trees come into flower it is necessary to use
some artificial means to fertilize the flowers. The method
most generally used is the camel'.s-hair brush. The flowers
are brushed over daily, carrying the pollen from one
variety to another. This works very well wdiere only a
limited number of trees are grown, but where several
houses are grown, it is more subject to neglect.

We keep one or two hives of bees for this purpose and
find them satisfactory. When a house is coming into
flower we move in a hive of bees. They are allowed to
remain until the fruits are set. Then they can be moved
to another house if so desired. The bees should not be
moved in until there is work for them to do. If moved
in before they are liable to be lost in their efforts to escape,
but if moved in at night when the flowers are opening
thev will go right to work next day and fertilization is
assured. We use bees for fertilizing in the vineries with
equally good results.

I believe when bees are more generally used for this
work, you will hear less about this or that variety being
a shv setter. Read before Boston Gardeners' and Florists'
Club.

286

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

National Association of Gardeners.

M. C. Ebel, secretary, Madison, N. J.

Society of American Florists and Orna-
mental Horticulturists.
John Young, secretary, 54 West 38th street,
New York.

American Carnation Society.
A. F. J. Bauer, secretary, Indianapolis, Iiid.

American Gladiolus Society.
L. Merton Gage, secretary, Groton, Mass.

American Peony Society.
A. B. Saunders, secretary, Clinton, N. Y.

American Rose Society.
B. Hammond, secretary, Fislildll, N. Y.

American Sweet Pea Society.

H. A. Bunyard, secretary, 342 West 14tli
street. New York.

Chrysanthemum Society of America.

Charles W. Johnson, secretary, Morgan

Park, 111.

Lake Geneva Gardeners' and Foremen's

Association.
A. Martini, secretary. Lake Geneva, Wis.

Meets first and third Saturday every
month, October to April; first Saturday

ery month. May to September, Horticul-
tural Hall.

Lenox Horticultural Society.

George Instone, secretary, Lenox, Mass.
Mtets first Satiu'day every month.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
William P. Rich, secretary, 300 Massachu-
setts avenue, Boston, Mass.

Monmouth County Horticultural Society.

Harry Kettle, secretary, Fairhaven, N. J.

Morris County Florists' and Gardeners'

Society.
Edward J. Reagan, secretary, Morristowii,
N. J.
Meets at Madison, N. J., second Wednes-
day every month, except July and August,
8 p. m.

LOCAL SOCIETIES

Boston Gardeners' and Florists' Club.

William N. Craig, secretary. North Easto])^
Mass.
Meets third Tuesday every month, Horti
cultural Hall, Boston, Mass., 8 p. m.

Conecticut Horticultural Society.
Geo. W. Smith, secretary, Melrose, Conn.
Meets second and fourth Fridays every
month. County Building, Hartford, Conn., 8
p. m.

Dutchess County Horticultural Society.

Hubert G. Cottam, secretary, Wappingers

Falls, N. Y.

Meets at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., last
Wednesday every month except May and
June.

Elberon Horticultural Society.
Benj. Wyckoff, secretary, 1104 4th avenue,
Asbury Park, N. J.
Meets first Monday every month. Fire
Hall, Elberon, N. J., 8 p. m.

The Garden Club of Michigan.

Mrs. Edward H. Parker, secretary, 139 Sey-
burn avenue, Detroit, Mich.
The corresponding secretary will notify
members of date and place of meetings.

The Horticultural Society of New York.

Geo. V. Nash, secretary, I'.ronx Park, New

York City.

Meets monthly, irregular. May to Octo-
ber, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx
Park, New York. November to April,
American Museum of Natural History, 77th
street and Columbus avenue, New York.

Nassau County Horticultural Society.
Ernest Westlake, secretary. Glen Cove, N. Y.

Meets second Wednesday every month,
Pembroke Hall, Glen Cove, N. Y., 8 p. m.

New Jersey Floricultural Society.
William Reid, secretary, 303 Centre street,
Orange, N. J.
Meets second Friday every month, 240
.Main street. Orange, N. J., 8 p. m.

Newport Horticultural Society.
D. J. Coughlin, secretary, Newport, R. 1.
Meets second and fourth Tuesday every
month.

North Westchester County Horticultural

and Agricultural Society.
.M. J. O'Brien, secretary, Mt. Kisco, N. Y.

Oyster Bay Horticultural Society.
John T. Ingram, secretary. Oyster Bay,
N. Y.
Meets third Friday every month. Board
of Trade, Oyster Bay, N. Y., 8 p. m.

Paterson Floricultural Society.

Sebastian Hubschmitt, secretary, 61 Seventli
avenue, Paterson, N. J.
Meets first Tuesday every month, Ro-
maine Building, 8 p. m.

The Pittsburgh Florists' and Gardeners*
Club.

H. P. Joslin, secretary, Ben Avon, Pa.

ileets first Thursday every month. Fort
Pitt Hotel, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Southampton Horticultural Society.
William McLeod, secretary.
Meets first Thursday every month, Me-
morial Hall, Southampton, N. Y'.

Tarrytown Horticultural Society.

E. W. Neubrand, secretary, Tarytown, N. Y.
Meets last Tuesday every month, except
December, Corporation Building, Tarrytown,
N. Y., 7:30 p. m. Annual meeting last
Thursday in December.

Tuxedo Horticultural Society.

David Miller, secretary. Tuxedo Park, N. Y.
Meets first Wednesday every month. Par-
ish House, Tuxedo Park.

Westchester and Fairfield Horticultural

Society.
J. B. McArdle, secretary, Greenwich, Conn.
Mets second Friday every month, Doran's
Hall, Greenwich, Conn., 8 p. m.

Yonkers Horticultural Society.

8. Mahoney, secretary, Y'onkers, N. Y.
Meets first Friday every month, Holly-
wood Inn, Yonkers, N. Y., 8 p. m.

GARDENERS DIARY

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.
David Rust, secretary, Broad and Locust
streets, Philadelphia, Pa.
Meets third Tuesday every month. Horti-
cultural Hall, 8 p. m.

People's Park Cottage Gardeners' Associa-
tion.

John .\inscough, secretary. 4 Chestnut street.
Paterson, N. J.
Meets first and last Friday every month,
W'orking Man's Institute. Madison avenue,
Paterson, N. J.

Philadelphia Florists' Club.
David Rust, secretary. Broad and Locust
streets, Philadelphia, Pa.
Meets first Tuesday every month. Horti-
cultural Hall, Philadelphia, Pa., 8 p. m.

The International Flower Show.
New Grand Central Palace, New York,
April 5-12, 1913.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Mid- winter Exhibition. February 1, 2,
1!U3. Spring Exhibition, March 14-16, 1913.
lli.rticultural Hall, Boston, Mass.

Yonkers Horticultural Society.
Bowling, Thursday nights. Riverdale ave-
nue, Yonkers, N. Y.

Nassau County Horticultural Society.
Annual Dinner, Glen Cove, January 23,
1913.

Morris County -Horticultural Society.

Annual Dinner, Morristown, N. J., Janu-
ary.

New Jersey Floricultural Society.
Annual Dinner, Orange, N. J., January.

Monmouth County Horticultural Society.
Annual Dinner, January.

A GARDENERS' REUNION.

A reunion of gardeners among the pro-
fession in the vicinity of New York City
was held on Wednesday afternoon and eve-
ning, December 4. The event occurred at
■Thum's" Bowling Alleys on Broadway.
The program consisted of a bowling tour-
nament beginning at 2 o'clock in the after-
noon, continuing until 7 o'clock, when those
present adjourned, to the banquet hall and
sat down to a substantial spread provided
for by the committee of which "Jack"
Everett was chairman. During the dinner
Mr. Everett introduced Mr. Arthur Her-
rangton as the toastmaster of the evening,
who, as usual, proved himself quite equal
to the occasion.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

287

Among those called on, some of whom are
gaining fame as horticultural after-dinner
speakers (but who do not always confine
themselves to horticulture) were Mr.
Charles Weatherhead, who responded to the
toast, "Reunion Reminiscences"; Mr. John

F. Johnston, "Local Societies and Their In-
fluences"; Mr. Charles H. Totty, "The In-
ternational Flower Show of 1913"; Mr.
William Waite, "National Association of
Hardeners"; Mr. William Duckhani, "Across
the Waters"; Mr. Lester E. Ortiz, "The Re-
lations of the Farmer to t)ic (iaKlener";
Mr. M. C. Ebel, "Annual Reunions." Mr.
Joseph Robertson entertained the diners
with a number of his usually well- rendered
Scotch songs. At the conclusion of the din-
ner Mr. Alex. MacKenzie proposed that the
reunion about to close should be made an
annual event, offering a motion that the
details of the 1913 reunion be entiiisted to
Mr. James Stewart. This motion was
unanimously carried. The bowling trophies
contributed by the many friends of the
gardeners were awarded to the victors dur-
ing the dinner. .John Aitchinson carried
off the cup with the high score of the tour-
nament.

Among some of the prominent gardeners
present not previously mentioned were:
Messrs. Peter Duff, .John Garvan. Oscar
Addor, Samuel Trepews, John McQueen. T.
Cleres, G. Dumbrinsky, William Scott,
Ernest Westlake, J. Wilde. Robert Angus,
William Bartholomae, Allen Morrison,
W. D. Robertson, Joseph Manda, E. Mac-
Kenzie, J. B. McArdle, J. Nichol, W. J.
Sealey, Robert Williamson, Austin Shaw,

G. Barton and Mr. Renison.

NATIONAL FLOWER SHOW PRIZES.

In addition to the ]>rpmium3 already an-

noimced, the following special prizes are
offered :

A. Lewisohn, Ardsley, N. Y., offers a sil-
ver cup, value $150, for a display of roses
in pots covering 100 sq. ft. Competition
open to private estates only.

John T. Pratt, Glen Cove, N. Y., offers
$25 for a display of Gardenia plants in
pots.

Geo. T. Schuneman, Baldwin, N. Y., of-
fers $25 for award by the American Sweet
Pea Society, in a display class.

Harry Balsley, Detroit, Mich., offers $25
for award at the discretion of the com-
mittee.

Samuel Untermeyer, Yonkers, N. Y., of-
fers $50 for 50 ft. 'of Calceolarias, and $.50
for 50 ft. of Gloxinias, arranged for effect.

The Elberon Horticultural Society offers
a silver cup, value $25, to be awarded as
desired by the committee.

The Chrysanthemum Society of America
offers $10 for the best specimen plants of
Marguerite in the show.

The Southampton Horticultural Society
offers $25, or a cup of ecjual value, to
be competed for by private gardeners
only.

The Tarrytown (N. Y.) Horticultural So-
ciety offers a sterling silver cup for award
in the discretion of the committee.

The Perpetual Carnation Society of Eng-
land offers its gold, silver gilt and silver
medals, to be awarded at the direction of
the American Carnation Society.

The Paterson (N. J.) Floricultural So-
ciety offers a cup, value $20, class to be
announced later.

Geo. Burnett offers a silver cup, value
$25, class to be announced later.

C. B. Weathered offers a silver cup, value
.$25. class to be announced later.

The last two mentioned prizes are foi

competition by members of the National
Association of Gardeners only.

W. T. Carrington, Portchester, N. Y., of-
fers $100 for the best display of annuals in
pots.

The Horticultural Club of Boston offers
$100 for the best miniature landscape gar-
den, to be worked out in living trees and
shrubs, and to occupy a space of 15 x 20 ft.
I also wish to announce that I have re-
quested Mr. M. C. Ebel to withdraw his
prizes offered for miniature gardens, and
in place thereof to offer his prizes for the
two best table decorations. Mr. Ebel con-
sents and advises that his prizes will be
a copper and china coffee set, consisting of
thirty pieces, first prize, and a copper tea
service of six pieces, second prize, open to
members of the National Society of Ger-
deners only. CHAS. H. TOTTY,

Chairman International Flower Show Com-
mittee.

YONKERS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Y'onkers Horticultural Society held
its annual meeting in Hollywood Inn on
Friday, the 6th inst. Vice-president Frank
Drexler occupied the chair in place of Presi-
dent Howard Nichols, who was unavoid-
ably absent owing to sickness in his family.
He also withdrew his nomination for secre-
tary for the ensuing year for the same rea-
son, and the members accepted the with-
drawal with regret.

The officers "were elected for 1913, Mr.
Joseph Mooney being appointed secretary.
A very satisfactory report of the Fall Show
was read.

Mr. Louis Milliot exhibited Begonia La
Patrie of the Lorraine type, a very useful
plant for house work; not such a bright
pink as Lorraine, but will last much longer
in dwelling rooms.

Let us repair your frees and
do your spraying. We have the
men that will climb high.

Why risk your lives climbing

high when we will furnish
men who do it the year round
and consequently become al-
most like squirrels in a tree ?
Send for our Free Leaflet explain-
ing our methods.

JOHN. T. WITHERS, INC.

I Montgomery St., Jersey City, N. J.

BOBBINK (SL ATKINS

World's Choicest Nursery and Greenhouse Products

SPRING PLANTING

Our Products nre of a higber grado tlian ever this season, plaolns
us in a hotter position to fill orders with a class of material that wiil
?iye satisfaction to all our patrons. Our Nursery consists of 300 acres
..t higlilv cultivated land and a large area covered with Ercenhouses
liii.I vt r. linii^rs. in which we are growing Nursery and Greenhouse
[•; li'iii- r r- every place and purposes.

ROSES. W.. have several hun-
.lr..l ili.Mi.;in.l Rose Plants that

will til tiiis \r;ir. Order now

irnin I'Mi- Illiisir:itcd General
Ciilal"'-- fiir Siiiim; Il.-liver.v.

RHODODENDRONS. — Many
thousands (.f urcliMiated plants in
Hardy English and American
varieties are growing in our Nur-

TRAINED DWARF AND OR-
DINARY FRUIT TREES AND
SMALL FRUITS. \V.- t-row these
r..r nil k[w\< •■! pTiilt Cardens
L<w\ OrfhaliN

HARDY OLD - FASHIONED
PLANTS. -«•■■ LMow thousands of
nir.-. n.w nod nld fashioned kinds.
iiuhidiiJi; P....ii-^ and Iris, hi a
large varl.rv. Special prices on
ouaiitltles.

OUR NEW GIANT-FLOWER-
rNG ItARSHMALLOW. -Every-
hodv shonltl i.e Interested In this
Hardv New Old l''ashloned Flower.

flower in the garden. Blooms
from July until the latter part of
Septemher.

HEDGE PLANTS. —We grow a
large quantity of California
I'rivet, Berheris and other Hedge
I'lants. adapted to all parts of

ntry.

CONIFERS

EVERGREENS,
AND PINES. Many acres of our
.Nors.ry nr.- planlcd with hand-
sonic speelnn^ns.

BOXWOOD.— Kvervhody loves
Ihc ni-onia of old-fnshloncd Box-
wood. We grow thousands of
plants In miiov shapes and sizes.

BAY TREES, PALMS and other

Dec

ntiv

Plants

POT

torle
Decorations.

ENGLISH
GRAPEVINES.
CullivalioTi.

HARDY TRAILING
CLIMBING VINES. — W(
then) for every place a

It

vlll

is the

BXTXBS

grow and
Bulhs
nollnnrt
Europe.

nd Re

) ROOTS.-
rt nnantltles
its from Japan
other parts

of

in Wo

OUR ILLUSTRATED GENERAL CATALOG NO. 45 descrlhea
Prii.liKl.;: N ( ..iriiaeh- i'.^hi'. hif ■T.sl i'lg. instructive and helpful to iii-
icii-ling iiiirchasers Will he mailed upon rtquost.

THE PROPER WAY TO BUY Is to see the material growing. Wo
shall gladiv give our time and attention to all Intending purchasers
visiting oiir Nursery and Invito everybody Interested In Improving
Iheir grounds to visit us.

VISITORS lake Erie Railroad to Carlton Hill, second stop on Main

WE PLAn'aND 'plant GRo'uNT)S and GARDENS EVERYWHERE
WITH OUR "WORLDS CHOICEST NURSERY AND GREENHOUSE
PRODUCTS.'

BOBBINK <a ATKINS

Narserymen. Floritt. and Planter.

RCTHERFORD, K.J.

288

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

The Bowling Committee have secineil al-
leys, and have already got the balls a-roll-
ing, and they will soon be looking for chal-
lenges from the other horticultural bowling
clubs. Practice nights every Thursday at
8 o'clock in the bowling alleys on Riverdale
avenue. It was decided to hold the annual
banquet, and a committee was appointed
to make arrangements and fix a date.
AAil. MILL.S,
Corresponding Secretary.

MORRIS COUNTY GARDENERS' AND
FLORISTS' CLUB.

Tlie Morris County Gardeners' and Flor-
ists' Society held its montldy meeting on
December 11 in Masonic Hall, Madison, K.
J. There was a very large gathering of
members and their friends. The annua!
election of officers alwaj's takes place in
December, which was one reason for a full
attendance. The election resulted as fol-
lows: President, .John Dunn; vice-president,
Ernest E. Wild: treasurer, Wm. H. Duck-
ham; secretary, Edward Reagan; assistant
secretary, Robert M. Schultz. The Execu-
tive Committee was increased from twelve
to fifteen members, and is as follows: Chas.
H. Totty, Thos. Stokes, George Harvey,
Arthur Herrington, H. B. Vyse, G. F. Neipp,
Wm. Miilmicliel, John Downing, Robert
Tyson, Wm. G. Badgley, John E. Lager,
Alex. Brown, Frank Evendon, Percy D.
Witney, Henry Lawrence.

Many encouraging speeches were made by
members. 1912, as the records show, is
our banner year. Our Fall Show, in points
of quality of the exhibits, and in the num-
ber of people who attended, was our best.
We made a 15 per cent, gain in member-
ship. Treasury was never as prosperous,
and the society entirely harmonious, so
there was reason for members to pat each
other on the back. It was voted to have
the annual dinner some time in January.
The following members have full power as
a committee to fix a date and make all
other arrangements: Chas. H. Totty, Wm,
H. Duckham, Thos. Stokes, Edward Reagan,
A. Herrington. P. D. Witney, M. C. Ebel,
Ernest E. Wild and John Downing.

The great event of the evening, however,
was the illustrated lecture on the Interna-
tional Flower Show held in England last
spring. Our brother member, Harry A.
Bunyard, never showed himself to better
advantage. The views were dear and vivid,
and the lecturer, being thoroughly familiar
with the subjects, was never lost for a word
in his description. He was eloquent. A
rising vote of thanks was extended to liini
and many a rousing cheei-.

EDWAP.D REAGAX. Sccretarv.

NASSAU COUNTY HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

The annual meeting of the Nassau County
Horticultural Society was held in Pem-
broke Hall, Glen Cove, on Wednesday
afternoon at 2 o'clock. After routine busi-
ness was disposed of, the treasurer was
called upon for his annual report, which
showed a most gratifying financial condi-
tion of the society. The results of the Fall
Flower Show were also more than satis-
factory, a balance of nearly $200, the pro-
ceeds of the show, after expenses were
[laid, being voted to the Nassau County
Ilospital. The election of new officers for
1013 took place, and the following placed
in office: E. Brown, president; James Mc-
Carthy, vice-president; S. Trepews, treas-
urer; E. Westlake, secretary, and James
McDonald, corresponding secretary. The re-
tiring president, J. Johnson, was elected
trustee for three years. The following Ex-
ecutive Committee was also elected: H.
Gaut, J. McQueen, H. Jones, W. Gray, G.
Gilder, G. Bartin and V. Cleres. It was
voted to hold the annual dinner on January
23, next, a committee being appointed with
"Jack" Everett as chairman, to complete
the details. A fine exhibit of poinsettias
b.v D. Borjorkreen was awarded first prize.
An exhibit by A. MacKenzie received honor-
able mention. Fifty violets by A. MacKen-
zie first prize. Twenty-five carnations by V.
Cleres first prize. Seedling demonstration:
V. Cleres, cultural certificate; Leekes H.
Gaut, honorable mention, and collection of
vegetables, H. Gaut, cultural certificate.

SOUTHAMPTON HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

The regular meeting of the Southampton
Horticultural Society was held in the Odd-
fellows' Hall December 7, President U. G.
Agcr in the chair. The business of having
the society incorporated is going ahead
slowly.

It was decided to have a dinner for mem-
bers of the society on January 2. and a
committee of three was appointed to make
arrangements for same.

At a special meeting two weeks ago I^fr.
Gomersall, of Nyack, N. Y.. read a splendil
paper on soils and fertilizers. He was
awarded a standing vote of thanks.

WM. McLEOD.
Corresponding Secretary.

WESTCHESTER AND FAIRFIELD HOR-
TICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The second annual meeting was held at
Greenwich, Friday evening, neeember ^'^.
President Stuart in the chair, with 80 mem-
hors present.

A final report of the flower show held in
New Itochelle showed Ihnt financially the ex-

hibition was a succes.s. One new member
was elected and two propositions for mem-
bership received.

The table was well filled with choice ex-
liibits as usual. A prize offered for the best
six heads of celery was won by W. Wynne,
Stamford. Two plants of Cyperpedium In-
signe Sanderaci from the Geo. E. Baldwin
Company, Mamaroneck, was highly com-
mended. Vase of Narcissus Soleil d'Or,
vote of -thanks. Vase of mixed Roses, A.
Pederson, Stamford, highly commended.
Harry Wild had two fine plants of Sola-
mums Capsicastrum, and of its new parent,
var. Melveni. This last received a vote of
thanks, the old favorite being highly com-
mended. Some fine tomatoes grown by J.
Foster were highly commended, same award
being made for his fine vase of Bouvardia
brilliant, and vase of Cyperpedium.

A grand vase of Poinsettias from Th.
Ryan was awarded a cultural certificate.

The following members were elected as of-
ticers of the society for the coming year :

President : Robt. Williamson, Greenwich,
Conn. ; vice-president, Oscar E. Addor,
Larchmont, N. Y. ; secretary, J. B. McArdle,
Greenwich, Conn. ; trea.surer, W. J. Sealcy,
Port Chester, N. Y. ; corresponding secre-
tary, Owen Hunwick, Conyers Manor,
Greenwich, Conn. Executive Committee —
Harry Wild, Greenwich, Conn.; Th. Ryan,
Port Chester, N. Y. ; Adam Paterson, Sauga-
tuck. Conn.

It was decided to hold an annual dinner
in Germania Hall, New Roehelle, some time
in January, date to be decided on later.

Refreshments were provided by the largest
]irize winners at the New Roehelle show.

Our retiring president, Mr. James Stuart,
was given a Jiearty vote of thanks for his
wonderful work dining the last two years.
All members joined most heartily in sing-
ing "Auld Lang Svne" in his honor.

OSCAR ADDOR,
Corresponding Secretary.

ORCHIDS

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JULIUS ROEHRS CO., Rutherford, N. J.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

289

The March Number

OF THE

Gardeners^ Chronicle

WILL BE THE

International Show Edition

It will be both interesting and educational from the floricultural
and horticultural view-point

Engage your advertising space now to get choice of position.

Address: Advertising Department, GARDENERS CHRONICLE, Box 131, Madison, N. J.

SPECIAL DISCOUNTS

ON LARGE

ORDERS.

Plant for Immediate Effect

Not for Future Generations

Start with the largest stock that can be secured ! It takes over
twenty years to grow many of the Trees and Shrubs we offer.

We do the long waiting — thus enabling you to secure Trees and
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ANDORRA NURSERIES 'o" .^HTJ^^^IZ^a.

WM. WARNER HARPER, Proprietor

BURPEE'S SEEDS

PHILADELPHIA

Wholesale Price List for Florist*
and Market Gardeners.

er. Canna Hybridizer, and Origi-
more tlian 75 per cent, of the Loading
Cannas in Commerce today.

IMPROV[D (ANNAS

MRS. ALFRED F. CONARD, introduccJ
ill 1010. ,is a result of 15 years' can-tul
work, seemed, to tbe ExcUaDge represent-
ative as lie looked upon It in full bloom,
to he one of the greatest creations in
Cannas ever sent out. Its very large,
clear, sainion-plDb flowers, profusely pro-
duced on numerous beads, stand erect well
above its rich green foliage. Its bloom-
ini; season is apparently long, and It is
r. r i.iilv one of the most exquisite of the
whose blooms are In the lighter
-Krom The Florists' Exchange of
,-. . . ,il..-r 2S.

OTHER IMPROVED CANNAS
WORTH HAVING.

Per 100

Beacon. Red $20.00

Gladiotiora. Variegated 15.00

Meteor. Red 25.00

Rosea Gigantea, PinI: 25.00

Wm. Saunders, Red with bronze

I. nf 10.00

Mt, Blanc. Near white 10.00

Kate F. Deemer, Yellow 35.00

Mrs. Alfred F. Conard, Pinii 35.00

r. O. n. here.
I'.ir tlie best liiuds in the CANNA
i;iN'(TIiO.M write to

The Conard & Jones Co.

WEST GROVE, PENNA.

290

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

P. Hamilton Goodsell

200 Broadway New York City

Headquarters for specimen shade and ornamen-
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wants and let us give you a figure on it. Rhodo-
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THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

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For Mr. GEORGE JAY GOULD

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OK AMERICA.

Exhibit of vegetables at the Royal International Horticultural E: hibitioii, London. 1912. showing the English style o! staging

Boddingfton^s Quality Vegetable Seeds

Boddington''s Prize- ^.r^
Winning Quality %
Vegetable Seed
Specialties for Ex-
hibitors

PEAS—

Boddington's Mammoth I'kt.

Marrowfat Jo 25

Boddington's Selected Extra-
Early Gradus 15

BEANS—

Boddington's Bountiful 10

Boddington's Exhibition 15

BEETS— I'ki.

Boddington's Early Model

Globe $0 10

Boddington's Exhibition. . . .

Pkts. only. Si tor 5. . 25
BRUSSELS SPROUTS—
Boddington's Exhibition. . , .

Pkts. only, 5i Tor 5. . 25
CABBAGE—

Boddington's Early of

Earlies 'joz.. .50,-.. . 10

Boddington's Exhibition
Blood-Red., ^i tors pkts. . 25
CARROT—

Boddington's Improved Long

Red Surrey 10

Boddington's Selected New

Intermediate 05

CAULIFLOWER—

Boddington's Extra-Early
Snowball. .. I402., S1.75 . . 25
CELERY—

Boddington's Golden Self-
blanching 10
Boddington's Improved

White Plume 10

LEEK—

Boddington's Exhibition

Prizetaker 10

EGGPLANT—

Boddington's Improved New

York Spineless 10

KOHLRABI —

Boddington's Early White

Delicious 10

ENGLISH MELON—

Boddington's Selected Scar-
1 let Gem ■:;

Sparkill, N. Y., October 11, 1912.
MR. ARTHUR T. BODDINGTON

342 West I4tli bt., New York, N. Y.
Dear Sir: I think it only just to you to
let you know that I am more than pleased
with the seed you supplied me with this
spring as in the past. I made sixty-lour ex-
hibits at the Bergen and Rockland County i
Fairs, and took sixty first prizes, which
speaks volumes for the vitality of seed you
send out. You can depend upon my
patronage in the future.

Very truly yours,

J. BRADLEY,
Gardener for Mrs. W. R. Thompson.

CUCUMBER— Pkt.

Boddington's Improved Telegraph

25c. anrl So 50
Boddington's Selected White Spine . . 10
LETTUCE—

Big Boston: Boddington's Exhibition

Strain 10

May Queen: Boddington's Exhibition

Str ■
Boddington's Eclipse Cos (Romaine). . 10
MUSKMELON—

Boddington's Exhibition Emerald Gem. 10
KALE—

Boddington's Variegated Garnishing

Si tor 5 pkts.. . 25
MUSHROOM SPAWN—

Boddington's Quality Pure Culture .
Bri<k. ^ic, sfor$i.75, lofor J3..
ONION—

Boddington's Bountiful. . looz. socts. . 10
Boddington's Selected Ailsa Craig. . . .

J'iCZ. 50c. . . 10

PEPPER—

Boddington's Selected Chinese Giant 10

Boddington's Hercules 10

PARSLEY—

Boddington's Exhibition . 5 pkts. Si. 25
PARSNIP—

Boddington's Improved Hollow Crown. 05
RADISH—

Boddington's Early Frame 10

SQUASH—

Boddington's Extra-Early Jersey
White Bush 10

Boddington's English Vegetable Mar-
row, Long White 05

SPINACH—

Boddington's Triumph (Long Season) 05

Boddington's Improved Large and

Crumpled . . . .' 05

TOMATO— ^

Boddington's Early Sunrise . Jgoz. 60c. i.^;

Poddington's Aero 2.s <ts. and .so

TURNIP—

Pot't^irgfon's Model frowtall 10

One packet each of the above varieties for $5.

So 25

10 $0 35

Brussels Sprouts

Boddington's

Exhibition

1 25

SPECIAL OFFER.

This is a page from our 1913 Garden Guide which will be mailed to all gardeners about Dec. 15th, 1912.

If you do not receive a copy, drop us a post card.

WHEN IN THE CITY CALL. ALWAYS WELCOME

ARTHUR T. BODDINGTON, Seedsman, 342 W. 14th Street, New York

GARDENERS'
CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Combination of
Greenhouse and Garagfe

HERE is ail idea for you— it"? a good one:
Hook your gr^renhouse to the garage, and then the one
heating plant can heat them both. In this house of Mr.
W. II. Chesehorongh's at Spring Lake. N. J., the gardener,
I. 1). MacGregor. has snug, comfortable rooms over the garage,
making a handy fix for him and his family.

You see that the house is our Curved Eave Construction,
which is remarkable for its great lightness.

You need have no misgivings as to the durability of any
feature as the construction is our Sectional Iron Frame, with
such modifications as were necessary to make the Curved Eave,
anil combine the sill and gutter in one.

Send for our Catalog. It tells you just what you want to know.

Lord £y Burnham Co.

SALES OFFICES
NEW YORK BOSTON ROCHESTER

St. James BIdii. Tremont Bids. Granite Bldil.

PHILADELPHIA. CHICAGO

Franklin Bank BldK. Rookery Bldi!.
FACTORIES: Irvington. N Y., and Des Plaines. III.

The Importance
Of a Right Plan

C<iXTIM:ALLV wc arc up against inopositions where the
garcletier wants one thing and the owner another. Now
the question comes up, shall wc build what they want or
try to swing them around to a plan that will work out for
economy, endurance, convenience, attractiveness, and that can
be added to without looking like a sore 'thumb?

Naturally we endeavor to put into use our sixty years' ex-
perience in the business. Sometimes we run up against a snag
and our customers insist on building some unfortunate thing.
ICvery time we carry sucli ideas out, invariably the owner sees
the error when the layout is completed and blames us for it.
Kven accuses us of not knowing our business. So right at the
start, it's always best to call us in and talk things over, as wc
may in the end save you many mistakes. When shall wc come?

Hitchings £y Co.

Sales Office 1170 Broad'way, New York
General Offices and Factory -Elizabeth, N. J.

You Can't Mistake
A U-Bar House

TH I{ very minute you see a U-Bar. you know it
is a U-Bar. It has that U-Bar light airiness
about it — that nicety of detail and perfection
of finish that stamp it as the finest greenhouse made.
Everybody knows that U-Bar houses can't be
equalled for growing houses, and that's what you
want houses for.

Don't make the tnistakc of getting a house that
looks like a U-Bar: have a U-Bar and then you
know you have the best house.
.Send for catalog.

U-BAR GREENHOUSES

P1ER50N U-BAR CO

ONE MADISON AVE. NEWYORK

CANADIAN OfFICE., 10 PHILLIPS FLACt . MONTREAl

fS,

Let us repair your trees and
do your spraying. We have the
men that will climb high.

Why risk your lives climbing

high when we will furnish
men who do it the year round
and consequently become al-
most like squirrels in a tree ?
Send for our Free Leaflet explain-
ing our methods.

JOHN. T.wiTHERS, INC.

I Montgomery St., Jersey City, N. J.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. 295

Since 1847

The firm of Peter Henderson & Co. was founded
in 1 847 and the 66 years of successful seed-raising and
selling that is behind every packet of Henderson's seeds
must and does make them the best that it is possible to
buy. In your grandfather's day Henderson's was the
standard by which other seeds were judged, and the
same condition exists in 1913. Our methods of seed
testing which were the best three generations ago have
been improved upon from year to year, and are today
still the best.

The unknown quantity in your garden and on your
grounds is the quality of the seeds you plant and you
cannot be too careful in seeing that you obtain the best
procurable. Possibly as critical planters as any, in the
choice of their seeds, are the market gardeners or truck
farmers. As an endorsement of the quality of Hender-
son's seeds, w^e take pride in the fact, that Peter Hen-
derson & Co. supply a larger number of professional
growlers than any tw^o seed houses in the w^orld. The
very existence of these men depends upon their receiv-
ing the best quality of seeds, and Peter Hen-
derson & Co. are easily pre-eminent in the
professional grow^ing field. Hendersons
seeds are tested seeds.

Our 1913 catalogue, "Everything for the
Garden," is the handsomest v/e have ever
issued. We shall be glad to send you a copy
without charge if you will mention the Gar-
deners' Chronicle.

PETER HENDERSON & CO.

35-37 Cortlandt Street
New York City

296

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

The Mrs. Geo. Shawyer Rose

has won 17 certificates, a silver medal, a sweepstake cup and other awards in
the past two months. No other rose was ever so extensively shown in such a
short period. Now come and see it growing and you will agree with me that it
is a winner. It opens just as freely in winter as it does in summer, growing all
the time, and every shoot a flower.

New Carnations

Commodore, Wm. Eccles, Northport, Salmon Beauty and Enchantress Supreme
— all good and described in our 1913 catalog, which was mailed you. If you
have not received your copy kindly advise me.

New Mums?

Why, certainly! And you will need them, too, for the shows, to keep on top.
Why not write me ?

CHAS. H. TOTTY

MADISON, N. J.

BOBBINK (a ATKINS

World's Choicest Nursery and Greenhouse Products

SPRING PLANTING

Our Products are ct a liigher grade tlian ever tbis season, placing
us in a better position to flil orders with a class of material that will
give satisfaction to all our patrons. Our Nursery consists of 300 acres
of higlily cultivated land and a large area covered with greenhouses
and storehouses, in which we are growing Nursery and Greenhouse
Products for every place and purpose.

ROSES. We have several hun-
dred thousand Rose Plants that
will bloom this year. Order now
from our Illustrated General
Catalogue for Spring Delivery.

RHODODENDRONS. Many

thousands .if aeciiiiiiited plants in
Hardy English and .\merican
varieties are ^-r.iwing in our Nur-

TRAINED, DWARF AND OR-
DINARY FRUIT TREES AND
SMALL FRUITS. \V,- l'1"W tli.s.-

all kiiiils

HAJIDY OLD - FASHIONED

PLANTS. We grow thousands of
rare. new and old-fashioned
kinds, including Peonies and Iris
in a large variety. Special prices
on quantities.

HEDGE PLANTS. We grow a
large quantity of California

thp

ING MARSHMALLOW. Every-
body should be interested in tbis
hardy New Old-Fashioned Blower.
It will grow everywhere, and

friiiu .liilv uiitil the latt.r part of
;Se|.t.-li.l.,T.

EVERGREENS. CONIFERS

AND PINES. .Many acres of our
.Nmxiy nn- planted with haud-

BOXWOOD. Everybody loves

|.l;iiiis in i]i:iTi\- ^li;i|H- apcl sizes.

BAY TREES. PALMS and other

DECORATIVE PLANTS for Con-

^.ixi.t.ni.s. Interior anil Exterior

[TLBS AND ROOTS. We

■ aiul import (iiiantities of
IS and Roots from .Inpan.
and and other parts of

OUR NEW GIANTFLOWER-

OUR ILLUSTRATED GENERAL CATALOGUE NO. 46 DESCRIBES

OUR PRODUCTS; is iiin.-li. nsive. interesting, instructive and llel|i

fui tfi inteiiilioL' [inrctiasers. Will be mailed upon request.

THE PROPER WAY TO BUY is to see the material growing. We
sliall gla.lli giir nur time and attention to all Intending purchasers
visiting "iir .Xinsrii iind invite evervbodv interested in Improving
tlleir gr.iimds t., visit us.

VISITORS III!,.' i:ri,' Kiillnunl to Ciirll..il Tlill, second sto

III

Nil

WE PLAN AND PLANT GROUNDS AND GARDENS EVERY-
WHERE WITH OUR WORLDS CHOICEST NURSERY AND
GREENHOUSE PRODUCTS."

BOBBINK (Si ATKINS

Nonarymen, FloritU and FUnlcri RUTHERFORD, N. J.

LILY OF THE VALLEY

COLD STORAGE PIPS

MARSHALL'S MATCBLESS DRESDEN
Per 250, $7.00; per 500, $13.00; per 1000, $25.00

MARSHALL'S BEST BERLIN PIPS
Per 250, $6.50; per 500, $12.00; per 1000, $22.00

Our 1913 Catalogue has been mailed to all our
friends, and if you have not received a copy, send
a postal and secure one.

Our list of Novelties and Specialties for Exhi-
liition purpose.-^ is worthy of your consideration.

W. E. MARSHALL & CO.

166 West 23d Street New York

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

297

A New Year Resolution

Addressed to him who buys advertising,
and to him who buys what is advertised.

\Y /HERE AS, Mr. Advertiser, it is becoming quite evident that the Gardeners'
Chronicle is gaining recognition as the leader among horticultural publica-
tions, and, whereas, it circulates among a class of buyers not catered to by any
other publication,

BE IT RESOLVED, that you peruse the columns of the Gardeners'
Chronicle, and carefully consider whether you can afford to miss the opportunity
to get in touch with its readers — owners, superintendents, and gardeners of the
private estates; — to miss the access which places you before the big buyers of
horticultural products, and all that pertains thereto.

AND WHEREAS, the INTERNATIONAL SHOW NUM-
BER, to be issued on March 1 5 th, will be a special number in every sense that
such an issue implies, and will be distributed at the INTERNATIONAL
FLOWER SHOW, to be held in the Grand Central Palace. New York City,
April 5th to 12th, 1913,

BE IT RESOLVED, Mr. Advertiser, that if you are going to be
with us in this special number, that you apply now for your space, so that you
may not be disappointed by " seeking to enter later," when the best positions
have been appropriated. (Last forms close March 1 0th.)

NOW, WHEREAS, Mr. Buyer, you cannot err in patronizing those
who patronize us,

BE IT RESOLVED, that you patronize our advertisers, not because
they patronize us, but because we know that in patronizing them you will get
the best that you can get anywhere.

AND. FINALLY, BE IT KNOWN, that we will not knowingly
permit any advertisement to appear in our columns, through which our readers
would secure less than full value for their money.

Dated, Madison, N. J., this first day of January, in the year nineteen
hundred and thirteen.

MARTIN C. EBEL,

Managing Editor.

298

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

trtje Contents

Popular Perennials . W. Seville, A. R. H. S. 299

"Garden of Eden" 300

Problems of Plant Diseases Prof. J. J. Taubenhaus 301
Bees and Flowers . . J. B. Thomson 305

Dutch Tuberous Begonia Growers Chas. Schrall 307
Camera Snapshots . . . W. H. Waile 308
Christmas in a Potting Shed .... 309

Little Landers 309

Wornout Land 309

Is Sawdust Injurious to Horticulture? . . . 309

House Plants and Humidity . .312

Value of Wasted Sewerage . . . .312

Loose Ground . . . . . . .312

The Question of Hardiness . . . .312

Editorial Page 313

The Two Seekers . . . A.W.Peach 313

=f anuarp, 1913

Association Notes . . . . . .314

President's Message . . . . . .314

Among the Gardeners . . . . .315

Queries and Answers . . . . . .316

The Manuring of Forest Trees Arthur Smith 317

Vegetable Growing . . Various Authorities 320

Lime as a Soil Adjuster ..... 320

Photo of "Pelican Plant" Wm. Kleinheinz 321

National Associations ..... 322

Local Societies . . . . . ' . . 322

Gardener's Diary . . . .323

North Westchester Hort. Society M. J. O'Brien 323
Lake Geneva Gardeners' and Foremen's Assn. . 323
Tarrytown Dinner ...... 324

Oyster Bay Hort. Society ..... 324

American Rose Society ..... 324

Connecticut Hort. Society . . . . .325

MILADY

the new, red forcing rose will be dis-
seminated by us in March.

We can supply Mrs. Chas. Russell
and Mrs. Geo. Shawyer.

Our catalog covers Roses, Carnations,
Chrysanthemums, Geraniums, Cannas,
Bedding Stock, Orchids, Gardenias.
We want you to receive our catalog.
Send us a card and make sure your
address is correct on our maihng list.

A. N. PIERSON

INCORPORATED

CROMWELL, CONN.

MARCH NUMBER

of the

Gardeners^ Chronicle

will be the

INTERNATIONAL SHOW
''BOOST" ISSUE

It will be distributed among the
gardening jirolession from Coast
to Coast^also at the Show.
It may interest you to know that
the first application for space for
this special number came from
across the water.

Are You Next?

For all particulars, address

Advertising Department,

Gardeners' Chronicle,
Madison, N. J.

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA

DEVOTED TO THE SCIENCE OF FLORICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE

ADAPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF

THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

Vol. XVIS.

JANUARY, 1913.

No. 3.

Popular Perennials

By W. Saville, A. R. H. S.

DELPHINIUMS.

Few plants contribute so much to the beauty of the
garden as these fine plants of the Crowfoot Order.
There are in cultivation many species, both annual and
perennial, but the most important are the tall hybrid
perennials. They are valuable for their wonderful
range of lovely color and great variety in height, from
1 to 10 feet. The colors range from almost scarlet to
pure white, from the palest lavender up through every
shade of blue to deep indigo ; and for the variety and
size of their individual blooms, some of which are
single, some semi-double and some perfectly double,
and all set on spikes ranging from 1 to 6 feet in height.
About a dozen species have given rise to the cultivated
forms.

Culture and Position. — The combinations in which
the}- can be placed are numerous. They may be used
in the mixed border, in masses or groups, in one or sev-
eral colors, or associated with other flowering plants
or shrubs. Perennial Larkspurs thrive in almost any
situation and soil ; they are easily increased and are
quite hardy. A deep friable loam, enriched with de-
cayed manure, is a good soil for them, but they will
grow in a hot sandy soil if it be heavily manured and
watered. Every tliree or four 3'ears they should be
lilted, divided and replanted, and this is best done in
spring, just as they are starting into growth. They
may be divided in summer after flowering: if this is
done cut down the plants before thej' produce seed,
let them remain a week or ten days until they start
afresh ; then carefully divide and replant them, shad-
ing and watering until they are established. Late
aiUumn division is not advisable. Delphiniums can
be made to bloom for several months by continually
cutting off the spikes after they have done flowering.
If the central spike be removed the side shoots will
flower and by thus cutting oft' the old flowers before
they form seeds we cause fresh shoots to issue from
the base and to keep up a succession of bloom. An-
other plan is to let the shoots remain intact until all
have nearly done flowering, and then to cut the entire
plant to the ground, when in about three weeks there
will be fresh bloom. In this case, however, to kcej)
the plants from becoming exhausted they must have a
heaving dressing of manure, or applications of liquid
manure. Bone meal applied in spring and lightly
forked into the soil is beneficial. Top dressings of ma-
nure keep the. soil moist and cool, give the plants a
healthier growth, increase the number and improve the
quality of the flowers. The following is a selection of
a few of the best kinds:

]\IOERHERAn. Originated as a sport a few years
ago ; grows 6 feet high, spikes about 30 inches long ;
flowers large, with pure-white eye, produces more flow-
er spikes on one plant than any other hybrid, being in
flower from the middle of June until autumn. Numer-
ous branches arise from the base of the central spike ;
they are of a most convenient size for cutting and well
furnished with flowers. The plant has a very strong
and healthy constitution and is not subject to mildew.
Award of Alerit, R. H. S., 1909.

CAPRI. This novelty originated at the same time as
"Moerhermi" from one mother plant and has the same
habit, form and size of flowers, but with a splendid sky-
blue color.

:\IR. J. S. BRUNTON. An excellent deep cornflower
blue variety, having large flowers which stand out well
from the main stem : it has a white eye covered with
deep orange hairs and grows 6 feet high, produces an
immense quantity of graceful spikes 20 inches long
throughout the whole summer, and is of great value
for cutting purposes ; the foliage is deeplv divided.
Award of Merit. R. H. S.. June. 1912 .

REV. E. LASCELLES. Another variety which re-
ceived an A. M. is one of the finest Delphiniums with
bold spike and large double flowers with white and
blue center, well placed on the spike; grows 4 to 5 feet
high and will become very popular as the stock
increases. Other fine varieties that gained awards in
1912 are: Colonel Crabbe, cornflower; blue and violet-
purple with practically no eye. Cymbeline, semi-
double small cornflower, blue flowers tinged with
violet mauve. Darais, semi-double creamy white
flowers. Dusky Monarch throws up spikes to a height
of 9 feet with flowers of a deep violet purple shading to
marine blue. Jessica, royal blue with a dark brown
center. J. S. Sargent, a good late variety \vith prelty
marine blue flowers tinged with dark purple. Lizzie
Van Veen, one of the best large single cornflower blue
flowers. Madame E. Gevy, a distinct variety with
tapering spikes violet-purple flowers and reddish
stems. ^Irs. James Kelway, blunt spikes semi-double
flowers of Venetian blue. Royal Standard, a variety of
no great height but with a well-furnished spike of
marine blue flowers with a white center. Smoke of War,
produces tapering well-furnished symmetrical spikes of
deep purple-violet flowers.

If choice named varieties are not desired Belladonna,
Belladonna Grandiflora, Formosum and Formosum
Coelestinum are varieties that will prove very effec-
tive. On looking through the seedsmen's new cata-
logues I notice one firm offering seed of 29 named
varieties of Delphiniums.

300

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

PAPAVER (Poppy).

Some of the most brilliant of hardy flowers and of
the simplest culture. There are a few good perennials,
but the majority are annual and biennial. They range
from the tiny Alpine Poppy to the stately Poppy-Ori-
entale and its varieties. The best garden kinds are:

P. ALPINUM (Alpine Poppy). This has beauti-
ful large white flowers with yellow centers, dissected
leaves cut into acute lobes. A native of the higher
Alps, it may sometimes be seen in good condition in
gardens, but it is liable to perish, unlike a true peren-
nial. There are white, yellow and scarlet forms in
cultivation. The variety albeflorum has white flowers,
spotted at the base, while the hairy variety flaviflorum
has showy orange flowers ; easily raised from seed.

P. NUDICAULE (Iceland Poppy). Is easily raised
from seed and forms rich masses of cup-like flowers ;
it is not a true perennial and should be raised an-
nually; it is handsome for borders and the rock gar-
den and is grown extensively for cut flowers. There
are several white, yellow and orange-red varieties.
Native of Siberia and Northern parts of America.

P. ORIENTALE. The most showy of all Poppies
and is among the noblest of the hardy plants and the
variety bractestum is larger and handsomer; this
variety forms masses of handsome foliage, carries the
flower on stiff stalks with leafy bracts at intervals.
P. Orientale has naked flower stalks ; it seems as if
orientale has been crossed with bracteatvmi, for there
are a good many hybrids in gardens. These regal
plants are unequalled for their gorgeous display of col-
oring in Is.la.y and June and are conspicuous in any po-
sition in masses or planted singly ; they do best in a
deep rich loam, planted in August or September. If
spring planting is done plant very early or use plants
that have been grown in pots. After flowering, the
plants die back, reappearing again as soon as the
weather gets cool. During this resting season care
should be taken not to. disturb the roots in cultivating
the beds or failure will probably be the result. Water
during dry spells and mulch with litter in the fall. The
prevailing color is orange-scarlet, but during the past
few years hardy plantsmen have given us quite a num-
ber of new varieties ranging from silvery white, soft
pink and salmon to crimson and carmine-purple.

The following varieties are some of the best: Blush
Queen, soft rosy-white changing to silvery-white. Go-
liath, one of the most effective with strong erect stems
producing enormous scarlet flowers in great abund-
ance. Jennie Mawson, salmon pink, flowers will ex-
pand and carried erect on stout stems. Mahony ; while
the new Oriental Poppies are mostly in the lighter
shades this one is without any doubt the darkest one
in cultivation. It was raised some years ago and its
color is of the darkest carmine-purple imaginable,
much nearer mahogany than ever seen in any other
flower. Marie Studholme, pure salmon flowers with
a silvery shade and a touch of carmine at the base of
the petals gives this variety a most striking eft'ect.
Mrs. Perrj-, distinct and very beautiful with enormous
flowers of a curious shade of orange-apricot. Oriental
King, an exceedingly fine garden plant, on account of
its strong stems and upright habit, carrying large
crimson-scarlet flowers which seem to consist of one
perfect flower within a large and equally perfect one.
Princess Eva, color liglit orange-salmon, but its great
beauty consists in the medium-size flowers, splendid
in form and freely produced. Princess Victoria Louise,
a lovely variety of soft salmon-rose, shading to blush
rose in color. Queen Alexandra, a new variety with

clear rose-salmon flowers. Oriental Hybrids are raised
from seed sown very thinly in September; pot up the
seedlings when quite small and carry them through the
winter in cold frames and nice plants will be available
for planting into permanent quarters in the spring.

P. PHAE.\S (Common Corn Poppy). The Carna-
tion, Picotee and Ranunculus Poppies are double forms
of the common red field Poppy, possessing almost
every color except blue and yellow ; some being self-
colored, others beautifully variegated. They are also
known as French and German Poppies. Some are
dwarfer than others, but all are between 2 and 3 feet in
height. Of recent years pretty single flowers of the
Corn Poppy have become popular and deservedly so
under the name of "Shirley Poppies," and are an ex-
ample of what has been done by selection and re-
selection of seeds. This selection was made by the
\'icar of Shirley, the Rev. \V. W'ilks, who is also secre-
tary of the R. H. S. and has worked hard for the ad-
vancement of Horticulture. Being hardy annuals they
can be sown where they are to bloom and should be
grown in good soil to bring out fully their size and
color. Few annuals afford such a brilliant display as
the dift'erent kinds of Corn Poppy in outlying beds and
borders during the summer.

P. SOMNIFERUM (Opium Poppy). This beauti-
ful and variably-colored Poppy is a valuable hardy
annual. It generally grows about ly^ feet in height
and varies from white to deep crimson. The double
scarlet, double white and double striped are all varie-
ties of it. and their great flower-heads have a bold and
striking effect planted in masses. By selection a type
called the Psony-flowered Poppy has been obtained
from them ; it has large and very double broad-petalled
flowers which vary in color from white to dark crim-
son, and is distinct. The Poppy and its varieties are
treated as hardy annuals in the same way as Phaeas.

IX THE G.XRDEN OF EDEN.

Ett — You must e.Tt this, .Adam.
.-f,/,K.i— Not on your life, when 1

ell them at a dollar a dozen.

The Problem of Plant 'Diseases Which Confronts the Gardener

By J. J. Taubenhaus, M. S.

Assistant Plant Pathologist. Delaware Agricultural Experiment Station,

Read before the convention of the National Association
of Gardners, at Newark, N. J., November 19, 1912.

It is indeed a great privilege for me to speak before you
today. I am sure that you will agree with me that the
subject on which I am about to speak is in accord with
the purpose which has brought us all together now. Men
unite and combine in all walks of life, and conventions
are merely held for the purpose of discussing the prob-
lems of the individuals through the guise of the organiza-
tions. Numerous as are the problems of the gardener, I
shall only deal with those of plant diseases which are be-
coming more and more serious. In order, however, to
discuss the subject more intelligently, it would not be out
of place briefly to inquire what causes disease in plants.

The prevalent belief among gardeners is that plant dis-
ease can only be induced by overfeeding and unfavor-
able weather conditions. We do not deny that these two
factors bring about physiological disturbances in the life
of the plant. Nevertheless, we must not overlook the
fact that plant troubles are induced by specific plant para-
sites such as bacteria, fungi and insects. Bacteria are very-
minute plants which are invisible to the naked eye, and
can only be seen when they are magnified with the micro-
scope. The average size of a single bacterium is 1/10000

lus Erw. Smith) is capable of attacking cucumber
and melon plants both under glass and outdoor.
It also attacks the pumpkin and the squash. The
symptoms are a general wilting and a collapse of
the plant. This disease can be readily recognized
in the field when cutting across an infected stem by the
presence, on the moist cut end, of a sticky, gummy, sub-
stance, which is exuded and which can be drawn out to a
fine thread by touching with the fingers. The germ is
distributed from plant to plant by the striped cucumber
beetle. This disease is often mistaken for the wilt pro-
duced by a Fusarium fungus.

The Black Rot of Cabbage. — This is another bac-
terial disease which often causes great loss to
truckers. The germ (Pseudomonas campestris (Pam.)
Erw. Smith) which causes this disease is also known
to attack cauliflower and several other cruciferous plants.
The symptoms are a yellowing of the leaves, with a brown-
ing of the margins and a blackening of the veins.

Crown Gall. — This disease attacks a great variety of
plants, such as the peach, apple, grape, walnut, rose, daisy,
and many others. Young nursery stock, as well as older
trees in the orchard, are alike subject to it. The symptoms
of this disease are swellings, or the production of galls at

1

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k

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1

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4

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"DAMPING OFF" OF LETTUCE SEEDLING

•■DAMPING OFF'

of an inch. Parasitic fungi, too, may be so small as to be
invisible to the naked eye, or they may be very large like
some of the large mushrooms. Not all the bacteria and
fungi are parasitic plants ; but under favorable conditions
to the host they can become true parasites. The bread
mould, for instance, which is considered as a harmless
fungus unable to attack vigorous growing plants, will,
under unfavorable storage conditions, induce a soft rot
disease of sweet potatoes and other stored crops. As for
the insects, everyone knows what they are.

For the sake of illustration, I will briefly consider a
few diseases of each of the above types.

SOME PLANT DISEASES WHICH ARE INDUCED BY BACTERIA.

Cucumber Wilt. — The germ (Bacillus tracheiphil-

ANTHRACUOSE OF SWEET PEAS.

I.MATU SFEDLING

the base of the stem, or sometimes on the roots. Dr. Erwin
1'. Smith of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, has
recently found out the cause of this disease which he at-
tributes to a bacterium (Bacterium tumeficians Erw.
Smith).

The above mentioned bacterial diseases are only a few
of the many with which the gardener has to contend.

SOME PLANT DISEASES WHICH ARE INDUCED BY FUNGI.

Here, as in the case of the bacterial diseases, I will but
Iiriefly indicate a few of the types of fungus diseases
which are becoming troublesome.

1. Fungus Diseases Originating with the Seed. — It
has been tlefinitely established that some diseases can be
carried with the seeds, either as viable spores adhering to

302

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

the seed coat, or as living mycelium which invades the
same. The anthracnoses are a class of diseases which
sometimes have their starting point with diseased seed.
Examples of this is the anthracnose disease of the sweet
pea (Clomerella rufomaculans), the bean anthracnose
(Colletotrichum lindemuthiamum), etc. There are no
svmptoms to indicate the presence of these diseases, when
the spores of the fungi are carried on the seed coat. How-
ever, when carried within tlie seed as living mycelium,
the symptoms of the anthracnose is indicated as spots, or
blackish sunken areas, or as a general shriveling of the
seed. When these are planted they often fail to germinate.
Sometimes, when the infection has not advanced too far,
these seeds germinate with the disease following the young
seedlings. The latter may never attain any size and soon

crop diseases likewise can often be traced to diseased
seedlings bought elsewhere.

3. Soil Troubles. — Under soil troubles the gardener
has to contend with some of the most stubborn of the dis-
eases of plants. There are a great number of fungi in the
soil which are capable of producing disease in plants.
However, we shall only consider four of the most active
parasites. The type of disease which these fungi produce
is known as "damping off" and wilts. These fungi are
met with in the field, in the garden, in the hotbed or cold
frame, and in the greenhouse. When once introduced in
a soil, they are capable of retaining their activities of de-
struction for years.

(a) Damping Off Fungus (Pythium de Baryanum
Hesse). — This fungus attacks a variety of hosts, such as

DOWNEY MILDEW OF TOM.VTO

LE.VF SPOT OF TOMATO.

SOFT ROT OF SWEET POTATI

die, or they succeed to grow and produce a dwarfed,
sickly plant. In either case the field or greenhouse be-
comes contaminated and the healthy plants subjected to
the attacks of the disease.

2. Diseases which are carried on the living parts of the
plant. — Under this discussion we will limit ourselves to
a brief consideration of the diseases of the nurserv stock.
Nursery stock is often the means of carrying fungus dis-
ease from one locality to another, from one State to an-
other, and even from one country to another. I have often
seen the fire blight of the pear introduced into a pear or-
chard and the latter completely devastated through the im-
portation of a few diseased young trees, which were
bought to replace some missing ones. The black rot
canker (Sphearopsis malorum) of the apple, which is
characterized by a cracking of the bark, can undoubtedly
he carried with the young stock to the orchard. The
chestnut bark disease (Diaporthe parasitica) and a host
of other fruit and ornamental tree diseases can be carried
with young stock from tlie nursery to the orchard. Truck

lettuce, cucumber, tomato seedlings, etc. "Damp-
ing off" attacks the seedlings a few days after germina-
tion. The point of attack is at or near the surface of the
ground. The affected seedlings fall over and collapse.
The damping off fungus will also attack grown-up plants
when planted too close, or portions of plants when these
touch the ground.

(b) Drop Fungus (Schlerotinia libertiana F.). — This
fungus, like the one mentioned above, is a very active par-
asite. It is capable of producing a damping oft' disease
of young seedlings; also a serious disease of greenhouse
lettuce and other vegetable crops. The symptoms of the
diseases which this fungus produces are, flagging and col-
lapsing of the aft'ected plant.

(c)Sleeping Sickness. — The fungi which produces this
class of disease are known as Fusariums. Not all of them
are parasites. Some Fusaria produce damping off of
seedlings either in the greenhouse or out of doors. (It
is not known whether these all belong to one and the
same species), while others can produce a disease on

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

303

grown-up plants, known as sleeping sickness. Fusarium
parasites nearly always invade the vessels of the plant,
thus clogging the upward flow of water. Infected plants
droop their leaves as if asleep : they soon wilt and die.
Examples of this are the sleeping sickness of tomato, the
wilt of the cabbage, and other plants.

(d) Rhizoctonia Root Rots. — This fungus (Rhizoc-
tonia saloni E. & L.) is also a common soil parasite, and
is capable of producing damping off of lettuce and many
other seedlings. This fungus also produces the well-
known "Rosette" disease of potatoes, and it can also at-
tack grown-up plants such as the bean, sweet pea, and
several others. This fungus produces strangling of- the
host, as it is nearly always confined to the cambium, or
the vital part of the plant.

PHYSIOLOGICAL DISE.\SE.S.

By this is meant any derangement in the health of
plants, due to improper soil or cultural conditions, or to
too heavy soils, where the amount of air which reaches the
roots is rather limited : this results in a sort of asphyxia-
tion, in a languid growth, and finally in the death of the
plant. The lack of potash in the soil, or of any other of
the mineral constituents of the plant, will induce ill
health. Overfeeding often also acts detrimentally on the
health of the plant. Overfeeding with nitrogenous fer-
tilizers in the case of the sweet pea. for instance, will pro-
duce a drop of the blossoms, especially of the young buds
before they open. In overfeeding, we are apt to furnish

I'inally, we nuLst not omit the class of higher flowering
plants which have degenerated and have adopted a para-
sitic life. The dafider is an example of this.

I have briefly pointed out the different classes of plant
diseases. The question, then, is, what can the gardener
do to avoid the spread of epidemics and to reduce the loss
of his plant by diseases to a mere fraction ? The dictum.
"One ounce of prevention is worth two of cure,"' con-
tains the key to the solution of the above problem. In
our present day of progress where efficiency alone counts,
and where specialization is reaching its maximum of per-
fection, the gardening profession, too, calls forth from
the gardener the best of his brain and efforts. The more
we progress the more life becomes complicated, and under
these conditions also we complicate the life of our plants.
In order to obtain earlier fruits or vegetables, we submit
our plants to all sorts of abnormal standards of growth
and forcing. Such plants are naturally made less resist-
ant to diseases. Moreover, with facilities for transporta-
tion, new diseases are constantly brought in from other
localities. States and countries into our own locality, gar-
den or greenhouse. The asparagus rust, for instance, was
known in Europe as early as 1805. It has been since in-
troduced in the United States, and it is now found wher-
ever asparagus is grown. The same is true of many other
plant diseases. While Europe has sent us some of our
worst plant pests, we too have given them in turn a good-
Iv share. The black rot and the phylloxera of the grape

CROWX G.\LL

the plant too much of one element like nitrogen, and very
little of the other elements which the plant needs.

INSECT PESTS.

The harmful effect of insects are twofold. First, the
injury which they inflict on the plant through the biting
or sucking, as the case may be, and, second, by carrying
and distributing the spores of bacteria and fungi which
cause plant diseases. It is well known that the germs of
the fire blight of the pear and apple and a host of other
diseases are carried and distributed from tree to tree by
insects, such as the larvae of beetles, moths, butterflies;
also green aphids, red spider, and even liy harmless in-
sects, such as bees. Many of the insect parasites pass their
life cycles above ground, and confine their injury to the
exterior parts of the plants. In this case the means of
control are comparatively simple. Same insects, however,
pass a part of their life cycle as parasites under the
ground : control in this case is more difficult. An example
of this is the wire worm.

BITTER ROT OF .\PPLE.

OF PEACH.

are both indigenous to America. Most of the plant dis-
eases w^ould not have spread tojextensively had we known
earlier to recognize them.

The infectious nature of
plant diseases has only been recognized in the nineteenth
century. The science of plant disease is comparatively
voung^ and it is only of recent date that this science is be-
ing popularized. It is evident how important it is for the
gardener to learn to recognize the diseases which attack
iiis crops, in order to meet with success in'his preventive
measures. But in this, as in any other enterprise, co-op-
eration is necessary for success. It is necessary for gar-
deners to combine efforts. We may be as careful as pos-
.sible. in preventing the spread of plant disease, yet our
efforts are futile if our neighbor neglects all sanitary pre-
cautions, and allows unchecked the spread of plant para-
sites. It is also necessary not only to have the co-opera-
tion of our neighbors, but also of the whole community,
as well as the laws of the country, in order to prevent the
mis-ration of diseases. Thus the gardener, far from op-
posing anv attempt of legislation in this direction, should,

304

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

on the contrary, lend all possible assistance. All such
legislation, as a whole, tends to benefit the community,
and in the long rtni each individual gardener, horticultur-
ist or farmer, reaps in full of the same benefit.

As previously hinted, plant disease could easily be
avoided if certain precautionary measures are taken. In
order to have healthy plants we must begin with healthy
seeds. Of course, life is too short for the gardener to be
able to attempt to grow his own seeds. He must neces-
sarily depend for them on the seedsman. You should,
therefore, make it a practice to patronize the honest seed
firm, where attempt is made to sell nothing but good seed :
seed selected from the best varieties and from the healthi-
est plants. But even with the best methods of selection,
seecis will nevertheless carry a certain amount of disease
in the form of spores, which adhere to the seed coat : and
also as internal latent infections. In this case, therefore,
it would pay for each individual to select the seeds after
he buys them, and to discard the shriveled seeds and those
which show any suspicion of disease. Only the plump,
healthy seeds should be sown. Before planting, soak the
seeds from five to ten minutes (the time depending, of
course, on the kind of seed) in a solution of 1 pound of
formalin to 50 gallons of water. Delicate seeds, like that
of the tomato, require a weaker stregth of formalin. There
is still much experimentation to be done before definite
formula of treatment can be given. Spraying of the
plants is another indispensable precautionary method for
preventing disease. When once a plant is diseased, spray-
ing will not help it, because the parasite lives within the
plant where the poison cannot reach it ; however, it will
check the disease from spreading. Spraying should be
done on healthy plants and thus prevent the parasitic bac-
teria and fungi to gain access to the plant. There are sev-
eral good spray mixtures, all of which, no doubt, have
their merits in the control of certain particular diseases,
but if an attempt is made to use them as a panacea to pre-
vent all sorts of plant disease, failure is sure to be the re-
sult. The ideal spray mixture that the gardener needs is
no doubt one which will not spot foliage nor fruit, and
which at the same time will spread and adhere well to the
sprayed surface of the plant. Chemical companies who
deal in insecticides and fungicides have, no doubt, a great
future before them, for we are still in need of a spray

PERTECT. DISEASED.

AXTHRACUOSE OF EGG PLANT.

mixture which can be applied at any time, and which will
combine all the fungicidal values in preventing all sorts
of fungus diseases, and which will also at the same time
combine all the good insecticidal qualities in warding off
both sucking and biting insects. This, of course, sounds
like a dream at present, but the time is doubtless ripe for
it to materialize.

Finally, the last and most important precautionary
method, especially from the point of view of the gardener,
the trucker, and the greenhouse man, is that of soil treat-
ment. The practice of annually emptying the cold frames
and the greenhouse benches by taking out the old and
putting in fresh soil, is not always to be commended. This
practice entails too much labor and expense, and the re-
sults are very uncertain. We never know that the new
virgin soil which we bring into the greenhouse is always
free from disease, for as we have already pointed out, the
soil is a great carrier of disease. The same soil can be
used annually in the greenhouse or in the hot bed. When
last year's crop is through, allow the soil in the benches
to dry out a little. Add then two inches of rotted manure
or any other compost that you wish to apply, and water
two or three times within a month. This will leach out
into the soil all the soluble elements of the manure. Two
weeks before planting work over the beds so as to mix
well the soil and the compost, and also add at this time
whatever chemical fertilizers you think it is necessary to
balance the ration for the crop which you are to plant.
When this is done the beds are treated with formalin or
steam sterilized. The formalin treatment will kill almost
all of the fungi in the soil, but it will not kill eel worms.
The formalin treatment could be used advantageously in
cold frames and hot beds. For greenhouse purposes,
steam sterilization is best, as it kills both fungi and eel
worms in the soil.

Soil sterilization can only be done in the greenhouse or
in seed frames. Its use in the field is as yet impracticable
and impossible, due to its high cost. In case, then, of in-
fected fields, the only means of control we now have is
rotation of crops. Xo attempt should be made to grow
the same crop in succession. This practice never pays in
the long run.

In conclusion, I wish to state that the Department of
I'lant Pathology of the Delaware Agricultural Experi-
ment Station extends to you free of
charge the privilege of calling on her
for help or advice in every possible
wa\-. This department will be glad to
identify diseased specimens for j'ou,
and prescribe means of control when-
ever possible. As a member of your
society, I wish to co-operate with you
in every possible way and to help you
control your plant diseases. I gladly
offer my services free, and hope you
feel that you have in me the plant
pathologist of your society.

NATIONAL
FLOWER SHOW

APRIL 5-12, 1913
GRAND CENTRAL PALACE

NEW YORK

Bees and Flowers

By J. B. Thomson

In the economy of nature, the subject of the relation
of bees to horticulture is so great that I can only give
a brief outline of it in this article.

We know that bees gather nectar from the blos-
soms, but It is not known generally why their wants are
supplied by the floral world. The answer to this re-
veals to us a new meaning for the existence of these
insects.

Plants blossom in order that seed may be produced,
and the race continued. Before seed can be produced
pollen borne by anthers must be placed on a certain spe-
cial part called the stigma ; should the pollen be of a
suitable kind, and the stigma in a receptive condition,
i. e., adhesive, when the pollen comes into contact, then
a delicate thread called the pollen tube is thrown out
by the pollen granule which forms a connection with
the seed vessel by which the seed becomes fertilized,
and when mature capable of germination.

If we examine a flower we shall find generally just
within its corolla the productive organs; they consist
of stamens and pistil. Stamens are slender filaments,
carrying little knobs at their extremities called anthers
which bear pollen : these are the male organs, while the
female organ consists of the ovary containing the
ovules or undeveloped seeds, and one or more thread-
like styles arising from it, each terminating with a fleshy
stigma.

The great majority of flowers possess both anthers
and stigma, thus carrying both sexes on the same flow-
er. This would lead us to suppose the transmission of
pollen was secure ; but it is not so, for we know that con-
spicuous flowers, generally speaking, are especially ar-
ranged to prevent or impede fertilization by pollen,
which they themselves produce, while marvelous con-
trivances are found to secure pollen from some other
flower, ol¥ a plant of the same species, by the agency
of bees. Nature protests against inbreeding in plants
no less than animals, in flowers as well as bees.

Sprengel was able to show bj' far the larger num-
ber of flowering plants confide to insects the duty of
bringing about these unions, which without them
would never be accomplished. Of the whole insect
agency the honey bee stands at the head of the list and
fertilizes about 90 per cent., and is par excellence the
complement of the blossom.

For in spring when fruit trees are in bloom there are
20 bees visiting the flowers to one of any other kind of
insects, the flowers offering them pollen and nectar
in the most attractive form. We thus see that pollen
is necessary to both flowers and bees, and is borne in
such profusion that the surplus goes as a flesh-forming
food for the bees.

The position of nectaries in flowers dilTers ; while
some lie on the surface, others are found in deep re-
cesses : this insures the bees coming well into contact
with the male and female parts, but the sexes don't
always exist in the same flower, and many flowers in
which both do exist prevent self-fertilization by ma-
turing these organs the one before the other.

The proteranderous plants are those in which the
anthers ripen first; for example, if we examine a nas-
turtium flower we find the nectar secreted in a long
spur. When the flower first opens the style is short
and immature, and the anthers mature one after the
other, the process occupying from three to seven days,
during this time the flower is in function only male ;
the anthers now fade and droop of¥, when the style
grows longer and the pistil with the stigma adhesive
and receptive assumes its proper position to receive
the pollen from the powdered breast of a bee, carried
from a younger to this older flower.

Proterogenous plants are a class the reverse of the
last ; for example, the apple, which mature the female
parts first, is strictly a fusion of five fruits and requires
no less than five separate fertilizations for its perfect
production. It sometimes happens that one or two

NOVELTY PEONY FLOWERED DAHLIAS

With the recent popularity of this beautiful type of Dahlias a distinct advance has been made m
size, coloring and profuseness' of bloom. The following ten varieties, grown for the first time in this
country last season, proved to be decided acquisitions to this grand type.

Alice Brilliant carmine, shaded lake; this variety is bor
* above the foliage on long, stiff stems.

veil

Belfast Gem

Betty.

Light pink, shaded carmine, deep yellpw center;

most charming; profuse and early bloomer.
\ beautiful deep pink flower of excellent size and evenness
■ f color. Splendid.

Engineer.
Matador.

r^nrhinPJll "^ most striking variety, and the subject of mui
* admiration in our fields last autumn; of de

Beautiful bright lake, suffused yellow, a most ex-
quisite color; very free-flowering and of large size.
Terra-cotta, suffused lake; a distinct variety of per-
fectly charming color.
PpmhrnlcP Bright carmine, shaded white; flowers large, borne
I ClIIUIUIVC ^^^jj above the foliage on strong, stiff stems.
Pir^dor ^^^P blush, shaded lilac; of decidedly unique coloring

(i, shaded fawn.
Without doubt one of the finest

Dahlias yet

nd good exhibition siz€

The Duchess ^'=""''^"' '='''"

long, stiff stems,
shaded crimson; a perfectly
gorgeous bloomer of ideal habit, and one that
ally nfler this coming year.

Purity.

Pot plants, for delivery during May, $1.25 each, $12 per doz. Set of one each, 10 varieties, 10 plants, $10.

I'lace vdiir urdcr eari\-, as vou will need some of these varieties for the Fall Shows.

Wtmm^Watief^

50 BARCLAY ST.
NEW YORK

306

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

of the stigmas are not fertilized for want of insect
agency and the fruit on one side is deformed. If such
an apple be cut across it will be found the undeveloped
part lies where the pip is shriveled.

Among the plum growers of the British Isles it is
found that the pollen of other kinds is more prepotent;
so much so, they have made it a study to have various
kinds in bloom at the same time.

Monocious plants are those which have the genders
in different flowers of the same plant, such as melons,
cucumbers, marrow, etc.

Diocious plants are the class that have the genders
placed on separate plants, a good example of this we
have in the common early-flowering willow on road-
sides where the yellow flowers are covered with pollen
and the dull gray flowers have nectar to attract bees ;
we thus see that bees perpetuate flowers, and flowers
continue the existence of bees, both being vitally de-
pendent on each other, and both by their agency con-
tributing towards the support of mankind.

Anemophilous plants are a class that bear inconspic-
uous flowers, have large quantities of pollen, no nec-
tar, and are wholly fertilized by the wind. This
includes all kinds of grasses, tomatoes and others.

I would here remark that in some varieties of straw-
berries there is a tendency to a separation of the sexes ;
those bearing large flowers are frequently tending to
become male, to produce few fruit, and a great manv
runners, while the same variety with small flowers, all
tending to become female, are abundant bearers and to
produce few runners. If we look at a strawberrv we
find that it requires from 200 to 300 distinct fertiliza-
tions for its perfect production, each berry being com-
posed of that number of drupels, i. e., little lobes of fruit,
each having a female.

In one raspberry there are a])out 90 male anthers
and 60 to 70 drupels each carrying a female stigma,
while on the receptacle will be seen a ring of shining
dots of nectar. It thus requires 60 or 70 distinct fer-
tilizations to perfect each fruit, otherwise the fruit does
not develop, but in some parts remains green and hard.

Red clover and the bean can only be fertilized by the
bumble bee, the nectar in these being situated at the
bottom of a long flower tube ; these are the only bees
ivvith a proboscis long enough to reach' it. ' It is most
interesting to watch the bumble bees when beans are
in bloom, how they nip a piece at the base of the
bean flower, making an entrance by a short way to
the nectar. In Kew Zealand no red clover seed could
be grown till after repeated attempts bumble bees were
carried over in a dormant condition in a refrigerator
and liberated. They are such a success that New Zea-
land people are able to do a large export trade in red
clover seed.

In reviewing the foregoing, think for a moment what
a work requires to be done by the little bees, and how
largely we are indebted to them for the delicious fruit
we enjoy.

Every gardener and every fruit grower should there-
fore keep bees with the primary object of insuring
cross-fertilization, looking to the honey yield as a sec-
ondary consideration, for while the bees gather nectar for
themselves they confer a far greater boon on mankind In-
giving magnificent crops in return.

I hope I have been able to direct the readers of the
Chronicle to observe some of the smaller items in the
animal and vegetable creation. For to attain success
we must drink at the well of nature and work in con-
junction with those natural laws that govern everv-
thing.

Sweet Pea Novelties

for Season 1913

AFTERGLOW. Magnificent violet red-
dish manve.
ANGLIAN PINK. A beautiftil salmon

pink.
BLL'E BELLE. Handsome purplish

mauve.
CHARLES FOSTER. A delicate blush-
pink, flushed v\^ith lavender.
CORONATION. A beautiful apricot

shade, flushed pink, with pink wings.
DISTINCTION. Large creamy white

with pink Picotee edge.
ELFRIDA PEARSON. Fine pink, fringed

with salmon.
HELEN GROSVENOR. Rich deep

orange, splendid.
HERCULES. Beautiful soft pink, very

fine.
LOYALTY. Splendid white, flaked

violet.
PRINCESS ^lARY. Peacock blue wings,

slightly mauve on the standard.
RED CHIEF. A very rich reddish

maroon, beautifully waved, fine form.
^lARGARET MADISON. A magnificent,

fine, clear, azure blue self.

Illustrated Descriptive Catalogue Mailed
FREE on application.

BURNETT BROS.

SEEDSMEN
72 Cortlandt Street NEW YORK

Phone. 2223 Cortlandt

Dutch Tuberous Begonia Growers

By Chas.

This is the time of the year when the growers in
Holland are preparing to start their new crop of tuber-
ous Begonias. I will relate as briefly as possible their
way of cultivating the same for the English and Amer-
ican markets.

The houses used for starting tuberous Begonias are
ordinary propagating houses 11 x 80, sunk 2 feet in the
ground ; a bench on each side and a path in the middle.
( )n the benches are removable tiles co\'ered with ashes.
Part of- the benches facing N.E.-S.W. are so arranged
as tp have extra sashes coming down on the benches
and form a kind of sweat-box and it is in tliere that
the most important part of the work is done ; .that is,
germinating the very fine small seed.

Every grower of tuberous Begpiilas has his own
seed saved from his best and mb§t' perfect flowers
which he keeps and pollenizes in a special house \yhere
also the hybridizing is done and which is always uijder
lock and key. '. ;, ^^•^■

As soon as the soil is prepared, which is three p^ft^'
leaf ijipuld, the rest loam and sand, mixed and screened
through a j4-iiich screen, it is brought in the pottirig
shed as wanted.

For sowing the seed, pans 12 x 18 inches are' used
only, and no wooden boxes. . These are scrupulously
cleaned and washed and if n'ew soaked over night in a
tub. Next, these pans are filled three-quarters vwith the
prepared soil and the seed scattered very evenly and
thin and pressed _down : then they get what we call a
bath ; that is, the pans are placed in a specially prepared
wooden tray ubout three inches high and big enough to
place 10 pans at once, and allowed to soak for half an
hour.

After they are labeled they are placed on the bench
provided with the extra sashes, with the latter closed.
The house is then kept at 60°. Twice or three times a
day these covers are lifted and the assembled moisture
and heavy drops on the underside of the sashes are
wiped off with a sponge to prevent dripping in the
pans. jMuch care is taken with the watering, and as
soon as the cotyledons appear the seedlings are syringed
twice daily with a small compressed-air syringe which
holds about half a gallon.

As soon as a pan seems to become dry it is tested by
knocking your knuckles against the side of the pan,
and if found dry is lifted from the bench and given a
bath. Every seed pan is treated separately and no
wholesale watering is allowed, as with a little too
much water the seedlings damp off. Gradually as the
seedlings grow they are hardened off by giving more
and more air, till at last the sashes are taken oft' alto-
gether, and by that time they are ready to be trans-
planted.

F"or that purpose we engage a bunch of boys and
girls, those who have done the work before preferred,
and the work room resembles a school room. I re-
member one February day when we had 30. and quite
a merry company we were. Long benches and tables
are put in the work room and each has a seed pan with
seedlings and a pan with soil before him. To encour-
age ambition among the young workers a quarter as a
premium is given, every day to the one who trans-
plants best and most boxes, besides their regular
wages. Several men are continually engaged in label-
ing and taking the transplanted pans away and supply-
ing other pans. The newly transplanted pans arc i)Ut

Schrall.

in a sweat-box again with covers down for a day or
two and shaded with newspaper.

As soon as the transplanted seedlings have devel-
oped three to four characteristic leaves they are shifted
from the house into hotbeds where they are again
transplanted right in the bed 2 inches apart, which is
about the middle of April. Now, also in these frames
are planted such small bulbs from last year's crop
which were too small to sell. From now on the water-
ing is done more freely and in a more general way.
Still we make such distinction as to water the dry
places first .and then water the whole frame, so the dry
places ar/2 watered twice.

By the middle of June the plants in the frame will
be about 5 to §. inches high, according to variety, and
will have developed, a little bulb the size of a 10-cent
piece, and now they are shifted to their final destina-
tion— ^the Polder.

The plants are now gently lifted from the frames
and put in big wooden trays, and especial care is taken
not to mix the different varieties. The boxes with the
plants are then put in the wagon and taken to the
Polder. We all know what kind of soil the Polder
land is.

The land, which has been carefully prepared, spaded
(never forked), manured (cow manure only), leveled
and divided into beds 6 x 12 feet, is now ready to re-
ceive the plants. All hands are now engaged in trans-
planting and watering, and as a rule one acre is planted.
out in a day. The plants stand 6 inches apart, and
again great care is taken in labeling the beds with all
the different varieties and colors, and it is very sel-
dom that a mistake is made ; but if doubt arises as to
the certainty of one or the other variety, no chances ar-e
taken and the bed is labeled "Mixture." After several
good waterings, the fields are kept absolutely clean from'
weeds and are cultivated with a hand hoe. Once in two.
weeks a dressing of liquid cow manure is given, as this
is the time that they have to make their final growth.

The plants are now left to develop as long as the
weather permits, but never longer than the first week
in October. Then they are lifted and taken home^
where they are cut, dried and sorted according to size,
in four sizes. The top size, or mother bulb, the grower
never sells except on rare occasions, and then (july to
his best customers in limited quantity at a high price^
and only for exposition purposes. The mother bulb is •
his next year's supply of seed. The rest is sold ac- '
cording to size and variety, mostly to England and this
country.

Competent Gardeners

^ The comforts and products of a country home ore
increased by employing a competent gardener ; it you
want to engage one, write to us.

q Please give particulars regarding place and say
whether married or single man is wanted. We have
been supplying them lor years to the best people
everywhere. No fee asked.

PETER HENDERSON & CO.

Seedsmen and Florists
33 and 37 Cortland! St. NEW YORK CITY

Camera Snapshots

By W. H. Waite.

No. 7. Arabis Alpina FL. PL. — This is a double form
of the common rock cress, and is fast becoming a popular
plant. It will thrive in almost any soil, in open positions,
and soon makes a large spreading clump, and in the early
spring is literally covered with sheets of its snowy
flowers. The flowers are Cjuite double and much re-
semble, a double stock in appearance. It is easily in-
creased from cuttings, and is especially suitable for the
rookery or spring garden, it may also be used for flower-
ing indoors where a variety of plants are required.

No. 8. Primula Stcllata. — This comparatively new
type of winter flowering Primrose is fast becoming a
■ great favorite, and deservedly so. It has a light and
graceful appearance, and many charming combinations,
and decorations may be made with it, the flowers may
also be used cut, and have good lasting qualities.

No. 9. Primula Chincnsis. — This old favorite hardly
needs a description, yet it is seldom out of an exhibition
that we see such a good example as the one illustrated :
note the size of the truss and substance of the flowers.

In growing this class of plants it pays to get the very
best strain possible, and it is on the good strain of such
flowers that seedsmen build up a reputation ; of course,
culture has quite a little to do with it, yet no matter how
good or careful the grower is he will never make a weedy
type into a high class specimen, therefore in purchasing
our seed it behooves us to have no partiality for one firm,
but buy the very best.

AU.MSIS .ALPIN'.'X."

rRIMUL.\ "CHIXEXSIS."

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

309

HERE, THERE AND EVERYWHERE

CHRISTMAS Every land has its peculiar

custom of celebratuig Lnrist-
mas; the festivities in some
POTTING SHED. countries consisting entirely
of a general merry-making and feasting, while others
adhere to strictly religious ceremonies. But all tend
to bring cheer and gladness to the hearts of their peo-
ple.

One of the most unique events associated with the
Yuletide ever attended by the writer, occurred this
year in one of the New Jersey towns. Gathered in a
potting shed of one of the large commercial florists' es-
tablishments, some 150 folk, men, women and children,
joined together to celebrate a community Sunday
school festival. There was no one creed represented,
but all denominations, with employers found rubbing el-
bows with employees, and the children of the gentry
mixing with those of the more humble in joyous fes-
tivity.

It was truly an evening for reflection. Arranged in
a corner of the shed was the old fireplace and its red-
brick chimney, grandmother's chair, lighted Christ-
mas tree, and other settings, carrying our memories
back to earlier days, from which we were occasionally
aroused by the rounds of the watchman, entering from
a house into the potting shed to quickly disappear
again through the door of another house. The whole
atmosphere of our surroundings brought to us the
realization of the brotherhood of man, and that before
God all are equal.

Affairs like these should be encouraged and indulged
in, whenever the occasion arises. They need not be
confined to a Christmas in a potting shed, for any cele-
bration where all can mingle will cement a closer
friendship among the people of a community, of which
more is needed in most places. Such events serve to
produce better citizens and better communities.

"An acre of ground and a
LITTLE living" is not a joke in

LANDERS. Southern California, and the

management of the Panama-
California Exposition at San Diego in 1915 proposes
to prove it to the satisfaction of every "Missourian" or
other doubting Thomas. One of the unique and in-
teresting places of the exposition will be that section
devoted to the "Little Landers."

A tract has been set aside for this demonstration.
There the visitor will find "farms" of one, two and
three acres in extent, each with its home, its dependent
family, and these families living there just as thousands of
small home owners in this State are living, with no
other source of income than from the tiny ])atch of
land. Though residing in the heart of the exposition
grounds, they will be as entirely dependent upon the
resources of these little tracts as are the many families
in the State having no other resources than their in-
significant land holdings.

Such "Little Landers" are found all over California.
They constitute the business backbone of manv com-
munities. It is a part of the business of the San Diego
exposition to show what man can do when he applies
brain and sinew to natural resources, not only in Cali-
fornia, but anywhere in the United States and other
countries where humanity is making progress.

"The American farmer has
WORN-OUT swept across the continent,

LAND. leaving abandoned farms and

worn-out fields in his wake,
until now we have come to the point where all our ara-
ble land has been occupied, and we can no longer wear
it out and abandon it. We must not only maintain
ourselves on the land we have, we must maintain a
population that will soon be double and treble what it
now is.

"Where should we look for information if not to
the countries of an equal degree of civilization that are
much older than our own and have a much greater
population in proportion to their area? Here in Europe
are farm lands that have been in cultivation for a thousand
years and are producing larger crops than our fertile
virgin soils and no one ever thinks of these farms wear-
ing out. On the other hand, they become more valua-
ble and more productive year by year. It is a notable
fact that has been repeated over and over to the Ameri-
can farmer, that the average production per acre of the
European countries, particularly England, France and
Germany, is over twice the average production of the
same crops in the L'nited States. Wherein lies the dif-
ference? It is not because European lands are natural-
ly more fertile than American, but because they are
farmed more intensively. The land is better prepared
for the seed, plowed deeper, worked more before seed-
ing, and as far as possible the lands that are to be
planted in the spring are plowed in the fall and allowed
to weather during the winter, a system that deserves
to be greatly extended on American farms." — Farms.

IS SAWDUST There seems to be a wide-

TMTTTPrnTTt; TM spread prejudice against

INJURIOUS IN sawdust or, at any rate, con-

HORTICULTURE? tempt for it when used as a
manure. American gardeners are like English ones in
this respect, it seems, and so three years ago they
started experiments to try to justify their point of
view. These have been continued for three j'.ears on
a large scale on greenhouse plants chosen for the pur-
pose. Perhaps this was because they are more deli-
cate than outdoor plants, or because conditions could
be better controlled. Anyhow, the results were some-
what extraordinary, and do away with any ground for
suspicion, it would seem, against this cleanly material.
It cannot be denied, however, that sawdust is nearly
useless as a source of plant food, and therefore it is
matter for surprise that when an average was struck
for the three years, sawdust actually came out top and
gave slightly more blooms than the other litter which
was tested against it. This was straw or chopped
maize stalks, superior stuff as regards plant food, sure-
1}', to sawdust. Cow manure was chosen in each case,
and was used by itself as a further source of compari-
son without any litter at all. Roses, Chrysanthemums,
Sweet Peas and Carnations, manure-loving plants, were
the ones chosen, and we learn that no harmful effect at
all could be traced to the use of sawdust. Pyroligneous
acid tuay he of use in this way. It could not have
contributed even to the humus of the ground in the
same way as the other litter, for it did not decay be-
fore use, and possibly it was this comparative absence
of fermentation that effected the results mentioned.
— The Garden.

310

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Photografh ftirn

Metropolilan Building, ' Ncti

Should Greenhouses Be Treated
Architecturally :

RIGHT away I hear a chorus of "No's"
from you hard-headed, common-sensed
gardeners. Still the chorus does not pre-
vent me from claiming that greenhouses
can be successfully treated architecturally.

You know our grandads said: "Rail-
roads were a beastly nuisance — they
.scared horses — made an awful racket,
and kicked up no end of dust." The
present day. wide-awake gardener, how-
ever, docs not belong to the grandad
class. He is open minded. .'\ny preju-
dice he may have against architecturally
treated greenhouses is, of course, based
on the dismal failures. Most of such
houses have proven as growing houses.

For example, we all remember the $70,-
000 glass house built for one of the Van-
dcrbilts, in which even the palms died.

The failure of the highly ornamental
houses have, without question, been due
to a former lack of co-operation between
architects and builders. That it can be

successfully done is evidenced by these
■ views of Mr. Brewster's range at New
Haven, Conn.

The north side of the three-quarter
span house faces the residence, which is
but a stone's throw away.

To relieve the glaring, unbroken line of
this house, there was introduced an orna-
mental central entrance, flanked at inter-
vals by columns.

The workroom is in harmony, and re-
flects the treatment of the residence itself;
being built of the same kind of stone.

Here, then, is a consistent architectural
treatment. But little of the eflficiency of
the three-quarter span house is sacriliced.
while the even span wing is left free, so
the plants may revel in the unrestrained
light and sunshine.

H you still do not agree with me, win-
not "start something" by sending your
reasons to the Editor for publication? It
may stir up a highly interesting discussion.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

311

312

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

House plants, with proper
HOUSE PLANTS attention and atmosphere,

AND HUMIDITY should thrive in the winter
time, but how few people
succeed with them. Perhaps you have tried to grow
them and have had your disappointments despite your
best efforts and attention. Perhaps you put the blame
on the furnace, presuming that the gas killed them, as
it surely would, but it really was not gas, but lack of
humidity which caused your faiUire.

The active root-hairs of a plant are really aquatic
and must always be in contact with an adequate sup-
ply of water. The stems and leaves are aerial, but
their behavior and form are largely determined by the
water in the air, that is, the humidity. The water sup-
ply is used by the root-hairs, while the water-loss is
the result of evaporation from the surface of the leaves.
The humidity of the air exerts a direct control upon
the amount of water evaporated by the leaves, and it
is evident that the evaporation will be great where the
air is dry. If this evaporation or water-loss is greater
than the supply, curling, drooping, and withering of
the leaves ensues.

Even when you water the plants faithfully, the ex-
cessively dry atmosphere of the house is apt to over-
work them by drawing up the moisture through the
stems and leaves, for dry heated air will take up what
moisture it requires from every possible source.

When vou consider that the humidity outdoors on a
bright summer day is about 70 per cent, you will ap-
preciate what an unnaturally dry atmosphere we have
in our homes in winter, where, if any water is evapo-
rated at all, it will be but a few quarts at most, with a
resultant humidity of perhaps 18 to 25 per cent.

By all means, both for your own good as well as
that' of your plants, evaporate water freely by keeping
a pot or kettle steaming on the heater, or pans on the
registers. — Exchange.

One of the big problems
VALUE OF that confront this country

WASTED SEWAGE. >s the maintenance of soil
fertility, says H. L. Bradley
of the University of Wisconsin in Farm and Fireside.
We cannot hope' to go on forever taking oiT crops from
the land and turning the sewage which those crops
yield into the ocean. The phosphates, sulphates and
potassium must eventually disappear from soils which
are steadily cropped, and unless the deficiency is made
up the crops themselves will cease to grow. At pres-
ent we make up this deficiency by stable manure and
artificial fertilizers; but no one can deny that this par-
tial return to the soil of its essential constituents is but
putting ofif the day of reckoning to a future generation.
The onlv permanent plan for preserving soil fertility
in this or any other country is to return to the land
everything essential to plant growth which the crops
themselves remove. And the only way to accomplish
this is to return sewage to the soil, for human sewage
is the final form to which all edible crops are brought.
The ninety millions population of this country every
year eliminate 90.000 tons of phosphoric acid, 90,000
tons of sulphuric acid, 90,000 to 135,000 tons of potash,
9,000 tons of magnesia, 900.000 tons of organic mate-
rial, of which about 300,000 tons is valuable nitrogen
in its most available form for plant-food. Of this total
approximatelv 300.000 tons mineral and 900,000 tons
organic material, a small part, is returned to the land
by cesspools and similar devices for disposal, but the
\'ast bulk of it is poured directly or indirectly through
our rivers into the sea which we can never regain.

It is unwise to plant any-
LOOSE thing in loose ground, as the

GROUND. rcjots cannot grasp the soil

unless the latter has been
pressed close to them. If it is necessary to plant any-
thing when the soil is too wet to give the necessary
firmness, a good treading, or, if necessary, ramming,
should be given when the surface becomes dryer. It is
necessary to study the character of the soil. I do not
recommend heavy soil to be trampled when wet as it
becomes unhealthy for the roots to work in, and when
dried out it crock's and parts with its moisture.

This is certainly a relative
THE QUESTION question. It is' dependent
OF HARDINESS. largely upon the factor of
climatic environment, and in
discussing whether plants are hardy or tender in a
given locality, one must keep the factor of environ-
ment constantly in mind. Otherwise such vagaries
and inconsistencies of behavior are to be noted as
would appear entirely unexplainable. Hardiness is in-
herently perfect adaptation of a plant to its surround-
ings. A plant may be satisfactorily hardy in a region
where a temperature of minus 20 degs. is frequently regis-
tered, while it may winterkill in another locality where
the temperature does not fall below zero. For ex-
ample, our attention has recently been called to the
fact that American white ash, Carolina poplar, and the
vigorous Norway maple suflfered from winterkilling
on Nantucket Island where the minimum temperature
fell little, if any, below zero during the past winter.
Yet these trees lost a considerable proportion of their
terminal shoots. Now, this imperfect ripening was in turn
to be charged to peculiarities of the season. The long,
warm, and relatively moist autumn encouraged late
growth, and the imperfect storing of the buds and
wood tissue with reserve food material.

It has long been noted that some of the liardy New
England trees and shrubs, when transplanted to the
British Isles, winterkill in the relatively moist and mild
climate of England. For the opposite reason, many
English plants fail when brought to this country, for
the reason that they are products of a long growing
season, and that when brought to this region they con-
tinue growing until stopped by frost. The result is
the same, namely, in the production when winter
comes round of imperfectly ripened wood, or in other
words, imperfectly stored cell tissue.

It is worthy of note also that some plants possess
that character which we recognize as determinate
growers. In other words, they have a definite period
of growth and ripen up their wood at the end of that
period, and are uninfluenced by conditions favorable to
growth or otherwise which may follow this season.
An excellent example of this is found in the box elder
of the American Northwest. It grows with great
rapidity during the early part of the season, ceases
growth earlv. forms its terminal buds, drops its leaves,
and prepares for winter at an exceptionally early period.
The Duchess apple, the product of a region of short
summer heat, is another example of the same type.
The gooseberry and currant, cold-blooded plants from
the North, also furnish examples which illustrate this
point. These plants then are the products of definite
climatic conditions and are developed b}' a long pro-
cess of natural selection. The whole question then, or
at least a large portion of this question of hardiness,
comes back to the principle originally announced,
namelv, that of adaptation. — National Nurseryman.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

313

THE

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA.

MARTIN C. EBEL, Managing Editor,

Madison, N. J.

Published by

CHRONICLE PRESS

M. E. RLWNARD, President. A. A. FAY, Sec'y.

1 MONTGOMERY STREET, JERSEY CITY, X. J.
New York Office

236 WILLIAM STREET, NEW YORK CITY.

Subscription Price, 12 Monthi, $1.00

Foreign, $1.50

Single Copies, 10 Cent

Entered as seco
Jersey City. N. J.,

class matter February 1-8, 1905, at the Post Office at
nder .Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.

Published on the 15th of each month.

Advertising forms close on the 10th preceding publication.
For information regarding advertising rates, etc., addres
Department, Gardeners' Chronicle, Madison, N. J.

.Advertising

ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

President, Vice-President,

WM. H. W.-MTE, A. J. SMITH,

Yonkers, N. Y. Lake Geneva, Wis.

Secretary, M.'\RTIN C. EBEL, Madis

Treasurer,
JAMES STUART,
Mamaroneck, N. Y.

N. J.

TRUSTEES FOR 1913.
Peter Duff. Orange. N. T.; William Kleinheinz, Ogontz, Pa.; William
Duckham. Madison, .N. J.; .\le.xander .MacKenzie, Glen Cove, N. Y. ; John 11.

Dodds, Wyncote. Pa.

DIRECTORS.

To serve until 1914— Robert Angus, Tarrytown, N. Y. ; Robert Bottomlev,

New Canaan, Conn.: Carl Schaeffer, Tu.xedo Park, N. Y. ; E. Wetterlow,

West Manchester, Mass.: T. J. Kempton. Baychester, N. \'.; E. Trethewey,

Tarrytown, N. Y.; Alexander Fraser, Newport, R. I.

To serve until 1915— Tohn Shore. Harrison, N. Y.; Thomas Proctor,
Lenox, Mass.; William N. Craig, North Easton. Mass.; Frank E. Witney,
Fishkiil, N. Y.; Robert Williamson. Greenwich, Conn.; F. Kirk, Bar
Harbor, Me.: Tames Bell, New York, N. Y.

To serve until 1916 — Thomas W. Logan, Jenkintown, Pa.; Tohn F. Huss,
Hartford, Conn.; John W. Everett, Glen Cove, N. Y. ; .A? Bauer, Deal
Beach, N. J.: John W. Tones, Pittsburgh, Pa.; .Alexander McPherson,
Washington, D. C: Tames 'C. Shield, Monticello, III.

Vol. X\"III.

JANUARY, 1913.

No. 3.

As the time is again approaching for the setting of
dates for the fall shows, we suggest that the local so-
cieties around New York get together to arrange
a date schedule which will avoid having more than one
show in this vicinity opening on the same day. Such
an arrangement would create greater competition at
the various shows, would arouse greater interest —
would denote progress in floriculture.

When you have read your Chronicle, do not con-
sign it to the waste pile, but pass it along to an inter-
ested neighbor. Better still, commence with this issue
to file your Chronicle as a future reference guide,
sending us the name of your neighbor, and we will
send him a Chronicle.

Recent reports in some of the dailies have quoted
several of our prominent men and women who have
reached a good old age, as owing their long lives to
the onion. A prosperous year is predicted for this
vegetable, which is claimed to prolong life, fight oflf
disease germs, and purify everything e.xcejn the at-
mosphere in subway trains. Oh, if the onion lovers
who have acquired the "onion habit" could but see
some of the ])rize-\vinning varieties at the sliows, they
might even imagine that they have discovered the secret
to perpetual vigor of youth.

The head of a foundation for the advancement of
teaching, created by one of our multi-millionaires, was
recently quoted as saying that after fifty years' experi-
ence with agricultural colleges "there is now the op-
portunity to build an agricultural school which will
really minister to agriculture." The person to whom
this statement was attributed was invited to con-
tribute an article to these columns, on what he might
consider would meet the requirements of a school such
as he contemplates. His reply was that by study and
visits to agricultural colleges he is now trying to learn
the present situation in agricultural training, and
that he does not yet feel ready to write an article as
suggested. Then why, if only still learning what our
agricultural colleges are doing in the way of training,
and not yet qualified to speak as an authority, criti-
cize the present systems, which are accomplishing so
much good, until prepared to suggest remedial meas-
ures? Most of us realize that there is room for im-
provement in everything we undertake, and no one
can justly say that our agricultural colleges have not
been awake to this fact. There is no exception that in
all public institutions some laxity exists, but agricul-
ture has been wonderfully benefited by our colleges
during the past decade. But progress in our country-
is, and has for some time past, been greatly hindered
by too many theorists advocating imaginary needed
reforms, with too few of them sufficiently practical to
offer a solution of the problems they delight to con-
front us with.

In results of experiments made by a physician,
published in one of the medical journals, he blames the
earthworms for cancers and tumors which develop in
the human system, and advocates a wholesa'le massa-
cre of the creatures. He claims that the parasites of
the earthworms left in cabbages, celery, lettuce, etc., by
the worms, while feeding on these vegetables, find
their way into our stomachs and cause disease. We
are afraid, however, that the good doctor has over-
looked the fact that when the worms get through with
cabbages, carrots, etc., there is usually not enough left
of the plants to innoculate germs into anything.

When you want a favor done, don't ask the idle man,
but ask the busy man ; he will find time to do it, while
the idle man gets busy finding an excuse for not doing
it. '^ '

THE TWO SEEKERS.

Into the Garden Life was tending

Two eager pilgrims came.
One with eyes and manner gentle.

One with glance and lips of flame.
Said he of the flaming glances:

"Seek I for a Rose, O Life,
The Rose of Love for my adorning!

Give ! or I shall seek with strife !"
Cold the voice of Life made answer:

"Love I give to all who ask.
Take the Rose, yet would I warn thee —

Love shall perish in your grasp I"
To the one of gentle spirit

Life a Rose no fairer gave.
Saying, "Take and be ye cheerful —

"This shall bloom on earth's last grave !"
Outward from the Garden hasting.

Each went on his further way :
One to find his rose was dying.

The other, blooming bright each day !

—A. W. Peach.

314

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

ASSOCIATION NOTES

M. C. EBEL, Secretary, MADISON, N. J.

PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE.

At the outset I wish to convey my thanks to my
fellow members of the N. A. G. for the honor you
conferred upon me.

In accepting the Presidency of the N. A. G. I wish to
publicly acknowledge the indebtedness of the associa-
tion to the past presidents ; these men with their sound
judgment and wide knowledge of horticulture, have in-
deed been pioneers in the cause which has put the X.
A. G. on a firm and sure foundation.

In becoming your President I only hope that I shall
be able to build up the association still firmer and
surer and I pledge myself to do all that I possibly can
for the further advancement of the N. A. G. and horti-
culture, but this is not one man's task, nor yet that of
the officers alone, but I appeal to every one of you as
members to make this year of 1913 a banner year! If
each one of you will make a New Year's resolution to
get at least one new member, not a difficult task, then
you will feel that at least you are doing a share.

The year that has passed has been a good one for
horticulture and for the N. A. G. ; but the year we have
just entered upon should be a red-letter year.

This year, as you all know, there is to be held the
great national flower show, and never before in the
historj- of horticulture in America has there been such
inducements made for the private gardener to assert him-
self. We are invited to co-operate and make this show
one great success.

That every one of you will come and support the

national show to the best of your abilit}', and thus by

your so doing give greater prestige and power to the

National Association of Gardeners, is my earnest

wish. ,,, „ ,,.

W. H. W.MTi:.

The first meeting of the year of the association's
trustees and directors was held at the Murray Hill Hotel,
New York City, on Wednesday afternoon, January 8,
President Waite in the chair.

Routine business disposed of, the advisability of the
association maintaining a department along the lines of
those of horticultural societies abroad, to which the
gardener may look for opportunity for advancement,
came up for discussion. This elicited the opinion of those
present, that while the subject presented many problems
necessitating time and patience to develop, that it was,
however, the duty of the organization representative of
the National Association to make an effort to build up
such a department within itself, and to establish a reputa-
tion for it, so that when an application is passed on, the
applicant can be regarded worthy of consideration on the
part of those requiring his services. The secretary was
empowered to take the necessary steps to bring about the
establishment of a department such as was suggested.

On a motion by ex-President Logan it was decided that
the association award a medal for any new variety of
flowers, plants, vegetables, or fruits, originated by a
gardener, a member of the National Association of
Gardeners, and to he passed as meritorious by a com-
mittee of judges ; such committee to be a])pointed annually
by the president. Mr. \\'aite appointed \A'illiam Klein-
heinz, Peter Duff" and Jaim-; Siu.ut to serve as a com-
mittee for 1*'13.

The forthcoming International Flower Show, to be held
in New York City, next came up for discussion and it
was decided to hold a national gardeners and florists
bowling tournament at the time of the show, and to invite
the members of the Society of American Florists to unite
in this tournament which will be open to three men teams,
members of any local gardeners' or florists' club, and
members either of the National Association of Gardeners
or the Society of American Florists, and to individuals,
members of either of these national associations. An
appropriation was voted to secure Thum's alleys, famous
for many national bowling events ; and to offer two
national association cups, one for the team making the
highest score, and one for the individual making the
highest score at the tournament. Cups were also donated
by President Waite, ex-President Logan, and Secretary
Ebel. A committee consisting of John Dodds, John W.
Everett, A. Bauer, J. Stuart and William Robertson was
appointed with power to make all arrangements. The
consideration of choosing a hotel as headquarters of the
National Association of Gardeners was entrusted to the
trustees, with power to act.

Mr. Ortiz, one of the association's new members,
superintendent of the Pratt estate. Glen Cove, N. Y.. and
vice-president of the Farmers' Congress of New York
State, was introduced, and addressed the meeting on the
close relation of agriculture and horticulture, stating that
it was his opinion that the men who serve as superin-
tendents on private estates of the future will be expected
to be informed on every detail that goes to make up a
complete estate. He urged the gardeners to co-operate
with the farmers to influence a more liberal appropriation
of the millions expended annually by the nation and
states to the purpose of educational work in agriculture
and horticulture. A meeting of the Farmers' Congress of
New York is to be held in New York City very shortly
and Mr. Ortiz invites all gardeners that can do so to
attend the meeting and have a voice in its action.

The directors decided to hold the next meeting in New
York during National Show week, to which meeting an
invitation will be extended to all members of the associa-
tion to attend. An adjournment followed.

In pursuance with the by-laws the following directors
have been appointed by President Waite :

To serve for three years : Thomas W. Logan, Jenkin-
town. Pa. ; John E. Huss, Hartford, Conn. ; John W.
Everett, Glen Cove. N. Y. ; A. Bauer, Deal Beach, N. J. ;
John W. Jones, Pittsburgh, Pa. ; Alexander ]\IcPherson,
Washington. D. C. ; James C. Shield, Monticello, 111.

To serve for two years : To fill the unexpired term of
Peter Duff, elected trustee, James Bell. New York, N. Y. ;
to fill the unexpired term of Alexander AlacKenzie, el-
ected trustee, Robert Williamson, Green\yich, Conn. : to
fill the unexpired term of William Kleinheinz, elected
trustee. Frank E. Witney, Fishkill. N. Y. ; to fill the un-
expired term of James Stuart, elected treasurer. F. Kirk,
Bar Harbor. Me.

To serve for one year: To fill the unexpired term of
John Dodds, elected trustee. .Alexander Eraser, New-
port. R. I.

The following new members have been enrolled during
the past month : J. Otto Thilow. Phibdelphia. Pa. ;
Richard Rothe. Philadelphia. Pa. : Charles Schrall. New
Rochelle, N. Y. ; J. F. Slimon. New York. N. Y. : B. L.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

315

Chadwick, New York, X. Y. ; Robert Draper, Devon,
Pa. ; John H. Cahill, Locust, N. J. ; William Lund,
Cazenovia, N. Y. ; Vernon Osterhondt, Tuxedo Park,
N. Y. ; William B. Scott, Central \'alley, N. Y. ; George
B. Anderson, Garrison, N. Y. ; William Warner Harper,
Philadelphia, Pa. ; B. Hammond Tracy, Wenham, Mass. ;
Arthur Smith, Reading, Pa. ; Austin F. Faulkner, New
York, X. Y. ; R. L. Cushman, Yonkers, X. Y. : Louis
Milliot, Yonkers, X''. Y. John B. Thompson, Millbrook,
N. Y. ; Wm. Turner, Oceanic, X^. J.

Mr. C. H. Totty, chairman of the International Flower
Show Committee, announces that the final schedule of
the International Flower Show is now in the hands of
the printer. Since the copy has been given to the printer,
other special prizes have been received and undoubtedly
a supplmentary list will have to be issued a little later ;
so if any members care to contribute a special prize for
this show, Mr. Totty will be pleased to have them notify
him as soon as possible. Special classes not provided for
in the regular sdiedule, including miniature garden plans,
will be considered in making up the supplementary
schedule.

Y'our secretary will formulate a plan to carry out the
wishes of the executive board of the association to con-
duct a department to provide a means for the gardener,
where he may seek opportunity to improve himself.
Details will be fully discussed in the next issue of the
Chroncle. In the meanwhile, he would be glad to
receive any suggestions from gardeners who may be in-
formed on the principles on which such departments are
conducted by several horticultural societies on the other
side.

EARLY SEEDS

Are ready now

Try our Tomato, Coronation

Carrot, French Scarlet Short Horn
Celery, French Golden Self

Blanching
Lettuce, Heart of New York
Onion, Ailsa Craig

SPIREAS for FORCING

Queen Alexandra and Gladstone

I^xtra large clumps

INC.

Kennedy 6 Hunter

ANDREW R. KENNEDY, Pres. and Treas.

156 West 34th Street New York

AMONG THE GARDENERS

Messrs. Logan, Kleinheinz, Dodds and Batchelor
stopped off on their way from Philadelphia to the as-
sociation's meeting in New York, to visit several friends
in Madison, N. J. On arrival they found an auto at their
disposal, making several calls on neighboring estates on
a two hours' visit to the town.

Mr. John Huss, of Hartford, Conn., came to New
York to attend the meeting, and spoke of the enthusiasm
among many of the gardeners in his territory over the
progress which the National Association has made within
the year. Mr. Huss is himself a great enthusiast over the
work that local societies can do to arouse interest in
floriculture and horticulture. He says that the results
of the Connecticut Horticultural Society's campaign the
last few vears are manifested all round Hartford.

^Messrs. John W. Everett, Ale.x. McKenzie and Lester
E. Ortiz, of Glen Cove, represented Long Island at the
directors' meeting. Messrs. Everett and Ortiz then
journeyed to Tarrytown to be on deck when the "first
gun" of the annual horticultural dinners was fired. Presi-
dent ^^'aite, Secretary Ebel and William Tricker followed
later.

~\lr. Peter Dufl^ and Messrs. A. Bauer, George ^lasson
and Charles C. De Wilde represented New Jersey at the
directors' meeting.

Mr. Alfred Millard, superintendent of the George W.
Perkins' estate at Riverdale, N. Y., now occupies the
home which i\Ir. Perkins erected for him this summer.
With the contemplated improvements on this estate it
will undoubtedly become one of the finest show places of
its size in the vicinity of New York when the work is
completed.

Mr. R. L. Cushman, who has just joined the National
Association of Gardeners, is superintendent of the W. B.
Thompson estate at Yonkers, N. Y. It is intimated that
the near approach of the liig show is producing consider-
able activity on his place, and some fine exhibits may be
looked for.

That gardeners are nuich interested in bowling has be-
come quite evident since the national tournament has
been suggested. Much practice work is now on, and it is
claimed that a gardener, presiding over one of the
country clubs, now sleeps on one of the alleys in training
for the tournament. Several local societies are organiz-
insj bowling clubs.

Mr. James C. Shield, of Monticello. 111., one of the
newly elected directors of the association, writes that he
expects to come East during the "Flower Show week" in
New York, to meet fellow members.

A visit to some of the private estates in the east-
ern states shows increasing interest on the part of
the gardeners towards the International Show to be held
in New York. With what the gardeners are doing in the
vicinity of that city it indicates that the private growers
will be an important factor so far as exhibits will go.

316

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Mr. H. J. Smith, superintendent to R. R. Conklin,
Rosemary Farm, Huntington, N. Y., sails for a month's
vacation to England on the 25th. This is Mr. Smith's
first visit to his home country in twentv-two years.

Mr. Robert Bottomley, of New Canaan, Conn., is visit-
ing the nursery firms inspecting stock in contemplation
of an active spring on his estate.

The many friends of Mr. Jas. Bell will be grieved to
learn that he again is in the hospital undergoing an opera-
tion. At this writing physicians advise he is resting easily
with chances favorable for recovery.

Mr. Arthur Smith, who has just joined the association,
is superintendent of the George B. Horst estate, at
Reading, Pa. We are publishing a short article from Mr.
Smith in these columns and ne.xt month's issue will con-
tain an interesting article on the "Principles and Practices
of Pruning" by Mr. Smith.

Mr. John Canning, of the Adolph Lewisohn estate,
"Heather Dell Farm," Ardsley, N. Y., sails on February 5
on the .S". .S". Lnsitania for a short vacation in "good old
Scotland." He will return in time to be heard from at the
International Flower Show.

Another of the eastern gardeners to "go West" is Mr.
Donald McNaughton, formerly of Alassachusetts. He
now presides over the estate of E. S. Moore, Lake Forest.
111., as superintendent.

G. A. Sellenthin has recently accepted the position as
gardener on the estate of Mrs. jMarcus Daly, Hamilton,
Mont., going there from La Crosse, Wis.

Mr. Chas. H. Knight has resigned his position as
superintendent of the Carraington estate at North
Greenwich, Conn. The position is now occupied by
Mr. C. W. Guernsey, formerly of Cornell LTniversitv.

QUERIES and ANSWERS

We believe the greatest good can be accomplished for the greatest
lumber, by instituting a query column; or an exchange of expe-
'iences, on practical propositions, by our readers.

You are minted to contribute questions, and answer others.

Each question as received will be giz'en a number, the question-
rr's name will not be published, but the source of the answer will
)e given unless otherwise requested.

We all have something we would like to know more about. Here
s your opportunity to ascertain somebody's experience in fust thati
natter.

Nothing mil tend to belter fellowship than helping each other.

Take advantage of this "Question Box."

The following question came in our query box, and
caused quite a lot of discussion: Which part of the
tree is the youngest, the center, or the part nearest the
bark? Maybe it will help us to hear from some of
your readers. A. A. F., Pa.

In answering the above query it is but necessary to
refer to any elementary book on Botany where the
structure of stems are explained.

In the olden time before the present classification of
plants was in vogue plants were divided into two great
classes, the Exogenous and the Endogenous, now
synonymous with Dicotyledones and Monocotyledones
and the dictionary gives as the meaning of an Exogen
a plant whose stems grow in thickness by successive
additions to the outside of the wood, and that of an
Endogen a plant whose stems increase by additions de-
veloped from the inside, so therefore we have plants
that are developed in both ways. The Monocotyle-

dones or Endogens, however, do not make timber — ex-
amples of this class are the Palms, Yuccas and Dracae-
nas, etc. ; all our broad-leaved trees and shrubs belong
to the first class, Dicotyledones. The principal part
of the stem is made up of bundles called the fibro
vascular bundles ; these bundles are made up of the
following : Xylem or wood. Phloem or bast, between
these two is a layer of tissue called the Cambium.

If a transverse section of a very young stem be made
and examined under a high-power microscope these
bundles will be seen to be arranged in a circle with
the Xylem nearest the center ; growth takes place from
the activity of the Cambium layer, adding to the
Xylem, or wood, to the outside and additions to the
bast on its inner side.

That the wood is formed on the outer side should
be apparent to everyone who has ever examined the
cross-section of a live tree or branch; there will be
seen the different kinds of wood, the heart wood and
the sap wood. The heart wood dry, hard, dead and
solid and good timber, whilst the sap wood looks new
and alive and taking part in the conveyance of the
sap. W. H'. W.. X. Y.

Regarding the discussion as to whether the center
of a tree or that nearest the bark is the younger wood, I
would say the center is the older wood, since we often
see a tree with its center almost decayed and yet the
tree, to all appearances, may be in good health, where-
as if the decay were to set in the bark the flow of sap
would cease and the tree would immediateh" die, as in
the case of the Chestnut disease.

Another proof would be that the center of an aged,
sound tree is always the harder wood.

\V. H. Mc.K., Conn.

Why must the shoots of cultivated plants be pruned ?
How does summer pruning dififer from winter prun-
ing?

To what extent does scion and stock mutually influence
one another in grafting? D. F., N. Y.

My bay trees are affected with some trouble which is
causing the leaves to turn red on the back, and curling
them up. \\'hat is this caused by, and what can I do for
them? ■ T. B., MASS.

Would anybody tell his experience with shredded
cow manure? Fresh cow manure is hard to get nowa-
days. Are the results with shredded cow manure
equal ? X^. Y.

I should like to get some advice as to what crop will
make the est sod for growing roses. Can you get any
information for me? T. M. C, Mass.

ORCHIDS

We are specialists in this kind of plants. We
collect, import and grow orchids from ail parts of
the world where orchids grow.

We will be glad to fill your order for one plant
or a thousand ■ccording to your requirements.

Our beauliful Catalogue and special list? on
application.

LAGER & HURRELL

Orchid-Growers and Importers

SUMMIT, N. J.

The Manuring of Forest Trees

By Arthur Smith.

During the past quarter of a century the question of
manuring- forest trees has been given considerable at-
tention in Europe, and. among other experiments, that
of using sewage effluent has been tried.

Near Berlin irrigating a forest of trees having con-
siderable size by a monthly application of sewage
water during two growing seasons was a decided fail-
ure and it caused the death of many of the trees. A
similar irrigation at Gerlitz gave better results. In
this case, however, the growth was considerably
younger. The city of Berlin has obtained encouraging
results by top dressing the soil of coniferous woods
with city refuse.

In view of the long period between the planting and
the cutting of a forest the direct application of manure
in any form is not Hkely in a general way to prove re-
munerative. At the same time the question of helping
along a plantation of young trees, especially conifers,
is worth considering and in the earlier stages in the life
of forest trees growing in poor soil the value of some
form of manuring may possibly become an acknowl-
edged fact in practical forestry.

For instance, on poor sandy soils where the nitro-
gen content is very small the problem of supplying
this necessary plant food in a slowly available form is
worthy of consideration. The idea of applying nitrates
or other con^mercial forms of nitrogenous fertilizers
may be put aside as impracticable both on account of
cost and because they are too rapid in action, besides
causing an excessive growth of weeds. Alaking use,
however, of atmospheric nitrogen by growing on the
land some form of the Leguminos?e appears to be feasi-
ble and worthy of trial. Upon some sandy soils in
Europe lupins have been used for this purpose and
good results are reported. Lupins would scarcely be
so suitable for this country, as some of the clovers,
such as the White Clover, Trifolium repens and Al-
syke, Trifolium hybridum. An ideal method would be
to plow in a crop of clover the season previous to
planting, then sow clover again and plant the trees
in the young clover. Failing, this clover could be
broadcasted over the ground in the spring. To obtain
a stand of clover upon the more sandy soils the ap-
plication of some form of iime would be obviously nec-
essary.

It is, of course, well known that the amount of min-
eral matter retained in lumber is comparatively small,
and, bv the fall of their leaves, trees during their

growth return to the soil the greater part of the min-
eral matter taken from it; this applies, however, more
to deciduous species than to conifers. But the main
point to be considered is that of giving young newly
planted trees a good start and helping them along dur-
ing the first few years of their life, when they have
the greatest struggle for existence. It is in this con-
nection that the value of giving the soil some previous
preparation upon the lines suggested above comes in —
of course, where it is practicable — as not only is plant
food added to the soil in a slowly available form, but,
what is of the greatest importance, the early growth
is accelerated, being measured b}- feet instead of
inches.

Another means which works to the same end and
which is more applicable to the heavier classes of soils
is that of keeping the ground in clean cultivation dur-
ing the first two or three years of the trees' growth.
During the past season the writer has kept about 8,000
two-year-old conifers under clean cultivation and an-
other block of 5,000 has only had the weeds out and
left lying. The soil of the latter is, if anything, better
than the former, but the growth of the block cultivated
has been more than double as much as that unculti-
vated. At the end of July, one more cultivation was
given and Crimson Clover sown at the same time.

Of course, it goes without saying that this more in-
tensive system of forestry is impossible everywhere
or upon a' large scale of forest planting involving many
thousands of acres of mountain land, and, at the best,
planting is generally done upon land that is more or
less uncultivatable. At the same time I believe that
new plantings should have generally more care given
to them than is usually the case, especially upon
private estates and farmers' wood lots. There are
manv situations where some methods of assisting
young trees to get a good start are practicable and
therefore desirable, and which would, I believe, be in
the long run profitable. The conditions connected
with the first few years of a tree's life have a tremen-
dous influence upon the subsequent results, both in the
period when it is fit to be turned into lumber and
money, and in the number of board feet which will be
produced in a given time.

If a comparatively small expenditure along the lines
suggested will accelerate the one and increase the
other in the same time, as I feel sure it would, then
surelv it is worth while.

Get MICHELUS CATALOG

before ynu place your annual order of seeds. It- l'"i pat^cs are devoted tn
exploiting the most up-to-date Flower, Vegetable and Grass Seeds, Bulbs,
Hardy Perennials, etc. Our stock of Gardeners' Sundries is the most com-
plete of any seed house in America. As we will appear monthly in the
"Chronicle,'"' let's get acquainted now. Write today for our complete catalog.

MICHELL'S SEED HOUSE

516 MARKET STREET

PHILADELPHIA

Vegetable Growin:

By Various Authorities.

LETTUCE GROWING.

In head lettuce two points are of great importance :
firmness of the head and blanching of the leaves. The
head must be large and the formation of the leaves
composing it as tight and hard as that of good cab-
bage. Next to the compactness of the head the leaves
forming the latter must be tender, crisp and well
blanched. The entire head should have a golden hue,
a sort of butter color, the ends uf the leaves tipped
with delicate pale green.

The seed for spring lettuce is sown in hotbeds or
greenhouses in February. The rows may be two or
three inches apart and the seed should be sown spar-
ingly to avoid crowding of the ^-oung plants. For
seedbeds two-thirds of good garden soil, finely pul-
verized, and one-third of fine well-rotted manure are
an ideal combination. If the plants appear over the
ground they should be thinned out to the strongest.
Frequent w-aterings, which keep the seedbed always
moist, are very essential. If the plants have formed
two good-sized leaves they may be transplanted into
the open in March, being set from 10 to 12 inches
apart each way.

Fine lettuce requires the richest kind of soil. Twen-
ty tons of well-rotted manure to the acre are enough,
but more is better. The beds are made on a slight ele-
vation ; the manure should be well worked into the
soil and must be fine, well pulverized and moist be-
fore the plants are set out. The beds should be con-
stantly worked and kept free of weeds, and if the rain-
fall is not sufficient they should be watered. Lettuce
to grow fast needs water and plenty of it.

Next in importance and far supreior to the cabbage
varieties are the Cos lettuces, commercially known as
'"romaine." They are distinguished from the cabbage
varieties by the shape of their leaves, which are elongated
and almost always spoon-shaped ; the midrib is unusuallv
large and if well blanched forms a tender and thick
chard. They are grown the same way as common
lettuce, but as they do not form naturally a firm and
compact head the leaves have to be tied together in
order to blanch the inner ones. This is done about
three weeks before the heads are fully matured. Care
should be taken not to tie too tightly, for allowance
for three weeks' more growth must be made.

Romaine lettuces are of oblong form and therefore
do not require so much room as head lettuce; this
makes them especially valuable for forcing under glass.
They can be set out six inches apart and will make
good growth at that distance.

They are grown outdoors in the spring and fall.
The best sort for spring planting is the Paris White
Cos. This variety forms a long, tall head rounded on
top. The leaves forming the head are folded and of
a pale green color, with large white midribs. They
need a very rich soil and plenty of water. If grown
well they attain a very large size.

For fall planting Green Winter Cos can be recom-
mended. "This variet}' forms heads not so large as
the Paris Wliite, but if properly tied makes a ver\'
solid head. Light frost affects this sort very little and
if given slight protection it can be left outdoors until
the middle of Decemljer.

The flavor of this lettuce is far superior to that of
the ordinary kind, and the long, spoon-shaped, white-
ribbed leaves make a beautiful showing if served prop-
erly.

Another variety is endive. This is a late fall and
early winter letttice, as it runs to seed easily in the
summer months. The seed is sown in the early fall in
the open ground, and when the plants have from seven
to eight leaves they are transplanted. As some varie-
ties grow very large they should be set out from 12 to
16 inches apart, in rich, well-manured soil. Constant
working of the soil and frequent watering will push
them forward rapidly. They form no head, but a dense
rosette, and their quality is judged by the compact
denseness of the rosette and the blanching. They are
worthless if poorly blanched. The blanching is done
a few weeks before they are gathered. If nearly full
grown the leaves are all tied up together so as to pro-
tect the heart of the plant from the action of the sun-
light. The plants are allowed to stand where they
grow, but thej^ must be well watered. Endive treated
in this way will be fit for the table in about 20 days.
If protected by marsh hay the plants will continue to
grow in temperate latitudes until the middle of De-
cember. The best variety is Green Curled Winter. If
full grown it forms a rosette that is from 12 to 18
inches across, the leaves being very much curled. —
Countrv Gentleman.

BRUSSELLS SPROUTS. •

The growing of Brussells sprouts and cabbage are
practically the same while in the young stage of
growth. Seed should be sown in a greenhouse or hot-
bed any time in March (according to your facilities or
local conditions.) Before the second leaf is made the
young plants should be transplanted into flats filled
with at least 3 inches of good soil and spaced 3 inches
apart. The plants should not be allowed to starve in
these flats, but should be planted out in the open
ground as soon as the soil and weather conditions will
permit. Brussells sprouts should never at any time be
crowded. The^- require good rich soil with plenty of
humus, and like cabbage, will stand plenty of manure.
Planted in a garden they should be set 3 feet apart in
the row and 3 feet 6 inches to 4 feet between rows ;
plant diagonally. When plants are set the soil should
be trod firmly around the plant with your feet, so as
to get a compact growth. Do not let them suft'er for
want of water and keep all weeds cleaned out, and
give them constant cultivation. Of course, j^ou will
have to keep the cabbage worm off of them, using
what remedy you think best; as in case of green fly, if
they get in the young sprouts they are troublesome.
The beginning of August it gives good results to apply
some good concentrated fertilizer every two weeks
applied around the plants and raked in. If a storm
should knock the plants down it is best to put a stake
to the plants and tie them up.

The trouble is in our State of Wisconsin the grow-
ing season is sometimes too short ; if a severe frost
comes in September sometimes the sprouts have not
developed enough. The plants should then he dug up
(leave what dirt will stay on the roots) and heel them
in soil either in a cold frame or a vegetable shed so that
they get plenty of air in day time and severe frosts

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

319

kept from tliem at night. They come out very satis-
factorily this way. Would not advise anyone planting;
them in a hot black muck soil. — Vegetable Grower.

GROWING TOMATOES IN THE HOUSE
GARDEN.

This method of growing tomatoes has never failed
to produce large quantities of good-sized, smooth,
evenly-ripened fruit. I start the seed in the house
about 8 weeks before planting time, transplanting them
into a cold frame about 6 inches apart both ways,
about 4 weeks before setting them out, so as to secure
stocky, well-hardened plants. I use poultry wire 3^2
or 4 feet wide, drawn tight between stout stakes, as
they have a heavy load to bear later on. Set the plants
deeply, 4 feet apart in well prepared soil, using a good
handful of high-grade fertilizer, mixed thoroughly
with the soil in each hill, protecting the plants with a
paper collar from the cut worms. Give good cultiva-
tion, deeply at first and lighter later in the season.
Keep the plants tied to the wire with soft twine as
they grow up, letting them grow as they will, doing
no pruning until the plants are well set with fruit, then
trim away all unnecessary growth above the top of
the wire. By planting the strong-growing varieties,
such as Matchless and Livingston's Coreless, one can
have good tomatoes to- the end of the season, as they
can be cultivated and kept growing until frost cuts
them down. I aim to protect the plants against the
tlea beetle, by keeping them well sprayed, particularly
while they are still small, as they seem to do the most
injury to young plants. Another application of fertil-
izer later on when the plants are setting is advisable,
raking it well in, not too close to the plants. Three
or four days before lifting plants from the cold frame
I take a large knife and cut between plants. This
makes it much easier to lift them and keep all the soil
on the roots, and they never wilt when handled this
w-ay. I have found this method much superior to
training the plants to single stems on stakes, as that
does not seem to leave foliage enough to protect the
fruit. — \'egetable Grower.

BEAN GROWING UNDER GLASS.

While beans are not grown commercially under
glass, they are very acceptable for the private table,
and far superior to any that can be procured on the
market during the winter months; therefore, for
pivate greenhouses, beans are to be highly recom-
mended as a forced vegetable. When successfully
grown, it is surprising t!ie number which can be
gathered.

There are two methods of growing this vegetable —
on raised benches or in pots. If grown in pots, half
fill 7-inch ])ots with fairly rich porous soil, then plant
six or seven beans in a pot. As the beans grow keep
adding soil by degrees until filled. It takes about 8 to
9 weeks to mature a crop in a temperature of 55 de-
grees at night with 70 to 75 during the day. The
bench sj'^stem is preferable, as there is less labor and
attention required, and results are equal, if not bet-
ter.

Greenhouse vegetable forcing has come to be one of
the important branches of the profession. The product
appeals readily to the consumer, as the plants are not
subjected to extreme temperatures such as our early
garden vegetables are at times. The results are they
are tender and can be appreciated by all. — Can. Hort.

New Ceirnation

Wm, Eccles

Awarded 1st prize at the Carnation Societies' Convention Id Detroit
for the best 100 Blooms. Red or Scarlet.

The Silver Medal of the New York Horticultural Society for the
best undiscriminated variety, and flrst-class certificates wherever
shown. Has the color of Flamingo, a strong, rigid stem, a perfectly
formed 3Vo-inch flower, non-bursting, highly perfumed, a grand keeper;
a cross between Beacon and Victory and as free as any scarlet to date.

We are also sole agents in America for Mr. Engelmann's (Saffron
Walden. England) British Novelties. Lady Northcliffe and British
Triumph. Two very promising Carnations. Come and see them grown.

Prices, Rooted Cuttings, Doz S3.00: 100 $15.00

Prices, Out of 214-inch P»ts, Doz $3.60; 100 $20.00

Don't forget that we have a fine lot of home-grown grape vines In
all the leading varieties. 1. 2. and 3-year-old canes. These are more
satisfactory than the imported article, for half the price.

One-Year-Old Vines $200 each

Two- Year-Old Vines $3.50 each

Layer Fruiting Canes $5.00 to $7.50 each

Try our Grnfted Roses this year. We supply the most critical buyers
in the country, and can satisfy you. Our Chrysanthemum list Is com-
prehensive and contains the best there is in Mums.

If our catalogue fails to reach you. drop us a postal.

SCOTT BROS.

Elmsford Nurseries
ELMSFORD NEW YORK

DREER'S

Fancy -Leaved Caladiums

We carrv the largest stock of Fancy-leaved
Caladiums iii the world and our collection is most com-
plete, including many new and rare varieties which
have not as yet been generally offered, and also the
choicest of the standard varieties.

We oiler the Choice Standard Varieties.

Collection of 12 distinct sorts for $2,25
Collection of 25 distinct sorts for $4.00
Collection of 50 distinct sorts for $7.50

New and Rare Varieties.

Collection of 12 distinct sorts for $5.00
Collection of 28 distinct sorts for $12.50

The Diamond Jubilee Edition
DREER'S GARDEN BOOK FOR 1913

dcbcribcs the ah,
varieties of Seed
worth growing ii
and practical ci
of greater vali
free to anyone

••c and .ilso olTcr-i nearly 5,000 other species and
Plants and Bulbs, which include really everything
... this country. Many of the sorts arc illustrated,
Itural notes on flowers and vegetables make this book
e than any half dozen books on gardening. Mailed
metitiotiin]: this {publication.

DREER'S C.\RDIX.\L CUMBER is the most beautiful,
liant and distinct annual climber ever introduced. It is a sti
rapid grower, with deeply lacinalcd foliage and covered
brilliant red flowers, which make it a blaze of glory from
July till fri.<t. :;•:. per p.ickct. Dreer's Garden Book free

bril-

ch

.Icr.

HENRY A. DREER

714 Chettnut Street
PHILADELPHIA. PA.

320

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

LIME AS A SOIL ADJUSTER.

In man_y States the soil is deficient in lime, and tiiis
has caused a number of investigations to be made with
good resuUs.

]\Iany soils are sour. Lime sweetens, sour soils, so
that crops such as alfalfa and clovers can be raised
that are impossible otherwise. Lime is recommended
for the soils in most of the Eastern and Southern
States.

What kind of lime shall be used? Ground marble,
or pure limestone, of about the texture of coarse corn
meal, is undoubtedly preferable to the burnt lime at
the usual price. A fair amount is two tons to the acre.
An application lasts several years, depending on the
condition of the soil.

Lime alone is not a fertilizer, but is a "soil adjuster,"
that is, it neutralizes the acids of the soils, thereby
bringing about such conditions that the soil and the
fertilizers (materials which contain the food elements
required by plants) will readily give up their food con-
stituents to the plants. Therefore the lime will not re-
place a fertilizer, but it brings about neutrality of the
soil, which condition is necessary for rendering the
fertility a\ailable for assimilation bv the plant.

Formerly the lime was added to the soil in the form
of burnt limestone, known as burnt lime, or calcium
oxide. In contact with the flesh produces irritation
and sores and destroys clothing, both of which makes
its spreading over the soil a very disagreeable opera-
tion. As it must be spread in a pulverized form and
being a light material, much dusting occurs, so even
with care the persons who are spreading it cannot
prevent some of the fine dust entering their eyes,
throat and lungs. The result is painful irritation,
which may result in bringing about permanent injury
to these organs. Furthermore, when the burnt lime
is moistened it forms lime-hydrate, more commonly
known as slacked lime, which material is rapidly
washed away and dissolved by rains, causing loss un-
less immediately mixed with the soil.

These two materials in their pure state are of the
same chemical combination, being lime carbonate, a
conipound which rapidly and completely neutralizes
acids, but which is verj- slightly soluble in water.
With these facts in mind, large scale experiments were
conducted in several States, the results going to show
that pulverized marble dust, or pure limestone, pos-
sesses many advantages over burnt lime as a "soil ad-
juster." Some of the chief advantages which were
■found are: 1. It is a cheaper material, the actual cost
for a given weight of lime equivalent is less than half:
2. The material being in fairly large grains is not
washed nor dissolved and lost by rains; 3. It is not
objectionable nor unhealthy to spread, as it does not
dust and does not irritate the flesh; 4. It may be
spread easily and uniformly; 5. It does not destroy
the vegetable matter of the soil, not being strongl'v
caustic, therefore an excess is no injury.

SUPERIOR ADV.VXTAGES.

Now as to the advantages of pulverized marble over
pulverized limestone. Marble is one of the purest
forms of natural calcium carbonate, analyzing 98.0 to
99.0 per cent. pure. Limestone on the other hand is
composed chiefly of calcium carbonate, in some cases
being of as pure a quality as marble, but as a general
rule it contains varying amounts of silica, iron oxide.
and magnesium carbonate.

Soil deficient in lime carbonate (sour soils) require
an application of a large quantity of fertilizers in or-

der to raise good crops; whereas soils which contain
free lime require less fertilizing and give good returns.

Charles E. Thorne, director of the Ohio Experi-
ment Station, made the following statement in his
report on the need of adding lime to soils : "When
the land begins to need lime it is a waste of time,
energy and money to continue to cultivate it until the
need is supplied, for the economical use of every other
fertilizing material, including manure, depends upon
the lime supply. If it is deficient, everything else
must fall short of its possible attainment.

Pulverized marble alone will not render the land
fertile, but if all the plant food elements are present in
the soil, then the lime carbonate will adjust the con-
ditions so that they will be readily assimilated by the
plant.

TESTS TO DETERMINE NEED.

The two best methods of determining the need of
applying lime to the soil are as follows :

I. The most practical test is afiforded by laying off
a strip in the field which is a fair representative of the
whole field. Spread about one pound of the pulverized
marble on each square yard on the strip (equivalent
to 2 tons per acre) and harrow it into the soil. Sow
your regular crop and note if the growth on the test
strip is better than the other part of the farm. Test
strips of land, to which are also added manure or other
fertilizers, together with the pulverized marble, will
demonstrate the real need of the soil.

II. The appearance of a growing field may indicate
the need of applying pulverized marble. If the soil is
not as productive as it should be, then in most cases
the application will prove to be most beneficial. In no
case can injury result by applying pulverized marble,
even when ajiplied in great excess.

now TO APPLY IT.

Tlie most elTective way of applying puiveVized
marble to the land is to spread it broadcast, over the
plowed surface, then thoroughly harrow it into the
soil. In the case of meadows, or other grass lands, a
too dressing alone will be beneficial.

The best time of the vear for making the application
is either in the earlv sprin? or in the fall; but still it
mav be apolied without doing anv injury at any other
time that the land is not occupied by crops and when
plowing can be done. The amotmt which should be
used is about two tons per acre, which is ample for
two to five years, depending on the condition of the
soil.

RESULTS OF USING IT.

In summarizing; the results of a number of experi-
ments on the effect of lime carbonate on soils con-
ducted throug-hout the United States, the following
show the many advantages gained by the use of pul-
verized marble :

1. The free acid in the soil is neutralized, oroducing
sweet conditions, which is essential for fertility.

2. Hea\-y anrl clayev soils are rendered porous and
mellow, thus the maintenance of good tilth is more
easy.

3. Ortjanic nmtter and barnyard manures decom-
pose more rapidly and the olant food which thev con-
tain becomes more promptly available. Th's is espe-
cially so in heavy soils in which decay takes place
slowlv.

4. The capacity of liglit soils to retain moisture is
increased when pulverized marble is used in combina-
tion with green manuringf or any other org'anic manures.

.^. It is essential for success with clovers and alfalfa.
.\ hea^•v application in this case gives best results.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

321

6. It decreases the tendency of certain diseases,
which are the result of parasitic organisms. This is
especiall}- so with cauliflowers and finger-and-toe of
turnips and beets.

7. It renders available the less soluble potash com-
pounds of soils, in which case the need of potash fer-
tilizers will be lessened, at least for a time.

8. Phosphate fertilizers are often rendered more
eflfective, and the inert phosphates of the soil are
rendered available for the plant.

9. It improves the physical condition of the soil
by making it more porous so that it retains moisture
longer and also reduces the tendency of the soil to
cake. A porous soil allows air to more readily reach
the roots, which is essential to the healthful growth
of the plant.

10. It increases the activity of the soil and renders
more rapidly available the elements of fertilizers.

11. The growth of legumes is greatly encouraged,
whereby a greater quantity of nitrogen is taken from
the air and stored in the soil.

12. It is especially beneficial to meadow and pasture
grasses, therefore animal husbandry is made possible
and more profitable.

13. Crop production per acre is increased.

With these many advantages in favor of the use of
pulverized marble on lands, the farmer must not be
led to think that all diseases and bad conditions of his
soils will be remedied by its use. Pulverized marble
dust, the purest form of natural lime carbonate, is
merely a "soil adjuster," and as such, is a most valuable
aid to fertilizers, manures, thorough cultivation, nor
proper crop rotation, but its use will increase the
efficiency of each of these and thereby yield large re-
turns.— Exchange.

PELICAN PLANT.

The photograph herewith reproduced is a fine speci-
men of what is sometimes called the Pelican plant, and
was grown on the estate of P. A. B. Widener, at
Ogontz, Pa., over which William Kleinheinz presides
as gardener. The flowers shown on the plant are 12
inches across, and 24 inches long; the tail (canda) be-
ing from 28 to 30 inches in length. This plant is of a
climbing variety, and grown under glass at a tempera-
ture of 55 to 58. It can be flowered twice a year, re-
quiring a rest before forcing.

ARISTOLOCHIA GIC.AS HOOKERII.
{.Irown bv William Kleinheinz, Ogontz, Pa

I am in a Position

to quote prices
on specimen

Evergreens that will be decidedly attractive for any estate.

If you are in the market for anything from Norway Spruce

to the finer varieties of

EVERGREENS

send in your lists and I will give you a figure that will
satisfy you.

. 11. vJWLJLyiSllLL, ine\a/ york. city

200 BRO/\D\A//\>^

INE\A/

Xelephone, 5617 Cortlandt

322

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

National Association of Gardeners.
M. C. Ebel, secretary, Madison, X. J.

Society of American Florists and Orna-
mental Horticulturists.
John Young, secretary, 54 West 38th street.
New York.

American Carnation Society.
A. F. J. Bauer, secretary, Indianapolis, Ind.

American Gladiolus Society.
L. Merton Gage, secretarj', Grot on, Mass.

American Peony Society.
A. B. Saunders, secretary, Clinton, N. Y.

American Rose Society.
B. Hammond, secretary, Fislikill, X. Y.

American Sweet Pea Society.

H. A. Bunyard, secretary, 342 West 14th

street, New York.

Chrysanthemum Society of America.

Charles W. Jolinson. secretary, Morgan

Park, 111.

Boston Gardeners' and Florists' Club.

William N. Craig, secretary. North Easton,
Mass.
Meets third Tuesday every month, Horti-
cultural Hall, Boston, Mass., 8 p. m.

Connecticut Horticultural Society.

Geo. W. Smith, secretary, Melrose, Conn.

Meets second and fourth Fridays every

month. County Building, Hartford, Conn., 8

p. m.

Dutchess County Horticultural Society.

Hubert G. Cottam, secretary, Wappingers

Falls, N. Y.

Meets at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., last
Wednesday every month except May and
June.

Elberon Horticultural Society.

Benj. Wyckoff, secretary, 1104 4th avenue,

Asbury Park, N. J.

Meets first Monday everv month. Fire

Hall, Elberon, N. J., 8 p. m."

Florists' and Gardeners' Club of Holyoke
and Northarnpton, Mass.

James Whiting, secretary, Amherst, Mass.
Meets second Tuesday every month.

The Garden Club of Michigan.
Mrs. Edward H. Parker, secretary, 139 Sey-
burn avenue, Detroit, Mich.
The corresponding secretary virill notify
members of date and place of meetings.

Gardeners' and Florists' Club of Baltimore.

Meets second and fourtli Monday every
month, Florist Exchange Hall.

The Horticultural Society of New York.

Geo. V. Nash, secretary, Bronx Park, New

York City.

Meets monthly, irregular. May to Octo-
ber, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx
Park, New York. November to April,
American Museum of Natural History, 77th
street and Columbus avenue. New York.

Lake Geneva Gardeners' and Foremen's

Association.
A. Martini, secretary, Lake Geneva, Wis.
Meets first and third Saturday every
month, October to April; first Saturday
every month. May to September, Horticul-
tural Hall.

Lenox Horticultural Society.
George Instone, secretary, Lenox, Mass.
Meets first Saturday every month.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
William P. Rich, secretary, 300 Massachu-
setts-avenue, Boston,' Mass.

Monmouth County Horticultural Society.

Harry Kettle, secretary, Fairhaven, N. J.
Meets second and fourth Friday every
month, Red Men's Hall, Oceanic.

Morris County Florists' and Gardeners'

Society.
Edward J. Keagaii, secretary, Morristown,
N. J.
Meets at Madison, N. J., second Wednes-
day every month, except July and August,
S p. m,

Nassau County Horticultural Society,
Ernest Westlake, secretary. Glen Cove, N. Y.

Meets second Wednesday every month,
Pembroke Hall, Glen Cove, N. Y.,-8 p. m.

New Jersey Floricultural Society.
Willip.m Reid, secretary, 363 Centre street,
Orange, N. J.
Meets second Friday every month, 240
Main street. Orange, N. J., 8 p. m.

New London County Horticultural Society.
John Humphrey, secretary, X^ew London.
^ Conn.
Meets second Thursday every month,
rooms of Business Men's Association.

Newport Horticultural Society.
D. J. Coughlin, secretary, Newport, R. I.
Meets second and fourth Tuesday every
month.

North Shore Horticultural Society.

Jas. Slater, secretary, ^Manchester, Jlass.
Meets first and third Fridays every
month.

North Westchester County Horticultural

and Agricultural Society.
M. J. O'Brien, secretary, Mt. Kisco. N. Y.
Meets third Thursday every month, ex-
cept June, July and August, at 8 ■ p, m. ;
December. January and February, 3 p. m..
Odd Fellows Hall, Mt. Kisco.

Oyster Bay Horticultural Society.
Tohn T. Ingram, secretary, Oyster Bav,
N. Y. '
Meets third Friday every month. Board
of Trade, Oyster Bay, N. Y., 8 p. m.

Pasadena Horticultural Society.

Geo. B. Kennedy, secretary, 497 Bradford
street, Pasadena, Cal.
Meets first and fourth Friday every
month.

Paterson Floricultural Society.

Sebastian Hubschmitt, secretary, 61 Seventh
avenue, Paterson, N. J.
Meets first Tuesday every month, Ro-
maine Building, 8 p. m.

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.
David Rust; secretary. Broad and Locust
streets, Philadelphia, Pa.
Meets third Tuesday every month, Horti-
cultural Hall, 8 p. m.

People's Park Cottage Gardeners' Associa-
tion,
.lohn Ainscough, secretary, 4 Chestnut street,
Paterson, N. J.
Meets first and last Friday every month.
Working Man's Institute, !^Iadison avenue,
Paterson, N. J.

Philadelphia Florists' Club.
David Rust, secretary. Broad and Locust
streets, Philadelphia, Pa.
Meets first Tuesday every month. Horti-
cultural Hall, Philadelphia, Pa., 8 p. m.

The Pittsburgh Florists' and Gardeners'
Club.

H. P. Joslin, secretary, Ben Avon, Pa.

Meets first Thursdav every month. Fort
Pitt Hotel, Pittsburgh," Pa.

Rhode Island Horticultural Society.

A. C. ^Miller, secretary, 7 Irving avenue.
Providence, R. I.
ileets third Wednesday every month.
Providence Public Library, 8 p, m.

Southampton Horticultural Society.

William McLeod, secretary.
Meets first Thursday every month. Me-
morial Hall, Southampton, N. Y.

Tarrytown Horticultural Society.

E. W, Neubrand, secretary, Tarytown, N, Y.
Meets last Tuesday ever}' month, except
December, Corporation Building, Tarrytown,
N. Y'., 7:30 p. m. Annual meeting last
Thursday in December.

Tuxedo Horticultural Society.
Jos. A. Beevar, secretary, Tuxedo Park, N. Y.
Meets first Wednesday every month. Par-
ish House, Tuxedo Park.

Washington, D. C, Florist Club.

0. A. C. Ochmair, secretary, Washington.
D, C.
Meets first Monday every month.

Westchester and Fairfield Horticultural

Society.
J. B. McArdle, secretary, Greenwich, Conn.
Meets second Friday every mouth. Dor-
an's Hall, Greenwich, Conn,, S p, m.

Yonkers Horticultural Society.
S. Mahoney, secretary, Yonkers, N. Y.
Jleets first Frida.y every month, Holly-
wood Inn, Y'onkers, N. Y., 8 p. m.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

323

GARDENERS DIARY

The International Flower Show.
New Grand Central Palace, New York,
April 5-12, 1913.

Lenox Horticultural Society.
Summer Show, August 20-21. Fall Show,
October 22-23.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
Mid-winter Exhibition, February 1, 2,
1913. Spring Exhibition, March 14-16, 1913.
Horticultural Hall, Boston, Mass.

Yonkers Horticultural Society.
Bowling, Thursday nights, Riverdale ave-
nne, Yonkers, N. Y.

Nassau County Horticultural Society.
Annual Dinner, Glen Cove, January 23,

Morris County Horticultural Society.

Annual Dinner, Morristown, N. J., Janu-
ly 28.

New Jersey Floricultural Society.
Annual Dinner, Orange, N. ■!., January 1.5.

Monmouth County Horticultural Society.
Annual Dinner, January.

Oyster Bay Horticultural Society.

Annual Dinner. Rothman's Hotel, East
Norwich. N. Y.. January 29.

North Westchester Horticultural and Agri-
cultural Society.

Annual Dinner, Newcastle Inn., Mt. Kisco,
January l(i.

Yonkers Horticultural Society.
Annual Dinner, Hollywood Inn, Yonkers,
-January 30.

Lenox Horticultural Society.
Annual Dinner, February — .

REMINISCENCES OF THE NORTHERN
WESTCHESTER COUNTY HORTICUL-
TURAL AND AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY OF MT. KISCO.
M. J. O'Brien.
In writing for your esteemed paper a
short history of the above society and
things horticultural and its aspirants, it
goes without saying that it is a subject
near and dear to the hearts of most all
the people in whatever walk in life you find
tlicm — from the millionaire, with his green-
houses, to the workman's wife, with her
dooryard and window garden and to even
the toddling child with bis flower garden
in the backyard. The inate love of flowers
seems and is a god-jfiven attribute of us
all, and what the Northern Westchester
County Horticultural and Agricultural So-
ciety has done and is doing to inculcate and
promote that love of (lowers and plants is
now. my purpose to record.

This society was organized January 5,
1897, the object being for the promotion of
social intercourse and discussion of horti-
cultural and agricultural matters among its
members and the general community in this
vicinity. Primarily through the untiring
•efforts of our fellow townsman, H. A.

Spavins, the nucleus of this society was
then formed. He got together at that time
some of the ablest men in the gardening
profession to help him formulate same,
notably, J. 1. Donlan, of New York; Hon.
James Wood and Mr. T. Ehvood Carpenter,
respectively president and secretary of the
then Bedford Flower Club, a horticultural
society which preceded this organization.

The first officers of the society were:
Honorary president, Hon. James Wood;
honorary vice-presidents, Dr. Curry and ilr.
T. E. Carpenter. The active officers were
as follows: President, Alex. L. Marshall,
Pawling, N. Y.; vice-president, Wm.
Stevens, Mount Kisco; treasurer, Michael
Green, Jlount Kisco; secretary, Herbert
Spavins, Mount Kisco; Executive commit-
tee, J. H. Crane, chairman; 0. Von Koden,
Charles Frank, John Payton, and A. T.
Brill.

The first flower show held by the society
was in the Mount Kisco Opera House, in
November, 1897, to which our public spirited
townsman, H. F. Bailey, Esq., donated a
fine silver cup for best 24 chrj'santhemums.
It was won by George Barton, gardener
to the late J. D. Layng, Esq., and through
tlie medium of the munificience of Jlr.
Bailey in offering a silver cup yearly the
competition for some brought out the finest
flowers from the foremost growers in
Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey and
New York State, and the Society had a
most enviable prominence amongst their
fellow neighboring societies, which they
hold to the present time.

Some year or so after the new railroad

depot was built, the society voluntarily
planted the herbacious flower border back
of the hedge on South Moger avenue, which
adds to the beauty of that point in the
village. The main object of the members,
as said before, is to promote a spirit
amongst the people of the "village beauti-
ful." In the Spring of 1898 they distributed
to the school children of the village 500
geraniums in pots to inculcate the love of
flowers, offering five prizes for best grown
geranium, personally taken care of by each
child, one plant allowed each child for the
exhibition in November of that year. The
exhibit proved a wonder.

I wish to state this time that an esteemed
wealthy lady of Mount Kisco has gen-
erously offered four valuable prizes to this
society to be competed for at the Novem-
ber Flower Show of 1913, by the school
children of the village schools, and the
plants will be distributed amongst the
children the coming Spring by this society,
to be grown by them for that exhibition.

I may add that since the advent of our
wealthy residents in Mount Kisco and
vicinity, this society has been patronized,
fostered, and generously financed by them.
The majority of them take a keen interest
in the annual shows, where the products
of their estates are to l)e seen on e.xhibi-
tion and competition — a source of great
pleasure to them and the general com-
munity, and a credit to the growers.

There is now an active membership of
75, including 5 charter members — H. A.
Sparius, A. L. Marshall, Geo. Carpenter,
Howard F. Bailey and Wm. Will, Katonah.

THE LAKE GENEVA GARDENERS' AND FOREMEN'S ASSOCIATION.

The Lake Geneva Gardeners' and Fore-
men's Association has the distinction of being
the only club of its kind in this country
possessing its own home, which has come to
it through the generosity of the residents
along the shore front of Lake Geneva.

The Lake Geneva gardeners are making
good use of the club house erected for them
and from time to time hold interesting ex-
hibits to which the public is admitted free
of charge, except at the annual chrysanthe-
mum show, when the nominal entrance fee
of 25 cents is collected. These shows arc
all well patronized and enjoyed by the
public.

l<^or several years it has been the custom
of the club to distribute among the public
school children during the month of May
some five or six hundred chry.santhemun)
plants in 3-inch pots, to be grown by the
children during the Summer months to be
competed for later in the season at the
children's show. The club's treasury eon-
tributes $50 in prizes and from seventy-five

to one hundred plants are brought together
in competition.

The association has recently installed a
gardeners' library in its olnb room, covering
such subjects as botany, bulbs, perennials,
nursery, orchard and small fniits, vegetables,
land.scape and a number of miscellaneous
subjects, and a cyclopedia pertaining to
floriculture and horticulture. Last year's
prize money at the chrysanthemum show was
permitted to remain in the treasury for the
establishment of this librao'.

The employers of the gardeners take an
active interest in the yearly shows. These
shows being instrumeulal in getting estate
owners to put up more glass aud incidentally
instilling new life and energy into the
profession.

Meetings are held twice a month during the
AVinter months, and in the bus.v, or Summer
season, meetings are confined to once a
month.

This club is regarded as one of the most
progressive and succe.ssfiil of, the gardeners'
clubs in the West.

324

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

TARRYTOWN DINNER.

The Tariytown Horticultural Society
opened the horticultural dinner season on
Wednesday evening. January 8, at Flor-
ence Inn. Tarrytown. N. Y. The hour set
for the dinner was 7:30 o'clock, and very
shortly after that hour the diners seated
themselves in the prettily decorated dining
room, where many of this season's flori-
culture novelties were displayed on the
tables.

As usual the active man of the occasion
was Mr. E. W. Xewbrand, secretary of the
society. The hotel furnished a fine menu,
which, with the good music, was much en-
joyed by those present.

Many of the speakers were men promi-
nent in public life along the Hudson,
notably the Hon. Cliarles P. McClellan.
United States Appraiser, and his remarks
were well chosen. Mr. J. Austin Shaw was
on hand with his annual communication
from the secretary. He was followed by
Mr. Geo. B. Nash, of the Bronx Park, New
Y'ork, who spoke on behalf of the great
work done by the New York Horticultural
Society, and asked the co-operation of the
gardeners in making the monthly flower
shows, which are now being held* by this
society, a success.

Others at the dinner were :Mr. F. P.. Pier-
son, "the first citizen" of Tarrytown; Wil-
liam H. AVaite and L. Milliott, of Ynnkcrs.
N. Y.; Frank Drews and J. Derban, of
Orange, N. J.; J. W. Everett, and Leslie
Ortiz, of Glen Cove, N. Y.; A. Bleschkc,
Saugatuck, Conn., and Robert Angus, Wil-
liam Scott, J. Witlinger and William Jami-
son, Tarrytown; Martin C. Ebel and Wm.
E. Tricker, of Madison, N. J., and many
other of the gardening fraternity.

Mr. Charles Millard acted as toastmaster.

OYSTER BAY HORT. SOCIETY.

The regular monthly meeting of the
Oyster Bay Horticultural Society was held
in the board of trade rooms, December 28,
at 8 p. m.; President Duthie occupied the
chair. Eev. Geo. Talmage was elected an
associate member and Daniel Craft, of the
Bay, also associate. The following gentle-
men acted as judges for the Points Compe-
tition: Alfred Lahodney, A. Walker, James
Duckham. The financial secretary read his
report, also the treasurer, which were re-
ceived by a rising vote of thanks. Mr.
Jos. Robinson acted as temporary chairman,
and the following were elected: James
Duthie, president; Joseph Robinson, vice-
president; John T. Ingi-am, secretary; John
Deviiie, financial secretary; H. G. Vail,
treasurer. Executive committee, Wm.
Eccles. A. Walker. Thos. Roberts, A. Lahod-
?iey, Floyd Blowers, Chester Painter. J. E.

Ravnor; trustees, James Goldsmith, John
Millar, E. J. Grobel.

Mr. Robinson installed the officers for
1913. The subject of having a dinner was
discussed, and it was agreed to hold it on
January 29 at Chas. Rothman's Hotel at
East Norwich.

Mr. Robinson won the gold medal pre-
sented by the president for most points at
the monthly meeting last year.

.JOHN T. INGRAM.

At the annual meeting of The Northern
Westchester Horticultural and Agricultural
Society, December 19, 1912, the following
officers were elected for 1913: President,
.James H. Andrews, re-elected ; vice-presi-
dent, John T. Hall, re-elected; financial
secretary, Alexander, Thomson, re-elected;
treasurer, John Walsh, new officer; record-
ing secretarv. AI. J. O'Brien, re-elected.

M. .1. O'BRIEN,
Recording Secretary.

ORCHIDS

Established and Imported

AlsoBMkets. Peat, Moss. Write for Catalatrs

Wed Orange, N.J.

AMERICAN ROSE SOCIETY.

The prize list for the coming exhibition as
part of the National Flower Show has been
issued. There will be additional special
prizes.

The Annual Bulletin for 1912 will be an
interesting document. This record of events
of the society is steadily in demand by
libraries and students.

Tlie correspondence up to this date shows
that interest is already alive by the growers
of roses to make good in New York. No
flower show would be complete unless the
roses were there in full force. These flower
shows are very effective as "trade getters" in
this wise :

The fame of them goes broadcast. In the
city of New York within a radius of twelve
miles from the location of the Gi-and Central
station, where the show is to be held, are
.5.(KiO,000 people, and to cultivate the taste
of this great population' is the effect.

There is a place in popular favor for the
small roses. The Rambler rose is becoming
more and more in evidence the country over.
During the growing season this class of
roses, if you look for them, you will find
frequently in the small door yards of the
cities. They do look pretty.

BENJAMIN HAMMOND,
Secretary.

SOLANUM CAPSICASTRUM MELVINI

BEAUTIFUL DECORA-
TIVE PLANT FOR
THE HOLIDAYS

{Introduced by us last scasoiO
Dwarf, bushy plants. 12 to
Id inches high, covered with
brilliant scarlet. conical
shaped berries, carried well
above the foliage.

AWARDED
Silver Medal by Society Of

.\m(Tiian Florists.
Bronze Medal by Newport

Il.irt. Society.
First Class Certificate by

Muss, riort. Society.
First Class Certificate by
c.'iinoiurs' and Florists'
Club of Boston.
First Class Certificate by
National Gardeners' As-
sociation.
Sow Seeds in Jati. or Feb.
tor next Christmas.

Single pkt. 25c. 5 pkts. $1.00

ORDER NOW AS SEED IS LIMITED

THOMAS J. GREY CO.

32 S. Market St., Boston, Mass-

ROEHR'S SPECIALTIES:

Orchids : Palms : Bay Trees : Roses

and all stove and ornamental plants. The
only strictly exotic nurseries in America.

JULIUS ROEHRS CO., Rutherford, N. J.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

325

CONNECTICUT HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

The anmial meeting of the Connecticut
Horticultural Society was held in the
County Building, Hartford, on Friday eve-
ning, December 13.

The officers who have so faithfully done
duty for the past twelve months were re-
elected in a body with a few minor excep-
tions. This makes President Huss' seventh
consecutive year in the chair, w'hich fact
speaks volumes for the esteem with which
he is held by his fellow members. The so-
cietv is in a good condition numerically and
financially, there being about 210 members
in good standing. The society has bought
two additional shares of the Aetna Life In-
surance stock, which, with the shares al-
ready owned, will bring in a handsome
revenue.

The e.xhibition table was well filled with
plants, cut flowers and tomatoes and mush-
rooms, all of high quality.

The judges. Messrs. Petersen, Cumming?
and Brown, awarded J. F. Huss first class
certificate for four magnificent begonias of
the Loraine type.

Wm. H. Mackenzie, first class certificate
for five varieties of sweet peas.

J. F. Weber, first class certificate for two
vases Poinsettias, one vase single and one
double varieties.

J. Zibilleus, first class certificate for to-
matoes.

\V. Mason certificate of merit for vase of
beautiful Bonvardias in three varieties.

J. F. Weber honorable mention for mush-
rooms.

Burpee's Seeds Grow

And the Burpee Business Grows!

Last year (our36lh) we sold more seeds than
ever before in any one year, and in 1913 we shall
sell even more. Vou will understand " the reason
why " when you read

Burpee's New Annual for 1913

This complete hook, bound in lithographed
co\ers and containing also four fine colored
plates painted from nature, is Volrs for the ask-
ing— provided you have a garden and will men-
tion where you saw this advertisement. It is an
elegant book — the best seed catalog we have yet
issued— and offers Rare Novelties in choicest
Vegetables and Beautiful
Flowers, some of which
can be obtained only
direct from us.

Many a winter's evening
can he spent profitably in
planning your garden by a
careful study of this book.
Shall we send you a copy ?
If vou appreciate Quality
in Seeds you wilt say Yes I

If so, write to-day — do
not put off and possibly
forget until it is too late!

W. Atlee Burpee & Co.

rpee Bu
rgest M.

.dings, Philadelphia
lil-Order Seed House

There will NLVLK l.e enough nu:;
ber one apples— ALWAYS too man
cider apples. Don't waste your time
s crowing inferior grades.

cidal properties. Used bv best orchard-
Ists the world over. Endorsed b\' Ex-
Stations. Our SERVICE

/booklet— "Pratt's Hand-
book for Fruit Growers" and "Sr ale-
the T-ee Siver." P-^ih frpe.
PRATT COMPANY

50 Church Street New York Cit'

.^rTn^S Sheep Manun

Dried and Pulverized

One Barrel Equals Two

Wa^on Loads Barnyard Manure [

Unequalled for lawn, gardt

,er Ijooklet and prices.
I THE PULVERIZED MANURE CO.. 43 Uni

,d field fertilizing. Write |
Stock Yards. Cbicaco I

Wide-a-Wake Man's Opportunity

Property consists of 4; 2 acres land,
fronting on two streets, a nine-room cot-
tage, city water and hot water heat,
bath, etc. Electric lights and gas can be
had from either street.

Five greenhouses — four 200x22 ft. and
one 200x12 ft., in first-class running or-
der, stocked with roses. All benches arc
new this season and four houses have
concrete sides.

Steam and hot water heat, pots, tools,
etc., and boilers in Al condition.

One mile from depot and 26 miles
from New York. Owner must sell on
account of sickness. Will lease for a
year with privilege of buying. A good
opportunity for a live man to acquire an
established business cheap.

Will make easy terms to responsible
parties.

Address "Opportunity," Care (har-
dener's Chronicle, Madison, N. 1.

CAIN SUPPLY

Pure Raw Crushed Bone

FOR FRUIT CULTURE

Wfiie lor Pricrs

HD l/CMD ^"^^ Liberty Street
. D. IXLlYlr, Long Branch, N.J.

Plant for Immediate Effect

Not for Future Generations

Start with the largest stock that can be secured ! It takes over
twenty years to grow many of the Trees and Shrubs we offer.

We do the long waiting — thus enabling you to secure Trees and
Shrubs that give an immediate effect. Send for price list.

ANDORRA NURSERIES 'o

WM. WARNER HARPER, Proprietor

CHESTNUT HILL
PHILADELPHIA, PA.

Antoine Wintzer, Canim Hybridizor.

nator of more tlian 75 per cent, of t

Cannaa in Commerce today

IMPROVED (ANNAS

MRS. ALFRED F, CONARD, Introduced
In 1010. as a result of 15 .vears' careful
work, seemed, to the Exchange represeut-
ative as he looked upon it in full bloom,
to be one of the greatest creations In
Cannas ever sent out. Its very large,
clear, salmon-pink flowers, profusely pro-
duced on numerous beads, stand erect well
above Its ricb green foliage. Its bloom-
ing season is apparently long, and it Is
certainly one of the most exquisite of the
Cnnn.TS whose blooms arc In the lighter
cilois. — From The Florists' Exchange of
Siptembcr 2S.

OTHER IMPROVED CANNAS
WORTH HAVING.

Per 100

Bencon. Rid SM.OO

GladioHora. Variegated 15.00

Meteor. Red 25.00

Rosea Gigantea. Pink 25.00

Wm. Saunders. Red with bronze

l."f 10,00

Mt. Blanc. Near white 10.00

Kato F. Deemor. VcUow 35.00

Mrs, Alfred F, Conard. Pink 35.00

F. O. B. here.
For Ihc best kinds in the CANNA
KINOnOM write to

The Conard & Jones Co.

WEST GROVE, PENNA.

326

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

BON ARBOR

Awarded Diploma and Silver Medal at 1912
Royal laternational Exhibition, London, England

It is a complete plant food. Feed
your plants ; get results ; do it now.
Bon Arbor is favorably known every-
where it is used and it is widely
used. Such gardens as those of the
Capitol at Washington, D. C, and the Parliament Gardens,
Ottawa, Canada, and the Royal Windsor Gardens, Eng-
land, on the one side, and over 2000 country estates and
farms on the other, represent the field supplied. Show
flower and vegetable growers find Bon Arbor indispensable.

Bon Arbor is put up as follows :

>2-pound package, making IS gallons, by mail .$0.30
1-pound package, making 30 gallons, by mail . .55
5-pound package, making 150 gallons, exp. extra... 1.80

25-pound boxes, making 750 gallons 6.25

50-pound boxes, makmg 1500 gallons 12.50

100-pound boxes, making 3000 gallons 20.00

Barrels, from 250 to 300 lbs., 18c. per lb.
Ask your dealer or write direct.

Ant Destroyer, Positively Kills.

..65c. per lb.

BON ARBOR CHEMICAL CO.

Paterson, N. J., U. S. A.

Write for descriptivi
ture also Radix Worm
agricultural chemicals.

: catalogue, new 1912 edition. We manufac-
Eradicator, Insecticides, Weed Killer and all
Special prices on large quantities.

Get the Best in All Creation

TIP-TOP
TOBACCO POWDER

FOR FUMIGATION
Refuse, Reject the Imitation

$3.00 per Bag, 100 lbs.

Money With Order

Interstate Tobacco Co.

1397-1399 AVENUE A
NEW YORK

What More Can You Expect?

Messrs. Valentin Burgevin's Sons, of Kingston,
N. Y., write us under date of January 8th, 1913: —

"We wish to say that we find VERMIXE an excel-
lent thing. We used it on a bench planted with
Smilax to kill root lice, or maggots, which ate the
roots, and after two applications our Smilax is tak-
ing on new life and has started to grow."
Messrs. Newman & Legg, of Manasquan, N. J.,

write us under date of January 4th, 1913: —
"This fall we had occasion to try your FUXGINE
on a large house of sweet peas that were so badly
affected with mildew that we were going to throw
them out. — meaning a total loss of the crop.
"We had tried sulphur and all the other mildew
remedies without being able to control it. A caller
asked us if we had tried FUXGINE, saying that he
had heard that it was good for mildew. We gave
them one good syringing with FUXGINE, with the
result that within forty-eight hours there was not
a particle of live mildew in the house."

SCALINE

SCALINE. our new product, is an oil and sulphur
composition — three in one — a scalicide, fungicide and
insecticide combined, for San Jose and other scale
and all sap sucking insects.

Used in the dormant season for San Jose and hard
scale one part to twenty parts water.
In the summer season for soft scale, aphis, red
spider, thrips, mealy bug, one part to forty to fifty
parts water. It is a most effective outdoor spray for
trees, shrubs and hardy plants.

It will save your evergreens and shrubs from the
ravages of red spider, which has done so much dam-
age recently.

SCALIX'E contains the properties of our well-known
fungicide, FUNGINE, thus making it an excellent
remedy for various blights effecting trees and hardy
stock.

Use it for your winter spraying of fruit trees and
become convinced of its general effectiveness.
A marked improvement on the old-fashioned kero-
sene emulsion — more effective and more economical.

What more can w-e say than has repeatedly been
said of Apliine in these columns.

Recognized by prominent private and commercial
growers a^ thr insecticide which excels all.

Oor Products are For Sale br All Up-to-Dale Seed Firms

APHINE MANUFACTURING COMPANY

Manufacturers of Agricultural Chemicals

MADISON, N. J.

Not a "cosy," but a busy corner
of our laboratory

^^i^i^J^

'i'^

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

WEATHERED
COMPANY

196 Orient Ave.,

Jersey City, N. J.

The Only Greenhouse Builders on this Continent Awarded

A Gold and Silver Medal

for GREENHOUSE CONSTRUCTION

Weathered's Patent Curved Eave Iron Frame Greenhouses

Erected at GEORGIAN COURT, LAKEWOOD, N. J.
For Mr. GEORGE JAY GOULD

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OK AMERICA.

BODDINGTON'S QUALITY

SWEET PEAS

We are headquarters for all the latest and most up-to-date varieties of Sweet Peas, and make a specialty of this grand annual. Our
collection has been thoroughly revised, synonyms and out-of-date varieties have been eliminated, wherever practical, and only those of
real merit retained. When you stop to consider that there are over six hundred named varieties, you will doubtless miss some old favorite
that you have known. No doubt we could procure you this variety ; we could certainly send a variety equally good.

The demand for the Spencer types almost exceeds that of the Unwin and Grandiflora types combined, and, if you wish a Fine Prize-
winning Collection, it is essential that you should favor this form of Sweet Peas. The flowers are larger than those of the ordinary
type, and bear, for the most part, four orchid-like flowers, that arc fluted and ruffled, on a stem.

If collections are wanted for exhibition purposes, we shall be glad to make suggestions.

THE AMERICAN S"WEET PEA SOCIETY'S SILVER MEDAL was awarded for our display at the society's Boston

Exhibition. July 13 and 14. 1912

At the exhibitions of the Nation. I .._ 1 - . :ierica, held at New York City, July 7 and 8, 1909, and July 12 and 13, igio,

we were awarded C. C. MORSE CO.'S SILVER CUP for the finest exhibit of Sweet Peas. Open to the trade only.

FOR THE FORTHCOMING 1913 EXHIBITION OF THE AMERICAN SWEET PEA SOCIETY. TO BE HELD IN BOSTON. MASS..

WE TAKE PLEASURE IN AGAIN OFFERING OUR

CHALLENGE SILVER CUP. Value $50

FOR A COLLECTION OF SWEET PEAS. 25 VARIETIES. NOT LESS THAN 25 STEMS TO A VASE. TO
BE SHOWN WITH SWEET PEA FOLIAGE ONLY. TO BE W^ON TWICE BY THE SAME EXHIBITOR

We -will aiss award to the vrlnner of this cup (each time ^von)
a cash prize of $25; $15 second prize, and $10 third prize

This Cup was won in New York City, 1910, by Hugh Birch, eardener to the Hon. Seth Low. Mt. Kisco. N. Y.; in Philadelphia, 1911, by William
Robertson, gardener to John Pepper, Esq., Jenkintown, Pa.; and in Boston, 1912, by Edwin Jenkins, gardener to Giiaud Foster, Lenox. Mass.

This is a page from our 1913 Garden Guide which has been mailed to all gardeners and superintendents.
If you do not receive a copy, drop us a post card.
WHEN IN THE CITY, CALL. ALWAYS WELCOME

ARTHUR T. BODDINGTON, Seedsman, 342 W. 14th Street, New York

CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA

EBRUARY. 1913

Ten Cents a Copy

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Ne\v Fruit Houses at J. B. Duke's

THIS reproduction of our artist's drawing shows the third large range
of houses purchased from us for Mr. Duke's vast estate at Somer-
ville, N. J.
This last one Is situated just in front of the thirty curved eave houses
completed in 1909.

The entire group of new houses will be devoted to fruit.
The central house, 50 x 100 feet, is the orangery. The end houses, de-
voted to potted fruits, are each 35 x 42 feet, and the connecting houses, each
35 X 58 feet, are for peaches and nectarines.

It is said to be the largest single group of houses in this country devoted
solely to fruit.

Since writing this, it has been decided to substitute an extensive formal
garden in place of the pool shown in the illustration.

MR. A. A. MacDONALD, the Head Garde

Lord ^ Burnham Co.

SALES OFFICES
New York Boston Philadelphia Chicago

St. James Bldg. Tremont Bldg. Franklin Bank Bldg. Rookery Bldg.

Rochester — Granite Bldg. Toronto — 271 Jarvis St.

FACTORIES

Irvington, N. Y. Des Plaines, 111,

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

331

66 Years

The firm of Peter Henderson & Co. was founded
in I 847 and the 66 years of successful seed-raising and
selhng that is behind every packet of Henderson's seeds
must and does make them the best that it is possible to
buy. In your grandfather's day Henderson's was the
standard by which other seeds w^ere judged, and the
same condition exists in 1913. Our methods of seed
testing which were the best three generations ago have
been improved upon from year to year, and are today
still the best.

The unknown quantity in your garden and on your
grounds is the quality of the seeds you plant and you
cannot be too careful in seeing that you obtain the best
procurable. Possibly as critical planters as any, in the
choice of their seeds, are the market gardeners or truck
farmers. As an endorsement of the quality of Hender-
son's seeds, we take pride in the fact, that Peter Hen-
derson & Co. supply a larger number of professional
growers than any two seed houses in the world. The
very existence of these men depends upon their receiv-
ing the best quality of seeds, and Peter Hen-
derson & Co. are easily pre-eminent in the
professional grovs^ing field. Hendersons
seeds are tested seeds.

Our 1913 catalogue, "Everything for the
Garden," is the handsomest we have ever
issued. We shall be glad to send you a copy
without charge if you will mention the Gar-
deners' Chronicle.

PETER HENDERSON & CO.

35-37 Cortlandt Street
New York City

332

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

New Carnations

WM. ECCLES. The First Prize winner at Detroit
last year in- the Red or Scarlet class, and the Silver
Medal winner of the New York Horticultural Society
for the best undisseminated seedling.

The scarlet everyone was waiting for. Has a strong,
rigid stem, a perfectly formed 3>4-inch flower, non-
bursting calyx, higlily perfumed, a grand keeper, and
as free as any scarlet to date.

LADY NORTHCLIFFE. (Engelman.) A beautiful
Salmon pink in color, much resembling "Pink Delight."
Has a well built-up flower, and just enough in it not
to burst the calyx. While the flower is not the largest
(about 3 inches), it is fully as free as "May Day" and
will surely make a grand bread and butter sort.

BRITISH TRIUMPH. (Engelman.) One of the
finest things ever raised in England. The color is a
striking shade of Crimson. The flower is 3J4 inches in
size and well built up. It has the sweetest perfume of
any carnation ever raised and its keeping qualities are
the best. Has a fine stem, good constitution and free.

Prices, Rooted Cuttings, Doz $3.00; 100 $15.00

Prices, Out of 2^-inch Pots, Doz. .$3.50; 100 $20.00

SCOTT BROTHERS

Elmsford Nurseries
Elmsford New York

About This Very Greenhouse

ALL about it and a good deal about
some 50 others, is told and illustrated
in our new catalog. And splen-
did illustrations they are! Many of them
occupying a full page — one of the interiors
is printed in five colors. But. best of all. it
tells just the things you want to know and
in just the way that it's no trouble to find
them. That's the kind of catalog it is — the
kind of catalog 3-0U want if you want a
greenhouse. Glad to send you a copy.

Hitchings & Co.

NEW YORK PHILADELPHIA

1170 Broadway Pennsylvania Building

FACTORY— Elizabeth, N. J.

100 Nita Weldon. Ivory white, faint blush.
100 Margaret Molyneux. Saffron yellow,

bronze.
100 James Coey. Deep golden yellow.
100 Mrs. Hubert Taylor. Shell pink, petals white.

ELLIOTT AUCTION CO.

42 Vesey Street, New York

will open the season on Tuesday, March 18, at 11 A. M.,
by offering at Public Auction a large consignment of roses
of the following varieties — 10 in a lot.

1000 Mme. Grolez. Silver shaded yellow.
1000 Killarney. Flesh, suffused with pink.
500 Frau Karl Drushka. Beautiful white.
500 Mrs. John Laing. Soft pink.
1000 Magna Charta. Pink suffused carmine.
1000 Kaiserine Victoria. Creamy white, faintly tinted yellow.
1000 Gloire de Dyon. Coppery salmon yellow an Old Friend.
500 Jacks. Scarlet crimson.
1000 Testout. Soft rose.
500 U. Brunner. Cherry red.
100 Sol. d'Or. Orange yellow.
500 Paul Neyron. Deep rose, large.
100 Aug. Gunnseau. White La France
100 Theresa. Deep orange apricot. New.

100 Arthur Munt. Creamy ivory,
shaded 100 Walter Speed. Deep lemon yellow.

100 Chas. Curtis Harmon. Rich, shell pink.
100 Foley Ebotts. Imp. Killarney.

100 Leonard Peterii. Imp. Kaiserine Augusta.

Also Rhododendrons, Conifers, Hydrangeas, Magnolias, Valley, Clumps, Lilies, etc.
CONSIGNMENTS SOLICITED. WM. J. ELLIOTT, Auct.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. 333

International Flower Show Edition

of the

Gardeners' Chronicle

The "Boost" Number

will be published

March 15th, 1913

Its Readers-
Will be that class of buyers which demands the best pro-
duced in horticulture and floriculture, and for which it is
aWays w^illing to pay the best prices — the owners, super-
intendents and gardeners of private estates.

Its Contributors-
Will be the American leaders in floriculture and horti-
culture, private and commercial growers, and the pro-
fession engaged in the science of developing w^hat nature
alone produces.

Its Circulation-
Will be extended from coast to coast among those inter-
ested in the gardening profession, and w^ill be distributed
at the Grand Central Palace, Nevv^ York City, during the
entire shovv^.

Its Advertisers-
Will be those firms which discriminately place their ad-
vertising among those sources from w^hence they derive
the greatest results.

Are you one of them?

Advertising forms for the International Flov/er Show
Number close March 1 0th. To obtain good position re-
serve your space now^.

For all particulars, regarding advertising, address

Advertising Department

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

Madison, N. J.

334

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

tKfje Contentsi-Jfctiruarp, 1913

The Principles and Practice of Pruning.

Arthur Smith 355

Spraying Plants Indoors .... 339

Forest Thoughts. . .A. E. Campbell 340

Myosotis Alpestris . . . Ruth Fisher

With Illustration, Richard Rolhe 341

A Garden of Lilies. .Samuel A. Hamilton 342

Camera Snapshots . . . W. H. Waite 344

Youngest Part of Tree . . .W. Seville 344

Queries and Answers. .... 345

Here, There and Everywhere . . . 346

Damage by Gas. ..... 347

Editorials 350

The Gardener. .F. R. Meres 350

Association Notes. . . . . .351

International Flower Show. . . . 352

Philadelphia Spring Show.

Chicago Spring Show. . . . .

Carnation Culture . . With Illustrations

A. A. Pembroke

Controlling the Chestnut Bhght.

Verbenas . Illustrated, Wm. H. MacKenz

Vegetable Growing

National and Local Societies.

Gardeners' Diary .

Horticulture Society of N. Y

Annual Dinner . .

Society Meetings .

American Rose Society .

American Gladiolus Society .

Elberon Horticultural Society,

Westchester- Yonkers Bowling Match

353
353

354
356
357
358
360
361
361
361
362
364
364
364
364

Our Nursery, close to the 45th Parallel of Latitude — with Zero Temperature-
Means Sturdy, Rugged Trees and Plants — Insures Permanent Results.

^ Actual Size

" St. Regis Everbearing

The Raspberry for the Million and the
Millionaire. "There's Millions In It."

St. Regis produces continuously from
June to Nov. — heavy crops of large,
luscious, sugary berries of bright crim-
son. Bears first season planted.

Its summer and autumn crops do
not consist of a few scattered berries,
but good to heavy pickings all the time.
One party who had a small patch, ;<
an acre, picked and shipped from it two
to three pickings each week for four
months and his profits were enormous.

Grows successfully in any soil — en-
dures without injury heat, drought and
severest cold.

Hardy English
Walnut Trees

Rochester grown — hardier than
Peach Trees. For the lawn, the accli-
mated English Walnut is unmatched,
with its smooth, light gray bark, luxu-
riant, dark green foliage, lofty, sym-
metrical growth.

Our trees grown in a zero climate
the only kind you can plant with
safety in the North,

ENGLISH WALNUT CROPS
YIELD BIG PROFITS.

The demand for nuts is big and
prices high. Cultivation, harvesting
and maintenance are easy and inexpen-
sive. Whether you plant for decora-
tion or for profit, investigate accli-
mated English Walnuts.

y2 Actual Size

Hardy Acclimated Pecan

Trees for Planting in

Northern States

Here are Pecan Trees which will
thrive in Northern States — produc-
ing as prolifically and as profitably as
any Southern Pecans.

A shade-tree of wondrous beauty,
long the pride of the South, may now
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We control five varieties of hardy
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to "winter-kill." Successful in almost
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Oar \1913 Catalog and Planting Guide — Includes Nut Culture — Fruits, Roses, Shrubs, Evergreens, etc., mailed Free

GLEN BROTHERS, Inc., Glenwood Nursery (Est'd 1866), 2050 Main St., Rochester, N. Y.

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA

DEVOTED TO THE SCIENCE OF FLORICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE

ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF

THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

fiiOTANJCA.-

Vol. xix'V/

FEBRUARY, 1913.

Xo. 4.

The Principles and Practice of Pruning

By Arthur Smith.

There are few, if any, of the operations connected with
forestry, horticulture, or agriculture, which are not capa-
ble of being explained by scientific principles, these prin-
ciples being based upon natural laws.

The laws of nature are constant and unvaried in their
operations. Our knowledge of them has gradually been
built up by observation and experiment, involving a true
appreciation of the relations between cause and effect,
and science in its truest aspect gives a systematized ex-
planation of the results of these observations. At the
same time the more one knows of these scientific princi-
ples the greater is the apparent size of the unexplored
field.

The operation of pruning is therefore based upon cer-
tain well-defined principles, derived from the accumulated
knowledge acquired by many years of observation of
the effects produced by cutting away, etc., the branches
and other parts of plants.

These principles mainly divide themselves into two
objects which are carried out by removing portions of the
plant for, (1) lessening the struggle for existence amongst
the branches by the prevention of overcrowding, and for
(2) assisting nature by bringing about certain desired
effects which may be increase or decrease of wood ; in-
crease of quantity and quality of -flowers and fruit or
making a more shapely and better balanced head. In a
state of nature, plants — by which term we mean every-
thing from the largest forest trees downwards — produce
many more branches than persist, and dead and dying
branches are evidences amongst other things, of nature's
pruning. In Forestry the ideal is to produce long,
straight, clean timber : this is brought about by planting
closely, thereby causing nature to prune off the side
branches when they are very young, thus preventing the
formation of knot holes, and causing the maximum
. amount of growth to go into length of trunk. When a
large branch dies or is cut oft" there is a liability for the
resulting decay to penetrate into the trunk, especially if a
stub of any length remains. This is why it should be cut
off close to the truilk so that the bark cart grow over and
heal the wound. To prevent decay while the hark is ac-
complishing this, a covering of paint or tar should always
he applied and also the rough edge on the bark caused by
the saw should he shaved smooth by a sharp knife. This
latter operation causes the cambium or inner bark, which
is the living portion, to start new growth more quickly.

Lessening the struggle for existence amongst the
branches causes the remainder to receive more food and
energy, thus rendering them capable of producing more
flowers and fruit, and, what is of the greatest importance,
fruit of better quality.

When we take into consideration the period during
which pruning has been practiced, and the countless repe-
titions of similar actions, invariably ending in similar re-
sults, there is nothing unreasonable in assuming that a
sufficient number of facts have been observed to establish
a complete science or code of laws, the practical applica-
tion of which is easily carried out. But, like all other ap-
plications of science to an art, the operation of pruning
must be performed from an intelligent standpoint. In
this connection one must be careful to take into considera-
tion all facts and circumstances which may be called
■■fixed." such as soil, climate, species of tree, and whether
the object to be achieved is fruit or timber : a tree for
ornamental or utilitarian purposes.

It is therefore impossible to lay down hard and fast
rules of universal application. For instance, it is gen-
erally well known that different varieties of apples on the
same soil call for somewhat dift'erent treatment in the de-
tails of pruning ; also that the same varieties on another
soil do not give similar results with the same method.
This is no doubt the caiise for the various opinions which
exist among orchardists in respect to many of the details
of this operation. A man who for many years has
adopted a certain method with success in one locality, is
apt to jump to the conclusion that his system is applica-
ble everywhere. Such is not always the case. While the
underlyin.g principles are fixed their application nnist har-
monize in detail with one's environment.

In this connection I am afraid we do not experiment
enough ourselves. By taking several trees of a given
variety and giving them dift'erent treatment in the way
of pruning, taking care that all other things are equal,
we should ultimately arrive at a more or less correct so-
lution of the problem as connected with our own individ-
ual conditions.

It is impossible to over-estimate the importance of
pruning, or perhajis we should say, when and how to
prune and when not to prune at all. In the management
of plants in general, and in fruit culture especially, com-
plete success is not attained unless the principles are clear-
ly understood.

In nature there is a more or less general balance kept
u]). and a constant reciprocal action going on between
branches and roots ; and no one should prune without be-
ing satisfied of a reason for doing so, and of foreseeing
the influence and ultimate effect of such pruning.

.\s regards fruit, some growers say that the most satis-
ffictorv average crops arc produced in those orchards
where little, if any, pruning is done at all. Instances of
this no doubt exist, especially in the case of trees 25 or
more years old, but in all probability their present state is

336

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

due to judicious pruning in the past, and to the fact that
they have become "set," for as regards trees of this kind
it is in the earlier years of their growth that they require
the greatest amount of attention.

There is no shadow of doubt that injuries to trees and
losses to fruit growers caused by vicious and altogether
iiimecessary pruning have been very great, yet it would
certainly be erroneous to state that by reason of this, trees
should not be pruned at all.

It is always judicious to thin out the tops of fruit trees
when the branches become overcrowded, so as to let in a
sufficient amount of sunlight and air, without which fruit
cannot be produced. But an indiscriminate removal of
branches or the shortening of shoots, every year upon
every tree, as a matter of routine, without any special ob-
ject in view, will, sooner or later, work harm.

One important point in connection with pruning is to
know when to do it. It has been said that when pruning
is required it can be done any time that the knife is
sharp. An attempt to reduce this question to an axiom
has been made by formulating the following rule : Prune
in summer for fruit and in winter for zuood; but perhaps
no advice has been so vague and disappointing in its
practical application as this.

The principle upon w-hich the advice, "Prune in sum-
mer for fruit" is based, recognizes that barrenness is often
the result of too much wood growth, and that any process
tending to reduce an excessive amount of this will favor
the production of flowers and fruit. But, while the prin-
ciple is correct, it must be borne in mind that by the con-
stant removal of foliage in summer the vitality of a tree
is greatl\- weakened, and further, the usefulness of sum-
mer pruning depends upon conditions which cannot al-
ways be seen or controlled.

The difficulties encountered with pruning in summer
are sometimes perplexing. For example, if the growing
shoots of an apple or pear are checked in their extension,
say at the end of June, the lower buds or shoots will be
forced into growth, thus forming numerous side branches,
or, as they are sometimes termed, sub-laterals, which
have no immediate connection with fruiting spurs, and
which will merely tend to the formation of a further
thicket of small branches to be removed in the winter.
But if the shoots are not checked until August, and the
weather afterwards keeps moderately dry, the probabili-
ties are that the lower buds upon these shoots will start
into short spur-like growths which will ultimately furnish
fruiting buds. If. however, the early autumn happens to
be wet, these sub-laterals will lengthen into slender twigs
which will be of no use whatever. The difficulty in reach-
ing successful results lies in the uncertainty as to the best
time to prune, because no two seasons are exactly alike,
but, as will be presently pointed out, pruning, as under-
stood by cutting away shoots and branches, need rarely be
necessary upon spur-bearing trees. But supposing it has
become absolutely necessary to cut away growing wood,
either from previous neglect or other causes, as a general
rule any time during autumn, winter or early spring may
be chosen.

When the object is the thinning out of thickly branched
trees, the season is not of much importance and the work
may be performed at the most convenient time ; but when
it is decided to remove certain branches for the purpose
of giving additional vigor to those remaining, it is better
to prune early in the autumn immediately after the fruit
is picked without waiting for the leaves to fall. If the
operation is performed at this time the succeeding growth
of the remainder will be stronger than if left until tlie
spring. This is explained by the fact that during the
autumn anrl to a greater or less extent during the winter,
plants continue to i"ore or less absorb food b}' their roots

which in the case of trees is disseminated to all portions
of their structure and thus increasing the size and
strength of the buds. As the flow of sap is always di-
rected to the extreme points of shoots, the highest buds
are the most fully developed ; therefore, wdien pruning is
delayed until the spring, and the points or upper branches
removed at that time, all the food accumulated in those
portions is wasted and to that extent the plant is weak-
ened. On the other hand when pruning is done early in
the autumn, the buds which are retained will benefit by
the accumulated nutriment, which would otherwise have
been distributed over a greater number, and these will in
consequence start more vigorously in the spring, advance
more rapidly in the summer, and their maturity will be
greatly hastened.

From this another factor may be deduced, that late
spring pruning has a decided influence in retarding
growth at that season and in the early summer, hence the
operation may be purposely delayed until just before
growth starts, when the object is to diminish early luxuri-
ance ; this, for instance, would be applicable in a district
where late spring frosts are frequent.

In the case of old orchards which have been neglected
it is often necessary to "dishorn" them; that is, cut away
the limbs so as to form an entirely new top. This oper-
ation is worth doing only when the trunk is sound and
healthy. It is generally better to spread this operation
over two seasons by cutting away one side each year, or
in the case of exceptionally large trees, it is as well to
take three years in doing the work so as to lessen the
shock to the vitality of the tree. The result will be a
considerable growth of what are known as "water-
sprouts." If they are very thick a slight thinning will
be advantageous, but not too much, as it is necessary to
have the maximum production of leaves to elaborate the
sap and keep up as much as possible the vitality of the
limb. After the leaves have fallen the surplus over those
required for the new branches can be cut away.

If trees are properly managed from the earliest period
of their existence, pruning, in the sense of using a knife
or saw, should rarely be necessary, excepting in special
cases to be alluded to later on. The best method of prun-
ing is that of pinching or disbudding, and is really the most
scientific mode of removing or preventing growth that
is not wanted, without harm to the plant. Pinching is the
checking of shoots at an early stage of their growth by
removing their extreme points by a pinch between the fin-
ver and thumbs without the further removal of foliage.
This operation retards for a time the extension of such
shoots, causes additional growth in other buds, and de-
velops shoots where a greater extension is desired.

Disbudding is the removal of buds or very young
shoots, and is of similar effect to pinching. These are the
best ways of directing the growth of plants, and if proper-
ly carried out there would be little necessity for winter
pruning or the removal of branches at any time.

It certainly must appeal to the common sense of most
people that it cannnot be right to allow a tree to make
growths of wood during the summer merely to be cut
out during the viinter. From the s'tandpoint of labor
there is obviously a saving in rubbing ofT a bud in May
instead of cutting a branch six months afterwards. The
great waste of vital energy where the growth of a whole
season is undisturbed until the wood is matured is also a
factor of great importance.

The use of the knife is necessary when trees are trans-
planted. Although with ordinary care the destruction or
mutilation of roots when lifting trees may be reduced to
a minimum, yet it is rarely that the whole of the roots
are secured. It is always essential to the well-being of a
tree when transplanted that the branches be reduced as

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

337

much as is necessary to restore the balance between roots
and branches which existed before the tree was dug up.
This balance is generally an unknown quantity, and it is
always better to give the roots the benefit of any doubt by
pruning the branches rather severely.

It has been argued against severe pruning at the time of
transplanting that, since the growth of roots is dependent
upon the action of leaves, the destruction, or rather, the
prevention of the formation of leaves by pruning the
branches will retard the growth of roots just when they
are most needed. This is doubtless true from one point
of view, but the evaporation of moisture from leaves has
to be taken into consideration. If the leaves are not re-
duced the juices of the tree will be exhausted by leaf
evaporation before the roots become sufficiently active to
supply the demand, and before the roots are renewed or
regain their activity the plant may be completely drained
of its sap, and then, of course, perish.

Root growth is not, however, always dependent upon
a simultaneous action of foliage. Trees planted in the
autumn (say early in October) will immediately com-
mence to form fresh roots, and will continue to do so
more or less far into the winter, the period being greatly
lengthened by having the ground above the roots well
mulched. In the absence of leaves there is practically no
loss from evaporation, so that the sap of the tree will
furnish material for root growth, instead of being ex-
hausted in the air. The condition of the soil, too, is more
favorable in autumn for root growth than in the spring,
as it is at that time several degrees warmer than the air,
while there is no tendency to growth by the buds, so
that in autumn planting less pruning will be required.
All other things being equal, an autumn planted tree will
make more vigorous growth the following summer than
one planted in the spring.

Another part of a growing tree which it is sometimes
necessary to prune is the root.

It is, perhaps, difficult to solve all the reasons which will
influence a plant to convert some of its buds into flowers
while others will only produce shoots. There are, how-
ever, certain facts, which have been established by ob-
servation, upon which reliance can be placed.

One of the most apparent certainties in this connection
is, that rapid and luxuriant growth and a fruitful habit do
not simultaneously exist in the same plant. Young trees
if very vigorous, do not fruit, or at all events produce
very little. When a tree has reached a fruit-bearing size
and age, and shows no indication of fruiting but con-
tinues to maintain a vigorous growth of wood, it is evi-
dently barren from excessive lu.xuriance and judicious
root-pruning will have the effect of diminishing the
growth of wood and encouraging the formation of fruit
buds. Cutting away excessive growth in trees of this
habit will only aggravate the evil.

While it is a fact that circumstances which tend to
check rapid vegetation are more favorable to the produc-
tion of flower buds than of leaf buds, care must be taken
tliat the circimistances are such that do not affect the
health of the individual plant.

The non-fruiting of trees is often caused by the roots
going down into the subsoil, and in a case of this kind the
roots so growing must be cut off. This is generally
caused by bad planting and after neglect. Our fore-
fathers used to sometimes place paving stones under fruit
trees to prevent this, but as a matter of fact, if a tree is
properly planted in well-prepared soil and then sufficiently
fed by top dressing, the roots will not attempt to go
down and the natural instinct of the plant will cause it
to send its roots where they can find food.

Thus far the subject has been very briefly dealt with
in a general w'ay, but it may be useful to shortly consider
it specially with reference to different kinds of trees.

The heads of all orchard fruit trees should be started
low down, about two feet above the ground, to facilitate
spraving and picking. For private gardens the dwarfs
are the best to plant, and I believe the time will come
when these will also be considered the best for com-
mercial purposes.

The first prmning necessary is when the trees are
planted, the next will be with idea of forming a well-
shaped top. To secure this attention mtist be grven to the
arrangement and equality of growth of the young shoots
from the earliest possible moment in the tree's life. If any
of the shoots show superior vigor to the detriment of

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THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

others of equal iniportaiice for future branches, the points
of such shoots should be pinched off, but care should be
taken to remove as little foliage as possible, the object be-
ing not to weaken, but to equalize growth. If the pinch-
ing and disbudding have been intelligently and systemat-
ically carried out there will be no necessity for using the
knife. If more branches are deemed necessary they can
be readily obtained by pinching the points of leading
shoots during the early stages of growth, which will cause
the formation of side shoots of which a selection can be
made and the others rubbed off. It is not well to start a
young tree with too many branches, as they soon become
crowded.

The APPLE. — In many ways the apple is the most
difficult tree to prune under a general system, as its
varieties all differ more or less in their manner of growth,
some having a greater tendency to make wood than others,
and also the same kinds differ according to soil and
climate. As a general rule three branches placed as
equally as possible around the tree are sufficient for the
main framework. When these have made about 12 inches
of growth they should be stopped and three shoots allowed
to grow from them. In trees of spreading habit this
process may be continued longer than with one of an up-
right growing habit. In the latter case outside shoots
should always be chosen so as to leave the center open to
the sun and air. By choosing inner or outer buds as the
case may be, an upright growing tree may be made
more spreading and a spreading one more upright, ac-
cording to the desire of the grower.

The PEAR. — Forming the head of the pear is prac-
tically a similar process to that of the apple. Pears do not
vary much in their habits of growth. Like the apple it
produces its fruit on spurs which develop upon wood of
two or more years' growth, but the pear often produces
fruiting spurs upon older wood than the apple. Pomol-
ogists of the U. S. Department of Agriculture advise that
fruiting spurs upon large branches of the pear be re-
moved before the flowers open, as the pear blight enters
through the flower into the branch. When a more or
less large branch is thus attacked the entire branch has
eventually to be removed and the tree greatly spoiled.
By confining the fruiting spurs to the smaller branches
their removal in the case of an attack of blight does com-
paratively little damage.

The PLUM and CHERRY. —Without minimizing the
importance of controlling the growth of apples and pears
by pinching and disbudding, it is more important that the
plum and cherry should never be pruned with a knife, as
they are both very liable to gum exudation. They bear their
fruit upon spurs and after reaching a fruiting state make
comparatively little wood, and the branches may be
allowed to remain in greater number than is advisable in
the case of apples.

Taking these four species as a whole, the main object in
pruning is to economize and train the growth by pinching
and disbudding, and not permit the extravagant waste
of energy, of allowing an accunnilation of yearly growths
to mature and then removing and throwing them away as
waste, as is done when all pruning is left until the trees
are dormant.

The PEACH. — This tree stands in a distinct class as
it produces its fruit upon the young wood of the previous
year's growth.

There is probably no question connected with pruning
upon which so many divergent opinions exist as how to
prune the peach. This is not to be wondered at when
we consider that this fruit is grown over a wider range
of latitude than, for instance, the apple. Also, as in the
case of the latter, soil conditions are often dominating
factors in causing difference of practice. It is apparent

that a s)'stem which has stood the test of time upon sandy
soils where the tree grows slowly and produces hard
wood, is -not likely to be the best upon those of a heavy
character where the growth is rapid and the trees produce
an abundance of soft wood. These differences of opinion
have centered more around the shape of the tree and
heading in than anything else. I believe that the best
method is to have as little trunk as possible, starting the
main branches almost close to the ground and training
the tree to a vase shape, keeping the center open. This
will enable the first three or four crops to be picked en-
tirely from the ground. At the same time the tree should
be allowed to grow without heading in. The act of prun-
ing the peach can be made a fruit-thinning process. When
a tree has produced a thick growth of young shoots fairly
well covered with fruit buds one should never hesitate in
thinning them out. This will throw more strength into
the remainder and thereby produce fruit of better quality.

The peach has the credit of being a very short-lived
tree, but I venture to think that its life may be consid-
erably prolonged by proper treatment. The primary con-
dition in extending its years of usefulness is keeping the
trunk healthy and free from borers. Then, when the
main branches begin to show signs of age and the tree
is getting too tall, cut back the old branches to short stubs,
thereby securing an entirely new head. This cutting back
should not be delayed too long as the ideal to be ainied at
with the peach is a continual growth of healthy young
wood each year.

It may be mentioned in passing, what, after all, most
people are aware of, that peaches never do very well on
heavy clay soils : but the private gardener is generally ex-
pected to produce something of everything, irrespective
of the kind of .soil he has to deal with. In a case of this
kind it will be found that the peach will do much better
if worked upon plum stock. Also, the plum should be
worked upon peach stock for sandy soil, where plums are
generally a failure.

XECTARLXES are little grown. They produce their
fruit on the same growth of wood as the peach and re-
quire the same treatment.

GRAPES fruit only upon shoots which grow from the
wood made .during the previous year. \\'ith this fruit the
finger and thumb should be in constant use during the
whole of the growing season so as to throw all the strength
possible into the fruit, bearing in mind the necessity for
plenty of foliage to mature the fruit and of renewal of
canes for the following year. There are many "systems"
of training the grape, but the requirements in the way of
pruning are practically the same in them all.

GOOSEBERRIES and RED CURRAXTS.— These
are always grown in bush form, as standards have never
been a success in this country. They produce their fruit
upon spurs growing from the older wood, the best being
usually found upon that of two years old. The branches
should not be less than about 7 inches apart so that they
can fruit all the way up, which cannot take place where
they are much crowded. The principal object to be aimed
at is as many healthy fruiting spurs as possible. To this
end no wood over four years old should be allowed to
remain and a renewal system should be followed so as
to have a supply of young branches to take the place of
the older ones from year to year. To secure this there
must be constant feeding and the ground is better cov-
ered with mulch during the summer so that the roots are
kept as cool as possible. BLACK CURRANTS fruit on
young wood of which a constant supply must be kept up
and to this end caimot well have too liberal treatment in
the way of food. Obviously, the old wood must be cut
awav from time to time.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

339

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RASPBERRIES. — These fruit upon the canes grown
the previous summer. As soon as the fruit is gathered
the old canes should be cut away and the new ones
thinned out where necessary to enable those which
are left to become fully ripe before the winter. At this
time the young canes should be topped, although some
prefer to leave the topping until just before growth starts
m the spring. The fruiting season is prolonged by cut-
ting some of the canes down to half their length.
Newly transplanted canes should not be allowed to fruit
the first year, but cut down to about 18 inches from the
ground. BLACKBERRIES require the same treatment,
excepting that the canes should not be stopped.

FLOWERING SHRUBS.— The less pruning these
have the better, and shearing them should never be as
much as thought of. A shrub should always have room
enough to grow in a natural manner and this is the only
way its real beauty can be obtained.

In the course of years, especially upon rich soil, shrubs
sometimes become very dense, so much so that the center
shoots begiij to die. Before things go so far as this some
of the oldest wood should be cut out close to the ground
so as to encourage the younger growth which is always
the most floriferous. If it happens that a rampant
growing species should stretch out so far as to cause a
less vigorous one near to be in danger of becoming
smothered, the ofifending branch or branches should be
cut out close to the ground, not shortened, as the latter
method alwaVs spoils the look of a shrub.

The necessary exception to every rule is, in this con-
nection, the

HYDRANGEA. — This should be severly pruned back
every spring before growth starts. The immediate re-
sult is an eyesore, for which the ultimate efi'ect both in
quantity and quality of flowers more than compensates.

When for any reason it is considered necessary to use
a knife upon a flowering shrub, it should always be borne
in mind that some species form their flow-er buds the
previous year.

I cannot perhaps conclude this article better than by
putting a previous remark into an axiom, that (with the
exceptions which are obvious from what has been stated
above) it is better to use the finger and thumb today than
a knife six months hence.

INTERNATIONAL FLOWER SHOW

NEW YORK

APRIL 5-12, I9I3

SPRAYING PLANTS INDOORS.

The necessity of spraying to keep down insect, pests
and plant diseases in connection with all outdoor horticul-
tural pursuits becomes more apparent every year. It is
even more necessary in connection with indoor plant
growing on account of the more unnatural conditions
prevailing in the greenhouse and w'indow, such as a dry,
arid atmosphere produced by artificial heat and lighting,
or possibly an impure atmosphere produced by gas fumes.
No better element to counteract the bad effect of these
last-named on plant life can be found than moisture,
whether by water applied directly to the plant or as a
vapor induced by the process of evaporation.

Not only is a moist atmosphere and moisture necessary
for the health of plants from a cultural point of view, but
it is just as necessary as a preventive of insect pests, few
of which can exist or endure the direct application of
water or thrive in an atmosphere impregnated with mois-
ture. The dry and almost super-heated atiuosphere out
of doors in summer are ideal conditions for the increase
and spread of insect pests.

Tropical climates, where a moist, humid atmosphere
prevails, are almost immune from many of the insect
pests that are common here. Hence the desirability of
moisture to counteract aridity arising from the artificial
heat that prevails in our dwellinghouses in winter. At
the same time, it is quite possible to go to the other ex-
treme by injudicious spraying, that will induct plant dis-
ease in some form, more especially with the more tender
foliaged plants.

All greenhouse men know the absolute necessity there
is for spraying or syringing in greenhouses. A few
words on the main points may be of service to those who
have small greenhouses.

The spraying or syringing of plants should be a dis-
tinct and separate operation from the watering proper.
If the two operations, watering at the roots and spraying,
are attempted at the same time, neither of them can be
done successfully. Either the plants are soddened with
too much water or some are missed altogether. Water
the plants as required at the roots first, then do the
spraying after.

I have seen batches of small plants and many
fine speciment plants badly injured by the care-
less ajiplication of water to the foliage under heavy
pressure from the hose. A fine spray, thoroughly applied
so as not to miss any part of the plant that requires
spraying, is better than a heavy application only partially
applied. Thorough, not necessarily heavy, applications
are quite as necessary in all spraying operations as the
proper mixing of the material if insecticides are applied.

Glaucous or glossy leaved plants, can be sprayed very

340

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

frequently. The rougher or hairy-leaved plants should
not be sprayed so frequently or heavily. A few kinds,
such as Rex Begonia, gloxinias, tuberous-rooted begon-
ias, having hirsute or hairy foliage, are best not sprayed
at all, if it can possibly be dispensed with.

There are very few plants that can be syringed or
spread overhead when in full bloom without danger or
injury to the flowers. The tender texture of the petals
of most flowers are very easily injured if allowed to
remain in a damp condition for any length of time.
If the foliage of plants in flower has to be sprayed, it is
best to spray froin underneath rather than over the top.
The moisture will thus reach the part of the foliage where
insect pests are usually found, and it will not injure the
blooms so much as overhead spraying. An angle nozzle
on the syringe or hose that will give an up-cast spray is
advisable for greenhouse work.

The temperature of the greenhouse should not be al-
lowed to rise unduly high on flowering plants when they
have been syringed or spra)-ed. A high temperature and
a very humid atmosphere will often damage many of the
more tender blooms without actual contact with water.
Open the ventilators a little to allow the heated humid
air to escape after spraying flowering plants, so as to
avoid damage to the blooms. The best time to spray
flowering plants is in the morning on fine bright days.

It is scarcely possible to have a too humid atmosphere
for foliage plants. The treatment of these in regard to
spraying is directly opposite in many respects to that of
flowering plants. Both overhead and underneath spray-
ing can be indulged in freely with all kinds of foliage
plants, such as palms, crotons, dracaenas, and similar
plants. The best time to syringe or spray these plants is
in the afternoon while the sun is still shining a little on
the house. By spraying thoroughly at this time of the
day and closing the ventilators up tight, a dense humid

vapor almost like steam is caused that is very beneficial
to the plants as well as helping to keep down the insect
pests most common and injurious to them, viz., thrip,
red spider, and mealy bug. The floors and heating pipes
can also be dampened at closing-up time to increase the
humidity. If foliage plants are sprayed in the morning,
except perhaps in very cold weather in winter, ventilation
must be given before the hot sun strikes the house, or
the plants must be shaded in some way to prevent "scald"
or "burning" of the foliage. Many fine palms and sim-
ilar plants are often ruined, especially in early spring, for
want of shade or ventilation to prevent this scalding or
burning of the foliage.

It becomes necessary to spray plants with liquid in-
secticides sometimes as a remedy or preventive of insect
pests or disease. Spraying has to a very great extent
superseded fumigation in greenhouses for this purpose,
being more direct in its efi'ect on many insect pests and
diseases, more economical to use, and often less in-
jurious to many forms of plant life than fumigation.

In spraving operations, as with everything else in con-
nection with horticultural operations, do not neglect do-
ing it until it is too late. "An ounce of prevention is
better than a pound of cure." And when spraying, spray
thoroughlv. — Canadian Horticulturist.

FOREST THOUGHTS.

May each new leaf an idea bring
Of love of woods, a bird to sing,
A flower to bloom, a tree, a spring.

The arms of trees in reverence raise
Their supplication and their praise.
The praver to Man, the praise to God

— A. E. Campbell.

BURNETT'S BLUE RIBBON

Collection of Vegetable Seeds for Exhibition

Beans — Burnett's Giant Stringless Greenpod. Pt. 20c.,

qt. 3Sc., pk. $2.50.
Burnett's Improved Golden Wax. Pt. 20c., qt. 35c.,

pk. $2.50.
Beet — Burnett's Improved Crimson Globe. Oz. 20c..

'4 lb. 60c.
Brussels Sprouts — Burnett's Supreme. Pkt. 15c., oz. 50c.
Cabbage— Burnett's Bass Rock. Pkt. 10c. , oz. 40c.,

■4 lb. $1.25.
Carrot — Burnett's Paris Exhibition. Pkt. 10c. , oz. 40c.,

'4 lb. $1.25.
Cauliflower — Burnett's Selected Snowball. Pkt. 25c.,

U oz. $1.25, oz. $4.00.
Celery — Burnett's Improved White Plume. Pkt. 10c. ,

oz. 35c., 14 lb. $1.00.
Corn— Burnett's Metropolitan. Pt. 20c., qt. 35c., pk. $2.00.
Burnett's Country Gentleman. Pt. 20c., qt. 40c., pk.

$2.25.
Cucumber — Burnett's North Pole. Pkt. 25c.
Egg Plant— Burnett's Black Beauty. Pkt. 10c. , oz. 50c.,

'^ lb. $1.50.
Kohl Rabi — Burnett's Early White Vienna. Pkt. 5c. , oz.

30c., ^ lb. 85c.
Leek — Burnett's Waverlev Market. Pkt. 15c., oz. 50c.

Lettuce — Burnett's Improved Bia; Boston. Pkt. 5c., oz.

20c.. '4 lb. 50c.
Burnett's Balmoral. Pkt. 10c. , oz. 25c.. '4 lb. 75c.
Muskmelon — Burnett's Emerald Gem. Pkt. 10c. , oz.

25c., li lb. 75c. __ •

Onion — Burnett's Ailsa Craig. Pkt. 15c., oz. 75c., Y^ lb.

$2.50.
Burnett's Enormous. Pkt. 20c., oz. 75c.. '4 lb. $2.50.
Parsley — Burnett's Emerald Isle. Pkt. 10c. . oz. 25c.,

'4 lb. 75c.
Parsnip — Burnett's Improved American Hollow Crown.

Pkt. 5c.. oz. 10c. , 1.4 lb. 30c.
Peas— Burnett's Danbv Strategem. Pt. 30c.. qt. SOc,

pk. $3.50.
Burnett's Gradus or Prosperity. Pt. 35c.. qt. 60c., pk.

$4.00.
Pepper — Burnett's Monarch. Pkt. 15c., oz. 50c.
Salsify — Burnett's Imp. Mammoth Sandwich Island.

Pkt. 5c., oz. 20c., 14 lb. SOc.
Squash — Burnett's Imp. Early White Bush Scallop.

Pkt. Sc. oz. 10c. , ;4 lb. 30c.
Burnett's English Vegetable Marrow. Pkt. 10c. , oz.

15c.. % lb. 35c.
Tomato — Burnett's Liberty. Pkt. 15c., oz. 50c.
Turnip — Burnett's Early White Milan. Pkt. 5c.. oz. 15c.,

'4 lb. 30c.

1913 Catalogue Free on Application

BURNETT BROTHERS, ^^^f?^

72 CORTLANDT STREET (Phone 2223 cor.iand) NEW YORK

Myosotis Alpestris Ruth Fisher

By Richard Rothe

Plant novelties in the imagination of sanguine out-
siders frequently figure as gold mines. The other ex-
treme personified by the incorrigible sceptic from the
very start is habitually looking at them as swindle. True,
we have sometimes witnessed the launching of new
introductions represented as comets which, under practi-
cal telescope turned out to be mere fizzles. As a matter
of fact, however, the time has very nearly passed for both
illusions and bustle. Leading plant firms in carefully
safeguarding the interests of their patronage are going
that far to maintain expensive trial grounds for the pur-
pose of ascertaining the ascribed qualities and merits of
new plants before listing them. We have a rich and
fully up-to-date garden literature with works on all the
important specialties at prices well down in reach of those
with a moderate income at our disposal. A vigilant
horticultural press as medium for distributing practical
knowledge and scientific enlightenment is watchful to
thwart any attempt of preying on the unaware. It is
therefore safe to say that novelties on the pages of cata-
logues of leading firms or heralded by our jovirnals, as a
rule possess the qualities attributed to them. A novelty
easy to propagate and otherwise offering no cultural
conundrums to solve soon appears on the list of standard
varieties. Perplexities in the growing part very often
seals its fate on the trial grounds of the nursery. It is
doomed to oblivion before its existence is generally
known. This, apparently, has been the case with the new
forget-me-not Myosotis Alpestris Ruth Fisher. Favora-
bly commented on by the European press, I ordered a
number of packages of seed and received them at novelty
price with the customary limited contents. The growth
of my small stock of plants during the first summer hap-

pened to be discouragingly slow and the reward, the fol-
lowing spring, consisted of a few flowers. Color and
size induced me to proceed in the culture of the plants,
which showed remarkable large and dark glossy green
foliage, and, on transplanting, divided admirably well.
At the close of the second season I had nearly ICO stocky
plants, which, after being over-wintered in a cold frame
under protection of a thin leaf-covering and broad shut-
ters, were used in planting a new rock garden the fol-
lowing April. About six week later I took the picture of
my stock of Myosotis Alpestris Ruth Fisher, which is re-
produced in our illustration. Needless to say, it fully
justified the description given by the introducers. The
uniform low and compact growth, the marvclously free-
flowering habit, and excellent general effect attracted
the attention of visitors at a glance. Orders for seeds
and plants were numerous, but — Ruth Fisher proved a
very shy seeder. It is that kind of novelty which on the
trial grounds of the nursery must be passed on as un-
profitable for commercial use. A verdict of necessity,
dictated by our commercial age, and this usually decides
the issue as to the future of the floral debutant. Alodern
wholesale production impossible, there remains, however,
the constant desire of garden owners for "something that
not everybody else has got." The superior floral and
ornamental merit of this new forget-me-not variety es-
tablished, other growers may succeed more easily as
your writer did. Well done, it is a charming bedding
plant, also adapted for potting and flowering under glass.
In making my experiences known, I unhesitatingly recom-
mend the cultivation of Myosotis Ruth l*"isher to pro-
gressive private gardeners. It is a gem among forget-
me-nots and will remain a variety of distinction and com-
parative rarity when properly cared for.

XEW FORGET-MKNOT— MVOSOTIS ALPESTRIS RUTH FISHER.

A Garden of Lilies

By Samuel A. Hamilton

One can hardly name a family of plants which will
give as much and as beautiful bloom for so long a period
as do the lilies and which require and receive so little
attention once they are safely established. There is the
sticking point — the establishment of the lily garden — for
there are many other plants which are more easy to
establish than lilies, but with knowledge and care it can
be done, and they will increase in beauty from year to
year.

Lilies are somewhat exacting as to the nature of the
soil in which they will do their best, and are intolerant of
fresh manure. When called in to diagnose the case of a
fine clump of Liiiiim auratum which was dying, on taking
up the clump I found that it had been planted early in
the spring with a thick wadding of fresh horse manure
next to the roots. It was saved by being shifted to a new
location in proper soil, but it lost a year's time as a bloom-
ing clump.

When making a new garden or border of lilies, if there
be a choice of locations select one which has enough
natural slope to insure good surface drainage. The
matter of under-drainage may be controlled. All the
lilies like plenty of water, but none but the semi-aquatics
will stand water-soaked soil continuously. Many of
them do best when shaded from the hot afternoon sun
in what is called "partial shade," but no variety will do
well on the north side of a building or clump of shrubbery
where it gets little or no sunshine. There are some so-
called lillies which are acquatics, and this tendency to
class plants with certain kinds of blooms as "lilies" is by
some writers carried to extremes : even the iris is some-
times called a lilv. I write only of the true lilies.

The soil for the lily garden or border should be old and
well composted. That from an old garden which has
been kept up to a good state of cultivation makes a fine
base for a lily soil. The best lily. border that I know of
was made from sods cut from an old white clover pas-
ture. One-third sod was used, one-third garden loam
and one-third well-rotted manure. To this bone-meal
was added in the proportion of one quart to a bushel of
the mixture, a dusting of lime, and a heavy one of
unleached wood ashes. This soil was prepared in the
fall and allowed to remain in a compact heat until spring.

A border made of all lilies should not be too wide.
Six feet is about right, and it may be as long as desired.
It makes a good front for a shrubbery border or a wind-
break hedge. There are those who prefer to plant their
lilies in clumps, and this is all right when the number
is small; but those who desire to grow a fine collec-
tion should use the border, where they can be displayed
to better effect. Lilies can be used, of course, along with
other flowers, judiciously, in the mixed hardy border.

As the matter of under-drainage is so important, it will
be well to ascertain whether the proposed border under-
drains naturally. It should do so if the subsoil is light,
loose or shaly and is underlaid with stratified rock or
gravel of coarse texture. If the subsoil be a tough or
sticky clay or hardpan, it will be best to excavate the
border, throwing out enough of the subsoil to make room
for at least a foot of soil and a layer of porous hollow
tiles, if they are at hand. If not, use broken stones at
least four inches deep, and a foot of soil on top. Only
those who have looked into the matter can appreciate the
difference between a drained and an tindrained border, so

to quote prices
on specimen

I am in a Position

Evergreens that will be decidedly attractive for any estate.
If you are in the market for anything from Norway Spruce
to the finer varieties of

EVERGREENS

send in your lists and I will give you a figure that will
satisfy you.

P. H. GOODSELL, ^

:200 BRO/\D\A//\Y
E\A/ YORK. CITY

Telephone', 5G17 Coi-Hancit

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

343

far as the effect on the plants goes in growing' habits.

I have not been able to decide whether fall or spring
planting is the better, and have about come to the conclu-
sion that there is no difference. If the border is planted
in the fall it should be after the tops have been frost-
killed, and they should be protected by a mulching over
the winter. If planted in the spring it should be as early
as the work can be done in the open ground. I believe
that in spring planting something is gained by starting
the roots early in the house in pots of a suitable size and
setting them out as soon as all danger of frost is past, as
they then are equipped with feeding roots from the be-
ginning and the shift is not felt so strongly, earlier and
better blooms being the result. It has happened to me
several times that spring-planted lilies did not bloom un-
til the following season, and I have attributed it to the
shock of being taken from the soil with too great a loss
of root-growth.

Tastes dift'er as to the method of setting lilies. I have
seen them planted in rows of five or six of a kind, fol-
lowed by as many of other kinds, but I think that this
makes the flowers when in bloom look scattered. A bet-
ter plan is to plant the rows in clumps of from three to
five, and allow plenty of room round them so that they
can spread into larger clumps eventually. Lilies in
bloom look better in clumps than as single specimens. A-
good arrangement is to plant them in a si.x-foot border
in two staggered rows, taking care not to plant inharmon-
ious colors in juxtaposition. This will require some
care, as there are numerous red, salmon and orange va-
rieties.

The finest of all the hardy varieties of the lily family
is the celebrated Japanese introduction, Lilium auratnm,
or Golden-Banded Lily of Japan, and none other will so
respond to good culture. Heads of from twelve to fifteen
flowers can be raised under good soil and cultural condi-
tions. It has a pure white background, with little points
of deep crimson scattered all over the face of the petals,
and down the center of each petal is a broad band of pure
gold color, making an exquisite effect. It is deliciously
fragrant and keeps a long time in bloom on the stalk or in
the vase. If these lilies are to be shipped they should be
cut as soon as the buds are fully formed and just before
they burst. This applies as well to other lilies when
shipped.

A much-admired lily is Lilium candidum, the Madonna
lily, which is pure white, delightfully fragrant, and comes
in clusters. Running this close for popular favor is the
Lilium longifiorum , the true Easter lily, which is now be-
ing forced in opposition to the tropical Harrisii or Ber-
muda lily. It is also pure white, comes in panicles like
the auratum, but is not so fragrant as the candidum.
Another pure white lily of Japanese introduction is
Lilium spcciosum album, which is of exquisite form and
very fragrant, but not so free-blooming as the others.

Every lily garden should have a full set of Lilium
Canadense, the wild wood lily, which comes in various
shades of red, orange and yellow. The stalks are rather
short, on which account they should have a place in the
front of the border, but they are very bright and glowing.
A novelty in yellow lilies is the Lilium elegans, which is
a light yellow spotted with pure black, making a very
srtiking contrast when planted among the white ones.
Another handsome one is Lilium Batmannicc, which is a
pure apricot in color, and of fine form.

In contrast to these we have Lilium Melpomene, a fiery
red. the most gorgeous of all the lilies ; it is of good form
and very floriferous. The Lilium Tenuifolium, the scar-
let lily of Siberia, is very striking. AW who know lilies
love the deep pink Lilium roseuin, which bunches so well
with the white ones and makes fine clumps alone.

There is another family of lilies which should be in-

cluded in all lily gardens and borders, the Hemerocallis
or day lilies, which come in many beautiful shades and
colors and will do well in partial shade. They require
plenty of water and a rich soil. They come in the fol-
lowing colors and shades: light and deep orange, light
and deep sulphur, orange and brown, coppery-crimson,
apricot, orange and white, chrome and brown, and lemon
- — all on the yellow order, yet there are more than a hun-
dred distinct varieties.

Last but not least comes that old popular favorite, in
the guise of a modern hybrid, the Lilium tigrinum or
tiger lily, both single and double. There is, in my esti-
mation, a charm about this lily — especially the single one
- — that is carried by none other in the list. It is beloved
of all children, and very few farm homes are without it
in the older portions of the country. It is most effective
when grown in large clumps. It likes partial shade and
should be given a rich soil and plenty of water to get fine,
large flowers. — From "Country Gentleman."

ORCHIDS

We are specialists in this kind of plants. We
collect, import and grow orchids from all parts of
the world where orchids grow.

We will be glad to fill your order for one plant
or a thousand according to your requirements.

Our beautiful Catalogue and special lists on
application.

LAGER & HURRELL

Orchid-Growers and Importers

SUMMIT, N. J.

BOBBINK CSl ATKINS

World's Choicest Nursery and Greenhouse Products

SPRING PLANTING

Our Prodncts are of a higher grade than ever this season, placing
us in a better (hisition to fill orders with a class of material that will
give satisfaction to all our isations. Our Nursery consists of 300 acres
of highly cultivated land and a large area covered with Greenhouses
and Storehouses, In which wo are growing Nursery and Grceoboose
I'roducts for every place and purpose.

ROSES. We have several hun- ' until the latter part of Septem-

thousand Rose Plants that
:ill bloom this year. Order now
rom our Illustrated General
atalogue for Spring Delivery.
RHODODENDEONS. Mauy

ln'usands of acclimated plants In
lardy English and American
arieties are growing in our Nur-

EVEKGREENS, CONIFERS

AND PINES. Many acres of our
Nursery are planted with hand-
some specimens.

BOXWOOD. Everybody loves
the aroma of Old-Fashloned Box-
wood.

BAY TREES, FALUS. and
other decorative plants for Con-
servatories, Interior and Exterior
Decoration.

ENGLISH POT - GROWN

GRAPEVINES. For gre.-nUouse
cultivntlnn.

HARDY TRAILING AND
CLIMBING VINES. We have
them f..r every plac- and purpose.

BULBS AND ROOTS. We
grow and imp.^rt iiuantltles of
Bulbs and Roots from all parts
of the World.

LAWN GRASS SEED. Our

Rutherford Park lawn .Mliture

tNfa.Ii.m everywhere.

gr.iw HKiiiy tli..u-:,nds of Ornn-
nuMilal Shade Trees and Shrubs
in -ill varieties and sizes.

HARDY OLD - FASHIONED
PLANTS. We grow thousands of
rare. new and old-fashioned
kinds, including Peonies and Iris
in a large variety. Special prices
on quantities.

HEDGE PLANTS. We grow a
large quantity of California
Privet. Perheris and other Hedge
Plants adapted to all parts of the

OUR NEW GIANT-FLOWER-
ING MARSHMALLOW. Ev.ry-
Iwdv should be interested In this
New Old-Fnshioned Flower. It
will grow everywhere, and when
in bloom Is the queen of flowers
In the garden. Blooms from July I varieties.

OUR ILLUSTRATED GENERAL CATALOGUE NO, — DESCRIBES
OUR PRODUCTS: Is coriiprelienslve. Interesting, Instructive and help-
ful t.i liit.iidiui; |iiin lia.s.rs. Will be mailed upon request.

THE PROPER WAY TO BUY Is to see the material growing. We
shall gladly give our time and attenlloo to all Gardeners visiting our
Nursery and Invite everybody interested In Improving their grounds to
visit us.

BOBBINK (Sl ATKINS

PLANTS. TUBS AND WIN-
DOW BOXES AND ENGLISH
GARDEN FURNITURE, We
mnnufncture ail shapes and sizes.

STRAWBERRIES, Potted and
Field-grown, In nil the leading

Nurtcrrmen, Florins and PUnter

RUTHERFORD. N. J.

Camera Snapshots

By W. H. Waite.

10. Hyacinth La Gradesse.

Among pure white Hyacinths this variety certainly
stands in the front rank. The truss is large and well
formed, the individual flowers, of extra size anil of the
purest white. It is not every day that we get bulbs that
will produce Cjuite such good specimens as we see here,
but sometimes we do, and they are greatly appreciated.

11. Spray of Exochorda grandiflora.

This is one of our best hardy eariy flowering shrubs.
The flowers, which are a dazzling white, are borne in
g'reat profusion, and make a most effective sight. It is a
native of central China, and will thrive in any good gar-
den soil.

12. Basket of Begonia Gloire de Lorraine.

The accompanying illustration shows well the adapta-
bility of this subject as a basket plant. This basket was
not made up for a social occasion, but the plants were
grown in il, five jilants out of four inch pots being put in

FIG. 11.

the basket early in July, after the branches were large
enough ; they were pegged to the sides of the basket,
and no other tying or training was found necessary. We
have about a dozen of these baskets, which hang down
the center of a house in which we make a show entirely

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

345

of begonias, and while making a fine show have been
greatly admired by our numerous visitors.
13. Eucharis grandiflora.

This old favorite plant is not so frequently seen in this
country as it ought to be. Gardeners who have had their
training on the other side of the water are all acquainted
with it, as it plays an important part in many establish-
ments in Europe. While it may be grown very well in
pots, and we have seen splendid specimens so grown, we
have some planted out at the end of one of our Orchid
houses which never fail to give us a good return of its
beautiful white and fraq;rant flowers.

QUERIES and ANSWERS

IVe believe the greatest good can be accomplished for the greatest
number, by instituting a query column; or an exchange of expe-
riences, on practical propositions, by our readers.

You are invited to contribute questions, and answer others.

Each question as received will be given a number, the question-
er's name will not be published, but the source of the answer wilt
be given unless otherwise requested.

We all have something we -would like to know more about. Here
is your opportunity to ascertain somebody's experience in just thai
matter.

Nothing -anil tend to better fellowship than helping each other.

Take advantage of this "Question Box."

Would anybody tell his experience with shredded
cow manure? Fresh cow manure is hard to get nowa-
days. Are the results with shredded cow manure
equal? N. Y. S.

Replying to X. Y. S. query, re-shredded cow manure
I should say from experience that the results are certainly
not equal to fresh cow manure. I have found that the
shredded material is a mixture of all kinds of manure
evidently collected in the stock yards, some of it looked
more like pig manure than cow manure. I have seen it
used with good results as a liquid mamire, soaking it in
a barrel of water, where weak solutions were applied.
W. H.

Why must the shoots of cultivated plants be pruned?
How does summer pruning differ from winter prun-
ing?

To what extent does scion and stock mutually in-
fluence one another in grafting? D. F., N. Y.

My bay trees are affected with some trouble which
is causing the leaves to turn red on the back, and curl-
ing them up. What is this caused by, and what can I
do for them? T. B., Mass.

Can any reader explain to me if it is the case, and
why that old seed of melons are preferable to fresh
seeds? H.

I should like to get some advice as to what crop will
make the best sod for growing roses. Can you get any
information for me? T. M. C, Mass.

Answer to Question of A. A. F., Pa., December Issue.

The part nearest the bark of a tree is the youngest.
In the earliest stages of the stems of shrubs and trees the
arrangement and constitution of the tissues are essen-
tially the same as in simple short-lived herbaceous stems.
With an increase of age there is, however, a steady in-
crease in thickness from year to year. The greatest part
of the increased bulk of tissues in stems such as these, is
brought about by division of the initial cells of the cam-
buim-ring. Division of the cambium-cells, and the
growth and development of the products continue from
spring to autumn ; in winter cell-division ceases. Since
the cambuim extends in the form of a continuous cylinder
within the stem, a new cylinder of wood is added every
growing season to the outside of that already present.
If a tree is sawn across a number of ring-like zones are
noticeable in the wood. They are termed annual-rings
and each represents the wood tissue produced bv the
cambuim during one active vegetative period. From the
beginning of one vegetative period to the commencement
of another is generally one year, so that in a two-year-old
stem two rings are visible, in one three-year-old three
rings are seen, and so on.

The healing of wounds on woody stems shows that
growth is made nearest the bark. Wounds into the soft
parts of herbaceous stems, leaves, tubers and fruits soon
become healed over by the formation of a layer of cork
cells, which develop from the uninjured cells exposed by
the wound. When the mature wood of a stem or branch
is exposed it becomes covered by the gradual extension
of a tissue chiefly manufactured by the cambium. The
cambium exposed by the cut and the very young cells of
the wood at first give rise to a mass of soft tissue termed
callus. In the outer parts of the latter there soon forms
a cork-cambium, while within it is developed a new cam-
bium from which wood is ultimately produced. Year by
year the new tissues produced by the cambium extend
further and further inwards over the exposed wood until
the edges meet all round, after which time the cam.bium
exists as a continuous layer over the wounded surface.

The cambium of a stem is continuous with that of its
branches, although in the latter the amount added per
annum is smaller than in the stem. The basal portions
of a branch become buried by the wood added to the
stem year by year. You will often notice in a longi-
tudinal board that the buried part of the branch is cut
almost transversely and appears as an oval knot.

W. Saville, Bergenfield, N. J.

FLOWER, VEGETABLE AND GRASS SEEDS

HOSEA WATERER

Seedsman and

Bulb Importer

H c

u lOYand 109 South Seventh St. m
Z PHILADELPHIA, PA. S

Catalogue mailed free upon request
PLANTS, BULBS, GARDEN TOOLS

346

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

HERE, THERE AND EVERYWHERE

I Botany should, in my opin-

THE STUDY ion, be studied by young gar-

OF BOTANY. deners, who have aspirations

to succeed, and as there are
few who do not possess some ambition, this practically
applies to all. I have met with comparatively few who
have any notion whatever of the classification of plants,
and I venture to say some confess total ignorance regard-
ing the knowledgeof the essential parts of a plant, i. e.,
the andrajcium (stamens) and the gynsecium (pistil), but
simply distinguish plants one from the other by the char-
acters which are obvious.

Doubtless many intelligent young gardeners maintain
that it does not constitute any part of their profession,
and strengthen their argument by the fact that many
head gardeners of today are unacquainted with it ; but
apart from this, and looking at it from a "pastime" point
of view, one could not wish for a more instructive and in-
teresting study, besides incurring little e.xpense. It is
generally admitted that scientific gardening is becoming
more prevalent each year, and whatever the gardening
of the past may have been, I am firmly convinced that
the men of the future must be proficient in a combination
of both theory and practice. Although a man may be a
skilful gardener without possessing any knowledge of
botany, we must bear in mind that education advances
with the times. When had we better opportunities of
improvement than the present day? Botany is progress-
ing rapidly, and those who will devote time to the study
will notice how the interchange of ideas which faculty of
intercourse with it gives, is surely tending to raise the
standard of a gardener's intelligence, and therefore ren-
der him more fitted for the higher duties when he is
called upon in later life to perform such.

However much practice is commended, horticultural
knowledge will remain in its infancy if gardeners possess
no higher attainments than merely being able to name
plants and do not study the principles upon which the
success of practice depends. By elevating the mind it will,
to quote the words of an eminent gardener, "create keen
powers of observation, which, by exercising powers of
adaptability, will make a man successful in any environ-
ment."— L. W. Young, in Journal of Horticulture.

If a tree is on open, level
MEASURING ground, the easiest way to as-

A TREE. certain its height is to meas-

ure the length of the shadow
cast by the tree. At the same time measure the length
of your own shadow. Then divide the length of the
tree's shadow by the length of your own shadow, and
multiply by your actual height. The result will be the
height of the tree.

As very tall trees are seldom found in open, level
ground, another method may be adopted. Find a spot
some distance from the tree, and on the same level as the
ground on which the tree stands. Set up on the spot a
pole thirty feet out of the ground and perfectly still,
keeping on the same level until upright. Then walk far-
ther back till your line of sight touches the top of the pole
and the top of the tree, and drive a peg where you are
standing. Now measure the distance from the center of
the bole of the tree to the pole, and to the peg. Multiply
the distance from the peg to the tree by twenty-five, and
divide by the distance from the peg to the pole. To the

result add five feet, and you will have the height of the
tree. — Rural Calif ornlan.

The prehistoric skull recent-
REAL GARDEN ly discovered in England is
OF EDEN. welcomed as a long expected

ally by Dr. Franklin H.
Giddings, professor of sociology and the history of civil-
ization at Columbia University. Dr. Giddings asserts
that the really significant thing about the discovery is the
light it throws on man's Garden of Eden — his original
home.

"I have been expecting this old Englishman to be dis-
covered for many years," Dr. Giddings announced. "More
than ten years ago in one of my books I made the state-
ment that all evidence tended to show that the earliest
men lived over much of the territory between north-
western Europe and southeastern Asia. The statement
caused some little protest at the time. Scientists were
searching for man's original home and believed they
would eventually find some one locality, a fertile valley,
perhaps, where man first lived.

"The most highly developed apes are found in fossil
remains in France. In Java remains of a manlike ape
known as Pithecanthropus erectus were found in 1892.
He w'as an intermediate form between man and ape. Per-
haps hundreds of thousands of years, during which there
was a terrific struggle for survival because of the so-called
ice ages, separated these from the early men whose bones
and handiwork showed more advanced development.

"But the significant fact is that these later men, includ-
ing the skull just uncovered in England, were found in
the same territory. In a sand pit near Heidelberg a broad,
powerful apelike jaw has been found. The teeth are like
those of man. On the Neander River banks a skull was
found which showed still higher development. He is
known as the Neanderthal man.

"Other bits of evidence in the shape of skulls and
other bones have been dug up in Belgium and at Gibraltar,
all showing that Europe was once inhabited by a race of
men much inferior to the lowest living savages now
found in Australia, Tasmania and Africa."

All this, Dr. Giddings believes, indicates that the ten
thousand mile strip of land extending from Java to Eng-
land saw the development of man from ape at ap-
proximately the same time. According to Dr. Giddings,
this entire strip of land was very fertile during prehistoric
times. It was perhaps the nearest approach to a Garden
of Eden then to be found. This prehistoric man of Eng-
land is a link in the chain of evidence which proves that
the Garden of Eden was several thousand miles long,
according to Dr. Giddings.

A FORTY BIL- Some people think that the

LION DOLLAR chief end of farming is to put a

RTTCTMTTcc ^^^^ '"^° *^ ground, sit down

-tsUtjlNEbb. and watch it grow. That side of .

farming can be found in books of poetical quotations and

on foreclosed mortgages.

The chief end of farming is profit. The farmer is no
sentimental hero of a poem — though the poets have over-
worked him up to date. He is a business man like a
manufacturer or a banker. He sows to reap dollars.

The American farmer has forty billions of dollars in-
vested in his business. He produces twenty-five millions
of dollars of wealth every day. The farmer looks to us

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

347

like Big Business ; ten years from now he will be a bigger
business than the unimaginative person realizes. — Coun-
try Gentleman.

Of course, you need a foot
SEASHORE of soil from some good old

LAWN MAKING. pasture land. We all know
that. But before starting
here is something which very few know (at least I didn't
know until Paul Huebner told me), a four or five-inch
layer of salt hay ! Not a thin spreading, but a good thick
covering. Six inches wouldn't hurt. Another important
pqint : Before you put the soil on dampen the salt hay.
Turn the hose on strong. That solidifies it and keeps
the soil from getting through. Mr. Huebner states that
it is wonderful how long this salt hay layer lasts. There
seems to be some important chemical reaction which
cannot be easily explained ; but anyhow — there's the
wrinkle. The salt hay layer keeps the good soil from
leaching away and your lawn is a success. We have
been long familiar with the layer of clay underneath for
the same purpose. Salt hay is just as good if not better
than clay and far cheaper. This wrinkle takes its place,
if I'm spared to tell it often enough, with the crab-grass
remedy.

As for the seeds to sow for a lawn at the seashore
there's nothing better than "a good lawn mixture" com-
posed of about ten varieties, including: Poa pratensis,
Cynosurus cristatus. Festuca duriuscula, Agrostis stoloni-
fera, and other dwarf, fine-leaved perennial sorts — such
as all first-class seed houses know how to formulate. — •
George C. Watson in "Horticulture."

The horticultural school at
THE GERMAN Oppenheim, Germany, besides

WAY. giving instruction by lectures

and furnishing practical aid
to the farmers, has introduced "model vineyards." The
school and the vineyard proprietors enter into a five-year
contract by the terms of which the school exercises super-
vision over the vineyards and the vineyard owner agrees
to follow the directions of the school in every particular.
The school makes no charge for this service. There
are about a dozen such "model vineyards" in the Grand
Duchy of Hesse.

Rhododendrons are not very
SOMEONE'S adaptable plants, if an ac-

OPPORTUNITY. count were. kept of the suc-
cesses and failures, the latter
would be greatly in excess, at the same time it is the
opinion of all who see a lot of healthy plants in flower
they are worth striving for.

The one serious obstacle to growing these beautiful
plants that cannot well be overcome by artificial means is
the presence of lime or alkali in soil or water. If these
are present, eftort will be sure to end in failure or only
very moderate success.

The soil that suits them best is a peaty one, although
good fibrous loam with a liberal quantity of sand and
cow manure makes a good compost for them.

The essentials are well drained position, yet where it
is constantly moist, protection from bleak cutting winds
in winter and hot dry ones in summer.

They are not a deep rooting plant, but very fibrous and
near the surface, so that cultivation should be avoided.
In its place a mulch of decaying leaves or other light
material will serve to prevent the weeds growing and
conserve moisture.

The native American Rhododendrons are R. maximum
and grows wild through the Alleghenies from New York
to Georgia and is even found as far north as Maine and

as far west as Ohio in favored locations. It blooms in
July and is pale rose color or nearly white.

R. Catawbiense is a Southern species growing in the
Alleghenies from Virginia to Georgia ; it flowers a little
earlier, does not grow quite so large and the flowers may
be described as a lilac purple.

The imported ones are garden varieties or hybrids of
R. ponticum. They have a range of color, bloom early in
the spring.

Some varieties are much hardier than others and on
this account better adapted for planting out of doors,
while others are only suitable for greenhouse culture.

There is undoubtedly a future for some enterprising
young nurseryman who would make a study of these
plants and a success in growing them and their allies as
the demand is unlimited. — National Nurseryman.

DAMAGE BY GAS.

I\Ir. William Turner, superintendent of the Borden es-
tate at Oceanic, N. J., reports a practically total loss of
many fine plants and orchids contained in the green-
houses, due to a gas leakage.

After discovering that the plants were suffering from
some unexplainable cause which had already run the loss
up into thousands of dollars, it required several days to
trace the difficulty which was causing the damage, when
one morning a deadly gas was found present, so pro-
nounced that there was no disputing the fact. Then the
question arose where it was possible that the gas could
come in as there were no gas pipes nearby. After hunt-
ing high and low, and almost giving up in despair, the
water meter was examined and from there the gas was
found pouring in. The gas company at once found a
severe leak in the gas main out in the road, that in turn
penetrated into the sewer, which connected all the houses.
The fact that the gas had so many outlets made it diffi-
cult to detect it as gas, although a peculiar heavy atmos-
phere which it is strange to say was not disagreeable, was
at times noticeable.

Although a month has passed, and while some of the
houses have fairly recuperated, permitting a fair cutting
of sweet peas, carnations, etc., the orchids, however, are
still great sufferers ; it looks as though some of them will
be restored to health and vigor, but it will take a long
time. Other plants which did not show any sufl^ering at
first are now developing in a diseased state with their
leaves dropping ofif. Mr. Turner believes it will take
three or four years at the best before all traces of this
damage can be removed from the plants that can be
saved. Possibly even after nursing them for some time
it may be found that many of the fine plants will have to
be discarded. This time alone can decide.

GARDEN DESIGNS

-Free="

VXT'E have prepared for distribution

a few very novel and beautiful garden
designs that will strongly appeal to every
artistic gardener.

Copy of plans will be mailed you for the asking
together with our beautifully illustrated 19 13 catalog con-
taining 160 pages of seeds, bulbs, garden tools, etc.

Drop us a postal for the Garden De-
signs and Catalog be/ore you forget.

J. M. THORBURN & CO., "^^rro.f"*

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Photographs and plans fu:
nished by courtesy of Lord
Burnham Co.

oughly practical
is on the groum

Uon of red tile roofed garage and 1
H. Mulford, at White Plains. N. Y

id 11 X 33 fe

GARAGE AND GREENHOUSE

SOME IMPORTANT THINGS TO CONSIDER

H

OW altogether logical that the greenhouse and the
garage should be linked together. Logical, because
■n_M they are the two most enjoyed possessions on a man's
ISMS place.

Besides this, the combining of them saves money
and makes a compact, handy arrangement that works out in a
pleasing way architectural!}'.

The work room is frequently a part of the garage partitioned
ofif; but by far the greater number are being built with an at-
tached work room, as shown in the one directly above.

Even when done this way, the expense of one end of the
work room is saved.

The one boiler heating both garage and greenhouse is another
saving.

Be sure, however, to have the boiler placed under the work
room as we understand there have been several destructive fires
caused by the gasolene from the garage leaking down into the
boiler cellar and exploding.

Another thing — do not have any connecting door or window

between the work room and garage, as the gasolene fumes or
the smoke of burning cylinder oil is fatal to plant life.

Last week one day, when trundling along in an auto on my
vi'ay to Jamaica, Long Island, I saw at Richmond Hill a curvi-
linear greenhouse perched up on top of an attractive little
brick garage.

Odd as it looked, it was a very clever solving of the "limited
space" problem. My curiosity was too much for me, and we
turned back and obtained permission to visit it.

It was entered by an enclosed stairway, entirely independent
of the garage. The floor was cement and light as a drum.

I was delighted to find in the greenhouse several easy chairs,
a table filled with magazines, in the centre of which was a bowl
filled with pipes and tobacco.

The owner, I learned, is a flower enthusiast of the most ap-
proved type and in the winter spends much of his leisure time
up there.

If we had more such enthusiasts the gardener and the owner
would know each other better, which you and I know would
work out to the decided advantage of both.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

349

Plan of Glencoe greenhou

What a charming effect this isl The residence of the owner, Mr. O. G.
roreman, of Glencoe, 111., is a stone's toss away.

350

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA,

THE

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA.

MARTIN C. EBEL, Managing Editor,
Madison, N. J.

Published by

CHRONICLE PRESS

M. E. MAYNARD, President. A. A. FAY, Sec'y.

1 MONTGOMERY STREET, JERSEY CITY, N. J.
New York Office

236 WILLIAM STREET, NEW YORK OTY.

Subscription Price, 12 Months. $1.00 :: :: Single Copies, 10 Cents
Foreign, $1.50

Entered as second class matter February 18, 190S, at the Post Office at
Jersey City, N. J., under Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.

Published on the 15th of each month.

Advertising forms close on the 10th preceding publication.
For information regarding advertising rates, etc., address Advertising
Department, Gardeners' Chronicle. Madison, N. J.

ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

President, Vice-President, Treasurer,

WM. H. WAITE, A. J. SMITH, JAMES STUART,

Yonkers, N. Y. Lake Geneva, Wis. Mamaroneck, N. Y.

Secretary, MARTIN C. EBEL; Madison, N. J.

TRUSTEES FOR 1913.
' Peter Duff, Orange, N. J.; William Kleinheinz, Ogontz, Pa.; William
Duckham, Madison, N. J.; Alexander MacKenzie, Glen Cove, N. Y.; John H.

Dodds, Wyncote. Pa.

DIRECTORS.

To serve until 191A — Robert Angus, Tarrytown, N. Y.; Robert Bottomley,
New Canaan, Conn.; Carl Schaeffer, Tuxedo Park, N. Y.; E. Wetterlow,
West Manchester, Mass.; T. J. Kempton, Baychester, N. Y. ; E. Trethewey,
Tarrytown, N. Y. ; Alexander Fraser, Newport, R. I.

To serve until 1915— John Shore, Harrison, N. Y.; Thomas Proctor.
Lenox, Mass.; William N. Craig, North Easton, Mass.; Frank E. Witney,
Fishkill, N. Y.; Robert Williamson, Greenwich, Conn.; F. Kirk, Bar
Harbor, Me.; Tames Bell, New York, N. Y.

To serve until 1916 — Thomas W. Logan, Tenkintown, Pa.; John F. Huss,
Hartford, Conn.; John W. Everett, Glen Cove, N. Y. ; A. Bauer, Deal
Beach, N. J.; John W. Jones, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Alexander McPherson,
Washington, D. C; James C. Shield, Monticello, 111.

Vol. XIX. FEBRUARY, 1913.

No. 4.

A summary of the final schedule of the International
Flower Show, to be held in New York City April 5 to 12
next, is published elsewhere in these columns. Our in-
terest in it centers on the gardener and the part he will
play in this great event, the success of which will mean
much to his profession. When this great show was first
contemplated, and the flower show committee appointed,
we approached its chairman and urged that, as the private
gardener is always a big factor in the important shows,
he should be well provided for. His reply was, "I will do
my darnedest," and Mr. Chas. H. Totty has assuredly
made good his part. More than $5,000 in cash prizes,
nearly forty silver cups and other trophies, besides the
medals, represent the private gardener's classes. In ad-
dition, they are eligible to compete in all open classes.
Never before has such provision been made in a flower
show schedule of any magnitude for the private gardener,
and it behooves every one of them in a position to do so,
to do their share in reciprocation of what has been done
for the profession as a whole. The premium lists have
been prepared to give opportunity to the small grower
as well as the large grower, and the man with the single
•specimen plant or few cut flowers will be as welcome as
he who brings a van load. Study the schedule, learn '
where you can help, and then help. You can't all carry
off first, second, or even third prizes, but more credit and
honor comes to him who shows and loses, than to him
who hesitates to show at all. Do your duty.

The national legislators have passed on an appropria-
tion of some $16,000,000 to be spent "for the education
of the farmer." It seems to us, however, that the twen-
tieth century farmer is much like all other business men,
expecting to pay as he goes. He produces and sells, and,
as in other industries, he should pay for his experiences.
Experimental stations are accomplishing much, not alone
for the farmer, but for all interested in agriculture, hor-
ticulture or floriculture, whether for gain or for pleasure,
and they should be maintained and liberally supported.
But, judging from the facilities with which some are
provided and the poor remuneration to those engaged in
the work, we fear the farmer politician fares better than
the real farmer out of these enormous yearly appropria-
tions.

At a recent meeting of a local horticultural society, a
resolution was passed protesting against the general prac-
tice of filling the offices of park boards and shade tree
commission with lawyers, doctors and merchants. These
men, while usually highly regarded in their communities,
most frequently are found to be entirely unqualified for
the office to which they are appointed, and in many cases
would not be able to distinguish between a poplar and a
chestnut. The resolution embodied a recommendation
that the powers having the appointment of these boards
and commissions give recognition to the professional
gardener, who is better fitted to serve a community for
the protection of its trees and development of its parks.
Some municipalities are already awake to this fact, and
gardeners and florists are appointed, but where it is other-
wise a good work is at hand for the local gardeners' and
florists' organization. Arouse your communities that
they will be best served by letting "the cobbler stick to his
last." You will help the community and advance your
profession.

"The gardeners are indeed to be congratulated on the
position they are, by sheer merit, winning in American
Hfe. Their ideals have risen, . . . and the craft has
an honorable and important part to plav in the develop-
ment of this great country." Thus remarks a contempo-
rary in commenting on the last convention of the Na-
tional Association of gardeners.

THE GARDENER.

He that makes one blade of grass to grow
Upon the soil that vegetation did not know,

Is a public benefactor.
All honor him who, with toil and care.
Will plant the seeds, the ground prepare.
Will watch the growth, will spray, will prune
And cultivate the seedlings until the bloom

As incense will the very air perfume.

In the bosom of Nature, with patient care,

The tiny seeds will sow, with skill prepare

The soil, and moisture give and fertilize,

And cultivate, and hybridize.

Until at last he wins the prize

Of perfect fruit or scented flower appears ;

And for this end unceasingly will toil for years.

Let statesmen, heroes, sch(flars share

The glory of achievements, their honor wear ;

But far beyond the victors wreath

In lasting good to all beneath

The canopy of heaven, is the fruit.

The ear of grain, the succulent root

That Gardener's skill and labor doth produce.

— Frederick R. Meres.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

351

ASSOCIATION NOTES

M. C. EBEL, Secretary, MADISON, N. J.

The executive board has selected the Aliirray Hill Ho-
tel, on Park avenue and Forty-first street, New York City,
as the National Association of Gardeners' headquarters
during the week of the International Flower Show. This
hotel is conveniently situated to the Grand Central Palace ;
it is only five short blocks from the exhibition hall and
the same distance from Broadway, so that it is also within
easy approach of the city's amusement center. The man-
agement of the hotel has made a rate of $2 per day for a
single person, and S3 for two persons in a room, including
privilege of bath. It has been arranged to set aside the
men's dining hall as a rendezvous for members and their
friends, where they may congregate morning, noon, and
night; breakfast, lunch and dinner will be served in this
hall at reasonable prices. The hotel management has
assured the committee that it will provide every facility
to make the hotel a hospitable hostelry during the gar-
deners' stay in the city. Alembers can communicate di-
rect with the hotel for reservation of rooms. Those who
intend to attend the International .Show will do well to
reserve their rooms at an earlv date, as a big crowd is
looked for, and as the headquarters will be a popular
place, those that apply late may find they cannot be ac-
commodated. In writing for rooms mention the N. A. G.
so as to get the special rate.

The bowling committee, in charge of the National
Gardeners' and Florists' bowling tournament, which is to
be held under the auspices of the National Association,
has secured the entire floor of Thum's bowling alleys,
Broadway and Twenty-ninth street, for Wednesday,
April 9. The tournament will begin at nine o'clock in the
morning and continue until six o'clock in the afternoon.
The committee will meet on the 25th at the Murray Hill
Hotel, New York, to complete the details for the event.
which will be published in these columns in the March
issue. The committee solicits prizes for this event, and
if any member is disposed to contribute, he can notify the
secretary accordingly.

The membership contest for the Goodsell prizes of
$25, $15 and $10, gold, which closes on October 1, has
stirred up considerable interest, and your secretary is glad
to report that some of our members have become quite
active in this competition. The list of new members for
the month, published elsewhere in these columns, will in-
dicate to you that the interest towards our association is
no longer local, but is becoming national.

This office can only report progress at this time in the
formation of the .Service Bureau, which your secretary
was instructed to organize by the directors at their first
quarterly meeting. The March issue, however, will con-
tain a more detailed account of what has been done, and
it is hoped by then that the problem will have been suffi-
ciently solved to make a thorough report on what the
purpose of this bureau will be.

During the past month the following new members
have been added to our list: S. Mendelson Meehan,
Germantown, Pa.; George V. Nash. New York, N. Y. ;
William Tricker, Arlington, N. J. ; John Ingram, Oyster
Bay, N. Y. ; Nicholas Butterbach. Oceanic, N. J- ; Ed-
ward Earnshaw, Paterson, N. J. ; H. V. F. de Thestrup,

William MacDonald, Francis Drexler, William Muir,
Peter ^Morrison, Robert Johnson, L. Milliot, and Thomas
Mahoney, Yonkers, N. Y. ; John Macindoe and George
Mentipley, Kidgefield, Conn. ; William Miller, Monticello,
111. ; Stanley Jorden, Watcrford, Conn. ; G. C. Allen, New
Rochelle, N. Y. ; William Mills, Riverdale, N. Y. ; Robert
Barton, Rye, N. Y. ; Robert Grindrod, Robert Purshall
and Alexander McLeod, Lenox, Mass. ; Frank C. Luck-
enbacher, Hartsdale, N. Y. ; George White, Westbury,
N. Y. ; Frank Strnad, \\'esthampton Beach, N. Y. ; Jacob
A'atter and Joseph Skalberg, Oconomowoc, Wis. ; Andrew
Martinsen, Okauchee, Wis. ; John D. Whittaker, Elkins
Park, Pa. ; Henry Gibson and George S. Peach, Attica,
N. Y. ; Ernest A. Lunberg, Hartsdale, N. Y. ; James S.
Bache, Sharon, Conn. ; Peter Waddell, Tuxedo Park,
N. Y. ; Robert Scott, Pittsfield, Mass. ; James Cant. New
York, N. Y.

.\fter a persistent "following up," your secretary has
obtained definite assurance from the officials of the city
of .\sbury Park to the etifect that it proposes to pay tHe
prize money, won by the outside exhibitors at the 1912
Summer show, before the end of this month.

Asbury Park was unfortunate in its first effort to
run a big flower show. It admits its costly experience, by
which it has learned, and is going to try again. We wish
Asbury Park all success in its next flower show venture.
It can count on both the association and the columns of
the Chroxicle to help boost its next flower show when
it is again ready to undertake it.

The unavoidable delay in paying the 1912 premiums is
fully explained in the following communication received
from the director of its publicity bureau :

Asbury Park, N. J., February 1, 1913.
Mr. 3iIarti\' C. Ebel,

Madison, N. J.

Dear ]\Ir. Ebel: I have just had a conference with
Mayor Bennett and Mr. Winans, chairman of the City
Finance Committee, with regard to your letter of January
15 to Mr. Winans about the payment of the prize money
won at .Asbury Park's Summer flower show. A'ouchers
for this prize money were drawn last December, but the
balance to the credit of my appropriation at the end of
the fiscal year was insufficient to meet the obligations,
and payment had to be deferred until the 1913 appro-
priations were made.

.'\rrangements have been made to pay a large amount of
this prize money at the meeting of the City Council on
February 24, and vouchers will be sent out by the city
treasurer on the 26th or 27th to the following: . . .

The total amount of the above is $815. The remainder
of the prize money won is due to local gardeners, and they
have agreed to wait until a little later in the season for
their money, but all will be paid in full.

There has never been the slightest disposition to evade
or compromise the payment of this prize money, but the
financial results of the show were so unexpected that it
has been difficult to make the payments as promptly as
has been our desire. We have a great degree of appre-
ciation for those who helped to make the Summer show
the artistic success that it was, and it is fully intended
that .•\sbury Park shall become famous for its flower
shows of the future. A lesson was learned, even though
costly, and in the future .Asbury Park can be depended

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

upon to have in hand its prize money and trophies before
they are offered, instead of trusting to pubhc support at
the time of the show, no matter how promising conditions
may seem.

With best wishes, very truly yours,

H. E. Dexegar.

New York, February 6, 1913.
Mr. M. C. Ebel, Secretary,

National Association of Gardeners,
Madison, N. J.

Dear Sir : I have been instructed by the Council of
this society to extend to the National Association of Gar-
deners an invitation to hold their next convention, which
I understand is to take place this Fall in New York City,
at the American Museum of Natural History, as the guest
of the Horticultural Society of New York, at the time of
its Fall exhibition, October 31 to November 4, 1913, in-
clusive.

Facilities will be provided, free of charge, for the hold-
ing of your meetings. I need hardly dwell upon the ad-
vantages of this fine building as a place of meeting.
Your association meeting with this society will be to the
mutual advantage of all, and can but lead to a closer bond
of union.

I trust that your association may find it convenient and
advisable to accept this invitation.
Yours truly,

Geo. V. Nash^ Secretary.

The foregoing communication is simply another indi-
cation of the progress the National Association of Gar-
deners is making in the affairs of horticulture and flori-
culture in this country. It is rapidly gaining the recog-
nition of other important horticultural bodies, and as ex-
pressed in the letter, "our association meeting with this
society will be of mutual advantage to all, and can but
lead to a closer bond of union."

The "get together" spirit among those interested in the
art of floriculture is becoming more and more active and
will redound to the benefit of all forces connected with it.

The communication will be referred to the executive
meeting of the National Association for action.

INTERNATIONAL SHOW MANAGER.

The announcement just comes to hand that Mr. Wm.
H. Duckham, of Madison, N. J-, has been appointed
manager of the International Flower Show. Mr. Duck-
ham, who is one of the trustees of the National Asso-
ciation of Gardeners, will be ably assisted by his fellow
members by sending in their entries for their exhibits
at as early a date as possible.

Competent Gardeners

9 The comforls and products ol a country home are
increased by employing a competent gardener ; if you
want to engage one, write to us.

q Please give particulars regarding place and say
whether married or single man is wanted. We have
been supplying them lor years to the best people
everywhere. No lee asked.

PETER HENDERSON & CO.

Seedsmen a.nd Florists
33 and 37 Cortlandt St. NEW YORK CITY

FINAL SCHEDULE OF THE THIRD INTER-
NATIONAL FLOWER SHOW.

The final schedule for the International Flower Show,
to be held in the New Grand Central Palace, New York
City, April 5-12, 1913, under the auspices of the Society
of American Florists and Ornamental Horticulturists and
contributing societies, has ben distributed.

Space does not permit reprinting the entire details of
all classes in these columns, and z.\\y member, or reader,
who has not yet received a copy of this schedule may ob-
tain it by applying to Mr. John Young, secretary' of the
S. A. F., 54 West Twenty-eighth street, New York,
N. Y., or to M. C. Ebel, secretary of the N. A. C, Madi-
son, N. J. A postal card to either address will bring a
copy of the schedule to you immediately.

Mr. J- H. Pepper, chairman of the publicity committee
of the International Show, in describing the schedule and
the general prograiniue, writes :

"It embraces forty pages and is believed to be the most
comprehensive flower show schedule ever issued for any
show in the world, catering, as it does, not only to the
large grower, but to the private men and aiuateurs, and
covering everything in the line of plants and cut flowers.
It is gratifying to note that there are some twenty-
seven contributing societies in conjunction with the
S. A. F. & O. H. This will insure a unity of purpose such
as has never before been manifest in American horticul-
ture.

The amount of cash premiums is very large, and in
addition there will be some thirty-five silver cups and
about the same number of gold, silver and bronze medals
to be competed for. Mr. Young has mailed a copy of
the schedule to every metnber of the S. A. F. & O. H.
The membership in the contributing societies will be
reached through their secretaries. The local committee
lueets weekly and is holding frequent conferences with
the management of the International Exposition Com-
pany, which is co-operating.

"The feature programme for the show, while not yet
completed, will include free lectures to the public every
afternoon and evening. President Farquhar of the
S. A. F & O. H., will speak on 'Gardens of Japan.' Otto
Thilow, of Philadelphia, will lecture on 'A Trip Through
the Canadian Rockies.' E. H. Wilson, of Boston, will
speak on 'Chinese Plants.' F. W. Brown, of Buffalo, has
kindly consented to give his ideas on 'Floral Arrange-
ment and Art.' R. F. Felton, of London, England, it is
also hoped, will speak on 'Floral Decorations as Used at
the British Court.' Other well-known lecturers will be
Leonard Barron, of The Garden Magazine ; Geo. V.
Nash, of the New York Botanical Garden ; J. H. McFar-
land Publicity Company, Harrisburg, Pa., and Miss Bea-
trice Jones, of New York, the well-known landscape ar-
tist. The lecture room, which is on the third floor of the
Palace, will be used by members of the different societies
for their meetings in the mornings ; definite dates will be
set for each society, as soon as the programme is properly
arranged.

"The board of jurors, composed of about sixty well
posted men in .Xmerican horticulture, will work in con-
junction with about a dozen European gentlemen, in
order that the show jnay be judged expeditiously and
the prizes all awarded before the building is opened" to the
public.

"Arrangements are being made to have the music in
keeping v^ith the magnitude and importance of the event.

"The International Exposition Company, through its
arrangements with the advertising agencies, will' have an
announcement of the show in all the surface, elevated
and subway stations, and in this way it will come to the

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

direct notice of over two million people a day, a great
many of whom will be interested in the show.

"It is expected that one day will be known as "Society
Day,"' on which day the admission fee will be double that
on ordinary days. This will be the big display day of the
Rose and Carnation Societies."

SPRING EXHIBITION OF THE PENNSYL-
VANIA HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Pennsylvania Horticultural Society will hold its
annual spring exhibition in Horticultural Hall, Philadel-
phia, in Alarch.

The schedule is a liberal one. The contributors thereto
include the firms of Henry F. Michel Company, Hosea
Waterer, Henry A. Dreer, Inc., and Gt. van Waverin &
Kruijff.

The prizes aggregate some $700. Copy of the schedule
may be obtained by applying to Mr. David Rust, secre-
tary. Horticultural Hall, Broad street below Locust, Phil-
adelphia, Pa.

CHICAGO SPRING SHOW.

The Spring Flower Show of the Horticultural Society
of Chicago, 111., will be held at the Art Institute during
the davs of April 1 to 5. Premium lists may be obtained
from the secretary of the society, Mr. Chas. W. Densner,
1101 Buena avenue, Chicago, HI.

Another of the gardeners to enter the florists' business
is Ernest Radany, formerly gardener at the E. G. Hol-
born estate, at Succasunna, X. J. It is announced that
he has purchased a florist establishment in Newark, N. J.

EARLY SEEDS

Are ready now

Try our Toniato, Coronation

Carrot, French Scarlet Short Horn
Celery, French Golden Self

Blanching
Lettuce, Heart of New York
Onion, Ailsa Craig

OUR 1913 Catalogue is dis-
tributed— If you have not
received your copy, write for it

Kennedy 6 Hunter 'Nc.

ANDREW R. KENNEDY, Pre«. and Treas.

156 West 34th Street New York

AMONG THE GARDENERS

Various local societies are now hard at it training their
teams for the coming national bowling tournament.
Alany of the teams are visiting each other in contest,
and Yonkers has had several calls, one from the Glen
Cove team and one from the Westchester and Fairfield
team. In both events Yonkers showed its hospitable feel-
ing by permitting the visitors to carry off the honors.
The Yonkers boys claim, however, that they will turn the
tables when they come to New York.

Charles C. De Wilde, of West End, N. J., is taking a
short vacation in a trip to Florida, where he expects to
spentl the best part of the month of Februar}-.

L. A. Ortiz, who presides over the Pratt estate, at Glen
Cove, N. Y., has his eyes on the $16,000,000 which has
been appropriated by the government for the advance-
ment of agriculture. Mr. Ortiz contends that horticul-
ture and floriculture is entitled to some of this money, and
as vice-president of the Farmers' Congress of the State
of New York, he is endeavoring to obtain recognition for
these two branches, which are so closely linked with the
agricultural interests.

One of our Eastern seedsmen has just returned from
an extensive Western trip through Ohio, Illinois, Wis-
consin and Kansas, and says that he was surprised and
naturally more than pleased at the great interest dis-
played on the part of the gardeners in the West towards
the International Flower Show. Many of the gardeners
in the States named are planning to be in New York
during the show week.

The Newport Horticultural Society will hold an out-
door Summer show in June in conjunction with one of the
garden societies composed of estate owners. With the in-
terest taken in this event on the part of the owners of the
private estates, it is anticipated that Newport will have
a show worth while this Summer.

Some surprises may be looked for at the next Fall
show of the New York Horticultural Society in the
chrysanthemum classes. It is rumored that one of the
growers is going to bring out something entirely novel in
the form of specimen plants, and which should arouse
as keen an interest as did the bush plants last season.
The $100 cup offered by the society for the twelve va-
rieties of cut "mums will also undoubtedly bring out some
keen competition.

Among the new members enrolled in the association is
one old in the profession, a good friend of all gardeners.
Mr. Nicholas Butterbach. The progress made by the
National Association of Gardeners during the past year
did not escape his attention.

Mr. Thomas F. Eastwood, who for many years was
superintendent over the estate of the late Mrs. t). M. Os-
borne, of Auburn, N. Y., terminated the position there
last month. Mr. Eastwood has so far made no other ar-
rangements as to the future, and is seeking an oppor-
timitv.

The Tuxedo Horticultural Society announces that it
ill hold a Summer show sometime in July.

Carnation Culture

By A. A. Pembroke

The carnation is one of the best flowers we have, as it
is comparatively easy to grow and is so useful in almost
all decorative schemes. It is also indispensable for
bouquet work and designs of all kinds. It is, in my
opinion, second only to the queen of flowers — the rose.

As regards the cultivation of the carnation, all that is
necessary is most any fairly good soil enriched with good
fertilizer and a whole lot of care after planting. I think
the care and attention bestowed on the plants after they
are in the house has more bearing on the success of the
crop than the soil. Such things as too much heat, too
much water and too many draughts are the most frequent
causes of failure. The best soil, to my mind, possible to
get is the top sod from an old pasture plowed about four
inches deep and stacked either in the fall or early spring,
it matters little which as the results will be about the
same. In stacking it use about one-fourth good cow
manure, putting one layer of sod and one layer of manure
alternately, sprinkling in about one bushel of lime to
four cart loads of loam, also a few pounds of salt can be
added and will prove beneficial. The compost heap
should be cut down a few weeks before planting and
should be turned over as frequently as labor facilities will
allow, mixing in a small proportion of bone flour which,
I think, is more advisable than top dressing with bone.

The time for planting to get the best results is from
the 10th of July to the 1st of August, but good results
will be obtained if the planting is finished by the 10th
of September. Later planting than that is not advisable,
as after that time the plants will not be established and in
flower by winter, and when they do flower they will be
very apt to be soft stemmed with smaller blossoms than
the early planted ones. Large plants will suft'er much
more from late planting than smaller ones.

About 5 to 6 inches of soil in the benches or beds will
be ample. There is a difference of opinion concerning
benches and solid beds, some claiming the solid beds re-
quire more careful watering and are slower in flowering
in the middle of winter. I, myself, think they more than
make up for any lack of production in winter by being of
much better quality in the spring and early summer
months, which, after all, is the time the houses produce
the greatest amount of flowers and also money, which is
the thing that counts most to the commercial man.

The plants should be lifted with a nice ball and with all
the roots possible.

In planting, firm nicely around the plants and leave the
soil around them fairly level. The habit of leaving a
basin around the plants is objectionable as in filling there
are sure to be lots of plants that will have too much soil
piled around them, which is a great inducement to stem
rot. It is advisable not to dig more plants at a time than
can be planted before their roots dry and the plants wilt,
as plants that suiTer in that way will not recover and
start to grow half as quickly as their more fortunate
companions.

When a bench is planted give the plants a fairly good
watering, enough to wet the ball nicely and the soil
around them, but do not soak the bed down as though
there would never be any more water to give them.
Avoid draughts, and shade the house a little if the
weather is very hot, but do not put on too heavy a shade
or far more harm will be done than by the sun.

After the planting is finished, the best advice I can
offer is to watch them carefully and find out for yourself
the exact condition of the plants, and be governed
accordingly.

Heavy watering before the roots are established is
detrimental to the plants, and being too dry also, but to
a much lesser degree, as the harm done by them being
too dry is much easier remedied than that done by over
watering.

Fumigation should be done once every week to keep
down green fly and thrip, and syringing should be started
on the very first appearance of red spider and kept up on
ever)- bright day until there is not one to be seen. Even
then there will be plenty left to come forth on the first
warm day or two in the spring.

It is well to support the plants as soon as possible after
planting either with one of the carnation supports or
with wires long ways of the benches and strings across to
prevent them falling about and becoming misshapen, and
it is. better to keep ahead in this particular than to let the
plants get ahead of you. Keep all the shoots disbudded
as the flowers will be much better than if the side buds
are allowed to get large before doing so.

After the houses have been planted about ten weeks,
and if the plants are growing strong and hard you may
safely start feeding by top dressing, using either soot,
sheep manure or bone. Rub it nicely into the soil which
should be loose on top if the benches have been cultivated
as they should be, but do not dig deeply into the soil as
it tears the fine roots and checks the growth of the plants.
This can be done every two weeks or so, always provided
the growth is strong, which it invariably will be by this
time if the plants were good and the soil rich and sweet.

With early planting and good material to work with
there will be a nice crop of flowers and buds showing by
the first of October, which, if the plants have been sys-
tematically pinched back in the field, should continue to
increase right through the winter and spring.

Top dressing should not be persisted in from the first
of December to the first of February as the days are then

THE CARX.XTIOX "XORTIirijK r.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

355

short and the weather most Hkely to be cloudy during
that period. After the first of February if the plants are
still doing well, the\- will need more feed and liquid
manure can be used to advantage about once a week or
top dressing can again be resorted to. Dried blood or
nitrate of soda in very light doses or sheep manure or
shredded cattle manure in heavier doses and, if available,
a good inch or so of rotted stable manure will also
help to keep the beds from drying out too quickly. If
the grower has handled his plants properly, by this time
(February the first) he will have the pleasure of having
a fine crop of flowers standing on strong, straight stems
36 to 45 inches above the soil.

Carnations will do well with a night temperature of 48
to 52 degrees. Day temperature should be governed by
the weather, not allowing it to rise above 60 on cloudy
days and 72 on bright days in winter, but after the first
of ]\Iarch when the sun is getting higher it may rise to
80 in the middle of the day. Nothing will be gained by
getting a few extra flowers in winter by running the
houses a few degrees higher, as the plants will be sure
to suffer.

To have success with carnations it is essential that the
plants have proper care from the time the cuttings are
put in the sand until they are thrown out of the house at
the end of the flowering season.

Careful propagation is very important. The cuttings
should be taken from the flowering shoots, care being
taken not to use those too near the top of the stem as
these are not so strong and will not make such nice bushy
plants as those lower down.

The best time to take cuttings is in January and
February, as plants rooted at that time -will make a better
growth and will not be so likely to get hard as if rooted
earlier. If a large number of plants of any one variety
is needed it is advisable to get all the cuttings possible
both before and after those months. The sand used

Tin: CARNATIOX "WM. ECCLES.'

NEW CARX.3iTinx SEEni.IXG BV RirilARfi niT.IIE.s.

should be sharp and clean and free from loam, whether
it is fine or fairly coarse makes but little difference. It
should be about 3 inches deep in the bench with a good
drainage and it cannot be firmed too much. The cuttings
should be taken with a heel and the ragged end cut ofif
with a sharp knife. The long foliage may be trimmed
ofl: the top as that allows the air to circulate among them
more freely. Put them in about three quarters to an
inch in depth and firm the sand nicely around them. Then
be sure to give them a good watering, enough to wet the
sand right through. Keep them from draughts and shade
from tlie sun, but do not shade too heavy or they will
get soft and will not do as well when taken from the sand.
Give them a light spraying each morning for the first ten
days if the weather permits, and water them if the sand
shows signs of dr_\ing out.

IMost all of our cuttings taken in the winter months
receive no water from the time they are first watered in
until taken out, and I find they root better than those
that have to be watered.

The propagation house should be kept at from 50 to
54 degrees and air should be given on all bright days,
always guarding against draughts. Enough bottom heat
to keep the sand at about 58 will help to make them root,
but T would not advise anything higher than that.

\\'hen rooted the young plants may be either potted
into 2-inch pots or may be put directly into flats about
2y2 inches apart, using a nice loam which does not
contain too much manure. If 2-inch pots are used the
plants should be put into flats or 3-inch pots as soon as
they show a nice lot of roots around the pot. Give the
plants plenty of air as soon as they commence to grow
and do not over v.ater, but allow them to dry out and
then water thoroughly, as by doing this you will keep
the soil sweet and the plants healthy.

Pinch the plants when they are high enough for the
tops to be broken off clean, leaving four or five joints
which will give you strong side shoots and a sound
foundation for good growth.

356

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Plant out in this locality as soon after the first of May,
as weather conditions will warrant so that the roots will
have a good foothold before the hot weather comes.

The soil in the field should be made fairly rich with
rooted stable manure. Attend strictly to cultivation
and topping, going over the field at least once a week.
Cultivation" will bring the plants through a hot, dry
summer in a much healthier condition than if watering is
resorted to.

The carnation is without dispute a very beautiful flower
and I often feel that the man who chooses the growing
of it for a livelihood derives far more pleasure from it
than their patrons who buy them to decorate their tables.

There are no secrets in raising this wonderful flower,
and there never was one man who could raise fine flowers,
but that there were others who could raise them just as
good: — Read before North Shore Horticultural Society,
Manchester, Mass.

CONTROLLING THE CHESTNUT BLIGHT.

An article which recently appeared in the North Amer-
ican reported that "Pennsylvania, which has played a
leading part in the war on chestnut blight, or the chest-
nut-tree bark disease, comes to the front with the gratify-
ing news that science has discovered a means to prevent
the spread of the infection and, possibly, to cure trees
already aftected. The prevention, which is a spray of
Bordeaux mixture, probably cannot be applied to forests
without such cost as to be prohibitive. The discovery,
however, is the biggest advance made in the study of the
chestnut blight.

Experiments leading to the discovery were made on the
estate of Pierre du Pont, Jr., at Kennett Square, Chester
County, by R. E. Wheeler, a trained tree surgeon in the
employ of du Pont, and Rov G. Pierce, tree surgeon of
the State Chestnut Blight Commission.

The preparation that is found most effective is Bor-
deaux mixture, in proportions of four pounds of copper
sulphate, five pounds of lime and fifty gallons of water.
This seems to be better than the usual 5-5-50 formula,
which contains a little too much copper sulphate.

The trees on the du Pont estate range in height from
65 to 100 feet, and it was found necessary to spray from
the tops of other trees. The experiment was begun in
October, 1911, shortly after the Chestnut Blight Com-
mission, which was created by the last Legislature, began
its work. At that time badly diseased branches and all
infections on limbs and trunk which could be discovered
were removed, the latter with gouge and mallet. The
wounds were washed with bichloride of mercury in order
to kill spores or mycellium on the surface, and then cov-
ered with a weather proofing, consisting of pine and tar,
creosote and lampblack. Rosin was added for very large
wounds.

The spraying began about April, 1912, and continued
at intervals of ten days or two weeks up to the middle of
November, 1912. Three times during the Summer of
1912 the trees were re-examined for recurrence of blight.
About 70 per cent, of the original canker removals were
successful ; that is, the disease had not spread from them.

Wheeler and Pierce examined the trees December 14,
and found them in good condition. No blight cankers
were found, and there were no signs of blight in the tree-
tops, such as withered leaves or small burs.

It is believed that several sprayings will be necessary
each year to prevent the reinfection of the trees from the
blight spores, but no more sprayings will be necessary
than in the case of apple trees and peach trees sufifering
from scab or scale.

While the spray of Bordeaux mixture is the first non-

destructive method of controlling the blight fungus, it is
not actually the first means of controlling. When the
blight appeared as an alarming disease several years ago
it was necessary to cut down all trees found infected
and destroy the bark with fire. Later tree surgery was
employed with success, the tree itself being saved by
merely cutting out and burning limbs or spots on the
trunk. Now comes the Bordeaux mixture discovery,
which means that a sound tree can be sprayed and ren-
dered immune, and that in a high percentage of cases a
tree can be rendered safe even though it already bears
blight cankers.

Members of the State Conservation Association and
the State Chestnut Blight Commission are jubilant at the
result of the month's arduous work." x

We are familiar with similar experiments made on one
of the large private estates outside of Philadelphia, where
no monev was spared in endeavoring to save a number of
fine specimen chestnuts, which showed symptoms of being
afl^ected with blight. Tree surgery and the application
of various remedies were resorted to, and for a while it
appeared as though the chestnut blight had been con-
Cjuered. But after careful treatment for nearly two years
the disease again manifested itself. There was no cure,
and these chestnuts went the way of the others — died.
Under these circumstances it appears that it cannot be
definitely decided by the experiment reported in the
North American, that the blight can be controlled. It
has been temporarily checked in some instances, but it
remains to be seen whether trees once attacked by the
blight can be permanently cured. /

'\lx. ]\Ioe Spiegel, late superintendent of the T. M.
Turner's estate at Shelter Island Heights, N. Y., has
changed his address to Mohe2;an Lake, N. Y.

DAHLIAS

In our Special Dahlia Catalogue we offer nearly 500
of the choicest varieties of all types, including all the
good, new and standard sorts. We call special atten-
tion of all Dahlia lovers to the following:

dreer's new american dahlias.

new german and french giant cactus dahlias.

dreers diamond anntversahy collection of new

cactus dahlias.
the worlds best novelties in cactus dahlias for 1918.
the cream of the cactus varieties introduced in 1912.
dreers cactus dahlias of special merit,
select standard cactus dahlias,
dreers grand giant dahlias,
decoe.itive dahlias, novelties and standards,
anemone-flowered dahlias.
PjTONy-flowered dahlias,
superb new french collerette dahlias,
show. fancy and double pompone dahlias,
century, duplex and single dahlias.

All above and many others are offered in our new
handsomely illustrated Special Dahlia Catalogue, a
copy of which will be mailed free, if you mention this
publication.

HENRY A. DREER

714 Chestnut Street
PHILADELPHIA

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

VERBENAS.

By William H. ^Iackexzie.

The accompanying illustration depicts verbenas encir-
cling a pond in the center of the formal garden. They
were planted in double rows about 9 inches apart, in in-
terchangeable cement receptacles about the size of
ordinary window boxes.

The soil used is ordinary potting soil put up the pre-
vious autumn. The bedding (or sand verbena) is native
to a light sandy loam and in consequence should not be
planted in a heavy over-rich soil.

The seed used is catalogued as "Mammoth Hybrids,"
and should be sown in March and grown on the same as
any other bedding plant, until danger from frost is past.

When the plants have made some growth and the roots
are running freely in the soil we give them a little weak
cow-manure water once a week, increasing the strength
and quantity given as conditions warrant.

Once a month we give them an application of soot
water, using a 6-inch pot of Scotch soot in a 50-gallon
barrel of clear soft water. The soot water seems to give
additional lustre to flowers and foliage.

Every morning a careful man goes over the plants with
basket and scissors and cuts oS the faded blossoms. If
this is not done the flowering season will be nuich cur-
tailed.

Sometimes red spider and green fly attack the plants
in their early stages if the season happens to be dry like
that of 1912. A good syringing from the hose late in the
evening for a few evenings will eftectively clean out the
fonuer pest, while Aphine will immediately exterminate
the latter.

A CITIZEN'S PRIZE FOR VEGETABLES.

Following the suggestion ap|)earing in the Gardeners'
Notes of the Chromcle in the December issue, the Mad-
ison (N. J.) Eagle has undertaken to raise a special fund
for the purpose of offering a Madison prize in the shape
of a silver cup for competition in the vegetable classes to
be awarded for the best arranged group of vegetables at
the i\Iorris County Show next fall.

The Morris County Gardeners' and Florists' Society
is taking an active interest, and proposes to make vege-
tables and fruits a feature of its next show.

It is hoped that the prize offered by the citizens of
Madison will bring out competitors from many states
and bring together the vegetable growers who made such
fine exhibits at the various local shows last year. In
addition to the Madison cup, many other valuable prizes
will be offered for different classes of vegetables and
fruits, it being the intention to have special classes for
amateurs and farmers. The citizens' fund, which has
only just been started, has already reached a substantial
figure, and Madison will make it worth while for com-
petitors to come a distance to try and lift its cup.

In announcing its plan to raise a fund, the Madison
Eagle said: "It is the desire to make the chief prize
a Madison one, a silver cup of such quality and so in-
scribed that it will be a trophy to work hard for, and
which will attract as exhibitors the gardeners of not
only this vicinity, but from points as remote as Tux-
edo Park, Lenox, Long Island, the suburbs of Phila-
delphia, and many other places. Competitive groups
arranged by some of last year's winners in the vege-
table classes would produce interest.

VERHENAS GROWN AT "nELEIIEX." BRISTOL, CONN. WM. H. MACKENZIE, GARDENER.

Vegetable Growing

By Various Authorities.

HOW TO GROW PRIZE-WINNING CAULI-
FLOWER.

Three factors are absolutely essential to the production
•of first-class cauliflower, namely, good seeds, rich soil and
a uniform and abundant moisture supply. Cauliflower
is easily the most exacting member of the whole "Brass-
ica" family, and all factors required for the proper de-
velopment of plants belonging to this class of vegetables
are needed in an intensified degree for cauliflower. In
order to be successful in the growing of good heads, seri-
ous attention should be paid to the selection of a proper
variety for the section of the country where the cauli-
flower is to mature.

Cauliflower by nature is a moisture-loving plant, and
thrives to perfection only in naturally moist and cool
climates. In late years, several strains of cauliflower
have been developed which show an unusual adaptability
to dry regions. The foremost of these varieties is Dry
Weather — well named, since it stands drought to a re-
markable degree. But before going into detail as to
variety let us for a moment consider the different types
•of cauliflower, their quality and usefulness.

Cauliflower may be divided into two distinct classes,
of early and late maturity. The late sorts deserve little
consideration for various reasons. They can onlv be
grown in a limited area of this country, where a uniform-
ly cool and moist temperature prevails. In intense hot
summer weather, every late variety will invariably go to
•seed before fully matured, or lose its color. For this rea-
son, the best growers in this country have found it
preferable to make two sowings of an early sort and
raise an early and late crop — one in the spring from seeds
sown in March and one in the fall from seeds sown in
May and plants transplanted earlv in July.

The parent variety of 75 per cent of all early cauli-
flower listed under one name or another is "Extra Earlv
Dwarf Erfurt." This variety is easily the most thorough-
bred in existence. For centuries the market gardeners of
Erfurt in the Thuringian Forest of Germany, have been
literally breeding this remarkable strain, until thev got
it to a very high degree of perfection.

The finest strains of Danish cauliflower seed are grown
from stock seed imported into Denmark from Germany.
One of the best known strains of Extra Early Dwarf
Erfurt cauliflower is listed by many seedsmen under the
name of Snow Ball, and a good strain of Snow Ball is as
good as anything that can be grown in most sections of
the country. Dry Weather, another somewhat later Dan-
ish strain of Dwarf Erfurt, does particularly well in dry
sections of the country.

By about March 1 prepare a hotbed, using strictly fresh
stable manure, which should be packed tightly into the
bed to a depth of 2 feet. On top of this, spread a 4-inch
layer of finely sifted soil which should consist of equal
parts of compact and rich loam. Ten bushels of this
mixture would cover a surface equal to two hotbed
sashes to a uniform depth of 4 inches, as suggested above.
Get the surface of bed perfectly level, Vnd with the
help of a straight board or lath, make rows about one-
half inch deep and 4 inches apart. Sow the seeds thinlv.
and try to maintain an even temperature in your hotbed,
giving plenty of ventilation on bright sunny days to en-
courage stocky growth of plants.

By .\pril 1 transplant the seedlings into a cold frame,
■setting them 4 inches apart each way. Never let cauli-

flower seedlings suft'er for lack of moisture. They will
stand considerable cold, after they are once hardened.
But should the bed ever dry out thoroughly for lack of
water, it will prove very detrimental to the proper de-
velopment of plants later on.

As soon as all danger of night frost is past, which in
most sections of this country is middle of May, set out
your cauliflower plants on a well enriched piece of
ground 2 feet apart in the row with 3 feet between the
rows. Where space is ample, the plants may be set in
checkerboard fashion, 3 feet apart each way, so that horse
cultivation can be employed both ways. For cauliflower
(as well as cabbages) you cannot get your soil too rich.
Splendid results are scored by certain truckers in the
East, who make it a rule to put a large fork full of well
rotted manure in the bottom of each hole in which the
cauliflower plant is set. Should the soil be dry at the
time the plant is set out, it pays well to open the hole with
a hoe and pour about a quart of water into the bottom.
Then, when setting the plant, draw sufficiently dry soil
around its stem and base to prevent evaporation of the
moisture from below.

Just as soon as the plants pick up and are beginning
to show healthy growth, take a horse or wheel hoe and
cultivate freely. It is surprising how much dry weather
cauliflower will stand, if proper cultivation is given.
\Mien the heads being to form and attain the size of a
man's fist, take the outer leaves of the plant and fold
them toward the center. They may be tied together with
raffia, or fastened in any convenient way, just so they
shade the young heads. This will keep them a beautiful
white and very attractive for the bench. — Vegetable
Grower.

CUCUMBERS UNDER GLASS.

The English cucumber is much superior to the common
field cucumber for table use. Its large size, attractive
shape, freedom from the bitter, astringent flavor next to
the skin and lack of seed place it at once in a class by
itself. Moreover, it is not a difficult crop to grow under
glass. It is true that the English gardener devotes a
great deal of care and attention to producing this crop,
and it may appear to be difficult to grow. My experi-
ence, however, leads me to believe that it requires but
little more care than the growing of tomatoes under
glass.

We planted and grew a crop of Rollison's Telegraph,
a very prolific variety of excellent quality. On April 6
the seed was sown in flats and two weeks later the seed-
lings were transplanted into 4-inch pots, where they re-
mained until set in the beds on May 17. The soil used
was a compost made up of equal parts of sod and stable
manure which had been previously piled in the open and
allowed to decay. Three applications of liquid manure
were given at intervals during the bearing season to sup-
ply the necessary plant food, as the roots of the cucum-
ber are gross feeders. One row of plants was set in each
of the four benches in the house with a distance of 2 feet
between each two plants.

Four things demanded attention in handling this crop :
ventilation, watering, training and the removal of the
staminate blossoms. We aimed to hold the temperature
at from 85 to 90 degrees during the day and at 75 degrees
at night. During June and July it became necessarv to
shade the house to prevent too high temperatures. After

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

359

plants began to bear, water was applied copiously in the
morning and evening.

The training of the plants, although not difficult to
perform, required considerable time. The young shoots
grew rapidly, which made it necessary to go over the
house almost daily to cut out the undesirable branches
and to tie the remaining ones to the wire trellis with
raffia. The plants were trained to a single main stem
with side branches from 6 to 8 inches apart along two
sides.

One of the peculiarities of the English cucumber is that
its flowers will produce fruit without fertilization. This
is rarely the case with plants growing in the wild state,
and all cultivated species of any importance demand that
fertilization take place or no fruits will be formed. The
flowers of the cucumber are such that the gardener can
very easily prevent pollination from taking place. The
stamina — male — are borne in one flower and the pis-
tils— female — are produced in an entirely separate one.
All that is necessary is to remove the staminate flowers
before the pollen has been scattered. Experience has
shown that if the staminate blossoms are removed and
fertilization of the pistil is intercepted the fruits will be
seedless, longer, straighter and of much better quality.
For this reason the staminate flowers, which are easily
distinguished from the pistallate forms, are removed as
soon as they appear. — From Country Gentleman.

TOMATOES UNDER GLASS.

This vegetable thrives best in houses that admit the
maximum amount of light and sunshine. There should
be a height of not less than 6 feet from the top of the
solid ground beds to the under side of the roof bars at the
sides of the house, and a height of 7 or 8 feet is an ad-
vantage. Many people suppose that the tomato thrives
much better in sandy soils than in heavy silts and clay
loams. Although the former possess many advantages
the heavier types produce most excellent crops of green-
house tomatoes.

Starting the right character of plants is essential to
success. They should be stocky or short-jointed, with no
suggestion of softness in stems or leaves. The first clus-
ter of fruit should appear near the ground, and fruit de-
velopment should be well advanced when the plants are
set in the permanent beds in order to maintain only mod-
erate growth of stems and leaves. Controlled root devel-
opment in the pots is also a means for the accomplish-
ment of this purpose. Inexperienced growers cannot give
too much attention to these two points, for they are ex-
ceedingly important in relation to yield.

It is customary to sow the seeds in beds or flats. The
first transplanting made be made in flats, allowing not less
than two inches of space between plants. Before there is
any crowding the plants should be shifted to 3j^-inch or
preferably 4-inch pots, from which they are usually
planted in the permanent beds. Sometimes it becomes
necessary to hold the jilants in pots longer tlian was an-
ticipated, in which event another shift should be made
to 5-inch or 6-inch pots. Free ventilation and watering
are important factors in the growing of plants.

The pruning and training of tomatoes in greenhouse
culture are simple operations. Single-stem training is
now universally jjracticed. It consists simjily in pinching
out with the thumb and fingers all lateral or axillary
shoots as soon as possible after their appearance. These
side shoots grow very rapidly and the plants must be
looked over at least twice a week in order to remove
them before they have attained any considerable size. The
tops are also nipped after the plants have made a growth

of from 514 to 7 feet. Where there is an excessive
growth of foliage it is an advantage to remove some of
the leaves, or at least parts of them, and as the fruit ripens
and is removed the lower more or less deadened leaves are
taken ofl: and removed from the house. Defoliating the
lower parts of the plants is also favorable to better circu-
lation of air between the plants, and this is of urgent
importance in connection with the control of diseases
and the pollination of the flowers.

Though the soil between the tomato plants should
usually be cultivated, especially if it is a silt or clay
loam, this operation may be reduced to a minimum by
mulching with manure. Any kind of stable manure may
be used as a mulch, but the universal custom is to employ
horse manure which is generally fresh or only slightly
decomposed. The mulch, which should be about three
inches thick, is most often applied when the fruit is well
set to the full height of the plants. It serves the follow-
ing purposes : Conserves soil moisture, thus reducing
labor and evil efifects of frequent watering : prevents weed
growth, furnishes soluble plant food whenever water is
applied. In eft'ect. mulching materially increases the size
of fruits and total yields, although it may be possible to
get as heavy yields without mulching provided extreme
care is exercised in preparing the soil and in subsequent
feeding and watering. It is sufficient to say here that
the mulch is regarded as an essential factor in the pro-
duction of greenhouse tomatoes. The night temperature
for tomatoes should be not less than 60 degrees, and dur-
ing the day it should be about 10 degrees higher. With
sunshine much higher temperatures will do no harm, but
will be beneficial to pollination and rapid, healthy growth.
Free ventilation is important in order to avoid diseases
and also to encourage a heavy setting of fruit. — Ex-
change.

HARDY ROSES

Order now and secure
the strongest 2-year old
plants that will bloom
profusely this summer.

See Page 58 of Our 1913
Catalogue

For Varieties and Description

W. E. MARSHALL & CO.

SEEDS, BULBS, PLANTS

165 West 23d Street, New York

360

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

National Association of Gardeners.

M. C. Ebel, secretary, Madison, N. J.

Society of American Florists and Orna-
mental Horticulturists.

John Young, secretary, .54 West 28th street,
New York.

American Carnation Society.
A. F. J. Bauer, secretary, Indianapolis, Ind.

American Gladiolus Society.
L. Merton Gage, secretary, Groton, Mass.

American Peony Society.
A. B. Saunders, secretary, Clinton, N. Y.

American Rose Society.
B. Hammond, secretary, Fislikill, N. Y.

American Sweet Pea Society.

H. A, Bunyard, secretary, 342 West 14tli

street. New York.

Chrysanthemum Society of America.

Charles W. Johnson, secretary, Morgan

Park, 111.

Boston Gardeners' and Florists' Club.
William N. Craig, secretary, North Easton,
Mass.
Meets third Tuesday every month, Horti-
cultural Hall, Boston, Mass., 8 p. m.

Connecticut Horticultural Society.
Geo. W. Smith, secretary, Melrose, Conn.
Meets second and fourtli Fridays every
month, County Building, Hartford, Conn., 8
p. m.

Dutchess County Horticultural Society.

Hubert G. Cottam, secretary, Wappingers

Falls, N. Y.

Meets at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., last
Wednesday every month except May and
June.

Elberon Horticultural Society.
C. O. Duncan, secretary, Elberon. N. J.
Meets first Monday every month, Fire
Hall, Elberon, N. J., 8 p. m.

Florists' and Gardeners' Club of Holyoke
and Northampton, Mass.

James Whitinjr, secretary, Amherst, Mass.
Meets second Tuesday every month.

The Garden Club of Michigan.
Mrs. Edward H. Parker, secretary, 139 Sey-
burn avenue, Detroit, Mich,
The corresponding secretary will notify
members of date and place of meetings.

Gardeners' and Florists' Club of Baltimore.
N. F. Flittin, secretary. Paterson Park,
Baltimore, Md.
Meets second and fourth Monday every
month, Florist Exchange Hall,

The Horticultural Society of New York,

Geo, V, Nash, secretary, Bronx Park, New

York City,

Meets monthly, irregular, May to Octo-
ber, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx
Park, New York, November to April,
American Museum of Natural History, 77th
street and Columbus avenue, New York.

Lake Geneva Gardeners' and Foremen's

Association,
A, Martini, secretary. Lake Geneva, Wis.
Meets first and third Saturday every
month, October to April; first Saturday
every month. May to September, Horticul-
tural Hall,

Lenox Horticultural Society.

George Instone, secretary, Lenox, Mass,
Meets first Saturday everj' month.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
William P. Pach, secretary, 300 Massachu-
setts avenue, Boston, Mass,

Monmouth County Horticultural Society.
Harry Kettle, secretary, Fairhaven, N. J.
Meets second and fourth Friday every
month, Eed Men's Hall, Oceanic,

Morris County Florists' and Gardeners'

Society.
Edward J. Reagan, secretary, Morristown,
N. J.
Meets at Madison, N. J., second Wednes-
day every month, except July and August,
8 p, m.

Nassau County Horticultural Society.
Ernest Westlake, secretary. Glen Cove, N. Y.

Meets second Wednesday every month,
Pembroke Hall, Glen Cove, N, Y., 8 p. m.

New Jersey Floricultural Society.
William Eeid, secretary, 363 Centre street.
Orange, N, J.
Meets second Friday every month, 240
Main street, Orange, N. J,, 8 p, m.

New London County Horticultural Society.

John Humphrey, secretary, New London,

Conn.

Meets second Thursday every month,

rooms of Business Men's Association,

Newport Horticultural Society.
D, J, Coughlin, secretary, Newport, R. I.
Meets second and fourth Tuesday every
month.

North Shore Horticultural Society.
Jas. Slater, secretary, Manchester, Mass.

Meets first and third Fridays every
month.

North Westchester County Horticultural

and Agricultural Society.
M. J. O'Brien, secretary, Mt, Kisco, N, Y.
Meets third Thursday every month, ex-
cept June, July and August, at 8 p, m.;
December, January and February, 3 p. m„
Odd Fellows HalI,'Mt. Kisco.

Oyster Bay Horticultural Society,
John T, Ingram, secretary. Oyster Bav,
N. Y.
Meets third Friday every month. Board
of Trade, Oyster Bay, N. Y., 8 p. m.

Pasadena Horticultural Society.

Geo. B. Kennedy, secretary, 497 Bradford

street, Pasadena, Cal.

Meets first and fourth Friday every
month.

Paterson Floricultural Society.

Sebastian Hubschmitt, secretary, 61 Seventh
avenue, Paterson, N, J.
Meets first Tuesday every month, Ro-
maine Building, 8 p. m.

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.
David Rust, secretary. Broad and Locust
streets, Philadelphia, Pa.
Meets third Tuesday every month, Horti-
cultural Hall, 8 p. m.

People's Park Cottage Gardeners' Associa-
tion.
John Ainscough, secretary, 4 Chestnut street,
Paterson, N, J.
Meets first and last Friday every month.
Working Man's Institute, Madison avenue,
Paterson, N, J.

Philadelphia Florists' Club.
David Rust, secretary. Broad and Locust
streets, Philadelphia, Pa.
Meets first Tuesday every month, Horti-
cultural Hall, Philadelphia, Pa„ 8 p. m.

The Pittsburgh Florists' and Gardeners'
Club.

H. P. Joslin, secretary, Ben Avon, Pa.

Meets first Thursday every month. Fort
Pitt Hotel, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Rhode Island Horticultural Society.
A. C. Miller, secretary, 7 Irving avenue.
Providence, E, I.
!Meets third Wednesday every month,
Providence Public Library, 8 p, ni.

Shelter Island Horticultural and Agricul-
tural Society.

Fred Kirkham, secretarv, Shelter Island,
N. Y.'
Meets first and third Thursdays every
month.

Southampton Horticultural Society.

William McLeod, secretary.
Meets first Thursday every month, Me-
morial Hall, Soutliampton, N. Y.

Tarrytown Horticultural Society.

E. W. Neubrand, secretary, Tarytown, N. Y.
Meets last Tuesday every month, except
December, Corporation Building, Tarrytown,
N. Y., 7:30 p, m. Annual meeting last
Thursday in December.

Tuxedo Horticultural Society.
Jos, A. Becvar, secretarj', Tuxedo Park, N. Y.
Meets first Wednesday every month. Par-
ish House, Tuxedo Park.

Washington, D. C, Florist Club.

0. A. C. Ochmair, secretary, Washington.

D. C.

JMeets first Monday every month.

Westchester and Fairfield Horticultural

Society.
J, B. McArdle, secretary, Greenwich, Conn.
Meets second Friday every month, Dor-
an's Hall, Greenwich, Conn., 8 p. m.

Yonkers Horticultural Society.
Thos, Mahoney, secretary", Yonkers, N, Y.
Meets first Friday every month, Holly-
wood Inn, Y'onkers, N. Y., 8 p. m.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

361

GARDENERS DIARY

The International Flower Show.
Xew Grand Central Palace, New York,
April 5-12, 1913.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Spring Exhibition, March 14-16, 1913.
Horticultural Hall. Boston, Mass.

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.
Annual Spring Exhibition Horticultural
Hall, Phihidclphia, Pa.. March.

Horticultural Society of Chicago.
Spring Flower Show, Art Institute, Chi-
cago, m., April 1-5, 1913.

Newport Horticultural Society.
Summer Show, Xewport, Pi. I., June 2.5-26.

Tuxedo Horticultural Society.
Summer Show, Tuxedo Park, .July.

Lenox Horticultural Society.

Summer Show, August 20-21. Fall Show,
October 22-23.

New York Horticultural Society.
Annual Fall Show, American Museum of
Natural History, New York, October to
November.

Yonkers Horticultural Society.
Bowling, Thursday nights, Riverdale ave-
nue, Yonkers, N. Y.

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF
NEW YORK.

The fall exhibition of this society will
be held from October 31 to Novetnber 4,
inclusive, at the American Museum of Natu-
ral History. The announcement is made
thus early so that other societies may
avoid, as far as possible, conflicting with
this date.

A special feature of this exhibition will
be a silver cup, valued at $100, offered by
the society for 12 vases of chrysanthemums,
in 12 varieties, 3 blooms of each, stems 18
inches long. It is expected that this will
result in keen competition. Announcement
is made at tliis early date so that ample
time may be given for preparation.

The Exhibition Committee is now at
work oi\ a schedule which will be issued
«arlv in the spring.

GEOROE V. NASH, Secretarv.

Fall Bearing Strawberry Plants

You can have Strawberries from Augjust
to November by setting out my new Fall
Bearing Strawberry Plants.

Descriptive Cataloguf Free
BASIL PERRY, Box IS, Cool Spring, Delaware

ORCHIDS

Established and Imported

Write for CataUsi

AUoBMkett, Peat. Mo

WeelOranie, N. J.

ANNUAL DINNERS

MONMOUTH COUNTY HORTICUL-
TURAL SOCIETY.

The Monmouth County Horticultural So-
cietj- held its annual banquet at the Globe
Hotel. Red Bank, N. J., on the evening of
Tuesda}-, January 14.

The affair was well attended by the gar-
dening profession and allied trades and also
by local business men. Mr. Arthur Her-
ington acted as toastmaster and among the
many speakers who responded to the even-
ing's call were Mr. William Turner, on the
"Monmouth County Society;" Mr. William
H. Duckham. on the "Morris County So-
ciety;" Mr. Cliarles H. Dotty, on the 'In-
ternational Flower Show;" Mr. M. C. Ebel,
on the "National Association of Garden-
ers;" Mr. Sweeney on the "Local Press;"
Dr. Field, on the "Gardener."

The service, as is usual at this hotel, was
at its best, and a fine menu was served.
There was quite a representative number
from out of town on this festive occasion,
and all in all the dinner was voted a de-
cided success.

NORTH WESTCHESTER COUNTY HOR-
TICULTURAL & AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

A most successful, and what was the
tenth annual, dinner took place on Thurs-
day evening, January 10, at the Newcastle
Inii, Mt. Kisco, N. Y", under the auspices of
the North Westchester County Society.

The hotel provided a most tempting
menu, which was enjoyed by both members
and guests. Mr. Charles H. Totty, chair-
man of the International Flower Show
Committee, was the toastmaster of the
evening, which place he filled most admir-
ably. Following a few practical remarks
in "his opening address, regarding the gar-
dening profesion in America and recom-
mending cooperation among them to raise
the status in the plane where they belong,
he read a letter received from Jlr. M. C.
Ebel, managing editor of the Gardeners'
Clironiele and secretary of the National As-
sociation of Gardeners, regretting his ab-
sence and wishing the diners a good time

and in it relating a reminiscence of his ex-
perience on his first visit to Mt. Kisco to
attend a flower show.

The toast "Our Society" was responded
to bv President Andrews, which was fol-
lowed by a song rendered by Mr. Thomas
Ranger. Mr. Charles Weathered responded
to the toast "The New York Florists Club"
and Dr. Plageman answered to the toast
"Our Village." Following this Mr. Alfred
Kaisi favored with a song. Messrs. Bur-
nett and McTaggart responded to the toast
"The Seed Trade." Mr. W. E. iMaynard
spoke on the Horticultural Press. Mr. M.
J. O'Brien gave a brief history of the so-
ciety from its inception and was followed
by Mr. Meres responding to the toast "The
Local Press."

During the evening vocal and instru-
mental music was rendered by Messrs. Loy
& GiflTord, professional entertainers.

Among those present not previously men-
tioned were Messrs P. Hamilton Goodsell,
of New York: Albert G. Wilson, Bedford
Hills, N. Y.; Hon. W. F. Bailey, Mt. Kisco;
Oscar Pollock, Bedford Hills, and Ex-Trus-
tee J. T. Maokev.

M. J. O'BRIEN,
Recording Sec'y.

YONKERS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Y'onkers Horticultural Society held
its fourth annual dinner on the night of
January 30, at the Park Inn, Y'onkers, N. Y.
A good attendance was on hand and the
finely decorated dining room resplendent in
floricultural exhibits was well filled. After
enjoying an excellent dinner, those present
were introduced, if he required an intro-
duction, to Mr. Charles H. Totty, as the
toastmaster of the evening. Mr. Totty
was well primed for this occasion and held
the interest of the diners for several hours
while the many who were called on re-
sponded to the various toasts.

The International Flower Show, also the
progress the National Association of Gar-
deners, of which President William H.
Waite, of the Y'onkers Society, is also
president, has made during the past year
w^ere frequently alluded to by the speakers
of the evening. The interest sliown in the
International Flower Show indicated that
the gardening profession is awake to its
responsibility towards the success of this
irrcat event." and that it will do its share

SOLANUM CAPSICASTRUM MELVINI

BEAUTIFUL DECORA-
TIVE PLANT FOR
THE HOLIDAYS

(Introduced by us last sc<ison)
Dwarf, bushy plants. 12 to
1.J inches high, covered with
brilliant scarlet. conical
sliaped berries, carried well
aliove the foliape.

AWARDED
Silver Medal by Society o(

sts.

Bronze Medal by Newport
by

Ilor

Medal by Nc
Society

First

SEND FOR SEED CATALOGUE.

Class Certificate

Mass, Ilort. Pneiety.
First Class Cortiflcate by

Gardeners' and Florists'

Chib of Boston.
First Clau CortiSoate by

National Ganlcners* As*

soclntlon.
Sow Seeds In .Tan. or Feb.

tor next Christmas.

Single pkt. ZSc. Spkts.JlJW

ORDER NOW AS SEED IS lllllTED

THOMAS J. GREY CO.

32 S. Market St., Boston, Mass-

362

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Plant for Immediate Effect

Not for Future Generations
Start with the largest stock thai can be secured ! It takes over

twenty years to grow many of the Trees and Shrubs we offer.
We do the long waiting— thus enabling you to secure Trees and

Shrubs that give an immediate effect. Send for price list.

ANDORRA NURSERIES ^o" .^r.TJ^^.lZ^..

WM. WARNER HARPER, Proprietor

in making the show the success it deserves
to be.

The following is a list .of the speakers:
Messrs. Francis Drexler, "Yonkers Horticul-
tural Society;" M. C. Ebel, "National Asso-
ciation of Gardeners;" J. F. Johnston, of
Glen Cove, N. Y., "Nassau County Horti-
cultural Society;" Mr. Lee. "Tarrytown
Horticultural Society;" Frank Drews, of
Orange. N. J., "New Jersey Floricultural
Society:" Charles Duncan, "The Elberon
Society;" L. E. Ortiz, Glen Cove. N. Y.,
"The Relation of the Farmers to the Gar-
deners;" Ewen MacKenkie, of New Ro-
chelle, "Westchester Horticultural Society;"
Henry Kastber. "Dobbs Ferry Horticultural
Society;" J. Austin Shaw," "The Press;"
William E. Mavnard. "The Ladies;" Louis
A. Milliot. "The Florist;" August Mueller,
"The Drummer;" W. A. Sperling, "The
Seedsmen;" William Renison. "The Nur-
serymen;" J. H. Sperry, "Publicity."

Mr. Andrew Wilson favored with a few
songs. Mayor .James T. Lennon, who was
expected at the dinner, but who was de-
layed on account of official business, ar-
ri^■ed in time to welcome the assembly to
the city of Yonkers. The affair, which was
a most successful one, ended with "Auld
Lang Syne" in the wee hours of the morn-
ins.

OYSTER BAY HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

Ahiiut eighty momliers and friends sat
down to the first annual dinner of the Oys-
ter Bay Horticultural Society on Wednes-
day evening. January 29, at Rothman's
Ho'tel, East Norwich," N. Y. It was pro-
nounced by many of the visitors as one of
the finest functions of its kind they ever
attended.

J. Austin Shaw had been chosen as
toastmaster and proved exceedingly well
qualified for the place, being particularly
apt in his remarks and most complimen-
tary to the society for its success. Good
music was provided and a fine dinner,
which was enjoyed by all.

Following the dinner the toastmaster re-
quested all to rise and sing the "Star-
Spangled Banner" as a proper opening for
the occasion. Among the speakers of the
evening were Messrs. Alfred Walker. .Jo-
seph Robinson. P. Hamilton Goodsell, James
Scott. William E. Mavnard. William Ec-
cles, Chai'les Plumb, Andrew Wilson.

Mr. William Plumb, of Bound Brook. N.
J., won great applause for his altruisms
that the gardener should boost and not
kick, showing the proneness to kick a man
when down instead of helping him to his
feet.

The toastmaster read a letter from M. C.
Ebel. secretary of the National Association
of Gardeners, who regretted his inability to
be on hand at the first dinner of the Oys-
ter Bay Society, of w-hich he is a charter
member. In his letter he referred to the

Tiiteniational Flower Show to be held in
New Vork in April and also to the National
gardeners bowling tournament, where he
hoped Oyster Bay would be well repre-
sented.

Following the brief remarks by a num-
ber of others present the festive occasion
wound up about midnight.

Among those present were F. Kyle, F.
Blowers, M. O'Neill. J. Devine, D. Beaton,
J. Sorosieck. F. Phillips, R. Downing, .Jr.,
A. Duncan. J. Duckham, A. Lahodney, Fred
Angel, .John Mcintosh, J. Hutton. J, Mills,
Wm. Plumb, Wm. Rol)ertson, J. McAvoy,
0. Milne, C. Kursman. J. Blum. J. E. Rem-
sen, E. M. Franklin, H. G. Vail, R. Down-
ing. Sr.. N. H. Disbrow, George B. Powers,
Frank McQueen, John Cowell, J. H Lud-
1am. Wm. Kennedy. A. T. Doddington, F.
Goodsell, J. Scott, Wm, Sperling, Bertannel
P. J. Fay. of the Peter Henderson Co.,
Julius Roehrs, J. McCoun, J. Kolonsea, H.
a. Hayward. .J. H. Vernon, J. Goldsmith,
Alfred! Walker, John 0. Jensen, .\ndrew
Wilson, Joseph Robinson, Edward Jenkins,
Townsend Vernon, Theodore Sommer, .John
Tynan, Weeber and Don represented E. .J.
Brown, J. Trepass, J. Johnston, J. W. Ever-
ett. J'. A. Sl.aw, L. C. Disbrow, Robert Mc-
Niff, Jolm McQueen, Wm. Gray, Gus. Pow-
ers, Thomas Griffin,

JOHN T, INGRAM, Sec'y.

MORRIS COUNTY GARDENERS' AND
FLORISTS' SOCIETY.

A big gatliering sat ilnua tn tlie annual
dinner of the Morris County Gardeners' and

Florists' Society, at Piper Hotel, Morris-
town, on the evening of January 23.

The banquet hall and tables were beauti-
fully decorated with plants and flowers
contributed by various growers of Morris
County, and Host Piper excelled himself in
the dinner he served.

After the inner man was satisfied, Mr.
James Dunn, President of the society, in-
troduced Mr, W. F. Sheriden, of New York,
as tnastmaster of the evening. He he-
-|iiiii(|r(l that evei-ything in sight pointed to-
pi i.i;ii-ss on the part of the society, and
fiiUowing a few brief remarks he invited
Mr. Arthur Herrington to respond to the
toast the "Morris County Society," in which
ilr. Herrington briefly reviewed the history
of the organization and welcomed the-
guests to the occasion.

Many speakers were heard, among them
being William Turner, of Oceanic; Frank
Drews, of Orange, N. J.; F. Milliott, of
Vonkers, N. Y.; Joseph A. Beevar. of Tux-
edo Park, N. Y. ; Charles B. Weathered, of
New York; William H. Siebrecht. president
of the New York Florists Club: Mayor
George W. Downs, of Madison, N. J.: Will-
iam H. Linder, president of the Board of
Aldermen. Morristown. N. J.: C. H. Dotty,
M. C. Ebel, J. H. Sperry, Arthur Bodding-
ton, J. Austin Shaw, T. R. Morris and W>
E. Maynard.

The surpise of the evening was when Mr.
William H. Duckham arose to present Sec-
retary Edward Reagan, of the society, with
a silver tea service. With a few well
chosen words Mr. Duckham spoke of the
great work done by Mr. Reagan in the in-
terest of the society during the many years
he has held the office of secretary, and
claimed that he was more deserving of
credit than any other one man in the or-
ganization for its success.

Mr. Reagan, taken completely by sur-
prise, said no words of his could express
his appreciation of the good will shown
him. He disclaimed having done any more
than his own little part and that his re-
ward had been the cordial support given
liis efforts.

Mr. James Christie entertained the diners
during the evening with many songs, ac-
companied by a fine string orchestra.

Many out-of-town friends of the society
were present, some coming from quite a
distance.

Antoine Wintzer, Canna Hybridizer, and Ori^-

nator of more than 75 per cent, of the Leading

Cannas in Commerce today.

IMPROVED 1 (ANNAS

MRS, ALFRED T, CONARD, introduced
in 1010. as a result of 13 years' careful
W'trtv, seemed, to the Exchange represent-
ative as he loolied upon it in full bloom,
to be one of the greatest creations in
Cannas ever sent out. Its very large,
clt-ar. salmon-pink flowers, profusely pro-
duced on numerous heads, stand erect well
above its rich green foliage. Its bloom-
ing season is apparently long, and it is
certainly one of the most exquisite of the
Carinas whose blooms are In the lighter
colors, — From The Florists' Exchange of
September 2S.

OTHER IMPROVED CANNAS
WORTH HAVING.

Per 100

Beacon. lied $20.00

Gladioflora. Variegated 15.00

Meteor. Red 25.00

Rosea Gigantea. rint 25.00

Wm. Saunders. Red with bronze

l.af 10.00

Mt. Blanc. Nenr white 10.00

Kate F. Deemer. Yellow 35.00

Mrs. Alfred F. Conard. Pink 35.00

P. O, n here.

Tor the best kinds in the CANNA
KINGDOM write to

The Conard & Jones Go.

WEST GROVE, PENNA.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

363

NEW JERSEY FLORICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

The eighteenth annual dinner and dance
-of the New Jersey Floricultural Society was
lield in English's Banquet Hall. East
Orange, January 15, 1913.

Sometliing to be proud of just about ex-
presses the feeling of every one present.
From start to finish it was one round of
enjoyment.

J. Austin Shaw as toastmaster was a big
suecess, and made things pleasant for
speakers and audience. He said that horti-
culture made wonderful strides during the
year, and that some of its number had won
high lienors during the year, both at shows
in this and foreign countries. He declared
that the professional gardener had a glori-
ous mission in leading "the back to the soil
movement."

The letter from 11. C. Rebel, secretary of
the National Association of Gardeners bear-
ing on the question of our action, demand-
ing that members of the Park and Shade
Tree Commissioners be professional gar-
deners, struck the right keynote, and his
advice that we follow out our good start
on the question was well taken.

ilis. James Neil, a member of the so-
ciety whom we are proud of, in beautiful
manner responded to the toast "The Gentle-
men," and gave some good advice.

President Frank Drewe and Vice-presi-
dent George B. Wilson, with the aid of
Chas. ilcTaggart and R. H. Cox, made more
than good in their response to the toast
"The Ladies."

William Reid, our past secretary, and
IValter M. Gray, past treasurer, will in the
future be proud of their watch chains,
which were presented in an able manner by
Vice-president George B. Wilson as a slight
memento from the society for their able
and faithful service.

Wilson B. Killingbcck, of Orange, re-
sponded to the toast "The First Profession,"
and showed how the beginning of all civi-
lization came from the cultivation of the
soil: how that from the Garden of Eden to
the present time organization had been tak-
ing place in all departments of life. Every
prominent profession had some form of or-
ganization, and if the gardeners in general
were going to improve, or even maintain,
their present position, it can only be done
by a constant growth and improvement in
their organization.

Greetings from sister societies were
brought by George Wittlinger, of Tarry-
town Horticultural Society: Trancis Dexler,
of Yonkers Horticultural Society, and John
Dunn, president of Morris County Florists'
and Gardeners' Sncietv.

JOHN'dEVAN. Secretary.

Burpee's Seeds Grow!

THE truth of this famous "slogan" is attested by thousands of
the most progressive planters throughout the world, who rely
year after year upon Burpee's Seeds as The Best Seeds That Can
Be Grown! If you are willing to pay a fair price for Quality-
Seeds, we shall be pleased to mail, without cost, a copy of Burpee's
Annual for 1913. Long known as "The Leading American Seed
Catalog," this Bright New Book of i8o pages tells the plain truth
and is a safe guide to success in the garden. Do you want it ?
If so, write to-day! .Address

W. ATLEE BURPEE & CO., Philadelphia

THE NASSAU COUNTY HORTICUL-
TURAL SOCIETY.

The seventh annual dinner of this so-
ciety was held at the Oriental Hotel, Glen
Cove, L. I., on the evening of January 23,
and was one of the largest and most suc-
cessful entertainments ever held under the
auspices of this club, eighty-five members
and friends being present. President
Brown, on behalf of the society, presented
the retiring president, J. F. Johnston, with
a pearl scarf pin as a token of esteem for
the valuable service he rendered the society
during his term as president. Arthur Her-
rington, Madison, N. J., was introduced as
toastmaster, and read a letter from M. C.
Ebel, secretary of the National Association
of Gardeners, offering his regrets at not be-
ing able to attend and informing the mem-
bers of the bowling tournament to be held
in New York during the week of the In-
ternational Show.

C. H. Siebrecht responded to the toast
New York Florist Club" and spoke on the
coming big exhibition, and asked every gar-
dener and florist to do his share, however
small, in making this show the biggest
and most successful ever held in this coun-
trv. The Rev. J. Gammock. who is a life
member of the Nassau County Horticul-
tural Society, responded for Glen Cove.
Among others who entertained the guests
with songs and addresses were E. Ortiz,
J. T. Ingram, Wm. Kinnead and Frank
Bowne.

Out-of-town guests Avho helped make the
evening enjoyable were Messrs. Sperling,
MacTaggard, Bunyard, Maynard and Good-
sail. The dinner" was served in excellent
manner (as is usual the ease in Glen Cove),
and was undoubtedly the best ever held by
this societv. The committee in charge, J.
Everett, S" J. Tripass and J. F. Johnston,
deserve all credit.

JAMES MAC DONALT).
Cor. Soc'v.

SOCIETY MEETINGS

CONNECTICUT HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

Our first meeting of the new year was
held on January 12 at the County Build-
ing. Hartford. O. V. Zangen, of Hoboken,
N." J., the wholesale florist, was present,
and assisted by acting as one of the judges
of the evening, and by imparting informa-
tion on various horticultural topics.

The Department of Parks, Alex. Gum-
ming, Jr., head gardener, and President
John F. Huss tabled a superb display of
pot plants of cyclamen and primroses. The
judges were Theodore Staudt, of Rockville;
George B. Baker, of New Britain, and Mr.
Zangen. They awarded Mr. Gumming a
first" class certificate for his well-grown col-
lection of Primula Malcoidcs hybrids, and
honorable mention for Primula Forbesii ma-
genta compacta, and Mr. Huss a first class
certificate for his collection of Primula Mal-
coides hybrids, and also one for his cycla-
men in varieties, embracing all the promi-
nent colors. The judges reported that
among Mr. Huss's Malcoides they found a
particiilar shape of flower that they recom-
mended to be classified under an entirely
new type, as Primula Malcoides stellata.

Mr. Huss, who lately attended a commit-
tee meeting in New York in regard to the
coming national flower show, reported the
progress already made, and also told of his
pathetic interview with J. R. Trumpy, the
veteran plant breeder, who did so much to
propagate and introduce the maples.

The secretary entertained the members
by reading an " article from "Horticulture"
of November 23. 1912. by Richard Rothe, on
"Individuality a Factor in the Advance of
Horticulture."

Our next meeting will be held on the 24th
Inst.

GEORGE W. SMITH. Secretary.

SHELTER ISLAND HORTICULTURAL
AND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The first meeting of the above society
was held at the home of Fred Kirkhaus,
Sylvester Alanor on January 9. quite a large
number of gardeners being present and some
interesting matters discussed. There were
several members of the N. A. G. there, and
with their co-operation a society is bound
to flourish. You cannot keep the members
of the N. A. G. back.

The election of officers were as follows:
President. Albert Dickinson; vice-president,
Moe Spiegel; treasurer, D. C. Chittenden;
secretarv, Fred Kirkhara.

FRED KIRKHAM, Secretary.

3(A

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

FLORISTS' AND GARDENERS' CLUB OF

HOLYOKE AND NORTHAMPTON,

MASS.

The monthly meeting of the Florists' and
Gardeners' Cliib of Holyoke and Northamp-
ton, Mass., was held last evening at Smith
College Conservatories with President E. J.
Canning in the chair.

It was decided at this meeting to hold a
banquet in Northampton next month.

Mr. James Whiting, of the Massachusetts
Agricultural College read a very practical
paper on greenhouse heating, comparing
steam to hot water with best methods of
installing them to secure economy of fuel
with low cost of installation.

Mr. George Racklifle read a paper on the
growing of asters in which he has been very
successful. He gave a number of original
ideas which he had worked out with success.

President Canning exhibited two very
large and perfect specimens of staghorn
ferns, which were awarded certificates of
merit, • F. G. BARTLETT.

OYSTER BAY HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

The regular monthly meeting of the
above society was held in the Board of
Trade rooms' January 17 at 8 p. m. Vice-
president Joseph Robinson occupied the
chair, and called the meeting to order. The
secretary read the minutes of the previous
meeting for information.

The Dinner Committee reported they had
made all the necessary arrangements.

A. G. Hodenpyle, Esq., Locust Valley, was
elected to honorary membership. Frank
Carson and Wilmot White were elected to
active membership.

Messrs. Alfred Walker, Floyd Blowers.
John Sorosich acted as judges, and their de-
cision was as follows: Basket chicory, Frank
Petroccia; basket chicory, Frank Kyle, hon-
orable mention.

The gentlemen gave interesting talks on
the way they grew their exhibits, which
was greatly enjoyed by all present.

Mr. Duncan Beaton was appointed to act
as one of the Executive Committee for the
year 1913.

Mr. F. Blowers stated he would read an
essay on outdoor grapes at the next meet-
ing. Nothing further being offered, the
meeting adjourned.

J. T. INGRAM, Secretary.

YONKERS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The above society held their regular
monthly meeting in Hollywood Inn on Fri-
day, February 7, President W. H. Waite pre-
siding. The {lower show committee reported
a balance of $47 from the fall show. Two
new members were elected. There being no
exhibits or lecture to discuss, questions
were invited from the members, and a very
enjoyable and instructive hour followed in
discussing the difl'erent methods of growing
vegetables in cold frames and hot-beds; also
on the habits of growth of trees and shrubs.
The executive committee have promised to
have an essay for the ne.xt meeting, and
Robert Cochrane has offered a prize for the
most meritorious exhibit. So it is hoped
the members will turn out strong and bring
their bei^t to fill the exhibition table on Fri-
day, March 8. WM. MILLS.

power he would do it for the good of the
society, and said he was very glad to see
such a large attendance before him. The
society decided to have a spring show some
time in June. The date of the show will be
decided on in the next meeting. After the
adjournment the memljers of the society
spent a delightful evening in the bowling
alleys. There were some very good scores
made. The highest score was made by
Thomas Murray. Light refreshments were
served. It is expected that after the next
meeting there will be another bowling
match. J. A. B., Sec.

NEW JERSEY FLORICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

A regular meeting of the above-named
society was held on .January 10th in their
rooms, 240 Main St., Orange. President
Frank Drews read an interesting paper on
the "Professional Gardener," saying it is a
pity that the men of our profession are not
represented on the Park and Shade Tree
Commissions, where they would be of great
advantage. Lawyers, doctors and business
men, with no knowledge of trees or garden-
ing in general or anything pertaining to the
work, have been appointed to the positions
wliich should rightfully belong to a profes-
sional in that line. Following the reading
of the annual reports of our past secretar.v
and treasurer, Wm. Reid and Walter Gray,
respectively, a standing vote of thanks was
tendered them for their services. A com-
mittee was appointed to buy suitable tokens
for the retiring officers. The reports of
officers showed the society to be in a very
prosperous condition. Wm. Marshall & Co.
donated $10 for best display of vegetables
at dahlia show; Lager & Hurrell, $5. The
following are the awards in monthly com-
petition for points.

JOHN DORVAN, Secy.

AMERICAN gladiolus' SOCIETY.

The National Flower Show Committee
has set aside April 8 as a Gladiolus Day.

Intending exhibitors will please take note
and endeavor to make a good show of
blooms on that day. Send me a postal
card so that you may receive the splendid
schedule of prizes, which will be distributed
in due time. L. MERTON GAGE.

Corresponding Secretary.

South Natick, Mass.

ELBERON HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The regular monthly meeting of the El-
beron Horticultural Society was held on
Monday, February 3. The judges' decisions
were as follows: W. R. Seymour, white
seedling Carnation, 95 points; George Mas-
son, Callas, 80; Charles 0. Duncan, Carna-
tions, 70; Charles Russell, Freesia Purity,
'JO. In the competition for points for the
past year for those without greenhouses,
August Grieb was first and Ed. O'Rourke
second. It was decided to hold a horticul-
tural ball on Easter Monday, and to make
it an annual affair. The annual euchre
which was held on January 29 proved the
best the society ever held. The meeting
was continued with an interesting talk by
Anthony Bauer on his trip to Europe the
past summer of what he saw in the horti-
cultural line. At the next meeting, March
3, Wm. Turner, of Oceanic, N. Y., will read
a paper on the "Culture of Orchids."

W. R. SEYMOUR,
Assistant Secretary.

TUXEDO HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The nic(<tiiig of tliis society was held in
tlie Tuxedo Park Public Library, Wednesday
evening, February 5, President James Mac-
Lean in the chair. The president thanked
the society for their kindness that they
showed in electing him president of the so-
ciety. He said that whatever was in liis

AMERICAN ROSE SOCIETY'S SPECIAL
PRIZES.

The members of the American Rose So-
ciety are quite in earnest about putting up
a fine show at the coming International
Exhibit in New Y'ork City. There has been
special prizes of considerable value offered
by the New York Cut Flower Company,
which has not yet been finally adjusted, the
value being .$200. There is also a special
prize from Moore, Hentz & Nash, of a sil-
ver cup valued at .$50 for the best six roses,
six roses in each entry. No three to be of
the same variety, no stem to be longer than
20 inches, the roses of each variety to be
judged on their own merits and not by com-
parison with the other varieties. There is
also a special grower's prize, first, second and
third, $15, $10 and $7 in cash. This prize
is for the actual grower of any e.xhibit and
not for the exhibitor, excepting in the case
where he does his own growing. The ob-
ject is to recognize the man who actually
docs the good work. This prize was first
offered by Mr. Frank L. Moore, of Chatham,
N. J., and has heen renewed by someone
almost every year since.'

BENJAMIN HAMMOND,
Secretarv American Rose Society.

SIX-MEN TEAM MATCH.

The Westchester and Fairfield Horticul-
tural Society and the Yonkera Horticul-
tural Society rolled a match game at the
(.Jermania alleys. New Rochelle, ou Wednes-
day evening.

The conditions were six-men teams, beat
two out of three games.

The Westchester and Fairfield team won
all three games very handily.

For the winners, Zeck was high man with
an excellent individual score of 224 and 549
as his three-game total. Aitchison, with
two good games and a poor one. was sec-
ond with a three-game total of 495. Mure
was high man for Yonkers with 179 and
426.

The summary:

Westchester and Fairfield.

XicoU 121 130 115 33ft

Aitchison 187 137 171 495

Baldwin 93 146 104 343

Zeck 148 224 177 549

Stuart 142 119 177 438.

Roy 149 133 146 42S

840 889 890 2,619
Y'onkers Horticultural Society.

Jlilhiot 149 103 144 396

Remson 105 98 70 273

Mure 120 179 127 426

Thisthout 107 90 104 301

Lamb 122 1.59 97 378

Mills 116 148 111 375

719 777 653 2,149

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Union Stock Yards : Chicago

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

365

The Mrs. Geo. Shawyer Rose

has won 17 certificates, a silver medal, a sweepstake cup and other awards in
the past two months. No other rose was ever so e.xtensively shown in such a
short period. Now come and see it growing and you will agree with me that it
is a winner. It opens just as freely in winter as it does in summer, growing all
the time, and every shoot a flower.

New Carnations

Commodore, Wm. Eccles, Northport, Salmon Beauty and Enchantress Supreme
— all good and described in our 1913 catalog, which was mailed you. If you
have not received your copy kindly advise me.

New Mums?

Why, certainly! And you will need them, too, for the shows, to keep on top.
Why not write me ?

CHAS. H. TOTTY

MADISON, N. J.

MILADY

the new, red forcing rose will be dis-
seminated by us in March.

We can supply Mrs. Chas. Russell
and Mrs. Geo. Shawyer.

Our catalog covers Roses, Carnations,
Chrysanthemums, Geraniums, Cannas,
Bedding Stock, Orchids, Gardenias.
We want you to receive our catalog.
Send us a card and make sure your
address is correct on our mailing list.

A. N. PIERSON

INCORPORATED

CROMWELL, CONN.

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THERE is only one U-Bar curved
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they are like it.

We tell you these things as a matter
of protection to yourself.

Send for catalog.

U-BAR GREENHOUSES

PIERSON U-BAR CO

366

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

BON ARBOR

Awarded Diploma and Silver Medal at 1912
Royal latemational Exhibition, London, England

It is a complete plant food. Feed
your plants; get results; do it now.
Bon Arbor is favorably known every-
where it is used and it is widely
used. Such gardens as those of the
Capitol at Washington, D. C, and the Parliament Gardens,
Ottawa, Canada, and the Royal Windsor Gardens, Eng-
land, on the one side, and over 2000 country estates and
farms on the other, represent the field supplied. Show
flower and vegetable growers find Bon Arbor indispensable.

Bon Arbor is put up as follows :

J4-pound package, making 15 gallons, by mail .$0.30
1-pound package, making 30 gallons, by mail . .55
S-pound package, making ISO gallons, exp. extra... 1.80

2S-pound boxes, making 750 gallons 6.25

SO-pound boxes, making 1500 gallons 12.50

100-pound boxes, making 3000 gallons 20.00

Barrels, from 250 to 300 lbs., 18c. per lb.
Ask your dealer or write direct.

Ant Destroyer, Positively Kills.

. 6Sc. per lb.

BON ARBOR CHEMICAL CO.

Paterson, N. J., U. S. A.

Write for descriptive catalogue, new 1912 edition. We manufac-
ture also Radix Worm Eradicator, Insecticides, Weed Killer and all
agricultural chemicals. Special prices on large quantities.

The Business Gardener
Uses A Typewriter

The New Model Five
L. C. Smith & Bros. Typewriter

is the only writing machine that is
ball bearing at all important points
and made to do all kinds of work
without attachments.

It will pay you to send for the
book.

L. C. SMITH & BROS. TYPEWRITER CO.

Syracuse, N. Y.
Branches in a)l principal cities

On "SCALINE" We Say

SCALINE, our new product, is an oil and sulphur
composition — three in one — a scalicide, fungicide and
insecticide combined, for San Jose and other scale
and all sap sucking insects.

Used in the dormant season for San Jose and hard
scale one part to twenty parts water.

In the summer season for soft scale, aphis, red
spider, thrips, mealy bug, one part to forty to fifty
parts water. It is a most effective outdoor spray for
trees, shrubs and hardy plants.

It will save your evergreens and shrubs from the
ravages of red spider, which has done so much dam-
age recently.

SC.'\LINE contains the properties of our well-known
fungicide, FUNGINE, thus making it an excellent
remedy for various blights effecting trees and hardy
stock.

Use it for your winter spraying of fruit trees and
become convinced of its general effectiveness.
A marked improvement on the old-fashioned kero-
sene emulsion — more effective and more economical.

On FUNGINE and VERMINE

Mr. John Lewis Childs, of Floral Park, N. Y.,
writes under date of February 5, 1913: "I suppose
you will be glad to know that 'Vermine' is giving
excellent satisfaction. Our greenhouse foreman
says it is tlie only thing he has ever used that will
kill white ants in the benches."

■ Messrs. Valentin Burgevin's Sons, of Kingston,
N. Y., write us under date of January 8th, 1913: —

"We wish to say that we find VERMINE an excel-
lent tiling. We used it on a bench planted with
Smilax to kill root lice, or maggots, which ate the
roots, and after two applications our Smilax is tak-
ing on new life and has started to grow."

Messrs. Newman & Legg, of Manasquan, N. J.,
write us under date of January 4th, 1913: —

"This fall we had occasion to try your FUNGINE
on a large liouse of sweet peas that were so badly
affected with mildew that we were going to throw
them out, — meaning a total loss of the crop.
"We had tried sulphur and all the other mildew
remedies without being able to control it. A caller
asked us if we had tried FUNGINE, saying that he
had heard that it was good for mildew. We gave
them one good syringing with FUNGINE, with the
result that within forty-eight hours there was not
a particle of live mildew in the house."

OIN

What more can we say than has repeatedly been
said of Aphine in these columns.

Recognized by prominent private and commercial
growers as the insecticide which excels all.

Oar Products are For Sale by All Up-to-Dale Seed Finns

APHINE MANUFACTURING COMPANY

Manufacturers of Agricultural Chemicals

MADISON, N. J.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

WEATHERED
COMPANY

196 Orient Ave.,

Jersey City, N. J.

The Only Greenhouse Builders on this Continent Awarded

A Gold and Silver Medal

for GREENHOUSE CONSTRUCTION

Weathered's Patent Curved Eave Iron Frame Greenhouses

Erected at GEORGIAN COURT, LAKEWOOD, N. J.
For Mr. GEORGE JAY GOULD

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OK AMERICA.

Boddington's Quality Forcing

Lily- White Sea Kale and Asparagus

them with these delicacies out o( season — it will surely be appreciated.

rhnli

and pn.tcclMl so tbi
Ii] form anil flai
ran- icIiT.v. though
rinv, but boiled an
li-iiwn hmter. Wo

spec

tini'

Extr;

NOVELTY ENGLISH GAB
WARRISTON WONDER.

Hoigbt .5 fl.
with strong hiuiln
foliago: pods linrt

nsiilcr this tin

..pping Vi-a i
.lui won rocr
sliiliition tiibli-

BELL'S PREMIER This in

ilioont now I'l-a is a oross botwi
Jradus and Tho Holl. Hiight

■ith sir.

iianhn and ot inodium green foliage;
l»ods borno in pairs, with nine to
olovon large t'l'a.s of splendid Ha-
vor. It will become a grand ox-
bibiti.m variid.v and ran bo wolf
r.-,„miM,.i:dod. fkt. of '-i plnt.7.5ets.
PETER PAN Height 1".'. ft.

m>

tod tv

olf t.i

hunt d.inb
dwarf r.

yet introduood
oropp(>r. prodn
pods niled

a tremendous
ig. dark grn-n
i\'i1b Teas of exquisite
|>lants. oovered with
Jbiist in habit, and it

tin

fai

rlv r.

(;o

■ite
'|l.
$1, fk. .<7.

BODDINGTON'S PRIZE'WINNING
QUALITY VEGETABLE SEED
SPECIALTIES FOR EXHIBITORS
PEAS— Pkt. Pt. Qt,

Boddington's Mam-
moth Marrowfat. $0.25 $0.50 $1.00
Boddington's Select-
ed Extra-Early

Gradus 15 .30 .60

BEANS—
Boddington's Boun-
tiful 10 .26 .40

Boddington's Eihi-

bition 15

BEETS— Pkt. Oz. ', lb.

Boddington's Early

Model Globe. ..$0.10 $0.25 $0.75
Boddington's Exhi-
bition. Pks. only,

$1 for 5 25

BRUSSELS SPROUTS—
Boddington's Exhi-
bition. Pkts. only,

$1 for 5 25

CABBAGE—

Boddington's Early

of Earlies, '/2 OZ',

1.00

30c.

Boddington's Exhi-
bition Blood-Red.
$1 for 6 pkts. . .
CARROT—

Boddington's Ira-
proved Long Red
Surrey

Boddington's Select-
ed New Inter-

.10

.50

I Mra hiav\ anti suitable for forcing
luiilor glass nr in frames. Five-
. ai'.fild. oxtra-strong. $1 per doz..

ST .". r IIHI. ilW per 1.000.

PRIZE-WINNING VEGETABLES
(Continued)
CAULIFLOWER—
Boddington's Extra- Pkt. Oz. '4 lb.
Early Snowball,

'4 02,. $1.75 $0.25 $6.00

CELERY-
Boddington's Golden

Self-blanching .. .10 1.00 3.75
Boddington's Im-
proved W h i

Plu

.10

.40 1.25

Boddington's Exlii-

bition Prizetaker .10 .60
EGGPLANT—
Boddington's Im-
proved New York

Spineless 10 ,60

KOHLRABI—
Boddington's Early

White Delicious. .10 .25
ENGLISH MELON—
Boddington's Select-
,.d Scarlet Gem.. .75
CUCUMBER—
Boddington's Improved Pkt.
Telegraph... 25c. and $0.50
Boddington's Selected

White Spine 10 :

LETTUCE—
Big Boston: Boddington's

Exhibition Strain 10

Mav Queen: Boddington's

Exhibition Strain 05

Boddington's Eclipse Cos

iRomaine) 10

MUSKMELON —
Boddington's Exhibition

Emerald Gem - .10

KALE—
Boddington's Variegated
Garnishing. $1 for 5

pkts 25

MUSHROOM SPAWN —
Boddii.gton's Quality Pure
Culture. Brick, 35c., 5
for $1.75, 10 for $3,
ONION—
Boddington's Bountiful,

Selected

Selected

50c.
Boddington's
Ailsa Craig.
PEPPER-
Bcddington's

Chinese Giant

Boddington's Hercules . .

PARSLEY—
Boddington's Exhibition.

5 pkts.. $1

PARSNIP—
Boddington's Improved

Hollow Crown

RADISH-
Boddington's Early Frame

SQUASH—
Boddington's Extra-Early

.Tersey White Bush

Boddington's English
Vegetable Marrow, Long

Wliite '. . . .

SPINACH—
Boddington's Triumph

(Long Season)

Boddington's Improved
Large and Crumpled..
TOMATO—
Boddington's Early Sun-

.10

60c.

.15

Boddington's Aero.

25c. and ,60
TURNIP—
Boddington's Model Snow-
ball 10 ,40

SPECIAL OFFER. One packet
each of the above Prize-winning
Vegetables for $5.

This is from our 1913 Garden Guide which has been mailed to all gardeners and superintendents.
If you do not receive a copy, drop us a post card. When in the city, call. Al'ways 'welcome.

ARTHUR T. BODDINGTON, Seedsman, 342 West 14th St., New York

GARDENERS'
CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

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THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. 371

66 Years

The firm of Peter Henderson & Co. was founded
in I 847 and the 66 years of successful seed-raising and
selHng that is behind every packet of Henderson's seeds
must and does make them the best that it is possible to
buy. In your grandfather's day Henderson's was the
standard by which other seeds were judged, and the
same condition exists in 1913. Our methods of seed
testing which were the best three generations ago have
been improved upon from year to year, and are today
still the best.

The unknown quantity in your garden and on your
grounds is the quality of the seeds you plant and you
cannot be too careful in seeing that you obtain the best
procurable. Possibly as critical planters as any, in the
choice of their seeds, are the market gardeners or truck
farmers. As an endorsement of the quality of Hender-
son's seeds, we take pride in the fact, that Peter Hen-
derson & Co. supply a larger number of professional
growers than any two seed houses in the world. The
very existence of these men depends upon their receiv-
ing the best quality of seeds, and Peter Hen-
derson & Co. are easily pre-eminent in the
professional growing field. Henderson's
seeds are tested seeds.

Our 1913 catalogue, "Everything for the
Garden," is the handsomest v/e have ever
issued. We shall be glad to send you a copy
without charge if you will mention the Gar-
deners' Chronicle.

PETER HENDERSON & CO.

35-37 Cortlandt Street
New York City

Z72

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

If You Want the World's Best

Roses, Dahlias, Perennials, Aquatics, Etc.

Roses for the Garden. Two-year-old field-
grown plants, which were dug in the fall and
during the winter months, were potted up into
5 and 6-inch pots, and stored in cold houses
and cold frames with just sufficient artificial
heat to keep severe frost out. These plants are
now in prime condition for out-door planting
and will give quite different results from that
secured from cellared dormant stock, which
invariably loses much of its vitality, either
by drying out, or if kept sufficiently damp, by
starting a premature growth, either condition
weakening the plants. You will find the
Drear pot-grown stock, planted after danger
of severe frost is over, will give you the im-
mediate results you are looking for. -Our col-
lection is most complete, particularly in the
newer varieties, many of which are not listed
in any other American catalogue.

Aquatic Plants, Water Lilies, Nelumbiums,
Victorias, etc. We are headquarters for these,
devoting about ten acres of artificial ponds
and an extensive area of glass to their propa-
gation and cultivation. Our catalogue ofifers
every desirable variety, and gives explicit cul-
tural directions. The services of our expert
are at your disposal if you want any informa-
tion regarding the construction of tanks, the
planning or planting of same.

Hardy Perennial Plants. We were the pion-
eers in handling this class of plants, where
practical, in pot-grown stock. Many planters
not familiar with this class of stock have the
idea that nothing but a field-grown clump will
give satisfactory returns the first season. We
have quickly convinced everyone who has
tried them, that a Dreer Pot-Grown plant
will give quicker and better returns than the
best so-called field-grown clump. K trial will
convince you of their superiority.

Dahlias, New, Rare and Standard Sorts. We

devote nearly fifty acres to these and in our
Special Dahlia Catalogue (the most complete
Dahlia Catalogue ever published) we describe
nearly 500 varieties, including all the desir-
able American and European introductions
which have proven meritorious in our own
trial grounds. A copy of this Special Dahlia
Catalogue mailed on request.

New French Hydrangeas. Of these wonderful
introductions we list a collection of twent}'-
two varieties, everyone of which we consider
a gem.

See our Diamond Jubilee Garden Book for
descriptions of the above, as well as for all
other seasonable Seeds, Plants, Bulbs, etc.

I.

HENRY A. DREER, 714 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

373

The R. A. C. Smith Rangfe at Greenwich, Conn.

ALEX. KIRKPATRICK. Gardener

ONE blustery day late last Fall. I
dropped around to see our
friend, Kirkpatrick, and take
these photographs of the greenhouses.
There has been a good deal of talk
lately in some of the "Chronicles' " big
double-spread page articles about lo-
cating the greenhouse near the resi-
dence.

This one of Mr. Smith's is a splendid

example of just such a treatment. It's
located onl}^ a stone's toss from the
imposing residence.

The combining of curved eave
houses and curvilinear, dome-topped
palmhouse makes an exceedinglj- pleas-
ing combination.

If there is any Iniilding doing your
way, better have L. & B. do it their
way. Send for catalo"-.

p. S.— The gladdest kind of a glad hand awaits
you at our exhibit in the National Flower Show.
Come around and have a smoke with us.

LORD e^ BURNHAM CO.

SALES OFFICES.

Boston Philadelphia Chicafto Rochcsto

cmont Bldg, Franklin Bank Bldg. Kookory Bid;. Oruiito Bl

FACTORIES: Irvington, N. Y. ; Dos Pllinol. III.

374 ' . THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Chrysanthemum Novelties

We have been identified with every advance in
Chrysanthemums for the past ten years and are still in
the front. Our Novelties in Singles this year set a new
standard for that popular type.

See our catalogue for Early Flowering varieties.
We list about eighty assorted kinds, and these are the
cream of a collection of over two hundred imported
from Europe.

Our Wells- Pockett-Totty varieties are the best in
the world and every fall shows this more convincingly
in the prize-winning exhibits.

Novelties in Carnations

Commodore, Northport, Salmon Beauty and Enchant-
ress Supreme, are all first-class varieties.

Roses?

Yes, we catalogue all the leading varieties and will graft
over one hundred and fifty thousand this year, not to
mention the own root propagation.

OUR MOTTO : Satisfaction always — or Money returned!

Our catalogue will be mailed on request.

CHAS. H. TOTTY, Madison, N. J.

I

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. 375

Does not this edition convince you (no matter what your past
views may have been), that the Gardeners' Chronicle has become
the "live wire" of the horticultural press and that such a publica-
tion cannot fail to bring results to those who use its advertising
columns?

U^l|inK U Vi^XJ^t:* (SarUenera' dUfvanitle, MaJJiaon, 3C. 31.

It will furnish you any information you desire on advertising.

Have you ever read anything more interesting and instructive
on subjects pertaining to floriculture and horticulture than what
is presented to you on these pages?

d^t (LOUrgg J^Otl (5^r&rnpra' (Cifvaniclv, iHaUiaon, ^. 3-

One dollar will bring the Gardeners' Chronicle to you for one year.
If engaged in the profession of gardening read notice on page 417.

A FRAUDULENT OFFER.

\ mailing list is being offered through the mail, by one formerly engaged
in the seed trade for advertising and circularizing purposes, which is claimed
to contain a "majority of the paid subscribers to the Gardeners Chronicle.

Any list containing the names of the leading private gardeners will
includc'the names of Chronicle subscribers, for it circulates among all well-
known men of the gardening profession. ^ , ,. r ^. • i v
But onlv the undersigned possesses a bona fide list of Chronicle sub-
scribers, and of members of the National Association of Gardeners. Anyone
else offering to furnish these lists is a fraud.
M. C. EBEL,

Managing Editor Gardeners' Chronicle.
Secretarv National Association of Gardeners.

376

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

^Ije ContEnts===illarcl), 1913

The Cultivation of Flowers

Dr. W. S. Wlntmore
God Directs . . £.5. Knomles

History and Culture of the Sweet Pea.

George W. Kerr
Sage Advice. .....

Benefits of Affiliation. . /. Olio Thilow

Dendrobium Wardianum Gigantum .

Thomas F. Eastwood
Campanula Pyramidalis . . Albert Millard
The Water Garden . . William E. Tricker
Bureau of Entomology. . L. O. Harvard
Roses Outdoors. . Alexander Cummings, Jr.
Education for Young Gardeners.

Prof. Edward A. White
TheCanna. . . .AnlorrWintzer

Flowering Plants for Conservatory Decorations.

Thomas Proctor

History of the Dahlia . . . W. Seville

Dahlia Group ......

Value of Weeds as Vegetables.

M. H. Talbot

B. Hammond Tracey

.Edward F. Bigelow

. W. H. Waite

The Gladious .

The Heart Potato

Camera Snapshots .

Wall Street Farmers .

Distribution of Sap .

Those Free Seeds .

Benefits of a Good Garde

Forest Fires .

Those Who Look Ahead .

Spirea Buwalda .

Who Is to Blame.

What Left Over Flowers Will ^'ou Give

377
378

379
381
381

382
383
385
386
387

389
391

393
396
397

399
403
405
406
408
408
408
409
409
409
409
410
412

Editorial Page ......

Association Notes .....

An Appeal to Gardeners ....

Wm. H. Duckham
Among the Gardeners ....

Queries and Answers .....

International Flower Show. . .M. C. Ebel
Final Schedule of the International Show. .
Greenhouse Construction. . A. A. Macdonald
Estate Management . . . Wm. H. Duckham
Brain Power of Plants. . .Arthur Smith
A Unique Photograph . . . Wm. Kleinheinz
Fruit Growing Under Glass. . .Wm. Turner
Vegetables for Exhibition . . . Harold B. Vyse
Fancy Asparagus ....

Swiss Chard Luculus ....

Carnation California Giant. . .P. W. Popp
Horticulture at Panama-Pacific E.xposition
Important Literature on Plant Diseases.

J. J. T aubenhaus
National Associations
Local Societies . .

Gardeners Diary ....

Westchester and Fairfield Supper .

Exhibition New York Horticultural Society

Newport Outdoor Show .

American Rose Society .

Tarrytown Horticultural Society .

Elberon Horticultural Society .

Oyster Bay Horticultural Society .

Connecticut Horticultural Society.

Lake Geneva Gardeners and Florists Club .

Shelter Island Hort. and Agric. Society .

New Jersey Horticultural Society .

413
414

416
416
417
418
419
421
425
427
431
433
436
436
436
438
438

441
444
444
445
445
445
446
446
446
446
446
446
447
447
447

Hitchings & Co 370

Peter Henderson & Co. . 371

Henry A. Dieer 372

Lord & Burnham 373

Charles H. Tottv 374

A. N. Pierson, Inc 384

Morris Nursery Co 390

J. M. Thorburn&Co. . . 390

Wm. E. Tricker 392

S. S. Pennock-Meehan

Co 394

Stumpp & Walter Co. . 395

Glenn Bros., Inc 398

Thomas Meehan & Sons. 401

Rcsedale Nurseries 401

P. Hamilton Goodsall . . 402

Davey Tree Expert Co . . 404

Kennedy & Hunter. . . . 420

JnJiPx to Attu^rRsprs

Conard & Jones 424

Bobbink & Atkins. . . . 424

Ralph M. Ward & Co. 426

Scott Brothers 428

Hosea Waterer 429

Joseph Manda 430

B. Hammond Tracey . . 431

Jacobs Bird House Co. . 431

Burnett Brothers 432

Coldwell Lawn Mower

Co 435

Sutton & Son 437

Peter Henderson & Co . . 439

Lager & Hurrell 439

George H. Peterson. ... 439

W. E. Marshall & Co. 440

Francis Ball Mfg. Co. . . 441

Henry F. Michell Co . . . 442

MacNiff Horticultural Co. 443

John T. Withers, Inc . . . 443

Moore, Hentz & Nash. 445

Andorra Nurseries 445

W. Atlee Burpee & Co. 446

Dingee & Conard Co. . 446

Basil Perry 446

B. G. Pratt Company. . 447

Syracuse Pottery Co. . . . 447

Pulverized Manure Co. . 447

Weathered Company . . . 448

Bon Arbor Chemical Co . 449

L. C. Smith & Bros 449

Benjamin Hammond . . . 449
Aphine Manufacturing

Co 450

Pierson U-Bar Company. 45 I

Arthur T. Boddington. . 453

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA

DEVOTED TO THE SCIENCE OF FLORICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE

ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF

THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

Vol. X\'I.

AIARCH, 1913

Xo.

IN THE BEGINNING the Lord created a garden Eastward, in Eden. Small wonder, then, that gardens have fascinated mankind
all down the ages. One might almcst trace the history of the race in its flowers.

Flower-growing has been the recreation of civilized people in all lands, and it is our good fortune in this country and in
this day to And assembled for us the choicest offerings of Europe, Asia and the islands of the sea. We can grow the stately iris of
Japan in the same garden with the gay tulips of Holland and alongside the chaste lilies of Bermuda.

Plant hunters are searching the ends of the earth for strange new sorts, while the plant wizards are developing the modest, old- '
time favoiites into wonderful new forms. Fortunes untold are being spent to bring to your door and into your gardens, the rarest
creations of plant life. Never before was it possible to revel in floral luxury as today.

But there is small satisfaction in the mere multiplicity of amazing bloom. The only way really to enjoy a garden now, as of
old, is to get on intimate terms with the denizens thereof — the birds, the flowers and the butterflies — to know them by name, to
pet them and love them and make them a part of your life. Then the garden breathes its secrets, and you learn that plants and
flowers and trees are living things — your boon companions and your friends.

EDWARD I. FARHINGTON,

The Cultivation of Flowers

By Dr. W. S. Whitmore

It is not within the province of man to embrace all the
significance of my subject, and I merely touch upon the
possibilities when I briefly present my sketch. It is a
theme that has made man famous in poetry and song ; has
placed artists upon the highest pedestals of fame ; has
brought joy and sunshine into myriads of lives and house-
holds, and will go on, like the brook, forever. The culti-
vation of flowers was among the first arts. When God
created the garden of Eden, He became perforce the first
gardener. He filled it with beautiful flowers, that it
might be both a delight and joy to our first parents.

Of their kind and character. Biblical history gives us
no knowledge, so we are obliged to turn to mythology
for our information and description. It is said that the
trailing arbutus was the richest in beauty, foliage and
fragrance, of all the floral kingdom. It was styled the
flower of Eden, by reason of its attributes, and was Eve's
favorite. When desolation was visited upon the garden
and Eve was banished therefrom, the little arbutus elected
to go with her. The Lord in punishment robbed it of its
beautiful foliage, but by reason of its attachment and loy-
alty to Eve. allowed it to retain its fragrance. Its com-
panion was what we now know as the night-blooming
Cereus. which was relegated to Adam, and was his favor-
ite. The same condemnation was visited upon it, and in
addition to the loss of its beautiful foliage, the Lord
decreed that it should never raise its head or bloom in the
sunlight again, and so on through all the vocabulary, each
flower of Eden has its mythological history, and though
but fiction, is suggestive of beautiful thoughts and asso-
ciation*.

In the cultivation of flowers, the elements which are
stored away in the recesses of the seed are brought into
activity by man's agency, enabling the light to act upon
them and delight the eye. They have the colors given
them by nature. They are beauties of her majestic boun-
ty. Man's genius, acting through a perfect understand-
ing of nature's laws, has afforded us the wonderful crea-
tions of the floral kingdom ; the marvelous colors and
combination that delight the eye and make the gardens
and the homes veritable heavens upon earth. Nature's
best efiforts in the growing of flowers are so cleverly
improved upon by the artist gardener, that art can be
what it is, because the gardener is what he is.

Who can express the joy of coloring as produced by
the gardener? The gleams in the brooklet; the shimmer
in the sunbeams ; the mellow softness in the morning mist ;
the flash of color in the song-bird's throat; the depth of
tone in the ivy leaf ; the sheen of silver phosphorescence
of the tropic seas, and the cold gray of the October morn-
ing, these and every shade of color are known to the ex-
pert florist. They make harmony of color a life study,
and are truly learned in the crossing and hybridizing of
plants and flowers.

All lovers of nature are born for the loving of flowers
and only require the encouragement of the gardener's
masterwork to develop their latent gift, and direct their
work toward beautifying the home, improving their
knowledge and love of flowers, and stimulating the effort
of the gardener to nobler and greater productions. This
innate talent intelligently directed and assisted by the true
gardener, is what will make them better fitted to dissem-

378

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

inate this love of the beautiful, and cultivate it in the com-
ing generations. The gardener is naturally endowed to
create and improve on nature, and is, therefore, in a posi-
tion to cultivate and instruct, and by this means is me-
dium through which the improvement of man's love and
ideas are enlarged, and the increased cultivation of flow-
ers is encouraged, and new loves created. Thus the florist
gardener is not only the instructor, but the creator of new
loves and new ideas, and, also, new lovers of nature's
sweetest creation — flowers. Thus I hold, the profession
of gardeners is one of the noblest that tames the intellect
of man.

Rome had its Cresar, to whom all nations bowed and
paid tribute to his power, yet in all his might and maj-
esty he could not raise a single flower. England had
her William the Conqueror, and France her Napoleon,
but with all their knowledge and power they could not
propogate a single bud. America had her Washington,
than whom the world has seen no greater general, yet
he, like all the rest, was ignorant of what he loved the
most — the cultivation of the flower. Go with me if
you will into the church where tapers burn and vestal
choristers sing their hallelujahs to the first gardener
and Creator, the great Jehovah, and what is the first
tribute we lay upon the holy shrine? Sweet flowers,
emblematic of Christ's purity and love. Follow me to
the festal wedding, and what do we behold? The
same tribute to this holy and sacred office — flowers.
Go further with me to the homes of the dead, who
sleep their long sleep in their tents of green, and what
do we see? The same loving tribute — flowers. And
so on, through all the phases of life; in joy or in sor-
row; in darkness or in sunshine: the one great monitor
that speaks our love and our grief, our sadness or our
pleasure, is the same sweet creation of the gardener's
handiwork — flowers.

This love of the beautiful opens every da}' a wider
and more useful field for the gardener. The flower is
not a simple fad to be cultivated for a few days and
then cast aside. They were on earth when the sons of
morning sang together ; they will gladden the eye un-
til the resurrection. Thus the gardener is the happy
instrument through which this love of flowers is per-
petuated.

I^ractical men are made poetic by the beauty which
is about them, and this love for the flowers grows upon
them and is transmitted to their children. Hence
societies are formed, and the gardeners vie with each
other to create new and beautiful ideas in the cultiva-
tion of flowers. Witness the constant rivalry for su-
premac}' at the flower shows throughout our land.
The struggle for prizes as a reward and recognition
of their efforts. The cynic will say : "Of what use
are they?" "What do they bring?" "What are they
worth?" "What is a ribbon worth to a soldier?" High
thoughts, bright dreams, the ambition to create and
improve.

It is the desire of every true gardener to succeed,
and every success brings a betterment of his condition.
It does not come without care and thought. Before
anyone can be an artist in his art, he must first be a
workman at his trade, and it is only by giving close
attention to this diversified and comprehensive study
that these possibilities are acquired. Thus many men
are florists, but the want of thoroughness in their early
studies is always apparent. This thought should be

an incentive to stimulate the gardener to renewed ef-
forts for the mastery of his profession.

Every great epoch in the history of the world brings
with it a usefulness for flowers. Let me cite one ex-
ample, the conflict between the North and the South.
When the war was over, in the South, where, under
warmer skies and more poetic temperament, symbols
and emblems are better understood than in the prac-
tical North, the mothers, widows and children of the
confederate dead went out to decorate the graves of
the fallen. With what? Was it with gun and sabre?
No. Was it with insignia of heraldry? No. With
what, then? With simple flowers, casting them, un-
consciously, alike upon the unmarked resting places
of the federal and confederate dead. Oh, what a
revolution of feeling did this create in the hearts of
the people of the North. It aroused feelings of amity
and friendship. It allayed sectional animosity, and it
gave birth to a general day of decoration. And what
has been the benefit to florists? Hundreds and thou-
sands of gardeners are employed throughout the
length and breadth of our land, engaged in the cultivation
of these beautiful gems, that our honored dead may sleep
beneath a wilderness of flowers.

Flowers, sweet flowers, they will ever continue to
play their part; will bring joy to the sorrowful; happi-
ness to the afflicted. They will gladden the heart of
the bride; they will be sweet emblems of love to the
departed. They are indigenous to all climes : on the
summit of the snow-clad hills, greeting the first sun of
the early morn ; in the wild wood where the foot of
man has never trod. They are in all homes and
places. There is not in the history of the world one
other creation that bears the same relationship to all
our moods ; that expresses our thoughts ; that con-
veys the echo of our hearts ; that has the same in-
fluence upon society ; that enriches, ennobles, and culti-
vates the good within us, as this noble effort of the
gardener's handiwork — flowers.

GOD DIRECTS.

E. S. Knowles.

Whether the flower grow fast or slow.

\\'hetlier the rain be falling
Or on its petals the sunbeams glow

When the south wind is calling ;
Whether the dew bathe its tender face.

Or a chill breeze be blowing.
Through a divine, eternal grace

God hath directed its growing.

Whether the mellow fields of grain

-Smile in the August dawning ;
^^'hether the grasses in meadow or plain

Scatter sweet incense each morning,
\\'hether they send forth a tender flower,

Or be swept away in the mowing.
Every day. every passing hour

God hath directed the growing.

.■\h. little one! child of Love divine.

Whether the tempest be raging
Or the clear light of Love doth shine,

.Sorrow and dark assuaging:
Whether thy path be low or high.

If faithful hath been thy sowing.
Thou shalt bring forth abundantly.

For God directeth the growing.

— From C. S. Sentinel.

History of Sweet Peas and Their Culture

By Geo. W. Kerr, Fordhook Farms, Doylestown, Ps

The ever increasing popularity of sweet peas within
the past twelve years has been little short of marvelous.
In fact, no parallel exists in the horticultural world un-
less we might except the tulip mania in Holland a great
number of years ago — and that was said to be largely
financial.

The late Henry Eckford, of England, may be called the
father of the sweet pea, as previous to his making this
beautiful and fragrant annual his life study there were
only a few small-flowered varieties then in cultivation.
It was in 1870 that he started his lifework on the sweet
pea, and the development since that date has been one of
the wonders uf the floral world.

ing a pure yellow and a rich full deep blue, such as is
found in Salvia Patens.

Altiiough the sweet pea was first introduced from
Sicily about 1699, practically 90 per cent, of all the sweet
pea seed used throughout the world is now grown in
California. It is estimated that almost 2,000 acres are
grown there every year. As one acre will, on an average
season, produce from 600 to 1,000 pounds of seed, it will
be at once apparent that this seed will eventually pass
into the hands of thousands, nay millions of amateur and
professional growers. Although in this section the sweet
pea vines seldom reach a height of more than from four
to five feet except in exceptional seasons and locations,

w. T. uxwix

Some scientific botanists believe that certain races of
plants have rare periods which may occur once in every
few thousand years when they develop all sorts of ec-
centricities ; and if this be so, the year 1901 marks one
of these rare periods in the history of the sweet pea, as
it was in the summer of that year that a new type of
sweet pea was found in at least three gardens, one of
these being in Northamptonshire, one in Somersetshire
and the other in Cambridgeshire, England. i\ll these
evolutions or sports are said to have been found in that
fine old pink grandiflora variety Prima Donna. This new
variety was of very large size, the standard and wings
being beautifully waved and crimped, and thus the new
and glorious .Spencer race of sweet peas was born.

The first of this new type to be exhibited was the one
found by Mr. Cole, gardener to Earl Spencer, .-Mthorp
Park, Northampton, and under the name of Countess
Spencer, the color of the flower being a rich rose pink :
and it's aj^pearance at the annual exhibition of the Nation-
al Sweet Pea Society's Show in London created great ex-
citement and admiration among the enthusiasts. This
new variety was oflfered to the public in 1904 and now
Countess Spencer has many hundred ofl'spring, embracing
all the colors previously found in this family and others
of quite new shades, tn fact, it might be said that only
two colors still baftle the sweet pea hybridizer, these be-

in our northern Stales and in Canada the plants attain a
height of from ten to twelve feet, and there bloom from
June until frost.

There is no royal road to success in growing the sweet
pea. The amateur and small grower is quite as likely to
make a success of his cultures as the professional garden-
er, provided a few simple rules are followed. The
ground must be thoroughly cultivated and deeply dug.
It must also be well manured and the se'ed should be
planted as early as possible. Of course, the ordinary cul-
tivation as extended to the vegetable plot will give fair
results, but those who are anxious to have flowers the
"best ever" and far surpassing our neighbors some extra
labor must necessarily be expended in preparing the
soil. If it is intended to grow the peas in rows, a trench
should be made at least two feet wide and two spadings
deep. In removing the soil throw the top layer on one
side and the bottom or sub-soil on the other side of the
trench. Loosen the bottom of the trench with a fork,
or should it be too hard take a mattock breaking it well
up, and mix with it any old garden refuse or rough stable
litter, on which a two or three inch layer of decayed sta-
ble or cow manure, then replace the bottom part of the
soil, mixing this again with wcll-rottcd manure, a little
freshlv slacked lime and bone meal ; then fill up with the
top soil with which incorporate tlioroughly rotted farm-

380

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

yard manure, bone meal, lime and a little sulphate of
potash. If this could be done in the late fall so much the
better for the future well-being of the plants ; failing
which, of course, it must be done in the spring, but
should be allowed to settle for some davs previous to
planting. Unless the trench is thoroughly consolidated it
will dry very quickly, therefore tread it well before plant-
ing the seed.

The average grower sows his seed too thickly. Make
a drill along the center of the trench two inches deep
and place the seed from one to two inches apart, and after
covering make all firm either with the back of the spade
or treading. When the seedlings are about two inches
in height, thin out to four inches apart, and stake as soon
as possible. The best material for this great essential in
the well-being of the sweet pea is good twigy brush, fail-
ing which poultry wire or string run horizontally from
poles placed in the ground four or five feet apart may be
used. During dry weather the plants must be regularly
supplied with water, but never give it in small doses. Un-
less you have the time and facilities for giving the plants
a thorough soaking better leave them alone. The hoe
must also be used at least once a week, oftener if possi-
ble. This will keep down the weeds and at the same time
form a dust mulch and so conserve the moisture that is in
the soil. Should the vines be troubled with green aphis
or pea louse, spray immediately with weak kerosene

or three seeds are sown in a Zyi or 4-inch flower pot
during February or early jMarch, the plants being set out
in ground prepared as above some time in April, each
potful being turned out intact without disturbing the
roots, one foot to 18 inches apart in the row. and un-
doubtedly much better results are to be had by this
method.

The above notes would not be complete without sug-
gesting a few of the finest and most distinct varieties.
The original of the Spencer type Countess Spencer must
be included. Other beautiful pinks are to be found in
Mrs. Hugh Dickson, soft rosy pink on cream ground ;
Elfrida Pearson, an e.xceedingly large blush pink ; W. T.
Hutchins. a lovely shade of apricot pink : White Spencer,
pure white ; Dainty Spencer, white edged rose ; King
Edward Spencer, crimson ; Vermilion Brilliant, scarlet ;
j\Iarie Corelli, rose ; George Herbert, carmine rose ; Othel-
lo Spencer, blackish maroon ; Senator Spencer, striped
chocolate on light ground ; Helen Lewis, orange ; Florence
Nightingale, lavender; Flora Norton Spencer, pale blue;
Queen \'ictoria Spencer, primrose ; Mrs. C. W. Bread-
more, deep cream, edge pale rose ; Irish Belle, purplish
lavender ; Aurora Spencer, white striped orange pink ;
Thomas Stevenson, rich orange scarlet; Sterling Stent,
bright Salmony orange ; Afterglow, one of the new pastel
shades, color might be described as a rich electric blue,
an exceedingly strong grower, invariahlv producing four

"HERCULES.'

WINTER FLOWERING SPENCER.

WINTER FLOWERING SPENCER.

emulsion, using it every four days until the plants are
perfectly clean again. Alternate this spraying with one
of pure water. It is seldom that sweet peas or other
plants are attacked by insects when they are growing
strongly, therefore it is well to apply a little liquid ma-
nure at this stage. This might take the form of acid
phosphate, dissolving one ounce in two gallons of water,
or acid phosphate or Scotch soot might be dusted along
either side of the row applying it after first stirring the
ground, then thoroughly water it in.

To prolong the flowering season never allow a seed
pod to form. The more flowers you cut the more there
will be to cut. To those who have the conveniences of a
cool greenhouse or cold frame even better results may be
had by starting the seed in pots, this method being ex-
tensively vised by the majority of the best growers. Two

flowers on a stem ; Barbara, salmon colored self, a mag-
nificent flower of good size ; Charles Foster, a pastel
shade variety, the color being a unique combination of
salmon, amber, mauve and rose ; Charm, white with a
suffusion of pink and lavender, a most beautiful and
chaste flower ; Decorator, one of the best and brightest for
decorations under artificial light. It might be briefly de-
scribed as a "Rose du Barri" Spencer; Margaret Madi-
son, color pale blue self; May Campbell color cream
daintily marbled with carmine ; Mrs. W. J. Unwin is one
of the brightest of the flake varieties, somewhat in the
way of Aurora Spencer, but decidedly richer in color. It
has been aptly described as a Helen Lewis flaked white.
Nubian, is a new maroon of giant proportions ; Orchid
is, without exception, one of the most profuse and free-
flowering varieties I have yet seen. The color is rich

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

381

deep lavender with pinkish suffusion, flowers are large
and invariably [iroduced four on a stem ; Hercules is an
immense pink of practically the same color as Countess
Spencer but an early and most profuse bloomer, and must
be included in all up-to-date collections. Needless to say,
all the above are true Spencers, this type having complete-
ly ousted the older Grandiflora forms from public favor,
and I am safe in prophecying that within a few years
very few, if any, of the original winter-flowering type of
sweet peas will be grown, they in their turn being put
out of the running by the new winter-flowering Spencers.
I have at Fordhook for the past four years been hybrid-
izing the original winter-flowering varieties, namely :
Burpee's Earliest of All (Christmas Pink), Burpee's
Earliest Sunbeams, Burpee's Earliest White and Burpee's
Re-selected Earliest of All, with the best of the Spencer
type and we have now evolved a new race of early winter-
flowering Spencer type, and got practically all the colors
found in the original Spencers, and others of completely
new shades not hitherto seen. It may, however, be a year
or so ere there will be sufficient seed of this new race to
oft'er to the public.

SAGE ADVICE.

Amateur Gardener, liloonifield. — I'^'ee government
seed can be secured by writing the Congressman from
your district, addressing him at Washington, D. C. For
less than $1 seed far more reliable and of better varieties
can be purchased from a seed firm, and the seed thus pur-
chased wdll be more certain of successful results. It is
never advisable to sow government seed, notwithstand-
ing that they are given away. One should never look a
gift horse in the face, but government seeds ar^ as thank-
less a gift as any gift well can be. — Newark (N. J.) Eve-
ning News.

"MRS. HUGH DICKSON.

Benefits of Affiliation

By J. Otto Thilow, Philadelphia, Pa.

The apparent growth of the florist business in these
latter days, and the bringing into prominence those
who are skilful in special lines, is altogether due to the
horticultural press. It is with difficulty that the every-
day newspaper, and even magazines of prominence
and popularity, can be influenced by what they see of
horticultural interest to make even a feeble effort to
bring before the public the spirit of that vocation we
claim to be one of importance in the social and busi-
ness life.

Whatever method or means used to bring the florist
into prominence is establishing affiliation betw-een con-
sumer and dealer, a getting together of the two potent
factors which must exist for the welfare of any busi-
ness or even its existence.

It was found necessary a, quarter century ago, for the
florists of this country and Canada to get together for
the good of each other, partly socially, but more espe-
cially for the advancement of the business. Although
only by the annual convention, it is a vital stimulus to
himself and his vocation.

Since tlfe organization of the S. A. F., every other
branch of horticulture and the allied trades have made
marked strides. Ideas of construction introduced by

mechanical experts far beyond the abiHty of the florist
to conceive, the application of these has engendered
activity which, confined to some individual establish-
ments, cover areas of over a million feet of glass; un-
dreamed of two decades ago. Improved methods of
growing, a tendency to meet and even lead the de-
mands of the most critical. No other industry supplies
to the consumer a product which gives more cheer and
entertainment than that of flowers and plants; they
make up with the spirit of brightening and ilhiminat-
ing not only the social and festive hours, but tlie whole
period of our existence. Such have been the advances
in the florist and allied trades. Nurserymen, park and
cemetery superintendents have banded in separate or-
ganizations; what for? That they may learn from
each other methods to pursue for the uplift of their
profession and themselves* THE NATIONAL AS-
SOCIATION OF GARDENERS, no different in its
needs, but quite so in its achievements, has fallen into
line, still quite young, but beyond the creeping stage.

.\ffiliation is the active life blood infused into all
channels of business, but with more zest and zeal into
that of horticulture than any other. We deal with a
product which is nature's own, and our skill is only a

382

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

part of aiding it to fruition, and a small part at that.
How often are we thrown into deepest thought and
even confusion as to what to do with an obstinate
problem in plant culture, while the conditions which
are under control of nature, its sunshine, moisture, and
soil food, is ready to do the part it always does. Good
results through a certain care and practice is applied
with e.xtreme vigilance in order not to fall short of the
same good results, but to do as well, or better. This
keen and constant observance of the plantsman,
whether florist, nurseryman or gardener, is conducive
of the great advance of the three named professions.

Through affiliation and godd-fellowship, we have
learned that the more we help our brother craftsman,
the greater good reflects upon us and our gain is
therefore commensurate. The gardener is under a
greater maze of problems than any other of the named
professions, viz. : that he is often asked to produce the
best results with plants out of their required element,
and he tries it. The chameleon is able to change color
and conform to that of any plant upon which it may
lodge, but when "Sandy" puts it upon his checkered
kilt, the poor thing bursts in its efifort to turn its col-
ors, and so with the gardener who is up against the
problem of trying to grow show plants under condi-
tions which baffie his intellect, and he is almost ready
to burst with confusion as to what is best to do. The
layman wonders why the gardener (who is supposed
to know plant life and its needs) cannot make everv
plant do well under any condition. The fundamental
law of nature and its claims will assert itself always
and we must conform to it. If there should be some
wonderful results achieved by our fellow gardeners
over this land, I feel sure that it will be voiced through
the mediums which are sure to reach the eyes or ears
of their craftsmen. One cannot imagine for what
other purpose affiliation could stand, than for the
emulation of our profession. It is within the scope
and ability of the gardener to promote horticulture in
a greater degree than any other branch. His associa-
tion with his employer gives him an opportunity to
inculcate greater taste and more lavish expenditure on
their estates. This co-operation depends often on the
integrity of the efficient gardener, whose untiring
energy and interest is centered in conforming to the
wishes of those he serves. May the National Asso-
ciation of Gardeners adopt the principle of infusing
higher ideals into its members and to secure the affilia-
tion of all gardeners who hold responsible positions
throughout this great land. It is well worth the efifort
of every gardener to aspire and to make himself in-
dispensable in the service he renders. The American
estates have already'received the high praise they de-
serve, and the gardener who is influential is promoting
amelioration in his profession, and the extension of
horticulture is sure to be brought into the lime-
light and the knowledge of the craft.

It should be possible within a short time, that the
National Association of Gardeners- should have knowl-
edge of every capable gardener, so that our many and
beautiful estates should not be in the hands of men in-
capable for the task, but s^ich as are fully equipped to
conduct the work properly and to enhance and beautifv
to the entire satisfaction of their employer. This ulti-
mately will lead to educating the rising generation,
which will devote time and means to beautifying their
homes. The gardeners have a part in this work, and

I wish them Godspeed in this laudalile profession.

DENDROBIUM WARDIANUM GIGANTEUM.

Bv Thos. F. Eastwood, Auburn, N. Y.

This is a fine Orchid in every way ; its flowering sea-
son extends from December to April, when choice flowers
are none too plentiful. The blooms are lasting, the cost
of imported plants is reasonably low, and one wonders
that it is not more generally grown. It comes from As-
sam, Burmah and Indo-China. The flowers are large,
white, each segment tipped with amethyst-purple an-d
the broad lip similarly colored, but with a broad, yellow,
maroon-blotched base.

The photo of the specimen shown was taken the third
year after iniportation, the first year it carried forty

International Flower Show, April 5-12, 1913, Grand
Central Palace, New York City.

DENDROBIUM WARDIANUM GIGANTEUM.

flowers, the second eighty-two, and the third one hun-
dred and seventy-four.

This Dendrobium is one of the least difficult to grow.
As is only natural, suitable atmospheric conditions is the
chief factor in the successful growing of all epiphytes,
directly after flowering growth commences. Aim to ob-
tain good growths by giving light shade, humidity and a
temperature of 65 degrees, rising to 80 or even 90 on
bright days.

When growth is finished, remove to cooler quarters,
with a minimum temperature of 50 degrees, give plenty'
of air and only sufficient water to keep the growths from
shriveling, until the flower nodes begin to swell, when
a slightly warmer teinperature and a few light spray-
ings will help to develop the blooms.

Whether grown in wood baskets or pots, avoid using
too large a receptacle, use orchid peat or fetn root as a
compost, pot firmly and keep the plants in a light posi-
tion alwavs.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

383

The above remarks apply to many other deciduous Den-
drobes, inchiding D. heterocarpion, D. crassinode, D. de-
vonianum, etc. The last named species I find succeeds
better in baskets than when grown in pots.

CAMPANULA PYRAMIDALIS.

By Alb. Millard. Sui-erinte.\de.nt Geo. W. Perkixs Est.\tE;

RiVERDALE-ON-HuDSON, N. Y.

This is a very well known perennial plant, but very
seldom seen grown in 10 or 12-inch pots as one of the
finest decorative objects to be used in semi-dark halls,
or any quite shady place under roof, sheltered from
winds.

Mrs. Ely-Rutherford in her "Another Hardy Garden
Book" says : Last September I made the acquaintance
at Botzen, in the Austrian Tyrol, of a plant of exceeding
beauty. Arriving late one warm afternoon after a tire-
some journey, we came into the cool, shaded white
marble hall of the hotel, and on either side, at the foot
of a fine stairway, rising from a bank of Maidenhair
Fern with a background of Palms, was a new plant.
Slender stalks, quite six feet high, whose entire length
was covered either with white or palest blue bell-like
flowers, rose against the green of the Palms. I began
to ask questions in my rather imperfect German before
going to my room, and the wondering hotel clerk, who
doubtless thought another mad American had appeared
to cloud his serene horizon, could give no information
about them beyond saying that they were supplied to
the hotel by a florist whose address he would give me.

The next morning an early expedition was made to
the florist's garden, where we found the admired plant
in all stages of growth. But the gardener was crusty.
and even a generous douceur had little softening effect.
He had no seeds, he was not sure where he bought the
seeds, the plant did not bear the tall stalks until two
years old if wintered in a cold frame, or three years if
grown in the open ground and protected in Winter by
a heavy mulch, and last of all, the name of the plant.
Campanula pyramidalis, was dragged from him. I de-
termined to have those flowers in my garden and set
about their pursuit at once upon my return.

Seeds of these plants are listed in many catalogues,
but my impatience to have the plants blooming in the
garden was too great for me to wait two or three years
necessary for raising them. This Spring I was able to
make a beginning with only two dozen, and they have
done fairly well, but do not compare with the wonderful
plants at Botzen.

Companula pyramidalis should be sowed in March,
using sandy soil, and transplanted in flats, keeping them
cool. As soon as large enough, plant out 15 inches apart
in good rich ground, well drained in the open field. Wa-
ter freely, and by October plant in 6-inch pots and keep
in coldest house on the bench. By January they are
ready to go in 10-inch pots with good drainage, use some
sand with the rich compost and water freely if they are
well rooted. By the end of May take the plants to a
sheltered, half-shady place. Syringe often to avoid red
spider, and as soon as they open the first flowers bring
them on a porch, protected from sun and high winds.

At Hotel Chamijlaiii there was a corner in the grotto
where they never got a ray of sunshine, and one hundred
of these plants grouped were a sight to behold. Tr\' it
and be convinced.

There is another species of Campanula worth men-
tioning here, easily grown from cuttings. Campanula
isophylla, a variety considerably used in England. This
Cam]3anula will grow under the same treatment as pyr-
amidalis, but it is trailing white and blue, with sheets
of flowers hiding the foliage. But sorry to say, with
the burning of Hotel Champlain the whole stock was
lost, and I doubt if there are one dozen plants in this
country. I would be glad to get one, but have tried in
vain.

I might add that Campanula pyramidalis is a native
of the Austrian and .Xorth Italian coast of the Adriatic
sea.

They
stalks.

/ill flower until Mnveniber. with 7 to 8 feet kins.

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THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

FOR YOUR GREENHOUSE

Our New Rose, Milady.

Mrs. Chas. Russell.

The new red rose Milady and the new pink roses Mrs. Chas. Russell and Mrs.
Shawyer. These, with the best known and most widely grown favorites w^e offer for
your greenhouse. Begonias, Chrysanthemums for exhibition or for general use. Hardy
Pompons and Single Chrysanthemums, Palms. Ferns. Orchids and Gardenias.

FOR YOUR GARDEN

Geraniums, Cannas, Climbing Roses, Hybrid
Tea Roses, Bedding Plants in variety.

Send for our catalog and become a customer
and learn that

Grown in Cromwell

Means
Quality in Plants.

Our trade exhibit at the National Flower
Show will ai)peal to all lovers of plants.

A. N. PIERSON, Inc.

CROMWELL

CONN.

Our New Single Chrysanthemum, Oriole.

The Water Garden

By William Tricker, Arlington, N. J.

There are many reasons why aquaticulture is not more
general. To me it seems that a garden is not complete
without some representative in it, be the garden small or
large. The amateur who is limited to a small plot cannot
indulge in a large water garden, but a pool in the center
of a small formal flower garden is often in good taste or
keeping and those who are enthused with such plants will
most probably have such. A pool only ten or twelve feet
in diameter will accommodate a number of plants judic-
iously selected ; this, by the way, is often the trouble and
people fail to get the best results.

Amateurs and others who employ professional gar-
deners generally have their own ideas, their likes and dis-
likes and the gardener must cater to their wants and
wishes — perfectly right. I have had similar experience.
Water lilies as flowers were very desirable but how about
mosquitoes. I was able to convince them that the pond,
pools, or tubs were not the nuisance as suspected but that
a few gold fish would rid the water of all larva of both
anopheles and culex — the ordinary mosquito and the ma-
larial fever hosts. These pests are no longer a hindrance
or stand in the way of water lily culture. Here again, I
think it is up to the gardener ; his superior knowledge of
floriculture is often depended upon to introduce new, rare
and valuable plants for decoration as plants or cut flowers
and I want to impress on the gardening fraternity the
value and desirability of water lilies and aquatic plants for
decoration out of doors and especially for cut flowers.

During the height of the summer season at our sea-side
resorts water lilies and lotus flowers have been much in
demand, in fact there is a growing demand the country
over for water lilies as cut flowers. Nothing can vie with
the stately Lotus in all its oriental splendor, on stems five
feet high in huge trumpet shaped vases. Not long ago
our attention was called to a London decorator, Mr. R. F.
Felton, who had made such a great hit with London
society by introducing the flowers of the Egyptian Lotus.
This, of course, was unusual there, as the flowers were
imported from somewhere. Their monstrous size and
color was something new and stunning, even though the
flowers did not open naturally and the petals were re-
versed and looked more like a Camellia or over-grown
gardenia. Nothing can improve this flower or equal it
when grown or as a cut flower in its natural state and
these can be had in your own garden in large or small
numbers in colors from pure white to brilliant rosy car-
mine. The water lilies are all adapted for cutting, but
those with strong stems are preferred. Those with float-
ing flowers are useful for shallow dishes, bowls, etc., the
others for vases of diflFerent sizes, but the most preferable
are the tender varieties, both day and night bloomers,
especially may I mention the day-blooming -Nympheous
Graciles, white, Mrs. C. W. Ward, a magnificent pink
with stem 2j^ feet high and flowers 8 inches over all the
blue water lilies are included in this section (none being
hardy) : N. Pennsylvania, N. Pulchcrrima, N. Wm. Stone,
N. Zanzibariensis, all are superb. The night bloomers
can not be robbed of their own suiirenie merits: thev are

WATER G.\RDEX ON ESTATE OF E. T. ItAR\ EV. CIXCIXNATI, OHIO.

386

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

the largest flowers of all the Nymphoeas and unequalled
in richness of color, embracing many shades from pure
white to fiery crimson. These flowers are best in the
home grounds where they can be seen at close range and
when they can be used fresh if required for decoration.
They are also good shippers and will travel a long dis-
tance without damage and if cut at an early stage will
keep three or four days in excellent condition.

I am indebted to Mr. E. T. Harvey, of Cincinnati, Ohio,
■ for this beautiful picture of an amateur's water garden
reproduced herewith. Of course, this is not his first or
second year at water gardening; it represents many sea-
son's careful thought and study of the different types of
this large family here represented, and I believe it is all
his own construction, Japanese lantern bench, etc., but to
look at this picture closely, in the foreground is a beauti-
ful specimen of Victoria Drickeri. These are considered
very difficult to grow, but we are not yet familiar with
their requirements, and they are as easy to grow as any
water lily ; here again are the tender Nymphoes, day and
night bloomers, as well as the hardy. Here is also some
fine plants of Egyptian Lotus, reed grasses. Bamboo and
other marginal plants with a most beautiful setting of
evergreen, and other trees, bushes, etc., in the rear. An
ideal water garden that any lover of these plants can have
if he so desires. And where do our professional gar-
deners come in ?

BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

By L. O. Howard, Chief ok Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept.
OF Agriculture.

The entomological service of the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture was carried on down to the year 1878
by Townsend Glover, who published a report practically
every year in the annual report of the department, but
whose time was also largely occupied with the prepara-
tion and care of the general museum of the department
and in the preparation of models of fruits and so on. In
June, 1878, Professor C. V. Riley, who had made a great
reputation for himself as State Entomologist of Missouri,
was appointed entomologist of the department. He held
office until May, 1879, when he resigned, and Professor
J. H. Comstock, of Cornell University, was appointed
as his successor. With the incoming of the Garfield ad-
ministration in the Spring of 1881. Professor Riley was
restored to his former position and remained in office
until June, 1894, when he was succeeded by the present
chief of the service.

The beginning of the important work in entomology
under the department dates from Professor Riley's first
appointment in 1878. The entomological service was
made a division of the department in 1884, and the di-
vision was made a bureau in 1904. When Professor Riley
first took up the work, he had two assistants and an an-
nual appropriation of five thousand dollars. At the pres-
ent time there are employed in the work of the bureau
more than five hundred persons and the appropriation for
the present fiscal year is $672,000.

In the thirty-four years which have elapsed sinca Pro-
fessor Riley's first appointment, studies have been made
of all of the principal injurious insects of the United
States, and competent remedies of one kind or another
have been discovered. Many very serious problems, in-
volving loss to the country of many millions of dollars
annually, have been successfully solved, and the present
methods of fighting the principal crop pests of the coun-
try have for the most part been developed in the course
of the work of the bureau. Some of the most striking
of these results may be mentioned briefly.

The early investigations of the cotton caterpillar of the
South resulted in the universal adoption of the Paris
green treatment which reduced this insect from the rank
of a first-class pest to that of one which can practically
be ignored except on the occasion of unusual immigra-
tion from South America such as occurred during the
Summer of 1911.

Investigations of the hop plant-louse in Xew York in
1866 resulted in the discovery of important points in the
extraordinary life history of the insect which enabled
hop growers to handle it with ease.

Investigations of the clover seed midge at an even ear-
lier date rendered this insect comparatively impotent
whereas it had threatened the destruction 'of the clover
seed crop.

The introduction of the Australian ladybird at a later
date saved the citrus orchards of California from de-
struction by the white scale.

The bureau was the first to study the San Jose scale ;
to elaborate a system of treatment which lias helped fruit-
growers to subdue this pest, and at the same time it in-
troduced a natural enemy from China, which, in the ab--
sence of the other remedies, would have kept the scale
in check through at least the southern ^portion of its
range.

The establishment of the Smyrna fig industry in Cali-
fornia is due to the acclimatization, under the direction
of the bureau's experts, of the fig-fertilizing insect sent
over from Algeria by an expert of the Bureau of Plant
Industry.

The enormous damage threatened by the pear thrips
has been practically entirely avoided by discoveries of
the bureau.

The present system, adopted so generally, of growing
good crops of cotton in spite of the presence of the very
destructive Mexican cotton boll weevil, is due to one of
the most complete and even exhaustive studies of an in-
sect ever made and which has been carried on by the
Bureau of Entomology since 1896.

The bureaw has imported from foreign countries, and
has acclimatized in New England, a large number of
species of insects which parasitize or prey upon the gipsy
moth and brown-tail moth, and these imported insects
are already playing a large part in the reduction in num-
ber of these serious pests to orchards, shade trees and
forests.

At the present time many important investigations are
being carried on. The recently imported alfalfa weevil
is being studied in some of the Western States, and
methods affording great relief have already been discov-
ered. There are now in different parts of the country
about thirty-five field laboratories, under the direction of
the bureau, which are engaged in investigating different
groups of the most important insects, and the work of
the bureau in bee culture has resulted in the discovery of
the cause of the most important bee diseases and in the
ascertaining of many facts which are of great service to
this important industry. Also the taireau shares in the
administration of the insecticide law and in that of the
plant quarantine inspection law.

Important work has been done further by the bureau
in the study of insects which carry diseases of man, and
its investigations of mosquitoes, of the house fly, of the
Rocky Mountain fever tick, and of the Texas fever tick,
have formed bases for the important work which is now
being carried on against these diseases.

National Association of Gardeners*
Meeting, Grand Central Palace, New
York City, Monday, April 7, 2 p. m.

Roses Outdoors

By Alex. Cummings, Jr., Head Gardener, Elizabeth Park, Hartford, Conn.

The planter, amateur or otherwise, in taking up the
culture of the garden roses should not be dismayed by the
hard and fast rules usually prepared and laid down for
the benefit of the prospective planter, for the rose is a
plant with a kind disposition and its successful culture
can be realized under every-day conditions with the appli-
cation of plain intelligence. A porous, clayey soil is sup-
posed to be an essential to the outdoor rose, but I don't
agree entirely with the supposition. To grow garden
roses and get the most out of them, any soil that will grow
garden crops is ideal for garden roses. A heavy clayey
soil conduces to a vigorous growth and blooms of exhibi-
tion calibre, but few in number ; all very w-ell when roses
are forced nine months out of twelve or when exhibition
flowers are desired, but in the garden quantity comes be-
fore quality and display is the great desideratum. A
light, mellow soil is one that can be made heavier or en-
riched as desired, but, to take a soil of a heavy nature and
work it into a condition of complete friability is a task that
will take considerable time. Again, where the soil is

it is well to know the different classes, or types, of out-
door roses and what may be expected from them. Hy-
brid Perpetuals are the? hardiest and most reliable roses
for the garden, but are at their best in June, although a
number of kinds make a creditable showing later in the
season. Some of the good kinds are: Mrs. J. Laing,
[■'. l\. Druschkii, Hugh Dickson, L'lrich Brunner. Fisher
Holmes, Clio Gloire Lyonnaise, Paul Xeyron and the re-
tloubtable Gen. Jacqueminot, the varieties Gloire de
Chedane Guinoisseau, George Arends and Comm. Jules
(iravereaux are of recent introduction and promise to take
a permanent place in the list of good roses.

The Hybrid Tea section contains our finest garden
varieties, likewise numerous "pitfalls and snares'' for the
beginner. As a rule the roses given the most publicitj' —
the forcing kinds — are not to be recommended for garden
culture. In the North the varieties : Bride, Bridesmaid
and American Beauty are practically useless outdoors
and the Killarneys and Richmond are not by any means
ideal garden subjects. Strongly constituted kinds like

THE WORLD-FAMED ROSE f;AR!ii:.\, EI.IZ.XBETH P.VRK. H.\RTFORD. CONN.

naturally cjf a light nature tliere need Be no fear during a
wet season of that impossible condition, "Svet feet." If
the season is dry water can and should be applied as often
as necessary. To sum up : A fair foundation for the
culture of the outdoor rose merely requires a fair soil, a
convenient water supply, and of course an exposure to
the sun during at least two-thirds of the day ; other
requisites are largely matters of detail.

Caroline Testout, Jonkecr J. L. Mock, Robin Hood and
Radiance are roses that will do business from June until
frost, but we need many more of that type. C)thcr good
Hybrid teas are: Rhea Reid, Etoile de France, Kaiserin
A. \'ictoria. Chateau des dos \'ougeot. (ien. Mac.-\riliur,
LaDetroit, Cynthia Forde. Eclarate. and Gruss an Tcplitz.
The "Tea" and "Tea Scented" roses are less hardy but
bloom continuonslv from Tune on. but are at their best

388

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

during autumn ; these are specially useful for cutting and
with additional protection some varieties will come
through our severe winters in good condition ; the pink
and white Cochets, Wm. R. Smith, Mrs. H. Stevens and
Robert Heller are ver}- good in the garden ; the new forc-
ing rose Lady Hillingdon is superb if not too much ex-
posed to the sun and hot winds. The Noisette roses
Celine Forestier, Aimee Vibert and Wm. Allen Richard-
son might be included with these tender roses.

ELIZABETH P.\RK, H.\RTFORD, COXX.

The dwarf "Polyantha," or "pompon" roses are quite
effective when massed, used for edging, or underplanting
beds of "tree roses" ; Clotilde Soupert, Anchen Muller,
Katherine Zeimet, Pacquerette, Orleans, Alarie Pavic,
Leonie Lamesch and Jessie are very good varieties.

Among the climbing types the Hybrid Wichurianas are
by long odds the most desirable, being comparatively free
from mildew and kindred diseases, and of clean foHage
through the entire season. Dorothy Perkins, \Vhite Dor-
othy Perkins, Excelsa, Evangeline, Hiawatha, .American
Pillar and Lady Gay will afford an excellent assortment in
color.

The really troublesome insects to the rose are the aphis,
rosebug. leaf roller and the pestiferous red spider. The
aphis, being a sucking insect, is easily disposed of by
spraying with a tobacco solution used in conjunction with
soap and water. The nicotine extracts on the market are
the most convenient forms to use and give explicit direc-
tions for handling. The "leaf roller" and the various other
members of the caterpillar tribe are eating insects and re-
quire a poisonous solution. Paris green is the most efifect-
ive, but should be used carefully, as an overdose will
burn the foliage. Hellebore and slug shot are also effect-

ive and not at all dangerous. Arsenate of lead is a good
insecticide, but it discolors the foliage and is therefore
undesirable. The only remedy for the red spider is, of
course, w-ater frequently applied with considerable pres-
sure.

Watering and cultivating are the more important of the
Summer details and in watering, "not often, but well,"
applies to the outdoor roses as forcibly as it does in any
other direction. Shape a saucer around each plant by
drawing the loose surface soil back from the plant to form
a collar that will hold a gallon or more water ; then apply
the hose, not once, but two or three times until the soil is
thoroughly saturated. This watering is best done in the
evening and the next day the bed can be raked leved. In
a few days fairly deep cultivation will be in order and the
soil should require no further attention, other than light
cultivation until dry again. Syringing must not be con-
fused with watering and should be attended to every even-
ing during fair weather ; it freshens the foliage after a
hot day and is discouraging to the insects.

A few simple rules must be conformed to in pruning
hardv roses.

ELIZABETH PARK, HARTFORD. CONN.

Hybrid Perpetuals : Cut out all dead and weak wood
first, then remove superfluous wood, leaving only the
strong, healthy canes, and cut these back at least two-
thirds ; weak growing varieties a little more.

Hybrid Teas and Teas require about the same treat-
ment but a trifle more severe cutting back. The Dwarf
Polyanthes and climbing roses require practically no
pruning; merely remove the dead or undesirable wood;
on a healthy climber the two-year-old growths are, if any-
thing, more desirable than that of the previous year.

Education for Young Private Gardeners

By Edward A. White, Professor of Floriculture, Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass.

The American people have now reached a point where
they are demanding vocational education for their chil-
dren. ^\'e hear it along all lines, and the trend seems to
be in the right direction. Education today is very dif-
ferent from what it was in my boyhood days and as I
hear the young people preparing their lessons it seems
to me that my own schooldays would have been bright-
ened and m\- interest intensified if I could have been
given similar methods. Education is not now given in
the abstract. It is concrete, precise and along those
definite lines which touch the pupils' lives closely. In all
of the larger cities technical high schools and manual
training schools are established to teach boys and girls
those subjects which have a vital bearing on their life
work. The day of the American apprentice is rapidl}'
passing and the broadly educated skilled mechanic is
the result.

The average American farmer of the last century wa;-
the uneducated man. As a rule he attended school in
his boyhood and young manhood long enough to obtain
a fair knowledge of the three "R's" but it was not con-
sidered essential that he become proficient in the higher
branches of learning in order to till the soil. Doubtless
this was true and many of our ancestors were able to
derive a good living from the farm. Times have changed,
however ; population has increased ; competition has in-
creased and discoveries have been made in all branches
of science. The farmer of fifty years ago would find
himself incompetent to compete with the methods de-
manded in scientific agriculture of today. The farmers
of the present have been quick to appreciate the need of
education along scientific lines and the agricultural col-
leges have larger enrollments than ever in their history.

But mechanic arts and general agriculture are not the
only branches in which there has come to be a call for
better educational training.

Within the last ten years country life in America has
been the slogan. The development of trolley systems
and rapid transportation into the suburbs has made coun-
try life possible for a large number of city business men.
In some sections the decadence of agricultural condition.^
has thrown large areas of land on the market at a com-
paratively low figure and keen business men have seized
the opportunity to buy these tracts for their country
homes. Consequently there is an increasing demana
yearly for superintendents of these estates.

There is a need today for men better trained in the
gardening profession. This training must of necessity
be along broad lines for the man who superintends j
private estate must have a vast store of information and
the ability to use this to the best advantage.

The owner of the private estate has come to feel the
necessity of having the broadly trained man to superin-
tend the work of his estate. In no place in .America can
the young man of today who is looking forward to a
life of service in the gardening profession get a better
training than in the agricultural colleges of the United
States. IMuch is said in favor of the apprentice system
practised so generally in Europe, but our .\merican con-
ditions are quite different, and while men trained in that
country and under that system have rendered valuable
service in American horticulture, the time seems to have
come when .Vmerica can train her own sons for this
work, better even than they could be trained abroad.

The majority of owners of estates enjov the associa-
tions of the cultured man. Most agricultural colleges

emphasize this culture in the early courses of the cur-
riculum and the man is well equipped in his knowledge
of literature, history and the like. It is true that these
subjects are not absolutely essential for a gardener's suc-
cess, but they go far in broadening his influence in the
horticultural world. He becomes a more fluent speakci"
in agricultural and horticultural meetings and most own-
ers of private estates take pride in employing men with
this ability.

PROF. EDW.M<D A. WHITE.

It is sometimes difticult to make young men understand
the need of agricultural and horticultural training along
many lines. This is an age of specialization, but the
private estate is no place for the specialist. The super-
intendent may have his so-called "hobby" and this may
legitimately take the form of special breeds of poultry,
ponies, orchids, dairy cows or the like, but the young
man who is to superintend a private estate must lay his
foundation along the many branches of agricultural and
horticultural work. Eirst of all he must have a love for
the work. Then with his cultural education, already
spoken. of, he must combine a thorough knowledge of
dairying, field crops, and general farm practices, veg-
etable growin-::. trees, shrubs, herbaceous perennials, and
the general culture of fruits and cut flowers, both under
glass and outdoors. He nnist know the principles of
bee keeping, the insects which are lieneficial to plant life
and those which destrov it. the fungus diseases among
jjlants and their preventions, as well as the diseases which
prey on animal life. He must also be a good financier,
for no owner of a private estate takes the interest in a
losing proposition which he does in a paying one. The
maiorit\- •■'' '"'" fnined in agricultural colleges learn

390

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

the value of money and the need of care in spending it.

The young man who gets his training by apprentice-
ship can not begin to get the theoretical principles which
must be combined with the practical for the highest de-
gree of success.

It is true that the man of average college age can not
master in four short years a thorough knowledge of the
practical and theoretical details of all of these branches,
but his mind is trained to think and to investigate. After
graduation he is prepared to grasp the problems which
confront him and to solve them in a masterly way. He
has a knowledge of horticultural and agricultural liter-
ature and if he needs information he knows where to
find it. It has been said by a noted writer that education
does not consist of the amount of information one car-
ries in his brain, but in the ability to know where to find
the information which he desires when he needs it.

There is frequent criticism that the graduates of agri-
cultural colleges are not practical. This is sometimes a
just criticism in individual cases, for men vary in the
ability to put into application the principles which they
have been taught, but in the majority of cases this is not
true at the present time. There is today a close relation
between the practical and the theoretical in agricultural
education. The college instructor realizes that his stu-
dents have got to know how to do things before they
can supervise the work of others. It has always beeri
conceded that the mechanical engineer must know how
to run an engine and- the surveyoV how to operate a
transit, but too many men have been graduated from
agricultural colleges who never under-drained a field,
milked a cow, harnessed a horse, glazed a greenhouse,
pruned a tree or harvested a vegetable. The best agri-
cultural colleges are now demanding that the men ac-
tually do these things and many more before they grant
a diploma.

Within recent years there has been a more cordial co-
operation between agricultural and horticultural indus-
tries, and the agricultural colleges, to mutual advantage.
The colleges have learned how they can be of the most
service and the courses of study have been adapted to
meet this end. It is realized that not every young man
is fitted for a general four years' college course. He has
not the time or money to devote to it. However, he does
desire and need help on special subjects. To meet the
needs of these individuals, some colleges now offer spe-
cial courses for men of mature years, who have had
suitable educational preparation so that they may come
to these institutions for one or two years and take
courses in just those subjects they are especially inter-
ested in. The institution with which the writer is con-
nected offers such a course and it has proven a valuable
feature of the work. Men who desire special informa-
tion on greenhouse work, landscape gardening, vegetable
growing, dairying, fruit growing or poultry raising are
taking up these subjects along with closely related sub-
jects, such as chemistry, plant diseases, insects, soils and
fertilizers, and are getting a vast amount of information
in a comparatively short time. Most of these men have
already had a large amount of practical experience in
the special subject of their study and this makes the
courses all the more valuable to them. These men arc
given no diploma or certificate. They come for what
they can get out of the courses offered.

Then again this college offers exceptional opportu-
nities by a ten weeks' short course during January, Feb-
ruary and the first of March, when men may come to
the college to get in a condensed form in a short time
much that is given in the longer courses. They meet
men witli kindred interests and derive much benefit from

an interchange of ideas. Men engaged in practical
agricultural and horticultural pursuits come to the col-
lege for lectures on special subjects, and these men give
to the students many suggestions which their experiences
have proven to be valuable.

Then there are correspondence courses in agricultural
and horticultural subjects for those who can not leave
their home duties. The lectures, text books and ques-
tions are sent out to the people taking the courses. These
questions are answered and the papers are sent for cor-
rection to the instructor giving the course. They are
then graded and returned to the students.

Experiment station bulletins, extension lectures, ex-
tension schools, demonstration orchards and the like are
now carrying to busy agricultural people information for
which they do not come to the colleges.

The gardener's profession is an exacting one and it
requires a man of broad mental ability to master it. It
is taking on more dignity year by year and the future
seems to hold greater possibilities along this line of work
for the educated man than has the past. To the young
man who possesses a love for the work, a desire for all
the information and the best information he can get re-
garding his work, all things are possible. These men
are the ones the great captains of industry in the com-
mercial world are seeking to manage their country es-
tates, so that these estates will be as they were intended
to be, a relaxation from the stress of business life, not
an added care and responsibility. The remuneration
received by the gardener will, in a large measure, depend
on the individual.

Rhododendron Maximum
— Fine plants 2-6 ft. in
car lots.

Rhododendron Hybrids —

iy2-2y2 ft. of Hardy va-
rieties and assorted
colors.

Kalmia Latifolia (Moun-
tain Laurel) — 1-4 ft. in
car lots.

Norway Maples — 1-4 inch

diameter.
Evergreens in variety.
Flowering Shrubs
Hedge Plants
Roses and Vines
Perennial Plants for the

"Old-Fashioned Flower

Garden."
Fruit Trees and Fruit

Plants.

SEND LIST OF WANTS FOR PRICES

Illustrated and Descriptive Catalog apon request.

Morris Nursery Co.

Metropolitan Life Bldg. 1 Madison Ave., New York, N. Y

Growing Grass
/\nywhere

To acquire success in any one art or profession re-
quires specialization.

Grass Growing anj'where under all conditions is an
art and we are specialists in that art. For we have
back of us the accumulated knowledge of over a cen-
tury's study and practical experience.

Can we be of any help to YOL^?

Drop us a postal for quotation on
large quantities of Grass Seed.

x), M. Tnorburin Sc Go.

"The most reliable seeds"

33F Barcla"' St. INew York

The Canna or "Indian Shot Plant."

By Antoine Wintzer, West Grove, Pa.

'1 lie Canna was a tropical [jlant indigenous to South
find Central .America and the \\ est Indies. One species,
Canna Flaccida, is a native of Florida. These wild varie-
ties were gathered by collectors and taken to Europe,
where they were grown and the flowers developed by the
leading horticulturists. The development of the im-
proved Cannas, as we have them today, is comparatively
recent. A few generations ago, the Canna or ""Indian
Shot Plant," as it was called (on account of its hard
rounded seed), was used for decorative purposes, princi-
pally because of its luxuriant tropical foliage, the plant
growing to a height of 6 to 7 feet. While good foliage is
a desirable quality, the early hybridizers devoted their
attention to increasing the size of the flowers, and also
their range of colors.

The Canna that created the greatest furore, about a
quarter of a century ago, was Mme. Crozy, which was
originated by Alons. Crozy of France and the introduc-
tion of this still famous, large-flowering variety was an
incentive to other plant breeders in the horticultural world
to make use of the possibilities which lay in the Canna
flower. A few years later, in the early '90's, Damman. of
Italy, sent out the wonderful orchid flowering types, of
which Austria and Italia are fair representatives. While

■■'.LAi'i AT'ii-;;- \"ii,Mi<(-ir,-; (',i<ijWF.R.

these orchid-flowering varieties produced the largest
flowers then in existence, they were lacking in durability
and early flowering habit.s, which defect has been reme-
died by later introductions, including Xew ^'ork, Louisi-
ana, King Humbert and others. On account of their
robust habit of growth they are used princii)ally for in-
dividual specimens, also for ornamental hedges to hide
unsightly fences and some of our public park gardeners

and owners of fine estates use them for the centers of
their immense Canna beds. Most of them are tall
growers and their silken, large sized flowers flutter in the
breeze at a height of 6 to 7 feet. The varieties of this
type, since they produce few seeds, are less numerous
than the garden Cannas.

The i.iriginal Cannas were mainly contlneil tn >ha'li'> of

"BLANCHE WIXTZER," PUREST WHITE.

red and spotted yellows, but Canna breeders of the
present day have produced as great a range of color as
can be had in any one plant, from the deepest maroon,
almost black, ranging through crimson and scarlet, yel-
lows, and rich orange to pure snowy white. It is prac-
tically impossible to convey to the reader the almost
numberless combinations that now exist, and every taste
in color (except blue) can be pleased. It is necessary to
>ee a large mass of present-day Cannas to form a true
conception of their beaut\- and a view of them en masse,
in the evening of a summer day, just before dusk, is a
sight that is simply enchanting.

The person who prefers the more delicate shades may
get the Mrs. .\lfred F. Conrad, Venus. Hungaria and
other soft pinks, and the stronger colors are represented
by Beacon. Comte de Sach, Duke of Marlborough, etc.. in
the reds. .'X few of the best yellows are P.uttercup. Eliza-
beth Hoss. Ciladiator, and Director Moltze. and for orange
we have California, Indiana and Wyoming. For years
there were no whites, or even an approach to wliite. iintil
.\lsace appeared. This variety was hailed with delight
as another break in color, but it was soon superseded by
Mont Blanc, which held the field undisputed for 10 years.

392

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

The latest and greatest white is Blanche W'intzer. which
has been heralded as "the finest white, undoubtedly, the
world has ever seen."

Wonderful strides have been made in the bronze-
leaved section and the most magnificent foliaged Canna
ever produced was "Black Beauty," which was introduced
by our own Department of Agriculture at Washington.
D. C, and was disseminated about 18 years ago. Its
flowers were insignificant, but the foliage was dark, shin-
ing purple and had the edges waved and crimped in ex-
quisite fashion. This Canna was used as a type and a
great many of the large-flowered bronze-leaved kinds
have been produced from it as one parent.

These recent crosses are especially valuable, for, on

choosing. Its greatest value, however, lies in the fact
that the improved varieties if given the rich soil and the
same treatment in your garden, all summer long and until
fi'ost, it will keep throwing up a succession of bloom
stalks (as many as 15 to one plant), wdiich produce two,
and often three, branches of magnificent flowers of such
immense size and durability that it is hard for one who
has been accustomed to the old style Cannas to under-
stand that this is only an educated relative they have been
introduced to, one which withstands the trying conditions
of our American climate and comes into bloom many
weeks earlier than the old varieties.

When hybridizing most flowers, a gain in size or tex-
ture of the bloom often means a los3 in some other direc-

MRS. ALFRED F. CON.^RD— QUEF.N"
OF C.\NNAS.

-NOTE IMMENSE
OF PETALS.

CL.\DIOFLORA— THE GLADIOLUS
FLOWERED CANN.\

plants which were formerly practically flowerless, we now
have the combination of bronze foliage with large flowers
of enchanting loveliness.

Such contrasts as are obtained in the delicate blush-
white of Minnehaha, the exquisite chrome yellow of
Juanita, and the intense reds of \\"m. Saunders, Cono-
wingo and George A. Strohlein, shou' what has been
accomplished with the bronze-leaved Cannas, and these
are only a few in this excellent class.

The Canna lover has now almost unlimited material
from which to draw, and new developments are appearing
which prove even more startling than those mentioned
above. For instance, a double Canna has been produced
by a well known firm of growers.

The Improved Canna stands ready to enrich your gar-
den with a constant blaze <if gl(ir\- in color of vour own

tion, resulting perhaps in poor foliage or the loss of vigor.

With Cannas, this has not been so, for crossing the
varieties has been done with such skill and care that the
foliage has improved along with the flower, and the
vitality of the improved Canna equals that of its prede-
cessors in the wild state. The special aim of the breeder
has -been to produce kinds that need no petting and he
has been so successful in this line that the Improved
Canna of today grows and produces its exquisite flowers
under conditions where few other plants would thrive.

Mention should here be made of American Canna
Hybridizers who have taken up the work in a whole-
hearted and enthusiastic manner, and who have been care-
ful to introduce distinct varieties only, so that fewer
synonyms appear in Cannas than in almost any other
flower, showing such a wide range of types and colors.

\A/ater Lilies

.'^uli-aquatic plants, hardy perennial plants.
Hyl)rid Tea Roses (none better, own root).
Japanese I-Acrgreen Azaleas, Rhododendrons,
etc.

My l''l,i nii\elties were awarded last sea-
son Four Silver Medals, a Silver Cup and nu-
merous certificates. My collection of Water
l.ilics is not surpassed in America; See cata-
log, if you ha\e not a copy send me a postal.

WM. TRICKER, Water Lily Specialist

.Arlington. N. J.

Flowering Plants for Conservatory Decoration

By Thomas Proctor, Superintendent "Blantyre" Gardens, Lenox, Mass.

I am frequently asked by parties visiting our con-
servatory, what varieties of flowering plants we consider
the best for Summer and Autumn decoration. In deahng
with this subject I will mention the varieties we have
found the most serviceable for a structure such as we
have got to contend with here.

Our conservatory was formerly a loggia, or covered
terrace adjoining the mansion, and extending outwards
some fifty feet, with a slate roof and low, projecting eaves.
About ten years ago this was converted into a conserva-
tory, the sides enclosed w-ith glass, and radiators installed
for heating, etc.

Any casual observer will readily see, however, that a

able space in the greenhouses for months, only to find
that a large majority of the plants when they did flower
would not last a week under the conditions existing here.

I will now name the varieties we have found the most
serviceable. Those we consider the best for their lasting
qualities are grown in quantity, namely :

Campanula pyramidalis. Campanula media. Campanula
percicifolia ; Digitalis gloxiniseflora, Celosias, Hydran-
geas, Humea elegans, Rehmannia angulata, and Clarkia
Suttons double salmon pink.

We also grow the following in batches for succession
throughout the season :

Fuchsias, Stocks, Gloxinias, Tuberous Begonias, Lilies,

mi ^^^0 ^* ' -

>1

4

fc • ■•

>

w

M^if-^ii'^

1^

*8.

W^^i

Tm

f^^^W^'^k#»i£

•V* -

u

THE COXSERV.\TORV .AT "BL.XXTVRE" GARDENS, LENOX, .M.\SS.

Structure of this kind is far from being an ideal place for
plants in bloom.

I presume there are other gardeners throughout the
country confronted with much the same conditions, and,
like ourselves, expected to furnish a continuous display
of flowering plants in the conservatory during the sum-
mer and autumn months, and no doubt have found it
rather difficult at times to do so.

In giving our experience relative to this matter, I trust
it may render a little assistance to those who may be
starting to face a similar problem.

We have tried most everything in the way of flowering
plants recommended for the conservatory, taking up valu-

Civpsophila elegans, Petunias. LoIrIi;! u-ihiut. Celosias,
Hvdrangeas. Artemisia lactiflora, Gladiolus, and .Margue-
rite Mrs. Fred. Sander.

TJie different varieties are placed in groups around the
conservatory, and arranged to harmonize with the groups
on either side when possible.

Our employers usually reach liere towards the latter
part of May and remain until the end of October. On
their arrival the conservatory will be full of the following
plants in l)loom :

Schizanthus Wisetonensis, Calceolaria hybrida. Spircas,
Tuberous Begonias, Gloxinias, Petiuiias. Celosias. Hy-
drangeas, Rehmannia angulata, Clarkia Sutton- double

394

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

salmon pink, Gypsophila elegans, Lobelia tenuior, and
Stocks.

This will last in fair condition until the middle of June.
The Calceolarias, Schizanthus, Spireas, and a few other
varieties will be past their best, and are replaced with
Campanula media, Campanula percicifolia. Digitalis glox-
iniodes, Humea elegans, Fuchias and Nemesias.

This, with a few minor changes, will carry us forward
to the beginning of August. By then early flowering
plants of Campanula pyramidalis will be coming in ; Cam-
panula carpatica, Francoa ramosa, Artemesia lactiflora,
with fresh batches of Celosia, Marguerites, Fuchias, Hy-
drangeas, Lilies, Nemesias, etc. This will carry us along
to the first or second week in September.

Late flowering plants of Campanula pyramidalis will
still be plentiful. Some early flowering Chrysanthemums
coming in, with fresh batches of Marguerites, Lilies, Pe-
tunias, etc. This will last to the end of September, when
the last general overhauling for the season takes place.

This time the contents will consist principally of:
Chrysanthemums, Celosias, and a general assortment of
orchids, such as : Cattleya labiata, Dendrobium Phalse-
nopsis, Oncidium varicosum Rogersii, Epidendrum \'itel-
linum, Odontoglossum grande, a few hybrid Cattleyas
and Lselio-cattleyas, Vanda Kimballiana, etc., with Maiden
Hair Ferns, and a number of plants in pots of Kochia
trichophylla, which are very attractive at this season.

During the season hanging baskets are suspended from
the roof composed of the following :

Asparagus Sprengerii, Nierembergia gracilis. Trade-
scantias, \^incas. and Boston Ferns.

A FEW REMARKS ON .SOME OF THE VARIETIES CULTIVATED.

There is no question regarding the merits of Campanula
pyramidalis as a decorative plant. It is invaluable, not

only for its attractiveness when in flower, but also for its
lasting qualities in the conservatory. We consider it by
far the best thing we have as a flowering plant for that
purpose. About one hundred and fifty plants of that
variety alone are grown in ten-inch pots.

Digitalis gloxiniasflora is another favorite of ours, and
like the above varieties, are grown extensively. Those
who have only seen this plant growing out doors would
be surprised to see the beautiful specimen it makes when
grown in pots with flowering shoots twice as long as those
usually seen outdoors.

The above varieties are transplanted in the garden
about the end of May, and remain until the middle of
October, then lifted and put in ten-inch pots, left in cold
frames as long as the weather is favorable, then trans-
ferred to a late peach house for the winter.

Another plant worth growing, and which rather sur-
prised us for its lasting qualities is Clarkia Suttons double
salmon pink. We had previously experimented with the
single varieties of Clarkias with poor results; while they
are very beautiful when in flower, they would not last
much longer than a week when placed in the conservatory.

On the other hand, this double variety of Clarkia will
last for two months in splendid condition. The seed of
this should also be sown by the middle of February.
Three plants in a seven-inch pot make a fine specimen.

We have lately substituted Artemesia Saccorum viridis
fthe summer fir) as dot plants, in preference to palms or
similar plants generally used for that purpose.

By sowing the seed at intervals from February to the
end of April, and when large enough planted in the
garden, different sizes of plants for pot work can be lifted
at any time during the summer. They are very effective
as dot plants, and are also useful as a background for
groups.

EVERY PRIVATE GARDENER

Ought to have these two great new Winter Forcing
Roses. Stock now ready for delivery. Place your
orders at once.

MRS. CHARLES RUSSELL

A New American Pedigree Seediing

A Triumph of High Breeding in Roses. Not a chance sport but the
f stilt of scientific evolution extending over many years.

or Anicriran Beauty size and fragrance; coIi«r a lighter ctnise that
lUu-^ not fade to bine but to a
liirbt'^'r rose as the flowers age; a
strong, vignrnus grower; good
heavy stems: flowers carried erect;
no weak necks: no blind wood like
lieauty : very prolific — remarkably
s^>. consideriuK its size. As test-
ed in the various shows over th^-
country this Fall, it has prov.-n
n W(;nderfiil keeper and estab-
lished Itself at once as a Ros.-

bl'^^

it.

viierevor shown.

but th<- publi,

CHARLES RUSSELL.
ngo sninion at the biisr

IRISH FIRE FLAME

Th.. .l.lility new SiilKlf ncisn,
irlminost and sweetest little Im.l
fvcr seen — and well named as !■•
its lovely color. A Dickson seed-
lin'T of stroiiir, viperous growth,
ver.v free, particularly during tbe
winter; color fiery crimson, sliad-
Inri; sreeu. reverse side of leaf deep
itli it; a new departure in Roses;

GOOD. STRONG, HEALTHY PLANTS OF THESE VARIETIES, GUARANTEED STOCK.
DOZ. 25 50 100 1250 lOOO

OWN ROOT $6.00 $10.00 $17.60 $30.00 $70.00 $250.00

GRAFTED 7.50 12.50 20.00 35.00 82.50 300.00

S. S. I^EIMIMOOK-IVIEEIHAIM C20.

"The" Wholesale Florists of PHILADELPHIA
NEW YORK PHILADELPHIA WASHINGTON

117 W. 28th Street 1608-1620 Ludlow Street 1216 H Street

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

395

TWELVE FINE
EXHIBITION GLADIOLI

Each year we are rpqui'stcil to prepare a list of the be^t Gladioli
Sowin"e Jwevp vIJh'VT of ^'-'r"" covering all distinct color^ The
fn in=^^.,i,^ "f ^">r"^"r,'""'^ ^''"'^ s<'"«ted by us after a very care-
er. ^MnV^!) ,„H o" '"'''^t'ns sorts: and where distinct, large flowers
sf;o,^l"*ro';.on;':^eml'?h°?s llsl'' °' """'^'"^ '°""^ """^ ^'""^^^- ^' «"■

America. :f?,!?,SS''i«,'".f,-, «■Srl„'■dYng^%° ^''^'' '^^ '""

hibitious, wli.ic it has invarlablv been an "easy

thp peer of the flcsh-plnk sorts, needs

ption. It is of vigorous habit.

but littl „^ ..^ „^

fasily grown : long sp'ike, large flowers "werr°placed
lionutiful green foliage that adds an attractiveness to
the already alluring and positively beautiful soft
lavender-pink flowers ;

Attraction.

Baron Hulot.

Deep, dark, rich crimson with a

very conspicuous, large, pure white

It. A most beautiful and attractive sort

Rich, royal violet-blue ; one of

the finest in its color. When

. , ,'j1'|''i"'"-' is cut and arranged in combination with

tMilpiiir King, the contrast is truly exquisite, and It

should be in every collection

• This beautiful Ruflled
Gladiolus is a distinct

ii'lv.iii.^ Ill ilh ( iilture of this flower. The flowers arc
lu.Ni.lly . \|,:ii..l. .1. borne in twos, all face the same direc-
tion, .-lu.l ar.. rarried on straight, stout stalks, having
Irom three to eight of these handsome flowers open at a
time. The color is a delicate creamy pink, with a most
attractive crimson stripe in the center of each lower
petal

jo A fantastic mottling of pinkish white and
deep, rich crimson, in some flowers the white

15 1 ,".0 10 00

Kunderdi "Glory.

nating. and in others the crimson, no two spikes
being exactly alike, A charming variety that can be used
for contrasting with the scarlet and red sorts

1 50 10 00

Mrs. Francis King.

Peace Gladiolus

s a strong grower,

igorous and healthy.

iia~ i.iii'.-, stiMiiL' i.iliM-.- .111.1 iiTcctive flower spikes, with

■I - il.v niiiiil'rr (.1 r.v,i\, buds continually opening.

The maKiiili. .lit il..\v,rs in._asure 4% inches across, and
there are five to si.N Mowers well spread out on the spike
at the same time, givins for vases in hotel lobbies and
dinning rooms, parlor decorations, etc.. an effect not
produced by any other Gladiolus. The color, brilliant
flamingo-pink, blazed with vermilion-red, is most effect-
ive both in daylight and under nrtiflcial light. -As a
seller in flower stores it has brought better prices than
any other kind except America, which, with its soft pink
flowers, excels Mrs. Francis King for floral design work
and for that only , .

Peace *-'°^ ^f the grandest white introductions of last year, that will retain its place among the best white

varieties for some time to come. The pale lilac feathering on the inferior petals, together with Its

strong, broad, rich green foliage and spike make it a most desirable Gladiolus in any collection

Prinrpns ''''''^ Amarullia-llonered Oladiolus.) Considered the best of its color. Wonderful-sised flower.

'■ ^ J"»-^V'J» perfect shape, biilliant coloring, and artistic form of flower-spike are each a notable Improvement
Color is brilliant scarlet-crimson, carrying mostly three broad white blotches on the lower
I to 1 ^4 inches

Rn<i\7 SnfJiv Beautiful large flower of good habit; white, exquisitely sprayed rose; one of the best; magnif-
i-\\jsy JiJL ay. j^^m strong and erect spike

Scribe.

iliful. large, well-opened flower, borne on an enormous spike;
tinted white, freely striped carmine

color like the flue old ICiigene

Sulphur King.

iMir size of flower and keeping qualities, this Gladiolus Is considered as being t'.,e liest of the
yellows, A few blooms cut and arranged in vases in combination with Uaron Hulot will

WiM Drte^ -^ remarkable Gladiolus, and one that will gain piestlge as it is known, as it ranks
TV iiu i-\L>3C. ^.p,.J, ^pjjf Color bright rose or blush-tint. This was rightly named, and the wild

■J 00 1-2

1 r.u 10

1 r.u 10

!• no l.'i

iif color is strongly pronounced.

SPECIAL OFFER: Collections

DELIVERED ANYWHERE IN UNITED STATES

I bulb each, 12 varieties (12 bulbs)
5 bulbs each, 12 varioCies (60 bulbs)
10 bulbs each, 12 varieties (120 bulbs)

$I..SO
6 0<)
10.00

III nir.' inlroduc

We arc pr.'iiared t.. fiiriiisli aliih.st aiiv known vari.tv ..f (.;iailioliis. oiir .atah.g contains a . I...i. ■
tions. Have you looked it .ivitV Vvf ..n r.Hju.'st.

STUMPP & WALTER CO.

50 BARCLAY STREET NEW YORK

History of the Dahlia and Its Culture

By W. Seville, A. R. H. S., Bergenfield, N. J.

This interesting genus is not a large one as far as
wild plants go, and every species is a native of Mexico.
Although it is universally grown and has become so
great a favorite, the history of its introduction is very
obscure. Lady Holland is generally credited with hav-
ing introduced it into England in 1804, but it was
brought from Madrid at that time by Lady Holland,
who apparently did not know that it was already in
that country. The first dahlia known to Europeans
was discovered in Mexico by Baron Humboldt in 1789
and sent by him to Professor Cavanilles, of the Botan-
ical Garden, Madrid, who gave the genus the name of
dahlia, in honor of the celebrated Swedish botanist,
Andrew Dahl. Cavanilles sent a plant to England
the same year, to the Marchioness of Bute — a great
lover of flowers — it was grown in the greenhouse and
flowered freely, arousing great interest in the genus.
From this species (variabilis) nearly all the varieties
known in gardens have been raised.

The dahlia shows the skill of the florist more plain-
ly than almost any other genus in cultivation.

The touch of color that was once the only claim to
beauty of the dahlia that grew in the farmer's yard — •
with its hard, stifif and ungraceful flowers — has been
developed until there are few of the cultivated plants
that rival their range of brilliant shadings. Even the
Queen of the Autumn is without the vivid scarlet and
red tones belonging to the dahlia, and one cannot help
admiring its many iuies of color as well as its immense
blooms. There is no plant that is more generous in its
acknowledgment for only slight attention, be it grown
by amateur or professional.

When well placed in the garden the dahlia is superb,
its profusion of bloom creating fine masses of color in
the late summer and autumn months, especially when
the best forms of the peony and cactus sections are
vised. Distinct beds of dahlias present a fine aspect if
the colors are well contrasted, and many otherwise
good eflfects are spoiled by mixing up tall and dwarf
bushy kinds indiscriminately. A mass of one color
looks well, especially if backed up by dark-leaved
shrubs, while distinct beds are a welcome feature in
the flower garden, being gay far into the autumn when
the weather is not frosty.

CULTURE. — To get good results it is essential to
have rich, deep and moist soil, preferably ground that
has been heavily manured for a previous crop. If the
ground is poor it must be deeply dug and decaj'ed
stable manure incorporated freely. Select a well-
drained position that will receive the full benefit of the
sun, plant out strong tubers or green plants as early as
may be safe ; if frost is feared protect the plants by
placing an inverted plant pot over them.

When dormant tubers are planted rcmo\-e all but
two of the strongest shoots as soon as they appear. If
green plants are used — and these are used in prefer-
ence to tubers by many expert growers of exhibition
blooms — pinch out the center of the shoot when the
plants have made four or five joipts to induce branch-
ing. Staking and tying the shoots must be attended to
as soon as possible as the stems are brittle and break
under little wind pressure. The plants must never
be allowed to become checked or stunted in growth if
flowers are to be freely produced ; mulch the ground
with long strawy manure, or some loose material that
will keep the soil cool, »nd during dry spells the plant
should lie thorou^hh- watered.

The flowers should invariably be cut in the early
morning when the dew is on them. They will then re-
tain their beauty and freshness for a longer period
than flowers taken from the same plant at a later hour.
This remark applies to all flowers, but applies with
special force to the dahlia.

INCREASE. — Dahlias may be propagated by cut-
tings, root division and seed, the last being used where
new varieties are sought. Cuttings are the best means
of propagating dahlias, though division of the roots
is usually practiced. If the clumps are started in a
mixture of leaf mould and sand in February or March
in a temperature of 60° to 70° F. each crown will pro-
duce three or four cuttings every few days. These
may be taken oft' as early as March, close to the crown,
without, however, injuring it, as others will come up
at the base of those removed. The cuttings should
not be too long before being taken from the tubers, or
they will wilt badly. The cuttings may be rooted
singly in small pots, plunged over a brisk bottom heat,
or in the cutting bench ; they will root in about two
weeks and should be hardened off gradually until
planted out in May. To raise seedlings sow the seed
in February and treat the young plants in the same
way as cuttings.

WINTERING. — As long as the weather keeps mild
dahlia roots are best in the soil, but should sharp frosts
occur, followed by heav}- rains, they should be prompt-
ly removed from the ground. Lift the roots on a dry
day, cutting the stems to within a few inches of the
crown. Remove the greater portion of the soil from
the tubers and lay the latter out in the sun to dry be-
fore storing. The floor of a greenhouse where they
will be free from drip, or a dr)'^ cellar, where the frost
can be excluded are good places to store the tubers in.
A little ventilation is necessary to keep them from get-
tiny mouldy, but a hot, dry atmosphere must be
avoided, as the tubers would shrivel in it ; they must
be kept plump during the winter when they are re-
quired to give early cuttings. The tubers of some
sorts are more difficult of preservation than others,
and choice varieties are frequently bad keepers.

CACTUS DAHLIAS.— These originated from
Dahlia Juarezi, and they retain the characteristic shape
of that species, having twisted petals. The true cactus
is a great advance on the old show and fancy dahlias
and does not have the fault of being stift' and artificial
looking like these large and perfectly symmetrical flow-
ers. The earlier cactus dahlias had one fault — hiding
the flowers among the leaves, but this is to a large
extent changed. The improvement has been wonder-
ful and rapid, so that we now have a beautiful race
of garden plants for summer and autumn, with long
twisted petals of the most beautiful colors (many of
them blending one color into another in the most ex-
quisite manner), of longer cutting stems and better
petaled blooms, with less inclination to come false
centered. The new varieties are exceptional and are
divided into two sections, exhibition and garden. In
the former are some magnificent flowers which will go
far to insure success to those able to exhibit them in
competition. In the garden section, the advance dur-
ing the last few years is very marked, the present vari-
eties having a grand habit of growth and were a perfect
picture when growing in the trials here last year.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

397

398

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

GARDEN CACTUS DAHLIAS are especially use-
ful for garden decoration or cut flowers. They should
be allowed to make a natural growth, when they will
flower profuseh". Treat them liberally as regards cul-
ture, and leave all the branches to tlower. In this way
large bushes can be obtained literally covered with
bloom. The stems of these varieties are all they
should be and carry the flowers erect even when cut
and placed in vases. They will prove to be attractive
to all interested in the dahlia as a garden flower, and
their splendid stem, lovely colors and erect pose will
surprise and please many who have hitherto con-
demned the cactus dahlias as being useless as a garden
plant.

SWEETBRIAR, A. M. R. H. S.— A variety of ster-
ling merit, the plants carr_ving a mass of lovely, clear,
rosy pink flowers perfectly upright on long, strong
stems ; the growth is strong and healthy without any
suspicion of grossness. This is a coming favorite and
all who saw "Sweetbriar" last year were charmed with
its exquisite pink color and splendid stem. It is the
finest garden cactus dahlia I have ever seen.

COLLARETTE DAHLIAS.— Although by no
means of recent introduction, this type has passed
practically unnoticed until the last year or two. This
class is quite distinct, the very attractive single flow-
ers having a collar or circle of small or secondary
petals around the center, usually of a different color
from the rest of the flower, giving the flower a light
and unique appearance. They are invaluable for gar-
den decoration, as all flowers are carried on good stems
well above the foliage. When cut for room decoration
they last much longer than the ordinary single form
to which they are closely allied. During the past few
years a great stride has been made in the development

of this section. European specialists have given us
many beautiful and improved forms, and great diver-
sity of arrangement and collar formation has been ac-
complished. These were shown extensively at the re-
cent European dahlia shows, where they met with
great favor, and the same approval will be shown
here.

PEONY - FLOWERED DAHLIAS.— The Peony-
flowered Dahlia was for a time considered as a
freak, of Holland creation. It is now acknowledged
as one of great merit. I doubt if any class is today in
such favor with the general public and so much sought
after. It forms a grand mass of color, and for efifect
in the garden is much superior to any other section.
There can be no question as to the value of this class,
owing to the freedom of flowering, immense size of
blooms — often nine inches across — and length of
flower stems. The varieties mostly grow rather tall,
not inclined to very much foliage, but develop long
stems which display the flowers to great advantage.
To enable them to display their habit and beauty
plenty of space should be given for each plant, not less
than three feet apart each way. The blooms have two
to three rows of petals more or less twisted and incurved,
which cause them to resemble very much a Chinese peony
— hence the name.

The peony-flowered varieties come into bloom
earlier than the cactus varieties planted at the same
time and continue to flower profusely until cut down
by frost. The flowers are finer for cutting and hold
up in size much longer than the other varieties.

The writer had the pleasure of noting the marked
interest that was shown by flower lovers in this variety
at the shows held last fall, and feels confident that
this interest will be even more marked in the future.

Our Nursery, close to the 45th Parallel of Latitude— with Zero Temperature —
Means Sturdy, Rugged Trees and Plants Insures Permanent Results.

St. Regis Everbearing

The Raspberry for the Million and the
Millionaire. "There's Millions In It."
St. Regis produces continuously from
June to Nov. — heavy crops of large,
luscious, sugary berries of bright
crimson. Bears first season planted.

Its summer and autumn crops do
not consist of a few scattered berries,
but good to heavy pickings all the
time. One party wlio had a small
patch. ;,< an acre, picked- and shipped
from it two to three pickings each
week for four months, and his profits
were enormous.

Grows successfully in any soil — en-
dures without injury heat, drought
and severest cold.

Our

SOBER PARAGON

Mammoth Sweet Chestnut

BEARS FIRST YEAR

Paxinos Orchard Crop brought $30,000.

Plant for profit, for pleasure or for
decoration — plant a thousand trees or a
single one. A safe tree to plant in zero
climates, or in hot climates. Succeeds
in drought, in frost, in poor soil and
upon steep hillsides — the roughest of
lands.

United States Pomologist, G. B. Brack-
ett, says "It is of large size, fine appear-
ance and excellent flavor."

We own exclusive
control of the Sober
Paragon. This copy-
righted metal seal is
attached to every
genuine tree.

V.O--. V. s.

H Actual Size

Hardy Acclimated Pecan

Trees for Planting in

Northern States

Here are Pecan Trees which wrill
thrive in Northern States — produc-
ing as prolifically and as profitably
as any Southern Pecans.

A shade-tree of wondrous
beauty, long the pride of the South,
may now adorn any Northern land-
scape.

We control five varieties of
hardy trees best suited for North-
ern planting. These have with-
stood temperature far below zero
— never been known to "winter-
kill." Successful in almost any
soil. Begin bearing in 3 to 5 years.
ubs. Evergreens, etc., mailed Free

1913 Catalog and Planting Guide— Includes Nut Culture— Fruits, Roses, Sh

GLEN BROTHERS, Inc., Glenwood Nursery (Est'd 1866), 2051 Main St., Rochester, N. Y

Value of Weeds as Vegetables.

By Mary Hamilton Tabott, Washington, D. C.

The wonderful vegetable and salad possibilities of
many of our common weeds are beginning to be appre-
ciated by Americans — our foreign neighbors have long
recognized their value — and perhaps many more will
learn to enjoy them when they know that Uncle Sam, in
his Bureau of Plant Industry, is recommending their ad-
dition to our bills-of-fare, owing to the fact that many of
them are possessed of even higher food values than some
of our familiar staple vegetables. One of his experts
says : "What we call weeds are no more so than other
plants we term vegetables ; weeds are vegetables, and our
so-called vegetables were once upon a time no more than
weeds. The classification results from a matter of habit,
for we are slaves of habit, and because we are so it has
not occurred to us that we could eat anything but just
the old list of vegetables that our ancestors have eaten
for generations. So if we will but open our eyes and peer
into fence cofners and back yards and wild pastures we
will find new and wonderful foodstuffs that we have
hitherto regarded as just weeds, and have in consequence
left most nutritious and valuable foodstuffs go to waste
under our eyes." A point in their favor, and one not to
be overlooked in these days of unprecedentedly high
prices, is the cheapness with which they may be secured.

And, too, it is "better to hunt in fields for health un-
bought than fee the doctor for a nauseous draught," for
analysis of our edible weeds shows them possessed of
splendid medicinal properties. The dandelion, for in-
stance, is replete with tonic salts, and is aperient besides
being a natural liver medicine ; milkweed is a tonic for
the kidneys and a general cleanser; yellow dock is sin-
gularly rich in valuable organic salts and filled with heal-
ing, for cutaneous troubles, while red clover is one of the
richest of all nitrogenous plants, especially when taken
into the system imfired. And so one may go all
through the list of edible weeds and find each one pos-
sessed of some valuable medicinal and healing properties.

Few housewives would think of substituting milkweed
for asparagus, and yet its thick, succulent shoots — which
may be found in almost every meadow — when cooked
like asparagus and served with drawn butter sauce is
equally as delicious, and is a valuable and most nutritious
food. The tender tips of the leaves of this weed make a
salad with a taste so unlike anything now used for this
purpose, when served with mayonnaise or French dress-
ing, that those seeking new sensations will enjoy it.
Milkweed should be cut for cooking when about a foot
high. The wild milkweed cannot be had after the middle
of June, as it becomes too tough and is not good in flavor
after the blossoms appear, but when cultivated it is good
until Fall. It is very easy to raise, as one may produce
an enormous crop by planting the abundant brown seeds,
so familiar to everyone in the late Fall. Sow them in
rows and in the Spring they will be found to be sprouting
up luxuriously. The plant will spring up again and
again from the same roots, and they may, too, be sown
at intervals, like peas, and thus tender shoots be avail-
able all summer.

Another asparagus-like weed is poke shoot — called in
some parts of the country pigeonberry weed or scoke —
which is found on the borders of the woods in the early
spring. They are cooked and served the same as aspara-
gus, on toast with melted butter, or on toast with butter
sauce. They should not be used after the leaves begin
to uncurl. Tender blackberry shoots are used in the
same way. as are also the tender sprouts of brakes or
other ferns — in many foreign countries, especially in

Japan. Early shoots of the bellwort, or strawbell, are an
excellent substitute for asparagus. The roots of this
plant are very palatable when boiled.

The dandelion needs no introduction ; every child
knows its yellow flowers early in the Spring, and the fact
of its growing popularity as a vegetable is attested by
the increasing number of farmers who are planting it as
a Spring crop for market. It should be gathered very
young, if it is to be used as a salad, but the leaves and
roots may be gathered for cooking when the plant is

ROOTS OF THE THISTLE ARE NOW BEING USED .VS A
VALUABLE VEGETABLE.

quite large and spreading. The flowers are used as well
as the leaves, both for cooking and raw salad. When just
blossomed out they are tender and dehciously flavored.
For a salad the flowers should be pulled apart and scat-
tered over the young leaves and served with a dressing
of mayonnaise. Dandelion combined with bacon will
also be found an excellent salad. .After washing well
the leaves, place them in a salad-bowl and season with
salt and pepper. Cut two ounces of bocan into small
dice, put into a frying pan over the fire and cook until
golden brown, then add two tablespoonfuls of vinegar,
toss until hot, pour over the dandelion leaves and serve.
.\ny of the recipes for spinach can be used for this weed-
vegetable.

The wild yellow dock is one of the most troublesome
of weeds, something to be rooted up and destroyed, and
\et this vegetable outlaw is one of the best and most nu-

400

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

tritions of food staples. The tender leaves when well
cooked and daintily served are far superior to either
spinach or kale. It will be found to add a spic_v flavor to
them if the crisp and tender leaves of the common horse-
radish, which grows in every country kitchen garden, is
cooked with the dock. After the cooked dock has become
cold it makes a splendid salad when served with either
French or mayonnaise dressing, the slight bitterness it
possesses being very palatable. This dock has the long,
curly leaf, which distinguishes it from the thick-leaved
dock which is not edible.

Another familiar weed which has been promoted to the
ranks of edible vegetables is the common leek : it has
very wholesome properties and an agreeable flavor as
well. It is used very much as are onions and chives in
soups, salads and in combination with other vegetables.
and both the leaves and bulbs may be used. And the
housewife who has none of these things at hand and yet
wishes to give zest to a dish which is lacking w-ithoui
them, mav go into the field and pluck some wild garlic
leaves and use them, for it will impart much the same
flavor. The French and Italian cook prefers it to the
onion or leek.

The common sorrel or sour grass is a well-known weed
in all parts of the United States ; it has been cultivated by
some Americans who have seen its luxuriance in the gar-
dens of their French cousins, and tasted it in some of the
ways their German neighbors use it. A most delicious
soup is made by mixing one pint of sorrel leaves, one
onion minced, a few lettuce leaves, spinach or celery
chopped fine, a little salt, pepper and nutmeg, and putting
the whole in a pan in which a tablespoonful of good drip-
pings, olive oil, or butter has been well heated. Cover
and steam in their own juices about fifteen minutes and
then add a cupful of milk in which has been mixed two
tablespoonfuls of flour and one egg, well beaten. When
incorporated with the rest of the mixture, add three
pints of boiling water and cook until smooth and slightl\'
thickened. Just before serving add another cup of hot
milk. Another dish found in many Dutch families is made
by chopping two quarts of sorrel, a head of lettuce, half

"%

^

■^

^

r

jnt

fSHg

^

I

l^

«. ii

a bunch of chevril, and a sprig of parsley together and
heating in a stewpan until the vegetables wilt, then sea-
son with butter, salt and pepper, and thicken with the
yolks of two eggs beaten with a half cupful of cream
and set in the oven to finish cooking. Sorrel may be
eaten by itself as a salad or mixed with other leaves and
things. It is a little too sour by itself unless one leaves
the vinesrar or lemon from the dressinsr.

WILD MUSTARD, WHICH CAN TAKE THE PLACE OF WATER-
CRESS OR LETTUCE.

DOCK, A VEGETABLE OUTLAW, SUPERIOR TO SPIXACH
OR I-CiiLE.

Thoreau. when he lived in a hut at the edge of Walden
Pond, found that purslane, or "pursley," boiled in a little
salted water, with a dish of rice, gave him sufficient food
for a noonday meal. Purslane is one of our commonest
weeds, growing not only by the roadside, but also in every
garden and yard. It is very good when boiled and served
with a little French dressing, or it may be added to stews
and made into sauce to serve with boiled salted beef.

Lamb's quarter, a weed common to both America and
Europe, is found to be a most nourishing vegetable. It
grows in waste places where the ground is rich and moist.
When cultivated in the garden it grows very large stems
and succulent leaves. It may be cooked like spinach
and other greens and may be served as a salad if chopped
after being boiled, pressed into small cups to mould and
when cold served with mayonnaise dressing.

A delicious and novel tasting dish is furnished by the
common yarrow when it is quite young and tender — it
is too bitter to eat when it matures — and mixed with a few
otiier salad leaves. It is excellent for children and is a
good Spring medicine. In some parts of the country
this herb is called milfoil, thousand-leaf clover, green
arrow, old-man's pepper and bloodwort.

To children the weed called "cheeses" because of the
little pulpy seed-containers that have somewhat the flavor
of cheese, is very familiar, but few grown persons would
think of it, the common mallow, as a vegetable, but it has
proved upon experiment to be a most valuable addition
to our weed-vegetables, either cooked or as a salad. It
makes a very substantial salad and the leaves are rich in
nutrition for the roots strike deeply into the soil, and
therefore draw the most valuable mineral elements into
the leaves, which are tender and crisp, and have a taste
quite unlike anything else. They are excellent as a
foundation for various vegetable and fruit salads. It
loses most of its tastiness when cooked.

The wild pepper-grass is to the farmer a well-known
and troublesome weed. Whole fields are yellow from the
beautiful flower of the wild mustard, as it is known to
most people. But upon examination we find the leaves
smaller than those of the true mustard. When picked

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

401

MEEHANS^ means GARDEN SERVICE, plus

Whi-noTfT any perplexing prohlom arises. rwHember tUat yon can
secure tlio service plus of America's pioneer nurserymen by simply
addressing your request for informatiou to Thomas Meehan and Sons,
Germantown, Philadelphia.

State your problem, we shall answer fully and frankly — back of our
answer will be the wealth of practical information gathered by a
deep-rooted organization, 5S years old, drawing upon an inexhaustible
fund of experience in all parts of the country. An organization that
knows your needs because it has practical men personally studying the
conditions in your section, who assist you in the selection of trees,
shrubs, evergreens and perennials that they know are best suited.

HARE, TTNUSTTAL PLANTS THAT GIVE ANY PROPERTY

INDIVIDUALITY

Thomas Meehan & Sons

tborr.iighly i>rnv»(l ,.,iit i;i our own nurseries before being offered for
public sale — arc covered in our

1913 SPECIALTY BOOK— FREE ON REaUEST.

The Meehan shippitig service assures better delivery to distant points
— we ship all over the world.

The Meehan Nurseries are pioneers in assisting property owners to
secure competent gardeners. Gardeners contemplating change are
invited to write us fully.

RARE, HISTORIC ENGLISH ELMS.— A limited number of trees from
«uch hi-toric \n-\n\>. .1 Fn-l;iinl nnd Smtland a? Tower of London. Stirling
Battlefield, Cambridge University, Ely Cathedral, and Lichfield (Home
of Samuel Johnson), etc., are now ofiFered for the first timf to the
American public. Not seedlings, but actual living wood from the
famous old elms grafted to roots of the common English Elm. A full
list of these historic trees, with description, terms of sale and price —
sent on request.

BOX 65

Germantow^n, Philadelphia, Pa.

carefully and washed they make most excellent flavoring
for salads, and are an agreeable addition to meat sand-
wiches. They may be used in place of watercress or
lettuce and contain just enough mustard flavor to be
agreeable without the irritating effect of the true ground
mustard.

The young and tender shoots of hops make a most de-
licious dish in the spring. The shoots may be cooked or
eaten raw as a salad with other salad greens. When
cooked they are eaten with butter and taste somewhat like
peas. -Another food with a taste of peas is the lupine, or
wild pea, the pods of which are broad, flat and ve^y hairy
and contain four or five seeds. TheSe may be shelled like
peas and cooked and served as one would cultivated peas.

Grapevine leaves, either wild or cultivated, which find
little use in the United States except for covering pickles,
to which they are supposed to impart a green color, are
commonly used in Turkey for making a number of dishes.
For instance, little rolls of highly seasoned forcemeat
wrapped in grape leaves and cooked until tender are
nearly always found at wedding feasts. In the southern
markets of this country we find the tiny leaves of the sas-
safras in the form of a powder — rubbed into this state
after thorough drying — and sold under the name of
gumbo file. These leaves are rich in mucilage and have
a dainty flavor without any of the sassafras characteris-
tics.

Flcfvvers as a food do not seem to be appreciated by
Americans, though they are of considerable importance
in the tropics. The unopened buds of the marsh mari-
gold, or cowslip, add much to the flavor of the dish if
cooked with the leaves, while elder blossoms are used in
Italv for making fritters.

The roots of the wild golden thistle are now being
used as a valuable vegetable. The flavor is somewhat
like salsify, and it is cooked in the same manner. This
is an all-the-year-round vegetable, like carrots, turnips,
and other "tubers," the roots being dug in September or
early October and kept throughout the winter. Wild
thistles may be dug in any pasture or meadow, but those
cultivated in gardens are much larger and somewhat
better flavored. The tuberous roots of the broad-leaved
arrowhead — which is common on muddy shores and
shallow waters — are quite wholesom.e. They are cooked
with meat usually, but may be boiled alone. In either
case the tubers remain over the fire until the bitter flavor
entirely disappears. The yellow pond lily, or spatter
dock, has long roots growing under the water whose food
value few people seem to know about. They may be
cooked in the same manner as the arrowhead.

Instead of sighing for something new to eat and settling
down to the "same old things," try the delicious vege-
tables found in the wild pastures, fields and fence cor-
ners. It should open up a vista of entirely new sensa-
tions in taste that will banish the monotony of the same
old familiar vegetables and salads, and we need no longer
go around and around in the same little circle of food-
stuffs, but easily find new things for the table. The field
of possibilities which the cultivation of weeds opens up
to the gardener is almost limitless if he will but remem-
ber what Uncle Sam's expert says about our present
vegetables being but weeds at one time, and to think
what a few years ago it was that tomatoes, now a staple
market food, were looked upon as "love apples" and
grown only as ornaments, and mushrooms were consid-
ered nothing but the most poisonous growth.

EVERGREEINS

CONIFERS In Seventy Varieties And Many Sizes

all well provided with masses of fibrt)us roots by transplanting and root-pruning to insure their safe
removal. Many of these are ten to twelve feet in height for immediate effect. Special prices on car
lots.

RHODODENDRON, English Hybrids, in sizes up to five feet, thoroughly acclimated, and nur-
sery-grown Mountain Laurel up to four feet.

Our Illustrated General Catalogue describes and prices our full line of hardy stock. Mailed on
request.

Visit the nursery at Hawthorne, N. Y., on the Harlem Railroad and see as fine trees as can be grown.

ROSEDALE NURSERIES - - Xarryto\A/n. N. Y.

402 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Gardeners Attention

P. HAMILTON GOODSELL

Fine Nursery Stock

200 BROADWAY NEW YORK

When at the FLOWER SHOW
don't fail to see my EXHIBIT
near the 46th Street entrance on
south side of building.

P. HAMILTON GOODSELL and W. E.
MAYNARD, Sales Manager, in charge.

Automobile to and from our DISPLAY
GROUNDS at WEST FARMS, N. Y., ANY
DAY during the SHOW.

The Gladiolus

By Hammond Tracy, Wenham, Mass.

The result of the outpourings of nature's horn of plenty
is shown in the use of no flower more than in the gladi-
olus. It might almost be said that in quantity of bulbs for
planting for effect or to insure quantity of blooms for
cutting, all along the line of solid colors, lies the whole
secret of success in the growing of the gladiolus.

The motto. "When you're getting, get a plenty," must
produce results.

GL.ADIOLUS "D.\W.N'."

Of course, there are plantings in amateur gardens
where small quantities are advisable for hou.se use, but
even here many bulbs of a few of the best colors will give
much better satisfaction. In the large garden or in the
grower's field, success comes from large plantings of
solid colors.

The gladiolus is just beginning to be ajipreciated as a
garden flow-er in the amateur garden and as a commercial
asset for the grower. It has come into its own in recent
years chiefly because of its rapidlv increasing popularity
and appreciation of its possibilities, and these jmssibilities
are even yet but little understood, because in order to gain
the desired effect they must be used in quantity. Take,
for instance, the blue of Raron Hulot. When used in
large quantities the beautiful blue shows to advantage.
One of the most beautiful and artistic casket covers was

made entirely of I'.aron Hulot Gladioli with the green of
the Asparagus and the Alaiden Hair Fern. In a hotel
foyer, no more beautiful effect could have been produced
than was achieved by the use of four-foot spikes of gladi-
olus Mrs. Francis King arranged with just a few inches
of the spikes placed in the top of a five- foot vase, the
magnificent flower spikes branching out on every side.
This simple but effective arrangement of "Besnard Red"
in a foyer in which the prevailing color scheme was green,
could not have been accomplished with any other flower,
but here, as with Baron Hulot, it was the single color,
used in Cjuantity, that made the effect so telling. An im-
mense basket filled with the light-colored throated varie-
ties in a pleasing combination of creams, whites and tinted
yellows gives an arrangement unequalled by any other
mixture. In fact, this mi.xture of light-colored varieties
with carmine spots or throats is the only mixture that can
be used for decorative effects with any degree of satis-
faction.

When the florist, as well as the amateur, plants in large

GLADIOtUS "H.\R\AK1X'

404

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

quantities the color he or she desires, they will get much
better results and the florist will find a market for his
flowers at a good price, but when he grows a mixture or
few each of many colors, he finds no market whatever,
and yet he does not know the reason why.

In the pink class he will find Wild Rose, Dawn, Ameri-
ca and Independence, a deep pink, among the best. In the
creams, Niagara, Mrs. James Lancashire and Jean Dieu-
lafoy, with carmine throat markings. In the yellow^s.
Sunrise, Sulphur King, Golden Queen and Madam Le-
moinier. In whites. Peace, Augusta, Chicago White and
Aline. In reds, Princeps, Harvard, Sanguine, Cracker
Jack and the good old Brenchleyensis. I have only men-
tioned a few of the varieties under dififerent color sec-
tions, but those which are most popular. Few of these
colors can be used in combination for decorations, piece-
work or as cut flowers, while used in masses by them-
selves or only a few in a vase, the results produced make
a market for the flowers.

The easy culture makes the gladiolus a great asset in
the garden, because even if neglected, they will continue
to grow, are not easily choked out by weeds, and seem to
thrive even in dry weather. To get the best results, they
should be planted from five to six inches deep in ground
well fertilized with bone meal and a liberal coating of agri-
cultural lime well worked into the soil.

When the possibilities of gadiolus planting in masses
comes more intimately under the consideration of land-
scape architects, it's popularity will be still greater. But
right here let me say, that we must educate the general
flower-loving public to a willingness to cut the flower
spikes before they have bloomed to their limit, keeping
the bed in a beautiful appearance and at the same time
having the benefit of the effect of the garden as w'cll as
the flowers in the house. The gardener or grower should
understand the habit and growth of varieties so that the
desired effect will be produced at blooming time. I mean
by this that a description of the variety should be thor-
oughly understood and tall grow'ing varieties should not
be planted where low varieties are needed. Often it is
impossible to make a selection from catalogues for proper
plantings unless thoroughly acquainted with the habits of
special varieties. Another point of interest is the selec-
tion of bulbs. It is a mistake to entertain the notion that
size is virtue. It is essential that bulbs should be of the
proper age, fully developed and healthy, rather than
over-fed, soft and punky though large.

It is gratifving to note that .America leads in the culti-
vation of the gladiolus as well as in the production of new
colorings and varieties of established types, such as Pana-
ma, Niagara, Peace, Dawn, ;\Irs. Francis King and others
equally attractive.

The adaptability of the gladiolus for out-of-door plant-
ing as well as for greenhouse culture, it's freedom from
disease and the wide range of good colors places it in the
front_ ranks of satisfactory flowers and there is undoubt-
edly a great future before it.

National Gardeners' and Florists' bowling tournament
for members of the X. .\. ("i. & S. .\. F. Tlium's al-
leys. New York, .\pril '*. 191, i.

HARDY GARDEN ROSES

My Ciit:il'iL-,
Tffas anil IM i
Standr.rd II i
feet hlsh, \

nil 111,. Icailiu:,' vaii.li.s in Teas. Hjliriil
lis. .^Iso the Wnlsli Cnlk-ctlou of Ramblers,
id I'ci'pi'tHDlR. I.nrt.v Gny and Hiawatha. 4
liir lOl.'i. All H-ld ixnnvn, dnrmaiit .stock of

M. H. WALSH, Rose Specialist. Woods Hole, Mass.

TREE EXPERTS

THENATIONS TREES

Let a

DAVEY

EXPERT
Examine
ybur trees

NOW

A gardener is in position to appreciate, as few others do,

the value of giving proper care to the trees.

In most cases his help lack either practical efficiency

or scientific training in Tree Surgery.

Nea-'ly every gardener would hesitate to climb the trees

himself, and he dislikes to send his men into dangerous

places.

GET REAL TREE SURGEONS

Davey Tree Experts are not only mechanically expert to
a remarkable degree, but they are also scientifically trained
in the Davey Institute of Tree Surgery, the only school in
the world where Tree Surgery is taught.
Davey Tree Experts are employed by the U. S. Govern-
ment, by many of the states, by a large number of the
cities, by the Canadian Government, and by thousands of
the most prominent estate owners of America.

Employ Men Who Climb Without Spurs

Davey Experts climb rapidly and easily, and do not injure trees
while treating them — They get results, because the knowledge
and ability are trained into them.

Davey Experts cost more per hour, but less per job.
Your employer \vants results — He wants his trees saved, not
liracticed on. Poor work is dear at any price — Davey work is
far cheaper in spite of the fact that it costs more per hour than
for ordinary tree men.

Let us make an e-xpert examination of your trees now — Tliere
will be no charge for this. Write today for booklet Z. You'll
find it interesting.

TH[ DAVEY TR[[ [XPERT CO. KENT, 0.

Branch OfBc
Fifth Ave., New York. N. Y.
rves-ter EUIk., Chicago. 111.
,v Hirks Bklg.. .Montronl. Can.
chants' Exch. Bldg.. San Prancls

Telephone,
.Madison Square 9340
Harrison 26(iC
Up Town 6726
Telephone Connection

L

Representatives Available Everywhere

The Heart Potato

By Edward F. Bigelow, Arcadia, Sound Beach, Conn.

From some genuine students and lovers of old JNIother
Nature I have recently received the gift of a potato in
the form of a heart. My friends write:

"It is as if Mother Earth, whose bosom is the burial
place of so much that we love, had relented as to the
secrets within her breast this once, and had sent to us,
out of the mold of centuries. Iter heart bidding us hold
to the love that nurtured us, and that all is well for us
and for her!"

Yes, they are right. Though it may be, "Only an em-
blem of a heart — only a commonplace potato. I3ut life's
greatest joys and sorrows are expressed in emblems of
commonplace material. Yet, are not emblems and the
ideals for which they stand, all that makes life worth liv-
ing^— and even death worth the dying?

"Only a circle of gold typifying never ending union
of two lives in never ending love ; only a few drops of
water and the real life has begun ; only a change of form
and a handful of dust, "earth to earth' — ideals and their
emblems are everything; they are the reality, and if the
daisy shall bring thoughts too deep for tears, so shall
the heart buried in Mother Earth, returning in one of
her commonplace products, rightly 'awaken thoughts too
deep for expression.' "

I have a friend, a farmer poet, i\Ir. Charles H. Cran-
dall, of Idylland, Stamford, Connecticut, to whom I told
the story of the heart-shaped potato, and who saw poetry
and pathos in this emblem that came from the heart of
Mother Earth. He has expressed his beautiful thought
in the following lines :

We buried a Heart in the mother mold.
A Heart that was silent, still and cold,
And we went about in our saddened round.
Trying to smile as we tilled the ground.
Dropping the seed in the fruitful earth.
Praying, with faith, for the timely birth
Of fiower and fruitage to greet our eyes —
But oh, that Heart we buried with sighs !
Of the flower and harvest we feel so sure!
But what of that Heart ? Shall it endure ?

Blade and leaf and blossom have come.
Frost the garden will soon benumb.
Faith is faltering, promises weak :
But still the earth has a word to speak,
As out of the soil we lift this sign —
Life, like all life, ever divine —
Lowly type of immortal kind.
Bringing the promise again to mind :
"Hearts may be dust, hearts' love remain :
Hearts" love shall greet us yet again."

There is no commonplace. When we erroneously re-
gard anything as commonplace, it is simply because oui
finer sensibilities, by hard knocks of our everyday toil,
have become calloused, and have lost their keen edge, and
we fail to appreciate common things. Much would be
• added to the joys of life if we could retain that keen edge,
that delicate susceptibility to the influence of nature that
we possess in our youth. It is a pity that we accept so
much as a matter of course, the miracles that Mother
Earth shows in what we call horticulture. Not only fig-
uratively do we in our bereavement bury a heart in the
earth, but at every sowing of seed, we sow our heart's
desires in unwavering faith. The ground of any garden
is sacred ground. It is a gift from the Infinite with in-
finite possibilities. What is that luysterious s<imctliing in

the seed that we place in this cold ground, and wait for
what we know will come? A garden and a cemetery are
sacred places. From each will come a joyous resurrection.
Every gardener should be an optimist. The world does
improve, the human race is growing better, we are hav-
ing a kinder feeling for one another. We are not only
improving our fruits and flowers, but we are improving
our human beings as well as other forms of animal life.
Men ma_v become what they wish to be, and they make
other things what they want them to be. Think of it
strongly enough and you mould the world to your wishes.
Bring your influence to bear on the "love apple" and it
becomes a tomato. Make your will strong enough, and
from the fine petals of the wild rose, you may evolve the
thousand of the moss rose.

Why did this potato take the form of a heart? There
is a bigger question than that. I do not know why, and
1 do not know why that form is not given to all others.
It is no more sacred than any other shape. Why is the
unusual so attractive, when all so-called commonplace
nature will, if rightl\- viewed, have an influence as
important ?

Camera Snapshots

By W. H. Waite, Superintendent, Estate of Samuel Untermeyer, Greystone, Yonkers, N. Y.

Fig. 14. Cattleya Trianae Alba. — This photo of a
pure white Cattleya Trianae Alba is introduced here for
a special purpose. If one looks careful!}- at the photo
he will notice that the pseudo bulb supporting the flower
is very much deformed, showing at one time to be badly
attacked with Cattleya fly, and although hardly noticeable
in the photo, there are several holes in the bulb showing
where the flies have escaped.

FIG. 14. ('ATTLEV.\ TRI.\N.'\E .'\LB.\.

Now, it is usually supposed that the proper treatment
for the cattleya fly is to cut off the affected growths, and
it is generally agreed that the growths that have fly and
allowed to mature will come blind.

In this particular case the jjlant, being rather small

and a valuable one, although this growth (which, by the
way, was a secondary one, the first one having been cut
off) , showed every indication of being badly attacked with
fly, and should under the usual treatment have been cut
off, was allowed to remain, with the result that the de-
formed fly attacked leaf produced a spike with two beauti-
fully formed pure white flowers.

Now, then, what is the proper treatment for Cattleyas
that are attacked with fly? It seems that we should hesi-
tate a little before we cut off the infested growths, for
the cure may be worse than the disease. I should be
glad to have this subject discussed and have some other
growers' opinions on the subject, as the more light we can
get on the matter the better.

Fig. 15. Schi::autliHS IVisetonensis. — The subject of
this note is one of the most valuable annuals we have
for the show house, its dainty flowers are also much ad-
mired when used as a dinner table decoration.

It is of the easiest possible culture, delighting in a rich

Fir,. 15. S(II1/\N1I1LS W ISETUNFN'.SIS.

moist soil and a low temperature. Seeds of only the best
possible strains of this plant should be bought and from
reliable sources, who make a specialty of this class of
plants, as there are many inferior strains of this plant on
the market which no amount of care will produce good
stock.

Fig. 16. Gloxinia Empress. — A well-grown plant of
Glo.xinia, if it is a good strain, is generally much appre-

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

407.

ciatecl. The variety under note is a pleasing spotted
variety, the ground work of the flowers is a creamy white,
and is delicately marked with violet spots, the flowers are
large and are borne very erect.

Fig. 17. Calceolaria Hybrida. — That good Calceo-
larias are about the hardest plants we have to grow, is
^vell known by most gardeners and it is only on establish-
:ments where a variety of blooming plants are desired for
show purposes that their culture is attempted. To those
who have to grow them, a good plant of a tine strain is
.always much admired.

Fig. 18. Dzvarf Phlox at Greystonc. — Splendid ef-
fects may be had by the planting of masses of the dwarf
•creeping Phloxes on rocky banks, etc., such plantings as
seen in the accompanying illustration never fail to win
admiration. The varieties we use for this purpose are
varieties of Phlox subulata in the following colors, mak-
ing masses of each color, pink, white, lilac and white with
pink eye.

Fig. 19. Crocus Naturalized at Greystoiie. — The
naturalization of bulbs should play a more important part
in the development of estates than is now in vogue. We
made a planting several years ago of half a million crocus
and half a million of mixed Narcissi, and ever since thev
were planted they have yearly paid dividends on the in-
vestment, by the amount of enjoyment and pleasure they
have given to the owner and friends.

We hear quite a little of the deterioration and dying off
of bulbs that are planted in the grass in this countrv, that
I have pleasure in refuting this, and would say in explana-
tion that this photo was taken eight years after planting
and it certainly shows no sign of deterioration. I might
say that the yellow crocus do not seem to have in-
creased, but the purples and whites have considerablv
increased.

CALCEOLARL^S HYBRIDA.

GLOXINIA EMPRESS.

■FIG. 18. DWARF PHLOX AT GREVSTOXE.

FIG. 19. CROCUS N.VTURALIZED .\T GREYSTONE.

(To be continued.)

.408

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

HERE, THERE AND EVERYWHERE

THE Seeding operations will be-

WALL STREET come general within the next
FARMERS weeks. It is to be feared that

a large majority of the farmers
will, as usual, give little or no attention to the selection
of seed. Yet it has been demonstrated that a careful
selection of seed would add hundreds of millions of dol-
lars to the total value of the crops.

Burbank has said that if a variety of wheat were de-
veloped capable of producing one more kernel to the
head, it would mean an addition of 15,000.000 bushels to
our wheat crop. It is possible to do much more than
that. At the Minnesota station a wheat selected for ten
years, on the principles of Hallett, the English physi-
ologist, yielded 25 per cent, more than the parent variety.
Applied to the crop of 1912, that increase would have
amounted to 185,000,000 bushels, worth $140,000,000.
Again and again it has been shown that by hybridization
and seed selection varieties of wheat can be developed
to meet local conditions of soil and climate ; while the
gluten content can be increased by the same means.

It has been officially stated that our average yield of
corn could be easily doubled. Seed selection alone would
accomplish wonders. After exhaustive tests the Depart-
ment of Agriculture says that by merely testing the in-
dividual ears of seed corn and rejecting those of low
vitality, an average gain of nearly 14 per cent, could be
secured. It is an easy matter to test seed corn ; and last
year that increase would have amounted to 437,000,000
bushels, with a farm value of $213,000,000. What would
it amount to if every farmer raised his seed corn with
the same care and skill that is given to the breeding of a
trotting horse?

A strain of barley has been developed in Wisconsin
that last year was 6j^ bushels ahead of the average
vield. That increase on the entire acreage of last season
Would have been worth $27,000,000. We plant 37,000,-
000 acre? to oats and get an average yield of less than
thirty bushels, when more could be obtained. The ten-
year average yield of potatoes is 92.7 bushels per acre.
Maine has produced as high as 220 bushels. A potato
will reproduce, not like itself, but like the nest or hill it
came from. Vet little attention is paid to selection which
could increase production 50 per cent. When 3,500,000
acres are planted, what a shameful waste !

Cotton planters should know that their salvation lies
in their power to increase the yield and improve the
quality. The expert in charge of cotton breeding in the
Department of Agriculture says: "By a system of selec-
tion and breeding, loth yield and quality could be greatly
raised. As an estimate of the advantage to be gained
annuallv, $200 OCO TOO is not unreasonable."

There is no easier way for the farmers to add a bil-
lion dollars a yeir to their product than by a careful
system of seed selection and breeding. Are our farmers
forever to la^ behind 'he rest of the country in scientific
production, — ^^'all Street Journal.

How the raw sap travels from

DISTRIBUTION the absorbing roots beneath the

OF SAP rround to the topmost twig on

an oak or elm tree, more than

one hundred feet above, and to nearly four or five times

that height in the case of snnie of the mammoth gum trees

(eucalyptus) of the Tasn^n-:an forests, and in the gigantic

\\'ellingtonia of California, has long puzzled the physicist
to explain.

The old idea, says a writer in the Strand, that capil-
larity is the factor at work, the fluid being conveyed up
the trunk and branches after the manner of oil through
the wick of a lamp, becomes an altogether inadequate
explanation. Especially is this so when we realize that
in some of the internal tissues of the stem the pressure
exerted reaches from eight to twenty atmospheres, or,
in other words, from one hundred and twenty to three
hundred pounds to the square inch — a force greater than
that in the boiler of a normal railway engine.

This mighty pressure, scattered more or less irregu-
larly through the tissues of the tree, drives the sap to the
buds and forces them open, expands their leaves, and is
continually at work wherever the process of building new
structures is going on. It is obvious, therefore, that
the engineering arrangements for the conducting and
controlling of this powerful stream of life-giving sap
must be very perfectly organized.

Indeed, they are more than that ; they present marvels
of mechanical construction which are not only astonish-
ing on account of their perfection, but are so minute
that man can only penetrate the mysteries and beauty of
their structure by means of high power microscopes ana
careful chemical investigations. Even then he is left
baffled and wondering.

Congress is being severelv
THOSE FREE criticized over its failure to dis-
SEEDS. continue the practice of free

seed distribution ; this year's ap-
propriation providing $257,000 for that purpose.
While this expenditure in the face of it does seem
an injustice to those engaged in merchandizing seeds,
there also appears to be some logic in the argument of
some of the law makers, who argue that the amount
of seed distributed freely to the average individual is
barely sufficient to "whet his appetite" and makes him a
future buyer of seeds. "Once tried always used" is not
an axiom that can be applied to free seeds, for failure re-
sults so frequently from their use that the grower soon
becomes willing to pay for reliable seeds. The story is
told of a citizen of \\'ashington who, after buying a small
plot of ground, felt that his influence ought to entitle him
to a free garden, so he secured the "congressional" seeds
and then sought the advice of a gardener friend how to
best plant. It was suggested that he use a package of
zinias obtained, along a border to get a good effect. In
time he reported to his friend the gardener that about the
only thing growing were the border plans and that they
were making big leaves. The gardener, inquisitive,
visited the plot and discovered the zinia seed was produc-
ing beets. However, the interest of the amateur was
aroused enough to make another attempt with his own
bought seeds. An instance in the writer's own family
may be told of a ten-year-old son who started sowing
seeds obtained from his school at a cent a package. As
might be expected, failure resulted in most of the sowing,
but the little chap was not discouraged and wanted to try
again. Last year reliable seeds were secured from the
seedsman and he met with success, the outcome of it
being that much of his winter months have been spent
planning his next garden.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

409

So many believe that thev do
BENEFITS OF A not have time to "fuss" wi'th a
GOOD GARDEN garden. But there is more to a
garden — a farm garden — than
the few hours of work that is necessary to give it each
week. The most of us love the country and the joys and
comforts of country life. Unfortunately our race has
interpreted the expression "comforts of life" as meaning
wax floors, Turkish rugs, steam heat, electric lights, and
a bath room adjoining every chamber. A comfort of
life that is a comfort in every sense of the word — a com-
fort that is denied the average city' dweller, except in a
second-hand fashion — is a good home garden. For this
we w'ish to make a plea. No one can afford to deny
himself the fruits of a kitchen garden. It is economical
because it conserves health and minimizes the cost of
supplying the family table. The dietary of the human
race is an integral part of man's efficiency. An engine
may, and does, continue to perform its work day after
day upon the same fuel ; but the fuel that makes the man
go is the food that is taken into his system. Now the
human machine is so constructed that a wide variety of
diet is not only necessary, but highly agreeable from the
standpoint of making life worth while. A garden is a
home comfort in no less a sense than is the water that
is piped into the house. The one helps to make the
human life efficient, and the other lessens the toil of the
workers. Therefore at this season let us resolve to have
a good home garden. It is not "jumping the plow out
of the furrow" of our story to drop the hint that many
a boy — and girl, too, for that matter — has gone in search
of the flesh pots of the cities, because there might be
found less of potatoes and turnips and more of sliced
tomatoes, savory melons, and crisp celery. — Exchange.

The Department of Agricul-

FOREST tur, figuring up the losses by

FIRES fires on the National Forests for

the calendar year 1912, finds

that they were the lowest of recent years. Less than one

acre to every thousand of timbered lands was burned over,

and the total damage is estimated at $75,290, or less than

one dollar to every 2,C00 acres of area.

The good record is attributed to, first, favorable
weather conditions in most localities, and second, the in-
creased efficiency of the fire-fighting organization. .\s
Co]igress makes available the means for extending the
.system of communications on the 'National Forests, the
equipment of trails, roads, telephones, and lookout sta-
tions is vearly enlarged and the fires, it is said, are dis-
covered more quickly and fought more rapidly.

.A.n especially good showing was made by the forest
officers last year in extinguishing fires outside the Na-
tional Forests before they reached the forest boundaries.
Such fires constituted more than one-sixth of all fought
by the forest rangers and guards, .\bout nine-tenths
were extinguished before they touched the forests. Of
the fires within the forest boundaries more than 18 j^er
<-ent. were on lands in private ownership. N'earlv one-
fourth of the extra exjjenditures due to fighting fires — ■
that is, expenditures outside the time of* the regular
forest force — was incurred in fighting these fires.

Lightning caused more fires than any other agency,
followed by rai' roads, campers, and incendiaries, in the
order given. The greatest losses occurred in .\rizona,
.Arkansas, and California, in which States there was also
the largest proportion of fires caused Ijy lightning and by
incendiarism.

Of the 2,472 fires, over 75 per cent, were put out
before 10 acres were burned over, and nearly 50 per
cent before one-quarter of an acre was covered.

Foresight is one of the great-
THOSE WHO est assets of the farmer. Those
LOOKED AHEAD men who have added most to
our knowledge of the breeding
of animals and plants have been men with active imagina-
tions. They have looked ahead, planning bigger things
than the present justified, always hoping and working to
fulfill these ideals, but never forgetting that many plans
would fail and that disappointments were inevitable.

When Abram Renick and the \\'arfields brought the
best Shorthorn blood into Kentucky they looked ahead
to the time when this breed would be the leader in .Amer-
ica as in England. When Reid and others were develop-
ing a strain of prolific corn they looked ahead to the time,
then but dimly forcasted, when the breeding of grains
would be almost as carefully done as the breeding of
animals. \\^e have a few great landed estates with per-
manent buildings, fields rich and well tilled, orchards and
roadways all planted to hardy trees : the builders looked
ahead. .,

Two factors now seriously check the permanent im-
provement of farm communities. The first is the ab-
sentee landlord, who cares little for the permanency of
his farm even though his personal profit would be con-
served if he treated his place as a more permanent busi-
ness. The second is the widespread unrest among farm-
ers and the ever-present readiness to consider an ofTer
for the farm and a consequent removal to another sec-
tion. If the farm-owner does not consider his home a
permanent one he will certainly not plan with a view
to the future. We need more men who will carefully
settle themselves to a lifework in a particular branch of
farming and plan accordingly, not impatient for imme-
diate results, but with a bigger vision for the future, and
then stay by it until the consummation is complete.

PLANTS THAT ^'^^ influence of soil and cli-

ARE POISONFD ^^^^^^ upon the edibility of plants
has been receiving special at-
BY SOIL tention in South Africa, where

the disease "Lamziekte," in cattle has caused such de-
struction that certain newly developed districts are
threatened with ruin.

In his address to the South African Association, Dr.
.Arnold Theiler has pointed out that in this disease, unlike
others that afifect farm stock, the microscope and trans-
mission experiments have failed to indicate a cause, and
he accepts as well founded the theory developed with the
government botanist that the toxins in the grasses of
certain areas are concerned.

.An indefinite belief has grown up that grasses on some
soils and under certain climatic conditions yield a poison
that afi^ects cattle only after long partaking. This view
has been confirmed in Natal, where the plant Senecio
latifolio from one locality was fatal to horses and cattle,
but proved to be harmless when grown in another place.

Feeding experiments begun at various stations are ex-
jjected to give in time a thorough test of the question.

This shrub, of which the

SPIREA variety .Anthony Waterer is

BUWALDA probaioly the most frequently

planted, should be cut down to

within two or three inches of the ground before growth

starts in the spring: also as soon as the first flowers have

faded the heads should be cut ofl^ with an inch or two of

stem to secure a succession of flowers and young growth.

It is the brilliant. coloring of this young growth which is

really the most charming feature connected with this

species, and which canrfot be obtained exce];ting by this

method of pruning. — .Arthur Smith.

410

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Photographs by

rtesy of Lord & Bur

The vestibule or summer garden of the above house before the clamber-
ing roses had claimed it as their own.

WHO IS TO BLAME?

WHY do so many gardeners, who grow
such splendid stock in their greenhouses
and arrange it so attractively, neglect
so glaringly its outside embellishment? A few-
vines around the foundations ; a rambler rose
over the vestibule — by its color relieving the
monotony of white paint and glass — a few peren-
nials and annuals happily combined will work
wonder effects, at a trifling cost. Can it be that
some of our gardener friends are "constitution-
ally languid"? As an object lesson, look at the
house in the lower right corner and compare it
with the one of similar design above. If this
won't stir up the languid ones — nothing short of
dynamite will.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

-Ill

Such "Bald as a loon" horrible examples are needless. The own

an exception.

What Left-Over Plants Will You Give?

An Appeal to the Members of the National Association.

Last Sprini;- — or rather early in the Summer of 1912,
the National Plant, Flower and Fruit Guild (New York
City Branch) maintained a Neighborhood Garden for
the children around the neighborhood of Sixty-sixth
street and Avenue A, a district of the city almost as con-
gested as that of the lower east side. The Guild already
has applications from more than 200 children for a "little
farm" and with the assistance of the readers of the

WHERE FLOWERS ARE .APPRECIATE! i.

Chro.n'icle, these applications can be filled. The (Guild's
I)lan is a simple one and just as free from red tape as
anything possibly could be. The big space in front of
the Rockefeller Institute at Sixty-sixth street and the
East River has been loaned to the Guild for the purpose
of giving to the children of that neighborhood a happy,
wholesome, instructive summer. Each child is assigned
a plot 5 X 10 feet in which are planted six varieties of
vegetables and one row of flowers. In the center of the
farm space is a pool with aquatic plants, fish, etc., the
first of its kind ever seen in a children's garden in this
country. After the little farms have been laid out, there
will be a space of twenty feet all around the plots which
the Guild wants to fill in with growing plants. It is for
this space that the help of the members of the National
Association of Gardeners is asked. Small donations of
bedding plants, salvia, coleus sweet alyssum, etc., etc.,
will, if sent in by many friends, soon amount to suflicient
to fill in the borders. Then the Guild can use hardy
shrubs and hardy plants of taller growth. In fact space
can be found for any variety, and moreover they can be
sent W'ithout expeuse to the donor. The free label of the
Guild — which in its eighteen years has carried five
million bunches of flowers to the sick poor — is at the dis-
posal of every donor. This label is given to the Guild
through the courtesy of all the express companies in the
United States. If plants are packed in packages weigh-
ing not more than twenty pounds and come from a dis.-
tance not exceeding 100 miles outside New York City,
the plants will come to the Guild free of charge, and the
office — Room 47, No. 70 Fifth avenue. New York — will
be most happy to give further details upon application.
In fact, the Guild wants letters. It wants to spread the
knowledge of its work and how each individual member
of the N. A. of G. can be of service to the "other half" of

the big cities. Could your members have seen the happy
faces, the eager expectancy and the intense satisfaction
of the small farmers at the Harvest Day of the garden
last summer, no other plea would be needed to insure
plants for that same garden this summer. It was a gala
day for the small people. Long before the appointed
hour, the "farmers" had decorated the open air shack
which the Guild used as a meeting place, with shucks of
corn and wild flow'ers sent in from the country. Each
child had his exhibit of vegetables (raised in his own
plot), arranged, on the bench .set aside for that purpose.
Hefore the, prizes were awarded, the farmers were filled
up with ice cream and cake, thereby ensuring good
humor for the disap])ointed ones. Two silver loving cups
suitablv engraved, were presented with due ceremony to
the boy and girl having the best plots. Tw'o second
prizes of growing ferns were awarded to the next best.
Strange to say, while the decision as to the plots was
made by a "grown-up" committee, each child when asked
(before the prizes were awarded) voted for the same boy
and girl as those selected by the committee, and there
was absolutely no "kicking" on the part of the other
children as to the justice of the awards. During the

SEND YOUR FLOWERS TO THESE CHILDREN.

winter a Garden Club, meeting in the old Schermerhorn
Mansion on the grounds of the Institute, has kept the
children's interest alive. Next spring the Guild must
assign 200 plots to 200 expectant children. Each plot
averages $.^, a paltry sum to these neglected children
busy and happy all summer. If the members of the
N. A. of G. will see to it that plants are sent for the outer
spaces, then the funds of the Guild can be used for the
farms alone. An experienced teacher and a working
gardener are necessary to exercise supervision and to
give the elementary instruction to the children. Once
more the Guild pleads for donations of plants from the
readers of the Chronicle. Those who cannot send in
time for the planting of the Garden, can donate their
plants to the annual plant sale which the Guild holds each
June for the benefit of the poor of the city, so give, .give,
give ! Advise your secretary. Mr. M. C. Ebel, what plants
vou can donate. He will make shipping arrangements
for you.

Katharine Paul.
Rec. Sec'y., N. Y. Branch.
Room 47, No. 70 Fifth .Avenue.

New York City.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

413

THE

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA.

MARTIN C. EBEL, Managing Editor,
Madison, N. J.

Published by

CHRONICLE PRESS

M. E. MAYNARD, President. A. A. FAY, Sec'y.

1 MONTGOMERY STREET, JERSEY CITY, N. J.

New York Office

236 WILLIAM STREET, NEW YORK CITY.

Subscription Price, 12 Months, $1.00 :: :: Single Copies, 10 Cents
Foreign, $1.50

Entered as second class matter February 18, 1905, at the Post Office at
Jersey City, N. J., under Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.

Published on the 15th of each month.

Advertising forms close on the 10th preceding publication.
For information regarding advertising rates, etc., address Advertising
Department, Gardeners' Chronicle, Madison, N. J.

ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

President, Vice-President, Treasurer,

WM. H. WAITE, A. J. SMITH, JAMES STUART,

Ynkers, N. Y. Lake Geneva, Wis. Mamaroneck, N. Y.

Secretary, MARTIN C. EBEL, Madison, N. J.

TRUSTEES FOR 1913.

Peter iarf. Orange, N. J.; William Kleinheinz, Ogontz, Pa.; William
Duckham, Madison, N. J.; Alexander MacKenzie, Glen Cove, N. Y.; John H.

Dodds, Wyncote, Pa.

DIRECTORS.

To serve until 1914 — Robert Angus, Tarrytown, N. Y.; Robert Bottomley,
New Canaan, Conn.; Carl Schaeffer, Tu.xedo Park, N. Y. ; E. Wetterlow,
West Manchester, Mass.; T. J. Kempton, Baychester, N. Y. ; E. Trethewey,
Tarrytown, N. Y.; Alexander Eraser, Newport, R. I.

To serve until 1915— John Shore, Harrison, N. Y.
Lenox, Mass.; William N. Craig, North Easton, Mass.
FishkiU, N. Y.; Robert Williamson, Greenwich, Coi
Harbor, Me.; James Bell, New York, N. Y.

To serve until 1916— Thomas W. Logan, Jenkintown, Pa.; John F. Huss,
Hartford, Conn.; John W. Everett, Glen Cove, N. Y. ; A. Bauer, Deal
Beach, N. J.; John W. Jones, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Alexander McPherson,
Washington, D. C; James C. Shield, Monticello, 111.

Thomas Proctor,
Frank E. Witney,
.; F. Kirk, Bar

Vol. XVL

MARCH, 1913.

No. 5.

The greatest forces of the present century guiding the
destinies of men and nations have been developed through
combination, whether in social or industrial strife, but
wherever man contents for supremacy ; and, so, in the
gardening profession some contend that as today a Trust
controls the flour from which we derive our daily bread,
the flesh we eat, the table we use, the linen we spread and
articles we place on it, the clothes we wear, and so on,
practically all else but the air we breathe, why then
should there not also be a Gardeners' Trust? If it were
to be solely for the purpose of combining to bring about a
betterment of the gardening profession through co-
operative endeavor to elevate it, we say aye.

But, first of all the gardener must recognize the fact
that his vocation is not a trade, but distinctly a profession
and that his success depends entirely on himself, that is,
on the energy and ability he exerts. It may be said
that there are three classes among the gardeners : The
first, consisting of those men striving to advance and ever
ready to learn, climbing to reach the top of the ladder.
The next class is those who, when they get half way up
the ladder, are satisfied and content to rest, permitting
others to climb over them. Then we come to the last
class, which never climbs. It is there we find the seed
of discontent cropping u]) in the ranks of the gardeners ;
the grievance of this class being, that an ci|uilil)rium
should be maintained whereby it would be aided to a
better compensation, ahliough the cliniliers would be
checked thereby.

There is no denying that trade organizations have their
good qualities, but professions can never be similarly
regulated. A man selecting the profession of gardening
for his life work should first of all realize that it wiH
rest entirely with him whether he succeeds or whether
he fails. If he finds his disposition not in harmony with
his work, better quit and seek another field of endeavor.
But_ if his work interests him he will progress in his
profession in proportion to the ability he develops within
himself through study and practice. ' Here let it be said
that the college graduate does not always have the best
of it, for too much theoretical knowledge' and not enough
practical experience is far worse than the reverse of the
situation, as you can never have too much practice, while
you may overload yourself with theories. However, the
man who can combine theory and practice has a great
advantage.

Much more will be expected of the gardener of the
future than was required of the gardener of the past.
This refers to the men who become leaders in their
profession, capable of managing extensive estates. Such
men must not alone be possessed of a thorough knowl-
edge of gardening, but must be informed on all matters
which come under the superintendency of a private
estate. They must have executive ability, be able to meet
and intelligently discuss the management of affairs of a
large estate with its owner; be posted on agriculture,
cattle, road building, general construction work and all
that goes to make up a gentleman's estahlishmfent. They
must, in other words, have sufficient knowledge in all of
the various departments of an estate to be able to properly
supervise them.

For this class of men there will never be wage regula-
tion or time limit to constitute a day's work. They be-
come managers, and their compensation should be gov-
erned by the responsibilities entrusted to them. It is
true, that to a large degree those who employ gardeners
do not appreciate the value of their services, and com-
pensation in many instances is not proportionate to that
of some of the other professions. This, however, is
largely due to the fact that the gardening profession has
so far not attained the standard of the legal, medical
and other sciences ; and so it comes right home to the
gardener to elevate, through combination and co-opera-
tion, the standard of his profession, for no one else can
accomplish this for him.

Most gardeners lack some of th.e salient characteristics
which enter into the makeu]) of other professional men.
The qualities most demanded are good education, strong
character, good mannerism, and self-confidence to meet
any man on an equal plane. There are already many
men in the ]irofession who profess gardening as their
life work and who love it. possessing all these qualities,
and when the gardening profession as a whole becomes
more representative of that standard, and it all rests with
the gardener as to when that will be. it will then not only
be honored as the oldest, but will rank as the first pro-
fession in the whole universe.

We arc iiulel)ted to our contributors to this issue,
and to many more who could not be included, but
whose articles will help to make future numbers equally
interesting and instructive. Without the co-operation of
these friends, it would not be possible to present to our
readers such an edition as we offer them in the March
issue. Its columns contain matter from which all inter-
ested in gardening may obtain much instructive in-
formation, while its atlvertising columns offer the best
in horticultural retiuirements that can be obtained any-
where.

414

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

ASSOCIATION NOTES

M. C. EBEL, Secretary, MADISON, N. J.

A PERSPECTIVE OF THE NATIONAL
ASSOCIATION.

"At its last annual session the National Farmers' Con-
gress adopted a new constitution, which means a radical
reorganization of this body. If it fulfills its new purpose
it will become a clearing house for the exchange of ideas
among delegates of all State, interstate and national
organizations having to do with agriculture and farm
life.

W. H. WAITE, YOXKERS, N. V., PRESIDENT N. A. G.

"The opportunity to make this organization a forceful
federation of agricultural leaders is unlimited. It is uni-
versally agreed that we need some central body that w^ill
be a clearing house for ideas originating with farmers'
organizations of various kinds. The influence of the
National Farmers' Congress has never been what the
title )night imply, because of a lack of well-distributed
support throughout the country.

"V'igorous and sane promotion should put this organ-
ization in the first rank as representing the interest of
the American farmer. Those who have been disposed to
minimize the importance of this organization now have
every opj;ortunity to influence its future development."

The foregoing is an abstract taken from an article
appearing in one of the leading farm journals of the

country. It describes the past history and possible future
of the National Farmers' Congress in much the same
way as the past, present and prospective future of our
own organization might be related. The opportunity
that is ahead for the Farmers' Congress in the interest of
agriculture is not greater than that presenting itself to
the National Association of Gardeners for the develop-
ment of horticulture and floriculture in this big land of
ours.

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION MEETING.

A meetin.g of the National Association of Gardeners
will take place in the lecture hall of the Grand Central
Palace, New York City, on Monday, April 7, at two
o'clock. While there is no known formal business at
this time to bring before this meeting, however, an oppor-
tunitv will be given to anv member or members to bring:

A. T. SMITH, LAKE GENEVA, W^S., VICE-PRESIDENT N. A. G.

up any subject which may be regarded of interest to our
organization. At three o'clock Mr. P. F. Felton, of Lon-
don. England, will address the meeting on the practical
usage of flowers. It is requested that all members in
the cit>- on that day attend this meeting. Let it be a
"get together" meeting for the purpose of establishing
a closer acquaintanceship among the men of the pro-
fession.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

415

THE NATIONAL BOWLING CONTEST.

The bowling committee has completed all arrange-
ments for the National Gardeners' and Florists' bowling
tournament on Wednesday, April 9, under the auspices
of the National Association, and to which it has invited
the Society of American Florists to participate wMth it.
An entire floor of Thumm's bowling alleys, Broadway
and 31st street, consisting of twelve alleys has been
rented, and bowling will commence at nine o'clock in the
morning and it is expected that the tournament will last
throughout the day. Teams of three men, members of a
local gardeners' or florists' society or club, and members
of good standing in the N. A. G. or S. A. F. can com-
pete in the team tournament. The individual tourna-
ment will be open to all members of the N. A. G. and
S. A. F. Many prizes have already been secured, and it
is expected that before the tournament occurs a long list
of prizes will be offered.

President Waite offers a piece of silver, value $50, as
a sweepstake prize, to be competed for by the three mem-
bers of the S. A. F. and three members of the N. A. G.
making the highest scores of the tournament. Ex-Presi-
dent Logan offers a silver cup for the greatest number
of strikes made in the tournament in three games, the
sweepstake contest excluded. Secretary Ebel offers a
silver cup for the highest score made in the tournament,

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION HEADQUARTERS.

The headquarters of the National Association of Gar-
deners during the Flower Show will be at the Murray
Hill Hotel, Park avenue and 40th street, as reported in
the last issue of the Chko.vicle. Arrangements have
been made with this hotel for the accommodation of
members at reasonable rates, and the men's dining hall
will he the rendezvous of the members morning, noon and

J.\MES STUART, M.\MARONECK, N. Y., TREASURER N. .\. G.

the sweepstake contest excluded. Treasurer James
Stuart offers three prizes of the value of S30, for the
winning team of three men, members from a local gar-
deners' or florists' club, and members of either the
N. A. G. or S. A. F. A silver cup is offered for the
highest number of spares in the tournament in three
games, the sweepstake contest excluded. A long list of
prizes is offered for the individual tournament, to wdiich
the committee expects to add considerably before the
event. Everything indicates that the tournament, which
will occur during the week of the International Flower
Show in New York, will be an interesting affair. Fur-
ther information can be obtained from the secretarv.

M. C. EBEL, MADISOX, X. J., SECRETARY X. A. G.

night. The secretary or one of his assistants will be at
the hotel each morning from 3 o'clock to 10 o'clock to
meet incoming members and to arrange for admission
cards to the show, bowling entries, and for the entertain-
ment of the visiting gardeners wdiile in the city. Those
desiring to make the headquarters their stopping place
are advised to reserve their rooms early as a big attend-
ance is looked for and the hotel accommodations are
limited.

MEMBERSHIP CARDS.

^Members should not leave home without their member-
ship card of the N. .\. G. for the year 1913. to attend
the International Flower Show, as the card will be neces-
sary to secure admission card to the show, also to par-
ticipate in the bowling tournament, and in what other
entertainment may be provided : it wjjl also serve to in-
troduce members to each other. If you have not yet
paid vour 1913 dues remit to the secretary, and mem-
liership card will be sent to you immediately ; do not
delav until you arrive at New York for he will there
have troubles enough attending to many details without
the additional worry of having to collect and keep rec-
ords of dues.

416

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

THE SERVICE BUREAU.

The secretary will submit a plan to the executive
board of the association when it meets during the Inter-
national Flower Show, for its consideration to establish
a service bureau such as was authorized at the last execu-
tive meeting held in New York, in January. This plan
contemplates the establishment of an oiifice , to which
members of the association engaged in the profession
of gardening can look to for opportunity for advance-
ment. The plan provides for members to file application,
giving a full history of themselves as to past experience,
where engaged and previously employed, and full refer-
ences which will be investigated. Superintendents, gar-
deners, and also owners of estates may apply to the
bureau when they require the services of an assistant or
even a head gardener or superintendent, and a list of
desirable applicants will be supplied for consideration
from which to choose. Co-operation will be one of the
essential factors to make this service successful ; to keep
the bureau informed of the existence of or contemplated
vacancies, so that it may promptly ofifer its services.
Fuller details will be reported in the next issue of the
Chronicle, after the executive board has acted. As
previously reported it is not the sense of the executive
board to establish a bureau which may be in any wise re-
garded as a department to furnish "jobs" to the shift-
less : it is intended solely as an aid to ambitious young
men in the profession who are affiliated with this organ-
ization, and who are striving to advance.

NEW MEMBERS.

The following new members have been enrolled within
the past month : W. Carlquist, Lenox, Mass. ; M. Ander-
son. Riverdale, N. Y. ; Oscar Bjorkgren, Glen Cove,
N. Y. ; P. A. Bushele, Nyack, N. Y. ; Joseph Mooney,
Hastings, N. Y. ; M. Carlson, Riverdale, N. Y. ; Louis A.
Hubbard, Glen Cove, N. Y. ; Thomas Shore, Kutonah,
N. Y. ; Edwin Forsey, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. ; George Mac-
donald. Great Barrington, j\lass. ; John A. Grant, Thomas
Page, Great Barrington, Mass. ; Ralph M. Ward, New
York, N. Y. ; T. J. Hopkins, West Orange, N. J. ; Thomas
Smith, Yonkers, N. Y. ; George Ashworth, Locust Valley,
N. Y. ; James Gordon, Oneonta, N. Y. ; Duncan M. Men-
zies, Yonkers, N. Y. ; W. Lefurgy, Ardsley, N. Y. ; Her-
bert Martin Blanche, Irvington-on-Hudson, N. Y. ; ~D.
Gustafson, James W. H. Campbell, Ardsley, N. Y. ; Wil-
liam Michie, Lake Forest, 111. ; James Alichie, Sharon,
Conn. ; R. C. Cushman, Yonkers, N. Y.

J. Edwards, Riverdale, N. Y. ; Ernest Miller, Yonkers,
N." Y. ; Charles Smith. George Moulden, Fred White-
bouse, Fred Hitchman, Edward Fitzgerald, George Bond.
John Clunas, Williams Ellis, Martin Fitzgerald, Robert
Forbes, Bryan Hathaway, Yonkers, N. Y. ; Arthur
Breare, Greenwich, Conn.; Charles Klose, Morristown,
N. J. ; John A. Watt, Washington, D. C.

AN APPEAL TO GARDENERS.

Fellow Gardeners. — Having been appointed manager
of the coming International Flower Show to be held in
the New Grand Central Palace, New York City, April 5
to 12, I am making this personal appeal to you to exhibit
in every class you possibly can, and I ask your co-opera-
tion in making this 'the best exhibition ever held, and at
the same time to uphold the dignity and honor of our
profession as gardeners.

You can also greatly assist by influencing the other
g^ardeners in your vicinit\'.

The opportunity presents itself, and I am counting on
your hearty support. Wm. H. Duckham.

MR. HENRY COTTEREL.

Mr. Henry Cotterel, a well-known gardener of the
old school, passed away on Wednesday, February 26, at
his home on St. Paul's avenue, Jersey City, N. J. He
was 74 years of age, and leaves a widow, two daughters
and one son.

He was for 25 years on one place at Tarrytown, N. Y.,
under three proprietors ; was for about five years with
Mr. F. L. Stetson, at Sterlington, N. Y., and for three
years with Mrs. Byers at Sewickley, Pa. During recent
years he devoted some of his time to jobbing gardening.

He will be well remembered by the men of the pre-
vious generation, and also by many of the present day, as
a good type of the all round gardener. He was stead-
fast and loyal to his friends, and to his employers, and
his death will leave a vacancy in the gardeners' ranks
which will be felt.

MR. THOMAS GILMORE.

Thomas Gilmore, who for the past 25 years has been
head gardener on the estate of August Belmont, the well-
known banker and capitalist, at Hempstead, Long Island,
N. Y., died there on February 21, aged 76 years. He
was highly esteemed by Mr. Belmont, who being at Cape
Cod, Mass., immediately w'ired to Hempstead, on learn-
ing of Mr. Gilmore's death, to postpone funeral arrange-
ments until his return. Mr. Gilmore was a Scotchman,
a tall, gray-bearded and striking figure of military car-
riage and appearance. He was highly esteemed by all
who knew him.

MR. ARCHIBALD ROBBIE.

Mr. Archibald Robbie, for a number of years superin-
tendent of "Lyndhurst," the estate owned by Mrs.
Shephard, formerly Miss Helen Gould, died at his home
on the estate on March 13 from an attack of appendicitis,
follow-ing immediately on a recovery from pneumonia.
Mr. Robbie was in his 45th year. Funeral services were
held from his late home, attended by many members of
the Tarrytown Horticultural Society and IMason's Lodge,
with both of which he was prominently identified.

MR. JEREMIAH CARTER.

Jeremiah Carter, one of the old-time gardeners of
Newport, died at the Newport Hospital on February 13,
of pneumonia. He was for some years gardener for W.
Rogers Morgan, but for the past few years had been
w^ith his son, Benjamin Carter, who is head gardener
for Rev. Roderick Terrv at "Linden Gate."

AMONG THE GARDENERS

Mr. James Murray, late superintendent of the E. D.
Morgan estate at A\'estbury, L. I., has resigned that
position to accept the superintendency of the estate owned
by Professor H. F. Osborne, of Garrison, N. Y.

The many friends among gardeners of Mr. J. Austin
Shaw will be glad to hear that he is recovering from the
serious illness which has confined him to the hospital for
nearly a month. We trust that he will have recovered
sufficiently to meet with the gardeners when they as-
semble in New York City at the International Flower
Show.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

417

Mr. James JNIacDonald, superintendent of the Ay res
estate at Glen Cove, N. Y., is in the hospital undergoing
an operation for appendicitis. Mr. AlacDonald contem-
plates a change in his position after he recovers his usual
heahh.

Mr. \alentine Cleres, of Glen Cove, X. Y., was one
of the exhibitors at the last meeting of the New York
Florists' Club. He exhibited a red seedling carnation
which was much admired.

Some of the local teams are hard at it practicing for
the National Bowling Tournament, and it is reported
that the Westchester and Fairfield County teams and the
Nassau County team will meet on the 19th inst. at
Thumm's alleys to test out their respective strength, and
incidentally to try out the alleys on which the tournament
occurs. These are not the only teams active, as it is
learned that several western and southern local societies
have put teams in practice to be represented at the
tournament.

Mr. Samuel Horn, formerly superintendent of the
Jenkins estate at Llewellyn Park, ^^'est Orange, N. J.,
has resigned that position and is now in charge of the
estate of Newman Erb, Elberon, N. J.

Mr. G. B. Wilson, formerly superintendent of the
Thomas A. Edison estate at Llewellyn Park, West
Orange, N. J., recently resigned to accept a similar posi-
tion at Jericho, N. Y., on the J. C. Taylor place.

Mr. John F. Huss, of Hartford, Conn., has the sym-
pathy of his many friends in the profession in the loss
of his mother in Switzerland, where she passed away in
her ninetv-third vear.

Mr. \\"illiam \\"yncott, formerly superintendent of the
Arnold estate at Babylon, L. I., is now busily engaged
m the laying out of the new .Arnold establishment at
the same place, owned by the son of Mrs. Arnold.

Mr. Maurice Gray has resigned his position as head
gardener on the Bourne estate at Oakdale. N. Y. The
position has been filled by Mr. James Murphy, who is
now the gardener at that place.

there arc several reasons win- cultivated plants are
pruned but the principal are the following:

In all our efforts of growing plants, we desire a well-
proportioned plant ; we also seek to increase the eco-
nomic value" of the plant by increasing the quantity and
quality of its crop, whatever it maj' be, and if possible
decrease the time necessary for its production.

To do this it is necessary to adopt special methods of
treatment, such as pruning, etc. Even if only grown
for its timber a tree, if left to itself, does not always
produce the form most desired. Where fruit or other
trees are confined to a limited space, the natural pro-
duction of branches must be reduced and the develop-
ment of the normally quiescent buds close to the main
axis must be stimulated. Then, again, some seasons
there are a great number of what is usually termed
watery shoots produced, which if allowed to remain
would impair the productiveness of the tree, and ra-
tional measures must be used to correct this.

The difference between summer and winter pruning
might be generally summed up in this: \\'inter pruning
is strengthening, and that of summer, weakening. By
pruning in summer we remove soft shoots with only
recently developed leaves, which have yet their chief
work to perform. Summer pruning is usually resorted
to on plants that are being trained under special con-
ditions, in pinching the point of a growing shoot the
pressure is increased in the lower buds, thus storing up
a quantity of reserve material which in the case of fruit
trees has a tendencv to assist in the formation of flower
buds. ' \V. H. W.

To what extent does scion and stock mutually in-
fluence one another in grafting? D. F., N. Y.

My bay trees are affected with some trouble which
is causing the leaves to turn red on the back, and curl-
ing them up. What is this caused by, and what can I
do for them? T. B., Mass.

Can any reader explain to me if it is the case, and
why that old seed of melons are preferable to fresh
seeds? H.

I should like to get some advice as to what crop will
make the best sod for growing roses. Can you get any
information for me? T. M. C, Mass.

It is reported that a big delegation of gardeners, both
from the western and southern cities, will come to New
York to attend the International Flower Show. The
New England States will also be well represented In' the
private gruux-rs.

QUERIES and ANSWERS

tatter.
Nothh
Take

believe the greatest good can be c
^ by instituting a query column
, on practical propositions, by ou
are invited to contribute questions, and answer others,
question as receix'cd will be given a number, the question-
ime will not be published, but the source of the axiszver will
?n unless otherwise requested.

all have something we would like to know more about. Here
opportunity to ascertain somebody's experience in just thatt

•in tend to better fellowship than helping each other,
utage of this "Question Box."

:complished for the greatest
■ or an exchange of expe-
reader's.

Why must the shoots of cultivated plants be pruned?
How does summer pruning differ from winter prun-
ing? D. F., N. Y.

In answer tu the al)()\c tjucstion 1 would say that

APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP

National Association of Gardeners

I hereby apply for Membership ia your Association: —

Name in fuU^

Occupation

Address

Date

Reference

Forward ApplicAiton to M. C. EBEL, Secretary. Madison,
N. /., 'With dues, 'which are $2.00 annualh, including subscrip-
tion to the official organ of the Association.

The International Flower Show

Grand Central Palace, New York City, April 5-12, 1913.

We are speeding toward the date set for the Inter-
national Flower Show, and most of us do not yet realize
how close at hand the time really is for the event to occur.
It falls on us who are interested in the successful out-
come of this show to take time by the forelock, and to
prepare to be ready when the doors are opened to us.
The gardener is most vitally interested in this undertak-
ing, which is the most important flower show ever held
in this country, and much, very much, depends on him
and what he proposes to do toward aiding this enter-
prise. It is true that many gardeners are not in a posi-
tion to appear as big exhibitors, but let every gardener
carefully scan the schedule and see where he can enter;
he may only have a few cut flowers or a few plants to
compete with, and which he may regard as unimportant,
but let him consider that combined, the small exhibits

\\.\l. II. nUCKIIAM, MANAGER IXTERN'ATIOXAL FLOWER SHOW.

help to fill the hall and make it attractive. His becoming
a part of it no matter how small tends toward success.

The International Flower Show which will be held in
the Grand Central Palace, in New York City, April 5 to
12, if properly su])]xirted by the private and commercial
growers, will mark a new epoch in the history of horti-
culture and floriculture in this country, and the big suc-
cess which it will be, if the gardeners and florists will
only get together in an effort to make it the greatest event

of its kind ever held in the world, if not in size, in quality
of exhibits (this is possible with the American growers),
and would stir up an interest among the flower
loving public the favorable effect of which will be far
reaching.

The National Association of Gardeners is very closely
identified with the International Flower Show through

CH.\S. H. TOTTV^

CII.MRM.'VN INTERX.\TI()N.\L FLOWER
SHOW COMMITTEE.

the make-up of its management. The Society of Amer-
ican Florists has not alone duly recognized our organ-
ization in inviting us to co-operate with it, but through
its generosity in the special classes it has provided for the
private gardener in a manner which has never been
equalled in any show, in this or any other country, be-
sides keeping all other classes open to permit private
growers to comjjete in them ; but in addition to this it
has honored the National Association by appointing one
of its trustees. Mr. \\'illiam H. Duckham, general man-
ager of the International Flower Show, a position for
which he is well qualified. Mr. Charles H. Totty, chair-
man of the International Flower Show Committee is one
of the most active of the associate members of our asso-
ciation. His eflforts to provide liberally for the private
gardener at the show (he himself was a private gardener
onlv a few years ago) were fruitful of the provision
which has been made. ]\Ir. Totty has declared that the
success or failure of such an enterprise as the Inter-
national Flower Show represents depends to a very great
extent on the sup]iort and assistance that will be forth-

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

419

coming from the private grower. 'Sir. J. K. ]\I. L.
Farquhar, a man well known to the entire gardening pro-
fession of the country, president of the Society of Amer-
ican Florists, also an associate member of our associa-
tion, has been a ceaseless worker since his election last
August. He has done much in the interest of horticul-
ture in his own city, Boston, Mass.. in the past, and is
now striving to make the International Show illustrative
of the progress horticulture and floriculture have made
in this country the last few years. Mr. John Young,
secretarv of the Society of .\nierican Florists, anil one

TOHX YOUN

of our associate members, has also done much active
work, and last but not least we can name another of our
members closely identified with the show, a member of
the executive committee of the S. A. F. and secretary of
the Flower Show Committee, Mr. Harry H. Bunyard,
to whom much of the detail work is falling.

Thus it is disclosed that those entrusted with the active
management of the International Flower Show are a
])art of our association and so to us will come equal glory
with the Society of American Florists from a successful
outcome, while the financial responsibility has been en-
tirely assumed by our sister society. The obligation that
falls to our association is, that every member of it in a
position to do so must come forward and do his share
in making the horticultural and floricultural exhibits the
grandest that were ever staged anywhere.

L. C. Ebicl. Secretarv.

displax of cut roses, irrespective of number of varieties
shown. This premium does not appear in the Final
Schedule of Prizes, just issued. A supplementary sched-
ule will be issued before the show opens, to take care of
the prizes that will be offered from now on.

In the Final Schedule, Class 87, "First Prize, Silver
Cup," should instead read "Grand Silver Medal and $15"
as a first prize, and that same is offered by the Plorti-
cultural Society of Chicago ; in Class 91 in Section "C"
the medal offered is the Grand Bronze Medal of the
Horticultural Society of Chicago.

Class 524, the M. C. Ebel prize, is open to members
of the National Association of Gardeners only ; notice
of this fact was inadvertently omitted from the schedule.

The most noteworthy classes in the Final Schedule

FINAL FLOWER SHOW SCHEDULE.

The N'ew York Cut Flower Co., 55 West 26th street,
is offering a grand silver vase, value $200, for the finest

J. K. M. L, l-.\UQrir.\R. PRESIDENT S. A. F. & O. H.

are Classes 192, 193 and 194, covering $200 for the most
valuable economic plant, which may be a new fruit, new
vegetable, or other plant which has a distinct economic
value : 8200 for the most valuable new foliage plant ;
and $100 for the most valuable new flowering plant.
These prizes are offered by the Missouri Botanic Garden
of St. Louis, and, as far as know-n, no schedule has ever
contained such a liberal provision. These offers should
bring numbers of exhibits from the growers of novelties
in Europe. " J. H. Pepper.

Ciiairman Publicity Committee.

420

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

"Only the Best"

*XaroIine Clark"

Our muskmelon growing
on the Estate of Mr. G. C.
Clark, Jr., Mt. Kisco, N. Y.
This melon has taken first
prize wherever shown for
the past three 3^ears. Never
beaten.

Pkt., 25c.; 5 pkts., $1.00.

Kennedy's Krimson Kabbage

A Real Red Cabbage

Pkt., 25c.

KENNEDY'S KANT KINK
HOSE 20c. ft.

Our "Pure Culture" growing on the Estate of Comm. E. T. G
Xewiwrt, R. I. Mr. Ernest Philips, the Sup't, grows Mushr
every day in the year.

Kennedy & Hunter, seedstore

INCORPORATED 1911

ANDREW R. KENNEDY, Pres. & Treas.

156 WEST 34th ST.

New York

Between 6th and 7th Ave., near 7th — One Block from Penn. Station

*'ONLY THE BEST"

Greenhouse Construction for Private Estates

By A. A. Macdonald, Head Gardener, Duke's Farm, Somerville, N. J.

In planning greenhouses for private use, the first con-
sideration for an intelHgent scheme is to find out from
your empIo\er what his requirements are as a basis to
work on. Should he want ilowers, fruit and vegetables,
decide as to the quantity of each wanted ; these details
should be gone into fully, as every experienced grower
should know approximately how much can be expected
from a given space for the class of plants, trees and vines
grown. Don"t let your enthusiasm get the better of you,
but give conservative figures, as it will save you consider-
able worry in the future.

After this phase has been thoroughly understood, pro-
ceed to make a ground plan. Fig. 1 shows the layout
here, the aim being a practical growing plant. As far
as circumstances will allow, arrange the various houses
in such a way that those requiring the most heat will be
nearest the heating apparatus.

possible, face south, and grapes, orchids, vegetables and
stove plant houses face east and west. I have in mind
even spar houses for all of these, preferably twenty-five
feet or more in width. Houses of less width for roses
would be better to have the long span to the south.

Whenever location will permit, I believe the center line
is better a point or two east of south. This arrangement
will have the advantage of the early sunlight, which is
very important in the short, dark days of winter, as you
can shut otif the fires, also get at the watering and syring-
ing earlier.

Before proceeding further, we will digress a moment
to take up the matter of cost of construction and upkeep.
When you have had your ground plan approved, submit
it to the builders, and should it be found expedient to re-
duce on account of cost being beyond what your employer
wishes to spend, don't begin by cutting down the size of

\ lEW LOnKIXG DOWN CKXTRE 01" (IRAXGF.RV.

MELONS GROWN IN POTS.

By studying this plan it will be noticed this idea has
been carried out, with two exceptions, notably the Ameri-
can Beauty rose house and Gardenia house. These were
given the best position as regards sunlight, the reason
for which is obvious. The melon houses are located to
the west of the large houses in the center, as they get the
sun earlier in the morning than if placed at the opposite
side. This may seem unimportant to some, but those
who understand what short days in mid-winter means in
growing melons will see the advantage.

Rose, peach and gardenia houses should, as far as

the different houses ; just cut out those that are of the
least importance. There is no satisfaction in trying to
grow everything and not much of anything, also bear in
mind that the larger the house — within reasonable limits
— the better quality _\ou can produce.

^^'e are living in an age of specialization, and the time
is ])ast when second rate products will satisfy your em-
ployer.

When he sees top grade at the florist's and fruiterer's
shops you will very likely know about it, so that you will
have vour work cut out for vou.

422

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

423

As to greenhouses being contiguous to the residence, I
consider it a mistake. Am not alluding to conserva-
tories, but growing houses. They can be located near
enough to be a pleasure to the owners, and I may here
say that the only way to have your employer take a real
pleasure in greenhouses is to produce the best and have
them clean and neat at all times. This can be done in
practice as well as on paper and the man who does not
do it belongs to the past, or soon will.

The query has been put in a previous issue of the
Chronicle, "Should Greenhouses Be Treated Archi-
tecturally?" It all depends on circumstances. Where
such a course has to be resorted to, the architect and
gardener must work together and both should never lose
sight of the fact that they are intended to grow plants,
besides being a thing of beauty. For such as palms, ferns
and orchids these could be located in the part requiring
this feature.

After location has been decided upon, get your proper
levels.

Be sure they are high enough if there is any danger
from water.

Locate the main drain and laterals — the latter should
be low enough so as not to interfere with heating
trenches, etc.

Always lay the main drain before proceeding with the
building of the boiler room, for if springs or heavy rain
be met with during this operation a great deal of unnec-
essary trouble and expense will be avoided by following
this method.

See to it that the main drain is of ample size, which
should never be less than eight inches in diameter for a
range of fifteen thousand feet of glass. The extra cost
of pipe of ample size should not be measured when one
considers the cost of labor in placing it, also, should at
any time you find it necessary to increase the size of your
plant, you will find it a source of satisfaction to be pre-
pared for this contingency.

It is well to have all details of construction gone over
with the builders, as there are sure to be local conditions
that may require careful consideration.

Here we find it necessary to have steam as well as hot
water for heating. For growing roses it is a distinct
advantage in many ways, and I believe this applies to most
places.

Fig. 2 shows the location of the two systems. The
main flow of steam is a two and one-half inch run over
head which is insulated. The reason is to allow the dry
air currents from return steam pipes to pass up to the
ventilators.

This of course applies during mild weather in Spring
and Fall. It is good practice to keep a crack on the
ventilators whenever outside temperature is 40 degree or
over in rose houses, also carnations. It may not always
be convenient to do this especially where there is no night
fireman employed.

This system of heating prevents dampness settling on
the i)lants and keeps the air buoyant, which every good
grower will understand the advantage of. We find the
steam pipes in the rose houses as shown is sufficient to
heat the houses during most of Fall and Spring, and is
quite an economical factor, also the houses are under
complete control of the grower, so that mildew cannot get
a foothold when proper attention is given.

In the melon houses and vineries one line of 1^-inch
pipe is placed along each side of the water heating pipe,
with a small condenser at the end.

Flow and return pipes are not necessary beyond the
heating trench, and by keeping them as low as practical
here it allows the flow to rise high enough where it leaves

the trench to prevent too much condensed steam from en-
tering the flow pipe at this point. In those houses it is
used for three purposes, viz., heating, fumigating with
fungicide, also insecticide.

Fig. 3 shows this system in operation, also location
of same. In heating vineries the usual method is to jilace
the hot water pipes two feet or so away from the wall.
This I consider a mistake, as it places the heat too near
the vines and is a source of much trouble in encouraging
red spider to get a foothold.

The builders place the pipes'where they will be most
effective from a heating point of view, but in a vinery
this is not always practical, at least not in my opinion. I
had them placed as shown, and this theory has worked
well in practice during the past three seasons.

Of course it must not be inferred that the placing of the
pipes in this position is a sure cure for red spider, but it
certainly minimizes the danger of this pest. An intelli-
gent use of the hose, with ample pressure of water, is also
a necessary factor not to be overlooked, and be it said that
the man who persists in harboring red spider on any
plants where he has the proper means to combat them
with, is a fit subject for the boot.

In ventilating vineries continuous ventilators shuuld
be used where the best results are desired. Those blow
holes (I can't find a better name for them) we sometimes
see are a poor excuse for bottom ventilation. Where
the ventilator is continuous at the bottom a more even
distribution of air is admitted ; any good grower knows
the advantage of this arrangement. This feature applies

MR. >r.\CDOX.\T.D TF..STIXG POTS TO SF.K IF THEY .ARE PRY.

424

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Do You Plant Improved C annas?

What Others Say:—

"There can be no question that could the Florists see your Cannas they
would be in every collection in the country. There is also no question that
when they get it in the Florists' collection the amateurs will take them." —
Extract from a letter from John Welsh Young, prominent Rose Grower
of the Philadelphia Florists' Club.
From Philadelphia:— Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pa.

Gentlemen: — If we have our usual funds, I shall be very glad to requisi-
tion for another order from you, as your last one gave us excellent returns
on the investment. Very truly yours,

OGLESBY PAUL. Landscape Architect.
From Chicago: —

Gentlemen: — We intend to introduce all your new Cannas to the
public in Chicago. RUDOLPH SCHIELE,

For Commissioners of Lincoln Park, Chicago, 111.
From Washington: —

A letter received from the Department of Agriculture says:
"These Cannas are desired for ornamenting the grounds of this Depart-
ment, where many thousands of people from all parts of the United States
visit each year, and they could hardly be placed in a more conspicuous
place; for this reason I wish to secure the best obtainable.

Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture,

Washington, D. C.
"Mrs. Alfred F. Conard, introduced in 1910 as a result of 15 years'
careful work, seemed, to the Exchange representative as he looked upon it
in full bloom, to be one of the greatest creations in Cannas ever sent out.
Its very large, clear salmon-pink flowers, profusely produced on numerous heads, stand erect well above its rich green
foliage. Its blooming season is apparently long, and it is certainly one of the most exquisite of the Cannas whose
blooms are in the lighter colors." — From the Florists' Exchange of September 28, 1912.

The Conard & Jones Co., Rose and Canna Specialists, West Grove, Pa.

intzer, Canna Hybridizer, and Originator
e than 75 per cent, of the Leading
Cannas in Ccramerce today.

BOBBINK & ATKINS
World's Choicest Nursery and Greenhouse Products

Spring Planting

Our Products are of a higher grade than ever this season, placing us in a better
position to fill orders and complete plantings of any size with a class of material
that will give satisfaction to all our patrons. Our Nursery consists of 300 acres of
highly cultivated land and a large area covered with Greenhouses and Storehouses,
in which we are growing Nursery and Greenhouse Products for every place and
purpose.

The following are among our Specialties.

ROSES. Wc liavc sivei-ol buDdrcd thousand I

um this ye»r.

-Many thousands of acclimated

i^Iish and .\inericau varieties

Xiirserv.

AND FLOWERING

til"

EVERGREENS, CONIFERS AND PINES. Many

acres of our Nurser.v are planted with handsom.

specimens.
BOXWOOD. Ever.vbody loves the aroma of Old-

If'ashioncd Boxwood. We grow thousands ot

riants in many shapes and sizes.
BAY TREES, PALMS, and other decorative plants

for Conservatories, Interior and Exterior Decora-

We

TRAINED DWARF AND ORDINARY FRUIT

TREES AND SMALL FRUITS. Wh grow these

f.ir kinds .if rnul i;:.ril.iis and Or. -hards.
HARDY OLD-FASHIONED PLANTS. We grow

t!inn-;inil^ nl' vMr, new ,111.1 iiM-fashioned kiuds,

in.lmlini; I'loiiias and Iris in a large variety.
HEDGE PLANTS. We grow a large quantity of

C.Tliiniiiia I'rivet, Berberis and other Hedge Plants

mliipliij I., all parts of the Countr.v.
OUR NEW GIANT-FLOWERING MARSHMALLOW.

Evervbodv should be interested in this New Old-

Fashiined Flower. It will grow everywhere, and

when in blo.)in is the queen of all sarden flowers. the lefniliii; -iiiieties.

Our Illustrated General Catalog No. 45 Describes Our Products. Will be
mailed upon request.

We shall be glad to give our tiine and attention to all visitors to the Interna-
tional Flower Show and invite all Gardeners to visit our Nursery.

Visitors take Erie Railroad to Carlton Hill, second stop on Main Line; 3
minutes' walk to Xurserv.

HARDY TRAILING AND CLIMBING VINES.

liave them for everv place and purpose.

BULBS AND ROOTS. We grow and import quan-
tities of Bulbs and Roots from all parts of the
World.

LAWN GRASS SEED. Our Rutherford Park Lawn
Mixture Ims iriveii satisfaction everywhere.

PLANT TUBS. WINDOW BOXES AND ENGLISH
GARDEN FURNITURE. We manufacture aU
shape, and sizes.

STRAVv'BERRIES. Totted and Field-grown, in all

STANDARD BAYTBEE

NURSERYMEN & FLORISTS .-. Rutherford, New Jersey

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

425

to all fruit houses. Drainage is also shown, and also
method of filling border.

Side walls should not be higher than one foot above
grade in fruit houses, as otherwise it casts unnecessary
shade, and in starting an early vinery the less shade at
every point the better. In the matter of trellis it will
be found to be an advantage to keep it about two feet
away from the glass as this allows more air to pass be-
tween the vines and the glass, which means less shading
and better results all around.

In building the boiler room it is well to provide space
for enough coal to supply the greater part of the Winter
season for many reasons. This space should be placed
beyond the building line to facilitate unloading, as all
that will be required will be to drop the coal into the cellar
through manholes at convenient points.

Fig. 4 shows the new peach houses with method used
in providing growing space for the trees, which explains
itself. The trellis is spaced seven feet apart on account
of the width and height of the house. For obvious rea-
sons the floors of these houses have been graded longi-
tudinally. They are depressed six inches from the level,
about 25 feet apart, with drain outlet at the low points ;
thus each section is properly taken care of. In a house
of this width it is not necessary to devote all the space
between the heating trench and outside walls for a bor-
der. All our fruit borders are three feet in depth, which
is a sample for both soil and drainage. We use brickbats
for drainage, which is splendid material, with 3-inch
drain pipes leading to the drain outlet at convenient
points. Each gardener can decide for himself how many
of these should be laid among the drainage material on
top of the floor.

Fig. 5 shoW'S a section of the orange house. The beds

arc graded at bottom as explained in peach houses. The
beds are reduced to the sizes shown on section to prevent
too much root action. To confine the roots thus, keeps
the trees in control, and a better setting, of fruit is the'
result.

In heating this house steam is used as well as hot
water, and for the following reason :

\\'hen the crop matures early in December the steam
is used to the e.xclusion of hot w-ater. There are three
lines of l^-inch pipe placed at the gutter line which
helps to keep the space occupied by the trees much
cooler than if we depended on the hot water pipes to
maintain the proper temperature. This method prevents
the trees from coming into flow'er till well on in the
Spring, when they will set much better, as conditions will
be much more favorable for this result than if they were
started earlier.

]\Iost heating engineers will smile and maybe call you
a dreamer when you mention placing heating pipes up
some distance from the floor in a high house. I had
some of them placed on the trusses at the foot of the
dome in one palm house and it certainly helped to im-
prove conditions. The idea of placing twelve 3j^-inch
pipes under the side benches of a palm house and in many
cases not more than si.x inches away, is not conducive to
the health of any plant, as those who have experienced
these conditions well know. Of course steam is the only
heating medium we have at present that could be placed
in the position I have referred to, but I believe the time is
near at hand when electricity will solve this problem.

Regarding the ditYerent types of construction, the
curved eave has the call from every point of view. Be-
tween the wooden bar and steel frame or the all steel each
one can decide for himself.

Estate Management

By Wm. H. Duckham, Manager of the D. Willis James Estate, Madison, N. J.

I have accepted the kind invitation of your authorities
here to speak to you briefly concerning the duties of an
estate manager, or head gardener, or superintendent, or
W'hatever other name may be given him. Perhaps at
the outset I had better give you my authority lest some
of you may ask by what right I address you on this sub-
ject. W'ithout any boast and merely because it is not
possible that any of you should know me personally, I
am to be allowed to say that for nineteen years I have had
the entire management of a large and beautiful country
estate in the suburbs of New York City.

During the whole of this period I have had complete
and authoritative charge of the mansion in which my
employer resides ; of the gardens, lawns and shrubbery
which surround it ; of the greenhouses, and of the farm,
including the dairy cattle, the poultry, and all of the sup-
plies which are grown upon the estate. Surely my e.x-
perience has ben extensive and varied. I shall, of course,
not attempt to usurp any of the duties of your able pro-
fessors to give particular instruction on any of these
separate fields which have come under my daily care.
You will have already been taught, or will later be taught,
the details of greenhouse work, of poultry keeping, stock
raising, crop growing, and all these other fields which
come under the care of an estate manager or superin-
tendent. What I must do is rather to make some general
statements which have grown out of my own observation
and experience. I do not pose as an authority in scientific
matters and speak only as a man who was born a gar-
dener, is living a gardener, and confidently expects to die
a gardener. Let me say also at the outset that I love my

profession ; that I have been happy in it, and that I am
still, and I congratulate you if you are looking forward
to a similar career. Carlyle says somewhere, "If you
are happy in your work ask no other happiness." I am
happy in mine and have no doubt that, if you go about it
in the right way you will also lead a happy life. One of
my friends and neighbors says that all gardeners live to
be old, and I am disposed to think that this is so fre-
quently true that I might also promise you long life in
addition to all the other benefits.

It will be a pleasant thought for you also to remember,
that in the older communities on the other side of the sea,
it has long been felt that the gardener and florist bear
very definite relations to the moral forces of the com-
munity. They contribute by their work to the upbuild-
ing of a more gracious and pleasing civilization, and I
hope that when you begin your work you will feel that
you are working with ministers, teachers, and physicians
for the general good of your community.

Perhaps I may be permitted to say at the outset that
there seems to me to be an enormous and very rapid
progress in the development of fine private estates in
America. Where there were two or three near our great
cities there arc now^ scores and hundreds on the .Atlantic
seaboard, and they are also moving westward. More and
more frequently do we hear of the foundation of new
properties, the development of which is entrusted in every
case to the best man that can be found. You will have
the great advantage of a college training, thoroughly
scientific in character and yet broadly based upon the
practical side. The men of my generation had no such

426

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

opportunity. We have had to grow into our tasks, mak-
ing our way often against obstructions which will be re-
moved from your path by your instructors. I congratu-
late you upon your opportunity. I have no doubt that 3'ou
will find positions of dignity much more easily than the
men who have failed to secure a technical education.
You wiH pardon me no doubt if I intimate to you deli-
cately that I hope that you will not allow your admirable
scientific training to override or obscure the necessity of
sound, practical experience and that you will be cautious
not to give too great attention to theory as against prac-
tice.

And now let me make some more specific suggestions.
The man who is entrusted with the management of an
estate ought, it seems to me, first of all to thoroughly
understand outside work. By this I mean that he must
know how thoroughly to take care of all the grounds
about a mansion. He should know how to build roads,
move trees, plant shrubbery, construct the minor buildings
about the place, deal with the architect, being able to
understand his desires and to make practical suggestions
to him. He should be able also to see to it that the
masons and carpenters really do what the work of the
place demands. On most estates the superintendent has
the care of all the buildings, and must be able to direct
the work of all the trades, painters, paperhangers, car-
penters and the like who may be called upon at any time
to execute repairs on the establishment. He will, of
course, have to know enough about inside work in the
greenhouses to be able to direct the work of the garden-
ers whose daily tasks must be set by him. In America
hitherto, greenhouse work has meant almost exclusively
the growing of flowers, but in recent years there has been
a rapid development of fruit growing under glass. 1
make bold to say to you that personally I think no work

that you will have to do you will find more fascinatingly
interesting than the growing of supremely finely finished
fruit. I hope that in all this work in the greenhouse
and outside you will keep ever before you the strictest
principles of economy in management. Much more de-
pends on this than many a young and enthusiastic super-
intendent may think. Strict economy may make the
estate a great pleasure to its owner when extravagance
on your part might easily disgust even a man of large
means. Never allow yourself to think that any matter
however small is beneath your notice. You must keep in
mind at all times the necessity of watching both inside
and outside work so that, for example, the rotation, plant-
ing and saving of crops be done in the right order, at the
right time and in the best manner. Let me recommend
to you also that you shall undertake some hybridizing.
Too little of this has yet been done in America. ,,It may
mean for your reputation or a very valuable income, to
produce some plant which represents a marked improve-
ment over its predecessors. You will find, I think, the
breeding and care of cattle most fascinatingly interesting,
The breeding of poultry you will. I think, enjoy, and will
find it comparatively easy with the incubators and brood-
ers which may now be secured. I strongly advise you to
think much and carefully about the maintenance of dis-
cipline. \\'ithout discipline no estate can be well man-
aged. You must always be kind to the men under your
control. You must be firm ; must exercise your authority
with judgment and consideration. It seems to me that
you ought to be particularly careful to show by your own
example to the less well informed how to do their work
with constant heed to the employer's best interests.
Watch the little things personally. "Trifles make perfec-
tion, but perfection is no trifle." — Paper read before
Massachusetts Agricultural College.

Not how cheap
But how good

Ralph M. Ward & Co.

71 Murray St.

The> Lily Mouse

Representing

New York City

SEITARO ARAL YOKOHAMA, JAPAN

Japanese lily bulbs; Giganteum, Formosum, Hardy Aura-
tums, Rubrum, Magnificum, Album, and fancy varieties.
All kinds of Japanese nursery stock, stone lanterns, dwarf
trees. Iris, Paeonias, seeds, etc.

MARTIAL BREMOND, OLLIOULES. FRANCE

French bulbs for forcing; Roman Hyacinths, Paper Whites,
Freesias, Candidums (for outside), and other varieties.

C. PETRICK, GHENT, BELGIUM

Belgium nurser}' stock. Palms, Araucarias, Azaleas Indica,
Pontica or Mollis, Rhododendrons, Camellias, Bay Trees, etc.

Our business is strictly import only. We carry no stock, with the
exception of Cold Storage lily bulbs. Orders for above goods
should be placed in time for direct importations.

Catalog upon request. Strictly high grade goods only.
No order too small nor too large, if given in time.

The Brain Power of Plants

By Arthur Smith, Superintendent of the George B. Hurst Estate, Reading, Pa.

The modern student of plant life no longer regards the
objects of his study as so many things which merely
demand classification and arrangement, and whose history
is exhausted when a couple of Latin or Greek names have
been appended to them. On the contrary, the botanist of
todav seeks to unravel the mysteries of plant life. For
him the plant is no longer an inanimate being, but stands
revealed as an organism not only endowed with animal
functions, many of which are certainly as clearly defined
as are the analogous traits in the possession of the animal,
but which has also still further powers that are more
complex and wonderful than any exhibited by animals.
Plant physiology has therefore become a distinct branch
of natural science, and every biologist who has followed
it feels the difiiculty which confronts him in attempting
to draw a line of demarcation between the vegetable and
animal kingdoms. This difficulty is clearly shown by the
fact that there are certain organisms which are claimed
by both zoologists and botanists as belonging to their
respective departments of natural science.

Every living organism, both plant and animal, consists
in its embryonic form of a single cell : and not only this,
but the lowest plants and the lowest animals are, in their
full-grown, mature state, merely minute single cells.
From this comparatively neutral starting point, as pre-
senting the minimum amount of differentiation, one im-
portant feature, generally stated to be exhibited only by
members of the animal world, is the specialization of
structure which enables animals to feed upon organic mat-
ter taken into the body in an undigested form. But this,
as will be shown, is not confined to animals only.

A second supposed mark of distinction is the possession
by animals of a nervous system which has culminated in
the higher groups of animals in the development not only
of special sense, but of sense organs. But at the same
time it must not be forgotten that many of the lower
groups of organisms, universally classed with animals,
are entirely destitute of any structural trace of sense-or-
gans or nervous system'.

Although no trace of brain-tissue has been found in
any member of the vegetable kingdom, yet examples of
the possession of a nervous system, sensibility, and con-
sciousness are to be found in it. Many plants manifest
distinct movements agreeing in important and essential
points with similar movements shown under correspond-
ing circumstances in connection with animals, and which
in the latter are the outcome of nervous excitement or
brain-power.

Some will naturally exclaim, "How can plants be pos-
sessed of brain-power if they have neither brains nor
nerve-tissue !" And yet, among those who have devoted
any time to closely observing plant-life, few, if any, will
deny the existence, not only of instinct, but of a power
much higher, which runs very closely to that faculty of
reasoning which no one disputes is found among at least
the higher groups of animals.

A few words on the mechanism connected with animal
consciousness may at this point not be out of place.

Including the genus homo, each individual of the higher
genera is, in a greater or less degree, the owner of a mass
of gray and white matter, generally contained in the head,
known as the brain. This brain is the seat of all its ener-
gy, movement and sensibility. It is divided into centers,
each of which is an area for the conscious perception of
the different forms of sensory impressions, and also for
the transmission of energy to the various muscles. Fer-

rier, Horsley, and others have mapped out the brain into
motor areas and centers. The term center involves the
following mechanism : A sensitive surface ; a nerve going
to a nerve-cell or group of nerve-cells, from which passes
a nerve-fiber to a muscle. Each center has nothing to do
with the transmitting to, or receiving impulses from, any
other part of the body than that to which it is connected.
For example, it has been proved that the nerve called the
pneumogastric is the sensory to the muscles of the heart,
lungs, and stomach. Similarly, the olfactory nerve is en-
tirely devoted to the sense of smell, the optic nerve to
that of sight, and so on, every portion of the brain has
been proved by experiments to have exclusive functions.
Therefore the brain may be looked upon as a motor or
engine, which keeps the wonderful and complicated ma-
chinery going that produces all the movements of the
animal' body. But all motors must, in the first instance,
be under the control of some power. In the mechanical
world we use the powers of water, steam, and electricity.
^^'hat then is the power at the back of the movements,
etc., of organized beings? Its existence and efTect can-
not be doubted. It permeates not only the animal but also
the vegetable kingdom, and may be described, in a word,
as brain-power. It must be quite evident that the brain
itself is not the source of this power, but merely acts, I
repeat, as an intermediate motor to transmit the power.
The motor is absent in plants ; but does it follow that the
power or force is non-existent ? A piece of iron may pos-
sess the power of magnetism, but a microscope or chemi-
cal examination of it will detect no difference between it
and another piece of iron similar in every other way, but
which does not possess that power, but because of this
we do not deny the existence of the power in the one, be-
cause ample evidence of it is shown. The brain is en-
tirely absent in some members of the animal kingdom,
but in these cases it is admitted that the power is present.
For instance, none of the creatures known as Protozoa
have any sign of special nerves or brain, and the same
remark applies to the next more highly organized sub-
kingdom — Coelenterata. But it is not disputed that these
lowly animals have a certain amount of consciousness, or
even that they have developed that accumulated experi-
ence which we call instinct.

It is. perhaps, sometimes difficult actually to define
whether a given action is instinctive or intelligent. A
great authority has said that instinct is only "blind habit
or automatically carried out action." If this be so. and
the idea is certainly in harmony with the experience of
most biologists, then instinctive actions only move in one
direction, and are not adapted to changing circumstances.
.Again, it has been defined as "reflex action into which
there is imported an element of consciousness." But
where one finds variation in action according to varying
circumstances, a condition which is seen over and over
again throughout the plant world, there seems ample
grounds for believing that plants are capable of intelligent
action, and are endowed with consciousness to perceive
and feel any variation in their environment, and so are
able to vary their actions accordingly.

But those acquainted, even su])erficially with the habits
of plants will scarcely deny that they have the power of
adapting themselves to circumstances and have many
movements which are the very reverse of automatic,
pointing to the idea that they are endowed with a power
something higher than mere instinct. Numerous in-
stances will occur to one's mind of sensibility as fully de-

428

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

veloped in the plant as in the animal, which in the latter
is, without doubt, the outcome of conscious perception
and thought brought into action through the medium of
the brain.

Take, for instance, that wonderful plant. Mimosa pu-
dica, sensitive not only of the most delicate touch, but,
like most other genera, of the approach of darkness, or of
even shadow thrown upon it, of which the poet says :

Weak with nice sense, the chaste Mimosa stands,
From each rude touch withdraws her timid hands ;
Oft as light clouds o'erpass the summer glade.
Alarmed she trembles at the moving shade.
And feels, alive through all her tender form.
The whispered murmurs of the gathering storm ;
Shuts her sweet eyelids to the approaching night.
And hails with freshened charms the rising light.

Other species of Mimosa possess this property, and, in-
deed, most of the genus in a greater or less degree. They
have their leaves beautifully divided, again and again
pinnate with a great number of small leaflets of which
the pairs close upwards w'hen touched. On repeated
touching the leaflets of the neighboring pinnje also close
together, and the fact that when the touch is given to one
of the pinna; the movement is conveyed to the others,
until at last the entire leaf sinks down and hangs as if
withered, points to the power of transmitting impulse ;
after a short time the leaf-stalk rises and the leaf expands
again. It is noteworthy that a touch upon the upper side
of the leaf has no effect. This appears to be an analogous
trait to that which is found in many insects, and, in fact,
all over the animal kingdom, of feigning death at any-
one's approach or when touched.

The Mimosa, too, goes to sleep when night comes ; even
a cloud passing over the sun will cause it to fold up its
leaves and sink them down ; in fact, the entire plant ap-
pears to go to sleep. In going to sleep this plant is not,
however, at all singular, as most species of plants close
their leaves and flowers at night. On the other hand,
there are some which, like many beasts of prey, sleep
during the day and hail the setting sun as the signal for
activity. This sleep of plants, which without doubt is
physiologically the same as animal sleep, does not exist
without a reason. The act of sleeping is. in the higher
animals, symptomatic of repose in the brain and nervous
system, and the fact of plants sleeping is one proof of the
existence of a nervous system in the members of the veg-
etable kingdom. Plants sleep at various hours, and not
always at night. Light and heat appear to have, in many
instances, little to do with plants sleeping, as different
species go to sleep at various hours during the day. Thus
the common ]\Iorning Glory, Ipomcea purpurea, opens
its flowers at dawn ; the Star of Bethlehem, Ornithogalum
umbellatum, about ten o'clock; the Goat's-beard, Trago-
pogon pratensis, opens at sunrise and closes at midday,
and for this reason is also known as Go-to-bed-at-noon.
The flowers of the Evening Primrose, Ginothera biennis,
open at sunset, and those of the night flowering Cereus,
Cereus grandiflorus, when it is dark. Aquatic flowers
open and close with the greatest regularity. The white
Water Lily closes its flowers at sunset, and sinks below
the surface for the night : in the morning it pushes its
flowers to the surface again and the petals expand.
Other members of this family exhibit equal regularity in
their movements. So regular are many plants in their
habits that floral clocks have been formed by planting
circular beds with plants which awake at consecutive
hours. This sleep of plants is not, of course, confined to
their flowers, as their leaves open and shut in the same
way ; indeed, it is altogether so conspicuous a phenome-

.non that it was commented upon by Pliny, who wrote
nearly two thousand years ago.

Continuous attempts have been made to elucidate
sleep, but with little success. Many theories have been
promulgated, but they fall short of really explaining it.
We know that sleep rests the mind more than the body ;
or, to put it another way, the mere mechanical, as apart
from the nervous, portion of the organism, can be rested
without sleep. Negatively, the eft'ect of insomnia proves
the value and necessity of sleep. Electric light is used to
stimulate the growth of plants, and, coupled with other
means of forcing, a continual period of growth secured,
thereby obtaining earlier maturity than w-ould be the case
under ordinary circumstances. This method is used most
successfully in the case of winter grown lettuce and about
four weeks are saved upon each crop, but it must be borne
in mind that the stage at which lettuce is cut is a very
long way from being the mature period of the lettuce
plant, and as it is, the best results are secured when the
light is used for a few hours only, and not continuously
during the night. In this case the increase of growth is
obtained by curtailing the period of rest, but where this
has been tried upon perennials the result has been to con-
siderably weaken their constitution, the following year's
growth being poor and scanty, and in some instances the
plants w'ere scarcely alive. A sufficiency of sleep is there-
fore as important to the vegetable as the animal.

The carnivorous plants afford very strong evidence of
brain-power, among which the Venus Fly-trap ("Dioncea
muscipula) — which Linnseus called "the miracle of na-
ture"— is the most striking and which is the climax of
the order Droseracece. Its leaves, about four inches long,
consist of a spatulate stalk, which is constricted to the
midrib at its junction with the broad blade. The halves
of the blade are movable on each other along the midrib.

New Carnations

WM. ECCLES. The First Prize winner at Detroit
last year in the Red or Scarlet class, and the Silver
Medal winner of the New York Horticultural Society
for the best undisseminated seedling.

The scarlet everyone was waiting for. Has a strong,
rigid stem, a perfectly formed 35^-inch flower, non-
bursting calyx, highly perfumed, a grand keeper, and
as free as any scarlet to date.

LADY NORTHCLIFFE. (Engelman.) A beautiful
Salmon pink in color, much resembling "Pink Delight."
Has a well built-up flower, and just enough in it not
to burst the calyx. While the flower is not the largest
(about 3 inches), it is fully as free as "May Day" and
will surely make a grand bread and butter sort.

BRITISH TRIUMPH. (Engelman.) One of the
finest things ever raised in England. The color is a
striking shade of Crimson. The flower is 312 inches in
size and well built up. It has the sweetest perfume of
any carnation ever raised and its keeping qualities are
the best. Has a fine stem, good constitution and free.

Prices, Rooted Cuttings, Doz $3.00; 100 $15.00

Prices, Out of 214-inch Pots, Doz. .$3.50; 100 $20.00

SCOTT BROTHERS

Elmsford Nurseries
Elmsford New York

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

429

Round each margin are twenty to thirty long teeth which
interlock in steel-trap fashion with those of the opposite
side. The center of the leaf bears numerous rose-colored
glands, and there are upon each half three sensitive hairs.
The blades shut up in from eight to ten seconds when one
of the sensitive hairs is touched. When an insect alights
or a piece of raw meat is placed upon the leaf the blades
close up, and the rose-colored glands pour out a fluid which
is practically the same as the gastric juice of the animal
stomach in its digestive properties. The matter of the
insect body or meat is thus absorbed into the substance
and tissues of the plant, just as food eaten and digested
by the animal is assimilated. The animal digestion can
only be carried on by the brain-force acting by means of
a nerve upon the gastric glands. We may therefore con-
cede that it is the action of the same power in the plant
which produces the same effect. The motor is absent but
the power is there. Further, the idea in this connection
becomes stronger from the fact that if grains of sand are
placed upon the leaf the glands do not give out the di-
gestive fluid.

The Hedysarum of Bengal is an example of plant move-
ment without external cause. This plant gyrates the
central leaflet of its pinnule. Its lateral leaflets are, how-
ever, the more remarkable, for they have the strange
power of jerking up and down. This motion will some-
times stop of its own accord, and then suddenly, without
any apparent outside cause, commence afresh. The
leaves cannot be set in motion by a touch, though ex-
posure to cold will stop the movement. If this be tempo-
rarily stopped by the leaf being held, it will immediately
resume action after the restraint is removed, and, as if to
make up for lost time, will jerk up and down with in-
creased rapidity.

The power of spontaneous movement is also seen in the
seed-spores of seaweeds and other lowly plants. These
spores move about in the water with absolute freedom,
and the filaments of many of the Liverworts exhibit a
capacity for extraordinary motion. In the spores of the
potato fungus, Phytophthora infestans, we have a well
marked instance of the power of movement in plants, ac-
cording to circumstances. \\'hen the spore-cases burst
a multitude of little bodies escape, and if these gain access
to water — a drop of dew upon the potato leaf, for instance
— they develop a couple of curious little tails by means of
which they swim about after the manner of tadpoles. The
power of locomotion possessed by the antherozoa of
^Mosses, Ferns, etc., is again another example of this
power of movement. It is not so very long since these
were classed as animalcule, and in those days it was not
disputed that these so-called little animals moved con-
sciously and intelligently. Then there are those micro-
scopically beautiful unicellular plants, the Desmids and
Diatoms, which dart about hither and thither in water.
A mere cursory observation of their movements leads one
to believe them possessed of consciousness.

It is not only in the fully developed vegetable organism
that we find evidence of the existence of brain-power, but
this power begins to display itself immediately after the
germination of the seed. In the commencement of plant
life we find, as in the case of grain (to give an easily
tested example), that the root or radicle emerges at one
end of the seed and the shoot or plumule at the other.
What causes the former to descend and the latter to
ascend? If the seed is so placed that the root comes out
at the top, the result is the same, for the root at once
turns round and grows downwards and the shoot vice
versa. This cannot be caused by gravitation, although
Darwin once thought so, as the force of gravity would
have the same effect upon the shoot as upon the root.

There can only be one answer, the existence of a directing
force or brain-power. Darwin wrote: "It is hardly an
exaggeration to say that the tip of the radicle, endowed
as it is with such diverse kinds of sensitiveness, acts like
the brain of animals."'

A study of the habits of climbing plants affords further
evidence of the existence of nervous energy, which is
especially marked in the sensibility of their tendrils. If
a pencil or rod be rubbed on the inside of the terminal
part of a tendril, it will almost immediately show signs
of curvature, and it will be fully curved in a couple of
minutes. A perfectly smooth body, such as a gelatine-
coated rod absolutely dust-free, will not produce curva-
ture. A tendril-bearing plant first places its tendrils ready
for action, just as a polypus does its tentacles. The ten-
dril then commences to search for something to cling to,
a search which may last several days, during which time
it revolves with a steady motion. Upon striking a suitable
object it quickly and firmly grasps it. In two or three
hours the tendril contracts into a spring and drags up the
stem. Movement on the part of this particular tendril
now ceases, it having completed its work in an admirable
manner.

There appears to be considerable evidence that plants
have the power of vision : in fact, a professor of botany
at Gratz, Syria, claims to have discovered the actual eyes
upon the leaves of several species. The effect of light
upon plants in general certainly supports this view, and
is in many ways similar to its effect upon animals. The
bending of plants toward light is well known, but it has
been proved that there is no close parallelism between the
amount of light which acts on a plant and its degree of
curvature. Our own personal experience shows us that
the retina, after being exposed to a strong light, feels the
effect for some time, or, rather, the optic center of the
brain does : and in some experiments carried out by Dar-
win, a plant continued to bend for half an hour (after the
light had been removed ) towards the side which had been
illuminated. Some plants which had been kept in the
daylight did not move towards a dim lateral light as did
ethers which had been kept in complete darkness, thus
showing an analogy with the fact that our eyes scarcely
) erceive a dim light after having been exposed for some
time to a bright one.

One striking element in plant consciousness is the local-
ization of sensitiveness, and the power of transmitting
an influence from the excited part to another, causing the
latter to move.

(Continued in .\pril number.)

FLOWER, VEGETABLE AND GRASS SEEDS

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Seedsman and
Bulb Importer

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Catalogue mailed free upon request
PLANTS, BULBS, GARDEN TOOLS

430

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Imported Orchids— Spring, 1913

CATTLEYA DOWIANA

WILL have another grand importation
to offer of this beautiful and rare Catt-
leya which is becoming very scarce. If
you have none in your collection, I would advise
to place your orders at once so you may get the
pick of the importation.

I will also have fine importations of all the
leading Cattleyas such as Trianae, Labiata, Schro-
derae, Mossiae Gigas, Gaskelliana, Percivalliana.

Vanda Coerulea, Oncidium Varicosum Rogersii

and many other varieties.

// you are interested in Orchids, write for Special List

Don't forget that I have a fine assortment, of
Established Orchids, also the best material for
their culture.

A trial order will convince you

JOSEPH MANDA

Orchid Expert, Seedsman and Florist

191 VALLEY ROAD

WEST ORANGE, N. J.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

431

CEDAR ACRES
GLADIOLI

**Bijlfc>s XHat Bloom"

NVrite for illustrated booklet

B. HAMMOND TRACY

WENHAM, MASS.

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Waynesburg, Pa.

A Unique Photograph

The accompanying picture, a bird's eye view of the
sunken garden on the P. A. D. Widener place at Ogontz,
Pa., was taken from the roof of the mansion. This gar-
den is considered one of the most beautiful of its kind
in this country. Mr. William Kleinheinz, superintendent
of the estate, has shown great skill in his general lay out
of it, presenting during the growing season one nia\- say,

a continuous transformation scene, as transplanting
never ceases from the early spring to the late fall, and
every brief period will find an almost complete change
of color effect. The photograph on the cover page is a
scene from a corner of the pond in the garden, a snap-
shot taken with (we will name them) four American
Beauties, adding additional life to the picture.

niRD'S EVE VIEW OF SUNKEN G.\RDEN, V. A. D. WIDENER E>

432

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Fruit Growing Under Glass

By Wm. Turner, Superintendent M. C. Borden Estate, Oceanic, N. J.

It is not my intention to go into details of culture in
fruit growing under glass, but rather to give a summary
and the benefits derived from this method of culture,
Suffice to say, that in most private establishments with
any pretensions to glass there is fortunately a part of the
range equipped for the production of fruit. Some will
make a specialty of peaches and nectarines ; others, grapes,
melons, strawberries, etc. Then again there are some
ranges throughout the coiuitry where accommodations
are provided for nearly all fruits that adapt themselves
to the forcing process. Speaking from many years of
experience along those lines, I may say, What is there

A DELICIOUS PEAR. "M.\I)AME T."

more interesting than a collection of fruit under glass,
particularly so when space is set aside for early mid-
season and late? One may then go around and enjoy the
sight of seeing the crops coming along in different stages
of maturity. There may be a few that would wonder at
the extravagance in producing fruit under glass, when
the southern product is assured so early in the season.
There is no denying the fact that the South is blessed with
a wonderful climate. However, when we sto]j to con-
sider, knowing the nature of fruits, particularly stone
fruits, we do know how to produce the sweet, luscious
flavor so desirable to be fully appreciated. They must be
allowed to mellow and ripen on the trees. Then I say no
small wonder the connoisseur will detect and appreciate
the difference between our home grown hothouse peach
or nectarine as compared with the southrn grown product.
The reason for this can be answered in a few words.

Fruit that has to travel a long distance must be gathered
before fully ripe ; hence the fruit is insipid, lacking the
high quality which makes the hothouse fruits famous.
Therefore, whoever has the means at command and fails
to produce hothouse fruit for their table are missing one
of the necessities of life — good fresh, thoroughly ripened
fruit. Yes, it is true we have high-class fruit stores in
all large cities, where almost any kind of fruit may be
purchased in season and out of season, but the question
arises. How- long is it since gathered before reachii\g the
breakfast or dinner table? Will leave this query for the
purchaser to answer. ^laybe all fruit looks alike : still
there is a wide comparison between fresh gathered fruit ;
consequently the argument is in favor of home product.
Having watched the progress of this branch of our pro-
fession for many years, I can say there have been many
structures gone up this past twenty years for the pro-
ductiiin of fruit on private estates; and, by the way. it
is not such an expensive operation after the first outlay.
Take peaches and nectarines, for instance. They do not
require the heat necessary to keep our e.xotic plants in
health and vigor. Indeed, it would be a detriment to
them, we find, as nature brings them along. The peach
tree will come into bloom with a moderate cool tempera-
ture, and whoever follow'S Nature's laws will come off
victorious, whether it is peaches, nectarines, or anything
else for that matter.

r >.

•f "'%

Wtm^

:IETY, "SUPERB MELON.

434

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

There is really nothing new to relate on the subject of
forcing fruits under glass. Anyone may go back many
long years and find excellent advice from fluent writers
on the subject, although I am safe in stating that the
growers of today certainly enjoy advantages that were
not obtainable thirty or forty years ago. I refer to the
greenhouse construction. What rapid advancement has
been made along those lines, until today we may say that
we receive full benefit from light at all angles. And from
my viewpoint, as each year rolls around, so also does the
improvement in greenhouse construction ; so much so that
I am almost persuaded to say that considerable brain
work and ingenuity must be applied to keep the pace.
However, in taking a glance back over the achievements
of the old school we cannot but admire the records that
many growers have left to their credit — records that stand
out pre-eminently as monuments to their skill, particu-
larly so with grapes, pineapples and the like.

The old story is, competition is the life of trade, also an
incentive in keying up the producer to a high standard of
excellence.

How about the improvements or bringing forward new
and meritorious varieties? Has the fruit specialist been
resting on his oars ? Contented with varieties of many
years ago, no excellent work has been accomplished .ilong
those lines. How interesting it is to watch the develop-
ment of any new fruit, whether it is an improvement over
the standard kinds or not. Our curiosity has been awak-
ened towards the new claimant for honors. Peaches, nec-
tarines and melons, I dare say, have been improved to a
greater extent than grapes. In comparing the list of
nectarines now with that of twenty-five or thirty years
ago, what do we find — the old list discarded for varieties
of more recent introduction. Thomas Rivers, of Saw-
bridgeworth, England, during his life if he had never
accomplished anything outside improving the nectarine, it

A HOUSE OF MUSCAT Ol' ALEXAXUlvlA

It is not difficult to trace up authentic records where
grapes have been produced with individual bunches
weighing from 15 to 25 pounds. Such feats are worthy
of repetition, and we may well say, while their manual
labors are over, such men have left monuments to their
skill for all time.' I dare say, though, it is within the
past fifty years that hothouse fruit has been grown so
extensively. However, here in the States there has never
been the rivalry among the growers of hothouse products
at our horticultural exhibitions the same as in Europe.
It is not an uncommon occurrence to find over there ten
or fifteen competitors for honors in the different classes.

would have been sufficient to remember him for all linie.
But knowing the wonderful accomplishments that he ob-
tained with pears, apples, cherries, plums, peaches — too
numerous to mention — although one may well say while
his life's work is completed, he will be known through
his good work for many a long year to come. Take a
Peregrini peach or Duke of York ; they are fit subjects
for any range where fruit is grown, and none can deny
that they are handsome and, above all, flavor par excel-
lence. Rivers obtained his best results, I presume, with
hybridizing the peach with the nectarine, and vice versa.
Grapes, a new variety springs up once in a while.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

435

That handsome and free-growing variety, Appley Sowers,
what an acquisition that would be if only higher in quality.
The grape question is a bit peculiar, with all due respect
and efforts of the raisers of new kinds, and there is room
for some of them. However, two of our oldest varieties
are still top-notchers — Black Hamburg and Muscat of
Alexandria. Let us hope as time goes on the efforts of
hybridizers will be crowned with success, so that varieties
will be created that will supersede those old stand-bys, as
it has been the case with other fruits. I may say our
thanks are due for the bringing forth of Veitches Emi-
nence melon or a Suttons Superlative, and so any one
could go on giving detailed descriptions through a decade
of enterprise and progress. How interesting, saj- a hun-
dred years hence, to look back over records of notable
fruits, their parentage, etc. While now in glancing back
that space of time we find very few authentic records that
are recorded. How disappointing when certain varieties
have stood the test for so many years. We naturally feel
friendly towards them for their good behavior, and it
would be doubly interesting if anyone could but trace
back their true origin. Having my mind at the present
moment on the advantage of high grade fruit carries me
back to a collection of fruit that I had the pleasure to
look upon last summer. I refer to the exhibit from
Duke's farm at Asbury Park, where A. A. Macdonald is
in charge. It is an understood fact that considerable
fertilizing qualities are obtained by the use of tobacco.
Evidently Duke's farm knows in what proportion to apply
the mixture to bring out perfect results. Be it as it may,
I vouch to say that that collection could travel quite a
distance to find its equal. It was a revelation to many of
us and decidedly a credit to the grower in charge.

Let the good work go on, and may we live to see dupli-
cates of such skill, which surely would be an incentive to
the upbuilding of this branch of gardening. We do
know that fruit has been a subject for discussion from
Adam down to the present time, and we also do know
there are varieties at our command worthy of the best
skill and care that can be bestowed upon them, and last,
but all important, horticultural builders that will give us
houses second to none. Therefore, taking everything in-
to consideration, no wonder that fruit growing under
glass has increased in recent years throughout these
United States.

THE APRIL NUMBER

OF THE

GARDENERS'
CHRONICLE

will contain a detailed illustrated account of
the International Flower Show viewed from
the standpoint of the private gardener.

It will be reported by one of the well-known
men of the profession.

DO NOT MISS IT

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i

Vegetable Growin:

By Various
VEGETABLES FOR EXHIBITION.

BY HAROLD B. VYSE, MORRISTOWN^ N. J.

At this season of the year, or even several weeks
earlier would be better, the gardener must begin to
make preparations for starting onions and leeks. They
should be sown in flats and put in a gentle heat to start
with ; as soon as large enough to handle, they should
be pricked off into flats far enough apart that when
they are planted out in their permanent position, they
can be lifted with a small ball of earth without injury
to their roots.

The ground should be well prepared as the onion is
a good feeder and likes rich ground ; tread the soil
down good and firm before planting, which can be
done as soon as all fear of frost has gone.

In planting out leeks from the boxes, I would sug-
gest digging a trench about one foot deep ; put in a
good layer of well-rotted cow manure and dig it in,
leaving the trench open — it gives a much better chance
for earthing up and getting a longer leek than other-
wise would be the case if planted on the flat.

Carrots and parsnips will be next on the list for
sowing, as soon as the weather permits. The ground
must be trenched about 2^ to 3 feet deep, if not pre-
viously done in the fall. It is, in my opinion, not
necessary to have the soil too rich, as it will have a
tendency to make the roots come forked and unshape-
ly, and also cause them to crack. A method very often
used to obtain length in parsnips and carrots is to take
an iron bar and drive a hole as far as possible in the
ground, fill it with some good soil, and sow the seeds,
covering with fine soil, and as soon as the plants are
fit to handle thin out to one plant.

Celery, always a great feature on the exhibition ta-
ble, should have a good period of growth, and to get
good stufif it should be planted not later than the first
or second week in June, taking care for the first few
weeks to give plenty of water after planting. Where
the ground is flat I would suggest digging trenches
about 5 feet apart and put a good layer of cow manure
in the trench and dig well in. sufficiently deep not to
touch the roots of the growing plants ; they will soon
start and find out where it is. I think it a good plan to
give celery two or three waterings with manure water
before starting to earth it up, as it is difficult to feed
fterwards.

Cauliflowers I consider one of the best and most
showy vegetables in a collection ; they should have
good looking after. I find one of the best to grow is
Suttons Autumn Mammoth. It succeeds well with me,
where all others have failed. I make a sowing about
the middle of !May and another in the early part of
June, and when ready to plant out they are transferred
to their growing quarters. I always put them on the
heaviest piece of ground I can find, and not too ruch
with manure. Having prepared the piece some weeks
ahead to let it settle and get down firm, if planted on loose
ground I find their heads are almost sure to come open
and unshapely.

String beans are an uncertain crop to trust out of
doors, as frost may appear and spoil the lot, therefore.
I think where sufficient room is at command in frames
or a cool house, the best thing is to make a late sow-
ing inside, which will repay for the lalior and safetv
ensured therebv ; it is advisable to thin out the beans :

Authorities.

by allowing too many on a plant they come out small
and crooked.

Tomatoes always make a good show ; one needs to
grow a late variety and have some good, green, well-
shaped fruit to pick before the frost comes, and keep
them in a cool place : they can be ripened in a week or
two by placing them in hay and putting in a warm place
to color. Keep a good watch to see that they are not
decaying.

Turnips, beets and potatoes, I need make no com-
ment upon. If grown in the usual way upon good
ground an exhibitor is sure to select a good dish of
each, from the quantity grown in the average well-
cropped garden, especially if the gardener anticipates
making a hit at the forthcoming show.

Cucumbers, where space permits in the greenhouse,
are easily produced where plenty of heat is at com-
mand. Seeds sown the first week in August and grown
on without a check, will ensure good fruit for the
show in October and November, and take one of the
first places in the collection.

^ly selection for an exhibition of twelve varieties of
vegetables would be : Cauliflowers, celery, onions,
leeks, string beans, cucumbers, tomatoes, potatoes,
Brussels sprouts, parsnips, carrots, turnips. Of course,
asparagus, mushrooms of globe artichokes are more
dainty vegetables, and. doubtless would stand more
chance in securing points for prize winning, but every
gardener has not the facility for producing them at that
season of the year. If so, I guess we should see a
keener competition at our shows.

FANCY ASPARAGUS.

Fancy asparagus of large size and fine flavor is very
much in demand and eagerly sought. It is universally
liked as one of the most palatable and wholesome early
vegetables, coming at a time when few new vegetables
are obtainable.

Xo amount of coaxing in the form of manure or fer-
tilizer will enlarge the stalks to any marked extent : it
will increase the yield, but not the size of the individual
spears. I tried this and tried hard in the early days,
but spent money and labor in vain. After experiment-
ing on different lines I found that only the seed taken
from plants which have produced big stalks will repro-
duce themselves. This means that buying seed and
growing roots and planting them is a waste of money
if an asparagus field yielding from 60 to 75 per cent, of
stalks big enough for fancy grades is wanted. You
have to resort to breeding pedigree stock or inbreeding.

Early in October, when the red berries are ripe on the
foliage of asparagus plants, is the time to gather in
the seed wanted. If you ow-n an asparagus patch you
will note that nearh- ever}' row^ has a few plants where
there are only two or three stalks in foliage, the latter
growing high as a young tree. Gather in the red
berries from these plants. Dry them in the sun, take
out the seed and preserve it in an air-tight tin box for
spring planting.

Growing from seed, not in seed beds, but direct in
the fields, is practiced in France exclusively. I adopted
this plan several years ago with the most satisfactory
results.

In making an asparagus plantation on lines as stated
above, select level land, preferably sandy loam, with

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

437

clay sul)S(jil, which should be well drained. Broadcast
manure freely and plow it under deeply. Rake fine
and plow out furrows six feet apart and spade these
furrows out to a depth of fifteen inches. Big asparagus
needs plenty of room for root development. When
planting use fine, well-rotted manure, of which hand-
fuls are dropped two feet apart in the ditch, well mixed
with top soil and forming a little hill in which three
or four seeds are sown very shallowly. Water well.
If shoots sprout up, thin out to the strongest plant and
fill up with two or three inches of top soil, well mixed
with fine manure. Repeat this filling at intervals of
two weeks, until the level of the ground is reached.
Frequent hoeing, keeping the soil mellow and free of
weeds, is of great importance. A lasting fertilizer, like
ground bone, can be used at the first filling up. Plant-
ing seed requires a trifle more labor than planting
roots, but this is offset by the vigorous growth of the
young plants. Roots are always set back when re-
planted.

Though size is the result of breeding from large
stalk-producing roots, flavor can be obtained by sup-
plying the roots with a well-balanced plant food, in
which potash is the main factor. I use for each acre
ten tons of manure as a top dressing, well harrowed in.
Five tons are applied in early spring and five in
July after cutting ceases. This is essential to good
cultivation, as it gives the -weakened roots a chance to
regain their vigor. Besides manure I use 600 pounds
of fertilizer, composed of 400 pounds of rock phosphate
and 200 pounds of muriate of potash for each acre.
The latter is 50 per cent, potash, therefore 100 pounds
of pure potash is supplied to each acre. This makes
the spears tender, solid and of the finest flavor. For
nitrogen I use green crops planted between the row;

and plowed under. Asparagus should not be cut be-
fore the head has formed and ripened. — Exchange.

SWISS CHARD.

Gardeners who demand a steady supply of greens
will do well to investigate the merits of this vegetable.
Botanically, Swiss Chard is a species of beets. It
forms no roots, however, its eatable portion consisting
of the succulent leaf stalks and pretty "savoj'ed" or
curly leaves.

Swiss Chard or "Spinach Beet," as it is often called,
is an ideal vegetable for home gardens. Sown exactly
like beets, the young seedlings should be "thinned" to
stand six inches apart in the row when they are three
inches high. They will grow rapidly and as soon as
they crowd each other, every other plant should be
cut out. These will furnish the first "greens" of that
type at about the middle of Jul}' from seed sown early
in May. End of July the rows, which should be about
three feet apart, will be in full bearing.

In harvesting this crop of greens, always cut the out-
side stalks. The plants grow from the center and
Swiss Chard proves a real "cut and come again" crop,
so long as the heart of plants is not disturbed. \\'hen
marketing this type of "greens," call your customers'
attention to the fact that you are selling them a vege-
table from which they can prepare two nice dishes.
The heavy creamy-white leaf stalks may be cooked and
served with a dressing, like asparagus. The leafy por-
tion of leaves will make an elegant, juicy and delicious
spinach. — \^egetable Grower.

INTERNATIONAL FLOWER SHOW

New York, April 5-12, 1913

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FLOWER & VEGETABLE

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whicli have gained during the past cen-
tury more than 550 GOLD MEDALS
and other honors at the leading" exhibi-
tions throughout the world, including
the highest awards at the Royal Liter-
national Horticultural Show, London,
1912, for Plants Grown from Seed.
Full particulars will be found in SUT-
TON'S GARDEN SEED CATA-
LOGUE for 1913. Those who have
not received a copy of this publication
should write at once to

SUTTON & SONS

Seedsmen to Hi, Majetly King George V.

READING, ENGLAND

438

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

CARNATION CALIFORNIA GIANT.

The photograph shown here of the carnation CaHfornia
Giant is just one-half the size of the tfower from which
it was reproduced. The bloom measured more than six
inches in diameter, and came from one of twelve plants
grown by Mr. P. W. Popp, superintendent of the T. H.
Darlington estate at Mamaroneck, N. Y. These twelve
plants are supposed to be the first and only plants of
this carnation in the East at the present time. It is
being introduced by a California grower, and is a cross
between Prosperity and Enchantress; the color of the

CARXATIOX. "CALII-ORXIA ClAXT."

plant is snow white, lemon tinted in the center, and occa-
sionally bearing red marks similar to Prosperity. The
stems are long and upright : it is said that this variety of
carnation possesses some of the habits of Peonies. The
plants from which the flower here shown was cut was re-
ceived last July in 2>4-inch pots, and the plants were
pinched back once and planted in August. Mr. Popp
believes that with a liberal treatment and field culture
until September the productive qualities of this variety
would be equal to many of the existing varieties of car-
nations of the present day.

HORTICULTURE AT THE PANAMA-PACIFIC
INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION.

BY G. A. DENNISON, REPRESENTATIVE OF THE DEP.\RTMENT OF
HORTICULTURE.

The presentation of the Horticultural Industry at the
Panama-Pacific International Exposition in 1915 will
difTer in manv respects from that of previous expositions
held in the United States, because of the increased im-
portance given the Departinent of Horticulture in the

official classification of the exhibits department. Hereto-
fore the work of the department was completed with
the presentation of the production of the raw material,
but in the present exposition, the scope of the work ex-
tends to the finished commercial article ready for the
market. All of the exhibits will have an exceptional
educational value by reason of the wide range of product
it will be possible to assemble. Special endeavor will be
made to secure the finest achievements the world has
produced in exhibits of newly created fruits, trees, flow-
ers, etc. The favorable climatic conditions which prevail
in San Francisco (an average temperature of 59 degrees
in summer and 51 degrees in winter) will make possible
the planting of all classes of plants at almost any season
of the year, and will give the Department of Horticul-
ture an opportunity to bring about results from a horti-
cultural standpoint which it has been utterly impossible
to do heretofore.

The Palace of Horticulture. 300 feet wide by 700 feet
long, surmounted by a magnificent glass dome 180 feet
high, will be one of the most beautiful and imposing of
all the exhibit palaces. Situated immediately to the left
of the main entrance to the Exposition Grounds, it will
at once command the attention of all visitors. It will
contain an approximate floor area of five acres, which
has been carefully planned to comprehensively exploit
the horticultural product in all its phases, from every
quarter of the globe.

Especially located and constructed accommodations
have been provided for the tropical and semi-tropical
countries in order that they may bring their rarest plants
and fruits and exhibit them to the very best advantage.
Adjoining, and for convenient comparison, will be
quarters for the exhibits of indoor shrubs and plants
from the temperate countries, and the exhibits of fresh
fruits, which will be an important feature, maintained
throughout the exposition period. This will, in a way,
be a continuous illustrated lesson, afifording the visitor
the opportunity of ascertaining the direct effect of soil,
climate, altitude, etc.. upon the size and flavor of the
different varieties of fruit.

The horticultural gardens for nursery stock will occupy
a large area, from twenty-five to fifty acres being avail-
able, as necessary, for competitive exhibits. The con-
tracts for the exhibit palaces call for their completion
in Julv, 1914, nearlv eight months before the opening
day— February 20, 1915. This will make possible for
those w^ho participate in the out-of-doors exhibit _ the
privilege of planting their stock in permanent position
and having it in place a sufficient length of time for it to
become acclimatized, obtain a perfect root settirig, and
allow the plants to develop under conditions which will
be as nearly normal as is possible to secure when
separated from the parent nursery. In such favored
surroundings, with all the forces of nature favoring their
efforts, the'creators of varieties of new fruits and berries
may demonstrate the possibility of their product in an
unparalleled manner, and the standard and accepted com-
mercial varieties will have the finest possible presenta-
tion. It will also permit the favorable demonstration of
methods of propagating, training and pruning of trees,
cross fertilization, "and the advantages to be gained from
the use of pedaceous and parasitic insects. Californian
authorities have made an especial study of insectology
and its important bearing upon the culture of fruit and
the eradication of fruit pests. A complete exhibit of
this remarkable science will be of inestimable value to
the student as well as to the practical horticulturist.

As a means of commemorating the Exposition through
the Department of Horticulture, the Board of Directors

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

439

have offered as a trophy to the creator of tiie finest rose
exhibited at the Exposition, a beautiful cup of the vakie
of SI. 000. This will be given in addition to the regular
award. The rose will receive its name from a com-
mittee appointed by the Board of Directors of the
Panama-Pacific International Exposition, and will be
judged from its size, form, color, stem, foliage, distinct-
iveness, substance and fragrance. The competition will
be open to all, amateur as well as professional, the only
restrictions being that it must be entirely new, unnamed
and hitherto unexhibited. This will insure for the lover
of the rose, as well as for the grower, an assembly of
new ideas in rose creation that will be of the greatest
value floriculturally, as well as educationally.

The bulb growers will also find displays of especial
interest. In addition to the splendid gift of a half million
bulbs made by the Bulb Growers" Association of Holland
to the Exposition authorities, to be used only for orna-
mental purposes, the competitive exhibits will contain dis-
plays from all of the leading producers of Holland. Al-
ready great interest has been manifested in this direction,
and the newest and finest creations have been promised.
\Mth the additional large exhibits from the American
producers flanking those from Holland, the opportunity
for comparison will have great value.

.\side from the actual Horticultural Exhibit, the Ex-
position grounds will be as enchanted gardens. The
frostless climate of San Francisco will permit the De-
partment of Landscape Gardening to accomplish flori-
cultural wonders. The world is being searched for the
rarest and most beautiful plants, and these will be used
^vith a lavish hand in creating a fitting setting for the
magnificent group of exhibit palaces situated on the shore
of glorious San Francisco Bay — the Panama-Pacific In-
ternational Exposition.

Competent Gardeners

^ The comforts and products of a country home are
increased by emptoying a competent gardener ; if you
want lo engage one, write to us.

q Please give particulars regarding place and say
whether married or single man is wanted. We have
been supplying them for years to the best people
everywhere. No fee asked.

PETER HENDERSON & CO.

Seedsmen and Florists
33 and 37 Cortlandt St. NEW YORK CITY

ORCHIDS

We are specialists in this kind of plants. We
collecl, import and grow orchids from all parts of
the world where orchids grow.

We will be glad to fill your order for one plant
or a thousand according to your requirements.

Our beautiful Catalogue and special lists on
application.

LAGER & HURRELL

Orchid-Growers and Importers

SUMMIT, N. J.

DO YOU KNO\A/

that right here in Fair Lawn,
X. J., sixteen miles froin New
York City, I am growing the
greatest Roses (plants) the world
has ever seen?

The photograph herewith was
taken at the end of September,
1912. when the plants had
reached their fullest development.
It shows one of the fields of
Hybrid Teas with plants three
feet high and three feet across.

This great advance in Rose
])lant production is fullv treated
in mv "A little' BOOK
ABOUT ROSES" for 1913, the
richest, most beautiful and help-
ful Rose catalog published, and
which will be mailed on request.

GEORGE H. PETER !!i ON

R.ose and Peony

SPEC1AH.ST

BOX 83

FAIR LAWN, N. J.

440 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Lawn Grasses

In order to maintain a beautiful green sward during the entire season,
it is absolutely necessary to sow Grasses that will respond to both cli-
matic and soil conditions.

We have made a life study of Grasses suitable for all purposes and con-
ditions and w^ill be pleased to impart the desired information to those
interested in Law^ns, Golf Courses, Tennis Courts or Pasture Lands.

Hardy Roses

We have just received an extra fine stock of the follow^ing varieties, all
true to name and of the best 2-year-old grafted stock.

HtrKv-irl Pia*»t-fcof 1 1 a 1 C ^'^'^'■^^ Colomb, Anna de Diesback, Baron Bon-
liyUIitli CipClUCliO Stettin, Baroness Rothschild, Capt. Christy,
Celine Forstier, Duke of Edinburgh, Frau Karl Druschki. (jen. Jacqueminot, Gloire de
Dijon, Hugh Dickson, John Hopper, Mme. Gabriel Luiset, Alagna Charta, ]\Iargaret
Dickson, Mrs. John Laing, Mrs. Sharman-Crawford, Paul Xeyron, Perle des Blanches,
Ulrich Brunner.

Strong, 2-year-old, $3.00 per Doz.; $24.00 per 100.

IJ |L„* J Tn^f> o Ij'^'^ty, Countess of Gosford. Duchess of Albany, Dean Hole,
* ^y 'J'- *vl K \?AO Eduard Meyer, Etoile de France, Farbenkonigen. Franz
Deegen, Grace Darling, Gruss an Teplitz, Kaiserin, Killarney Pink, Killarney White,
Lady Ashtown, Liberty, Lyon-Rose, Chatenay, Testout, Mme. Jules Grolez. ]\Ime.
Ravery, Maman Cochet, Pharisier, Prince de Bulgaria, Richmond, Sou. de la Malmaison,
V.icountess Folkestone.

Strong, 2-year-old, $3.50 per Doz.; $28.00 per 100.
Write for our Catalogue with description of above.

W. E. Marshall & Company

Seeds Bulbs Plants

1 66 West 23rd Street New York

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

441

SOME IMPORTANT LITERATURE ON PLANT

DISEASES THE GARDENER

SHOULD HAVE.

By J. J. Taubexhaus, M. S., Assistant Plant Pathologist,
Del. Exp. Stations, Newark. Del.
"Knowledge is power." There are very few of us
who beheve that we know it all. The successful gar-
dener is always on the alert to gather new ideas, to learn
new facts, and to constantly equip himself with a vast
amount of knowledge in order to help him solve his daily
problems. Gardeners are often met with failures in
their attempt to grow crops successfully. These failures
are often directly attributed to diseases induced by
parasitic insect fungi or bacteria. There are plenty of
horticultural books on the market in which one can find
useful information on plant cultivation. There are,
however, very few accessible sources where the gardener
can go for information on plant diseases and their con-
trol. Experiment Stations all over the country are bus-
ily engaged in solving the problems which daily beset the
agriculturists. The information which these Stations
furnish is all printed in bulletin form. These are sent
free to all who ask for them. Our most useful and
up-to-date information on plant diseases and their con-
trol can be found in these bulletins, although there is a
lot of scattered literature in periodicals w'hich is easily
accessible. It is true that most of these bulletins are
more or less of a technical nature, nevertheless, most
bulletins do not lose sight of the practical and economical
point of view. For the benefit of those who are inter-
ested, the following is a brief list of bulletins on plant
diseases and their control. Each of these bulletins
(unless the edition is exhausted) can be obtained free of
charge, by merely addressing a postal card to the Direc-
tor of the Experiment Station whence the bulletin is
desired. The post office address of each Experiment
Station will be given in parenthesis with each reference.
It is also urged that every gardener should write to each
Experiment Station to have his name placed on their
mailing list and specify the subject in which one is most
interested.

DISEASES OF POMACEOUS FRUITS.

1. liitter rot of apples. Horticultural investigations.
111. Expt. Sta. Bulletin No. 117, 1907 (Urbana, 111.).

2. Bitter rot of apples. 111. Expt. Sta. Bulletin No.
77, 1902 (address as in 1).

3. .Apple rots in Illinois. 111. Expt. Sta. Bulletin No.

69, 1902 (address as in 1).

4. Apple scab. Bulletin Ohio Expt. Sta. No. 9, 1891
(W'ooster, Ohio).

5. The black rot of the quince. N. J. Expt. Sta.
Bulletin No. 91, 1892 (New Brunswick, N. J.).

6. Canker of apple trees. 111. Expt. Sta. Bulletin No.

70, 1902 (address as in 1).

7. New York apple tree canker. New York Expt.
Sta. Bulletin No. 163 (Geneva, N. Y.).

8. Control of apple bitter rot. Bureau of Plant In-
dustry Bulletin No. 93, 1906 (U. S. Dept. of Agriculture,
\\'ashington, D. C).

9. Apple leaf spot. Bureau of Plant Industry, Bulletin
121. 1908 (address as in 8).

10. Bitter rot, sootv and fly speck fungus of apple.
Ohio Expt. Sta. Bulletin No. 79, 1897 (address as in 4).

11. Cause and prevention of pear blight. Year Book,
U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1895 (address as in 8).

12. Blight canker of apple trees. Cornell Expt. Sta.
Bulletin No. 236, 1907 (Ithaca, N. Y.).

13. The Cedar apple fungi and apple rusts in Iowa.
Iowa Expt. Sta. Bulletin No. 84, 1905 (Ames, Iowa).

DISE.^SES OF STONE FRUITS.

1. Leaf curl and plum pockets. Cornell Expt. Sta.
Bulletin No. 71 (Ithaca, N. Y.).

2. Peach leaf curl. Cornell Expt. Sta. Bulletin 164,
1899 (address as in 1).

3. Black knot of the plum. IMass. Expt. Sta. Report
8, 1890 (Amherst, IMass.).

4. Peach diseases. Ohio Expt. Sta. Bulletin No. 92,
1898 (Wooster, Ohio).

5. Peach scab. Del. Expt. Sta. Report 8, 1896
(Newark, Del.).

6. Brown rot of peaches, plums and other fruits.
Georgia Expt. Sta. Bulletin No. 50, 1900 (Experiment,
Ga.).

DISEASES OF SMALL FRUITS.

1. Spot diseases of currants and gooseberries. Iowa
Expt. Sta. Bulletin 13. 1891 (Ames, Iowa.).

T .\PPLIED FOR

rimtiil.'ut.e 11 1 II II t
traiisphintpd frmii lint-
hcrt. Sped planted 10
tl.iys earlier than Fig.

Seeil planted in op.
Oeld 10 days later thn
Fin. 1 and grrown lindi
a 5fvl.' V. riant force

.Seed planted snn
la.v ns Pis. 2. ni
rnwn wlthnnt Fnrce

DO YOU WANT RIPE TOMATOES, MELONS AND CUCUMBERS EARLIER THAN YOU EVER HAD THEM BEFORE?

The Ball Seed and Plant Forcer

Is the only Indivldnal plant frame ever invenlvd iliat i. a pra.tieal proposition for the Trivale a„n Mark, t Ga,.l,.„,.r. Will sive you a "op weeks
ahead of any other method outside of tlie greenhouse. These little greenhouses will give your seeds and plants the same protection as jr '»«y
■were under sash. When taken olT you will have a garden transformation you never dreamed of. All gardeners realize the valu«> of im Ivldual
glass covered plant frames for early results. The cost and weight was hitherto their only objection. My plant frames overcome this, costing hut
a few cents, weigh hut a few ounces, are collapsible, durable and produce the same results. They are made of heavy fibre Iward waterproofed
and will last for years. Style A Is designed especially for tomato and other tall plants. Style B for covering hills of canteloupes, cueumhers
and limn beans. The onlv practical method for forcing early sugar corn: so cheap you na afford to use them by the 1.000. A 4xo inch size wi
bring a crop two weeks earlier and you can buy them bv the 1,000 complete with glass for 2^ cents each. I hnye eleven dllTerent sizes tor an
CM,„litl..iiv "u don't let vonr lima brans rot or vour tomato and egg plants get a check with that cold spell you are sure to get right after
s,-ttlnc out vour best plants. 1 will s.iid v,.u S different sizes as samples. Fareel I'ost I'repaid. for .Wc. without glass. Let me tell you nyue abmit
this wonderful little device. Send for my no.iklet. ■•How to Grow Bigger. Helter and Curlier Crops Than You Ever Had Before. Its IT.e.

FRANCIS BALL MANUFACTURING CO., Glenside, Montgomery Co., Pa.

442

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

MichelFs (recleaned) Grass Seeds

For twenty-five years we've made grass seed a special study of our business. We've made it
pay us as well as others whom we have in that time helped to get and maintain perfect lawns
and pleasure grounds, as well as productive pastures and hayfields. We have separate varieties
of grass and grass mixtures for every purpose, and right now almost a million pounds of seed
to serve you with. Try "Michell's Evergreen" Lawn Grass Seed, $4.00 per Bu.
Write for catalog. E.xpert advice on grass. Free.

Michell's Seed House, 517 Market street. Philadelphia

2. Diseases of currants and gooseberries. Ohio Expt.
Sta. Bulletin 79, 1897 (Wooster, Ohio).

3. Raspberry cane blight and raspberry yellows.
New York Expt. Sta. Bulletin 226, 1902 (Geneva,
N. Y.).

4. Cranberry diseases. Bureau of Plant Industry,
Bulletin 110, 1907 (Department of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, D. C).

5. Strawberrv leaf spot. Cornell Expt. Sta. Bulletin
14, 1889 (Ithaca, N. Y.).

6. The black rot of grapes and its control. Cornell
Expt. Sta. Bulletin Xo. 253, 1908 (address as in 5).

7. Downy mildew of grape. ^Michigan Expt. Sta.
Bulletin 83 (East Lansing, Mich.).

8. Downy mildew of grape (treatment). U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture Farmers' Bulletin 4 (U. S.
Department of Agriculture, \\'ashington, D. C).

DISE.^SES OF SOL.\^"CEOUS PL.\NTS.

1. Certain potato diseases and their remedies. Yev-
mont Expt. Sta. Bulletin 72. 1899 (Burlington, Vt.).

2. Potato spraving experiments in 1906. N. Y. Expt.
Sta. Bulletin, 279 (Geneva, N. Y.).

3. Tomato diseases. Florida E.xpt. Sta. Bulletin 91,
1907 (Gainesville, Fla.).

4. Tomato leaf spot. Delaware Expt. Sta. Report 7
(Newark, Del).

5. Tomato scab. Connecticut Expt. Sta. Bulletin 115
(Storrs, Conn.).

6. Tomato diseases. Ohio Expt. Sta. Bulletin 73
(Wooster, Ohio).

7. Some fungus diseases of the egg plant. New Jer-
sey Expt. Sta. Report 12 (New Brunswick, N. J.).

8. Tobacco diseases. Ohio Expt. Sta. Bulletin 156
(address as in 6).

DISE.\SES OF VEGET.\BLES.

1. Bean diseases. Louisiana Expt. Sta. Bulletin 101
(Baton Rouge, La.).

2. Some diseases of the bean. Cornell Expt. Sta.
Bulletin No. 239 (Ithaca, N. Y.).

3. Club root of cabbage and its allies. New Jersey
Expt. Sta. Bulletin 98 (New Brunswick, N. J.).

4. The asparagus rust and its treatment, and natural
enemies. New Jersey Expt. Sta. Bulletin 129 (address
as in 3).

5. Bacterial rot of cabbage and allied plants. \\'is-
consin Expt. Bulletin 65 (Madison, Wis.).

6. Diseases of the cucurbits. Ohio Expt. Sta. Bulletin
89 (Wooster, Ohio).

7. Onion smut and its prevention. Ohio Expt. Sta.
Bulletin 122 (address as in 6).

8. Drop of lettuce. Massachusetts Expt. Sta. Report
9 (Amherst, Mass.).

9. The mildew of lima bean. Connecticut Expt. Sta.
Report, 1897 (Storrs, Conn.).

10. Some fungus diseases of the sweet potato. New
Jersey Expt. Sta. Bulletin 76 (New Brunswick, N. J.).

DISEASES OF ORNAMENTALS AND OF SHADE TREES.

1. Studies of some shade trees and timber destroying
fungi. Cornell Expt. Sta. Bulletin 193 (Ithaca, N. Y.).

2. Diseases of ornamental trees, year book 1907 (U. S.
Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C).

3. Fungus diseases of forest trees. Yearbook 1900,
L^. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C).

4. Diseases of deciduous forest trees. Bureau of Plant
Industry. Bulletin 149 (U. S. Department of Agricul-
ture, Washington, D. C).

5. Diseases of shade and ornamental trees. Yearbook
1896. (U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington,
D. C).

6. Chrysanthemum rust. Indiana Expt. Sta. Bulletin
85 (LaFayette, Ind.).

7. Leaf spot of Chrysanthemums. New Jersey Expt.
Sta. Report 15. 1894 (New Brunswick, N. J.).

8. A soft rot of the calla lily. Bureau of Plant Indus-
try. Bulletin 60 (U. S. Department of Agriculture,
\\"ashington, D. C).

METHODS OF CONTROL.

1. Fungicides and their use in preventing diseases of
fruits. Farmers' Bulletin 243 (tj. S. Department of
Agriculture, Washington, D. C).

2. Seed and soil treatments. Ohio Expt. Sta. Bulletin
199 (Wooster, Ohio).

3. Soil treatment of tobacco plant beds. Ohio Agri-
culture Expt. Sta. Circular 59 (Wooster, Ohio).

4. Soil treatment for the forcing house. Ohio Expt.
Sta. Circular 57 (Wooster, Ohio).

REFERENCE BOOKS.

1. Handbook of Diseases of Cultivated Plants, by A. D.
Selby. Ohio Bulletin 214 (Wooster. Ohio).

2. California Plant Diseases, by R. E. & E. H. Smith.
California Expt. Sta. Bulletin 218 (Berkeley, Cal.). 1
and 2 to be had free upon asking.

3. Fungus Disease of Plants, by B. M. Duggar, Ginn
& Co.. New York.

4. Diseases of Economic Plants by Stevens & Hall.
The MacMillan Co., New York.

5. Text Book of Plant Diseases, by Massee, G. The
MacMillan Co.. New York.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

443

Notice to Superintendents and Gardeners of Private Estates

THE .AIACNIFF HORTICULTURAL CO. announces that it is now
located in its new five-story building at 56 Vesey Street, Xew York City
(three doors above the old address).

The company has made extensive alterations in its Auction Depart-
ment for the comfort and convenience of its patrons.

The company has also greatly enlarged and improved its Seed Depart-
ment and is now in a position to give all seed orders prompt and efficient
attention. A trial order is respectfully solicited.

The company is receiving and disposing of large consignments of
nursery stock at its atiction sales which take place every Tuesday and Fri-
day; sales commence at eleven o'clock a. m. Stock consists of Roses of
every description and color, Rhododendrons, Conifers, \"ines and every-
thing in the nursery line.

Inquire about its method of selling goods at auction. It feels assured
that you will then want its catalogues.

The MacNifif Horticultural Co. takes this opportunity to thank its
man)' friends for their esteemed patronage in the past. It owes its suc-
cess to their liberal support, and hopes for a continuance of the same in
the future.

THE MACNIFF HORTICULTURAL CO.

56 Vesey Street, N. Y. City

Trees Treated by us In Mount Vcrco

itfe, f I CAN P^SERVE YOUR OLD TREES

Proper feeding of an old tree to give fresh vigor is an impor-
tant part of my method of treatment. After decay has been ar-
rested and all dead or useless limbs removed, I give special atten-
tion to starting new growth.

The art of tree surgery is comparativelv new, but it is based
on scientific principles of plant
growth and a knowledge of
the causes of disease and decay.

I undertake the management of orchards, as well as all kinds
of ornamental plantations, grading, surveying ; making flower
gardens and herbaceous borders ; and give professional advice
on estate management.

J[^°*\\'ritc to me ali^ail any subject concerning care of trees, and I will give
you mj- opinion, based on years of cxpc-riciicf.

PRACTICAL FORESTRY
LANDSCAPE GARDENING
PLANS and CONSULTATIONS

JOHN T. WITHERS, Inc.

1 Montgomery Street JERSEY CITY, N. J.

Ti,i- n. \:y w:i^ ;.::iht,.,I by (■;,'.. ri:.^ \V:isIiir^^--r.
.\t the request of the Mt. Vornou Association,
Injuries from wind storms and decay were re-
paired: tlie top was crowned and weakened
IiranctU'S Itolted to a reinforcing rod. The tree
now bas a new lease of life.

444

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

National Association of Gardeners.

M. C. Ebel, secretary, Madison, N. J.

Society of American Florists and Orna-
mental Horticulturists.
John Young, secretary, 54 West 28tli street,
New York.

American Carnation Society.
A. F. J. Bauer, secretary, Indianapolis, Ind.

American Gladiolus Society.

L. Merton Gage, secretary, Groton, Mass.

American Peony Society.
A. B. Saunders, secretary, Clinton, N. Y.

American Rose Society.
B. Hammond, secretary, Fishkill, N. Y.

American Sweet Pea Society.

H. A. Bunyard, secretary, 342 West 14th

street, New York.

Chrysanthemum Society of America.

Charles W. Johnson, secretary, Morgan

Park, 111.

Boston Gardeners' and Florists' Club.
William N. Craig, secretary. North Easton,
Mass.
Meets third Tuesday every month, Horti-
cultural Hall, Boston, Mass., 8 p. m.

Connecticut Horticultural Society.

Geo. W. Smith, secretary, Melrose, Conn.

Meets second and fourth Fridays every

month, County Building, Hartford, Conn., 8

p. m.

Dutchess County Horticultural Society.

Hubert G. Cottam, secretary, Wappingers

Falls, N. Y.

Meets at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., last
Wednesday every month except May and
June.

Elberon Horticultural Society.
C. 0. Duncan, secretary, Elberon, N. J.
Meets first Monday every month. Fire
Hall, Elberon, N. J., 8 p. m.

Florists' and Gardeners' Club of Holyoke
and Northampton, Mass.

James Whiting, secretary, Amherst, Mass.
Meets second Tuesday every month.

The Garden Club of Michigan.
Mrs. Edward H. Parker, secretary, 139 Sey-
burn avenue, Detroit, Mich.
The corresponding secretary will notify
members of date and place of meetings.

Gardeners' and Florists' Club of Baltimore.

N. F. Flittin. secretary, Paterson Park,
Baltimore, Md.
Meets second and fourth Monday every
month, Florist Exchange Hall.

The Horticultural Society of New York.

Geo. V. Nash, secretary, Bronx Park, New

York City.

Meets monthly, irregular. May to Octo-
ber, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx
Park, New York. November to April,
American Museum of Natural History, 77th
street and Columbus avenue. New York.

Lake Geneva Gardeners' and Foremen's

Association.
W. H. Griffits, secretary. Lake Geneva, Wis.
Meets first and third Saturday every
month, October to April; first Saturday
every month. May to September, Horticul-
tural Hall.

Lenox Horticultural Society.
George Instone, secretary, Lenox, Mass.
Meets first Saturday every month.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
William P. Rich, secretary, 300 Massachu-
setts avenue, Boston, Mass.

Monmouth County Horticultural Society.
Harry Kettle, secretary, Fairhaven, N. J.
Meets second and fourth Friday every
month. Red Men's Hall, Oceanic.

Morris County Florists' and Gardeners'

Society.
Edward J. Reagan, secretary, Morristown,
N. J.
Meets at Madison, N. J., second Wednes-
day every month, except July and August,
8 p. m.

Nassau County Horticultural Society.

Ernest Westlake, secretary. Glen Cove, N. Y.
Meets second Wednesday everv month,
Pembroke Hall, Glen Cove, N. Y„ 8 p. m.

New Jersey Floricultural Society.
John Dervan, secretary, 433 Centre street.
Orange, N. J.
Meets second Friday every month, 240
Main street, Orange, N. J., 8 p. m.

New London County Horticultural Society.

John Humphrey, secretary. New London,
Conn.
Meets second Thursday every month,
rooms of Business Men's Association.

Newport Horticultural Society.
D. J. Coughlin, secretary, Newport, R. I.
Meets second and fourth Tuesday every
month.

North Shore Horticultural Society.

Jas. Slater, secretary, Manchester, Mass.
Meets first and third Fridays every
month.

North Westchester County Horticultural

and Agricultural Society.
M. J. O'Brien, secretary, Mt. Kisco. N. Y.
Meets third Thursday every month, ex-
cept June, July and August, at S p. m.;
December, January and February, 3 p. m.,
Odd Fellows HalI,"Mt. Kisco.

Oyster Bay Horticultural Society.
John T. Ingram, secretary. Oyster Bay,
N. Y.
Meets third Friday every month. Board
of Trade, Oyster Bay, N. Y., 8 p. m.

Pasadena Horticultural Society.

Geo. B. Kennedy, secretary, 497 Bradford
street, Pasadena, Cal.
Meets first and fourth Friday every
month.

Paterson Floricultural Society.
Sebastian Hubschmitt, secretary, 61 Seventh
avenue, Paterson, N. J.
Meets first Tuesday every month, Ro-
maine Building, 8 p. m.

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.
David Rust, secretary. Broad and Locust
streets, Philadelphia, Pa.
Meets third Tuesday every month. Horti-
cultural Hall, 8 p. m.

People's Park Cottage Gardeners' Associa-
tion.
John Ainscough. secretary, 4 Chestnut street,
Paterson, N. J.
Meets first and last Friday every month.
Working Man's Institute, Madison avenue,
Paterson, N. J.

Philadelphia Florists' Club.
David Rust, secretary. Broad and Locust
streets, Philadelphia, Pa.
Meets first Tuesday every month, Horti-
cultural Hall, Philadelphia, Pa., 8 p. m.

The Pittsburgh Florists' and Gardeners'
Club.

H. P. Joslin, secretary, Ben Avon, Pa.

Meets first Thursday every month. Fort
Pitt Hotel, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Rhode Island Horticultural Society.
A. C. Miller, secretary, 7 Irving avenue,
Providence, R. I.
Meets third Wednesday every month,
Providence Public Library, 8 p. m.

Shelter Island Horticultural and Agricul-
tural Society.
Fred Kirkham, secretarv, Shelter Island,
N. Y.'
Meets first and third Thursdays every
month.

Southampton horticultural Society.
William McLeod, secretary.
Meets first Thursday every month. Me-
morial Hall, Southampton, N. Y.

Tarrytown Horticultural Society.
E. W. Neubrand, secretary, Tarytown, N. Y.
Meets last Tuesday every month, except
December, Corporation Building, Tarrytown,
N, Y., 7:30 p. m. Annual meeting last
Thursday in December.

Tuxedo Horticultural Society.
Jos. A. Becvar, secretary. Tuxedo Park, N. Y.
Meets first Wednesday every month. Par-
ish House, Tuxedo Park.

Washington, D. C, Florist Club.
J. L. Mayberrv, secretary, Washington.
D. C.
Meets first Monday every month.

Westchester and Fairfield Horticultural

Society.
J, B, McArdle, secretary, Greenwich, Conn.
Meets second Friday every montli, Dor-
an's Hall, Greenwich, Conn., 8 p. m.

Yonkers Horticultural Society.

Thos. Mahoney, secretary, Y'onkers, N. Y.
Meets first Friday every month, Holly-
wood Inn, Yonkers, N. Y., 8 p. m.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

445

GARDENERS DIARY

The International Flower Show.

New Grand Central Palace, New York,
April 5-12, 1913.

National Association Meeting.
Spring meeting. National Association of
Gardeners, Leetiue Hall, Grand Central Pal-
ace, New York, Monday afternoon, April 7,
at 2 o'clock.

National Bowling Tournament.
Thumm's Alleys, Broadway and 31st
street, New York City, Wednesday, April
9, commencing 9 a. m.

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.
Annual Spring Exhibition Horticultural
Hall, Philadelphia, Pa., March 18 to 20.

Horticultural Society of Chicago.

Spring Flower Show, Art Institute, Chi-
cago, m., April 1-5, 1913.

Newport Horticultural Society.
Summer Show, Newport, R. I., June 25-26.

Tuxedo Horticultural Society.

Summer Show, Tuxedo Park, July.

Lenox Horticultural Society.

Summer Show, August 20-21. Fall Show,
October 22-23.

New York Horticultural Society.
Annual Fall Show, American Museum of
Natural History, New York, October 31 to
November 4.

Tarrytown Horticultural Society.
Fall Show, November 4, 5, 6.

Yonkers Horticultural Society.
Bowling, Thui'sday nights, Riverdale ave-
nue, Yonkers, N. Y.

ANNUAL SUPPER WESTCHESTER AND

FAIRFIELD HORTICULTURAL

SOCIETY.

The first annual supper of the Westches-
ter and Fairfield Horticultural Society was
held in Germania Hall, New Roehelle, N. Y.,
February 18. As was expected, keen but
friendly rivalry existed among those taking
part in the bowling, which took place in
the afternoon. Great excitement prevailed
in the games, "trade versus private," hon-
ors being about even at the finish. Com-
petitive games were also arranged among
the members, the championship prize going
to E. McKenzie. In the clash that took
place for county supremacy Westchester
came out on top. the scores being: West-
chester, 2.4S6; Fairfield, 2,347.

About 7:30 p. m. 80 members and invited
guests took their seats at the tables in the
spacious hall, to partake of the good things
provided. A fine feature of the supper wa~
the very artistic manner in which the table
decorations were carried out. finely flow-
ered plants of Cattleya Triana; being used
extensively, these being kindly lent by the
Geo. E. Baldwin Company, orchid growers,
Mamaroneck, N. Y. Boutonnieres of lilies
of the valley were provided by ex- President
J. Stuart, and miniature "Stars and
Stripes" were the favors kindly donated
by Chas. McTaggart.

Among the invited guests representing
the horticultural trade were H. A. Bun-
yard, W. E. Marshall, Thomas B. Collie,
P, Hamilton Goodsell, W. E. Maynard, An-
drew Wilson, A. Richards, Chas. McTag-
gart, Andrew Kennedy, all of New York;
Robert Renison, Louis F. .Vlilliot, of Yonk-
ers, N. Y.; Wm. Scott, of Elmsford, N. Y.;
Edward Neubrand, of Tarrytown, N. Y. ;
M. C. Ebel, Madison, N. J.; Thomas Wade,
New Roehelle, N. Y. President Robt. Wil-
liamson, after extending a hearty welcome
to members and guests, introduced as toast-
master for the evening John M. Brown, of
Stamford, After a few brief remarks on
the great strides made by the society since
its inauguration he told of the good work
being done towards encouraging a better
horticultural spirit among the public of this
section. He was also glad to hear that the
society intended to hold its fall show in
Stamford, and assured them that the sup-
port they would receive will fully justify
the step taken by the society in that direc-
tion.

Responding to the request of the toast-
master short addresses were made by the
different representatives of the horticultural
trade, and President M. C. Ebel spoke for
the International Flower Show, R. Renison
for the Yonkers Horticultural Society,
H. A. Bunyard for the National Sweet Pea
Society. Speeches were also made of a
congratulatory and humorous natirre bv
P. H. Goodsell. F. E. Conine, Chas. McTag-
gart, W. E, Maynard. Joseph H. Sperry.
Edward Neubrand, A. Rickards, W. E. Mar-
shall, Geo. E. Baldwin, Wm. Scott, Presi-
dent Robt. Williamson, ex-President J.
Stuart, Secretary J. B. McArdle, which
were received with rounds of applause by
all present. Proceedings were enlivened
considerably during the evening with songs
by H. Wild, O. A. Hunwick. J. M. Brown
and A. Rickards. Before closing a most
successful and pleasant event, cheers were
called for President R. Williamson. ex-
President J. Stuart, Secretary J. B. Mc-
Ardle and the toastmaster, and hands were
joined in singing "Auld Lang Svne."

OWEN A. HUNWiaC.

Secretary.

FEBRUARY EXHIBITION NEW YORK
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Horticultural Society of New York
held an exhiliition February 22 in the
American Museum of Natural History, Cen-
tral Park West and 77th street. The ex-
hibitions of this society are always inter-
esting events and as we see it are product-
ive of much benefit to the trade in general,
for at each one there is always a new or
novel production to be seen. A feature at
this show was the California carnation, ex-
hibited by P. W. Popp, gardener to H. Dar-
lington, Mamaroneck. N. Y. It was award-
ed a special prize. Lager & Hurrell, Sum-
mit, N. J., received a silver medal for
orchid Lycate Skennerii Alba. Cottage

PRIVATE GARDENERS

Make your entry of

SIX ROSES

at the next
International Flower

SHOW

to be held in New York
April 5-12

AND \A^IN THE

Fifty Dollar Silver Cup

OFFERED BY

MOORE, HENTZ & NASH

For Conditions, s
Schedule of Pr

Gardens Company, Queens, N. Y., silver
medal for 100 white carnations Matchless.
S. Untermeyer, Yonkers, N. Y. (W. H.
Waite, superintendent), special prize, for
white dendrobiums. L. A. Havermeyer,
Glen Head. N. Y., exhibited fine specimens
of Easter lilies in pots. Miss C. A. Bliss,
New Canaan, Conn. (.Jas. Burns, gardener),
18 variegated carnations, first prize. A. N.
Pierscm, Inc., Ci'omwell, Conn., vase of
rose Milady, silver medal. .James D. Cock-
croft, Nort'hport, N. Y., 50 carnations Law-
son shade, first prize with "Northport."
Mrs. J. Hood Wright, New York City, scar-
let carnations, first prize. A. Lewisohn,
.\rdsley, N. Y. (John Canning, gardener),
vase 18 Dorothy Gordon, first prize; also

Plant for Immediate Effect

Not for Future Generations

Start with the largest stock that can be secured ! It takes over
twenty years to grow many of the Trees and Shrubs we offer.

We do the long waiting — thus enabling you to secure Trees and
Shrubs that give an immediate effect. Send for price list.

ANDORRA NURSERIES

WM. WARNER HARPER, Proprietor

CHESTNUT HILL
PHILADELPHIA, PA.

446

THE GARDENERS* CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Burpee's Seeds Grow!

THE truth of this famous "slogan" is attested by thousands of
the most progressive planters throughout the world, who rely
year after year upon Burpee's Seeds as The Best Seeds That Can
Be Grown! If you are willing to pay a fair price for Quality-
Seeds, we shall be pleased to mail, without cost, a copy of Burpee's
Annual for 1913. Long known as "The Leading American Seed
Catalog," this Bright New Book of i8o pages tells the plain truth
and is a safe guide to success in the garden. Do you want it ?
If so, write to-day! Address

W. ATLEE BURPEE & CO., Philadelphia

first for 18 White Enchantress carnations.
Wm. Ziegler. Jr., Noroton, Conn., vase of
freesias, Fischer's Purity, first prize. Wm.
R. Seymoiu-, New York, vase of white seed-
ling carnations, certificate of merit.

NEWPORT OUTDOOR SHOW.

Much interest is manifested in tlie open-
air and tent exhibition to be held on tlie
estate of Mrs. John Nicholas Brown by tlie
Newport Garden Association, which is made
up of the ladies of the summer colony, and
the Newport Horticultural Society com-
bined. The first day will probably be "So-
ciety Day." The dates are June 25 and 26.

AMERICAN ROSE SOCIETY.

A Prize for the Small Grower.

There has been discussion regarding the
large prize offered by Moore, Hentz & Nash
of a $50 cup for six roses. Mr. Moore says
some small giower may have just a few
very fine flowers, as fine as grown in the
largest establishment, and it is just here
that he has his chance against the big man.
A small bunch spreads the offer far more
widely, and that is what we want to do, if
it gets more exhibitors and gets a medley
of varieties and sets people talking about
such a valuable prize for ''only six roses."

No stem longer than 20 inches, not over
two roses of any one variety, the roses of
each variety to be judged on their own
merits and not by comparison with the
other varieties.

BENJAMIN HAMMOND,

Secretary.

TARRYTOWN HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

The regular monthly meeting of the
Tarrytown Horticultural Society- was held
in the banquet room. Corporation Building,
President Lee occupying the chair.

Messrs. Thomas Morris, James Barlow
and John H. Weaver were elected as active
members.

A splendid vase of carnations, "The Her-
ald," was staged by the Chicago Carnation
Company, which was awarded a certificate
of merit.

The dates for the Fall Show, which is i«
be held in the Music Hall, Tarrytown. were
fixed for Tuesday, Wednesday and Thurs-
day. 4th. 5th and 6th of November.

After the routine of business had been
disposed of President Lee announced that
the evening had been set apart for the en-
tertainment of the ladies, it being Ladies'
Night. A committee had arranged a musi-
cal programme, which was followed by
dancing, at both of which great talent was
displayed, and everyone seemed to be en-
joying themselves. At the intermission re-

freshments were served, and everyone
seemed to be well taken care of, and any
member who was not there missed the time
of his life, seventy-five being present.

Great credit is due the Committee of Ar-
rangements and all who took part, for it
was a success from start to finish.

E. TEETHEWEY.
Corresponding Secretary.

ELBERON (N. J.) HORTICULTURAL.
SOCIETY.

A regular monthly meeting was held in
Firemen's Hall, Elberon, N. J., ilonday
March 3, with President George Masson pre-
siding and exceedingly good attendance.
F. C. Seymour, of West End, N. J., was
elected to membership.

The evening's exhibits were very fine and
made quite a display. The awards are as
follows: George Masson, Tulip Pride of
Haarlem, 90; W. R. Seymour, Lily of the
Valley, 87; Chas. 0. Duncan, Carnation
White Enchantress, 75; Chas. Russell, Stock
Queen Alexandra, 80. Certificates of culture
were awarded to D. C. Kelly for a vase of
Gardenias and to Frank Eddington for
Amaryllis; also a certificate of merit to
Wm. R. Seymour for white seedling Carna-
tion.

The meeting was continued with a most
interesting paper read by AVm. Turner, of
Oceanic, N. Y., on the "Culture of Orchids,"
an interesting discussion following.

WM. R. SEYMOUR.
Assistant Secretarv.

OYSTER BAY (N. Y.) HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

The regular meeting of this society was
lield in the Board of Trade rooms. Presi-
dent Duthie in the chair. The secretary
read the report of the Dinner Committee,
which was very satisfactory. A hearty
vote of thanks was accorded the commit-
tee for the splendid arrangements and al-o

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depend on
ting D & C rosea io perfect condition. V
Oor"Kew Guide to Rose Cnltnre" for 1913— fre»

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THE DINGBE 4 CONARO CO., Boi SP, West Grove, Pa,

Fall Bearing' Strawberry Plants

You can have Strawberries from August
to November by setting out my new Fall
Bearing Strawberry Plants.

Descriptive Catalogue Free
BASIL PERRY, Box 15, Cool Spring, Delaware

to Mr. Rothman for tlie service. On behalf
of an anonymous donor the secretary was
instructed to offer a silver cup for the best
collection of Peonies at the Spring Show,
also .$10 in gold as a second prize and $10
to be used for prizes for the school chil-
dren. A vote of thanks was accorded the
donor for his generosity. Seven new mem-
bers were enrolled and two more elected.
Messrs. Wm. D. Robertson, John Sorosick
and James Goldsmith acted as judges, and
their decisions were as follows: Primrose
malacoides, F. Vilroccia, H. M. : Cucumbers,
.Jos. Marmaroll, H. M. ; three pots of Hya-
cinths, Jos. Robinson, C, C. ; four pots of
Primrose obconica. F. Kyle, C. C. : one vase
of Lilies, A. Lahodney,"C. C; 100 Violets,
A. Walker, C. C: three varieties of Orchids,
J. T. Ingram. H. M. Jos. Robinson an-
nounced his intention to give a gold medal
to the member gaining most first prizes in
the monthly competitions in 191.3. A vote
of thanks was accorded Mr. Robinson for
his kindness. The various exhibitors gave
interesting talks on the different exhibits.
Mr. Walker promised to give a paper on
Lily culture at the next meeting. Floyd
Blowers, of Westlook Farm, read an inter-
esting paper on grape culture outdoors,
which was greatly enjoyed. Mr. Blowers
received thanks for his address. The sec-
retary, on behalf of the N. A. G., distrib-
uted "the final premium lists for the Inter-
national Show. The exhibit next month
will include one pot of Easter LOies. single
plant, six spikes of Antirrhinum and three
heads of lettuce. It was voted to hold a
Chrysanthemum show this }-ear, and the
Executive Coinmittee was instructed to re-
port at tlie next meeting and prepare
schedules. J. T. INGRAM.

Secretarv.

CONNECTICUT HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

Cineraria Night. February 2S. brought
out a s])lendid collection of blooming plants
of this favorite flower. President Huss
showed fifteen varieties of hybrid dwarfs,
including some of the cactus type. Alfred
Cebelius exhibited blooming stellata plants.
George W. Eraser, florist of the horticul-
tural department of Storrs Agricultural Col-
lege, showed plants of Schizanthus Wise-
stonesis, and a few blooms of a new and
promising seedling carnation called "A. G.
Gullev." after Prof. Gvdley, the horticul-

This Catalog contains
a volume of informa-
tion regarding Trees
and Plants for Rock
Gardens, Old Fashioned
Gardens. Sea-Shore
', I Planting and Ground
V 'Covering Under Rhodo-
'dendrons and Shrub-
bery. Gives also sug-
gestive planting plans
and planting list for
_ Rose Gardens, Herba-
ceous Gardens and Sub-
urban Estates. Names and describes de-
sirable Trees and Shrubs with Ornamental
Fruits, Hedge Plants, Trees for Orchard
and Forest Planting, new and old varieties
of Roses and Climbing Vines.
Copv sent Free upon Request.
We grow in quantity every Hardy Tree
or Plant worthy of Cultivation.

Correspondence invited.
THE NEW ENGL.\XD NURSERIES CO.,
Dept. "G." BEDFORD, M.\SS.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

447

turist of that college. It is cerise ijiiil: in
color, and a cross of Beacon and a single
seedling. The judges were J. Alfred Weber,
C. H. Sierman and George B. Baker, who
made awards as follows: A cultural certifi-
cate to Mr. Cebelius; a cultural certificate
to Mr. Huss; a first class certificate to Mr.
Fraser for the Schizanthus, and a certificate
of merit for the carnation seedling.

Plans aie being made for a banquet of
the society at Harry Bond's, Hartford, on
the evening of the 18th. Arrangements for
it are being perfected by the committee in
charge — Cuno A. Helfricht. A. Righenzi and
W. W. Hunt. Prominent speakers inter-
ested in horticulture are expected to attend,
and to enliven the occasion by addresses.

Our next meeting will be "Pruning
Night.'' March 14, with a practical demon-
stration of pruning of ornamental stock
bv President Huss.

GEORGE W. SMITH,

Secretary.

LAKE GENEVA GARDENERS' AND
FOREMEN'S ASSOCIATION.

Annual election of directors and officers
took place on February 15. Result: Presi-
dent, Jos. Krupa: vice-president, Axel .John-
son: secretary and trtasurer. W. H. Grit-
fits. ' A. MARTINI.

Secretary.

SHELTER ISLAND HORTICULTURAL
AND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Tlie regular meeting of the above society
was held in the Men's Club Hall on Mon-
day. March 3. President A. .J, Dickerson in
the chair. The secretary read the minutes
of the previous meeting for information.

The following were elected to member-
ship: Theo. Reeves. J). H. Young. Irving
Clark, Russell Conklin. H. K. Dawson. F. N.
Dickerson. C. P. Briaham. W. C. Brigham,
H. W. Dickerson. Robert Mack, C. S. Dick-
erson. J. Ward. Peter E. Nostrand, M. B.
Duval. Bert Nostrand. It was decided to
hold the future meetings in the Mechanics'
Hall. The days were also changed from
Thursday to Wednesday, so as not to clash
with the other local societies.

The secretary read an essay on fruit
tree pruning that caused quite a deal of
interesting questions to be asked from the
question box. The next regular meeting
will be Wednesday, March 19.

F. KIRKHAM,

Secretary.

NEW JERSEY FLORICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

A meeting of the above society was lield
in Lindslev's Hall, 240 Main street. Orange.
N. J.

Upon invitation of this society State
Senator Austen Colgate discussed with the
members a resolution adopted by this so-
ciety at its last regular meeting of having
appointed three professional gardeners on
the Boards of Park and Shade Tree Com-
missions. The Senator said he would intro-
duce a bill to that effect, and if it should
be defeated the society should suggest
names of candidates for appointment to the
Governor where vacancies occurred, and he
■would do all in his power to have them
appointed.

It behooves all sister societies to get busy
in this matter, as it is an incentive worth
considering.

Charles Ashmead was elected vice-presi-
dent to fill the unexpired term of George
B. Wilson, who resigns to take charge of
the Taylor estate at Jericho. L. I.

Candidates elected to membership were
James Davidson, of Orange, and James
O'Rourke, of Montdair, N. J.

I licre ulTc a uuuibei ol prizes ofi'ered,
namely: gold watch, by Lord, Burnham
Company for liigliest number of points in
monthly competition; silver cups by
Hitchiugs & Co., Stumpp & Walter Co.;
$2U in gold by \Vm. Runkle, Esq.

"Carnation Night" was held on March 14.

In monthly competition for points the
following awards were made: Vase of car-
nations, Wm. Reid, 90 points; vase of
roses, Wm. Reid, 84 points; vase of carna-
tions, Ma.x Schneider, 85 points; vase of
sweet peas. Max Scluieider, 70 points; vase
of freesias. Max Schneider, 70 points; vase
of sweet peas, Frank Drews, 60 points;
vase of narcissus, Frank Drews, 60 points;
vase of cyclamen, Frank Drews, 70 points;
vase of roses, John Dervan, 83 points; vase
of carnations, Fritz Bergeland, 75 points;
Platyclinis Glumacea, Emil Pawiska, 75
points: Cinerasia, Emil Pawiska, 82 points.

Not for competition: Seedling rose,
Frank Drews, certificate of merit; bunch
of violets. Max Schneider, honorable men-
tion: vase of roses. .Jolin Dervan, certificate
of merit. .JOHN DERVAN,

Secretary.

CONNECTICUT HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

'"Carnation Night" evoked a superb di^
play of blooms of '"the divine flower." The
members' usual exhibition was augmented
by fine collections from A. N. Pierson, of
Cromwell; George W. Fraser, assistant hor-
ticulturist of Storrs Agi"icultural College;
.Scott Brothers, of Elrasford, N. Y., and
The Cottage Gardens Company, of Queens,
N. Y. The judges were C. H. Sierman and
J'. Alfred Weber, of Hartford, and George
B. Baker, of New Britain. After much de-
liberation, they announced awards as fol-
lows: Cottage Gardens Company, for
matchless variety, first class certificate;
the Whiting Greenhouses, West Hartford
(Carl Peterson, manager), first class cer-
tificate; Scott Brothers, for British Tri-
umph. William Eccles and Lady NorthclifTe
(82. 85 and 79 points, respectively), first
class and cultural certificates; A. N. Pier
son, for Benora, &c., first class certificate ;
Alfred Cebelius. Hartford, certificate of
merit: George W. Fraser, for seedlings, cer-
tificate of merit, and J. Alfred Weber, for
collection of blooming cinerraria plants,
certificate of merit.

James T. Scott, of Scott Brothers, was
present, and gave much pleasure to the
audience by his many advices regarding
the merits and the demerits of the leading
varieties of market carnations. Ho showed
what extraordinary changes are taking
place in this respect by the introduction
of new- kinds and the elimination of old
ones. He answered many questions for the
benefit of inquirers. Mr. Fraser also ad-
dressed the societ.v. as did R. T. Beers, of
Cromwell, representing Mr. Pierson. Many
valuable facts were elicited by the im
proniptu addresses, and by the discussions
that ensued from them, chiefly concerning
modern commercial carnation culture. The
presence of the out-of-town visitors was
very much enjoyed and appreciated.

President Huss has the sympathy of
many friends, both here and abroad, in tlip
recent decease of his venerable mother, in
Switzerland, who recentl.v passed away in
her 93d year, Mr, Huss has been the re-
cipient of many letters of condolence. lb'
has had the joy of visiting his mother :i
number of times in the last few years at
his old home in Switzerland.

Our society is temporarily deploring the
withholding of the annual State appro-
priation, through a new and apparently
technical interpretation of the statute pro-

viding tlie fund. Several new bills have
consequently been presented to the present
legislature to cure the defect in the phrase-
ology of the present statute. We hope for
the enactment of the best one of these bills,
retroactive in character, and hence cover-
ing our share of the State fund for last
season. GEORGE W. SMITH,

Secretary.

JOS. A. MANDA
Orchid Expert

West Orange

New Jersey

"■"^WIZARD BRAIVD ^~"~'

SHEEP MANURE

Dried and Pulverized

Highly concentrateii pure manure — un-
equalled for tield and landscape fertilizing.

One Barrel Equals Two

I Wa^on Loads Barnyard ManoreJ

Insures Successful Fall
Planting

Ask for interesting- booklet and
prices in any quantity from one
bag to carloads of l.'j tons minimum.
The Palverlzed Manure Co.

l:1 Union Stock Yards : Chicago

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

The style of our advertisements brings business to us.

The merit of our products retains it for us — for, once tried they
are always used — Try them.

For spraying trees, shrubs and hardy outdoor plants nothing can equal our new
product, SCALINE, a scalicide. fungicide, and insecticide combined — three in one —
composed of a high grade of petroleum and the properties of our well-known fungicide
Fungine.

ScaHne can be applied at all seasons of the year, dormant and growing, and is an ef-
fective remedy for San Jose, oyster shell, cottony maple, and tulip scale, aphis, red spider,
thrips, mealy bug, and all sap-sucking insects.

It will rid your shrubs and evergreens of the red spider pest, which has done so
much havoc the past few seasons.

More effective and more economical than the old-fashioned kerosene emulsion.

Scaline mixes readily with water, absolutely free of sediment, and can be applied
through the finest spray nozzle.

The sulphur contained in Scaline makes it an excellent preventive for the various
blights affecting trees and shrubs.

Gallon, $1.50. Ten gallon keg, $10.00. Barrel (50 gallons), $37.50.

For general greenhouse ^^^ /y m ^^^^ insects, such as green,

spraying and for roses, sweet M )f£y7nS/§%/^ black and white fly, thrip, red

peas, outdoor and garden '^J^Ju^^^J'^M^^Z^^^ spider, mealy bug, soft scale,

plants generally, including jteM^ ' . . "^"^^r slugs, cabbage worms, etc.

vegetables, no better remedy 7g "^^^^^^t^^^^^ It does its work effectively

is offered on the market to- Ml c/'.^^e^^ .a^tccte^ , without injury to tender

day to destroy all sap-suck- ^V^.— ^^^^^^^fer foliage.

An excellent cleanser for house plants and decorative stock. Quart, $1.00. Gallon,
$2.50.

For mildew, rust, bench rot, wilt, etc., FUNGINE has gained a reputation as an
infallible remedy. It can be used in the greenhouse and in the garden, on roses, carna-
tions, sweet peas, chrysanthemums, and on vegetables and fruits.

It is a sulphur composition, a spraying material readily soluble in water, contain-
ing no sediment, and unlike Bordeaux mixture and lime and sulphur, does not stain, but
cleanses the foliage. Quart, 75 cents. Gallon, $2.00. Ten Gallon Keg, $15.00.

For soil worms, such as grubs, cut, eel and wire worms, maggots, root lice, ants,
etc., VERMINE, a vermicide and soil sterilizer, recently introduced by us, is giving much
satisfaction. Used at a strength of one part to four hundred parts water, thoroughly
soaking the ground, it will protect your crops and lawns against the ravages under the
soil. Quart, $1.00. Gallon, $3.00. Five Gallon Keg, $12.50.

Our products are used and recommended by leading private and commercial growers.

They are sold by up-to-date seedsmen and supply houses.

We will be glad to furnish you any information, and send you the name of our near-
est selling agent.

APHINE MANUFACTURING CO.

M. C. EBEL, Treas. and General Manatfer

Manufacturers of Agricultural Chemicals MADISON, N. J.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

449

BON ARBOR

Awarded Diploma and Silver Medal at 1912
Royal iBternational Exhibition, London. England

It is a complete plant food. Feed
your plants ; get results ; do it now.
Bon Arbor is favorably known every-
where it is used and it is widely
used. Such gardens as those of the
Capitol at Washington, D. C, and the Parliament Gardens,
Ottawa, Canada, and the Royal Windsor Gardens, Eng-
land, on the one side, and over 2000 country estates and
farms on the other, represent the field supplied. Show
flower and vegetable growers find Bon Arbor indispensable.

Bon Arbor is put up as follows :

j4-pound package, making IS gallons, by mail .$0.30
1-pound package, making 30 gallons, by mail . .55
5-pound package, making 150 gallons, exp. extra... 1.80

25-pound boxes, making 750 gallons 6.25

50-pound boxes, makmg 1500 gallons 12.50

100-pound boxes, making 3000 gallons 20.00

Barrels, from 250 to 300 lbs., 18c. per lb.
Ask your dealer or write direct.

Ant Destroyer, Positively Kills.

.65c. per lb.

BON ARBOR CHEMICAL CO.

Paterson, N. J., U. S. A,

Write for descriptive catalogue, new 1912 edition. We manufac-
ture also Radix Worm Eradicator, Insecticides, Weed Killer and all
agricultural chemicals. Special prices on large quantities.

The Business Gardener
Uses A Typewriter

The New Model Five
L. C. Smith & Bros. Typewriter

is the only writing machine that is
ball bearing at all important points
and made to do all kinds of work
without attachments.

It will pay you to send for the
book.

L. C. SMITH & BROS. TYPEWRITER CO.

Syracuse, N. Y.
Branches in all principal cities

EFFECTIVE MEDICINE AGAINST BUGS

TRADE MABK.

Sold by the Seedsmen of America

Send for Pamphlet on Bugs and Blights, to B. Hammond, Fi.«hkill-on-Hudson, N. Y.

450

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

WEATHERED
COMPANY

196 Orient Ave.,

Jersey City, N. J.

The Only Greenhouse Builders on ^/i/s Continent Awarded

A Gold and Silver Medal

for GREENHOUSE CONSTRUCTION

^^^^>-

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^

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Weathered's Patent Curved Eave Iron Frame Greenhouses

Erected at GEORGIAN COURT, LAKEWOOD, N. J.
For Mr. GEORGE JAY GOULD

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

URaR

IF you want to prove the U-Bar whys up point
by point, come and see our exhibition at the
NATIONAL FLOWER SHOW.

W'e will have a full grown house right there in
a garden plot. You can make comparisons with
other constructions right then and there. There
will be some one of us there always on hand to give you
the glad welcome.

If you can't come, then read what follows,
carefully.

Look at the wheels of a bicycle — see what slender, little, wire-like spokes
they have — yet what strong, sturdy wheels they are. Surely no one would
think of going back to tlie clums)-, old wooden spoked wdieel.

By the same token did you ever stop to think how like the bicycle wheel,
U-Bar greenhouses are?

No heavy wooden roof bars or large iron framing members — but in their
place a complete, all steel frame of L'-Bar as light and strong in proportion
as are the bicycle spokes.

The cypress core bar is steeped in a chemical preservative before it is
placed in the U-Bar.

The galvanized steel U-Bar completely protects the core bar from the
inside moisture of the house.

The drip does not drip. It follows down the bottom of the U-Bar, to
the purlin lead-ofifs, or to the cast iron sill. No drip grooves to get
stopped up.

Then there's the curved eave — everybody knows the U-Bar curved eave
was the original curved eave. It is admitted to be the most practical and
attractive of all the curved eaves.

No reinforcements of the curved parts of the U-Bar are needed — no
heavy iron members to break the view from the inside looking out; or
show a heavy line from the outside, looking in.

There's only one U-Bar curved eave, and that's the cave made with
the U-Bar.

Others tnay look like it, but that's the only way they are like it. We
tell you these things as a natter of protection to yourself. If you want
t';c finest greenhouse sold today, for private estates, public institutions, or
florist show houses — you want the U-Par. Sec to it tliat you get it.

THE CORE BAR.
It is made of Cypress
steeped in a chemical
preservative.

u

THE U-BAR.
It is made of steel,
heavily galvanized and
then aluminum painted.

U-BAR GREENHOUSES

P1ER50N U-BAR CO

ONE MADISON AVE. NEW YORK.

CANADIAN OFFICE. lO PHILLIPS PLACE MONTREAl

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OK AMERICA.

NOVELTY ROSES FOR 1913

Tuliet. This, perliaps, is the most distinct Rose ever introduced

: '. for color, which is unique. It is of the same type as So-

leil d'Or, Rayon d'Or and other Austrian Briers and their hybrids.
It was introduced by VVm. Paul & Sou, in igio. These types require
very little pruning; simply remove dead and useless wood. The fol-
lowing is the raiser's description : " Outside of petals old-gold, inte-
rior rich rosy red, changing to deep rose as the flowers expand. A
very distinct and attractive novelty, blooming both in summer and
autumn. Large and full, of powerful and delicious fragrance : most
beautiful." 50 cts. each, if;2-25 for 5, $40 per 100.

THREE GRAND PERPETUALS

rilliant crimson, shaded scarlet;

ood size, fine form; free flowering; fra-

Gold Medal, N.R.S. 45 cts. each, $2 for 5,

Hugh Dickson. ^-^^

grant ; strong gr(
$35 per 100.

Captain Hayward. ^-^^ Scarlet-cHmson ; perfect form;

i- 1 sweetly scented; grand variety. 50

cts. each, $3.25 for 5, $40 per 100.

Commandeur Jules Gravereaux. ^■^- Velvety red,

shaded maroon ;

buds long and pointed ; flower large and full. 50 cts. each, $2.25
for 5, S40 per 100.

Collection of above, one of each, three varieties $1 26

Collection of above, five of each, three varieties 6 00

Parcels post prepaid

THREE VALUABLE CLIMBERS

Excelsa. I|"s variety created a

r lower Show, Boston, it

tional Exhibition, London, 1912. The
scarlet, produced in large clusters — "

sensation at the National
II. and the Royal Interna-
tiowers are double, bright
Climbing Rose evervone

should have in their garden." 50 cts. each, $2.25 for 5, 540 per 100.

Irish Elegance. (Single.) Bronzy orange - scarlet, which,

" whilst expanding, assumes varied apricot

hues; profuse Moonier from early June
until tlieeiid of the ficnvering season. For
vases or decoration it is most valuable.
Gold Medal N.R.S. 50 cts. each, $2.25
for 5, S40 per 100.

Sheila Wilson, climbing Hybrid

Tea. A single

Rose of much beauty, with larger and
better-shaped petals than Carmine Pillar.
Vigorous growth ; will make an ex-
cellent pillar Rose for the garden. 73 \
cts. each, S3. 25 for 5.
Collection of above, one of each.

three varieties $1 50

Collection of above, five of each,

three varieties 7 00

Parcels post prepaid

TWELVE NOVELTY

HYBRID TEAS

OF GREAT MERIT

Hon. Ina Bingham.

Miss Alice de Rott ;hild

Rosy flesh

on y e 1 1 o w

border of car-

a splendid va-

per 100.

Antoine Rivoire.

ground, shaded with a
mine; large, full flower ;
riety. 45 cts. each, $2 for 5,

Arthur R. Goodwin. Coppery

o r a nge-

red, passing to salmon pink, as the flow-
ers expand ; a superb combination of
colors; flowers full and large. 50 cts.

each, $2.25 for 5, $40 per 100. " Rv ■ ourtesy of Geo. H. Peterson

Collection of one of each of the above nineteen

Duchess of Wellington, intense saffron-yellow, stained

" with rich crimson, which, as the

flower develops, becomes deep coppery saffron-yellow. The blooms
are fairly full ; petals large and of great substance ; free flowering ;
of delightful fragrance; a great acquisition for garden or decorative
purposes. We cannot recommend this variety too highly. 75 cts.
each, $3.25 for 5, $60 per 100.

Purest pink, deeply veined; semi-
double petals ; enormous size. A
grand garden Rose. 45 cts. each, $2 for 5, $35 per loo.

His Majesty. ^^'^P vermilion, crimson toward edges; full

and large; sweet perfume; very strong

grower, .^warded Gold Medal N.R.S. 45c. ea., $2 for 5, $35 per 100.

Lady Alice Stanley. P^?? coral-rose on outside petals

~ 1— inside pale flesh, slightly flushed

deeper pink; blooms large, full and fr.agrant. Gold Medal N.R.S.
75 cts. each, $3.25 for 5, $60 per 100.

Lady Pirrie. ^^'^P^ coppery reddish salmon, inside of petals
apricot- yellow, flushed fawn and copper ; an
ideal variety for massing. The formation is perfect, in bud and
flower; very lovely. Gold Medal N.R.S. 75 cts. each, J3. 25 for 5,
$60 per 100.

Lady AshtO'VS^n. Very pale rosedu Barri, shading to yellow

at the base of petals; large, full and

pointed; excellent for any p pose. 45c. each, $2 for 5, $35 per 100.

(Tea.) Rich, deep citron-
yellow which intensifies as
the bloom expands. The flowers are large, full, and of perfect form,
with high-pointed center; the petals charmingly reflex. Growth
vigorous and erect ; free and continuous in bloom; deliciously fra-
grant (Marechal Niel perfume); superb in every respect. 75 cts.
each, S3. 25 for 5, $60 per 100.

Golden yellow, shaded bronzy red ;
large, full flower. 35 cts. each, $i.bo
for 5, 530 per too.

One of Pernet-
Ducher's greatest
hybrids. Cadmium-yellow as the bloom
begins to open, toning to sunflower-
yellow when full}' expanded. Fine,
bronze-green foliage, glossy and abso-
lutely immune from the attacks of mil-
dew. Flowers large, full, of fine, globu-
lar form ; superb. 75 cts. each, $3.25 for
5, S60 per 100.

Wm. R. Smith. This is, in our

——^^^^■^—^^^^ opinion, the
greatest late summer and fall Rose ever
introduced. While a true everbloomer,
it is not so perfect in early summer; but
after most other Roses are gone, this
begins to come out strong and con-
tinues to improve until, in October
(here), it is cut down by frost. The
ueneral color effect is a peachy blush,
with yellow at base of petals. Thic
Rose has all the characteristics of the
Maman Cochet, from which it is descen-
ded, and is absolutely immune from
disease. Foliage is dark green, heavy
and leathery; young growth bronzj' red
In this latitude (New York City) it
will go through an ordinary winter with
out protection, but protection is advis
able as with other Roses. 50 cts. each
S2.25 for 5, S40 per 100.

Collection of the above, one of each,

twelve varieties $6 5l

Collection of the above, five of each,

twelve varieties 30 00

Parcels post prepaid
, parcels post presaid

Marquise de Sinety.

Rayon d'Or.

Wm. E. Smith Roses
Roses on this page for

licsides the above, we have on hand for immediate delivery. ;
and Hybrid Tea Roses — grand stock in jjerfect condition. English
saw our Roses the other day said it wa.s "the finest stock lie liad
for varieties and descriptions.)

During the International Flower SIiow the latch will be up — kindly call; always welcome

ne collection of Hj'brid Perpetual
own. .\ leading gardener who
er seen." (See our spring catalog

ARTHUR T. BODDINGTON, Seedsman.

342 West 14th St.
New York City

GARDENERS'
CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA

APRIL. 1913

Ten Cents a Copy

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

One of the necessary tools
of all up-to-date gardeners

?5'

.,13

The Standard of all pen-quality. Made in the

Regular, Safety and Self-Filling types and

with gold pen points to identically suit

every character of handw^riting.

From Your Local Dealer

L. E. Waterman Company

173 Broadway, New York

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

455

If You Want the World's Best

Roses, Dahlias, Perennials, Aquatics, Etc.

Roses for the Garden. Two-year-old field-
grown plants, which were dug in the fall and
during the winter months, were potted up into
S and 6-inch pots, and stored in cold houses
and cold frames with just sufficient artificial
heat to keep severe frost out. These plants are
now in prime condition for out-door planting
and will give quite different results from that
secured from cellared dormant stock, which
invariably loses much of its vitality, either
by drying out, or if kept sufficiently damp, by
starting a premature growth, either condition
weakening the plants. You will find the
Dreer pot-grown stock, planted after danger
of severe frost is over, will give you the im-
mediate results you are looking for. Our col-
lection is most complete, particularly in the
newer varieties, many of which are not listed
in any other American catalogue.

Aquatic Plants, Water Lilies, Nelumbiums,
Victorias, etc. We are headquarters for these,
devoting about ten acres of artificial ponds
and an extensive area of glass to their propa-
gation and cultivation. Our catalogue offers
every desirable variety, and gives explicit cul-
tural directions. The services of our expert
are at your disposal if you want any informa-
tion regarding the construction of tanks, the
planning or planting of same.

7

Hardy Perennial Plants. We were the pion-
eers in handling this class of plants, where
practical, in pot-grown stock. Many planters
not familiar with this class of stock have the
idea that nothing but a field-grown clump will
give satisfactory returns the first season. We
have quickly convinced everyone who has
tried them, that a Dreer Pot-Grown plant
will give quicker and better returns than the
best so-called field-grown clump. A trial will
convince you of their superiority.

Dahlias, New, Rare and Standard Sorts. We

devote nearly fifty acres to these and in our
Special Dahlia Catalogue (the most complete
Dahlia Catalogue ever published) we describe
nearly SCO varieties, including all the desir-
able American and European introductions
which have proven meritorious in our own
trial grounds. A copy of this Special Dahlia
Catalogue mailed on request.

New French Hydrangeas. Of these wonderful
introductions we list a collection of twenty-
two varieties, everyone of which we consider
a gem.

See our Diamond Jubilee Garden Book for
descriptions of the above, as well as for all
other seasonalile Seeds, Plants, Bulbs, etc.

HENRY A. DREER, 714 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia

456

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

BON ARBOR

Awarded Diploma and Silver Medal at 1912
Royal lotemational Exhibition, London, England

It is a complete plant food. Feed
your plants ; get results ; do it now.
Bon Arbor is favorably known every-
where it is used and it is widely
used. Such gardens as those of the
Capitol at Washington, D. C, and the Parliament Gardens,
Ottawa, Canada, and the Royal Windsor Gardens, Eng-
land, on the one side, and over 2000 country estates and
farms on the other, represent the field supplied. Show
flower and vegetable growers find Bon Arbor indispensable.

Bon Arbor is put up as follows :

$0.30
.55
1.80

H-pound package, making 15 gallons, by mail
1-pound package, making 30 gallons, by mail
5-pound package, making 150 gallons, e.xp. extra.

25-pound boxes, making 750 gallons 6.25

SO-pound boxes, makmg 1500 gallons 12.50

100-pound boxes, making 3000 gallons 20.00

Barrels, from 250 to 300 lbs., 18c. per lb.
Ask your dealer or write direct.

Ant Destroyer, Positively Kills.

.65c. per lb.

BON ARBOR CHEMICAL CO.

Paterson, N. J., U. S. A.

Write for descripti'
ture also Radix; Worn
agricultural chemicals

catalogue, new 1912 edition. We manufac-
Eradicator. Insecticides. Weed Killer and all
Special prices on large quantities.

HNOLYPTOI

WEED KILLER

THE VERY NEWEST AND QUICKEST METHOD

OF DESTROYING WEEDS, GRASS AND

OTHER GROWTH IN GARDEN WALKS.

GUTTERS, TENNIS COURTS.

DRIVEWAYS, ETC.

THIS Huid alisolutely destroys all weeds
and other growth wherever applied,
and its effect on the ground prevents
the growth of fresh ones for a year and
thus saves a great deal of time and labor,
as no cutting, hoeing or hauling away of the
weed is required.

We manufacture the stroniicst line of DISIN-
FECTANTS on the market.

PINO-LYPTOL CHEMICAL CO.

457 West 26th Street, New York City

Correspondence Solicited

DOES THIS SOLVE YOUR PROBLEM ?

HAVE your Conifers. Hardy Shruljs or Hedges
the appearance of being stunted?
Have )'OU learned what ails them?
Is it not an attack from the Red Spider which has
done SO much havoc to the Evergreens the past few
seasons?

If so, you can overcome it by using SCALINE,
which will rid }'Our plants of this pest and will pro-
mote a healthy growth.

SC A L I N E

is an effective material that can be used in the grow-
ing season for Aphis, Thrips, Red Spider, Mealy Bug,
Soft Scale and all Sap Sucking Insects. It can be
safely applied to all hardy plants.

As a Winter Spray for San Jose and All Hard Scales
It Has No Equal

SC A L I NE

is coiTiposed of a high grade of petroleum and con-
tains the properties of the well-known fungicide,
Fungine, thus making it an excellent preventative
against various blights affecting trees and shrubs.

It is readily soluble in water, contains no sediment
and can be applied through the finest spray nozzle: is
more economical than the old-fashioned Kerosene
Emulsion and Fish Oil soaps .ind much more effective.
Gallon $1.50, 10 gallon keg $10.00, 50 gallon barrel $37.50

For Greenhouse and Garden Spraying Use

EUNGINE

For Mildew, Rust, Bench Fungi and other Blights.
Quart 75c., Gallon $2.00

Quart $1.00, Gallon $2.50

VER A^INE

For Soil Worms, Maggots, Root Lice, Ants, Etc.
Quart $1.00, Gallon $3.00

FOR SALE BY ALL UP-TO-DATE DEALERS

SQUITO-RID

A specific remedy for repelling the mosquitoes in-
doors and out-of-doors. Its odor — a lasting one — is
agreeable to the human sense, but obnoxious to
mosquitoes.

Squito-Rid will drive the mosquitoes out of the
home or applied to hands and face will free you from
the misery of the pest in the garden or field. It is
effective for man and beast.

Sent to any address on receipt of remittance at the
following prices:

Va, pint 50c., '/^ pint 85c., pint $1.50

For further particulars about our products address

APHINE MANUFACTURING CO.

Manufacturers of Agricultural Chemicals
M. C. EBEL, Gen. Manager MADISON, N. J.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. 457

on Tuesday, April 29,

1913

At 10 o'clock, A. M.

-OF—

Choice Decorative Palms, Ferns, Orchids and a general
greenhouse collection of plants. Kentia Palms, 2 to
12 feet high; Specimen Latonia Borbonicas in tubs.
Phoenix, Sagos, etc.

This stock has been grown by an expert gardener in
Newburgh, and no expense has been spared to keep the
stock clean and healthy.

In the collection of Orchids, there are a few very
choice seedhngs, which have never been offered in the
market.

In addition to above, we will offer a very fine con-
signment of Palms from Belgium, Standard and Pyra-
mid Bay Trees, and a fine assortment of Choice Holland
Rose Bushes, Dwarf and Standard.

Owing to the tremendous amount of stock to be
offered during this sale, we will start the sale at ten
o'clock, a. m., with Rose Bushes and Bulbs.

This change of time from eleven o'clock to ten
o'clock will be continued during the balance of the sea-
son or until further notice.

Above stock will be sold in lots to suit the small and
large buyer.

Regular Auction Sales Days every Tuesday and Fri-
day throughout the season.

The MacNiff Horticultural Co.

56 VESEY STREET Near Greenwich Street NEW YORK CITY

458

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

And to paint these home pictures we need chiefly A
What We Really Plant

and shrubs and horticultural

70% European trei

varieties,
20% Chinese and Japanei
10% American.

material. We must face this deadly parallel"

What We Ought to Plant

American trees and shrubs, i. e., native t(

America.
Chinese and Japanese.
European and horticultural.

Above quoted from Wilhelm Mille

"Wliat England Can Teach Us About Gardening."

<i 1^ELSEY*S Hardy American Plants, Rare Rhododendrons, Azaleas, Andromedas, Leuco-

" ■**■ thoes, Kalmias. The largest collection in existence of the finest native ornamentals.

The only kind of stock to produce permanent effects.

the

HIGHLANDS NURSERY
3.800 feet elevation in
Carolina Mountains.

BOXFORD NURSERY
Boxford, Mass.

Catalogues and information of

HARLAN P. KELSEY, Owner

SALEM, MASS.

tCije Content£!==a[pril, 1913

America's Greatest Flower Show

By William Turner 459

International Show Jottings. ..By IV. N. Craig 462

In the Gardeners' Classes By IV. H. IVaitc 463

The Judges and Their Awards 464

The Greenhouse Exhibits 471

Congressional Free Seed Distribution 473

Panama-Pacific Universal Exposition 478

Editorial Page 479

A National Show for 1914 479

The Man Who Just Digs 479

National Association Notes 480-483

Among the Gardeners 483

American Lawn Making By Geo. C. Watson 484

Wonderful Collection of Amaryllis 487

"Bruce" 488

The Foliage Beautiful By James MacMachan 488

Brain Power of Plants By Arthur Smith 489

The Dahlia Situation By Richard Rathe 490

Flower Punches 494

National Associations 495

Local Societies 495

Gardeners' Diary 496

Local Society Meetings 496

New Canna — Mrs. Alfred F. Conard

■"PHE most popular pink canna ever introduced for
planting singly or in beds. Its exquisite salmon
pmk flowers are of largest size, carried proudly on
erect stems 4 feet high. Photo opposite shows a bed
of this variety in front of the Main Building of the
Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, where it
made a superb and impressive showing for months.
Conard & Jones Lily-Cannas produce, from June
until frost, a mass of briUiant bloom in all imagin-
able colors and combinations except blue. Different
plants grow from 2 J/2 to 10 feet high, with large,
ornamental leaves and sturdy stalks, tropical in their
luxuriance. These most beautiful and spectacular
Conard and Jones Lily-Cannas should bi-
ased freely for beds, borders, hedges and
screens. They bloom all summer long.

Write for New Floral Guide

In it arc described over 75 magnificent varieties — in
white, yellows, orange, pinks, reds, etc. Many of
liie choicest are illnstrated by photographs and 5
leaders are shown in their bright natural colors. The
1913 NOVELTIKS are unique and are to be had
only from us. The book also lists and describes the
360 Best Roses for America and other garden flow-
ers. It contains full instructions for selecting, plant-
ing and growing roses and a complete Rose Lover's
Caleiular of oimr.itions. Write for this valuable free
bral; today. Just -."rite a fnxleani.

The Conard & Jones Co.

Box 24

Rose Specialists-

■West Grove, Pa.
SO years' experience

CANNA-MRS. ALFKLU 1 . CON.\RD

PRICE — 50 cts. each; G for $2.60; 12 for $6,00; 100 for $37.50.

7, enough for a round hed 4 feet in diameter. $3.00

19, enough for a round bed 7 feet in diameter. $8.00

37. enough for a. roimd bed 10 feet in diameter, $15.00

ALL ABOVE PRICES PREPAID.

Free — A Book About Cannas

The only thing uf its kind, sliows yciu just how to
make the showiest iluwcr beds that it is possible to
produce, in color and size of your own choosing.
Directions are simple, results arc sure. Send today for
our "Great Little Canna Book."

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA

DEVOTED TO THE SCIENCE OF FLORICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE

ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF
THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

Vol. X\'I.

Al'Rir., 1013

.\'< ..

America's Greatest Flower Show

By William Turner

The third International Exhibitioii in the Grand Cen-
tral palace, New York Cit}-, may be placed on record as
one of the very best ever held in every respect. The
exhibits were of the highest order, and the publicity
committee did great work, and should be highly com-
mended. While the horticultural press is a great factor
towards bringing together a great majority that are d.i-
reclly interested in horticulture and floriculture, how-
ever, I am of the opinion it is the daily press that reaches
the great masses ; at any rate the attendance was excel-
lent throughout the whole week, and the quality *of the
exhibits is beyond my comprehension to fully describe.
Whoever missed the opportunity of seeing this great and
varied collection of plants and flowers missed a treat
that may not be duplicated again for some time. One
may read the descriptions of a hundred writers, but that
would not give an iota as to the grandeur and high
standard of this great exhibition.

The arrangement of the different exhibits on the first
floor were superb. True, the whole panorama could not
be taken in at a glance ; still, is that a disadvantage to the
genera! public? I think not, as there was ample space
for the visiters to go around and enjoy the different
scenes ; in fact, different patrons of the show expressed
their pleasure in this respect.

Another item should not be lost sight of which made
the exhibits doubly interesting to the general public. I
refer to the prize pasters. This to some may seem a
small matter, but undoubtedly by having the prizes on.
the public can applaud the winner or criticise, as the case
may be. I believe it is of great advantage to all exhibi-
tions in placing awards as promptly as possible. Evi-
dently the managers realized this fact, as they were placed
on as soon as the decisions were made by the army of
judges.

It has been said, and with nmcli truth, that anyone
can size uj) an establishment by the condition of the
entrance. Did the managers have this motto in niindr
i think they must have had, as those massive bav trees
from Julius Roehrs Company, and j\Trs. H. McK.
Twombley's, and arecias from the Metarie Ridge Nur-
sery Company, New Orleans, gave dignity and grace, or.
in other words, they were there to tell us that we were
entering an exhibition of no ordinary caliber. It is a
great scheme to give the public a good impression be-
fore they start on their tour around the ])lace. Nor could
they be disappointed when reaching the main floor.
Many a one who enjoyed their first view were com])clled
to halt and wonder whether it was fairyland instead of
a ])art of Manhattan.

It seems that each and every one entered into this com-
petition with a vim and determination to make this show

second to ntjue. I think I am safe in stating that their
efforts have been crowned with success, both for their
high- standard of exhibits and financially. It has been
said in times gone by that floral exhibits outside of the
florist stores are practically a failure in New York City,
but evidently when made aware that an exhibition of the
highest order is awaiting their inspection, the people will
respond, and when once the metropolis of .\merica is

'0k ^

MR. WILMAM TURNER.

aroused, a rousing success is assured. I look ui'Mi !liii--c
high standard exhibitions as a stepping stone towards ad-
vancements in floriculttu-e. The ladies and gentlemen
of means see for themselves what can be produced, which
is apt to stir up new energy and advance the progress
of time. I have often had the desire to see less exhibi-
tions throughout the country, but exhibitions of a more

460

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

comprehensive nature, so that whenever an exhibition is
advertised it would be of a high order, and worthy of the
name.

The group of hardwood plants (Thos. Roland, of Na-
hant, Mass.) was one of the principal attractions, show-
ing what possibilities there are in those grand old plants
from a decorative point of view. In my young days there
were very few private establishments of any note minus
their collections of hardwood plants, but they have been
sadly neglected in late years. However, in bringing be-
fore the public those old-timers in such a high state of ex-
cellence, one may say, every plant a perfect specimen,
such as acacias in great variety, Bouganvilless, Metrosi-
deros, floribunda exhibits of such high order, will undoubt-
edly leave a lasting impression on the minds of those that
availed themselves of the opportunity of seeing their
beauty and grace. In fact, this class of plants was well
represented ; one could make a tour from the first floor
to the second and find still another collection interesting
beyond description. I refer to the young enterprising
firm of Knight & Struck, who were well represented with
a splendid assortment of new Caledonian, Australian and
South African plants. Included were fine specimens of

ment over the ordinary varieties. Orchids were in strong
force, and a grand display was made of those gems —
both commercial and private- growers responded nobly.
.Such well-known names as Julius Roehrs Company, Lar-
ger and Harrell, W. A. Munda, representing the commer-
cial classes; C. G. Roebling, Clement Moore, Samuel
Lhitermyer and Mrs. F. B. Van Vorst were the principal
exhibitors from private collections. Julius Roehrs put
up a charming group. Once more the spring orchids
told their own story. When it comes for decorative
eflfect, the spring orchids will predominate, no matter how
choice the other kinds may be. Unless a good sprinkling
of spray orchids is used, the effect will be a bit stiff.
There was considerable interest taken in Sir Jeremiah
Coleman's exhibit, Galton Park, England. For a speci-
men orchid, any variety. Sir Jeremiah secured the first
prize, with Odontioda Bradshawia, although for one
specimen plant, Odontogtossum, Julius Roehrs Company
was first over Sir Jeremiah. vBoth Roehrs' and Sir Jere-
miah Coleman's plants were exquisite specimens.

The Roses, Carnations, Sweet Peas, etc., all produced
a grand array of color. Placed as they were among the
different exhibits in con.spicuous places, they gave tone.

GROUP OF SCHIZANTHUS FKOII C. K. BILLINGS EST.\TE.

Charozema Cordata .Splendens, Boronia Elatior. Erica
C"upressiana, Persoluta, Alta and roses. Also the hard-
wooded varieties, Ventricosa Magnifica; the beautiful
yellow Cavendishii and Translucens, one of the finest
dark pink tube varieties ; Perspicua Erecta, very similar
to the preceding one, only of a lighter pink shade. T also
noted some unusually well flowered Bauera Rubioides.
These plants without doubt will make one of the finest
basket and house plants that has ever been reintroduced
in recent years. The pretty Golden Australian Aotus
Gracillema and the very rare red flowering Agapetes
Buxifolia, small plants of Hardenbergia Brachvsema
well flowered, and last, but not least, fine specimens of
Leptospermum-acasias. Owing to the advanced season,
several varieties were not represented. However, .Acacia
Baileyana, Pulchella, Paradoxa Drummondii and Cor-
data were to be seen in good shape. Also noticed in
this varied collection. Cienista Elegans, a variety of re-
cent introduction, wiiich it is said is a great improve-

which caused admiration from all that looked upon them.
It was the affiliation of those great enterprising socie-
ties that made this International Exhibition a rousing
success, namely the S. A. F., Rose, Carnation and Sweet
Pea societies combined. I presume A. N. Pierson re-
ceived the lion's >hare of honors in roses. Yes, and
their Killarney Queen will remain fresh in our minds
for all time. It proved a revelation to everyone. When the
original Killarney was first sent out, little did we surmise
the wonderful possibilities in the rose, towards producing
s])orts of the caliber it has done. ;\merican Beauties from
Poehlmann Bros, stood out as a monument to the West.
Carnations \\ere on hand in abundance; such varieties as
Mrs. A. Combs, Princess Dagmar, Matchless, Gorgeous,
Salmon Beauty, Benora. Alma Ward was superb: also
Mrs. C. Ward was exhibited in fine shape. In taking a
glance around some very striking exhibits were notice-
able, for instance, Peter Henderson & Co.'s Dutch gar-
den was extremely attractive; everything in harmony

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

461

AZALEAS EXHIBITED BY C. W.

with the Dutch grown bulbs. This scene evidently was
appreciated, being entirely different from anything else
on exhibition, and the crowds that lingered around this
unique display were proof of their appreciation. To me
it looked as though the bulbs had been growing there for
a month, with the green lawn combined with flowering
shrubs, evergreens, etc., which all goes naturally with
spring bulbs. There were also many choice bulbs for the
visitors to feast on, such as Narcissus, Hyacinths anrl
Larkspur — truly an exhibit worthy of the name it repre-
sented.

Max Schling, the retail florist, made an interesting ex-
hibit tastefully arranged, made-up baskets of plants and
flowers, such as Boronias, Begonia Re.x, Bauera Rubioi-
does, and baskets of the new French Hydrangeas, show-
ing the adaptability of such plants for that class of work,
when tastefully arranged.

F. R. Pierson Comiiany was on hand with a fine as-

\EWBOLD ESTATE, JEXKIXTOWX, PA.

sortment of Boston ferns, such as Elegantissima Im-
proved, Elegantissima Compacta and Aluscosa. but I
dare say one of the most conspicuous drawing cards in
this exhibit was Anterrlunen Buxton's Pink, a lovely
shade of pink.

Robert Craig Company's collection of Crotons nicely
colored ; also a new Ficus which has the appearance of
being a valuable addition to this family — for decorative
work. The new Fern Nephrolipsis robusta, has the ear-
marks of being a good thing — should judge excellent for
growing into specimens.

P. Hamilton Goodsell, Conifers, Rhododendrons, .Aza-
leas and Boxwood, very fine specimens.

Bobbink & Atkins were represented with a compre-
hensive exhibit of English Ivy trained into all forms
imaginable, with banks of Hydrangeas, Rhododendrons,
herbaceous plants, trained bo.x trees and yews, showing
what can be accomplished with skill and gnud judgment.

U.N'TERMEYER EXHIBIT.

THE ROSE GROUPS.

D. WILLIS JAMES' KXHIHIT.

462

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

W. A. Munda, I should judge, proved his merit again
by adding to his list of honors of previous years. Mr.
Munda had fine material, needless to say, too numerous
for me to enter into in this brief write-up. The pub-
lished awards will tell the story.

Louis Dupu}' had quite an attraction, with his new
Hydrangeas, both pink and white ; should be a drawing
card towards calls for stock, as they are far in advance
of the older types.

A. N. Pierson made a grand display of cut flowers,
occupying quite a space with a massive bank or Far-
leyense fern with quite a few Cattleyas dotted among
them ; also Roses, Azaleas, Hydrangeas ; the effect was
rich and decidedly a credit to the firm.

Grand specimens of Azaleas were exhibited by Mrs.
H. McK. Twombley, of Madison, and C. B. Newbold,
Jenkintown, Pa. The wonderful collections of amaryllis
placed on exhibition the first day by Mrs. D. Willis James
and Howard Gould, giving us an educational lesson on
the improvement of the Amaryllis family as time goes
on. What a pity it is such flowers have not got better
lasting qualities !

These are merely a few impressions from the stand-
point of a gardener. Time will not permit me to go
deeper into details on this great and fascinatin-,' evliilii-

tion: The managers had a herculean task before them,
although they have come ofi' victorious, and this great
show is a success in every respect, which naturally must
be gratifying to all concerned.

INTERNATIONAL SHOW JOTTINGS.

By W. N. Craig.

The orchids were a wonderful feature at the big show.
The groups of Julius Roehrs Company, W. A. jManda.
C. G. Roebling and Lagar & Hurrel were a whole exhibit
in themselves. It was- pleasant to see so many finely
flowered Odontoglossums included, showing that the cul-
ture of this most beautiful of orchids is being better
understood among the growers of orchids.

Odontioda Bradshawia from Sir Jeremiah Coleman,
Galton Park, England, is a beautiful richly colored
hybrid : this and a new hybrid Odontoglossum helped to
make the show one of international character.

The new Astilbes from A. E. Thatcher, manager of the
Mt. Desert Nurseries, Bar Harbor, Me., are all fine
things. I was particularly struck with Vesta, Venus.
Silver Way, Ceres, Juno and Panache, both as pot
plants for private and commercial growers and as border
plants. These spiraeas are going to become very popular.
The new hybrids have been raised by August Haerren?
and Lemoine, of Nancv, France.

CALCELORIA EXHIBIT FROM PERCY CHUBB ESTATE.

It was not surprising to see that magnificent lily from
western China, C. myrioph}llum, secure the gold medal
for the finest novelty in the show. Fine as it is in pots,
it is even finer when grown outdoors. A big block, con-
taining some thousands of spikes, was a marvelous sight
at Messrs. Farquhar's nurseries last June. The bulbs of
these lilies succeed best when planted at least a foot deep.

William H. Duckham's hybrid amaryllis have probably
never been equaled at any exhibition in America. This
in connection with a number of other exhibits from the
Madison wizard all show'ed the master craftsman's hand.
I understand they were practically all seedlings raised
bv Mr. Duckham. The bulbs were all in si.x.-inch pots,
although as a general rule we see them exhibited in eight
and nine-inch pots and of much inferior quality.

Cyclamen were but indift'erently shown. Primula
were on their last legs and Cineraria stellata even showed
the effects of the early season, as most of the plants
carried poor foliage. The show was too late for all these
plants, but too early for Calceolaria, which were also of
poor quality. On the other hand, Schizanthus were extra
fine and it would have been difficult to pick a finer half
dozen than those shown by JNIr. James Bell, of the Bil-
lings estate.

Zvolanek's new winter flowering Spencer Sweet Peas
contained some peas. He has sixty-four varieties, which
is at least fifty too many. Sweet Pea enthusiasts must
really boil down their lists, for they are bewildering. It
is a safe bet that five years from now all forcing, as
well as outdoor sweet peas, will be Spencers.

In orchids, amaryllis, fine foliage plants, including

SrECIMEX PLANT.

RED AZALEAS.
ESTATE.

MRS. McKAY TVVOMBLY

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

463

palms and one or two other sections, the New York show
was much superior to the Boston show of 1911, but in
displays of roses it fell behind. Walsh's ramblers were
much missed. As a whole, the show was not in mag-
nitude quite equal to the Boston show, although the ex-
hibits were all high quality, with few exceptions.

Private gardeners' displays were much in evidence at
New York, while the trade growers took the lead at
Boston. In New York the retail florists made a very
miserable showing as compared with their competitors
at Boston in 1911.

Hydrangeas, Mme. Moulliere and General de Mbraye,
as shown by Louis Dupuy, attracted the attention of
everyone. It seemed to rather eclipse the old Hotakse.

Peter Henderson & Company's Dutch garden was very
charming, the most attractive trade display in the exhibi-
tion. The verdant lawns and tastefully planted bulb beds
were a delight to look upon. The Darwins did not need
staking. I noticed at another place in the exhibition a
dozen pans with stakes right up to the flowers in every
case.

The Nahant wizard, Thomas Roland, again covered
himself with glory. It was a thousand pities that his
magnificent group could not have a more central and
open position, for it was the most wonderful group in
the show.

IN THE GARDENERS' CLASSES.

By W. H. Waite.
The show brought out some wonderful exhibits from
among the private gardeners. While the competition
might have been greater in some of the classes, it must
be remembered, however, that the gardener does not
control his own situation and caimot always do as he
pleases, and, as the season has been far advanced for this

time of the year, he was found right in the midst of his
spring work at the time of the show.

However, I was glad to see that those who could take
advantage of the classes provided for them so liberally
did so remarkably well.

The show must be regarded by all as a tremendous
success, from the point of attendance and the cjuantity
displayed, and seldom, if ever, have any finer plants been
seen even at large European shows.

I shall only be able to briefly review the exhibits, as
there were so many of merit to be seen and admired
that little opportunity offered to make many notes. The
exhibits were of the highest class and deser\-e much
praise.

In the sections set aside for gardeners the following
exhibits were the outstanding features :

Amaryllis were shown in splendid shape by Wm. Duck-
ham and Mrs. Vert, the latter winning the Westchester
and Fairfield Co. cup for 25 plants in variety.

In Class 208, for six Begonias in flower, were seen
six very fine plants of Gloire de Leaux from the W. B.
Thompson estate of Yonkers. This is a splendid bold
decorative plant, with large metalliclike leaves, and should
be more commonly grown.

In Class 218, for six plants Cineraria stellata. were
exhibited six fine specimens showing cultural skill, from
S, J. Batchelor, gardener to C. B. Xewbold, Jenkintown,
Pa. The first prize for single specimens of Cineraria
stellata went to A. Mackenzie, Glen Cove, L. I., probably
the largest plant ever seen.

In the class for a table of Gloxinias 5 x 10 feet, there
was only one entry, that of W. B. Thompson, but this
was a fine exhibit, with well grown large flowered plants.

One of the best and largest displays in this section
was the groups of Roses for the Lewisohn cup. Samuel

ROSE DAY ,\T THE SHOW WAS A M Ac ,M I 11 ENT SltlllT.

46-1

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Untermyer secured the blue in this class with a group
made up of all the up-to-date Ramblers and some of the
newer Baby Ramblers such as Jessie and Erna Tschen-
dorff. The second group had a large central background
of Juanita, a splendid colored Rambler aijd one which
will be in great demand when better known.

In Classes 255 and 256 for Schizanthus were some ex-
ceedingly fine specimens from J. Bell, gardener to C. K.
Billings ; they were all distinct colors, good varieties, well
grown and finely trained.

In Class 260 for six foliage plants, W. Duckham
showed some beautiful specimens, the varieties being
Dracaena, Sanderse, D. Godseffiena, Pandanus, Sanderae,
Phyllotanum, Lindenii, Heliconia, Eduardus Rex and
Croton Reidi.

In Class 262 for a flowering stove or greenhouse plant,
first went to J. Everett, gardener to J. T. Pratt, for a
splendid specimen of a Gardenia, standing about 4 feet
high and with about 100 fully expanded flowers and nu-
merous buds.

In Classes 235 and 238 were the new Hydrangeas,
shown in grand condition by Mr. Bitschki, gardener to
W. Ziegler, Jr., who had some beautiful varieties in his
lot, particularly noticeable being Radiance, J\lme. JMoul-
liere, Mont. Rose, Bouquet Rose, Mouselline and Mile.
Renee Gaillard.

A miscellaneous group of the old-fashioned Mahernia
odorata and Streptosolen Jamesoni, from H. Darlington,
Mamaroneck, N. Y., gardener to Mr. Popp, received
an H..M.

In Section I, devoted to Ferns, we noticed some splen-

did specimens, particularly fine being the Davallias from
\'V. Thatcher, Brookline, Mass.

All the bulb classes in Section J were well filled, and
some splendid stock was exhibited. Particularly notice-
able were the Hyacinths shown by ^^'. Duckham and R.
Hughes, gardener to A. J. MacDonald, Flushing, L. I. ;
the latter exhibitor also showed some fine pans of the
same varieties of Darwin Tulips.

Mr. John Dodds, gardener to John Wanamaker, besides
being a successful competitor in the plant sections, did
well in the cut flower classes, carrying off a number of
firsts.

In the Rose section, Mr. Harry Allen, gardener to F.
W. Vanderbilt, received first for the vase of twenty-
five cut blooms, any one variety, excepting American
Beauties, and was awarded a second for Lady Alice
Stanley.

In the class for table decorations open to the private
gardeners, members of the N. A. G. only, Mr. Thomas
Aitchison, gardener to Henry Seigle, secured first.

The educational exhibit made by J. S. Huss, of Hart-
ford, showing the growth of the Fern in the dififerent
stages, from the spores under class up to the fully de-
veloped plants, attracted much attention.

One of the finest specimens of Azaleas ever exhibited
was shown by Mr. Robert Tyson, gardener to Mrs. H.
McK. Twombly. He was awarded a gold medal and
first prize.

Much more might be said of the splendid achievements
by the private gardener at this great show, but time does
not permit.

THE JUDGES AND THEIR AWARDS.

Harry A. Bunyard, chairman. New York, N. Y. ; R. E. troit, Mich. ; H. Brown, Richmond, Va. ; Emil Buettner,
illentvne, Canandaigua, N. Y. ; Philip Breitmeyer, De- Park Ridge, 111. ; Louis Burk, Philadelphia, Pa. ; Nicholas

Ballentv

Butterbach, Oceanic, N. J. ; Robert Cameron, Kingsbridge,
Mass. ; A. B. Cartledge, Philadelphia, Pa. ; R. W. Clucas,
Sparkill, N. Y. ; Geo. H. Cook, Washington, D. C. ;
Lawrence Cotter, Jamestown, N. Y. ; J. B. Cowell, Buf-
falo, N. Y.; W. N. Craig, No. Easton, Mass.; H. W.
DeGraaff, Leiden, Holland ; J. H. Dunlop, Toronto, Can-
ada ; Wm. Eccles, Oyster Bay, N. Y. ; Carl Engelmann,
.Safifron-Walden, Eng. ; Harry Eyres, Albany, N. Y. ;
\\' m. Falconer, Pittsburgh, Pa. ; R. F. Felton, London,
Eng. ; Duncan Finlayson, Brookline, Mass. ; Peter Fisher,
Ellis, Mass. ; Robert Graham, Baltimore, Md. ; Wm. F.
Gude, Washington, D. C. ; Arthur Herrington, Madison,
N. J.; Wm. Hertrich, San Gabriel, Cal. ; J. J. Hess,
Omaha, Neb. ; J. F. Huss, Hartford, Conn. ; Michael
Keller, Rochester, N. Y. ; Edw. Kirk, Bar Harbor, Me. ;
Chas. Knight, New York City, N. Y. ; Otto Koenig, St.
Louis, Mo"; Mr. Kruijfif, Holland; A. J. Loveless, Lenox,
]\Iass. ; Stewart H. Low, London, Eng. ; Geo. McWil-
liams, Whitinsville, Mass. ; Fred. Meinhardt, St. Louis,
Mo.; A. Miekle, Newport, R. I.; Geo. T. Moore, St.
Louis, Mo. ; Samuel Murray, Kansas City, Mo. ; Colin
B. Ogston. Rochester, N. Y. ;' Harry Papworth, New
Orleans, La. ; H. Philpott, Winnipeg, Canada ; Chas. A.
Plumb. Detroit, Mich. ; Edw. Reagan, Morristown, N. J. ;
Geo. A. Robinson, Montreal, Canada; Wm. L. Rock,
Kansas City, Mo. ; Chas. Sandiford, Bufifalo, N. Y. ; A.
J. Snn'th, Lake Geneva, Wis. ; A. E. Thatcher, Bar Har-
bor. Me. ; Harrv Turner, Yonkers, N. Y. ; Wm. Turner,
Oceanic, N. J. ;' F. G. Waterer, Bagshot, Eng. ; W. W.
\\'ells, Merstham. Surrey, Eng. ; E. H. Wilson. Boston,
Mass. ; J. S. Wilson, Des Moines, la. ; A. H. Wingett,
Lenox, Mass. ; Theodore Wirth. Minneapolis, Minn.

MR. H.VRRV .\. l!U.\'V.\RD.

Flowering Plants.
Acacias, collection, 100 sq. ft.— Gold Jlpiial and first prize.
Thomas Roland, Nahant, Mass.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

465

Acacias, six plants, not less tliau three varieties. — 1. T1hjiiui~
Roland: 2, L. Dupuy, Whitestone, L. I.

Acacias, three plants, one or more varieties. — 1, Thomas Roland i
2, Anton Schultheis, College Point, L. I.

Acacia, specimen plant, any variety. — 1, Thomas Roland: 2.
Mrs. F. A. Constable (J. Stuart, gardener), Mamaroneck, N. Y.

Acacia pubescens, specimen plant. — 1, Thomas Roland.

Acacia paradoxa, specimen plant. — 1, Thomas Roland.

Amaryllis vittata hybrids, 50 plants, not less than 25 named
varieties, to be shown in a group. — 1, Mrs. D. Willis .James (Wni.
Duckham, superintendent), Madison, N. J.

Amaryllis, 36 plants, not less than IS varieties. — 1, Mrs. D. AVil
lis James; 2, Howard Gould (W. W. Vert, gardener), Pt. Wash-
ington, L. I.

Amaryllis, 12 plants, not less than 9 varieties. — 1, Mrs. B.
Willis James.

Anthurium, specimen plant. — 1, W. A. Manda, South Orange,
X. J.

Azalea Indica, 100 sq. ft. — 2, W. W. Edgar Co., Waverly, Mass.

Azalea Indica, specimen plant, not less than 4 ft. in diameter.
—Gold Medal and first prize, Mrs. H. McK. Twombly (R. Tyson,
gardener). Convent, N. J.

Azalea Indica, specimen plant, white, not less than 4 ft. in
diameter. — 1, C. B. Newbold (S. J. Batchelor, gardener), Jenkin-
town. Pa.

Azalea Indica. specimen plant, anv other color, not less than 4
ft. in diameter.— 1, C. B. Newbold;*2, Mrs. H. McK. Twombly.

Azalea mollis, twelve plants, not less than four colors. — 2,
Francis Skinner (R. G. Chamberlain, gardener), Dedham, Mass.

Begonias, 6 plants, flowering. — 1, Henry Siegel, Mamaroneck,
X. Y. (Taitchison, gardener).

Bougainvillea, specimen plant. — 1, Thomas Roland.

Chorizema, specimen plant. — 1, Mrs. F. A. Constable.

Chorizema, specimen plant. — 2, F. R. Pierson Co., Tarrvtown,
X. Y.

Chrysanthemum, "Glory of Seven Oaks," one plant, 8-in. pot
or pan. — 2, H. Darlington (P. W. Popp, gardener), Mamaroneck,
X. Y.

Cineraria, stellata tvpe, collection. 50 sq. ft. — 2, Wm. B. Thomp-
son (per R. L. C. 106l" North Broadway, Yonkers, N. Y.).

Cyclamen, 50 sq. ft.— 1, Thomas Roland; 2, Mrs. F. A. Constable.

CJ-clamen, 24 plants. — 1, R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Boston, Mass.

Cyclamen, twelve plants. — 1, C. B. Xewbold.

Cyclamen, six plants. — 1, Mrs. D. Willis James; 2, J. H. ■Ottley
(Jas. McDonald; gardener). Glen Cove, N. Y'.

Ericas, six or inore varieties, 50 sq. ft. — Gold Medal and first

N. PIF.RSOX'S ROS1-: I'YRAMin. MORE TH.\X .\ IHJZF.N" VA-
RIETIES .AND OVER THREE THOUSAND
ROSES WERE USED.

LILIES GROWX AT NEW ORLEANS, LA., FROM .\MERICAN
BULBS.

prize, Louis Dupuy, Whitestone, L. I., N. Y. ; 2, Thomas Roland.
Xahant, Mass.

Erica melanthera, six plants, commercial only. — 1, Louis Dupuy,
Whitestone, L. I.

Flowering and Foliage, Stove and Greenhouse plants, arranged
for efl'ect, 200 sq. ft. — Gold Medal and first prize, Julius Roehrs
Co., Rutherford, N. J.

Forced Shrubs, Herbaceous Plants; Trees and Vines permissible,
arranged for effect, 200 sq. ft. — Gold Medal and first prize, Bob-
bink & Atkins, Rutherford, X. J.; 2, W. A. Manda, South Orange,
N. J.

Gardenia, specimen plant.— 1, John T. Pratt (J. W. Everett,
gardener. Glen Cove, N. Y.; 2, Louis Dupuv, Whitestone, L. I.,
X. Y.

Genista, specimen plant, not less than 4 ft. high. — 1, W. W.
Edgar Co., Waverley, Mass.; 2, Louis Dupuv, Whitestone, L. I.,
X. Y.

Geraniums, bed of 50 plants, arranged for effect. — 1, F. Mar-
quard, Middle Valley, X^. y.; 2, W. A. Manda, South Orange, X. J.

Heliotrope, six standard plants. — 1, Mrs. Willis James.

Heliotrope, specimen plant. — Silver Cup and first prize, J. H.
Ottley.

Hydrangeas, ten plants, not less than three varieties. — 1, Louis
Dupuv. Whitestone, L. I.. N. Y.; 2. Anton Schultheis, College
Point; L. L; 3, J. H. Fussu, Xorth Bergen, X. J.

Hydrangeas, six plants. — 1. Louis Dupuv, Whitestone, L. I.,
X. Y.; 2, Eobbink & Atkins. Rutherford, N. J.; 3, Anton Schul-
theis. College Point. L. I., N. Y.

Hydrangea, specimen plant not less than 3 ft. in diameter. — 1,
John W. Pepper (W. Robertson, gardener), Jenkintown, Pa.;
2, Bobbink & Atkins, Rutherford, N. J.; 3, Anton Schultheis, Col-
lese Point. L. I., X". Y.

ImantophvUum. one plant in flower.— 1, Mrs. H. McK. Twom-
bly: 2, C. B. Xewbold.

Lilacs, 12 plants, not less than three varieties. — 2, W. A. !Manda,
South Orange, X. J.

Marguerite, specimen plant. — 1, Madsen & Cln-istensen, Wood
Ridge, N. J.; 2, Mrs. Oliver Hoyt (J. Foster, gardener), Stamford,
Conn.

Pansies, 25 plants in variety. — 1, Wm. Sim, Cliftondale. Mass.

Bed of Pansies, assorted colors, 6 ft. across.— 1, Wm. Sim, Clif-
tondale, :Mass.; 2, A. L. Miller, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Primula Kewensis, 12 plants.— 1, Percy Chubb (A. MacKenzie,
gardener). Glen Cove. L. I.

Primula obconica. 12 plants.— 1. John Wanamaker (J. H. Dodds,
siqicrintendent). Wyncote, Pa.: 2. Adolph Lewisohn (J. Canning,
gardener), Ardsley, X. Y.; 3, Charles M. Wernig, Y'ork, Pa.

Primula in variety, 24 plants, other than above. — 1, Percy

auibb. " ,

Rhododendrons, group, 100 sq. ft.— 1, Bobbink & Atkins. Ruther-
ford. X. J.; 2, f. R. Pierson Co., Tarrvtown. X. \'.

Rhododendrons, 12 plants, not less than three varieties.- 1,
Anton Schultheis; 2, Bobbink & Atkins.

466

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Bulbous Classes.

Bulbs in bloom, collection consisting of Hyacinths, Tulips and
Narcissus, lOO sq. ft. — 1, Anton Schultheis, College Point, L. I.

H. F. Micliell Co.'s Silver Medal, to be awarded as an additional
prize, for the group of Lilies winning first prize, as per regular
schedule. — 1, Anton Schultheis.

Lilies, .50 sq. ft. (other foliage plants may be introduced). — 1,
Hinode Florist Co.; 2, Anton Schultheis.

Easter Lilies in bloom, 100 pots, any and all varieties known
as Easter Lilies. — The Michell Lily Cup, Anton Schultheis.

Narcissus, twenty 10-in. pans, six or more varieties. Double and
Single. — 1, Anton Schultheis.

Tulips, twenty 10-in. pans, Early Single Tulips, ten or more
varieties, exclusive of Darwin. — Mrs. A. M. Booth (E. Fardel,
superintendent), Great Neck, L. I.

Tulips, ten 10-in. pans. Single Tulips, five varieties, exclusive
of Darwin. — 1, Anton Schultheis.

Tulips, twenty 10-in. pans. Double Tulips, ten varieties. — Silver
Cup and first prize, Anton Schultheis.

Tulips, ten 10-in. pans. Double Tulips, five varieties. — 1, Anton
Schultheis; 2, Mrs. A. M. Booth.

Bulbous Plant in Flower, specimen, other than above. — 1, War-
naar & Co., Sassenheim, Holland.

Miscellaneous Bulbs, collection, which may also include any of
the above varieties, arranged. — 1, Anton Schultheis.

Ferns and Selaginellas. v

Adiantum Farlevense, specimen plant. — 1, Mrs. D. Willis James;
2, A. N. Pierson, Inc., Cromwell, Conn.

Adiantum cuneatum, specimen plant, any variety. — 1, Wm. B.
Thomson, Yonkers, N. Y.

Cibotium Schiedei, specimen plant. — 1, C. B. Newbold; 2, W. A.
Manda.

Davallia, specimen plant, any variety. — 1, W. A. Manda.

Ferns, Stove and Greenhouse plants, distinct, 12 plants. — Grand
Silver Medal and first prize, W. A. Manda.

Ferns, Stove and Greenhouse plants, distinct, six plants. — Silver
Cup and first prize, W. A. Manda.

Nephrolepis Bostoniensis, specimen plant. — 1, Howard Gould;
2, Frank N. Eskesen, Madison, N. .J.

Nephrolepis, any other variety, specimen plant. — Grand Bronze
Medal and first prize, F. E. Pierson Co., Tarrytown, N. Y. ; 2,
W. A. Manda.

Collection of Nephrolepis in variety, one of each not to exceed
8-in. pots. — F. R. Pierson Co., Tarrytown, N. Y.

Stag's Horn Fern, si.x plants, in variety. — 1, W. A. Manda.

Stag's Horn Fern, specimen plant. — 1, John W. Pepper; 2, R.
Delafield (Wm. Brock, gardener). Tuxedo Park, N. Y.

Selaginellas or Lycopodiums, six plants, in varietj'. — 1, W. A.
Manda.

Selaginella, or Lycopodium, specimen plant. — 1, Benj. Stern
(W. D. Robertson, gardener), Roslyn, L. L

Tree Fern, specimen plant. — 1, Julius Eoehrs Co., Rutherford,
N. J.; 2, W. A. Manda.

Fern, specimen plant, anv other variety. — 1, John W. Pepper;
2, R. W. Delafield.

Orchids.

Orchids in flower, 100 sq. ft.— 1, Julius Eoehrs, Rutherford,
N. J.; 2. James Goodier, 333 West State street, Trenton. N. J.

Orchids, 2.5 specimen plants in variety. — 2, W. A. Manda, South
Orange, N. J.

Orchids, 12 plants, distinct varieties. — 1. Anton Schultheis, Col-
lege Point, L. I.; 2, W. A. Manda,

Orchids, six plants, distinct varieties, — 1, Clement Moore (John
P, Mossman, gardener), Hackensack, N. .J,

Brasso-Cattleya, one plant,- — 1, Clement Moore; 2, Lager &
Hurrell, Summit, N. J,

Orchid, specimen plant, any variety. — 1,, Sir Jere Colman, Gal-
ton Park, England; 2, W. A. Manda."

Cattleya Mossiae, specimen plant. — 1, Lager & Hurrell; 2, W. A.
Manda.

Cattleya Scluoederae, specimen plant. — 1, Mrs. F. B. Van Vorst
(A. Anderson, gardener), Hackensack, N. J. : 2, W. A. Manda,

Cattleya, specimen plant, any other variety. — ^1, W. A. Manda.

Cvpripediunis, six plants, six varieties. — 1. Lager & Hurrell;

2, W. A. Manda.

Cypripedium, specimen plant. — 2, W. A. Manda, with C. vil-
losum.

Dendrobium, 20 plants not less than six varieties. — 1, W. A.
Manda.

Dendrobium nobile, specimen plant. — 1, Sidney M. & Austin
Colgate (Wm. Reid, gardener). Orange, N. .J.; 2, AV. A. Manda;

3, Lager & Hurrell.

Dendrobium Wardianum, specimen plant. — W. A. Manda.

Dendrobium, specimen plant, any other variety. — 1, Julius
Roehrs Co., with D, infundibulum; 2, W. A. Manda, South Orange,
N. J., with D. Dalhousieanum.

Hybrid Orchid, raised in America, specimen plant, any variety.
— 1, James Goodier, Trenton, N. J.; 2, W. A. Manda.

HENDERSON'S DUTCH G.\RDEN WHICH .\TTR.ACTED MUCH ATTENTION.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

467

Loelio-Cattleja, one plant. — 1, W. A. ilanda, with Liclio-
Cattleya ^Maitinetti; 2, Lager & Hiinell, with Lselio-Cattleva
Bella.

Miltonia vexillaria, specimen plant. — 2, Lager & Hurrell.

Dendrobium thyrsiHorum. specimen plant. — 2, Lager & Hurrell.

Any other Eigeneric hybrid. — 1, W. A. Manda, with Oncidiura
Maerantluim X Odontoglossiira Edwardii; 2, Lager & Hurrell,
with 0. Hibernicuni.

Odontoglossum, specimen plant, any variety. — 1, Julius Roehrs
Co.; 2, Sir Jere Colman.

Oncidium, specimen plant, any variety. — 1, W. A. ilanda, with
0. concolor.

Phalsenopsis. specimen plant, any variety. — 2, W. A. llanda.

Vanda. specimen plant, any variety. — 1, Lager & Hurrell, with
V. Parishii, a very uncommon variety; 2, W. A. Manda.

Specimen, any other Orchid in flower, other than above. — 1,
Lager & Hurrell; 2, Clement Moore.

Palms and Foliage Plants.

Ai-eca lutescens, two plants. — 1, Metairit Ridge Nursery Co.,
New Orleans, La.

Areca lutescens, specimen plant. — 1, ^Mrs. F. A. Constable; 2.
^letairie Ridge Nursery Co.

Bay Trees, two plants, pyramidal. — 1, Bobbink & Atkins; 2,
.Vulius Roehrs Co.

Croton, specimen plant. — 2, W. A. Manda.

Cjcad, specimen plant, any variety. — 1, W. A. Manda.

Dracsena, 100 sq. ft.— Gold Medal and first prize, John Wana-
maker (J. H. Dodds, superintendent), Wyneote, Pa.; 2, W. A.
Manda.

Dracjena, 12 plants, six or more varieties. — 1, Robert Craig Co.;
2, W. A. Manda.

Dracsena, specimen plant, red. — 1, John Wanamaker; 2, \V. A.
Manda.

Dracsena, specimen plant, green. — 1, John Wanamaker; 2,
Adolph Lewisohn.

Dracaena, specimen plant, any other color. — 1, J. W. Pepper;
2, Adolph Lewisohn.

Alocasias and Aroids, 50 sq. ft. — Silver Cup and first prize,
W. A. Manda.

Botanic, Economic and Medicinal Plants. 50 sq. ft. — Silver
Medal, W. A. Manda.

Ficus elastica variegata, specimen plant. — 2, W. A. Manda.

Ficus pandurata, specimen plant. — 1, Mrs. F. A. Constable; 2,
Julius Roehrs Co.

Kentia Belmoreana, two plant.s. — 1, W. A. Manda; 2, Bobbink
& Atkins.

Kentia Belmoreana, specimen plant. — 1, ilrs. H. ilcK. Twomblv;
2, W. A. Manda.

Kentia Forsteriana. specimen plant. — 1. Mrs. F. A. Constable;
2. W. A. Manda.

ORCHID GROUP OF ROEHR'S, .\\V.\RDED FIRST PRIZE.

Bay Trees, two plants, standard. — 1, Mrs. H. McK. Twonibly;
2, Julius Roehrs Co.

Bay Trees, two plants, columnse. — 1, Julius Roehrs Co.

Box Trees, two plants, pj'ramidal. — 1, W. A. Manda; 2, Bobbink
& Atkins.

Box Trees, two plants, standard. — 1, W. A. Manda; 2, Bobbink
& .Ukins.

Box Trees, two plants, bush. — 1, Bobbink &, Atkins; 2, Julius
Roehrs Co.

Box Trees, six trained plants. — 1, Bobbink & Atkins; 2, W. A.
Manda.

Cacti and other Succulent Plants, in variety, 50 sq. ft. — Silver
Medal and second prize, W. A. Manda.

C'ooos plumo^ius, specimen plant. — W. A. Manda.

Crotons, 18 plants in 12 varieties, not over 8-in. pots. — 1, Rob-
ert Craig Co., Philadelphia, Pa.

Crotons, six plants in six varieties. — 1, Robert Craig Co.

PhoDnix Roebelenii, two plants. — 1, John Wanamaker; 2, Wm.
B. Thompson.

Phoenix rupicola, specimen plant. — 1, W. A. Manda.

Palms and Cycads, 200 sq. ft. — Gold Medal and first prize, W. A.
Manda.

Palms, other than above, 12 plants, 12 varieties. — 1, W. A.
Manda; 2, Bobbink & Atkins.

Palms, six plants, Stove or Greenhouse, distinct. — 1, John
Wanamaker; 2, W. A. Manda.

Palm, specimen plant, other than above. — 1, W. A. Manda: 2,
John Wanamaker.

.Stove and Greenhouse Plants, distinct, six plants. — 1, W. A.
Mjvnda ; 2, John Wanamaker.

Stove and Greenhouse Plants, distinct, three plants, Climbing. —
Silver Medal and first prize, John Wanamaker; 2. W. A. Manda.

Yew Trees, six trained plants. — 1, Bobbink & Atkins; 2, W. A.
Manda.

468

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Miscellaneous Plants.
Asparagus, one plant, any variety. — 1, W. A. Maiida.
Bambusa, one plant. — 1, W. A. Manda.

Conifers, three plants, three varieties. — 1, F. R. Pierson Co.; 2,
Bobbink & Atkins.
Conifers, two plants. — 1, F. R. Pierson Co.; 2, W. A. Manda.
Dieffenbachia, one plant. — 1, .John Wanamaker.
Holly, one plant. — 1. Bobbink & Atkins.

New Plants Not in Commerce.
Anthurium, flowering. — 2, W. A. Manda.
Conifer, hardy. — 1, \V. A. Manda.
Cycads, species. — 1, W. A. Manda.
Dracsena. — 1, W. A. Manda: 2, Julius Roehrs Co.
Foliage Plant, variety. — 2, W. A. Manda.
Fern, species. — 1, AV. A. Manda.

Fern, variety. — 1, \Y. A. Manda; 2, John W. Pepper.
Palm, specimen plant. — 1, W. A. Manda.
Shrub, hardy. — 1, W. A. Manda.
Most valuable New Flowering Plant. — 1, Adolph Lewisohn.

Plants — Private Growers.
Amaryllis, 25 plants in variety. — 1, Howard Gould.
Amaryllis, six plants, not less than three varieties. — 1, Howard
Gould; 2, Mrs. D. Willis James.

Anthurium, specimen plant in spathe. — 1, John \V. Pepper.
Azalea Indica, three plants in variety, not less than 21/0 ft. in

Imantophyllum in tlower, three plants. — 1, C. B. Xewbold; 2,
Benj. Stern.

Hydrangeas, New French, collection not less than six varieties;
varieties that were introduced in 1909 or since then. — 1, Wm.
Ziegler, Jr.; 2, John Wanamaker.

Lilacs, 12 plants in bloom, not less than fonr varieties. — 1, Mrs.
D. Willis James; 2, H. Darlington (P. W. Popp, gardener), Mama-
roneck, N. Y.

Primula Kewensis, 12 plants. — 1, Percy Chubb.

Palms, specimen, two plants. — 1, Geo. F. Baker, Tuxedo Park,
N. Y.

Palm, specimen plant. — 1, Wm. Ziegler, Jr.; 2, Geo. F. Baker.

Palms, 12 plants, 12 distinct varieties, not less than 8-in. pots,
not more than 12-in. pots. — 1, Mrs. D. Willis James.

Roses in pots, display, 100 sq. ft. — 1, Sam'l Untermyer; 2, Mrs.
D. Willis James.

Schizanthus, six plants. — 1, C. K. G. Billings (J. Bell, gardener),
West 196th street. New York City; 2, Percy Chubb.

Schizanthus, specimen plant. — 1, C. K. G. Billings.

Sanseveria Zeylanica, two specimen plants. — 1, Geo. F. Baker;
2, Wm. Ziegler, Jr.

Spirjea or Astilbe, six plants. — 1, C. B. Newbold; 2, Sam'l
Untermyer.

Stove and Greenhouse Foliage plants, six distinct; exclusive of
Palms, not less than 8-in. pots or pans. — 1, Mrs. D. Willis James;
2, John Wanamaker.

Stove and Greenhouse, Foliage plants distinct, three plants,

ENGLISH COLLECTION" OF ODOXTOGLOSSUMS .\XD CVPRirEDlUMS FROM \V. A. MANDA.

diameter. — 1, Samuel Untermyer (W. H. Waite, superintendent),
Yonkers, N. Y.

Azalea Indica, specimen, any color, not less than S'/i ft. in
diameter. — 1, C. B. Newbold.

Begonias, six plants in floAver. — 1, W. D. Thompson, Yonkers,
N. Y.

Calceolaria, covering table 10 x 5 ft. — 1, Percy Chubb.

Cineraria stellata, six plants. — 1, C. B. Newbold; 2, W. B
Thompson.

Cineraria stellata, specimen plant. — 1. Percy Chubb.

Cvclamen, 25 plants. — 1. J. J. Albrigjit (Oias. Sandeford. gar-
dener I . Buffalo. N. Y. ; 2, Percy Chubb.

Cyclamen, 12 plants. — 1, C. B. Newbold.

Crotons, 25 plants, not less than twelve varieties, not more than
8-in. pots. — 1, Mrs. I). Willis .Tames.

Crotons, 18 plants, not over S-in. pots. — 1, F. V. Burton (Wm.
Cordes, gardener), Newburgh, N. Y.

Crotons, six plants, not less than Sin. pots or tubs. — 1, F. V.
Burton.

Dracoena Sanderiana, specimen plant. — 1, Mrs. D. Willis James;
2, John Wanamaker.

Dwarf Evergreens, collection in pots or tubs, 100 sq. ft.. Ameri-
can grown only. — Silver Cup. Mrs. A. A. Anderson (Robt. William-
son, gardener), Greenwich. Conn.

Gloxinias, covering table 10 x 5 ft., an-anged for effect. — 1,
W. B. Tliompson.

Hydrangeas, six plants, not less than two varieties. — 1, Wm.
Ziegler, Jr. (A. Bieschke. gardener), Noroton, Conn.

exclusive of Palms, not less than 8-in. pots or pans. — 1, Sam"l
Untermyer.

Stove or Greenhouse Foliage plant, specimen plant. — 1, Geo. F.
Baker.

Flowering Plant, Stove or Greenhouse, any variety, specimen
plant.— 1. J. T. Pratt (J. W. Everett, gardener), Glen Cove, L. I.;
2, Sam'l Untermyer.

Stove plants, 12 distinct varieties, exclusive of Palms, not more
than S-in. pots. — 1. Mrs. D. Willis James.

Wistaria, two plants. — 1, C. B. Newbold.

Ferns — Private Growers.

Adiantum Farleyense, specimen plant. — 1, Mrs. 11. McK.
Twombly.

Adiantum Farleyense "Ruhm von Mordrecht" (The new Far-
leyense or Glory Fern), one plant. — 1, Jcjjin W. Pepper.

Adiantum, any other specimen. — 2, W. B. Thompson,

Cyrtomium falcatum Rochfordianum, one plant. — 1, John W.
Pepper.

Davallia. specimen, any variety. — 1, Wm. Thatcher, Warren
street, Brookline, Mass.

Stag's Horn Fern, three plants. — 1, Wm. Ziegler, Jr.; 2, Jas.
Goodicr, West State street, Trenton, N. J.

Flowering Plants — Bulbs.
Bulbs, two pots or pans, any variety. Members Paterson Flori-
cultural Society Only.— 1, Mrs. A. M." Booth.
Hyacinths, eight 10-in. pans, distinct varieties. Open to mem-

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

469

bers N. A. G. only.— 1, J. A. Maedoiiald, Flusliiiin. L. I., X. Y.;
2, Mrs. A. M. Booth.

Hyacinths, three 10-in. pans, white. — 1, Mrs. A. M. Bootli; 2,
J. f. Pratt.

Hyacinths, three 10-in. pans, pink or rcil. — 1. Mrs. A. M. liootli;
2, J." T. Pratt.

Hyacinths, three lOin. pans, li^ht blue. — 1. R. Hughes; 2. J. T.
Pratt.

Hyacintlis. three 10-in. pans, dark blue. — 1, J. T. Pratt; 2, Mrs.
S. M. Booth.

Lilies, six pots. — 1, C. K. G. Billings.

Narcissus, ''Glory of Leiden," three 10-in. pans. — 2, J. A. ilac-
douald.

Narcissus, Bicolor or Victoria, three 10-in. pans, — 1, J. T. Pratt.

Narcissus, Empress, three 10- m pans. — 2, J. A. Macdonald.

Narcissus, Emperor, three 10-in, pans, — 1, J, T. Pratt,

Narcissus, Double Von Sion, three 10-in. pans. — 1, Benj. Stern.

Tulips, Earlv Single, eight 10-in, pans, distinct varieties, — 1,
Mrs, A, M, Booth; 2, J, T, Pratt,

Tulips, Darwin, 12 10-in, pans, 12 varieties, — 1, J, A. Jlac-
donald,

Jliscellaneous Bulbs, collection fifty plants, — 1, Sam'l Unter-
myer.

Flowering Plants — Orchids,

Orchids, twelve plants, not less than twelve varieties, Cypri-
pediums and Hybrids excluded, — 1, Clement Moore (J, Mossman,
gardener), Hackcnsack, N, J,

My Maryland,—!, John Wanamaker,
Any other disseminated variety,—!, F, W, Vanderbilt,
^'ase 25 cut blooms Roses, any one variety except American
Beauty,— 1, F, W, Vanderbilt; 2, John Wanamaker,

Cut Flower Section — Orchids,

Display and collection of cut Orchids, each species or variety
filling one vase, arranged for effect. Cut greens of any variety
permissible in arranging of same, — 1, W, A, Manda,

Flowering stem of Cattleya, anv variety. — !, Sam'l Untermver;
2, W. A. Manda, '- "

Flowering stem of Lffilia, any variety. — 1, Benj. Stern.

!<"lowering stem of Lielio-Cattleya or Hybrid Cattleya. — !, W, A.
Manda,

Flowering stem Dendrobium, any variety, — 2, W. A. Manda.

Flowering spray. Odontoglossum, any variety. — 2, W. A. JIanda.

Flowering spray, Oncidium, any variety. — 1, W. A. Manda,

Flowering spray Phalseuopsis, any variety, — 2, W, A, Manda,

Flowering spray Vanda, any variety, — 1, W, A, ilanda.

I'lowering spray of any Orchid, other than above.— !. \V, A,
Manda,

Miscellaneous.

Vase Anthuriunis, with foliage, — 1, W, A, Manda,

.\ntirrhinum, 12 white spikes, — 1, Percy Chubb.

Antirrhinum, 12 yellow spikes. — !, Percy Cliubb.

Antirrhinum, 12 red spikes. — !, Percy Chubb.

Antirrhinum, 12 pink spikes. — 1, Geo. E. Buxton, Nashua. N. H,;

l.UO iLllAU^ Lll-V C. .MVRIOPIIVLLU-M, .VW,\R1JED GOLD .MED.VL.

Orchids, three plants, three distinct varieties, — 1, Mrs, F, B,
Van Vorst (A, Anderson, gardener), Hackensack, N, J,: 2, Sam'l
Untermyer.

Division A — Roses in Pots and Tubs,

Display in i)ots or tubs, any or all classes to occupy 300 sq, ft,,
arranged for effect, — !, -\nton Schultheis; 2, H, C, Steinhoff,

Six Climbing or Rambling, three or more varieties, — 3, Herman
C, Steinhoff,

Dorothy Perkins, specimen plant, — 2, Louis Duppy,

Hiawatha, specimen plant, — 2, Louis Dupuy.

Climbing, any other variety, specimen. — 1, John W. Pepper.

Hybrid Perpetual, specimen, — 1, IL C, Steinhoff; 2, John W
Pepper,

Polyantlia, crimson, si.x plants, — 1, H, C. Steinhoff; 2, Louis
Dupuy.

Polyantha, [>ink, six plants, — 1, Louis Dupuy; 2, H, C, Steinhoff,

Polyantlia, wliite, six plants, — 1, Louis Dupuy.

Polyantha, any other color, three plants, — 2, H, C, Steinhoff;
3, Louis Dupuy.

Collection Hybrid Perpetuals, 25 plants, not less than six varie-
ties, arranged for effect. — 1, H. C. Steinhoff,

Rose Silver Moon, in 8-in, pot or tub or larger, — 1, Percy Chubb,

Rose "Dr, \\', Van Fleet" in S-in, pot or tub or larger, — 1. Percv
Chubb, _ '

Killarney.— 1, J, AVanamaker,

Double Pink Killarney, 1, J. U'nnamaker,

White Killarney, — 1. .1, Wanamaker.

2, F, Bimbrauer, 13th street and 72d avenue. Oak Lane, Phila-
delphia, Pa,

PansJes, !00 flowers,— 1, Wm, Sim, Cliftondale, JIass,: 2, J,
Darlington,

Violets, 100 flowers, single, — 2, Howard Gould,

FINAL AWARDS, ADJUSTMENTS AND CORRECTIONS,

W, W, Edgar to.. Waverly, .Mass.— 12 Genistas Standards.
Gratuitj- prize.

JIadsen & Christiansen, Wood Ridge, N, J, — Marguerites, cut
white; Marguerites, cut yellow. Gratuity prize.

Mrs. F. A. Constable (J. Stuart, gardener), Mamaroncck. N. Y.
— A few Gelargonium plants,

H, Darlington, Esq, (P, W, Popp, gardenerl, Mamaroneck,
N, Y, — 1st, vase new Carnations "California Giant": 2nd, speci-
men plant Honeysuckle; 3rd, group of Maherniaodorata Stre]>-
tosolen Jamesonii, For the whole group gratuity prize.

Vase of Hardy Mums,, ^ Oaks,

A, L, Miller, Jamaica avenue, Brooklyn, N, V.^-lst, group of
Ponta Rosa Lemons, with fruit, 8 plants: 2nd, group of Mar-
guerites in 6 X 9 in, pans; 3rd, 1 green Holly and 1 Variegated
Holly; 4th S tubs of specimen Forsythia plants in bloom, A
Silver Medal,

William Sim, Cliftondale, Mass,— Display of Pansies, Gold
Jlcdal,

J, T, Pratt, Esq. (J, W, Everett, gardener),— 12 Gardenias in
pots. Silver Medal,

470

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

AY/E wish to thank our numerous patrons for calling at our
exhibit at the great International Show, where we demon-
strated the quality of MARSHALL'S SELECTED BULBS
and MARSHALL'S LAWN GRASS.

Marshall's Special Lawn Grass

25c. per quart. $1.50 per peck. $5.00 per bushel.

Marshall's Central Park Lawn Grass

20c. per quart. $1.10 per peck. $4.00 per bushel.

ALSO Grasses for Shade, Golf Greens, etc.

Write for illustrated catalogue

W. E. MARSHALL & CO.

SEEDS, BULBS, PLANTS

166 West 23d Street

NEW YORK

^Kfil^^jtj^B^Sf^

MARSHALL'S LAWN GRIiSS

OUR EXHIBIT AT THE INTERNATIONAL FLOWER SHOW.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

471

TIIOS. ROLAXDS' FIXE EXIIIIUT OF ACACIAS, AWARDED GOI-D MEDAL.

Mrs. H. McK. Twombly (E. Tyson, gardener). — Specimen Iman-
tophyllum. Silver Medal.

Chester K. Billings, Esq. (.Jas. Bell, gardener). — For collection
of Schibanthus Boddingtonii. Silver Medal.

Robt. Craig & Co., Philadelpbia, Pa. — For collection of named
Crotons, 73 varieties, including many novelties. Gold Medal.

Peter Henderson & Co., 73 Cortlandt street, New York City. —
For collection of Bulbous plants. Gold Medal.

Thos. Eoland, Nahant, Mass. — For Acacia Rolandii and wonder-
ful display of Acacias, Bouganvillea, etc. S. A. F. Gold Medal.

Mrs. D. Willis James (Wm. ?I. Duckbam, superintendent),
Madison, N. J. — For collection of Hyacinths. Silver Medal.

Mount Desert Nurseries. Bar Harbor, Me. — Hybrid Astilbe
Arendsii varieties. Silver Medal.

Jliss Mary Helen Carlisle, London, England. — Pictures in oil
and pastel of English gardens. Gold Medal.

Metaire Ridge Nursery Co., New Orleans, La. — Group of Lilies,
from American grown bulbs, hybrids of Lilium Harrisii and Mul-
tiflorum. Gold Medal.

John Wanamaker. Esq. (John H. Dodds, superintendent). — For
New Pandanus. Silver Medal.

S. M. Goldsmith (W. B. Seymour, gardener), West End, N. J. —
For cut Callas. Bronze Medal.

W. A. Manda, Inc.. South Orange, N. J. — For collection of
Orchids, including Hybrid Odontoglossums, etc., shipped from
England to the International Flower Show. Gold Medal.

Metaire Ridge Nurseries. New Orleans, La. — Cut Liliums, Hy-
brids of Lilium Harrisii and Multiflorums. Silver Medal.

Charles H. Totty, Madison, N. J. — For Roses and Carnations
and general display of cut (lowers, etc. Gold Medal.

R. & J. Farquhar. Boston, Mass. — Sweepstake prize for the
best new plant on exhibition, Lilium Myrophyllum. Gold Medal.

J. J. Goodwin, Esq. (J. F. Huss, gardener), Hartford, Conn. —
For display of Ferns showing graduation of growth from spores
to the full grown plant. Silver Medal.

Clement Moore, Hacken.=ack, N. J. — Group of Orchid Hvbrids.
Gold Medal.

Mrs. W. G. S. Griswold (A. J. Loveless, superintendent), Lenox,
5Iass. — For New Antirrhinums. Silver Medal.

David S. Miller, Tuxedo Park, N. Y.— For Model Estate. Sil-
ver Medal.

Thos. Roland, Naliant, Mass. — The Henry F. Michell Co.'s Gold
Medal for the most artistically arranged exhibit.

aass 120— \\'. A. Manda, South Orange, N. J., first.

Class 77 — Mrs. A. il. ilooth (E. Fardel, gardener), Great Neck,
L. I., first.

Class L53— Mrs. H. McK. Twombly (R. Tyson, gardener). Con-
vent. N. J., first; W. A. ^landa, second.

aass 1.54— W. A. Manda, first.

Class 16§— F. R. Pierson Co., Tarrytown, N. Y.. first; Julius
Roehrs Co., Rutherford, N. J., second.

Class 1G9— Bobbink & Atkins. Rutherford, N. J., first; W. A.
Manda, South Orange, N. J., second.

Class 173 — Bobbink «& Atkins, first.

Class 176 — Frank Josefko, Glen Cove, L. I., first; Julius Roehrs
Co., second.

Class 176A — Frank Josefko, first. ,

Class ISO— W. A. Manda, first.

Class 180B— W. A. Manda, second.

Class 185— R. & J. Farquhar, Boston, Mass., first.

Class 188— Robert Craig & Co., first; F. R. Pierson Co., second.

Class 189 — Clement Moore {J. Mossmann, gardener), Hacken-
sack, N. J., first; W. A. Manda, second.

Class 189B — Clement Moore, first; W. A. Manda, second.

Class 194B— W. A. Manda, first; A. C. Zvolanek, Bound Brook.
N. •!., second.

Class 52— Madsen & Christensen, Wood Ridge, N. J., first; Mrs.
F. A. Constable (J. Stuart, gardener), seconcT.

Class 64— H. Darlington (S. W. Popp, gardener), ;Mamaronetk.
N. Y., second.

Class 65 — Mount Desert Nurseries, first.

Class 117 — Judgment reversed. Lager & Hurrell, Summit, N. J.,
first; \V. A. Manda, second.

Class 153— Mrs. H. McK. Twombly, first; W. A; Manda, second.

Class 34A— Thomas Roland. Nahant, Mass., first; Louis Dupuy,
Whitestone, L. I., N. Y., second.

Class 36A— Thomas Roland, first.

EXHIBIT OF HITCHINGS & CO.

4":

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

"MR. GARDENER"

If you want the sliowiest shrub on )'our place this year, and for a time to
come, plant some of our

EVERBLOOMING BUTTERFLY BUSHES

(Buddleya var. magnifica)

Positively the handsomest perennial introduced in many years. Strong,
thrifty specimens that will flower this year at 50c. each, $5.00 per dozen,
$35.00 per 100. Our 1913 catalog describes it in detail and illustrates it in
colors on the front cover.

Write for our catalog.

MICHELL'S SEED HOUSE

517 Market St.

Philadelphia

Competent Gardeners

^ The comforts and products ol a country home are
increased by employing a competent gardener ; if you
want to engage one, write to us.

q Please give particulars regarding place and say
whether married or single man is wanted. We have
been supplying them for years to the best people
everywhere. No lee aslted.

PETER HENDERSON & CO.

Seedsmen and Florists
35 and 37 Cortlandt St. NEW YORK CITY

ORCHIDS

We are specialists in this kind of plants. We
collect, import and grow orchids from all parts of
the world where orchids grow.

We will be glad to fill your order for one plant
or a thousand according to your requirements.

Our beautiful Catalogue and special lists on
application.

LAGER & HURRELL

Orchid-Growers and Importers

SUMMIT, N. J.

THe WimpHeimer Group at Lon^ Branch, N. J.

was along in 1904 that we built for Mr. Wimpheimer the single-
wing house at the left. As a separate house it was complete
in itself, and decidedly attractive.

n suggesting the location for it. we considered the possibility of
iitions. and at that time worked the plan out, much as you now

it completed,
fo which you remark: "Why, that's a thing any good builder
uld do"; which is only another way of saying there are precious
; good builders.

Time and time again we are called upon to make additions to
our competitors' houses, that, do our best, must result in a botch
job. A botch, just because no careful planning ahead had been done.

Ofttimes we have to install an entirely i " "
expensive piping, both of which could hai
right.

If you want a firm to do your work,
for the present, but the future as well — y
Put your want in a letter and mail it to i

Lord (SL BurnHam Co.

SALES OFFICES:
ago Boston Rochester

Bldg. Tremont Bldg. Granite Bldg.

FACTORIES:
Irvington, N, Y. Des Plaines. 111.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

473

LORD & BURNHAM EXHIBIT, EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR VIEW.

We believe it is the first time at any show that a
complete greenhouse has been shown by a greenhouse
concern.

Lord & Burnham certainly deserve credit for the initi-
ative they have taken in the matter. Their exhibit was a
complete greenhouse, showing the workroom, with all
its equipments, boiler and even the heating pipes vmder
the benches of the greenhouse.

The greenhouse was equipped with special cast iron
benches. The transparencies which hung around the eave
line of the house attracted notable attention.

The feature of interest about Hitchings & Co.'s house
was the many interesting photographs, in panorama shape,
wiiich they hung against the rear gable of their house, on
the inside.

The departure in making the entrance to the green-
house sort of a garden trellis effect attracted a good deal
of attention.

The Pierson U-Bar Co. and Weathered & Co. also ex-
hibited a house of their particular style of construction
work.

This seems to be one more intimate move toward link-
ing the greenhouse up with the garden feeling.

The Congressional Free Seed Distribution.
Its History and Its Abuse

Two years ago, in one of the many debates the
House has held over the Congressional free seed dis-
tribution, a representative illuminated the subject
thus :

"A voter was asked what he thought of his Con-
gressman, and he replied: 'Oh, his arguments don't
go down and his seeds don't come up.' "

But whether the arguments of the Congressman go
down or not, whether the seeds live or die, somehow
or other, through stress and storm, in spite of protest,
ridicule and argument, Congress sticks to the free seed
business. It has stuck to it for lo, these many years,
and shows no sign of loosening its grip.

On principle, there has never been any justification
for the free distribution of ordinary garden seeds and
flower seeds. The only people vitally concerned are
the seedsmen of the country. They have earnestly
protested and at times vigorously fought against the
legislation authorizing the distribution. In return,
they have been assailed for maintaining a lobby at
\\'ashington, and members bursting with what re-
sembled indignation have belabored the seed interests
for trying to deprive the farmer of something to which
they said he was righteously entitled.

It is not seriously argued that the free distribution
of seeds as practiced now by members of Congress is
of much good to anyone. It is sometimes said that
it has resulted in encouraging enough people to grow
gardens and raise flowers to be an actual benefit to
the seed growers. This is an opinion rather than a
fact susceptible of proof. If it could be shown, it

would be an argument rather for a more systematic
distribution of seeds by the Department of Agriculture
than for the miscellaneous scattering about of the
seeds by the politicians. Apart from the expense, the
chief evils of the free seed distribution are: It is
wrong in principle. It is wasteful and extravagant.
It is a distribution on political lines and if made at all
should be absolutely impartial and nonpartisan. It
interferes with the legitimate business of the seeds-
men. The support back of it is political, not agricultural

To prove that the support for the Congressional free
seed distribution is political and personal and not in-
spired by a sincere desire to promote the general wel-
fare of agriculture in this country one has only to
examine into the history of the annual appropriations
for this purpose. If the real object were to help agri-
culture, to get more people in this country- to raise
more and better vegetables and flowers, then it is per-
fectly clear the distribution would be so arranged that
it would not be wasteful, but systematic, and would
go to the people who want seeds and use them when
received. Many efforts have been made in Congress
to get the distribution put into the hands of the De-
partment of Agriculture and taken out of the hands of
the members of House and Senate. But invariably
the politicians who think they perceive ways to win
votes with seeds furnished free and franked by Uncle
.'-^am have prevented such a reform. They have in-
sisted on keeping the distribution in their own hands.

The seedsmen have many times been roundly de-
nounced on the floor of House or Senate for bavins'

474

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

representatives or agents to lobby against free seeds.
Men have indulged in such denunciation who would
never bat an eye if approached by a lobbyist for a
tariff on lumber or a duty on steel. The free seed
supporters in Congress display strange inconsistencies.
A democratic member will grow black in the face de-
nouncing tarilif favors and then turn around and plead
and vote for Government favors through free seeds.
And a republican member who swears loyalty to pro-
tection and calls for protection for the manufacturer
will at once face about and get mad because the seed
growers and dealers object to having the Government
cut a big slice out of their business.

It has been erroneously supposed the_ Department
of Agriculture was responsible for the plan of sending
out common varieties of seeds as it has been followed
for many years. This is not the fact. Secretary Wil-
son has advised against it. J. Sterling Morton, when
at the head of the Department of Agriculture, strongly
opposed it. Mr. Morton was bitterly against it and
looked on it as a farce. The entire responsibility rests
with Congress and especially with the House.

Light is shed on the subject by going back briefly
over the history of the distribution of seeds by the
Government. Told in detail, it would be a long story.
It reaches far into colonial times. Back in 1743 the
British Parliament granted $600,000 to promote cul-
tivation of indigo and other crops in the American
colonies. The assemblies of the various colonies, too,
from time to time allowed small sums to encourage
cultivation of plants new to the country, such as hops
in Virginia, mulberry trees for silk culture in Georgia,
and vineyards for establishment of the wine industry
on this side of the Atlantic.

Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson, wdiile
abroad, as well as other representatives of the Govern-
ment in foreign lands in the early days, sought to en-
courage agriculture by sending back rare plants and
seeds. In" 1839, through the efforts of Henry L. Ells-
worth, commissioner of patents, an appropriation of
$1,000 was made for the purpose of collecting and dis-
tributing seeds, prosecuting agricultural investigations
and procuring agricultural statistics. With this, 30,000
packages of seeds were purchased and distributed.
This was the beginning of what is now the great De-
partment of Agriculture. Similar appropriations con-
tinued to be made, increasing from year to year, but
prior to 1865 the appropriations were always for the
combined purpose of purchasing seeds and collecting-
statistics so that the actual sum expended for seeds
alone cannot be determined. In the seventy-three
A'ears from 1839, when the first appropriation of $1,000
was made, to the fiscal year of 1912, when the sum of
$289,680 was used, the quantity of seed distributed
has steadily increased and the methods of handling
it have undergone many changes.

The organic law of the Department of Agriculture
provides that part of its general design and duty shall
be "to procure, propagate and distribute among the
people new and valuable seeds and plants." The pur-
pose of the earlier legislation for the purchase and dis-
tribution of seeds was to introduce into this country
new and improved varieties of vegetables, fruits and
flowering plants and new crops in order to increase
agricultural and horticultural yields. For many years
attempts were made to confine the distribution to
new varities of vegetables, grains, sorghums and
fruits.

Not only has such distribution been valuable, not
only has it left its impress on the agriculture and hor-

ticulture of the country, but there would not be the
slightest objection now were distribution today limited
to such scope, that is to new, improved and valuable
varieties. In fact, there are strong reasons why such
a distribution, made by the Department of Agriculture,
on broad and impartial and intelligent lines, should be
enforced as a perpetual policy. Such a distribution is
one thing. The Congressional distribution of common
and unimproved seeds is another.

Seeds and politics gradually got mixed as time wore
on. The demand for new seeds and plants increased.
Senators and Representatives made more requests for
them than the Department of Agriculture could sup-
ply. The practice of sending out common varieties
was resorted to because enough new varieties could
not be found to meet demands. From 1889 to 1893
practically the whole seed appropriation was expended
for standard varieties of vegetable and flower seeds.
Secretary of Agriculture Morton about that time
sought to stop this practice, but the friends of free
seeds in Congress would not permit it and put lan-
guage into the agricultural appropriation act of 1896
that made mandatory the Congressional free seed dis-
tribution as it exists today, and by virtue of which, on
receipt of their addressed franks, the Department of
Agriculture mails out for each member of House and
Senate his share of the "seeds, bulbs, shrubs, vines,
cuttings and plants." In the last distribution, which
began December 2, 1911, and ended April 19, 1912,
there were 63,364,555 packets, of which 51,138,240
packets were vegetable seeds and 12,226,315 were
flower seeds. The total weight of the vegetable and
flower seeds alone was 994,116 pounds, or over 497
tons, enough, as the Department of Agriculture said
in a recent bulletin, to fill twenty freight cars.

The conclusions to be drawn are that the Depart-
inent of Agriculture ought to be allowed to confine
itself to what was originally intended in the law under
which the de])artment W'as organized. If the officials
of the department had their w^ay they would so confine
it and would devote their efforts to distributing new
and improved varieties of seeds, plants and the like.
This distribution should not be dictated by members
of Congress. Some of the deficiencies and abuses of
the present distribution of ordinary seeds are ludicrous.

The Congressional free seed distribution has had a
stormy career. One of these days Congress will abolish
it. — "Successful Farmins:."

FLOWER, VEGETABLE AND GRASS SEEDS

Q

HOSEA WATERER

Seedsman and

U

Bulb Importer j

107 and 109 South Seventh St. I
PHILADELPHIA, PA. i

Catalogue mailed free upon request
PLANTS, BULBS, GARDEN TOOLS

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

475

FOR YOUR GREENHOUSE

The new red rose Milady and the new pink roses Mrs. Chas. Russell, Mrs. vShaw-
yer, and the new single rose Irish Fire Flame. These, with the best known and most
widely grown favorites we offer for your greenhouse. Chrysanthemums for exhibi-
tion or for general use, Hardy Pompons and Single Chrysanthemums, Palms, Ferns,
Orchids and Gardenias.

FOR YOUR GARDEN

Geraniums, Cannas, Climbing Roses, Hybrid
Tea Roses, Bedding Plants in variety.

Send for our catalog and become a customer
and team that

Grown in Cromwell

Means
QuaHty in Plants.

Our trade exhibit at the National Flower
Show will appeal to all lovers of plants.

A. N. PIERSON, Inc.

Our New Rose, Milady CROMWELL CONN.

Meche^ns' }?/^^?To^^

is full of information on

well-grown trees, shrubs and

hardy garden flowers. Un-

M.c most catalogs, it in-

. hides many of the rarer,

more unusual plants that

give individuality to

your garden. Includes

improved strains of

the famous

Meehans'
Mallow Marvels

—the i.l.mt cic.ition of the cen-
tury. Introduced by us in 1907 after
twenty-eight vears of experimentation
—a plant combiniriK all the virtues of the
beautiful tropical Hibuscis with the hardy
native mallow. Grows five to eight feet
high, is covered with a luxuriance of bril-
liantly colored flowers from July till frost
Herbaceous — dies to ground in
Fall, but root lives and grows luxuriantly
the following season. Survives severest
Winters.

MEEHANS
MALLOW
MARVELS

Brilliant red,
soft pink and
white. Blos-
soms the width
of this page.

2.YEAR ROOTS IN PINK OR WHITE - - - 50c each
2-YEAR ROOTS IN RED 75c each

The Meehan Nurseries are pioneers in assisting prop-
erty owners to secure competent gardeners. Gardeners

rnntomplnting change arc ii-vitfH to wiite us fully.

THOMAS MEEHAN & SONS

BOX 65 GERMANTOWN, PHILA.

Carnation
**Calif ornia Giant

»t

The largest ever-flowering
White Carnation today. California
Giant is a cross of Prosperity
and Enchantress, made in sum-
mer. 190S. and flowered first in
August, 1900. The flowers reach
a diameter of over five inches
and* come close to sis inchi^s.
When in best condition, the color
is snow white, lemon tinted in
the center, occasionally with red
markings like Prosperity. .Stems
are wirelike, upright, grt.wiiit?
three feet and over. The growth
of the plants is healthy and
quii-k. every shoot brings a flower.
In nnler that the flowers of Cali-
fornia Giant reach perfection. It
is necessary to split the calyx
three to four times, when the
flower Is half open, and disbud at
I hi' same time— not before — for
the pt'tals of this variety run flat
and from the center, the same an
those of Peonies or Popples, and
are stiff but graceful.

It has a strong clove-like per-
fume. Plants for winter flower-
ing should always bo grown to
nice bushy plants tn the open
fleld and well pinched back, for
such id ants produce four to five
times more flowers thhn If plant-
ed right under glass.

Richard Diener & Co.

Plant and Seed Gro-svers
Mountain View California

476

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Thi^ conservatory at Short Hills, N. J., opens delightfully off the dining room. In
the warm months the roof is shaded by inside curtains of green and the side sash removed
and screens put in their place. <

Many a greenhouse would never have been, if the conservatory hadn't first stirred up
the desire.

The Inter

0F|

Greenhouse aii

THERE are still a few kickers left.
At that recent wonderful Flowe
Show in New York I heard a gardene
grumbling because his employer's residenc
conservatory required so much attention t '
keep it dressed attractively.

Having been on the grounds only a fe\
days before. I knew- that the greenhuiist-
were located a full eighth of a mile from th
residence.

As a result the owner very naturally doe
not visit them as frequently as he wou! ,.
like to.

If it were not for the conservator;,,
where the choicest things from the greer
houses are always shown, the chance c
the gardener's keeping the owner intei
ested would be small indeed, and we a
know what generally liappens in such case

It's not enough these days to simply fi

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

477

dependence

I Conservatory

the requests from "th
and carnations.

Any florist can do that.

The gardener who wants special recog-
nition and advancement must continually
be doing things that will be specially recog-
nized. What an enviable opportunity then,
the conservatory offers to keep continually
stimulated the family's interest in the
greenhouse.

To my notion the greenhouse and the
conservatory are inter-dependent, and any
gardener who loses an opportunity to en-
courage the building of a conservatory is
either a downright dullard or snoring on the
job.

If the former, then he is to be pitied.

If the latter; let's you and I gather a bas-
ket of chestnut burs and set him down on
them forcibly.

IIltc is a case where the conservatory was an outcome of the greenhouse, even though
it was just a stone's toss from the residence. Just another case of not being satisfied
with a few plants and cut flowers setting about. The owner wanted an abundance of
growing things right where he could lay down his evening paper and, without effort, at
once thoroughly enjoy the choicer things from his greenhouse.

478

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

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THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

479

THE

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA.

MARTIN C. EBEL, Managing Editor,
Madison, N. J.

Published by

CHRONICLE PRESS

M. E. J^IAYNARD, President. A. A. FAY, Sec'y.

1 MONTGOMERY STREET, JERSEY CITY, N. J.
New York Office

236 WILLIAM STREET, NEW YORK CITY.

Subscription Price, 12 Months, $1.00 :: :: Single Copies, 10 Cents

Foreign, $1.50

Entered as second class matter February 18, 1905, at the Post Office at

Jersey City, N. J., under Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.

Published on the ISth of each month.

Advertising forms close on the 10th preceding publication.
For information regarding advertising rates, etc., address Advertising
Department, Gardeners' Chronicle, Madison, N. J.

ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

President, Vice-President, Treasurer,

WM. H. WAITE, A. J. SMITH, JAMES STUART.

Y nkers, N. Y. Lake Geneva, Wis. Mamaroneck, N. Y.

Stcretary, MARTIN C. EBEL, Madison, N. J.

TRUSTEES FOR 1913.

Peter iurt. Orange, N. J.; William Kleinheinz, Ogontz, Pa.; William
Duckham, Madison, N, J.; Alexander MacKenzie, Glen Cove, N. Y. ; John H.

Dodds, Wyncote, Pa.

DIRECTORS.

To serve until 1914 — Robert Angus, Tarrytown, N. Y.; Robert Bottomley,
New Canaan, Conn.; Carl Schaeffer, Tuxedo Park, N. Y.; E. Wetterlow,
West Manchester, Mass.; T. J. Kenipton, Baychester, N. Y. ; E. Trethewey,
Tarrytown, N. Y. ; Alexander Eraser, Newport, R. I.

To serve until 1915— John Shore, Harrison, N. Y.; Thomas Proctor,
Lenox, Mass.: William N. Craig, North Easton, Mass.; Frank E. Witney,
Fishkill, N. Y.; Robert Williamson, Greenwich, Conn.; F. Kirk. Bar
Harbor, Me.; James Bell, New York, N. Y.

To serve until 1916— Thomas W. Logan, Jenkintown, Pa.; John F. Huss,
Hartford, Conn.; John W. Everett, Glen Cove, N. Y.; A. Bauer, Deal
Beach, N. J.; John W. Jones, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Alexander McPherson,
Washington, D. C; James C. Shield, Monticello, 111.

Vol. XA'L

APRIL, 1913.

No. 6.

The third International Flower Show of this country
is now an event of the past. It has made new history in
the world of horticulture and floriculture, and will be re-
corded as one of the most magnificent displays of the
flora art made anywhere up to the present time. In
point of beauty and arrangement it could hardly be ex-
celled, though not to be compared in point of magnitude
with some of the shows held abroad. Those who have at-
tended the shows of the past decade at home and abroad
agree that never before were such specimens of flowers
and plants produced as some of those seen at this show.
Too great praise cannot be uttered for the chairman of
the International Flower Show, and his able lieutenant?
and committees. Only those who have been close to them
during the past year can realize the personal sacrifices
some of these men have made to make this undertaking
the grand success it was ; and they must accept this suc-
cess as their reward, with the added appreciation of all
flower lovers, for the eftorts which they put forth. \Vc
voice the wishes of many that a flower show of the stand-
ard of the one just closed be made an annual event in
that great metropolis. New York. It would prove a great
boon to the* progress of floriculture and horticulture in
this country. Public interest and enthusiasm have been
aroused, and they should not be permitted to wane.

What would the greatest flower show ever held in this
country have amounted to without the private growers?
What would this same flower show have been without the
commercial growers? Could it have been held at all
without the efforts and financial assistance of those com-
mercially engaged in the flora business and its allied com-
mercial interests?

We .say that without the private grower it could not
have been so grand; without the commercial grower it
could not have been so vast, and without the commercial
interests it could not have been held at all. We simply
allude to these facts to indicate how closely attached all
the interests are, the private, commercial and allied, and
to illustrate how great a force co-operation is towards the
goal of success. Let us all strive to cultivate it — it will
be for the mutual benefit of all.

A NATIONAL SHOW FOR 1914.

As we go to press, we learn on excellent authority that,
encouraged by the great success of the International
Flower Show, the International Exposition Company will
undertake to hold another flower show in the Grand
Central Palace, New York, in the spring of 1914. We
make this brief announcement now that the gardening
profession may have opportunity to eclipse its efforts
of 1913 a year hence.

THE MAN WHO JUST DIGS.

He wanted a job, and, like everyone else,

He wanted a good one, you know ;
Where his clothes would not soil and his hands would
keep clean.

And the salary mustn't be low.
He asked for a pen, but they gave him a spade,

And he half turned away with a shrug,
But he altered his mind and, seizing the spade — he dug!

He worked with a will that is bound to succeed.
And the months and the years went along.

The way it was rough and the labor was hard,
But his heart he kept filled with a song.

Some jeered him and sneered at his task, but he plugged
Just as hard as he ever could plug;

Their words never seemed to disturb him a bit — as he
dug.

The day came at last when they called for the spade

And gave him a pen in its place.
The joy of achievement was sweet to his taste

And victory shone on his face.
We cairt always get what we hope for at first.

Success cuts many queer jigs.
But one thing is sure — a man will succeed — if he digs.

• — Louis E. Tliaver.

I ^UE to the flower show news we have
had to omit several of our regular
departments from this issue. They will be
reinstalled next month. Several interest-
ing contributions intended for this num-
ber will appear in the May issue.

480

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

ASSOCIATION NOTES

M. C. EBEL, Secretary, MADISON, N. J.

EXECUTIVE MEETING OF THE N. A. G.

A meeting of the trustees and directors of the N. A. G.
was held at the Grand Central Palace, New York, on
Monday afternoon, April 7, preceding the regular meet-
ing of the association. The following trustees and di-
rectors were present : John Shore, Harrison, N. Y. ;
Robert Bottomley, New Canaan, Conn. ; Alexander Era-
ser. Newport, R. I. ; James Stuart, Mamaroneck, N. Y. ;
James Bell, New York, N. Y. ; R. M. Williamson, Green-
wich, Conn. ; T. J. Kempton, Baychester, N. Y. ; E.
Trethewev, Tarrytown, N. Y. ; John Huss, Hartford,
Conn. ; James C. Shields, Monticello, 111., and M. C. Ebel,
Madison, N. J.

In the absence of the president, Mr. John Shore was
requested to take the chair.

The routine business being disposed of, a letter re-
ceived from the Horticultural Society of New York, in-
viting the National Association to hold its fall conven-
tion in New York at the time of the fall flower show of
the Horticultural Society and to meet in the Museum of
Natural History, was favorably acted on and the secre-
tary instructed to acknowledge acceptance of the same,
with the thanks of the executive board. The exact date
of the meeting of the convention will be decided at the
next meeting of the executive board.

An invitation from the Panama-Pacific Exposition
Company to the National Association to hold its 1915
convention at San Francisco during the time of the Ex-
position, was referred to the regular meeting for action.

The matter of a Service Bureau was next taken up
for discussion, and it was decided that the secretary be
empowered to carry out the plans submitted for the es-
tablishment of the bureau, to which members of the Na-
tional Association may look for opportunity for better-
ment. The secretar}' was instructed to make an an-
nouncement of the plans in the next issue of the
Chronicle.

A committee consisting of the president, secretary and
treasurer, was appointed to decide on the meeting [jlace
and date for the summer meeting, and to report its de-
cision through the Ciiromicle.

After disposing of other otificial matter before the board
the meeting adjourned.

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION MEETING.

A meeting of the National Association of Gardeners
was held in the Lecture Hall of the Grand Central Palace.
New York City, on Monday afternoon, April 7, at 2
o'clock, following a meeting of the Executive Board of
the Association. President William H. Waite was in the
chair, and after welcoming the visiting members, intro-
duced President J. K. M. L. Farquhar, president of the
Society of American Florists. ATr. Farquhar ,lauded the
gardeners on their splendid exhibits, which, he said, made
it possible to produce such a magnificent show as they
were assembled at, following with a forcible address,
summarized as a heart-to-heart talk with the men of the
gardening profession, in which he urged the cultivation
of a closer confidence between the gardener and his em-
ployer.

-\lr. Farquhar was heartily applauded at the conclusion

of his rem^arks. Mr. Wm. J. Kennedy, president of the
Boston Gardeners' & Florists' Club, was next introduced.
Born, as he said, a gardener, he spoke enthusiastically of
the development of the profession, endorsing all the pre-
vious speaker had to say on the opportunities which are
presenting themselves for the advancement and elevation
of it. ]\Ir. Kennedy also spoke of the great interest which
has sprung up over the activities in the National Associa-
tion, and pledged his efl:orts to its further progress. He
was followed by Mr. John Shields, of Monticello. 111.,
one of the directors of the association, who spoke of the
pleasure it gave him to be able to come a distance to at-
tend the meeting and view the magnificent floral display.

Mr. J. J. MacKay, also of Monticello, was next intro-
duced. He spoke of the great development of agriculture
in the West. Mr. H. H. Bartsch, vice-president of the
Boston Florists' and Gardeners' Club, was the next
speaker. Mr. Harry Bunyard followed, and after an-
nouncing that owing to sudden sickness in the fam.ily of
Mr. Felton, of London, England, who was to lecture at
the meeting, he was prevented from sailing for this side
at the last moment ; he spoke of the vicissitudes of show
committees.

The secretary was called on next to report on the meet-
ing of the executive committee. After briefly reviewing
the financial condition of the association, showing a most
substantial balance in the bank, he read a communication
received from the Horticultural Society of New York,
inviting the National Association of Gardeners to hold
its annual convention in New York City this fall, in con-
nection with the fall show of the Horticultural Society,
and reported that the invitation had been accepted.

Mr. Farquhar, as president of the Massachusetts Hor-
ticultural Society, then extended an invitation to the Na-
tional Association to hold its summer meeting in Boston,
in July, at the time of the summer show of the Massa-
chusetts Horticultural Society, and in conjunction with
the Sweet Pea Show of the American Sweet Pea Society.
This was favorably acted on immediately by the commit-
tee, which reported its decision to hold the summer meet-
ing in Boston in July next.

An invitation was read from President C. C. Moore,
of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition, repro-
duced elsewhere in the Chronicle, addressed to the Na-
tional Association of Gardeners, to hold its 1915 conven-
tion in the city of San Francisco, during the time of the
Exposition. It was referred to the members for action,
and on a motion a resolution was adopted, extending the
thanks of the association to the Exposition Company,
and that the association go on record that it is the sense
of the meeting that the 1915 convention be held in San
Francisco.

An invitation from Mary Helen Carlisle, the famous
English painter of English gardens, tendered to the mem-
bers to visit her exhibit of paintings in a body during the
show was read, and the secretary instructed to acknowl-
edge the same with thanks.

The ratification by the Board of Directors of the plans
for the establishment of a Service Bureau to provide a
source to the younger men in the profession to which
they can look for opportunity for betterment, was re-
ported to the meeting.

Adjournment followed.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

481

A WORD FROM YOUR SECRETARY.

On occasions such as the International Fk)\ver Show
with all the details which the meetings and program for
pleasure involved, it is possible for one to make errors
and omissions, and your secretary is not infallible in
that respect.

If you had an_\' transactions with liim during the
Flower Show in the way of money payments, membership
enrollment, or otlier matters which you may have referred
to him for attention and you have not been granted
acknowledgment to the same, or other response where
it is called for, place yourself in communication with him
and advise him accordingly. He had a busy time of it
attempting to attend to all the duties involved on him and
did the best he could, but he may have made some mis-
takes which will be immediately corrected, if advised of
them.

When you have a grievance, do not go about with a
"grouch," telling every one of it but the one against whom
you may feel aggrieved ; go direct to him, and in most
instances you will find that your grievance has been an
imaginary one and one that can be promptly adjusted.

NEW MEMBERS.

The following new members have been added to our
list during the past month : William Christison, Yonkers,
N. Y. ; Thomas Harvey, New York, X. Y. ; James
Dvmock, Somerville, N. J. : Arthur Dummett, Mt. Ver-
non, N. Y.; Wm. Plumb, Bound Brook, N. J.; Walter
Jack, Lenox, Mass. ; Robert Murphy, Forest Glen, Md. ;
Joseph Norris, Norfolk, Conn. ; Wm. Jenkins, Sharon,
Conn. ; Duncan Finlayson, Brookline, Mass. ; John Alex.
Forbes, Newport, R. I. ; Fred Siler, East Williston,
N. Y. ; E. L. Stonebrook, Redlands, Cal. ; John G.
Gardner, Newport, R. I. ; Richard Gardner, New-
port, R. I. ; William Gordon, Yonkers, N. Y. ;
Louis Gordon, Yonkers, N. Y. ; Harry Baldwin, New
Rochelle, N. Y. ; Albert Benke, Mt. Vernon, N. Y. ; J. G.
Melrose, Cold Spring Harbor, L. I. ; John Niveri, Gar-
rison, N. Y. ; Arthur B. Cornelius, Ithaca, N. Y. ; August
Kammann, Tuxedo Park. N. Y. ; George Ferguson, Glen
Cove, N. Y. ; John Hutton, Syosset, L. I. ; C. E. Hunn,
Ithaca, N. Y. ; David Downie, Tuxedo. N. Y. ; Sigard
W. Carlquist, Lenox, Mass. ; Leonard M. Gage, South
Natick, Mags. : James W. Eckford, New London, Conn. :
John Thompson, Cranford. N. J. : Richard Mercer,
Soutliampton, N. Y. ; AVills \Yi\ls, Katonah, N. Y. : Wil-
liam P. Mahan, New Brunswick, N. J. ; James Chmas.
New York, N. Y. ; William Hertuck, San Gabriel, Cal. :
J. Halsey Reock, Belleville. N. J. : Frank W. Evenden,
Convent, N. J. ; Peter G. Brough, Roslyn, N. Y. ; James
Williams, Philadelphia ; Pa. ; George Wyness, Prides
Crossing, Mass.; William J. Kennedy, Chestnut Hill.
Mass. ; Vernon T. Sherwood, Charlestown, N. H. ; Robert
Greive, Irvington, N. Y. ; William Robertson, Orange,
N. J. : James Hughes, Lawrence, L. I. ; James Vallance,
L. I. : Owen J. Owen, Southampton, L. I. ; August Har-
rer. New \'ork, N. Y. ; Percy Plumeridge, Jenkintown.
Pa. : William Zerk, Mamaroneck. N. Y. ; D. F. Rov,
Marion, Mass. ; Sabin Bolton, Narberth, Pa. ; A. G.
Mickle. Newport, R. I. : Paul Fritsch, Westbury, N. Y. ;
William C. Dickson, Bryn Mawr, Pa. ; John W. Smith,
Ridgcfield, Conn. ; Anthon Rose, Mt. Kisco, N. Y. ;
James Hamilton, Warwick Neck, R. I. ; A. W. Golding.
irvington, N. Y. ; John Wilks, Mt. Kisco, N. Y. ; William
Muckroy. Newport, R. I. ; .Andrew L. Dorward, New-
port, R. I. : -August Schell, Greenwich, Conn. ; Victor H.
Morgan. New York, N. Y. ; IMack Richmond, Wood-
brook, Md. ; John Alexander, New Canaan, Conn. ; Harry
Jones. Glen Cove, N. Y. ; Charles H. Young, New York,

N. Y. ; Tom Avenall, Purchase, N. Y. ; Oscar M. Whit-
temore, Leno.x, Mass. ; James Gladstone, Islip, N. Y. ;
Edgar W. Fuller, Purchase, N. Y. ; Peter Murray,
Manomet, Mass.; Samuel Grigg, Morristovvn, N. ].;
Emile Barts, Tuxedo Park, N. Y. ; Fred Barth, Millerton,
N. Y. ; William G. Carter, Yonkers, N. Y. ; Augustus G.
Naser, Uniontown, Pa. ; Anthony Wilde, Brooklyn,
N. Y. ; Alexander Hampton, Waverly, Pa. ; Allen Pier-
pont, Woodbury, L. I. ; Tom Wilson, Cedarhurst, L. I. ;
Malcolm McRorie, South Orange, N. J.; N. A. Butler,
Tuxedo Park, N. Y. ; Kalman Nagy, Bernardsville, N. J. ;
William J. Gray, Glen Cove, N. Y. ; W. B. Jackson,
Summit, N. J. ; William Mclntyre, New York, N. Y. ;
Victor May, New York, N. Y. ; J. C. P. Kennedy,
Tenafly, N. J.; J. Glendon, New York, N. Y. ; E. W.
Neubrand, Tarrytown, N. Y. ; Hamilton Scott, Morris-
town, N. J. ; Luther Batchelor, Devon, Pa. ; C. L. Say-
bold, Wiikes-Barre. Pa. ; Edward S. Norman, Lee, Mass. ;
Harry Papworth, New Orleans, La. ; Alex. Henderson,
Chicago, 111. ; Edwin Jenkins, Lenox, Mass. ; Allen J.
Jenkins, Lenox, Mass. ; Joseph Krupa, Lake Geneva,
Wis. ; A. J. Loveless, Leno.x. Alass. ; J. Wheeler, Natick,
Mass. ; A. H. Wingett, Lenox, Mass. ; J. Curnow, .Akron,
Ohio ; G. Heger, Southampton, N. Y. ; Charles Sandiford,
Buffalo, N. Y. ; Harold Bryant, Dalton, ]\Iass.

THE "DUTCH" TREAT.

On Tuesday night, .April 8, the members and friends of
the N. A. G. visiting the Flower Show, assembled in the
men's hall at the Murray Hill Hotel, for what was an-
nounced a "Dutch"' treat, but more correctly termed a
"smoker." A pleasant evening was enjoyed by all. En-
tertainment was provided by the hotel orchestra, and
John Christie, who appeared in kilts-, much to the amuse-
ment of many present, and enlivened the evening with
Scotch ballads, also favoring some of the sons of Erin
with a few songs.

.Among the speakers of the evening were President
J. K. M. L. Farquhar, of the Society of American Flor-
ists ; William Siebrecht, president of the New York Flor-
ists' Club ; H. E. Philpott, of Winnipeg. Canada ; Edwin
Jenkins, Lenox, Mass. : Charles \\'eathered, of New
York. Mr. Charles H. Totty, chairman of the Flower
Show, and William H. Duckham. manager, were early
visitors at the "smoker," but had to leave to attend a late
meeting of the Show Committee. Many were present
from distant points. The gathering included about one
hundred and twenty-five members and friends.

APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP

National Association of Gardeners

I hereby apply for Membership in your Association : —

Name in fall ,

Occupation

Address _

Dale

Reference

Forwtird Application to M, C. EBEL, Secretary, Madison,
N. J., tvith dues, <a>hich are $2,00 annualiy, tnduding subscrip-
tion to the official organ of the Association,

482

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Why The U-Bar?

There are certain very simple, very plain common sense
reasons why the U-Bar construction should be very carefully
looked into before you put your money in other greenhouses,
constructed other ways.

We believe you will take such a precaution. p^^^

Our address is below. ^^^S?

U-Bar Greenhouses

PIERSON U-BAR COMPANY
No. 1 MADISON AVE., N. Y.

Chrysanthemum Novelties

We have been identified with every advance in Chrysanthemums for the past
ten years and are still in the front. Our Novelties in Singles this year set a new
standard for that popular type.

See our catalogue for Early Flowering varieties. We list about eighty assorted
kinds, and these are the cream of a collection of over two hundred imported from
Europe.

Our Wells-Pockett-Totty varieties are the best in the world and every fall
shows this more convincingly in the prize-winning exhibits.

Roses

Mrs. Geo. Shawyer— The Peerless Pink. Fifty thousand plants ready for :\Iay 1

delivery.

Write us for prices on standard kinds.

CHAS. H. TOTTY, Madison, N. J.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

483

BOWLING TOURNAMENT.

The Bowling Tournament, held under the auspices of
the N. A. G., in which its members and the members of
the S. A. F. participated, was a great success, the friendly
rivalry between the teams and individuals making the
event an interesting one, lasting from morning until late
in the afternoon.

The prizes were of high order, and those that came
within the scores which won the prizes were well satisfied
with the results of their efforts.

The sweepstake prize, which was bowled for by the
three members making the high score of the N. A. G.
and three members making the highest score of the S.
A. F., aroused great interest, and was won by Mr. C. L.
Seybold, superintendent of parks, Wilkes-Barre, Pa. The
prize was a silver tea service of four pieces presented by
President Waite. The Astoria, N. Y., team carried off
the honors of the team tournament.

The ne.xt day, April 10, the N. A. G. invited the visit-
ing ladies to a bowling contest at Thum's Alleys. A
number of prizes were contributed by the N. A. G. mem-
bers and of the S. A. F. and the New York Florists' Club.
While the ladies' tournament was not as well attended
as that of the men, it was nevertheless equally well en-
joyed by those who participated in it. ,

The complete scores will be found on page 496 of
this issue under National Association and Local Society
doings.

The contributors of prizes to the National Gardeners'
and Florists' Tournament include the following: William
H. Waite, Yonkers, N. Y. ; Thomas \\' . Logan, Jenkin-
town, Pa. ; James Stuart, Mamaroneck, N. Y. ; ^L C.
Ebel, Madison, N. J. ; A Friend, S. S. Pennock-Meehan
Company, Andrew Graham, Thomas Meehan Company,
President Philadelphia Florists' Club, Andora Nurs-
eries, W. Altee Burpee Company, Hosea Waterer, Henry
F. Mitchell Company, Mr. Kyle, all of Philadelphia, Pa. ;
Stumpp & Walter Company, P. Hamilton Goodsell,
Kennedy and Hunter, Gardeners' Chronicle, Burnett
Brothers, John Donaldson, J. Meissem, Humus Company,
L. E. Waterman Company, all of New York, N. Y. : R. &
J. Farquhar & Co., Boston, Mass. ; Bon Arbor Chemical
Companv, Paterson, N. J. : Wilson Plant Oil Company,
Springfield, N. J. ; Charles H. Totty. Madison, N. J. : An-
ton Bauer, Deal Beach, N. J.; H. B. Kemp, Long
Branch, N. J.

W/ROUGHX IROIN F»IF»E

erhauled. 14-foot lengths and up, guaranteed
It ynll pay you to correspond with us.
ALBERT & DAVIDSON, 217-23 Union Ave., Brooklyn. N. Y.

gyr Deliveries made 36 hours after order reaches our office. We would ■wel-
come trial orders just to introduce our methods and reliability.

AMONG THE GARDENERS

Mr. William N. Craig, for the past seventeen years su-
[lerintendent of the Langwater Estate, North Easton,
Mass., leaves that position on May 15 to accept the su-
perintendency of Mrs. E. D. Brandegee's estate. Brook-
line, Mass., in place of David Weir, who has retired, and
who will make an extended trip to Scotland.

After serving for many years as superintendent on the
estate of Cornelius Bliss, at Oceanic, N. J., ]Mr. Nicholas
Butterbach has resigned from that position to become
superintendent of the large new estate which he will lay
out at Mahwah, N. J., for Mr. C. Lewis. The improve-
ments include a large range of greenhouses, besides much
outdoor development.

Mr. John F. Johnson, for over ten years in charge of
the Paul Dana estate at Doson's Island, N. Y., has ac-
cepted a position as superintendent of the George D.
Pratt estate at Glen Cove, N. Y.

Another gardener to enter the commercial field is Air.
Henry Wild, who resigned his position as sijperintendent
of the Converse estate at Greenwich, Conn., on April 1,
to engage in the business of landscape architect and ex-
pert gardening. Mr. Graham, formerly superintendent
to J. B. Converse, succeeds him.

Mr. Samuel Gregg will assume his duties as superin-
tendent of the estate of E. H. Palmer, Rve, N. Y., on
Mav 1.

One of the long-distance visitors to the International
Flower Show was Mr. William Hertrich. superintendent
of the H. E. Huntington estate, San Gabriel, Cal. Mr.
Hertrich hopes to see the N. A. G. convention, of which
association he is a member, in San Francisco in 1915,
during the Panama-Pacific Exposition.

The distinction of being the first life member to p^y
his dues in the N. A. G.'s reserve fund falls to Mr. Dun-
can Finlavson. superintendent of the L. Anderson es-
tate,- at Brookline, Mass. Mr. Finlavson is taking a
keen interest in the progress of the National .Association.

.Another gardener who has become much interested in
the afifairs of the National Association is William J. Ken-
nedy, superintendent of the park svstem of the Common-

Kennedy £^ Hunter

Kennedy's Kant Klog Hose— 20c. ft.

Incorporated 1911

Andrew R. Kennedy

Pre*, and Treas.

156 WEST 34TH ST.

One block from
Penna. Station

NEW YORK

rvji

484

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

wealth of Massachusetts and .president of the Boston
Gardeners' and Florists' Club.

Mr. O. A. Hunwick is now superintendent to Mr. M. I.
Borg, of Hillcrest Farm, Stamford, Conn. He was for-
merly of Convers Manor.

Mr. James Brown, head gardener to F. L. Ames, North
Easton, Mass., left that position on April 9 for Smith
College Botanical Gardens, Northampton, Mass., where
he will fill the vacancy caused by the retirement of Ed-
ward J. Canning, who goes into the nursery and land-
scape business. Mr. Brown's successor is William Grant.

Mr. P. Johnsen, formerly of Orange, N. J., has ac-
cepted the position as gardener to Mrs. S. W. King, at
Dallas, Texas. It is a new estate, which will require con-
siderable stock, and Mr. Johnsen writes that he will be
glad to receive the catalogues of some of the southern
niH'servmen and seed firms.

Mr. Michael Collins, for many years gardener to Mr.
W. H. Earle at Norwalk, Conn., is now in charge of the
Osborne Memorial Home grounds, Harrison, N. Y.

Mr. J. Charles Klose, formerly superintendent to Mr.
Gordon Douglas, at Morristown, has accepted a position

as superintendent on the Franklin Murphy estate at
Mendham, N. J.

Another gardener who came a long distance to visit the
International Flower Show was Mr. James C. Shields,
of Monticello, 111. He came to attend the meeting of the
N. A. G.. Mr. A. J. Smith, of Lake Geneva, Wis., had
also intended to come East, but was prevented from mak-
ing the trip through illness. We are glad to report that
he is much improved again.

Mr. Paul Dinkelacher, formerly of Garrison, N. Y., is
now on Mr. Sigmund Stern's estate, at Cold Spring-on-
Hudson, N. Y., having assumed his duties there last
month.

It is reported that several changes have occurred at
Branford Farms, Groton, Conn. Mr. E. Robinson has
been appointed foreman in charge of the houses, and this
estate will again be represented at the shows this coming
fall Mr. J. Wooff succeeds Mr. Robinson at Wallhall.
Riverside, Conn.

Another place on which extensive improvements are
contemplated is the Pulitzer estate, at Manhasset, N. Y.
Mr. Morell Smith, the superintendent, reports that much
work is to be done this coming season. The plans include
the erection of greenhouses.

American Lawn Making

By George C. Watson

We all admire the English lawns, with their deep
green, smooth, velvety surface all through the year, but
most of us fail to realize that this wonderful result is
largely a matter of the moist, equable climate of the
country in which they grow. Of course, our British
cousins in the seed trade have come to know the best
kinds of grasses suited for their country's conditions.
How could they help it? But when it comes to our far
different American climate, our hot, dry Summers and
severe Winters, what do they know of these ? And so a
B,ritish formula for an American lawn is worse than
foolish — it is ridiculous ! American seedsmen know all
about the ingredients of the English mixtures. There
is no cloud of mystery about them. Every one of these
ingredients has been tried out in America for genera-
tions. Some are good ; some are not so good ; and some
are out of the question altogether. Especially is this so
when it comes to the proportions of each. The British
formulas contain most of the worst sorts for the Amer-
ican climate.

The making of a good lawn starts long before the sow-
ing of the lawn grass seed. I appreciate the importance
of good lawn grass seed, but I appreciate still more the
foundation of a foot deep of good soil : and when I say
a foot deep of good soil I don't mean the kind you dig
out o fthe cellar, 10 or 20 feet below the surface. I mean
the surface soil, which is the only soil that's got any fer-
tility. This surface soil matter is the first thing that must
be understood. Those who have been brought up on the
farm know all about it, and think, naturally enough, that
everybody else ought to know, but they don't. Klost of
us who have not been brought up on the farm, I have
found by an experience of thirty-five years behind the
seed counter, think that soil is just .soil, and one soil is
just as good as another in which to grow grass or any-
thing else! No, the top soil is the only kind. It may

have taken a million years to accumulate on the surface,
and yet you let your house-builder bury it under the ex-
cavations from your cellar, and then wonder why grass
seed doesn't thrive. The writer would prefer not to
dwell on the point; it seems so infantile. Yet on that
one point most of the failures fundamentally hinge. Few
amateurs realize that grass needs just as good soil as
celery or cabbage. Alany of them seem to think grass
will grow on rocks.

So then, it will be understood that, when we say a foot
deep of good soil, it means top soil from some old farm
land, and not cellar diggings.

Furthermore, after you have your foot of good top soil,
add five pounds of bone meal or ten pounds of sheep ma-
nure to each space 10 by 10 feet. The reason for using
bone meal or sheep manure rather than the ordinary
barnyard manure is that the latter is apt to be full of
weed seeds.

.\nd speaking of weeds brings us to another point : All
soils will bring forth more or less surface weeds the first
year. George Troup, superintendent of the park system
of the city of Buffalo, gave it as his opinion that all
ground intended for a lawn should be "fallowed" one
Summer before sowing the grass seed. By that he meant
that, after plowing, harrowing, raking and smoothing,
the land should be left idle. If this is done, in a couple
of weeks up will come a crop of surface weeds. Hoe
them. By and by, another crop. Hoe them, also. Late
in the Summer there will be another, but very thin this
time. Hoe them out, too. And then your ground will be
ready for the lawn grass seed, and there will be no kick
about the weeds supposed to have come in the grass seed
that was sown.

But the average man or woman can't wait that long.
They want to have a green lawn in a month, weeds or no
weeds. And we are with them. But don't blame the

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

485

lawn grass seed for the weeds. They are not in the seed
but in the soil.

Xow, then, having got your ground well drained,
plowed, harrowed and smoothed, with a foot of good top
soil, well manured and all inequalities such as rocks,
roots and stones, cleared ofif, you are ready for the seed.
The seed to use is the best kind of seed that the experi-
ence of the great experimenters from Hortus Gramineus
Woburnensis down to Faunce de Laune, Flint, Lawson
and the rest can tell us about.

SOMETHING ..\BOUT THE BEST GRASSES TO SHOW FOR A GOOD
LAWN.

Xearly every seedsman says his mixture of grass seed
for lawns and pleasure grounds is the "perfect" mixture,
but perfect lawn grass seed for all purposes has not yet
been found, and never will be found. So, when a seeds-
man talks that way, he talks in a Pickwickian sense. The
most a seedsman can do is to have an ideal and try to
reach it. The nearest he can come to making a perfect
lawn grass mixture is to use the best varieties for this
climate, using the experience of the past as to what does
best here, and the proper proportions of each sort.

From first to last, it is an endless chain with links
closely interlocking. The good, the indifferent, the bad
grass mixtures — the world is full of them ; but the good
are hard to find. Are they worth finding? You can get
good lawn grass seed if you want it, but you must take
the trouble to find it, and, when found, you will have to
pay the price. Good seed is worth a good price.

Many good gardeners tell us that a mixture is unneces-
sary; the Kentucky Blue Grass is all that is necessary
to make a perfect lawn. This is so far true that seeds-
men have now come to make this grass (Poa pratensis)
the foundation of their lawn formulas. The reasons for
adding other varieties to the Poa pratensis are various,
one of the principal being that this fine species does not
stand our hot Summers so well as some others, and also
because it does not reach its full development until the
third year. Then again, it will not do as well as will its
cousin, Poa nemoralis (Wood Meadow Grass) under the
shade of trees.

Comes another condition : On an upland where the soil
is light, there is nothing better than the Sheep's Fescue,
fortified with some of the more tender sorts than can
shelter under its wing.

For a tennis-green or golf-course, or for any piece of
grass where there is much walking over, Crested Dog's
Tail and Hard Fescue should always be used in good,
liberal proportions along with other sorts. Some species
start earlier in the Spring than Kentucky Blue, and some
continue later in the Fall. Sweet \"ernal is greatlv valued
on account of its early growth. Rhode Island Bent is a
valuable permanent species, especially where the land is
at all inclined to be wet or fundamentally acid. In New
Fngland and along the Atlantic seaboard this grass is
often sown alone to make a lawn, and it is included in
liberal proportions in making up a good lawn mixture.

To make a good putting green, many authorities claim
that only two varieties ought to be used ; Festuca teni-
folia and Cynosurus cristatus. with a slight addition of
other fine-leaved sorts.

To make a good grass for shady places, use Poa nemo-
ralis and Festuca rubra as a foundation ; then make up
the balance with a good lawn grass mixture.

To rnake the outlying links, the cheaper kind of seeds
will do. as no fine turf is required. Timothy, Orchard,
Red Top, etc., will be all right, and are less expensive.

For a terrace, use sod. three years old. grown from a
good lawn grass mixture.

This splendid oak stands en tlu- estate of the late Juh'us
E. French, at Wickhffe, O. It was entirely hollow at the
base, because of the decay of several years. It was phys-
ically weak and growing weaker. Within a short time a
heavy wind would surely have blown it over. It was
treated by the Davey Tree Experts and has been saved.
The picture shown above was taken four years after
treatment, and shows a wonderful growth of new bark
over the filling. The new bark is seen inside the white
spots.

This tree is a living monument to the science of Tree
Surgery, originated and developed by John Davey, and to
the skill of the Davey Tree Experts. Your trees can be
saved by the Davey Experts also.

Let a Davey Tree Expert
Examine Your Trees Now.

Sometimes decay can be seen from the outside- Some
times it can't. Hidden decay is often just as dangerous
as that exposed to view. Sometimes a tree owner realizes
the condition and needs of his trees -Sometimes he don't.
More often he don't. Generally it's a revelation.
In most cases they say "I wouldn't have believed that trees
needed such treatment, nor that such things could be
done with trees as you have done."

Cavities, if not properly treated, continue to decay and
destroy the trees. Outward appearances do not always
indicate the extent of the cavity, nor the condition of
decay. Our expert examination will reveal exact con-
ditions.

We will gladly have one of our Experts examine your
trees, without charge, and report on their exact condition.
If your trees need no treatment you want to know it; if
they do need treatment you ought to know it.
Write for booklet

THE DAVEY TREE EXPERT CO.

KENT, OHIO

l^RANtH OrFICFS:

225 Fifth Ave. New York. N. Y.

Phone Madison Square 9546
Harvester Bids., Chicago. 111..

Phone Harrison 2666
>Jew Birks Bldg.. Montreal Can..

Phone Up Town 6726
Merchants' Exch. BIdg.. San Francisco. Cal.
Telephone Connection
Representatives Available Everywhere.

JOHN DAVEY

iFather of Tree 5u'-gtr>|

486

THE GARDENERS* CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

P. HAMILTON GOODSELL

Fine Nursery Stock

200 Broadway

New York, N. Y.

Come and See Our Fine Collection

Specimen Evergreens
English Ivy in pots
Amrelopsis in pots

Roses in eight inch pots

RhododrendronS from eighteen inches to four feet

ALL THESE CAN BE INSPECTED AT OUR GROUNDS ^

1905 WEST FARM ROAD, NEW YORK CITY

Telephone, 2040 TremonI

BOBBINK (SL ATKINS

World's Choicest Nursery and Greenhouse Products

SPRING PLANTING

Our Nursery consists ..r :;■'" :mi.- ..r i, ji.iy .niiivatea land and a
large area covered \\'itlj < ;r. ,iili..it-i ^ ,!i:.l si [ . i,. ii~. ^. in which we nn^
growing Nursery and (ireiMihuusf I'rnducts for eviT.v place and puriiose.
Th« FoUowinit Arc Amongst Our Specialties:

ROSES — Pot-grown. VVc have
several thousand Rose Plants that
will bloom this Tear.

EHODODENDKONS. — Many
thousands of acclimated plants in
hardy English and American varie-
ties are growlnR In our Nursery.

HAKDY OLD - FASHIONED
PLANTS.— We grow thousands of
rare. new and old-fashioned
kinds, Including Peonies and Iris
in a large varittv.

HEDGE PLANTS We grow a

Urge quantity of California
Privet, Berberis and other Hedge
Plants adapted to all parts of
the country.

FRUIT 'trees and SMALL
FRUITS BUSHES.— We have a
large quantity in all the leading
varieties and kinds.

PALMS AND DECORATIVE
PLANTS.— We have several acres
of Greenhouses, in which we
grow I'alms. Ferns and a large
for Interior

Exterlo

P.-

atlo

OUR NEW GIANT-FLOWER.
ING MARSHMALLOW.— Every-
body should be Interested In this
new, old-fashioned flower. It
will grow everywhere and when
in bloom Is the queen of all gar-

PLANT TUBS, WINDOW

BOXES AND ENGLISH GAR-
DEN FURNITURE.— We manu-
facture all shaiKs and sizes.

BULBS AND ROOTS. — We
grow and Import quantities of
Bulbs and Roots from all parts
of the world.

OUR ILI.DRTRATEI) GENERAL CATALOGUE NO. 45 DESCRIBES
OUR PRODtJCTS. Will be mailed upon request.

We shall be glad to give our time and attention to all Gardeners
visiting our Nurserv.

VISITORS take ISrle Railroad to Carlton Hill, second Stop on Main

STRAWBERRIES, — Potted and
field-grown. In all the leading
varieties.

EVERGREENS, CONIFERS

AND PINES.— .Many Acres of
our Nursery are devoted to their
cultivation.

BOXWOOD.— Everybody loves
the aroma of Old-fasbioncd Bo:s-
wood. We grow thousands in
many shapes and sizes.

ENGLISH IVY.— We grow
many thousands in trained forms
and ordinary plants from two to
elgnt feet tall.

HARDY CLIMBING AND

TRAILING VINES We have

them for every place and pur-
pose.

BEDDING PLANTS.— We grow
many thousands of Bedding
Plants in all the popular kinds.

BAY TREES We are Head-
quarters for them. We carry at
all tiuies hundreds and often-
times during the year several
thousands may be seen In our
Nursery.

LAWN GRASS SEED.— Our
Rutherford Park Lawn Mixture
has given satisfaction every-
whp

Line; 3 mln

alk

Nur

BOBBINK <a ATKINS

Nnrsarrmen, Fl*rl(tt and Planters

RUTHERFORD. N. J.

HERE IS THE CATALOG
YOU OUGHT TO HAVE

FIRST we published it with 64
Images — that was six months
ago. Forty more have just
been added, making 104 pages in
all.

It is now really more of a book
than a catalog.

A complete book on green-
houses, conservatories and all
sorts of glass enclosures for pri-
vate places, parks, and public
institutions.

If you order a house before see-
ing this book, the chances are you
will be sorry. Very sorry. We
will send you a copy free.

HITCHINGS ^ CO.

New York
1 1 70 Broadway

Bbeth, N. J.

Philadelphia
lU BIdg., 15th & Cheslnnt Su.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

487

WONDERFUL COLLECTION OF AMARYLLIS.

What has been declared to be the most wonderful and
largest collection of amaryllis in the world was on view
in the hothouses of the United States Department of Ag-
riculture recently. On entering the house one was struck
with the great wealth of blooms — magnificent scarlets,
flaming crimsons, deep maroons, dainty pinks and daz-
zling white flowers tinged with pink and red stripes — a
sight said to be beyond anything ever seen in the floral
world in an exhibition of amaryllis.

There were 580 plants all in flower, some bearing 6,
8 and even 10 flowers — a conservative estimate placing
the total number of blooms ranging from 3,000 to 4,000.
Every one of these plants was grown from a seedling,
and even though there were nearly 600 plants, no two of
them were alike.

The amaryllis known to most people and even to the
florist is that which bears 3, 4 or 5 flowers, small in size
and almost uniform in color. But these seedlings that the
Department of Agriculture has been growing for years
were not only variegated in color, but the blooms were
gigantic. It is said that the usual amaryllis is big if it
measures eight inches, while the average blossom is five
inches, yet the greater number of those shown at the
department were ten and eleven inches, and some even a
foot broad. This abnormal size in the blooms follows
the usual course of plant breeding, for it has become
generallv recognized that in the crossing of two species
the good qualities of each parent are magnified and pre-
dominate in the offspring. One of the plants has thrown
out a blossom that proudly holds its head erect like an in-
verted umbrella, strangely dift'erent from all the rest of
the flowers, which bend over on their stalks and hang
their heads modestly.

The hybridizing of the flowers was accomplished with
thirteen crossings of parent i)lants. The results have

given a wealth of varieties and unexpected results even
under the same conditions of hybridizing. The plants
obtained from any certain crossing of parent stock are
classified under numbers indicating the parentage. No
attempt at definite classification will be made until the
persistence of the acquired traits is demonstrated.

While the department has been successful heretofore
in obtaining blooming seedlings of the amaryllis, at no
time have so many plants come into bloom at the same
time as this year. In order to appreciate the labor and
patience that must be exercised in breeding the amaryllis,
it must be understood that a seedling will not bloom until
three years have elapsed from the time of planting of the
seed — during which time the small growing bulb must be
carefully nurtured.

Growing Grass
Anywhere

To acquire success in any one art or profession re-
quires specialization.

Grass Growing anj^where under all conditions is an
art and we are specialists in that art. For we have
back of us the accumulated knowledge of over a cen-
tury's study and practical experience.

Can we be of any help to YOU?

Drop us a postal for quotation on
large quantities of Grass Seed.

k3, M. Tnorburin Sc Go.

"The most reliable seeds"

33F Barclav St. New York

AMARVI.l.IS I

r < DEP.\RTMEXT OF AGRICULTURE, W.NSHINGTOX, O. C

488

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

BRUCE, From The Braes O' Rannoch

In bonnie old Scotland, far over the sea,

Lived the shepherd MacGregor, a collie had he,

A collie as fine as a collie could be,

Called Bruce — from the braes o' Rannoch.

Now Mac lived alone, on the hill, in a shack,
A hoary old hermit with bent form and back.
And Mac loved the collie — the collie loved Mac,
This dog from the braes o' Rannoch.

In times long ago, in days o' the clan,
Each chieftain was watched by his sturdy henchman.
But no better guard did MacGregor want than
Bruce — from the braes o' Rannoch.

At dawn o' day, mid the bluebell and thistle,

When Bruce saw the shepherd, his thick coat would

bristle
With joy, as he heard the good morning whistle,
This collie from auld Rannoch.

And at dusk o' day, mid the heather and pine
That surrounded their shack, would he happily whine
As Mac smoked his pipe and sang Auld Lang Syne,
This Bruce — from the braes o' Rannoch.

And oft to his dog would I\Iac tell the story
Of Wallace, the Campbells, and past Scottish glory.
Then on the bagpipes he'd play Annie Laurie
To his dog from the braes o' Rannoch.

Now, one day, alone, to the town went old Mac,
With Bruce left in charge o' the sheep and the shack ;
And darkness came on, yet he did not come back
To his collie from auld Rannoch.

Now thieves came around to steal from the pack
The best o' the sheep, in the absence o' Mac ;
But they reckoned not with the dog in the shack.
With Bruce — from the braes o' Rannoch.

The battle was short that took place in the shack.
The thieves were surprised at the sudden attack
Of Bruce, and were foiled in their plan to ransack
By this dog from the braes o' Rannoch.

Now Bruce vowed the robbers must penalty pay.
And kept them at bay to their utter dismay,
Till MacGregor returned at a late hour that day
To his dog from the braes o' Rannoch.

A jury of shepherds convicted the thieves.
As a warning to them and their lawless colleagues;
Thus was caused the defeat o' their sinful intrigues
By Bruce — from the braes o' Rannoch.

"He's a bonnie Scotch dog, with a fine pedigree.
Of canine perfection a sample is he."
Thus finished the Scotchman his story to me
Of ^lacGregor, and Bruce — from Rannoch.

— Dumb Animals.

The Foliage Beautiful

By James MacMachan

After passing through the Fall of 1912 we had one of
the finest seasons of Autumn tints. The atmosphere dry,
and the air resplended with sunshine, which enhanced
the splendor of the various shades of color. The vivid
tints reflected in the mountain stream, or lake, or through
the enobled forests bring out the foliage beautiful.

The planting of trees and shrubs for foliage effect is
worthy of more study. The landscape in many instances
can be made more esthetic throughout the year with the
foliage beautiful. Owing to the many spaces left in the
woodland through the chestnut blight this offers a good
opportunity to plant up the space with ornamental de-
ciduous trees and shrubs.

Maples and such varieties as are well known : "Acer
Saccharum," which grows into a large handsome tree,
and in the Fall with its delicate marking makes it very
attractive, followed up with "Acer Rubrum," deep crim-
son foliage, a fine native tree, grows well in any soil,
much admired for its red blossoms in Spring. "Quercus
Coccinea" makes a very attractive tree foliage, bright
scarlet in Autumn, and holds the leaf well into the Win-
ter. "Quercus Concordia," a superb variety, with or-
ange-yellow leaves, and retains the golden tint through-
out the season, also harmonizes well with other foliage.
"Acer Platanoides Schwedlere," bright crimson in early
Spring and very attractive among other trees. "Quercus
Alba," spreading habit, and the smooth lobed leaves in
Summer turning purple in Autumn. "Acer Dasy Car-
pum," leaves light green-silvery underneath, fine for giv-
ing immediate effect, and such planting of the above
bring out the foliage beautiful.

There are several varieties of a dwarfer type, which
are suitable for a background where irregular plantings

are wanted, such as "Aitauthus Ghauduhoxa," a quick
growing tree, bright-green foliage and tropical appear-
ance. "Acer Colchicum Rubrum," the wood and the foliage
of this variety is very attractive owing to its elegant
form. "Quercus Tinctoria," medium size, autumnal col-
oring, very fine. The above for a background, with large
groups of "Rhododendrons," "Maximum," a native va-
riety which should be planted in masses to fine foliage
effect, either Winter or Summer. "Audromeda Japo-
nica," planted in front, a very pretty low growing shrub,
the terminal shoots having a distinct coppery hue, and
I call this the most interesting hardy evergreen shrub in
vogue. "Andromeda Floribunde," another of the same
species, but not so attractive as the latter. Following this
planting a few Birches may be planted, such as "Betula
Papyrigera," with snow-white bark, leaves large and
handsome ; they always look pronounced as a landscape
effect. "Betula Lacinata," a weeping variety, a ver}' at-
tractive tree for the lawn as a specimen or several of
them planted out as a group with freedom of growth.
The pendulent habit and finely cut leaves are very restful
to look at. "Prunis Pessardi," the foliage of this small
tree is intense purple and enduring, planted beside "Rhus
Typhina Lacinate," of irregular growth, finely cut leaves
turning to a rich bronze tint in the Fall. "Rhus Ghabra
Lacinate," foliage a brilliant crimson in Autumn. "Rhus
Copullina" is another variety, glossy foliage in Summer,
turning to a very delicate tint in the Fall. The above
varieties planted out in large groups are very effective.
After the deciduous trees and shrubs have cast their
leaves there is nothing left but desolation. It need not
be so desolate where the foliage beautiful has been
studied, where the landscape effect has been so arranged

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

489

after the Summer and Autumn beauty has past, the Ever-
green tree, the Mountain Laurel and the Rhododendron,
the red twig Dogwood, the bark of the white Birch, the
yellow drooping branches of the Willow-, the Symphori-
carpus, in variety with their red and white berries hang-
ing on graceful pendulous branches, the barbery like a
ball of fire in the distance, especially when the ground
is covered with snow, you then behold the beautiful of
nature's work.

Take the Hemlock ''Abies Canadensis" with its bold
feathery branches either on the mountain or planted in
groups, it is always pleasing to the eye. For a contrast,
"Pinus Excelsa" is a graceful tree with drooping silver
foliage. As a specimen or in groups this is the most
fascinating Pine. The w'hite Pine "Pinus Steoleus" also
another good Pine for effect throughout the year with
its dense, compact silvery growth.

The Pine and its varieties are legion. This genus is
very extensive and contains some of our most useful
trees for economic purposes and of ornamental character.
Where the estate is large enough, on the immediate
grounds. The Pine planted ct in se-'^eral acres in dif-
ferent varieties, intersected with walks and ".••stas, the
path strewn with Pine needles, the seclusion it affords,
the aroma in the atmosphere, the wind that is heard in
whispers through the dense Pine boughs brings one to
think of nature and the foliage beautiful.

Another very handsome tree, "Abies Alcockiana,'
foliage white underneath and dark-green above, erect
spreading branches, which is a desirable lawn tree as a
specimen. "Abies Pungeus Glauca," adrhired wherever
seen : this is the finest of all species as a lawn tree, or
planted in groups one then looks upon the foliage beau-
tiful. Groups of Evergreens interspersed with deciduous
shrubs in many instances bring out a restful effect where
mixed plantings of Coniferes are planted out on a large
scale. "Retinispora Ptumosa Aurea," with its golden
color and freedom of growth, can be cut into any size
or shape with a few "Cory Cus Purpurea" is a very con-
spicuous shrub, W4th dark purple leaves, especially
intense in Spring. "Retinispora Filifera," with their
drooping thread-like branches and dark green foliage,
planted beside "Weigeta Tiebolde Marginaw," of up-
right habit ; when the leaves are young, the variegation
is yellow, and further in the season they become silvery
white. A verj' attractive, also effective among Ever-
greens. Also a group of "Abies Canadensis Peudula," a
very choice variety, distinct drooping habit; it forms
a low Cawad specimen, with graceful undulations
branches, like sprays of Cheticate fern. "Abies Mon-
strosa Compack." very dwarf and symmetrical in
growth, suitable for front rows, and a few "Berberis
Thunberge," with its flowing red foliage in the Fall and
compact growth. Groups of the above planted with
freedom of growth are very restful to the eye and carry
out the foliage beautiful.

The Conifcre's are all more or less ornamental. I
need not enumerate on them further. Conditions, climate,
etc., generally govern what variety to plant and w'hat
not to plant. In this article I have tried to follow out
the foliage effect only. There is no branch of the pro-
fession that requires more sound judgment, "correct
ideas" and refined taste. It is not enough to be able
merely to admire and appreciate a well defined landscape
or to judge of its iperits or demerits, but only by per-
severance, study and an inspiration characteristic of the
foliage beautiful.

It pays to advertise in the Chronicle

THE BRAIN POWER OF PLANTS.

r.v Artiu'r Smith.
(Continued from March.)

Referring again to the case of Drosera, when the
tip of a tentacle is irritated, it is the basal and not
the upper part which bends. The sensitive filament
of Dionoea also transmits the stimulus without itself
bending.

The power of movement for a specific purpose — move-
ment, too, which is unaffected, and cannot be caused by
outside stimulus — is strikingly seen in the examples
among plants of conscious sexual intercourse. This was
observed as long ago as the time of Erasmus Darwin,
who w rote a poem called "The Love of Plants."

The vegetable passion of love is seen in the fiowers of
the Parnassia (Grass of Parnassus), in which the males
alternately approach and recede from the females. In the
Nigella, or Love-in-the-Mist, the female flowers grow
upon longer stalks than the males, and, to use Darwin's
words, "in which the tall females bend down to their
dwarf husbands." In the Gloriosa superba, or Creeping
Lily, a South African species, is seen another well-
marked illustration of conscious movement for the same
purpose. In this plant, first one set of three stamens
come to maturity and then three others, a fact which was
alluded to in the following lines of the above poem :

Proud Gloriosa led three chosen swains,

The blushing captives of her virgin chains.

When Time's rude hand a bark of wrinkles spread

Round her weak limbs, and silvered o'er her head ;

Three other youths her riper years engage,

The flattered victims of her wily age.

It is unnecessary to adduce further illustration in proof
of plant-consciousness, and of the fact that brain power
can, and does, exist apart from a visible brain. When
we see the irritability of the Sensitive Plant transmitted
from one part to another, exhausted by repeated artificial
excitation, and renewed after a period of rest, it is diffi-
cult to dissociate it from a conscious organism. Still less
can we witness certain organs taking determinate posi-
tions and directions, surmounting intermediate obstacles,
moving spontaneously; or study the manner in which
they are affected by stimulants, narcotics, anaesthetics,
and vet assume these phenomena in plants to lie brought
about by a power different from that w-hich produces
similar actions and effects in animals. Vital and con-
scious activity is the rule, and inertness the exception, in
plant life : and this fact seems to impress upon us the
error of that form of argument which w^ould assume the
non-existence of the higher traits of life in plants merely
because the motor is invisible.

It has already been mentioned that the lowest forms
of both animals and plants are individuals whose bodies
are merely single cells, and it is also worthy of note that
the earliest embryonic state of all the higher animals is
merely that of a single cell and the highest powers of
the microscope are unable to trace any distinction be-
tween the embryos of plants and animals, birds and
beasts, fish and fowl, the Mimosa and Man.

From an evolutionary point of view, there is nothing
in this latter circumstance so very wonderful after all.
If there were no signs of intelligence in the vegetable
kingdom the cause for wonder would be greater. If
thought is the product of evolution it must have had its
beginnings. For anything we know it may have taken
as many thousands of years to evolve the intelligence
of the Mimosa as it has that of Man. although of course
the latter is a considerable distance ahead. .\s Drum-
mond said : "Mimosa can be defined \n terms of Man,
but Man cannot be defined in terms of Mimosa."

The Dahlia Situation

By Richard Rothe

Taking a broad view of the dahlia situation, the won-
derful development during the last decade resulting in
a superior race both in color and form is, to say the least,

Courtesy of Hen

NEW CACTUS DAHUA— MARGUERITE BOUCHON.

highly encouraging. The old tall and rank growing
varieties occupying a secluded space along back yard
fences have been gradually superseded by medium and
low-growing types less depending on stake support, earlier
in flowering, carrying their abundance of buds on long,
erect stems free above the attractive foliage.

During the last five years I have been taking
the opportunity to introduce a selection of the
output on novelties to the society classes of
Nortliern summer resorts. The keen interest,
particularly in the cactus class, the preference of
clear and solid colors for artistic interior decora-
tion, and the readiness to rectify the attitude
toward the dahlia by changing their growing
quarters from the rear into the front part of the
grounds speaks for the quick apprehension of
ornamental merits of our flower-loving garden
owners.

Returning from the isolated and comparatively
limited sphere of activity in the Northern summer
resort with ideal growing conditions into the
central horticultural section with its metro-
politan expansiveness I saw my pets last fall in
rank and file with the world's dahlia output on
the 45-acre field in Riverview, occupied by nearly
700 distinct varieties. In realizing the more diffi-
cult problems of the grower in the less favorable
hot summer climate of the Middle Atlantic and
Central States iny expectations in regard to the
perfection and size of the flowers were, of course,
modified. The actual state of affairs to be true,
leaves no doubt of the great future of the dahlia
for excellent fall effects. The most perplexing
feature at present seems to me the vast number
of varieties and the necessary throwing over-
board of the unworthv ballast. As stated bv com-

petent writers on various occasions, the applying of the
term unworthy must vary as much as the climatic condi-
tion of our country differs. In an endeavor to come
nearer to establishing the highest standard of varieties
according to climatic conditions in various districts we
must, to a large extent, depend on the intelligent co-
operation of purchasers.

Systematic work of Dahlia Auxiliary Committees of
Horticultural Societies in handing down annual reports
would doubtless bring us nearer to the desired end.
Private gardeners abreast of their time as buyers and
l; rowers of novelties are frequently in a position to ren-
der valuable information. Publicity after judicious
and careful trial is apt to clear the situation. Saving
time and money, it will elevate the dahlia more than
hitherto in public favor. It is also bound to throw
more light on the proper treatment and require-
ments according to locality. The lack of this get-
ting together spirit for the advance of a common
cause, although during recent years more and more
in vain, appears by no means fully overcome. We
have among the rank and file of the more intelligent class
of the American private gardeners, men of marked prac-
tical ability and ample experience. Our exhibitions bear
witness thereof. We can go a step further and justly and
proudly say we have men of education and refinement,
crafty and respect commanding personalities ; but how
many of these find it worth their while to sacrifice a few
hours concentrating their thoughts in an endeavor to
write a helpful essay on a timely professional topic?

Granted, writing is not everyone's vocation. Vanity
finds little reward, for the present busy generation is
ungrateful and very quick in forgetting. The returns in
dollars and cents for this work are of necessity meagre
indeed, for the American subscriber pays only a small
fraction of the amount the European pays for his journal.
Nevertheless, it has been asserted that it is an undeniable
attribute of the Germanic races — Anglo-Saxon, German,
Scandinavian and, last but not least, American — to be

Courtesy of Hi

NEW CACTUS DAHLIA—SCHXEEKOENIGIN, WHITE

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

491

able to give heart and soul to a good thing for its own
sake. I question, "Is there a better cause to devote our
very best efforts to, than the advance of American Horti-

The dahlia in its various classes requires today in-
creased general interest, for it is an important factor in
the floral fall arrays of our gardens. The number of

Courtesy of Henry A, Dreer.

PEONY FLOWERED D.MIMA -QUEEX WILHELMIXA.

culture and the best representation of our profession?"
The commercial florist appears fully alive, but if we want
to be absolutely true to ourselves we must admit our
sometimes deplorable indifference and selfishness in this

Courtesy of Henry A. Dreer.

CACTUS DAHLIA— GENERAL BULLER.

named varieties is legion, but we find ourselves to a large
extent at sea to recognize the wheat from the chaff". We
are in need of specific lists of the best varieties for the

Courtesy of Henry A. Dreer.

NEW GERMAN CACTUS DAHLIA-

respect. By right and reason the editorial office of our
official organ should constantly have abundant material
at disposal to select from. Its pages reflect on the stand-
ard of the ;uen in their respective callings.

Courtesy of Henry A. Dreer.

NEW CACTUS DAHLI.\— HIGH SHERIFF.

different sections of our country, based on practical ob-
servation within respective districts. Much light can be
thrown yet on the cultural part and the best and most
skillful employment for garden effects.

492

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

TRANSPLANTING PLANTS.

Bv W. A. Toole.

Transplanting is the process of removing a plant
from a place where you do not want it to grow, to a
place where you do want it to grow.

With many herbaceous plants it is a saving of time
and space if seedlings or small plants may be planted
on a small area of well prepared and well tended soil,
later to be transplanted to a more permanent location.

This talk might well be prefaced by some remarks
on the preparation of the seed bed, and seed sowing. I
will only say : when it is known that the small plants
or seedlings are to be transplanted later, a better root sys-
tem will be found if the soil is not too rich, and contains a
moderate amount of sand. It should also be well worked
up so as to be in the best of condition or tilth.

Before transplanting, the soil to which the plants
are to be removed should be thoroughly prepared.
Experience in transplanting several millions of plants
has taught me that this previous preparation of the
soil is very important, not only for the better future
growth of the plants but also for greater speed of
transplanting. For small or delicate plants that are to
be transplanted into flats or greenhouse benches the
soil should be sifted through a sie\'e with a medium-
sized mesh. With outdoor planting if the area is not
large, or the plants are small, the soil should be well
spaded or forked over, raked, firmed with a roller or
by tramping, and if necessary to obtain results, again
forked, rolled and raked. In field planting, trashy
stuff or manure should be plowed under, or well
disked in. After plowing, the soil should be well
disked, harrowed and rolled or planked as may be re-
quired to put it in the best condition. If the planting
is to be done some time later, the ground should be
harrowed weekly to conserve the moisture and pre-
serve the texture of the soil.

If the ground is in ideal condition for planting it
will be moist enough to hold its form when squeezed
in the hand but not wet enough to pack or bake. Dur-
ing dry weather this may be accomplished on small
areas by watering and stirring the soil until the right
condition is reached. On larger plots of ground where
it is not practical to water the whole surface it may be
possible to water the rows or hills that are to be
planted. If only the surface soil is dry, with plenty of
moisture beneath, there is danger that the dry dust
will drop into the opening and absorb the moisture
from the roots. If not practical to water along the
row the dry soil may be scraped aside before making
the hole for the roots.

The plants to be transplanted should be thoroughly
watered some hours before being dug so that they will
be well filled with water when moved, and so that
they will separate with better roots. We find it a
great help with most plants to lay them out in a row
on the ground, as they are dug, and sprinkle the roots
with a Scollay sprinkler or small force pump and then
scatter soil over them. The soil sticks to the roots
and holds the surplus moisture that will keep them
from drying out as quickly. We prefer this method of
puddling as it leaves the roots spread out and in a
better condition to handle.

If the plants have become drawn from crowding, or
if the tops are out of proportion to the size of the
roots the top should be cut back. If the roots are too
large to handle easily it may be well to trim them
back.

Plants that have been received from a distance
should be nn]iacked at once. Lay them out in rows

and sprinkle the roots with water and soil as described
before. In case they cannot be planted out at once,
heel them in until they can be planted. If the plants
come with the roots encased in a hard ball or earth, as
small potted plants are often received, loosen the soil
somewhat by sqeeezing with the fingers, and then
sprinkle the roots thoroughly several times, or set
them to soak in water before potting up or planting
out. If this dry ball of earth is not thoroughly mois-
tened before planting, new roots will be very slow to
form and the plants will be slow to start into active
growth. The following rules should be observed with
plants that are to be packed for shipping. Pack
so as to keep the tops dry and the roots moist. In
warm weather allow access of light and air to the tops
if possible. Pack tightly enough that the plants can-
not shake about in the package.

There are a few general principles to be observed in
the process of transplanting: The soil should be
pressed firmly enough about the roots that they are in
close contact with the soil and soil moisture; the hole
should be of such size and shape that the roots are not
doubled up or bunched in a wad. Alost plants should
be set to about the same depth that they were before-
being moved.

Most of my experience in transplanting has been
with a trowel. This should be strong enough at the
neck to prevent breaking or bending in hard ground.
I also flatten out a new trowel and change the "hang"
or angle between the blade and handle, to suit my own
ideas. Be sure that the edge is sharp and the blade
well polished, as this makes a very great difference in
the speed and ease of planting. In making the hole,
drive the trowel well into the soil, slanting it but
slightly. Do not pry the trowel over to make the
opening, but draw the whole blade toward you so
that the bottom of the opening will be nearly as wide
as the top. This allows the roots to drop their full
length in the opening. Then take up a plant with the
other hand, holding it just above the neck or place
where the root and top joins, drop the roots into the
opening and hold the plant at the right height while
the trowel is being withdrawn. Then with the handle
of the trowel or knuckles press the soil up firmly
about the roots, giving a slanting pressure that will
close the opening the whole depth. If the pressure
is placed too close to the plant, only the surface will
be firmed and the plant may be snapped ofif at the
neck by the downward pressure. The amount of
pressure necessary depends very much on the variety
of plant and the condition of the soil.

Every planter has some special way of doing some
of the processes, and methods difi^er largely with dif-
ferent sections and with the character of the plant.
Often in loose soil, the fingers are the only tools used
to make the opening for the roots. For larger plants
a spade is often used. Practice and common sense are
most needed if large quantities of plants are to be set
by hand.

After transplanting, further care is necessary to in-
sure a good start. Where it is possible to do so, wa-
tering and shading help to establish the plants, unless
cloudy or rainy weather prevails. If watering is done
at all it should be enough to really reach the roots. A
light sprinkle does little but form a crust on the sur-
face of the ground which allows more rapid drying out
of the soil. If watering is done, stir the soil well as
soon as dry enough. W^hen the plant is once estab-
lished, cultivation is much more important than wa-
tering except in times of e.xtreme drought. — (Read at
meeting of Wisconsin Horticulture Society.)

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

4')3

HERE, THERE AND EVERYWHERE

THE SECRET OF
HAPPINESS.

Would you like to know the
secret of happiness — a sec-
ret that no navigator ever
brought from the sea ; a sec-
ret that no merchant prince was ever rich enough to
purchase ? I will tell you. The secret of happiness is the
appreciation of the beautiful in Nature ; the apprecia-
tion of God's unwritten poetry. Ah ! you are disap-
pointed. You expected me to tell you how to make a
fortune, how to be famous. Do not be mistaken. The
secret of happiness is the love of the beautiful ; the secret
of happiness is the appreciation of unwritten poetry.

I would say : Learn to read the book of Nature every
day around you — all is open before you ; and then the
books of men will be simple things. The greater includes
the less.

Love and comprehend beauty ; for then you will love
and comprehend the world. — Joaquin Miller in The In-
dependent.

The announcement conies
WONDERFUL FEAT from Paris that M. Lucien
IN GRAFTING. Daniel, a French botanist, has

succeeded in grafting a water-
cress to a cabbage. This, remarks The Literary Digest,
is the first successful attempt, apparently, to extend to
herbaceous plants an operation that has long been fa-
miliar as applied to woody vegetation. Its practical use
does not apjjear plainly, but its scientific interest is un-
doubted.

Writing of this remarkable feat in grafting, a con-
tributor to Le Correspondent, a Paris publication, sa\s :

■'Mr. Daniel has grafted watercress on cabbage stems.
Of twenty trials, three were successful. His object was
to see what would come of the forced union between an
essentially water-living plant like the cress and a plant
resistant to drought like the cabbage. At the outset, he
reports, the grafted cresses all grew feebly ; the stems
and flowers were of a reddish brown like those of cress
suffering from drought ; the leaves were small and the
internodes very short, showing thus that the harmony
was far from being perfect between the subject and the
graft. Consequently the stem did not branch; it became
quickly surmoimted with flowers, giving a small, crowded
and abundant inflorescence, slightly developed, and poor
fruits and malformed seeds.

"The fructification ended, the grafts withered ])rf)-

gressively from top to bottom, keeping green for about
three to six inches next the point of union. In September,
on this green part and at different heights, appeared
numerous elongated shoots, which curved over, in the
fashion of a 'weeping' plant, on the subject and the
vertical stem of the graft, producing a somewhat singular
appearance. As for the subjects, they also suffered from
the unexpected guest whose presence had been imposed
upon them ; they grew hardly at all.

"It is natural to ask what is the practical use of these
extraordinary and delicate operations. At first sight this
use is not apparent. According to Mr. Daniel, 'the suc-
cess of the graft of a cress on a cabbage shows that by
reducing the existing differences between the functional
capacities of two plants of dift'erent habits, by progressive
functional adaptation, we may finally succeed in obtaining
grafts that will flourish by ordinary methods' ; and he
thinks that 'the field of success may be extended by this
method be\ond the limits fixed by the processes utilized
hitherto.' "

COUNTRY
LIFE.

Among the many ways of
reaping the reward of an
honorable and well spent rec-
ord in the business world,
can anyone imagine anything more restful, pleasurable
and delightful than retirement from the din and turmoil
of city life, with its incessant strain and nerve-racking
responsibilities, to the quietude of some beautiful part of
the country where hills and valleys, beautiful winding
rivers, babbling streams and brooklets, an occasional
dancing waterfall that . tosses its snowy spray onto the
fern fronds and moss at its feet, and the music of its
tumbling water which is only made more enchanting by
the nodding flowerets, and the song of the feathered
songsters of the glen. Such a life as this is open to every
man of means in large degree, and to the man less blessed
in smaller proportion. \\'e can see in the wave of en-
thusiasm that is so clearly pointing in this direction, a
move toward the refinement and betterment of all things
connected with domestic life in this country. These peo-
ple are discovering the worth of useful recreation, and
are shaping their cour.se in the direction that will event-
ually lure a tremendous number of our successful city
men' to the delights of country life and its useful and
pleasurable pursuits. — Field.

^timpp^(lMef&

50 BARCLAY ST.
NEW YORK

Seeds, Plants, Bulbs, Poultry Supplies

INSECTICIDES FERTILIZERS IMPLEMENTS

We can furnish all the requirements for the garden

494

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

GARDENERS,

ATTENTION !

let us repair your
trees and do your
spraying. We have
the men that will
climb high.

Why risk your lives

climbing high when
we will furnish men
who do it the year
round and conse-
quently become al-
most like squirrels
in a tree ?

Send for our Free Leaf-
let explaining' our methods.

JOHN T. WITHERS, Inc.

1 Montgomery St., Jersey City, N. J.

Alphano Humus

If the leaves under your

drop each year and
remain undisturbed for
200or 250 years, three
feet would have (alien,
mjkins three inches of

Nature's Soil-Builder

It is a fertilizer, stimulant,
plant-food, and lasting soil-
builder, combined. It is
five times stronger and lasts
ten times longer than barn-
yard manures.

It is neither a flashy, short-hved, chemical prep-
aration, nor a high-priced, dried manurial product;
but simply nature's own make, rich in all the ten
elements essential for plant life.

Nitrogen, the vital element of all life, it possesses
in high degree.

When used freely it will make even barren, sandy
soil lastingly productive.

It is odorless, making it unobjectionable to
handle, and permitting its use on your own lawn in
quantities at any time of the year. It does away
entirely with the litter of manures, and attracts no
flies. Needs no rakmg off.

Being in powdered form it is easily and quickly
applied, and is at once available to the roots.

For shrubbery, trees and gardens, landscape
architects say it has no equal. Order some. Use
it freely.

Send for booklet which
tells in plain words just
what Humus is and why
it is the best soil-builder.

PRICES

F. O. B. Alphano. N. .)
Five Bags ....
Per Ton ....

By the carload or ba

eload.

■ite fo

$5.00

12.00

BARN-
YAHD

MANUI

and lasts ten limes
longerthan the richest
barnyard manure.

Alphano Humus Co,

1 9 Battery Place, New York

When a color scheme is to
FLOWER be carefully carried out the

PUNCHES. novelty loving hostess can use

flower punches or ices.

An appetizing nasturtium punch is made by chojiping
fine the fifty freshly gathered nasturtium blossoms rul3becl
to a paste with four tablespoon fuls of sugar. Boil for
five minutes a pound of sugar and a quart of water; take
from the fire and add the juice of one lemon and two
oranges, the grated rinds of the orange and the nastur-
tium paste. Let the mixture get cold, freeze and pack
away for at least two hours, serve in sherbet glasses gar-
nished with a nasturtium blossom and the glass set in a
bed of leaves and tendrils.

Fresh violets may be used in the same way, adding the
juice of two lemons and oinitting the oranges. Just be-
fore freezing stir in a pint of purple grape juice, and
when frozen stir in a meringue made from the well-
beaten white of two eggs and a talilespoonful of pow-
dered sugar. Stand three hours to ripen and garnish

with candied violets. If _\ou cannot get the fresh violets,
color with grape juice only.

For rose ice, wa.sh carefully a pint of freshly culled pink
or red rose petals and pound them to a paste with two
ounces of granulated sugar. Add a quart of water and
pound of sugar, boil ten minutes and cool without strain-
ing, when the juice of half a dozen oranges is added.
Freeze and serve in sherbet glasses, the stems twined
with rose leaves and the ice garnished with candied rose
petal and a mat made of petals and foliage on the plate.

For a green punch chop tender nasturtium leaves and
tendrils — enough to weigh half a pound — and rub to a
paste with two ounces of granulated sugar. Boil for five
minutes a pound of sugar and quart of water; add juice
of two lemons and two oranges and the leaf pa.ste. When
cold, freeze and let stand three hours. This may be
served with a green liqueur ]xnired around it.

A mint ice may be made in the same way, using sixteen
large .stalks of mint. Serve with crcme de menthe poured
over the ice.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

495

NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

National Association of Gardeners.
M. C. Ebel, secietiuy, Madison, N. J.

Society of American Florists and Orna-
mental Horticulturists.

John Young, secretary, 54 West 2Sth street,
New York.

American Carnation Society.
A. F. J. Bauer, secretary, Indianapolis, Ind.

American Gladiolus Society.

L. Jlerton Gage, secretary. South Natiek,

Mass.

American Peony Society.
A. B. Saunders, secretary, Clinton, N. Y.

American Rose Society.

B. Hammond, secretary, Fishkill, N. Y.

American Sweet Pea Society.

H. A. Bunyard, secretary, 342 West 14tli

street. New York.

Chrysanthemum Society of America.

Charles W. Johnson, secretary, Morgan

Park, 111.

LOCAL SOCIETIES

Boston Gardeners' and Florists' Club.

William N. Craig, secretary. North Easton,

Mass.

Meets third Tuesday every month, Horti

cultural Hall, Boston, Mass., 8 p. m.

Connecticut Horticultural Society.

Geo. W. Smith, secretary, Melrose, Conn.'

Meets second and fourth Fridays every

month. County Building, Hartford, Conn., S

p. m.

Dutchess County Horticultural Society.

Hubert G. Cottam, secretary, Wappingers

Falls, N. Y.

Meets at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., last
Wednesday every month except May and
June.

Elberon Horticultural Society.
C. O. Duncan, secretary, Elberon, N. J.
Meets first Monday every month. Fire
Hall, Elberon, N. J., 8 p. m.

The Horticultural Society of New York.

(!eo. V. Nash, secretary, Bronx Park, New

York City.

Meets monthly, irregular. May to Octo-
ber, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx
Park, New York. November to April,
American Museum of Natural History, 77th
street and Columbus avenue. New York.

Lake Geneva Gardeners' and Foremen's

Association.
W. H. Griffits, secretary. Lake Geneva, Wis.
Meets first and third Saturday every
month, October to April; first Saturday
every month, May to September, Horticul-
tural Hall.

Lenox Horticultural Society.
George Instone, secretary, Lenox, Mass.
Meets first Saturday every month.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
William P. Rich, secretary, 300 Massachu-
setts avenue, Boston, Mass.

Monmouth County Horticultural Society.

Harry Kettle, secretary, Fairhaven, N. J.
Meets second and fourth Friday every
month. Red Men's Hall, Oceanic.

Florists' and Gardeners' Club of Holyoke

and Northampton, Mass.

James 'Whiting, secretary, Amherst, Mass

Meets second Tuesday every month.

The Garden Club of Michigan.
Mrs. Edward H. Parker, secretary, 139 Sey
burn avenue, Detroit, Mich.
The corresponding secretary will notify
members of date and place of meetings.

Gardeners' and Florists' Club of Baltimore.

N. F. Flittin, secretary. Paterson Park.
Baltimore, Md.
Meets second and fourth Monday every
month. Florist Exchange Hall.

Morris County Florists' and Gardeners'

Society.
Edward J. Reagan, secretary, Morristown,
N. J.
Meets at Madison, N. J., second Wednes-
day every month, except July and August,
8 p. m.

Nassau County Horticultural Society.
Ernest Westlake, secretary. Glen Cove, N. Y.

Meets second Wednesday every month,
Pembroke Hall, Glen Cove, N. Y., 8 p. m.

New Jersey Floricultural Society.

John Dervan, secretary, 4.33 Centre street.

Orange, N. J.

Meets second Friday every month, 24(1

Main street. Orange, N. J., 8 p. m.

New London County Horticultural Society.

John Humphrey, secretary. New London,
Conn.
Meets second Thursday every month,
rooms of Business Men's Association.

Pasadena Horticultural Society.
C!eo. B. Kennedy, secretary, 497 Bradford
street, Pasadena, Cal.
Meets first and fourth Friday every
month.

Newport Horticultural Society.
D. J. Coughlin, secretary, Newport, R. 1.
Meets second and fourtli Tuesday every
month.

North Shore Horticultural Society.

Jas. Slater, secretary, Manchester, Mass.
Meets first and third Fridays every
month.

North Westchester County Horticultural

and Agricultural Society.
M. J. O'Brien, secretary, Mt. Kisco. N. Y.
Meets third Thursday every month, ex-
cept June, July and August, at 8 p. m.;
December, January and February, 3 p. m.,
Odd Fellows Hall, Mt. Kisco.

Paterson Floricultural Society.

Sebastian Hubschmitt, secretary, 61 Seventh

avenue, Paterson, N. J.

Meets first Tuesday every month, Ro-

maine Building, 8 p. m.

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.
David Rust, secretary, Broad and Locust
streets, Philadelphia, Pa.
Meets third Tuesday every month, Horti-
cultural Hall, 8 p. m.

People's Park Cottage Gardeners' Associa-
tion.
John Ainscough, secretary, 4 Chestnut street,
Paterson, N. J.
Meets first and last Friday every month.
Working Man's Institute, Madison avenue,
Paterson, N. J.

Philadelphia Florists' Club.
David Rust, secretary. Broad and Locust
streets, Philadelphia, Pa.
Meets first Tuesday every month. Horti-
cultural Hall, Philadelphia, Pa., 8 p. m.

The Pittsburgh Florists' and Gardeners'
Club.

H. P. Joslin, secretary, Ben Avon, Pa.

Meets first Thursday every month. Fort
Pitt Hotel, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Rhode Island Horticultural Society.
A. C. Miller, secretary, 7 Irving avenue,
Providence, R. I.
Meets third Wednesday every month.
Providence Public Library, 8 p. m.

Shelter Island Horticultural and Agricul-
tural Society.
Fred Kirkham, secretary, Shelter Island,
N. Y.
Meets first and third Thursdays every
month.

Oyster Bay Horticultural Society.
John T. Ingram, secretary. Oyster Bay,

N. y.

Meets third Friday every month, Board
of Trade, Oyster Bay, N. Y., 8 p. m.

Southampton Horticultural Society.
William McLeod, secretary.
Meets first Thursday every month. Me-
morial Hall, Southampton, N. Y.

Tarrytown Horticultural Society.
E. W. Neubrand, secretary, Tarytown, N. Y.
Meets last Tuesday every month, except
December, Corporation Building, Tarrytown,
N. Y., 7:30 p. m. Annual meeting last
Thursday in December.

Tuxedo Horticultural Society.
Jos. A. Beevar, secretary. Tuxedo Park, N. Y.
Meets first Wednesday every month. Par-
ish House, Tuxedo Park.

Washington, D. C, Florist Club.
J. L. Mayberrv, secretary, Washington
D. C.
Meets first Monday every month.

Westchester and Fairfield Horticultural

Society.
•I. B. McArdle, secretary, Greenwich, Conn.
Meets second Friday every month, Dor-
an's Hall, Greenwich, Conn.. 8 p. m.

Yonkers Horticultural Society.
Thos, Mahoney, secretary, Y'onkers, N, Y.
Meets first Friday every month, Holly-
wood Inn, Yonkers, N. Y., 8 p. m.

496

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

GARDENERS DIARY

National Association of Gardeners' Meetings.

Summer meeting, July — , Massachu-
setts Horticultural Hall, Boston, Mass.

Annual Convention, November — , Ameri-
can Museum of Natural History, Now York
City.

American Sweet Pea Society.
Annual Sweet Pea Show, Boston, July — ,
Massachusetts Horticultural Hall.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
Summer Show, July — , Massachusetts
Horticultural Hall, Boston.

Newport Horticultural Society.
Summer Show, Newport, R. I., June 25-26.

Tuxedo Horticultural Society.
Summer Show, Tuxedo Park, July.

Lenox Horticultural Society.
Summer Show, August 20-21. Fall Show.
October 22-23.

Horticultural Society of New York.
Annual Fall Show, American Museum oi
Natural History, New York, October 31 to
November 4.

Yonkers Horticultural Society.
Bowling, Thiu-sday nights, Riverdale ave-
nue, Yonkers, N. Y.

Tarrytown Horticultural Society.
Fall Show, November 4, 5, 6.

National Bowling Tournament.
See page 483.

TIIRER MEN TE.\M CONTEST.

Astoria 13'-0

I'hlladelphla 1*65

Baltimore 1*33

Westchester 1*22

New York 13S7

Glen Cove 1*39

Tuxedo 1297

Elberon 1272

Oyster Bay 1191

Yonkers H"*

SWEEPSTAKE.

Seybold 522

Zerk 520

Ilobertsoii 514

Shaffer 50*

Brown 4°"

Nlquet 440

INDIVIDUALS.

Beutlcy. Tu.vedo 484

Heekhar. Tuxedo 369

P. Bnrth. Tuxedo 444

W. Gordon. Yonkers 379

Mangles, Yonkers 3S5

L. Gordon, Y'onkers 340

A. Everett, Glen Cove 411

Westlnke. Glen Cove 398

Hruwu, Glen Cove 530

Sliaw, New York . 316

.1. Robinson, Montreal. Que 2SS

J. Luck, Montreal, Que 234

B. Haywood. Montreal, Que 260

II. Eddie. Montreal. Que 403

Trepess. New York 454

Head, New .Tersey 492

Nlven, Garrison, N. Y 304

Adder, Westchester 342

Duncan, Elberon 426

Tansey, Tuxedo 361

A. Earth, Tuxedo 518

Schneffer, Tuxedo 414

McGregor. Tuxedo 234

Murray, Thos., Tuxedo 4S0

Carter, Yonkers 324

Cooke, Washington B35

Wilde, New York 463

.Tohnstone, Glen Cove 4HS

Quick, Baltimore 421

Mleseni, Elmhurst, L. 1 457

Brown, Richmond, Va 3Srt

Dodds. I'hlla. Hort. Soc'y 4B9

Itobertson, I'bila. Hort. Soc'y .j-'3

Bachelor, Phila. Hort. Soc'y 483

Ilambliton, Elberon, N. J 471

Kennedy, Elberon, N. J 420

Murray, Elberon, N. J 387

Donaldson, Astoria 499

NiQuet, Astoria 584

^iiebrect, Astoria 437

Aitchison, Westchester and Fairfield 400

Stuart, Westchester and Fairfield 455

/erk, Westchester and Fairfield 567

i'^orbes, Yonkers 335

Adcock, Mamaroneck 356

H. Jenkins. Lenox, Mass 402

A. Jenkins, Lenox. Mass 301

.1. Roy, Stamford, Conn 432

Shore, Katonah, N. Y 345

.VI. Lencan, Washington, D. C 538

Ashworth, Locust Valley. L. 1 253

Dombrowsky. Glen Cove, I.. 1 406

McKonzie, Glen Cove 325

McDoiiaid, Glen Cove 317

Thau, Baltimore 409

Shaffer, Washington 548

McGraham, Philadelphia : 458

Hasmussen. New Albany 407

.\delberger. PlUladelphia 461

Kessler, New York 437

.Manda, New York 437

Fenrich, New York 449

Chadwick, New York 493

Kennedy, Tenafly 435

Ellis; Yonkers 439

Gordon, P.. Yonkers 443

Kakuda. New York 346

Fitzgerald, Yonkers 360

LADIES' S. A. F.

Mrs. T. H. Xraendlv S3 106 96

Mrs. J. A. Manda 106 112 101

Mrs. A, Farenwald 39 47 SO

.Mrs. H. Quick 96 96 93

Mrs. R. W. Wittman 84 118 85

Mrs. J. Dodds 85 41 SO

Mrs. A. Bunyard 63 77 58

Mrs. W. N. Rudd . ., 89 90 101

Mrs. G. H. Cooke 104 71 100

Mrs. A. Kasmussen 75 101 111

Mrs. B. H. Harvey 68 65 86

Mrs. Bdw. Farenwald 47 45 71

SHELTER ISLAND HORTICULTURAL
AND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The regular meeting of the above society
was held in the Mechanics' Hall April 2,
with Vice-president A. W. Allen in the
chair. The minutes of the previous meeting
were accepted as read. The report of the
Executive Committee concerning the Con-
stitution and By-laws was read and ac-
cepted.

The Exhibition Committee reported prog-
ress.

The following were elected members:
Walter Dawson, Dr. Benjamin, 0. IL Smith,
Chas. Thorne, Theo. Hance, Moses Griffin
and Dr. E. R. Berkins.

J. W. Gilbert exhibited and received 85
points for a new seedling calla, calla Little
Gem and calla grandiflora. The auditors
appointed were W. R. Havens, W. C. Brig-
ham and A. Dickens.

FRED KIRIOIAM, Secretary.

NORTH SHORE HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

At the regular meeting of the above
society April 4 the members listened to a
very nice paper on "Poultry" by Henry A.
Moulton. In the discussion which followed
a good deal of interest was shown and
questions were freely asked and replied to.

Catalog
ime of i
regarding

nd Plants

for

Rock

Gardens, Old Fashi.
Gardens, Sea-Shore
Planting and Ground
Covering Under Rhodo-
dendrons and Shrub-
bery. Gives also sug-
gestive planting plans
and planting list for
Rose Gardens, Herba-
ceous Gardens and Sub-
urban Estates. Kames and describes de-
sirable Trees and Shrubs with Ornamental
Fruits, Hedge Plants, Trees for Orchard
and Forest Planting, new and old varieties

of Ro

nd Climbii

Vi

Copy sent Free upon Request.

We grow in quantity every Hardy Tree
or Plant worthy of Cultivation.

Correspondence invited.
THE NEW ENGLAND NURSERIES CO.,

Dept. "G." BEDFORD, MASS.

A rising vote of thanks was tendered the
lecturer. Vice-president Wetterlow pre-
sided. We are expecting the schedules of
the coming shows in a few days, as the
material is in the hands of the printer.
JAltES SALTER, Secretary.

SHELTER ISLAND HORTICULTURAL
AND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The regular meeting of the above society
was held in the Mechanics' Hall Wednes-
day, March 19, President A. J. Dickerson in
the chair.

There was a good attendance, and the
following were elected members: James
Ward, Walter R. Havens, Ralph Duvall,
George B. Wells, Henry B. Payne, William
Sanders, Fred Hirschild, M. Fleming, John
Kuth, Albert Foster, B. C. Cartwright, Floyd
Sherman, Thomas McNamara, T. A. Sher-
man and Otta Newman.

The committees appointed were as fol-
lows:

Horticulture — Fred Kirkham, John W.
Gilbert, H. Birth.

Agricultiue — F. M. Dickerson, Ralph Du-
vall, D. C. Chittenden.

E.xhibition — Herbert Dickerson, Fred
Kirkham, Ralph Duvall.

E.xecutive Committee — A. J. Dickerson,
D. 0. Chittenden, A. W. Allen and Fred
Kirkham.

The exhibit of carnations ■was of the
first order, and John W. Gilbert's carried
oft' first honors. A splendid silver cup has
been kindly given to be competed for at the
regular meetings. The chief topics of the
evening were "Fruit Trees and Their Dis-
ease" and "Fertilizers and Their Use."

The next meeting will be held on April 2.
FRED KIRKHAM, Secretary.

NEW YORK GARDENING TRAIN.

A vegetable gardening train was run over
the New York Central lines last week. Al-
though farm trains have been run by vari-
ous railroads in different States, this is the
first train ever sent out for the vegetable
gardening interests alone. It consisted of

Plant for Immediate Effect

Not tor Future Generations

Start with the largest stock that can be secured ! It takes over
twenty years to grow many of the Trees and Shrubs we offer.

We do the long waiting — thus enabling you to secure Trees and
Shrubs that give an immediate effect. Send for price list.

ANDORRA NURSERIES 'o^

CHESTNUT HILL
PHILADELPHIA, PA.

WM. WARNER HARPER, Proprietor

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

497

INGEERoscQ

i 5turdy as Oaks rounded 1850 hi

Always grown on thi

■oaijest and be4U

Under Bpeciul
order plan, we I
press cbart^es and guaraji' ^_
ee flafe delivery — our guide "
explains, Norn;

ting T) & C roses in perfect condi

Oiir"New Guide to Rose Culture*' forl913— free

The most eduentionnl wiirk on
lished. Notao.n.il.ijii-.'.l-it i:..
the oldest rose- L'ri>" inl- 1 -" i n

new"Ch.irhsn'ni.-. .'it,. I.'^i. 1.

THE OINGEE & CONASD CO., Box 90. West Grova, Pa.

two cars, one containino; an exhibit of
vegetables, greenhouse material and models,
seeds, model hotbed, potted plants, iniple-
ineiits, cultivators, seed drills, charts, photo-
graphs, publications, etc. The train was
in cliarge of Mr. F. S. Welch, agricultural
representative of the railroad, and Profes-
sor A. C. Beal, of the Department of Horti-
culture. Stops were made at Newburg,
Kingston, Catskill, Coxsackie, Albany, Sche-
nectady and Troy. The stops were usually
for one day, but Catskill and Coxsackie
were included. Lectures were given on
greenliouse construction, planting home
grounds and school gardens, by Professor
Beal; on growing early plants, planting and
transidanting vegetables, planning gardens,
and home gardens, by Mr. A. E. Wilkinson:
on intensive vegetable growing, irrigation,
hai^•esting, packing and marketing, market
gardening and growers' organizations, bv
Mr. Paul Work.

There was a large attendance, and great
interest was manifested in the exhibits and
the discussions.

BRECK'S CLUB BANQUET.

Breck's Club of salesmen, connected with
Josepli Breck & Sons, Corporation, held its
bi-monthly meeting and dinner at the
Quincy House, Saturday evening, March 29,
thirty-five members being present. Mr.
Robert Montgomery presided. This is the
third year of existence of the club and the
ninety-first anniversary of the establish-
ment of the corporation, which started busi-
ness in a small way in part of its present
location in 1822. The business has always
been conducted by members of the Breck
family, the fourth generation starting in
at the foot of the ladder within the past
two years. Mr. Charles H. Breck, president
of tile corporation, was present, and ex-
tended the felicitations of the firm with
best wishes for the continued success of the
club. A. E. Robinson, vice-president and
general manager of the Breck-Robinson
Nurseries at Lexington, gave an interesting
lecture on "Modern Nursery Methods," il-
lustrated by many fine views. Mr. Rob-
inson extended an invitation to the mem-
bers to visit the nurseries about the mid-
dle of April, which was gratefully accepted.
Wm. Downs, superintendent of the E. S.
Webster estate at Chestnut Hill, well and
favorably known by the gardening frater-
nity and for his many fine e.xhibitions at
the shows of the Massachusetts Horticul-
tural Society, gave a talk on "Care of
Greenhouses, " which was well received. The
way he treated his subject showed an inti-
mate knowledge of liis work. Thomas J.
Grey, formerly of the T. .T. Grey Company,
who lately joined the Breck Sales force,
was introduced and talked most interest-
ingly of many plea.sant relationships en-
joyed in the past with members of the con-
cern and older employees. Breck's orches-
tra, John Russell leader, assisted bv the

Glee Club, gave excellent entertainment.
The full orchestra of 14 pieces is to appear
before the Florist Club at an earlv date.

NEW JERSEY FLORICULTURAL SO-
CIETY.

A meeting of the above society was held
in Lindslev's Hall, 240 Main street, Orange,
N. J,

The topic for discussion was the Inter-
national Flower Show. The greatest ever
just about expresses everything. This so-
ciety has about concluded the schedule for
its annual Dahlia Show, which will be held
in English Hall, East Orange, the latter
l>art of September.

A large number of prizes have been do-
nated—cups, medals and cash. We know
from past e.xperience, to offer the prizes
you will get the exhibits.

The committee has arranged a schedule
that will give everyone a chance, school
children included, to exhibit, and it is ex-
pected that it will surpass all previous
shows held by this society.

A feature of this show will be an ex-
hibit of miniature gardens. The regular
monthly competition resulted as follows:

Vase of Killarney roses, William Reid, 80
points; vase of mixed carnations, William
Reid, 90 points; vase of mixed carnations,
Fritz Bergeland, 78 points; vase of mixed
roses, John Dervan, 78 points; vase of
mixed carnations. Max Schneider, 88 points;
vase of sweet peas. Max Schneider, 6.5
points; mixed vase stocks. Max Schneider,
85 points; specimen colus, Emil Panuska,
70 points; Vanda Swavis, Emil Panuska,
8.5 points: Lord & Burnham, Skern prizes:
Anthurium vSchergerianum, Emil Panuska,
70 points; vase of mixed carnations, Wil-
liam Reid, 83 points; vase of mixed roses,
John Dervan. 60 points.

JOHN DERVAN, Secretary.

THE WESTCHESTER AND FAIRFIELD
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The regular monthly meeting of the so-
ciety was held in Doran's Hall, Greenwich,
Conn., on April 11, President Robert Wil-
liamson in the chair. Considering the in-
clement weather quite a large number of
members were present to hear the lecture
given by Prof. Jarvis of Storrs College, on
the Diseases of Fruit Trees, which proved
very practical and instructive. Quite a
large number of pictures were shown, il-
lustrating the methods of pruning, plant-
ing, etc., recommended for the reclaiming
of old orchards, so long neglected in this
State. The many questions put to the lec-
turer were answered in a very able and
practical manner. A very hearty vote of
thanks was accorded Prof. Jarvis for his
very instructive address, which proved to
be one of the best of the season.

On account of the International Exhibi-
tion being held in New York, where a large
number of our members were exhibiting,
the exhibits were not so much in evidence
as is usual at the meetings. The following
received awards:

Tlios. Ryan, cultural certificate for splen-
did lot of sweet peas,

James Forster, cultural certificate for fine
specimen Marguerite.

A. Wynne, cultural certificate for Schi-
zanthus Wisetonensis.

Thos. Ryan, honorable mention for Hy-
drangea Hortensia.

P. W. Popp, honorable mention for chry-
santhemum "Seven Oaks." This new chry-
santhemum has been previously recognized
bv the society.

O. A. FTUNWICK,
Corresponding Secretary.

BURPEE'S SEEDS

PHILADELPHIA

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JOS. A. MANDA

Orchid Expert

West Orange New Jersey

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498

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

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The Only Greenhouse Builders on //?/5 Continent Awarded

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THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

MacNiff Horticultural Co.

50 VESEY STREET, NEW YORK

Our new build-
ing is complete
in its arrange-
ments to furnish
all horticultural
requisites.

Our Seed De-
partment is pre-
pared to handle
all orders in a
prompt and effi-
cient manner.

Handling a Specimen Palm at Our Establishment.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

NOVELTY ROSES FOR 1913

Tuliet. This, perhaps, is the most distinct Rose ever introduced
* for color, which is unique. It is of the same type as So-

leil d'Or, Rayon d'Or and other Austrian Briers and their hybrids.
It was introduced by VVm. Paul & Son, in igio. These types require
very little pruning; simply remove dead and useless wood. The fol-
lowing is the raiser's description : " Outside of petals old-gold, inte-
rior rich rosy red, changing to deep rose as the flowers expand. A
very distinct and attractive novelty, blooming both in summer and
autumn. Large and full, of powerful and delicious fragrance ; most
beautiful." 50 cts. each, $2.25 for 5, $40 per 100.

THREE GRAND PERPETUALS

Hu^h Dickson. ■^■^' Brilliant crimson, shaded scarlet;
2 1 good size, fine form ; free flowering ; fra-
grant; strong grower. Gold Medal, N.R.S. 45 cts. each, $2 for s,
$35 per 100.

Captain Hay ward. ^•^- Scarlet-crimson ; perfect form;

— sweetly scented; grand variety. 50

cts. each, S2.2S for 5, $40 per 100.

Commandeur Jules Gravereaux, ^-^j Velvety red,

shaded maroon ;

buds long and pointed ; flower large and full. 50 cts. each, $2.25
for 5. S40 per 100.

Collection of above, ona of each, three varieties SI 26

Collection of above, five of each, three varieties 6 00

Parcels post prepaid

THREE VALUABLE CLIMBERS

Excelsa. Tliis variety created a sensation at the Xational
.* Flower Show, Boston, igii.and the Ro\aI Interna-
tional Exhibition, London, 1912. The flowers are double, bright
scarlet, produced in large clusters — " a Climbing Rose everyone
should have in their garden." 50 cts. each, $2.25 for 5, S40 per 100.
(Single.) Bronzy orange - scarlet, which,
wliilst expanding, assumes varied apricot
hues; profuse bloomer from early June
until the end of the floweringseason. For
vases or decoration it is most valuable.
Gold Medal N.R.S. 50 cts. each, S2.25
for 5, $40 per 100.

Sheila "Wilson.

Irish Elegance.

Hon. Ina Bingham.

Duchess of Wellington, intense saffron-yellow, stained

° with rich crnnson, which, as the

flower develops, becomes deep coppery saffron-yellow. The blooms
are fairly full ; petals large and of great substance; free flowering;
of delightful fragrance; a great acciuisition for garden or decorative
purposes. We cannot recommend this variety too highly. 75 cts.
each, S3. 25 for 5, S60 per 100.

Purest pink, deeply veined; semi-
double petals : enormous size. A

grand garden Rose. 45 cts. each, $2 for 5, $35 per 100.

His Majesty. I^^^P vermilion, crimson toward edges; full

and large ; sweet perfume ; very strong

grower. Awarded Gold Medal N.R.S. 45c. ea., $2 for 5, $35 per 100.

Lady Alice Stanley. ^^^P coral-rose on outside petals

"^ ^ — mside pale flesh, slightly flushed

deeper pink; blooms large, full and fragrant. Gold Medal X.R.S.
75 cts. each, S3. 25 lor 5, giSo per 100.

Lady Pirrie. Deep, coppery reddish salmon, inside of petals
apricot- yellow, flushed fawn and copper ; an
ideal variety for massing. The formation is perfect, in bud and
flower; very lovely. Gold Medal N.R.S. 75 cts. each, $3.25 for 5,
S60 per 100.

Lady Ashtown.

puinted;

Miss Alice de Rothschild

Very pale rose du Barri, shading to yellow

at the base of petals; large, full and

lit for any purpose. 45c. each, $2 for 5, S35 per 100.

(Tea.) Rich, deep citron-
yellow which intensifies as

Marquise de Sinety.

Rayon d'Or.

Climbing Hybrid
Tea. A single
Rose of much beauty, with larger and
better-shaped petals than Carmine Pillar.
Vigorous growth ; will make an ex-
cellent pillar Rose for the garden. 75 Y
cts. e.-ich, ?,,.25 for 5. i

Collection of above, one of each,

three varieties SI 60

Collection of above, five of each,

three varieties 7 00

Parcels post prepaid

TWELVE NOVELTY

HYBRID TEAS

OF GREAT MERIT

Antoine Rivoire. ^°^y .Af*''

on yellow

ground, shaded with a border of car-
mine; large, full flower ; a splendid va-
riety. 45 cts. each, $2 for 5, S35 per 100.

Coppery
o range-
red, passing to salmon pink, as the flow-
ers expand ; a superb combination of
colors; flowers full and large. 50 cts.
each, $2.25 for 5, $40 per 100.

Arthur R. Goodwin.

Hy courtesy of Geo. H. Peterson

the bloom expands. The flowers are large, full, and of perfect form,
with high-pointed center ; the petals charmingly reflex. Growth
vigorous and erect ; free and continuous in bloom; deliciously fra-
grant (Marechal Niel perfume); superb in every respect. 75 cts.
each, S3-25 for 5, $60 per 100.

Golden yellow, shaded bronzy red ;
large, full flower. 35 cts. each, $1.60
for 5, 5.1O pur 100.

One of Pernet-
Ducher's greatest
hybrids. Cadmium-yellow as the bloom
begins to open, toning to sunflower-
yellow when fully expanded. Fine,
bronze-green foliage, glossy and abso-
lutely immune from the attacks of mil-
dew. Flowers large, full, of fine, globu-
lar form ; superb. 75 cts. each, S3.25 for
5, S60 per 100.

"Wm. R. Smith. This is, in our

opinion, the

greatest late summer and fall Rose ever
introduced. While a true everbloomer,
it is not so perfect in early summer ; but
after most other Roses are gone, this
begins to come out strong and con-
tiiiues to improve until, in October
(here), it is cut down by frost. The
ucneral color effect is a peachy blush,
with j-ellow at base of petals. This
Rose has all the characteristics of the
man Cochet, from which it is descen-
1, and is absolutely immune from
disease. Foliage is dark green, heavy
and leathery; young growth bronzy red.
In this latitude (New York City) it
will go through an ordinary winter with-
out protection, but protection is advis-
able as with other Roses. 50 cts. each
$2. 25 for 5, S40 per 100.

Collection of the above, one of each,

twelve varieties $6 60

Collection of the above, five of each,

twelve varieties 30 00

Parcels post prepaid
, parcels post prepaid

Wm. R. Smith Roses
Collection of one of each of the above nineteen Roses on this page for

Besides the above, we Iiave on hand for immediate delivery, a fine collection of Hybrid Perpetual
and Hybrid Tea Roses — grand stock in perfect condition, English-grown. A leading gardener who
saw our Roses the other day said it was "the finest stock he had ever seen." (See our spring catalog
for varieties and descriptions.)

During the International Flower Show the latcli will be up — kindly call; always welcome.

ARTHUR T. BODDINGTON, Seedsman. ^*L^?orratv

GARDENERS'
CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA

MAY. 1913

Ten Cents a Copy

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Erected for Ebe

Tuxedo's Side of the U-Bar Question

IF vnii knnw 'I'uxH.ln I'livU. V" Kiinw t;i:it i( i-> not uiily >j\r'.-i-<nn-
hilly, l.ut that few uf the il-wlt iAacl'^ arc so large that the gree
house can be advantageously placprt out of sight of the resiileuce,
some few porsous still prefer it.

This means that The Imuses must be attractive. Must be up-to-date
every way. It also nicans that aviiilahle spafx- heiiig limited, the constru

ti":i "]■ till' hin;M-s nnisi insni-f Ui>- lii,i;hL;st tii'-'Wiiii-' conditions so that

qn:iiility and qiialilv will hoth he of the

Tln> I'-Iiar. hecsni>e of its U-Ear construction, meets these exacting con-

(!iii..iis as no other cmstructioii does. This is an established fact that

ma i,\ discuss, hut none rau fairly contradict.

If r-Ilar houses are b.-st for the Tuxeilo Park f<dlvs, they are best for

uthor folks, especially those folks who want the best.

U-BAR GREENHOUSES

PIERSON U-BAR CO

ONE MADISON AVE.. NEWYORK.
CANADIAN OFflCE. lO PHILLIPS PLACE MONTREAL

SC A L I N E

can lie used in tlie growing .scascai for .\phii. Tlir;;'-.
Red Spider. Mealy Bug, Soft Scale and all Sap Sucking
Insects. It can be safel)' applied to all liardy plants.

As a Winter Spray for San Jose and All Hard Scales
It Has No Equal

SC/\ L I NE

is composed of a Iiigli grade of petroleum and con-
tains the properties of the well-known fungicide.
Fungine, tlnis making it an excellent preventative
against various bli.ghts affecting trees and shrubs.

It is readily soluble in v\'ater, contains no sedimtir.
and can be applied through the finest spray nozzle: i~
more economical than the old-fashioned KeroM
Emulsion and Fish Oil soaps ,\nd much more efTec
Gallon $1.50, 10 gallon keg $10.00, 50 gallon barrel Si; ;

Tive/i^e percent N/cottne

SQUITO-RIO

A specific remedy for repelling the mosquitoes in-
doors and out-of-doors. Its odor — a lasting one — is
agreeal)le to the human sense, but obnoxious to
mosquitoes.

Squito-Rid will drive the mosquitoes out of the
home or applied to hands and face will free you from
the misery of the pest in the garden or field. It is
effective for man and beast.

Sent to any address on receipt of remittance at the
following prices:

54 pint 50c., y-i pint 85c., pint $1.50

For Greenhouse and Garden Spraying Use

RUNGINE

lor Mildew, Rust, Bench Fungi and other Blights.
Quart 75c., Gallon $2.00

VERmiNE

^ rUMlGAJ^L

$1.25 per Quart, $4.00 per Gallon

M. C. EBEL. Ge

i-iil CliiMniciiN
MADISON. N. J.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

?03

ROSES

For June Planting

Grafted and Own Root Stock

^ We can supply Mrs. Shawyer,
Lady Hillingdon, Sunburst,
Killarney, My Maryland and
Radiance. White Killarney,

Richmond and American Beauty.

Write us for quotations on your wants

CHAS. H. TOTTY

MADISON,

N .

Meche^ns' :l?i'l^?'S'o"i?J^

full of information on
-grown trees, shrubs and
hardy garden flowers. Un-
like most catalogs, it in-
cludes many of the rarer,
more unusual plants that
give individuality to
your garden. Includes
improved strains of
the famous

^ Meetians'
Mallow Marvels

the plant creation of the cen-
tury. Introduced by us in 1907 after
'enty-eight years of experimentation
— a plant combininR all the virtues of the
beautiful tropical Hibiscus with the hardy
native mallow. Grows five to eight feet
high, is covered with a luxuriance of bril-
liantly colored flowers from July till frost
comes. Herbaceous — dies to ground in
Fall, but root lives and grows luxuriantly
the following season. Survives severest
Winters.

2-YEAR ROOTS IN PINK OR WHITE
2-YEAR ROOTS IN RED

50c each
75c each

The Meehan Nurs
crty owners to secure
contemplating change a

ne pioneers in assisting prop-
npctcnt gardeners. Gardeners
nvitcd to write us fully.

THOMAS MEEHAN & SONS

BOX 65 GERMANTOWN, PHILA.

Weak crotches
in trees are the
ones that split
apart in the
storms. Dead
limbs are the
ones that fall— a
menace to life and
property. Trees
with cavities are
the ones that
the winds blow
over. A fallen tree
cannot be replaced
in your lifetime.

The loss of trees is
the price of neglect.

You may think that your
trees are sound— but do
not trust to gues work—
learn the truth through a
Davey Tree Expert with-
out cost or obligation.
If your 'trees need no
treatment you want to
know it— if they do need
treatment you ought to
know it. Let a Davey
Tree Expert examine
your trees now.
Write for Booklet

Branch Offices: 225 Fifth Ave.. New
York, N. Y., Phone: Madison Square
954fi; Harvester Bldg.. Chicago. 111.,
Phone: Harrison 2666; New Birks Bldg.,
Montreal. Can.. Phone: I'p Town 6726;
Merchant's Exchange Rldg.. San Fran-
o. Cal., Telephone Connection.

504

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

S:i|^ Contents— May, 1913

Gardening as a Profession

By David S. Miller
The Utility of Rhododendrons
Important Facts Regarding Fertilizer Benefits
Bv Franklin Noble
Rejuvenating the Grape Wine

Bj, J. W. Smith
Bv J. F. Huss

By Arthur S. Brool(:
the Government

Fern Culture .

The Seed Song

Plant Hygiene

Soil Experiments by

Killed by a Cat

Editorial

An Open Secret

Spring Show for New York in 1914

An Acknowledgmen

N. A. S. Service Bureau

The Coming Shows .

New Members.

The Membership Contest

Letter from Society of American Florists

Among the Gardeners

B. Perry

Queries and Answers

505 The Red, Red Rose

507 Violet Culture . By A
The Odor of the Flowers .

508 Why Flowers Wilt .
Scent of Insects

510 Law Abiding .

5 1 1 The Germination of Seed

512 By Montague Free

5 1 3 Naturalizing Botanical

5 I 4 Growing Tomatoes .

515 Rhubarb

5 1 6 The Quince .....

5 1 6 Show of Horticultural Society of New York

5 I 6 Schedule, Newport Summer Show

5 1 6 Schedule, Westchester and Fairfield Co. Sum
5 1 7 mer Show .....

517 Schedule, Horticultural Society of New York
517 Fall Show .
5 1 7 National Associations
5 1 7 Local Societies
5 1 8 Gardeners Diary

Strangers

. By J. W. Jung

518
518
519
520
520
520
521

521
522
523
523
523
524
524

525

526
527
527
528

i:Ki;("n:i> kh; mis

Sr.W CANAAN.

To the Man Who Wants a Small House

EVERY once in a while some one says to us: *
want a little house, something that won't r
into money. You folks are too big for m(
Our answer is; "Of course we are not denying
or that we do big things, but no one is keener l
doing the small things reasonably and well."

Oh, I 01
nn way

If we should tell you, just for example, the number of
thousands of dollars' worth of business we do a year in
melon and garden frames of all sizes ranging in price from
65 cents uj) — it would open your eyes.

So, no matter how little a thing, or how big, you want, in
the greenhouse line, send to us. Your order will hav

ful

vhat

the

Lord ca Burnham Co.

SALES

OFFICES

Phil

adelphia

Chicago

i'ra

aklin

Bank Bldg.

So

okery

Bldg

TACTORIES:

Irvi

ngton

. N. Y.

Dgs

PI

aines.

111,

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA

DEVOTED TO THE SCIENCE OF FLORICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE

ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF

THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

\'ul. -\\l.

AIAV, 1913.

No.

Gardening As a Profession

By David S. Miller.

Tlu- \\(irl(! in irifancy, \vc are tokl, was in darkness,
and Ihat sinmltaneonsly with the divine command for
light, spontaneous germinatinn took place. Nature awoke
and clothed the land with vegetation, the four winds
came forth to distribute the ripe pollen and hybridize the
new lloral earth, and to carry to every breathing nostril
the i>ure fragrance of forest, field, and flower, and the
world was made. The inspired writ further says that, be-
fore the great Omnipotent had yet contemplated the cre-
ation of man. He first made a garden. The walls that
surrounded the Garden of Eden were built for similar
purpose that we erect walls and fences around our gar-
dens today, viz., to keep out intruders and hide from the
vulgar eye the sublime beauty of the most secret and
hallowed of all places, the garden.

Thus we find the beauty and art of ancient gardening
was safely guarded, and that the mysteries of the profes-
sion were revealed only to the lirst gardener, Adam, and
through him to his successive heirs, the human race, was
made known the true art of this first, noblest, and health-
iest of all professions, gardening.

The walls that surround the gardens of Europe still
serve another purpose ; they are erected for shelter and
protection. Such gardens have usually two entrances,
the main entrance on the south, through which enter the
employer and his guests to inhale the fragrance of the
opening flowers and to admire the w'onderful array of
color that stretches before them on all sides.

1 have no doubt but that the immortal Shakespeare,
himself, walked often in just such a garden as I here
describe, and that it was through the true and lofty char-
acters of our predecessors, the great poet was inspired to
w-rite, "There are no ancient gentlemen but gardeners."

The other door, of which T speak, is situated on the
east or the west, and through this door enter the men of
the craft to perform the various duties of their calling.
The majority of us here tonight can still reniendicr well
our first entrance through such a door. Let all gardeners
here pause, and if we have no real love for the beautiful,
if tlie magnificent scene that spreads itself before us here
inipresses us not, then let us not enter, for be assured
we can never, never, never be gardeners. You must
know that the gardener and tlie poet are alike, inasumch
as tlicy are not "made ; the)' are born."

Our profession opens its arms to men in all walks of
life — the college graduate, the learned professor, the
wealtliy nn'llionaire, the intelligent working man, to all
gardening extends a licart\ welcome, and if the trend of
your mind is in ])ursuit of the secrets of nature, gardening
will lead von and show von manv hidden eems. This

will not be your only reward, for she will develop the
better part of you, your character, for all who are asso-
ciated with flowers nuist be influenced by their purity.

But, let me warn the aspiring young college graduate
that, although our profession is the first, noblest and
healthiest in the world, yet it is the most underpaid of all
])rofessions. If it is solely, then, for the remuneration
that comes from gardening that you enter our profession,
let me tell you, you will be sadly disappointed. But,
'should you enter our calling for the love of flowers, for
the healthy outdoor exercise, or for the numerous other
benefits that are derived from gardening, we not only
extend to you a welcome, but will gladly give you our
experience, and may it be written of all gardeners as the
immortal Burns wrote of his beloved father, who was
also a gardener, "For, even, his failings leaned to virtue's
side."

In all ages we find the head gardener held in high ven-
eration by his employer, whether he was Laird, Count,
Earl, Lord, Duke, or Sovereign. Our antecedents were
learned gardeners and true artists, who left their impress
upon the annals of time, for do we not find the American
landscape architect of today compelled to go abroad to
learn and copy ancient European gardening?

Then surely it behooves us, upon whom the mantle of
gardening has fallen, to merit worthily such a robe, ever
remembering that we are not merely the man with the
hoe, the hose, and the spade, but true artists who have in-
herited a noble profession that no man can take from us.
To the young men who are here this evening, I would
advise you never to trust to mere memory the important
lessons you have learned in the past. If you have not
kept a careful memorandum of all that has taken place
since your first entrance through the western gate of
gardening, it is a great pity. Yea ! it is a misfortune, for
you should have carefully recorded in your diary the
commercial value of all plants and flowers, their season
of proj;agation, planting, pinching, disbudding and flower-
ing. This is surely the age of youth, and it is you, young
men, who in the near future, are going to lay out and re-
model the American gardens. Thus, when you come to
take charge, you are not groping in the dark, for you
have witiiin easy reach all your past experience. This
little book contains for you valuable information which
you could not obtain elsewhere; in short, it is a real leaf
from life's experience.

Before entering upon the subject of garden making, I
want first to appeal to all gartleners of this societv to join
the National .Association of Cardeners. W'e have pres-
ent with us this evem'ng gardeners who attended the last

506

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

convention, and who were instrumental in electing to the
presidency iVIr. Waite, who, I may safely say, is one of the
ablest and most representative gardeners we have in
America today. The cabinet and board of trustees, who
have been elected with him, are leading and practical
gardeners, and they are all working for the furtherance
of this splendid society. We all know the good work
Mr. Ebel has dune for the gardeners in the past, and he
has now taken over the editorship of the Gardeners'
Chronicle, which is one of the few papers that really
represent the private gardener in this country. We
should all join this movement and hasten the time when
we shall be bound more closely together by a strong tie.
I will venture to say that the day is not far distant when
gardeners, the world over, shall brothers be. As the
flowers we cultivate are known universally throughout the
world by one name, so should all true gardeners, irre-
spective of nationality or creed, be known throughout the
world by one great fraternal body, obligated to help one
another. Then shall we fully understand the true lan-
guage of the flowers, which speaks of beauty, purity and
love.

There should be a mutual understanding and co-opera-
tion between the gardener and his employer, the gardener
ever remembering that his efforts and' abilty are only
appreciated inasmuch and no further than that they fully
conform and meet the approval of his employer. You
may say that this is not "garden making," but take it
from one who has been along the line, we have got to
measure pretty close to this rule before we are trusted
with the making of a garden.

It must be remembered that no gardener has ever }et
made a perfect garden. The progressive gardener in all
ages was always planning schemes for the further im-
provement of his garden. We should aim at having our
gardens a perfect picture from early spring imtil late in
the fall. In order to do this we must take i^ains and
properly classify our vegetables, allotting each varietv
its proper place in the garden, allowing sufficient space
for cultivation and air, so that the plants may grow to
perfection and yet not be crowded. This applies to the
herbaceous borders, annual beds, small fruits, herbs, and
everything that grows within the garden, and we know
we cannot produce this perfect picture without the use
of the 10-foot measuring rod, the line, hoe and rake. We
may thus have our gardens properly planted, but trusted
the edging of our paths and walks to an inexperienced
laborer, with the result that one end of the walk is six-
inches wider than the other. I will liken this to a wealthy
person purchasing a valuable painting and surrounding
the great masterpiece with a cheap, poorly made frame.
Then our walks and paths are the framework of our gar-
dens, and we should see that ihey are in perfect order.

You may be a first-class greenhouse man, know all about
the care of lawns, the planting and care of shrubs and
trees, but your ability as a gardener is not measured by
this, for as all men are known by their works, so the
true gardener is judged by his work of art in the
garden.

There is a great deal yet to be said about garden mak-
ing, but as I am going to finish in a few more sentences,
I will here leave garden making and return to "( gardening
as a Profession." I could quote you numerous lofty ex-
pressions coined by the great immortal poets. Their
definition of our calling will never die. There is no other
profession that leads man closer to nature than gardening,
and we know the benefit that thus comes to us by being
"Alone with nature, and alone with God." In all large
cities today we see architects unconsciously erecting to
themselves monuments in the shape of towering build-
ings of iron, stone and plaster. These large buildings will
last long after them, but eventually they must succumb to
the storms and blasts of time, before whose hand they
must crumble and decay and be no more. Then there is
the great artist who comes ne.xt to the poet and the gar-
dener. He puts forth wonderful reality in his pictures,
causing the brush to reproduce the great conceptions of
his poetic soul. This great artist dies, but his mas'ter-
]5iece still lives, but we know that in the fullness of time
this wonderful painting will, too, crumble and decay, it
will be some day forever lost, but the gardener who dis-
seminates but one little flow'er and givetli it to the world,
hath erected to his memory a far greater and more last-
ing monument than the architect or the artist, for will not
Mother Nature take this little flower to her breast, and
we know that this flower and its name shall live and last
as the hills shall last. Flowers are to the sick a healing
balm ; they reveal to all of us the mysterious in nature.
The flowers that bloom in our gardens return to us each
year like old and trusted friends, their fragrance brings
back to memory many happy thoughts of other days
and bygone scenes, they unfold the intensity of their color
for our admiration and inspiration. Who amongst us
hath not seen the flower in all its glory and perfection
and hath not observed the great mysterious hand of na-
ture lay it to a period of rest, and who amongst us hath
not to ourselves said, that ere long we, too, shall be laid
to a period of rest? Then grant that, by this same mys-
terious hand of nature, we shall awake to find ourselves
safely transplanted within the four square walls of that
great unknown garden, there to bloom throughout eter-
nity. Man's intelligence can never be expanded to
fathom the mysterious in nature and implanted within
every rational breast is a vivid conception of some future
existence. It may be one great garden within whose
borders ever bloom the better part of nian. — b'xtract.

&tmw^(JMiti^sf&

50 BARCLAY ST.
NEW YORK

Seeds, Plants, Bulbs, Poultry Supplies

INSECTICIDES FERTILIZERS IMPLEMENTS

We can furnish all this requirements for the garden

The Utility of Rhododendrons

Undoubtedl)', the most handsome of our flowering
shrubs is the Rhododendron ; nothing in the order
bearing comparison with it in foliage and flower.
Among our broad-leaved e\ergreens it is pre-eminent,
its large leathery leaves in winter taking on a rich
green tonal character which is most pleasing in con-
trast with the sombre hues nf the conifers.

L'ntil quite recently it was the general opinion that
Rhododendrons were incon\eniently particular as re-
gards the conditions required for their growth, and
many of our nurserymen in their catalogue descrip-
tions in great measure accentuated the conditions re-
quired for the very greatest perfection, leaving it to
be supposed that without these success could not be
attained, says a writer in a recent issue of ''The Field."
\'ery happily, there are few restrictions as to condi-
tions for the successful growing of either species or
hybrids. Rhododendrons will thrive in any ordinary
loamy soil which is free from lime ; in fact, good fibrous
loam is the best soil ingredient possible, and if a small
percentage of leaf mould can be added to it, so much
the better. Good drainage, however, is very essential,
and if the soil is clayey or hard, it should be lightened
somewhat with sand, and the bed should be dug deeper
than otherwise would be necessary. Fresh manure
should never be added to the soil in new plantings ;
no manure will be required until one season's growth
IS made, or until fall, when a good mulching may lie
given. Rhododendrons arc moisture-loving subjects,
and a good mulching affords both food and moisture,
and induces that rich greenness of foliage so much to
be desired.

Rhododendrons are useful for massing, as lawn spe-
cimens and as garden shrubs. No garden is too small
to possess at least one specimen. They have a great
preference for shady positions, and they do better in
winter when protected from the sun and sweeping
winds. \\'hile some varieties will succeed under most
adverse conditions, it is best, where possible, to pro-
vide locations to the north and east of buildings, or
of tree plantings, where the winter sun does not harm
them and they are protected from frequent and suc-
cessi\-e freezings and thawings. The specimen in our

illustratiuu is c.i' a plant about fifteen years old, on a
lawn, protected on the east and north by buildings
which break the winds from those quarters. The
species is R. Catawbiense, one of our native sorts.

The species most commonh- used are our native
ones, R. Catawbiense already mentioned, and R. Max-
imum. The latter is hardy farther north than the
former, but both are (|uite hardy in the New England
states. Catawbiense differs from Maximum mainly in
that it makes a better specimen, rounder, and well
furnished with foliage ; the flowers are usually mauve,
running to lavender, or lilac purple in many cases, and
are carried in conical trusses; the leaves are oval,
rounded at base, 3 to 5 inches long, rather thick in
texture, and dark green in color, with light green un-
dersides. Its flowering period is in June. ]\Iaximum
is not quite of such good form as Catawbiense, less
regular in shape, and bears flattish trusses of flowers,
in color varying from purest white with tinges of pink
or yellow, to clear pink, and all blotched with a deeper
shade on the upper lobe of each flower. The leaves
are longer and narrower than those of Catawbiense,
bright green, lighter beneath, and often tinged with
brown. It flowers in July, and is, practically, the last
of all the Rhododendrons to bloom. This species is
very largely used for planting in masses.

There are many very handsome hybrids of these and
other species, mostly of European origin, and produc-
ing flowers in a great variety of colors. Many of them,
however, are hardy only in Southern sections of the
country. The following have been tested in New Eng-
land for a period of years and found quite hardy, there-
fore are to be recommended for general use : Album
Elegans, blush changing to white, one of the best ; Album
Grandiflora, blush, with large truss ; Alex. Dancer,
bright rose, with lighter center, produces the largest
trusses of any hardy variety; .A.trosanguineum, intense
blood-red, very early ; Caractacus, iiurple-crimson,
very popular; Charles Bogley, cherry red, late flower-
ing; Charles Dickens, dark scarlet, early blooming:
C. S. Sargent, bright crimson, early blooming, fine truss :
Coerulescens, blush, distinct color; Coriaceum, white;
Delicatissimum, white, pink edge, late ; Everestianum,

IF RHODODENDRONS M.\XnrUM.

508

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

rosy lilac, spotted with yellow, fringed ; F. L. Ames,
bright rose ; Guido, deep crimson ; H. W. Sargent,
crimson, latest of the dark varieties; James Bateman,
rosy scarlet; Kettledrum, purplish crimson, very late;
King of Purples, dark purple, fine ; Lady Armstrong,
pale rose, beautiful ; Lady Grey Egerton, silvery blush,
extra fine; Mrs. Chas. S. Sargent, pink with yellow
blotches, fringed; Mrs. H. Ingersoll, rosy lilac; Mrs.
Milner, crimson ; Purpureum Elegans, purple ; and
Roseum Elegans, deep rosy purple, rich, free. While
all these varieties are what is often termed "iron clad,"
still, proper attention must be given to their require-
ments and they must have the most favorable posi-
tions.

Spring is the best time for planting. At planting time,
if the root balls are dry they should be soaked in water
until well saturated. In planting, the top of the root ball
should be level with the trodden surface of the ground,
and the soil thoroughly firmed by heading, and worked
into every crevice. Water thoroughly after planting,
and mulch with leaves or litter to the depth of about one
toot ; mulching protects the feeding roots and keeps them
moist until the plant is well established.

Many people wonder why their Rhododendrons bloom
unevenly one year and well the next, and so on. This
is generally because, after it has bloomed, the seed ves-
sels are allowed to remain on a plant, hindering the free
formation of the buds. It is well to remove the seed
vessels immediately after flowering, and this is easilv
done by the thumb and forefinger. — Field.

RHODODENDRON CAT.^WBIENSE.

Important Facts Regarding Fertilizer Benefits

By Franklin Noble.

The fertilizer question has not yet received from
gardeners and florists in general the consideration it
deserves ; that success with plants is often obtained is
due mainly to skillful cultivation rather than to scien-
tifically providing plant food.

Should this latter be done up to the high standard
frequent in cultivation, the favorable plant develop-
ment obtained thereby would astonish most growers.

To learn what is the right thing to do in fertilization
for particular conditions of soil and i)lant species,
would mean customarily obtaining the top-notch of
growths, blooms and c|uality in flowers and vegetables
now obtained exceptionally only, and doing it more
readily, quicker and with less cost, against disease,
insects or other adverse conditions.

To begin with, soil chemistry is so complex that it
is not yet well understood, and this afifects results
obtainable with fertilizers, the advantages and dis-
advantages of which both for natural and manufac-
tured forms arc nnt fully knuwn, though the scientific
specialists have learned iiasic principle reasons and
cxjilanations applicable to general conditions.

That gardeners and florists generally jirefcr man-
ures to the use of manufactured fertilizers is because
of poor results obtained with the latter, without learn-
ing the reason why, or that defects could be remedied.
.\nd that a properly prepared fertilizer under suitable
conditions can produce more (|uickly and a,t possible
less cost decidedly better ]ilanl (levelo]iment than can
i)e done with manure. Or that manure can be sup^
])lemented to greatly increase its crop producing ef-
ficiency.

What manure is has become generally known by
experience in using it. though due allowance is often
not given for its variations in quality. But commercial

fertilizers are too often not what they are stated to
be and positively not what they are thought or ought
to be. The percentages present of nitrogen, phosphoric
acid and potash is sometimes less than stated and fre-
quently not proportioned suitabl}', but what is of great
im]5ortance, the form these elements are in, is generally
ignored.

With due allowance for variations in soil conditions
as to their physical, chemical and bacterial character,
which inlluences fertilization, so that good authorities
always recommend experimentation rather than defi-
nite rules in complete detail as to what shall be done ;
yet the following may be stated as facts on basic prin-
ciijles. c|uoted as such by recognized authorities, there-
fore of utmost importance to and deserving of being
tested out when the highest type of plant development
is wanted :

A deficiency in the quota of any one of the respec-
ti\e elements required for that particular kind of plant
will impair its development. The four elements, ni-
trogen, phosphoric acid, potash and lime are the pre-

. dominant ones most likely to be lacking in the soil and
therefore must be supplied in sufficient quantity and
suitable form. Of these, nitrogen is the only one likely
to he provided in excess (out of proportion) to pro-
duce disadvantageous growths, barring a few excep-
tions, mostly of unimportant plants as to lime. Ni-
trogen furnisltes the growing influence and is therefore
the most important requirement, jiarticnlarly in the
early life of plants: it is also the most costly, and the
one with the use of which mistakes are most frequently

' made. The main supply of this for the plant must
always be as a nitrate in solution to be absorbed by
the roots, the furnishing of a supply in other forms
means delav for one, if not two chemical conversions;

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

50')

while if the supply is all a niirate in one ai)plication,
because of solubility, ,it niuaiis costly waste, proven
to be 40 per cent., as well as probable injurious excess
for the plant.

But it is possiljle to ha\c Mich a supply of alkaline
nitrate applied held in an a!'-~Mrl;ent for the plant's use
only, thus giving complete a\ailability with controlled
feeding and the waste checked. This means sure con-
trol of forced growths and tiie desired improved qual-
ities, tenderness and succulence in vegetables and
other plant benefits, not possible with slow or intei-
rupted growths. If the nitrogen supply is as an am-
monia it is less available and liesides is subject to loss
of leaching, evaporation, etc., of about 60 per cent.

Some forms of nitrogen are quite slow in availabil-
ity and others like peat, leather, hair and horn, fre-
quently used by fertilizer manufacturers, are so ver_\'
unavailable as to be useless for flower and vegetable
growing. Soil acidity resulting from continued use of
sulphate of ammonia, manure, other organic matter,
ancl otherwise may readily lessen by 50 per cent, the
availability of future applications of organic nitrogen,
and also make impossible the growing of some plants
with any amount of fertilizer or manure used. Ni-
trogen from mineral sources like nitrate of soda or uf
lime, or sulphate of ammonia, is more favorable to the
flowering and fruition phase of growth than when de-
rived from an organic source.

Phosphoric acid obtained Ijy acidulating phosphate
rock is sufficiently available, but may carry free acid
and is only safe against this in a complete fertilizer
when carbonate of lime is used as a conditioner.
Though bone gives a favorable form of phosphoric
acid, it is slower than acid phosphate, likely to be too
much so when forced growths are wanted. Should
the soil contain certain iron compounds, as is fre-
quently the case, available phosphoric acid applied
speedily becomes unavailable by chemical change, and
plants are deprived of their supply of this element,
absolutely essential for formation of flowers, fruits
and seeds ; for this lime is a good remedy, when ap-
plied it neutralizes such iron elements. Phosphoric
acid in basic slag and raw phosphate w'ork are so low
in availability that benefits are for the future rather
than the present.

Potash is necessary for development of hard fibre
in stems and seeds, and otherwise in functions within
the plant. It is likely to be lacking in animal fertilizers
and manure ; if supplied in the form of a muriate or
sul]5hate, as customary, the latter should be pref<^rred,
but of high grade only : the muriate is unsafe beoause
its chlorides are injurious to some plants and also pro-
duce serious soil acidity.

Lime is a necessary plant food, the predominant
one for fruit trees and some plants, but exceptionally
to a slight degree only for some other plants where
an excess may be injurious. It performs indispensable
functions within the plant, for which there is no sub-
stitute : one being the aiding in conversion of starch
into sugar, thereby improving the flavor of fruits and
vegetables. To be absorbed liy the plant it must gen-
erally l)e as a carljonate. ne\er in the caustic form.

Lime is lacking in animal matter (other than bonel
and manure, yet it is often of vital importance for full
development of plants, so that when added to sucii
fertilizers it nearly alwa^-s produces the most aston-
ishing favorable results, one reason being that un-
available nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash are
made available by it. Lime also acts on nitrogen in-
directlv to make it available bv' neutralizin"' acidil\-

Twenty Thousand

ROSES

tvv^o years old, including excellent
Teas, Hybrid Teas, like

BESSIE BROWN

CHAMPION WORLD

DEVONIENSIS

ETOILE LYON

GENERAL JACK

HELEN GOULD

HERMOSA

LA FRANCE

KILLARNEY

CAMILLE

MARLETT

BUDDE

CANT

WELLESLEY

BABY RAMBLER

Our selection from above as
long as they last, from four-inch
pots or larger, at tw^elve dollars
per hundred f. o. b. West Grove.

The Conard 6 Jones Company

WEST GROVE, PA.

510

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

more prevalent than usually supposed, and which se-
riously interferes with such availability for organic
nitrogen. It promotes alkaline soil conditions for the
increase of bacteria which are the life of the soil, are
necessary for decomposition of organic matter and
that are essential for accumulating valuable stores of
nitrogen direct from the air, enriching the soil without
cost.

Lime also unlocks potash from unavailable com-
pounds natural in the soil or that may be applied. It
improves the physical conditions of the soil, heavy
clays are made more porous for necessary entrance of
moisture and air, while, strange as it may seem, sandy
soils are made more compact and retentive of moisture
by it. By its varied advantages decidedly increased root
growth is given plants with therefore greater feeding
capacity and consequent perfection of plant develop-
ment.

But in lime the form is of utmost importance, it
should be practically pure, containing only a very
small percentage of silica and magnesia, even a slight
excess of the latter is injurious to some plants. Much
of the lime on the market is impure, often to the ex-
tent of 25 per cent, or more. Then some manufactur-
ing waste lime contains boracic acid or other very
poisonous elements to plant life.

Burnt or caustic lime is the chemical opposite to
the carbonate in action on nitrogen ; the former in-
jurious and destroys to a costly extent beyond its
usual price, while the carbonate makes nitrogen more
available by direct action without injuring it, in fact,
conserves this nitrogen against loss that would occur
if it were not present, as shown by limestone soils
maintaining their fertilit}- for centuries. Burnt lime,
while air slaking or hydrating, becomes recarbonated
very slowly, may take a year or two for so doing, and
so may occasion a crop loss for the season. And it
is a mistake to suppose hydrated lime is harmless, as
it is more caustic in its action on nitrogen than fresh
burnt lime, besides it always carries 25 per cent, of
useless water at the price.

The carbonate is non-caustic, will not injure grow-
ing plants by contact, seeds will sprout and grow in
it when pure, and no excess is injurious for general
soil conditions, some famous fertile soils carry 40 per
cent, of it naturally. It has been proven that an abun-
dant supply of lime in contrast with a sufficient sup-
ply to produce good plant growth has thereby in-
creased the protein (food value) content over 25 per
cent, of that plant. Sulphate of lime, gypsum or land
plaster, as variously called, is often impure, will not
readily correct acidity and by practical growing tests
shows nothing fa"\'orable in comparison with use of
the carbonate.

What does all this mean? \\'hy, for the above rea-
sons the grower long relying solely on manure for
fertilizer purposes will obtain under general conditions
and for most plants surprising development, such as
he has rarely seen, by a fair treatment with finely
powdered pure carbonate of lime — production of more
blooms, of larger size, of brighter colors and greater
fragrance, and corresponding improvement in quan-
tity and quality of vegetables, notably as to flavor.

And if the soil contains a suitable amount of humus
or organic matter and carbonate of lime with proper
aeration, a fair application is made of a _ non-acid
forming complete fertilizer, of properly balanced
formula of all available elements, guarded against
wastage of nitrogen by an absorbent of it. still better
results will be obtained than above mentioned, more

readily and in quicker time, with relatively small
amount used. Surely such possibilities are worth ex-
perimenting with. These results are being approxi-
mated or actually realized by progressive horticultur-
ists and farmers. But in buying commercial fertilizers
this advice is good. In view of their trade standards,
manufacturers should be compelled to furnish a writ-
ten statement as to the forms their various elements
are in, if organic nitrogen, a full statement as to that.
The crop result obtained when wanted for a given
amount used is the true \'alue of a fertilizer and not
the analvsis stated.

REJUVENATING THE GRAPE VINE.

By J. W. Smith.

The longevity of the grape vine is traditional. Speci-
mens are on record that have passed the century mark
and are still giving satisfactory returns. Few subjects
in cultivation are more easily influenced by surrounding
conditions than the grape vine ; if conditions are satis-
factory as regards soil and air, and the crops regulated
systematically, the vine will continue to give good results
for a very long period. One often sees or hears of grape
vines that are considered to be worn out and don't ap-
pear to be worth further cultivation, skanked berries,
unhealthy, weak growth, the usual signs of unsatisfac-
tory conditions. In many cases it is the food supply that
is lacking on the vine's means of making use of it that
is out of order. The grape vine is a heavy feeder, and
to expect satisfactory crops year by year the food supply
must be regular ; the vine root, unless carefully cared for,
is short lived, careful attention as to watering and suit-
able rooting medium are required to preserve them for
any length of time. If vines are planted in a soil which
contains large quantities of organic manure and humus
the vines will make a tremendous quantity of root of a
class that will be difficult to keep in a healthy state, the
resultant growth will be sapping and badly balanced,
and the whole system will be liable to rapidly deteriorate
under the stream of cropping. \ ines that show signs
of getting worn out can be made to give satisfactory re-
turns bv renewing the rooting medium and encourage

.\NXIE\T GRAPE \"I\E .\T H.\MPTOX COURT. LOXDOX, ENG.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

511

a vigorous and healthy root action. The best time to
take the work in hand is after the crop is cleared and
the canes well reopened, anv time from October to
March; the first thing required is a suitable stock of
material on hand, the top soil from a well stocked pasture
is the chief requirement. If it is possible to stock it in
a pile for a month or two before using, it will be bene-
ficial, adding a bushel of bone meal and a liberal quan-
tity of wood ash and old plaster on lime rubble to each
cartload of soil. Lime is a very essential factor in the
cultivation of the grape vine : where the soil is deiicient
an annual dressing of fresh lime should be applied to
the border. When operations commence, go to work
with sufficient help to deal with the work with despatch.
Start to remove the soil from the border by making a
trench on the outer edge and working toward the stem
of the vine ; save the roots as the work proceeds, remov-
ing every scrap of the old soil possible right to the back
of the border ; cut away any dead or damaged root and
keep the line roots plump by an occasional spray. If the
work is left for any length of time, cover them with
damp hay. Before filling in the new compound see that
the drainage is clean and efficient. Unsatisfactory drain-
age is very detrimental to roots, especially during the

resting season; have the soil packed firm as the filling
in proceeds, placing the roots in layers well towards the
surface of the border. It will be found an advantage
to only fill half the border the first year, adding the re-
mainder as vines require it. When the vines are started
into growth it will be found a great help if the remainder
of the border is filled in with fermenting material not
only in maintaining a steady humid atmosphere in the
house, but the warmth will be a great encouragement in
starting the roots in the new border. The three main
elements of plant food are nitrates, phosphates, and
potash, and the aim in feeding should be to supply each
in sufficient quantities to obtain a balanced growth. If
one of these substances be lacking, the full balanced
growth will not be obtained. If the phosphate and pot-
ash, which are slow acting manures, are applied in the
making up of the border in the form of bone meal and
wood ash the supply of nitrogen can be regulated by
surface feeding in the form of liquid manures, dung,
etc. Lack of nitrogen will show in the appearance of
the leaves, pale, undersized foliage being the result; an
excess of nitrogen will be evident by grassy leaves and
stems.

Fern Culture

By J. F. Huss.

The somewhat limited facilities usually at the com-
mand of many growers in the house culture of Ferns
necessarily limits the selection of varieties to those
that are hardy enough to thrive under more or less
congenial conditions ; yet there will be found a suf-
ficient number of these to gratify a healthy desire for
variety.

To grow an assortment of Ferns and commence a:
the spore stage is truly a work of interest, and only
thus can one get the complete joy of Fern culture.
This requires eveness of temperature and exacting at-
mospheric conditions, but with a wardian case to ger-
minate the spores and carry them through the early
stages, the growing stages are comparatively simple.
The spores can be started any time during the year,
but duirng the early spring months is the best time,
as the required temperature, 65 to 75 degrees, can then
be readily maintained. Ordinary flower pots about
four inches in diameter or pans up to six inches in
diameter and two and one-half inches deep can be
used.

The best material for snwing will be a mixture of
sifted leaf mold, peat, light soil and clean sand in
equal proportions. While it is not absolutely neces-
sary, it is desirable that this should be sterilized. This
maj- be accomplished by steaming the soil or holding
it over a good fire for a few minutes in a tray or
shovel. In preparing the pot or pan for sowing it
should be filled to within half an inch from the top,
filling the bottom first with enough broken crockery
or cinders to insure thorougli drainage. This may be
filled in until there will not be over one and one-half
inches of the prepared soil on the surface, but that
will be quite sufficient for sowing the spores. When
the pots are prepared for sowing they should be thor-
oughly watered an hour or two before sowing, giving
the water time to find its way through the drainage
system. The spores should be spread thinly on the
surface and the pot must remain covered with glass
until germination is well effected, and any watering

can be done from beneath by simply standing each pot
in a saucer of water and allowing the water to soak
up through the soil. This permits watering without
disturbing the germinating spores, and in a way, filters
germs or any foreign vegetable matter that may be in
the water. The glass covering must be cleaned of
collecting moisture once or twice a day and can be
gradually removed as the spores germinate, which will
be in from ten to twenty-five days. When the prothal-
lus stage is passed and young fronds commence to
appear, the young plants should be transplanted into
pans prepared as before, and given room to develop
when they can be potted separateh^ and grown into
specimen plants.

In all potting operations the compost used should
be of a porous nature. Small plants will require an
equal mixture of leaf mold, sand and fibrous soil ;
large plants which will remain in the same pot for a
considerable time will be benefited by the addition of
well rotted manure in the soil, and when well estab-
lished, an occasional light top dressing of "Clay's fer-
tilizer" or fine ground "bone meal." Good drainage
must be secured when potting, by placing pieces of
broken pots in each pot, and when the plant is large,
the addition of charcoal will insure perfect drainage,
and the plants must be potted firmly but not packed.

In securing spores in variety for growing, it is well
to go to a reputable seed house and get the best ob-
tainable. If a general assortment is desired without
strict regard to \ariety, a package of mixed spores
will usually produce Ferns in such variety that a sup-
ply is assured not only for pot culture, but for plant-
ing mixed Fern pans adaptable for table decoration
and jardiniere work.

Those who lack the time necessary in growing Ferns
from spores will have good results by purchasing
young Ferns, say two and one-half or three-inch pot
size, and grow these on into larger specimens if suit-
able varieties arc selected. They will grow splen-
didlv during the summer in a cool, airy, well lighted

512

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

room, if tliere is no coal or illuminating gas present,
or in a shaded alcove or porch corner where the sun
or wind will not reach them. Young plants will grow
continuously, but older plants make somewhat peri-
odic growths — from spring until early summer, and
again during the autumn when the evenings are cool.
By November the plants will have completed their
growth and there should be no further effort made to
have them add to it. Keep them in a temperature be-
tween 45 and 60 degrees during the winter months,
water only when dry and then water thoroughly by
standing the pot in a vessel of water, and on a bright,
warm day the entire top may be immersed in water
for a few moments and the plant shaken slightly to
remove surplus water. This discourages insects and
keeps the plant clean and healthy.

If the plants are affected with insects — aphis, red
spider or scale — some insecticide must be added to
the water, any tobacco extract in mild proportion with
soap will prove effective, but the plant shoukl be
plunged in or sprayed with clear water sliortly after-
ward.

For general house culture the Nephrolepis faniih',
which includes the "Boston Fern" and its various
types, is perhaps tlie most favored. Among its beauti-
fully crested forms are the varieties "Piersoni," ""Wliit-
mani," "Amerpholi," "Superbissima" and several others.
Occasional fronds of the smooth type will occur among
these and should be removed as they appear.

The "Boston Fern" (Nephrolepis Bostoniensis) is
undoubtedly the best of smooth leaved type for house
culture. The fronds are long and graceful and freely
produced, and the plant is constitutionally strong. "N.
Scotti" and "N. Giatrisi" are more compact forms of
the above and make excellent specimens in small pots.

All of the Nephrolepis are best multiplied by potting
up the young runners; dividing the old plants will
seldom result in good specimens.

The "IMaiden Hair Ferns" (Adiantum) are usually
regarded as being too delicate for house culture, but
there are several varieties that can be grown quite
successfully. A. Croweanum, A. Cuneatum, A. Hy-
bridum, A. Lathomi, and the new A. Farleyense glo-
riosa (Ruhn von Alordrecht) are all adapted to house
culture. -Adiantum Farleyense, the most beautiful of
all Maiden Hairs, cannot be included among house
plants. It requires a moist "hot house" atmosphere,
but its counterpart "gloriosa" can be expected to
thrive under the conditions suitable to the hardier
Maiden Hairs.

A number of the Adiantums can be grown from
spores, but division of the old plants is the simplest
method.

Other good house Ferns include Cyrtoniium Fal-
catum and Cyrtoniium Fortuneii. They like a cool
atmosphere and can be raised from spores.

Lomaria Gibba, a miniature tree Fern, is produced
readily from spores and is of easy culture.

The "Pteris" Ferns are excellent for house culture.
The small plants can be made up into Fern pans and
large plants make handsome specimens. Pteris Cretus
Albo-lineata is one of our finest variegated Ferns.
Pteris Serrulata and its crested form Pteris Cretica
are well worthy of more extensive culture.

The Asparagus Fern, although not at all related to
any Fern species, is easily grown, and an excellent
plant for the living room. The seed can be sown in
spring and by fall the young plants, planted three or
four to a pot or pan and with the addition of a few
Pteris Ferns which can be removed as the Asparagus
develops its growth, will make immediate specimen
plants. Asparagus Sprengeri, also easily grown, is ex-
cellent as a pot plant or for planting in hanging bas-
kets.

In conclusion, I might cite an instance that may il-
lustrate what may be accomplished in the absence of
facilities. A lady evidentl}^ possessing "that knack"
with plants had been presented with three plants of
Adiantum Hybridum in three-inch pots and badly pot-
bound. These were planted into an ordinary box
about 10 X 20 inches and 8 inches deep, and in June
the fronds were entirely removed and the box placed
in a cool shaded corner of the porch, and later to the
living room where it was placed on a low stand. By
October the growth was so vigorous that the objec-
tionable box was entirely obscured by the overhang-
ing fronds and the plant remained healthy and vigor-
ous until cut back again in late spring for the succeed-
ing season's growth.

THE SEED SONG.

Little brown seed. Oh little brown brother.

Are you awake in the dark ?

Here we lie cosily, close to each other,

Hark to the song of the lark.

Waken, the lark says, waken and dress you,

Put on your coats green and gay.

Blue sky will smile on you, sunshine caress you,

\\"aken I 'tis morning! 'tis May!

— Anonymous.

CHRONICLE
Advertising Pays

MARSHALL'S SPECIAL LAWN GRASS

25 c. per quart. $1.50 per peck . $5. 0 0 per bushel .

MARSHALL'S CENTRAL PARK LAWN GRASS

20c. per quart. $1.10 per peck. $4.00 per bushel.

ALSO Grasses for Shade, Golf Greens, etc.

WRITE FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE

W. E. MARSHALL & CO.

SEEDS, BULBS, PLANTS

166 West 23d Street

NEW YORK

Plant Hygiene

By Arthur S. Brooks.

The dread of plant diseases and pests is ever with us.
If for a time we are free from their attacks, we are con-
stantly being reminded of them by warnings, insecticides
and the investigations of the cx]jerimental stations.

It is comparatively easy to give the orthodox remedy
for any specific case, but the trouble is to find out just
why this or that plant was attacked by rust, mildew, or
white fly.

There are epidemics where whole sections of the country
are attacked by some insect, as, for instance, the Brown
Tail and Gypsy I\Ioth in the New England States, but
I speak more particularly of those attacks of disease and
insects which appear sometimes without due cause in
our greenhouses and gardens, and one has the feeling
that more real service could be given if it were possible
to investigate the predisposing causes. The important
question to my mind is : What are the predisposing
causes of disease? Why should this plant be attacked
first? or this one succumb quicker? Very frequently we
would find that at first no specific disease or pest was
present, but a general unthriftiness would reveal itself
and the plant weakened by climatic or soil conditions
readily fell a prey to the first pest that came that way.
The chief causes of unthriftiness in plants are : Heredity,
structural weakness, adverse physical conditions of cli-
mate, temperature, water and soil, and last, but not least,
malnutrition.

A plant with a good constitution may be ruined by
such adverse conditions and fall an easy prey to all man-
ner of diseases.

Plant breeding and selection will give us many types
with a strong constitution and immune to specific dis-
eases in the near future, and much already has been done
on that line, with both garden and farm plants. I would
endeavor, however, to induce growers to try everv pos-
sible method of making the plants self-resistant by hy-
gienic methods.

It is almost impossible to grow certain plants in our
Eastern States, which would grow farther south, and so
it is with local aspect, certain [ilants like shade and others
sun.

One cause of trouble is a draught in the greenhouse
through faulty joints or mismanaged ventilation ; this
chills off certain plants and non-resistance follows.

Garden literature of years ago reveals to us one great
fact, that our forefathers grew hardier plants, and con-
sequently were less troubled with plant diseases ; we
have no new diseases, only they were not catalogued and
named by scientific investigators. Is it not that by our
cheap glass and chemical fertilizers our plants have lost
stamina ? Lack of balance between light and heat is re-
sponsible for a great deal. In forcing vegetables during
the winter, the grower often fails to regulate the heat
with the sunlight, of which he has a very limited supply ;
when the light is deficient the heat must be cut down to
correspond, or a weakly growth will be the result.

Judicious watering is important, and using water sev-
eral degrees colder than the temperature of the house
gives the ])lants a decided check.

A suitable condition of the soil is recognized by all
good cultivators, and the importance of a firm soil for
onions, strawberries, raspberries, etc., is a necessarv item
for success. A soil may be rendered acid by applying
too much organic manure year after year, without the ad-
dition of lime, which is a very necessary plant food in
itself, besides keeping the soil sweet and liberating the in-

soluble phosphates and potash for plant use. The soil
must be studied as a living bed of bacteria, if we are to
understand it properly and not as mere inanimate dirt
with various chemical fertilizers mixed in. ^^onderful
progress has been made by science in isolating disease
germs, but, at present, we know comparatively little of the
bacteria or germs in the soil, they play a much more im-
portant part than we give them credit for. The de-
composing and nitrifying bacteria of the soil are about
the only ones we are at all familiar with, yet it is reason-
able to suppose many others exist in the soil, each with
their definite purpose.

One of the most predisposing causes of plant disease
is an unbalanced plant food. Our forefathers used loam,
leafsoil, farmyard manure and lime, but little else, and _
they grew hardy plants ; today we have numbers of highly
concentrated fertilizers which are very powerful forces
in the hands of the grower, and experience is needed to
get the proper balance of plant food. Where there is a
deficiency of available nitrogen the growth will be ar-
rested and turn pale, sickly looking ; whereas, an ex-
cess of nitrogen will force vegetative growth to an enor-
mous strength. It has been well said : "All other things
being equal, he will be the most successful cultivator who
always has sufficient available nitrogen for his plants and
none to spare." The nitrogen exists in unlimited quan-
tities in the air, but cannot be used for plants with the
exception, however, of the legumes, which by the aid of
bacteria that live in the roots, convert the free nitrogen
of the air into soluble nitrates. This peculiarity of legu-
minous plants was discovered about 1886 as being
due to an indirect supply of available nitrogen. This
property is extremely valuable for poor lands in bring-
ing them to a high degree of fertility. There is not much
need, however, to use the much boosted inoculation mix-
tures offered for sale as some type of legiune has been
growing on cultivated land for centuries, and the bac-
teria are numerous in the soil, with the exception, per-
haps, of reclaimed land.

There are forms in which nitrogen is combined with
other elements, and of these the nitrates of potash and
soda and sulphate of ammonia are principally used.

A few years ago some unrest was felt as to the future
supply of nitrogen, but science has again stepped in and
showed us how to manufacture it from the unlimited
sources in the air: it has come to us in the form of ni-
trate of lime or nitrolim (calcium cyanamide). These
forms of nitrogen are gigantic forces in the hands of the
cultivator, and should be used with care or weakened
plants will residt.

The phosphatic manures are more important for the
production of the fructification of the plant, while the
nitrogen is responsible to a greater degree for leaf
growth. Crops grown for the seed or flowers would re-
quire, therefore, some phosphatic fertilizer, as phosphate
of potash or bone dust, to bring the crop to the highest
degree of perfection.

The three fertilizers — nitrogen, potash and phosphates
— have been aptly described as the "Golden Tripod" of
manures.

The potash section more directly affects the plants
which store food in their roots, such as carrots and tur-
nips, but which are not grown specially for their leaves
or seeds.

The most important thing, however, to consider in
plant hvgieno '- rli-nnliness. Kcepinc vour fruit trees

514

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

NEW BUTTERFLY BUSH (

BUDDLEYA VAR.
MAGNIFICA

)

This gorgeous plant is a wealth of bloom from early Summer till frost time. Long panicles of
lilac-colored flowers ; beautiful and attractive, especially fine for cutting. As an individual speci-
men in the lawn or massed among shrubbery, this plant is well adapted. Strong young stock,
will bloom this year, 50 cents each, $5.00 per dozen, $35.00 per 100.

Write for our catalog.

IMicheirs Seed House, ^ji Market street. Philadelphia

clean is second to proper feeding, if not as important ;
and cleanliness is probably the best safeguard against
insect pests, while proper feeding, in my opinion, is the
best single safeguard against fungus pests.

The day will come, I hope — and it can be hastened ma-
terially by a free discussion on the methods you have
found best — when growers will practice more closely
plant hygiene and build up a hardy type of plant, resist-
ant to the many ills ready to fall upon it, but it will not
be one method, however, that wins, but a combination of
the many that will ultimately rout the fungus and insect
pest from our midst. Let us all join hands in this great
endeavor.

SOIL EXPERIMENTS BY THE GOVERNMENT.

Mineralogical soil analysis has for its basis, according
to the Bureau of Soils, U. S. Department of Agriculture,
the fact that all minerals, with very few unimportant ex-
ceptions, have definite and characteristic optical proper-
ties. These properties can be easily determined with a
microscope and its accessories, which is specially con-
structed for the purpose, a so-called petrographic micro-
scope. Therefore by determining the optical properties
we immediately find out the mineral.

All minerals have definite chemical compositions whic'n
are well known. Hence, when the minerals of a soil are
known, the chemical composition of the soil is also
known. Since a mineralogical analysis of a soil can be
completed in an hour or less, whereas a chemical analysis
would often require days, there is thus an immense sav-
ing of time.

A chemical analysis of a soil shows only what chemical
elements are present. On the contrary, a mineralogical
analysis shows both the elements present and also the
form in which they are combined. This is of importance
in judging of the material which the plant will be able to
extract from the soil.

By a study of the soil minerals, a very clear idea of
the origin of a soil can be obtained. It is also possible
that the method will lead to a mineralogical classification
of soils.

Certain soils in Georgia and elsewhere could not be
tilled, because in working them the feet of both horses
and laborers became too sore for use. Chemical methods
failed to reveal the trouble. A mineralogical analysis of
the soil showed that the trouble lay in small siliciou'^,
glass-like sponge spicules.

In the present day study of soil minerals it -has been
found necessary to modify largely the methods of both
Steinriede and of Delage and T.agatau. Their procedure
was both tedious and often inaccurate. At present the
soil sample is first analyzed mechanically, thus separat-

ing the soil into portions in which the grains are all ap-
proximately of the same dimensions. Then these por-
tions are examined separately.

The material is mounted upon a microscopic slide in
oils of definite refractive indices, and by a comparison of
the index of the oil and of the grain the index of the
grain is determined. This can readily be accomplished
since a mineral grain is not visible when immersed in an
oil which has the same index as itself. Each mineral has
an index characteristic of itself, and consequently this
property goes a long way in identifying the mineral.
Certain classes of minerals show up as completely dark
when rotated between crossed nicols, a kind of lens made
for the purpose.

The minerals usually found in soils comprise a large
number of species, the most important being the follow-
ing: Quartz, orthoclasse, microcline, plagioclases, horn-
blende, augite, apatite, often calcite, garnet, zircon, rutile,
kaolinite, magnetite, hematite, limonite, muscovite,
biotite, tourmaline, and epidote. This of course is not
a complete list, but it represents the major constituents.
Quartz is the predominant mineral of practically all soils
and constitutes almost the entire mass of many sands.
Orthoclase, microline, and muscovite furnish a large
amount of the potash of the soil. Calcite furnishes lime,
and apatite, phosphoric acid.

Recent work on the question of ground rocks and min-
erals, such as the feldspars and micas, has shown that in
nine soils from New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia,
North Carolina, South Carolina, and Alabama, on an
average of 260 tons of feldspar and 298 tons of mica per
acre to a depth of three feet were present. Since these
minerals are present in such large amounts it is obvious-
ly not a paying proposition to add them to the soil. These
two minerals contain almost ten per cent, of potash.
This shows the large amount of potash already in
the soil. Apatite, the phosphoric acid mineral, while
present in considerably lesser amounts, is widely dis-
tributed.

These results show that the plant food element, pot-
ash, and very probably others, are already abundantly
present in soils. Not one doubts that fertilizers are ben-
eficial. Therefore the cause of the beneficial effects must
be sought in another direction than in the theory of
simply returning material which has been abstracted from
the soil by crops.

Investigations have recently been conducted showing
the effect of alunite and kelp on soils. The results show
that the soils treated by each of the fertilizers shows in-
creased growth over the untreated soil. The raw alunite
used in amounts of 25 to 500 pounds per acre incresed
growth from 10 to 20 per cent. The best results were
secured with 50 to 100 pounds of potash per acre.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

515

The average increase in growth over the untreated
soil was 14 per cent. The increase in growth with the
treatment of ignited alunitc over the untreated soil va-
ried from 35 to 43 per cent., the average increase being
40 per cent. The raw alunitc was not as good as were
similar amounts of potash as potassium sulphate and
potassium chloride. The average increase with potas-
sium phosphate was 38 per cent., and with potassium
ciiloride 31 per cent.

The soil treated by kelp |)ro(kiced a considerable in-
crease in growth over the untreated soil. The increase
varied from 17 to 43 per cent. Experimenting with
\ olusia soil, kelp gave an average increase of 23 per
cent., potassium sulphate 25 per cent., and potassium
chloride 22 per cent. Each of the potash fertilizers had
a beneficial elTect on the X'okisia silt loam. The raw
alunite produced less increased growth than the ignited
alunite. In additon to the amount of potash added to
the soil by the kelp a small amount of nitrogen and phos-
phorus proved effective. From the experiment the bu-
reau draws the conclusion that dried kelp and ignited
alunite are about as effective potash fertilizers as the
salts potassium sulphate and potassium ciiloride.

KILLED BY A CAT.

Shortly after this beautiful specimen of Coco? Wed-
delliana was placed in the mansion it showed signs of
declining. One morning a large cat was caught easing
itself on the roots. I'he plant was immediatelv attended

SI'l'A.IMI-..\ ••(_(]( ii~ U hl)llhl,LIA.\.\."

to, but too late; it perished. It is advisable to place
some perforated covering o\ er tubs or pots of specimen
plants used. In the dwelling house closed lids are some-
times used on tubs, but these are not advisable, as they
have a tendency to sour the soil. This photograph was
taken on Swiftmoor, Prides Crossing, Mass. It shows
the landing (or entrance) to the second floor of the grand
stable, also Mr. Samuel Scott, the landscape gardener.

Hardy Climbing and Bedding
Roses from 5-inch Pots

Tausendschon, Dorothy Perkins,
Hiawatha, Newport Fairy, Ameri-
can Pillar and Goldfinch.

50c. each, $5.00 per Doz.

The new scarlet Wichuriana "So-
denia" 6-inch, at $2.00 each.

Hybrid Teas

Killarney, White Killarney, Mrs.
Aaron Ward, Mme. Jules Grolez,
Kaiserin, Maman Cochet, White
Cochet and others.

50c. each, $5.00 per Doz.

Lady Hillingdon and Killarney
Queen. Heavy plants from 5-inch
pots.

75c. each, $7.50 per doz.

Polyanthas

Orleans, Jessie, Mrs. Cut bush,
Katherina Zeimet and Mme. Nor-
bet Levavasseur

50c. each, $5.00 per Doz.

Hydrangea Otaksa

In I 8-inch tubs for outside use —
$4.50 each. Smaller sizes in pots.
Quality to match price.

Bedding Stock

Geraniums, Cannas, Salvia, Co-
leus from 3-inch pots for June de-
livery.

Our catalog for the asking

A. N. PIERSON, Inc.

CROMWELL, CONN.

516

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

THE

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA.

MARTIN C. EBEL, Managing Editor,
Madison, N. J.

Published by

CHRONICLE PRESS

M. E. MAYNARD, President. A. A. FAY, Sec'y.

1 MONTGOMERY STREET, JERSEY CITY, N. J.
New York Office

236 WILLIAM STREET, NEW YORK CITY.

to suppress unjust criticisms, soliciting just arguments,
])ro and con. on the relative merits of theory vs. practice.

Single Copies, 10 Cents

Subscription Price, 12 Months, $1.00 ::

Foreign, $1.50

Entered as second class matter February 18, 1905, at the Post Office at
Jersey City, N. J., under Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.

Published on the 1 5th of each month.

Advertising forms close on the 10th preceding publication.
For information regarding advertising rates, etc., address Advertising
Department, Gardeners' Chronicle, Madison, N. J.

ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

President, Vice-President, Treasurer,

WM. H. WAITE, A. J. SMITH, JAMES STUART,

Y nkers, N. Y. Lake Geneva, Wis. Mamaroncck, N. Y.

Secretary, MARTIN C. EBEL, Madison, N. J.

TRUSTEES FOR 1913.
Peter Jail, Orange, N. J.; William Kleinheinz,
Duckham, Madison, N. J.; Alexander MacKenzie, Gle
Dodds, VVyncote, Pa.

Ogontz, Pa.; William
1 Cove, N. Y.; John H.

DIRECTORS.

To serve until 1914— Robert .'\ngus, Tarrytown, N, Y.; Robert Bottomlev,
New- Canaan, Conn.; Carl Schaeffer, Tuxedo Park, N. Y.; E. Wetterlow,
West Manchester, Mass.; T. J. Kempton, Baychester, N. Y. ; E. Trethewey.
Tarrytown, N. Y. ; Alexander Eraser. Newport, R. I.

To serve until 1915— John Shore, Harrison, N. Y.; Thomas Proctor,
Lenox, Mass.; William N. Craig, North Easton, Mass.; Frank E. Witney,
Fishkill, N. Y. ; Robert Williamson, Greenwich, Conn.; F. Kirk, Bar
Harbor, Me.; James Bell, New York, N. Y.

To serve until 1916— Thomas W. Logan, Jenkintown, Pa.; John F. Huss,
Hartford. Conn.; John W. Everett, Glen Cove, N. Y.; A. Bauer, Deal
Beach, N. J.; John W. Jones, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Alexander McPherson,
Washington, D. C; James C. Shield, Monticello, 111.

Vol. XVL

MAY, 1913.

No.

We have for some time past observed the widening of
the breach between that class of men in the horticultural
profession which is termed the practical men and the
class known as experts, the first named of the old school
of gardening, the other of the more modern teaching —
that of the college training.

That this breach exists at all is due in a large measure
to the fact that both classes underestimate the value of
each other's learning and they do not seem to realize that,
instead of harboring the existing antagonism towards
each other, if they were more zealous of combining
theory and practice this would result in solving many of
their perplexing problems which at present confront the
experts and the less informed alike.

A more co-operative spirit between those imbued with
theoretical knowledge and those of practical experience
would produce real achievements in many fields where
theory is now frequently thwarted through insufficient
practice and practice hindered through lack of theoretical
knowledge.

It is our aim. if possible, to bring into closer relation
all forces engaged in the develo])ment of horticulture and
floriculture whether engaged in private pursuits, public
service, or commercial lines, and we will be found ready
at all times to have our columns serve in an endeavor
to cement such a bond. We exercise the right, however,

What may prove t<i be an important discovery is now
in the course of investigation. It is claimed that a care-
ful study for the past five years shows that attacks by
the carpenter ant on the chestnut, hickor}- and other trees
will destroy them.

It has so far been contended, in publications on the
habits of ants, tliat they only attack the dying trees and
deca\ed wood, but personal investigation has proved that
this is not so, and that the ants do enter healthy trees
through the roots and will channel through the wood.
What the effect of these ravages is on healthy trees is
a matter of further investigation to confirm the asser-
tions made, and this will shortly be conducted by
several experts to learn if any-thing new has been dis-
covered and to what extent the ant may be responsible
for the destruction of trees.

In the meanwhile we should be pleased to hear from
others of our readers who may have studied this subject
and who may have observed some of the activities of the
ants in our forests.

AN OPEN SECRET.

Pussy willow had a secret

That the snow-drops whispered her,
And she poured it to the South \\'ind

While it stroked her velvet fur.
And the South \\'ind hummed it softly

To the busv honey bees ;
And they buzzed it to the blossoms

On the scarlet maple trees.
And they dropped it to the wood brooks,

Brimming full of melted snow ;
And the brooks told Robin Red Breast,

As they babbled to and fro.
Little Robin could not keep it.

So be sang it loud and clear :
To the sleeping fields and meadows

He sang it loud and clear :
Awake ! Rejoice ! Be glad !

Spring is here !

— AxoxvMou;

SPRING SHOW FOR NEW YORK IN 1914.

At the meeting of the Xew York Florists' Club, it was
decided to hold another flower show in New York City
in the spring of 1914 and a committee was appointed with
power to act. It is not unlikely that the various horticul-
tural societies about New York will combine to make
a spring show in that city an annual event. There is no
reason why New York should not only support an annual
spring show, but a fall show also.

The public of New York City indicated at the Interna-
tional Show its interest and enthusiasm in horticulture
and floriculture, and it rests entirely with the profession,
both the private and commercial growers, whether this
interest on the part of the public shall be kept alive.
Present indications are that it will be increased.

AN ACKNOWLEDGMENT.

In the March issue of the CutiOXiCLi; an illustration of
Campanula pyramidalis alba appeared in connection with
an article on that plant, which illustration was secured
from the seed catalogue of Sutton & Sons. Reading,
England. Through an omission proper acknowledgment
was not made at the time.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

517

ASSOCIATION NOTES

M. C. EBEL, Secretary, MADISON, N. J.

THE N. A. G. SERVICE BUREAU.

A Service Bureau in cdiineciion with the National As-
sociation of Gardeners will be established. The execu-
tive board has empowered the secretary to complete the
arrangements for its maintenance. Its purpose is to
furnish a source to ambitious and enterprising men in
the profession, who are members of the association, to
which they may look for opportunity for betterment and
advancement. The association through its Service Bu-
reau guarantees nothing ; it simplv promises to aid its
members whenever it can. It can place only one man in
one position, so that if ten apply, nine must be disap-
pointed— but you can rest assured' that it will play no fa-
vorites ; it will be absolutely impartial — the choice re-
maining with those who require the gardeners.

Xo personal application will receive consideration. All
must be in writing, addressed to the secretary, giving full
particulars of previous positions held, cause for changing,
ability and qualifications as growers — in other words, a
history of their experience in the profession, and all ref-
erences. Such applications will be filed with references
(do not send originals), and from time to time will be
referred to inquirers to make their own selection.

Bear in mind this fact : There are many more inquiries
for assistants' than for head gardeners' and superintend-
ents' positions, and an application from anyone who has
just stepped out of an apprenticeship to an assistants' po-
sition will receive no consideration for head gardener.
To apply for head gardeners' or superintendents' posi-
tions, one must show that he is thoroughly qualified by
time of experience and otherwise.

.Also note that the Service Bureau is not being con-
ducted as an employment agency for that class of gar-
deners habitually out of a job ; those men who cannot hold
down a position more than a month or two.

Applications to receive favorable consideration must be
complete in all details, especially as to when and where
employed since engaging in the profession.

THE COMING SHOWS.

Two important shows occur this year in which the
members of our association should manifest keen interest.

The first is that of the .\mcrican Sweet Pea Sociel\'.
which will be held in the Horticultural Hall, Boston,
Mass., early in July. Our association has accepted the
invitation of the iMassachusetts Horticultural Societv to
again hold it's summer meeting in Horticultural Hall
during one of the days of the show. It is expected that
the Sweet Pea Show will bo the best of its kind ever
held in this country and we can and should do our share
to bring this to a realization.

The fall show of the Horticultural Society of New
York, which will be held October 31 to November 4
in the .Vmerican ]\Iuseum of Natural History, in New
York City, is an event in which the National Association
of Gardeners will be vitally interested. .Vt the invitation
of tlie Horticultural Society oi New York we will hold
our annual convention in the ^luseum building during the
show, and nothing can more fittingly demonstrate the
influence of the National .Association of Gardeners in
horticulture and floriculture than by the splendid exhibits
which the members of our organization are in a position

to make. W e haw alicady been assured of good support
by some of our members, and we take this op]x)rtunity
to urge all to do their share to make the fall show in
. New York Citv a big success.

NEW MEMBERS.

During the past month the following new members
have been added to our membership roll : Robert W.
Clucas, Sparkill, N. Y. ; H. E. Philpott, Winnipeg, Can.;
Alexander Cummings, Jr., Hartford, Conn. : Joseph
Watson Pybus, Pittsfield, Mass. ; Walter Kosinski, Rhine-
beck, N. 'Y. ; William Milne, Monticello, 111. ; Ernest
Robinson, Groton, Conn. ; Alfred Kast, Mt. Kisco, N. Y. ;
.Vle.xander Burr, Kennebunkport. Me.

THE MEMBERSHIP CONTEST.

The time is opportune to call attention to the member-
ship contest to which I\Ir. P. Hamilton Goodsell has
donated $50 in gold to be awarded in three prizes. $25,
$15, and $10, to the three members bringing in the great-
est number of new members up to October 1, 1914.

So far there has been little interest aroused in this
contest, so that the opportunity is still open to all mem-
bers in what, up to the present time, is still an even
contest. The contest is open to all active members of
the association. Application blanks can be secured from
the secretar\'s office.

NATIONAL FLOWER SHOW COMMITTEE

of the
SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FLORISTS AND
ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURISTS.
Office of JOHN YOUNG, Secretary

New York, X. Y., May 17, 1913.
Mr. Martin C. Ebel, Secretary,

Xational Association of Gardeners.
Madison, X. J.
Dear Sir: On I)ehalf of the National Flower Show
Committee of the Society of American Florists, I ex-
tend to you their thanks and appreciation for the great
assistance and co-operation of your society in making
the recent Internationl Flower Show the success that
it was.

W'c know that it was only through the co-operation
of the different societies that such a success was pos-
sible. The local people, encouraged by the success of
this exhibition, will undoubtedly make an aiiinial
Flower Show in New York, and even at this early
date they are "getting together" for the purjiose of
making arrangements for a Spring Show in 1914.

If it is decided to hold such a show, they will call
upon you for your co-operation, which we hope will
be given as freely as on this occasion, as it is only
by the united efforts of all local societies and other
societies that a Flower Show in New York could he
made a success.

Yours very truly,

Jonx YouxG, Secretary.

518

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

AMONG THE GARDENERS

Air. John A. Weber, who for a number of years past
has been in charge of the greenhouses and grounds of
Senator Walter L. Goodwin's estate, Hartford, Conn., has
left that place to accept the position of superintendent on
the estate of E. C. Goodrich, in Excelsior, Minn. It is
reported that Mr. Weber was induced to go West by Mr.
Theodore Wirth, formerly park superintendent of Hart-
ford and now in charge of the parks in the city of Alin-
neapolis. Mr. Weber was an active member of the
Connecticut Horticultural Society.

\\'illiam Swan, for a number of years head gardener
on the R. C. Hooper estate, West Manchester, Mass..
and more recently with Mrs. Levi Z. Leiter, Beverly
Farms, Mass., succeeds W. N. Craig at Longwater,
'North Easton, Alass. Mr. Swan worked at North
Easton for several years before going to West Alan-
chester. and is noted as a first class gardener.

Mr. Peter Ewen, who has for some time been the
superintendent of the estate of Jacob Ruppert, Rhinebeck,
N. Y., resigned his position recently to take charge of
the new estate of O. L. Mills, Esq., of Syosset, N. Y.,
where he expects to do considerable in improvement work
for the next few vears.

Mr. Herman Wiech, formerly head gardener to Mr.
C. A. Miller, Smithtown Branch, N. Y., has been ap-
pointed successor to Mr. Ewen as superintendent on the
Ruppert estate, Rhinebeck, N. Y.

Mr. William A. Sperling, of the Stumpp & Walter
Companv, of New York, ^\ho has been abroad for some
time visiting foreign growers, is expected to return on
the 25th inst.

Mr. Edgar W. Fuller, formerly of "Hill Crest," Pur-
chase, N. Y., is now employed on the estate of Mr. F. E.
Lewis, Ridgefield, Conn.

Mr. Edward Trethewey, formerly of Tarrytown, N. Y.,
has been appointed superintendent on Mrs. I. S. Bush's
estate, Irvington-on-the-Hudson, N. Y. This place has
just changed hands and the remodeling of the entire place
is being contemplateil.

QUERIES and ANSWERS

We believe the greatest good can be accomplished for the greatest
number, by instituting a query column; or an exchange of expe-
riences, on practical propositions, by our readers.

You are invited to contribute questions, and answer others.

Each question as received will be given a number, the question-
er's name will not be published, but the source oi the answer wilt
be given unless otherwise requested.

We all have something we would like to know more about. Here
is your opportunity to ascertain somebody's experience in just thai
matter.

Nothing mil tend to better fellowship than helping each other.

Take advantage of this "Question Box."

Can any reader explain to me if it is the case, and
why that old seed of melons are preferable to fresh
seeds? H., N. Y.

I should like to get some advice as to what crop will
make the best sod for growing roses. Can you get any
information for me? T. M. C, Mass.

THE RED RED ROSE.

Milad}' is the red red rose,

Tliat freely^ blooms in June ;
Alilady is like the melody.

That's sweetly played in tune.

As Ijright art thou. Milady rose,

As deep in love am I;
.And I will love thee still, my rose,

The' a' the seas gang dry.

Tho' a' the rocks melt in the snow,
I will love thee still, my rose ;

As long as the sands of life flow.
May Milady thrive and grow.

Anonyiious.

ORCHIDS

We are specialists in this kind of plants. We
collect, import and grow orchids from all parts of
the world where orchids grow.

We will be glad to fill your order for one plant
or a thousand according to your requirements.

Our beautiful Catalogue and special lists on
application.

LAGER & HURRELL

Orchid-Growers and Importers

SUMMIT, N. J.

Kennedy £^ Hunter

fncorDorated 191 1

Andre-w R. Kennedy

Pres. and Treas.

^E:E:cD^i\/iE:rvj

Kennedy's Kant Kink Hose— 20c. ft.

156 WEST 34TH ST.

One block from
Penna. Station

NEW YORK

violet Culture

By A. B. Perry.

The sweet violet, Viola odorata, is as important a
flower as there is on the market today. There are
double and single varieties, and as the writer makes a
specialty of the latter I shall restrict my remarks to
the single variety only. There are single violets white,
yellow and pink in color, i.)nt it is not necessary to
give any details in regard to them, for the reason that
there is practically no demand for them; the only one
worth mentioning is the well-known true violet color.

There are violet growers who grow their plants un-
der glass in Summer, but the plan most generally used
is the growing of them outside, the same as any garden
crop. They will grow on almost any soil, but the best
results are obtained on a relatively light soil ; that is,
one VN'hich contains a small amount of clay. A prac-
tical grower learns by experience how to judge a soil,
mainly by its "feel" when picking up a handful. It
should be remembered that violets like rich ground ;
that is, one with plenty of well-rotted manure in it.
Chemical fertilizers are not to be thought of, except
perhaps a little pure ground bone, but it must be
"pure" and used very thinly.

The violet may be propagated in a number of ways ;
the most common is to divide the crowns or old plants
when they are through blooming in the Spring. The
plants are simply lifted, the dirt shaken of? the roots,
and the side shoots or runners pulled apart. Care
should be taken to choose only those which appear
the stronger. The runners are held in the left hand
with the hearts or top even, and when a dozen or so
are held they are cut off even, leaves and roots, the
length of the hand when closed. These are ready to
be planted in the field. Another method of propaga-
tion, but which can only be done under glass, is to
take cuttings of the growing plants in February or
March ; that is, cut off the offshoots and after trim-
ming the cuttings are put in sand to root. This will
require at least six to eig-ht weeks to root properly.
There are other methods, but the two given are the
principal ones.

Planting in the field should be started as soon as
possible before dry and hot weather starts, which too
often happens before all the plants are set out. One
can always tell which plants were set out first ; they
are the first to show that healthy green color which
any grower loves so much to look at. Even if a few
light frosts come along, it will not hurt the plants at
all, provided of course the runners were not kept too
hot before planting. The violet does not differ from
any growing crop in regard to cultivation ; the more
the hoe and cultivator are used, the better plants will
be the result. When the nights are getting cooler in
late .\ugust and September is the time when the violet
is making the most growth. Runners are sent out in
every direction, and these should not be left on the
plants, but cut or pulled off. If the runners were left
to grow, this would give weak, straggly plants, and
the flowers would be small and short of stems.

Single violet plants should be left outside until they
have had a few frosts, or if preferable they can be
housed sooner, and the fraiues or greenhouses, as the
case may be, opened during two or three nights when
it is freezing. This freezing-out process checks the
leaf growth on the plants to the benefit of the flowers;
in other words, if the plants were not frozen, they
would give a tremendous cmp of leaves and the flow-
ers would be very few. Hetter results are obtained

with solid beds than raised benches. When the beds
are ready to be planted, the plants are dug out, care
being taken to leave as much dirt on the roots as pos-
sible, as then with a judicious amount of water the
plants do not show the transplanting to any great ex-
tent ; in fact, they keep right on blooming as if they
had never been disturbed.

The violet is unlike the rose or carnation as regards
heat; it must be kept cool, and any attempt to force it
will result in overgrowth of leaves and blasting of the
flowers. Of coiu'se, temperature changes a good deal,
but every effort should be made to keep the night tem-
perature as near 40 degrees as possible, with a day
temperature of between 55 and 60 in bright weather.
The violet is a lover of fresh air, and ventilation should
be carefully attended to. The same care given in the
houses must • be observed where frames are used.
Plants in a frame will burn up on a bright day unless
air is properly given, so watch the thermometer and
give air when the plants need it. For the night, if in-
dications point to severe weather, the frames should
be protected with mats, straw, pine needles or what-
ever one has handy on the place. If the temperature
in the frames should get to freezing point, do not be
alarmed, no harm will result. Last Winter was very
severe, and I had a few frames which got frozen one
night quite hard. Early next morning I took the
sashes off and with a fine spray of water, thawed out
the plants as well as the flowers with the result that
75 per cent, of the latter were saved and picked that
same afternoon.

Violets properly grown, are always sweet, but the
delicious odor may be lost through improper handling.
Throughout the entire work of picking, Inmching and
shipping every precaution must be taken to keep the
flowers away from all foreign odors. Any objection-
able odor either in the box, paper or the room where
the work is carried on, is apt to be taken up by the
flowers and to destroy their sweetness.

Violets can be left outside all Winter provided the
suitable variety is used. There is nothing so beautiful
as a bed; they are the last flowers to be killed by frost
in the Fall and the first to bloom in the Spring. The)"-
bloom in the Fall until very severe weather sets in,
when the}' can be protected by spreading straw or
leaves, hay or cornfodder over the beds; then when
the Spring days arrive, the covering is taken off and
the violets start to bloom again. The sight must be
seen to be appreciated.

Competent Gardeners

q The comlorls ond products of o country home ore
Increased by employing o competent gardener ; if you
wont to engage one, write to us.

q Please give particulars regarding place and soy
whether married or single man is wanted. We hove
been supplying them for years to the best people
everywhere. No lee osked.

PETER HENDERSON & CO.

Seedsmen and Florists
33 ond 37 Cortlnndt St. NEW YORK CITY

520

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

HERE, THERE AND EVERYWHERE

Properly, this question be-
THE ODOR OF THE l..ngs under the title, "They
FLOWERS. ^\'ish to Know," but it in-

volves a profound principle
worthy of extended consideration, hence we shall devote
more space to it than is generally accorded questions.
During the last two score years we have read all sorts of
answers to this same question, and never yet have we met
with one that did not require more faith or credulity
(whatever word you choose, to represent the idea) to
accept than is to be gathered from the writings of Sacred
History. Invariably the answers were the products of
some man who, having acquired a fund of knowledge
from books, and occupying a professor's chair in some
institution of learning. In every instance the attempt was
made to reason it out scientifically, and the answer was
alwa}s as clear as mud. The odor of a flower? Think
of it, then think of the odor of flowers. A wonderful
thought on a very mysterious thing. Dear reader ! how
many varieties of odors of flowers can you call to mind?
That of the violet, the rose (both tea and rose), heli-
otrope, hyacinth, daphne, jassamine, jonquil, orange
blossoms. The list would be a long one if all were named,
yet all are different. No touch has ever yet been delicate
enough to feel it, no eye clear enough to see it, yet its
presence is always detected by the sense of smell con-
veying to the inmost soul of man one of the delights the
Creator intended that he should enjoy along the pathway
of life. We are obdurate enough to believe, and are
comforted in the thought that, "in the beginning God
created the heaven and the earth, and on the third, at
his command, the earth brought forth grass, and herb
yielding seed after its kind, and the tree yielding fruit
whose seed was in itself after its kind."

A\'e believe that he "who covereth himself with light as
with a garment ; who stretchest out the heaven like a
curtain ; who layeth the beams of his chambers in the
waters : who maketh the clouds his chariot : who walketh
upon the wings of the wind," made the rose in all its
beauty and gave to it its own delightful perfume. He
"who hath measured the waters in the hollow of his hand,
and melted out heaven with a span, and comprehended
the dust of the earth in a measure, and weighed the
mountains in scales, and the hills in a balance," put the
perfume in the jassamine and gave to the daphne its odor
of surpassing sweetness.

"He hath made the earth by his power, he hath estab-
lished the world by his wisdom, and hath stretched out
the heavens by his understanding." He it is who hath
bestowed upon flowers innumerable their characteristic
fragrance, which no man can describe, to bring joy and
gladness to the hearts of the children of men. Xo
rationalistic theory of the origin of the odor of flowers
will satisfy the thoughtful mind, and, while the state-
ments herein made of the belief of this writer cannot be
proven, they cannot be successfully contradicted.

Another thought in connection with this question is
the utility of the odor of flowers. Utilitarians are not
satisfied with anything, or anybody which or who are
not useful. It is our belief, in addition to the charm there
is in the beauty of a flower, the odor was bestowed upon
it by Creative Wisdom for the twofold purpose of lead-
ing the thoughts of men and women to God. the author
of Life and Love. — Pacific Gardens.

WHY FLOWERS
WILT.

Flowers wilt because of the
collapse of the individual
cells of which they are made
up. So long as these cells
are distended the flowers remain fresh. This distention
is due to osmotic pressure. If the osmotic equilibrium — ■
that is, the osmotic pressure within and without the
cells — can be kept uniform, the flowers remain fresh. If
the osmotic equilibrium is disturbed, the flowers wilt.
Now, osmotic pressure depends upon the presence in the
cell of a liquid containing substances in solution. The
proportion and character of the substance dissolved deter-
mine the degree of osmotic pressure exerted by the liquid
within the cell.

L. Fourton, associate professor of chemistry, and Mtal
Ducomet, professor of botan}-, at the National School
of Agriculture at Rennes, France, have made a series of
experiments during the last three years to determine the
influence of various solutions in prolonging the life of
cut flowers through their influence on osmotic pressure.
Over 100 varieties of plants were experimented with and
over 100 experiments were tried on each. It was found
that mixtures of mineral and organic substances were, as
a rule, not so effective ; no one substance was universally
helpful, though solutions of sugar were more generally
helpful than those of any other substance. The strength
of the solution to be used varied with the different plants.
Lilacs, lilies, sweet peas and a few other flo\\er5 were
hurt, not helped, by the addition of sugar to the water.
Sugar seemed to have no influence either one way or the
other on marguerites, chrysanthemums and tulips.
Nearly all the other popular flowers were benefited by the
addition of sugar to the water in which they were kept,
the life of the flower being lengthened from 10 to 300
per cent. The strength of the sugar solution to be used
varies with dift'erent flowers. \\'ith carnations a 15 per
cent, sugar solution is helpful : with most roses a solution
of from 7 to 10 per cent, in strength gives the best
results. Orchids did best in solutions varying from 10
to 20 per cent, of sugar. The sugar solutions accelerated
the opening of buds, particularly among roses and
orchids.

Lilacs, though injured by sugar solution alone, were
helped by a 12 per cent, solution of sugar containing one
part of manganese sulphate in 10.000. Chloral, ether,
glvcerin and alcohol in varying proportions helped certain
of the blossoms, while others were helped by lime water,
potash and its salts, and ammonia and its salts.

The only advantage of changing water seemed to be
the prevention of putrefaction ; otherwise changing the
water in which flowers stand seemed detrimental. The
more deeply the stem was immersed in the water or solu-
tion, the better the result : that is. the water shoifld come
as near as possible to the blossom. — Florist Review.

The fact that manv butter-
SCENT OF INSECTS flies possess any scent at all
IS KEEN. lias, until recently, hardly

been recognized, even by
scientists ; and yet the human sense of smell is probably
grossly dull as compared with that of the insects them-
selves. We know that the males of some species are at-
tracted to the females from almost incredible distances,
so that a moth will come from somewhere in the open

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

521

country to its mate in the heari of a town, undistracted
by all the contlicting odors of the city, the reek and fumes
of human habitations. Evidently also insects must often
find their food plants by a sense which is not that of sight.
When the smell of a butterlly then is perceptible even
to us, the presumption is that it is of large importance
to the life of the insect. Dr. LongstafT, a famous Eng-
lish entomologist, or "'bugologist," has experimented on
a vast number of insects, and the variety of scents which
he ascribes to various species ranges all the way from
such agreeable perfumes as those of heliotrope, syringa,
vanilla, sweet chocolate and sassafras, to suggestions of
acetylene, '"sable fresh from the furrier's shop," bats and
old cigar boxes. Curiously enough, there is a suspicion
that the scents which strike human senses as agreeable
are of attractive value to the insects, while those which
are unpleasant to us are repulsive also to their owners.
But in dealing with the senses of insects w'e are working
so much in the dark that no conclusion can be other than
most tentative. — Detroit News.

A Missouri farmer received
HE WAS LAW- fnun his congressman a pack-
ABIDING. •^'.^'^ '^t garden seeds, sent out

in tlie regular franked envel-
ope of the Department of Agriculture, which bears in one
corner the warning, "Penalty for private use, three hun-
dred dollars." He worried and puzzled over that inscrip-
tion for several days, then w-rote to Washington this
plaint :

"Dear Mr. Congressman: I don't want to use those
seeds you sent me for the public. I want to plant them
in my owm truck garden, but I can't afford the three
hundred dollars it says I'll liave to pay for private use.
Can't you fix it some way so I can use them for myself?
I am a law-abiding citizen and don't want to commit any
crime that isn't necessarv."

DREER'S WATER LILIES

TROPICAL AND TENDER VARIETIES

For planting in artiticial pouls. fountains, etc., espe-
cially in formal gardens where their large flowers and
brilliant colors lend a charm to the scene. When
planted under favorable conditions they commence to
bloom early in July, and continue until frost, and are
suitable for cutting, especially the night-blooming
varieties.

We offer an extended list in our Garden Book and
give cultural directions in our Special Water Lily
Leaflet, both mailed free, .\dvice of our expert as to
plans and varieties, also free.

HENRY A. DREER,

"' Philadelphia, Pa>

THE GERMINATION OF SEEDS.
Bv Montague Free.

The study of some of the factors which accelerate or
retard the germination of seeds is of great interest and
of vast im])ortance to the gardener. It is well known that
the seeds of rnany perennials lie dormant for quite a
long time in the soil ; as a matter of fact, I believe the
late Sir ^lichael Foster, the great authority on Iris, re-
corded a case where Iris seecls remained dormant in the
seed pan for ten years before germinating, .^ny method
of treatment, therefore, which will hasten the germina-
tion of seeds of this character is of great value to the
gardener, as not only does it mean the saving of time
and space, but also the lessening of the liability of the
seeds to destruction by insect and other agencies.

One of the oldest methods of assisting the gerinina-
tion of seeds is by soaking them in water, preferably
warm water, before sowing. This practice is especially
valuable in the case of legumes, more particularly if the
seeds are at all old. By treating the seeds in this manner,
moisture is enabled to penetrate the embryo more readily
and start the germinative process. There are other
methods of treatment having the same object in view,
such as the filing of the hard seeds borne by such plants
as Canna, P?eonia, etc., and slightly cracking others as in
the case of some of the nuts. In both methods care must
be employed or there is danger of injuring the embryo
and thus preventing germination.

Recently experiments have been conducted in order to
show the effect of immersing seeds for a short period in
sulphuric acid before sowing. In every instance, I be-
lieve, germination was accelerated by reason of the
acid destroying part of the testa and thus allowing mois-
ture more readily to reach the embryo. This method of
treating seeds may prove to be of value in the case of
small seeds possessing a hard shell which cannot be con-
veniently dealt with by the filing or cracking process. It
is a mode of treatment, how-ever. which will have to be
verv carefully employed, as if the seeds are left too long
in the acid not only w'ill part of the testa be destroyed,
but the embryo as well.

Manv seeds are greatly retarded in germination if they
are kept too long before sowing — the thorough drying
which they receive reducing their vitality. For this rea-
son it is advisable to sow, or stratify, many seeds as soon
as ripe (if at all practicable) particularly some of the
hardv perennials. The seeds of Shortia galacifolia if
sown as soon as ripe, germinate in a few weeks, but if
left until the following Spring before they are sown they
may remain dormant a twelvemonth or not germinate
at all.

In the case of some plants which in their natural habi-
tats are subjected to a freezing process in winter, the
seeds seem to germinate not nearly as well unless they
are kept for a considerable period in a low temperature
— the inference being that a low temperature is necessary
to bring about those chemical changes in the seed essen-
tial to germination. Particularly is this so in regard to
.some of the higher .\lpine plants. In England, where
this class of plants is grown to a far greater extent than
is the case in this country, I have seen the following
course of treatment adopted with good results:

The seeds are sown in pots in early winter, then
placed in a frame and the frame filled with snow. The
sash is then iilaced on and the frame covered with mats
in order to retard the melting of the snow for as long a
period as possible. When the snow has mcltetl the pots
are brought into a slightly heated greenhouse and the
seeds as a rule germinate readily. It is not suggested
that the snow has any effect, except in so far as it keeps

522

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

the seeds moist and at a low temperature. Probably the
same results would accrue from placing the seeds in cold
storage, but the method I have described is probably
more convenient for the average gardener.

An instance I have in mind will serve to show that it
is not merely a matter of keeping seeds of this character
moist through the winter that assists their germination.
A quantity of seed of Androsace imbricata was received
and divided into two equal parts, one batch was sown,
placed in a slighth- heated greenhouse and kept moist in

the usual way. The other batch was sown outdoors and
remained exposed to the weather all the winter. Of the
seeds in the greenhouse, only two germinated, while of
those sown outdoors, over fifty germinated the following
spring.

We have still much to learn with regard to the be-
havior of different seeds under varying circumstances,
and much information is to be gained by experimenting
and noting the results of different methods of germinat-
ing seeds.

Naturalizing Botanical Strangers

.Abelmoschus Esculentis and Brassica Juncea, from
Russia, likewise the charming Codonopsis Tangshen,
from Ichang, China, and the handsome Pittosporum
Tenuifolium from New Zealand, are about to settle
among us. Whether or not they will take up a permanent
residence here depends wholly on how they like America ;
for the United States Government has already extended
its welcome to them, and citizens in various parts of the
country are awaiting their arrival. And with Abel-
moschus Esculentis and the others come some 367
strangers besides from Europe and Asia and South
America and .Africa and Australia and the islands of the
sea — foreign plants, all, being "introduced" to America.

In the Bureau of Plant Industry of the Department of
Agriculture at Washington, the "office of foreign seed
and plant introduction" is busy over the distribution of
371 different plants — plants useful and plants merely
ornamental, plants which are sure to thrive here, and
plants which will perhaps refuse to live at all in America
■ — to be tested and if possible adopted here. Most of the
plants are "practical." and most of them, it is believed,
will flourish, somewhere or other, on American soil. A
good many are vegetables — a husk tomato from IMexico,
for instance, and a reed from Japan that is very much like
asparagus.

Many others are fruits — some wonderful nectarines
from British India, and delicious sounding sugar apples
from the Malay Islands, and fifty dift'erent varieties of
melons. And there are trees and nuts and herbs and
flowers and "sand-binders" to be transplanted to America
and to be urged to grow in gardens or mountain tracts,
or sandy soil.

That the Department of .Agriculture has gone to no
small expense over the introduction of the heterogeneous
colony that Abelmoschus Esculentis leads goes without
saying. But any one who wants to "try out" the foreign
plants in his garden has only to write to the Bureau of
Plant Industry, with the name and number of the desired
visitors quite plainly given, and — unless the letter arrives
too late for the Winter distribution — the seeds or bulbs
or shoots will be forwarded at nnce. In some cases the
bureau has obtained only a few plants of a particular kind,
but in most such cases when it is impossible to meet re-
quests other plants of the same species and variety will
be sent instead.

.Applicants for plant distributions are expected to supplv
the bureau at Washington with full details as to their
facilities for caring for and experimenting with the
foreign plants, and the bureau, in turn, has full informa-
tion to give out as to just the sort of places to which the
visitors from overseas are likely to turn with favor, and
the sort of treatment to which tliey have been accustomed
"back home."

Abelmoschus Esculentis is a Russian variety of okra.
It grows in the Caucasus, and Frank N. ■\Ieyer, hunting
"specimens" for the Department of Agriculture, found it
at a place called Erivan, in Caucasian Russia. It is said
to be a most excellent sort of okra, but — and this is the
last thing we should expect from a stranger from Russia
— it must make its home in the hot-summered, arid, and
semi-arid regions of Western America, and it must be
tested under irrigation. Abelmoschus Esculentis, it seems
likely, is a guest which will require a deal of care.

Quite otherwise is it with Amygdalus Persica — whose
other name, by the way, is Nectarina, and w-ho is not to
be confused with that Amygdalus Persica that is an or-
namental peach. Amygdalus Persica Nectarina was sent
by Lieut. W. L. Maxwell from Quetta, British India,
and is known as the Quetta nectarine. And as Quetta
lies at an altitude of 6.000 feet and offers to its inhabitants
changes of temperature that range from 100 degrees
Fahrenheit to something below zero — as Amygdalus
Persica, moreover, thrives in that climate — it is hoped
that the nectarine will be able to endure the contrasts of
the American weather I

Brassica Juncea, whose name is not whiskered with
such poignant suggestion of Cossack and Nihilist as
that of .Abelmoschus, is quite as distinctly Russian, and
promises to be a more important acquisition. For Bras-
sica Juncea is the scientific name for the famous Sarepta
mustard, grown in Sarepta, in the Saratoff Government,
Russia, and favored throughout Russia and in other
European countries beside. Sarepta mustard when
ground into powder makes a particularly strong mustard,
but in addition to this the seeds themselves are used in
cooking, and the oil that can be extracted from the seed
is not infrequently utilized by the Russian people for
culinary purposes.

Of all the foreign plants being imported this Winter,
none is more interesting and none offers a wider variety
of uses than the trees. There are fruit trees and timber
trees, shade trees, and "windbreaks," oil trees, "com-
mercial rubber" trees, trees that promise food for cattle
and trees that are rich in tonic drugs, one tree the leav'es
of which provide such a strong stimulant that the plant
can be given out only under restrictions and only for in-
vestigating, trees that are useful in preparing dyes and
trees that have a bark astringent enough for tanning pur-
poses, and one tree that supplies a substitute for tea —
trees literally of all kinds and for all uses. The tree that
is brought to this country for quite restricted distribution,
for instance, is the "khat tree" of Arabia and Abyssinia,
in which far regions its culture is an important industry.
It is brought to the United States from Harrar, in Abys-
sinia, bv the Arabs. Its leaves are chewed for the strong
stimulant of the alkaloid thev obtain. — Times.

Vegetable Growing

By Various Authorities.

GROWING TOMATOES.

By r. W . K'XG.

There is probably not another vegetable that has so
quickly gained in popularity as the tomato. Hardly fifty
years ago the fruit was supposed or believed to be poison-
ous while today it is one of the most widely grown
vegetables we have. Although it has not been in cultiva-
tion anywhere near as long as most of our other garden
plants, the tomato is one of the finest bred of all vege-
tables : this is due to the fact that there is very keen
competition among the seedsmen to have the best strains
of seed.

The first step to success with this crop is to get the
very best seed obtainable, and right here I will mention
one point on which I have been experimenting many
years to ascertain whether I was correct or not. I have
found that the farther north your seed is grown the
earlier your fruits will ripen and the less seed they will
have.

The soil will also have a great influence on the crop.
Light sand soil will not grow as heavy vines or as large
a crop as the heavier clay soils, but will ripen the crop
somewhat earlier ; therefore, where you grow^ throughout
the season, I would recommend that for the earliest crop
you plant on the lighter soil and for the later crop plant
on heavier ground.

Tomatoes are rank feeders, and for this reason put a
shovelful of well rotted manure under each plant at the
time they are set out.

Too rich a soil is also to be guarded against as much
as one that is too poor, as it would grow an immense
crop of vines at the expense of fruit.

For main crop the seed can be started in a hotbed or
cold frame about April 1. When the plants are starting
the second pair of leaves, they should be transplanted
into other frames to stand from five to six inches apart
each w"ay. As the weather grows warmer and danger
from frost is over, they will not need any covering dur-
ing the night. F"or about one week before the plants are
set out into the field the co\ering should be left off en-
tirely if possible, This is to harden oft' the plants so they
will not suffer any relapse from the change of the frames
to the open ; this applies to tlie early plants as well as
the later ones.

The ground on w-hich you wish to grow your tomatoes
should be plowed as soon as the ground will work up
nicely : it can then be worked up several times before
setting out the plants, as by doing this you will not only
kill the greater part of a crop of w^eds, but will also
help preserve the moisture.

When the plants are ready to set out into the field,
work up the ground deeply and mark out rows four to
five feet apart each way, dc])ending on the variety, then
have one man make the holes, another can lay the plants
and a third one can set them into place. By this method
there is not much chance for the soil to dry out and
the plants will not remain long out of the ground.

About one hour before taking up the plants the beds
where the plants are growing should be given a good
soaking; plenty of soil can then be taken up with each
plant and they will suffer but very little from trans-
planting.

As soon as the plants arc out in the fields cultivating
should commence, and should be continued at frequent
intervals until the vines make it inconvenient. Hy keep-

ing the ground fine and loose the plants will make a
steady growth, and this is another point of success with
this crop.

Staking or training the vines to a trellis is advisable
where anyone has the time, as it will keep the fruit clean,
and also is a preventive against rot in very wet weather.

However, where anyone has the time to provide a
trellis, a good method is to cover the ground with straw
or marsh hay; this not only helps keep the fruit off the
ground, but will also keep in the moisture and thus
greatly check the blossom-end rot, as this disease is gen-
erally caused by a lack of moisture.

\^'here the vines make too rank a growth it is a good
plan to cut back the vines; this will make them set fruit
and ripen the crop earlier instead of growing only vines.

Before frost pick all of the nice fruits that have just
commenced to turn color, place these in a cool cellar or
shelves, or better yet \vrap each fruit in paper, and pack
about two layers in flat boxes ; by doing this they will
continue to ripen until the winter. By this method I have
had ripe tomatoes until Christmas.

RHUBARB.

One of the most wholesome foods to place upon the
family table is rhubarb. It comes so early in the
spring that it is particularly palatable. A few hills or
plants will furnish the average family with all it needs
and leave some for canning.

Plant the roots just as early in the spring as possi-
ble. Plant them deep enough for the tops of the
crowns to be about 2 inches below the ground when
the earth has been leveled and settled, and about 3
feet apart. Cultivate them well by hoeing or raking
the soil once or twice a week to keep them mellow and
free from weeds. In the fall, after the ground freezes,
get some stable manure and sprinkle half a bushel of
it over and around each hill. Early the next spring
scrape the manure away from the centre of the hills,
leaving 6-inch circles through which the crowns may
start. Leave the manure round the hills, for it will
protect the rhubarb from cold and make it grow. Soon
you will have great thick leaf-stalks, of which you can
pull a mess every two or three days for 6 weeks. When
pulling take hold of the stalk selected low down and
give it a quick jerk away from the crown. It is a trick
to do it without breaking the leaf-stem or the crown.

A plantation will last about five years before it be-
gins to deteriorate. Select a sunny piece of land of
good sandy loam which slopes to the south. Here
plants will come up early. — Exchange,

THE QUINCE, A MUCH NEGLECTED FRUIT.

The quince is a much neglected fruit. It seems to be
less grown now than a century ago. \'arieties have
changed but little in a generation. Methods of culture
have not been studied, and such trees as exist usually
suffer from ill treatment in some neglected corner of the
orchard, saxs Pennsylvania Farmer. But few^ fruit
growers have given the marketing of quinces attention,
and the fruit is therefore not well received in the markets.
The fact that the fruit cannot be eaten raw, though de-
licious when cooked, greatly impedes the progress of its
culture. When the plant breeder has given the quince
the texture of the apple, decreased the number of seeds,

524

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

and somewhat lessened the very pronounced flavor, it will
become a dessert fruit second to none.

The quince is a native of South Europe, where it has
been grown for 2,000 vears.

EXHIBITION OF THE HORTICULTURAL SO-
CIETY OF NEW YORK.

The Horticultural Society of New York held an exhibi-
tion at the Museum Building of the New York Botanical
Garden, Bronx Park, on May 10, from 2, to 5 o'clock p. m..
and May 11, from 10 a. m. to 5 o'clock p. m. The
schedule of premiums provided for two classes. Cut
Flowers, Open to All. and Plants for Xon-Commercial
Growers. The prizes were awarded as follows :

CUT FLOWERS OPEN TO ALL.

For Collection of Shrubs and Trees. — 1, T. A. Have-
meyer. Glen Head, L. I. (gardener, A. Lahodny) ; 2, F. R.
Pierson Co., Tarrytown, X. Y.

For Collection of Tulips, the largest and finest dis-
play.— 1, Mrs. A. M. Booth, Great Neck, L. I. (gardener,

E. Fardel) ; 2, T. A. Havemeyer.

For Collection of Wild Flowers. — 1, E. B. Southwick;
2, John Hartling.

rL.\NTS FOR XOX-COMMERCIAL GROWERS.

For Six Pots of Pelargoniums. — 1, Mrs. F. A. Con-
stable, Mamaroneck, N. Y. (gardener, James Stuart).

For Six Pots of Calceolaria. — 1, Mrs. F. A. Constable,
Mamaroneck, N. Y. ; 2, Louis C. Tiffany, Oyster Bav,
L. I. (gardener, John Miller).

In addition to the scheduled prizes the following
special prizes also were awarded :

For Six Pots Calceolaria Stewartii. — Special to Mrs.

F. A. Constable ; also to P. A. B. Widener, Ogontz, Pa.
(gardener, William Kleinhans).

For Collection of Spencer Sweet Peas. — Special to Mrs.
John I. Downev, Portchester, X. Y. (gardener, Thomas
Ryan).

For Collection of Primula Polyantha and \'ulgaris
Hybrida. — Special to Mrs. A. M. Booth.

For Laelia Purpurata. — A certificate of merit to Sieb-
recht & Son. Rose Hill Nurseries, New Rochelle, X. Y.

Judges, F. R. Pierson, J. H. Troy. George A". Xash.

Particularly notable in this show of spring flowers
were the sixteen Spencer varieties of well grown, beauti-
ful Sweet Peas, tastefullv staged, exhibited by Mrs. John
I. Downey (gardener, Thomas Ryan). Equally note-
worthy were the stately blooms of Darwin Tulips, and the
large and splendid collection of Syringas (commonly
called Lilacs), shown by T. A. Havemeyer (gardener, A.
Lahodny) ; the collection of Tulips, and Primula Poly-
antha and Vulgaris Hybrida, shown by Mrs. A. M.
Booth (gardener, E. Fardel) ; the wonderfully well grown
plants of Cineraria, shown by Mrs. F. A. Constable
(gardener. James Stuart), and by Louis C. Tiffany
(gardener, John Miller), and by P. A. B. Widener
(gardener, William Kleinhans). There was also a large
and fine display of flowering shrubs. Tulips and Iris by
the New York Botanical Gardens, for exhibition only.

There was a goodly attendance both days. These shows
are educational, and not only the people at large, but
proprietors of private e.statos and even professional gar-
deners may learn much at these exhibits about desirable
varieties of many kinds of plants.

There was a meeting of the Council of the Horticul-
tural Society of New York in the Lecture Hall at 2.30
p. m. and an interesting lecture at 4 p. m. on "Some
Pacific Coast Seaweeds." illustrated with lantern slides,
bv Dr. M. A. Howe.

JUNE EXHIBITION OF NEWPORT GARDEN ASSOCIATION

AND NEWPORT HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

AT HARBOUR COURT.

(Estate of Mrs. John Nicholas Brown.)

JUNE 25 AND 26, 1913.

Schedule of Premiums.

1st. 211(1 3rd.

Class 1— For the host lu'd of Delphiniums .$0.00 $6.00

Class 2— For the best l.od of Canterbury Bells. 9.00 6.00
Class 3— For the best lied of Sweet William... 6.00 4.00

Class 4— For the best bed of Stocks 6.00 4.00

Class .5— For the best bed of Snapdragon 6.00 4.00

Class 6— For the best bed of Dianthus 6.00 4.00

Qass 7— For the best lied of Salpialossis 6.00 4.00

Class 8— For the best bed of Bulbous Plants . . . 9.00 6.00

Class 9— For the best Herbaceous Border 20.00 10.00

Class 10— For the best tub of aimbing Koses. . .12.00 8.00 $5.00,

Clas.s II— For the best tub of Sweet Peas 12.00 8.00 5.00

Class 12— For the best bed of roses in bloom 12.00 8.00

Note. — Beds to be not larger than 8x4 feet and not smaller
than fi X 3 feet.

Special Classes.
Prizes offered by Mrs. Arnold Hague.

1st. 2nd. 3rd.
Class A — For the best collection of Rock and

Alpine plants $20.00 .$10.00

Prizes offered by Mrs. Wm. Grosvenor.
Class B— For the best exhibit of White Koses

other than White Killarney 15.00 10.00

Prizes offered by Mrs. Frederick Pearson.
Class C — For the best bed of Petunias, bed

not over 8x4 feet or less than 6x3 feet. . 15.00 10.00
Prize offered by Mrs. I. Townsend Burden.
Class D — For the best bed of growing Roses. 30.00
Prizes offered by Mrs. C. F. Hoffman.
Class E — For the best display of small potted
plants, suitable for bedding, arranged in

artistic manner as to color 15.00 10.00

Class F — For the best two beds of Violas, clear
blue and clear yellow, bed not over 8x4

feet or less tliaii 6x3 feet 15.00 10.00

Class G — For the best display of Schizanthus,
all colors, plants to conform in size, at least

24 plants 15.00 10.00

Prize offered by Mrs. Stiiyvesant Fish.
Class H — For the best twelve White Killarney

Roses, in a vase Silver Cup

Prizes offered by Mrs. Frances Roche.
Class I — For the best flowering fragrant yel-
low .Jasmine ." . . . 15.00 10.00

Class J — For the best Yellow Carnation. Open
to local growers and members of Newport

Horticultural Society only 15.00

Prizes offered by Mrs. Rives.
Class K — For tlie best 24 Jacqueminot Roses

in a vase 15.00 10.00

Prize offered by Mrs. Hamilton Fish Webster.
Class L — For the best group of not less than

IS plants of Rhododendrons 25.00 15.00

Prizes offered by Mi's. John A. Drexel.
Class M — For the best 12 plants of Gloxinias
not less than 4 varieties, tastefully arranged.

Ferns or other foliage may be used 15.00 10.00

Prizes offered by Mrs. W. S. Wells.
Class N — For the best 12 plants of Calceo-
larias, any varieties 15.00 10.00

Prizes offered b.y Mrs. E. J. Berwind.
Class 0 — For the best fancy basket of foliage

plants, with flowering plants or cut flowers. 15.00 10.00
Prizes offered by !Mrs. T. J. Emery.
Class P— For the best bed of Light Blue an-
nual Larkspur. Yellow Zinnias or Calendulas
and Gypsophila elegans, tastefully arranged,
lied not more than 8x4 feet nor less than

6x3 feet 25.00 15.00 10.00

Prizes offered by Mrs. Lorillard Spencer.
Class Q — For the best vegetable plot in each

competing school garden in the city 4.00 2.00 1.00

Class R — For the best flower plot in each com-
peting school garden in the city 4.00 2.00 1.00

Class S— For the best home garden 5.00 3.00

Class T — For the best vase of not more than

12 flowers, tastefully arranged 6.00 4.00

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

525

NEWPORT HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Schedule of Premiums.

1st. 2n(l. 3rd.

Class 1— For tlie best group of Palms, Ferns,
Foliage and Flowering Plants to cover a
space of ion square feet $25.00 $20.00

Class 2— For the best table of decorative Foli-
age Plants, each plant to be serviceable for
a table, pots not to exceed 0 inches. Ex-
liibit table to be 3 X 9 feet 12.00 8.00 .$5.00

CUiss 3 — For the best display of Orcliid plants

in bloom ." JO.OO 5.00

Class 4 — For the best specimen .\reca in pot

not exceeding 12 inches 3.00 2.00 1.00

Class 5 — For the best specimen Kcntia in pot

not e.xceeding 12 inches 3.00 2.00 1.00

Class 6 — For the best specimen Phoenix Roe-

belinii in pot not exceeding 12 indies 3.00 2.00 1.00

Class 7 — For the best specimen any other spe-
cies Palm in pot or tub not exceeding 12
inches 3.00 2.00 1.00

Class 8 — For the best specimen Palm 5.00 3.00

Class 9— For the best specimen Fern 5.00 3.00 2.00

Class 10 — For the best group of Ferns, in

space of 50 square feet 15.00 10.00

Cut Flowers.

Class 11 — For the best collection of out-door
Roses named varieties, not more than 3
stems or sprays of a variety, exhil)ited on
table 9x3 feet by Newport County gar-
deners $12.00 $8.00 $5.00

Class 12 — For the best fancy basket of Roses

and Rose Foliage, out-door grown 8.00 5.00 3.00

Class 13 — For the best centerpiece of out-door
grown Roses and Rose Foliage 5.00 3.00 2.00

Class 14 — For the best vase of 25 American
Beauty Roses 7.00 5.00 3.00

Class 15 — For the best 12 Hybrid Perpetual

Roses, 12 varieties in bottles 3.00 2.00 1.00

Class 16 — For the best 12 Hybrid Perpetual

Roses, 6 varieties in bottles 3.Q0 2.00 1.00

Note. — Classes 12 and 13 to be shown on
second day.

Class 17 — For the best vase of 12 Hybrid Per-
petual Roses, one variety (red) 3.00 2.00 1.00

Class 18 — For the best vase of 12 Hybrid Per-
petual Roses, one variety (pinlO 3.00 2.00 1.00

Class 19— For the best vase of 12 Hybrid Per-
petual Roses, one variety (white) " 3.00 2.00 1.00

Class 20 — For the best vase of 12 Hybrid Per-
petual Roses, one variety (blush white).... 3.00 2.00 1.00

Class 21 — For the best vase of 25 Hybrid Per-
petual Roses, any varieties ! 3.00 2.00 1.00

Class 22 — For the best vase of 12 Tea or Hy-
brid Tea Roses, out-door grown (red) 3.00 2.00 1.00

Class 23— For the best vase of 12 Tea or Hy-
brid Tea Roses, out-door grown (white) 3.00 2.00 1.00

Class 24 — For the best vase of 12 Tea or Hy-

• brid Tea Roses, out-door grown (pink) 3.00 2.00 1.00

Class 2.5— For the best vase of 12 Tea or Hy-
brid Tea Roses, out-door grown (yellow) .. . 3.00 2.00 1.00

Class 26 — For the best vase of 12 Tea or Hy-
brid Tea Roses, out-door grown (any other
color) ' 3.00 2.00 1.00

Class 27 — For the best fancy basket of Roses

open to gardeners' assistants only 5.00 3.00 2.00

Note. — Class 27 to be shown on second day.

Class 28-For the best 12 Gardenia blooms... 3.00 2.00 1,00

Class 29— For the best collection of 12 varie-
ties of Hardy Herbaceous flowers, named. . . 3.00 2.00 1.00

Class 30— For the best display of Sweet Peas

shown with Sweet Pea foliage 8.00 5.00 3.00

Class 31 For the best six vases of Sweet Peas,

six distinct varieties. 25 sprays in vase 5.00 3.00 2.00

(lass 32— For the best 3 vases of Sweet Peas,

three distinct varieties. 25 spra\s in vase,, 3.00 2.00 1.00
Note. — Sweet Peas to be .judged by scale of
points adopted by the National Sweet Pea
Society of .America. Scale of points found
on last page of premium list.

Fruit.

Class .33 -For (he best bunch Black Crapes... $3.00 $2.00 $1.00

Class .34 For (he best bunch White Grapes.. 3.00 2.00 1.00

Class 35— For the best 6 Nectarines 3.00 2.00

Class 36— For the best 6 Peache? 3.00 2.00

SUMMER SHOW SCHEDULE WESTCHESTER AND FAIR-
FIELD HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, GREENWICH,
CONN., JUNE 20, 21, 1913.

SECTION I— Roses.

1st. 2nd. 3rd.
Class 1 — Best collection Hybrid Perpetual Roses,

12 varieties. 3 of each , , '. $4.00 .$3.00 $1.00

Class 2 — Best collection Hybrid Perpetual Roses,

G varieties, 3 of each , . . '. 3.00 2.00

Class 3— Best vase Hybrid Perpetual Roses, 25

blossoms, assorted ' 3.00 2.00

Class 4 — Best collection Hardy Tea Roses, 18

blossoms, 3 assorted 4.00, 3.00 1.00

Class .5 — Best collection Hardy Tea Roses, 12

blossoms, 3 assorted ' 3.00 2.00

Class 6 — Best collection Hardy Tea Roses, 6

blossoms, 3 assorted 2.00 1.00

Class 7— Best vase of Roses arranged for effect , . 3.00 2.00 1 .00
Class 8 — Best collection of Hardy Climbing Roses,

0 varieties, 6 sprays to each vase 3.00 2.00

Class 9 — Best collection of outdoor Roses, to

cover 75 sq. ft 8.00 4.00 2.00

Class 10— Best 12 blooms of Fran Carl Druschki. 3.00 2.00
Class 10a — Best vase of Moss Roses, special prizes.

SECTION II— Out-door Flowers.

Class 11 — Best collection Hardy Flowers, 18 dis-
tinct .species $5.00 $3.00 $1.00

Class 12 — Best collection Hardy Flowers, 9 dis-
tinct species 3.00 2.00

Class 13 — Best collection Hardy Flowering

Shrubs, 12 varieties *. 5.00 3.00 2.00

Class 14 — Best collection Sweet Peas, 18 varieties,

25 sprays of each 6.00 4.00 2.00

Class 1.5 — Best collection Sweet Peas, 12 varie-
ties, 25 sprays of each 5.00 3,00 2,00

Class 16 — Best collection Sweet Peas, 6 varieties,

25 sprays of each 3,00 2.00 1,00

Class 17 — Best vase Sweet Peas, arranged for ef-
fect 2,00 1,00

Class 18 — Best collection of Peonies, 6 varieties,

3 of each 3.00 2.00

Class 19 — Best vase of Iris, one or more varieties 2,00 1,00

Class 20— Best vase of Lilies. 12 sprays, 1 variety 3,00 2.00

SECTION III— Vegetables.

Class 21 — Best collection of vegetables grown out

doors $5.00 $3.00 $1,00

Class 22— Best 2 heads of Cauliflower 2,00 1,00

Class 23— Best 25 pods of Peas 2.00 1.00

Class 24— Best quart of String Beans 2.00 1.00

Class 25— Best 3 heads of Lettuce 2.00 1.00

Class 26- Best 2 Cucumbers 2.00 1 .00

Class 27— Best 6 Tomatoes 2,00 1,00

SECTION IV— Fruit.

Class 28— Best 2 Musk Melons $3.00 $2.00

Cla.ss 29— Best 3 quarts Strawberries, 3 varieties. 3.00 2.00
Class 30— Best 2 quarts Strawberries. 2 varieties. 2.00 1,00
Class 31— Best 1 quart Strawberries, 1 variety., 1,00 ,50

Class 32— Best 1 quart Cherries 1,00 .50

Class 33— Best plate of Peaches, 12; 1st, Silver

Medal; 2nd, Bronze Medal.
CTass 34— Best plate of Nectarines, 12. 1st, Sil-
ver Medal; 2nd, Bronze Medal.

SECTION V— Plants.

Class 35— Best 6 Tuberous Rooted Begonias $3.00 $2.00

Class 36— Best 6 Gloxinias 3.00 2.00

Class 37— Best 3 Geraniums, 3 distinct varieties. 2.00 1.00
Class 38 — Best group of Foliage and Flowering

Plants to cover 100 sq. ft 15.00 10.00

Class 39— Best specimen of Palm 3.00 2.00

Class 40 — Best specimen Foliage Plant other than

Palm 3.00 2.00

Class 41— Best 3 Fuschia plants 3.00 2.00

Class 42— Best 1 Fu.schia plant 2.00 1.00

Class 43— Best 1 pair of Hydrangeas 3.00 2.00

Class 44— Best 1 specimen Hydrangea 3,00 2,00

SECTION VI— Table Decorations.

Class 45-- For the best arranged Floral Decora-
tion for circular dinner table, fi feet diameter,
seating eight persons; any kind of flowers and
foliage grown out doors can be used. Table
plates and glasses will be furnished by the so-
ciety; table cloth and receptacle for flowers to
be furnished by (he exhibitor; no other furnish-
ings allowed .' $10,00 5.00

526

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

EXHIBITION OF THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW

YORK— OCTOBER 31 TO NOVEMBER 4, 1913.

SCHEDULE OF CLASSES AND PREMIUMS.

Chrysanthemums — Plants.

Oinii to AH.

Specimen Bushes.

In not less than 14-ineh pots.

Class No. Lst. 2ud. 3rd.

A-1— Yellow $35.00 $25.00 $1,5.00

A-2— White 35.00 25.00 15.00

A-3— Pink 35.00 25.00 15.00

A-4— Any other coior 35.00 25.00 15.00

A-5— Anemone or Single, any color 20.00 15.00 10.00

Sweepstakes, for finest and best Bush

Plant Gold Medal

In not more than 14-inch pots.

A-6— Yellow 15.00 10.00

A-7— White 15.00 10.00

A-8— Pink 15.00 10.00

A-9— Any other color 15.00 10.00

Classes 6, 7, 8 and 9 must be grown to a
single stem which shall show at least
1 inch above ground.

Specimen Standards.
Not less than 4 feet in diameter, in not less than 14-inch pots.

A-IO— Yellow . . . , 15.00 10.00

A-11— White 15.00 10.00

A-12— Pink 15.00 10.00

A-13— Any other color l.i.OO 10.00

Chrysanthemums — Cut Flowers.

For Commercial Growers.

Stems not less than 3 feet.

1st. 2nd.

A-14— Twelve white $10.00 $5.00

A-15— Twelve pink 10.00 5.00

A-16— Twelve yellow 10.00 5.00

A-17— Twelve red 10.00 5.00

A-18— Twelve any other color lO.OO 5.00

A- 19 — Vase of 25, one or more varieties, arranged
for effect, autumn or other foliage permitted. (Ex-
hibitors may supply their own vases.) 25.00 15.00

A-20 — Six new varieties not in commerce, one bloom

of each Silver Modal

Stems not over 15 inches, all named kinds.

A-21 — Collection of 25 varieties, one of each variety. 15.00 10.00

Five terminal sprays to a vase, solitary flowers not permissible.

A-22— Collection of Pompons, 25 varieties 6.00 4.00

A-23 — Collection of singles and Anemones, or either. 6.00 4.00

For Non-Commercial Growers.

Stems not less than 2 feet.

A-24— Six white 5.00 2..50

A-25— Six pink 5.00 2.50

A-26— Six yellow 5.00 2.50

A-27— Six red 5.01) 2..50

A-28— Six any other color 5.00 2..50

A-29 — Vase of one or more varieties, arrangeil for
effect, any other foliage permitted. (Exhibitors

may supply their own vases.) 10.00 5.00

Stems 18 inches.
A-30 — Twelve vases, in 12 varieties, 3 blooms of each. Silver Cup
This is the Society's cup, valued at $100.

Stems not over 15 inches, all named kinds.

A-31— Collection of 24 varieties, one of each variety. 20.00 10.00

A-32 — Collection of 6 varieties, one of each variety. . 5.00 2.50

Growers with over 2.500 square feet of glass not

eligible.

Five terminal spraj's to a vase, solitary- flowers not permissible.

A-33--Collection of Pompons, 24 varieties 6.00 4.0()

A-34— Collection of Pompons, 12 n\arieties 3.00 2.00

A-35 — Collection of singles and Anemones, or either.

24 varieties 6.00 4.00

A-.36 — Collection of singles and Anemones, or either,

12 varieties ' 3.00 2.00

Roses — Cut Flowers.
For Conirnercial Growers.

B-1— Fifty American Beauty 25.00 15.00

B-2— Fifty white ' 10.00 5.00

B-3— Fifty red 10.00 5.00

B-4— Fifty pink 10.00 5.00

B-5— Fifty yellow 10.00 5.00

B-6 — New variety, not in commerce Silver Medal

For Non-Connnercial Growers.

]5.7_Twelve American Beauty 6.00 4.00

B-8— Eighteen red " 5.00 3.00

B-9— Eigliteeu white 5.00 3.00

IMO— Eighteen pink 5.00 3.00

1!-11— Eighteen yellow 5.00 3.00

B-12 — Vase of 50 assorted, ari'anged for effect '. . 10.00 5.00

Carnations — Cut Flowers.

For Commercial Growers.

C-1— Fifty white 4.00 2.00

C-2— Fifty Enchantress shade 4.00 2.00

C-3— Fifty Winsor shade 4.00 2.00

C-4 — Fifty Lawson shade 4.00 2.00

C-5— Fifty scarlet 4.00 2.00

C-6— Fifty crimson . 4.00 2.00

C-7— Fifty white ground, variegated '. . 4.00 2.00

C-S — New variety, not in commerce, not less than 25

blooms Diploma

Sweepstakes, for the finest vase Silver Medal

For Non-Commercial Growers.

C-9— Eighteen white 2.00 1.00

C- 10— Eighteen Enchantress shade 2.00 1.00

C-U— Eighteen Winsor shade 2.00 1.00

C12— Eighteen Lawson shade , 2.00 1.00

C-13— Eighteen scarlet 2.00 I.OO

C- 14— Eighteen crimson 2.00 1.00

C-1.5 — Eighteen white ground, variegated 2.00 1.00

Sweepstakes, for the finest vase Bronze Medal

Foliage and Decorative Plants.
Open to All.
E-1 — Group of stove and greenhouse plants, arranged

for artistic effect, to occupy 100 square feet 50.00 25.00

E-2— Exhibit of Bay Trees, 6 pairs 30.00 20.00

E-3— Exhibit of Conifers, 25 plants, 25 varieties 30.00 20.00

E-4 — Specimen of Begonia Gloire de Lorraine 5.00 2..50

E-5 — Specimen of Begonia, any other variety 5.00 2.50

E-6 — Specimen of Chrysalidoearpus lutescens (Areca

lutescens) ". 10.00 5.00

E-7 — Specimen of Howea Forsteriana (Kentia For-

steriana) 10.00 5.00

E-S— Specimen of Rhapis flabelliformis 10.00 5.00

E-9— Specimen of any other Palm 10.00 5.00

E- 10— Specimen of C'ibotium Schiedei 5.00 3.00

Ell — Specimen of Davallia Fijiensis, or its varieties. 10.00 5.00
El 2 — Specimen of Nephrolepis exaltata Bostoniensis 5.00 3.00
El 3 — Display of Nephrolepis exaltata and its varie-
ties, one plant of each, in not over 8-inch pots. . . . 15.00 10.00
E-14— Trained specimen of English Ivy 5.00 3.00

New Plants.
G-1 — .^ny sufticiently meritorious new plant, not yet

in commerce Silver Medal

Orchids — Plants.
For Commercial Growers.
II- 1 — Collection, not less than 25 species and varie-
ties (species to be considered in preference to varie-
ties), covering .50 square feet of table space 50.00 25,00

II-2 — Novelty not before exhibited before this So-

cietv Silver Medal

ir-3— Six Cattleyas and Laelias, or either, in bloom. . 12.00 6.00
lT-4 — Six varieties, one of each variety, in bloom.... 10.00 5.00
11-5 — Six Cvpripediums, in as many varieties, in

bloom . . .'. ' 8.00 4.00

lT-6— Three Cattleya labiata. in bloom 6.00 4.O11

H-7 — Three Oncidiuni varicosum, in bloom 4.00 2.00

U-.S — Three varieties, one of each variety — in bloom. 5.00 3.00

For Non-Commei"cial Growers.
11-0— Collection, not less than 12 species and varieties
(species to be considered in preference to varieties),

covering 25 feet of table space 25

H-IO— One Cattleya. in bloom 4

H-11 — One Oncidiuni. in bloom 3

H-12 — One Vanda coerulca. in bloom 3

H-13 — One Cypripedium. in bloom 3

H-14 — One Dendrobium. in bloom 3

IT-lo — One Odontoglossum. in bloom 3

.00

1 5.00

.00

2.00

.00

2.011

.00

2.00

.00

2.00

Open to All.

1116— The most beautiful (>-pripedium 10.

(Special Prize ofl'ered by Mr. Clement Moore.)
11-17 — The most beautiful Cattleya. color, form and

variety only to be considered 25,

(Special Prize offered by ilr. Clement Moore.)
IMS— Display of yellow form's of ) Gold Medal Sil
Cvpri podium insigne, ono or nun-e |- or

vilrieties I $2.5.00

ll-lO- Display of Laelio-cattloyas. j Gold Medal Sil
Brasso-cattleyas, Brasso-laelia

$10.00
ler Medal

hybrid Cattlevas

$25.00

$10.00

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

527

NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

National Association of Gardeners.
M. C. Ebel, secretary, Madison, N J.

Society of American Florists and Orna-
mental Horticulturists.
John Young, secretary, 54 West 2Sth street,
New York.

American Carnation Society.
A. F. J. Bauer, secretary, Indianapolis, Ind.

American Gladiolus Society.

L. Merton Gage, secretary. South Natick,

Mass.

American Peony Society.
A. B. Saunders, secretary, Clinton, N. Y.

American Rose Society.
B. Hammond, secretary, Fislikill, N. Y.

American Sweet Pea Society.

H. A. Bunyard, secretary, 342 West 14th

street. New Y'ork.

Chrysanthemum Society of America.

Cliarles W. Johnson, secretary, Morgan

Park, 111.

LOCAL SOCIETIES

Boston Gardeners' and Florists' Club.
William N. Craig, secretary, North Easton,
Mass.
Meets third Tuesday every month, Horti-
cultural Hall, Boston, Mass., 8 p. m.

Connecticut Horticultural Society.
Geo. W. Smith, secretary, Melrose, Conn.

Meets second and fourth Fridays every
month, County Building, Hartford, Conn., 8
p. m.

Dutchess County Horticultural Society.

Hubert G. Cottam, secretary, Wappingers

Falls, N. Y.

Meets at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., last
Wednesday every month e.xcept May and
June.

Elberon Horticultural Society.
C. 0. Duncan, secretary, Elberon, N. J.
Meets first Monday every moiitli. Fire
Hall, Elberon, N. J., 8 p. m.

The Horticultural Society of New York.

Geo. V. Nash, secretary, Bronx Park, New

York City.

Meets monthly, irregular. May to Octo-
ber, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx
Park, New York. November to April,
American Museum of Natural History, 77th
street and Columbus avenue. New York.

Lake Geneva Gardeners' and Foremen's

Association.
W. H. Griffits, secretary. Lake Geneva, Wis.
Meets first and third Saturday every
month, October to April; first Saturday
every month. May to September, Horticul-
tural Hall.

Lenox Horticultural Society.
George Instone, secretary, Lenox, Mass.
Meets first Saturday every month.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
William P. Rich, secretary, 300 Massachu-
setts avenue, Boston, Mass.

Florists' and Gardeners' Club of Holyoke

and Northampton, Mass.
James Whiting, secretary, Amherst, Mass.
Meets second Tuesday every month.

The Garden Club of Michigan.
Mrs. Edward H. Parker, secretary, l.'iO Sey-
burn avenue, Detroit, Mich.
The corresponding secretary will notify
members of date and place of meetings.

Gardeners' and Florists' Club of Baltimore.
N. F. Flittin, secretary. Patersnn Park,
Baltimore, Md.
Meets second and fourth Monday every
month, Florist Exchange Hall.

Monmouth County Horticultural Society.
Harry Kettle, secretary, Fairhaven, N. J.
Meets second and fourth Friday every
month, Red Men's Hall, Oceanic.

Morris County Florists' and Gardeners'

Society.
Edward J. Reagan, secretary, Morristown,
N. J.
Meets at Madison, N. J., second Wednes-
day every month, except July and August,
8 p. m.

Nassau County Horticultural Society.
Ernest Westlake, secretary, Glen Cove, N. Y.

Meets second Wednesday every month,
Pembroke Hall, Glen Cove, N. Y., 8 p. m.

New Jersey Floricultural Society.
John Dervan, secretary, 433 Centre street.
Orange, N. J.
Meets second Friday every month, 240
Main street, Orange, N. J., 8 p. m.

New London County Horticultural Society.

John Humphrey, secretary, New London,
Conn.
Meets second Thursday every month,
rooms of Business Men's Association.

Pasadena Horticultural Society.
Geo. H. Kennedy, secretary, 497 Bradford
street, Pasadena, Cal.
Meets first and fourth Friday every
montli,

Paterson Floricultural Society.
Sebastian Hubschmitt, secretary, 61 Seventh
avenue, Paterson, N. J.
Meets first Tuesday every month, Ro-
maine Building, 8 p. m.

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.
David Rust, secretary. Broad and Locust
streets, Philadelphia, Pa.
Meets third Tuesday every month, Horti-
cultural Hall, 8 p. m.

People's Park Cottage Gardeners' Associa-
tion.
John Ainscough, secretary, 4 Chestnut street,
Paterson, N. J.
Meets first and last Friday every month,
Working Man's Institute, Madison avenue,
Paterson, N. J.

Philadelphia Florists' Club.
David Rust, secretary. Broad and Locust
streets, Philadelphia, Pa.
Meets first Tuesday every month. Horti-
cultural Hall, Philadelphia, Pa., 8 p. m.

The Pittsburgh Florists' and Gardeners'
Club.

H. P. Joslin, secretary, Ben Avon, Pa.

Meets first Thursday every month. Fort
Pitt Hotel, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Rhode Island Horticultural Society.
A. C. Miller, secretary, 7 Irving avenue.
Providence, R. I.
Meets third Wednesday every month,
Providence Public Library, 8 p. m.

Shelter Island Horticultural and Agricul-
tural Society.
Fred Kirkham, secretary. Shelter Island,
N. Y.
Meets first and third Thursdays every
month.

Southampton Horticultural Society.
William McLeod, secretary.
Meets first Thursday every month, Me-
morial Hall, Southampton, N. Y.

Newport Horticultural Society.
D. J. Coughlin, secretary, Newport, R. I.
Meets second and fourth Tuesday every
month.

North Shore Horticultural Society.
Jas. Slater, secretary, Manchester, Mass.
Meets first and third Fridays every
month.

North Westchester County Horticultural

and Agricultural Society.
M. J. O'Brien, secretary, Mt. Kisco. N. Y.
Meets third Thursday every month, ex-
cept June, July and August, at 8 p. m. ;
December, January and February, 3 p. m.,
Odd Fellows Hall,"Mt. Kisco.

Oyster Bay Horticultural Society.

John T. Ingram, secretary. Oyster Bay,

N. Y.

Meets third Friday every month. Board

of Trade, Oyster Bay, N. Y., 8 p. m.

Tarrytown Horticultural Society.
E. W. Neubrand, secretary, Tarytown, N. Y.
Meets last Tuesday every month, except
December, Corporation Building, Tarrytown,
N. Y., 7:30 p. m. Annual meeting last
Thursday in December.

Tuxedo Horticultural Society.
Jos. A. Becvar, secretary. Tuxedo Park, N. Y.
Meets first Wednesday every montli, Par-
isli House, Tuxedo Park.

Washington, D. C, Florist Club.
J. L. Mayberrv, secretary, Washington
D. C.
Meets first Monday every month.

Westchester and Fairfield Horticultural

Society.
J. B. Mc.'Vrdle, secretary, Greenwich, Conn.
Meets second Friday every month. Dor
an's Hall, Greenwicli, Conn.. 8 p. m.

Yonkers Horticultural Society.
Thos. Mahoney, secretary, Yonkers, N. Y.
Meets first Friday every month, Holly-
wood Inn, Yonkers, N. Y., 8 p. m.

528

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

GARDENERS DIARY

National Association of Gardeners' Meetings.

Summer meeting, July — , Massachu-
setts Horticultural Hall, Boston, Mass.

Annual Convention, November — , Ameri-
can Museum of Natural History, New York
CSty.

American Sweet Pea Society.
Annual Sweet Pea Show, Boston, July — ,
Massachusetts Horticultural Hall.

Westchester and Fairfield Society.

Summer Show, Greenwiclj, Conn., June
20-21.

Newport Horticultural Society.
Summer Show, Newport, R. I., June 25-26.

Tuxedo Horticultural Society.
Summer Show, Tuxedo Park, June 27-28.

American Institute, New York.
Flower and Vegetable Show, September
23-25.

Chrysanthemum Show, November 5-7.

New Jersey Floricultural Society.
Dahlia, Fruit and Vegetable Sliow
Orange, N. J., September 27-28.

Lenox Horticultural Society.
Summer Show, August 20-21. Fall Shov
October 22-23.

Horticultural Society of New York.
Annual Fall Show, American Museum of
Natural History, New York, October 31 to
November 4.

Yonkers Horticultural Society.
Bowling, Thursday nights, Riverdale ave-
nue, Yonkers, N. Y.

Tarrytown Horticultural Society.
Fall Show, November 4, 5, 6.

TUXEDO HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

A regular meeting of the society was held
in the Parish House, Wednesday evening.
May 7, with President James MacMachan
in the chair.

The feature of the meeting was the dis-
cussion of the June show, which will be
held at the Tuxedo Clubhouse June 27 and
28, Friday and Saturday. The gardeners

of Tii.xedo are all busy with their yoiuig
stock. Majority of the stock is grown for
the benefit of tlie sliow.

It is expected to be a very good show, as
quite a number of ladies are interested in
it.

Schedules may be obtained by writing to
tlie secretary of tlie E.xecutive Committee,
David Mcintosh.

JOSEPH A. BEEVAE,
Secretary.

Trim your hedge

4 times fskster

You can do the work in
one-fourth to one-fifth the
time, and get cleaner,
evener results if you use
either of the

UNIQUE
Hedge Trimmers

On well-kept, frequently t
hedges, the Unique Hedge Trimmer
cuts a 13-inch swath, trims on both
motions; easy to operate, saves time,
strength and cnerKV.

For older growths, use the Unique --rrsr-^-
Hedge Trimmer and Cutter com- jiS^jV .
bined. Has an extra cutter for 1**-
individual branches up to J^-inch diameter. This
tool will replace hedge trimmer, lopping shears,
grass edgers and pruners!

Either tool sent car-
riage prepaid on receipt
of $5.00.

Money back if not sat-
isfactory, upon return to
us, after one week's trial.
Refer to any bank in
Philadelphia.

Send for Free Illus-
tr,ited Booklet.
"Success with Hedges"

fOUNTAIN CUIl[RY CO.

2433 Locust Street. Ptiiiadeipiiia
New York Olfne. I W. 34lli SI.

■ti^-

This Catalog contains

tifor

tion regarding Trees
and Plants for Rock
Gardens. Old Fashioned
^ \ Gardens, Sea-Shore
L^n \ I Planting and Ground
^"m^W \ Covering Under Rhodo-
^^ \ dendrons and Shrub-
. \ bery. Gives also sug-
\ gestive planting plans
and planting list for
" I Rose Gardens, Herba-

ceous Gardens and Sub-
urban Estates. Names and describes de-
sirable Trees and Shrubs with Ornamental
Fruits, Hedge Plants, Trees for Orchard
and Forest Planting, new and old varieties
of Roses and Climbing Vines.
Copy sent Free upon Request.
We grow in quantity every Hardy Tree
or Plant worthy of Cultivation.

Correspondence invited.
THE NEW ENGLAND NURSERIES CO.,
Dept. "G." BEDFORD, MASS.

Plant for Immediate Effect

Not for Future Generations

Start with the largest stock that can be secured ! It takes over
twenty years to grow many of the Trees and Shrubs we offer.

We do the long waiting— thus enabling you to secure Trees and
Shrubs that give an immediate effect. Send for price list.

ANDORRA NURSERIES

WM. WARNER HARPER. Proprietor

CHESTNUT HILL
PHILADELPHIA, PA.

BURPEE'S SEEDS

PHILADELPHIA

Wholesale Price List for Florist*
and Market Gardeners.

JOS. A. MANDA
Orchid Expert

West Orange

New Jersey

will NHVER be enough num
e apples— ALWAYS too many
cider apples. Don't waste your time
trees growing inferior grades.
Use "Scalecide" the one sure spray for
San Jose scale, and produce number
one fruit. "Scalecide" IslOOjteffici
against scale and has marked fungi>
;idal properties. Used by best orchard-
;ts the world over. Endorsed by Ex'
periment Stations. Our SERVICE
DEPARTMENT furnishes everything
for the orchard. Write today to Dept.

for

bo"k for Fn

\- booklet— "Pratt's Hand-
nle.

_ G PRATT COMPANY
50 Church Street New York Citv

SYRACUSE RED POTS

SYRACUSE POHERY CO.

Sttkchm, N. T.

With new aod Im-
proved m&chinery wa
can nipply your
wuiti to better
advuitaffo
than ever.

8FECIAX DISOOtrMIS j

ON LASOS

OEOEBS.

-^^ WIZARD BRAND -"^^

SHEEP MANURE

Dried and Pulverized

Highly concentrated pure manure — un-
equalled for field and landscape fertilizing.

Insures Successfnl Fall
Planting

Ask for interesting booklet and
prices in any Quantity from one
Dag to carloads of 15 tons minimum.
The Pulverized Manure Co.

43 Union Stock Ynrds : Ctiicago

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

529

The Business Gardener
Uses A Typewriter

The New Model Five
L. C. Smith & Bros. Typewriter

is the only writing machine that is
ball bearing at all important points
and made to do all kinds of work
without attachments.

It will pay you to send for the
book.

L. C. SMITH & BROS. TYPEWRITER CO.

Syracuse, N. Y.

Branches in all principal cities

Mnerj, Atteotioii!

Let us repair your trees and
do your spraying. We have the
men that will climb high.

Why risk your lives climbing

high when we will furnish
men who do it the year round
and consequently become al-
most like squirrels in a tree ?
Send for our Free Leaflet explain-
ing our methods.

JOHN. LwiTHERS, INC.

I Montgomery St., Jersey City, N. J.

BOBBINK CSL ATKINS

World's Choicest Nursery and Greenhouse Products

(lur NursiT.v .■.insists ,,f :;ii.i .-...res of hi(.-ljly .■.illivatf.) l.in.l un.J a
li.rm- !iri"a .-..v.-n-.l with .:,•.•. ■i.h,..is,.s anil SK.r. li.ms.s in wblth we are
gn.wlnt; Nurs.-ry an.l Cr iili.nis,. lT,„]iii-ts f.ir .-vry |ilace ami i)urpusi>.

Tha Following Plant. For InlerUr And Exterior Occorntion.
Are Amontf uar SpacUltUc

ROSES.— Pot-grown. Wc have
several thousand Rose Plants that
will bloom this year. serv are dev.ite.l to tli.'ir cul

RHODODENDRONS. —

thoiisan.ls ..f ai-.liiiint.'.l pin
hardy En(2:Iisli

Palu

vlni;
OLD

I ..nr Nursery.
FASHIONED

DECORATIVE

vhieh

and a large collec-
tion of plants for Interior and
Exterior di'corations.

BAY TREES We are head-
quarters for them. We carr.v at
hundreds and often-

during the
nd may be

•ral

In

tlvation.

BOXWOOD. — Everybody loves
the aroma of old-fashioned Box-
wood. We grow thousands in
many shapes and sizes.

ENGLISH IVY. — We grow
many thousands in trained forms
and ordinar.v plants from two to
eight feet tall, all in pots.

BEDDING PLANTS We grow

many thousands of Bedding
Plants in all the popular kinds,

LAWN GRASS SEED.— Our
Rutherford Park Lawn Mixture
has given satisfaction every-
where.

PLANT TUBS, WINDOW
BOXES AND ENGLISH GAR-
DEN FURalTURE.— We manu-

ieti.

HARDY TRAILING AND
CLIMBING VINES. — W.. have
Ui.-in in Pots for .■v.>ry place and
puriinse.

OUR ILLUSTRATED C;ENER.\L CAT.\LOGUE NO. 45 DESCRIBES
OUR PRODUCTS. Will be mailed upon request.

THE PROPER WAY TO BUY is to see the material growing. We
shall gladly give our time and .attention to all gardeners visiting our
Nursery and invite everytwdy interested in improving their grounds
to ' '

sit
VISITIIRS

Hill,

..nd slop

.Ma

HOUSE PRODUCTS,

BOBBINK (SL ATKINS

Nnr.erymen, FUrisl. and PUnter

RUTHERFORD. N. J.

Greenhouses

and Conservatories

BN sending for our new catalog you will
have a quick and conclusive way <il
getting a line on the character of work
we do and some for whom we have done it.
If you want to go into construction de-
tails— they are there — briefly told and thor-
oughly illustrated.

.Seiul for this catalog.

Hitchings £^ Co.

Write to our General Offices and Factory

Elizabeth. N. J.

Or call nt our New York Office

1 170 Brondway

530 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

WHEN ]\lr. E. C. Converse began the making of the now famous Conyers
Manor estate of about two thousand acres, in Greenwich," Conn., I was
given the supervision of all the landscape work, the gardening and the
general charge of the whole work of developing the plans of the private part of
this magnificent country place.

In this responsible position I remained eight years, and the results of my
supervision are the best evidence of my fitness and faithfulness in the task
undertaken, and in which I feel a pardonable pride and satisfaction.

With that work accomplished, I decided to devote myself to the general
duties of landscape and garden supervision of other estates, so rapidly multiply-
ing in the East, rather than to be permanently connected with any one estate.

Therefore, I am now prepared and at liberty to undertake, on the profes-
sional basis, the personal supervision of gardening and landscape work, to give
practical advice and information along all the lines of artistic and productive
development, and will be glad to visit personally, upon request, small as well as
large estates, in an advisory capacity.

In the planning and construction of greenhouses to serve the purpose in-
tended to the best advantage, I offer m}- experience and services in directing
the work from a practical standpoint.

HENRY WILD - - - Greenwich, Conn.

City Address: 4U Madison Avenue, New York (With A. T. Bunyard, Florist)

P. HAMILTON GOODSELL

Fine Nursery Stock

Come and See Our Fine Collection

OF

Specimen Evergreens
English Ivy in pots
Ampelopsis in pots

Roses in eight inch pots

Rhododrendrons from eightedh inches to four feet

= ALL THESE CAN BE INSPECTED AT OUR GROUNDS

1905 WEST FARMS ROAD, NEW YORK CITY

Telephone. 4028 Tremont

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

BON ARBOR

Awarded Diploma and Silver Medal at mU
Royal International Exhibition, London, Eng.

BON ARBOR NO. 1 will Ucip your Tennis Courts
and Lawns green in the hottest weather. Will grow
Lettuce, Celery, Cauliflower, and anything that matures
above the ground to the finest perfection. We can
prove it.

Bon

Arbor No. 1 is put up as foil

I*ackag

c makiiis

ir, gallo

IS. by mail.

I'aokag

e makiug

30 gallo

IS, by mail.

5 lb.

package

makiug

150 gallons,
e.\I). ext

25 11).

package

making

'50 gallons,
ex I), e.xt

50 lb.

package

iiakiug 1

,500 gnlUms
ex p. ext

100 lb.

package

making 3,000 gallons

ex p. ext

Barn

Is from 2

50 to 30C

lbs., ISc. |r

RADIX WORM ERADICATOR removes worms
instantly from your Tennis Courts, Golf Greens.
Flower Pots, etc.

2 gallons, making 200 gallons, $2.00 per gallon.

I'A gallons sufficient for Tennis Court 78 x 36 feet.

ANT DESTROYER. Rid your garden and lawn
of ants. It can be done in less than a week. Per II).
65c.; 10 lbs.. 60c. per lb.; 25 ll)s.. SOc. per lb.

BON ARBOR CHEMICAL CO.

Paterson, N. J., U. S. A.

Write for descriptive catalogue, new 1912 edition. We manufac-
ture also Radix Worm Eradicator, Insecticides, Weed Killer and all
agricultural chemicals. Special prices on large quantities.

PINO.YPTIS

WEED KILLER

THE VERY NEWEST AND QUICKEST METHOD

OF DESTROYING WEEDS, GRASS AND

OTHER GROWTH IN GARDEN WALKS,

GUTTERS, TENNIS COURTS,

DRIVEWAYS, ETC.

THIS fluid absolutely destroys all weeds
and other growth wherever applied,
and its effect on the ground prevents
the growth of fresh ones for a year and
thus saves a great deal of time and labor,
as no cutting, hoeing or hauling away of the
weed is required.

We manufacture the stroii!;est line of DISIN-
FECTANTS on the market.

PINO-LYPTOL CHEMICAL CO.

457 West 26th Street, New York City

Correspondence Solicited

CALEDONIA

CALEDONIA MARL is 98'a
pure carbonate of Lime, screened
to extreme fineness.

It is nature's product, and is
equaled by no other form of Lime.

CALEDONIA MARL is all
available and gives immediate re-
sults.

Contains no injurious or caus-
tic properties.

Can be applied by hand or ma-
chine at any time in any quantity
with entire safety.

Positively the most satisfactory
and economical form of Lime for
all agricultural purposes.

Litmus paper for testing soils
furnished free.

LIME AND POTASH MIXTURE

Guaranteed Analysis.

Available Phosphoric Acid - I'j',
Potash (actual) ------- 5<;^

Calcium Oxide 40%

A mixture prepared for soils,
rich in organic matter or humus.

Especially w^ell adapted to
law^ns, grass lands, shrubs and or-
chards, for permanent dressing.

Put up in Burlap Bags of 1 00
lbs. each.

Write us for further informa-
tion and samples.

International Agricultural Corporation

Caledonia Marl Branch

Marine Bank Building
BUFFALO, N Y.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Superintendents and Gardeners of Private Estates

Handling a Specimen Palm at Our Establishment.

SPECIAL
NOTICE !

If you wish any
variety of bedding
plants, we have it
at our Auction sales.
There is not a
greenhouse in the
Country that has
such a variety of
plants as we have in
our Auction Rooms.

If you have not the
time to attend our
sales, write us what
variety you wish and
we will treat you
j ust as go od as
though you attended
the sale yourself.

Send us your ad-
dress and we will
mail you our Auc-
tion circulars to keep
you '■_ posted as to
what we have to
offer at our sales.

The MacNiff Horticultural Co,

56 VESEY STREET
N E W| . Y O RiK

GARDENERS'
CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA

JUNE. 1913

Ten Cents a Copy

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

BOBBINK & ATKINS

World's Choicest Nursery

and Greenhouse Products

OL'lv I'roducts are of a higher grade than ever this season, placing us in a better
jxisitinn to fill orders with a class of material that will give satisfaction to all
our patrons. Our Nursery consists of 300 acres of highly cultivated land and a
large area covered with Greenhouses and Storehouses in which we are growing Nursery
and Greenhouse Products for every place and purpose.

THE FOLLOWING PLANTS FOR INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR DECORATIONS ARE AMONG OUR

SPECIALTIES.

m.Tiiv liil I- PEONIES AND IRIS.

lull.

Di-li

1(1 fleld-gi-HWG in all tin

num.v thousands of Straw

li.irv plants a id arv in ii pusitinu t" Bll orders "1" a.i.v

si7..-. .\sk l.ir >|MTial list.

EVERGREEN, CO.N'IFERS AND PINES. Mai.v aires ol

"iir Xn

BOXWOOD.

fa-lli'.lird

slial„-s and

BAY TREES

til'.-

\lli;r.

Order
rd' old-

idiiuarters for the

of all garden II"

ENGLISH IVY.

LAWN GRASS SEED.

rford BarU 1.:

OUR ILLUSTRATED GENERAL CATALOG NO. 45 DESCRIBES OUR PRODUCTS. Will be mailed
upon request.

THE PROPER WAY TO BUY i.s to .see the material growing. We shall gladly give our time and attention to
all tiardeners visiting;- mir Xur.sery and invite everybody interested in improving their grounds to visit us.

VISITORS ta]<e T'rie Railroad to Carlton Hill, second stop on Main Line; 3 minutes' walk to Nursery.

NURSERYMEN, FLORISTS AND PLANTERS

RUTHERFORD, N. J.

Another Elkins Park Subject

IT is at l-".lkiiis l';irk tliat wl- luiilt that hii;-
ran^e Inr 1'. A. IJ. ^\'idener — \Vm. Klein-
lioinz, vdu kiiDW, is the superintendent.
Mr. Wm. Steele is a neighbor of Mr. ^\'idener's.
Siiu.n^led charinim.;]}- in Mr. ."Steele's choice

Lord & Burnham Co.

little garden, we Iniilt this three comiiartment
curved eave house.

Write to Oscar Schinnever. Mr. Steele's gar-
dener, and lind out what he says about the
house. .\nd if you haven't our Two G's Book-
let, send for it at the same time.

SALES OFFICES: NEW YORK. 4!'nd St. Bldg. ; BOSTON, Tremont BIdg. ;
PHILADELPHIA, Franklin Bank BIdg,; CHICAGO. Rookerv Bldg. : ROCHES-
TER. Granite Bid?. ; TORONTO. 12 Qiipen St. E.

FACTORIES: Irringtcn. N. Y. : Des Plaines, 111,

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE .OF AMERTCA.

535

New Self- Watering

FLOWER BOX

With a five years' guarantee

It solves the window box problem by fur-
nishing a steady supply of water in just suffi-
cient quantity to meet the requirements of
. .lie's plants for a considerable period after
L-ach application, thus lightening the labor of
caring for them and guarding against dam-
age from neglect and forgetfulness.

Thev need be watered only once a week.
Splendid for hanging baskets, and will not
ilry out. Drainage perfect. The sub-irri-
L,aticin principle induces deep root growth,
which in turn produces luxuriant top
growth.

Anybody can succeed with them All
sizes, prices reasonable. Agents wanted.
Write to

The Conard & Jones Co.

West Grove, Pa.

About Saving Money

(TTI^^HERE are Times, You
Know, When Price is
Not the Only Factor
in Landing a Job.

Every once in a while a man realizes
that it's good business to spend money
to save money. There is much to be said
strongly in favor of a repair-free house
like these iron frame ones of ours are.
Write to us.

Hitching s & Co.

BON ARBOR

Awarded Diploma and Silver Medal at 1912
Royal International Exhibition, London, Eng.

BON ARBOR NO. 1 will keep your Tennis Courts
and Lawns green in tin- hottest weather. Will grow
Lettuce. Celery, Cauliflower, and anything that matures
above the ground to tiie finest perfection. We can
prove it.

Bon Arbor No. 1 is put up as follows:

Package makir^g IS gnlkms. by mail ?0.30

Package making 30 gallons. I>y mail 55

5 lb. package making 150 Kullons,
exp. extra
25 lb. package making 750 gallons,

exp. extra
50 lb. package making 1.500 gallons
exp. ext
100 lb. package making 3.000 gallons.

exp. extra 20.00
Barrels from 2.i0 to 300 lbs.. 18c. per lb.

l.SO

12.50

ERADICATOR removes worms
r Tennis Courts, Golf Greens,

RADIX WORM

instantly from you
Flower Pots, etc.

2 gallons, making 200 gallons, $2.00 per gallon.

lyi gallons sufficient for Tennis Court 78 x 36 feet.

ANT DESTROYER. Rid your garden and lawn
of ants. It can be done in less than a week. Per lb.
65c.; 10 lbs., 60c. per lb.; 25 lbs.. 50c. per lb.

BON ARBOR CHEMICAL CO.

Paterson, N. J., U. S. A.

Write for descriptive catalogue, new 1912 edition. We manufac-
ture also Radix Worm Eradicator, Insecticides, Weed Killer and all
agricultural chemicals. Special prices on large quantities.

(iiirileoer^, Attenti!

Let us repair your trees and
do your spraying. We have the
men that will climb high.

Why risk your lives climbing

high when we will furnish
men who do it the year round
and consequently become al-
most like squirrels in a tree ?
Send for our Free Leaflet explain-
ing our methods.

JOHN. T.wifiTERS, INC.

I Montgomery St., Jersey City, N. J.

536

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Ei}t Contents-

--3)unr, 1013

Making of a Country Estate Hemv Wild

537

The Profession of Gardening Arlhur Smith

555

Herbaceous and Tree Peonies .

543

Lilacs at the Arnold Arboretum . .

Four-Leaf Clover . . . Selecled

544

William N. Craig

556

Tree Doctoring Science vs. Practice .

Queries and Answers ....

558

W. M. 0. Edwards

545

Massachusetts Horticultural Society's Rhodo-

A Reply to Mr. Edwards M. E. Carleton

546

dendron Show .....

559

The Care of Apple Trees . William Reid

547

Massachusetts Horticultural Society's Peony

Retarding Peony Blooms ....

549

Show .......

559

Scraping the Bark .....

549

Horticultural Society of New 'V'ork

560

No Hard and Fast Rules Ceorge H. Penson

549

Tarrytown Horticultural Society .

560

Horticulture ......

549

Lilium Myriopryllum .....

562

Camera Snapshots . William H. Waile

550

Seen Near Philadelphia William N. Craig

562

Panama-Pacific Horticultural Exhibition

551

Growing Mushrooms . . A. J. Smith

563

The Thing That Couldn't Be Done Selected

551

National Associations ....

564

Editorial ......

552

Local Societies ......

564

Summer Meeting of the National Association

Gardeners Diary .....

565

of Gardeners .....

553

Annandale Rose Show ....

565

Service Bureau .....

553

Morris County Gardeners' and Florists' Society

565

The Annual Fall Shows ....

553

American Gladiolus Society

565

A Letter from Chas. H. Totty .

553

Elberon Horticultural Society

566

Among the Gardeners ....

554

Tuxedo Horticultural Society

566

American Sweet Pea Society

554

Westchester and Fairfield Horticultural Society

566

New York Spring Show for 1914 .

554

New Jersey Floricultural Society .

566

Of Personal Interest

THE personal element enters largely into all business transactions
and one buys where there is confidence in the man who sells. For
this reason we have added to our staff to handle our growing
private trade Alexander Gumming, Jr., who has for the past few
years been busy making Elizabeth Park famous for its Rose Gardens and
its Hardy Perennials.

Next season, in addition to the regular stock we have always handled,
we will include Perennials. Some of the best things to be offered in 1914
we shall handle.

Killarney Brilliant, the new forcing rose.

Matchless, Philadelphia, Gloria and Princess Dagmar, the new carna-
tions. These from pots for the private trade.

Our catalog will be one of the finest ever printed. We want you on our
mailing list. Send us your correct address.

A. N. PIERSON, Inc.

CROM'WELL, CONN.

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA

DEVOTED TO THE SCIENCE OF FLORICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE

ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF

THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

Vol. X\'l.

lUXE, 1913.

Xl.. 8.

The Making of a Country Estate

By Henry Wild.

To one whr) has lived close to mother earth fur many
3'ears. devotins.;" his life to the study, companionship and
cultivation of Xature"s bounty, the planning and planting
of. gardens and fields seems the only life-work worth
while. To be compelled to live in the most palatial city
surroundings day in and day out, year in and year out,
would seem, to the professional gardener, a form of im-
prisonment for life, for which none of the rewards of
success could fully compensate.

The rescue of the "old Immestead'' has been the dream
of many a prosperous city e.xile. and to many a man the
old farm where he was "bruught up" still beckons as a
possible haven for his declining years. The man of
affairs, who, as a boy, once wandered at will in the coun-
try, still dreams, amidst the attractions and distractions
of city life, of the open fields, of the gardens and orchards
which once smiled their welcome, and plans to own some
day a country home or estate as the crowning of a busy
a:nd successful career.

Fortunately, an attractive country estate is no longer
looked upon as a place demanding a lavish outlay — a
source of increasing expense to maintain — and every
year shows an increasin'^' number of beautiful country

homes in jjrocess of development. Thanks to the prog-
ress made in intensive agriculture and scientific garden
and orchard cultivation, the transformation of deserted
or semi-deserted farms, wooded hillsides and idle streams
into scenes of beauty and productiveness has been made
practical and possible, even to families of moderate
wealth.

The purpose of this article is to suggest, in a general
and necessarily sketchy way, some practical methods of
developing country estates. There are many conditions
which need more careful consideration than is apparent
to the layman. Only professional skill and experience
should be relied upon in planning with a view to obtain-
ing the best results, from both the -artistic and productive
points of view — and the proper correlation of the whole.
It is not enough to know-liow properly to care for such an
estate, or to rely on theoretical ideas or advice. The
imperative need, at the outset, is for trained skill and
wide experience in the study and planning of the scheme
as a whole, with a definite purpose in view, after which
the carrying out of well-devised plans can" be intrusted to
a competent gardener.

I have a strong sympathy with the tendenc\- toward

LIPRARV

NEW VokK

UAKOtN.

A SWA.MP A.Nh ISREF.DI.NT. PI..\CE FOR MOSQUITOKS. NOW CONVF.KTF.r) INTO A THING OF HEAUTV.
II AKIiV WATER I.II.1F..S ARE SHOWN IN FOREGROUND, WHILE JAPANESE IRIS, ELDERBERRY
AND SPIREAS MEET AT THE WATER'S EDGE.

538

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

greater simplicity, individiuility and economic productive-
ness in the development of country estates. A country
home should be a "home" in the true sense. It should
express, in its comfort, in its wide vistas, and in its
absence of artificiality, the broad and tolerant spirit of
American life. In this connection it is interesting to
note an outline of this spirit and purpose briefly and
tersely explained in a recent number of a leading ex-
ponent of the modern "back-to-the-land" movement :
To make America one great garden, as Europe is.
To create an American style of gardening, instead of
copying Europe literally.

To have American plants dominant in every landscape,
instead of foreign ones.

To use permanent materials everywhere, instead of
temporary ones.

To propagate all kinds of plants here, instead of wast-
ing millions on evergreens, etc., propagated in the in-
compatible climate of Europe.

To develop a passion for privacy and art and kill our
passion for show.

To redeem the northern winter from bleakness and
ugliness and create a new type of winter comfort and
beauty.

During my professional experience in America, as
head-gardener and landscape architect, for the past six-
teen years, a remarkable growth of sane sentiment toward
country living has found expression in many different
phases of the "back-to-the-land" movement. The tradi-
tional English country estate has been a family heritage
for generations, while in the United States the notable
country estates are of recent origin — those of compara-
tively few pioneers dating back hardly more than a decade
or two. 1 he rapid increase during the past ten years in
the number of more or less elaborate summer homes, set

in rural surroundings, and attractive covintry estates of
extensive and diversified holdings, shows no sign of
abatement, and though the movement is in its infancy,
there has been distinct progress toward a more rational
and less pretentious style of American gardening and
landscape architecture.

The Italian ideas and models, so lavishly imitated by
the earlier modern estates, are being superseded by more
truly American types in both the architectural and land-
scape features. The uniting of the charms of a rural
home, with a proper regard for making the property
productive as well as beautiful, and within reasonable
limits of outlay, is to a large extent supplanting the
"regardless-of-expense" idea of .the more pretentious
examples scattered throughout the eastern and middle
States. The tendency is strongly in favor of preserving
and restoring the natural features of American landscape
beauty, the creating of a more distinctly characteristic
style of gardening, instead of literally copying Europe,
and to give our native plants and flowers more promi-
nence in the laying out of the scheme for a country
estate, or for a more modest rural home. Another hope-
ful and significant feature is that men of wealth, weary
of the city, are learning that the owning and developing
of a home in the country can be made something more
than a dream. They are also learning to waste less and
to give more thought and attention to the things that
satisfy, instead of the purely artificial adornments, within
or without, in planning these havens of restful compan-
ionship with nature for their declining years.

There is no lack of desirable farm-land, idle pasturage,
and wooded hillsides, waiting development as admirable
sites for country estates, and many with great possibili-
ties unthought of by their present owners. The good-
roads movement, the suburban trolley line, the distance-

TIIIC XATUR.M, GROWTH Ol" MAPLES, OAKS. ETC., FRONTED WITH MOUXTAIX LAUREL, RHODODEXnRONS
LOCK. NATIVE LILIES THRIVE .AMONG THESE AND PROLONG THE SEASON OF FLOWERS.
THE COLOR EFFECT IN FALL IS GLORIOUS.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AME' ICA.

539

annihilating automobiles, iiavc brought the back-country
districts nearer the city, and yet remote enough to retain
the picturesque charm of jirivacy and comfort.

As no two conditions are alike, the work of develop-
ment depends largely on the lay of the land. By the
application of business efticiency and modern methods,
aided by the trained gardener and landscape architect,
these barren places can be made to "blossom like the
rose" and to "bear fruit an hundred-fold," yielding both
comfort, health and income. The comparatively low cost
of land in America, with the certainty of constantly in-
creasing value, should be strong incentives to the build-
ing of a country home. A well-planned estate — large or
small — is an investment as well as a pleasure.

THE C..\RDEX MADE 0\ER TO SUIT SURROUNDINGS.

It sometimes happens that the owner of an estate on
which there is an old flower garden would like to have it
changed to suit modern ideas. Possibly a background is

On a number oi estates there are gardeners well able
to take care of a garden when once properly starte<l, but
unable to plan or give the desired results. A few visits
from a reliable landscape architect who has made a study
of the subject is all that will be required. The work of
preparation is done by the gardening staf?, and the plant-
ing under the direction of the landscape e.xpert, who
could explain the rea>nns for planting the various things
in their proper places, enabling the gardener to work
more intelligently and giving him an added interest in his
work. This has been found to prove satisfact<,)ry in
many cases, and the ultimate care of the estate and gar-
den has been assured. The same applies in the trans-
planting of large trees, making of rose gardens, or any
other kind of new work on an estate. Once projierly
started, the final results are largely dependent on the
gardener, who when made familiar with the wrjrk on
hand, is in a position to help intelligently in making the
parden a success.

^UOWIXi; Till-: IIROKKX iHTIIXK ni' TIIK W ATF.R'S EDr.E, WITH XATUKAI. HAIK'.K

TAIX L.VURKL IX F(JREGROUNU. JAP.\NESE IRIS, N.XTIVE IIUU.V. CLKTIIKA AXli
MAKE A CHARMING FOREGROUND TO THE WOODS.

lacking, or the setting is not in keeping with the garden.
In such cases the transplanting of a few large trees in
winter with the additional planting of evergreens and
large .shrubs in spring or early fall will create a trans-
formation. The using of flowering shrubs and ever-
greens in the perennial or old-fashioned garden length-
ens the flowering season, beside serving as a background
and means of protection during storms and high winds.
The spireas, w-igelas, lilacs, altheas, etc., are both useful
and ornamental in this resiject, and when the flowering-
season is over form a pleasant contrast to the wealth of
flowers in the borders. Deli)hiniums, lilies, phlox, holly-
hocks, all have an added ciiarm and are seen to better
advantage with a backgruund of green. Planted in
masses instead of patches all over the garden, they are
doubly eflfective. In many cases the combinations of plant-
ings, with forethought as tn color scheme and season of
flowering, will aid greatly in making the garden what it
should be.

A home owner need not have a square mile of ground
to enable the landscape architect to produce good results.
Successful and attractive gardens and grounds have been
developed around country and suburban homes consisting
of a few acres. The secret of success in this profession
is found in the maturity of judgment that conies from
long experience. The experienced man can often develop
an effective plan in a tew hours by reason of his experi-
ence in similar cases.

PERENNIAL OK OUU-FASIIIONEI) GARDENS.

This class of flower gardens, now becoming si > popular
on American country estates, has much to recommend
it. As many tamihts occupy their country residences,
from early spring till late fall, they are one of the most
attractive features. When properly arranged and planted
they give a wealth of flowers for nearly eight months of
the year. Embracing, as they do, the old-fashioned
flowers of European gardens combined with native

540

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

THE GIAXT MAFLOWS. TVrAXESE IRIS AND ASTILBES REV

OK PLANT LIFE

varieties, tliey are a never-ending source of pleasure,
utility, and floral education. During the last few years
many varieties have been added to this class of flowers
that will withstand the most severe climatic conditions,
thereby eliminating loss and cost of maintenance. Who
does not admire such old favorites as the stately holly-
hocks, larkspur, phlox, peonies, lilies, sweet William's.
Canterbury bells, that breathe memories of childhood and
mother's garden?' When designed and planted by one
who loves the work and who thoroughly understands the

EL IN THE MOIST PLACE.S. WHERE >tAXV OTHER FORMS
WOULD PERISH.

combination of harmony, arrangement and color scheme,
they are sure to become a source of abiding pleasure.
Given the proper background or setting, their beauty is
greatly enhanced, and it is to be regretted that often what
should be a thing of beauty and a place to rest — and
linger in — proves to be a source of annoyance, owing to
lack of intelligent treatment. The whole secret and
charm of the old-fashioned or perennial garden is in its
proper surroundings and backeround.
The rose garden, without which no estate is complete.

, \i;iii- \ i\

GET-MF-NOTS.

vDF. RUSTIC IIRIDGE FROM WHICH ONE LOOKS ON TO THE JAPANESE IRIS ANII
NATIVE PLANTS. SUCH .\s LADY SLIPPERS. COLUMI'.INES AND FERNS

■ IIRIDGE FROA
\NTS. SUCH .\s
FLOURISH IN .\ SPOT LIKE THI

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

541

can by right selection of place- and varieties be made a
thing'of beauty from May to October, instead of being
devoid of tlowers. as in many cases, with the passing of
June.

Another part of the estate lends itself to the semi-wild.
One of the finest instances of this was noted where a
house was built in a wood, the undergrowth being re-
moved to a certain extent, the more desirable trjes selected
to remain, forming an object lesson in natural surround-
ings and a perfect study of light and shade. By a proper
and judicious selection of annuals there need be no bare
places caused by the passing of the flowering season of
the earlier varieties.

This style of garden appeals to all who love nature, and
is adaptable to some part of every estate. One of the
advantageous qualities of the old-fashioned, or perennial,
garden is that its cost of maintenance is small, compared
to artificially planned gardens. This style of garden fits
with perfect harmony into the general scheme where
simple, quiet architecture is the keynote. The old-
fashioned garden has a delicate old-world charm of its
own. With its harmony of color and its pleasant smell
of flowers in bloom it is the ideal place to read and
dream. If one should grow a garden for a poet, could
it be any other than one filled with hollyhocks and sweet
Williams, Canterbury bells and modest lilies?

LAKE AND STREAM PLAXTING.

To make a successful treatment of natural streams and
lakes requires more than the usual amount of study of the
subject. After carefully going over the surroundings
and taking note of plants and trees thriving under natural
conditions, much needed and valuable information may be
acquired. In the moist places the beautiful Japanese iris
are all at their best. This variety lengthens the iris sea-
son, and, with one of the many moisture-loving plants as
an under-cover, they are made doubly effective. ]\Iany
of the narcissus family thrive under the same conditions,
and when planted under the late summer-flowering
hibiscus or spireas. there is always something to claim the

attention. Some of the many forms of willows, birch,
elders and swamp maple trees can be used to good ad-
vantage; on the dry hillsides, native cedars, hemlocks,
mountain laurel, etc., are at home, and used with the
proper combination of deciduous trees make the ideal
treatment. Water lilies, nelumbiums, or weeping wil-
lows, showing through vistas of rhododendrons, form a
picture to he admired.

I have had splendid opportunities to carry out this
branch of work. The lake planting on the estate of Mr.
E. C. Converse is considered by many to be the leading
feature of the landscape work done there. The addition
of rustic bridges, when built to correspond with the sur-
roundings, adds a charm to the whole. \\'here there is
a natural woodland on one or more sides of the lake or
stream, one has the proper conditions for introducing
rhododendrons, azaleas, foxgloves, native lilies, the beau-
tiful English primrose and lady's-slippers ; many things
that cannot be used in formal gardens grow luxuriantly.
Ferns, aquilegias and many shade-loving plants lend
themselves to the beauty of rambling woodland paths, and
when seen in the long shadows of a summer evening
leave a lasting impression, helping to create a love of
nature and new interest in our surroundings.

I feel sure that the many attractions of this branch of
landscape, when better understood, will appeal to all who
are fortunate in having on their home grounds a lake or
stream. A lake is so easy to make, where one has a
stream, and is so attractive at all seasons, with its sheen
of water and its pleasant vistas, that every estate-owner
should certainly have one. wherever it is possible.

EVERGREENS.

There are several classes of these beautiful trees upon
which the landscape artist depends to a great extent to
make the home grounds attractive. Some of the choicest
are the retinosporas and spruces. The colors vary from
green to variegated green and gold. They make an ideal
setting for a home, providing the proper selection is made.
The dwarf varieties varving from two to five feet can be

ISTAS OK THE LAKE AM* .'. GOD PLANTING ARE SHOWN TO THE BEST ADVANTAOi: EROM THIS NOVEL CONSTRUC-
TION. LOOSE STRIPE AND CARDINAL FLOWERS ARE SHOWN GROWING AT THE WATER'S EDGE.

54:

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

used effectively under windciws, on terraces, banks and to
front off groups of the tall growing trees. Where a quick
growth or immediate effect is desired, it can be procured
in a short time. For wind-breaks or screens they cannot
be surpassed. Some are very useful in this respect to
shut out undesirable objects and also to protect the less
hardy and often more beautiful specimens. For avenue
planting they are ideal, their appearance being prac-
tically the same all the year around, giving a rich yet quiet
tone to the summer landscape, and in winter adding a
cheerful sight to the estate. A group of evergreens on a
bright, frosty morning, their branches veiled in snow,
make one of nature's most wonderful outdoor pictures.
To children they become a never-ending delight. The
early birds flock to them to build their nests, and places
that have been almost devoid of birds are turned into a
veritable paradise for the feathered songsters in a few
years.

For woodland and stream planting the hemlock, cedar
and pines, used in combination with native deciduous
trees, make a decided change to the group or formal

are vegetables and fruit. If an early start is made in this
direction, by the time the house is ready for occupancy
some returns can be expected. Asparagus, visually the
first spring vegetable, and requiring at least one year's
growth before cutting, and the strawberry beds, requiring
the same time before bearing fruit, should be promptly
planted with other fruits and vegetables that require most
time for development, and materially add to the pleasures
and com'forts of country life. Berries, grapes, etc., fol-
low with a general planting of fruit trees in season.

The reserve ground should next be taken into consid-
eration, where some good lawn-grass seed should be sown
to furnish a supply of turf (an item always needed).
Another reason for starting on the above lines at once is
this : While the house is building, little in the line of
grading or planting can be done in the immediate vicinity
and ample time can be taken to determine the laying out
of the avenues, flower gardens, greenhouses, garage and
farm buildings. Strange to say, this important part of
any estate — the fruit and vegetable garden — is often
neglected. If owners of countrv homes will take a little

SPECIMK.N 111. I I-, ^l'l<l I I-
EVERGREEN'S .\RE

\.SL) AI'.IKS 1.0XCOLOR (SILA'ER FIR). A SPLENDID COMBINATION. H.'\RDY .AND BE.\UTIFUL.
Pl.E.^SING THE YE.\R THROUGH, LENDING .\ RICH YET SUBDUED TONE TO .-\N ESTATE.

effects. Another class of evergreens are the rhododen-
drons ; the hardy hybrids number amongst them some of
the most gorgeous flowers. Planted with a background
of pines, etc., their beauty is shown to advantage. For
formal garden work the blue spruce, thuyas, yews, etc.,
add a dignified appearance all the year through. A choice
selection can be made, without fear of loss of trees, that
will withstand the most severe winters and do away with
the annoyance and e.xpense of replacing, in spring, varie-
ties unsuitable for the surroundings. Contrary to the
general belief, many large specimens have been trans-
planted by the frozen ball method without a single loss.

THE FRUIT AND VEGETABLE G.VKDEN.

In the planning and construction of a country estate,
there are many matters of permanent interest and im-
portance to be taken into consideration. From the pro-
ductive point of view my experience suggests the follow-
ing: After the site for the house has been selected, the
position of vegetable and fruit garden sliould receive early
attention, as about the lirsl things expected from an estate

pains to develop these gardens, they will find them a
source of much satisfaction.

LANDSCAPE FORESTRY.

The general topography of the estate should be given
careful study, and the general plan of the estate consid-
ered to secure the best results from the planting of the
[ilace. Climatic conditions, e.xposure, privacy ami all
natural advantages should be given thought, as all play
their part in the general effect. If the avenue is properly
planned, its planting and care can easily be carried out
by one familiar with landscape gardening to suit the ideas
of the owner. In case the owner has a preference for a
certain variety of tree to predominate in the avenue, the
planning can be arranged to cariw out the purpose har-
moniously. If the avenue is straight, or nearly so, the
line-planting can in most cases be followed ; on the other
hand, should it run through a rolling or wooded country,
an entirely different plan must be considered. If a part
of the grounds is naturally wooded, care should be taken
in selecting material that will lead uj) to or harmonize

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AME: iCA.

543

DREER'S POT-GROWN

STRAWBERRY PLANTS

The best varieties, both new and old. and best methods of plant-
ing- to raise a full crop of strawberries next year are fully particu-
larized in •

Dreer's Mid-Summer Catalogue

.\lso Celery, Cabbage, and other vegetable plants. A select list of
decorative plants. Palms. Ferns, etc.; Seeds of old-fashioned Hardy
Perennials and other flowers for summer sowing, Seasonable Farm
Seeds, etc.

Write today for a copy, FRF. E, and |jKase mention this magazine.

HENRY A. DREER

7 14. CHESTNUT ST.. PHILADELPHIA., PA.

with the natural conditions. I-"ur instance, if the drive
passes through a wood, comijosed (as in many cases) of
the deciduous trees of the East, charming vistas may
often be secured by the removal of undesirable trees, and
by so doing benefit those reserved.

Where an undergrowth or fronting is required, mag-
nificent effects may be produced by the introduction of
such evergreens as hemlock, spruce, rhododendrons,
mountain laurel, etc.. at a slight cost.

Where native cedars or pines predominate, the addi-
tion of scarlet oaks, red maples, birch and other trees as-
sist in brilliant color effects. Berried shrubs and trees,
such as the mountain ash, berberries and native holly,
viburnums, etc.. add much tn the fall and winter land-
scape.

Special care must be given to the landscape work in
close proximity to the house. Xo set rule can be applied.

A charming setting for a house built of gray stone can be
procured by the planting of evergreens, thereby softening
the outline and adding a rich, subdued tone the year
'round.

THE GREENHOUSE.

There is hardly an estate of any size that does not carry
its range of greenhouses. In many cases their planning
and erection is placed in the hands of someone who has
not the faintest idea of the particular purpose for which
each section is being built, and who studies them from an
architectural instead of a horticultural point of view.
The result can be imagined when the gardener is called
upon to produce roses or fruit in a house that has hardly
an}' of the requirements called for. I have seen many
greenhouses on private estates placed in positions where
the\' are a source of annoyance instead of pleasure.

Herbaceous and Tree Peonies

Some of the Best Varieties, Planting and Care.

Hardy herbaceous flowering plants have come rapidly
intii popular favor during recent years. The perennial
characteristic of such plants has taken deep root in the
hearts, of the people and won their love. The pretty,
annual Howering plants bloom for a single season and are
killed by the first heavy frost of Autumn, but the hardy
herbaceous perennial plants bloom each in its own season,
and when the Summer campaign of bloom and growth is
over, and Winter comes, they retire into their quarters
beneath the earth, but come back again like old and loved
friends when the sun of .\]M-il with its warm kisses melts
the ice and snow, and nature reawakens from its winter
sleeji.

Oi all the many hardy hcrhaccuus flowering plants, no
one is hardier, more floriferous, .^liowy and beautiful than
the Peony. To all these attractive qualities there is in
manv varieties also the added charm of a delicate
fragrance.

The early varieties bloom \\-'>\u about May 2? to June
1 ; the early mid-season from June 1 to June 10; the mid-
season from June 10 to June 1.^ : the late mid-season from
June 15 to June 20; and the late from June 20 to July.
This classification as to beginning and end of season is
arbitrary, but shows what carlw mid-season, etc.. means
in what follows :

During the June flower shuw- and window disjjlays of

the seed stores there is an excellent opportunity for pros-
pective buyers to make their own selections.

To such as are not al)le to take advantage of these
opportunities, the following varieties selected by careful
observation out of the several hundred varieties now
grown are recommended as among the most beautiful in
the various colors of the several classes.

E)OUBr.E HERBACEOUS CLASS.

Festiva maxima, color pure white, center petals often
tipped red, earl\- : lonrcmne D'or, pure white, tuft of
center petals tipped carmine, late ; Boule De Neige. milk-
white, flecked with crimson, early mid-season ; Modeste
Guerin. light Solferino red, fragrant, mid-season;
Atrosanguinea, brilliant rosy magneta, outer iietals,
streaked white, mid-season; August in D'Hour, brilliant
Solferino — red mid-sea.«in; Jules Calot, dark pink, fra-
grant, mid-season. Avalanche, milk white, center lilac
white, with carmine flecks, fragrant, late ; Felix Crousse.
brilliant red, fragrant, mid-season ; Mme. De \'erneville,
pure white, blush center, flecked with carmine, fragrant,
earlv; Mons. Jules Flic. |)ale lilac rose, very fragrant,
earlv; .\dolphe Rousseau. puri)le, garnet, early; Rapliael,
d^rk purple, garnet, extra early; .Slons. Martin Cahuzac,
very dark purple, garnet, the darkest colored Peony of
all, earlv mid-season; I.amartine, rose carmine, mid-

544

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

season; Grover Cleveland, dark crimson, late; Mme.
Geissler, rosy lilac, early; La Tulipe, flesh pink, center
petals tipped and enter petals striped with carmine,
fragrant, late mid-season ; Francois Ortegat, dark
amaranth-red, mid-season ; La Coquette, light pink,
center flecked with carmine, fragrant, mid-season ; Claude
Lorraine, soft flesh color shaded with chamois, mid-
season ; \'ictor Hugo, brilliant carmine red, late ; IMme.
Emile Lemoine, milk white, mid-season ; Descartes,
amaranth red, fragrant, mid-season ; the comparatively
new variety, tenuifolia flore pleno, an early, dazzling
crimson-red, of dwarf growth with finely dissected folig-ge
and the old extra early crimson-red variety, rubrum.

SINGLE HERBACEOUS PEONIES.

Single peonies are comparatively new to the public, but
are fast growing in favor. They are considered by man
more artistic in form than the double peonies.

The list of varieties is not large. Among the more
desirable varieties are the Bride, also called Albiflora,
color pure white ; Austin Chamberlain, amaranth red ;
Celestial, lovely soft rose pink ; Flag of Truce, lilac white ;
Stanley, dark brilliant crimson ; The Moor, purple garnet.

JAPANESE PEONIES.

The Japanese peonies form an intermediate class be-
tween the double and single peonies. In these the sta-
mens have been transformed into narrow petaloids. As
yet these are found mostly in the collections of connois-
seurs, and peony enthusiasts. Their colors are brilliant
and they are often quite irregular in form. The number
of varieties known in this country is small. Among the
best are Attraction, color Tyrian rose, mid-season ; Lady
of Grace, white splashed with crimson, tipped with gold ;
Rosalind, pink tipped with buff ; White Lady, lilac-white ;
King of England, rich ruby madder with central jietals
pure gold ; Cascade, pure white ; Dragon's Head, pale
rose striped with dark crimson.

TREE PEONIES.

The tree peonies differ from the herbaceous peonies
before mentioned in that they form a dwarf shrub which
reaches sometimes the height of four feet. Some are
from Europe and others from Japan. Those from
Europe are by no means new, but those from Japan are
yet comparatively rare. Tree peonies bloom about three
weeks earlier than the Chinensis section to which the
herbaceous peonies belong. The following are among
the best; Bijou de Chusan. color blush white; Etna glow-
ing fiery red; Louise Mouchelot, silvery rose, Maxima
plena, white shaded with violet red ; Reine Elizabeth, rose
color ; Emilia, light salmon-rose. Tree peonies are per-
fectly hardy, but are benefited by a slight protection
during the winter.

PLANTING CULTIVATION AND CARE.

The peony is a heavy feeder and needs good soil. A
soil which retains dampness in a moderate degree is de-
sirable, but, locations of a swampy nature, or where water
will stand around the plants should be avoided. When
planted in beds, the best results are obtained by excavation
of the entire bed two feet deep. Well rooted manure,
preferably cow manure, .should be placed in bottom of
bed to the depth of about six inches. Never use fresh
manure. Spade the manure in at bottom of bench, then
fill in the bed with a mixture of two-thirds soil, and one-
third leaf mold and well rotted manure. If the soil is a
heavy clay, instead of two-thirds soil, use one-third soil
and one-third sand witli the leaf mold and well rotted
manure. When the bed is filled the center should round
up so as to stand about eight inches above the level of the
ground. Allow about a three foot circle for each plant.

Plant the roots very firmly and deep enough so that the
crowns will be about three inches below the surface. In
setting plants separately on the lawn or in the garden,
prepare the soil the same way as for planting in beds.
Cover the bed after planting with coarse strawy manure.
September is the best month for planting peonies, but
they may be planted up to November. Every autumn
after the ground has frozen, cut off the peony stalks about
three inches above the ground, throw them on the bed or
plant, and cover with coarse manure. Three or more
flower buds are generally produced on one peony stem.
To obtain the largest flowers, pinch off all of these except
the terminal bud. \\'hen the blooms are to be used in
vases, cut the flower when half open, give fresh water
each day, cutting of abojjt one-half inch daily from stem
to remove the callus, so that the stem may absorb water.
So treated blooms will last from eight to ten davs.

FOUR LEAF CLOVER.

I know a place where the sun is like gold,
.And the cherry blossoms burst like snow,
And down underneath is the loveliest nook
\\"here the four-leaf clovers grow.

One leaf is for hope, and one is for faith,

And one is for love you know.

And God put another in for luck ;

If you search you will find where they grow.

But you must hope, and you must have faith ;
You must love and be strong and so ;
If you work : if you wait, you will find the place
Where the four-leaf clovers grow.

— Selected.

ROSES

For June and July Planting

Grafted and Own Root Stock

#jT We can supply Mrs. Shawyer,
Ladv Hillingdon, Sunburst,
Killarnev, My Maryland and
Radiance. White Killarney,

Richmond and American Beauty.

Write us for quotations on your wants

CHAS. H. TOTTY

MADISON,

N .

Tree Doctoring. Science Versus Practice

By W. M. O. Edwards.

The "Country Gentleman" recently stated that "gen-
uine disaster faces many ni our shade trees, three of
our valuable species are threatened with extinction,
the chestnuts frcim the blight, hickories and birches
from borers working undt-r the bark, for which there
is no visible means of salvation."' This is now an old
story, which regularly reappears in the press and re-
peated at every opportunit\- by the experts, who take

f IIKSlXri" III- \-l'i ■114. I'lKiTii, 1..1II.

a gloomy view of the situation because they them-
selves are absolutely nun[)lused in their efforts to
find ways and means thai will successfully save in-
fected trees, and the chestnut blight bogey has been
carried on with such persistence and constancy as to
lead all lovers of these beautiful trees into the belief
that they are doomed. P. T. I'.arnum used to say that
the public liked to be humliugged. and is it not pa-
thetic to observe how the intelligent public are being
humbugged all the time and hiAd such mysterious ven-
eration for the expert who is doing it. and the woods
are full of them, who think and act with one accord,
that whatever one of them knows, the)' all know, b(u
they are afraid to plow intu unknown seas, because
they have no faith in themselves or initiative to grasj)
the problems and concpier tln-m. May we ask. whither
are we drifting? Ha\e \\ c as a people become so
helpless in these enlightened times, with our thousand---
of experts, with the deluge of talk by state, national
and local organizations to encourage the planting anrl

preservation of treo. liut whose work actually van-
ished into thin air, like the "flowers that bloom unseen
and waste their fragrance in the desert air," because
our trees are dying by the thousands all over our
broad land ?

At the 1910 convention of the S. A. F. :\Ir. \V. X.
Rudd pertinently asked, what has the experiment sta-
tion done for our benefit? Insect and fungoid diseases
we always have with us, what are they doing to check
ihem? Broadly stated, they have not measured up to
their opportunities and the necessities of the times.
True, they have accomplished much, but is there not
too much science, too great a gap between the scien-
tific theorist and the practical and intelligent work-
man? Does not too much government make us help-
less?

In the presence of such a destructive disease as the
chestnut l)light, is it not extraordinary to find that,
notwithstanding the fact that our professional friends
ha\-e failed to find or to devise methods of control for
the back disease, as well as the hickory and the birch,
and many others, it is nevertheless actually a physical
impossibility to get a rational response, or any con-
sideration whatever, when they have been notified that
these diseases can be kept in check and infected trees
saved. They are evidently reactionaries of the first
water, and instead of being liberal enough to give en-

nUKOKV— RUST .A.M) IIOKER. PRUNIvI) .Wl' TUK.\r£D 190^.
PHOTO. 1910.

546

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

couragement to individual research and experiment,
they are an impregnable l)ar against it. Let me here
and now emphasize the demonstrated fact that any
sort of a tree can be saved that is infected with any
blight, such as the chestnut blight, peach yellows, or
with any borers such as kill our hickories, birches,
poplars, etc., of whatever nature which infest them
either externally or internally in the wood, but that is
otherwise healthy and in a reasonable growing condi-
tion, the opinions, conclusions and failures of our ex-
perts to the contrary notwithstanding. The photo-
graphs show a che.stnut, a hickory and a birch, as they
appeared in 1910, six years after treatment, while all
the untreated trees of the same species, growing in
the same \'icinitv. dierl \cars ago.

KrRol'F.A.X WKKIMXl

IUR(!!. WHOLE TOP DEAD 1904.
r'lIOTO. 1910.

.\s an example oi the illogical reasoning of the Unit-
ed States Department of Agriculture, two years ago
the above facts were brought to the attention of the
Hon. Secretary, wdiich was referred for respofise to
an acting chief of a bureau with a long name, who
condescended to say. "that much that has been written
about the chestnut tree blight is exaggerated. There
is no serious disease of the liirch." which is a ([ueer
response to make in view of all the government bul-
letins published on the suliject in which is described
the great havoc and destruction that have been done to
these trees in recent years.

Tree doctoring is an old art in the older countries ;
although there are no expert foresters in China, they
are ])ast masters in the art of caring for trees, and suc-
cessfully practiced it for centuries before the white
race was civilized. It has nut advanced here as fast
as its importance demands, I'ccause of too much

scientific and theoretic teaching practical work has
been abandoned, ridiculed and discouraged. We of
course need scientific research and experiment, but
we also need practical work, and some incentive to
individual effort. Then why will not all interests get
together and work harmoniously for better results?

The gardeners in charge of many fine country seats
in Europe are practical trained men of experience, with
a thorough knowledge of all branches of the profes-
sion. These are the men who are the authorities and
writers in all matters horticultural and arboricultural,
because they do get results. There are many such
men scattered over this country, endowed with com-
mon sense, industry and intelligence, experienced in
the care and cultivation of trees and all sorts of choice
plants, natives of every clime, who are fighting some
blight, fungi or insects nearly all the year round, btit
these men have not been encouraged and appreciated
as they should. It is up to the owners of fine country
seats to give their gardeners-in-charge some induce-
ment to work in co-operation with our experts ; let
them all get together and work together, which no
doubt will ultimately result in a systematic- endeavor,
and the effectual check to further devastation.

A REPLY TO MR. EDWARDS.

In the present issue of this journal there is an article
on Tree Doctoring by ^Ir. W. M. O. Edwards, on which
the Editor has kindly invited me to comment. As a con-
siderable portion of the article has reference to the chest-
nut blight. I will take advantage of the opportunity to
reply briefly to a few statements in that line. I have al-
ready discussed these statements with the writer him-
self, and he knows that I have challenged their correct-
ness and that to date he has not been able to prove them.
As the institution with which the undersigned is con-
nected is working in close cooperation with the Bureau of
Plant Industry, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture,
it should be noted that this reply may suffice also for the
U. S. Department of Agriculture, in so far as that De-
partment agrees with the correctness of the following
statements.

The contention made in the latter part of the article,
that investigators and ''experts" do not cooperate with
practical men. such as gardeners, is sufficiently answered
by the fact that Mr. Edwards is himself now working in
close cooperation with the Blight Commission, taking ad-
vantage of our offer for him to treat a number of selected
chestnut trees and prove out his theory. Not the least
thing to put in his way ; on the other hand, he is encour-
aged in every way possible. Moreover, in previous years,
he has been offered on two or three occasions the use of a
number of orchard trees on the experimental grounds of
the Commission at Emilie, Pa., for the same purpose, but
in each case he declined to take advantage of the offer.
The same offer made to him has been made to numerous
other private tree doctors and gardeners, who have treat-
ments too numerous to mention for diseased chestnut and
other trees. A dozen or more of these men have taken
advantage of our oft"er and after one year's trial, their
treatments have been decided by a careful Board of Re-
viewers to be of no use. On the other hand, in some
cases the blight disease appears to have progressed faster
where the treatments were tried.

Mention is made by 'Sir. Edwards of photographs show-
ing a chestnut, a hickory, and a birch after six years of
his treatment, while all untreated trees of the same species
in the same vicinity had died. T have not seen the photo-
graphs, but pictures cannot accurately show the present
condition of a tree, and he has been challenged bv the

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AM F RICA.

547

writer and others time and ayain to show to impartial
judges the proof of the ofticacy of his treatment in any
one of these trees and has failed to do so.

It is stated that the words of the acting chief of the
Bureau of Plant Industry is a queer response when in
answer to a question, he replied : "That much that has
been written about the che>tnut tree blight is exaggerated.
There is no serious disease of the birch." This answer
was made two years ago. at which time almost any plant
pathologist would likely have given the same answer.
The visible effects of the l)light have, of course, increased
tremendously in that time, and the party referred to might
now make a very different answer to the same question.
Even now there is probably no very serious fungous dis-
ease of the birch.

Mr. Edwards states as a demonstrated fact that any
sort of a tree can be saved that is infected with any blight.

such as the chestnut blii^ht, peach yellows, etc. With the
knowledge he claims to have of tree diseases he must
know that the best informed tree doctors, scientific qr
practical, have endeavored for years to get any remedy
whatever for peach yellows, and have absolutely failed.
The only possible relief is from the "cutting-out" method,
such as is now practited by the Chestnut Tree IJlight
Commission for chestnut blight.. The writer is probably
as hopeful as to the future control of the chestnut blight
as any other well-informed person, but there is at pres-
ent absolutely no remedy for chestnut blight or peach
yellows. If ]\Ir. Edwards really has a remedy, everlast-
ing fame and fortune await him. On the other hand, he
must prove his contention quickly, or he has the just cen-
sure of a public misled bv false claims.

M. A. C.ARLETOX.

Chestnut Tree Blight Commission.

The Care of Apple Trees

By William Reid.

In choosing the care of apple trees for this article I
would say that I am a great lover of apples. They are
the king of all fruits, and can be had all the year round.
They can be cooked in a great many ways, and they are
one of the most healthful fruits grown.

The following notes are from actual experience. The
first is pruning. The object of pruning is to let in light
and air to all parts of the trees, cutting out all interlacing
branches and keeping the center of the trees open. In
cutting off the branches be sure to cut close to the main
limbs, so that the cut will soon heal over. If you leave
stubs they will not heal over readily but will keep on
decaying, and after a few years the trees will be full of
holes.

It is well to thin in such a manner that you will have a
well balanced tree. If some of the shoots are getting
much longer than others, they should be cut back, other-
wise they will take the strength away from the others.
The latter part of November and the early part of De-
cember is a good time to do the pruning in New Jersey.
As a rule the weather is pleasant for the work at that
time, but they can be pruned any time from November to
the middle of 3ilarch. In fact I would not hesitate to cut
off a few branches any time that I thought needed it.
During the summer is a good time to go over the trees
and cut out any dead branches as they are then readily
seen. I prune our apple trees in November even before
all the leaves have fallen. 1 think it is a good time as I
can readily see where the branches are too thick. By
pruning early I have an opportunity to do the first spray-
ing for the San Jose scale in the early part of December.
The scale is much softer at that time and the early spray-
ing is much more effective. I used to spray twice every
year, in December and March, but we have got
the scale under control now, so one spraying in
December is all that is necessary. For the San
Jose scale I u.se Scalccide. also Scaleine. I have had
equally good results from both. They are both handy to
use, sim])Iy measure out the cjuantity, put it in the water
and it mixes instantly. ".Scaleine" is als(< splendid as a
summer spray for the aphis that attacks the young shoots
of the apple trees. I have used the home-made sulphur
and salt for the scale, but I do not like it. It is disagree-
able to use. and I do not tiiink it is as effective as the
above remedies. One year 1 used eight ])ounds of caus-
tic soda to fifty gallons of water, which gave the trees a
fine a]:)pearance and seemed to stick on for a long time,
but was not effective for killing the scale. This solution

was also disagreeable to use as it burned the hands and
the face, making it necessary to wear goggles and a mask.
Kerosene emulsion with plenty of whale oil soap I have
found effective. And the only objection to its use is the
trouble in preparing it.

SCRAPIXG OFF THE BARK.

In the latter part of February I advise scraping all the
loose bark off the trees. It gives them a fine apjjearance
and clears out the lodging places for a great many kinds
of insects. This may appear a big undertaking, but one
can accomplish a great deal in a few days, and it makes
the spraying in March more effective.

In old trees that have been neglected and are full of
holes from decayed limbs, I would dig out all the de-
cayed part and fill up with cement and sand. .A gauge
chisel and a small wooden mallet are the best tools for
digging the decayed wood out of the holes.

In holes that are not very deep it is best to drive nails
inside the hole a little way into the wood a few inches
apart before putting in the cement. This will reinforce
the cement and prevent the frost from heaving it out.
In mi.xing the cement, do not get it too soft or it will run
out as fast as you put it in, and be sure to pack it in the
holes firmly. Smooth the surface of cement over nicely
with a small trowel. Do not fill up the holes clear to the
bark, but make it even with the wood, thus allowing the
bark to grow over the cement. When the cement has
hardened it can be painted with dark green paint which
will improve its aiijiearance. After treating the trees in
this manner you will be surprised at the results. They
will start growing with renewed vigor. It gives them a
new lease of life.

oil) NF,GLECTED TREES.

In ])runing old neglected trees it is well to leave some
of the sprouts that grow from the main branches and cut
out some of the older ones so as to renew the trees. In
this wav there is i)ractical]y no limit to the age of an
apple tree. The best tools for pruning are a \<mg han-
dled pruning shears, a ])erfection pruning saw on a ten-
foot pole, and an ordinary hand pruning saw.

I advise cutting the tops off of old trees that are very
high, as it makes it more convenient for spraying, picking
the fruit, and thining the fruit. This checks the growth
of the trees somewhat, but they will recover after the first
year. Twenty feet is high enough for the trees. At
this height they can be sprayed in half the time, and the
fruit is not so liable to lie blown otT.

548

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.-

TOP GRAFTING.

If you have any poor or worthless varieties of trees,
cut the tops oil and top graft to better varieties. The
best time to do this work in this section is generally about
the latter end of March or the first week in April.

It is not wise to do it earlier as the graft will not take
so good. Cut the scions about the middle of December
and keep them in a cool cellar in moist earth or sand, so
that they will remain dormant until you want to use
them in the spring. You will be surprised at the growths
these grafts will make the first season ; some that I
grafted last year made shoots over four feet during the
summer. One pear tree that I grafted last vear is well
set with fruit this season.

SPRAYING FOR THE CODLING MOTH.

In order to have good sound apples we must spray for
the codling moth, which deposits its eggs in the blossom
end of the fruit, also on the apples. To prevent the
worms from developing we must spray just when the
blossoms are falling, otherwise the spraying will not be
very effective. When the blossoms commence to fall the
calyx is refiexed and the spray will settle there. A few
days after the blossoms fall the calyx closes up to a point
and spraying would not be effective. It is necessary to
spray three times two weeks apart in order to kill all the
worms. Arsenate of lead is the best spray to kill the
codling mijth.

THIN THE FRUIT.

To have fine large juicy apples we thin the fruit on the
trees. The first thinning should take' place after the
apples are well set. The first thinning we pick all the
apples off every cluster except the largest one. If two or
more are left together they will surely be wormy. It is
best to thin at least three times two weeks apart. At the
end of the season you will be surprised at the splendid
results obtained. It is time well spent.

If the apple trees are growing on sod I would advise
turning it over, digging or plowing in plenty of barnyard
manure, and keeping the cultivator going up to the end of
July. Wood ashes are a good fertilizer for the orchard.

I recommend for small gardens the planting of dwarf
apple trees. They occupy very little space and are very
interesting. They bear fruit the first year after planting.
I advise a little summer pruning for dwarf apple trees.
Shorten some of the leading shoots. It helps to check
the growth and makes them form fruit buds.

In this section of New Jersey, as well as other sections,
we only get a Jieavy crop of apples every second year.
In order to equalize the crop and not have an off year, it
is advisable when the trees are in bloom to pick all the
blossoms off sorne of the trees. Trees treated thus will
bear fruit the following year. \\'e are practicing this
method now with good results. This work does not take
any longer time to do than it does to thin the fruit.

Spray Your Evergreens With

SCALINE

If they have the appearance of being stunted in their
growth, investigation will probably disclose that the
red spider, which is doing so much damage through-
out the country to our evergreens, is responsible for
the bad appearance of your trees and shrubs.

Scaline is not a substitute for kerosene emulsion or
the fish oil soaps now so commonly used, but a de-
cided improvement on these old fashioned remedies;
readily soluble — easily applied — less disagreeable to
use — more effective and more economical. It does
not stain your foliage as lime and sulphur will do.
In fact, it cleanses and is less harmful.

Those who have used Scaline the past winter and
this spring say that it excels any outdoor spraying
material they have ever tried for trees and hardy
plants.

Gallon, $1.50. 10-gallon keg, $10.
50-gallon barrel, $37.50.

For Greenhouse and General Garden Spraying use

Spray Your Roses With

FUNGINE

It is an infallible remedy for mildew, rust and other
blights affecting flowers, fruits and vegetables.

Just the remedy for mildew on roses and sweet
peas, chrysanthemum rust, etc. Unlike Bordeaux
and lime and sulphur, it will not stain, but cleanses
the foliage.

Gallon, $2.00. 10-gallon keg, $15.00.

VERMINE

A soil sterilizer and vermicide for all soil worms,
maggots, root lice, etc. It protects your lawns and
crops against the ravages under the soil.

Gallon, $3.50. 5-gallon keg. $12.50.

For your roses, sweet peas, etc., vegetables and
fruit. It will destroy the aphis, red spider, thrips,
soft scale, and all sap sucking insects.

Quart, $1.00. Gallon, $2.50.

Containing twelve per cent, nicotine for vaporizing.

Quart, $1.25. Gallon, $4.00.
For Sale by all Seedsmen.

Aphine Manufacturing Company

Manufacturers of Agricultural Chemicals
M. C. EBEL, Gen'l Mgr. MADISON, N. J.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

549

HERE, THERE AND EVERYWHERE

riie Peony is undoubtedly
RETARDING the most gorgeously beauti-

PEONY BLOOMS. '"1 oi all our hardy flowers,
and the ease with which it
may be cultivated, and the fact that it is under any rea-
sonable condition sure to produce a fine crop of blooms
every year after it is established, make it deservedly a
great favorite.

Its only drawback is its habit of opening all its blooms
nearly at the same time, giving a great surplus of flowers
for a few days and none afterwards. It is not generally
known that the blooming of Peony buds can be very
easily delayed from several days to several weeks, de-
pending on the variety and the method of treatment.

To delay the opening of the blooms for a few days, they
are cut when the petals are just loosening, but when none
of them have turned back. All the leaves are removed,
except a few of the upper ones, sufficient to give the
flower a proper setting of green. They are then wrapped
somewhat snugly — one dozen or less in a bunch^ — in two
thicknesses of damp (not wet) newspapers, leaving the
lower four or five inches of the stems uncovered. The
bundles of blooms so wrapped are placed in jars of water
so that the lower one-third of the stems are submerged,
and placed in a cold, dark location. A cool cellar is an
ideal place. In this condition they will keep up to a week
without opening, but will open very quickly when un-
wrapped and brought into the light and warmth.

If it is desired to retard them a longer time, they are cut
earlier, while showing full cjlor but before any of the
petals have loosened at all, and treated in the same way.
The tighter the bud is when cut, the longer it will keep.

Some few varieties can be retarded only a few days in
this way without being injured, while others can be held
back for a very long time. The professional Peony
grower, after preparing the blooms as described, will
place them in cold storage warehouses, where the tem-
perature is kept very low and perfectly even, and will hold
them there for six weeks in the case of some varieties.

Where the advantages of artificially cooled storage with
an absolutely even temperature cannot be had it is prob-
ably not advisable to attempt retarding the blooms over
two weeks in this way, while some varieties can be held
only a very few days. — The Horticultural Society of
Chicago.

Scraping the rough, loose
SCRAPING bark of fruit and shade trees

THE BARK. to prevent the lodgment of

insects and to improve the
appearance of the trunks has long been practiced,
but, according to State Director Kane, the bark-
scraping has been carried to dangerous e.xtremes in
Mas.sachusetts. Not only single trees but whole orchards
in various towns have been scraped so clean that the live
bark has been injured or destroyed, leaving a surface as
smooth as if sandpapered. This is done to promote a
rapid, healthv growth, free from moths, dnd to make the
trees look well. On a large estate in Weston the trees
were scraped so far into the quick that there is danger of
their dying, the life oozing out by degrees. The cambium
deposit is exposed to the action of wind and rain and is
evaporated, and the trees suffer from root to branch. Ex-

perts are puzzled to know what to apply to these naked
trunks to stop their loss without doing injury to the trees.
— Exchange.

Xo other business has such
NO HARD AND elastic rules as those gov-
FAST RULES. erning the gardening profes-
sion. This is generall}' ad-
mitted yet occasionally we find some men who seem to
think things must work mechanically. The very fact of
vastly dififerent methods resulting in equally good results
convinces one there are more ways than one to "produce
the goods" (or perhaps it leaves us in a quandary). As
you roam the country you find no two places are alike ;
something can be learned from each transfer or visit.
At times the newly acquired knowledge does not "pan
out." Why? Because conditions are dififerent and you
probably are lacking in some details your informers have
grown so accustomed to that they overlooked to mention
them. Look at the vast stretch of country covered by the
one name — America — with its many and varied climates,
all of which are specially adapted for the growing of some
particular product. When these, what we might call,
natural specialties come to be grown in another state they
are not so prolific or elegant. In a similar way the
products of the greenhouse will vary, some sections being
better suited for certain crops than others, yet we often
find these obstacles have been surmounted b_v giving a
little here and taking a little there which might have to be
reversed by a neighbor or friend elsewhere. Occasion-
ally drastic steps have to be taken which to the casual
observer would seem outrageous, but after an explanation
things are viewed in a different light. I know there are
instances every season where we have to divert from the
beaten track, yet the writer always tries to take subjects
collectively rather than individually. Each man has to
study his own crops individually and even then the same
routine cannot always l^e carried out. Approximate
dates for doing this or that can be used but not set fast.
A cold spell such as that which has wrought such havoc
amongst the crops in different states during the past
spring may change it all and the crops in the greenhouse
would suffer too if due allowance is not made for the
changing climatic conditions. To use an old phrase.
"There are a hundred and one things to be taken into
consideration," each da\' bringing some change or vary-
ing condition. The fixtures are ver\- few — a fact whicii
we all have ever to remember. — George H. Pemar. in
Horticulture.

"Horticulture today oflfers

ur^TPTTriTT TTTRTT Opportunities for intellectual

HORTICULTURE, growth and culture offered by

nothing else, and whether you

follow it professionally, or as an amateur, it will be an

unfailing source of mental stimulus and enjoyment.

... I furnislied a man some trees twenty-eight years

ago. the man being at that time 57 years of age. Many

of the peach trees liavc died and been cut away, and the

pears are large, bearing trees ; yet the man still lives in

sufficiently good health to gather and enjoy the fruit." —

Green.

Camera Snapshots

By W. H. Waite.

The accompanying jjliotos of Calceolarias speak for had the pleasure of seeing such wonderful plants. The
themselves that very little need be said of them. Suffice grower, J. Canning, superintendent for Adolph Lewisohn,
it to say that never before in all our experience have we is alreadv noted for his achievements in growing large

TWO r.EAl'TlFUL UW.VRF SPECIMENS Mm fill '-rllMiIP

sTUAix SHOWING earc;e JXUR'IDUAL ei.owek.-;.

TWii riXi: SIKllMEXS 111-- THE SPOTTED TYPE.

GENERAL \ 1 EW OF HOUSE OE CALCEOI. ARIES. GRnWX I'.V .1, ( AXXIXg. ARDSLEV, N. Y.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AML-.CA.

?51

specimens of chrysanthemunis, l)ut that he can grow other
plants, to perfection is here ileinonstrated. These Calceo-
larias were grown with the intention of showing them at
the late national show, but unfortunately they were not
then in condition to show, and, as all my readers know,
the Calceolaria is one plant that will not stand any forc-
ing. It was unfortunate f^r the grower, also for the

iMJ|\ I hi

public, that these splendid plants could not be put on exhi-
bition. \Miat an attraction they would have made, in their
splendid rich colors and beautiful markings. Calceolarias
are not half enough grown in this country ; true they are
ticklish things to handle and cannot be grown with any
degree of success, unless some time and extra care be
given to them, but that they can be grown to splendid
specimens is here borne out by the camera.

HORTICULTURAL EXHIBIT AT THE PAN-
AMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL
EXPOSITION.

$1,000 Trophy for Finest Rose Invites World Contest.

"The livest exhibit that has ever been made at any ex-
position" is the brief description given to the Horticul-
tural display in the Panama-Pacific International Exposi-
tion, by Mr. ( ieorge A. Dennison, whose appointment as
chief of the Department of Horticulaure for the Exposi-
tion has just been announced by President Charles C.
Moore, of the Universal Ex])()sition of 1915.

In a statement made in the course of an interview, ^Ir.
Dennison has expressed bis assurance that the 1913 ex-
hibit will be a record-breaker, as he is assisted by exhibits
conducted under the auspices of various Eloral .Associa-
tions from all over the world who have promised co-
operation.

"The aim of the Department of Horticulture," said
^Ir. Dennison, "is to present tlie great advancement which
has been made in the past few years by every branch of
the Horticultural Industry. I'rom what is known as the
great back-to-the-land ni(j\cnicnt, the creation of fine
country estates and the advance of scientific application to
horticultural pursuits, there has ari.sen an insistent de-
mand for orchard products of the highest merit, and also
for a more comprehensive application and a more intel-
ligent treatment of ornamental trees and shrubs. The
making beautiful of a practii-.il thing is a great influence
spreading over the countr>-.

"Landscape architectun". wlm li will be ably represented

by exhibits from the leading architects in America, goes
hand and hand with plant origination. Indeed, plant
origination, a scientific undertaking, has developed into a
regular occupation. \\ here plant breeding was once a
mystery, we now have associations and plant breeding
stations all over the country. The product of the work-
ers along this line, meeting a great requirement and giv-
ing the world a creation that fulfills the demands of a
necessity, I shall endeavor to include in the exhibit.

"Among the unusual exhibits to be made in the exposi-
tion will be the most magnificent display of orchids ever
l>rought together. This will be a complete collection of
all the varieties found in the Philippines, and will be made
by :\Ir. F. W. Taylor, Director in Chief of the Philippine
Commission. There will be between 4C0 and 500 varie-
ties, botanically classified especially for the information
of the collector, but arranged so that their beauty may be
enjoyed by all visitors.

"The exposition has received assurance of cooperation
from a number of the most prominent horticulturists in
the United States. There will be a comprehensive exhibit
I if the remarkable results in the improvement of fruit
varieties and the unique results of ^Mr. Carl Purdy's do-
mestication of the wild flora.

"U'hile Holland will be represented in the WorlcFs
Fair with a wonderful display of bulbs, other equally en-
thusiastic bulb growers have promised brilliant displavs.
Some of the most famous growers of gladiolii, lilies,
roses, delphiniums and rhododendrons will be sumptuously
represented in the exhibits, and Hawaii has prepared for a
inagnificent collection of over two hundred varieties of
hibiscus and tree ferns. These are but a few of the many
interesting nursery and floral exhibits already arranged
for. There are numerous others, equally as beautiful,
promised.

"The trophy cup valued at $1,0C0 oftered by the Expo-
sition to the creator of the finest unnamed rose shown in
1915 has interested rose originators all over the world.
and already some of the greatest cultivators in the great
rose countries are preparing wonderful contributions.

THE THING THAT COULDN'T BE DONE.

Somebod}- said tiiat it couldn't be done,

But he, with a chuckle, replied
That maybe it couldn't, but he would be one

\\'ho wouldn't say so till he'd tried.
So he buckled right in, with the trace of a grin

On his face. If he worried, he hid it.
He started to sing as he tackled the thing

That couldn't be done, and he did it.

Somebody scoffed : "0\\. you'll never do that ;

At least no one ever has done it."
But he took off his c<\'it and he took oft' his hat.

And the first thing we knew he'd done it ;
With the lift of his chin, and a bit of a grin.

Without any doubting or quiddit;
He started to sing as he tackled the thing

That couldn't be done nnd he did it.

There are tiiousands to tell you it can not be done.

There are thousands to prophesy failure ;
There are thousan<Is to point out to you, one by one,

The clangers that wait to assail you ;
But just buckle in with a bit of a grin.

Then take oft' your coat and go to it ;
Just start in to sing as you tackle the thing

That "can not be done," and you'll do it.

— Selected.

552

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

THE

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA.

MARTIN C. EBEL, Managing Editor,

Madison, N. J.

Published by

CHRONICLE PRESS

M. E. MAYNARD, President. A. A. FAY, Sec'y.

1 MONTGOMERY STREET, JERSEY CITY, N. J.
New York Office

236 WILLIAM STREET, NEW YORK CITY.

Subscription Price, 12 Months. $1.00 :: :: Single Copies, 10 Cents
Foreign, $1.30

Entered*as second class mattei February 18, 1905, at the Post Office at
Jersey City, N. J., under Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.

Published on the 15th of each month.

Advertising forms close on the 10th preceding publication.
For information regarding advertising rates, etc., address Advertising
Department, Gardeners' Chronicle, Madison, N. J.

ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

President. Vice-President, Treasurer,

WM. H. WAITE, A. J. SMITH, JAMES STUART,

Yonkers, X. Y. Lake Geneva, Wis. Mamaroneck, N. Y.

Secretary, MARTIX C. EBEL, Madison, X. T.

TRUSTEES FOR 1913.

Peter Diift", Orange, X. T.; William Kleinheinz, Ogontz. Pa.; William
Duckham, Madison, N. J.; Alexander MacKenzie, Glen Cove, N. Y. ; John H.

Dodds, Wyncote, Pa.

DIRECTORS.

To serve until 1914— Robert Angus, Tarrytown, N. Y.; Robert Bottomley,
New Canaan, Conn.; Carl Schaeffer, Tuxedo Park, N. Y.; E. Wetterlow,
West Manchester, Mass.; T. J. Kempton, Baychester, N. Y.; E. Trethewey.
Tarrytown, N. Y. ; Alexander Eraser, Newport, R. I.

To serve until 1915— John Shore, Harrison, N. Y.; Thomas Proctor,
Lenox, Mass.; William N. Craig, North Easton, Mass.; Frank E. Witney,
Fishkill, N. Y.; Robert Williamson, Greenwich, Conn.; F. Kirk, Bar
Harbor, Me.; James Bell, New York, N. Y.

To serve until 1916 — Thomas W. Logan, Jenkintown, Pa.; John F. Huss,
Hartford, Conn.; John W. Everett. Glen Cove, N. Y.; A. Bauer, Deal
Beach, N. J.; John W. Jones. Pittsburgh, Pa.; -Alexander McPherson,
Washington, D. C. ; James C. Shield, Monticello, HI.

Vol. XVI.

TUXE, 1913.

No. 8.

"Theory versus practice" is an absorbing topic of this
month's issue of the Chronicle. The severe arraign-
ment of the attitude of the so-called e.xpert towards the
so-called practical gardener by one of the contributors to
our columns is, in part, justified; but only so far as the
situation is understood by the average gardener in his
relations with the "experts" with- whom he is most apt to
come in contact. So far as the really scientific men en-
gaged in the profession of floriculture and horticulture
are concerned, the attack is entirely an unwarranted one,
and the author, we are afraid, is simply venting an imag-
inary grievance which he has permitted to develop within
his mind because the authorities have not been disposed
to accept conclusions without positive demonstration on
his part to prove his theories regarding the control of
plant diseases as correct. This is borne out in the re-
sponse to his criticism published with the article referred
to-

If !\Ir. Edwards could not. as he claims, really gain the
co-operation of the scientists in order that he might
demonstrate that his claims have merit, although this
does not now appear to be the case, we, as he knows,
have been ready for some months past to have him make
experiments for us, and be could rest assured that if suc-
cessful his achievement wuild have been widely heralded,
and not suppressed, ^^'e fear, however, that this is one
of those instances where the individual himself lands in

the pit-fall against which he is wont loudly to contend.
]\Ir. Edwards is possessed of a theory which apparently
he does not seem able to demonstrate as practical, thus
placing himself in the position of a "theoretical expert"
lacking practical experience, a being to which he is seri-
ously objecting.

W'e cite an incident not dissimilar to the one at issue :
\ man, claiming that after five years of experimenting
he was convinced of the destructiveness caused by ants
working in trees, protested to us that the state and na-
tional departments in the service and pay of the people
would lend no ear to him, and were ignoring his repeated
requests for an investigation of his discovery. The mat-
ter was taken up with one of the departments, and at our
request a careful investigation was made by an official
fully informed on the subject. At the conclusion of his
investigation he could only advise the claimant that his
theory was wrong, and, what the scientists had observed
for many years — that the attack of the ant was not the
cause but the result of the dead trees examined. Thor-
oughly imbued with the notion that his theory was cor-
rect, and disappointed at being aroused out of his convic-
tion he replied that even in the face of what he could
prove the scientists would give him no credit, -\dvised
to continue his work until such time as he could demon-
strate his theory, and offered the co-operation of the state
department, he refused on the ground that remunerative
consideration should now come to him if he is to continue
his efforts. And so we find some of the practical men
just as inconsistent as the theorists.

Reverting back to the criticism frequently made that
the men engaged in the various departments with which
the gardener comes in contact usually feel that they are
above the practical man engaged in the profession ; this
is, and is not so. We have found those in charge always
ready and willing to co-operate in the interest of solving
the problems with which Nature confronts us, ever ready
to advise and to learn. There is an element, however,
better known to the gardener than the chiefs because he
comes in contact with it, which is paraded as "experts,"
which has created this false impression, and which is a
disgrace to our public service. It is a class that is placed
through its political influence which is weighed against
what knowledge it may possess to fit it for the perform-
ance of its duties, even if it cannot distinguish a currant
bush from a rosebush — and there are many such
"e.xperts."

That such a condition is permitted to e.xist is not the
fault of the departments, but is due to the politicians who
pass on the appropriations, and who feel it incumbent
upon themselves to provide for their constituents. So
these "experts" are placed and consequently, in the rank
and file of many public departments men are frequently
found who do not maintain their positions through ability,
but through influence. But is it just to condemn the fit
for the shortcomings of the unfit?

To those who may feel aggrieved because the scientists
do not always agree with them over what they may regard
as a discovery, let us say that a little book knowledge may
often enlighten them and spare much disappointment
later. We know 'tis sweet to dream "the world is ours !"
— but oh ! what a feeling when we awaken and the whole
world appears against us. Foolish hours — yes. and years
— are often spent in following up a theory which would
be readily dispelled by a little self-investigation at the
outset.

Elsewhere in our columns another contribution appears
also on theory versus practice, which we commend to our
readers for careful study. It clearly illustrates how bene-
ficial they are when combined, and how useless when
separated from each other.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMEPICA.

ASSOCIATION NOTES

M. C. EBEL, Secretary, MADISON, N. J.

SUMMER MEETING N. A. G.
The summer meeting of the National Association of
Gardeners will he held at Horticultural Hall, Boston,
Mass., on July 5 at 2 o'clock in the afternoon. This is
the opening day of the annual Sweet Pea Show of the
American Sweet Pea Society which will be held in the
same hall, and it is hoped that a good attendance of mem-
bers will be on hand to attend the meeting. Members
going by way of Xew York have decided to take the boat
of the outside line. Xew York to Boston, leaving pier Xo.
18, Xorth River, foot of ^Murray street, at 5 o'clock p. m.,
Jul\' 4. Those who traveled over this route to the meet-
ing last year have not yet forgotten what a pleasant trip
this is ; and it is expected this will be the favorite route
again this year for those who go by way of Xew \ork.
The Parker House, Boston, will be the headquarters of
the Xational Association of Gardeners. Further par-
ticulars can be obtained by applying direct to the
secretarv.

SERVICE BUREAU.

Although announcement was made in the May issue of
the Chronicle of the establishment of a Service Bureau
in connection with the Xational Association of Gardeners,
the response to it by the members has been disappointing.
Inquiries have been more numerous than applications.
Positions are offered for several A-1 assistants, one as
assistant in a fruit range, and another as general green-
house assistant. An inquiry is at hand from Ohio for a
man as gardener and general caretaker of a small estate.
It offers no opportunity for development; but to a mar-
ried man who is looking to settle down to a permanent
position at a fair salary, it is a good opening. Cottage
and fuel are provided. For further particulars address
the Service Bureau, X^ational Association of Gardeners.
Madison. X'. T.

MEMBERS OF
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

AND SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FLORISTS,..
AND ORNAMENTAL HORTICUL-
TURISTS.

Words cannot express my appreciation and gratitude
for the magnificent silver service which I received from
you my friends this past week as a token for my eft'orts
as chairman of the International Flower Show, held in
New York.

I assure you it was entirely unexpected. I feel the
success of the show was due entirely to your co-operation
and were it not for your generous response to my appeals.
I feel we could have accomplished very little in compari-
son with what was done.

My only regret is that I am unable to share this beau-
tiful present with the other niemhers of the committee,
who worked hard and faithfully and without whose assist-
ance the show would have been an impossible under-
taking.

I shall never forget your kimlness and only hope the
time may come when I will be able to reciprocate, per-
sonally, with each and every one of you.
Sincerely yours,

ClI.\RI,ES R. TOTTY.

THE FALL SHOWS.

The request has come to us that the X'ational Associa-
tion of Gardeners use its offices to induce the various
local societies to get together to formulate plans whereby
the usual confliction of dates for the local fall shows held
in the vicinity of Xew York City may be avoided. Many
of the dates already set for local-shows to be held around
Xew York during the coming fall are found to conflict
with each other, and this occurs yearly. It has been sug-
gested that a meeting be held in the early spring of each
year at which elected representatives of the various local
societies may get together and select their dates, so as to
avoid as much as possible having more than one opening
day in the same State. It has been decided to bring this
matter up at the annual coinention of the Xational Asso-
ciation of Gardeners in Xovember in Xew York City.
In the meanwhile, much may be accomplished by having
the subject brought up for discussion at some of the meet-
ings of the local societies with a view to working out
some plan which might be submitted to the various socie-
ties as a whole for consideration.

AMONG THE GARDENERS

William C. Strong, of Waban, Mass.. who died on ^lay
15 in his ninetieth year, was the oldest member of the
Massachussetts Horticultural Society. He joined that
society in the year 1S48. was its president 1870 to 1874,
and a stalwart worker for it for over half a centurv.

David Weir, superintendent for eighteen years on the
Brandegee estate, Brookline, Mass, was recently pre-
sented with a handsome testimonial by the employees on
the; estate on his retirement. Mr. \\'eir sailed for Glas-
gow on June 7. and will return in October. He hopes to
spend the winter in California.

James Morrison, of Brookline, Mass., is now head gar-
dener to Richard M. Saltonstall, Chestnut Hill, Mass.

Alexander Lister, late of North Easton, is gardener on
the W. Berwick estate, Xorwood, Mass.

Archibald Macdonald is now head gardener on the
Francis Blake estate, Auburndale, Mass.

Extensive improvements are being made on the estate
of Mrs. C. G. Weld, Brookline, Mass. A large old-fash-
ioned English garden will be constructed by Messrs.
Farquhar & Co., and an additional range of glass two
hundred and fifty feet long will be added. \\'illiam C.
Rust has charge of this estate.

Frank Josifko. formerly gardener on the Morgan
estate, Glencove, N. Y.. who won the two first prizes for
miniature landscapes at the International Flower Show
in Xew York this spring, is now engaged in landscape
work at Madison, Conn. The opportunity came to him

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Incorporated 1911

Andrew R.Kennedy

Pres. and Treas.

Kennedy £^ Hunter

^ ^ EI CD ^ is/i e: rvi

Kennedy's Kant Kink Hose 20c. ft.

Send for list of pot-gro^vn Strawberry Plants

156 WEST 34TH ST. "pen^sUr NEW YORK

r>ji

through his exhibits at the
siderable attention.

show, which attracted con-

Charles W. Ashmead, who has been head gardener and
manager for the last twelve years on the estate of the late
]\Irs. Elizabeth L. Pierson at Orange, X. J., recently
resigned his position on account of ill health. \\'e learn
that Mr. Ashmead is regaining his health.

The friends of ]\Ir. W. Vert, gardener to Edwin Gould
at Castle Gould, Fort Washington, X. Y., are glad to
learn of the arrival of a young daughter a month ago.
Mother and daughter are both doing finelv.

Ernest Wild, gardener on the Harkness estate, Con-
vent. N. J., sailed on the steamer Oceanic on the 28th
instant for a six months' vacation in England.

After an absence of twenty-six years, Air. Thunias
Proctor, of Lenox, Mass.. is going to visit his old home
again. Mr. Proctor, accompanied by Mrs. Proctor,
sails on the steamer Caledonia on July 12 for a six
weeks' vacation in Engfland and Scotland.

David Aitchison has left Hillcrest, Stamford, Conn.,
to take a position at Bellefontaine, Lenox, Mass., un-
der Mr. Edwin Jenkins, who presides over tha{ estate.

H. F. Tjulpitt is now in charge of the estate of F. R.
H. Martin, Belle Haven, Greenwich. Conn.

The Stumpp & Walter Company has leased the large
building at 30-32 Alurray street, and expects to be es-
tablished in its new quarters by September 1. The
continual growth of its business has made it neces-
sary to seek larger space. The new building is double
the capacity of the ]iresent one.

THE NEW YORK SPRING SHO^W FOR 1914.

The joint committees selected by the Horticultural
Society of New York antl the New York Florists' Club,
which are working in conjunction with the International
Exposition Company t<> hold another Spring Show in
New York City in 1914, met in that city on Friday, June
13, to organize and set the wheels in motion to promote
even a greater show that that of this year — if that is
possible.

Mr. l'". R. Pierson, of rarrvtown, X. Y., was selected

chairman of the j'jint committees and Mr. J. Yriung,
secretar}-, and F. R. Xewbold, treasurer. Publicity —
H. A. Bimyard, chairman, W. R. Pierson, C. H.
Totty. The date decided on for the 1914 show is
the Grand Central Palace, the same building in which the
International Show was held this year. The committee
expects to have its schedule ready for distribution within
a month.

The co-operation of the gardener is again solicited to
help as he did in the Spring Show in New York this year
to make the 1914 show a success, and, if possible, an
annual event. If all interests allied with floriculture and
horticulture will combine their efforts, there is no reason
why New York City should not have a great Spring and
Fall Show each vear.

AMERICAN SWEET PEA SOCIETY.

At a meeting of the Executive Committee Saturday,
A lay 31, the date for the annual summer exhibition and
convention decided upon was July 12-13. The Massa-
chusetts Horticultural Society have graciously accorded
us the privilege of using their hall and will also hold
their annual exhibition co-jointly with ours. They have
arranged a specially attractive schedule amounting to
nearly $500 and the outlook for a fine exhibition is
as.sured. Our society is now completing its schedule.
The cash prizes arranged for will amount to $500 apart
from the special prizes in cash, cups, medals, etc., given
by individuals.

As no admission is charged at any of our exhibitions
and as our only source of income is from the member-
ship dues, we have to rely upon the generosity of the
trade and a few members to subscribe to and guarantee
the prize list. The society is doing good work. The
Cornell Bulletins issued yearly under our auspices con-
tain valuable information and are free to members of
the American Sweet Pea Society.

The Sweet Pea is growing in popularity and is now
a source of revenue to the florist, practically all the
year round, ^^'ith increased membership, we hope to
do more and better work. The annual dues are $2
per year ; life membership $25. We also specially ap-
peal to the trade for subscriptions toward the exhibi-
tion fund, as you all benefit indirectly by these exhibi-
tions, whether in the interest of the Sweet Pea or other
specialized flowers.

We trust sincerely that we may hear from you at an
early date.

For further information write to the secretary,

Harry A. Buxyard,
342 West 14th St., N. Y. C.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMEk^

^^1- S.hY // ^ 50 BARCLAY ST.

(^mnf)P^W NEW YORK

Seeds, Plants, Bulbs, Poultry Supplies

INSECTICIDES FERTILIZERS IMPLEMENTS

We can furnish all the requirements for the garden

Gardening as a Profession

By Arthur Smith.

At the meeting of members held on April 7 at Xew
York, a speaker made a remark to the effect that mone\-
is the principal thing we are after. To this I venture to
protest for I believe that to the majorit}' of estate super-
intendents and private gardeners their work is a labor of
love and that they live for their profession. This love
for our work of itself, apart from the necessity of living
by it and what it brings to us in the shape of dollars, is
the greatest force in keeping us going and the incentive
to putting forth our best efforts. Our profession is, like
all others, not exempt from the proverbial black sheep,
but I think that most of us are above graft and are con-
tent to leave this to politicians, and such like. We hav€
to deal in our life's work with higher things than the
manipulation of contracts for a rake off and the obtaining
of money through irregular proceeds and bribery.

Of course I do not for a moment suggest that the
speaker whose remark is alluded to had the remotest idea
of giving encouragement to, or suggesting the practice of.
graft ; but as the profession cannot be said to be entirely
free from grafters, it would have been better had the
statement been qualified.

A diillar in one's pocket is very necessary, but to most
of us self-respect is considered a greater asset, and it has
been well said that "the poorest people in the world are
those with money and nothing else." Everything great
that has been done or produced in the world has been
brought about by following up a line of work, an ideal,
for its own sake, and the money that has sometimes come
at the end has been a secondary consideration. Unfor-
tunately for the 'country men who have worked along
these lines have been conspicuous by their fewness. Not
what we are nor what we stand for, but what we can
make, has been too much the measure of individual
conduct. The prevailing American idea of getting rich
quickly is no doubt the principal reason why .so few
.\mericans follow oin* profession and accounts for the
fact that ninety-five per cent, of head gardeners and
estate managers have come from Europe where estate
management and gardening have reached the highest
point of efficiency. It requires a good deal of i)atience,
in more ways than one, to be a gardener; this virtue be-
ing conspicuous by its absence in this country. People
who expect results at once are not likely to have much
desire to deal with things like plants which build up their
structure cell by cell during a more or less extended
period of time.

The wide-spread scramble after wealth at any cost,
and the prevailing worship of the almighty dollar, has
from time to lime brilliant exceptions of which a very
notable one recently happened when a well known plant
pathologist working in the Bureau of Plant Industry for
$4,000 a \ear refused an offer of $10,000 a year from
Rockefeller.

To live, it is of course necessary to have dollars, and
we have to live by our work, but, if we cultivate a true
professional spirit and make our work a labor of love
and live for it, I do not think there is likely to be much
trouble about the former.

In connection with the main train of thought suggested
above, a quotation from one of Whittier's poems may be
considered appropriate :

Give fools their gold and knaves their power,
Let fortune's bubble rise and fall.
Who sows a seed and trains a flower.
Or plants a tree, is more than all.

The word "profession" has been used because it is
essentiallv ap])licable to our work as much as it is to, for
instance, that of a doctor. To become at all expert in
our profession one should give as much study to scientific
principles as a doctor has to before he is allowed to prac-
tice his. A\'e have to know something, and the more the
better, of chemistry, botany, geology, entomology, etc.,
upon which the principles of a.griculture, horticulture
and sylviculture are based and without such knowledge
we cannot know the liow and the why of what we ilo.
It has been well said that "The Key of Progress is hidden
in a question mark. Why? How?" To obtain the
greatest possibilities out of anything everything possilile
must be known about it. and it is only through the re-
searches of scientific men who have devoted their lives
to the subject that we know anything of the why and the
how connected with the intimate and intricate relation-
ship between the soil and the plant. The true scientist
will be the first to admit that he does not know every-
thing that is to be learned and although he is yearly ad-
vancing towards that end. yet at the same time every
step forward seems only to open up wider fields requir-
ing to be explored. In this connection we find, as a rule,
that the best informed man is the one who realizes his
ignorance.

Presuming for the moment that a knowledge of these
scientific principles can lie obtained at college, is a man ir

556

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

charge of a private estate necessarily more competent if
he has had a college education? Yes and no. Yes, be-
cause any knowledge about one's life work is of some
value, but no, if his knowledge ends with what he learned
at a college because there is no college in the country
which gives an education of such a character as to iit a
man to take a position as estate superintendent or head
gardener. In fact under the present conditions a college
graduate is really less fitted for these positions than a
man who has worked his way up upon an estate from
boyhood. Many instances have come under my personal
notice of college graduates obtaining positions as estate
managers and every one turned out a failure.

An instance of the practical valuelessness of
college education took place upon an estate where a
graduate from a college making forestry a special branch
was given the position of forester. Previous to his tak-
ing up the position the owner had sold a number of black
walnut trees which were growing upon the estate and the
first work this young man had to see to carrying out was
the cutting of all the black walnuts over a certain size.
Subsequently the purchaser of the trees, who by the way
was acting as agent for a foreign firm who had arranged
for the trees to be exported, was advised that they were
ready for measurement and shipment. Upon the agent's
arrival he found that no walnuts had been cut and noth-
ing but ash !

From this it would appear that a scientific education is
of little or no value. On the contrary, however, the more
a man knows about the scientific principles of his pro-
fession the better he is fitted for it. The trouble is that
the average college graduate is one sided ; he knows more
or less (generally less i of science but absolutely nothing
of practice. He is like a doctor knowing the' composi-
tion of a drug without any knowledge of its effects ; or
knowing the symptoms of a disease but ignorant of how
to treat it. .A.fter a medical student has become suffi-
ciently well grounded in the scientific principles of his
profession to graduate from his medical college, he has to
spend several years studying the practice at a hospital
under experienced physicians before he can commence to
practice for himself, and even at this point he has onlv
just crossed the threshold of his professional knowledge.
A student studying with a view of taking up our pro-
fession has little or no opportunities at college to learn
anything of the practical work connected with it. A
failing too, of most men with a college education is that
they think their college education places them upon a
higher plane than the man who has gained his profes-
sional knowledge outside of a college "and they are pos-
sessed with the erroneous idea that thev cannot possibly
learn anything from the latter or anvone else. As Mr.
Farquhar said at our last meeting, it' takes twenty years
for a man to become a first-class gardener. Even at the
end of that period most people will admit the possibilities
of learning something, for it is only the more or less
ignorant who think they know it all. A somewhat promi-
nent man a short time ago gave expression to the opinion
about college education generally, that everv man should
go to college so that he mav know the usele'ssness of col-
lege education for the practical work of life. One of the
main reasons for this can be found in the fact that verv
few professors are practical men ; their knowledge being
entirely academic they are therefore unable to show the
practical bearing of the scientific knowledge thev impart,
thus rendering it of little value.

Few will dispute the great value which a knowledge of
the scientific principles unckrlying his profession is to the
estate manager and gardener, but, as most of us can not
spare the time to spend several years at college, where

can a man seeking to advance himself in his profession
and become better fitted for the practice of it. gain this
knowledge? The answer can be found in the following"
incident.

A man once lectured before an educated and cultivated
audience at a town in Scotland. The lecture lasted an
hour and the audience was sorry when it ended. After-
wards the lecturer was asked at what university he grad-
uated. He replied, "At the Fireside University." "The
Fireside University ! I never heard of it." The lecturer
then explained that his schooling ceased when he reached
the age of 14, and that he had educated himself by means
of books in the evenings after working upon his father's-
farm in the Lothians.

It is open to any one to adopt the same method of
obtaining a knowledge of the scientific principles of his
profession. In this way a knowledge of both science and
practice can be acquired simultaneously, which is the only
effective means, and he will then gain a daily increasirvg
grasp of his profession and instead of his work being
merely rule of thumb routine his ideas and outlook will
be greatly broadened and he will know more and more of
the reasons underlying his practice.

Even if he cannot always at first see the practical bear-
ing of scientific facts, the obtaining of knowledge for its
own sake is always worth while, especially if it is con-
nected, however remotely, with one's life work. A man-
never knows amongst the thousand and one things which
daily crop up upon a country estate how soon he will be
up against a blank wall or when he will come across a
problem to which he knows of no solution, but which may
possibly be easily solved by any one having a knowledge
of the first principles underlying it.

One of the great values of scientific principles is that
they are the same all the world over ; it is only the applica-
tion of them which differs according to one's environ-
ment, therefore a man with a knowledge of these princi-
ples finds it much more easy to harmonize his practice
with the conditions of a different climate, soil, etc., than a
man who has simply gained his knowledge by rule of
thumb and who is utterly at a loss when confronted with
conditions with which he has had no experience.

The great work before our association as an organiza-
tion is to create and foster a professional spirit and to so
elevate the profession that more and more employers will
recognize it as such. In the old country an institution
exists which grants diplomas in estate management which
have full recognition by estate owners. The examina-
tion is both scientific and thoroughly practical and in-
cludes forestry but not gardening. The diploma is not
granted to those passing the examination unless a man
has been or until he has been, at least three years work-
ing as an assistant on an estate. The institution being'
purely examinary and not edticational fiiose taking the
examination study for it where and how they like. In
many cases 3"0ung men to get upon well managed estates
will work without salaries for a year or two and study the
practical and scientific sides simultaneously. \'ery often,
too, they pay a premivun as well for the privilege.

The purely horticultural side is taken care of by the
examination of the Royal Horticultural Society which
also has its gardens where young men are taken for a two
year course which includes both the scientific and practical
side and there is no college in the world which turns out
men with a better working knowledge of their profession.
Perhaps some day the National Association of Gardeners,
in this country will have an examining body for the pur-
pose of granting diplomas.

Salaries in our profession can never become standard-
ized as the value of positions greatly vary. My experi-

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

ence has been that estate owner? are prepared to recog-
nize the fact in a substantial manner when a man shows
ability and care for his emplc^yer's interests, and by in-
creasing our professional efficiency we shall without a
doubt increase the standard of pay. There always have
been plenty of incompetent men calling themselves gar-
deners who accept positions at any price and the utmost
discrimination should be used in recommending these

men for positions. It is here tliat there appears to be
great possibilities for good in elevating the status of the
profession.

It is due to ourselves and to the profession which we
follow that we do our utmost both individually and col-
lectively to make our association stand for the highest
professional efficiency and straight conduct and to
eliminate incompetency and greed.

Lilacs at the Arnold Arboretum

By Wm. A. Craig.

The collection of lilacs at the Arnold Arlioretum,
Jamaica Plain, Mass., that ]\Iecca for tree lover's over
which Professor C. S. Sargent is the director, and the
veteran Jackson Dawson, the superintending arboricul-
tural genius, is undoubtedly the largest on the American
Continent, and is being added to yearly by AI. Lemoine's
newest "creations." That lilacs are the finest of all de-
ciduous flowering shrubs in the eastern States is so gen-
erally conceded that it is scarce worth arguing over, and
certainly it is an inspiration to annually see the throngs of
interested persons, many with notebooks and pencils in
hand, who haunt the Arboretum when lilacs are in sea-
son.

A few reasons why lilacs are becoming so very popular
are that they are all of easy culture, that apart from scale
they are comparatively free from insect attacks, that their
foliage appears early and is retained very late, that they
are all of unquestioned hardiness, flower over quite a long
season, and possess a really remarkable range of colors.

\\ bile some varieties such as hyacinthiflora flore pleno
and oblata flow'er near Boston towards the end of April in
an average season, Josikoea and Villosa bloom several
weeks after the general collection has passed, while the
tree varieties, Syringas Japonica and Pekinense do not
produce their big panicles of creamy white flowers until
the end of June or even later, so that by planting early,
late and mid-season sorts, two months of a lilac crop is
possible. This year the major portion of the lilacs were
in fine condition from May 20-28, quite a few being very
fresh for Memorial Day.

About 150 varieties are included in the Arnold .Ar-
boretum collection, and the subjoined notes are on some
that seemed particularly good. Some very fine things are
included amongst the novelties, although it is doubtful if
they surpass such splendid standard varieties as Philenien,
Macrostachya, Marie Legraye, Mme, Lemoine and Souv.
de -Spoethe. Amongst the best doubles were the follow-
ing:

Rciionctilc — Rather short but very compact trusses,
reddish lilac color, very double and early flowering variety.

Mine. Jules Finger — Charming mid-season sort, lav-
ender blue, trusses produced very abundantly.

Ma.rimc Cornu — Remarkabl\' fine trusses, lilac rose in
color.

Rubella plena — Xot particularly striking, but valuable
as an early flowering sort, color deep pink, medium
trusses very freely produced.

President Grevy — Very large trusses, clear blue color.
a very fine variety.

Jean Bart — Color rose shaded with claret, a striking
shade, free flowering and very early.

Michael Buchner — Splendid panicles, very double
and blooms with unusual freedrim, pale lilac, a good old
variety.

Languis — .\n excellent pale lavender lilue varietv, nice,
compact habit.

Dc Humboldt — Lilac rose, quite a desirable mid-season
sort.

Comte dc Kcrchove — Immense, compact panicles, rose
colored flowers.

Charles Baltet — Large truss, color rosy lilac, blooms
with great freedom.

Paul Harlot — Molet red shade, trusses as large as those
of Philemon.

Mme. Leon Simon — S]ilendid rosy lilac sort, fine
trusses.

Souvenir de Casimir Pcrier — An excellent very double
pure white.

Mme. Lemoine — Still the finest of the double pure
white lilacs, immense panicles, a moderately late bloomer,
indispensable.

Marcclial dc Bassoinpicrc — Fine, deep carmine rose,
distinct shade.

Doyen Keteleer — A sujjerb lavender blue, one of the
best of its shade.

Mdlle. Le Page — Semi-double blue, quite striking.

William Robinson — Good double violet.

Louis Henry — Remarkably free, color clear, rosy lilac.

Pyramidalis — A good old double lavender blue variety.

Leon Simon — \'ery double pale blue flowers.

Le Printenips — Pale rosy lilac, very free, compact habit.

Jeanne d'Arc — A splendid pure white, superb trusses.

Mme. Casimir Perier — Creamy white, very fine variety.

Deuil d'Emile Galle — Carmine mauve, immense
trusses, individual flowers extra large.

Dame Blanche — A fine acquisition in the double white
class.

Emil Licbig — Small trusses, but very free and valuable
on account of its earliness, color lavender blue.

Belle de Xancy — A fine old sort, light satiny rose, pole
centre.

Charles Sargent — Individual flowers of great size, an
immense truss, but owing to weight of flowers net held
erect as in some other sorts.

Amongst the singles the following were noteworthy:

Dr. Lindley — Early medium sized trusses, good pink
shade, very earlw

Cocrulca Supei'ba — Of a nice clear blue shade. ver\- at-
tractive.

Marie J.egrave — Still the finest of all single white lilacs,
both for outdoor culture and forcing.

Virginalis — A small but very graceful white variety.

Alba Grandiflora — Probably Marie Legraye's closest
competitor, immense panicles, of pure white flowers, held
very erect.

Dr. VonRegel — Large trusses of a beautiful deep ]iink
shade.

Andenken an Louis Spocth — Deep purplish red, im-
mense trusses, a splendid old variety, one hard to beat.

Gigantea — \'ery early, a good pale blue variety.

Philemon — The finest of all the single dark purplish red
sorts, panicles of immense size, one of the finest lilacs in
commerce.

558

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Croix de Braliy — A fine early pink sort, medium
trusses.

B erangerV ery fine panicles of a purple lilac color.

Gcheimrat Heyder — \'ery fine lilac rose.

Princess Marie — Makes a beautiful plant, clear lilac
shade.

Princess Alexandra — A fine new white, large trusses.

Cranipel — Blue, shaded with lilac foliage, a good va-
riety with a fine habit.

President Massart — Large trusses, individual tlowers
very small, free flowering, a graceful and striking variety.

Lamarck — An excellent single pale blue sort, fine
trusses.

Charles X. — Trusses large, but loose compared to some
of the newer sorts, color reddish purple.

Reaumur — Dark carmine, somewhat paler than Phil-
emon, very fine trusses.

Macrostachya — Single rosy pink, shaded with lavender,
one of the most beautiful lilacs grown; should be in every
collection.

Fiirst Liecliensteiu — A fine pink, shaded with lavender.

Alarlycnsis — Fine dark purple red.

Erclieraog Joliann — An excellent single, rosy lilac in
color.

Congo — Wine red. immense panicles, very fine.

Negro — Panicles immense, color violet purple, one of
the most striking dark varieties.

Volcan — Grand trusses, ruby red in color.

Mine. F. Morel — A beautiful lavender variety, lovely
color.

Bleuatre — Striking clear blue color, should not be
omitted.

The Persian lilac S. Persica and its white form, the
Rouen lilac S. Rothomagensis rubra and alba, and the
graceful and deliciously fragrant S. Pubescens, are varie-
ties worthy a place in every collection.

IMost of the lilacs sold are grafted either on .S. \'ulgaris
or on privet ; plants on their own roots are far to be pre-
ferred, however. Some varieties, such as Persica. Rotha-
magensis Mllosa and Josikoea root very easily, some of
the choice named firms of S. \'ulgaris are a little more

ilifticult to propagate. In this part of Massachusetts 1
have found from June 2i to July 1 the best time to propa-
gate. Cuttings are taken with two eyes, the leaves are cut
away in large part. Square pans or small flats well
drained and containing sandy loam are suitable for the
cuttings which should be placed in a frame, where they
can have a little bottom heat; they must be shaded from
direct sunshine, and sprayed very frequently until callous'
are formed, also kept quite close, gradually give more air
as the season advances, throwing off the sashes entirely
by the end of September, by which time a large proportion
should be rooted.

It is very important that the wood should be neither
too soft nor too hard : if the former the cuttings will rot.
if the latter they may stay fresh for a long time, but very
few will root. With a little trouble any private gardener
can easily root a good number of lilacs each year, and they
make fine plants in a couple of seasons.

QUERIES and ANSWERS

We believe the greatest good can be accomplished for the greatest
number, by instituting a query column; or an exchange of expe-
riences, on practical propositions, by our readers.

You are invited to contribute questions, and answer others.

Each question as received will be given a number, the question-
er's name will not be published, but the source of the answer will
be given unless otherzvise requested.

We alt have something we would like to know more about. Here
is your opportunity to ascertain somebody's experience in just thati
matter.

Nothing u-ill tend to better fellowship than helping each other.

Take advantage of this "Question Box."

Can any reader explain to me if it is the case, and
why that old seed of melons are preferable to fresh
seeds? H., N. Y.

Are any of your readers familiar with any exploding
materials for tree holes of dynamite force such as
"Romperit." which is produced in Germany? If so,
what has Ijeen their experience in using it?

F. J. Conn.

(Q>S5^

Davey Tree Surgery executed by Dave_\' Tree Surgeons, prevents
serious storm injury to trees. Read this letter!

"In regard to the trees which your men worked upon a year ago for the writer at Louisville^
Ky., will state that the majority of these were large beech trees. During a storm this Spring a
number of frees on my place and in my vicinity were badly damaged, but none of the trees
fixed by your men were damaged in the least. They all look much better this Spring than
before they were worked upon. I am very much pleased with your work.

Yours very truly.
May 15, 1913. JR. M. CARRIER."

Decay weakened trees are sooner or later storni victims. It is
cheaper to prevent damage than to repair it. Learn the facts about
yotu- trees! Let a Davey Tree Expert examine yotir trees now —
without charge. Write for booklet "A."

The Davey Tree Expert Company, Inc., Kent, Ohio

Branch Offices: Phone:

225 Fifth Ave., New York, \. V.
Tiarvestev lildg., Chicago, 111.
New Bilks Bldg.. Montreal, Can.
Merchants' Exchange Bldg., San Francisco, Cal,

Accredited Representatives Available Everywhere
Men Without Credentials are Impostors

Madison Square 9546

Harrison 2666

Up Town 6726

Telephone Connection

:^

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMI ' XA.

559

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SO-
CIETY—RHODODENDRON SHOW.

The annual rhododendron show of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society was held on June 7 and 8th, and
the main exhibition hall was filled to overflowing with
exhibits of rhododendrons, hardy azaleas, German iris,
pyrethrums, general displ.-iys of hardy herbaceous per-
ennials, ])eonies, orchids, carnations, sweet peas and
hydrangeas.

Noteworthy features were a remarkable display of
German iris covering over 500 square feet of .space from
R. & J. Farquhar & Co., which was awarded a silver
medal, and a splendid collection of peonies and aquilegias
from the same exhibitors who were also awarded a first-
class certificate for the new Spiraea Henryi. There were
large collections of hardy herbaceous flowers from Old
Town Nurseries, Blue Hill Nurseries, Mount Desert
Nurseries, F. J. Rea, T. C. Thurlow Sons Company and
others. Peonies from Messrs. E. M. Gill, T. C. Thurlow
Sons Company, Mrs. J. L. Gardner (\\'illiam Thatcher,
gardener), and others were good for so early in the sea-
son. German iris made a wonderful display. For new
varieties, prizes went to M. Sullivan (gardener to \\'.
Whitman), E. F. Dwyer & Sr^n, and T. C. Thurlow Sons
Company. T. D. Hatfield, gardener to A\'alter Hanne-
well, was, as usual, the largest exhibitor of rhododen-
drons, filling three large tables. R. G. Chamberlain, gar-
dener to Francis Skinner, and M. Sullivan, were also
large exhibitors. Mr. Chamberlain's azaleas were fine
and secured first prize. William Anderson, gardener to
Bayard Thayer, showed a large plant of the new Chinese
Hydrangea Sargentiana. The leaves are of immense
size, and quite velvety. H. Stewart, gardener to Miss
Cornelia \\'arren, had half a dozen grandly grown/ and
flowered specimens of Oncidium flexuosum. A. H.
Fewkes showed a table of hybrid Hemerocallis, some
being very distinct. Thoni;is Meehan & Sons had
twenty-five varieties of ornamental trees and shrubs in
tubs, including some beautiful Japanese Acers. F. J.
Dolansky had a couple of beautiful plants of the pure
white Cattleya Mossiae Wagneri, which were awarded a
silver medal. A similar award went to A. A. Pembroke
for the grandest display of carnations ever seen in Boston
at a June show, all being of mid-winter quality. Patten
& Co. had their grand new crimson carnation. Princess
Dagmar, in grand shape. William Sim had a display of
indoor sweet peas of superb quality, all carrying four
flowers per stem. William Thatcher had a fine specimen
of Anthurium Browni, and (ieorge Page, gardener to
Mrs. Frederick Ayer, showed some specimen plants of
Phoenix Robeleni. Donald MacKenzie, gardener to
E. B. Dane, led for the best group of orchids, William
Thatcher being a good second.

\'egetables were very good, the leading prize winners
being W. J. Clemson (J. O. Christensen, gardener),
Oliver Ames (Edward Parker, gardener), Francis
Skinner (R. G. Chamberlain, gardener), and .Mrs. F.
Ayer (George Page, gardener).

PEONY SHOW.

Tlie annual exhibition of peonies in Horticultural Hal!
on June 14 and 15 was the finest ever held in Tioston,
completely filling the large exhiliition hall and small hall.
The following prizes were awarded in the competitive
classes :

llorlmccniis I'eonies. — Collection o! 20 named varieties, double,
fine llower of each— 1st, Geo. H. I'lterson; 2d. .James McKissock;
■U\. '!". C. 'I'liurlow's Sons Co. Cullection of 10 named varieties.
diinhic. llu-cc flowers of each— 1st. (ico. II. Teterson : 2d, Mrs. .1. L.
(i.iicliir : .'!d. .Tames McKissock. Specimen bloom, double — Isi.

Ilco. H. I'eterson; \it\. W'ni. Whitman. CuUectinn of 12 named
varieties, single, one bloom nf each — 1st, T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co.
Vase of blooms on long stcm>. arranged for ellect in the society's
large china veses — 1st. ilrs. ,1. L. Gardner. Collection of G named
double varieties, white, named— 1st, Mis. J. L. (iardiier; 2d, T. C.
Thurlow's Sons (o.: 3d, Dr. Charles S. Minot. Collection of 6
named double varieties, rose i>ink — 1st, Mrs. .). L. (iardncr: 2d,
.Janu's McKissock; 3d. T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co. Collection of 6
named double varieties, red or crimson — 1st. .lames .McKissock;
2d. T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co. Vase of 25 blooms, double, white or
blush— 1st, Mrs. .J. L. Gardner; 2d, Geo. H. Peterson: 3d, .John R.
Comley. Vase of 25 blooms, double, pink or rose — 1st, \Vm.
Whitman; 2d. Geo. 11. Peterson; 3d, Wm. Whitman. \'ase of 25
blooms, double, rid or crimson— 1st, Geo. H. Peterson; 2d, Mrs.
•J. L. Gardner; 3d, Wm. Whitman. Vase of 2.) blooms, double,
any other color- 1st. Wm. Wliitman; 2d, T. C. Thmlow's Sons Co.;
3d. James McKissock.

There were numerous miscellaneous displa\ s of peonies
in addition to those sliown in the competitive classes.
R. & J. Farquhar & Co. had a wonderful collection of
250 varieties artistically arranged, covering nearly 1,500
square feet of space; awarded a gold medal. E. J. Shay-
lor had a very fine collection, including many novelties.
T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co. filled two large tables, their
singles being particnlarlv good. The Breck- Robinson
Co.'; Mrs. E". M. Gill, Mrs. James B. David, William
Whitman (M. Sullivan, gardener), Geo. W. Page, Dr.
C. S. Minot. Mount Desert Nurseries, and Mrs. J. Q.
Gardner (Wm. Thatcher, gardener), all had excellent
collections. '

The Mount Desert Nurseries, Bar Harbor, Me. ( .\. E.
Thatcher, manager), had a superb display of Eremuri,
many spikes being 7 and 8 feet high ; a« arded a gold
medal. They also had an extensive collection of German
Iris and other perennials. Charles Sauder. gardener to
Prof. C. S. Sargent, received a first-class certificate for
Geum coccineam Bradshawi: J. T. Butterworth and
Thomas \\'atts had nice collections of orchids. Geo.
Page, gardener to Mrs. P'rederick Ayer, had a display of
50 well flowered fuchsias.

The Eastern Nurseries, Holliston, Mass., ami Old
Town Nurseries, Natick, ]\Iass., had extensive collections
of hardy herbaceous flowers. .\. W. Preston .(J. L.
Smith, gardener) had a very fine table of pyrethrums.
Miss Ellen Page had an interesting collection of 50 va-
rieties of native flowers : these proved quite an attraction
to many visitors. William Sim eclipsed all his previous
efforts in the way of a sweet pea display and secured a
gold medal for the most wonderful show of these flowers
ever seen in Boston. The flowers were arranged mostly
in large trumpet vases, 1(30 or more stems in each. I'rac-
ticallv all stems carried four flowers and averaged 18
inches in length.

The rose and strawberry show of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society scheduled for June 21 and 22 ]jrom-
ises to be an unusually extensive one. Peonies will also
be largely shown.

The Garden Committee of the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society visited the Boston Parkways and .\rnold
.\rboretum on June l.v Each institution was awarded a
gold medal. The trees and shrubs were found to be in
beautiful condition in each.

The cotnmittee on June 16 visited the peon\- and rose
garden of \\'iltoii l.ockwood. South Orleans. Ma>-. The
peonies here, in 300 varieties, were at their best, as were
some of the rambler roses such as Carmine I'illar and
fersev Beautv.

On" Tune 20 the committee will visit William Sim,
Cliftondale, to inspect his sweet peas, tomatoes and other
crops which are lure grown on a large scale and of
superb quality

360

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW
YORK.

A very successful exhibition of plants and flowers was
given by the society, in co-operation with the New York
Botanical Garden, in the Museum building of that insti-
tution, in Bronx Park, on June 7 and 8. There was a
large attendance, especially on Sunday afternoon. The
schedule was planned mainly for peonies and roses, re-
sulting in a fine display of these flowers. The competi-
tion in the roses was keen, there being nearly 300 vases of
this popular flower exhibited. Large displays of hardy
shrubs and trees, irises, rhododendrons and azaleas, her-
baceous plants, and orchids filled the two large halls on
the grotmd floor of the museum.

Following are the awards made at this exhibition :
PEONIE.S.

Three white varieties, 6 flowers of each— First. Cottage Gardens
Co.; second, T. A. Haveraeyer, A. Lahodny, gardener.

Three light pink varieties. 6 flowers of each— First, Cottage
Gardens Co.; second. T. A. Haveraeyer.

Three rose varieties, (i Howers of 'eacli — First, Cottage Gardens
Co.; second, T. A. Havemeyer.

Tluee crimson varieties, 6 llovvers of each — First, T, A. Have-
meyer; second, Cottage Gardens Co.

Collection of singles. 3 flowers of each— First, T. A. Havemeyer:
second, F. R. Pierson Co.

Collection, not less than 6 flowers of each— First T. A. Have-
meyer; second, F. R. Pierson Co.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Collection of hardy roses— First, Mrs. Benj. Stern, \V. D. Robert-
son, gardener; second, Cien. E. A. McAlpin, J. Woodcock, gardener.

Collection hardy flowering shrubs and trees — First, T. A. Have-
meyer: second H. Darlington. P. W. Popp. gardener.

Collection hardy rhododendrons and azaleas — First, T. A. Have-
meyer; second, F. R. Pierson Co.

Collection hardy herbaceous plants — First, Miss B. Potter, Geo.
Wittlinger, gardener.

Collection of irises— First. IL Darlington; second. .John Lewis
Childs.

Si.x orchid plants, 6 varieties — First, Clement Moore, J. P. Moss-
man, gardener; second, Lager & Hurrell.

Three orchid plants, 3 varieties — First, Lager & Hurrell; second,
Clement Moore.

One orchid pUiiit— First. Lager & Hurrell: second. Clement
Moore.

The following special prizes were awarded: Bobbink
& Atkins, for a collection of hardy herbaceous plants,
bronze medal : Clement Moore, for a so-called pink form
of \'anda coerulea, certificate, for a seeding of Cattleya
speciosissima x Dowiana, silver medal, and for a collection
of Laelio-cattleyas and Cattleya hybrids, silver medal ;
Mrs. F. A. Constable, Jas. Stuart, gardener, for three
well grown Fuchsia plants: W. A, -Manda, for Dend-
robium Sanderae, silver medal.

The judges were Jas. Stuart, L S. Hendrickson, and
\Vm, Tricker.

The schedule for the fall exhibition of the society, to be
held at the American Museum of Natural History, Octo-
ber 31 to November 4, is now ready for distribution, and
copies may be had by apiilication to the secretary, George
\', Nash. New York Botanical Garden. Bronx Park,
N. Y. City.

Since the publication of the schedule the following
special prizes have been ofi'cred :

By Mr. M. C. Ebel, for a group of at least 18 vege-
tables, to be judged by the scale of points of the Lenox
Horticultural Societw a ])iece of silver, value $50.

By ]\Ir. Arthur T. Boddington, for a group of 18 vege-
tables, to be judged by the same scale of points, $25, cash
or silver.

Messrs. \V. E. Marshall & Co., for a group of vege-
tables, a piece of silver, value $25.

A second prize will 1)e ofifered by the Horticultural
Society of New York in each of the above.

The first special fund of the society has been established

by Mrs. \Vm. Barr, of West Orange, N. J., in memory
of her husband. She has given $500, to be known as
the Wm. Parr Fund, the interest of which is to be used
in defraying flower prizes,

George V. N.\sh, Secretary.

TARRYTOWN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Annual June Exhibition.

The annual June exhibition of the Tarrytown Horti-
cultural Society was held on Thursday, June 12, in the
Young ]\Ien's Lyceum, Tarrytown, from 3 until 10 p. m.
The schedule provided prizes for exhibits of flowers, j
fruits, and vegetables. The exhibits were very numer-
ous, the several difi^erent classes being well filled, and the
attendance was large. George Wittlinger was manager
of the exhibition. The judges were: John Featherstone,
Tarrytown, N. Y. ; Peter Clinton and Henry Kastberg,
Dobb's Ferry, N. Y.

The awards were as follows :

Best collection of flowers cut from hardy Perennials, not ex-
ceeding 12 varieties — Miss Blanche Potter, Ossining, N. Y., George
Wittlinger, gardener.

Best three quarts of Strawberries, 3 varieties — Joseph Eastman.
Tarrytown, N. Y., Robert Angus, gardener.

Best two quarts of ."Strawberries, 2 varieties — .Joseph Eastman.

Best quart of Strawberries, any one variety — First, E. L. Coster,
Irvington, N. Y., Edward Ivane, gardener; second. Joseph Eastman.

Best quart of .Strawberries, amateurs only — Walter Johnston,
Tarrytown, N. Y.

Best vase of 12 blooms of Hybrid Perpetual Roses assorted —
General E. A. McAlpin. Ossining, N. Y'., John Woodcock, gardener.

Best collection of outdoor Roses, not e.xceeding 25 varieties —
First. Mrs. J. B. Trevor. Yonkers, X. l'., Howard Nichols, gardener;
second, I. N. Seligman, Irvington, N. Y., John Briinger, gardener.

Best 2 varieties of outdoor Roses, 6 of each — General E. A.
McAlpin.

Best 12 outdoor Roses, any one variety — Mrs. Ferdinand Her-
man, Tarrytown, X. Y., Abel Weeks, gardener.

Best vase- of Roses — General E. A. McAlpin.

Best display of outdoor Climbing Roses — I. N. Seligman.

Best 12 Roses of Frau Karl Druschki — First. Miss Blanche
Potter; second, H. Darlington, Mamaroneck, N. Y., P. W. Popp,
gardener: third. General E. A. McAlpin.

Best collectiou of Sweet Peas — Mrs. J. B. Trevor.

Best collection of 12 varieties of Vegetables, 12 species — Mrs.
J. B. Trevor.

Best collection 6 varieties of Vegetables, 6 species — E. L. Coster.

Best 3 varieties of Peonies. 6 of each — ti. Darlington.

Best 3 varieties of Hybrid Tea Roses. 4 of each — H. Darlington.

Best bouquet of Wild Flowers, competition open only to school
children under 14 years of age — First, Ralph D. Neubrand; second,
Margaret Gibson.

For the best collection of Wild Flowers, each variety to have
the common name attached and the botanical name where possible,
competition open only to school children — First, Annie E. Lee;
second, Harold G. Neubrand.

APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP

National Association of Gardeners

I hereby apply for Membership in your Association : —

Name in full

Occupation

Address .

Date

Reference

For'Eoard Application to M. C. EBEL, Secretary, Madison,
N. J., 'with dues, 'which are $2.00 a.nnua.lly, including subsertp-
iion to the official organ of the Association.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMEF

561

For best collection of flowers cut from hardy Shrubs, not ex-
<'eediiig 12 varieties — H. Darlingtcni.

For best collection of Greenhouse Grown Fruit —Miss Blanche
Potter.

For best collection of Strawberries, not exceeding 8 varieties,
12 berries of each — Joseph Eastman.

Best vase 6 blooms of Hybrid Perpetual Roses, one variety or
xissorted (amateurs only) — First, .\Hce F. Neubrand; second, Ora
Diiell.

Quality Prize to be awarded for .uiy exhibit of special excellence
regardless of class or other premiuins -Paul M. Warburg, Harts-
dale. X. Y., Frank Luekenbachcr, gardener, for collections of
Sweet Peas.

Special Prize to be awarded for any meritorious exhibit deserv-
ing special recognition, not specially provided for in the premium
list— First. Hugh Hill, Irvington, X. Y., Robert Grieve, gardener;
second. Miss B. Potter.

For best collection of flowers cut from Hardy Perennials not
exceeding 12 varieties — Special cash prize, H. Darlington; Scott
Bros, prize. Mrs. Ferdinand Herman.

For collection of Sweet Peas— C. H. Curtis & Co., price, R. B.
Dula, Tarrytown. X. Y., ilr. ilcFadden, superintendent: special
cash prize, H. Darlington.

SUPERINTENDENTS AND
GARDENERS of the private
estates will find our establish-
ment fully equipped to supply
all your wants, w^hether plants, seeds,
garden or greenhouse requisites.

THE MacNIFF HORTICULTURAL CO.

56 Vesey Street, New York

Vase of Cattleya gigas— Spc. ial, Hobart J. Park, Port Chester,
X. Y., Alexander Marshall, gardener.

Gloxima Plants— Special, Hugh Hill and Miss Blanche Potter.

Two vases of Gladioli— Honorable mention, Mrs. Ferdinand
Herman.

Vase of Stocks, Mt. Blanc— Honorable mention, Paul !M.
Warburg.

Exhibition of Roses, Peonies, Ferns, Palms, etc.— Certiticate of
merit, F. R. Pierson Co., Tarrytown, N. Y.

Among the exhibits parti<\ilarlv noteworthy were the Gloxima
plants shown by Hugh Hill and M'iss Blanche Potter; the Cattleya
gigas blooms shown by Herbert J. Park; the Frau Karl Druschki
Roses shown by Miss Blanche Potter and H. Darlington; the
Killarnev Queen and Lady Hillingdon Roses shown by F. R.
Pierson Co.; the splendid collectfon of Sweet Peas shown by Mrs.
J. B. Trevor. R. Dula. Paul M. Warburg and H. Darlington; the
collection of H. P. Roses shown by Mrs. J. B. Trevor, I. X. Selig-
man. General E. A. McAlpin and Miss Blanche Potter : the H. T.
Roses shown by H. Darlington; the remarkably fine Strawberries
shown by Joseph Eastman; the Vegetables shown by Jlrs. J. B.
Trevor and E. L. Coster; and the collection of Greenhouse Fruit
shown by Miss Blanche Potter.

Plants and Trees from florida

For Southern planting outdoors and for
house decorations in the North

E have made a special study of this

matter for 30 years and have

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titul plants and in delivering them in

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special care and preparation to properly pack delicate
palms, ferns, etc., to stand a trip of thousands of miles, but \ve do
it — not just once in a while, but a good many times every workday.
We issue a large catalog covering all our stock, having 17 special
Departments, and send it free.

WE H.WE THE STOCK in immense variety
tropics, and ar,' constantly adding to our variety
Royal-Palm Nurseries REASONER BROS., Proprietoi

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all

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^ The comlorls and products ol a country home are
Increased by employing a competent gardener ; il you
want to engage one, write to us.

q Please give particulars regarding place and say
whether married or single man is wanted. We have
been supplying them lor years to the best people
everywhere. No fee asked.

PETER HENDERSON & CO.

Seedsmen and Florists
33 and 37 Cortlandl St. NEW YORK CITY

ORCHIDS

We are specialists in this kind of plants. We
collect, import and grow orchids from all parts of
the vk-orld where orchids grow.

We will be glad to fill your order for one plant
or a thousand according to your requirements.

Our beautiful Catalogue and special lists on
application.

LAGER & HURRELL

Orchid-Growers aiul Importers

SUMMIT, N. J.

STRAWBERRIES

Pot Grown Plants

We will be able to supply in
July strong pot grown plants
which will produce a full
crop next season. All the
best varieties.

$3.50 per 100

W. E. MARSHALL & CO.

SEEDS. BULBS, PLANTS
166 West 23d Street. New York

562

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

MITCHELL'S "TARGET BRAND" WEED KILLER

A scientificall}' compounded liquid chemical. A single applicatiL>n will keep paths and roads free
from weeds for a season. The dilution is 1 part Weed Killer to 50 parts water. Its use beats
hoeing, and reduces the cost of weeding labor on roads and patlis upkeep 75 per cent.

/ gai, $1.15; $5.00 for 5 gals.; barrel {50 gals.) $37.50

MITCHELL'S

517 Market Street

SEED HOUSE

Philadelphia

LILIUM MYRIOPHYLLUM.

The beautiful new lilium which was awarded a gold
medal at the New York International Show for the best
new plant, is a native of northwestern China. The bulbs
from which the flowers exhibited in New York were
grown were collected in China for Alessrs. R. i^ j.
Farquhar & Co., of Boston, who introduced this sterling
novelty in 1911. It has proved perfectly hardy in Massa-
chusetts, and also much further north. As grown in
Messrs. Farquhar's nurseries early in July, it is a wonder-
ful sight, with not a trace of disease on a single plant.
The larger bulbs should be planted at least eight inches
deep, smaller ones half that depth. \'ery small bulbs, no
larger than a filbert will carry one to three flowers each.
No only is this lily splendid in the garden, but it is equally
good for forcing. It is much more graceful than such
varieties as longifldrum and candidum, and cut stalks can

MVRIOPRYI.I.UM AT IXTERXATIOX.-\L SHOW.

be used where no one would dream of using the other
forcing lilies in common culture.

The flowers are white, delicately sufl:'used with jiink,
with sulphur color in the center and running i)art wav uj)
the trumpets. The odor is delicious, not unlike that of
the white Jasmine. !,, Myriiiphylluni always attracts

attention at the exhibitions. It is a lily anj^one can
plant with confidence either in pots or outdoors.

SEEN NEAR PHILADELPHIA.

The new scarlet carnation "Dimple Widener." as
seen growing with \\'illiam Kleinheinz at P. A. B.
W'idener's, Ogontz, Pa., has all the ear marks of a sterling
novelty ; good color, A-1 stem and calyx, pleasing form,
and freedom of bloom. I did not notice any burst calyx,
and was told that the new carnation was (). K. in tliis re-
spect. In the orchid houses I noticed a nice batch of Loelio-
cattleya Hyeana, also some excellent cattleya mossiae and
C. gigas in flow-er. In the ntmierous greenhouses here
the stock looked well, and it is but natural with so able a
craftsman in charge.

At Clement D. Newbold's, Jenkintown, Penna.. the
able and genial superintendent, Thomas Logan, had a
number of good things to show me. .\ new rock garden
was nicely planted, and nearly all the inmates seemed
very happy. The Wistaria arbor was especially fine ; I
nieastn-ed racemes of W. multijuga forty-eight to fifty
inchr.s long. Beds of Darwin tulips were very fine, and
beds of the pure white azalea ladifolia were charming.
The formal garden is devoted to roses, hardly perennials,
etc.. all planted in exceeding good taste. The garden of
English fruit trees of all types was most interesting, and
walking through it one imagines himself in England for
the time lieing. Masses of rhododendrons were flower-
ing beautifully, and the wild garden was a scene of de-
light. The big tubs of oleanders and oranges are quite a
feature here.

At Percival Roberts', Narberth, the celebrated rock
garden is a great feature. I was surprised to see some
of the rock plants succeeding so well so far south as
Philadelphia. The various dwarf Phloxes, Arenaria,
Lithospermums, .ledums, Saxifragas, ^'eronicas. Ceras-
tiums, Linarias, X'iolas. Aubrietias, Arabis, etc.. were
making a splendid show, although it was a little
late to see this feature at its best. Beds of azaleas
.\moena and Hinodigeri had been very fine. Rhododen-
drons were promising a gorgeous show. The iris garden
was charming, and peonies would soon be in ftill glory.
The ramble paths and wild garden were a delightful
feature. Quantities of bulbs and other spring flowers are
naturalized, while for ground cover V'inca minor,
I'achysandra terminalis, and similar plants are used. In
the greenhouse ranges devoted to the forcing of vege-
tables and cutflowers, roses, carnations, chrysanthemums,
sweet peas and mignonette are growing, and all looked
well, .^abin ISolton is the superintendent here, and cer-
tainly the sjilendiil condition of everytliing reflects great
cre,dit on him. \\'. N. Ckaig.

Vegetable Growin:

By Various Authorities.

GROWING MUSHROOMS.

llv A. J, Smith, Lake Geneva, Wis.
The mushroom is one of our most highly 'prizeii
deHcacies and can be grown as easily as many other
products of the soil. The cultivation of the mushroom
was first recorded in Paris in the sixteenth century.
At the present time there are several distinct types
of mushrooms, cultivated within the last five or six
years. There has been produced by Professor Dug-
gar of the Cornell Universit}-. later with the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, three or four types distinct from
any others under cultivation. The principal features
of these types is the quicker action of the mycelium,
and consequently will produce a crop of mushrooms
two weeks earlier than the English ^Iilltrack spawn.
This spawn is placed on the market under the name
of Pure Culture by the Lambert American Spawn
Lompany. The different varieties are named as fol-
{• iws : Alaska. Pure White Columbian, Brown or Tan
' Olor, Bohemian and Holland Creamery, Brown.
These varieties are all Pure Culture, specified because
each variety is pure in itself. The production of this
-pawMi has made the mushroom a safer crop. Where
conditions are adaptable for the product, the comfort
of the mushroom must always be considered. The
conditions upon which failure will result, no matter
how perfect your bed may be. depend upon atmos-
pheric conditions, dry atmosphere, cold draughts,
stagnant air, lack of moisture and sudden changes in
temperature. The mushroom house should be erected
purjjoseh- for nuishroom culture. There are many dif-
ferent methods used for building mushroom houses.
In my opinion the ideal house is the house that is built
beneath the surface of the ground, or partly so. Dig
out six feet deep, ten feet wide, build concrete walls
one foot above the level of the ground. Place an
equal span roof on these walls. This will give you two
beds on each side four feet wide with a two-foot center
walk, leaving an aperture in the roof two feet square
for the purpose of conveniently handling the manure.
The spawn, of course, is an imiiortant cause of failure
or success, but is not nearly so much worry to the
grower as when the English Milltrack was used ex-
clusively, as our dealers are now getting a fresh sup-
ply monthly, whereas with the Milltrack spawn it re-
ceived so many places of storage before it received the
final call to its natural condition that the word "luck"
was generally used where a grower was successful.
At the same time J do not believe that under improved
s]5awn conditions,' the advocating, of many writers on
mushroom culture, mushrooms can be grown success-
fully in anv hole or place. Mushrooms need a suitable
and comfortable place to grow in. and where the con-
ditions are right and the beds are made right, there
is no reason why you should not have a good crop of
mushrooms.

A fair crop of mushrooms is three-quarters of a
pound to one square foot. I ha\e seen places where
the beds have been made in the corner of a large cellar,
the bed being well made ami spawned with good
spawn. The result of these conditions is that you will
get a few mushrooms from t!ic strongest mycelium
threads, but the fact that the large body of cold air
Hoating tiu-ou'di the cellar will naturalh" fall on vour

bed. preventing the weaker mycelium threads to head
or knob, therelore will spread itself flat over the sur-
face of the bed, indicating fungus.

Preparing the manure for the beds is done in a num-
ber of different ways. The reason for this, as a rule,
is the quantity of manure you can collect at one time. It
takes me ten da>s to get enough manure for a bed thirty
feet long, four feet wide and one foot deep. I spread this
manure rather thinly in an open shed until I have enough,
and then turn it all into a pile about eighteen inches deep
and keep it turned every day for twelve days, always
having the pile eighteen inches deep. I use three
wheelbarrow loads of good soil to every load of man-
ure and by mixing the soils with the manure every
day it obtains an even temperature.

i find sawdust, baled shavings, and short straw, that
has been used for bedding the horses, not objectionable
when used in sinall quantities, as these commodities
have a tendency of retaining the urine and ammonia.
The depth of the mushroom bed varies among dift'er-
ent growers, but I believe beds twelve inches deep
cover all arguments. In making up the beds, they
should be made firm by treading the manure until the
required depth has been a'ttained. The temperature
should run up to 110 to 120 degrees, and when it cools
down and returns to 90 degrees it is safe to spawn.
It is good practice to lay the spawn bricks on the bed
three or four days before the bed is ready for spawn-
ing, the reason for this being that it starts the my-
celium into action, and also softens 3^our bricks of
spawn and saves a good deal of waste when cutting
them into small pieces. I cut a brick of spawn into
twelve pieces and insert these in the manure one inch
below the surface and ten inches apart. The bed
s^hould be covered with soil one and one-half inches
thick about a week after the bed is spawned ; this
gives the mycelium a chance to get into action. Before
the bed is cased over, the soil should be pressed down
even all over the surface of the bed with the back of
the shovel. Cover the bed over with a thin layer of
clean straw until the mushrooms appear, and then re-
move it. By using Pure Culture sijavvn, mushrooms
will appear in four weeks under proper conditions and
in six weeks you will be gathering your first mush-
rooms.

The temperature of the house should be kept around
58 degrees. Ventilation is an important point. A
small circulation of fresh air is necessary. The water-
ing of the bed. when necessary, should be done thor-
oughly with warm rain water at 80 degrees. Water-
ing too often will cause black spot and fogging-off of
the pin-head mushrooms. Be careful to avoid over-
watering.

The question of feeding mushrooms with manure
water does not always ajipeal to the average grower,
but from experience I find it to be a great help, espe-
cially on heavv cropped beds. I use hall sheep manure
and half horse manure soaked together for several
days, and then drained off. adding 100 i)er cent, clear
water, and put into the whole amount one pound of
saltpeter. Do not water the bed when it is moist;
wait until it shovv.s signs of dryness. Do not allow
the manure water to touch the mushrooms, as it dis-
colors them.

564

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE ' OF AMERICA.

NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

National Association of Gardeners.
M. C. Ebel, secretary, Madison, N. J.

Society of American Florists and Orna-
mental Horticulturists.
John Young, secretary, 54 West 28th street.
New York.

American Carnation Society.
A. F. J. Bauer, secretary, Indianapolis, Ind.

American Gladiolus Society.

L. Merton Gage, secretarj-, South Natick,

Mass.

American Peony Society.
A. B. Saunders, secretary, Clinton, N. Y.

American Rose Society.
B. Hammond, secretary, Fishkill, N. Y.

American Sweet Pea Society.

H. A. Bunyard, secretary, 342 West 14th

street, New York.

Chrysanthemum Society of America.

Charles W. Johnson, secretary, Morgan

Park, 111.

LOCAL SOCIETIES

Boston Gardeners' and Florists' Club.
William N. Craig, secretary, North Easton,
Mass.
Meets third Tuesday every month. Horti-
cultural Hall, Boston, Mass., 8 p. m.

Connecticut Horticultural Society.
Geo. W. Smith, secretar}', Melrose, Conn.
Meets second and fourth Fridays every
month. County Building, Hartford, Conn., 8
p. m.

Dutchess County Horticultural Society.

Hubert G. Cottam, secretary, Wappingers

Falls, N. Y.

Meets at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., last
Wednesday every month e.xcept May and
June.

Elberon Horticultural Society.
C. 0. Duncan, secretary, Elberon, N. J.
Meets first Monday every month. Fire
Hall, Elberon, N. J., 8 p. m.

Florists' and Gardeners' Club of Holyoke

and Northampton, Mass.
James WTiiting, secretary, Amherst, Mass.
Meets second Tuesday every month.

The Garden Club of Michigan.
Mrs. Edward H. Parker, secretary, 139 Sey-
burn avenue, Detroit, Mich.
The corresponding secretary will notify
members of date and place of meetings.

Gardeners' and Florists' Club of Baltimore.

N. F. Flittin, secretary, Talcrson Park,

Baltimore, Md.

Meets second and fourth Monday every

month, Florist Exchange Hall.

The Horticultural Society of New York.

Geo. V. Nash, secretary, Bronx Park, New

York City.

Meets monthly, irregular. May to Octo-
ber, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx
Park, New York. November to April,
American Museum of Natural History, 77th
street and Columbus avenue, New York.

Lake Geneva Gardeners' and Foremen's

Association.
W. H. Griffits, secretary. Lake Geneva, Wis.
Meets first and third Saturday every
month, October to April; first Saturday
every month. May to September, Horticul-
tural Hall.

Lenox Horticultural Society.
George Instone, secretary, Lenox, Mass.
Meets first Saturday every month.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
William P. Rich, secretary, 300 Massachu-
setts avenue, Boston, Mass.

Monmouth County Horticultural Society.
Harry Kettle, secretary, Fairhaven, N. J.
Meets second and fourth Friday every
month, Eed Men's Hall, Oceanic.

Morris County Florists' and Gardeners'

Society.
Edward J. Reagan, secretary, Morristown,
N. J.
Meets at Madison, N. J., second Wednes-
day every month, except July and August,
8 p. m.

Nassau County Horticultural Society.
Ernest Westlake, secretary. Glen Cove, N. Y.
Meets second Wednesday every month,
Pembroke Hall, Glen Cove,"N. Y., 8 p. m.

New Jersey Floricultural Society.
John Dervan, secretary, 433 Centre street.
Orange, N. J.
Meets second Friday every month, 240
Main street. Orange, N. J., 8 p. m.

New London County Horticultural Society.

John Humphrey, secretary. New London,

Conn.

Meets second Thursday every month,

rooms of Business Men's Association.

Newport Horticultural Society.
D. J. Coughlin, secretary, Newport, R. T.
Meets second and fourth Tuesday every
month.

North Shore Horticultural Society.

Jas. Slater, secretary, JIanchester, Mass.
Meets first and third Fridays every
month.

North Westchester County Horticultural

and Agricultural Society.
M. J. O'Brien, secretary, Mt. Kisco. N. Y.
Meets third Thursday every month, ex-
cept June, July and August, at 8 p. m.;
December, January and February, 3 p. m.,
Odd Fellows Hall,'Mt. Kisco.

Pasadena Horticultural Society.
Geo. B. Kennedy, secretary, 497 Bradford
street, Pasadena, Cal.
Meets first and fourth Friday every
month.

Paterson Floricultural Society.

Sebastian Hubschmitt, secretary, 61 Seventh

avenue, Paterson, N. J.

Meets first Tuesday every month, Ro-

maine Building, 8 p. m.

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.
David Rust, secretary, Broad and Locust
streets, Philadelphia, Pa.
Meets third Tuesday every month, Horti-
cultural Hall, 8 p. m.

People's Park Cottage Gardeners' Associa-
tion.
John Ainscough, secretary, 4 Chestnut street,
Paterson, N. J.
Meets first and last Friday every month,
Working Man's Institute, Madison avenue,
Paterson, N. J.

Philadelphia Florists' Club.
David Rust, secretary. Broad and Locust
streets, Philadelphia, Pa.
Meets first Tuesday every month. Horti-
cultural Hall, Philadelphia, Pa., 8 p. m.

The Pittsburgh Florists' and Gardeners'
Club.

H. P. Joslin, secretary, Ben Avon, Pa.

Meets first Thursday every montb, Fort
Pitt Hotel, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Rhode Island Horticultural Society.
A. C. Miller, secretary, 7 Irving avenue,
Providence, R. I.
Meets third Wednesday every month,
Providence Public Library, 8 p. m.

Shelter Island Horticultural and Agricul-
tural Society.
Fred Kirkham, secretarv, Shelter Island,
N. Y.'

Meets first and third Thursdays every
month.

Southampton Horticultural Society.

William McLeod, secretary.
Meets first Thursday every month. Me-
morial Hall, Southampton, N. Y.

Oyster Bay Horticultural Society.
John T. Ingram, secretarv. Oyster Bay,
N. Y.
Meets third Fridav every month. Board
of Trade, Oyster Bay, N. Y., 8 p. m.

Tarrytown Horticultural Society.
E. W. Neubrand, secretary, Tarytown, N. Y.
Meets last Tuesday every month, except
December, Corporation Building, Tarrytown,
N. Y., 7:30 p. m. Annual meeting last
Thursday in December.

Tuxedo Horticultural Society.
Jos. A. Becvar, secretary, Tuxedo Park, N. Y.
Meets first Wednesday every month. Par-
ish House, Tuxedo Park.

Washington, D. C, Florist Club.
J. L. Mayberrv, secretary, Washington.
D. C.
Meets first Monday every month.

Westchester and Fairfield Horticultural

Society.
J. B. McArdle, secretary, Greenwich, Conn.
Meets second Friday every month. Dor-
an's Hall, Greenwich, Conn., S p. m.

Yonkers Horticultural Society.
Thos. Mahoney, secretary, Yonkers, N. Y.
Meets first Friday every month, Holly-
wood Inn, Yonkers, N. Y., 8 p. m.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

GARDENERS DIARY

National Association of Gardeners' Meetings.

.Summer meeting. July 5, Massachu-
setts Horticultural Hall, Boston, Mass.

Annual Convention, November — , Ameri-
can Museum of Natural History, New York
City.

American Sweet Pea Society.

Annual Sweet Pea Show, Boston, .July 5-6,
Massachusetts Horticultural Hall.

Westchester and Fairfield Society.
Summer Show, Greenwich, Conn., June
20-21.

Newport Horticultural Society.
Summer Show, Newport, R. I., June 25-26.

Tuxedo Horticultural Society.
Summer Show, Tuxedo Park, June 27-28.

American Institute, New York.

Flower and Vegetable Show. September
23-25. Chrvsantheujum Show, November
5-7. Engineering Building, 25-33 W. 39th
street.

New Jersey Floricultural Society.
Dahlia, Fruit and Vegetable Show,
Orange, N. J., September 27-28.

Lenox Horticultural Society.

Summer Show, August 20-21. Fall Show,
October 22-23.

Elberon Horticultural Society.
Chrysanthemum^ Show, Asl)ur\- Park,
N. J.," Casino, October 27-29.

Morris County Florists' and Gardeners' Club.
Annual Show, Madison, N. .1., October
28-29.

Nassau County Horticultural Society.
Annual Fall Show, Glen Cove, N. Y.,
October 28-29.

Horticultural Society of New York.
Annual Fall Show, American Museum of
Natural History, New York, October 31 to
November 4.

Yonkers Horticultural Society.
Bowling, Thursday nights, Riverdale ave-
nue, Yonkers, N. Y.

Tarrytown Horticultural Society.
Fall Show. November 4, 5, 6. Music Hall.

ANNANDALE ROSE SHOW.

The ciylitcM-iitli Anuandale Knso Show
was hold June 10 and 11 at Annanilalo,
N. Y. The judges were Jlessrs. R. W. Allen,
F. L. Atkins, Leonard Barron and 1". R.
Pierson. A liberal schedule liad bccTi pro-
vided and many fine exhibits wen" brought
out. The display of herbaceous llowers was
exceedingly fine, and the roses were much
lietter than might have been expected for
tlie late season.

Messrs. Bobbink & Atkins staged a very
fine oxhiliit of herbaceous flowers and an

exhibit of tlie new rose Silver Jloon.
Among the other prize winners Winthrop
Sargent, Fishkill, N. Y. (F. E. Whitney,
gardener), was awarded a silver cup for
twelve vases of named roses, and also the
American Rose Society's metal for the best
exhibit in all classes of the schedule:
Archibald Rogers, Hyde Park, N. Y. (James
Keegan, gardener), won first prize in her-
baceous flowers, first prize in the class of
collections of vegetables (24 kinds), and
several other prizes: Gerald L. Hoyt.
Staatsburgh. N. Y. (David Harrison, gar-
dener), was also a large prize winner, being
first on Hybrid Tea Roses, Greenhouse Ferns
and Roses: and the Hon. Levi P. Morton
(William Inglis, gardener), was first in
collections of stove and greenhouse plants.

FALL EXHIBITS OF MORRIS COUNTY

GARDENERS' AND FLORISTS'

SOCIETY.

The Morris County Gardeners' and Flor-
ists' Society will make a special feature of
vegetables at their next fall show, to be
held in Madison, N. J., October 28-29.

One class in particular is worthy of
special notice, it is to be known as the
"Madison Class." It calls for 12 distinct
kinds of vegetables, to be arranged on a
table space of 6 feet by 4 feet. Beauty of
arrangement to count in the judges' final
summing up. There will be a printed scale
of points for different vegetables printed in
our schedule, so no one need be surmising.

The people of Madison are subscribing to
the prize fund, and we want to give them
a good exhibition.

Prizes are: $75 first; $50 second: and .$25
third.

It is an open class, and we sincerely hope
to get our brother gardeners from a distance
to help us make it a success.

EDWARD REGAN, Serretary.

WILL ENTERTAIN HORTICULTURISTS.

The firm of J. G. Harrison & Sons, nur-
serymen, of Berlin, Md., will entertain on
the lawn of Mayor Orlando Harrison, tlie
Maryland State Horticultural Society and
the Penin.sula Horticultural Society on
July 31. Invitations will be extended to
members and oflTicers of Pennsylvania, New
Jersey. Virginia and West Virginia horti-
cultural societies.

Tlie Harrison orchards show prospects of
an immense peach crop, and the methods
used in saving and growing this peach cro]i
-li<r Id I f interest to all peach growers.

AMERICAN GLADIOLUS SOCIETY.

I take this opportunity, so that there
will be ample time to select my successor,
to announce that I shall not be a candidate
this year for secretary of the A. G. S.

Thanking you for the many courtesies
extended me in the past.

L. MERTON GAGE, Secv.

South Natick. Mass., June 7, 1913.

ELBERON (N. J.) HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

The monthly meeting of this society waS
held in Firemen's Hall, Elberon. N. J., on
June 2, with President Cleorge ilasson in
the chair. W. Wardle, of Long Branch.
N. J., was elected to membership. Awanis
on the evening's exhibits were as follows:
George Masson, for Cattleya gigas, 90
points: Charles O. Duncan, for (>-pripediuni
Cymatodes. 90: W. R. Seymour, for Peonies.
72. It was decided to hold the annual
Chrysanthemum show October 27 to 29, in
the Casino at Asbury Park, N. J., and
schedules will be mailed within a couple of

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566

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

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weeks. The next meeting of the sofietj"
will lie lield September 1.

W. R. SEYMOUR.

Asst. Secretary.

AMERICAN ROSE SOCIETY.

The American Rose Society has been in-
vited to liave as full a representation as
possible of its membership to attend the
final exhibition and judging of the Hart-
ford Rose Gardens. It will be held some
time in June. The judges named by Presi-
dent Farenwald for the service are as fol-
lows: ilessrs. Wallace R. Pierson, Crom-
well. Conn.: Eber Holmes, Montrose, Mass..
and John Huss. Hartford. Conn.

The Rose Gardens at Hartford was
adopted last year and encouraged as far
as it couhl be by the Executive Committee
and a summer meeting of the society. The
reports that come from the Hartford Park
Department are most encouraging for the
work there done. The garden is in Eliza-
beth Park. Hartford, Conn,

The new officers chosen at the annual
meeting held in April assume their duties
on the first of Jul}', and are as follows:
Mr. Wallace R. Pierson, president: >Ir.
Robert Pyle. West Grove, vice-president;
Mr. Harry O. May. Summit, X. J., treas-
urer. The Executive Committee will com-
prise the following: Jlessrs. J. H. Dunlop,
Toronto, Ont.; S. S. Pennoek. Philadelphia,
Pa.; August F. Poehlmann, Morton Grove,
111.; Eber Holmes, Montrose. Mass.: Frank
R. Pierson. Tarrytowii, N. Y., and Robert
Simpson, Clifton, N. J.; the secretary hold-
ing over.

BEXJAillX HAMMOND,

May .-il. 1013. Secretary.

NEW JERSEY FLORICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

.\ meeting of the New Jersey Floricul-
tnral Society was held in Lindsley's Hall,
2.'i0 iluiii street. Orange, N. J., on June 13.
It was decided to continue its agitation to
have professional gardeners represented on
Hoards of Park and Shade Tree Coriimis-
^inii-. A communication was received from
I'lofissor M. A. Rlake, of tlie Xew Jersey
Aiiiii ultural Experiment Station, endorsing
tlM' aliuM' iiK.vcniciit. Martin C. Ebel, of
.M;i.li-ui], iiuii;i.jmg editor of the Gar-
iiiM i:V ( liuii.Mi i.K and secretary of the Xa-
tioiial .Vssoi'iatloii of (iardeners. advised the
ij;ir.l(ncrs not to take any position on com-
iiii>^i<iiis wheie they did not get any pay.
He was asked to have the Xational associa-
tion endeavor to have a bill passed by Con-
gress ])rovidin<> for the appointment of
i:;\iilciicrs on all park and sliade tree com-
ini<~iniis. W. A. ilanda. of South Orange,
~Miil tlic average gardener is too modest,
lie (le]iloreil .\merican lack of appreciation
of flowers and the men who raise their
and contrasted this with conditions in Eng-
lanil. "Rose Xight" brought out one of the
largest and most beautiful exhibitions of
the June flowers seen at the meeting of the

society. George Wraight won first prize
with 95 points. Thomas Gosnell, John
Americo, William Zeidler, of Hutton Park,
and Augustus Christiansen, of Llewelyn
I'ark, were elected to membership in this
society. Monthly competition for points
is as follows:

Points.

\'ase of Roses — .John Dervan 90

William Reid 90

Fritz Bergeland 88

Frank Drews 80

\'ase of Carnations — Max Schneider.... 80
Vase of Sweet Peas — Max Schneider... 5.5
Vase of Cut Flowers — Max Schneider.. 55

For Lora and Bumham Skern Prizes.
( attleva Gaskilliana — John Dervan.... 75

\"ase of Ro.ses— William Reid 90

Judges: Peter Popkin, Edwin Thomas,
Charles W. Ashmead.

JOHX DERVAN, Sec'y.

THE WESTCHESTER AND FAIRFIELD
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The regular monthly meeting of The
Westchester and Fairfield Horticultural
Society was held in Doraus Hall, Greenwich,
Conn.,' on June 13, President R. Williamson
in the chair. ,

The second summer e.xhibition of the
society is to be held in Greenwich Town
Hall, June 20-21. A perusal of the schedule
shows classes in almost every section of
horticulture, and the officers are hoping for
large and keen competition in the classes
named, as the prizes are numerous and valu-
able. After a very warm debate it was
deciUed to hold the third annual outing at
Rye Beach early in August, date to be an-
nounced later.

Quite a few e.xhibits were made at this
meeting which again proves that some of
the members of this society know how to
produce the goods. The judges' comments
were as follows:

Mr. McAllister, honorable mention for
vase of roses Conrad F. Meyer and straw-
berry "Gaudy"; Thos. Ryan, honorable men-
tion for vase of mixed sweet peas; Jas.
Tiervey, honorable mention for collection of
sweet peas: Oscar Addor, Cultural Certif-
icate for a well-flowered specimen cattleya
mendelli: W. D. Maternowski, highly com-
mended for begonia Uoydii; W. H. Guermon-
sprey, highly commended for collection of
peonies: Paul Daunger, vote of thinks for
bunch of rye "excelsior." standing 7 feet;
Dan Pastori, vote of thanks for vase of
Sweet Williams. The society is to hold its
third annual fall exhibition in the Armory,
Stamford, Conn., October 31 to X^ovember 1.
Exhibitors, get busy for some of the big
prizes that are ofl'ered. Schedules are out.
be sure and net one.

OWEX A. HUXWICK,

Cor. Sec'v.

STATEMENT OF THE OWNJERSHIP, MAN-
agement, circulation, etc., of The Gab&eners'
Chronicle, published monthly at .Jersey City,
.\'. J., required by the Act of August 24, 1912.^

Name of — Post Office -Address.

Managing Editor, Martin C. Ebel. Madison, N. J.
Publisher, The Chronicle Press, Jersey City, X. J.
Owners: .

M. E. Maynard, New York City.
W. E. Maynard. New York City.
Known bondholders, mortgagees, and other se-
curity holders, holding 1 per cent, or more of total
amount of bonds mortgages, or other securties:
None.

Chronicle Press,
.-\. A, Fay. Secretary.
Sworn to and subscribed before me this 22nd
day of April. 1913.

F. Irving Morrow.
I Seal. 1 Notary Public.

(My commission expires June 2Ist, 1915.1

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

P. HAMILTON GOODSELL

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FOR A COLLECTION OF SWEET
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THAN 25 STEMS TO A VASE, TO
BE SHOWN WITH SWEET PEA
FOLIAGE ONLY. TO BE WONTWICE
BY THE SAME EXHIBITOR.

; will also award to the winner of tbis cup
ich time won) a cash prize ol $25 : $IS
:ond prize, and $10 third prize.

WINTER FLOWERING SWEET PEAS
OUR SPECIALTY

NOVELTY SPENCER and GRANDIFLORA

SWEET PEAS

OUR SPECIALTY

ARTHUR T.
BODDINGTON

SEEDSMAN

342 W. 14th STREET

NEW YORK CITY

GARDENERS'
CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA

JULY. 1913

Ten Cents a Copy

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

BON ARBOR

Awarded Diploma and Silver Medal at 1912
Royal International Exhibition, London, Eng.

BON ARBOR NO. 1 will keep your Tennis Courts
and Lawns green in tlie hottest weather. Will grow
Lettuce, Celery, Cauliflower, and anything that matures
above the ground to the finest perfection. We can
prove it.

Bon Arbor No, 1 is put up as follows:

Package making 15 gallons, by mail $0.30

Package making 30 gallons, by mail 55

5 lb. package making 150 gallons,

exp. extra l.SO
25 lb. package making 750 gallons,

esp. extra 6.25
50 lb. package making 1.500 gallons,

sp. extra 12.50
100 lb. package making 3,000 gallons,

exp. extra 20.00
Barrels from 2.50 to 300 lbs., 18c. per lb.

RADIX WORM ERADICATOR removes worms
instantly from your Tennis Courts, Golf Greens,
Flower Pots, etc.

2 gallons, making 200 gallons, $2.00 per gallon.

1J4 gallons sufficient for Tennis Court 78 x 36 feet.

ANT DESTROYER. Rid your garden and lawn
of ants. It can be done in less than a week. Per lb.
65c.; 10 lbs., 60c. per lb.; 25 lbs., 50c. per lb.

BON ARBOR CHEMICAL CO.

Paterson, N. J., U. S. A.

Write for descriptive catalogue, new 1912 edition. We manufac-
ture also Radix Worm Eradicator, Insecticides, Weed Killer and all
agricultural chemicals. Special prices on large quantities.

Let us repair your trees and
do your spraying. We have the
men tliat will climb high.

Why risk your lives climbing

high when we will furnish
men who do it the year round
and consequently become al-
most like squirrels in a tree ?
Send for our Free Leaflet explain-
ing our methods.

JOHN. T. WITHERS, INC.

I Monteomery St., Jersey City, N. J.

THE BIG QUESTION OF LITTLE DETAILS

0.\ i-L of our customers recently
complained bitterly to our
superintendent that our men
were "too all fired fussy, and if they
were going to be as particular all
through the work, summer would be
over before tlic house would lie ready
to plant."

Two weeks later, however, liis crop

Now he is so delighted witli his
house, that he l)rags about the splen-
did way we attended to every detail.
Right here let me say, we are going
to keep right on being "fussy."
More and more attention will be given
to the details 1)ccau.se we know it to
be the really big thing in safe and
sure satisfactory greenhouse building.

If you want such a house, then you
w-ant us to build it. Send for catalog.

I-ORD &

LJ R IM M A. IVI OO

SALES OFFICES -

NEW YORK
42nd St. Bldg.

BOSTON
Trcmon

Bldg.

PHILADELPHIA CHICAGO ROCHESTER
Franklin Bank Bldg. Rookery Bldg. Granite Bldg.

FACTORIES
Irvington, N. Y. Dcs Plaines, 111.

TORONTO
12 Oiieei

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

567

New Self-Watering

FLOWER BOX

With a five years' guarantee

It solves the window box problem by fur-
nishing a steady supply of water in just suffi-
cient quantity to meet the requirements of
one's plants for a considerable period after
each application, thus lightening the labor of
caring for them and guarding against dam-
age from neglect and forgetfulness.

They need be watered only once a week.
Splendid for hanging baskets, and will not
dry out. Drainage perfect. The sub-irri-
gation principle induces deep root growth,
which in turn produces luxuriant top
growth.

Anybody can succeed with them. All
sizes, prices reasonable. Agents wanted.
Write to

The Conard & Jones Co.

West Grove, Pa.

YOUR BOILER

YOURS Ijeoause you arc the kind of man
who wants a boiler that does not need
"sitting up with." You want to coal up
at night and be able to rest easy and know
that when morning comes your boiler has held
the temperatures you want held.

Furthermore, you want one that's easy to
clean, because then you know you will clean
it oftener. You want a tuiiler that squeezes
the heat out of the coal and sends it bumping
along through your coils and not out the chim-
ney. In short, you want an iconomical. easy-
working boiler that you can absolutely depend
on. This, then, is that boiler. Send for catalog.

Hitchings & Co.

New York Offlc..
H70 Broadway

Factory — Eli:

PliiladelpMi

Pennsylvania

iind Chostnu

POT GROWN

STRAWBERRY
PLANTS

We can .supply all leading and new-
varieties for immediate or later
shipment in line conditions. For
list of varieties see our Fall Cata-
logue, now ready.

LILIUM HARRISII

Fine lot of Bulbs just arrived. Plant now for
Xmas flowering.

W. E. MARSHALL & CO

SEEDS, PLANTS and BULBS
166 West 23d Street, New York

nnRDIilV B. ATVIIIC WORLD'S choicest NURsmr

DIIDDiniV tt AIIVIIlv AND GREENHOUSE PRODUCTS

Onr I'rniiiicts nro of a liii,'bi r gl-nde than ever tbis 9e.isHn, placing us
in a b.tti-r positiou to Ull onic-rs witb a class of material thai will
give satisfaction to all our patrotis. Our Nursery consists of 31)0 acres
of Jiighly cultivated land and a large area covered with Greenhouses
and Storehouses, in which we are growing Nursery and Greenliouse
Products for every place and purpose.

THE FOLLOWING PLANTS FOR INTEKIOR AND EXTEKIOH
DECORATIONS ARE AMONG CUE SPECIALTIES:

HYDRANGEA OTASKA IN ; ready for Si-ptcinl.cr delivery.

TUBS We have ujauy hundreds

of specimen Plants in bloom and

bud for summer Decorations at ing varieties. We ha\

?2.30, $3.00 and $7.50 each. thousands of Strawberry

HARDY OLD - FASHIONED and are in a position to nil
PLANTS.— \Vc grow thousands of ders of any size. Ask for special
rare. new and old-fashioned list,
kinds, including Peonies and Iris
large variety. September

deli

CONIFERS

EVERGREENS,
AND PINES.— Many acres of our
Nursery are devoted to their cul-
tivation. Order now for August
Delivery.

BOXWOOD.— Everyliody loves
the aroma of old-fashioned Box-
wood. We have thousands In
many shapes and sizes.

BAY TREES We are Head-
quarters for them. We carry at
all times hundreds and often-
times during the year several
thousands may be seen in our

PALMS AND DECORATIVE
PLAUTS.— We have several acres
of Greenhouses, in which we grow
Palms, Ferns and a large collec-
tion of plants for luterlor and
Exterior Decorations.

OUR NEW HYBRID GIANT-
FLOWERING MARSHMALLOW,
— ICvervli.Klv sh..nld lie interested
In this n.-w. old fashioned llower.
It will grow everywhere and
when in bloom Is the queen of all
garden flowers. Order now for
.\nturan Delivery.

ENGLISH IVY. — We grow
many thousands In trained forms
and ordinary plants from two to
eight feet tall.

PEONIES AND IRIS.--We have
a complete collection of them

We Invite evervlK.dv interested In R.
this time and see our Formal Rose Qnnlc
."..OiX> plants In 2,W varieties.

Our Illustrated General CatalofUO^ Mo. 45 describes our Products.
Will be mailed upon request
Ready.

VISITORS take Erie Railroad t
Line, ,1 minutes' walk to .Nursery.

Our Landscapo Department PUn and Plant Grounds and
Gardens everywhere with our World's Choicest Nursery and
Greenhouse Products.

Nurserymen, Florltts and Planters RUTHERFORD, N.J.

BULBS AND ROOTS. — We
grow and Imp.trt i]uantltles of
Bulbs and Roots fr.im all parts
of the World, .\uluiun Planting.

PLANT TUBS. WINDOW
BOXES AMD ENGLISH GAR-
DEN FURNITURE We manu-
facture all shapes and sizes.

to visit our Nursery at
hieh Is planted with uTer

Ask for Autumn Bulb Catalogue, Now
Carlton Hill; seomd slop on .Main

568

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

®1|0 Contents

-3uly, iai3

Sweet Peas in the Garden .

569

N. A. S. New Member .

580

Culture of Antirrhinums

571

Membership Contest .

580

The Blight Killed Chestnut

572

Among the Gardeners

580

Summer Pruning of Shrubs

573

The New York Fair ....

581

The Salesman .....
American Sweet Pea Society Show
How Trees Live and Die .

573
574
576

American Gladiola Society Schedule
Queries and Answers
The Newport Show ....
Horticultural Society of New York

582
•583
584

586

The Private Estate Superintendent

576

Tuxedo Horticultural Society

586

Rose Gardens of Elizabeth Park .

577

National Association

588

S. A. F. & O. H. Convention .

578

Local Association ....

. 588

Forcing Iris .... .

578

Gardeners' Diary ....

589

Editorial .....

579

Westchester and Fairfield Horticultural Society

589

Let's Get Acquainted

579

Yonkers Horticultural Society

589

The Gardener .....

579

Nassau County Horticultural Society .

589

N. A. S. Summer Meeting

580

Medford Horticultural Society

589

Minneapolis Meeting

580

Hiram Jinkens' Way

590

Of Personal Interest

THE personal element enters largely into all business transactions
and one buys where there is confidence in the man who sells. For
this reason we have added to our staff to handle our growing
private trade Alexander Gumming, Jr., who has for the past few
years been busy making Elizabeth Park famous for its Rose Gardens and
its Hardy Perennials.

Next season, in addition to the regular stock we have always handled,
we will include Perennials. Some of the best things to be offered in 1914
we shall handle.

Killarney Brilliant, the new forcing rose.

Matchless, Philadelphia, Gloria and Princess Dagmar, the new carna-
tions. These from pots for the private trade.

Our catalog will be one of the finest ever printed. We want you on our
mailing list. Send us your correct address.

A. N. PIERSON, Inc.

CROMWELL, CONN.

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA

DEVOTED TO THE SCIENCE OF FLORICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE

ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF

THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

Vol. XVI.

JULY, 1913.

Xo. 9.

Sweet Peas in the Garden

/N I. »v

The sweet pea can adapt itself to a variety of
locations, but a position which provides for plenty
of light and air at all times with a little shade from
the midday suns is to be preferred. Plants grown
in too much shade are usually weak and spindling
with but few flowers. The drying summer suns tend
to shorten the blooming period and also cause certain
colors to fade. The effects of drought can be largely
overcome, however, by early planting and by deep
and thorough preparation of tiie soil. In seasons when
the conditions are especially favorable sweet peas can
be grown with fairly good results with no more prep-
aration than is given ordinary vegetable ground,
writes the Department of Agriculture in a recent bul-
letin. But as Prof. A. C. Beal writes in a recent bul-
letin of the Cornell station, "uniformly, year after
year, the sweet peas with the strongest root systems
will produce the finest flowers during the longest
period." Vigorous root development can best be
secured by planting just as early in the spring as the
soil is dry enough to work, while the atmospheric con-
ditions are such as to retard or even to prevent top
growth for several weeks.

Any ordinary garden soil is suitable for sweet peas,
provided it is well drained. Since sowing should be
done at the earliest possible date, the soil should pref-
erably be prepared in the autumn.

The soil should be broken up to a depth of 15 inches
to two feet, and on some soils even deeper. Unless
the soil is very uniform in composition, it is disastrous
to bring the bottom soil to the surface; but this should
be turned over in the trench, mixing with it, if heavy
and compact, rather coarse stable manure or litter.
Sometimes leaves are available for placing in the bot-
tom of the trench. The use of these materials in sub-
soil promotes drainage, as well as improves the sail.

If a good layer (four inches) of half-rotted stable
or cow manure is placed between the top and bottom
spadefuls, and the top soil, if heavy, made light with
old manure, an excellent preparation has been made.
The office of the manure is not only to increase the
store of plant food, but also to increase the water-
holding power.

An application of bone meal at the rate of 1 ounce
per yard of trench, as well as a good dusting of air-
slaked lime applied while working the soil in the
autumn will both prove beneficial. The lime will not
only correct any acid condition existing in the soil, but
it will also aid in releasing the residual plant food of
the soil.

Certain white-flowered sweet peas have ligiit-
colored seeds, while others have black seeds. The
white seeds frequently split in the pod before- harvest-

ing and are likely soon to lose their vitality if planted
early when the soil is cold. Hence the white seeds
should be sown rather thicker than, or not so deep as,
the black seed. In the sweet-pea plantings at Cornell
it has been found that an ounce of seed will plant 50
to 60 feet of row, and if the seed is good it should
plant still more. This allows for one seed to every
two inches.

In some seasons sweet-pea seeds are slow in germ-
inating. It is well to examine such seeds in order to
ascertain their condition. If the seeds are found
dormant but still fresh and plump, the seed coats
should be cut with a sharp knife and replanted, when
they will germinate well. This difficulty is not con-
fined to the sweet pea, but some of the other Lathyri
behave similarly. The trouble usually follows a very
hot, dry season, when the seed becomes so excessively
ripened as to render the seed coat impervious to water.
Sometimes, in order to expedite germination, the seeds
are soaked.

For fall planting the preparation of the soil is the
same as that already described, except that the soil
is firmed and the trench filled level. On this a trench,
or furrow, two inches deep is made, and the peas are
planted at least as close as one seed every two inches.
The row should be slightly ridged up so as to prevent
water from standing and, as stated in the beginning,
it is essential that the location be on a well-drained
site. When the ground freezes a mulch of manure is
placed over the row. In the spring when the bright
weather comes the plants should be examined in order
to see whether the)' are growing or whether the soil
is soggy and cold. In either case the mulch should
be removed from over the row and should be left in
the center so that, in case an^-^ weather should come
when tlie safety of the plants is at all endangered, the
old mulch may easily be applied to protect them.

The seed of the standard varieties of sweet peas is
cheap, and the advantage gained in obtaining early
flowers, if the ]ilaiits survive the winter, is worth the
efi'ort.

Sl'RI.vr, PLANTING.

As soon as the frost is out of the ground and the
soil in workable condition in the spring, a heavy ap-
plication of superphosphate of lime should be made and
raked in. Care should be exercised not to get the
soil too loose, and for this reason it is best to confine
all stirring of the soil to smoothing the surface. Espe-
cially is this true with liglit soils, which, if stirred
deeply in the spring, must be well firmed. Heavy soils
that are likely to bake may be improved b}' working
in a light dressing of old. thoroughly rotted manure.

One method recommended is to hollow out a broad

570

\

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

trench, 24 to 30 inclies wide and two inches deep, and
then sow the seed one inch deep in single or double
rows. The trench should be kept open for six weeks
in order to retain the water.

Shall the planting be in single drills, broad drills,
or double rows or drills? It matters little, provided
sufficient room is allowed fi)r the growing plants. An-
other method of securing early blooms out of doors,
which is practiced by many English growers and is
especially valuable for exhibition purposes, is to sow
the seed in pots under glass, after which the plants are
hardened in cold frames and planted out. Pot-grown
plants should be started in February or March, the
time depending somewhat on the latitude and seasonal
conditions.

In order to secure suitable plants six seeds should
be sown in 4-inch pots, using light, rich soil.

When the plants are two or three inches high they
should be given supports of short twigs and placed in
a cold frame. Here they should be given plenty of
air at every opportunity in order to secure a short,
sturdy growth. If the plants do not catch hold firmly,
they may be tied with raffia. \\'hen spring begins and
the soil is in good condition the pots may be planted
in the open one foot apart in a single row or two feet
apart in a double row. In the latter case the plants
alternate.

Sweet peas should be given some support from the
time they begin to make tendrils.

If the soil has been prepared properly and the plants
look strong, and if the grower sees that the plants are
watered and given every care, then the support should
be six feet high. If the soil is only moderately fertile
or has not been deeply prepared, or if the grower does
not intend to keep all seed pods picked off or cannot
water the plants in order to overcome drought, tlie
support should be kept down to four feet. The variety'
has something to do with the height of the suj^port,
whatever the care bestov^-ed, some varieties lieing
naturally dwarfer growers.

Frequent but extremely shallow cultivation should
be the rule in growing sweet peas. They should not
be allowed to suffer for lack of water, but watering
should not be done until it is absolutely necessary,
since if the soil has been deeply prepared the roots
will go down after both moisture and plant food.
When water is needed it should be applied thoroughly
and at least two or three times a week in very dry
periods. \\'hen it becomes necessary to water the
plants a mulch of thoroughly rotted manure around
the plants will be of great assistance in preventing too
rapid evaporation.

The above-mentioned writer lays great stress on the
necessity of dispodding. In order to have fine flowers
and a long succession of bloom, it is infinitely more
necessary to keep the seed pods rigorously picked off
than it is to cultivate, mulch, or water. The latter
operations go for naught unless the pods are picked
off. The writer thoroughly believes that the impor-
tance of watering has been overemphasized and that
too many prefer to use the hose rather than to pick
pods; then they assert that the sweet pea is not what
it used to be — that it has lost constitution and the like.
Of course the more highly developed the variety the
less certain it is to bear up under neglect. There were
on the trial grounds at this station in 1910 some of
the oldest varieties, intnuhiced from 1865 to 1890, then
the latest hooded and i^randifloras, and finally the
waved type. Althougli no pods were ])ickcd from the
first two types after July 20, there was a noticeable

difference in the flowering habit. The old varieties
were continuously blooming profusely, while the sec-
ond class were sometimes completely destitute of
flowers. The same holds true with regard to length
of stem. Some plants of Countess Spencer were
treated likewise in order to note the effect, and for
them the season was over early in August.

The lesson is that if the grower does not intend to
comply with, the requirements of the improved types,
it is better to grow Butterflj', Captain Clarke, Peach
Blossom, and other small-flowered, precocious
varieties.

FERTILIZERS.

After sweet peas are in full flower fertilizers may
be applied. The best and safest fertilizer to use is
liquid manure, diluted to the color of weak tea and ap^
plied once a week. It is often advantageous to alter-
nate this with sulphate of ammonia or nitrate of soda
at the rate of one ounce to six gallons of water. The
plant usually responds better to phosphorus than to
nitrogen, and even potash is often beneficial. Nitrate
of potash and phosphate of potash dissolved at the
same rate as the above-named fertilizers is of the
proper strength to apply.

The most troublesome insects that attack sweet peas
in the United States are the red spider and the pea
aphis. The most serious fungus disease attacking the
sweet peas in this country is the powdery mildew,
wdiich is often found late in the season when the
plants are almost through blooming. The stems,
leaves, and other parts of the plant become covered
with the W'hite, powdery coating. The disease may
appear after a rain followed by very cold nights and
hot davs.

ROSES

Still in shape to supply hne 4"
pot plants of Mrs. Geo. Shawyer
and all standard varieties.

CARNATIONS

Field grown stock; ready July 15.
Write us for list and price

CHAS. H. TOTTY

MADISON, N. J.

Culture of Antirrhinums

]\Iy experience with the culiure of Antirrhinums un-
der glass dates back about lit teen years, writes F. W.
Fletcher in an interesting booklet just issued. At that
time we grew the best sorts obtainable, and the best
at that time were mighty poor. Probably you remem-
ber that old type. The height, under glass, was usu-
ally about five feet, the colors were mostly of unde-
sirable shades, and the flowers small and so sparsely
placed on the spike as to gi\e the impression that the}-
had never been properly introduced. It was necessary
to stake each plant, and a dafty tying was the price of
a good spike. If 3'ou missed a day you got a crooked
stem.

I was interested, nevertheless, for there was always
a demand for passably good flowers, and it seemed to
me there was a place for a showy, decorative flower,
to fill the gap between the 'mums and the coming of
paeonies, gladioli, etc. But to fill that place properly
it was necessary to greatly improve the then existing
varieties. It seemed to me that the desirable qualities
to be worked for were: A plant not to exceed three
feet in height. There is little call for flowers with
longer than 36-inch stems, and few people have vases
that are adapted to anything longer. A stem sufli-
ciently stiff to properl_\- support itself, with little or
no staking. A spike of larger individual flowers, com-
pactly arranged, but not so close as to look crowded
or "squatty." Clean, bright colors.

With this general idea of what I thought was
wanted. I went to work. It must be confessed that
the progress made in the first five years was so slow
as to be decidedly discouraging. The pesky seedlings
all seemed determined to show the faults of both par-
ents, but none of their good points. I never men-
tioned snapdragon to florist visitors at the green-
houses. I had nothing to show. My attempt to put
a little snap in snapdragon looked like a fizzle.

But about this time I saw advertised in an English
catalogue a new type — nanum grandiflorum. There
were, I think, four named varieties, mostly pink, or
combinations of yellow and pink, according to the de-
scriptions. We procured seed of all the varieties listed,
carefully planted the same, and hoped. From this
seed we raised something over 400 plants and, when thev
flowered, found we had ujjwards of 300 quite distinct
varieties, in many shades of pink, yellow, red and
white. Only about twenty per cent, showed what I
now know to be the grandiflorum type.

In view of our experience with seed of these named
varieties, and since with many others, the claims of
some recent advertisers of new varieties give me a
feeling of inexpressible lassitude. Put a tack in right
here: you will find it just as profitable to grow your
carnation stock from seed as to depend upon seedling
antirrhinums to fill your greenhouse benches.

Although this seed of named nanum grandiflorum
gave but few plants true to type and color, it did give
the material I had been looking for. In fact, it pro-
vided an embarrassment of riches. There were all
types of flowers and almost all types of growth ; dwarf
plants, tall plants ; large flowers and flowers not so
large, but of thick, leathery texture ; hooded flowers,
open flowers, some round, some twice as wide as deep,
and some with the depth double the width. With these
and some of the best of my own seedlings I proceeded
with a regular "spree" of pollenization.

That was six years ago. Since then, we have grown
several hundred cross-bred seedlings each year. And

each year we have come a little nearer to what I be-
lieve an ideal snapdragon. My real ideals I never ex-
pect to realize this side the "pearly gates." Three
years ago we commenced selling the flowers of the
silvery rose-colored variety now named Nelrose. Its
success was pronounced, and as it was an unequaled
producer of first-grade flowers and was not at all

NEW AXTIKKUINU.MS "XELROSE."
Courtesy of F. W. Fletcher.

"fussy" in its requirements of culture, we gave it more
and more room on the benches.

This spring (1913) it was exhibited for the first time.
At the spring show of the Massachusetts ?Iorticultural
Society in Boston, it easily won first, in strong compe-
tition. Some of those interested in the International
Show to be held in New York, suggested that we ex-
hibit it there, as they believed there was nothing in
sight that could beat it. The idea was a little stagger-
ing at first. The exhibition game was a new one to
me, but I did know that .\ntirrhinums had no standing
with those who controlled our exhibitions. ■ This results
simply from the fact that up to the present time there
have been few. if any. varieties worthy of exhibition or
of notice. Finally I mustered up sufficient courage
to write and make an entry. We entered it for the
best cut-flower novelty. AND WE WON.

Loudon, in his Encyclopedia of Plants, published in
1866, lists four v;:rieties of Antirrhinum majus. and
also four other species. Majus is a native of England;
siculum, orontium, Asarina and molle are respectively
natives of Sicily, Britain, Italy and Spain. It is prob-
able that our modern varieties are mostly descended

572

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

from the original A. majus of England, although occa-
sionally a plant is produced that would seem to show
traces of siculum or orontium. The four varieties of
majus described by Loudon were white, scarlet, bi-
color and a double-white. Yellow is such a common
color in Antirrhinum at the present time, it seems a
little singular that it was apparently unknown forty-
seven years ago. It is probable that Loudon's scarlet
was a crimson. When we compare this list with the
bewildering array of shades and tints we now have
we must admit that much progress has been made b}'
the plant breeders of the past forty years.

A plant or a flower is seldom taken in hand for such
improvement unless it possesses intrinsic qualities
making it worthy of such work and improvement.
That our favorite does possess these qualities goes
without argument. Stateh' and beautiful, of easy cul-
ture under glass, it gives us a wealth of bloom at a
time when other large decorative flowers are out of
season. It is no less valuable as a subject for out-of-
door planting. In our hot, dry summers it seldom
grows more than one-third the height observed under
greenhouse culture, but in Great Britain, I am told, it
throws spikes of bloom nearly as high as in our green-
houses. It is a plant for the florist and the amateur, for
the small bed at the side of the cottage, and for big
masses of color in our parks and cemeteries. Every
improvement in types and \arieties hastens the time
of its more universal use in this country. All that re-
mains to be done is the elimination of the weedy, trashy
kinds, now altogether too common, and the Antirrhinum
will come into its own.

The existing strains of Antirrhinum usually sold by
seedsmen are, A. majus, majus grandiflorum, nanum
grandifiorum and the very dwarf Tom Thumb varie-
ties. This year another strain has been introduced by
a German seedsman — A. maximum. With us this
maximum produces no larger flowers than many of
our own cross-bred seedlings. Perhaps it will improve
on acquaintance. None of the above strains will come
true from seed, although they show a larger percentage
true to type than to the advertised colors.

They are all useful to the hybridizer, and possibly
to the amateur, but as a source of supply for the plants
required for benching in the greenhouse, seeds are a
delusion and a snare. Of course, it is very easy to get
plants this way, but really, it is hardh' wortli while.
There are so many other ways of being unhappy.
You can't afford to fill your benches with weeds, and
many of the seedlings will prove but little better.
Propagate your stock from cuttings, buying the best
obtainable varieties for that purpose, as you would
your carnations or roses.

Contrary to the usual idea, I am convinced that
the Antirrhinum requires but little in the way of
animal manures, and also that it needs comparatively
little water. This does not mean that I advocate
starvation, but that if your soil be in a fairly fertile
condition it will give you better flowers than if charged
with the manures necessary for some other crops.
Water with pure water, and with discretion. There
are more failures from over-watering than from any
other one cause.

Our method is to take cuttings in March or April,
or even early in May, selecting only the best from the
best and strongest plants. When rooted, we pot in
2-in., later shifting to 4-in. pots, when the}- are ready
for plunging out of doors. Plunge deep enough so
that the wheel hoe will not strike the pots in culti-
vating. A\'ater only when the plants show signs of
wilting, which will be seldnni, in an ordinary season.

The beds in the houses they are to occupy are prepared
for a summer crop — sometimes tomatoes — using
enough manure to carry that crop through in good
shape. ^Vhen the snaps are brought in, any time from
August 1 to October 1, the only things added to the
soil are a good sprinkling of lime and a smaller applica-
tion of sulphur. This should suffice them until about
April, when a moderate stimulant may be given. We
prefer chemicals for this purpose. Always cut the
spikes to within three or four inches of the ground.
If a variety will not break from the ground, it is not
profitable. Better throw it out. There is no money
in growing brush.

There seem to l)e but three diseases to bother the
grower of snaps. This is the cutting-bed fungus,
which, I presume, is the same that afflicts the carna-
tion. Any little bruise on the cutting will result in
its loss, if this fungus be present in the sand or potting
soil. Another and more serious trouble is usually
called the "wilt" disease. The whole plant is slowly
afl^ected, usually a branch at a time, until it is all gone.
An examination of the stem of the plant, just above the
ground, shows that it has become so hard as to appear
petrified. Evidently it becomes so rock-like that the
sap cannot circulate, and the plant dies. As to the
cause, I have never seen a really satisfactory explana-
tion. Possibly it, also, is caused by a fungus. But
this I do know, that since adopting our present method
of preparing the soil, we have had but ver^' little
trouble from it. The third disease is not really a dis-
ease at all unless we call an attack of .indigestion a
disease. You may notice a plant or two, or perhaps a
whole bed, change its whole appearance, including the
color of the blooms. The stem is weaker, the foliage
smaller, the flowers sport towards yellow, usually
showing a yellow center. The whole plant looks sick,
and it is. The cause, I believe to be an excess of nitro-
genous manure in the soil. The cheapest remedy is to
pull out the plants. Never take a cutting from such
plants.

Occasionally the Antirrhinum is troubled by the
green aphis, but under good culture this is seldom.
Spra\- with nicotine liquids. Don't fumigate. The
worst pests are the cut worms and leaf rollers. These
must be fought the same as in the carnation and rose
houses, always remembering that it is very riskv to
use the cyanide gas in a house containing .Antirrhinums.

THE BLIGHT KILLED CHESTNUT.

The inroads of the chestnut bark disease, or chestnut
blight, on the chestnut trees of New England and the
Middle Atlantic States is resulting in the death of a
great deal of chestnut timber. Officials of the U. S.
Department of Agriculture recommend, to prevent the
spread of the disease, that shipments of chestnut timber
should include onl\- material from which the bark has
been removed and from which the diseased spots have
been cut out.

In the region affected there is a good market for all
chestnut products except cordwood. The demand for
poles and ties absorbs all that are offered, and lumber
finds ready sale in local markets. Cordwood, however,
is often a drug except within shipping distance of tan-
ning extract plants, brass foundries, lime kilns, brick
yards, and charcoal plants.

The question has arisen as to whether the disease-
killed timber is less valuable than that from green trees.
Strength tests made by the Forest Service indicate that
sound wood from chestnut killed liv the bark disease is
as strong as that from green timber.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

573

DREER'S POT-GROWN

STRAWBERRY PLANTS

The best varieties, both new and old, and best methods of plant-
ing to raise a full crop of strawberries next year are fully particu-
larized in

Dreer's Mid-Summer Catalogue

Also Celery, Cabbage, and other vegetable plants. A select list of
decorative plants, Palms, Ferns, etc.; Seeds of old-fashioned Hardy
Perennials and other flowers for summer sowing, Seasonable Farm
Seeds, etc.

Write today for a copy, FRF.F.. and please mention this magazine.

HENRY A. DREER

7 14 CHESTNUT ST.,

PHILADELPHIA. PA.

The bark disease kills the tree by girdling the trunk,
and does not cause unsound or decayed wood, which is
the result of attack by fungi or insects. Until two
years after the death of the tree the wood generalh-
remains sound, though at the end of that time insects
have commenced working in the sapwood. Three
years after death the sapwood is honeycombed with in-
sect burrows ; in four years it has decayed, and begins
to dry and peel off in the fifth 3'ear. After this the
heartwood checks badly. To avoid loss, therefore, all
timber should be used within two years after being
killed.

At a recent meeting in Trenton, N. J., foresters
were present from most of the States in which the
chestnut bark disease is prevalent. Connecticut, New
Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Vir-
ginia, North Carolina, and the Forest Service and the
Bureau of Plant Industry were represented. Repre-
sentatives of the States approved the investigations
undertaken by the Forest Service, and recommended
that the individual States give particular attention to
the development of local markets for stands of blight
killed chestnut. Owners of such timber should apply
to the State foresters or to the Forest Service for fur-
ther information upon the uses and markets for chest-
nut.

THE SALESMAN.

When the train pulls in and you grab your grip.
And the hackman's there with his frayed-out whip,
And you call on your man and try to be gay,
And all vuu get is "Nothing doing today,"
Then you're a PEDDLER!

When you get into town and call on your man,
"Can't you see me. Bill?" "Why. sure, I can."
You size up his stock : Make a rough count,
And Bill presently says: "Send the annual amount."
Then you're an ORDER TAKER!

When 3'ou travel along and everything's fine,
And don't get up until half past nine ;
When 3'ou see each customer and talk conditions.
And write it all home with manv additions.

Then you're a TRAVELING MAN!

When you call upon tlie gardeners and they talk

"Hard Times,"
"Lower prices" and decided declines.
But you talk and you smile, make the world Ipok

bright.
And send in vour orders everv blamed night,
Then you're a SALESMAN!

SUMMER PRUNING OF SHRUBS.

The best time, and really the one time to prune or
cut back specimens of shrubs such as Spiraeas. Snow-
balls, Wergelas, Dentzins. Philadelphus, Forsythias,
Flf)wering Almonds, Lilacs, and other early flowering
subjects is right after blooming, or before the summer
is far advanced. The present is a good time, says "The
Field," as practically all of the early bloomers have
passed their period of flowering.

The pruning of a Spir.'ea \ an Houttei, say early in
spring or late in fall, would mean the sacrifice of much
wood that would bear quantities of flowering branches,
and would result in a serious check to the graceful
habit of the plant itself. Proper pruning of such a
plant necessitates the expenditure of much time, and
the one performing the operation should be possessed
of some skill, or of suflicient knowledge of tlie habits
of the plant to enable him t<i do the work intelligently.
Many fine speciinens are ruined through the incompe-
tence of the pruner. Trimming is not pruning by any
means. Irregular outlines should be maintained as
much as possible ; the top of a plant should never be

made to 'look like a broom. As much of the old hard
wood should be removed as is necessar^^ to preserve
a pleasing outline, and when cutting it out, follow the
branches clear down to the ground; it is not pleasing
to view a lot of stumps in lengths of a foot or two, so
cut them right out.

Tliere is an especial tendency in a Spirsea Van Hout-
tei to grow top heavy in time. Often there may be
seen a specimen on a lawn 10 feet high and the top al-
most as much in diameter, the plant su])portod by just
a few bare stems. A plant of this kind is anything but
handsome in appearance ; after a rain it will droop in
sorry fashion, and in winter a heavy snow fall may
break down tl^ branches. A number of other shrubs
may be referred to in the same way, but the Spiraeas
are' perhaps, the worst examples.

With proper pruning after flowering all such shrubs
will ])roduce a new and graceful growth from below,
and nice, shapely specimens will be the result. By
"shapely" is not meant a plant perfectly formal, such
as a globe or pyramid shaped Boxwood or evergreen.
There is hothing natural about such things, formed,

574

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

as they are, through a Hberal use of the shears. Any-
thing which will grow that way naturall}' is beautiful,
and nature herself has decided as to what plant species
should take on such forms, the Norway and Blue
Spruces, for instance, which could hardly be imagined
in any other form — although Spruces closely planted have
of late been tried as hedge subjects with varying success.

Shrubs, whether planted for ornamental foliage ef-
fects or as flowering subjects, should be allowed to
follow irregular outlines. With the gradual disappear-
ance of formal flower beds, shrub borders of irregular
character have come into popular use, and such would
be anything but pleasing did they contain specimens
of the clipped to geometric-shape type.

When shrubs have made such rampant growth that
their flowering shoots are mainly at the top. it is high
time to do some vigorous cutting back. If this is done
early in summer a quantity of near shoots will be
formed during the season, and inside of two years a
very respectable appearance will result. Shrubs which
have become too large for their positions, undul}- over-
lap a walk or drive, or have become obstructive in any-
way, may be changed in form to meet required condi-

tions by a judicious cutting back, but in most cases it
is not well to do the work all at once. In one season
a portion of the objectionable growth only should be
removed, the branches near the center of a bush ; the
result will be the pushing out from the base of a num-
ber of strong shoots, which will, in a short time, fill up
the gap made by the thinning of the branches. The
following season the rest of the overgrowth may be
removed, or as much of it as is likely to be replaced by
new growth, and by degrees the desired symmetry will
have been obtained.

The idea of pruning is to produce new growth to
take the place of the old continually, and to keep a
subject within bounds and of the required form.

It is a good plan now to go over the Rhododendrons
and remove the remains of the flowers. The stubs
are easily pinched out by the thumb and forefinger,
and their removal will allow of new leaf heads form-
ing at the base of the flower stems. Such attention is
well rewarded by many additional growths which fill
up gaps caused by defoliation or breakage of branches,
and improve the appearance of a specimen ma-
teriallv. •

American Sweet Pea Society Annual Convention and Exhibition

The exhibition of the American Sweet Pea Society
held in Boston, July 12 and 13, was easily the best
this new and aggressive society has yet held, both
in the number of exhibits, keenness in competition, de-
velopment in artistic arrangement, and quality. The
show just past was undoubtedly superior to any Sweet
Pea show ever held in the East.

While a number of growers living near Boston
showed well, the finest number of high-grade flowers
came from Newport, Lenox, Bar Harbor, Manchester,
Mass., and other points where ocean breezes and
mountain air with cold nights gave the sweet peas
greater vigor and a longer season than they have
further inland. Exhibits were forthcoming from Con-
necticut, Maine, Rhode Island, New York, New Hamp-
shire, and Massachusetts, which could not be consid-
ered bad for so comparatively fragile a flower as the
sweet pea, and at the very hottest period of the year.

A pleasant feature of the show was the good compe-
tition in the amateur, children, and school classes,
some fine flowers being shown in these departments.
We are apt to get too much of the purely professional
in exhibitions, and the societies would do well to en-
courage the amateur element more. Then the estates
department showed the manifold uses to which the
sweet pea can be put. The retailers, as a rule, seemed
to vie with each other, however, in using too many
flowers, and at the late show the fine amateurs beat
them both in the basket and table decorations and
vases with more airy and lighter arrangements.

The circular flower garden by Messrs. R. & J. Far-
quhar & Co., conceived and carried out by James Far-
quhar, was the best of its kind I have seen at any
American Sweet Pea exhibition, and shows how
attractive shows of this popular flower*can be made.
Their garden could be entered from four sides through
trellised arbors covered with Countess Spencer peas
arranged in bottles inconspicuous in size, but holding
just enough water to. keep the flowers fresh. In the
center was a fountain playing, and in the pool were
light and graceful aquatic plants. The border sur-
rounding this, as well as the outer borders, was taste-
fully arranged with sweet peas, Selaginella in light

pans, frame-work and hanging vines. The whole had
a most charming effect, and seemed fit for the Morse
silver cup for the finest seedsman's display.

The display of W. Atlee Burpee & Co., arranged by
George W. Kerr, was the most extensive in the hall,
and was beautifully arranged. Tall bamboos in the
back took away any appearance of flatness, and about
125 varieties were included. A few of the more strik-
ing were the Illuminator, Salmon Rose (a new Bur-
pee seedling awarded a first class certificate). Charm,
Decorator, Orchid, Irish Belle, Florence Nightingale,
Barbara Dorothy, Marguerite Madison, Asta Ohn,
Helen Grosvenor, Frank Dolly, Perdita, Hellen Lewis,
Charles Foster, Vermillion Brilliant, Thomas Steven-
son, Stirling Stent, W'hite Spencer. Mrs. Sankey Spen-
cer, America Spencer, Marie Cirelli, Scarlet Emperor,
John Ingman, Dazzler, Radiance, and Lady Evelyn
E3^re. This collection received the gold medal offered
for the most meritorious display of sweet peas in the
hall.

Arthur T. Boddington put up a grand display taste-
fully arranged. He had better quality flowers than
the other seedsmen and it was a pity that they were
without names.

Apart from the sweet pea, there were quite a num-
ber of attractive exhibits, including groups of orchids
from W. A. Manda, Julius Roehrs Co.. F. J. Dolansky,
J. F. Butterworth, and Mrs. J. L. Gardner (William
Thatcher, gardener) ; hardy herbaceous plants from
the Eastern nurseries, Liliums myriophyllum and
Thayeroe from Farquhar & Co.. Liliums Maculatum
from the Mt. Desert nurseries, gladiola in fine variety
from B. Hammond Tracey and John Lewis Childs,
hollyhocks from Col. L. Mason (E. L. Lewis, gar-
dener), tubrous begonias from Mrs. Lester Leland
(E. H. Wetherlew, gardener), and Japanese iris from
F. Kennedy.

At the annual meeting of the American Sweet Pea
Society the following officers were elected for the en-
suing year : President, William Sim, of Cliftondale,
Mass.; vice-president, Arthur Kirby, of New York;
secretary, H. A. Bunyard, of New York; treasurer,
Arthur T. Boddington, of New York; recording secre-

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

575

tary, J. H. Pepper, of New York, and trustee for three
years, W. H. Duckham, ..f Madison, N. J. It was
voted to meet with the Nlw York Horticultural So-
ciety in New York in June, 1''14, and to hold an annual
exhibition at that time.

The Gardeners and Florists Club of Boston enter-
tained fifty visiting- members of the Sweet Pea Society
and the National Association of Gardeners at the
Copley Square Hotel on Saturday evening, July 12th,
and a very pleasant evening was spent, with addresses
made by President W. J. Kennedy, of the Boston
Club; George B. Dorr, Thomas Roland, William Sim,
W. J. Stuart, A. E. Fletcher, Arthur Kirby, \Y. R.
Rich, M. C. Ebel, James Stuart, B. Hammond Tracey,
H. A. Bunyard, J- H. Pepper, and many others.
LIST OF AWARDS.

Class A 1— Mrs. T. 0. Richardson. Newport, R. I. (Mr. James
Robertson, gardener), 1st; Mr. G. W. Vanderbilt, Bar Harbor,
Me. (Mr. E. Kirk, gardener), 2iid.

Class A 2— Mrs. T. J. Emery, Newport, R. I. (Mr. Andrew L.
Doward, gardener), 1st.

Class A 3— Miss F. Foster, Newport. R. I. (Mr. C. M. Bogholt,
gardener), 1st; Mrs. T. O. Ricluudson, 2nd.

Qass A 4— Mrs. W. B. Leeds. Newport, R. I. (Mr. W. Gray,
gardener), 1st; Gira*d Foster, Esq., Leno.x, Mass. (Mr. E. -Jenkins,
gardener), 2nd.

Class A 5— Mr. G. W. Vanderbilt, Bar Harbor, Me.. 1st.

Class A 6— Mr. S. Carlquist, Lenox, Mass.. 1st; Mrs. T. .J. Emery.
Newport, R. I., 2nd.

Class A 7— Mrs. T. 0. Richardson, Newport, R. L, 1st; Mrs. T.
J. Emery, Newport, R. I., 2nd.

Class A 8— Mrs. W. B. Leeds, Newport, R. I., 1st; Mr. D. F.
Roy, Marion, 2nd.

Class A 9— Mrs. W. B. Leeds, Newport, R. L, 1st; Highlawn.
Leno.x, Mass. (Mr. G. Foulsham. gardener), 2nd.

Class B 1— Miss F. Foster, Newport, R. I., 1st.

Class B 2— Miss F. Foster, Newport, R. L, 1st; Mr. S. Carlquist,
Lenox, Mass., 2nd; Mr. H. Heeremans, Lenox, Mass., 3rd.

Class B 3 — Highlawn, Lenox, Mass., 1st; Mr. H. Heeremans,
Lenox, Mass., 2nd.

Class B 4 — A. W. Preston, Swampscott, Mass. (Mr. .J. L. Smith,
gardener). 1st.

Class B 5 — Mr. H. Heeremans, Lenox, Mass., 1st.

Class B 6— Mrs. T. J. Emery. Newport, R. I., 1st; Mr. S. Carl-
quist, Lenox, Mass., 2nd; Mr. H. Heeremans, Lenox, Mass., 3rd.

Class C 1— Mr. 1. H. Miller, Bustin Is., Me., 1st; Miss C. W.
Lambert, Tyngsborough, Mass., 2nd.

Class C 2— Mr. J. A. Raddin, Cliftondale, Mass., 1st.

Class C 3— Jlr. I. H. Miller, Bustin Is., Me., 1st; Mr. J. A.
Radden, Cliftondale, Mass., 2nd; Miss C. W. Lambert, Tyngs-
borough, ilass., 3rd.

Class C 4— Mr. J. A. Radden, Cliftondale, Mass.. 1st; Mr. Walter
Blossom, Cliftondale, Mass., 2nd; Mr. I. H. Miller, 3rd.

Class C .5— Mr. J. A. Radden, Cliftondale, Mass., 1st; Mr. I. H.
Miller, Bustin Is., Me., 2nd: Mr. Walter Blossom, Cliftondale,
Mass., 3rd.

aa.ss C C— Mr. .]. A. Radden, Cliftondale, Mass., 1st; Mr. L H.
ililler, Bustin Is., Me., 2nd; Miss C. W. Lambert, Tyngsborough,
JIass., 3rd.

Class D 1— Messrs. Wax Bros., Boston, Mass., 1st; Boston Cut
Flower Co., 2nd.

Class D 2— Boston Cut Flower Co., 1st; Mr. H. Comley, Boston,
Mass., 2nd.

Class D 3— Boston Cut Flower Co., 1st; Mr. H. Comley, Boston,
Mass., 2nd.

Class D 4— Boston Cut Flower Co., 1st and 2nd.

Class E 1— Saugus High School, Saugus, Mass., 1st.

Oass E 4— Miss Lois Meier, Framingham, Mass., 1st; Miss
Gertrude Sehulz, 3:?5 Cornell street, 2nd.

Class E 6— Miss C. E. Ilildreth, Worcester, Mass., 1st; Miss
Willo Blossom, Cliftondale, Mass., 2nd: Mr. E. Parker, North
Easton, Mass., 3rd : Miss Lois Meier, Framingham, Mass., 4th.

aass E 7— Miss Willo Blossom, Cliftondale, Mass., 1st; Mr. E.
Parker, North Easton, Mass., 2nd ; Miss C. E. Hildreth, Worcester,
Mass., 3rd; Miss Lois Meier, Framingham, Mass., 4th.

Class E 8— Miss Willo Blossom, Cliftondale, Mass., 1st; Miss
C. E. Hildreth, Worcester, ilass., 2nd; Mr. W. B. Midgley, Worces-
ter, Mass., 3rd; ilr. E. Parker, North Easton, Mass., 4th; Miss
Lois Meier. Framingham, Mass., 5th.

Class E 9— Mr. W. B. Midgley, Worcester. Mass., 1st; Miss C. E.
Hildreth, Worcester, Mass., 2nd ; Mr. E. Parker, North Easton,
Mass., 3rd; Miss Willo Blossom, Cliftondale, Mass., 4th; Miss
Lois Meier, Framingham, ilass., 5th.

aass E 10— iliss C. E. Hildreth, Worcester, Mass., 1st; Mr. W.

B. Midgley, Worcester, Mass., 2nd; Mr. E. Parker, North Easton,
Mass., 3rd; Miss Lois Meier, Framingham, Mass., 4th; Miss Willo
Blossom, Cliftondale, Mass., 5th.

aass E 11— Miss Willo Blossom, aiftondale, Mass., 1st; Miss

C. E. Hildreth, Worcester, Mass., 2nd; Mr. W. B. Midgley, Worces-
ter, Mass., 3rd; Mr E. Parker, North Easton, Mass., 4th; Miss
Lois Meier, Framingham, JIass., 5th.

Class E 12— Mr. W. B. Midgley, Worcester, Mass., 1st; Miss C.
E. Hildreth, Worcester, Mass., 2nd; Mr. A. C. Rust, Jamaica
Plains, 3rd.

aass E 13— Mr W. B. Jlidgley, Worcester, Mass., 1st; Mr. E.
Parker. North Easton. JIass., 2nd; Miss Willo Blossom. Clifton-
dale, Mass., 3rd; Miss C. E. Hildreth, Worcester, Mass., 4th; Miss
Willo Blossom, Cliftondale, Mass., 5th; Miss Lois Meier, Framing-
ham, Mass., 6th.

Class F 1— R. & J. Farquhar & Co.. Boston, Mass., 1st; W. Atlee
Burpee Seed Co., 2ud ; Mr. A. T. Boddington, N. Y. C, 3rd.

Class F 2— Miss M. C. Collins, Northboro, Mass., 1st.

Class F 3— Mrs. W. B. I.<>eds, Newport, R. L, 1st; Mr. G. W. .
Vanderbilt, Bar Harbor, Jle., 2nd.

Class F 5 — Mr. H. Heeremans, Lenox, Mass., 1st; Col. F. Mason,
Taunton, Mass. (Mr. E. L. Lewis, gardener), 2nd.

Class F 6— The Mount Desert Nursery, Bar Harbor, Me., 1st.

Class F 7— ilr. Peter Fisher, Ellis, Mass., 1st.

Class F 11— Mr. Wm. Sim, Cliftondale, Mass., 1st.

American Sweet Pea Society's Silver Medal awarded to William
Sim for collection winter flowering Sweet Peas.

American Sweet Pea Society's Gold Medal awarded to W.
Atlee Burpee Co. for finest display of Sweet Peas and Certificate

of iterit for novelty Sweet Pcii llIumin.Ttor,

MICHELL'S "TARGET BRAND" WEED KILLER

A scientifically compounded liquid chemical. A single application will keep paths and roads free
from weeds for a season. The dilution is 1 part Weed Killer to 50 parts water. Its use beats
hoeing, and reduces the cost of weeding labor on roads and paths upkeep 75 per cent.

1 gal., $1.15; $5.00 for 5 gals.; barrel {50 gals. $37.50

MICHELL'S SEED HOUSE

517 Market Street

Philadelphia

How Trees Live and Die

Trees literally breathe, inhaling oxygen and exhaling
carbonic acid gas. The leaves are the lungs of the
tree. On the lower surface of the leaf are vast multi-
tudes of minute mouths or openings (100,000 to the
square inch, it is estimated) which admit the air and
expel the carbon.

There are other openings, called lenticels, in the
bark, dots and lines which can be easily seen on the
twigs and smooth branches, which help the leaves just
as the pores of the skin help th'e lungs. The perspira-
tion of plants is technically known as transpiration.

The exhalation of water from the leaves is very
great. That from a large oak is estimated at 150 gal-
lons a day during the summer. The evaporation of
water from the forests is fully as important as that
from the ocean, if not more so. The ocean alone could
not produce rain enough to sustain vegetation.

The roots also are active in taking oxygen from the
air, which is always active in porous soil. A tree may
be smothered by piling earth on its roots or harden-
ing the soil around them, says the Christian Intelli-
gencer; it may be drowned by keeping its roots water-
soaked. Coal gas will choke it.

The tip ends of the tree roots absorb moisture from
the ground, even in zero weather, but the passage of
water from the roots up the trunk is retarded until
winter relaxes its hold. The largest roots anchor the
tree to the soil and do but little else. The slender root-
lets and the tips of the large roots collect all that part
of the tree's food which coines from the ground.

Trees eat and drink through the leaves and the root-
lets. While they breathe all the time, day and night,
rain or shine, as steadily as we do, they feed only part
of the time. They sleep in the night, during rainy
weather and throughout the winter. The growing sea-
son is very short, ending by midsummer. The sum-
mer drouths cut off or diminish the supply of water.
The leaves are battered and eaten by insects.

A long period of rest is essential that twigs may
harden and the wood ripen. Careful preparation for
winter takes the place of further thickening of the trunk
or lengthening of the limbs. The twigs and stems and
roots must be stocked with food. The tree strives to
take in all the nutritious parts of each leaf before it
casts it off. When winter comes it generally finds the
tree ready. The lenticels are sealed during the winter
to prevent the breathing away of the tree's moisture.

Each leaf is a laboratory where minerals and gases,

water and sunshine are made into nourishment for the
living tissue, from which comes wood, cork, flower,
fruit and a large number of gums, oils, essences and
perfumes, which have become indispensable in art,
manufacture and medicine.

The leaves take charge of the nourishment of the
tree as soon as they open. They prepare food only in
the day time and in the presence of the sunlight; the
more warmth the more work. They make a complex
substance known as starch, containing carbon, oxygen
and hydrogen. The tree finds its growing season inau-
gurated when it is supplied with foliage. Each leaf is
a builder. A large sugar maple is estimated to have
432,000 leaves, presenting to the sunlight an area of
half an acre.

The closing of the leaflets at night reduces evapora-
tion, which is a cooling process and enables the tree to
save much of its heat. The cause of the brilliant foli-
age in the autumn is the chemical decomposition of the
useless mineral substance in the leaves when the living
substance is withdrawn. No two of the untold mil-
lions of leaves in the forest are exactly alike.

The wood of the tree is not alive, neither is the bark.
But between the bark and the wood is a peculiar cellu-
lar substance known as cambium, which is the living
part of the tree, from which new tissues are developed.
This ministry, by the leaves, is what lengthens the
branches and roots and adds to the tree's diameter.
The upward mounting of the sap remains one of the
unexplored mysteries of plant life. If a tree is girdled
it usually dies because the descending sap cannot
reath the roots, which soon perish of starvation from
lack of food sent them by the leaves.

A tree does not die of old age. It accumulates in-
firmities with the years and has many diseases. It
may starve or die of thirst; caterpillars may eat its foli-
age, scale bugs suck its juices, beetles tunnel under
the bark, scab, rust, moulds, rot, blight, may prey
upon it. The wind is also an enemy. Peeling the
bark of the birch does not kill it. The lumbering sea-
son is over when the sap begins to stream upward, as
wood cut "in the sap" is liable to decay. A sugar
maple in three weeks yields of its life blood to the ex-
tent of twenty-five gallons (seventy drops falling every
minute), which boils down to a little less than five
pounds of sugar. The trees are not injured if properly
treated, not exhausted by being bored too much or at
the wrong time.

The Private Estate Superintendent

By Henry Cliff.

The superintendance of the private estates of our coun-
try is a subject of much concern to the owners, and full of
real interest to those whose lines are cast into this line of
occupation, as a realization of their life's hope and
learning, it becomes a topic of such importance that
though much has been written and spoken upon the sub-
ject, much remains unsaid ere the subject can become
threadbare. What manner of men must they be these
superintendents ; how and where are they trained, and
what is required of them ? The large private estates, and
many which can scarcely be called large if mere acreage
is meant, comprise all that can be considered necessary to
be at least desirable as adjuncts of the country homes of
those who are wealthy, and whose tastes and desires are
the one consideration. Absorbed in the town and stress

of business, as is the case usually, the owner requires a
man who is at once competent and trustworthy, into
whose care he may safely leave his home, or so much of it
as may properly be'cared for by a superintendent. The
property itself, with its owner's houses, stables, garages,
barns and cottages. Horses for work on the property,
also for the use and pleasure of the family, the cow
barn, with its herd of valuable cattle, the dairy and poul-
try farm. The water supply and lighting equipment. The
greenhouses, where flowers and plants, also vegetables,
are to be raised all the year 'round, and only the first
quality is acceptable ; the flower garden, vegetable
garden, lawns, walks, roads. The care of trees, and the
farming land. Most of these, and in some cases all of
these, are matters which become the constant care of this

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

577

man. He must be skilled in every branch enumerated
above, of wide general knowledge, of liberal education, of
sound judgment and broad i (^nmon sense, and must have
an immense reserve of patience and self control.

He must be able to accomplish all that is required of
him, in spite of much help ni indifferent quality, compe-
tent to correct all errors in detail work of ever man in his
employ. If he is to hold the esteem of those under his
supervision he must stay close to his home and cares, or
lose touch with affairs. He must be aware of the latest
findings of the specialists in his lines, agriculture, horti-
culture and animal industry ; intersine farmings and man-
agement of land ; the balanced rations for his cattle ; the
production of sanitary milk and highest quality butter ;
eggs from his poultry during the coldest weather of
winter ; the requirement of his land in the matters of
plant food, etc., etc. And, also, in his calling as in few
others the personal note enters. He in person, in man-
ner or demeanor, and all that this conveys, must be
acceptable to his employers ; liis calling. If he has room
in his busy life for the sentiment of the love of flowers,
and, as some of us know, it will have for him its com-
pensation, until some change for the better sets in (most
of his compensations will be of this character), for
surely this man, when he is found, and they do certainly
e.xist in no mean numbers, is seldom compensated for
his constant care; his sleepless watchfulness; his
anxious endeavor tn succeed with each department
of his charge, to the pleasure of his employer, with
such economy of cost as may be possible. I will not
speak of the many causes of friction with which he has
often to contend, the which might so easily be renounced
if his employer would be less grudging of the word of
praise or appreciation, remembering that a man may be
engaged literally with liead and hands smothered in the
gorgeous flowers of his own production, while heart and
thoughts bend under the strings of care and worry, over
something occurring over which he had absolutely no
control, all perhaps lest his people may not under-
stand, and censure, all undeserved be his. His whole
life spent in training for these duties and cares
has been none too long, yet often after many years of
faithful service, something more or less in the nature of
misunderstanding will arise, and then his record of
service, his general character, his entire value or fitness is
dependent upon the good word of his employer, who,
piqued, is tempted to withhold it. But there are and let
us hope will continue to be in increasing numbers, happy
instances of confidence and concord between superintend-
ent and employers, which will work out to the good of
all, and meanwhile let us all unite to seek each other's
welfare in the better understanding of the requirements
of our profession. A profession which can never degrade
but must always elevate its followers and devotees. Of
what other business can the same be said? It is surely,
like it is said of the honest man, the noblest work of God.

THE ROSE GARDENS OF ELIZABETH PARK,
HARTFORD. CONN.

'J"he American Rose Society, in co-operation with
the Park Department of Hartford. Conn., arranged
last year for a planting of roses in the test gardens at
F.lizaheth Park. Forty-four varieties of roses were
planted under numbers, neither the name of the owner
nor of the rose being shown on the label. The test
garden given over to the use of the American Rose
Societv is situated just west of the rose garden, and
is laid" out so as to hold five bedding roses of each va-
riety in a plot. It is surrounded with a low hedge of
privet, and the plots' arc edged with the new Midget
rose, Rosa multiflora nana.

It was thought 1)\ the Hartford Park Department
that the roses would be in fit condition to be judged
on June 21. Consequently, on that day members of
the American Rose .Society journeyed to Hartford.
They were met at the railroad station by George A.
Parker, superintendent of Hartford parks, and were
taken in automobiles to Elizabeth Park, and while the
visitmg members examined the noted rose garden
there, the judges appointed by the society, namely,
John A. Huss,' of Hartford ; Eber Holmes, of Wake-
field, Mass., and Wallace R. Pierson, of Cromwell,
Conn., began their work in the adjacent test garden
at once.

The rose garden proper is laid out in the form of a
square, and covers about one acre of ground. A rose
arbor occupies the center, to which the eight paths
by which the garden is entered all lead. The arches
erected at several points over these paths are, like the
central arbor, covered with climbing roses. The paths
are of greensward, and the grass-surrounded beds are
laid out in oval and oblong forms. The roses are, of
course, all labeled. On the day of the visit very many
of these roses were not fully opened, but a sufficient
number were in bloom to make the inspection inter-
esting. The rose garden was planned by Theodore
Werth. now of Minneapolis, Minn., but the credit for
its development is due to Alexander Cummings, Jr.,
the head gardener, who in his work has been well
supported by the park superintendent and commis-
sioners.

.At 1 ;30 ]). m. a l^ounteous luncheon was served in
the Pond house at the park entrance. T. S. Weaver,
president of the Board of Park Commissioners, sat at
the head of the table, Adolph Farenwald, president of
the American Rose Society, being seated on his right,
and Benjamin Hammond, the society's secretary, on
his left. Other gentlemen at the luncheon were:
Wallace R. Pierson, president-elect of the .American
Rose Society, and \'ice-President-elect Robert Pyle ;
George A. Parker, superintendent of Hartford parks;
John A. Huss, Eber Holmes, R. T. Browne, Queens,
N. Y. ; Leonard Barron, New York ; Martin C. Ebel,
Madison, N. J.; Prof. F. L. Mulford, Department of
Agriculture, VVashington, D. C. : Prof. A. C. Real, Cor-
nell University. Ithaca. N. Y. ; William E. Ball, fore-
man of Pope Park. Hartford; Alex. Cummings, head
gardener of Hartford Parks ; George H. Hollister, su-
perintendent of Keney Park, Hartford ; J. P. Kemneas,
P.- M. Parthmore, J. H. Pepper. Hemp.stead, L. I.,;
A. F. Foulkes, Nevv York ; A. T. De La Mare, New
York; U. R. Jacobus, Ridgefield. N. J.

After luncheon was finished the guests were wel-
comed by Commissioner Weaver, to whose address of
welcome' Adolph Forenwald responded. Benjamin
Hammond next spoke, and was followed by Superin-
tendent Parker, who explained some of the features of
the Hartford parks through which the visitors were
to take a twenty-mile trip.

In the automobile ride which followed, the visitors
were taken through all the Hartford parks, which
cover nearly 1,400 acres, except Riverside. They were
charmed with the varied scenery which met their view
as they passed through the several parks, seeing Riv-
erside also in the distance, Messrs. Parker and Weaver
proving to be excellent guides.

In the test garden the judges considered forty-four
varieties. Some were not in proper condition for judg-
ing, and the judges agreed to meet later and examine
and make a final decision in regard to these. Twenty
varieties were scored on all points. On spring set
plants no record for hardiness could be obtained.

578

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA,

THE S. A. F. & O. H. CONVENTION— MINNE-
APOLIS, AUGUST 19-23, 1913.

Members of the S. A. F. & O. H. who come to Min-
neapoHs in August to attend the National Convention
and Flower Show of their association will find sight-
seeing opportunities in abundance. Both Minneapolis
and St. Paul are famous tourist cities. Together they
have natural beauties in sufficient number to warrant
a visitor's spending a week in sight seeing. There are
some points of historic interest in both cities, but the
chief claim of the Twin Cities lies in their lakes and
parks.

Minneapolis has twenty distinct bodies of water
within its limits. There are more than one hundred
lakes within a radius of twenty-five miles of the Twin
Cities. Most of them are well stocked with fish and
most of them are easily reached by automobiles.

The principal lakes in Minneapolis are connected
and circled by a boulevard, approximately thirty-five
miles in length. Every visitor to the city should ar-
range to spend the two hours required to make the
circuit of this boulevard in an automobile. Starting
from his hotel, he will be taken past Loring Park, a
beautiful tract of thirty-six acres only a few blocks
from the business center of the city ; thence past the
Parade, a playground of sixty-eight acres, lying close
to Loring Park. The parkway passes the National
Guard Armory and Coliseum, which faces the parade,
and then winds through the Esmond residence district
to tlie Lake of the Isles. At the right may be seen
Cedar Lake, one of the four large bodies of water in
that part of the city. The boulevard follows the irreg-
ular shore line of Lake of the Isles to Calhoun and
takes its course along the east shore of that large body
of water. At the right is the famous Calhoun bath
house and the "finest inland bathing beach in Amer-
ica." Leaving Lake Calhoun the boulevard continues
through the wooded Interlachen district, separating
Lake Calhoun from Lake Harriet; it completely en-
circles the latter body of water, which is one of the
most beautiful lakes in the country. The Minneapolis
Park Board maintains a band and concerts are given
each evening at the pavilion. Leaving Lake Harriet
the boulevard skirts the winding course of Minnehaha
Creek, passes between Lake Nakomis and Rice Lake
to Minnehaha Park. In that park are the Falls of
Minnehaha, immortalized by Henry Wadsworth Long-
fellow in the poem "Hiawatha." Joining Minnehaha
Park are the grounds of Fort Snelling, the historic
armory region of the frontier days, and the Minnesota
Soldiers' Home, which occupies a magnificent site
across the Mississippi River from the fort. Here the
'boulevard follows the gorge of the Mississippi River to
the Campus of the University of Minnesota, which is
one of the famous seats of learning of the continent
and well worth a visit. Returning from the university
one sees the flour mills of Minneapolis, which have a
daily capacity of eighty-four thousand barrels. They
occupy sites on both sides of the Mississippi River at
St. Anthony Falls, the "Cradle of Minneapolis."

Points of interest in Minneapolis and St. Paul may
be reached by street car. Lakes Calhoun and Harriet,
Minnehaha Falls, the university, the fort, and Sol-
diers' Home are all within a ride of thirty minutes
from the center of the city.

The August number of the Chronicle will be dis
tributed at the S. A. F. convention.

The court house and city hall in Minneapolis, built
of Miimesota granite, at a cost of three million five
hundred thousand dollars, is one of the famous public
buildings of the country.

The old round tower at Fort Snelling, erected in
1820, has been maintained in its original condition and
should be inspected by visitors to the army post.

Between Minneapolis and St. Paul are the grounds
of the Minnesota State Fair, the largest State exposi-
tion in the country. On the same car line inside the
limits of St. Paul is the Capital Cit3''s famous Como
Park, one of the most beautiful public gardens in the
United States. Another famous St. Paul park is the
Mounds. It was an Indian burial ground in the days
when the red men held undisputed sway in Minne-
sota, and takes its name from the large number of
mounds which cover the skeletons of the braves of the
early days.

White Bear Lake is reached by street car from St.
Paul. \Vildwood, on the shores of this lake, is the
principal summer park of the Twin Cities.

Both of the Twin Cities are filled with incidental
attractions for the sightseer. In Minneapolis there are
mile after mile of streets, lined with hardy elm trees
which were planted under the direction of the Minne-
apolis Park Board and maintained by it. The city has
no single prominent residence district. There are beau-
tiful homes in every part of the city and in whatever
direction the visitor inay go, he will find things to
please the eye.

FORCING IRIS.

The forcing of Iris is a profitable florist's venture,
especially when timed so that the blooms come in
March. Iris Germanica is the best for this purpose,
particularly the four following varieties : Mnie. Che-
reau, pure white with light blue edge; Trautlieb, a
splendid delicate pink; Florentina albo, pure white
mottled sky blue ; Atroviolacea, violet lightly veined
white and blue.

The Iris on being divided after blooming are planted
into beds and well watered. They are given frequent
doses of liquid manure during the summer. The Iris
like a damp, loamy soil, the richer the better
for producing well developed plants. In late fall the
plants are taken up with the balls and set close to-
gether in a house or cold frame. They should be at
least three feet from the glass, to prevent the blooms
from touching it later and getting injured. They
grow quickly with a temperature of 50 to 54 degrees,
and will be in splendid bloom within twelve to thirteen
weeks, if given plenty of air, water and liquid manure.
All faded or dead leaves should be removed at once,
for Iris easily damp off in forcing. For shipping it is
important to cut and pack them in the bud ; open Iris
blooms will stand no pressure, but the buds open
freely when unpacked.

Other good varieties for forcing are Iris Hispanica
and I. Anglica, both of which furnish valuable cut
flower material. Like the preceding, they should not
be forced too early or the loss will be too great. The
bulbs of both of the above Iris may be planted in Au-
gust in boxes, like Tulips, and brought into forcing
when well rooted. The treatment otherwise is similar
to that of Iris Germanica.

Iris may be forced many years in succession. They
should be divided immediately after blooming, the
rhizomes being planted in a cold frame and covered
with sash, and later transferred into outdoor beds as
soon as the weather permits, — Moeller's Deutsche
Gartner-Zeitung.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

579

THE

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA.

MARTIN C. EBEL, Managing Editor,

Published by

CHRONICLE PRESS

M. E. MAYNARD, President. A. A. FAY, Sec'y.

Office of Publication

1 MontKomery Street, Jersey City, N. J.

New York Office

236 WILLIAM STREET, NEW YORK CITY.

Subscription Price, 12 Months, $1.00 :: Single Copies. 10 Cents

Foreign, $1.50
Entered as second class matter February 18, 1905, at the Post Office at
Jersey City, N. J., under Act of Congress o£ March 3, 1879.

Published on the 15th of each month.

Advertising forms close on the 10th preceding publication.
For information regarding advertising rates, etc., address Advertising
Department, Gardeners' Chronicle, Madison, N. J.

ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

President, Vice-President, Treasurer,

WM. H. WAITE. A. J. SMITH, JAMES STUART,

Yonkers, N. Y. Lake Geneva, Wis. Mamaroneck, N. Y.

Secretary, MARTIN C. EBEL, Madison, N. J.

TRUSTEES FOR 1913.

Peter Duff, Orange, N. T.; William Kleinheinz, Ogontz, Pa.; William
Ouckham, Madison, N. J.; Alexander MacKenzie, Glen Cove, N. Y. ; John H.
Oodds, Wyncote. Pa.

DIRECTORS.

To serve until 1914 — Robert Angus, Tarrytown, N. Y.; Robert Bottomley,
New Canaan, Conn.; Carl Schaeffer, Tuxedo Park, N. Y.; E. Wetterlow.
West Manchester, Mass.; T. J. Kempton, Baychester, N. Y.; E. Trethewey.
Tarrytown, N. Y.; Alexander Fraser, Newport, R. I.

To serve until 1915— John Shore, Harrison, N. Y.; Thomas Proctor.
Lenox, Mass.; William ^. Craig, North Easton, Mass.; Frank E. Witney,
Fishkill, N. Y.; Robert Williamson, Greenwich, Conn.; F. Kirk, Bar
Harbor, Me.; James Bell, New York, N. Y.

To serve until 1916 — Thomas W. l.oean, Jenkintown, Pa.; John F. Huss,
Hartford, Conn.; John W. Everett, Glen Cove, N. Y.; A. Bauer, Deal
Beach, N. J.; John W. Jones, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Alexander McPherson,
Washington, D. C; James C. Shield, Monticello, 111.

Vol. XVI.

JULY, 1913.

No. 9.

At a local society meeting recently it was protested
that the professional gardener had no representation
on the Park Commission in the community in which
the society is located, and it was advocated that steps
should be taken to force the authorities to place gard-
eners on all park boards and shade tree commissions.

We were urged to devise some means by which this
could be brought about. Being unfamiliar with the
local conditions, our first question was, "What is
there in it to belong to the local board?" We were
informed that it is a labor of love; and so we advised
our gardener friends not to envy the fellow who may
be seeking a position to which there is nothing more
attached than hard work; where the man who, by
]ierforming his duties conscientiously, will, every time
he pleases one man, displease another; will seldom
hear from those whom he pleases and will invariably
be criticized by those he displeases — although being
criticized for well-doing is no disgrace.

But, we ask, what is there really to be profited by
the gardener who seeks a jjosition on a board or com-
mission to which no compensation is attached for ser-
vices rendered? When such commissions require
practical men to carry out the work wliich they ha\e

planned, they then iiui.-l seek the gardener, and, in
his capacity of landscape architect, superintendent,
gardener, etc., he is engaged and compensated for his
work ; and these are the positions to strive for.

It is argued by those of the local society advocat-
ing the placing of gardeners on commissions that ap-
pointments to such commissions should carry a salary.
They do in larger cities, but in small communities where
there are citizens — men of property and otherwise locally
interested — who are willing to devote their time to these
boards, it is not customary nor necessary.

The gardener must also realize that the exception
is the rule where he is found to be a property owner
of his community, and that usually he remains only so
long as he is satisfied with his conditions. W'hen a better
opportunity seeks him elsewhere, he is nearly always
ready to take advantage of it, and then he loses all inter-
est in that locality from which he moves. Not so with
the man whose resources are invested in his home and
other local interests ; and the man that pays ta.xes is
usually looked upon as the man best qualified to spend
the appropriations voted out of taxes.

Do not understand us as opposed to gardeners on
commissions or public boards — our motive for the atti-
tude we here assume is simply to reason from the other
point of view. There are two sides to every question, and
it is always well to weigh both. For our part, we are of
the opinion that the gardener generally does not take the
interest in local public affairs that he should. Gar-
deners are known to be law-abiding citizens, and we
have observed that most of them are highly esteemed ;
and where they manifest a proper interest in the pub-
lic welfare the gardeners' interest is usually recog-
nized. Nothing is to be gained, however, by getting
together and decrying the ability or motives of others
outside of the profession; this v^'ill only develop
greater opposition on the part of those assailed.

LET'S GET ACQUAINTED.

If I knew you and you knew me,
'Tis seldom we would disagree.
But never having yet clasped hands,
We often fail to understand
That each intends to do what's right.
And treat each other "honor bright" ;
How little to complain there'd be
If I knew vou and vou knew me !

THE GARDENER.

To some all in life is the vigor of strife —

To fight on low plains and high ridges ;
To some it is joy their strength to employ

In rearing up buildings and bridges;
Some would fain rule the lands, and to some are the
hands

That fashion the beauties of art,
But mine is a calling more deeply enthralling,

'Tis dealing with Nature's own heart.

Let riches, or fame, or praise be the claim

Of some as the fruit of their toil —
But the rapture of seeing i>lants brought into being

From naught but the bare ugly soil,
'Soft buds toelicit, and llowers exquisite.

From the dead ground bring out blooming lives.
To win from the clods great blessings of God's —
'Tis for this that the gardener strives.

— Herbert S. Richland.

580

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

ASSOCIATION NOTES

M. C. EBEL, Secretary, MADISON, N. J.

N. A. G. SUMMER MEETING.

Owing to the small attendance of members in Horti-
cultural Hall at the hour arranged for the meeting of
our Association it was decided to accept the invitation
of the American Sweet Peas Society to join the meet-
■ing of that organization. After the routine business
was disposed of, the reading of an interesting paper
on new varieties of Sweet Peas by Mr. George W.
Kerr, of Doyleston, Pa., was listened to and much
enjoyed.

Following this meeting a quorum of directors and
trustees was secured for the executive meeting of the
N. A. G., the following members being present : Ed-
ward Kirk, Bar Harbor, Me. ; W. N. Craig, Brookline,
Mass. ; William Duckham, Madison, N. J. ; James
Stuart, Mamaroneck, N. Y., and M. C. Ebel, Madison,
N. J. Only regular business was disposed of, those
present deciding that the more important matters
which were brought up be laid over until such time as
the president could call another meeting of the execu-
tive board which might bring out a larger attendance.

There was a good attendance of out-of-town mem-
bers of the N. A. G. present in Boston at the Sweet
Pea Show, but the pleasant day served as a temptation
to most of them to visit the growing establishments
and private estates in the vicinity, taking them away
from the business sessions of the Association. This
was unfortunate, although it is the usual occurrence
at almost all conventions of all professions. The
members coming from a distance are usually more
interested in sight-seeing than in the meetings of their
organizations, and thus it is difficult to get the attend-
ance at the meetings that is desired. Favorable com-
ment was made at our convention last November on
the keen interest taken by the gardeners in our busi-
ness sessions at that time : and if we hope to accom-
plish things in the organization, this interest is always
necessary.

Messages were received from President William H.
Waite, of Yonkers, N. Y., who was unable to attend
the meeting owing to ill health ; from Mr. Peter Duff,
of Orange, N. J., who could not be present on account
of sickness in his family: from Mr. Thomas Proctor,
who sailed for Europe on the day of the meeting, and
from Mr. William Kleinheinz, of Ogontz, Pa., who
was prevented from attending owing to the departure
of Mr. Widener for Europe.

Following the business meeting, the members were in-
vited by Mr. William J. Kennedy, president of the Boston
Gardeners' and Florists' Club, to be the guests of that
club at a banquet held at the Copley Square Hotel on
Saturday evening. Those who have had the pleasure of
attending the past affairs of the Boston club know what
was in store for the visiting members. The occasion was
a most enjoyable one, President Kennedy acting as toast-
master.

On Sunday the out-of-town members visited the
Arnold Arboretum and some of the large private estates
in the outskirts of the city.

MINNEAPOLIS MEETING.

As several of the iilTiccrs of the N. A. G. expect to
attend the annual coinenlion of the Societv of Ameri-

can Florists and Ornamental Horticulturists, an effort
will be made to hold an informal meeting of our asso-
ciation in Minneapolis during the S. A. F. & O. H.
convention, which opens August 19. While the
meeting will not be a business session, it will offer
an opportunity to have the visiting Eastern members
meet the Western members who may be in the city
at that time. The time and place will be arranged
later, and full notice given in the August issue of the
Chronicle.

NEW MEMBERS.

The following new members were enrolled in the
association dtiring the past month : John W. Gilbert,
Shelter Island Heights, N. Y. ; Henry Turtly, Nasho-
tah, Wis.; Stanley R. Candler, Nahant, Mass.; Clif-
ford H. Castall, New York City; Thomas Murray, Sag
Harbor. N. Y. ; James Donald, New York City, and
Oscar Erickson. Hayden Lake, Idaho.

THE ANNUAL CONVENTION.

The following committee has been appointed by
President Waite to complete all arrangements for the
annual convention of the Association, which will be
held in the Museum of Natural History, New York
City, during the days of the annual flower show of the
Horticultural Society of New York, October 31 to
November 4: James Logan, Jenkintown, Pa.; Peter
Duff, Orange, N. J. ; William J. Kennedy, Boston,
Mass. ; John Huss, Hartford. N. Y. ; J. Everett, Glen
Cove. N. Y. ; James Stuart. ]\Iamaroneck. N. Y. ; John
Canning, Ardsley, N Y., and M. C. Ebel, Madison, N. J.

MEMBERSHIP CONTEST.

Attention is again directed to the membership con-
test for which Mr. P. Hamilton Goodsell offers three
prizes, one of $2.t in gold, one of $15 in gold and
one of $10 in gold to the three members bringing
in the greatest number of new members until October
1. The prizes will be awarded at the annual con-
vention. This competition is open to all. as no mem-
l^er has an advantage over others so far by any decided
lead. Most of the new members (of whom there have
been a considerable number since the last convention)
have been enrolled through the secretary's office.

AMONG THE GARDENERS

Roy H. Caverl)-, formerly of Lowell, Mass., is now
gardener to C. H. Frazer at Clifton, Mass.

A'Ir. Allan Jenkins, formerly of Lenox, Mass., is now
superintendent of the estate of Harry W. Sage located
at Menangs. N. Y.

Mr. Roberty Barton, for the past nine years with
Mr. G. D. Barron, has been appointed superintendent
of the estate of Aliss Frances E. Osborne at Derbv. Ct.

Mr. Victor May, who until recently was in charge
of the greenhouses of the M. F. Plant estate, Gorton,

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

581

Incorporated 1911

Andrew^ R. Kennedy

Pres. and Treas.

Kennedy £^ Hunter

Kennedy's Kant Kink Hose— 20c. ft.

Send for list of pot-gro^^n Stra^vber^y Plants

156 WEST 34TH ST. ""^^^'Ll- NEW YORK

rvii

Ct., has been appointed superintendent on the estate
of F. M. Davis at Newport, R. I.

H. J. F. DeThestrey is now in charge of the Never-
Never-Land Farm, Shelter Island, N. Y. He was
formerly superintendent of the Yonkers Nursery Com-
pany, from which he recently resigned.

Mr. William Turner, who for the last twelve years
was superintendent for the late B. H. Borden at his
estate at Oceanic, N. J., has accepted a position as
general overseer on the estates of Messrs. Frederick
and Seymour L. Cromwell, at Bernardsville, N. J.,
succeeding the late Mr. Harrison, who died suddenly
about a month ago. Mr. Turner is well known in the
gardening profession as a grower of flowers, fruit and
vegetables, who has won honors by his exhibitions
at many of the important shows held in the East in
recent years.

FLORICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE AT
THE NEW YORK FAIR.

While the management of the Greater New York
Fair and Exposition to be held at Empire City Park,
a suburb of New York, during the month of August,
has made most liberal provisions for the display of
the different features of modern fair and exposition, it
has been especially generous in providing for an elab-
orate exhibit of the various branches of floriculture
and horticulture. As is well known, there are a num-
ber of the most extensive cultivators and growers of
the many varieties of flowers and plants in the vicinity
of New York. Their exhiljits at the local shows have
commanded the admiration of the flower loving world.
The floriculture and horticulture schedule adopted at
this fair is as liberal and generous as that of any fair
in the country.

With its splendid facilities for the display of flowers,
plants, fruit and soil products, its close proximity to
the producers of these poi)ular adjuncts of a fair and
its generous premiums, should guarantee that the dis-
play at Empire City Park will surpass everything here-
tofore seen at any of the large Eastern expositions.

Empire City Park is located just outside of Yonkers,
N. Y. The exposition will include, besides the flori-
cultural-horticultural exhibit, a horse and cattle show,
products of the dairy and farm, and everything to
make up a complete country fair.

OUTDOOR EXHIBITION CX.ASS.
Class 1 — Evergreen Trees, Shrubs, Bay-trees and Bo.wvood.

1st. 2iul.

Dipldina Diploma
No. 1— Best collection of 50 Conifers and $100.00 and S'lO.OO

No. 2— Best collection of 2.') Conifers for

exhibitors not desirous of competing in Diploma Diploma

the larger exhibit and $50.00 and $25.00

X0..3 — Small group of select Retinosporas Silver Bronze

in variety; space 100 square feet Medal Medal

No. 4 — Small group of select Thuyas in Silver Bronze

variety; space 100 square feet Metal Medal

Silver .Silver

No. 5 — Best 6 specimen Conifers Trophy Medal

No. 6 — Best group of boxwood in varieties

covering 160 square feet $10.00 $5.00

No. 7 — Best exhibit of Baytrees; 3 stand-
ards, 3 pyramids '. $10.00 $5.00

No. S— Best 6 Trained Ivies in tubs $10.00 $5.00

No. 9 — Best 2 specimen Aucubas in tubs . . $5.00 $3.00

Class 2— Bedding Plants.
No. 1 — Group of Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis. Silver Bronze

Hybrids, 12 plants Medal Medal

No. 2 — Crotons in variety planted in cir- Diploma Diploma

cular bed, 10 feet diameter and $25.00 and $15.00

No. 3 — Hydrangea Hortensis in 10 feet cir- Diploma Diploma

cular bed and $15.00 and $10.00

No. 4 — Cannas, bronze leaved in variety.

Bed 10 feet '. . .$5.00 $3.00

No. 5 — Cannas. green leaved in variety.

Bed 10 feet '. . $5.00 $3.00

No. G — Orchid flowering, Cannas in variety.

Bed 10 feet '. $5.00 $3.00

No. 7 — Bed of Salvia Splendens with suit-
able border, 10 feet $5.00 $3.00

No. 8 — Bed of Fuchsias with suitable Silver Bronze

border. 10 feet Medal Medal

No. 9 — Bedding Begonias in variety. Ex-
hibitor's choice, 3 X S inch " $5.00 $3.00

No. 10 — Bed of Heliotropes, with suitable

border, 3x8 inch $5.00 $3.00

No. 11 — Bed of Geraniums. Exhibitor's

choice of variety with suitable border.

3x8 inch ." .$3.00 $2.00

No. 12 — Tuberous rooted Begonias in color. Silver Bronze

bed 3x8 inch Medal Medal

No. 13 — Bed of Petunias. Exhibitor's choice

of variety. Size 3x8 inch .$3,00 $2.00

No. 14 — Celosias, plumed, varieties in bed.

3x8 inch $3.00 .$2.00

No. 15 — Verbena Hybrida in varieties. Ex-
hibitor's choice, .3 x 8 inch $3.00 $2.00

No. IC — Bed of Asters. American Bush.

varieties in colors with border of dwarf

Asters. 50 square feet $5.00 $;UW

No. 17— Bed of Victoria Asters in colors,

size as above $5.00 .$3.00

No. 18— Bed of Giant Comet or Ostrich

Plume Asters in colors as above $5.00 $3.00

No. 19— Bed of Chrysanthenuim Flowered

Asters, as above . ." $5.00 $3.00

No. 20 — Bed of Improved Peony-Perfection

Asters, as above $5.00 $3.00

No. 21— Bed of Single China Asters in

colors, as above $5.00 $3.00

No. 22— Bed of Ten \A'cek Stocks with

suitable border, 50 square feet .$5.00 $3.00

No. 23 — Bed of Zinnias with suitable

border, 50 square feet ,$5.00 $3.00

No. 24 — Exhibitor winning seven or more Diploma &

prizes in Group TI in addition Silver Trophy

582

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Class 3 — Roses and Herbaceous Plants.
No. I— Best exhibit of Hybrid Perpetual

and Hybrid Tea Eoses in flower, 150 Diploma Diploma

square feet $20.00 $10.00

Silver Bronze

No. 2— Best G Standard Eoses in flower... Medal Medal
No. 3 — Best exhibit of Miniature Eoses in

flower, 50 square feet $5.00 $3.00

Silver Bronze

No. 4 — Rose, novelt.y in flower Medal Medal

No. 5 — Bed of Phlox Deeeusata in varieties Diploma Diploma

50 square feet and .$5.00 and $3.00

No. 6 — Exhibit of early Autumn flowering Diploma Diploma

Composita;, 100 square feet and $10.00 and $5.00

No. 7 — General exhibit of Herbaceous

plants in flower, space to be allotted on Diploma Diploma

application and .$20.00 and $10.00

No. 8 — Anemone Japonica and varieties in

flower, 50 square feet $10.00 $5.00

SECTION 2— INDOOR EXHIBITION, PART BI-WEEKLY,
PART CONTINUOUS.
Class 1 — Stove and Greenhouse Plants.
" No. 1 — Beat exhibit of 25 varieties of orna-
mental foliage plants, exclusive of Ferns, Diploma Diploma
Palms and Dracaenas. 3 days and $15.00 and $10.00

No. 2 — Best 12 Dracaenas in 5 or more Silver Bronze

varieties. 3 days Medal Medal

No. 3 — Pandanus Veitchei, 6 specimens.

3 days $5.00 $3.00

No. 4 — Exhibit of 25 Ferns in species and Diploma Diploma

varieties, also Selaginellas. 3 days and $20.00 and $10.00

No. 5 — Best group of smaller Palms,
Phoenix, Rupicola, Ph. Roebelinii, Cocos,

etc., adapted for house decoration. Con- Diploma Diploma

tinuous exhibit. August 2-30 and $25.00 and $15.00

No. 6 — Best 6 specimen Palms adapted for
lawn decoration, to be placed outside in

exhibition grounds. Continuous exhibit. Diploma Diploma

August 2-30 and $25.00 and $15.00

No. 7 — Best exhibit of Myrtles, Ardisias in
flower, Solanums, Otaheite-Orange Trees

and other attractive, evergreen or fruit- Diploma Diploma

bearing house plants and $10.00 and $5.00

Silver Bronze

No. 8 — Best 6 Araucarias Medal Medal

No. 9 — Best 12 greenhouse climbers to be
trained inside exhibition building. Per-
manent exhibit. Augu.st 2-30 $10.00 $5.00

Class 2 — Orchids — Stove and Greenhouse Plants in Flower.

No. 1 — Best general exhibit of 12 Orchids Diploma Diploma

in flower. 3 days and $25.00 and $15.00

Diploma' Diploma

No. 2— Best 6 Cattleyas in flower. 3 days, and $10.00 and $5.00

No. 3 — Best 12 stove and greenhouse plants

in flower, other than Orchids. 3 days... $10.00 $5.00

Class 3 — Cut Flowers. Summer Varieties. First Part of August.

Dates Set Later.

No. 1 — Best 6 vases of Tea Hybrid Eoses Diploma Diploma

from open ground and $5.00 and $3.00

No. 2 — Best 6 vases of Hybrid Perpetual Diploma Diploma

Eoses from open gi-ound and $5.00 and .$3.00

No. 3— Best vases of Gloire de Dijon Eoses $5.00 $3.00

No. 4— Best 6 vases of Eoses— other kinds $5.00 $3.00

No. 5 — Best 6 vases of Carnations in Diploma Diploma

separate colors and $5.00 and $3.00

No. 6 — Best G vases of Phlox decussata in Diploma Diploma

separate colors and $5.00 and $3.00

No. 7— Best G vases of Hollvhocks $5.00 $3.00

No. 8— Vase of Lilies ' $5.00 $3.00

No. 9 — Best general display of hardy cut Diploma Diploma

flowers in 25 varieties, or more and $15.00 and $10.00

Class 4 — Cut Flowers. Early Autumn Varieties; Latter Part of

August. Dates to Be Set Later.

No. 1 — Best general display of Compositf Diploma Diploma

plants, cut flowers in 25 sorts and $15.00 and $10.00

No. 2 — Best 6 vases of Gladiolus in separate

classes. Colors $10.00 $5.00

No. 3 — Best 6 vases of Marshmallow. One- Silver Bronze

day exhibit, date set later Medal Medal

No. 4— Cactus Dahlias. Best fl vases $5.00 $3.00

No. 5 — Dahlias, Peony flowers, varieties. 6

best vases $5.00 $3.00

No. G — Dahlias, Pompons, in varieties.

Best 6 vases $5.00 $3.00

No. 7 — Dahlias, <dd fashioned varieties in

colors. Best G vases $5.00 $3.00

No. 8 — Single Dahlias in colors. Best 6

vases $5.00 $3.00

No. 9 — Best general display of early

autumn varieties cut flowers of hardy Diploma Dfploma

plants and $15.00 and $10.00

Class 5 — Fruits.

Diploma Diploma

No. 1— Best 6 plates of hothouse Grapes., and $5.00 and $3.00

No. 2--Best 6 plates of outdoor Grapes... $5.00 $3.00

No. 3— Best 6 plates Peaches $5.00 $3.00

No. 4— Best 6 plates Plums $5.00 $3.00

No. 5— Best 6 plates Summer Pears $5.00 $3.00

No. 6— Best 6 plates Summer Apples $5.00 $3.00

No. 7 — Best 6 plates other seasonable fruits $5.00 $3.00

Diploma Diploma

No. 8— Best 6 Grapevines in pots and $15.00 and $10.00

Silver Bronze

No. 9 — Best 12 Spanish Peppers in pots... Medal Medal
No. 10 — Best general display of vegetables

in season, including Tomatoes, Melons Diploma Diploma

and vegetable fruits " and $10.00 and $5.00

Special premiums will be given for all meritorious displays of
fruits.

Class 6 — Cottage and Home Garden Exhibit. Dates to Be
Set Later.
No. 1 — Best 6 vases of seasonable annual

cut flowers $3.00 $2.00

No. 2— Best 6 vases hardy garden flowers. $3.00 $2.00

No. 3— Best 6 house plants $5.00 $3.00

No. 4 — Best general display of garden pro-
ducts from small house gardens $10.00 $5.00

Silver Bronze

No. 5 — General school garden exhibit Medal Medal

No. 6 — Best vase of wild flowers artistically

arranged by children of school gardens.. $3.00 $2.00

The dates of the horticultural exhibits at the Greater New
York fair have been arranged as follows: Cut flowers. Class 3,
August 2 to 5; orchids and ferns, August 6 to 8; stove and green-
house plants, August 9 to 15; cottage and home garden exhibits,
August 16 to 18; school garden exhibits, August 19 to 22; fruits
and vegetables, August 21 to 27, and cut flowers. Class 4, August
28 to 30.

ANNUAL EXHIBITION OF THE AMERICAN GLADIOLUS
SOCIETY, MINNEAPOLIS, MINN., AUGUST 19-22, 1913.

Schedule of Prizes.
OPEN CLASS— GLADIOLUS BLOOMS.
C. Betseher, Canal Dover, Ohio:

No. 1— $10.00— For best display of 50 spikes Gladiolus Primu-
linus Hybrids; stems 18 inches from first bloom; blooms over
4 inches wide; open form.
No. 2 — $5.00 — For best new seedling, 3 spikes. Variety must be
ready for market within 3 years. Plant must be 4% ft. high.
Blooms 5 inches wide, open form, clear color.
B. Hammond Tracy, Wenham, Mass.:

No. 3 — $5.00 — In gold for best vase of 25 spikes Dawn.
No. 4 — 5.00 — In gold for best vase of 25 spikes Maize.
No. 5 — 5.00 — In gold for best vase 25 spikes Mrs. .James
Lancashire.
H. W. Koerner, Milwaukee, Wis.:

No. 6— $10.00— For best vase 25 spikes Early Bird.
Vaughan's Seed Store, Chicago and New York:
No. 7 — Silver Medal — Best vase Chicago White.
No. 8— Silver Medal — Best vase Mrs. Francis King.
No. 9 — Silver Medal — Best vase Princeps.
No. 10 — $10.00 — Best vase Vaughan's Eainbow Mixture.
E. E. Stewart, Brooklyn, Mich.:

No. 11 — $5.00 — Best vase of 25 spikes Golden Queen.
No. 12 — 5.00 — Best vase of 25 spikes Michigan.
No. 13 — 5.00 — Best vase of 25 spikes Lucille.
No. 14 — 5.00 — Best vase of 25 spikes Purity.
Peter Henderson & Co., New York, N. Y.:

No. 15 — $10.00 — For best 12 varieties not now on the market, 3
spikes each.
W. Atlee Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa.:

No. 16 — $10.00 — Best collection 10 varieties, 6 spikes each.
M. Crawford, Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio:

No. 17 — $5.00 — Best 12 spikes any white variety.
A. H. Austin Co., Wayland, Ohio:
No. 18 — $5.00 — Best Yellow seedling never before exhibited.
Blooms to be good size and no blotch. 6 spikes.
(Continued on page 587.)

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

583

QUERIES and ANSWERS

IVf believe the greatest good can be a
number, by instituting a query column
riences, on practical propositions, by ow.

You are invited to contribute quesiic

Each question as received ivill be g:z
er's name will not be published, but th
be given unless otherwise requested.

We all have something we would like to know more abo
is your opportunity to ascertain somebody's experience in
matter.

Nothing will tend to better fellowship than helping each other.

Take advantage of this "Question Box."

romptished for the greatest
or an exchange of expe-
readers,

s, and answer others,
n a number, the question-
source of the answer will

St that

Can any reader explain to me if it is the case, and
why that old seed of melons are preferable to fresh
seeds? H., N. Y.

I have for some time been thinking of answering the
question to the best of my ability, why that old seed of
melons are preferable to fresh seed?

As one of practical experience in gardening, with a
little knowledge of fruit growing, especially melons, both
in this country and England, I may say that I have grown
all of the best varieties that I could get hold of and have
even crossed and raised some which I think sometimes
are superior to a great many I ha\e tested.

M\- experience with melons and their seeds are to be
compared to a true and tried friend. If you get an old
and tested one stick to it, as the young ones are too fresh
and have no substantial capacity.

I have an old work entitled Maw's Gardener, which
dates back to the year 1823, of which I value a great deal,
as it not only gives the true practical experience in gar-
dening, but is a work that can be depended upon. It
states that one should prefer, seeds of melons from two,
three or four years old if possible, as the plants will gen-
erally show fruit sooner as well as prove more fruitful
than those of new seeds, which are apt to run vigorously
to vine, often advancing in considerable length before
they show a single fruit.

I have proved this to be true, and not only to its
productiveness, but it is a plant which will so easily cross
or degenerate back to a worthless thing if not grown to
perfection.

My experience with melons to get the best results is
to secure seed of three or four years old which have
been ripened in the sun from plants that have been ex-
posed and grown in good soil with but few fruit to the
plant.

James S. B.\cke, Sharon, Conn.

APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP

National Association of Gardeners

I hereby apply for Membership ia your Association : ■

Name in fall

Occupation^

A ddr ess

Date

Reference

MADISON

Awarded First Prize at
International Rose Shovsr

From 25 to 250 plants - - - 25 cents each

250 plants or over - - - - 20 cents each

AH plants in 4-inch pots.

A Beautiful White Rose for the Private Grower.

BRANT-HENTZ FLOWER CO.

MADISON, N. J.

Forward Appltation io M. C. EBEL, Secretary, Madison.
N. J., -with dues, <which are $2.00 annually, including sub.icrtp-
tion io the official organ of the Association.

EbePs Fertilizer

A plant food for flowers, vegetables, and
fruits, applicable to greenliouse and
garden plants.

An odorless powder, readily soluble in
water, applied to soil in liquid form.

It is quick in action, produces a sturdy
growth, develops larger and better
blooms.

Vegetables and fruits frequently retain
the flavor of the soils in which they
grow. Ebel's Fertilizer, being purely
chemical, is void of all animal matter in
its crude state and will enable them to
get their proper quantity of food in
clean sanitary form, allowing them to
retain all natural flavors.

It is unequaled for lawns, tennis courts,
and golf links.

Our formula is not new. It has been
thoroughly tried and tested throughout
the British Isles for many years and is
highly endorsed under other names by
the leading horticultural authorities in
Great Britain.

One pound makes 28 to 32 gallons of
liquid fertilizer.

In 100 pound lots — 25 cents per pound.
In 50 pound lots — 30 cents per pound.

Special prices on larger quantities.
For Sale by Seedsmen.

Aphine Manufacturing Company

Manufacturers of Agricultural Chemicals.
MADISON, N. J.

584

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

THE NEWPORT SHOW.

The Newport Garden Assuciation and the Newport
Horticultural S(jciety held their out-of-door show on
June 26 and 27, at "Harbour Court," the residence of
Mrs. John Nicholas Brown, Newport, R. I.

The weather. especiall_v during the second day, be-
ing cool, and partly cloudy, was ideal for an out-of-door
exhibition. "Harbour Court" is located directly on the
water front, with only a narrow driveway between it
and the sea wall, but for all of that the situation
proved to be very satisfactory for the use to which it
was put, as well as beautiful and admirable in itself.
The level lawn where the exhibits were staged is
partly shaded by trees. A number of fine bay trees,
loaned by Wadleigh & Smythe. placed directly on the
sea wall, added much to the general effect. The in-
side of the narrow driveway was bordered with beds
of hydrangeas, roses, and bedding and herbaceous
perennial plants, such as geraniums, Schizanthus, Can-
terbury bells, and Sweet Williams. The rockwork at
the entrance, arranged by John Mahan, gardener, for
Mrs. Hugh D. Auchincloss, and the trained English
Ivies and trees and the bay trees of Bobbink & Atkins,
of Rutherford, N. J., within the entrance and else-
where, were among the pronounced artistic features.

The high wire fence which surrounded the tennis
court, sufficient openings being left on the north and
south for ingress and egress, was completely screened
by a hedge of native red cedars (junipers), which
made both an effective background and a protection
for the flowers, some of which were nicely shown by
being placed on these trees. As an overhead protec-
tion around the inside of this wire fence were wide
curtained awnings. Under these awnings and against
the cedar tree background the exhibits of cut blooms
and tender plants were largely placed. In the center
of this court was an aquatic display, and a touch of
formal gardening to some extent was produced by
the judicious placing of boxwoods, bay trees and
palms.

Had there been a tent under which fruits, vegetables
and tender plants and flowers could have been dis-
played, the number of e.xhibits would probably have
been much larger, and the lack of it greatly handicapped
the manager in his excellent work.

Frederick Newbold, of New York, conceived the plan
for the layout of the grounds, which was carried out
under the personal direction of Mrs. Hamilton Fish
Webster. Joseph Manda. of West Orange, N. J.,
used excellent judgment in his disposal of the ma-
terial, and showed himself a very efficient, satisfactory
and popular manager, and to him and also to Presi-
dent Meikle, and Secretary Coughlin, of the Horti-
cultural Society, and to Hugh Williamson, gardener,
for W. Waldorf Astor, much credit is due for the suc-
cessful outcome of the show.

The attendance of society people was large, particu-
larly on the opening day, and the show proved, as was
hoped, a society event, and a similar show for next
year is already favorably considered. Among the dis-
tinguished visitors at the opening was J. K. M. L.
Farquhar, of Boston, Mass., president of the S. A. F.
& O. H. Much gratitude was expressed to Mrs. John
Nicholas Brown for giving the use of her fine grounds
for the show, through whose kindness also the chil-
dren of the Orphans' Ib^me were conducted through
the grounds to see the display.

The judges were: For the Garden Association,
Frederick Newbold, New York; Mrs. Arnold Hague,
Newport; J. K. M. L. Farquhar, Boston. For the Hor-
ticultural Society, Colin Robertson, Fred Carter, Wil-
liam Gray.

There were several commercial exhibitors — A. N.
Pierson, Inc.. Cromwell, Conn., was awarded for his
e.xhibit, which was in charge of R. T. Beers, a first-
class certificate and a gratuity of $25, and also a first
class certificate for new rose Milady.

Lager & Hurrell, Summit, N. J., a cultural certifi-
cate and $15 for collection of Orchids; Paul de Nave,
Fall River, Mass., for best display of orchid plants in
bloom, first prize, and for specimen Cattleya, $5.

Henry A. Dreer, Inc., for a display of aquatics, in-
cluding the new varieties Newton, Conqueror, Rich-
ardson. Attraction, Jane Hudson, and Escarboucle, a
silver medal and a gratuity of $25 ; and for an un-
named blue seedling of the tender class, a silver medal
and a gratuity. W^illiam Tricker, Arlington, N. J.,
whose fine aquatics arrived late and were not shown
till the second day, received a certificate of merit and
$5 for his general e.xhibit, and a first class certificate
for Hessel's Yellow. In his neatly arranged exhibit
other noteworthy Nymphaeas were Helen Fowler,
Eugenia de Land, W. B. Shaw, Gloriosa, Mrs. Roach,
and James Brydon.

Bobbink & .\tkins, Rutherford, N. J., were awarded
a silver cup and $25 by the Newport Garden Associa-
tion, and a silver medal by the Newport Horticultural
Society for topiary plants, first prize for group of
plants, and four first prizes for single specimen palms.

Oscar Schultz. Newport, for bed of dianthus, prize
of $15, and the Hitchings & Co. prize for best design
of a planting of conifers and evergreens not exceeding
200 square feet.

Jackson Dawson made a very interesting display of
new trailing and climbing roses from the Arnold Ar-
boretum, Jamaica Plains, Mass. His pink rose Sar-
gent was awarded a silver medal ; Arnold and Lady
Duncan bronze medals, and Rosa rugosa repens alba,
shown for the first time, a bronze medal. This exhibit
was staged by Miss Lily Hetzer.

Knight & .Struck, Flushing. L. I., N. Y., made a very
attractive exhibition of Orchid plants, showing these
on trees which were growing on the show grounds.

The Alpine Manufacturing Company's silver cup,
valued at $25, went to William Gray, gardener for
Mrs. Leeds, for exhibition of cut blooms and sweet
peas

On the evening of the closing day of the show,
through the generosity and courtesy of Miss W. Storrs
Wells, a member of the Garden Association, the vis-
itors, judges, and workers were invited to a dinner at
the Bellevue Hotel by A. S. Michell, of the Horticul-
tural Society. After an excellent dinner President
Meikle made some appropriate remarks and then
called upon Joseph Manda, who gave his experience
as a show manager in an amusing way. Other speakers
were William Tricker; Leon Oesternei, of Bobbink &
Atkins, Rutherford. N. J.; John E. Lager, of Lager
& Hurrell, Summit, N. J. ; O. Schultz, J.^T. Allen, and
A. MacLellan. Other visitors present were R. T.
Beers, of the A. N. Pierson, Inc.; John Hay, of the
Henry A. Dreer. Inc. ; Paul de Nave, Fall River, Mass. ,
G. E.'Van Dalen. of Bobbink & Atkins.

The list of awards is as follows :

For best bed of Canterbury Bells— 1st, Mrs. H. M. Brooks
(gardener, James Bond).

For best bed of Sweet Williams— 1st. Mrs. H. M. Brooks; 2nd,
Mrs. Thomas .1. Emery (gardener, A. L. Dorward).

For best bed of Dianthus — Mrs. Thomas .J. Emery.

For best tub nf Sweet Peas— 1st, Mrs. W. O. Weld (gardener,
Paul Volquardsen) : 2nd. Mrs. Ellen Freneh Vanderbilt (gardener,
Daniel Hay); 3rd, H. .\. C. Taylor (gardener, William MacKaye).

For best collection of Eoek and .Alpine Plants — 1st and Lord
& Burnham prize (gold medal), Mrs. H. D. Auchincloss (gardener,
John Mahan).

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

585

For best exhibit of \\'hite Roses other than Killarney — 1st, Mrs.
H. H. Rogers (gardener, James Gartliley) ; 2nd, Mrs. T. O. Richard-
son (gardener, James Robertson).

For best exhibit of Petunias — 1st. Mrs. H. M. Brook:;; £ -d,
Mrs. W. W. Sherman (gardener, Andrew Ramsay).

For best bed Growing Roses — Mrs. T. J. Emery.

For best display of Small Potted I'huits — Oscar Schultz.

For best display of Schizanthns— 1st, Mrs. H. M. Brooks; 2nd.
August Belmont (gardener, John Forbes).

For best 12 White Killarney Roses— August Belmont.

For best 12 Plants of Calceolarias — Mrs. H. M. Brooks.

For best 24 Jacqueminot Roses — 1st, Miss Fanny Foster
(gardener, C. M. Bugholt); 2nd, Miss Wetmore.

For best 12 Plants of Gloxinias — 1st, Vincent Astor (gardener,
James Boyd); 2nd, August Belmont.

For best fancj' basket of Foliage Plants — 1st, Hugh Meikle;
2nd, Vincent Astor.

For best collection of Outdoor Rcses — 1st, William W. Astor
(gardener, Hugh Williamson); 2nd, ilrs. T. J. Emery; 3rd. Mrs.
T. 0. Richardson.

For best vase of 12 Hybrid Roses — 1st, William W. Astor : 2nd,
Mrs. T. O. Richardson; 3rd, Mrs. T. J. Emery.

For best vase of 6 Hybrid Roses — 1st, Mrs. T. 0. Richardson;
2nd, Miss Fanny Foster; 3rd, Mrs. T. J. Emery.

For best vase 12 Red Hybrid Roses — 1st, Miss Fannie Foster;
2nd, Mrs. T. O. Richardson; 3rd, Mrs. Sidney Webster (gardener,
T. K. Sullivan).

For best vase 12 Pink Hybrid Roses — 1st, Mrs. T. 0. Richardson;
2nd. Miss Fannie Foster; 3rd, Mrs. Sidney Webster.

For best vase 12 White Hybrid Roses.— 1st, Mrs. T. 0. Richard-
son; 2nd, Jliss Fannie Foster; 3rd, August Belmont.

For best vase 12 Blush-White Hybrid Roses — 1st, Miss Fanny
Foster; 2nd, Mrs. T. 0. Richardson.'

For best vase 2.5 Hybrid Roses, any variety — 1st, William W.
Astor: 2nd, Miss Fannie Foster; 3'rd. Mrs. T. O. Richardson.

For best vase 12 Red Tea Roses — 1st, ; 2nd,

August Belmont.

For best 12 White Tea Roses— 1st, Mrs. William B. Leeds
(gardener, William Gray) ; 2nd, August Belmont.

For best vase of 12 Pink Tea Roses — 1st, Mrs. William B. Leeds;
2nil, ilrs. Alfred Tnckerman (gardener, E. Kempenaar).

For best vase of 12 Yellow Tea Roses — 1st, August Belmont.

For best Gardenia Blooms — 1st, Mrs. H. M. Brooks; 2nd, Vincent
Astor.

For best collection of 12 varieties of Hardy Herbaceous Flowers
— 1st, August Belmont; 2nd, Mrs. T. .J. Emery.

For best display of Sweet Peas shown with foliage — 1st, Jlrs.
William B. Leeds; 2nd, Mrs. H. E. Converse, Marion, Mass.
(gardener, David Ray); 3rd, Mrs. T. 1. Emerj'.

For best G vases J^weet Peas, 6 varieties — l.st, Mrs. William B.
Leeds; 2nd, Mrs. William G. Weld.

- For best 3 vases of Sweet Peas, 3 varieties — 1st, Mrs. William
B. Leeds; 2nd, Mr. William G. Weld; 3rd, Mrs. T. J. Emery.

For display of Sweet Peas -The Aphine Manufacturing Co.,
silver cup, valued at $2.3. Mrs. William B. Leeds.

For best Bunch of Black (drapes — Jlrs. T. J. Emery.

For best Bunch of White Grape.s — Mrs. T. J. Emery.

For best 0 Nectarines— .August Belmont.

For best Dish of Gandy Strawberries — Mrs. %. J. Emery.

For best dish Marshall Strawberries — 1st, Mrs. Ellen French-
Vanderbilt; 2nd, Mrs. T. J. Emery.

For best Dish, any variety of Strawberries — 1st. Daniel B
Fearing (gardener John Baumgartner) ; 2nd, Mrs. Ellen French
Vanderbilt.

For best collection of Strawberries — 1st, Daniel B. Fearing.

For best Bunch of Beets — William Brenton Green (gardener.
Samuel Speers) ; 2nd, Mrs. T. .J. Emery.

For best 2 cabbages — 1st, Vincent Astor; 2nd, Mrs. Ellen French
Vanderbilt.

For best 2 Cauliflowers — 1st, Mrs. Ellen French-Vanderbilt; 2nd
Vincent Astor.

For best 2 Cucumbers— 1st, Mrs. T. J. Emery; 2nd, Mrs. Ellen
French-Vanderbilt.

For best Bunch of Onions — 1st, William Brenton Green; 2ud,
Mrs. T. J. Emery.

For best 6 Heads of Lettuce — 1st, Mrs. Sidney Webster; 2nd,^
Mrs. Ellen French-Vanderbilt.

For best 3 Dishes of Potatoes — 1st, Mrs. T. J. Emery.

For best one-half Peek of Peas — 1st, Mrs. Ellen French-Vander-
bilt; 2nd, Mrs. T. J. Emery.

For best Dish of Potatoes — William Brenton Green.

For best 12 Stalks of Rhubarb — 1st, William Brenton Green:
2nd, Mrs. Ellen French-Vanderbilt.

For best 12 Tomatoes— 1st, Daniel B. Fearing: 2nd, Mrs. T. J.
Emery.

For best 2 Bunches of Turnips — 1st, Mrs. Ellen French-Vander-
bilt; 2nd, Mrs. T. J. Emery.

For best collection of Wild Flowers — Miss Anna M. Gatzenmeier.

For best collection of named AVild Flowers on table arranged
for effect — Miss Anna M. Gatzenmeier.

For best 6 distinct kinds of Vegetables — 1st and Weeber & Don
prize, Mrs. T. ,T. Emery : 2ud. Colonel Frederick Mason (gardener,
E. L. Lewis).

For vase of best Yellow Roses- 1st and Charles H. Tottv prize,
Mrs. W. B. Leeds.

For 2 best hanging baskets of Foliage and Flowering Plants —
1st and Joseph Breck & Sons prize, Mrs. T. J. Emery.

For best design of Planting of Conifers and Evergreens in space
not exceeding 200 square feet — 1st and Hitching & Co. prize,
Oscar Schultz.

For best G vases of Outdoor Grown Flowers — 1st and Bobbink &
Atkins prize, Mrs. Ellen French-Vanderbilt; 2nd, August Belmont.

J )avey Tree Surgery executed by Davey Tree Surgeons, prevents
serious storm injury to trees. Read this letter!

"In regard to the trees which your men worked upon a year ago for the writer at Louiavitte,
Ky.f will state that the majority of these were large beech trees. During a storm this Spring a
number of trees on my place and in my vicinity were badly damaged, but none of the trees
fixed by your men were damaged in the least. They all look much better this Spring than
before they were worked upon. I am very much pleased with your work.

Yours very truly.
May 15, 1913. R. M. CARRIER."

Decay weakened trees are sooner or later storm victims. It is
cheaper to prevent damage than to repair it. Learn the facts about
}oiir trees! Let a Davey Tree Expert examine your trees now —
without charge. Write for booklet "A."

The Davey Tree Expert Company, Inc., Kent, Ohio

^

\Ncit Officf.s:
Ave, New York, N. Y.
nidg., ChicaRO, 111.
s Bldg., Montreal, Can.
s' Exchange Bldg., San Francisco, Cal.

Accredited Represenlativei Available Everywhere
Men Without Credentials are Impostori

Madis.

Phone:
>n Square 9546

Harrison 2666
Up Town 6726
Telephone Connection

586

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

For best display 12 distinct kinds of Vegetables — 1st and J. M.
Thorburn & Co. prize, Mrs. T. .J. Emery.

For best display of Cut Roses — Mrs. H. E. Converse.

For best collection of Cut Orchid Blooms — A. N. Pierson, Inc.,
prize, Mrs. H. E. Converse.

For best 12 pots or pans of Annuals in Bloom — 1st and W. B.
Scott & Co. prize, Mrs. T. J. Emery ; 2nd, Mrs. H. M. Brooks.

For Aquatics and Japanese Iris — Silver Medal and Certificate of
Merit — Henry A. Dreer, Inc.

For Topiary Plants Bobbink & Atkins, Rutherford, N. J., was
awarded silver cup and $25 by the Newport Garden Association
and silver medal by Newport Horticultural Society. They were
also given first prize for group of plants and four first prizes for
sjjecimen palms.

Jackson Dawson, of the Arnold Arboretum, was awarded silver
medal for rose, Sargent, bronze medals for roses Arnold, Lady
Duncan and Rosa Rugosa Repens.

A. N. Pierson, Inc., was awarded a first class certificate for
rose Milady and a certificate of merit and $25 for general exhibit.

For best centerpiece of Roses and Rose Foliage — 1st, Mrs. W.
W. Sherman (gardener, Andi'ew Ramsay) ; 2nd, Mrs. John
Nicholas Brown (gardener, Arthur Leary).

For best fancy basket of roses and Rose Foliage — 1st, Hugh
Meikle ; 2nd, Mrs. John Nicholas Brown.

For Sweet Peas in Tubs— :\Irs. Wm. G. Weld (gardener, Paul
Volquardsen), special prize $20.

For bed of Schizanthus — Cultural Certificate, Vincent Astor
(gardener, James Boyd).

For 3 tubs Sweet Peas — Special prize $10, Vincent Astor.

For bed of Dianthus — Special prize $15, Oscar Schultz.

For collection of Orchids — Cultural Certificate and $15 special
prize. Lager & Hurrell, Summit, N. J.

For best display of Orchid Plants in Bloom — 1st and for Speci-
men Cattle.va, $5, Paul de Nave, Fall River, Mass.

For collection of Amarvllis — For Superior Culture, silver medal.
Mrs. William G. Weld.

For Group of Ferns and Foliage Plants — Special prize $15, Mrs.
E. J. Berwind.

For Roses and Sweet Peas — Cultural Certificate and $5, Mrs.
T. M. Davis.

For Corn Flowers and Clematis — Honorable Mention, Mrs. Sid-
ney Webster (gardener, T. J. Sullivan).

Fori best fancy basket of Outdoor Grown Roses and Rose Foliage
—1st, Charles H. Biesel.

For Water Coloring — Mrs. DeLancy Kane.

For best basket of Fancy Roses (gardeners' assistants only) —
1st, Patrick Feeney ; 2nd, Hugh Meikle.

For best fancy basket Foliage Plants — 1st, Hugh Meikle; 2nd,
Vincent Astor.

For Sweet Peas — Certificate of Merit, Mrs. Thomas Brooks,
Greystone, R. I.

AMERICAN GLADIOLUS SOCIETY.

(Continued from page 582.)
AMATEUR. CLASS.

John Lewis Childs, Flowerfield. L. I.:

No. 19— .$5.00— Best display of Niagara.

No. 20— 5.00— Best display of Panama.

No. 21— 5.00— Best display of Childsi Varieties.
Arthur Cowee, Berlin, N. Y.:

No. 22— $25.00— For best vase of 25 spikes of War.

No. 23 — 10.00— For best vase of 25 spikes of Peace.
H. W. Koerner, Milwaukee, Wis.:

No. 24— .$5.00— For best vase of 12 spikes Early Bird.
Miss Grace Re Shore, Dowagiae, Mich.:

No. 25— $5.00— For best three ruffled Gladioli, 1 spike each.

No. 26 — $5.00 — For best three spikes, 1 each of America,
Niagara, Panama.

SPEC lAL CLASS.

Henry F. Michell Co., Philadelphia, Pa.:

No. 27 — Michell's Silver Medal — For a vase containing six spikes

of the best white Gladiolus.
No. 28 — Michell's Bronze Medal — For a vase containing six
spikes of the best yellnw Gladiolus.
Chamberlain & Gage, So. Natiek, Mass.;
No. 29— $5.00— Second prize, best yellow, 6 spikes.
No. 30 — 5.00 — Second prize, best white, 6 spikes.

Plants and Irees from florida

For Southern planting outdoors and for
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WE have made a s,
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It takes special care and preparation to properly pack delicate
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Royal-Palm Nurseries REASONER BROS., Proprietor. Oneco, Florida

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK.

An exhibition was held on Saturday and Sunday,
July 5 and 6, in co-operation with the New York Bo-
tanical Garden, in the Museum building of that insti-
tution. Prizes were offered for sweet peas, herbaceous
plants, Japanese irises, shrubs and trees and vegetables.
The following' are the awards :

Six vases Sweet peas. 6 varieties, 25 of each — 1st, Miss M. T.
Cockeroft. Saugatuck, Conn, (gardener, Adam Paterson) ; 2nd,
Miss B. Potter, Ossining, N. Y. (gardener, Geo. Wittlinger).

Vase of Sweet Peas, 100 sprays, 1 or more varieties — 1st, John
I. Downey. Portchester, N. Y. (gardener, Thos. Ryan) ; 2nd, Miss
M. T. Cockeroft.

Collection of Herbaceous Plants — 1st, Mrs. F. A. Constable,
Mamaroneck, N. Y. (gardener, Jas. Stuart) ; 2nd, G. D. Barron,
Rye, N. Y. (gardener. James Linane).

Collection of .Shrubs and Trees — 1st, T. A. Havemeyer, Glen
Head, N. Y. (gardener, A. Lahodny) ; 2nd. G. D. Barron.

Six vases Japanese Irises, 6 varieties — Mi.ss M. T. Cockeroft.

Three vases Sweet Peas, 3 varieties. 25 of each — 1st, John I.
Downey; 2nd, Mis M. T. Cockeroft.

Twelve different Vegetables — Miss B. Potter.

Six different Vegetables — T. A. Havemeyer.

Special Prizes — Miss M. T. Cockeroft, for a vase of Gardenias;
Max Schling, for a basket of flowers, diploma.

Some time ago an announceinent was made of three
special prizes for vegetables for the exhibition next
November. One of these was offered by Mr. M. C.
. Ebel. It was suggested to Mr. Ebel that in view of the
two other vegetable prizes he should transfer his
prize to something else. He has consented to do this,
and will offer the same amount, divided as follows:
For a collection of hot-house fruit, $35 ; for two bunches
of hot-house grapes, one black and one white, $15.
The Horticultural Society will offer a second prize of
$20 for the collection of fruit and a second prize of
$10 for the grapes.

Remember the date of the next show is October 31
to November 4, and it is hoped that the local societies
will so arrange their dates as not to conflict with this,
for the meeting of the National Association of Gar-
deners takes place at that time at the American Mu-
seum of Natural History, and all gardeners in this vi-
cinity will certainly desire to attend.

George \\ N.\sh, Secretary.

TUXEDO HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

On Friday and Saturday, June 27 and 28, the Hor-
ticultural Societ}' of Tuxedo, N. Y., held its summer
exhibition. The schedule provided exclusively for out-
of-door grown products ; hence the number of entries
was not as large as they would have been under a
less restricted arrangement. The date was much too
late for peonies, and even roses were not as good in
quality or as abundant in number as they were a week
earlier. However, roses were most in evidence, and
sweet peas were next in importance.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

587

Though peonies were nearly over, some moderately
good blooms were shown by G. F. Baker and C. B.
Alexander.

The Tuxedo Nursery made a creditable display of
perennial plant blooms, particularly of iris.

Julius Roehrs Company, of Rutherford, N. J., made
an attractive exhibit of orchids and also of fine bay
trees, hydrangeas and boxwoods.

On Saturday, the second day of the show, table deco-
rations were shown.

There was a fair attendance. The judges were
Adam Paterson and A. Bieschki. The following is the
list of awards:

For best display of Roses — 1st, IT. M. Lilford (gardener, J.
Tansey) ; 2nd. George F. Baker.

For superiority of arrangement of Roses — Special Mention. Mrs.
C. M. Bell (gardener, David McInto>lri.

In other classes of Roses the winners were: C. B. Alexander.
G. G. JIason (gardener, D. S. Miller) : H. M. Tilford, G. F. Baker
(gardener, .James MacMahan), Mrs. C. il. Bell, and Mrs. Carhart
(gardener, Charles Costick).

For collection of Sweet Peas — 1st, G. G. Mason; 2nd, William P.
Hamilton (gardener, Frank Watson).

For Table Decorations. — 1st, D. S. .Miller, with a centerpiece of
Sweet Peas and outdoor Asparagus; ^nd, A. Barth, with a center-
piece of Sweet Peas; 3rd, Charles Davidson, witli a decoration of
Hiawatha Roses and Adiantum cuneatiim.

Competent Gardeners

^ The comlorts and products of a country home are
increased by employing a compe(ent gardener ; if you
want to engage one, write to us.

q Please give particulars regarding place and say
whether married or single man is wanted. We have
been supplying them for years to the best people
everywhere. No lee asked.

PETER HENDERSON & CO.

Seedsmen and Florists
33 and 37 Corllandt SI. NEW YORK CITY

ORCHIDS

We are specialists in this kind of plants. We
collect, import and grow orchids from all parts of
the world where orchids grow.

We will be glad to fill your order for one plant
or a thousand according to your requirements.

Our beauliful Catalogue and special lists on
application.

LAGER & HURRELL

Orchid-Growers and Importers

SUMMIT, N. J.

FOR SAI F" ^^y "■'""■^" collection of Hardy

clics — the best from home and abroad. I have spared no
troul)le or e-xpensc to get all that is good in the market. .\
great many arc hand-polIinatcd and raised by me. I want
to sell tliem because I have not the- time and attention to
give in order to get tlip nio.st nut of these plants.
WILLIAM F. SCHMEISKE, Bo« 400, Binghamton, N. Y.

SCALINE

A prominent eastern nursery firm reports that one
application of SCALINE thoroughly cleansed its
Juniperus Japonica aurea of the red spider pest with-
out the slightest injury to the plants or ill effects
to the bright yellow color of the foliage. It is now
recommending SCALINE to its customers as a
specific for spraying evergreens to combat the red
spider and all sucking insects.

SCALINE will destroy the aphis and thrip on your
fruit trees in the growing season, and the San Jose
and other scales in the dormant season.

Gallon, $1.50. 10-gallon keg, $10.
50-gallon barrel, $37.50.

VERMINE

"C. W." a contributor to the Florists' Review, reply-
ing to an inquiry, says:

"Try VERMINE for the root maggot. I have used it and
found It effective against root maggot, cutworms, earth-worms,
ants, and other ground 'pests. It is a liquid, and should be
applied in the proportion of one gallon of VERMINE to 320
gallons of water. It is most penetratine and telling in its effects
if applied when the ground is tolerably moist." — ^Florists' Re-
■■lew. July 10, 1913.)

H. B. Fullerton, editor of the Long Island Agrono-
mist, writes:

"For the underground members of the 'Kug' family we found
VERMINE helped us mightily on both those subterranean an-
noyers, root maggot and cut-worm. We could see absolutely no
trace of anything but the most beneficial effects from applying it
to the well cultivated soil around plants, and we used it in
excessive quantities to study the effects." — (Z,. /. Agronomist
July I, 1913.)

Gallon, $3.50. 5-gallon keg, $12.50.

FUNGINE

It is an infallible remedy for mildew, rust and other
blights affecting flowers, fruits and vegetables.

Gallon, $2.00. 10-gallon keg, $15.00.

It will destroy the aphis, red spider, thrips, soft
scale, and all sap sucking insects.

Quart, $1.00. Gallon, $2.50.

^jAoiicma

ri/M/GAJE.

Containing twelve per cent, nicotine for vaporizing.

Quart $1.25. Gallon, $4.00.
For Sale by all Seedsmen.

Aphine Manufacturing Company

Manufacturers of Agricultural Chemicals
MADISON, N. J.

588

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

National Association of Gardeners.
M. C. Ebel, secretary, Madison, N J.

Society of American Florists and Orna-
mental Horticulturists.
John Young, secretary, 54 West 28th street,
New York.

American Carnation Society.
A. F. J. Bauer, secretary, Indianapolis, Ind.

American Gladiolus Society.
L. Merton Gage, secretary. South Natick,

Mass.

American Peony Society.
A. B. Saunders, secretary, Clinton, N. Y.

American Rose Society.
B. Hammond, secretary, Fishkill, N. Y.

American Sweet Pea Society.

H. A. Bunyard, secretary, 342 West 14th

street. New York.

Chrysanthemum Society of America.

Charles W. Johnson, secretary, Morgan

Park, HI.

The Horticultural Society of New York.

Geo. V. Nash, secretary, Bronx Park, New

York City.

Meets monthly, irregular, May to Octo-
ber, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx
Park, New York. November to April,
American Museum of Natural History, 77th
street and Columbus avenue. New York.

Lake Geneva Gardeners' and Foremen's

Association.
W. H. Griffits, secretary. Lake Geneva, Wis.
Meets first and third Saturday every
month, October to April; first Saturday
every month. May to September, Horticul-
tural Hall.

Lenox Horticultural Society.
George Instone, secretary, Lenox, Mass.
Meets first Saturday every month.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
William P. Rich, secretary, 300 Massachu-
setts avenue, Boston, Mass.

Pasadena Horticultural Society.
Geo. B. Kennedy, secretary, 497 Bradford
street, Pasadena, Cal.
Meets first and fourth Friday every
month.

LOCAL SOCIETIES

Boston Gardeners' and Florists' Club.
William N. Craig, secretary, North Easton,
Mass.
Meets third Tuesday every month. Horti-
cultural Hall, Boston, Mass., 8 p. m.

Connecticut Horticultural Society.
Geo. W. Smith, secretary, Melrose, Conn.
Meets second and fourth Fridays every
month. County Building, Hartford, Conn., 8
p. m.

Dutchess County Horticultural Society.

Hubert G. Cottam, secretary, Wappingers

Falls, N. Y.

Meets at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., last
Wednesday every month except May and
June. '

Monmouth County Horticultural Society.
Harry Kettle, secretary, Fairhaven, N. J.
Meets second and fourth Friday every
month. Red Men's Hall, Oceanic.

Morris County Florists' and Gardeners'

Society.
Edward J. Reagan, secretary, Morristown,
N. J.
Meets at Madison, N. J., second Wednes-
day every month, except July and August,
8 p. m.

Nassau County Horticultural Society.
Ernest Westlake, secretary. Glen Cove, N. Y.

Meets second Wednesday every month,
Pembroke Hall, Glen Cove, N. Y., 7 p. m.

Elberon Horticultural Society.
C. 0. Duncan, secretary, Elberon, N. J.
Meets first Monday every month, Fire
Hall, Elberon, N. J., 8 p. m.

Florists' and Gardeners' Club of Holyoke

and Northampton, Mass.
James Whiting, secretary, Amherst, Mass.
Meets second Tuesday every month.

The Garden Club of Michigan.
Mrs. Edward H. Parker, secretary, 139 Sey-
burn avenue, Detroit, Mich.
The corresponding secretary will notify
members of date and place of meetings.

Gardeners' and Florists' Club of Baltimore
N. F. Flittin, secretary, Paterson Park
Baltimore, l\fd.
Meets second and fourth Monday every
month. Florist Exchange Hall.

New Jersey Floricultural Society.
John Dervan, secretary, 433 Centre street.
Orange, N. J.
Meets second Friday every month, 240
Main street. Orange, N. J., 8 p. m.

New London County Horticultural Society.

John Humphrey, secretary. New London,

Conn.

Meets second Thursday every month,
rooms of Business Men's Association.

Paterson Floricultural Society.
Sebastian Hubschmitt, secretary, 61 Seventh
avenue, Paterson, N. J.
Meets first Tuesday every month, Ro-
maine Building, 8 p. m.

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.
David Rust, secretary, Broad and Locust
streets, Philadelphia, Pa.
Meets third Tuesday every month, Horti-
cultural Hall, 8 p. m.

People's Park Cottage Gardeners' Associa-
tion.
John Ainscough, secretary, 4 Chestnut street,
Paterson, N. J.
Meets first and last Friday every month.
Working Man's Institute, Madison avenue,
Paterson, N. J.

Philadelphia Florists' Club.
David Rust, secretary, Broad and Locust
streets, Philadelphia, Pa.
Meets first Tuesday every month. Horti-
cultural Hall, Philadelphia, Pa., 8 p. m.

The Pittsburgh Florists' and Gardeners'
Club.

H. P. Joslin, secretary, Ben Avon, Pa.

Meets first Thursday every month. Fort
Pitt Hotel, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Rhode Island Horticultural Society.
A. C. Miller, secretary, 7 Irving avenue.
Providence, R. I.
Meets third Wednesday every month,
Providence Public Library, 8 p. m.

Shelter Island Horticultural and Agricul-
tural Society.
Fred Kirkham, secretary, Shelter Island,
N. Y.
Meets first and third Thursdays every
month.

Southampton Horticultural Society.
William McLeod, secretary.
Meets first Thursday every month. Me-
morial Hall, Southampton, N. Y.

Newport Horticultural Society.
D. J. Coughlin, secretary, Newport, R. I.
Meets second and fourth Tuesday every
month.

North Shore Horticultural Society.
Jas. Slater, secretary, Manchester, Mass.

Meets first and third Fridays every
month.

North Westchester County Horticultural

and Agricultural Society.
M. J. O'Brien, secretary, Mt. Kisco, N. Y.
Meets third Thursday every month, ex-
cept June, July and August, at 8 p. m.;
December, January and February, 3 p. m.,
Odd Fellows Hall, Mt. Kisco.

Oyster Bay Horticultural Society.
John T. Ingram, secretary. Oyster Bay,
N. Y.
Meets third Friday every month, Board
of Trade, Oyster Bay, N. Y., 8 p. m.

Tarrytown Horticultural Society.
E. W. Neubrand, secretary, Tarytown,N. Y.
Meets last Tuesday every month, except
December, Corporation Building, Tarrytown,
N. Y., 7:30 p. m. Annual meeting last
Thursday in December.

Tuxedo Horticultural Society.
Jos. A. Becvar, secretary. Tuxedo Park, N. Y.
Meets first Wednesday every month. Par-
ish House, Tuxedo Park.

Washington, D. C, Florist Club.

J. L. Mayberry, secretary, Washington
D. C.
Meets first Monday every month.

Westchester and Fairfield Horticultural

Society.
J. B. McArdle, secretary, Greenwich, Conn.
Meets second Friday every month. Dor-
ail's Hall, Greenwich, Conn., 8 p. m.

Yonkers Horticultural Society.
Thos. Mahoney, secretary, Yonkers, N. Y.
Meets first Friday every month, Holly-
wood Inn, Yonkers, N. Y., 8 p. m.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

589

GARDENERS DIARY

National Association of Gardeners' Meetings.
Annual Convention, November — , Ameri-
can Museum of Natural History, New York
City.

Newport Horticultural Society.
Summer Show, Newport, R. I., June 25-26.

American Institute, New York.
Flower and Vegetable Show, September
23-25. Chrysanthemum Show, November
5-7. Engineering Building, 25-33 W. 39th
street.

New Jersey Floricultural Society.
Dahlia, Fruit and Vegetable Sliow,
Orange, N. J., September 27-28.

Lenox Horticultural Society.
Summer Show, August 20-21. Fall Show,
October 22-23.

Elberon Horticultural Society.
Chrysanthemum Show, Asbury Park,
N. J., Casino, October 27-29.

Morris County Florists' and Gardeners' Club.
Annual Show, Madison, N. J., October
28-29.

Nassau County Horticultural Society.
Annual Fall Show, Glen Cove, N. Y.,
October 28-29.

Horticultural Society of New York.
Annual Fall Show, American Museum of
Natural History, New York, October 31 to
November 4.

Yonkers Horticultural Society.
Bowling, Thursday nights, Riverdale ave-
nue, Yonkers, N. Y.

Tarrytown Horticultural Society.
Fall Show, November 4, 5, 6. Music Hall.

Westchester and Fairfield Society.

Annual Fall Show, Stamford, Conn..
November .

Tuxedo Horticultural Society.
Annual Fall Show, Tuxedo, N. Y.,
October .

Tuxedo (N. Y.) Horticultural Society

A regular meeting of this Society was held in
the Parish house, Wednesday evening, July 2, with
Pres. James MacMachan in the chair. A goodly
number of members were present. The members
of the Society and the residents of Tuxedo Park
were very much pleased with the Summer show,
which was held on June 27 and 28. Now that
this show is over the members are looking forward
to the Fall show, which will take place some time
in October. The exact dates have not as yet been
determined.

JOSEPH A. BECVAE, Sec'y.

LENOX HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The regular monthly meeting of the
Lenox Horticultural Society was held in
tlie Town Hall, Lenox, Mass., July 7. S. W.
I arl([uist, superintendent for Mrs. Robert
W inthrop, was awarded a diploma for an
exhibit of Spencer sweet peas, as follows:
Andrew Aitken, Nubian, Agrieola, Snowduii,
Charm, Bolton's Scarlet, Bertrand Deal,
May Ferret, Mrs. E. Cawdy.

JNO. MAIR, Assistant Secretary.

THE WESTCHESTER AND FAIRFIELD
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The regular monthly meeting of the so-
ciety was held in Doran's Hall, Greenwich,
Conn. President Robt. Williamson in the
chair.

Mrs. L. C. Bruce, of Greenwich, Conn.,
was unanimously elected a life member of
the society. Four new members were also
elected, besides several adoptions being
made.

Mr. Adrian Iselin, Jr., of New Rochelle,
N. v., has kindly donated a prize of $50 tor
the Fall Show.

A few choice exhibits were made at this
meeting, and were judged as follows:

\Vm. Morrow, cultural certificate for
Euclaris Amazonica.

J. McAllister, honorable mention for
Buddlea Variabilis Magnilica.

Mrs. Paul F. Duringer, honorable mention
for pot grown Hydrangeas.

P. W. Popp, honorable mention for Alla-
manda Shotti.

Thos. Ryan, vote of thanks for Canna
Mrs. F. Conard.

Wm. Morrow, vote of thanks for Gyp-
sophila Paniculata Flora Plead.

P. W. Popp, vote of thanks for Mammoth
Linnias.

Dehn & Bertolf, vote of thanks for Cata
nanche Coerulea, Stokesia Cyanea, Delphi
nium Chiensis.

Owen A. Hdnwick, Cor. Secy.

YONKERS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Yonkers Horticultural Society held
their regular monthly meeting in Holly-
wood Inn on Thursday, July 3. Mr. Howard
Nichols read a very interesting paper on the
.sweet pea, its origin and culture. A lively
discussion followed on the diflferent ways of
getting the best results outside, some
favoring fall sowing with winter protection,
while others thought as good results could
be obtained by sowing in pots and boxes
under glass in the spring. Mr. Harry Wells
was awarded the prize presented by Mr.
Nichols for the best collection of sweet
peas, also a Cultural Certificate for cucum-
bers Telegraph grown in frames. Mr.
Nichols was given a very hearty vote of
thanks for his practical and instructive
essay and the able manner in which he took
part in the discussion that followed. Tlie
next regular meeting will be held on the
first Friday in August.

WM. MILLS.

Gil i: I ove, exhibited some very fine sweet
pt;i-, being awarded a Certificate of Culture
for ;i collection of eight varieties and 1st
prize for vases of pink, white and red. It
was decided to hold the Dahlia show on
October 8. All classes will be open and
sineral good special prizes are offered for
Dahlias, vegetables and outdoor Uowers.
.\nyone interested can have a schedule by
applying to the secretary. The president
spoke feelingly on the death of Thos.
Harrison, who was the first president of
this society, and appointed a committee to
draw resolutions of condolence. Prizes will
be offered at the next meeting, August 13,
for 2 cucumbers, 12 asters and 12 gladiolus.
J. MACT)ONALD,
Cor. .Sec' v.

THE NASSAU COUNTY HORTICUL-
TURAL SOCIETY.
The regular monthly meeting of The
Nassau County Horticultural Society was
held at Pembrooke Hall, Elm Cove, on
Wednesday, July 9, with a fair attendance.
President E. J. Brown presided. Jas. Glad-
son, Glen Cove, was elected to active mem-
bership and two applications were received.
.Special prizes for tlie fall show were of-
fered by Stump & Walter Co., New York,

I and Julius Roches Co., New Jersey. H.

I Boettcher, gardener to W. Hester, Esq.,

MEDFORD, MASS., HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

The first exhibition of the Medford
(Mass.) Horticultural Society was held on
June 21 in the rooms of the old Magoun
Mansion. There was an excellent display
of cut flowers, five and six entries being in
many of the classes. The quality of the
outdoor roses and peonies were as fine as
the writer has seen anywhere in New Eng-
land, and the judges had a hard time 'in
making decisions, competition being so keen.
The principal prize winners were: Mrs. D.
•T. Puffer, Senator Wilton, B. Fay, Mrs.
Lester Williams, Mrs. R. Linzee Hall and
Mrs. Josiah E. Gates. The attendance was
excellent, the rooms being crowded all the
afternoon, and the committee in charge feel
greatly encouraged for the future welfare
of the society. Mr. Casey of ilelrose, Mr.
Setson of Boston and Geo. F. Stewart of
Medford acted as judges. The next show
will be held in September, and intending ex-
hibitors will pease communicate with Mrs.
D. J. Puffer, chairman of the Exhibition
Committee.

GEORGE F. STEWART.

Medford, Mass.

WESTCHESTER AND FAIRFIELD
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The second summer siiow of the above
society was held in the Town Hall, Green-
wich, Conn., June 21-22, and proved in every
way a thorough success. The excellent
(luality of the exhibits left no easy task
for the judges, who carried out their duties
in a very efficient manner. The following
were the principal prize winners:

Hybrid Perpetuals, 12 varieties. — 1st,
Mrs. F. A. Constable; gardener. James
Stuart. 2nd, A. P. Stokes; gardener, A.
Wliitelaw. 3rd, C. F. Wills; gardener,
Martin Glendon.

Hybrid Perpetuals, 6 varieties. — 1st, E.
('. Benedict; gardener, Robt. Allen. 2nd,
Eugene Meyer, Jr.; gardener, Chas. Ruth-
\en. ;?rd, Mrs. Henry Schaefer; gardener,
Geo. Stumpp.

\'ase of 25 Hybrid Perpetuals.— 1st, E. C.
IScnedict. 2d, Mrs. F. A. Constable. 3rd,
I. Langcloth; gardener, Geo. Wooff.

Hardy Tea Roses, 18 varieties.— 1st, A. V.
Stokes. 2nd, H. Darlington; gardener, P.
W. Popp. 3rd, C. T. Wills.

Hardy Tea Roses, 6 blooms.- 1st, G. D.
Barron.

Vase of roses arranged for effect.— 1st.
H. Darlington. 2nd, A. P. Stokes. 3rd,
Mrs. W. G. Nichols; gardener, Wm. Mc-
Allister.

Hardy climbing roses, 6 varieties. — Ist,
Wm. Shillaber; gardener. J. P. Sorenson.

Collection of outdoor roses, 75 square
feet. — H. Darlington.

12 blooms of Fran Karl Druschki.— 1st,

390

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Plant for Immediate Effect

Not for Future Generations
Start with the largest stock that can be secured ! It takes over

twenty years to grow many of the Trees and Shrubs we offer.
We do the long waiting— thus enabling you to secure Trees and

Shrubs that give an immediate effect. Send for price list.

ANDORRA NURSERIES

Box
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CHESTNUT HILL
PHILADELPHIA, PA.

WM. WARNER HARPER, Proprietor

BURPEE'S SEEDS

PHILADELPHIA

Wholesale Pric© List for FloriBt*
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JOS. A. MANDA
Orchid Expert

West Orange New Jersey

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protection asalnst San lo^e Scale, l.eal lloller ai.cl all i.e^ls con-
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A. P. Stokes. 2iul, Geo, Luwther; gardener,
K. Johnson.

Vase of roses. — 1st, H. Darlington. 2nd,
.Mrs. G. VV. Nichols. 3rd, Wm. Shillaber.

Sweet Peas, 18 varieties. — 1st, J. I. Dow-
ney; gardener, Thos. Ryan. 2nd, Mrs. J.

B. Trevor; gardener, Howard NichoUs. 3rd,
Mrs. Albert Crane; gardener, Ale.x. Geddis.

Sweet peas, 12 varieties. — 1st, Mrs. Al-
bert Crane. 2nd, Mrs. A. A. Anderson;
gardener, Kobt. Williamson. 3rd, Ma-s. J.
B. Trevor.

Sweet peas, ti varieties. — 1st, Mrs. J. B.
Trevor. 2nd, W. E. Reis. 3rd, Eugene
Meyer, Jr.

Vase of sweet peas. — 1st, Mrs. Albert
Crane. 2nd, Mrs. Henry Sehaefer.

Iris.— 1st, Mrs. F. A. Constable. 2nd, G.
D. Barron.

Hardy flowers, 18 species. — 1st, Mrs. F.
A. Constable. 2nd, H. Darlington. 3rd,
-Mrs. Herbert P. Brown.

Hardy llowers, 9 species. — 1st, Mrs. A. A.
Anderson. 2nd, G. D. Barron.

Hardy flowering shrubs. — 1st, Mrs. L. C.
Bruce. 2nd, H. Darlington. 3rd, Striglitz.

Palm.— 1st, E. C. Benedict. 2nd, Mrs. A.
A. Anderson.

Foliage plant. — E. C. Benedict.

Fuchsias. — 1st, Mrs. F. A. Constable.
2nd, Robt. Grunnert.

Vegetables, outdoor grown. — 1st, Adrian
Iselin, Jr.; gardener, J. Tiernan. 2nd, H.
F. Shoemaker; gardener, J. McLean. 3rd,'
Mrs. L. C. Bruce.

Cauliflowers. — 1st, C. A. Moore. 2nd, A.
Forster Higgins; gardener, Paul Dwinger.

Peas. — 1st, H. F. Shoemaker. 2nd, Geo.
l.owther.

String beans.— 1st, Mrs. .J. B. Trevor.
2nd. Adrian Iselin, Jr.

Lettuce. -1st, E. C. Benedict. 2nd, H. J.
I'aiks; gardener, W. L. Marshall.

Cucumbers.- 1st, E. C. Benedict. 2nd,
Mrs. F. A. Constable.

Strawberries, 3 quarts. — Robert Grunnert.
■1 quarts. — 1st, Mrs. A. A. Anderson. 2nd,
Uobert Grunnert. 1 quart. — 1st, Mrs. A. A.
.\nderson. 2nd. Nelson Macy.

Cherries. — 1st, Adrian Iselin, Jr. 2nd,
Geo. Lowtlier.

Nectarines.— 1st, Miss M. T. Coekcroft;
gardener, Adam Patterson. 2nd, Mrs. F. A.
Constable.

Tuber, begonias. — Mrs. A. A. Anderson.

Gloxinias.— Lst, Mrs. F. A. Constable.
2iul. Mrs. A. A. .\ndcrson.

Gniup of flowering and foliage plants, 100
sciiiare feet. — Mrs. A. A. Anderson.

Tomatoes.— 1st, Robert Grunnert. 2nd,
Mrs. F. A. Constable.

The silver cup for the most meritorious
exhibit was won by the Geo. E. Baldwin
Co.. Maraaroneck, with a fine collection of
orchids.

Table Decorations. — 1st, Mrs. F. A. Con-
stable. 2nd, Mrs. Henry Sehaefer. 3rd, J.
I.anscloth.

OWEN A. HUNWICK,
Cor. Sec.

HIRAM jlNKENS' WAY.

"O, yes, I s'pose I'll git along —

I'll worry thro" somehow,"
Said Hiram Jinkens as he wiped

The sweat from off his brow;
"But this here life's uncertain, an'

It makes a fellow blue
To look ahead an' think of all

He's likely to go thro'.
Yes, crops is in, but it's so wet

They'll be mos' shore to rot;
Er if they don't, a drouth'Il come

An' ketch 'em, like ez not;
I keep a purty sharp lookout

Fer hard luck night an' day;
I ain't su'prised then when it comes

It's never fur away.
I've alius been unfortunate.

Fate's never used me fair;
When trouble wuz divided up

I got too big a share.
It's easy 'nough fer folks to talk

'Bout smilin' 'way their cares.
But them 'at tries it's mighty apt

To git ketched unawares."
That there is Hiram Jinkens' way —

Complainin' all the while;
Nobody ever saw him wear

The shadder of a smile.
It's 'way too hot, er else too cold.

Too dry er else too wet;
His frien's too frien'ly er too cool-
Things never's" been right yet.
Instead of takin' as they come

Life's joys an' sorrows too.
He pours the sweetness from the cup

An' drinks the bitter rue.
I 'low that when he quits this world

Fer yonder mansions fair,
Ef he can't find cause fer complaint

He'll not be happy there.

Trim your hedffe

4 times taster ^

waste time and el
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an get cleaner, ev«
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FOUNTAIN CUTLERY CO.

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THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

P. HAMILTON GOODSELL

Fine Nursery Stock

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Specimen Evergreens
English Ivy in pots
Ampelopsis in pots

Roses in eight inch pots

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ALL THESE CAN BE INSPECTED AT OUR GROUNDS

1905 WEST FARMS ROAD, NEW YORK CITY

Telephone. 4028 TremonI

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THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

BODDINGTON'S QUALITY

POT-GROWN STRAWBERRY PLANTS

Pot-Grown Plants Planted in the Fall Will Give a Full Crop the Following Season
CULTURE.— Strawberries require rich, well-tilled soil: the plants should be set 15 inches apart, in rows 2
feet apart; 100 plants will plant 4 rows, 30 feet long. Finn the plants well in the soil, keep thoroughly cultivated
and cut off all runners. In the middle of December cover the beds to a depth of 3 inches with salt-meadow
hay, straw or leaves. In April, as soon as the plants show an indication of growth, push the covering away from
the plants to allow them to come up through. This "mulching" protects the plants from the cold in winter and
the heat in summer, keeps the fruit clean, and prevents the growth of weeds.

PERFECT AND PISTILLATE STRAWBERRIES. The blossoms of Strawberries are either staminate
(perfect-flowering) or arc destitute of stamens and are termed pistillate (imperfect-flowering). Pistillate va-
rieties must have a row of some perfect-flowering sort, flowering at the same time, planted every 9 or 12 feet
apart among them, or. better yet, every third or fourth plant in the row. to pollenize their blossoms. When prop-
erly polleni'zed, the pistillate varieties are usually the most prolific. Those marked with P are pistillate.

Forcing Varieties
Royal Sovereign. This varietj^ is considered the best
variety in England for forcing. Last year we im-
ported some of this stock, and beg to state we can
offer pot-grown plants of this valuable variety for im-
mediate delivery, from 2>2-inch pots at $1.50 per doz.,
$10 per 100.

Pride of Redbank. Mr. William Turner. Oceanic. N. J.,
the famous grower of fruit and Strawberries under
glass, says: "Pride of Redbank is one of the finest,
freest, and best-colored berries for forcing under glass."
It is upon his recommendation that we are listing it
this j-ear. an<l oft'er pot-grown stock at $1.50 per doz.,
$10 per 100.

General List of Pot-Grown Strawberry Plants
August Luther. This variety is very popular not only
with berry-growers, but also in the family garden; it
has a host of friends, and succeeds everj'where. The
berries are of good size, firm and lots of them. Extra
earl\-.

Beder Wood. Always on hand with a big crop of most
licautiful crimson berries of extra-high quality, lying in
windrows all around the plant. Medium early.
Brandywine. Large, roundish, conical, glossy crimson,
firm and solid; of fine aromatic flavor; Plant vigorous
and productive: succeeds on any soil. Midseason to
late.

Bubach. (P.) A very large berry of dark color. Pro-
ductive; of fair flavor. Largely grown for market.
Midseason.

Commonwealth. Very late. In the Commonwealth we
have a lierry as large as the largest — as productive as
any of the large-truiting varieties, and as fine-flavored
and juicy and as dark-colored as any Strawberry grown.
$5 per 100.

Early Ozark. (Extra Early — Perfect Flowering.) A
very promising new Strawberry from Missouri. It is a
cross between the popular varieties .\roma and Excel-
sior. The originator says "It is the largest extremely
early berry ever introduced ripening with the small
'Michel's Early' and as big as the late large fruiting
sorts": IS berries of Ozark often fill a quart basket. The
berries are almost round and bright red in color. The
Iilaiit is a grand grower with healthy large dark green
leathery foliage, and exceedingly prolific.

Fendall (Perfect). The berries are perfect beauties,
rich red in color, smooth and glossjf with long stems
and large showy raps. The length of bearing season is
unusual — berries picked from June 2 to July 10 is its
record. $5 per 100.

Gandy. One of the very best later varieties. It is a
strong, compact grower, with larger, bright, glossy
crimson fruit, very uniform in shape; flesh firm and of
the finest flavor.

Any of the above varieties 50 cts. per doz., $3.75 per 100., $35 per 1,000, except where noted. Special prices given
'on large quantities or varieties not quoted in this list.

Our 1913 Autumn Garden Guide odw ready lor deliver}-. If you have not received one, drop
us a post card. It contains a full li.st of Uall huUis — and a .specially line list of "Darwins."

"When in tlic city, call; always welcome."

Glen Mary. Large, bright, glossy crimson, of fine
flavor. Plant strong and healthy, very prolific, and on
good soil the Ijcrries are large to the end of the season.
Early.

Hunn. (P.) A late variet}', very productive. large
size, uniform shape, dark crimson, firm flesh of the
finest flavor. .V strong grower and the latest sort
grown.

Jessie. Very productive; fruit large, light crimson in
color; firm, and flavor of the best. Early.
Marshall. Large, dark crimson; good. Plant luxuriant,
but needs rich soil and careful culture. Midseason.
New Home. As late and large as Gandy, fruit a bright
red color, uniforml}- large size. A good keeper and
shipper.

New York. The berries are very large, ripening mid-
season. Color dark scarlet, changing to crimson when
fully ripe; colors all over at once; quality first-class.
Nick Ohmer. For market, for home use or for exhibi-
tion, this is probably the greatest berry ever offered.
It is a healthy, vigorous grower, and of great produc-
tiveness. The fruit is of mammoth size, beautiful in
form and color, and of excellent quality.
Oom Paul. One of the largest so far introduced, and
very firm for such a large berry. The plant is thrifty
and open-growing, with glossy dark green foliage and
will stand shipping with any of the very large varieties.
President. (P.) .'Mmost round, very'uniform in shape,
borne in large clusters; flesh solid; color rich crimson;
strong grower: exceedingly productive and continues
liearing till end of season.

St. Antoine de Padoue (The Everlasting Strawberry).
This variety is the finest in the Alpine class, and will
continue fruiting till way into September. While the
berries are not large, they are very rich in aromatic
flavor, and of good color. If you desire Strawberries
out of season this is the variety to grow. 75 cts. per
doz., $5 per 100.

Sample. ( P.) F'ruit large, round and dark crimson in
color, and of gocid quality. Late.

Schofield. Loved l)y everybody on account of its
enormous size, bright red color, and rich aromatic
flavor peculiar to itself. The plant is very large, with
an extra-broad, tliick leaf. Early to late.
Sharpless. Deman<ls rich, strong soil. Plant large
and vigorous: berries very large, irregular in shape,
crimson, moderately firm and of good quality. An old
and standard variety which is still popular. Midseason.
Silver Coin (Perfect). Its salient points are its ex-
quisite color and luscious flavor. $5 per 100.
Uncle: Jim. A very valuable midseason variety of large
size and wonderful productiveness; bright red color and
finest (juality.

Wm. Belt. The berries are as large as Bubach, more
uniform in shape, just as productive, and the color is
perfect.

ARTHUR T. BODDINGTON

342 West 14th Street, NEW YORK CITY

GARDENERS'
CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA

mmsmmm

wm

AUGUST. 1913

Ten Cents a Copy

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

BURNETT BROS.

REMOVAL ANNOUNCEMENT

|E take pleasure in notifying our many friends and pa-
trons that, owing- to our increased business during the
past few years, we are compelled to vacate our present
store, at 72 Cortlandt Street, and have taken the build-
ing No. 98 Chambers Street (between Broadway and
Church Street), where we will be located after September 1st,
1913. Our new quarters comprise the whole of the building, which
gives us more than three times the amount of floor space we now
occupy; consequently, we will be better able to handle with greater
dispatch our ever-increasing trade. It is a source of much satisfac-
tion to us to be able to acknowledge in this way the confidence our
many customers are placing in us and our goods, and we extend a
cordial invitation to all to visit us at our new place of business, No.
98 Chambers Street, after September 1st.

BURNETT BROS., 72 Cortlandt Street, New York City.

Greenhouses

IN

instead of th'<
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-■- ;.„...,.i ..I .,.„ i:..,.. ....... .„^j, „„^^. yg^-j,

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No other greenhouse is so constructed. A frame of steel roof-
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Greater lightness — which means better i)Iants easier grown
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THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

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soil development, fertilization and maintenance of soil
fertility.

We undertake, anywhere, the development and restoration of
waste lands and unproductive farm lands.

We make a specialty of raising turf and lawns for suburban
development, golf courses, country clubs and private estates.

We maintain a staff of high-clnss experts who have for years
been identified with the latest scientific developments of agricul-
tural chemistry, biology and animal husbandry.

Our department for the plant testing of soil samples and seed
testing operates under exclusive methods not to be found in
other laboratories.

Land owners are invited to ask for estimates and costs.

Under a plan equally adaptable to small plots and 100-acre
tracts, embodying expert advice, supervising management or con-
tracting, including materials and labor.

MADISON

Awarded First Prize at
International Rose Show

From 25 to 250 plants
250 plants or over -

25 cents each
20 cents each

All plants in 4-inch pots.
A Beautiful White Rose for the Private Grower.

BRANT-HENTZ FLOWER CO.

MADISON, N. J.

WATERER'S
"HIGH GRADE" BULBS

Highest quality bulbs of HYACINTHS,
TULIPS, NARCISSUS, etc.; the quality that
carries off the first prizes at the exhibitions.

LILY OF THE VALLEY, WATERER'S
"XXX PERFECTION BRAND," the earliest,
largest and best for early forcing.

WATERER'S RELIABLE MUSHROOM
SPAWN. English and American bricks, made
by the best makers.

LAWN GRASS SEED

If you desire a perfect lawn, use our "SPEf-
CIAL" EVERGREEN LAWN SEED.

Catalogue mailed free upon request.

HOSEA WATERER

Seedsman and Bulb Importer
107 and 109 South Seventh St., Philadelphia, Pa.

BOBBINK ca ATKINS

WORLD'S CHOICEST NURSERY AND GREENHOUSE PRODUCTS

Tk* Henlhi oi Angatt and Septembar li the bcil lim* to

f l>Dt Evarfretnt

EVERGEEN8, CONirERS AND PINES.— W» Have more tliao 75
acres planted with attractive Evergreena. Our collection la conceded
to be the most complete and magnlflcent ever assembled In America.
The varieties comprising same have been thoroughly tested and proved
hardy. Our plants arc dug with a ball of earth and burlapped pre-
vious to shipping. licfore purchasing elsewhere intending buyers
should not fall to hie^iH-ct our collection.

THE FOLLOWING PLANTS FOE INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR
DECORATIONS ARE AMONG OBR SPECIALTIES:

STRAWBERRIES.— Potted and HEDGE PLANTS We grow a

fleld-grown, In all the leading quantity of California Privet,

varieties. We have many thou-
sands of Strawberry Plants and
are In a position to ail orders of
any size.

AUTUMN BULBS AND ROOTS.
— We grow and Import quantities
of Bulbs and Roots from all parts
of the world.

HARDY OLD - FASHIONED
PLANTS — We have thousands of
rare. new and old-fashioned
kinds. Our Herbaceous groanda
are especially Interesting at this
time. Special prices on quan-
tities.

OUR NEW HYBRID GLANT-
FLOWERING MARSHMALLOW.
— Everybody should be interested
In this new old-fashioned flower.
It will grow everywhere and
when In bloom Is the queen of all
garden tlnwcrs. Order now for
delivery.

Berberls and other hedge plants
adapted to all parts of the
country.

PAEONIES.— Tree and Her-
baceous paeonles for September
delivery.

AND

DECORATIVE

ive several acres

which we grow

We have also

I of Bay Trees.

PALMS

PLANTS We h

of Greenhouses It
Palms and Ferns
a large collectioi
Boxwood and other plants for In-
terior and Exterior Decorations.

ENGLISH IVY. — We grow
many thousands in trained forms
and ordinary plants from two to
eight feet tall.

PLANT TUBS. WINDOW
BOXES AND ENGLISH GAB-
DEN FURNITURE. -W.. loanii

fac

11 shap.

WE INVITE EVERYBODY INTERESTED IN ROSES TO VISIT
US AND SEE OUR FORMAL ROSE GARDEN PLANTED WITH 5.000
PLANTS IN 250 VARIETIES, NOW IN BLOOM,

OUR ILLUSTRATED GENERAL CATALOGUE NO, 45 DESCRIBES
OUR PRODUCTS. Will be .iiailed upon request. ASK FOR AUTUMN
BULB CATALOGUE, NOW READY,

VISITORS tako Erie Railroad to Carlton Hill; Second stop on Main
Line; 3 minutes' walk to Nursery.

OUR LANDSCAPE DEPARTMENT

Plan and Plant Grounds and Gardens Everywhere with our ■'World's

Choicest Nursery and Greenhouse Products."

Narserymen, Florists and Planters, Rutherford, N. J.

Competent Gardeners

q The comforts and products ol a counlry home are
increased by employing a competent gardener: if you
want to engage one. write to us.

q Please give particulars regarding place and say
whether married or single man is wanted. We have
been supplying them for years to the best people
everywhere. No lee asked.

PETER HENDERSON & CO.

Seedsmen a.nd Florists
33 and 37 Corllandl St. NEW YORK CITY

ORCHIDS

We are specialists in this kind of plants. We
collect, import and grow orchids from all parts of
the world where orchids grow.

We will be glad to fill your order for one plant
or a thousand iccGrding to your requirements.

Our beautiful Catalogue and special lists on
application.

LAGER & HURRELL

Orchid-Grower* and Importers

SUMMIT, N. J.

596

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

S:i|0 (Ennt^nta-

-August, 1913

A Southern California Estate /-*. D. Bamhart

597

Gardeners' Notes .....

617

What We Love Is Ours ....

601

The Gardener's Opportunity M. C. Ebel

619

The Gardener in the Public Service .

602

Queries and Answers ....

620

Biennials . . . Richard Rothe

605

Save the Boy Crop to Make the Corn Crop

Propagation of Herbacious Perennials .

W. W. FinleD

621

WHliam Lamb

606

The Rented Farm . . . Selected

622

New Varieties of Leptospermun .

Schedule. New York Flower Show, 1914

623

Stanley R. Candler

607

Schedule, Elberon Society's Fall Show .

623

Acaias and Their Culture ....

608

Schedule, North Westchester Society's Fall

The Daisy ......

609

Show .......

625

The Symptoms of Chestnut Tree Bhght .

Here, There and Everywhere

626

F. D. Heald

610

Golden Glow ......

627

Hickory Trees Threatened ....

611

Vegetable Growing Under Glass

Horticulture at the World's Fair .

Nicholas Butlerbach

628

Chas. W. Mills

612

Vegetable Growing by Various Authorities

629

Exhibition Reforms . . Leonard Barron

613

Culture of Outdoor Grapes Floyd Blowers

630

Motor Trucks on Country Estates

615

National Associations ....

631

Editorial ......

616

Local Societies .....

631

Obituary of Joseph Clark ....

616

Gardeners' Diary .....

632

The Gardener . . Herbert S. Richland

616

American Rose Society . . > .

632

National Association Notes
1

617

Tuxedo Horticultural Society

632

STAIGREEN LAWN SEED

For Lawn Making few months in the year are considered as advisable as August or early
September. While the proper preparation of the ground, fertilizing, rolling and watering is
considered very essential, the mixture of grasses is a very important one and should be given
considerable thought.

25-Pound versus 14-Pound LAWN SEED

Many low-price Grass Seed mixtures weigh only 14 pounds per bushel. This indicates either
a good proportion of chafif or some of the real good varieties in the rough state, not properly
cleansed so as to leave only the vital part and less of the chafif or shell.
In other words, so many less seeds to the quart or pound that will germinate and grow real

grass.

Why Not Buy the Re-cleaned Kind?

A mi.xture of grasses weighing 25 pounds per bushel, of high germination and purity, perma-
nent in nature, the varieties carefully proportioned so that they will succeed one another in
brightness of foliage, with the result that the lawn, even in its first year, will have a bright,
rich green color from early spring until covered by snow.

POUND 5 POUNDS 2.S POUNDS 100 POUNDS

40 cts. $1.75 S8.00 §30.00

One Pound will Sow a Plot 20 x 20 feet. Sow 80 Pounds to the Acre

&f^^^^(m^^^

50 BARCLAY ST.
NEW YORK

After September I5th our address will be 30-32 BARCLAY STREET

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA

DEVOTED TO THE SCIENCE OF FLORICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE

ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF

THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

Vol. XVI.

.VU(iUST. l''l.

No. 10.

A Southern California Estate

By P. D.

Soutliern California in its primitive condition was a
desert, and where not brought under cultivation by the
artificial application of water (known as irrigation) it
is so yet.

Along the streams, which, after they leave the moun-
tains, are mostly dry during the rainless season, willows,
sycamore, cottonwood and a species of elderberry which
attains to the size of a large tree abound. Live oak of
several species, some of which are dwarf and scrubby,
grow on higher ground in some localities, and the native
black walnut covers the hills in some sections. The
ravines are filled with native shrubbery in great variety,
over which climb two species of clematis, or a trailing
species of blackberry, which I have never seen fruit, or
a wild grape, the fruit of which is small and sour. All
this vegetation luxuriates to an astonishing degree, sus-
tained during the rainless season by the fogs which roll
in from the ocean during the night and remain during
the fore part of the day.

It has only been about thirty-five years since any at-
tempt was made to beautify this jiart of the state with

Barnhart.

trees, vines, shrubs anil herbaceous plants. When the
work was begun by courageous pioneers, it was a labori-
ous task, beset with many discouragements, for the reason
that water was not to be had in sufficient quantity to
establish and maintain exotic plant' life for si.x to eight
months, during which time there is neither rain nor dew.

Only within the last quarter century have the sub-
terranean streams which tlow beneath the surface of this
Southland been drawn from by pumps, installed in wells
of varying depths and diameters, to supply the water
necessary to redeem the desert, make it fruitful, a pleas-
ant habitation for man and beast, and to blossom as the
rose. Moreover, greater progress has been maade in the
development of water during the last decade than all the
previous years of the settlement of the State by the
Anglo-Saxon race.

I have deemed these preliminary remarks necessary to
a correct tuiderstanding of these which are to follow, by
the reader who is not familiar with California climatic
conditions, which of themselves are so entirely different
from the climate of the Atlantic cuast that mani,- of the'

VIEW 1.— PART OF THE GROUNDS, HUNTINGTON ESTATE, SAN GABRIEL, CAI.., WITH .M.S.VSION IN THE DISTANCE.

598

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

-THE FAMOUS lU'XTIN'GTi

\ \T SA\ G \BRIEL, CAL.

Statements made hereafter, relative to the subjects illus-
trated may seem incredible to the gardener, whose priv-
ilege it has not been to visit, this the most wonderful
State of the Union. The illustrations are of the estate of
Mr. Henry E. Huntington, at Saint Gabriel; the super-
intendent in charge is William Hertrick. This property
once belonged to a family of pioneers who had a love
for plant life, and to the extent of their ability they
planted and cared for some of the fine specimens shown
in the pictures. Mr. Huntington came into the possession
of the property about ten years ago, and knowing the
absolute necessity of a bountiful supply of water at all
times he bored wells, installed pumps and constructed re-
servoirs ; three of them, one nf two million gallons capac-
ity, another of one and a (|uarter million, the third con-
tains eight hundred thousand gallons. 1m mr years ago
he began to develop the |ilace hdrticulturally. (hn-ing

which time he has brought it to its present state of per-
fection. The mansion is new, and as nearly fireproof as
the ingenuity of man can make a building.

View One — Shows a part of the grounds to the south-
east of the dwelling. This is covered with a blue grass
sod up to the white spot in the picture, beyond which the
hill is planted to drouth resistant shrubs, both native and
exotic. That part in grass which of necessity must be
kept wet contains a collection of conifers, bamboos, an
aquatic garden and a few rare evergreen shrubs. I shall
refer to but one subject in this collection; Taxodium
mucronatum, evergreen cypress of Mexico, which in its
native country attains to enormous proportions, 170 feet
high, with a trunk 20 feet diameter.

Of the two tall trees seen, the one on the right is a
Palm. Washingtonia gracilis, also a native of Mexico.
A twin sister of mii' native, Washinutimia filifera ro-

\1L\\ 3— CACrUS IJLl II Willi I \ LR\ hPCLlbOl CALlUb WHICH \ML1 INDLKL IHEtLIMMI i.KOWlMjliN 1)

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

599

busta, with this difference, the first named species has a
slender trunk, uniform in diameter from base to summit.
the leaves are without the lon^ thread-like filaments thai
characterize those of the second.

The tree to the left is a fine specimen of Agathis ru-
busta, a conifer, native of Australia, known as "Dammara
Pine," which yields the Dammara resin of commerce.
A peculiarity of the tree is that the branches are articu-
late, that is, growing onto the tree by a joint, and when
it drops away, only leaves a scar on the trunk, without a
knot in the wood.

\'iew Two — Shows the Mansion in all its beauty. The
two palms are Cocos pluniosa, which, with the large spe-
cimens referred to in the first scene were planted man\
years ago. These trees fruit freely, the seed germinat-
ing readily. The two subjects seen behind the balustrade-
are Cycas revoluta, planted there a year ago, direct from
Japan, each one weighing a ton when in the crate. A
small part of the third one i; .-een behind the conifer in
the corner of the building.

In the right hand corner ui this picture is seen a fine
specimen of Araucaria excel sa. towering fifty feet in the
air.

\'iew Three — Is of the Cactus field, in which is grow-
ing every species of Cacti that will endure the frosts of
this climate, from the giant Cereus giganteus, of tlie
Arizona desert, to the little crali cactus, Epiphyllum trun-
catum, of Brazil. The plants in bloom are our nati\e
Yucca Whipplei, Aloes, Agaves, Euphorbias, Stapelias.
and a host of other succulents, whollv unknown to the
average gardener, are found in the garden in great va-
riety and endless profusion.

\'iew Four — Is of a rockery in the rear of the l)uild-
ing. The large tree is a native Oak. A train load of lava
rock was brought from Arizona to build this masterpiece.
In it are growing fifteen species of three tribes of the
genus Cycadaceae : Cycas, Dioon, and Encephalartos.
Ferns in great variety, one of which is the "stag horn,"
Platycerium alcicorne. The terrestial orchid, Bletia hva-
cinthiana. was in full bloom the first of j\lav. In this
secluded spot. Cyclamen, Primula obconica in all its va-
rieties, and Cineraria hybrida show their colors during
the so-called Winter months, while Tubeous, rooted Be-
gonias (ire in all their glory during the Summer. Ophio-
pogon Jaburan luxuriates in this shaded location and
produces its brilliant blue berries in great quantities.

View Five — Is that of an avenue of live oaks beneath
which grow Azaleas. Rhododendrons, and Kalmias in
greater perfection than anywhere else in all this part of

yi

^^^

M

fi

g

«

^^^

W-

t^i

1

' ""^ '^ -;

.. 4\ ;

fc. ■ ■ ' :^ ^

VIEW 4.— ROCKi:

TirK RKAU
M.ANSION.

)F THE UfXTlXGTO.X

the State. To counteract the baleful effects of the des-
iccated atmosphere on these plants, natives of more
humid climates, the superintendent displayed his skill
and genius in a remarkable manner. He placed ^-inch
stand pipes, 10 feet high, which crowned with revolving
sprinklers, which, when the water is turned on produces
a shower of water over the entire plant at once. The
plants respond to this loving care and show their grati-
tude in a wealth of bloom unsurpassed for beaut\- even
in their native habitats.

View Six — Is a Marshall Field rose, in the front part ;
the part of the arch which is coinpletely covered is a

\IEW 5.— .WENUE OF LIVE OAKS.

VIEW 6.— .\ WONDERFUL ARCH OF ROSE.-

cm

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

\-IEW ;— JAPANESE GARDEX. A WILD WASTE RAVINE TWELX'E MONTHS BEFORE PHOTOGRAPH WAS TAKEN.

\'IEVV 8.— NATURE HAS liEEN CLEVERLY IMITATED IN THE CREATING OF THIS ARTIFICIAL GROTTO.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

601

plant of Reve cle Or, all of which are now in their second
year of growth. Watsonias appear at the base of the
scene.

I now come to the crowning glory of the remarkable
Botanical Garden, that part which we are pleased to des-
ignate The Japanese Garden. There illustrated scenes
were made expressly for this paper, that the reader may
have some idea of the wonderful achievements of the
talented superintendent. Ocioljer, 1911, the location was
a wild ravine, filled with lirn^h, a tangled lot of brush

reader may see the work of the artist who fashioned it.
The steps have the appearance of being formed by
erosion throughout countless ages, out of the solid rock.
They, too, are artificial, but so perfect in imitation of
the real that they deceive the very elect.

\'iew Ten shows the Jananese tea house in which a
committee of the Los Angeles Horticultural Society had
the pleasure of spreading a lunch for Mr. W. Alice Bur-
pee, his wife anil nieces, and Mr. Hugh Dickson, of
r'.elfasi, TrclrincI, hnie 21. 1912. They were amazed and

VIEW 9.— ARTIFICIALLY CONSTRUCTED STONE STEPS.

and vines. Mr. Huntington, on his departure for the
East early in the month named, said to Mr. Hertrich :
"Have your garden ready for inspection when I return
in May." The results I present to the readers of The
Gardeners' Chronicle of America for inspection. We
sometimes read of the wand of the magician converting
the unsightly things of earth into the most enchanting
scenes by a wave of the hand. Such are the thoughts
ernbodied in fairy tales. Aladdin and his wonderful
lamp could not have wrought greater wonders.

Views Seven and Eight are comprehensive views,
but in View Ten is seen a grotto and what appears to
be a natural formation of rocks caused by an upheaval
of the earth ages ago. As a matter of fact they are all
artificial, the creation of Mr. Hertrich, and so cleverly
has he imitated nature that those artificial stones have
the appearance of being placed there when the earth was
in its infancy. The tree trunk across the little lake is a
sure enough oak log.

In \'ie\v Xine the work is a reinforced concrete struc-
ture. I had a picture made of it at close range that the

\1EW 10.— THE JAPANESE TEA HOUSE.

delighted with every thing they saw in this land of won-
derful possibilities.

The tea house is covered with bamboo brush, instead
of palm leaves, as is the custom here, which is another
evidence of the originality of the creator of all this rest-
ful landscape, one thousand feet in length, varying in
width from fifty to one hundred feet.

I cannot close this article without a word of apprecia-
tion of the character of the man whose money made all
this beautiful landscape possible. He was fortunate in
the selection of a superintendent, and recognizing his
ability as an artist, and as an executive he was wise
enough not to interfere with the plans of him, to whom
he entrusted the embellishment of his place. I wish that
I might be able to sa}- as much of some other men of
large means who employ skilled gardeners, and at the
same time handicap them with instructions of what they
should plant, and how they should arrange the planting,
regardless of present or future eflfect, insisting that their
order be obeyed for no other reason than that they are
paying for the supposed improvements.

WHAT WE LOVE IS OURS.

This is a world of Ijeauty, not to them who
money to pluck and wear its roses, but to them

lave
•,vho

have souls sensitized to the sweet odors.

With love of the beautiful in man and in nature, •••one
can be poor ; without it ntmc can be rich.

Happiness is not carried in the pocket, but in the
heart.

The millionaire may make his thousand-acre park
in the rich valley and by a fiction of the law call it his
own ; but it all is the front yard of the poorest squatter
in the rudest cabin on the rugged hillside.

The one who has paid for it owns it? Xo ! It is
most truly possessed by one who most enjoys it.

What can a beautiful park mean to a man wliose
heart is smothered in a money bag?

And to him who loves the trees, the brooks, the hills,
the skv, what matters it who holds the title?

AMiat we love is ours — and nothing more.

\\'e can truly possess nothing that we sacrifice to
our own selfish purposes. It is only to the man who
is poor that wealth glows like a bright star in the
night. The law of recompense always is in force. It
is only when darkness shrouds the world that we can
see the light of a million others.

Did we not learn in babyhood that the bubble is
brilliant only until we grasp it?

\\'hat we love we own — and there our real posses-
sions end. If our love be greed and lust, then these
stinging serpents of vice will creep into the heart and
make it their abode. But to the soul where love is
pure all in the world that is good and sweet flies
straight and swift as homing doves.

Yes, what we love is ours, and in the same degree
as we love we own. .Ml that is worth while in the
world we ina\- own. if we will. — The Xontilus.

The Gardener in the Public Service

A criticism freqiientl\- hearil aiiiung men who ha\e
chosen the profession of gardening as their life work,
is that the opportunities do not come to them which
they consider as rightly theirs, as practical horticul-
turists and floriculturists, to demonstrate their ability
in the de\'elopment of our public park systems. They
contend that this work is usually assigned to men
whose required knowledge is composed more of theory
than practice and that he of practical knowledge must
submit to the planning and dictates of him who is
frequently entirely dependent on the other's practical
experience to carry out his ideas.

There is some basis for such contentions, but we
have observed that those cities which can boast of
the most beautiful parks, in most instances have had
associated with their de^•elopment men w'hose train-
ing began in the school of early apprenticeship and
continued through gradual advancement, until a thor-
ough knowledge, through struggle and hard eilort.
was mastered — the sort of knowledge which fits a man
for successful achie\-ements.

^^'e are glad to present to our readers the life his-
torv of such a man ; a man whose name remains linked
with one of the finest park systems in the United
States, that of Hartford, Conn., and who in a com-
paratively short time has established his reputation in
the Middle West by developing one of the finest park
systems there, in the city of Alinneapolis, I\Iinn.

Air. Theodore Wirth, to whom we refer, was born in
1863 in Winterthur, Switzerland, the son of Conrad
Wirth, a school teacher. His parents resided opposite
a florist's establishment and already as a schoolboy
he showed a leaning toward the florist's and gardener's
business, spending most of his leisure and play hours
in the greenhouses and gardens of his florist neighbor.
After he graduated from the high school of his native
town he entered as an apprentice in the establishment
of Stahl Brothers, nurserymen, florists and landscape
gardeners at Flawil, St. Gall, which was at that time,
and is still, one of the leading commercial horticultural
establishments of Switzerland. After three years of
a])!)renticeship he took a special cnurse in engineering
at a Technicum in Winterthur. and from there on
started out as a professional gardener.

During the National Exhibition in Zurich in 1883 Mr.
W'inh was employed in the landscape department, as-
sisting in the laying out and maintenance of the
exhibition grounds. From there he went to London,
England, where he was employed for two years by a
grower and florist. During the first year he worked
in the greenhouses and in the second year he was in
charge of the decorating department, consisting mostly
of plant, cut-flower and window-box decoratitins at
private residences in all parts of the city. This work
brought him daily to the Covent Garden flower mar-
ket, where he purchased most of the plants and flowers
necessary for the decoration work. Mr. \\'irth also
worked for a few months at the orchid houses of
Sanders & Company in St. .\lbans. In 1886 he went
to Paris and was employed in the Jardins des Plantes
for about one vear. and at a commercial establishment
for six montlis. He then returned to Switzerland,
taking a position on a large private estate near Con-
stance. During the winter'^of 1887-1888 he entered the
service of the City (lardener of Zurich in order to be
able to visit the night schools of that city to perfect
himself in the English language, having previously de-
cided to go to .America.

In April, 1888, Mr. Wirth landed in Xew \ ork and

for a sJKirt time entered the serxice of a private gar-
dener in Morristown, N. J. From there he went to a
rose grower in South Orange, X. J., until a position
promised him in Central Park, New York City, became
open. He entered the service of the New York Park De-
partment as a gardener in the Summer of the same
year, serving in the greenhouse, planting and forestry
crews for one year. Ha\-ing chosen landscape garden-
ing as his -specialty, .Mr. Wirth made use of his leisure

MR. THEODORE WIRTH.

time to stud}' that special branch nf the profession.
Aided by his education in engineering, he found much
pleasure and inspiration in landscajje designing, which
studies in later years were of much help to him in his
park work. Mr. Sam Parsons, superintendent of
parks, and Mr. j. F. Huss, then general foreman of
construction, assisted his aspirations and ambitions,
which at that time were the desire to gain and retain
a responsible position in that department. During the
construction period of Morningside Park, Mr, Wirth
was advanced to a foreman's position, but soon after,
through political change of administration, he was dis-
missed with hundreds of other employees. Through the
recommendation of .Mr. S. Parsons, Mr. Wirth then
took charge of the improvement of different private
estates on Long Island, in Connecticut and several places
on the Hudson River, and was also in the employ of the
State nf Xew York .it the Niagara Falls State Reser-
vation.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

r,n,^

During his stay on Lung Island lie niatlc the ac-
quaintance of Mr. F. G. .Mcnse, formerly superintend-
ent of Danas Island and the Perkins Estate at Glen
Cove. In June. IS'i.^, he married his daughter, Miss
Leonie .A. -Mense. hi tlu- Spring of 1896 Mr. Wirth
was appointed superintendent of parks of Hartford,
Conn. The new Park Commission of Hartford had
just been organized and the constructive period for
a park system for that cit\. then just inaugurated, of-
fered a splendid opportunity for an energetic and
progressive young landscajjc gardener. Olmsted &
Elliot were the architects ni the commission, and Mr.
W'irtli carried out the plans furnished by them. Eliza-
beth Park, one of Hartford's favorite parks, came
into possession of the Park Board later on and
.Mr. Wirth designed the ]j]ans for the improvement
of that beatitiful tract of land, and carried them
out.

In P'O.T Mr. Wirth received an invitation from the
Park L'ommi.-'sion of Minneapolis to look over the park
system of that city, and to consider the acceptance of
the superintendency of same. The great possibilities
of this much larger system, which was yet in a more
or less undeveloped condition, together with the many
natural attractions, almost unlimited possible exten-
sions, and the numerous and difficult problems, offered
inducements which overshadowed the very strong af-
fections he held at that time for his position and the
citv he served. He took charge of the Minneapolis

MI.NNEII.\H.\ I ALLS, MIN\F..\l>OI.IS P.\R1< SYSTEM.

t;;.\il .\lijng l.\ke caliioux. mixne-\polis park system.

Park System at the lieginning of 1906, and has since
then carried out a large amount of improvement work
in dififerent directions. At the time of his entrance into
the service of Minneapolis, the park s\-stem consisted
of 1.810 acres of land, all of which was mostly in the
south half of the city. The last, which is the Thirtieth
Annual Report of the ISoard of Park Commissioners,
shows that since then the park area has more than
doubled in size, cnd)racing now 3,710 acres. During
the seven vears Minneapolis has spent a total of $4,-
106,509.02, '$2,218,41''.16 of which was for acquisitions.
,'j;884 ,412.50 for improvements, and $1,003,677.36 for
maintenance.

Mr. W irtli has al all times been an adxocate of giv-
ing the peo[)le the fullest use of park property for
recreation and rest. He was one of the first to banish
the sign "'Keep off the grass" and to introduce play-
grounds and other features of park utilities. Horticul-
tural advancement in park work li;i> been (Uie of his
favorite aims.

The Park Commission of Minneapolis does not em-
plov a landscape architect, and Mr. Wirth has had the
opportunity to plan the extensions and imjirovements
of the system, and carry out his own plans. He takes
a great deal of pleasure in this very inspiring and in-
teresting work, which means the developing of a jiark
system which will make his new home city fanmus and
a good place to live in.

604

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

When It Comes to Greenhouses Then Come To

OFFICE HiicKings ^ Convpan:

.away ^^r^ .^ ^^^]>:.._j^^_^^ . -B _^ ■

NEW YORK

1170 Broadway

PHILADELPHIA OFFICE

Penna. BIdg.

15th aad Chestnut Sts.

A SCENE IN LORING PARK, MINNEAPOLIS, MINN

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

605

CAMPANULA CALYCAXTHEMA.

CAMPANULA MEDIUM SINGLE.

CAMPANULA PERSICIFOLIA GRANDIFLORA.

BIENNIALS.

By Richard Rothe.

To the close observer the varied attitude toward bien-
nials taken by garden owners, as well as the different
viewpoints looked at by horticulturists, is an interesting
subject to study. The amateur, at his first attempt to
start a flower garden, buying plants, frequently appears
disappointed when being told of the limited life and the
subsequent necessity of renewing the plantations every
season, llardeners who see in herbacous plants, above
all. a material to save the time and labor required for
growing annuals, regard this class as undesirable. Move
experienced flower enthusiasts and especially advanced
craftsmen, as designers and caretakers of modern flower
gardens, are considering the growing of biennials as a
distinct part of their annual work. It is the rule in all
such cases to aim for a uniform and high standard of
quality for the season's planting and replenishing of stock
for sale. True, biennials are very easy to raise ; in fact,
under favorable circumstances they sow themselves and
we often see thousands of little seedlings covering the
ground between old plantations. To attain real satis-
factory results, however, requires today rational culture.
Early May sowings, in my experience, give us ample time
to produce strong and stocky plant sizes by October.
Extra large clumps for home use. if desired, should be
started under glass as early as in February and March.
For shipping, their dimensions as a rule turn out too
bulky : they over-winter less safely as medium-sized stock,
but the flower stalks, particularly of digitalis, are apt to be
immense. Plants from sowings as late as July and Au-
gust rarelv produce more than a single flowering stalk the
coming season, and for that reason must be planted close
together to give any real eft'ect.

In the growing of biennials the question of strain is an
all-important one. The difference in prices of seeds is a
very small matter when compared with the difference in
effect between selected and improved colors and shades
and the showing of plants grown from the cheapest mix-
tures. The expenses on space, manure and time are in
both respects practically the same. Prudence should,
therefore, prompt us to insist on and grow the very best
strain obtainable. Realizing the importance of biennials
in the floral spring arrays of flower gardens emphasizes
the aforesaid. Indeed their May and June aspect lacks
an element of brightness without them. A garden minus
the charming masses of tall slender spikes of digitalis
seems an impossibility. We should miss the solid banks
of colors of sweet Williams if we attempt omitting this
sturdy old-timer. There is no substitute to take the place
of long-cut sprays of Campanula medium and Campanula
calycanthema in their delicate shades of rose-pink, lav-
ender and white to fill our vases. Light-winged masses
of blossoms of Iceland poppies on tall, thin, wiry stems,
swaying in a vernal breeze, offer a picture awakening the
desire to see it again. Pansies, and the new Viola cornuta
hybrids, with their wide scope of ornamental usefulness,
belonging in the biennial class, are started in August. In
conclusion I wish to mention garden pinks, particularly
those of the Dianthus plumarius type, and the peach-
leaved bellflower varieties. Although botanically classed
among perennials, when growing stock in quantity from
seed, the usual way is to proceed in treating them as bien-
nials. Sowings of Campanula persici folia grandiflora
during February and March, and of pinks in May. give
us ample time to ])roduce strong, bushy plants by the end
of the growing season. It is the best method to obtain a
uniform material where we may depend on for satisfac-
tory crops of flowers the following spring.

VIOLA CORNUTA.

DIGIT.XMS NL\IL"I..\L .\LIiA.

HLVNTIIUS BARBATU6 AL\RGIN.\TUS.

Propagation of Herbaceous Perennials

By William Lamb.

(Coiiiiiiucd.)

Each plant, if broken off with a Httle earth clinging- to
it, is in condition to commence growing at once. The soil
will hold the fibrous roots in a natural position and keep
the plants in good condition, long enough to establish
themselves in their new quarters.

When planting pot grown plants, the roots especially at
the base of the ball must be loosened and the shoulder of
earth at the top taken ofl'. so the advantage of quick pl.mt-
ing is in favor of plants grown in boxes.

Coarse seed, such as Hollyhocks, Hibiscus and strong
growing plants are best sowed out in the open ground in
spring or fall.

-Sow in drills about one inch deep ; the rows mav be
from one foot, for Papaver orientate, to two and one-half
for Hollyhocks, as such plants grow very strong.

The seedlings must be thinned out where thev are
growing too thick : either transplant the surplus or pot
them and grow in the cold frames.

These rows are far enough apart to work with the hoe
or wheel hoe and the plants can be left growing until
large enough for selling.

A cold frame makes an excellent seed bed, dig in well
rotted manure ; after pulverizing the top soil, work it level
with the back of a rake and it is ready for sowing seed.
The frame must be level and properly drained and with
.glass sash and shades, seed can be given the same care as
in the greenhouse.

The seed may be sown broadcast or in drills about one
inch apart, leave a space or lath between each kind of seed.
Sow thin enough, so the seedlings can grow until large
enough for potting into two inch pots.

Begin sowing seed in April : these plants will be ready
for selling in the fall and the next spring. The seed
frame can be kept busy the year round. As seed ripens
on the plants, collect and allow it to dry for a couple
weeks before sowing.

Seed is then in the best condition for germinating and
the largest percentage of seedlings will mature if sown a
couple of weeks after collecting. Seedlings grown out-
side, in the frame or seed bed, are best potted until ready
for planting out. The weather is less favorable for plant-
ing during the summer than in spring, and pot plants may
be grown on in the old frames until weather conditions
are favorable for planting.

Seedlings potted in late sumnuT and fall are best kept
in the frames over the winter and planted out in early
spring. Seedlings too small for potting in fall should
be covered with straw or a like material that will not hold
moisture, and left in the seed bed, over winter, they make
sturdy little plants for potting or planting out in spring,
cnxixcs.

Perennials, such as Lavendula vera. Dianthus, |)luma-
rius. Santolina incana. Iberis semperflorens superba and
similar plants of an evergreen nature, will readily grow
from cuttings in winter.

A suitable bench in the greenhouse should be filled
with clean sand and ])repare<l for cuttings about the first
of December. Wood for making cuttings can be taken
from the plants named above and many others of like
nature as required almost any time during the winter.

In case of a snowstorm, straw mats or burlap should be
covered over the plants, the wood can then be obtained
quickly free from snow or ice. During severe cold
weather, the tops can be kept in better condition for
making cuttings, if covered the same way.

Cutting wood, especially if frozen, should be given a
drenching with water as snnn as it is brought inside the

shed, before they are made up. This takes all the frost
out of them.

As the cuttings are made they should be put in water
until ready for planting in the sand. Cuttings do best
if put in the sand a short time after being made, not more
than a couple of hours. It is not a good policy to let
cuttings stand in water over night and plant them ne.xt
morning ; plant them all the same day they are made up.

Alake the rows one and one-half inches apart and the
cuttings three-fourths to one inch in the rows. The
sand should be pressed about the cuttings as firm as pos-
sible after planting, and then given a thorough watering
with the can and rose.

Shade top cuttings with paper or muslin, removing
shades at night. Shade should be put on a little later
each morning and taken ofif earlier each evening until
cuttings are strong enough to stand without shade.

Shade should not be used on dull days, except when
the light is strong enough to make the cuttings droop.

The sand in the cutting bench should be soaked thor-
oughly with water, allowed to drain for a couple of hours
and then pounded firm and level before any cuttings are
planted. Careful watering and ventilation will prevent
many evils of the cutting bench.

To keep cuttings from drooping, a light sprinkle of
water on top of the shades is better than directly on the
cuttings. Water the cuttings when the sand begins to
dry and give them plenty each time with the can and rose,
so it will drain through to the bottom of the cutting bench.

When cuttings of perennials begin to grow at the top,
usually they have made roots large enough to begin pot-
ting into two or two and one-half inch pots, the root
growth should be from one-fourth to one-half inch at the
time of jiotting.

Plants that are strictly herbaceous, whose tops die
down to the ground, cannot be propagated by cuttings,
except from young shoots that spring from the base of
the plant. When it is desired to propagate such as Phlox
decussata varieties. Chrysanthemums. \"eronica subses-
rilis, etc. The stock plants should be dug up and taken
inside in early winter.

The first crop of cuttings will be ready to make up in
Januar\-. and others about ever\- two weeks until the old
plants are entirely used up for cuttings : what is left can
be thrown on the rubbish heap. The first lot of cuttings
will be strong little plants in two and one-half-inch pots
by .April 1, and all should be large enough for four-inch
pots by the end of May.

Root cuttings require the least care and are easy to
make. Usually the roots, or in many cases the under-
ground stems of the plants, are cut in two and one-half
to three-inch lengths and planted in the sand so the tops
are about even with the surface, .\fter watering, the
cuttings should show about one-eighth inch above the
sand.

When making root cuttings, care should be taken to
keep the tops all one way so they can be put in the bench
right end up. Root cuttings do not ret|uire shading like
the top cuttings. Some plants grown this way are Ane-
mone Japonica and varieties Stokesia cvanea, Papaver
orientale. Phlox decussata and Anchusa Italica.

During late spring and summer, the greenhouse bench
or a cold frame, covered with glass sash can be used for
growing cuttings. The glass can be washed with mud
and water on the inside to aflford proper shade. Cuttings
may be gathered from plants in the open ground, when
they have grown large enough for this purpose. — From
Xational Xurservman.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

607

NEW VARIETIES OF LEPTOSPERMUM.

My STAxr.i;\ K. C'axdlkk.

Those who had the good fortune to visit the Interna-
tional Flower Show held in l.Dndon last year, no doubt
saw the plants in review aiid were, I am sure, great!)
impressed with their quaiiU heauty and very great vakie
as an interesting class kudw n av hard-wooded greenhouse
plants.

They belong to the hard-wooded order of Myrtaceoe
and like that type are found in Australia and New Zea-
land, while L. Xichollii came only from New Zealand ;
knowing that they are natives of that part of the world
gives one some idea of their requirements.

L. Scoparium is known as the Australian tea plant, as
the odor of its leaves when dried gives one the idea of
tea, and I believe they are used for making tea by the
natives. They were empl(iycd bv Captain Cook when on
his visit to Australia, but tbc\- proved too highly scented
for use in Europe.

Those who are familiar with L. Scoparium and L.
Bullatum will gladly welcome the two new varieties as
real good additions to this very charming and useful
group of decorative plants of the hard-wooded character.

L. Bullatum was shown at the New York show this
Spring and proved very intere>ting and attractive. While
L. Bullatum is white, L. Xiciiollii is red. This latter
variety will make a bushy shrul) from nine to twelve feet
high, but it can be flowered at any size. While the flowers
are a good red, the wood and leaves are quite dark in
color. As shown in the illustration herewith, the flowers
form in a mass around the stem.

L. Boscawenii has longer flowers than L. Xichollii and
they are white with a big red center, or eye. The wood
is not so dark and more like the type -Scoparium, both
are quite green once they are established.

Production can be made either by cuttings or layers,
but cuttings for choice. These should be taken about
August or September v.-hen the wood is half ripe and
inserted in a well drained soil, composed of three parts
sand to one of peat. Keep fairly close and give a little
gentle bottom heat to induce root action. They will root
in eight to ten weeks and can then be potted into two and
one-half inch pots. Pot hard to insure stunted bushes
and so build a good foundation. Thev require a tem-

A— I.. .M( iloiJ.II. l;— I.. BOSC.WVENII.

perate house in Winter, or plunged in the sun, and in
the Summer neeil a cool airy house. They should at all
times be carefully watered, and the water should not be
permitted to settle around the roots. They will flourish
in a mi.xture of sand, peat and leaf mold.

While these plants are not in the general trade yet,
as thev are comparatively new to Europe, as well as
America, it goes without saying that the .American florists
and nurservmen will be among the first to get hold of
these varieties when they are offered on the market.

GENTLEMEN:— DO YOU APPRECIATE
WHAT ANTOINE WINTZER
HAS DONE?

MORE THAN ALL OTHER AMERICANS
COMBINED TO IMPROVE CANNAS.

Ho has dnul.lc.l and nii.ix- tlir si/c "i tlu- tK.ucrs.

He has trebled the variety of colors.

He has increased the endurance of bloom and sivcn bronze foliage
to flowers before known only on green.

Such after nearly 20 years' faithful enthusiastic hybridizing is the
record of .\ntoine Wintzer. our Vice-President.

The Foremost .American Gardens, the Leading .American Parks
and the United States Government all appreciate C. & J. Improved
Cannas.

'Iheir orders continue to prove it.

See our Exhibit at the S. .A. F. Convention. 27 varieties t. . & .1
Improved Cannas at the Outdoor Flower Show. Minneapolis .\rmory

Speak to us there or write to us at Headquarters for Improved
Cannas.

THE CONARD & JONES COMPANY

WEST GROVE, PENNA.

Acacias and Their Culture

Tudging from the interest taken in the exhibition of
this ctass of plants shown at the recent International
Flower Show held at New York, it is very evident that
Acacias will become more popular and more widely cul-
tivated in the near future. Having such a varied collec-
tion as we now have in the horticultural establishments,
from which can be selected varieties or species to meet
and suit all tastes and fancies, as they lend themselves
either for pot work, for pillar coverings, for planting in
the borders of the conservatory or for the roof covering
of the same. And those planted out always supply a
good amount of cut flowers during the winter season,
when any sort of flower is useful.

A collection of acacias should be found in all large es-
tates, not only for their floral beauty, but also for their
curious and sometimes quaint foliage. The diversity of
the leaves is so marked that they always afford great
pleasure to those at all interested in collections of plants.
These plants are not only useful by their floriferous na-
ture, but in some cases are much grown for their eco-
nomic value — on which I shall touch later.

Acacias belong to the natural order of Leguminoss,
but come under sub-order III, namely Mimoesas, and are
mostly found in Australia : at least most of the trade-
cultivated species come from that region, while most of
the economic species hail from India, Arabia, and South
Africa. But Acacias are for general purposes classed as
Australian plants, and are known on the continent as
Wattles.

Perhaps the most popular Acacia grown for the florist
pot trade is A. armata, or A. parodoxa, as it is sometimes
called. This variety has a lovely dark green foliage com-
posed of small leaves, and the flowers are of a good yel-
low and are fragrant. It lends itself to slight growing,
which adds greatly to its usefulness.

There are some twenty Acacias that one may safel}-
say are good for garden culture ; but to attempt to de-
scribe them in detail here would take too much space in
these columns. However, I shall detail a few of the best
for general use.

When one uses the term "best'' it is difficult to curtail
one's remarks, as most Acacias, if given root and head
room, will prove valuable flowering plants.

Acacia dealbata. This is known as the Mimosa, and
is very popular as a cut flower. This species will grow-
up a large tree, and does well for pillar covering or for
covering the roof of a high greenhouse. Perhaps this
Acacia is one of the most fragrant of Acacias, and has
yellow flowers in large branching racemes and glaucous
colored pinnate leaves.

Acacia baileyana (see illustration). This is of more
recent introduction, and is a native of New South Wales,
and there it grows a large shrub with pyramidal outline,
but is not at all general ; it is very full flowering and pro-
duces long racemes of rich yellow flowers, and is now
taking the place of Acacia dealbata as a cut flower, but
it has not, to my ideas, the fragrance of Acacia dealbata.
Under normal conditions it will flower in the early part
of the year and will furnish one mass of flowers for the
conservatory.

Acacia cultriformis is most useful as a foliage plant, as
its leaves are evenly shaped and are of a pretty glaucous
nature, being single. It is most effective for grouping.

Acacia drummondii. This appears to be distinct from
the general run of Acacias in its rich green, compound
and glabrous leaves, while the flowers are long and lemon
colored. This species may be said to be the most difficult
of Acacias to really grow with success, as the grower
must be most particular when watering — otherwise it

will turn \ellii\v quickl}', and if in a damp situation it is
often attacked by mildew.

Acacia cordata, or Acacia Listulata. This has small
simple leaves, growing thickly round the stem, the flow-
ers are pale yellow, and are crowded on long, slender
shoots a yard long. This Acacia requires to be held
when in pot culture owing to its slender habit. It is most
useful when worked in five-inch pots for bench work; it

SPECIMEN OF .-VC.^CIA VERTICILL.3iT.\.

can also be used as standards and the long shoots al-
lowed to hang down. Then it is most graceful.

Acacia longifolia. This and its varieties — which are
many — are widely grown, and make strong bushes, grow-
ing very quickly. The flowers are in upright racemes,
and are very full. The best varieties are floribunda,
smaller than the type, but produces masses of flowers ;
magnifica is large like the type but a shade darker in
the flowers, while Acacia longifolia, var. mucronata. is
the best of all. Its flowers are larger than the type and
of a deeper color than magnifica, and it is very floriferous.

Acacia pubescens. This is perhaps the Acacia most
sought on account of the difficulty in raising stock. Va-
rious methods have been tried such as cuttings, graft-
ing and root cutting, and success has attended most at-
tempts at a very low percentage. Acacia pubescens is of
the character of a tree, but it is most effusive when al-
lowed to run up to ten or twelve feet and then stopped,
while the shoots will hang over in a very graceful man-
ner. It is very floriferous in character.

.Acacia verticillata (see illustration). Thi' i- most

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

609

suitable for planting in the lar<;r greenhouse, as it quickly
grows an elegant shrub of gr.ucful habit. The flowers
are borne in great quantities nf short racemes, and are
of a pale yellow. The leaves are needle-like.

Acacia riceana should be in every collection. For its
graceful habit, needle-like leaves and pale yellow flowers
it cannot be surpassed, while for a pillar plant it is ex-
cellent, and when grown as a bush it is good, but requires
a stalk.

Another specie worth mentioning is Acacia pulchella,

■«,." «

■"^i-^

«^.,V .-

SPECIMEN OF ACACIA B.\ILEYANA.

var. grandis, for its small pinnate leaves and bright flow-
ers. It is verv fine.

The economic uses of Acacias are chiefly for the pro-
duction of "gum," as "gum arabic" is obtained from
.Acacia Senegal. The gum exudes from the branches
and is collected, while in some districts the issue of gum
is facilitated by incisions of the branches. Acacia par-
resiana is also of economic value. It is a shoot, growing
in Australia and .Africa, but is cultivated in large quan-
tities in France for its flower, from which is obtained a
perfume known as Cassie.

The general culture of .Acacias cannot be at all termed
as diflicult. The propagation in most cases is by cuttings,
sometimes by seeds as in the core of Acacia dealbata.
Cuttings should be taken an\- time after August. Sep-
tember being the best time, as the wood should then be
half ripe. A good rooting mixture to insert the cuttings
in is three parts of .sand to one of peat. This should be
made firm in well drained pots. These pots should he
placed in the propagating frame and kept fairlv close,
with the fair bottom heating to encourage root action.

They should not \.c allowed to get dry at any time, and
water shoulil be given with the best judgment. Always
use water with the chill off; as soon as rooted remove
from frame and place on bench in propagating house
so as to allow more rt)ots to be made before potting.

Acacias like a mi.xture of peat and loam and sand ac-
cording to the age of the plants. Firm potting should
always be done — soft growth is the result of loose pot-
ting, and soft growth means poor quality of flowers.

Acacias delight to have a cool temperature and should
he always grown as cool as possible and plenty of air.
After flowering the plants should be cut back hard and
ihen placed in a slightly warmer house and sprayed reg-
ularly to encourage the hard wood to break. They also
like a cool bottom, therefore grow in asolid bench or on
the ground, give water only when the plant is dry, but
never allow the plant to dry out.

The worst insect that attacks Acacias is the thrips, but
this can be easily removed by spraying with a solution
of nicotine. Mealy bug may make an appearance, but by
spraying with warm water these will also be removed.

One word before closing, and that is to gardeners
Grow Acacias, as they repay b\- their usefulness during
a period when other pot plants are more or less out of
bloom, and stock does not have to be furnished each year,
as these will increase in size from year to year.

S. R. Caxdler, Nahaiit, Mass.

THE DAISY.

\\ ith little here to do or see

( )f tilings that in the great world be,

Dais\l again I talk to thee.

For thou art worthy,
Thou unassuming Commonplace
(M Nature, with that homely face.
And yet with something of a grace,

\Miich Love makes for thee !

r.right Flower! for by that name at last.

When all my reveries are past,

I call thee, and to that cleave fast.

Sweet silent creature !
That breath'st with me in sun and air,
Do thou, as thou art wont, repair
!My heart with gladness, and a share

Of thy meek nature !

r.right Fli.iwcr! wliose home is everxwherc.

Bold in maternal Nature's care.

And all the long year through the heir

Of joy or sorrow :
Alethinks that there abides in thee
Some concord with humanity.
Given to no other flower I see ■'

The forest tiirough I

Is it that Man is soon deprest?

.A thoughtless Tiling! who. once unblest.

Does little on his memory rest.

Or on his reason.
And Thou would'st leach him how to find
.A shelter under every wind,
.A hope for times that are unkind

-And every season ?

Thou wander'st the wide world about,
I'nciiecked by pride or scrupulous doubt.
With friends to greet thee, or without,

A'et pleased and willing:
Meek, yielding to the occasion's call.
And all things sutTering from all
Tli\ function apostolical

In peace fulfilling. — Guide to Xature.

The Symptoms of Chestnut Tree Blight

By F. D,

This article is written with the hope that it will sup-
ply some desired facts and assist in correcting false
notions. Investigations on the dissemination and life-
history of the blight fungus are in progress at the
present time and new facts are constantly being de-
termined. Our knowledge being far from complete, it
is only ad\isable to present the facts which appear to
be fairly well established.

SVMPTCIM.S .\ND EFFECTS.

Young infections i:)f chestnut blight on smnnth-
liarked vigorous shoots (two to six or more years old)
can be easily recognized by the presence of yellowish
or yellowish-brown patches, slightly raised, and stand-
ing (lut in marked contrast to the (ili\e-green healthy
bark. The area invaded by the fungus may be fairly
regular or very irregular in outline, the latter showing
what has been designated as the amoeboid type. In
young infections of this type there are no fruiting pus-
tules, but these make their appearance later. If the
external l)rown layer of cork cells is removed from the
ad\ancing edge of the in\aded area, the whitish or
buff-colored mycelium, or vegetative body, of the
blight fungus is exposed. Infections of this tyjie may
spread until the shoot is cumijletely encircled, and
fruiting pustules will lie furmed later.

Young infecti<in> <>n slow-gn iwing twigs or on the
smooth Ijark uf older l)ranchcs <ir trunks are not as
evident, but they generally show as somewhat discol-
ored, dead areas, sometimes slightly depressed, and oc-
casionally with a raised margin. The area invaded
may l)e nearly circular, giving a so-called "target" in-
fection, but it is more frequently elongated in the di-
rection (if the lung axis of the shoot nr liranch. The
invaded area gradually enlarges until the shoot or
branch is comjileteK' encircled. A small shoot may be
cnnipletely encircled liefore the appearance of fruiting
pustules, but on larger limbs or on the main trunk the
fruiting pustules begin to make their appearance long-
before complete girdling has taken place. These fruit-
ing l)odies show as small yellow, orange or reddish
l)rown pustules (1/16 inch or slightly more in diam-
eter) which i)reak through the bark some distance liack
fmni the advancing edge of the lesion.

The interior tissue (inner bark invaded by the fun-
gus) is changed V> a yellowish brown color, which is
in marked contrast to the bright, fresh color of the
normal healthy tissue, and a careful examination by
cutting away the i)ark will show the butf-colored fans
of the fungus, wdiich may have ])enetrated as deep as
the cambium layer.

During damp weather following rains, or in moist
situations, long, irregularly twisted threads varying in
color from buff to bright yellow may be extruded from
some of the pustules. These are masses of conidia or
summer spores, and have been designated as "spore-
horns" or tendrils. The spore-horns when first formed
are suft and sticky, but when dry they become haril
and brittle and are frecpienth' darker in cnlnr.

\'oinig infections on old trunks or large limbs with
thick fissured bark cause little change in the appear-
ance of the bark itself, and the fungus may have gained
considerable headway before there is any external evi-
dence of its presence. Sometimes the first indication
of an infecti(5n on large limbs or trunks is the appear-
ance of abnormal longitudinal splits or fissures. The
orange or yellow fruiting ])ustules appear in the dee])
crevices or cracks, and sporc-hnrns ni;iy be dexclnpcd

Heald.

from these under favorable conditions of moisture and
temperature. In case of doubt as to whether a given
discoloration is caused by the blight fungus the follow-
ing test may be used : Place the twig or piece of bark
in a closed \-essel so it is supplied with plenty of mois-
ture and will be retained in a moist atmosphere. In
all cases if the fungus is present and is alive, bright
vellow or orange, cottony tufts will make their appear-
ance upon the surface, and in many cases spore-horns
will also be developed.

.\n infection with the blight fungus is sometimes
the cause of a pronounced enlargement, or hyper-
troi)h\-. This enlargement may involve the entire in-
vaded portion or it may be more pronounced at the
upper end of the lesion. Enlarged lesions are appar-
ently the most frequent on vigorous shoots. Longi-
tudinal splits or fissyres in the bark are very character-
istic of hypertrophied lesions. In many instances the
lesion may show a marked sunken area due to the kill-
ing of the invaded bark, while the surrounding tissues
have continued to grow at the normal rate. This dead
tissue may be more or less cracked or fissured and a
tvpical canker ileveloped. In the old lesions which have
compIetel>- girdled a limb or liranch the bark becomes
cracked and fissured and begins to peel away. The
branch referred to had been killed by this lesion and
had been dead for a year. On old rough-barked trunks
or branches the bark over old lesions will give a hollow-
sound when tapped, due to the fact that the inner bark
has been destroved by the fungus. The bark may be
readih- peeled awa\ and the fibrous portion is niore or
less shredded.

Aside from the discovery of the actual lesions there
are various other symptoms which indicate the pres-
ence of blight. Dead leaves hanging in characteristic
drooping clusters are an indication of blight-killed
twigs or branches. If the twigs or branches are not
killed until late spring or summer, that is, prior to the
first of September, the leaves reach normal size, and
these clusters of dead leaves will generally remain
clinging to the tree during the winter period after the
normal leaves have fallen. This aiTords one means
of detecting blight-killed branches in the winter. In
blight-alTected branches there is an indirect efifect upon
the size and persistence of the burs. If the girdling
is completed early in the growth of the burs, they are
likely to remain small and undersized, but with later
completion of girdling they may attain ftdl size. These
l)urs of blight-killeil branches commonly remain hang-
ing upon the tree during the winter, constituting an-
other evident symiJtom for the detection of blight
during the leafless period.

In case the girdling of a branch is not comjileted
until late fall, the normal shedding of the leaves occurs.
In the spring, howexer, the leaves from these branches
remain undersized and assume a yellowish or pale
Color, and soon wither and die. If girdling is com-
pleted later in the spring or not until midsummer, the
leaves of the afi^ected branches develop to full size,
but later turn yellowish or assume a characteristic
reddish l)rown color. Later when the leaves die they
assume more of a brownish tinge, and some fall from
the tree while ni;iny remain hanging for a considerable
time.

The dex'elopment of sprouts or "suckers" is an-
other e\-ident syni])toni of blight which can be n ited
at an\ period in the \ ear. As so ui as a br,-inch or the

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

611

main trunk has been yinlKd by lili,L;lit, tlu-re is a
marked tendency to the production of vijL;orous, rai)id-
growing shoots from a point just below the girded
area. These sprouts may be few in numlier or they
may be so numerous as t<i make a conspicuous clump,
and they may occur on the branches, the main trunk,
or at the base of the tree. These sprouts may be killed
in turn by the blight, but thc\- sometimes persist for
several years. \\'hen the}- persist their age serves to
tell the time at which the girdling was completed.
The general effect of blight is to kill the part of twigs
or branches beyond the lesion. The occurrence of
trunk lesions is most serious, since with the comple-
tion of girdling the entire tree mu.st succuml). In
trees which have suffered from top infections for sev-
eral years, the occurrence of the blight-killed branches
sometimes gives rise to an effect called "stag-head."
The wood of blight-killed trees is injured but little
as a direct result of the disease, but if left standing-
it soon begins to deteriorate as a result of the work
of insects and various siiecies of wood-destroying
fungi.

(To be continued in Scl^tcmber issue.)

HICKORY TREES THREATENED.

Con-imissioner Huson, of the State Department of Ag-
riculture, New York, is receiving considerable information
relative to a serious outbreak of the hickory bark borer in
the vicinity of New York and on Long Island. This borer
is the principal cause of the death of thousands of hickorv
trees. The greatest infested area is in the northern part of
New York City, in \\'estchester county, in Queens and
Nassau counties, though much injury has been observed
throughout Suffolk county, particularly along the north-
ern shore of the island. The area of infested hickories is
about the same as the territory where the chestnut trees
have succun-ibed to the attacks of the chestnut bark
disease.

\'ow that the chestnuts have so nearly disappeared and
the fact that the hickory trees are also threatened with en-
tire e.Ktermination because of the hickory borer, requests
have been made by many citizens that the Commissioner
of .\griculture should e.verci^c such authority as the law
gives him in the control of this pest. That the hickory
trees that have not been attacked may be saved, or in a
very large measure protected, has been proved in the Zoo-
logical Park and in the parks of Brooklyn. The able su-
perintendents of these two parks have for the last two or
three vears been cutting out every infested hickory tree,
and in that way the other trees are found at this time to
be free from insects and the\- have been saved from cer-
tain destruction.

The hickory borer eats its way into the bark of the
hickorv trees in mid-summer. Eggs are laid which hatch
and the grubs feed in peculiar galleries in the bark and
between the wood and the bark in such a way as to fut
off the flow of the sap, thus causing the death of the tr^s.
These grubs are in these galleries at this time of the V'car
and will remain so until about the middle of June, tt is,
therefore, necessarv that the infested trees be cut and de-
stroyed before that time in order to prevent further wide-
spread of the insects. The commissioner has been ])roni-
ised the heartv co-operation rif many influential and in-
terested citizens in this movement, and agents of this de-
partment are on the ground with authority to inspect trees
to ascertain the limit of infestation, and they have been
directed to mark such trees as should be removed and
destroyed at once.

All gardeners are requested to inform the departn-ient of
the location of infested hickory trees and to extend to the
inspectors such assistance as may be desired. >

Announcement

M'

•ESSRS. JAMES
CARTER A X D
COMPANY of London,
England. i)cg to announce that they have
opened a l)ranch otitice in Boston, Mass.,
U. S. .\.. and that hereafter their business
in the LMiitcd States and Canada will be
conducted under the name of Carter's
Tested Seeds, Inc. Patrons in .\merica
who have been buying of the London office
are now requested to send orders to the
]^>ostc>n or Toronto Offices. This will in-
sure the (juickcst service possible, as rep-
resentative stocks will be carried in these
cities.

TESTED SEEDS, Inc.

'I'o those lovers of rare and beautiful
flowers who may not be acquainted with
Carter's Tested English Seeds we wish t. ■
make this introductory offer: — On receipt
of \'<uv name and address at our Boston
office wc will ^end postpaid

1. Carter's Catalogue of Garden and
Vegetable Seeds.

C'oiitains many rare varieties ami iin
UMial >peciinons.

2. Carter's Book on "Bulbs."

Years of e.\i)erience in buying and test-
ing have made Carter's bulbs standard
in England.

3. Carter's "Practical Greenkeeper."

Deals with laying out of lawns, goh"
courses, tennis courts, etc. James Car-
ter & Co. are experts on la-wn making.
.Ml the championship Golf Course^
abroad and in the United States u>i'
Carter's Tested Grass Sjeed.

4. Carter's Farm Catalogue.

"Seeds with a Pedigree" for i"arni> an.i
country estates.

JAMES CARTER 6 CO.

LONDON

ENGLAND

BRANCH OFFICE:
TORONTO. CANADA,

CARTERS TESTED SEEDS. INC..
Ill CHAMBER OF COMMERCE BLDG..

BOSTON, MASS.

Horticulture at the World's Fair

By Charles W. Miles.

A splendid idea in miniature of what the Panama-
Pacific International Exposition at San Francisco in 1915
will look like from the gardener's standpoint may be had
from the picture that is presented by the Service Building
at the Exposition grounds, the first of the World's Fair
buildings to be erected and occupied.

The Service Building is now surrounded with growing
trees and blooming flowers of vari-colored beauty such
as will be the dominant note of the whole E.xposition
when it opens on February 20, 1915.

It is proposed that the Exposition shall be set in a
garden, and at this date, more than eighteen months
before the opening day, an army of expert gardeners,
under the direction of the famous landscape gardener,
John C. MacLaren, the builder of the Golden Gate Park
at San Francisco, are at work preparing for the floral
display that shall astound the world.

Millions of bulbs and plants and flowers have been im-
ported to San Francisco from various parts of the state
and from foreign countries and a selection of these have
been used in the decoration of the Service Building.
The building is fronted by a grass lawn, surrounded
with beds of geraniums, while bordering the walls of the
building are beds of multi-colored flowers — fuchsias,
gladiolas and pansies and roses, interspersed by rhodo-
dendron trees and eucalyptus and cypress.

The color scheme of the Exposition has been designed
by Mr. Jules Guerin, the most famous color artist in
America, whose fame abroad is as wide as it is at home.
]Mr. Guerin has been assisted by ]\lr. ]\IacLaren and his
army of gardeners. When the doors of the Exposition
open, it is promised that the courts and promenades and
boulevards, which are to be a feature of the celebration,
will be fully planted with flowers and trees to be renewed
through the seasons, in order to maintain a continuous
glory of color and freshness, from February to December.

Along the waterfront of the main group of e.xhibit
palaces, which will hue the bay of San Francisco, will
he a wide boulevard to be known as the Marina. This

will be traversed by -four avenues of trees, pines,
eucalyptus, cypress and redwoods and at either end of
this broad promenade will be vast beds of flaming color,
alternating from week to week from red to blue, from
orange to violet and from green to white. .A. more com-
prehensive display of the floral beauties of nature has
never been made than that which is to be the main
feature of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition.

The general decoration of the E.xposition grounds is
to be part of the exhibit of horticulture. The Depart-
ment of Horticulture, which is one of eleven departments
into which the exhibits have been classified, is under the
direction of Mr. George A. Dennison, one of the fore-
most authorities on e.xposition horticulture in the West.

The department will be housed in a palace of glass
surmounted by a dome under which trees from all coun-
tries will be exhibited. Tropical and sub-tropical fruits
and flowers will lie brought to the Exposition from all
parts of the world and will be shown side by side, to
give the horticulturist an idea of the different methods
that are employed for the cultivation of different plants
under different conditions.

The finest e.xhibii of orchids that has ever been brought
together is promised from Honolulu. There will be roses
from America and Europe, bulbs from Holland and all
kinds of remarkable growths from Japan, while some
of the most prominent floriculturists in several European
countries have promised to send exhibits of the best of
their productions for competition with the rest of the
world.

.\ trophy, valued at $1,000, is offered by the Exposition
for the best rose of a new kind that is created for the
e.xhibit. The winning rose will be named in commemora-
tion of the Exposition which is being held to celebrate the
Iniilding of the Panama Canal.

There will be other prizes offered by the Exposition
and by various horticultural societies of America, and it
is expected that the value of the prizes and the signifi-
cance lit tlie e\"ciil itself will ^erve as an inducement to

HORTUTl.rrK \l. I'.UILDING FOR THE P.V.NA.MA I'ACliqC INTKRN ATIONAI. EX rOSITlo.N' — 650 n 295 FEET.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

613

bring a greater exhibition to San Francisco than has ever
been brought to an)- of the previous great expositions.

In addition to the exhibits, which will contain displays
of implements used in the culture of Bowers, as well as
operative methods of the industry, there will be various
congresses and conventions held during the Exposition
year at San Francisco. These conventions will bring the
experts from all over the world together who will discuss
questions incident to the industry of horticulture.

It has been stipulated in the letting of the contract for
the building of the Palace of Horticulture that the build-
ing shall be completed by July, 1914, eight months before
the opening of the Exposition. Such an arrangement
makes it possible for those who participate in the out-of-
doors e.vhiliit to plant their stock in permanent position
and have it in place sufficiently long for it to become
thoroughly acclimatized. All displays will thus have
obtained a perfect root setting, allowing the plants to
develop under conditions which will be as nearly normal
as it is possible to secure.

One of the features of the horticultural exhibit will
be the presentation of the study of insectology and its
important bearing upon the culture of fruit and the
eradication of fruit pests. Californian authorities have
effected remarkable results in this particular direction
and the exhibits of the results of their work promises to
be of inestimable value to the .student as well as to the
practical horticulturist.

EXHIBITION REFORMS.

Editor, G-\rdeners' Chronicle of America:

I am often asking myself whether all the flummery of
secrecy with which we surround our horticultural exhi-
bitions is in any way justified. I say flummery very delib-
erately liecause the whole thing as it stands today with the
clerical machinery of the secretary's office usually inade-
quate and the fact that the personality of the contestants
is not always a quite unknown quantity, makes the whole
thing, to my eyes, at least, look like a cumbersome and
misapplied joke. Is it not time that the work of judging
at horticultural shows be done in the open, as is most
judging in other lines? We know of "legal fictions" —
things that are patent and known to everybody, but which
mu>t not be "legally" known to the court. And here we
are injecting "legal fictions" into our flower shows. The
judge who is worth his salt can surely be trusted to judge
the priDducts before him on their merits, as they stand on
the table. If the man fulfilling the duties is to be swerved
by a knowledge of extraneous facts, he is not fit to be a
judge, and. anyhow, liis decisions are open to review by
the general public. Indeed, it is very often the judge
who is on trial rather than the specimens in front of him.
If a .-ecret system is desirable (but that, of course, is the
whole point that I disallow), the system now generally
in use at our flower shows, and which is an adaptation of
one which 1 myself drew up several years ago, should
surely an>wer all re(|uirenients of reasonable men ; but
there has latterly been added to this machinery another
laborious detail, putting each individual card in an en-
velope and sealing it. On the outside of this envelope
are inscribed the class number and the contestant's num-
ber in that class. There are some modifications of this,
liut in substance this i< the method.

.\s our societies are constituted today. I know, from ex-
perience and observation that it is quite a problem to get
the necessary clerical work done in the final rush of the
openiug hours. My good friend, Harry Runvard, handled
this detail at the last New York Flower Show more effi-
ciently than I have e\cr seen it done l>efore, with a whole

army of .V. D. T. messengers and a battery of typewriters
operated by a goodly company of the unemployed sten-
ographers of New York City. But there were funds
available to meet the expenses. In most of our small
local shows there is neither the money available, nor even
the labor. Think, too, of the chances of error there are
in the mere clerical detail of copying and entering several
sets of figures several times, and after the judging see
what happens. We have all attended shows where the
exhibition cards have remained sealed for hours, and
sometimes days, after the awards have been made. Now.
I would like to know whether there is any real justifica-
tion for this attitude by which we seem to say all judges
are dishonest. I believe we are simply allowing ourselves
to be shackled by tradition, and I believe that if we would
only look at the question with an open mind w-e would at
once accept the principle of which I like to call "open-
faced judging."

Our present custom, where it is not annoying and irri-
tating, becomes amusing: The judges, exhibitors and
others actively interested in the event travel together in
the same boat, in the same conveyance. With very few-
exceptions, the habitue of the exhibition halls could allot
the names to the exhibits after carefully looking through
them. There is an individuality or what not in each
grower's plants. Just so roses from different part of the
country carry the stamp of their source with them.

Exhibitors will agree that judging is fairly done.
There ma\- be differences of opinion, but the integrity of
the judge is not questioned. The judge who exhibited
plain bias would soon find himself unasked to judge
again. Has not the time come when we should consider
the necessities of internal reform in our exhibitions, and
is not this a good starting point? What say you?

Leox.\rd Barro.v,

OCTOBER

The Gardeners' Chronicle will issue its Conven-
tion Number i>{ the

National Association
of Gardeners

which will be held in conjunction with

THE FALL SHOW

OF THE

Horticultural Society

of NEW YORK

at the American Museum of Natural Historj',
New York, October 31-November 4.

MR. ADVERTISER:

The Gardener plant in Fall, buy* in Winter, plants in
Spring. Now it the time to advertite.

614

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

THE MOT(JR TRUCK LOADED AT CONYERS MANOR, GREENWICH, CONN., FOR THE SHOW.

, 1 i'i..Mi;uuKL, (,i.i,.\ i.u\K, .\. v., 1-ui; ii.\^ ..'.:.'... lu.\i..

MOTOR TRUCl:

m

In many ways the mote It
advantages over team-dra'|
(Jn the extensive private i
likely to entirely eliminate \
places there is sufficient ei
tor and horse.

It is estimated that a :

the same number of hft^tr

equal to three teams. Thi

restricted in its range of w

general inspection at state

son why a truck should m

single. As a matter of fac

by many truckmen, in w'

teams would be much gre;

feature is not an essential |

1

country estates. i

The average owner ofv

Ught of a "hobby," and ^|

hauling ability is undoubtil

blends itself with so mam

little room and requiring

there are many other feai

It will not onlv do. for inst

-

a country estate, but it \I
work that no country e;
sandle, such as hauling coa
tails which is now freque

The pure question of'
vantage where there is
truck. This is not true on |
a truck ceases during the |
motor truck when lying
further charges than inti
horses require both attenti
feeding.

The accompanying illusi
:al usuages for which mote I
country estates; and therj
distance hauling, teams ha|
much work now done by I
be as satisfactorily done li
hauling of soil from ploug
illustration indicates a roup
ground where soil is bein|
mads this is almost pre)
cnouuh work on most pri'l:
ceep a motor truck in act I
having to .send it into the )

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA

ON COUNTRY

ESI

k is found to have great
iiicles on country estates.
lishments its use is not
Drking horse, for on sucli
nent to engage both nin-

n motor truck, working
•■i capacity for deHvery
)r truck, however, is not
:her than the necessity of
rvals, so there is no rea-
k double time as well a^
method is being adopted
ase the displacement of
However, this particular
1 appealing to owners nf

ntry estate sees it in the
ithe question of superior
'n item, the motor truck
Eties of work, occupying
jely small attention, that
S^iven due consideration.
"the average work around
tsist materially in doing
;s properly equipped to
[d, ice, etc., and other de-
.'ontracted for.
jjje applies to better ad-
iyear-round use for the
I ry estates, as the use for
:• months. In this case a
> utely idle embodies no
ton investment, whereas
ed expense of continuous

;( s present several practi-
iks are adopted on private
|io doubt that for long-
b;n superseded. There is
t; which it appears cainiot
h motor truck. Take the
' round, for instance. The
n nevertheless rather hartl
):led ; but on soft, mu(Ul\'
itd. There is, however,
states of any fair size to
c the main roads without
d to haul soil.

THE MOTOR TRUCK USED FOR TR.\NSPORTING SOIL FRO^^ THE FTKI.H Ti i TlIK ( .KKEXIK U'SE

>^^»^i«^^^^J®-^««^i«i-^«r^i«i-2i»^?«»^i«'^^-

THE MOTOR TRUCK .AT THE W. B. THOMPSON ESTATE, VONKKKS. N. Y.. HAULING BUILDING MATERIAL.

616

THE GARDENERS' CHROXICLE OF AMERICA.

THE

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA.

MARTIN C. EBEL, Managing Editor,

Published by

CHRONICLE PRESS

M. E. MAYNARD, President. A. A. FAY, Sec'y-

Office of Publication

1 Montgomery Street, Jersey City, N. J.

New York Office

236 WILLIAM STREET, NEW YORK CITY.

Subscription Price, 12 Months, $1.00 Single Copies, 10 Cents

Foreign, $1.50

Entered as second class matter February 18, 1905, at the Post Office at

Jersey City, N. J., under Act of Congress of March 3. 1879.

Published on the 15th of each month.

Advertising forms close on the 10th preceding publication.
For information regarding advertising rates, etc., address Advertising
Department, Gardeners' Chronicle, Madison, N. J.

ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

President, Vice-President, Treasurer,

WM. H. WAITE, A. J. SMITH, JAMES STUART,

Vonkers, N. Y. Lake Geneva, Wis. Mamaroneck, N. Y.

Secretary, MARTIN C. EBEL, Madison, N. J.

TRUSTEES FOR 1913.

Peter Duff, Orange, N. T.; William Kleinheinz. Ogontz, Pa.; William
Duckham, Madison, N. J.; Alexander MacKenzie, Glen Cove, N. Y.; John H.

Dodds, Wyncote, Pa.

DIRECTORS.

To serve until 1914 — Robert Angus, Tarrytown, N. Y.; Robert Bottomley,
New Canaan, Conn.; Carl Schaeffer, Tuxedo Park, N. Y.; E. Wetterlow,
West Manchester, Mass.; T. J. Kempton, Baychester, N. Y. : E. Trethewey.
Tarrytown, N. Y.; Alexander Eraser, Newport, R. I.

To serve until 1915— John Shore, Harrison, N. Y.; Thomas Proctor,
Lenox, Mass.; William N. Craig, North Easton, Mass.; Frank E. Witney,
Fishkill, N. Y. ; Robert Williamson, Greenwich, Conn.; F. Kirk, Bar
Harbor, Me.; James Bell, New York, N. Y.

To serve until 1916— Thomas W. Logan, Jenkintown, Pa.; John F. Huss,
Hartford. Conn.; John W. Everett, Glen Cove, N. Y.; A. Bauer, Deal
Beach, N. J.; John W. Jones, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Alexander McPherson,
Washington, D. C; James C. Shield, Monticello, 111.

Vol. XVII.

AUGUST, 1913.

No. 10.

Again this month we contribute much of interest bear-
ing directly on the private gardener. As the official or-
gan of the National Association of Gardeners, tlie
Chronicle primarily strives to serve the interests of the
gardening profession, and to devote its columns to only
that which brings the private gardener in closer relation-
.ship with horticultural and floricultural progressiveness
in its varied phases. Some of the contributions which
appear in this number should make every gardener who
reads them feel proud of the profession he has adopted
as his. The articles illustrate the type of men that are
associated with his profession, the ability they possess,
and how much their calling enters into the very lives of
the people.

In the life history of Mr. Theodore Wirth we find that
he has not done much, and that he contemplates do-
ing much more to benefit mankind than he has already
accomplished, in his capacity of superintendent of one
of the best-organized park systems in this country. And,
we ask, where is skill equalled to that Mr. William Her-
tuck has displayed, as portrayed in the contribution to
these columns, in the laying out of a practically waste
land into a beautiful garden in the short period of a very
few years ? There are many sciences wonderful for what
they produce, but which nf them compares with the inar-
velousness of transforming an arid plain into a fertile
land of beautiful plants and flowers? These men are
representative of a class who toil as quietly as the trees
that they plant grow, but \oii may know them bv their
fruits.

The communication published in another column on
''Exhibition Refurnis" should receive the careful atten-
tion of all our readers who may at times participate in
flower shows, whether as exhibitors, judges or man-
agers. The criticism is timely, and — we must confess to
believing — a merited one. We all know that what the
present system aims to safeguard can be violated with
impunity as easily as though absolutely no restrictions
were involved in the present custom of judging. The
bans should be removed. Open judging is more desirable
and is more creditable to the integrity of judges and ex-
hibitors alike. There are no better sportsmen to be found
anywhere than among the gardeners who exhibit at our
flower shows.

JOSEPH CLARKE.

The North Shore of Alassachusetts lost its oldest and
most venerated member on July 13 in the passing of
Joseph Clarke in his seventy-eighth year. Of Irish birth,
Mr. Clarke came to America at an early age and followed
horticultural pursuits during all the time he lived here.
He was for some years employed at Canton, Mass., and
later for many years on the estate of H. L. Higginson,
Manchester, Mass., which he made one of the beauty
spots of New England. Extreme good taste was mani-
fest here in all the planting of rare and difficult rock
plants, bulbs, etc., which were made a life study.

For many years ]\Ir. Clarke was a successful exhibitor
at the Boston Shows, and he was one of the oldest mem-
bers of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. He was
instrumental in founding the virile North Shore Horti-
cultural Society, attending all its shows and meetings un-
til sickness prevented. He retired from active service
several years ago. but kept up his horticultural interests
undimmed.

THE GARDENER.

It is not mine, this fair domain,

This lordl}' scene of bold contour ;
Though mine the hand, and mine the brain —

And mine the heart — that did conjure
From Nature's orderless grandeur.

.\nd far-flung wealth of crowing splendors,
This well-planned scene with cunning sure

That beauty doubly lovely renders.

/ wove those twining paths around

That steep green slope, faint, self-effacing ;
To make those arbors, leafy-crowned,

/ trained those trees, all interlacing.
/ led that brook to linger more,

-As down its winding path it traced ;
Those dancing flow'rs that fringe its shore

By my own thought and hand were placed.

I did all this, but not for me —

.\nother owns what I have wrought.
I took — and still receive — a fee ;

M\- skill of mind and hand was bought.
-Another comes at times to see

His land, his flow'rs. his trees above,
.\ll his — but in true equity

They all are mine by bonds of love.

Can he who owns them take more joys.

Who cannot half their beauties find.
From them than I whom he employs :

The\- reach my heart, but scarce his mind.
He owns by law — and I by love ;

In whom does truest title lie?
In God's great record books above

Who trul\- owns? I think 'tis J.

— Herbert S. Richland.

ASSOCIATION NOTES

M. C. EBEL, Secretary, MADISON, N. J.

CONVENTION COMMITTEE MEETING.

The Convention t'ommittcc appointed by President
A\'aite, consisting of Thonia> Logan, Jenkintown, Pa. ;
Peter Duff, Orange, K. J.: William J. Kennedy, Brook-
line, Mass.: John Huss, Jlartford, Conn.; J. Everett,
Glen Cove. X. Y. ; James .Stnart, Alamaroneck, N. Y. ;
John Canning, Ardsley, N. Y., and M. C. Ebel, Madison,
'X. J., will meet early in September to complete arrange-
ments for the annual convention of the Xational Asso-
ciation, which will be held at the Museum of Natural
History in Xew York City, during the annual fall show
of the Horticultural Society of New York, October 31-
November 4. Full details of the programme will be
gi\en in tlie September issue of the Chronicle.

MINNEAPOLIS MEETING OF THE N. A. G.

In order that the members of the N. A. G. and other
visiting gardeners may have an opportunity to get to-
gether at the convention of the Society of American
Florists, Secretary Young of the S. A. F. has arranged
for a meeting of the N. A. G. at the Armory in which
the convention occurs, on Wednesday evening, August
20. at 7 :30 o'clock. Following the meeting members
will adjourn to the ballroom, where a stereopticon lecture
will be given by Theodore W'irth on the Parks and Boule-
vards of Minneapolis. All gardeners are invited, and
members of the X. A. G. in Minneapolis on that day are
rec|uested to attend.

NEW MEMBERS.

The following new members have been added to our
roll during the past montli : Frederick Liston, Penllvn,
Pa.: H. Marschke, Tarrytown, N. Y. : William M.
Steele, Excelsior, Minn. ; Charles McCabe, Bethel, Conn. :
John T. O'Brien. Williamstown. Mass.: T. Evons, Tu.x-
edo Park. X. Y.

AMONG THE GARDENERS

Mr. Samuel Horn resigned his position on the Xew-
man Erb estate at Elberon, X. J., on August 1.

Mr. Ale.xander Proctor, formerly of Yantic, Conn., is
now superintendent to P. K. Hudson, Syossett, N. Y.

A tine rock garden is being constructed on the estate
of H. C. Frick, Prides Crossing, Mass., where George
W'vness has charge.

Lester E. Ortiz, for the past few years superintendent
of the Pratt estate at Glen Cove, N. Y., has recently re-
signed iiis position there.

Mr. Robert .\llen has accepted the position of super-
intendent on the estate of Solomon Guggenheitn, Lake-
side Gardens, at Elberon, X. J.

Charles C. De Wild is now superintendent to Mr.
Samuel Riker. Jr., on the new estate which is being laid
out for that gentleman at Red Rank, N. J.

1'. Chai)in;;n, f.iniicrh of the Swift estate. Prides
Crossing, Mass.. has accepted a position as head gardener
cjn the Spaulding estate, Beverly Farms, Mass.

Mr. Winford .Xewell has resigned his position as gar-
dener at Cornell L'niversity to accept a position as gard-
ener at the State Penitentiary, Stillwater, Minn.

Scott 1\ Dotcn, for some years head gardener to
Quincy A. Shaw, Jamaica Plain, Mass., succeeds Hjalmar
Berger as superintendent to J. J. Staron, at Lincoln,
Mass.

\\'ork has l)cgun on the new range of greenhouses at
Georgian L'ourt, tiie estate of Mr. George Gould, at Lake-
wood. X. J. .Mr. Joseph Mills is now head gardener
there.

Mr. Stanlo\ Jordan and wife, of the E. S. Harkness
estate. Xew London. Conn., will sail on the steamship
Olympia on .\ugust 23 for a few weeks' vacation in
England.

Mr. Percy Hick, who was formerly employed on the
.\i. C. D. Borden estate at Oceanic, N. J., under Mr.
\\ illiam Turner, succeeds Mr. Turner as superintendent
of that estate.

Mr. Ernest Wild, of the Harkness estate, Madison,
X. J., returned last Saturday from a holiday in England.
He is most enthusiastic in his expressions of the ro.ses
and sweet peas which he saw abroad.

.\t A. W. Preston's, Swampscott, Mass., John L.
.Smith, the superintendent, has been kept busy this season
building new additions to the estate. Additional houses
are being built for orchids and other plants.

( )n .\ugust 7 the garden committee of the Massachus-
setts Horticultural -Society inspected the vegetable gar-
den on the estate of Oliver .\mes, Xorth Easton, Mass.,
where Edward Parker is superintendent. The crops here
were of grand c|ualiiy. and evoked the admiration of the
visitors.

Mr. Joseph Tansey, of the Tilford estate, Tu.xetlo
Park, N. Y.. is busily engaged on the construction work
of the new Tilford farm at Monroe, N. Y., about seven
miles from Tuxedo. It is reported that everything that
goes to make up a gentleman's farm will be found on
this new establishment.

Friends of ^[r. William Hastings, superintendent of
the .\lexander estate at Tuxedo Park. X. Y., will be glad
to learn that his health is somewhat improved from
what it has been. .Mthough still far from being himself,
he maintains the same genial and cheerful disi>osition
that he jiossessed in the days of robust health.

.\ visit to Tuxedo Park disclosed that "they arc all
growing "em" there, and that the gardeners are prei)aring
for the several interesting vegetable exhibits for which
liberal |>rizes are being ofTered by several societies at
their fall shows. From what was observed at Tuxedo.

618

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

the competition should prove very keen in the vegetable
classes this fall.

A big adtlition to the already extensive rock garden is
being made by James .Marlborough this season on the
large estate ofThomas E. Proctor, Topsfield, Mass. Mr.
Marlborough's grapes and other hothouse fruits, which
have won special gold medals in the past, are of fine
quality this season.

The sudden demise of Mrs. George H. Baker has cast
a gloom over the liaker estate, Tu.xedo Park, X. V..
where she was much loved by all who came in contact
with her. Mrs. Baker always took a keen interest in
everythingabout the estate. Mr. James MacMacken, it--
superintendent, anticipates no changes, and expects that
the plans for future improvements will be carried out.

Joseph M. Gleason, one of the oldest and most re-
spected seedsmen of Boston, who died on July 20. left a
host of friends among the private gardeners in New Eng-
land. He was first associated with Allan & Company, of
New York, and later with Everett and Gleason, Schlegel
& Fottfer Company, and at the time of his death was
treasurer of the T. J. <;"irey Company.

Charles R. Russell has succeeded the late Archibald
Robey as superintendent of the Helen Gould estate at
Tarrytown, N. Y. Mr. Russell is well known to the
gardening profession, having been for a number of years
superintendent of the Choate estate at Lenox, Mass. Be-
fore assuming his duties on the Gould estate he was su-
perintendent at Lakeside Gardens, Elberon, N. J.

Many gardeners" assistants who have attended the
Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amhurst, Mass.,
have been sorry to learn that Prof. E. A. White, for some
years in charge of the Floricultural Department, will soon
leave for Ithaca, N. Y., to take the place made vacant at
Cornell University by the death of Prof. John Craig.
Prof. White has done splendid work for floriculture at
Amhurst, and will be much missed.

At the annual picnic of the Gardeners' and Florists'
Club, of Boston, held at Cunningham Park, East Milton,
Mass., the private gardeners' teams beat the commercial
growers in the tug of war, baseball game, and quoits,
making a complete clean-up. The baseball game between
single and married ladies proved one of the most in-
teresting events of the day. the single ladies nosing out
a win. There were twenty-six sporting events, and all
were keenl\- contested.

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Send far catalog.
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FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE.

FOR SALE

My entire collection of Hardy
Phlox of nearly 300 distinct vari-
eties— the be.st from home and abroad. I have spared no
trouble or expense to get all that is good in the market. A
great many are hand-pollinated and raised by me. I want
to sell them because I have not the time and attention to
give in order to get the most out of these plants.
WILLIAM F. SCHMEISKE, Box 400, Binghamton, N. Y.

Improvement wurk i.s progressing rapidly on the new
Stumpp & Walter Company building at 30-32 Barclay
street. New York, which that firm expects to occupy
shortly after September 1. When completed it is ex-
pected that the Stumpp & Walter establishment will be
one of the most attractive seed stores in the country.

Messrs. lUirnett Brothers report that alterations are
advancing rapidlx- on their new building. 98 Chambers
street, New York, which they will occupy after Sep-
tember 1. Its central location makes the address very
convenient to reach from all parts of the city.

Incorporated 1911

Andrei' R. Kennedy

Pres. and Treas.

Kennedy l^ Hunter

^ ^ e: CD ^ IS/1 ^ ^nI

Kennedy's Kant Kink Hose 20c. ft.

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156 WEST 34TH ST. "nrL.r NEW YORK

rvj

The Gardener's Opportunity

By M. C. Ebel.

The subject selected tonight is one so broad that it will
permit of most any discus^i()^ which centres about the
gardener. I shall, however, attempt to confine m\self
strictly to a discourse on the real opportunity which is
presenting itself to the gardener, as an individual, and to
his profession as a whole.

There was never a time in the history of gardening in
this country, if I am correctlx informed on conditions as
they have been in the past, and based on my observation
of developments of the last few years and on an imagi-
nary perspective of what the future holds out for horti-
culture and floriculture in this land of ours, when the
prospects for the man who has selected as his life work
the cultivation of the soil's ])roduction, have been so
bright. But whether this rosy view of mine will ma-
terialize rests almost entirely with the gardener. It is
clearly up to him and to his jn-ofession.

It is possible to interest people who have the resources
to maintain fine estates to invest in them, but this, we
know, is hardly within the province of the gardener : it
rests with the man with the real estate for sale, the com-
merecial horticulturist and landscape architect, but their
combined efiforts could not maintain this interest in the
ow-ner of an estate long if he cannot find a man efficient
to manage his estates after it has been created for him.

Many instances have been brought to my notice
where opportunities for the right sort of men have been
shattered by some unscrupulous fellows accepting posi-
tions as superintendents or supervisors of private
])laces when they were realh- not qualified to pass as
first-class gardeners. It is often the case that an owner
of an estate meets with such an experience in the first
selection of his gardener and then he is just human
enough to judge the entire profession by his first choice
of what he believed to be a gardener. Of course, the
estate owner, I may say, invariably, has only himself
to blame when he meets with such an experience. He
is not careful enough in his investigations of the man
whom he selects to manage his establishment: con-
sequently he is very often deceived in the capabilities
of a man, as compared to what he professes his ability
to be. This is due very fre<picntly to the fact that the
estate owner himself is not familiar with what the high
calling of the profession of gardening really is. Some
never learn to look upon the gardener as a professional
man, but rather as a working man.

Then take the layman, who estimates a gardener to
be just a little above the ordinary laborer, he is not
entirely to blame for his misconception of a real gar-
dener. He has only come in contact with the class of
the many so-called gardeners, whom one of our
wealthiest estate owners, here in the East, described
as a man who having once hoed the ground, planted a
few onions, raked a few potatoes, acquired a pair of
boots, and a spade, and then went forth into the world
as a gardener.

If the real gardeners desire to alter this o])inion of
our deceived public, and they certainly should, they
must interest themselves to eliminate from their pro-
fession those who pass as gardeners on practically no
other qualification than having been engaged as
laborers for a time. They labor for a few seasons on
garden patches, while the Winter months are spent
following most any other vocation, to give them a roof
over their heads — they have a very limited practical
experience, absolutely no training and arc entirely void

(jf any theoretical knowledge pertaining to the work
which they claim to l)e their calling and many of them
in all likelihood have never regarded what they choose
as their calling in the light of a profession.

Of course, we know that such men are not entrusted
with an extensi\e ])lace for an}' length of time, al-
though occasionally one secures an appointment to a
first-class position to stop long enough to do sufficient
mischief to make things unpleasant for his successor,
and so for a wdiile manages to get better compensation
for work badly done than some of our gardeners wdio
establish show places on an area of a very few acres.

There are today small places in nearly every com-
munity which would offer excellent opportunities to
the younger men in the profession, if the owners of
these places could he enlightened, so as to distinguish
between what we will term so-called gardeners and
real gardeners.

With manv owners of country homes, even with a
limited area oi ground, if they knew that they could
have flowers, plants and vegetables in their gardens
such as the}- see on large places, cost would become a
secondary factor, and they would be ambitious to have
equally as good on their small places as is found on
their neighbors' more pretentious estates. They ha\'e
not been educated to the fact that all depends on culti-
vation, and man}- still believe that the finest plants are
only for the really rich. If the fact may be brought to
the attention of these owners of small country places
that it all rests with the gardener as to whether they
shall have choice flowers and fine fruits and vegetables
— and that a man is not a gardener simply because he
professes to be one — what a boon this should prove to
the gardening profession and it should expand the op-
portunities for those engaged in it.

Xow we are confronted with the problem "How is
this to be accomplished?" If you should ask me I
should have to assume the attitude of a political re-
former always agitating reforms who, when asked how
t<i institute his reforms, usually replies, 'T do my part
in advocating, 'tis for you to work it out."

It is no doubt a perplexing problem, but one which
can be solved if conscientious thought is given it by
some of the men associated with the profession who
have demonstrated their ability in many ways to cope
with big problems. These men w^ould hardly derive
anv direct benefit from the efforts they may put forth
to educate those outside of their profession that there
is a decided distinction between the real and so-called
gardener, but they will help the younger element of
the profession bv opening up the positions to them
which are now being filled by those who are not en-
titled to the calling of gardener.

.\ word to the young gardeners who are securing
their training entirely through practice and not throu.gh
theoretical knowledge. We are in an age where col-
lege training is accepted as of great advantage to a
man and it is no longer questioned that college men
are sought to fill some of the best positions on private
estates. This, of course, will become an increasing
detriment to those who are disposed to be content with
practice alone and do not endeavor to combine some
theoretical knowledge with their practical experience.

It is best, however, to face the situation, though we
mav dislike to admit that it exists at all, and if it is
witiiin the power of those confronted with it to do so,

620

THE GARDEXERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

they must endeavor to surmount it. ?ilany a man with
a college education does not make the success in life
that men have made who have obtained their learning
by night study only, after a hard day's labor. The
young gardener ambitious to push forward will not be
thwarted b}' the adxantages his more fortunate brother
with college learning may appear to have over him,
but he will strive and take every opportunity he finds
to gain a little book knowledge, putting it into practice
on every occasion that comes to him until he finds that
his practical experience and acquired theoretical knowl-
edge combined give him the better of it against the
man who possesses practice alone, or all theor}^ and no
practice. He is the man who, no matter what obstacles
present themselves, will succeed because he knows no
such thing as failure.

The cultivation of a closer relationship between
gardeners in general will do much towards developing
the profession. A manifested interest by the gardener
in public affairs brings recognition to him and his pro-
fession and tends to influence a cordial sentiment to-
wards the gardeners in communities where they are
located. This is merely the ABC in the progress of
any profession. When this is accomplished we take
up the reader. — Read before Tuxedo Horticultural
Society, August 6, 1913.

QUERIES and ANSWERS

IVe believe the greatest good can be accomplished for the greatest
number, by instituting a query column; or an exchange of expe-
riences, on practical propositions, by our readers.

You are invited to contribute questions, and answer others.

Each question as received u-ill be given a number, the question-
er's name will not be published, but the source of the answer will
be given unless otherwise requested.

We all have something we would like to know more about. Here
is your opportunity to ascertain somebody's experience in just thai
matter.

Nothing will tend to better fellowship than helping each other.

Take advantage of this "Question Box."

I have three houses 50 feet by 20 feet, now used en-
tirely for rose and carnation growing. I want to change
them for growing a larger variety, and to include some
fruits and vegetables. Can you give me any sugges-
tions as to what I can best grow in variety in so small
a range? I want to include some plants for decorating
the house besides cut flowers. — G. M., New York.

What has been the experience of your readers in
growing chrysanthemums for show purposes? Can
any say whether they get better results from pot grow-
ing than from growing in benches? This is my first
experience, and some neighbors tell me that individual
pot-grown plants produce the best specimens. Is this
so?— S. W.. Ohio.

I am troubled with a small white worm which seems
to come from the wood, and which has done much
damage this year to my chrysanthemums, attacking
the stems. It seems to produce a wilting of the plants.
I have never been troubled with this before, and I am
at a loss to know how to get rid of it. It attacks other
plants, but seems to be especially fond of the mums.
Poisoned foods do not seem to reach it. Have you
heard of it before? — C. F., Louisiana.

NEW PROFESSOR OF FLORICULTURE AT
CORNELL.

Prof. E. A. White, at present in charge of the depart-
ment of floriculture at the Massachusetts Agricultural
College at Amhurst, ]\rass., has been appointed to the

professorship of horticulture and headship of the depart-
ment, at the New York State College of Agriculture at
Ithaca. N. Y. Prof. White will take up his duties in
September.

In line with its policy of developing a very strong de-
partment of floriculture, the directors of the New York
State College have separated the department of horti-
culture into its three main divisions, namely : Pomology,
Floriculture, and Vegetable Gardening, each one of these
subjects being represented by an independent depart-
mental organization.

Professor \^'hite. who takes charge of the department
of floriculture, was born in West Townsend, in 1872,
educated in the public schools of Rindge. N. H., and the
high school at Littleton, graduated from the Massachu-
setts Agricultural College in 1895, and was for two years
assistant horticulturalist in charge of the greenhouses of
this college. He left there in '97 to take charge of the
greenhouses on the estate of the late Clement A. Griscom
at Haverford, Pa. For two years following that he was
engaged in commercial work in Arlington. Mass. In
1889 he was appointed instructor in horticulture at the
r.aron de Hirsch School, Woodbine, N. J., where he re-
mained for one year. For two years following this he
was assistant professor of horticulture at the Te.xas Agri-
cultural and Mechanical College. In 1900 he was ap-
pointed professor of botany, forestry and landscape archi-
tecture at the Connecticut Agricultural College, where he
remained until June, 1907, when he was appointed pro-
fessor of floriculture at the Massachusetts Agricultural
College. He has given courses in the Summer schools
at Connecticut and ^Massachusetts Agricultural Col-
lege for the last ten years. For two years he was di-
rector of the Summer School in Connecticut, and was di-
rector here until it was turned over to the extension de-
partment.

Professor White's experience in the teaching of botany
and floriculture and his relations with the gardeners has
given him eminent qualifications for the work at Cornell.
He is regarded as a reliable, energetic, agreeable and
capable man by the persons who have been long asso-
ciated with him.

Professor Alvin C. P>eal remains with the college and
has been promoted to full professor of floriculture, and
will have particular charge of the experimental and in-
vestigational side of the subject. He will devote himself
to the field tests with gladioli, sweet pea?, peonies, roses
and other leading crops, and to the investigation of other
subjects that are important to the gardener's interest.

APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP

National Association of Gardeners

I hereby apply for Membership in your Association : —

Name in fall \

Occupation

A ddr ess

Date

Reference

FoT'oia.Td Application to M, C. EBEL. Secretary, Madison,
N. /., "With dues, 'which are $2.00 annually, including subscrip-
tion to the official organ of the Association.

Save the Boy Crop to Make the Corn Crop

By W. W. Finley,
President Southern Railway Company.

The subject, "Save the Boy Crop to .Make the Corn
Crop," is one of the most imiHjriaiit that can engage our
attention. Upon the finding of some practical and ef-
fective way of lessening the drift of young people from
the country to the towns and cities depends the solution
of many of our present-day economic and social prob-
lems, including the high cost oi living and the congestion
of population in our larger cities.

The reasons which impel one boy to leave the farm
may be different from those that influence another.
These reasons are partly economic and partly social, and
they can only be removed by changing economic and so-
cial conditions as aft'ecting the boy on the farm. These
conditions differ in different localities. In some rural
communities social surroundings are not the most at-
tractive. In some localities there are few, or no social
gatherings to attend, little music, few books or papers
to read, and few improved implements or other con-
veniences to lighten work on the farm and in the farm
home. The boy has little encouragement financially to
remain on the farm. He is ambitious and, on many
farms, can see little opportunit}' for advancement. To
a certain extent we must look to Government for the
changing of these conditions through the provision of
educational systems which will best fit the boy for suc-
cess as a farmer, through the i)rovision of good country
highways which will facilitate the business and social re-
lations of farm communities, tiirough the working out
of improved methods in agricultural colleges and on ex-
periment station farms, and through carrying knowledge
of such methods to those farmers who have not been
able to avail themselves of agricultural college training.

Primarily, however, I believe we must look to the in-
dividual farmers to bring about the most important of
these changes. My investigation of the question has led
me to the conviction that the reason why a boy leaves
the farm can often be traced to the conditions surround-
ing him. Methods on the farm where he lives may not
be of the best. There mav be a lack of implements and
conveniences designed to lighten farm work. Proper at-
tention may not be given to planning a rotation which
will embrace the maximum number of money crops con-
sistent with building up soil fertility and which will econ-
omize labor by distributing it as evenly as practicable
throughout the busy .season of the year. Under such
conditions the boy absorbs the idea that farming does not
offer as favorable opportunities for success and advance-
ment as are to be found in other occupations. .

The country boy in such a situation reads of the suc-
cess of poor boys from the farm who have gone to the
city. Much of the periodical literature of the day tends
to give him an exaggerated idea of the profits of city
occupations and the pleasures of city life. Perhaps some
of his own acquaintances have gone to cities and towns
and have employment at what seem to him. with only
the most vague ideas of living expenses in such com-
munities, to be almost princely wages. Is it surprising
that he embraces the first chance to follow them? If he
is successful, the story of his rise to wealth and position
will be an incentive for future country boys to follow him
from the farm. The storie-^ of the failures are not so
widely told.

I believe there are few farms in the United States on
which it would not be profitable to the farmer to stim-
ulate the interest of the bo\' and increase his efficiencv.

The American l)oy is almost invariably ambitious. Give
him a definite object to work for and he will accomplish
wonders, lie is usually progressive. If the farmer is
indisposed to adopt new methods on his whole farm he
may let his boy try them out on an acre or two. What
the' results may be has been illustrated by the achieve-
ments of the boys' corn clubs.

When the late Dr. Seaman A. Knapp, whose memory
the American people can not too highly honor, instituted
the organization of these clubs, he created what 1 believe
will be a most effective instrumentality for checking the
movement of boys from the farm. As I have said on a
previous occasion, the most important work being done
by these clubs is not the growing of corn, but the raising
of farmers. The boy who goes into one of these clubs
and follows the methods which are advised by the dem-
onstrator of the Agricultural Department or Agricultural
College, or the field agent of a railway department of
farm improvement work, and who succeeds in growing
as much corn on a single acre as his father grows on
from two to four or even five acres, is a convert to
scientific farming. He has learned that farming can be
made profitable. He will want to apply the same pro-
gressive methods to larger areas and to other crops. He
becomes an optimist, and. especially if he is permitted to
have a fair interest in what he helps to produce, I be-
lieve that the lure of the city will seldom be strong
enough to draw him from the farm.

Complex as it may seem at first thought. I believe that
we are making substantial progress toward the solution
of the problem of keeping the boys on the farm. There
is no question that, with the adoption of the best methods,
farming in our .Southeastern -States can be made profit-
able. When the boy on the farm thoroughly realizes the
opportunities that are open to him, when our country
schools give him some rudimentary instruction in the
fundamental principles of scientific farming, and implant
in him a determination to continue his education along
practical lines, either in higher agricultural schocils or
on the farm, and when he is given an equitable interest
in the results of his labor, the problem will have been
solved. In my opinion we shall, within the next few
years, begin to see evidences of the success of the work
along these lines that has been inaugurated. We shall
see the voung men in our rural communities growing up
into intelligent farmers ajiplying the methods which they
have learned on single acres in the boys' corn clubs to
entire farms. When this condition shall have been
brought about, it will carry with it the improvement of
the rural schools and the country highways and the so-
lution of the social problems of farm life. It will con-
tribute to the solution of our urban problems as well by
affording larger rural markets for the products of indus-
trial centers.

In mv opinion there has never been a time when the
outlook for a.griculture in the L'nited States was so fa-
vorable as at present. With the increase in population
the demand for farm products of all kinds is constantlv
expanding and scientific farming is tending to reduce
the cost of production. L'nder these circumstances I do
not believe that the boy who elects to remain on the farm
will have occasion to regret his choice. He may not
attain great wealth, but. comparing him with the average
citv boy. I believe that he is much more certain to attain
financial independence and to create for himself and his

622

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

FIELD GROWN CARNATIONS

NOVELTIES AND STANDARD VARIETIES

Send Us a Lisi of Your Wants and We Will Quote Prices

CHARLES H. TOTTY

Madison, N. J

family a home in which they can enjo)' all of the com-
forts of civilization and many of its luxuries. When
farm work is slack he will have leisure for reading farm
papers and the agricultural literature so freely placed at
his disposal by State and Federal Governments, and.
finallv. he will have the satisfaction of knowing that, in
all that he does and in every increase in the materials in
food and clothing that he brings about, he is w(jrking
not onlv for himself, hut for the good of all mankind.
To attain these results he will not have to spend his days
and often parts of his nights toiling in a shop or factory
or at a desk. His life and his work will be largely in
the open air, surrounded liy the stimulating effect of
green fields and wooded hills.

THE NEED OF SPRAYING.

I'r(.)f. John Craig, of Cornell Agricultural Experiment
.Station said :

"The annual loss arising from the incursion of destruc-
tive insects iii the Cnited States exceeds many times the
yearly output of all the gold mines in the United States.
The reduction in the value of the apple crop of New York
State due to insect injury, cannot be less than thirty per
cent, per year. This is a heavy tax on the fruit growers.
The injury, however, could be lessened at least fifty per
cent, by an e.xpenditure of not exceeding two per cent, on
the \-alue of an average apple crop. The need for spray-
ing is therefore evident. This need will probably in-
crr:i-t' a< times g<T i>n."

Of Personal Interest

THE personal element enters largely into all business transactions
and one buys where there is confidence in the man who sells. For
this reason we have added to our staff to handle our growing
private trade Alexander Gumming, Jr.. who has for the past few
years been busy making Elizabeth Park famous for its Rose Gardens and
its Hardy Perennials.

Next season, in addition to the regular stock we have always handled,
we will include Perennials. Some of the best things to be offered in 1914
we shall handle.

Killarney Brilliant, the new forcing rose.

Matchless, Philadelphia, Gloria and Princess Dagmar, the new carna-
tions. These from pots for the private trade.

Our catalog will be one of the finest ever printed. We want you on our
mailing list. Send us your correct address.

A. N. PIERSON, Inc.

CROMWELL, CONN.

THE GARDENERS' CHR(3XICLE OF AMl-.klCA.

623

PRELIMINARY PLANT SCHEDULE OF THE INTERNA-
TIONAL FLOWER SHOW, NEW YORK, MARCH 21
TO 28, 1914.

SECTION A— PLANIS IX FLOWER.
Private Oidwcrs.

First Seuoiul

Prize. Prize.

Acaeias, 3 plants, one or more vmieties $2.5.00 $1.').00

Aeaeia, specimen, any variety 15.00 10.00

Amaryllis, 25 plants in 25 varieties 25.(H) 15.00

Amaryllis, 12 plants, 12 varieties 15.00 10.00

Anthnrium, specimen 5.00 3.00

Azalea Indica, G plants in varietv, each plant not

less than 21/0 feet in diameter.' .'ilKOO 20.00

.Azalea Indica, specimen, white, not h-ss than 4 ft.

in diameter 20.00 15.00

Azalea Indica, specimen, pinl< or rose, not less

than 4 ft. in diameter 20.00 15.00

Azalea Indica, specimen, any otiier cdlor. not less

than 4 ft. in diameter " 20.00 15.00

Begonias. 6 plants 15.00 10.00

Boronia, 6 plants, not less than 2 varieties 15.00 10.00

Bougainvillea. specimen 10.00 5.00

Cineraria, hybrids, 6 plants 25.00 15.00

Cineraria stellata, 6 plants 25.00 15.00

Cineraria, specimen, any variety 10.00 5.00

(>clamen, 25 plants. . .' " 50.00 25.fH1

Cyclamen, 12 plants 25.00 15.00

Chorizema, specimen 10.00 5.00

Ericas, specimen, any variety 10.00 5.00

Gardenias, 6 plants"' " 15.00 10.00

Genista, specimen 10.00 5.00

Hydrangeas, 6 plants, fi varieties 25.00 15.00

Hydrangeas, 3 plants, 3 varieties 15.00 10.00

Hydrangea, specimen 10.00 5.00

Imantophyllum, 3 plants 10.00 5.0O

Lilac, 12 plants, not less than 4 varieties 25.00 15.00

Primulas, 12 plants, not less than 6 varieties 10.00 5.00

Primulas, 6 plants, not less than 3 varieties 5.00 3.00

Rhododendrons, 3 plants. 3 varieties 25.00 15.00

Schizanthus, 6 plants 25.00 15.00

Schizanthus, specimen 5.00 3.00

Spiraea, or Astilbe, 12 plants, not less than 3'

varieties 10.00 5,00

Flowering plant, any variety 10.00 5. 00

Wistaria, specimen 10. 00 5.00

SECTION B— PALMS ANP FOLIAGE PLANTS.

Private Growers.

Areca luteseens, si^ecimen 25.00 15.00

Cocos australis or its variety, specimen 25.00 15.00

Cocos plumosus, specimen 15.00 10. (M)

Cycad, specimen, any variety 25.00 15.00

Crotons, 12 plants, 12 varieties, not less than S

inch pots 25.00 15.00

Ci'oton, specimen 15.00 lO.oo

Dracsenas, 6 plants 15.00 lo.oo

Drac^na. specimen, any variety 10.00 5.00

Kentia Forsteriana, specimen 25.00 15.00

Kentia Belmoreana, specimen 25.00 15.00

Nepenthes. 3 plants in variety In.OO 10.00

Phci-nix Roebelenii, 2 plants 25.00 15.00

PhuMiix Rupicola, specimen 25.00 15.00

Phcpnix, any other variety 25.00 15.00

Palm, specimen, other than above 25.00 15.00

Bay Trees, 2 plants 25.00 15.00

Six foliage plants, exclusive of Palms, not less

than 8-inch pots or pans 50.00 25.00

Specimen foliage plant 10.00 5.00

SECTION C FEKNS.

Private Growers.

Adiantum Farleyense, specimen 15.00 10.00

Adiantum euneatum, specimen 10.00 5.00

Adiantum, any other variety, specimen 10.00 5.00

Davallia, specimen, any variety 15.00 10.00

Stag's Horn Fern, specimen 15.00 10.00

Geniophlebium Subauriculatum. specimen 25.00 15.00

Ferns, 0 plants, fl varieties 25.00 15.00

Cibotium Schiedei, specimen 25.00 15.00

Tree Fern, specimen 25.00 15.00

Fern, any other variety, not otlieruisi- specified. . . 15,00 10.00

SKCIKlX D— OUllllU.s
I'rivate Growers.

First
Prize.

l.h,

ill variety. Arranged for
i-nis permitted

125.00

25.00

rs 15.00

l.;elia. 1 plant 15.00

15.00

15.00
1.5.00
15.00
10.00
15.00
10.00

10.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00

Collection .'ii

efl'ect. Palms and I
Six plants, distinet si)ccies
Three plants, distinct >peci
lirasso-Cattleya. or Hrasso-

Cattleya M<>ssi:e. specimen

( 'attleya Scliroedera-. specimen

Cattleya, sjiecimcn, and otiier variety

Cypripedinms. 12 plants, (i or more varieties, , ,

Cypripedium, specimen

Dendrobiums, (i plants, not less than 3 varieties

llen(lr()l)iuin iinlilK-, specimen

Dendroliinni Waidianum, specimen 10.00

OendrDliinin, s|icciMien, any otiier variety 10,00

Cattleya. Luliu. or Lielio-Cattleya Hybrid, speci-
men '....' 15.00

Lielia. specimen, any variety 10.00

Udontoglossum, specimen, any variety 10.00

( Incidium, specimen, any variety 10,00

Phahenopsis. specimen, any varietj' 10.00

Vanda, specimen, any variety 10.00

SECTION E--IX FLOWER— BULBS.
Private Growers.

Eullis ill lilixmi ill pots or pans, arranged for effect

with foliage plants, to occupy a table of 50 sq. ft. 25.00

Hyacinths, 3 10-inch jians. wh'ite 10.00

Hyacinths, 3 10-ineli pans, pink or red 10.00

Hyacinths, 3 10-inch pans, light blue 10.00

Hvaeinths, 3 10-incli pans', dark blue 10.00

lilies, 12 pots 10.00

Lily of the Valley, 3 10-inch pans 10.00

Narcissus, short or medium Trumpet, 0 10-inch

pans, 6 varieties

Narcissus. Glory of Leiden, 3 10-inch pans

Narcissus, Bicolor or Victoria, 3 10-inch pans

Narcissus, Empress, 3 10-inch pans

Narcissus, Emperor, 3 10- inch pans

Narcissus, Golden Spur. 3 lOiiich pans 5.00

Narcissus. Double \'on Sion, 3 10-inch pans 5.00

Tulips, Early Single. 12 10-inch pans, distinct

varieties 15.00

Tulips, Early Single. 0 10- inch pans, distinct

varieties .' 10,00

Tnlips, Darwin. 12 10-inch pans, 12 varieties 15.00

Tulips. Cottage or Late, other than Darwin. 12

10-incli pans. 12 varieties 15.00

SKCTKlX F KOSKS IN POTS AND TCIiS.
Private (irowers.

Display in jiots or tubs, any or all classes to
occiiiiy 100 s(|. ft '

( ollectiiin Hybrid I'erpetiials. Teas. Hybrid Teas.
I'olyaiithas and other classes. 25 plants, not less
tliaii (i varieties, arranged for effect

Six Climbing or Rambling. 3' or more varieties...

Crimson Rambler, specimen

Lady Gay. specimen

Dorothy Perkins. s])eciinen

Tausendschcni. specimen

Hiawatha, specimen

Climliing. any other variety, specimen

PREMIUM LIST FOR ANNUAL EXHIBITION OF THE
ELBERON HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

Asbury Park, N, J,, October 27, 28, 29, 1913.

SKCIK IN ( )N 1- - CHR YSANTHEMU.MS.

1st. 2nd. 3r(I.
Class 1— Group of ( hrysaiilhenuun plants.

not over (i inch pot. not to exceed 75

square feet, arranged for elfect. Ferns

and foliage plants permitted $25.00 .$15.00 .$10.00

Class 2— One specimen bush phint. double.

anv varietv 10.00 .5.00

Class 3— One specimen bush plant, single,

anv variety 10.00 5.00

Class 4— One specimen bush plant, anemone,

any variety 10.00 5.00

Bush plants must be grown in pots or tubs, not less than 14
inches diameter.

Second
Prize.

75.00
15.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00-
5.00
10.00
5.00
5.00

5.00
5.01)
5.(Mt
5.00

15.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00

5.00
3.(M)
3.00
3.{M)
3.00
3.00
.3.00

10.00

5.00
10.00

75,00

25.00

15.00

30.00

20.00

10.00

5.00

10.00

5.00

10.00

5.00

10,00

5.1H1

10.00

5.00

10.00

5,00

624

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

DREER'S POT-GROWN

STRAWBERRY PLANTS

The best varieties, both new and old, and best methods of plant-
ing to raise a full crop of strawberries next year are fully particu-
larized in

Dreer's Mid- Summer Catalogue

Also Celery, Cabbage, and other vegetable plants. A select list of
decorative plants, Palms, Ferns, etc.; Seeds of old-fashioned Hardy
Perennials and other flowers for summer sowing. Seasonable Farm
Seeds, etc.

Write today for a copy, FREE, and please mention this magazine.

HENRY A. DREER

7 14 CHESTNUT ST.. PHILADELPHIA. PA..

SECTION TWO— FOLIAGE AND FLOWERING PLANTS.

1st. 2nd. 3rd.

Cla.i3 .5 — Group of ornamental foliage and
flowering plants, arranaed for effect, cover-
ing space 100 square feet 30.00 20.00 10.00

Class 6 — Group of ornamental foliage and
flowering plants, arranged for effect, cover-
ing space .50 square feet 15.00 10.00 5.00

Class r— Three specimen Palms 15.00 10.00 5.00

Class 8— One specimen Palm 5.00 3.00

Class 9— One foliage plant, other than Palm 5.00 3.00

Class 10— Three Ferns, distinct varieties 5.00 3.00

Class 11 — Six fibred root Begonias, not over

6 inch pot or pan 5.00 3.00

Class 12 — Six table plants, in pots, 6 inches

or less in diameter 5.00 3.00

Class 13 — Twelve Chrysanthemum plants,
single stem, distinct varieties, grown in 6

inch pots 10.00 5.00

Class 14 — Six Chrysanthemum plants, single

stems, one variety, grown in G inch pots. .. 5.00 3.00

SECTION THREE— CUT BLOOM CHKYSANTHEMUJIS.

Class 15 — One vase, 18 blooms, arranged for

effect, foliage permitted .' 10.00 G.OO 4.00

Class 16 — 24 blooms, 8 varieties, 3 of each,

not less than 30 inch stem 15.00 10.00 5.00

Class 17 — Twelve blooms, 4 varieties, 3 of

each. (Class 10 cannot show in Class 17) 8.00 5.00 3.00

Class 18— Six white 3.00 2.00

Class 19— Six vellow 3.00 2.00

Class 20— Six pink 3.00 2.00

Class 21— Six crimson 3.00 2.00

Class 22— Six bronze 3.00 2.00

Class 23— Six any other color 3.00 2.00

Class 24 — Largest and best bloom

(Special prize)
Class 25 — Basket of Chrvsanthemnms. ar-
ranged for effect ." 3.00 2.00

Class 26 — Twelve vases, singles, 12 varieties,

6 sprays in each vase 5.00 3.00

Class 27 — Six vases, singles, 6 varieties, G

sprays in each vase 3.00 2.00

Class 28 — One vase of singles, 25 sprays .... 3.00 2.00
Class 29 — One vase anemone, 25 sprays, any

variety 3.00 2.00

SECTION FOUR— ROSES, CUT FLOWERS.
Class .30 — Twenty-five American Beautv

Roses '. ". 10.00 5.00

Class 31— Twelve White Roses 3.00 2.00

aass 32— Twelve Pink Roses 3.00 2.00

Qass 33— Twelve any other color 3.00 2.00

SECTION FIVE— CARNATIONS, CUT FLOWERS.

Class 34— Twelve White 3.00 2.00

Class 35— Twelve Dark Pink 3.00 2.00

Class 36— Twelve Light Pink 3.00 2.00

Class 37— Twelve Red 3.00 2.00

Class 38— Twelve Variegated 3.00 2.00

Class 39— Twelve anv other color 3.00 2.00

1st. 2nd. 3rd.

Class 40— One vase of 25 Blooms $5.00 3.00

Class 41—100 Single Violets 2.00 1.00

SECTION SIX— FRUIT.

Class 42— Two bunches 'Wliite Grapes 5.00 3.00

Class 43— Two bunches, black 5.00 3.00

Classes 42, 43 must be grown under glass.

Class 44— Three varieties Apples, 6 of each 3.00 2.00

Class 4.5 — Six Apples, anv variety 2.00 1.00

Class 46— Three varieties Pears. 6 of each. . 3.00 2.00

Class 47— Six Pears, anv varietv 3.00 2.00

Class 48— Six Quinces ". " 3.00 2.00

SECTION SEVEN— VEGETABLES.

Class 49 — Collection of Vegetables. 18 varie-
ties, arranged for effect 25.00 15.00 10.00

Class 50 — Collection of Vegetables, 12 varie-
ties, arranged for effect 15.00 10.00 5.00

Exhibitors in Class 49 cannot compete in Class 50.

SECTION EIGHT— illSCELLANEOUS.

Clas> 51 — Table of Orchids in bloom, 4 feet
in diameter, arranged for effect. Ferns
l)ermitted ' 20.00 10.00

Class 52 — The best dinner table decoration,
seating 6 persons. Chrysanthemum
flowers and any foliage allowed. Must
be staged October 28, 12 o'clock noon 10.00 5.00

Class 53 — The best diiaier table decoration,
seating 6 persons, any flowers and foliage
allowed. Must be staged October 29, 12

o'clock noon 10.00 5.00

Exhibitors in CTasses 52. 53 must fnrnisli their own tablecloths

and plates.

.•"^pociiil prizes announced later.

RULES GOVERNING EXHIBITS.

1. — Competition open to all except where noted.

2. — .4ill entries must be made in writing to Anthony Bauer,
Deal Beach, N. .1.. on or before October 23.

3. — No exhibit shall be removed until the show closes without
the consent of the Exhibition Committee.

4. — The judges in making awards may award special premiums
for any meritorious exhibit, as no efforts will be spared to duly
recognize those contributing to the success of the exhibition, and
shall liave full power to withhold premiums for inferior exhibits
on entries not made according to schedule rule.

5. — No competitor shall receive more than one premium for
each class in which he competes.

6. — All plants, cut flowers, vegetables, and fruit must have been
grown by the exliibitor.

7. — -411 exhibits sent from a distance should be addressed to
A. Bauer, care of the Casino, Boardwalk, Asbury Park, N. J.

8. — All exhibits must be staged by 2 p. m. sharp on the first
day of the show except where noted.

9. — After judging commences no one but the judges and such
officials as may be necessary will be allowed in the hall.

10. — .\11 rules must be strictlv adhered to.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

625

SCHEDULE OF FALL SHOW OF NORTH WESTCHESTER

COUNTY HORTICULTURAL AND AGRICULTURAL

SOCIETY, MOUNT KISCO, N. Y., OCTOBER 31

TO NOVEMBER 2.

CLASSES OPEN TO ALL.
CHRYSANTIIEAIUMS.

First Second Third
Prize. Prize. Prize.
Class 1. Best 12 cut blooms of Cluysan- Silver

themuius in not less than 6 varieties.... Cup $5.00 .$2.00

Class 2. Best 6 white blooms 2.00 1.00

Class 3. Best 6 yellow blooms 2.00 1.00

Class 4. Best 6 red blooms 2.00 1.00

Class 5. Best 0 pink blooms 2.00 1.00

Class 0. Best 6 blooms, any other color... 2.00 1.00

Class 7. Best collection of cut Pompons. . 3.00 2.00

Class S. Best collection of cut Siiij,.k.s 3.00 2.00

Class 9. Best 12 plants, single stems in

pots, not exceeding 7 inches in diameter. Cup 5.00 3.00

Class 10. Best 6 singles in pots not exceed-
ing S inches in diameter, not less than

3 varieties 3.00 2.00

Class 11. Best 6 Bush Plants, not less Silver

than 3 varieties Cup 3.00 2.00

Silver
Class 12. Best specimen of Bush Plant... Cup 5.00 2.00

ROSES,
aass 13. Best collection of Roses 5.00 3.00 2.00

CARNATIONS.
Class 14. Best seedling Carnation not dis-
seminated Diploma

Class 15. Best 12 blooms of red 2.00 1.00

aass 16. Best 12 blooms of white 2.00 I.OO

Class 17. Best 12 blooms of pink 2.00 1.00

aass IS. Best 12 any other variety 2.00 1.00

VIOLETS.
Class l:X Best bunch of 50 single blooms 1.50 1.00
Class 20. Best bunch of 50 double blooms 1.50 1.00

PLANTS.
Oass 21. Best collection decorative Plants

arranged for effect; floor space 8 feet in

diameter 15.00 10.00

Class 22. Best specimen plant 2.00

aass 23. Best G plants suitable for table

decorations; pots not over 6 inclies 5.00 2.00

aass 24. Best pair of Adiantums 3.00 2.00

Class 25. Best specimen Fern 2.00 1.00

Class 26. Best collection Ferns 5.00 3.00

Class 27. Best 3 Begonias, Lorraine type. 3.00 2.00
Class 2.S. Best 6 plants most suitable for

house decorations, distinct varieties 5.00 3.00

aass 29. Best 6 Geraniums, any variety,

in pots, not exceeding 7 inches in diameter 2.00 1.00

Silver

aass 30. Best collection Orchids Cup 5.00 2.00

Class 31. Best basket of cut flowers 2.0O 1.00

aass 32. Best bouquet of flowers 2.00 1 .00

Orchids not allowed in the above two classes.

FRllTS.
Class 33. Best collection of Apples, 5 of

each 2.00 1.00

aass 34. Best collection of Pears, 5 of

each variety 2.00 1.00

VEGETABLES.

Class 35. Best 6 head Celery 2.00 1.00

Class 36. Best 12 distinct varieties of

vegetables 5.00 3.00 2.00

aass 37. Best collection of 12 distinct

varieties of vegetables grown out doors.. 5.00 3.00 2.00
Class .f8. Collection of farm produce for

space not to exceed 4x8 feet 3.00 2.00

OPEN TO PRIVATE GARDENERS ONLY.
Class 39. Special prize offered by Howard'

F. Bailey, of Mount Kisco, N. Y.. for the

best 24 cut Ghrysanthemuni lilooms in

not less than 12 varieties 35.00 15.00 10.00

Class 40. Best 12 Chrysanthemum blooms. Society's

not less than 6 varieties, limited to mem- Silver

bers of the Society Cup 5.00 3.00

Class 41. Best 8 Clirysanthemum plants

grown to single stem and bloom not ex-

First Second Third
Prize. Prize. Prize.
ceeding Z\-> foet top of pot, to be grown
in 6-in<h pots, distinct varieties $5.00 $2.00 $1.00

Class 42. Special prize, for largest Chrys-
anthemum bloom, open to members of
the Society only Box Cigars

Class 43. Best dinner table decoration to
be set for 4 people. .Judged first day of
show. Only plates allowed ". . . . 5.00 3.00 2.00

Class 44. Same as Class 43, only tables to

be decorated by ladies Diploma

Orchids will not be allowed on dinner table decoration.

Class 45. Best vase of American Beauty
Rose. 12 flowers Diploma

Class 46. Best Miniature Garden 5.00 3.00

Mr. Howard F. Bailey's Special Prize of $60 {Class 39) for the

best 24 cut Chrvsanthemum blooms in not less than 12 varieties

is offered. First prixe, .$35.00; second, $15.00; third, $10.00.

RULES GOVERNING THE EXHIBITION.

Entries must be made with the secretary before the opening of
the show and those desiring any considerable space should make
application at least two days previous to the opening day in
order to get exhibits well staged.

The judges shall withhold any premium where the exhibit is
unworthy of award.

All exhibits must be in position at twelve o'clock noon on the
opening day.

After exhil)its are staged they will be under the exclusive
charge of the committee.

Gummed or dressed flowers will be debarred from competition.

In all competitions for collections or display, superior quality
shall have the preference over quantity.

Uniform cards for names of exhibitors will be provided, and
none but those will be allowed on exhibits.

Exhibitors may attach their business cards after awards are
made.

The classes will be divided in three sections — one open to all,
one for amateurs, and one for private gardeners only.

All exhibits should be correctly named, and each exhibitor shall
give to the secretary a full list of exhibits for the society's
records.

The sale of cut flowers shall be under the auspices of and for
the benefit of the society.

All exhibitors shall be allowed to sell plants to be delivered at
the close of the show.

Exhibits must have been the property of the exhibitor for at
least three months previous to the show, with the exception of
made-up-work.

All exhibitors of made-up floral work may be grown or bought
bv exhibitor.

AH exhibitors not members of the society gaining premiums will
have ten per cent, deducted from same.

Classes where there is only one entry first prize will be
awarded, but only second prize money will be given.

WEEDS AS FOOD.

There is another side to the weed evil. .Science bids
us turn to the detested intruder in our sjardens as a
source of foodstuff. Costofliving is a rank tjrowth, and
bv rank growths nia\ this modern specter he cHminated.
.At least so ran tlie learned discourse at the thirty-sixth
animal nieetiiig of the Pennsylvania Pharmaceutical .As-
sociation.

Chairman Miller, of the Committee on P.otany, urged
that there be a closer inquiry into the foi>d values of
weeds. W'e are away behind foreign countries, he said,
in our utilization of weeds. For instance, dandelions are
being extensively cultivated in France for food. The
Dej^artment of .Agriculture has imported 3.^.000 plants
of various kinds, many of which are coming into u.se as
food. Doctor Miller told of many plants long neglected
— notablv the tomato — which are now food favorites.
New caiididates from the weed patch are the back shoots
of the i)oke root, clover leaves, purslane, sorrel grass,
vellow dock, pepper grass and the tender shoots of the
liop vine.

Should it ever be discovered that all our weeds deserve
a place on the table, then we might look for the lazy
man's millenium.— /r.rr/ia;ijr^.

626

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

HERE, THERE AND EVERYWHERE

It is grateful to know that
■"■"^ the florists of the countrv are

GREATEST ART. to raise a fund for a monu-

ment in memory of tlie late
Wilham Robertson Smith, who for upward of half a
century was the superintendent of the Government's
botanical gardens in Washington. The only regrettable
thing is that this fine old gardener and botanist did not
leave a suggestion as to the form a memorial for lifm
should take. In his modesty it is probable that he never
thought that those who lived after him might wish to do
his life and his work honor.

There never was a gardener, if Adam be excepted,
who was not a gentleman. Fine instincts flourish with
the flowers. William Robertson Smith once told the
Congress of the United States that a tree was a finer
monument to any man. no matter what his achievement,
than anything wiiich could be built of bronze or stone
He made a loyal, consistent fight for the principle in
which he believed and, an underling of the Government,
he was unafraid in the face of power.

At the east end of the botanical garden in Washington
there is a partly com])lelcd monument to General Ulvsses
S. Grant. The work upon it has been going along slowlv
and no one knows when it will be finished. The site for
the memorial was chosen by Congress against the earnest
protest of William Robertson Smith, who succeeded in
winning many of the members to his view of the case.
He lost his cause eventually, but his protest has had its
eiifect in Washington, and when the Fine Arts Com-
mission authorizes the erection of other monuments it
will take due care that no natural beauty is sacrificed.

There were two great elm trees of a century's growth
standing where the half-completed Grant monument
stands today. The botanical garden's site was chosen for
the memorial to the great soldier, and its erection there
necessitated the sacrifice of the beautiful comman(fing
trees. The gardener fought to save the trees, saving that
they were finer than anything which man could construct.
He was overruled and the trees were destroyed, but the
lesson of his struggle lasts. — Chicago Post.

PLANT AND
ANIMAL

With all the advancement
in the arts and sciences : with
T^^;r■r.T-,/-^■<TT-,,^x-»,-T, "i" the improvements in ma-

IMPROVEMENT. ehinery; with all the achieve-

menls of railroadmg. transportation by land and water:
with all the perfection that has been attained in the tele-
grapli, telephone and wireless communication, and with
all the progress and general betterment of all things, we
do not notice tlie extraordinary bounds in breeding that
we should expect to see in a world so prolific in useful
changes from the old to the new, from the obsolete to the
useful, or rather perhaps, the adoption of means suitable
to the rer|uircmcnts of the hour. The breeding of live
stock, of course, has improved, and improved wonder-
fully, but the rate of improvement has not been so notice-
able as that seen in the mechanical world. Floriculture
has advanced (|uicker than improvements in the cerials.
legumes and grasses. Look for a moment at the roses
of yesterday and to(la>-. the carnations and chrysanthe-
mums of a few years ago and those of the present time,
and compare them with the improvements in the short-
horn breed of cattle, for instance, of thirtv vears ago and
those at the date of w liidi wc write. — Tlie Field.

( irass is the forgiveness of
NATURE S Xature — her constant benedic-

BENEDICTION. lion. b^'ields trampled with

battle, saturated with blood,
torn with the ruts of cannon, grow green again with
grass, and carnage is forgotten. Streets abandoned by
traffic become grass-grown, like rural lanes, and are ob-
literated. Forests decay, harvests perish, flowers vanish,
init grass is immortal. Beleaguered by the sullen hosts
(if winter it withdraws into the impregnable fortress of
its subterranean vitality and emerges upon the solicitation
of spring. Sown by the winds, by wandering birds,
propagated by the subtle horticulture of the elements
which are its ministers and servants, it softens the rude
outlines of the world. It invades the solitude of deserts,
climbs the inaccessible slopes and pinnacles of mountains,
and modifies the history, character and destiny of nations.
L'nobtrusive and patient, it has immortal vigor and ag-
gression. Banished from the thoroughfares and fields,
it bides its time to return, and when vigilance is relaxed
or the dynasty has perished, it silently resumes the throne
from which it has been expelled but which it never abdi-
cates. It bears no blazonry of bloom to charm the senses
with fragrance or splendor, but its homely hue is more
enchanting than the lily or the rose. It vields no fruit
in earth or air, yet should its harvest fail for a single year
famine would depopulate the worlfl. — John James Ingalls.

Twentv vears ago the by-
RELIGION word at' every horticultural

AND SPRAYING. meeting was "Let us spray."
It was half joke and half
serious coiife.-~;~i(in of faith. The slender pun would
not have kept the phrase in circulation for so long
had there not been some sense in it. Evidently
the fruit men felt it was for them a solemn call to duty.
In those days, it may be remembered, the question whether
to spray or not to spray was somewhat of an issue. The
])ractice was new and imperfect. There were questions
connected with it that nobody could answer. But the
I^rogressives put s])raying into their platform and stuck to
it. Eventually it was adopted ; and while today there are
hundreds of orchards still strangers to the spray wagon,
the practice is fully adopted as pruning and plowing.

.S]jraying is yet a solemn anfl a disagreeable duty. It
has never become a genuine pastime among farm boys,
and there are no brilliant social festivals connected with
it. But then, when one comes to the analysis it is plain
that a good deal of the best farm work is done .in this
same spirit of discharging a high dtity. The husbandman
owes something t<i his farm, something to his calling,
much to his family and a little to his neighborhood. Per-
haps he feels that he owes a debt also to the Creator of the
earth, the rain and the growing plants with which his
labor and his destiny are so closely associated. It is
known to all who care to learn that such men, even when
they are not conspicuously religious, preserve a strong
sense of personal responsibility to the s])iritual powers.
There is quite certain to be something more than flippant
nonsense in it when they say, "Let us spray." — Country
Gentlemen.

If you will acquire the habit of all good gardeners you
will read the Ciiroxicle regularlv.

TH!-: GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

627

(Jut in Glendale, California.
THE SPINY CACTUS tlicru is a unique and ex-
FOR FENCES. tiLiiiLly satisfactory guard for
an orange grove and apricot
orchard, being simply a cactus fence. Having suft'ered
considerable loss by having his fruit stolen from the
trees by passers-by. this rancher, after trying all other
ordinary kinds of fence to no avail, decided to establish
a precedent by growing a cactus-hedge fence. Suiting
action to the thought, he secured a large number of the
spiny-cactus leaves and planted them along his fence line.
These grew very rapidly and in the course of a little over
a year the fence had attaine<l the height of about three
feet. Up to the present time this hedge has grown to
enomious proportions, being from six to twelve feet in
height and from four to eight feet in thickness.

It is practically impossible for any one to climb the
hedge or to go through it. On each of these cactus leaves
are hundreds of needle-like spines, ranging from one to
two inches in length and being at the base about as thick
as a match. These spines grow in clusters of from two
to six each. The wound made bv these spines is peculiar.
.\t the time they enter the flesh they cause hardly any
pain, but an hour or so afterward aching begins and con-
tinues for several hours. The flesh in that section be-
comes swollen and inflamed.

During the blooming season of this cactus, which is
between the first of May and the last of July, this hedge
fence presents an unusually beautiful appearance. The
spiny buds form on the edges of the leaves, generalh
clustering about the tips. Thev remain in bud form for
several weeks and then break into a delicate bloom. In
a short time what is known as the "cactus apple" forms,
which a few days later becomes ripe and may be eaten
with safety, although it is very difficult to gather. This
cactus required no cultivatidn or irrigation. — Country
Geutlemau.

WHY SOIL

MOISTURE IS

NECESSARY.

.According to Dr. Hermann
THE OLDEST von Shrenk, of St. Louis, the
LIVING TREE. oldest living tree in the world
is the Santa Maria del Tale
cypress in .Southern Me.xico, believed by experts to be
between 5,C00 and O.OOO years old. Just at present it is
on the firing line of one of the uprisings and in peril
from cannon fire and musketry. This has prevented Doc-
tor Shrenk from determining accurately its real age. He
took measurements in 1903, a century after Humboldt
discovered it on his famous tour, but could not get the
consent of the ma\or of Santa Maria del Talc to bore
out a half-inch plug to the center of the truck, where
there was a girth of one hundred and tvventy-si.x feet
at four feet from the ground. Prof. Asa Gray estimated
its age at 5,124 years and Prof. Alphonse de Candolle at
6.000. Doctor Shrenk hopes vet to attain his desire. —
Excliangc.

A very large per cent, of
the bulk of garden plants is
water — from 7.S to 90 per
cent. Much water passes
through the roots, stems and leaves and then ofif into the
air, being the medium that carries raw material to where
it can be manufactured into ready plant food and then
takes this food to all growing parts to build tissue.

From tlie soil about the ])lants nuich moisture is con-
stantly evaporated. The exact amount needed for any
given crop cannot be determined, for conditions varv the
amount used and wasted. V>v\ it is large.

If w'e could know the reason for the failure, or ])art
failure, of every cri)p that does not yield a maximum
harvest and could classify those causes we would be
amazed at the number of poor crops that needed more
moisture. Every process of the living j^lant demands the
presence of this universal li(|uid.

If from any cause there is a scarcity, then the functions
of the plants are impaired or checked, plant food is not
gotten ready fast enough to keej) all the growing tissue
supplied and the waste material is not well disposed of.

It is needful, therefore, to have an abundance of water
from the beginning.

-A systematic culture of the garden plot — a culture that
forbids the ground to remain Imig without an earth nnilch
to discourage evaporation and to urge the root svstems
to CO deej) where droughts do little harm, is a great part
of the prudent gardener's philoso])hy. It prepares both
the ground and the plant for emergencies. Rains are ab-
sorbed to keep the plants through dry times. — Ves;ctahlc
Grozver.

THE
GOVERNMENT'S

It is stated that the annual
I iovernment distribution of
vegetable and flower seeds

GIFT OF SEEDS, amounts to over 497 tons, or
enough to fill 20 freight cars.

For the last three years each of the Senators, members
and delegates in Congress has been allowed 20,000 pack-
ages of vegetable and 2,000 packages of flower seeds,
each package consisting of five packets containing differ-
ent kinds of seeds. The Secretary of Agriculture is al-
lowed 1,000,000 packages of vegetable and 150,000
packages of flower seeds. Members of Congress are per-
mitted also to exchange their vegetable-seed for an equal
number of flower-seed packages, or vice versa, to suit
the demands of their constituents. Thus the Government
provides seeds enough to allow every family in the coun-
try at least one packet. — Exchange.

That poisonous gas as a
THE POISON vermin exterminator is a very
MENACE. positive danger in the hands

of careless people is not suf-
ficiently emphasized i)\ those who advise the use of such
materials. Coincident with the appearance of a warning
in these pages against the use of poisons for liousehold
pests we read of the death of two men from the fumes
of hydrocyanic gas which was being used to exterminate
vermin. The significant fact is that this material was
being handled by a professional, who was presumably well
aware of the dangerous nature of the gas. Despite his
apparently careful methods in sealing the room the gas
penetrated to another ]iart of the building and resulted
in the fatalities.

\\'ere there no otiier methods to exterminate pests,
such accidents might be excused: but if in the hands of
an expert the ]ioisonous gas is so deadly, what of the
danger when it is administered by a layman? — Count r\
Gentleman.

GOLDEN GLOW.

Oh golden crown of our bed of flowers.

How joyously _\ou greet the hours!

How lavishly your wealth you give

To creatures all that near you live !

A'ou swav and nod in sinnmer breeze.

.\ mecca of the jiilgrim bees :

You filter sunshine through the rain.

.\nd vie with sunbeams out again,

Like winsome smile on liuman face.

Your gladness bring to every place :

Our homage thanks we give to you.

Philanthropist of flowers ! anew. —P.. Priicc.

Vegetable Growing

By Various Authorities.

VEGETABLE GROWING UNDER GLASS.

By Nichol.\s Butterb.\ch.

Hot bed culture of lettuce is practiced by many private
gardeners, who use sashes heated with fermenting
manure. The amount used depends upon the month in
which the hot beds are made. Those made in December
and covering the whole winter should contain about two
feet of manure, while those made in March fifteen inches
of it will be found sufficient.

In preparing the manure, collect the amount of fresh
manure needed into a compact heap and dampen or wet it
uniformly without soaking it. After fermentation is in
progress'the heap should be turned and all lumps shaken
out, working the lower strands into the center. If the
manure shows some dry spots, use the watering pot
again.

After the second fermentation has begun it is ready
for the hot beds. Place it evenly into the bed in layers
until it reaches within eight inches of the top, tramping
down every layer. Use at least four inches of soil, and
by the time the bed is ready for the seed there will be an
air space of eight inches. Fermentation will begin in a
few days and continue after the soil is put upon the
manure in the bed. If it is well made, the soil will keep
warm for several weeks.

When the temperature comes down to about seventy
the seed can be sown. The bed must be aired before the
young plants appear, as the seed may rot by overheating.
Air should be given even in cold weather and more as
the season advances and the plants increase in size. The
heat should not be allowed to rise above 74 in the day
time, and not below 50 at night, if possible. Mats or salt
hay, or shutters should be used to cover the beds in cold
weather. After young plants are well started they may
be transplanted in a gentle bottom heat.

Most headed lettuce is grown in solid benches in forc-
ing houses; the moisture is more uniform and the tem-
perature cooler. In preparing the beds have about 3 or
3J4 inches of well-rotted stable manure: no artificial
fertilizer should be used. For the first planting in au-
tinnn, the young plants are taken out of doors ; they
should be sown without manure six weeks before plant-
ing in the forcing houses, and they should be transplanted
once. Thev are planted about 8 inches apart each way,
well ventilated and watered on every bright day. and the
temperature kept as steady as possible about 60 in the
day time and about 45 at night. The house should have
an abundance of light and be exposed to the sun.

More failures are due to unsuitable soil in growing let-
tuce than to anv other cause. Light, clean, well-rotted
sod is, in mv opinion, the best. All head lettuce wants
lighter soil than the leafy or loose varieties. The soil
should be composed of much sand and very little clay to
allow the water to. soak in quickly and yet to hold it. No
doubt an experienced grower can get good results from
almost any soil, if conditions are studied carefully, al-
though it 'is better to select the soil nature adopted for
the purpose.

To grow the first, or November crop, will take irom
eight to ten weeks. The mid-winter crop requires from
two to three weeks longer. Six weeks after the first sow-
ing, another is made in flats, and this will take the place
of the first crop later on.

The greatest enemy to lettuce is the green fly. or aphis.

If it once gets a good foothold, it is hard to eradicate. It
generally appears when the houses are kept a little warm.
Another evil is lettuce rot. This is due to the fungi
Botrytus vulgaris, which generally takes hold if the
houses are kept too close and wet. The best and only
remedy 1 know is to raise the temperature and give plenty
of air. Another lettuce trouble is mildew, which is in-
duced by certain changes of temperature or too much
water and soft plants. Top burn is another trouble
which usually occurs after a cloudy spell in winter, and
then the sun suddenly appears and the temperature in the
houses runs up rapidly. Most failures in lettuce forcing
are due to bad ventilation and unwholesome soil.

CAULIFLOWER.

The cultivation of cauliflower under glass is a
simple matter. Houses adapted for lettuce are suitable
for cauliflower. The seed for the first crop should be
sown in August in flats, and the young plants trans-
planted in pots. When the pots are filled with roots they
ought to be shifted. If they are not put in pots, they
should be transplanted twice.

The soil should be 8 inches deep in the benches.
"Snow Storm" can be planted 18 inches by 2 feet. Erfurt
Snow Ball and other varieties should be planted 2 feet by
2 feet. They want plenty of manure, plenty of water and
as much air as possible. It is very seldom necessary to
bleach the heads in winter ; only later in the season, in
April or Ma}-. Snow Ball can be carried through the
winter in hot beds, but if sown in February or March it
will be just as early and more satisfactory.

The radish is everybody's vegetable. It can be grown
either in hot beds or forcing houses. . Although half
hardy, it is one of the most sensitive of vegetables. If
grown in too high a temperature it grows too many
leaves and becomes pithy; and if exposed in cold frames
its growth is stunted. It should be grown quickly in
order to be crisp and have good flavor. The seed is
usually sown in the bed where it is grown. Gardeners
transplant the radishes from the seed the same as they
do most of their other crops, in order to check top growth
and increase root action. The results of transplanting
radishes is an open question and gardeners are of diflfer-
ent opinions respecting it. These are points which each
gardener has to decide for himself. Seeds may be sown
in rows from 3 to 4 inches apart for the smaller varieties,
and from 5 to 6 inches apart for the others, about l^ to
i-<-inch in depth.

The soil should be sandy loam, about one-third of well-
rotted stable manure. The depth of soil required varies
with the various houses. The small shape sort require
about 4 inches, and the longer-rooted varieties about 6
inches. The soil should be firm ; good drainage must be
provided ; sods along the manure will answer the pur-
pose. The soil should be moist enough so that no water-
ing will be required before the young seedlings appear;
that is, four or five days after sowing. Thinning out
should be done eight or ten days later. Two or three
plants to the inch are not too much for the smaller va-
rieties, and one to the inch for the larger. If they are
allowed to grow too thickly they will form no bottoms.
.\n occasioiial cultivation with the hand weeder must not
be neglected.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

629

Radishes grown in a hot bed have usually a luxuriant
growth, as the soil in the hot bed is usually much warmer
than the atmosphere under olass. The' hot beds mav
serve as a guide in the forcini; houses. It is believed
that radishes grow better in a top temperature of 45 to
60, and the soil should not be much warmer, but trials
have shown that the}- can be grown in a soil temperature
of 65 or more for at least the first two weeks, if sufficient
moisture is given them. If the overhead temperature is
kept from 8 to 10 degrees lower than the soil, the top
growth is checked without affecting the roots.

Light is another important point and verv few plants
show the want of light more. If the roof has small panes
of glass and heavy woodwork, the plants usually become
drawn and in most cases form no bottoms unless they
are grown near the glass. A moderatelv moist tempera-
ture with plenty of light will give strong and quick
developments.

.\Sf'.\KAGl'S.

Asparagus can be forced in several wa>s. I think the
best way is to plant three rows two feet apart and treat it
as usual. Asparagus should be well cultivated in good
manure. The third year after planting they are ready
for forcing. Boards are set eight feet apart and covered
with eight-feet sashes. Fresh stable manure is put along-
side of the boards and the sides covered as you would in
a hot bed.

Another plan is to take up the larger roots of the out-
side bed in the fall and store in sand so that they can be
brought in for forcing at any time needed. They can be
forced under benches, or even in the potting sheds. A
few inches of soil is placed over the roots. The clumps
are placed close together and the crowns covered with an
inch of soil.

If bleaching is desired, stretch a cloth over the plants
to keep them dark, or cover the crowns 5 or 6 inches.
-Asparagus can be planted at 45 degrees and kept at this
temperature for five or six da\s. and then can be raised
to 60 or 65 degrees. If raised in too high a temperature
the shoots will get spindley. The roots should be watered
freely. The first cuttings can be made in from fifteen
to eighteen days.

RHUBAHB.

Rhubarb can be forced in the same manner as aspara-
gus, under the benches or in hot beds.
{To be continued.)

MILKWEED.

HORSERADISH.

Most people think horseradish is horseradish. I, at
one time, thought the same, but on investigating find
that there are three distinct varieties, all of which I am
growing at the present time.

Common horseradish everybody knows. Xext is the
Bolivian, imported from South .America, and not raised
very extensively in this country, but one thing in its favor
it grows more uniform than the common sorts.

Next is the Bohemian, a new sort. The roots are so
much larger and heavier. It will grow any place and
produce twice as much as either of the other sorts, very
white and brittle. Now a few words about growing
horseradish. Prepare the ground the same as for cab-
bage. Get the clippings ready, take the small fiber roots
from the size of a wheat straw up to a lead pencil, and
cut them up in pieces about three inches in length. Now
get a sharp stick. Punch a bnle in the row. slanting the
stick slightly. After pulling the stick out drop in one of
these roots, press the dirt firmly with the foot. Go on
about 12 to 18 inches and set another one, etc.

In a few days you will begin to see the rows clear
across the field. Then cultivate the same as for cabbage.

We are constantly adding new foodstuffs to our list,
and one of the newest i^ milkweed, which has proven so
delicious and healthful that we can only wonder at our
long neglect of a staple left to grow wild in pastures and
by roadsides.

-Milkweed is now being cultivated for the market and
by proper planting the tender young shoots are to be had
into October, whereas in the wild state they are past the
tender stage in June.

The flavor of milkweed is almost exactly like that of
asparagus. It is, however, richer than asparagus, as its
stalk and leaves are filled with a thick milk that' is exceed-
mgly nutritious when cooked, or for that matter when
eaten raw as a salad, which many people prefer, onlv the
tips being used in this case.

For many years farmers' wives in the country have in-
cluded a few milkweed stalks with the mass of mixed
greens which they delight to gather, dock, dandelion.
mustard, etc., but they rarely use it itself which is, after
all, the niost delicious way, for when cooked with other
greens the delicate flavor is lost.

Milkweed, when cultivated in gardens from seed, grows
several times larger in the stalk than the wild variety.
Some stalks are as large around as a quarter of a dollar.
When cut for cooking about eight or ten inches of stalk
are cut with large tender thick leaves on it.

Cut into inch or inch and a half lengths, cook about
as long as asparagus and serve with butter.

Plant seeds very early in the spring. They will fiourish
in the most barren soil without attention, but if one de-
sires giant stalks and leaves and an added tenderness
and succulence, one had better fertilize the soil, and weed
and hoe the young plants.

Try milkweed and see for yourself how delicious it is,
and when the wild stalks go to seed gather all that vou
can and have free one of the richest of vegetables. — M. S.

WATERCRESS CULTURE.

\\'atei cress is Nasturtium officinale, which has become
naturalized along clear streams in many parts of this
country. It will grow readily in the streams nmning
from clear water springs, either from seed or cuttings.
The best way to grow it is to make beds along the margin
of a stream, with a dam to protect the beds from heavv
floods and a gate to admit water as wanted into channels
between the beds, to keep the soil soaked. Make the
beds with alleys between, into which the water can be let
as needed, and heavy floods kept off. Make the beds at
right angles with the stream, as in that case a flood that
overtopped the dam would do less washing. The length
of the beds will be determined by the level of the land,
as it mtist all be capable of being soaked from the stream.
-A clear stream is important, as muddv water is not de-
sirable. The water can be allowed to circulate continuallv
among the beds and simply shut oft' when a flood
threatens. The seed will germinate readilv in the wet
beds, but do not let the water overflow the beds after
sowing till the plants gel strong. -After that the water
may be let on freely, but never in a strong current.
Hence the beds should be located where there is a verv
gentle current in the stream. Where there are plenty of
wild plants, they can be transplanted or cuttings set in the
moist soil. Sow the seed about the middle of August.
-Sandy soil and clear water are important. It is useless
to try to grow it in muddy streams. — Market Groivcr.

Every member of the N. A. G. should make an effort to
attend the annual convention in New York in November.

630

THE GARDENI^RS" CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

CULTURE OF OUT-DOOR GRAPES.

\',\ I'lovd Blowers.

Our grape vine-^ wtre planted eight feet apart each
side of a drive running north and south through the gar-
den ; same were planted during the spring of 1907 in
verv poor soil, and received very little attention until
1910, when we set our posts eight feet apart and strung
five heavy wires on same, commencing one foot from the
ground and one foot apart : this formed our trellis ; then
we commenced to fertilize the plants with bone meal and
cow manure.

Early in the spring we work the ground around the
vines working in the manure that is left from the \ear be-
fore, then we apply bone meal and a heavy mulching of
cow manure or other well-rotted manure. This is all that
we do for the plants in this regard, except that we apply
some liquid manure during the dry weather.

The vines were cut back in the spring of 1910 to where
thev were one-half of an inch through, or about that, and
during the summer were trained into position on the
trellis!

Winter pruning consists only of cutting back the fruit
bearing arms near to the main vine to a good strong bud.

Summer pruning or ])inching hack process begins early
in the season and lasts nearly all summer. This is very
important, for the ]jruduction of large-sized bunches of
grapes. First we rub off all of the buds, except eleven or
twelve, about eighteen inches apart that form the uprights
or fruit bearing canes ; these canes we tie in this ujjright
position and allow same to grow about two feet long ;
then we pinch the top back and pinch off all other e.xtra
growth except the leaves ; we allow three bunches to
form and select the t\\i> best ones to grow; this gives us
about twenty to twenty-five bunches to a vine.

We grow the following varieties of grapes in the black
grapes : We have Campbell's Early, Moore's Early, Wor-
den and Concord. In the red grapes we have Brighton,
Delaware, Lindley and Salem. In the green and white
grapes we have Winchell, Duchess, Niagara and Moore's
Diamond. All of these grapes have done well with us.
and have been very free from disease of any kind, so we
have never done an\- spraying.

It is hard to say which is the best variety, as tastes
dift'cr. -Vfter eating a bunch or two of each kind I con-
sider that the Salem has the best flavor; bunches are short
and heavv ; berries are large and round. The other kinds
have their good points also, like the Concord and Niagara,
both great producers of large bunches of fruit, and these
grapes keep a very long time. Very good for market
purpose.

The little Delaware is also a favorite with us, as it is
\erv show\', having a nice, rich color and a grand flavor ;
this grape does best in good, rich soil.

Moore's Earlv and Winchell are our two earliest
grapes, ripening about two weeks ahead of the Concords.

\\'hen our grapes are about half grown we put paper
bags over each bunch, tying the top of the bag or folding
same and pinning the top tight together; we use just or-
dinarv paper bags, using two-pound bags for small kinds
like the Delaware, and four-pound bags for the larger
kinds, like Concords and Niagaras, ^^'e consider that we
are well paid for our time and trouble in bagging the
grajies. as they ripen in almost perfect condition.

OYSTER BAY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

( 1-rom the East Norwich Enterprise.)

The first annual outing of the Oyster Bay Horticul-
tural Society was a great success and provided an after-
noon of much enjoyment. The events, which were many,
l)egan at 1.3C and kept things moving until 6.30, when all
repaired to Rothmann's for dinner. Both large dining
rooms were crowded with members and guests and when
they departed fur home at 9 o'clock they were a tired but
well-fed and hai)p\- Lt. In the contests of the afternoon,
for which many useful and beautiful prizes were given,
nuich care and ingenuity were shown, which were well
rewarded by the results obtained. Take for instance the
obstacle race: A contestant had to run forty feet, get
through a loop in a rope, run a hundred feet to a ladder
tied to stakes side up, crawl between two rounds, get into
a sack, pick up an ajjple. run thirty feet, crawl under a
t;glitl\ drawn tarpaulin — get out of the sack, throw same
in tarpaulin and run for another forty feet to the finish.

Davey Tree Surgery executed by Davey Tree Surgeons, prevents
serious storm injury to trees. Read this letter!

**/n regard to the trees which your men worked upon a year ago for the writer at Louisville,
Ky., will state that the majority of these were large beech frees. During a storm this Spring a
number of trees on my place and in my vicinity were badly damaged, but none of the trees
fixed by your men were damaged in the least. They all look much better this Spring than
before they were worked upon. I am very much pleased with your work.

Yours very truly.
May IS, 1913. R. M. CARRIER."

Decay weakened trees are sooner or later storm victims. It is
cheaper to prevent damage than to repair it. Learn the facts about
your trees! Let a Davey Tree Expert examine your trees now —
without charge. Write for booklet "A."

The Davey Tree Expert Company, Inc., Kent, Ohio

Br

Of

CEs;
5 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y.
vester Bldg., Chicago, HI.
t Birks Bldg., Montreal, Can.
■chants' Exchange Bldg.. San Francisco, Cil.

Accredited RepreseDtatives Available Everywhere
Men Without Credentials are Impostors

Madison Square 9546

Harrison 2666

Up Town 6726

Telephone Connection

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

631

NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

National Association of Gardeners.
M. C. Ebel, secretary, Madison, N J.

Society of American Florists and Orna-
mental Horticulturists.
John Young, secretary, 54 West 28th street,
New York.

American Carnation Society.
A. F. J. Bauer, secretary, Indianapolis, Ind.

American Gladiolus Society.

L. Merton Gage, secretary, Sontli Natick,

Mass.

American Peony Society.
A. B. Saunders, secretary, Clinton, N. Y.

American Rose Society.
B. Hammond, secretary, Fishkill, N. Y'.

American Sweet Pea Society.

H. A. Bunyard, secretary, 342 West 14th

street, New York.

Chrysanthemum Society of America.

Charles W. Johnson, secretarv, Morgan

Park, 111.

LOCAL SOCIETIES

Boston Gardeners' and Florists' Club.
William N. Craig, secretary. North Easton,
Mass.
Meets third Tuesday every month, Horti-
cultural Hall, Boston, Mass., 8 p. m.

Connecticut Horticultural Society.
Geo. W. Smith, secretary, Melrose, Conn.

Meets second and fourth Fridaj-s every
month. County Building, Hartford, Conn., 8
p. m.

Dutchess County Horticultural Society.

Hubert G. Cottam, secretary, Wappingers

Falls, N. Y.

Meets at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., last
Wednesday every month except May and
June.

Elberon Horticultural Society.
C. O. Duncan, secretary, Elberon, N. J.
Meets first Monday every month. Fire
Hall, Elberon, N. J., 8 p. m.

Florists' and Gardeners' Club of Holyoke

and Northampton, Mass.
James Wliiting, secretary, AmluTst, Mass.
Meets second Tuesday every month.

The Garden Club of Michigan.
Mrs. Edward H. Parker, secretary. 139 Sey-
burn avenue, Detroit, Midi.
The corresponding secretary will notify
members of date and place of meetings.

Gardeners' and Florists' Clnb of Baltimore.

y. F. Flittin, ."ccretary, Patcrson Park,

Baltimore, Md.

Meets second and fourth Monday every

month. Florist Exchange Hall.

The Horticultural Society of New York.

Geo. V. Nash, secretary, Bronx Park, New

York City.

Meets monthly, irregular. May to Octo-
ber, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx
Park, New York. November to April,
American Museum of Natural History, 77th
street and Columbus avenue. New York.

Lake Geneva Gardeners' and Foremen's

Association.
W. II. Griffits, secretary. Lake Geneva, Wis.
Meets first and third Saturday every
month, October to April; first Saturday
every month. May to September, Horticul-
tural Hall.

Lenox Horticultural Society.
George Instone, secretary, Lenox, Mass.
Meets first Saturday every month.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

William P. Kich, secretary, 30O Massachii-

setts avenue, Boston, Mass.

Moiunouth County Horticultural Society.
Harry Kettle, secretary, Fairhaven, N. J.
Meets second and fourth Friday every
month. Bed Men's Hall, Oceanic.

Morris County Florists' and Gardeners'

Society.
Edward J. Reagan, secretary, Morristown,
N. J.
Meets at Madison, N. J., second Wednes-
day every month, except July and August,
8 p. m.

Nassau County Horticultural Society.
Ernest Westlake, secretary, Glen Cove, N. Y.
Meets second Wednesday every month,
Pembroke IT.tH, Glen Cove, N. Y., 7 p. m.

New Jersey Floricultural Society.
John Dervan, secretary, 433 Centre street.
Orange, N. J.
Meets second Friday every month, 240
Main street. Orange, N. J., 8 p. m.

New London County Horticultural Society.
John Humpbiay, secretary, New London,
Conn.
Meets second Thursday every month,
rooms of Business Men's Association.

Newport Horticultural Society.
D. J. Coughlin, secretary, Newport, R. I.
Meets second and fourth Tuesday every
month.

North Shore Horticultural Society.
Jas. Slater, secretary, Manchester, Mass.
Meets first and third Fridays every
month.

North Westchester County Horticultural

and Agricultural Society.
M. J. O'Brien, secretary, Jit. Kisco. N. Y.
Meets third Thursday every month, ex-
cept June, July and August, at 8 p. m.;
December, Januarv and Februarv, 3 p. m..
Odd Fellows H»Il,"Mt. Kisco.

Oyster Bay Horticultural Society.
John T. Ingram, secretarv, Oyster Bav,
N. Y. '
Meets third Friday every month, Tinnrd
of Trade, Oyster Bay, N. V-, 8 p. m.

Pasadena Horticultural Society.
Geo. B. Kennedy, secretary, 497 Bradford
street, Pasadena, Cal.
Meets first and fourth Friday every
month.

Paterson Floricultural Society.

■Sebastian Hubschmitt, secretary, 61 Seventh

avenue, Paterson, N. J.

Meets first Tuesday every month, Ro-

inaine Building, 8 p. m.

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.
David Rust, secretary, Broad and Locust
streets, Philadelphia, Pa.
Meets third Tuesday every month, Horti-
cultural Hall, 8 p. m.

People's Park Cottage Gardeners' Associa-
tion.
John Ainscough, secretary, 4 Chestnut street,
Paterson, N. J.
Meets first and last Friday every month.
Working Man's Institute, Madison avenue,
Paterson, N. J.

Philadelphia Florists' Club.
David Rust, secretary. Broad and Locust
streets, Philadelphia, Pa.
Meets first Tuesday every month, Horti-
cultural Hall, Philadelphia, Pa., 8 p. m.

The Pittsburgh Florists' and Gardeners'
Club.

H. P. Joslin, secretary, Ben Avon, Pa.

Meets first Thursday every month. Fort
Pitt Hotel, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Rhode Island Horticultural Society.
A. C. Miller, secretary, 7 Irving avenue.
Providence, R. I.
Meets third Wednesday every month.
Providence Public Library, 8 p. m.

Shelter Island Horticultural and Agricul-
tural Society.
Fred Kirkham, secretary. Shelter Island,
N. Y.
Meets first and third Thursdays every
month.

Southampton Horticultural Society.
William McLeod, secretary.
Meets first Thursday every month. Me-
morial Hall, Southampton, N. Y.

Tarrytown Horticultural Society.
E. W. Neubrand, secretary, Tarytown, N. Y.
Meets last Tuesday every month, except
December, Corporation Building, Tarrytown,
N. Y., 7:30 p. m. Annual meeting last
Thursday in December.

Tuxedo Horticultural Society.
Jos. A. Becvar, secretary. Tuxedo Park, N.Y.
Meets first Wednesday every month. Par-
ish House, Tuxedo Park.

Washington, D. C, Florist Club.
J. L. Mayberrv, secretarv, Washington.
■ D. C.
Meets first Monday every month.

Westchester and Fairfield Horticultural

Society.
.1. 1!. Mr.Ardle, secretary, Greenwich, Conn.
Meets second Friday every month. Dor-
all's Hall, Greenwich, Conn., 8 p. m.

Yonkers Horticultural Society.
Thos. Mahoney, secretary, Yonkers, N. Y.
Meets first Friday every month, Holly-
wood Inn, Yonkers, N. Y., 8 p. ni.

632

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OE AMERICA.

GARDENERS DIARY

National Association of Gardeners' Meetings.
Annual Convention, November — , Ameri-
can Museum of Natural History, New York
City.

American Institute, Neve York.
Flower and Vegetable Show, September
23-25. Chrysanthemum Show, November
5-7. Engineering Building, 25-33 W. 39th
street.

New Jersey Floricultural Society.
Dahlia, Fruit and Vegetable Show,
Orange, N. J., September 27-28.

Lenox Horticultural Society.
Summer Show, August 20-21. Fall Show,
October 22-23.

Elberon Horticultural Society.
Chrysanthemum Show, Asbury Park,
N. J., Casino, October 27-29.

Morris County Florists' and Gardeners' Club

Annual Show, Madison, N. J., October

28-29.

Nassau County Horticultural Society.
Annual Fall Show, Glen Cove, N. Y.,
October 28-29.

Horticultural Society of New York.
Annual Fall Show, American Museum of
Natural History, New York, October 31 to
November 4.

Yonkers Horticultural Society.
Bowling, Thiusday nights, Riverdale ave-
nue, Yonkers, N. Y.

Tarrytown Horticultural Society.

Fall Show, November 4, 5, 6. Music Hall.

Westchester and Fairfield Society.

Annual Fall Show, Stamford, Conn.
November .

Tuxedo Horticultural Society.
Annual Fall Show, Tuxedo, N. Y.
October 23, 24. 2.5.

Plant for Immediate Effect

Not for Future Generations
Start with the largest stock that can be secured ! It takes over

twenty years to grow many of the Trees and Shrubs we offer.
We do the long waiting— thus enabling you to secure Trees and

Shrubs that give an immediate effect. Send for price list.

ANDORRA NURSERIES

WM. WARNER HARPER, Proprietor

Box CHESTNUT HILL
O PHILADELPHIA, PA.

(lent introduced Mr. Ebel. wh.. rcail a paper
on the Gardener's Opportunity. Tliis
brought forth a number of discussions. Jlr.
Ebel particularly discussed the college grad-
uate and the gardener of practical knowl-
edge, stating that the young men in tlie
profession today must get busy and study
the scientific methods of gardening if they
want to be on an even basis with the col-
lege graduates.

Mr. Ebel was voted a hearty vote of
thanks; and the members expressed them-
selves that they would be very glad to have
more men like Mr. Ebel come to our meet-
ings and discuss the subject of the oppor-
tunities of the gardeners, for we do believe
that if this subject were taken up through-
out the entire country it would be of
great benefit to all gardeners.

JOSEPH A. BECT^AR, Secretary.

THE WESTCHESTER AND FAIRFIELD
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Till' regular monthly iiirptiii;,' "f tin-
above society was held in Greenwich. Conn..
August 8, President Robert Williamson in
the chair. An interesting discussion took
place on the diseases of shade trees, a sub
ject now requiring very close attentiiui.

Several new members were elected :ii
this meeting, also several adoptions niaile.

The schedule for the fall show, which is
to be held November 7-8, is now in tin
committee's hands, and will be out in ;.
few days. Excellent classes are drawn up
with substantial prizes offered. We arc
therefore hoping for large entries and keen
competition for same.

OWEN A. HXIXWUK,
I orrespouding Scrrct.iry.

TUXEDO HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

.V regular monthly meeting of the Tux-
edo Horticultural Society was held in the
Parish House, Tuxedo Park. N. Y.. on Wed-
nesday evening, August 6. President James
ilacMackan presided.

The guests of the evening were: Mr.
V. C. Ebel, secretary of the National As-
sociation of Gardeners, Madison, N. J.; Mr.
William Sperling, of Stumpp & Walter
Company. New York, and Mr. G. E. Bald-
win, of Jfamaroneck, N. Y.

The society has decided to hold a general
outing on Wednesday, August 2n. at 8nf-
fren, N. Y., where the society held its out-
ing two years ago. A large gathering is
expected. The coming exhibition, or Fall
Show, which is usually held at the Tuxedo
clubhouse, will occur on October 22, 23 and
24. It is expected that this exhibition will
be the finest ever held in Tuxedo, and a
liberal schedule has been provided for it.

After the general routine business of
the society had been disposed of, the presi-

"Scalecide" at
"SCALECIDE" $25 per barrel is

SAVES MONEY I'^fpC^^ j.Vb"

cause SJjbbls of L.
S. will cost »20, phis $22 50 to apply, or }^^2.m.
One barrel of "Scalkcide" will spray J list as many
trees.and spray them better, andwillcost onlvf26,
plus $12 to apply. You save $.5.50 and get a better

proli-ctlon .icalnst S.in Jose Scale. Leal Kollet and all peMs . "n-
IroIIablein dormant Season. Write f..t booklet—* SCALE! II>E'
tlie Tree Saver." B. G. Pratt Co.. 50 Church St.. N. V. City.

BURPEE'S SEEDS

PHILADELPHIA

Wholesale Price List for Florirti
and Market Gardeneri.

JOS. A. MANDA

ORCHID EXPERT

West Orange New Jersey

.^r'^S Sheep Manun

Dried and Pulverized

One Barrel EQualsTwo
Wagon Loads Barnyard Manure

Unequalled for lawn, srarden and field fertilizing. Write |
, .or intort-stinL' booklet and prices.
THE PULVERIZED MANURE CO.. 43 Union Stock Yard.. Chicaso

Trim your hedge

4 times faster ^

UNIQUE
Hedge Trimmers

hedge

and cut o
ie-clinnci.
well-kept.

rniqiic Hedge
■ rable

For older gr.
rimmer and C;
ctra cutter foi
ter. Replaces
nd prunersl
Either loc]

frequentlv trimmed . .
nch swath of the ff*-';'.
Trimmer makes it '"

ivths use the Unique Hedge j ^
utter Combined, which has an

branches up to 5^-inch diam-
hedge trimmer, lopping shears

ria^e prepaid on re-
ceipt of $5.00. Money
back if not satisfac-
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us after one week's
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Send for Free Il-
lustrated Booklet

FOUNTAIH CUTLERY CO.

2433 LdCBSt SI.. Phlladtlphla
New York Office,
1 West 34th St.
0pp.

Waldorf-Astoria

THE GARDENERS' CHROxNICLE OF AMERICA.

633

BON ARBOR

Awarded Diploma and Silver Medal at 1912
Royal International Exhibition, London, Eng.

BON ARBOR NO. 1 will keep your Tennis Courts
and Lawns green in the hottest weather. Will grow
Lettuce, Celery, Cauliflower, and anything that matures
above the ground to the finest perfection. We can
prove it.

Bon Arbor No. 1 is put up as follows:

Package making 15 galloos. by mall $0.30

Package making 30 gallons, by mall 53

5 lb. package making 150 gallons.

exp. extra 1.80
25 lb. package making 750 gallons.

esp. extra 6.25
60 lb. package making 1.500 gallons.

exp. extra 12.50
100 lb. package making 3,000 gallons.

exp. extra 20.00
Barrels from 260 to 300 lbs., ISc. per lb.

RADIX WORM ERADICATOR removes worms
instantly from your Tennis Courts, Golf Greens,
Flower Pots, etc.

2 gallons, making 200 gallons, $2.00 per gallon.

lJ/2 gallons sufficient for Tennis Court 78 x 36 feet.

ANT DESTROYER. Rid your garden and lawn
of ants. It can be done in less than a week. Per lb.
6Sc.; 10 lbs., 60c. per lb.; 25 lbs., SOc. per lb.

BON ARBOR CHEMICAL CO.

Paterson, N. J., U. S. A.

Write for descriptive catalogue, new 1912 edition. We manufac-
ture also Radix Worm Eradicator, Insecticides, Weed Killer and all
agricultural chemicals. Special prices on large quantities.

MR. GARDENER:

Let That Tree Die, and

You Will Never See

It Replaced

YOU KNOW how long it has taken that tree to
attain those stately proportions.

YOU KNOW how irreparable the loss should it die.

YOU KNOW how imminent is the danger from in-
sects and fungi.

YOU KNOW how devitalising, how unsightly, and
how difficult to reach is that dead
wood.

YOU KNOW how surely fatal are those neglected
cavities — neglected decaying stumps,
neglected wounds, neglected borer
holes are the causes.

Then Why Wait Longer? Time Is Precious.

CALL US IN

WE HAVE the KNOWLEDGE, the EXPERI-
ENCE, the MEN, the TOOLS.

JOHN T. WITHERS Inc.

Landscape Archite

1 Montgomery St,

and Forester

Jersey City, N. J.

P. HAMILTON GOODSELL

Fine Nursery Stock

Come and See Our Fine Collection

OF

Specimen Evergreens
English Ivy m pots
Ampelopsis in pots

Roses in eight inch pots

RhododrendronS from eighteen inches to four feet

- ALL THESE CAN BE INSPECTED AT OUR GROUNDS -

1905 WEST FARMS ROAD, NEW YORK CITY

Telephone. 4028 Tremont

634

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

THE NEW YORK HERALD, August 10, 1913, reports — The Department u(

Agriculture has issued a warning to consumers to break bunches of celery open and wash and scrub the
stalks before it is eaten. It has also warned the public against eating the leaves upon which dried Bordeaux
mixture clings, because if it has been sprayed with the Bordeaux mixture you may become ill."

WHY MOT USE FUNGINE?

You can apply it to any fruit, vegetable or flower with perfect safety. It is not poisonous and, un-
like Bordeaux mixture, it does not stain, but will cleanse the foliage.

Fungine is an infallible remedy for mildew, rust and other blights. Used as a spray at one part
Fungine to fifty parts water.

BALLOM, $2 TCH-GALLOM KEG, $1B

PROF. A. L. MELANDER, of Pullman, Wash., says — The more experience

we seem to have the less we know, and that applies to all new things and particularly to the subject of
spraying. . . . Sulphur-lime in particular was regarded as a general cure-all, but as tirrie goes on we are
beginning to lose faith in the sulphur-lime; at least. I am, and I know a great many of the fruit growers are
also. . . . Sometimes sulphur-lime will kill the San Jose scale in a day and in other places it does not
kill it. A few years ago we were sure that sulphur-lime would kill red spider eggs, and eggs of the green
aphis, and yet I have examined I don't know how many millions of eggs this year, and failed to find them
dead after being sprayed with sulphur-lime."

WHY NOT TRY SCAUNE?

It is an oil and sulphur composition — a scalicidu, fungicide and insecticide combined — mixing readily
with water; containing no sediment and can be applied through the finest spray nozzle. It will penetrate
all the crevices of the bark and effectively destroy the San Jose and other scale, red spider, thrips, mealy bug,
and all sap-sucking insects infesting trees, shrubs and hardy plants.

Scaline can be used in the growing season as safely as in the dormant season, at a strength of one
to twenty parts water for San Jose and other scale; one to forty to fifty parts water for all other insects.
The sulphur contained in Scaline makes it an excellent preventive against many blights. It is easy to apply,
cleanly and effective. Scaline is a marked improvement over the old-fashioned kerosene emulsion and so-
called whale oil soaps, while equally as economical.

GALLON, $1.SO TEM-GALLOM KEG, $10 BARREL (SO Gallons) $37. SO

"C. W.," a contributor to the Florists' Review, July 10, 1913, writes —

"Try Vermine for the root maggots. I have used it and find it effective against root maggots, cut worms,
earth worms, ants and other ground pests. It is most penetrating and telling in its eft'ects if applied when
the ground is tolerably moist."

H. E. FULLERTON, Director of Long Island R. R. Experimental Station,

writes "For the underground members of the 'Bug' family we found Vermine helped us mightily on

l)oth those subterranean annoyers, root maggots and cut worms. We could see absolutely no trace of any-
thing but the most beneficial effects from applying it to the well-cultivated soil around plants, and we used
it in excessive quantities to study the effects." (L. I. Agronomist, July 1, 1913.)

WE CLAIM THAT VERMINE

is a most effective soil sterilizer and vermicide for all soil vermin and that it will protect your crops and
lawns from all ravages under the soil. It is applied at a strength of one part to four hundred parts water
by thoroughly soaking the ground, and is not injurious to vegetation. For soil sterilizing it is used at
the concentrated strength of one part to two hundred parts water.

GALLON, $3 FIVE-GALLON KEG, $12. SO

tiio/uma

^ fUM/GAJ^

The recognized standard insecticide for green-
house and garden spraying. It destroys green, black,
white fly, red spider, thrips, mealy bug, soft scale
and all sap-sucking insects, and is universally used
and endorsed by leading private and commercial
growers throughout the country.

OUART, $1 GALLON, $2. SO

Is

12% nicotine solution for vaporizing and
spraying. Less concentrated than other nicotine
products, it is nevertheless equally effective at pro-
portionate strength and fully as economical. Where
a nicotine solution is desired, Nikotiana will meet
all the requirements.

OUART, $1.SO GALLON, $4.SO

^m^m-m /o K'F^'FMU ' ^m-r* A niani toad for f lowers, vegetables and fruits,
£C9d. O r CffVa tLm£i^W% applicable to greenhouse and garden plants

It is an odorless plant food, readily soluble in water, applied to soil in liquid form. Quick in action,
produces a sturdv growth and larger and better blooms. Unequaled for lawns, tennis courts and golf links.
It is not a new 'formula. It has-been tried and tested throughout the British Isles for many years and
highly endorsed under other names by leading horticultural authorities in Great Britain. One pound makes
twenty-eight to thirty-two gallons of liquid fertilizer.

lOa pound lots, 25 cents per pound SO pound lots. 30 cents per pound

SPfCIAI PRICIS ON LARGE QMNIIIIES
»ll UP-IO-DHIf SffO flRMS HANDlf OUR PRODUCIS

APHINE MANUFACTURING COMPANY, SSTA..

MADISON, N. J.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

NEW IMPROVED FRENCH

HYDRANGEAS

We are importing a quantity of these new varieties which attracted so much atten-
tion at the International Flower Show in New York last Spring. We are offer-
ing the following best varieties in the various sizes.

Avalanche, Pure white.

Bouquet-Rose, Rosy Amber turning to bright pink.
Dentelle, Creamy white, deeply fringed.

Eclaireur, Compact grower, the darkest pink of all.
La Lorraine, Rosy flowers, crimpled. G^"'' Vicomtesse de Vibraye, Large flowers, bright pink.
Mme. Emile Mouilliere, Pure white, enormous crimpled flowers.
Mme. Maurice Hamar, lively pink.

Mme. Raoul, Fiery pmk, large flower.
Radiant, Rosy carmine.

Souvenir de Mme. Chautard, Rose, splendid erect flowers.

4 to 5 Branches Each, $1.00 Per dozen, $10.00

6 to 7 Branches Each, 1.25 Per dozen, 12.50

8 to 9 Branches Each, 1.50 Per dozen, 15.00

10 to 11 Branches Each, 1.75 Per dozen, 17.50

12 to 15 Branches Each, 2.00 Per dozen, 20.00

WRITE FOR OUR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF BULBS.

W. E. MARSHALL & CO., Ii6 w. 23d St., New York

SEEDS : BULBS : PLANTS

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Word from the Sunny South

Mr. H. D. Wheat, of Gaffney. S. C. gave this house to the Gaffney Park. He has a charming Htll
Lord & Burnham Curvcd-Eave house on his private grounds. Here is what the gardener. Mr. G. Jane
to say about the park house;

"I have worked in the Lord & Burnham green-
li'uses for the past three and one-half years, grow-
n)(j fruit, flowers and vcgetabh-^. and we have
.ilways had the finest results — which. I believe, is
i>;irt!y due to the amount of light and proper vcn-
iiiation.

"Mere, where I have raised a good number of
lidding plants besides the uj^ual cut flowers and
l>"t plants. I fix up shelves on wliich 1 can stand
* ' • ' - • ' Iianging heavy

which, of ecu:
construction.
"The neat
gives a pi

lord 6 Burnham Co.,'

New York

1 Sir,-,. I lllil^-.

Chicago

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

BODDINGTON'S QUALITY

POT-GROWN STRAWBERRY PLANTS

Pot-Grown Plants Planted in the Fall Will Give a Full Crop the Following Season

CULTURE. — Strawberries require rich, well-tilled soil; the plants should be set 15 inches apart, in rows 2
feet apart; 100 plants will plant 4 rows, 30 feet long. Firm the plants well in the soil, keep thoroughly cultivated
and cut off all runners. In the middle of December cover the beds to a depth of 3 inches with salt-meadow
hay, straw or leaves. In April, as soon as the plants show an indication of growth, push the covering away from
the plants to allow them to come up through. This "mulching" protects the plants from the cold in winter and
the heat in summer, keeps the fruit clean, and prevents the growth of weeds.

PERFECT AND PISTILLATE STRAWBERRIES. The blossoms of Strawberries are either staminate
(perfect-flowering) or are destitute of stamens and are termed pistillate (imperfect-flowering). Pistillate va-
rieties must have a row of some perfect-flowering sort, flowering at the same time, planted every 9 or 12 feet
apart among them, or, better yet, every third or fourth plant in the row, to pollenize their blossoms. When prop-
erly pollenized, the pistillate varieties are usually the most prolific. Those marked with P are pistillate.

Forcing Varieties

Royal Sovereign. This variety is considered the best
variety in England for forcing. Last year we im-
ported some of this stock, and beg to state we can
ofTer pot-grown plants of this valuable variety for im-
mediate delivery, from 2j/^-inch pots at $1.50 per doz.,
$10 per 100.

Pride of Redbank. Mr. William Turner, Oceanic, N. J.,
the famous grower of fruit and Strawberries under
glass, says: "Pride of Redbank is one of the finest,
freest, and best-colored berries for forcing under glass."
It is upon his recommendation that we are listing it
this year, and offer pot-grown stock at $1.50 per doz.,
$10 per 100.

General List of Pot-Grown Strawberry Plants
August Luther. This variety is very popular not only
with berry-growers, but also in the family garden; it
has a host of friends, and succeeds everywhere. The
berries are of good size, firm and lots of them. Extra
early.

Beder Wood. Always on hand with a big crop of most
beautiful crimson berries of extra-high quality, lying in
windrows all around the plant. Medium early.
Brandywine. Large, roundish, conical, glossy criinson,
firm and solid; of fine aromatic flavor. Plant vigorous
and productive; succeeds on any soil. Midseason to
late.

Bubach. (P.) A very large berry of dark color. Pro-
ductive; of fair flavor. Largely grown for market.
Midseason.

Commonwealth. Very late. In the Commonwealth we
have a berry as large as the largest — as productive as
any of the large-fruiting varieties, and as fine-flavored
and juicy and as dark-colored as any Strawberry grown.
$5 per 100.

Early Ozark. (Extra Early — Perfect Flowei;ing.) A
very promising new Strawberry from Missouri. It is a
cross between the popular varieties .\roma and Excel-
sior. The originator says "It is the largest extremely
early berry ever introduced ripening with the small
'Michel's Early' and as big as the late large fruiting
sorts"; 15 berries of Ozark often fill a quart basket. The
berries are almost round and bright red in color. The
plant is a grand grower with healthy large dark green
leathery foliage, and exceedingly prolific.

Fendall (Perfect). The berries are perfect beauties,
rich red in color, smooth and glossy with long stems
and large showy raps. The length of bearing season is
unusual — berries picked from June 2 to July 10 is its
record. $5 per 100.

Gandy. One of the very best later varieties. It is a
strong, compact grower, with larger, bright, glossy
crimson fruit, very uniform in shape; flesh firm and of
the finest flavor.

Glen Mary. Large, bright, glossy crimson, of fine
flavor. Plant strong and healthy, very prolific, and on
good soil the berries are large to the end of the season.
Early.

Hunn. (P.) A late variety, very productive, large
size, uniform shape, dark crimson, firm flesh of the
finest flavor. A strong grower and the latest sort
grown.

Jessie. Very productive; fruit large, light crimson in
color; firm, and flavor of the best. Early.
Marshall. Large, dark crimson; good. Plant luxuriant,
but needs rich soil and careful culture. Midseason.
New Home. As late and large as Gandy, fruit a bright
red color, uniformly large size. A good keeper and
shipper.

New York. The berries are very large, ripening mid-
season. Color dark scarlet, changing to crimson when
fully ripe; colors all over at once; quality first-class.
Nick Ohmer. For market, for home use or for exhibi-
tion, this is probably the greatest berry ever oiTered.
It is a healthy, vigorous grower, and of great produc-
tiveness. The fruit is of mammoth size, beautiful in
form and color, and of excellent quality.
Oom Paul. One of the largest so far introduced, and
very firm for such a large berry. The plant is thrifty
and open-growing, with glossy dark green foliage and
will stand shipping with any of the very large varieties.
President. (P.) Almost round, very uniform in shape,
borne in large clusters; flesh solid; color rich crimson;
strong grower; exceedingly productive and continues
bearing till end of season.

St. Antoine de Padoue (The Everlasting Strawberry).
This variety is the finest in the Alpine class, and will
continue fruiting till way into September. While the
berries are not large, they are very rich in aromatic
flavor, and of good color. If you desire Strawberries
out of season this is the variety to grow. 75 cts. per
doz., $5 per 100.

Sample. (P.) Fruit large, round and dark crimson in
color, and of good quality. Late.

Schofield. Loved by everybody on account of its
enormous size, bright red color, and rich aromatic
flavor peculiar to itself. The plant is very large, with
an extra-broad, thick leaf. Early to late.
Sharpless. Demands rich, strong soil. Plant large
and vigorous; berries very large, irregular in shape,
crimson, moderately firm and of good quality. An old
and standard variety which is still popular. Midseason.
Silver Coin (Perfect). Its salient points are its ex-
quisite color and luscious flavor. $5 per 100.
Uncle Jim. A very valuable midseason variety of large
size and wonderful productiveness; bright red color and
finest quality.

Wm. Belt. The berries are as large as Bubach, moi;e
uniform in shape, just as productive, and the color is
perfect.

Any of the above varieties 50 cts. per doz., $3.75 per 100., $35 per 1,000, except where noted. Special prices given
on large quantities or varieties not quoted in this Hst.

Our 1913 Autumn Ciarden Guide now ready for delivery. If you have not received one, drop
us a po.st card. It contains a full list of Fall bulbs — and a specially fine list of "Darwins."

"When in the citv. call : always welcome."

ARTHUR T. BODDINGTON

342 West 14th Street. NEW YORK CITY

GARDENERS'
CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA

SEPTEMBER, 1913

Ten Cents a Copy

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Please Note Our New Address

WE are now located permanently at our ne\v address
where w^e occupy the whole building, 98 Chambers
Street (betw^een Broadw^ay and Church Street). The
much larger space gives us the opportunity to better handle our
rapidly increasing business. In addition to our regular Seed Busi-
ness we intend to carry for the convenience of our customers a
full Ime of POULTRY SUPPLIES, mcludmg Incubators, Poul-
try Remedies, Feeds and Sundries. Our Dutch Bulbs have just
arrived and it w^ill be to your advantage to inspect our stock
before placing your order elsew^here.

BURNETT BROTHERS

SEEDSMEN

98 CHAMBERS STREET XEtt-PH .ne ens Barclay

NEW YORK

KUKCTicn i-ou r. i.. amks, nouth i

L. & B. Practical Practice

A

1)\'K"F. is (.110 thin.i;. ('(lunM-l qiiiti- aiicuh

ir inslaiicc;

You fully make up your mind you arc going to
do a certain tiling a certain way. Then you go
over to your neighbor and ask his advice. You
ask it — not because you really want advice, but —
bccau.se you think he will agree with you. and it's
l)leasant to be agreed with. Whether he agreed
or not. you wouldn't take his advice.

Hut when it comes to counsel — that's different.
You go to a man who you know knows more
about the <|uestion in Iiaiid than you do, Vnu

criously. '\'ou shape
of iollving

consider his consideratit
your actions accordingly.

.\dvicc, then, would seem like
one along.

Counsel is the gocid, solid, dependable iiijinions
that are based on time-tried experience.

If 3'ou have a greenhtuise problem that you
want counsel on. we will be glad to hear from you.

Such counsel will be decidedly impersonal, and
based entirely on ;i knowledge gained by a half-
century's planning, designing, manufacturiu!.;.
e(|ui]iping and building greenhouses.

If it's iiPiinsel \ ou want — vou want ns.

Lord and Burnham Co.

SALES offices:

FACTORIES :

TIorilKSTKU

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

639

New Carnations
For 1914 In Pots

<).\i the many novoltics In farna-
tiiiiis offiTcd for the cominj; sea-
son, we liave selected several that
sliow a marked Improvement over

older

thi>

. e greenhouse using lim-
ited iiuantities. i)lants in pots are unques-
tionahly hetter than cuttings. Better for
you— better for the Carnations.

They ship better; plant better; grow

ied of the worry of that
before the plant has es-

better.

You are ro
critical perio
lablisbed its.

Slime of these novelties you will sure-
ly want. All prices below are for good
strong plants in L'lJ-inch pot-s.

-Matchless (The Cottage Gardens) —
Most promising white. $S doz. $20 per
100.

Princess Dogmar (M. A. Patten) —
New crimson variety. $3 doz. $20 per
100.

Philadelphia (Browne) — Pure rose
pink. $3 doz. .$20 per 100.

Gorgeous (Peter Fisher) — Glowing
crimson suffused with brilliant Ver-
million. .f4 doz. $23 per 100.

Gloria (H. W. F^eld and A. N. Pier-
son. Inc.) — Beautiful silver pink. $3
doz. .$20 per 100.

Send fur catalog giving detailed de-
scriptions of each.

A.N.PieR30N

'CftoroweiLL com.

WATERER^S
"HIGH GRADE" BULBS

Highest quality bulbs of HYACINTHS,
TULIPS, NARCISSUS, etc. ; the quality that
carries off the first prizes at the exhibitions.

LILY OF THE VALLEY, WATERER'S
"XXX PERFECTION BRAND," the earliest,
largest and best for early forcing.

WATERER'S RELIABLE MUSHROOM
SPAWN. English and American bricks, made
by the best makers.

LAWN GRASS SEED

If you desire a perfect lawn, use our "SPEf-
CIAL" EVERGREEN LAWN SEED.

Catalogue mailed free upon request.

HOSEA WATERER

Seedsman and Bulb Importer
107 and 109 South Seventh St., Philadelphia, Pa.

BULBS FOR AUTUMN PLANTING

HYACINTHS
TULIPS
NARCISSUS I
CROCUS, Etc.

DREER'S AUTUMN CATALOGUE

iillcr.s a CDiuijlctc line, including all the
Spring-nowcring- bulbs, also Hardy Peren-
nials for setting out during the Fall, as
well as Palms, Ferns, and many other
riowers suitable fur home decoration.

A copy mailed free if
you mention this magazine.

HENRY A. DREER

714 Chestnut Street Philadelphia, Pa.

Prepare now to have
the finest show of
these beautiful flow-
ers next Spring. Our
catalogue will help
)'ou in making selec-
tions and our Bulbs
will produce the
very best results.

640

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

^l^t Contents-

^^pttmbtty 1913

Chestnut Tree Blight . . B], E. D. Heald

641

Our Cover Illustration

656

A Complicated Combination

Sixty Thousand Kinds of Fungus

656

B\) N. M. Edgerlon

642

Summer Show, Lenox Horticultural Society

657

Planning a Garden . . Sp David Miller

644

North Shore Horticultural Society

658

At the S. A. F. Convention

646

Montreal Horticultural Society

658

Autumn Fields . Bv Dr. L. K. Hirshberg

648

Massachusetts Horticultural Society

658

Planting Trees in September

649

Schedule, Morris County Show .

659

Forcing Strawberries in Pots

Queries and Answers

660

Bv Chas. M. Sclirall

650

National Associations

661

In Wonderland .....

651

Local Societies ....

661

Growing Bulbs .....

651

Gardeners' Diary ....

662

Photographs of Interest ....

Bp Stanley^ B. Candler

Then and Now . Bp Elnm Hubbard

Editorial ......

652
653
654

Westchester and Fairfield Horticultural Society 662
Nassau County Horticultural Society . . 663
Bemardsville, N. J., Horticultural Society . 663

What Is Success?

654

Tuxedo, N. Y., Horticultural Society .

663

Frost . . Bv Herbert L. Richland

654

New Jersey Horticultural Society .

663

Association Notes .....

655

Lenox Horticultural Society

663

Among the Gardeners ....

655

American Rose Society

663

STAIGREEN LAWN SEED

For Lawn Making few months in the year are considered as advisable as August or early
September. While the proper preparation of the ground, fertilizing, rolling and watering is
considered very essential, the mixture of grasses is a very important one and should be given
considerable thought.

25-Pound versus 14-Pound LAWN SEED

Many low-price Grass Seed mixtures weigh only 14 pounds per bushel. This indicates either

a good proportion of chaflf or some of the real good varieties in the rough state, not properly

cleansed so as to leave only the vital part and less of the chaff or shell.

In other words, so many less seeds to the quart or pound that will germinate and grow real

grass.

Why Not Buy the Re-cleaned Kind?

A mixture of grasses weighing 25 pounds per bushel, of high germination and purity, perma-
nent in nature, the varieties carefully proportioned so that they will succeed one another in
brightness of foliage, with the result that the lawn, even in its first year, will have a bright,
rich green color from early spring until covered by snow.

POUND 5 POUNDS 25 POUNDS 100 POUNDS

40 cts. $1.75 $8.00 $30.00

One Pound will Sow a Plot 20 x 20 feet. Sow 80 Pounds to the Acre

Q)timw^(JB!(^

(v? 30-32 BARCLAY ST.
"^ NEW YORK

We are now Established in our New Building

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA

DEVOTED TO THE SCIENCE OF FLORICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE

ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF

THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

Vol. XVI.

SEPTEMBER, 19L

No. 11.

The Symptoms of Chestnut Tree Blight

By F. D. Heald.

(Continued from August issue.)
The chestnut blight is due to a definite species of
fungus which grows as a parasite in the bark and to
some extent in the wood uf the infected tree. This
fungus was first described as Diaporthe parasitica
Murrill, but has since been referred to Endothia para-
sitica (Murr.) And. It is possible to grow this fungus
in artificial cultures, and it has been repeatedly demon-
strated by inoculations into healthy trees to be the
cause of the disease.

1. The vegetative body i>f Mycelium. — The blight
fungus grows within the bark and to some extent in
the wood of the affected parts, where it produces
strands or mats of closely appressed filaments, known
as the mycelium or vegetative body of the fungus.
In young infections on smooth-barked shoots this
mycelium is located just below the brown, outer, or
corky l)ark, and is cottony white at the advancing
edge, but assumes a buff tinge in the central or older
portions of the infection. As the infections become
older, the mycelium penetrates deeper and spreads out
at various depths in the bark, where it produces char-
acteristic fan-like aggregates. The fans of bufif or yel-
lowish mycelium are especially well developed in the
layers of inner bark, and finally in the cambium or
growing layer between bark and wood, which is thus
destroyed by the growth uf the fungus. After the
mycelium has reached the cambium and spread out in
that region, it enters the wood and grows throughout
the outer layers of sapwood. It is known to penetrate
at least as far as five annual rings of wood.

2. The pysnidal stage. — After the mycelium of the
blight fungus has been growing for a time in the
bark it begins the formati(jn of fruiting pustules for
the production of spores. The first kinds that are pro-
duced are known as pycnidial pustules or stromata,
and they appear as minute raised papilLne scarcely
larger than a pin-head, and showing a yellowish or
orange color when they break through the bark. Each
pycnidia pustule shows a smooth or slightly uneven
outer surface and is a dense aggregate of fungous
tissue, generally containing one (rarely more) large,
lobulated cavity lined with innumerable vertical fila-
bodies, the pycnospores, are produced. With the ac-
cumulation of these in a pycnidium, the external wall
is ruptured and the accumulated mass of spores im-
bedded in mucilaginous material oozes out in the form
of a thread-like or flattened irregular coil, the so-called
"spore-horn" or tendril. ;\ single spore-horn of av-
erage size has been found !>> actual analysis to contain
as many as 115,000,000 pycnospores.

The pycnospores have frequently been designated
as summer spores, but the development of pycnidia de-
pends largely upon the age of the lesion rather than
on the time or season of the year. Pycnospores are
produced in abundance at all times in the year when
temperature and moisture conditions are favorable, and
are washed down in large numbers from diseased
branches even during the warm winter rains, when
the spore-horns are rarely observed.

The production of jjycnospores is not confined to
pustules which break through the bark of diseased
areas. Smaller orange or reddish superficial pycnidia
may be produced in large numbers on the cut end of
the inner bark or the outer layers of sapwood of fallen
logs, stumps, or wood previously affected with blight,
or on the inner surface of inner bark where it has split
away from the wood. Peeled posts and poles pre-
viously affected with blight will frequently show many
of these minute pycnidia on the diseased spots, but
these pycnidia are generally rather scattered. Pycnidia
producing large numbers of viable spores have been
obtained from" a wood-pile two years old. Chips or
fragments of diseased bark or wood that fall in damp
locations will produce pycnidia, so that material of
this sort is always a possible source of infection.

3. The perithecial stage. — Following the production
of pycnidia and pycnospores, a second type of fruiting
jnistules containing the jierithecia makes it appearance.
Superficially these ]K'ritliccial pustules can be readily dif-
ferentiated from the p)cnidial pustules, since each one
shows upon its surface either a number of minute raised
papilL-e or a number of minute black dots, the ostiolcs
or openings of the perithecia or flask-like bodies buried
deep in the stroma.

Each perithecial pustule is a dense aggregate of
fungous tissue containing 1 to 60 distinct flask-like
cavities, the perithecia, each of which communicates
with the exterior by means of a long black neck which
opens at the top of a surface papilla. The wall of each
perithecium is lined with small club-shaped cells or
spore-sacs, which are produced in enormous numbers
and give rise to the .second type of spores or ascopores.
There is one perithecium for each superficial papilla.

The perithecial pustules show some differences in
color and external appearance depending upon their
age and the conditions under which they have devel-
oped. The papillre and the stroma may both be yel-
lowish or orange, or the palilte may be yellowish brown
to brick red on a lighter ground, or in old pustules the
stroma may be nearly black, with slightly lighter
papillse. In most cases when the perithecia are mature,

642

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

the ostioles or mouths of the necks will show as dark
spots at the ends of the surface papillae. There is con-
siderable variation in the length of the surface papillae,
the difference being due to varying amounts of moisture,
those which develop with an abundance of moisture
showing especially long necks, while with scarcity of
moisture the papilte remain short.

The spore-sacs formed in the perithecia contain tlie
ascospores. Each sac produces eight two-celled spores
arranged generally in two irregular rows. These
spores have a volume about fifty times as great 'as
that of the pycnospores. They are not extruded ordi-
narily in masses from the perithecia, but under favor-
able conditions of moisture and temperature the spore-
sacs rise to the ostiole and explode, forcing the spores
into the air. If a glass slide is suspended Ys inch
or slightly more above the surface of some mature
perithecial pustules moistened in water and kept at a
temperature not under 65 degs. F., large numbers of
ascospores will be expelled and will adhere to the slide.
A similar expulsion of ascospores takes place in nature
whenever conditions are favorable.

The ascospores have ben designated as "winter
spores." Their time of maturing, however, appears to
depend more upon the age of the lesion than upon
the season of the year. Maturing perithecia may be
found at any season of the year, although they are
perhaps more abundant in the fall and winter than at
other seasons. Successive crops of perithecial pustules
may be found on a single lesion which has persisted for
a number of years. The blight fungus may spread
throughout the bark of a blight-killed tree and con-
tinue to produce fruiting pustules, or perithecial pus-
tules may be produced in abundance in the crevices
of the bark of fallen logs.

THE SPREAD OF THE DISEASE.

The cause of infections. — New infections, whether
in sound trees or in those already diseased, are caused
by the establishment of the vegetative body or my-
celium of the fungus in the tissues. This mycelium
originates from either pycnospores or ascospores.
If this germination takes place in some wound which
penetrates the outer brown bark, the fungus readily
establishes itself and begins to grow through the
tissues of the bark in much the same way that it is
growing in the culture medium. An infection can be

caused then by either a single ascospore or a single
conidiospore if they are carried and lodged in a fa-
vorable location. A large percentage of the new in-
fections appear to be definitely related to some me-
chanical injury, but there are some evidences that
natural cracks and fissures may also be the avenue of
entrance.

Natural agencies in dissemination. — The pycno-
spores or the ascospores must be carried from one
part of a tree to other parts, or from tree to tree, if
new infections are to result. Present investigations
point to the fact that ascospores which are forcibly
e-xpelled into the air during the moist and warm
periods of the year play a very important part in the
spread of the disease, since they can be carried by the
air currents. It can also be definitely stated that
conidiospores are washed down during every rain, even
the cold rains of winter, in countless numbers from
every lesion that has reached the spore-producing stage.
It seems probable, then, that conidiospores play a
very important part in the spread of the disease
throughout a tree after it once becomes infected. Rain
and wind are undoubtedly the most important natural
agents in the dissemination of spores.

The part which birds, insects and other animals
play in the scattering of spores is at the present time
somewhat problematical. The few tests reported up
to date have given only negative results. (See Bulle-
tin No. 3 of the Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree Blight
Commission.) From investigations now in progress
it may be definitely stated that a single downy wood-
pecker has been found to be carrying as many as
657,000 pycnospores.

Artificial agencies. — It has been definitely shown in
numerous cases that the shipment of infected chestnut
nursery stock has been responsible for the introduc-
tion of blight into a new region. After it is once in-
troduced, natural agencies may be responsible for the
scattering of the spores.

The shipment of chestnut products of various kinds,
such as logs, wood, posts, poles, etc., made from
blight-affected trees may also be responsible for
spreading the disease, since the mycelium may retain
its vitality in blighted bark or wood for long periods
and produce new crops of pycnidia very soon after
moisture is supplied, or spores may be scattered from
pustules formed previous to shipment of the products.

A Complicated Combination

By N. M. Edgerton.

The factors having to do with successful agriculture
are many and various in character, and to be su-
premely successful in unlocking the storehouse of na-
ture's wealth one needs to know the whole combina-
tion. Not only are there many factors involved in the
successful production of any sort of crop, but each
factor is in itself of a complicated nature. For in-
stance, there is the factor of soil. Soil is not made up
of dead, inert matter merely, as the uninformed might
properly suppose. Far from being dead, inert matter,
soil abounds in life. The more active this life, the
greater its productivity.

Now there are certain conditions in soil which pro-
mote activity in soil life, and there are other condi-
tions which tend to inertia or inactivity in this life.

To be entirely successful, therefore, writes N. M.
Edgerton in Vegetable Grower, in promoting and

maintaining the greatest degree of soil productivity,
one must possess the necessary knowledge whereby
the required soil conditions may be promoted and
maintained. To know just what conditions are right
and what are wrong, and just what processes will
bring about and maintain right conditions, this is the
great desideratum. Chief among the factors promot-
ing conditions favorable to soil life I may mention soil
drainage and aeration, humus and moisture content,
and richness in the elements of plant food, in a form
available for plant use.

A water-logged soil, that is to say, a soil upon which
water stands for any length of time, either on the sur-
face or in first few inches of surface soil can-
not be in a condition favorable to the welfare of most
kinds of plant life. Now, soils that are exceptionally
fertile are filled with minute organisms whose office

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

643

is to work upon the plant food in the soil, bringing
about certain chemical changes therein whereby this
food becomes available for plant use. To thrive, these
micro-organisms must have air; moreover, in order to
properly functionate, the rdots of plants must have free
access to air.

Water excludes air. Hence the presence of water
(not soil moisture) in a sr>il is inimical to the welfare
of both soil life and root growth.

The first essential in soil productivity, then, is
proper drainage.

Humus in soil is essential that friability may be pro-
moted and the moisture capacity made large to its
full capacity. Humus consists of decaying vegetable
matter and large quantities of this are consumed or used
in the various processes of denitrification. The humus
content of any soil is depleted through excessive crop-
ping without returning vcgetaljle matter in quantities
equivalent to that used or consumed in producing the
crop removed from the land. The humus content of a
soil is increased and maintained by the plowing down
of vegetable growth, and also by the root growth of
plants.

A soil deficient in its humus content is, in a great
measure, irresponsive to tillage and the application of
chemical fertilizers. The humus content of a soil facili-
tates, too, the maintenance of a condition of good tilth
in land. Humus facilitates the processes of preparation
and maintenance of tillage, for the reason that the
vegetable matter comprising the humus prevents soil
grains from adhering closely. This is more especially
true of those classes of soils which are largely of a clay
composition.

That growing crops must have water (soil moisture)
is generally known. The exact reason for this is not
so generally understood. No plant can prosper to the
fullest degree unless the soil in which is located its
feeding roots contains the maximum water content, an
amount sufficient to supply, on demand, every need of
the plant. The reason for this is plainly evident when
the manner of plant feeding and growth is understood.

Not only is moisture required to supply the needs of
plant respiration, which takes place on all leaf surface,
and in the construction of all plant and fruit tissues as
well, but soil moisture is needed as a carr3'ing agency
for plant food.

In the absence of soil moisture, plants must star\'e
though the soil be exceedingly rich in every necessary
element of plant food.' On the other hand, plants can-
not thrive in a soil depleted of its plant food resources,
even though it contain a maximum moisture content.
To secure results in plant growth these two factors
must be properly combined.

Now the moisture content of a soil is influenced and
determined by several agencies. Aside from the factor
of precipitation, the moisture content of a soil is influ-
enced by the character of the soil, humus content,
drainage, and tillage given. The condition of the seed
or plant bed as regards the fineness and compacts
of the soil grains and exactness in maintaining the
earth mulch are factors which determine in no small
measure the de,gree of moisture content maintained
throughout the period of crop production.

Then, too, in the matter of seeds and plants, there
is every chance of increasing profits through excellence
in cultural methods and proper selection of seeds and
plants. Here, also, there are well-defined, exacting
natural laws, and along lines that are in harmony with
these laws, human endeavor must proceed to win the
highest obtainable results.

Then as some special line of agriculture is followed

up it is found that results are influenced by factors,
ofttimes peculiar to that special crop, and to none
other. Diversity in habits of plant life and manner of
growth and perpetuation of species necessarily bring
into operation certain sets of factors differing greatly
in character and manner of operation.

Take, for instance, the matter of strawberry grow-
ing. While fruit growing does bring into operation
certain factors difl'ering in character from those in-
volved in cjthcr lines of agriculture, the life habits and
characteristics of the strawberry plant bring into
play certain factors peculiar to the culture of that fruit
alone. The leaf and root system of this plant differs
greatly from that of other fruit plants, necessitating a
marked difl^erence in the cultural methods required.
For instance, the strawberry plant is short lived in its
period of profitable productivity. This requires fre-
quent renewing of the plantations to keep the business
on a paying basis.

The strawberry plant is a surface feeder. Its roots
delight to luxuriate in the warmth generated by the
sun's rays at or near the surface. This necessitates
shallow cultivation. Deep cultivation reduces the
maximum root feeding area and, in so doing, restricts
the fruiting capacity of the plants.

Al fruit plants, of whatever kind, require restriction
in the matter of expending reproduction energy, but
the habits of this plant, and the manner in which it
perpetuates its kind, requires specially adapted methods
of restriction.

The habits of this plant and the character of the
cellular tissues composing the crown make it neces-
sary that these plants be protected from the elements
through its period of dormancy.

What is true of the strawberry holds good with re-
spect to the culture of every kind of fruit, or of any
special line of agriculture. The attainment of the
highest success in any line is secured only by making
use of the whole combination having to do with the
production of the product in question.

Pelargoniums

The new everblooming type,
Easter Greeting and its sports.
Also novelties in Geraniums.

Send for catalogue

F.H.DeWitt®Co.

Wooster, Ohio

Planning a Garden

By David Miller.

The site or location for the garden's cold frames and
greenhouses should not be selected hurriedly. Should it
be a new place, I would advise proceeding with the roads
and lawns first, and with these made, you are greatly
helped in making your selection of the most suitable situ-
ation for tlie gardens. When you have decided ujjon the
proper place, go over the topographical survey of the
estate carefully, mark from same your grades, then make
a drawing to a given scale, say l/16th of an inch to a
foot, but should your garden contain over one acre, you
will have to still reduce your scale say to l/32nd part of
an inch to a foot. This should be a working plan only, and
you should show size of proposed breaks or plots, flower
borders, drains, gutters, catch basins, walls, fences,
hedges, arbors and water supply, with number of faucets
marked. The size of this new garden should be in keep-
ing with the size of the estate, the number of your em-
ployer's family, the number of help he maintains, and
lastly, the size of his pocketbook, for a good garden can-
not be made properly without first spending a great deal
of money.

You should make still another drawing showing, if
possible, the garden vou propose in full growth, attach a
list of names and varieties of perennials you intend plant-
ing in the borders. If planted in group system, vou
should show this on the plan with dotted lines encircling
each group, and the groups should be as irregular and
natural as pn<;sible. You should also show the various

kinds of vegetables with the coarser and taller variety in
the background, annuals, roses and peonies in beds or
borders. This should be a perfect picture of the garden
vou propose, and you should have omitted nothing. When
completed, .get an approximate figure of the entire cost,
submit same to your employer, and when approved, carry
out the work in strict accordance with your plans and
specifications.

The level garden is the ideal garden and is the easiest
made, but a perfectly level garden is impossible in many
parts of this country, and especially in Tuxedo, where
our employers invariably select the highest and most
barren sites for their residences. Thus, a level garden
could not be made without unsightly walls and terraces.
I am inclined to favor a 10 to 15 per cent, grade. It has
many advantages over a level garden, as it is much ear-
lier. Should the garden slope to tlie south, you can plant
such a garden two to three weeks earlier, and this means
a whole lot to gardener and employer.

It is presumed, from your early training and thorough
practical knowledge, you understand perfectly the con-
stituency of the various kinds of soil in relation to their
retaining moisture and water, which is most essential in
hot dry weatlier. You should also know the amount of
natural chemicals present or absent in those various soils
and just the proper kinds and quantity of manure to ap-
ply to this new garden to bring it to a high state of cul-
tivation. The true gardener should know this bv a sort

JUTIXG OF THE WESTCHESTER AND K.MRFIELI) HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

645

of second nature, or instinct. When the soil is just right
to grow the crop he has in mind, a good garden should
respond to your wish in regard to moisture; you should
have sufficient drainage to carry off the surplus water in
a wet season, and also be sufficiently open to take artifi-
cial watering in dry, hot weatlier. I should recommend
a heavy clay loam as tiic ideal soil for all purposes of
gardening. Clay will hold moisture and nourishment for
most crops longer than any other kind of soil, and it is
much less e.xpensive to make a heavy clay soil dry by
drainage, than to keep a loose black, or sandy soil sup-
plied with water and manure.

And now, just a word on drainage. There can never
be any given average or depth to a thorough and prac-
tical drainage system. We have got to be governed
wholly by shallow brook, stream or river, or wherever
we send our leaders or conductors to flow and empty into.
This leader, or conductor, is to a drainage system what
the big river is to the small brooks and tributaries that
flow into it. It simply acts as a great carrier, and this
carrier should always be laid in Akron pipe one foot or
more above high v^-ater mark of lake, swamp, stream, open
ditch, valley or any other conceivable place, where your
only instrument, the level, tells you where to drain to.
In most soils we find the seat of trouble about 18 inches
or 2 feet below the surface. .\t this depth we generally
find a hard crust, which is known by all gardeners as
hard pan, and it is conceded that no water can possibly
pass downwards through this hard substance, which is
often almost as hard as concrete. Why, then, go down
to an average depth of 4 feet, which the leading en-
gineers advise, as by doing so you are only putting your
drain further away from its work. I think there is a
recognized lay that, in order to perform most with least
effort, we have got to be close to our work, and most
assuredly this applies to a drain. Then si.x inches below
hard pan is the ideal depth for any drain, and with a
sufficient fall, you will never be troubled by frost. Frost
only follows moisture, and there can be no water laying
in say a four-inch agricukural tile with proper fall.
When we build dry walls, we do not go down to an exact
depth of four feet with our foundation, so that it would
be below the frost line. No, we just dig until we strike
a hard bottom, and then we put in 2 feet of 18-inch small
stone and proceed to build, and I have never yet seen a
dry wall heave with frost where the foundation was made
in this manner and rested on hard pan bottom.

College graduates and leading engineers advocate the
small tar paper band placed three-qviarter way around
the joints of agricultural tile, and claim this will keep
out tree roots. I think a nnich safer and cheaper way
would be for them to induce the manufacturers of agri-
cultural tile to make regular collars, such as we have on
Akron pipe ; then by cementing the joints and provided
the cement would not crack, I dare say this would keep
out roots, but by doing so we are making more of a car-
rier and less of a drain, and this method would not be
practical. Roots will ever go where there is moisture,
and no one could ever convince me that a small tar paper
band placed three-quarter ways around the tile would
keep them out. If it were possible to get an X-ray pho-
tograph of such a drain, say four years after it was
laid, where there were trees near, you would find the
roots would be all around the agricultural tile, and I am
afraid they would be bold enough, too, to gently push the
tar paper aside, but. whether or not, they would most cer-
tainly get below this band, and in a few years the whole
drain would just he choked full of roots, irrespective of
what depth you may have gone.

The best and onlv drain that will work where there are

roots is the good, old-fashioned coupled stone drain.
The roots will grow quickly enough among the stone,
but they cannot kec[) the water from passing through ;
thev only spread the ^lones apart, opening new cavities
for the water to flow. .-\nd let me here add that the old-
fashioned stone drain has never yet been surpassed for
induration and the thorough draining of wet land. (Of
course, they are much more expensive to make.) Then
there is no better way of draining a new garden than
through its paths and roads. This method is both eco-
nomic and inexpensive. Where you have much rock to
blast in your garden, your grades should be established
and marked on solid stakes along your walks and roads.
This is quickest and Ijest done by employing a local en-
gineer. If you cannot procure such a man, then take an
ordinary spirit level, and with this simple instrument you
can establish grades that will check up near enough.
When your borflers and breaks are leveled up to \our
paths they should contain a uniform depth of good soil at
least two feet above hard pan. This depth should be in-
sisted upon, because you cannot possibly grow the best
vegetables, flowers and fruit with less than two feet of
good soil. A thorough trenching should now be given to
the new garden. Those of us who have served our ap-
prenticeship in European gardens, know just how to go
about this, but we thank God that there is no spade 16
inches deep by 10 inches wide in .\merica, and no ten-
hour day. A great deal of time and labor can be saved
in this work by the judicious use of dynamite. Drive a
number of holes with a crowbar or drill, say 8 x 10 feet
apart and 4 feet deep, and one stick of 60 per cent, dyna-
mite will break up the subsoil more thoroughly than if
you trenclied it many times. • It has this advantage, too,
over trenching of keeping the poorer subsoil down, and
at the same time releasing many gases and chemicals
which act with good effect upon the soil.

ANNUAL CONVENTION OF THE
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

October 31— November 4, 1913

At AMERICAN MUSEUM Of NATURAL HISTORY, NEW YORK

During Fall Flower Show of Horticultural Society

of New York

BUSINESS MEETING AND ELECTION OF OFFICERS

Monday, November 3d

BANQUET, HOTEL ENDICOTT. NEW YORK

Monday Evening, November 3d

APPLICATION FOR WEWBERSHIP

National Association of Gardeners

I hereby apply for Membership in your Association: —

Name in full

Occupation

Address :

Date .

Reference

Forjvurd Application to M. C. EBEL, Secretary, Madison,
N. J., 'with dues, tvhich are $2.00 annually, including subscrip-
tion to the official organ of the Association.

646

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

AT THE CONVENTION OF THE SOCIETY OF
AMERICAN FLORISTS AND ORNA-
MENTAL HORTICULTURISTS.

ENROUTE TO MINNEAPOLIS.

Our journey to Minneapolis began in the company of
the Bonton tlelegation leaving Boston Friday evening,
August 15, over the Grand Trunk system. We soon dis-
covered that we were distinguished as a "presidental
party," having with us J. K. M. L. Farquhar, president
of the Society of American Florists, and James B. Shea,
superintendent of the Boston parks and president of the
American Association of Park Superintendents, the latter
on his way to attend both the S. A. F. convention and
that of the park superintendents, which occurred in
Denver, following the Minneapolis meeting. The others
in our party were William P. Rich, William J. Stewart,
Fred C. Green, F. J. Dolansky, E. A. Pierce, M. C. Ebel,
S. J. Goodard and daughter, Eber Holmes and wife,
M. A. Patten and wife, Thomas Roland and sons, Philip
and Robert, and Thomas J. Grey and wife. We were
also soon apprised of the fact that our party was a per-
sonally conducted one in charge of Joseph M. Shea,
traveling passenger agent of the Grand Trunk system,
who certainly provided well for our comfort en route.

AT MOXTREAL.

The first stop was made at Montreal, where we ar-
rived on the following morning. At the station we were
met by a committee of the Montreal Florists' and Gar-
deners' Club, composed of Ernest J. Haywood, Geo. M.
Robinson, James McKenna, Julius Luck, William Cot-
ter, and Mesdames Haywood. Smith and Robinson, and
became the guests of that .organization for the day.
Patrick Welch, of Boston, coming direct from his sum-
mer home at Old Orchard, Me., and A. T. De La Mare,
of New York, joined us here.

Escorted to the Windsor Hotel a hearty breakfast
awaited us there, .\ftcr the inner man was well satis-
fied, James ^IcKenna, on behalf of the local club, wel-
comed us to Montreal with a few well chosen remarks.
to which President Farquhar, of the Society of American
Florists, fittingly responded. We were next taken on a
sight seeing trip about the city and an inspection of the
public parks in a special car, decorated emblematic of
the floral art. .\rriving about noon at Mt. Royal Park,
situated some eight hundred feet above the city's level,
we found a fine luncheon prepared for us. After par-
taking of it and after an exchange of compliments be-
tween hosts and guests, the trip on the special car was
resumed to Lachine where we embarked on board a
steamer for a trip through the rapids, which proved
most interesting and exciting. Returning to Montreal
for dinner, we later in the evening returned to our train
and were tendered a most cordial send-ofif by the Mon-
treal friends who had escorted us back to the station.
They were truly representative of the "prince of good
fellows."

UE.SL'MING OI'R JOURNEY.

Leaving Montreal on -Saturday night, we arrived at
Toronto early on Sunday where we had some opportunitv
for sight seeing. Here a private diner and club car was
attached to the "presidential special" for our comfort on
the trip through Canada. From Toronto we proceeded
to Niagara Falls, where F. R. Pier.son, of Tarrytown,
N. Y.. became a member of the party. Special cars
awaited us for a trip around the Niagara gorge. Re-
turning to our train early in the afternoon we continued
on our journey thrntigh a rich farming and fruit sec-
tion of the Canadian country and arrived at London,

Ont., early in the evening, where another stop was made.
At this place the welfare of the party was entrusted to
Mr. Welch by the Grand Trunk representative, who
parted from us there, not, however, before confiding to
us that the train de lu.xe placed at our command was
secured in a large measure through the efforts of Patrick-
Welch.

Having several hours at our disposal, some of our
party became guests of James B. Shea, who claimed ac-
quaintanceship at London. While there a discussion of
comparative pleasantries was indulged in respecting the
present with past convention trips, the old timers among
us agreeing that the 1913 convention trip of the Bos-
tonians had never been surpassed in genuine comfort
and enjoyment.

From London we continued to Chicago, where the
newly appointed charge d'affaires of the "presidential
special," ^Ir. Welch, announced, "Here everybody cares
for himself." We separated for the day — some bent on
sight seeing, others to attend to business — but met again
in the evening, when the private cars of the Boston, New
York and Chicago parties were united in one special
train, arriving in Minneapolis the following morning a
happy and contented delegation.

MINNEAPOLIS.

The eyes of all easterners who were on their first
visit to this wonderful city were opened to the progress
made in the northwest in a comparatively few years.
Prosperity was apparent in all directions. The general
lay-out of the city, the fine buildings, the public service
equipment, such as the lighting and trolleys, the beauti-
ful boulevards and lakes, under the control of the park
system (probably not surpassed anywhere), all these at-
tracted attention, and offered many suggestions for irn-
provement in the older cities.

The spirit of the people, which has produced this ideal
city of the northwest, is expressed in the message just
received from Mr. Wirth, saying "I am glad to learn that
our city made such a favorable impression on all our
visitors, and I know for a fact that every citizen here in
Minneapolis would gladly welcome all those who were
here as citizens in our community."

.A.fter locating at our various hotels we prepared to
the convention headquarters, where another surprise
awaited us in the nature of the outdoor exhibit.

THE OUTDOOR EXHIBIT.

Under the personal supervision of Theodore Wirth,
superintendent of the Minneapolis Park system, a waste
land of a few months ago, which surrounded the armory
in which the' convention was to be held, was turned into
a veritable paradise. Beautiful gardens, brilliant in col-
ors and effect, had been created on each side of the build-
ing, while in front of it plots were laid out in gorgeous
flower beds. It was an innovation to the visiting mem-
bers of the Society of American Florists, and to whom
it soon became evident, by the interest displayed in these
gardens bv the outside public, that the outdoor exhibit
is a valuable adjunct to the usual trade exhibits. From
the general comment heard it is quite safe to state that
outdoor yjlantings will be an important feature of future
conventions, and our florists and nurserymen will, no
doubt, take a keener interest when such an exhibit is
again attempted.

THE S. A. F. CONVENTION.

W'hile not as largely attended as some of the Eastern
conventions, the Minneapolis convention was a decided
success from the business point of view, and this should
be the im]xirtant factor governing all conventions. The
hospitality of the Minneapolis florists, however, will not

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

647

soon be forgotten. Boston was decided on as the con-
vention city for next year. 'J'lie following officers were
elected for 1914: Theodore Wirth, Minneapolis, Minn.,
president; Patrick Welch, Boston, Mass., vice-president;
John Young, New York, N. Y., secretary; William F.
Kasting, Buft'alo, N. Y., treasurer. The reports sub-
mitted by the various connnittees all indicated progress
within the society during the past year, and a satisfactory
increase in membership was reported.

X. A. G. MEETING.

A meeting of the National Association of Gardeners
was held in the armory on Wetlnesday evening, preced-
ing the lecture by Theodore Wirth on the "Parks and
Boulevards of Minneapolis." The attendance was rather
disappointing. A telegram received from President Wm.
H. Waite was read, conveying regrets of his inability to
be present and extending his greetings to the members
at the Society of American Florists' convention. An
invitation from Wm. M. Steele to visit the A. Loring es-
tate on the following day was favorably acted on. The
meeting then adjourned to give an opportunity to those
present to attend Mr. Wirth's lecture.

PRIVATE ESTATES OF MINNEAPOLIS.

On Thursday we visited the C. G. Goodrich estate,
situated on Lake Minnetonka. This is a new estate,
which has been developed into a beautiful show place
within the past two years. Xo finer view than that com-
manded from the front of the house, spreading far over
the lakes and surrounding country, can be found any-
where, east or west. At the rear of the house is another
lake, some sixty feet above the level of the large lake.
Perfect lawns surround the dwelling, while to one side
a fine flower garden is found sloping to the water's
edge. Many specimen plants have been gathered to-
gether, among which are two Boxwoods which carried
off honors at the International Show in New York this
year. A range of greenhouses is now under construc-
tion. John A. Weber, formerly of Hartford, Conn., is
superintendent of thi> lieautiful place. Mr. lioodrich

credits much of the development work on his estate to
suggestions coming from Mr. Wirth.

From the Goodrich place we proceeded to the estate
of Mr. A. Loring, which covers an area of some five
hundred acres, part of it as a private park, the remainder
having been developed into an up-to-date farm. The
Loring place retains much of nature's development wnth
its wild gardens, winding paths through woodlands and
rock formed lake front. Situated on a hill overlooking
the lake it commands a fine view of the surrounding
country. A range of greenhouses, already established,
is being added to. The vegetable garden is an interest-
ing sight, being of a Scotch design with a stone wall
surrounding it several feet in height, with high pillars
and high trellis work. Fruit trees are trained against
the walls. The general effect is very good. William M.
Steele is the superintendent of this place.

TURNING HOMEWARD.

After a stay of five days in Minneapolis, during which
time business was intermingled with considerable recre-
ation furnished us by the local members of the floral craft,
we turned homeward on Saturday night, all sharing the
view that western hospitality is genuine hospitality. Ar-
riving at Milwaukee early on Sunday, our party sep-
arated, a few of us traveling by trolley to Burlington,
Wis., where we were met with automobiles by a com-
mittee of the Lake Geneva Gardeners' and Foremen's
Club, headed by A. J. Smith, vice-president of the
National .Association of Gardeners, to take us to Lake
Geneva.

AT LAKE GENEVA^ WIS.

Arriving at Lake Geneva we were joined at the hotel
by a delegation of the local horticultural society and after
being entertained -at dinner the remainder of the day was
spent in automobile and motor boat trips around the lake.
Lake Geneva is regarded one of the most beautiful lakes
in the country, and we concede that in natural beauty it is
one of the grandest ever visited by us. Many estates are
situated on it but, unlike manv other lake fronts which

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THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

liave been developed into private parks, the natural beauty
of Lake Geneva's shore front has not been disturbed.

The following day was devoted to visiting the different
estates surrounding the lake and at these places we found
much to interest us. \Miile they are not as extensive as
some of the private establishments in the east, neverthe-
less several of them compare favorably with some of the
well known eastern estates in point of interest. At noon
we were entertained at the home of Joseph Krupa, presi-
dent of the local society, and the luncheon provided by
Mrs. Krupa established her as an excellent hostess.
\'isiting kept us well occupied until evening, when we
attended a special meeting of the Lake Geneva Gardeners
and Foremans' Association. President Krupa, after
welcoming the visitors, called on C. H. Totty, and the
request coming from the floor that he address the meeting
on chrysanthemum novelties, Air. Totty entertained the
members with a very interesting talk on 'mums. H. A.
Bunyard reviewed the International Flower Show held
in Xew York last spring, comparing it with the Inter-
national Show at London of a year ago. Mr. Bunyard's
utterances showed him an enthusiast on wdiat the future
holds out for flower shows in this country. M. C. Ebel.
secretary of the National .'\ssociation of Gardeners, was
next called on and ^j -i' - w the progress of the associa-

J.\ llll; llAMiS Ul- ULk IKII-.XliS Al L.\K1^ L,L.\ l.\ .\. WIS.

tion and its purposes and appealed for coojjeration among
the gardeners of the west with those of the east to aid in
making the national association the representative organi-
zation of the gardening profession in this country. Vice-
President A. J. Smith indorsed all Mr. Ebel had to say
and urged all gardeners to take an interest in the N. A. G.
The response to their appeals was gratifying, for at the
conclusion of their remarks every member present
stepped up to the secretary's desk and enrolled with the
national body. Concluding with a social hour the meet-
ing adjourned.

After spending two of the most pleasant days of our
trip at Lake Geneva, we continued homeward the follow-
ing day.

AUTUMN FIELDS.

By Dr. Leon.ard Keene Hirshberg.
"The fragrance of these woods and that of the days
of long ago, is and will remain the same tlirougli the
coining years."

These lines were written by a savant who as a lad,
knew the joys of nutting and the flavor of nuts self-
gathered.

Next to the swimming hole, the country lad loves
the woods, scanty or thickly set, as the case may be,
in which he finds the meaty chestnut, the rich butter-
nut, or the savory hickory nut. The best way to enjoy
your nuts is to harvest them yourself during which
process you will also reap health, appetite and happi-
ness as the result being in touch with nature, and away
from the cares of every day and artificial existence.

When the fall begins to replace the woodlands with
purples, scarlets, gold and sepias; when there is an
invigorating tang in the air and the undergrowth
yields an odor of autumn, then is the time to go
a-nutting.

When starting out nutting, our first objective is the
long clumi) of woods that clings to the sides of the
valley and descends almost to the brook that runs
chattering and babbling through the latter.

Here hazel-nut bushes are to be found, and, it may
be, a few filbert trees. Hazel-nuts are more delicious
when gathered when the wood is still soft and white.
Such nuts are easily cracked, revealing a little fat,
thick heart-shaped balls of white meat within, which
has a dainty flavor and a smell that suggests the free-
dom and purity of the wild woods.

The filberts are of the same family but run larger
and are more like a rounded almond. They are even
more appetizing than are the hazels.

There are three species of hazel nuts found in this
country, these being the American hazel, the Beaked
hazel, and the California hazel. The so-called English
hazel is somewdiat the same as the American hazel and
can be transplanted from the other side of the Atlantic.
There is only one species of filbert known in the
United States, although there are two or three sub-
divisions of the same, which seem to have their foun-
dation more in the fancies of the botanists than in fact.

There are three kinds of walnuts found in the United
States, the first being the Persian or English walnut.
The English walnut is known over nearly the whole of
the United States with the exception of those in the
extreme south. It has been considered for a long time
as the choicest of nuts because of- its delicate flavor,
abundance of meat, and it may easily be gotten from
the shell.

The black walnut is a native of the United States
and therefore is not cultivated in this country. The
shell is much harder and the nut smaller than that M
the English walnut. It also has a peculiar flav4r
which some find enjoyable while others do not. Thiis
it is that the black walnut is not verj^ commonly useii.

Then again, you may have a yearning for butternut's,
in which case you may wander into the forest, for tHe
butternut is also a native of the United States. It is
found in woodlands that consist of large trees growirlg
with spaces between each tree. j

The beech-nut is readily gathered for youngsters
Avho aren't up to using a pole or climbing up a tree.
All that they have to do is to stoop, gather and eat.
In such cases, small, sharp teeth do away with tHe
necessity of the knife. '

Unless you live somewhere south of Kentucky, you
won't have much chance of gathering that richest of all
nuts, the pecan. It's thin shell, large kernel, richness
and agreeable flavor account for its present and grow-
ing popularity. It is the richest of all our nuts in fat.

If you have once tasted the J03-s of gathering Ameri-
can nuts in an American wood at the time of the on-
coming of an American Fall you will surely repeat the
experiment.

Planting Trees in September

In former years it was uiuisual to plant trees until
the leaves had fallen in autunin, which was in October
as a rule, but it is now well known that the work can
be done (and with safety) much earlier than that; it
can be done a month earlier, at least, says The Florists'
Exchange. The leaves of deciduous trees, although
still fast to the branches, have fulfilled their mission,
practically, and can be stripped from the trees with no
perceptible harm whatever. There is, then, nothing
more to wait for; instead there is every reason to plant
the tree at once. The soil is warm, and if not moist,
can be made so, bringing al)out an unequaled condition
for the quick formation of roots by the trees planted.
It is like placing cuttings in bottom heat in a green-
house. The roots of the planted tree quickly respond
to the tempting conditions, as any one can prove by
digging up such a tree in a few weeks after it has been
planted and observing the new roots made since the
planting.

The method of preparing and planting deciduous
Stock is as follows : The foliage is stripped completely
from the branches, and if pruning, to bring the tree
into shape or for other purposes is desirable, it is done
at the same time. The hole being prepared for it, the
tree is set in position and filling in commenced with
fine ^oil — the finer the better for what is thrown in
first, even if very sandy, in order that it may fit closely
around every root. Some planters simply use sand for
the first few spadefuls. The filling in goes on until the
hole is nearly half filled, when enough water is poured
in to carr\- the soil solidly close to the roots, an essen-
tial point in planting. When the w'ater has soaked
away, fill up the hole a little more, but not completely,
as the following day another soaking with water must
be done. In fact, should the weather be dry there
need be no hurry to fill up entirely, as more water
may be given a few days later, after which the job can
be completed, and the tree or shrub considered quite
safe. When such planting is done early in the month,
there is hardly a tree or shrub which could be named
but that might be considered safe to plant then, the
point being that they become established before
winter sets in, owing to the -formation of new roots.

There is little difference in the planting when the
work is not done until after the leaves fall. The water-
ing is not so important then, as the formation of new
roots is not looked for; still, the writer believes that at
any time of the year water is a help, if only to carry
the fine soil closely to the roots. It can never harm
the tree, while usually benefiting it.

Coming to evergreens, the fact that they are ever-
green calls for greater care in the operation of plant-
ing. It is not practical)le to strip the leaves, except it
be in the case of Hollies, and similar broad leaved
sorts, but it is possible often to prune them in a way to
lessen the quantity carried, and whenever it can be
done, it should be. The greater care referred to will
be in the way of being sure the specimens are dug care-
fully, carrying a ball of soil whenever possible, the
wrapping of the roots in damp bags or burlap, keeping
in mind that there is little but wasting time in planting
an evergreen, the roots of which have lieen allowed to
dry out. It is usually tlic practice to tie the branches
of evergreens closely together when transplanting

both for their own protection and to render the opera-
tion of planting easier. It will be found an excellent
plan to have them so tied up for several days after
being planted, as one branch protects another, and
when sprayed with water for a few days afterward, the
moisture is retained among the foliage for some time,
greatly to the advantage of the operation. In the mat-
ter of filling in ihe hole when planted, it is to be done
in the same way as for deciduous stock, with the addi-
tion of giving more attention to providing lots of
water. The foliage has to be supplied, as well as the
branches, which calls for more water, and it will be
beneficial to fill up the hole with water every day for
a week after planting, unless rains come and do it for
one. It is hardly possible that too much water can be
given for a time after planting, but this should cease in
about a week, unless a drought comes. If the planting
is a success, it will be evident in a week's time, and
should it not appear to be, more water will not help it.
Regarding the planting of evergreens later in the sea-
son, while it may be done in the South, it is not advis-
able where heavy freezings ma}' be expected in
winter. Better let it be until early spring.

The increasing call for evergreens in pots for winter
use should be remembered now and provided for. It
is much better to pot them now than but a short time
before being used. The object should be to do it early
to permit of new roots forming, and thus establishing
the plants before they are called on for use. ^\'hen
taken to dwellings for decorative purposes, the change
is trying on the plants. If but a short time since they
were potted, the change is often fatal to them. Potted
now they would be in good condition for winter use
and for forming assortments at horticultural exhibits
and in other ways.

\\'hat has been aforesaid of the advantages of having
the plants well established in pots applies as well to
such as are desired for indoor grafting in winter. It
is not uncommon to see pines, firs and other ever-
greens taken up from outdoors in autumn, heeled in
somewhere, and not potted until wanted for grafting.
Such a way is always disappointing. Often the stock
is but in a moribund condition, unable to support it-
self, leave alone the scion which is placed on it in
grafting. One wants a stock well established before
grafting it, and this would result if it was potted and
cared for now, to be grafted just as its buds are about
bursting in the greenhouse.

Root pruning of trees, looking forward to future
planting, may well be considered now. Trees pruned
in this way during September would be in a better
condition for planting in spring than otherwise. There
would be new roots forming before winter, which
would be an aid toward success when the spring work
started, and in still better condition if a year elapsed
before being transplanted.

One more subject must be referred to in connection
with autumn planting — that of a proper mulching of
the ground above the roots on the approach of winter.
It rnay be manure, leaves or straw, or even soil itself
piled on the ground, the chief object being to keep the
roots from freezing. This is of the utmost import- ^
ance, as it permits of the activity of the roots all win- '
ter, which otherwise would be greatly retarded by
frozen soil about them. A thickness of some six
inches of soil is of great assistance, to be removed in
spring. Manure is better, because of the food carried
down to the roots, as well as the protection from frost.

Forcing Strawberries in Pots

By Chas.
Contrary to other fruits, such as grapes, peaches,
etc., strawberries can be forced with success in ahiiost
any kind of a greenhouse. Even frames can be used
to advantage for late forcing if heated. Most of the
success depends on the way the individual plants are
treated and cultivated when small, the right soil and
careful treatment during the forcing period.

The choice of varieties is a very important matter
and as I have not yet been fortunate enough to have
charge of a place in this land big enough to force fruit
under glass I can speak only from my European ex-
perience, and of European varieties.

The best early varieties to my knowledge are : Lax-
ton Noble, Deutsch Evern and Garteninspector Koch.
For later forcing I know no better varieties than Royal
Sovereign and King Albert.

In order to get strong and healthy forcing plants it
is necessary to start the latter half of July. I use two-
inch pots filled with good soil (humus), a little sand
and loam and bury them near the mother plants.
Take two or three runners, according to strength of
plant and lead them to the pots where they are secured
by means of a bent wire. If the soil in the pots is kept
damp, the little plants will have developed a good root
system in two to three weeks, after which they are cut
off from the mother plant and put into an empty cold
frame or a bed prepared for that purpose, where they
can stay for two more weeks. As soon as the plants
show signs of getting potbound it is time for trans-
planting.

The right soil is now an essential thing as the plants
are not shifted again. I prefer the soil of a spent old
hot bed and add to it a little well rotted cow manure,
good compost soil, a little loam, sand, and fine bone-
meal and mix that well together. Six-inch pots are
plenty big enough and I always use a stick when trans-
planting in order to make sure the soil is firm between
pot and plant. The plants are then put on a sunny
place and watered, but later only those plants are
watered which seem to be dry. Once a week an appli-
cation of liquid cow manure is given and the soil on
top kept loose. If through continued rain the plants
are getting too wet the pots must be laid down. En-
courage the growth as much as possible till the middle
of September with the earliest patch and till the middle
of October with the later ones. The earliest varieties
ought to come to rest first, which we can accomplish by
gradually withdrawing the water, no more liquid manure,
and by laying down the pots. The laying down of the
pots has furthermore the advantage that the fall rains
cannot overwet them and it also is a protection against
snow. A little frost does no harm. On the contrary
it does the plants good, but when it gets too cold the
pots must be protected with leaves.

The earliest patch can be started the middle of
November. Before bringing the plants inside they
ought to be cleaned, all dead leaves cut off, not pulled
off. The soil on top of the plants can be taken off with-
out disturbing the roots and renewed with new soil to
which a little quick acting fertilizer and well rotted
cow manure is added and well pressed down.

Strawberries as a rule are forced on shelves and as
near the glass as possible. Movable shelves running on
big castors and rails arc much preferable to stationary
ones, as during the night they can be pushed back and
do not suffer so much through a sudden fall of tem-
perature. Also the matter of watering and pollenizing

M. Schrall.

is considerably made easier by movable shelves. Care-
ful watering is very important and I always used to
test the pots with the knuckle of my finger to find out
if they really are dry. Never water in the late after-
noon or on a dull day and no water is to touch the
flowers as wet flowers produce misshaped fruit. The
pots must never be crowded and a distance of 6 inches
is advisable. Also once having placed the pots on the
shelves do not turn or shift them around any more.

The temperature at the beginning is from 43 degs.
to 46 degs., and is slowly raised so that when the plants
start to flower the temperature will be 55 degs. to 58
degs. During the flowering period the temperature is
raised to 60 degs. and kept at that till the berries start
to show color.

Both heat and plenty of air are essential for a per-
fect pollenizing of the flowers. Give air whenever
possible. The flowers are pollenized by means of a
fine camel-hair brush and only on bright days and then
only during mid-day hours. The sides and bottom of
the house are kept damp except during the flowering
and fruiting periods. During the forcing period and
when the fruit is set weak liquid manure is given. As
soon as the fruit starts to swell, all small berries are
cut off and only the best are left. I consider 12 to 15
perfect berries plenty for one plant, even 10 is a good
result.

The fruit stems are carefully tied up on small sticks
or especially for the purpose made wire rings w-hich
can be bought in seed stores (I think), so that the
berries are hanging free.

Forced plants can be further cultivated if kept dry
for a while and later planted in a good manured bed
outside. They w-ill soon start to show signs of new
life again and under favorable circumstances will give
a second crop of pretty good berries in September or
October. I advise only one year old plants for forcing.

AUTUMN.

O ! Have ye seen Rogue Autumn ?

He's hiding hereabout
To rob me of my green domain

And put my birds to route.
He's marshaling his army ;

The skirmishers are out.
"All's well ! All's well !" the katydids.

His nightlv pickets, shout.

Rogue Autumn, bold pretender.

Conspiring with the sun,
Is working in the morning mists

That I may be undone.
Already through my fields and woods

The fires of treason run :
My myriad leaves are putting on

His colors, one by one.

Thy breath at night. Rogue Autmn,

Strikes chill upon my brow ;
My crown uneasy rests upon

The head I soon must bow.
Take thou thy spoil ! But there will come

A mightier than thou.
Whose wind shall pierce and break thv heart,

.^s mine is breaking now !

— Selected.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

651

IN WONDERLAND: THE UNSEEN ARTISTS.

We are influenced by the company we keep. Asso-
ciation with the pure and beautiful will have its im-
press upon us. When we think of it, there has been
large provision for our spiritual as well as material
wants, writes C. S. Harrison, of York, Neb., in Horti-
culture.

Beauty is for immortals, .\nimals cannot appre-
ciate it. Along in the fifties I used to drive over the
vast flower-sprinkled prairies of Minnesota. The
fragrance was so profuse you seemed wading in it. In
the far-off horizons the emerald of the earth blended
with the sapphire of the heavens. I sat entranced,
drinking in the scene. But my horse never could take
any interest in it. Along with the world of matter
there is a world of soul. And the soul has tastes as
well as the palate. Sometimes I sit down among my
flowers and think of them as the most skilled artists on
earth, with a refinement of taste, a delicacy of touch no
human brain or hand can imitate. In a group there
will be an iris, a peony, a columbine and an oriental
poppy. How courteous each one is to the rights of
the other. Under the earth are unseen influences
which bafile all human ken. These tiny roots down in
their dark prison are doing what no human artist can do
with wide open eyes in the full light of day. Each busy
worker knows just what he is about. The peony never
steals the tints that belong to the columbine. Flowers of
the same variety never rob each other. How can those
unseen artists pick out and send one color for the outer
petals and another for the inner ones? Two varieties of
the same family grow side by side. Each may have a
dozen shadings and tintings. Never is there a mistake
made. No red is sent up when the color should be blue.
Each flower must have just what belongs to it — such ex-
actness baffles all human effort.

See that superb iris, the finest of the whole great
Germanica family? The standards are immense petals
of velvet and ivory, with that marvelous glistening
reflex like that of the richest silk. How could those
artists down in the dark manufacture that elusive
sheen which flashes in the sunlight? Then those
charming petals must be veined and traced with the
most delicate tintings, while they are edged with
deeper purple. Never is a mistake made in the blend-
ing of those harmonious colors.

^he giant macrantha is the largest of all, with petals
three inches across. Never a blunder made in the
moulding and fashioning of those great blossoms —
veining and tinting them with a beauty surpassing the
rainbow. And there is Fairy, tall and princely, with
the delicate fragrance of the peach blossom. Who
manufactured that dainty little vial of odors and then
uncorked it to pour the aroma out upon the air? Mark
that tracery, interwoven with the pure whiteness of
the flower.

There is no blind chance in all this. In this garden
of delight I am at work with God. .^11 these things
are the e.xpression of His love. "How precious are thy
thoughts unto me, oh God." All these forms of
beaut} — these miracles of the highest art, are the
translations of His thoughts to me. So much for the
present. But just over in the unknown are new forms
of loveliness which are yet to greet me — new creations.
I take a dull piece of earth and plant it to bulbs, roots
and seeds, and He and T created this section of Para-

dise let down to earth for our delectation. It is all a
promise and a prophecy of the '"glory to be revealed."

I am over fourscore, living on the margin of the two
worlds, and instead of growing old I seem on the bor-
ders of eternal youth. So I am proclaiming the
evangel of beauty far and wide. It is the Gospel of
Hope. There is an uplift and inspiration in it. It
will make people less sordid and greed\-. It will lead
the young into paths of pleasantness and peace.

GROWING BULBS.

Generally speaking, bulbs are easy prey for the be-
ginner. All are easy forcers but Amaryllis requires
very skilful handling. Bulbs give little trouble, and
as the}- occupy bench space for such a very short
period, they add tremendously to the output of green-
house. They will produce fair results under condi-
tions so adverse that other plants would fail. Don't go
around shopping to see how cheaply you can buy
bulbs. Get the best. The flowers are already in the
bulbs when you buy them ; all you do is to develop the
flowers. If the flower is not there, or if disease and
poor cultivation have weakened it, the most skilled
cultivator cannot produce good flowers. Flats are
used in all cases where the flowers are to be cut, but
for decorative work the bulbs may be planted in pots
or pans. After planting bury the bulbs out of doors
to develop roots ; when thoroughly rooted they can be
brought in to force. .A heavy mulch over the trench
where they are buried makes it easier to .get out the
bulbs when wanted. When first brought in they are
placed under the benches, which causes them to "draw-
up" as the gardeners call it. In reaching for the light
they develop stems, and long stems are valuable to
flowers. But don't overdo, or the stem will get weak.
No definite rule can be given as to when bulbs should
be brought to the light. Bulbs recjuire more water
when in growth than any other class of plants, except-
ing aquatics. Use plenty of liquid food when the
flowering shoots first appear. The only exceptions to
these general conditions are noted below, writes a con-
tributor to Garden Magacine.

Callas are usually potted or benched in August or
September and kept growing, feeding freely when
flowering starts. Lilies and freesias are usually
placed in a storage pit or out of doors and covered
with a couple of inches of ashes. When growth starts
they are brought into the cool house and later shifted
to the warm compartment. Spireas are usually re-
ceived in late fall. Pot up at once and place out of
doors in some sheltered place to rest. After resting
for five or si.x weeks they can be brought in and forced.
Lily-of-the-valley can be forced at any time ; cold stor-
age pips the most satisfactory; plant them close to-
gether in good clean, sharp sand and place them in
warmth at once. Water several times a day and spray
at the same time. Keep dark until there is a good
length of stem ; then bring them out to the light to
color.

.Amaryllis require a long season of rest during which
time they must be kept quite dry. When wanted they
siiould be repotted, or a good heavy mulch of rich soil
placed in the old pot, and brought into heat. The art
of growing good .Xniar^liis is not in the actual forcing
but in the proper ripening of the bulb preparing it for
its ne-xt forcing. This is done by gradually reducing
the water and temperature until the resting period, at
which time the bulli should be firm and root action at a
standstill.

652

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

PHOTOGRAPHS OF INTEREST.

D'l' Stanley B. Caxdler.
Although the illustrations were not taken in the
republic of the United States of America, they were
taken in that other United Republic, packed away in
the high mountainous district of Europe, that is,
Switzerland, the land of those glorious Alps, so bold
in their grandeur, and yet clothed with such meek and
charming plants which we are wont to call Alpines,
•which at this present time are all the rage in some
1-ai ts of Eurone.

A SWISS CHALET.

No. 1. Shows a real Swiss chalet of wooden con-
struction, standing amidst a host of Alpine plants, each
setting the other off to perfection ; while the gentleman
seen there is ]\lr. H. Correvon, the noted Swiss

botanist, whose home is at Floraire, Geneva, Switzer-
land. His work amongst the Swiss Flora is world
known, and his efforts to save some of the Alpine
species from extermination have commanded praise on
all sides. (I might state here that I am indebted to
him for these illustrations.)

Xo. 2. This photo illustrates what can be done to
beautify old vales. There can be seen some well flow-
ering plants of Saxifraga longifolia, and, judging b\-
their grandeur, it is very evident that they are in a
happy position. Upon a close inspection one will
notice that they are growing up, as on a greenhouse
wall, and that the size of the plants shows they have
been there a few years. They, therefore, must have
had some hard winters to pass through, as well as dry
summers, but during the dry weather one watering a
day will carry them over.

S. Longfolia is termed the Queen of Saxifraga, and
rightly so, judging from its beauty as shown here.
This is a Pyrenean species, and does not occur wild in
the Swiss Alps at all ; it can be raised from seed, which
i> rather slow, but best, or imported from Europe for a
moderate price. It can be rooted by the thick leaves
or scales — at least I am told so ; I have never had any
success. This species dies after flowering, and does
not produce side shoots as is characteristic of some
species. This photo was taken in the garden of Mr.
Correra. Geneva, Switzerland.

No. 3. This shows a remarkably well grown plant
of Silene acaulis. Those to whom this plant is
familiar will at once realize that a wonderful carpet of
color that would produce, as if one can imagine a car-
pet of small star-like flowers of a red to pink color. In
rock gardens it is indispensable.

This plant is growing in the Alpine garden of La
Linnera, situated a few miles below the Grand St.
Bernard Hospital, on the route between Switzerland
and Italy. It is indeed the finest plant I have seen of
this species : when I saw it it appeared like a great

TlIK OIKEN <)1' SA\1I-KAi;a (IROWINC, IN TUK SWI^S Al.P;

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

653

SPECIMEX OF SII.ENE AXCULIS.

green cushion. The garden in which it is is situated
five thousand five hundred feet above sea level, and is

covered witli snow six mit <'l' the tweh'e months.

A cuorp I 'I .\i riXE PUPPY

No. 4. Shows a fine i^roup of the real Alpine poppy.
papaver alpinum, growing in the same garden, where
it has made its home, as in some parts of the Alps it is
lost. Across the valley can be seen the edge of the
tree life, as it is about this region that one begins to
leave the trees behind and comes in contact with the

"Rose of the Alps," Rhododendra hirsutum. For
those who have not seen a field of this plant in fiovver
there is a treat in store.

The -Alpine poppy is a charming little plant, perhaps
the smallest of the poppy family. Its nearest relation
is the Iceland poppy for habit, while its flowers are not
so varied in color.

Xo. 5. (iives a good view of the summit of the
garden, and shows the rockeries full of flowering
plants, also the small Chalet, which is a landmark for
tourists — either coming up the valley or going down.
Overlooking this garden is the snow clad top of the
Grand Cambiera Mountain, of some four thousand
metres, and beyond that lies Italy ; while within easy
walking distance from the garden can be seen a small
glacier, also a location that is very rich in .'\lpine flora,
as many species such as Androsai glaciolis and others
can be found there.

.\ ROCK i-.AKDKX IX THE ALPS.

THEN AND NOW.

"Back in 1894. a farmer bought a farm wagon. It was
a good wagon and the farmer took good care of it. The
other day the farmer came back to buy another wagon.

" 'It seems to me,' said the dealer, 'you paid sixty dol-
lars for that old wagon, didn't you?'

" 'That's right.' said the farmer, 'sixty dollars.'

" "Well, that same kind of a wagon today will cost you
seventy-five dollars.'

" "What !' exclaimed the farmer. He was surprised,
and began to object, and then wanted to know the "whys"
and the "wherefores" of the rise in prices.

" "Well.' said the dealer, "the material, like lumber and
iron and steel, has gone up in price, wages have advanced,
and it costs me more to buy a wagon now. Maybe the
tarifif has something to do with it, too.'

■'At the mention of the word 'tariff' the farmer went
straight up in the air. He began to expound against the
theory of the whole thing.

"The dealer let him run along for a while and then
asked again, '.Say. when you bought that wagon from me
in ninety-four, I think you paid for it in corn, didn't you?'

" 'Yes — I did,' said the farmer.

■' 'And let me see. Corn was ten cents a bushel, and
vou had to give me six hundred bushels of corn for that
wagon, didn't you?' asked the dealer again.

■^'Yes. I guess I did,' answered the farmer, after re-
calling in his own mind that corn was selling at only ten
cents a bushel in those days.

" "I'll tell vou what you do,' said the dealer; "bring me
in six hundred bushels of corn to-morrow and I'll give you
this wagon — .'

" "Well. say. hold on — ' began the farmer. The dealer
interrupted him in turn. 'Rut that isn't all,' he said. 'In
addition to the wagon, I'll let you and your wife go over
to the warehouse and pick out a carriage. Then you go
and help yourself to the best six-foot self-binder in the
shop. And .'

" 'Here, wait a minute ' started the fanner.

" 'I'm not through yet,' said the dealer.

" 'When your wife comes in, I'll let her go to the hard-
ware department and pick out one of the best ranges
we've got. -And. just for good measure, you tell your
wife that she can have enough kitchen utensils to re-
furnish her kitchen. Now, I'll give you that — all of that

for six hundred bushels of corn. In Ninety-four, the

same amount of corn got you just the wagon. That's a
fair proposition, isn't it?"

The farmer scratclied his head, then dug up his
seventv-five dollars for the wagon without saying another
word. ' Think it over. Elma Hubbard.

654

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

THE

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA.

MARTIN C. EBEL, Managing Editor,

Published by

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Yonkers, N. Y. Lake Geneva, Wis. Mamaroneck. N. Y.

Secretary, MARTIN C. EBEL, Madison, N. J.

TRUSTEES FOR 1913.
Peter Duff, Orange, N. T.; Williain Kleinheiiiz, OgonU,_Pa.; Willi;

Who says that the gardener can gain no recognition
in this country for work well and faithfully done? He
who does is belied by the honor bestowed on Theodore
Wirth in his election as president of the Society of Amer-
ican Florists and Ornamental Horticulturists without an
opposing vote. Recognition has come to him through his
efforts to faithfully perform what had been entrusted to
him to accomplish. The mayor of the city, of which he
is superintendent of parks, in lauding Mr. Wirth's
achievements in the beautifying of the Minneapolis
parks, said that while the city has much need of its
park superintendent's services, nevertheless it is willing
that he should devote some of them in aiding to accom-
plish elsewhere what he has succeeded in doing in his
own city. There he has created public enthusiasm in
garden work and a general interest towards horticulture
and floriculture. The services of I\Ir. Wirth are openly
appreciated by the people whom he serves, but he mani-
fests no ponderosity over the many praises which have
come to him. After his election to the high office of the
Society of American Florists and Ornamental Horti-
culturists Mr. Wirth declared that he regards himself
to be a private gardener, and that he will always con-
sider himself as such while following his profession.

Ducicham, Madison, N. J.; Alexander MacKe
Dodds. Wyncote, Pa.

Glen Cove, N. Y.; John H.

DIRECTORS.

To serve until 1914 — Robert Angus, Tarrytown, N. Y.; Robert Bottomley,
New Canaan, Conn.; Carl Schaeffer, Tuxedo Park, N. Y.; E. Wetterlow,
West Manchester, Mass.; T. J. Kempton, Baychester, N. Y.; E. Trethewey,
Tarrytown, N. Y. ; Alexander Fraser, Newport, R. I.

To serve until 1915— John Shore, Harrison, N. Y.; Thomas Proctor,
Lenox, Mass.; William N. Craig, North Easton, Mass.; Frank E. Witney,
Fishkill, N. Y. ; Robert Williamson, Greenwich, Conn.; F. Kirk, Bar
Harbor, Me.; James Bell, New York, N. Y.

To serve until 1916 — Thomas W. Logan, Jenkintown, Pa.; John F. Huss,
Hartford. Conn.; John W. Everett, Glen Cove, N. Y.; A. Bauer, Deal
Beach, N. J.; John W. Jones, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Alexander McPherson,
Washington, D. C; James C. Shield, Monticello, III.

Vol. XVII.

SEPTEMBER, 1913.

No. 11.

WHAT IS SUCCESS?

The willingness of the public to interest itself in what
na*ture can produce when guided by human in-
genuity was conclusively demonstrated at the out-door
exhibit held in connection with the S. A. F. & O. H. con-
vention at Minneapolis last month. Too much credit
cannot be given to the management which materialized
this out-door planting scheme, and which has produced
marvelous results in showing what may be achieved in
a very few months in garden making. It appealed to the
rich and poor alike, and will undoubtedly accomplish
what was aimed at in the undertaking, to develop a
lasting interest in horticulture among those who were
attracted to this out-door feature of the convention. In
fact, leading citizens of Minneapolis are urging that the
out-door garden created for the S. A. F. convention be
made a permanent one in that city for educational pur-
poses.

The convention comes to Boston next year, and it is
safe to predict that Boston, with its great horticultural
interests, will take advantage of the valuable lesson
taught in Minneapolis and create an expansive
grand out-door di.splay. At Minneapolis the out-door
planting was practically a trade exhibit, excepting that
■ part of it which was furnished by the park department.
We trust that provision will be made at Boston next
year to give the gardeners of the eastern states an op-
portunity to participate in the out-door exhibit, for we
believe that they can — and will — help to make the Bos-
ton out-door display in 1914 one of the finest ever seen
anvwhere.

The following answer to the question ; "What is suc-
cess?" received a prize of $250:

"He has achieved success who has lived well, laughed
often and loved much ; who has gained the respect of
intelligent men and the love of little children ; who has
filled his niche and accomplished his task ; who has left
the world better than he found it, whether by an im-
proved poppy, a perfect poem or a rescued soul ; who has
never lacked appreciation of earth's beauty or failed to
express it; who has always looked for the best in others
and given the best he had ; whose life was an inspiration ;
whose memory was a benediction." — Exchange.

FROST.

I remember, I remember.

With a sense of something lost,
How, one day in late September,

Came the first cruel touch of frost.
In the garden all the flowers

That had smiled in glad array.
Bowed their heads before the powers

Of the frost — and passed away.
Where there had been laughing faces,

Nodded ruins in dead, stiff rows.
Bleak, and shorn of all their graces ;

Gone, as all that's mortal goes.

I remember, I remember.

Sullen under Fate's decree.
That one day of last September

Taught me death's philosophy.
All the things we love are lent us —
. Flowers but for shorter time —
But the having won't content us,

We would keep them past their prime.
In the poignancy of losing,

We forget the joy we've had
While we loved them, and, accusing,

Doubt God's wisdom — and are sad.

— Herbert S. Richland.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

655

ASSOCIATION NOTES

M. C. EBEL, Secretary, MADISON, N. J.

MEETING OF CONVENTION COMMITTEE.

A meeting of the committee, appointed by President
W'aite to make final arrangements for the annual con-
vention, was held at the Murra}- Hill Hotel, New York
City, on the 12th instant. It was decided that the busi-
ness meeting and election of officers should occur on
Monday, November 3, to be followed by a banquet in the
evening. The meeting will be held at the American Mu-
seum of Natural History, and the banquet at the Hotel
Endicott.

Out-of-town members attending the convention will
have entertainment provided for them during the other
days of the fall show, of the Horticultural Society of
New York, in conjunction with which the annual con-
vention is being held. It is the earnest wish of the of-
ficers of the association that every member who can pos-
sibly do so attend the annual meeting. Several impor-
tant subjects of vital interest to the gardener will be
brought up for discussion during the business session.

ANNUAL BANQUET.
The annual banquet of the association will be held at
the Hotel Endicott, New York City, on Monday evening,
November 3. Tickets will be $2.50. Members intending
to attend the banquet are requested to notify the secre-
tary at their earliest convenience so that seats may be
reserved for them. The capacity of the banquet hall is
limited, and New York City is likely to attract a large
number of gardeners and friends to the convention and
banquet, so that it will be a case of "first come, first
served." The committee can give no assurance that it
can provide for those who neglect to procure tickets be-
forehand, and that decide on the evening of the afTair
that they will attend. Good entertainmerit will be pro-
vided, and several men prominent in public life, able
after-dinner speakers, will l)c among our guests.

MINNEAPOLIS MEETING.

The "get-together mcctiiiL;" of the association, held
at the convention of the S. .\. F. at Minneapolis on
.\ugust 20, was not a decided success in point of attend-
ance, but it gave an opportunity to those present to be-
come acquainted, and enabled the eastern members to
shake hands with those of the west. Regrets were re-
ceived from President Waite. who was not able to at-
tend. .'\n invitation from \Vm. M. Steele to visit the es-
tate over which he presides, Woodend Farm, at Ex-
celsior, Minnesota, was accepted for the following day.
Some new members were added to the list of member-
ship. No business was transacted at the meeting, as it
was not a regular session.

AT LAKE GENEVA MEETING.
At the invitation of Vice-President A. J. Smith, of
the N. A. G., Secretary Ebel visited Lake Geneva, Wis.,
to attend a special meeting of the Lake Geneva Foreman's
and Gardener's Society on Monday evening, .\ugnst 25,
to address that society on the purposes of the National
Association of Gardeners, and to interest its members
in the national organization. Every member of the local
society present enrolled with the national body, and more
of the members, not in attendance at the meeting, are

expected to be heard troni very shortly, Charles 11.
Totty, of .Madi.son, X. J,, and Harry Dunyard, of New
York, accompanied Mr. Ebel.

NEW MEMBERS.

The following new members have been enrolled dur-
ing the past month : Theodore Wirth, Minneapolis,
Wis.; James P.. Shea, Boston, Mass.; Fred. C. Green,
Providence, R. 1.; William H. Griffiths, William Wahl-
stedt. Albin Martini, Samuel Long, Herbert Baxendale,
George Sheppard, William P. Longland, Frank Lowry,
Emil Johnson, Miles Barratt, Fred Miller, George Bar-
low, John S. Topolinsk, of Lake Geneva, Wis. ; Fred
Cotterell, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. ; J. T. D. Fulmer, Des
Moines, Iowa ; D, L. Mackintosh, St, Paul, Minn. ; Fred-
erick Schultz, New York, N. Y. ; Emil Merrscheid,
Oconomowoc, Wis.: F, E, Conine. Stratford, Conn.:
Davirl K\(ld, Xew Haven, Conn.

AMONG THE GARDENERS

The friends of Theodore Wirth will be glad to learn
that he is rapidly recovering from the eflfects of what
might have proven a very serious accident to him.
Through the skidding of an automobile Mr, Wirth was
run down in one of the parks of Minneapolis, and one
of his legs was severely fractured. While confined to
his home he is nevertheless able to look after his affairs,
and, as he wrote to one of his friends, is grateful that he
escaped more serious injury.

Daniel Coughlin, for the past twelve years in charge
of the E. Rollins Morse estate, left on Setpember 1 to
take charge of the Davison estate. Locust Valley, N. Y,
Mr, Coughlin, who was secretary of the Newport Hor-
ticulture Society for si.x years, was presented with a gold
watch and chain by the members of the society as a token
of esteem for his able services while fulfilling the duties
of his office.

Oscar E. .\ddor, superintendent of the Stieglitz estate,
Larchmont, X. Y,, resigned on the 1st inst.

Thomas .A. Houlihan, head gardener for Senator W.
A. L. Bazeley, Woonsocket, R. I., for the last four years,
has resigned and accepted the position of superintendent
to A. F. Costello, Beverly, Mass.

P, G, Brougli has accepted the position of assistant
gardener at the Bayard Cutting Estate, at Oakdale. X'ew
York, of which John Joynes is superintendent.

E. B, Palmer has resigned his position as superintend-
ent of the estate of Mr. L. F. Loree, West Orange. N.
T., to accept a similar position on the estate of Mr. J.
Thorne at Bridgeport, Conn.

William McGillioney. head gardener at Bonnie Crest,
Newport. R. I-. is convalescing favorably from an opera-
tion for appendicitis.

656

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

D. L. Macintosh, formerly superintendent of Belhvood
Farm, Geneva, N. Y., is now engaged in landscape gar-
dening at St. Paul, Alinn. He is a confident believer
in big future possibilities for the gardener in the North-
west.

A very fine and extensive range of greenhouses is be-
ing erected for G. L. Stone at Marion, Mass. Houses
are included for roses, carnations, miscellaneous plants,
gardenias, ferns, palms, chrysanthemums, warm vege-
tables, cold vegetables, violets, late and early grapes,
pot fruit trees, orchids, and propagating. This block,
when completed, will be one of the finest of any private
estate in Massachusetts. Mr. Holliday is the head gar-
dener here.

Charles Sander, superintendent of Prof. C. S. Sar-
gent's beautiful estate in Brookline, Mass., has always
lots of interesting plants to show visitors. He specializes
in Clivias flmantophyllums), and has a grand collection,
including all of Veitch's hybrids and many of his own
raising. Of nerines he has probably the best collection
in America, including about every named variety pro-
curable, and a host of seedlings which are just commenc-
ing to flower. Large quantities of seedling trees and
shrubs, including numerous azaleas and rhododendrons
of E. H. \\"ilson's introduction, are to be seen here.

Work is practically completed on the fine new range
of greenhouses on the estate of Airs. C. G. Weld, Brook-
line, Mass., where W. C. Rast has sway. Two houses
are devoted to carnations and two to roses. A large stor-
age house has also been built. In the old range a house
of cattleyas looked very well, and in another house I
noticed a very fine lot of calanthes. Cyclamens are par-
ticularly well grown here. When the numerous outside
changes are completed this will be one of the finest es-
tates in Brookline.

At Edward A. Clark's. Jamaica Plains, Mass., two
houses are devoted to roses. American Beauties are still
well grown here. Lorraine begonias filled one house,
and they were splendid plants. Some of Veitch's hybrids
such as Winter Cheer and Mrs, Heal are also grown.
Carnations, cyclamens, single stem chrysanthemums, and
other plants are all well grown here. Alexander McKay,
who has charge here, is a first-class grower, and has
secured a host of prizes at the Boston shows during the
last twentv vears.

Probably the largest New England contract for any
private estate, and one of the biggest in America, is that
being carried out for Thomas G. Plant at Osipee Moun-
tain Park, Moultenburo, N. H., by James K. M. L.
Farquhar, of R. & J. Farquhar & Co. There are over
seven thousand acres in this extensive and romantically
situated estate. Fifty miles are being constructed, a
force of six hundred men being employed at this w'ork.
Magnificent views over Lake Winnepesaukee are to be
had from the mountain, especially from the "Crow's
Nest," where Mr. Plant's bungalow is being built. Sev-
eral years will be occupied with this big contract.

\\'. D. Nickerson, late of Brookline, is now located at
North Conway, N. H.

William Elias, one of the old-time gardeners, superin-
tendent of the Bliss estate at Bernardsville, N. J., died
suddenly September 12. Funeral services and interment
took place September 13 at Stapleton, S. T.

OUR COVER ILLUSTRATION

The illustration of the field of Early Flowering
Chrysanthemums appearing on our front cover was
taken at the C. H. Totty establishment, Madison N. J.,
on September 25, 1912, and while it does not begin to
do justice to the subject it shows that the plants were
well in flower and will give the careful observer an idea
of their usefulness in flowering at this particular time.
In so many gardens from the middle of September until
the middle of October there is almost a complete blank
in the line of flowers. The greenhouse stock is not yet
in condition and the late summer droughts and early
frost have nipped everything of any value outdoors, in
addition to which the family, in many cases, are just re-
turning from the mountains or the seashore, and are
stopping at their country place before going into the city
for the winter, taxing the resources of the greenhouse
for flowers just at a moment when those resources are
reallv at their lowest ebb. These 'Mums step into the
breach and fill the bill very nicely.

Older gardeners with an old country training will well
remember the varieties of years ago — the Masse Family,
G. Wermig, and Madam des Grange ; and other gardeners
of more recent experience will talk about Goacher's
Crini.son, Harrie, Roi des Blancs, etc., etc. These va-
rieties of late years have been wonderfully improved by
Mr. Aug. Nonin, of Paris, who has had almost a monop-
oly on this type of 'Mum. Some of the best in early
varieties are as follows : A. Barham, Aquitaine, L'Ar-
gentuillais, October Gold, and Tonkin, all varieties of
merit in the various shades of bronze. In pink, Gis-
monda. Petite Louis, Le Danube, Madam Marques,
Madam Emile David, Cranford Pink and Bouquet Rose.

The best whites are Normandie, which was in full
flower by the first week in September ; La Cygne, Perle
Chattillonaise, Cranford White, Dorothy and Tapis de
Neige. Crimson varieties are represented by Madam
Drouard, Lucifer, Mandarin, Wells' Crimson, Firefly,
and Firelight. Good yellows are numerous, Harrie be-
ing still one of the best. Carmelite. October Gold, Etoile
d'Or, Carrie, Cranford Yellow, and may others forming
a color scheme that is very attractive. This field of
Early Flowering varieties appears to be in very good
condition again this year, and Air. Totty invites all grow-
ers who are interested in this type of flower to visit his
establishment during the last days of September or first
in October and see for themselves the wonderful possibil-
ities of this type of Chrysanthemum and also some of the
newer varieties.

60,000 KINDS OF FUNGUS.

Horticultural science, which has established the fact
that there are more than 60,000 kinds of fungus, all more
or less harmful to plant life and many of them deadly de-
structive, has sounded a fresh note of warning to those
desiring the preservation of trees. Particular warning
has been given fruit growers of eastern Iowa and west-
ern Nebraska that it will be necessary to fight some of
these dangerous fungus diseases that have found lodg-
ment in their orchards. Thousands of cherry trees have
been killed in that vicinity by growths of poisonous fungi
and unless measures are taken to protect the young trees
it would only be a question of a few years when the ex-
tinction of the cherry tree would be accomplished. —
Aiiicrican Fruits.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

657

SUMMER SHOW^LENOX HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

The annual summer show of the Lenox Horticultural
Society was held in the Town Hall, Lenox, Wednesday
and Thursday, August 20 anil 21. There was a good
display in all the various classes. The following is the
prize list.

Flower Prizes.

Collection of Perennials: 1st. Fred Heeremans; 2nd, J. \A'.
Pybus.

Twelve Annuals: 1st, Walter Jack; 2nd, A. H. Wingett; .3r'l,
Fred Heeremans. Six do., 1st. .1. .T. Donohoe; 2nd, Alex Mc-
Connachie: 3rd, S. W. Carlquist.

Twelve Phlox decussata: 1st, J. W. Pybus; 2nd, E. J. Norman.
Six do., Gordon McMillan.

Gladioli: 1st, J. .T. Donohoe; 2nd. Fred Heeremans; 3rd, S. W.
Carlquist.

Asters: 1st, J. \V. Pybus; 2nd, E, J. Norman; 3rd, S. W.
Carlquist.

Sweet Peas: 1st, George Foulsham; 2nd. S. W. Carlquist:
3rd, J, Donohoe. Vase of Sweet Peas with own foliage: 1st,
Geii. Foulsham; 2nd, S. W. Carlc|uist; 3rd, .J. Donohoe.

Storks: 1st, George Thompson: 2nd, S. W. Carlquist.

Sal]iiglossis: 1st, J. W. I'vbus; 2nd, J. J. Donohoe; 3rd. A.
H. \'\ingett.

Scabiosa: 1st. Walter dack; 2nd. Geo. Wingett: 3rd. Fred
Heeremans.

Deljihiniuni: 1st. Walter -Tack; 2iid. Geo. Thompson; 3rd, .1.
W. P\bus.

Pentstemon: 1st, S. W. Oulquist ; 2nd. A. H. Wingett; 3rd,
J. W. Pybus.

Antirrhinum: 1st, Walter .lack; 2nd, .J. J. Donohoe; 3rd, A.
H. Wingett.

Vase of asters; 1st, Joe Pybus; 2nd, A, H. Wingett; 3rd, .1.
J. Donohoe.

Center piece for table: 1st, Miss A. Alexandre.

Twelve Tuberous rooted Begonias: 1st, A. H. Wingett. Six do.,
1st, .J. J. Donohue; 2nd, S. W. Carlquist.

Fruit Prizes.

White Grapes: 1st, Gordon ilcMillan; 2nd. Geo. Thompson;
3rd, S. W. Carlquist. Black do.: 1st, G. McMillan; 2nd. S. W.
Carlquist; 3rd, Cleo. Thompson.

Peaches: 1st, .1. J. Donohoe; 2nd, Gordon JleMillan; 3rd. A.
H. Wingett.

Nectarines: 1st. .J. J. Donohoe; 2nd, S. W. Carlquist; 3rd,
Geo. Thompson.

Figs: 1st, A. H. Wingett; 2nd, Fred Heeremans; 3rd. S. W.
Carlquist.

Melons, indoor: 1st, S. W. Carlquist; 2nd, Geo, Tliomjison;
3rd, Fred Heeremans. jSlelons, outdoor: lst_, S. W. Carlquist;
2nil. Gordon McMillan; .3rd. Walter .Jack.

Collection of Fruit: S. W. Carlquist.

Outdoor Fruit: Walter .Jack.

Vegetable Prizes.

Twenty-four Kinds: 1st, Geo. 'I'lmmpson; 2nd, S. W. Carlquist.
Twelve kinds: 1st, Walter Jack; 2nd, A. Etherington. Six kinds:
George Breed.

Globe Artichokes: 1st, Geo. Thompson; 2nd, S. W. Carlquist.

String Beans, green: 1st, Geo. Foulsham; 2nd, Gordon Mc-
Millan; 3rd, E. J. Norman.

String Beans, yellow: 1st, S. W. Carlquist; 2nd, E. J. Norman;
3rd, A. Etherington.

Beans. Lima: 1st, Fred Heeremans; 2nd, J. J. Donolioc; 3rd,
S. W. Carlquist.

Long Beets: 1st, Geo. Thompson; 2nd, S. W. Carlquist; 3rd.
A. H. Wingett.

Round Beets: 1st, Geo. Foulsham; 2nd, Geo. Thompson; 3rd,
E. J. Norman.

Cauliflower: 1st, S. W. Carlquist; 2nd, A. H. Wingett; 3rd,
Walter Jack.

Cabbage: 1st. J. J. Donohoe; 2nd, Geo. Thompson; 3rd. A.
H. Wingett.

Txmg Carrots: 1st, Geo. Thompson; 2nd, S, W. Carlquist;
3rd, A. Etherington.

Short Carrots: 1st, Geo. Thompson; 2nd, A. McConnachie; 3rd,
Fred Heeremans.

Celery: 1st, S. W. Carlquist; 2nd, Geo. Thompson; 3rd, A.
n. Wingett.

Celeriac: 1st, Geo, Thompson; 2nd, E. J. Norman; 3rd. S.
W. Carlquist.

Cucumbers, indoor: 1st, .\, Etherington;; 2nd, Geo. Thomjison;
3rd, A. H. Wingett.

Cucumbers, White Spine: !-t. J. T, Donohoe; 2nd, Walter Jack;
3rd, A. H. Wingett.

Announcement

M'

ESSRS. JAMES
CARTER AND
COMPANY of London,
England, beg to announce that they have
opened a branch office in Boston, Mass.,
U. S. A., and that hereafter their business
in the United States and Canada will be
conducted under the name of Carter's
Tested Seeds, Inc. Patrons in America
who have been buying of the London office
are now requested to send orders to the
Boston or Toronto Offices. This will in-
sure the quickest service possible, as rep-
resentative stocks will be carried in these
cities.

TESTED SEEDS, Inc.

To those lovers of rare and beautiful
flowers who may not be acquainted wMth
Carter's Tested English Seeds we wish to
make this introductory ofi'er:— On receipt
of vour name and address at our Boston
office we will send postpaid

L Carter's Catalogue of Garden and
Vegetable Seeds.

Contains many rare varieties and un-
usual specimens.

2. Carter's Book on "Bulbs."

Years of experience in buying and test-
ing have made Carter's bulbs standard

in England.

3. Carter's "Practical Greenkeeper."

Deals with laying out of lawns, golf
courses, tennis courts, etc. James Car-
ter & Co. are experts on lawn making.
.\\\ the championship Golf Courses
abroad and in the United States use
Carter's Tested Grass Seed.

JAMES CARTER 6 CO.

LONDON ENGLAND

BRAKCK OmCX:
TORONTO, CANADA.

CAKTERS TESTED SEEDS, INC..

Ill CHAMBER OF COMKERCE BLDG..

BOSTON. KASS.

658

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Sweet Corn: 1st, Geo. Thompsou; 2iid, Fred Heeremans; 3rd,
A. H. Wiiigett.

Egg Plant: 1st, A. H. Wingett ; 2nd, Fred Heeremans; 3rd,
Walter Jack.

Kohlrabi: 1st, A. H. Wingett; 2nd, S. W. Carlquist; 3rd,
Walter Jack.

Leeks: 1st, J. J. Donohoe; 2nd, Walter Jack; 3rd, S, W.
Carlquist,

Lettuce: 1st, Geo. Tliompson; 2nd, A, H. Wingett; 3rd, A,
Etherington.

Mushrooms: 1st, A. H. Wingett; 2nd, Fred Heeremans; 3rd,
S. W. Carlquist.

Onions, Alisa Craig: 1st, S. W. Carlquist; 2nd, Geo. Thompson;
3rd, A. H. Wingett.

Onions, yellow: 1st. A. H. Wingett; 2nd, Walter .Jack; 3rd,
S. W. Carlquist.

Onions, red: 1st. Walter Jack; 2nd, A. H. Wingett; 3rd, Geo.
Thompson.

Onions, white: 1st, Fred Heeremans; 2nd, A. H. Wingett: 3rd.
Geo. Thompson.

Okra: 1st, Walter Jack; 2nd, A. H. Wingett; 3rd. Geo.
Thompson.

Parsnips: 1st, A. Etherington; 2nd. S. W. Carlquist.

Peas: S. W. Carlquist.

Peppers: 1st, -J. J. Donolioe; 2nd. A. McConnachie; 3rd. A.
Etherington.

Pumpkins: 1st, A. Etherington; 2nd. .S. W. Carlquist: 3rd,
A. H. Wingett.

Eadish: 1st, E. J. Xorman; 2nd, A. Etherington; 3rd. Geo.
Thompson.

Tomatoes: 1st, Fred Heeremans; 2nd, Walter Jack; 3rd, A.
H. Wingett.

Turnips: 1st, .S. W. Carlquist; 2nd, A. H, Wingett; 3rd, Geo.
Thompson,

Vegetable ilarrow: 1st, G, Foulsham; 2nd, E. J. Xoruian; 3rd,
A. Etherington.

Brussell Sprouts: 1st, Geo, Thompson; 2ud, A. Etherington,

good. There were no less than 161 competitive classes
in the whole show, and practically all had entries. The
quality of annuals and perennials exhibited here is very
high — far superior to what can be produced further
inland.

MANCHESTER, MASS.

The annual exhibition of the North Shore Horticul-
tural Society was held on August 20 and 21 on the
grounds of R. C. \\'inter, of West Manchester, in a tent
60 X 240 feet, which was completely filled with exhibits,
making this decidedly the best summer show this pro-
gressive society has yet held. The weather proved fine
each day, and the attendance of North Shore cottagers
from Manchester, West Manchester, Beverly, Beverly
Farms, Pride's Crossing, Magnolia, and other fashion-
able resorts was large.

The silver cup for the largest collection of hardy per-
ennials was taken by Mrs. R. I. Bradley : second, F, P.
Frazier, (T. Harrison Stiles, gardener.) In the numer-
ous other cut flower classes the principal winners were
Mrs. L. Leland (E. H. Wetterlow, gardener), Mrs. H.
S. Grew (A. G. Parsons, gardener), T. P. Frazier, Mrs.
G. M. L. Lane, Mrs. I. P. Bremer, Mrs. C. E. Cotling,
Mrs. George Wigglesworth, and Mrs. B. A. Beal. B.
Hammond Tracy secured the society's silver medal for
the finest collection of gladioli, showing a very line lot.
Southworth Brothers showed a fine collection of per-
ennial phlox and numerous evergreens in tubs. For pot
plants Eric H. Wetterlow almost swept the deck, win-
ning amongst other prizes the gold medal for the finest
group of flowering and foliage plants. Miss Lathrop
Brown (Joseph Tillson, gardener), had the best collec-
tion of hothouse fruit, the grapes, melons and peaches
being extra good. For twenty varieties of vegetables
John L. Smith, gardener to A. W. Preston, won with a
fine assortment ; Mrs. G. Wigglesworth, second. For
twelve varieties Eric H. Wetterlow led w'ith a splendid
collection. James Salter, gardener to Mrs. Phillip Dex-
ter, won numerous prizes, in the individual vegetable
classes, as did A. E. Parsons.

A pleasing feature of this show was the encourage-
ment given to children. Sixteen classes of flowers and
ten nf vegetables were allotted to them, and the compe-
tition was excellent, and the quality of produce shown

MONTREAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The annual exhibition of the Montreal Horticultural
Society was held at Montreal, Que,, September 9-11, in
the Winter Club's hall on Drummond street. The hall
presented a beautiful appearance, the exhibits Jbeing
staged with good efl:'ect, and attracted large throngs of
people on each of the three days. The cut flower dis-
plays, the potted plants, the table and mantel decorations
were all of a very high order and brought forth much
favorable comment.

In the gi-oup of decorative and flowering plants, covering 100
square feet of space, R. B. Angus (Wm. J. Welshire, gardener)
won first and Sir Wm. Van Home (F. C. Smith, gardener) was
second. Both displaj-s were of a very high order and the com-
petition between the two was very keen. M. B. Davies (W. G.
Pascoe, gardener) was third in this class; C. B. Gordon (J. Luck,
gardener), fourth; P. McKenna & Sons, fifth.

The mantel decorations were a new feature this year, and while
there were only two exhibitors in this class, both were deserving
of the highest commendation. Hall & Robinson were awarded
first prize in this class.

Some of the other awards for displays of importance were as
follows: Group of ferns, 100 square feet — C. A. Smith, Lachine,
first; P. McKenna & Sons, second; E, J. Haywood, St. Paul, third.

Begonias, tuberous, single, distinct varieties — F. C. Smith, first;
same exhibitor won first in single and double tuberous begonias,
any variety.

In the geranium, dracaena, croton, caladium and other plant
classes, the names of W. J. Wilshire, F. C. Smith, Julius Luck,
W. G. Pascoe and others occur regularly as prize winners, these
e.xhibitors having fine displays in all the classes in which they
had entries.

In the collection of cut flowers grown out of doors, not to
exceed 25 varieties, Lome McGibbon (Jos. Deltorquio, gardener)
was first; R. B. Angus (Robert Burrows, gardener), second; .James
Theule, third; Julius Luck, fourth. The same competitors won
many other prizes in the cut flower section.

The fruit and vegetable entries were also of a high class and
were closely contested. J. Langford, G. F. Miles, J. Luck and
Ignace Morand, J. J. Trevis and C. D. Schnelby were the most
successful contestants in these classes.

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SO-
CIETY.

The annual fruit and dahlia exhibition of the Massa-
chusetts Horticultural Society was held September 12 to
14. The dahlias were of unusually good quality.

For twenty-four blooms distinct show, W. D. Hathaway was
first; E. F. Dwyer & Sons, second. E. W. Ela led for twelve
varieties show, A. E. Johnson second, and W. H. Symonds third.
For twenty-four varieties cactus: Sisson & Thurston first; A. E.
Johnson second, and E. W. Ela third. For twenty-four decorative
W. D. Hathaway was first; J. K. Alexander second. For twelve
decorative E. W. Ela was first with fine flowers. For twelve
cactus Miss Fanny Foster, Newport, R. I., first; A. E. Johnson
second and E. W. Ela third.

There were some fine entries for peony-flowered varieties. In
the twenty-four class W. D. Hathaway was first; J. K. Alexander
second. For twelve varieties Sisson & Thurston were first, E. F.
Dwyer & Sons second. For twenty-four varieties pompons J. K.
Alexander first ; W. D. Hathaway second. For twelve varieties
E. F. Dwyer & Sons were first. For twelve varieties singles.
Sisson & Thurston first; E. W. Ela second. For largest and best
collection, named, of all classes, Geo, H, Walker first; Miss Lilian
M, Towle second,

Mrs. .J. L. Gardener, Wm. Thatcher, gardener, had splendid
specimen plants of Alpinia Sanderae and Phyllotfenium Lindeni.
^Irs. Frederick Ayer, Geo, Page, gardener, had large standard
ivies, variegated pineapples and platyceriums, Mrs, E. M. Gill
had a nice miscellaneous display, also Mrs, M. W, Chadbourne.
William Whitman, M. Sullivan, gardener, had a large collection
of perennial phlox and annuals.

The fruit display was good. Thomas E. Proctor. .Jas. Mar-
borough, gardener, won for grapes.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

659

"BUDDLEYA ASIATICA"

awarded a Silver Medal Mass. Hort. Society, 1912.

Introduced by Mr. Wilson from China and has proven a most valuable novelty. The plants produce nu-
merous long stems which terminate in spikes of pure vi^hite flowers, which have the fragrance of lilacs.
Begins to bloom as early as December 15th and continues in bloom .ill Winter. As a cutflower it is
splendid and very effective when combined with Poinsettias.

2'2-in, pot plants, Each 50c.; $5.00 dozen; 100, $35.00.
4-in pot plants, Each $1.00; $10.00 dozen; 100, $65.00.

READY FOR DELHERY NOIV

Our Kail catalog ready for distribution: FREE for the asking

MichelTs Seed House^

517 Market
Street,

Philadelphia

1st. 2d.
$20 $15

3d.
$10

$10 $6 $4

$6 $4

$6 $4

$6 $4

$0 $4

$20 $10

$12 $8
exhibit in

$2

$5
one

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL FLOWER SHOW OF

THE MORRIS COUNTY GARDENERS'

AND FLORISTS' SOCIETY.

Tuesday, October 2S, and Wednesday, October 29, 1913.

CUT FLOWERS.
Chrysanthemums.

Class 1. Thirty-six flowers in six varieties, six
of each

Class 2. Eighteen flowers in six varieties, three
of each. (Exhibitors in Class 1 debarred from
Class 2.)

Class 3. Twelve flowers in twelve varieties, in
one vase

Class 4. Ten flowers, any yellow variety..

Class 5. Ten flowers, any white variety

Class 6. Ten flowers, any pink variety

Class 7. Ten flowers, any other eolor

Class 8. Twenty-four flowers in twenty-four dis-
tinct varieties, stem not to exceed 12 inches
long, to be shown in single vases

Class 9. Three vases of. six flowers each, in three

distinct colors

Xote — Exhibitors in Classes S, 10 and 11 can only

of these classes.

Class 10. Special First Prize of Silver Cup offered
by Thos. D. Leonard, Esq.. Morris Plains, N. J.,
for twelve flowers in twelve distinct varieties,
stem not to exceed 12 inches, to be shown in
single vases

Class 11. Special Prize of $10 ofTered by Stump
Walter, 50 Barclay street, .New York City, for
six flowers, in six distinct varieties, stems not ,
to e.xceed 12 inches, to be shown in single vases.

Class 12. Six flowers, any pink variety

Class 13. Six flowers, any white variety

Class 14. Six flowers, any yellow variety

Class 15. Six flowers, any crimson variety

Class 16. Six flowers, any other eolor

Note — Exhibitors in Classes of ten flowers to a

barred from classes of six flowers to a vase.

Class 17. One vase of flowers with other foliage,
arranged for effect

Class 18. Ten vases of pompon Chrysanthemums,
in ten varieties, six sprays I0 a vase

Class 19. Ten vases single Chrysanthemums, in
ten varieties, six sprays to a vase

Class 20. Six vases single Chrysanthemums, in
six varieties, six sprays to a vase

Hass 21. Largest flower

Class 22. Special Prize of $10 ofl'ered by Elmer
D. Smith, Adrian, Mich., for six flowers, "Madi-
son"

Class 23. Special- Prize of $10 offered by
Vaughan's Seed Store, New York, for six flowers
of ''Wniliani Turner"

Class 24. One vase, five flowers, any variety not
previously exhibited $5

Commercial Classes.

1st. 2d. .3d.
Class 2.">. Ten flowers, any whil. $6 $4 $2

$7 $4

$.T

%-X $2

$4

$3

$4

$3

$4

$3 k.

$4

.$3 . .

$4

.$3

vase

are de-

$8

$5 ..

$4

$3

$8

$5 . .

$4

$3 . .

$3

$2

$6

$4

$fi

.$4

$3 $2

1st. 2d. 3d.

Class 26. Ten flowers, any yellow $6 $4 $2

Class 27. Ten flowers, anypink $6 $4 $2

Class 28. Ten flowers, any other color $6 $4 $2

Roses.

1st. 2d. 3d.

Class 29. Eighteen .\mcriean Beauties $10 $5

Class 30. Twelve American Beauties $6 $4

Class 31. Twenty-five .My Maryland $7 $5

Class 32. Twenty-five White Killarnev $7 $5

Class 33. Twenty-five Richmonds " $7 $5

Oass .34. Twenty-five any other Red Rose $7 $5

Class 25. Twenty-five Pink Killarney $7 $5

Oass 36. Twenty-five any other White Rose $7 $5

aass 37. Twenty-five aiiv other Pink Rose $7 $5

Class 38. Twenty-five anv Yellow Rose $7 $5

Class 39. Twelve My .Maryland $4 $3

Class 40. Twelve White Killarney $4 $3

Class 41. Special Prize otTered by A. N. Pierson,

Inc., Cromwell, Conn., twelve Milady .$5 $3

Class 42. Twelve Richmonds " $4 $3 $2

Class 43. Twelve any other red Rose $4 $? $2

Class 44. Twelve pink Killarney $4 $3 $2

Class 45. Twelve any other white Rose $4

Class 46. Twelve any other pink Rose $4

Class 47. Twelve any yellow Rose $4 $3

Class 48. Twelve any undisseminated variety, one prize $0
Class 49. Special Prize of $10 otTered bv Badgley,

Riedel & Meyer, 34 West 28th street, New York.

For best vase of Roses, any variety except

American Beauties, twenty-five blooms in one

vase. One prize.

Note — E.xhibitors in the twenty-five classes are debarred
the twelve classes.
Class 50. Special Prize ofTered by Charles H.

Totty, Madison, N. .J., twelve flowers Mrs.

George Shawyer $7 $5

Carnations.

1st. 2d.

Class 51. Twenty-five blooms, crimson $6 $4

Class 52. Twenty-five blooms, pink $6 $4

aass .53. Twenty-five blooms, white $6 $4

Class 54. Twenty-five blooms, red $6 $4

Class 55. Twenty-five blooms, any other color. . . $6 $4

Class 56. Twelve blooms, crimson $4 $2

aass 57. Twelve blooms, pink $4 $2

CJass 58. Twelve blooms, white $4 $2

Class 59. Twelve blooms, red $4 .$2

Class 60. Twelve blooms, any other color $4 $2

aass 61. Eighteen blooms, any undisseminated

variety $5 $3

Class 62. Three vases Carnations, in three vari-
eties, eighteen hlonnis each $10 $0

Class 03. Special Prize of $10 offered by Badgley,
Riedel & Meyer, 34 West 2Sth street, New York.
For best vase of Carnations, one variety. 23
blooms in one vase, due prize.

Exhibitors in the twenty-five ( arnntion classes debarred
twelve classi's.

Violets.

l.st. 2d.

Class 64. One Imneli, lOi) llowers, double blue... .$4 $2

Class 65. One bun.li. 100 llowers. single blue $4 $2

$4

660

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

1st.

2d.

3d.

$25

$15

$10

$10

$5

$10

$5

$10

$5

$10

$5

$6

$3

$3

$5

.$2
$3

$6

$4

$2

$G
Das

$4

72.

.*2

Groups.

Class 66. Chrysanthemum plants in flower, ar-
ranged with foliage plants for effect, on a space
not exceeding 50 square feet

Class 67. One specimen Chrysanthemum plant in
flower, pinlc

Class 68. One specimen Chrysanthemum plant in
flower, white

Class 69. One specimen Chrysanthemum plant in
flower, yellow

Class 70. One specimen Clirysanthennira plant in
flower, any otlier color

Class 71. Twelve Chrysanthemum plants in
flower, in twelve varieties, single stems, pots
not to exceed 6 inches in diameter

Class 72. Six Clirysanthemum plants in flower,
in six varieties, single stems, pots not to exceed
6 inches in diameter

Class 73. One specimen Begonia de Lorraine, pink

Class 74. Six plants large flowering Clirysanthe-
mums, in six varieties, six flowers to a plant,
pot not over 8 inches in diameter

Class 75. Six plants single Chrysanthemums, in

six varieties, pot not over 8 inches

Note — Exhibitors in Class 71 are debarred from

Orchids.
Class 76. Special Society Prize of $25 for table
four feet in diameter of Orchid plants arranged
with fern plants

Vegetables.

1st. 2d. 3a.
Class 77. Madison Special Prize for collection of
vegetables in twelve distinct kinds, beauty of
arrangement to count, on table space of 6 ft. by

4 f.t, open to all $75

aass 78. Special Prize of $10 ofi'ered by Peter
Henderson & Co., 35-37 Cortland street. New
York, N. Y., for collection of vegetables, si.x

kinds, beauty of arrangement to count $10

Special Prizes offered by Arthur T. Boddington, 342 West 14th
street, New York. Open to all.

1st Prize. 2d Prize.

Six stalks celery $3'

Twelve tomatoes 3

Six corn 2

Twelve potatoes 2

Six carrots 2

Six parsnips 2

Twelve beets 2

Six lettuce 2

One dish string beans 3

Three cauliflower 2

One dish lima 2

Six onions 3

One dish Brussel s[)r()uts 2

Six leeks 2

$15 $10

$50 .$25

$6

aass 79.
aass 80.
aass 81.
Class 82.
aass 83.
aass 84.
aass 85.
aass 86.
aass 87.
aass 88.
aass 89.
aass 90.
aass 91.
aass 92.

Fruit.

aass 95. One plate of apples, five fruits

aass 96. Five plates of apples, five varieties, five

fruits to a plate

aass 97. One plate pears, five fruits

aass 98. Five plates pears, five eacli

aass 99. Four bunches greenliouse grapes, two

black and two white

aass 100. Two bunches greenhouse grapes, black
aass 101. Two bunches greenhouse grapes, white,
aass 102. One bunch greenhouse grapes, white or

black

1st.

2d.

$2

$1

$4

$2

$2

$1

$4

$2

$10

$5

$6

$4

$5

$3

3d.

,$5 $2

THE NEWPORT, NEW HAVEN AND NEW
YORK SHOWS.

The detailed reports of tlie fall .«how held at New-
port, and the dahlia shows at New Haven and New
York, reached us too late for publication, but will be
reported fully in the next issue.

Newport and New Haven were well supported and
had many exhibitions. The display at the American
Institute, New York, was di.sappointinfj in the quan-
tity show, though quality was good, and the manage-
ment is to be congratulated on the new hall. It is a
marked improvement over the old quarters.

QUERIES and ANSWERS

IVe believe the greatest good can be accomplished for the greatest
number, by instituting a query column; or an exchange of expe-
ritnces, on practical propositions, by our readers.

You are %nvited to contribute questions, and answer tthers.

Each question as receizvd will be given a number, the question-
er's nmme will not be published, but the source of the answer will
be given unless otherwise requested.

We all have something we would like to know more about. Her*
is your opportunity to ascertain somebody's experience in just thak
matter.

Nothing unit tend to better fellowship than helping each ether.

Take advantage of this "Question Box."

I have three houses 50 feet by 20 feet, now used en-
tirely for rose and carnation growing. I want to change
them for growing a larger variety, and to include some
fruits and vegetables. Can you give me any sugges-
tions as to what I can best grow in variety in so small
a range? I want to include some plants for decorating
the house besides cut flowers. — G. M., New York.

What has been the experience of your readers in
growing chrysanthemums for show purposes? Can
any say whether they get better results from pot grow-
ing than from growing in benches? This is my first
experience, and some neighbors tell me that individual
pot-grown plants produce the best specimens. Is this
so?--S. W., Ohio.

Plants and Irees from florida

For Southern planting outdoors and for
house decorations in the North

WE have made a s,
matter for 30

beautiful plants
like beautiful
TRADE) MARK tant purchasers

It takes special care and preparatior
palms, ferns, etc., to stand a trip of the
It — not just once in a while, but a good many times
We issue a large catalog covering all our stock, he
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WE HAVE THE STOCK in immense variety, fn
tropics, and ar,' constantly adding to our variety.
Royal-Palm Nurseries REASONER BROS.. Proprietors

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Send for catalog.
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HILL'S EVERGREENS

Send for Price-list. Mention this magazine.

D. HILL NURSERY CO.

Dundee, 111.

J. WILK

25 East 14th Streot

Mew York Olty

FULL LINE OF FRENCH AND DUTCH BULBS, WELL SELECTED.

SOUND STOCK.
CENTRAL PARK. SHADY NOOK AND TIMOTHY GRASS SEEDS,
TABLE FERNS, READY FOR USE. 8'i IN,, ?5.50 PER 100.
LEAF MOULD, $1.75 PER BBL., FOR POTTING BULBS AND FERNS,

Ask for Omtalogum

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

661

NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

National Association of Gardeners.
M. C. Ebel, secretary, Madison, N, J.

Society of American Florists and Orna-
mental Horticulturists.
John Young, secretary, 54 West 28th street
New York.

American Carnation Society.
A. F. J. Bauer, secretary, Indianapolis, Ind.

American Gladiolus Society.

L. Merton Gage, secretary. South Matick,

Mass.

American Peony Society.
A. B. Saunders, secretary, Clinton, N. Y.

American Rose Society.
B. Hammond, secretary, Fishkill, N. Y.

American Sweet Pea Society.

H. A. Bunyard, secretary, 342 West 14th

street. New York.

Chrysanthemum Society of America.

Charles W. Johnson, secretary, Morgan

Park, 111.

LOCAL SOCIETIES

Boston Gardeners' and Florists' Club.
William N. Craig, secretary, North Easton,
Mass.
Meets third Tuesday every month, Horti-
cultural Hall, Boston, Mass., 8 p. m.

Connecticut Horticultural Society.
Geo. W. Smith, secretary, Melrose, Conn.

Meets second and fourth Fridays every
month, County Building, Hartford, Conn., 8
p. m.

Dutchess County Horticultural Society.

Hubert G. Cottam, secretary, Wappingers

Falls, N. Y.

Meets at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., last
Wednesday every month except May and
June.

Elberon Horticultural Society.
C. 0. Duncan, secretary, Elberon, N. J.
Meets first Monday every month. Fire
Hall, Elberon, N. J., 8 p. m.

Florists' and Gardeners' Club of Holyoke

and Northampton, Mass.
James Whiting, secretary, Amherst, Mass.
Meets second Tuesday every month.

The Garden Club of Michigan.
Mrs. Edward H. Parker, secretary, 139 Sey-
burn avenue, Detroit, Mich.
The corresponding secretary will notify
members of date and place of meetings.

Gardeners' and Florists' Club of Baltimore.
N. F. nittin, secretary, Paterson Park,
Baltimore, Md.
Meets second and fourth Monday every
month, Florist Exchange Hall.

The Horticultural Society of New York.

Geo. V. Nash, secretary, Bronx Park, New

York City.

Meets monthly, irregular. May to Octo-
ber, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx
Park, New York. November to April,
American Museum of Natural History, 77th
street and Columbus avenue. New York.

Lake Geneva Gardeners' and Foremen's

Association.
W. H. Griffits, secretary, Lake Geneva, Wis.
Meets first and third Saturday every
month, October to April; first Saturday
every month. May to September, Horticul-
tural Hall.

Pasadena Horticultural Society.
Geo. B. Kennedy, secretary, 497 Bradford
street, Pasadena, Cal.
Meets first and fourth Friday every

month.

Lenox Horticultural Society.
George Instone, secretary, Lenox, Mass.
Meets first Saturday every month.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
William P. Rich, secretary, 300 Massachu-
setts avenue, Boston, Mass.

Monmouth County Horticultural Society.
Harry Kettle, secretary, Fairhaven, N. J.
Meets second and fourth Friday every
month, Red Men's Hall, Oceanic.

Morris County Florists' and Gardeners'

Society.
Edward J. Reagan, secretary, Morristown,
N. J.
Meets at Madison, N. J., second Wednes-
day every month, except July and August,
8 p. m.

Nassau County Horticultural Society.
Ernest Westlake, secretary. Glen Cove, N. Y.

Meets second Wednesday every month,
Pembroke Hall, Glen Cove, N. Y., 7 p. m.

New Jersey Floricultural Society.

John Dervan, secretary, 433 Centre street.

Orange, N. J.

Meets second Friday every month, 240

Main street, Orange, N. J., 8 p. m.

New London County Horticultural Society.

John Humphrey, secretary. New London,

Conn.

Meets second Thursday every month,

rooms of Business Men's Association.

Newport Horticultural Society.
D. J. Coughlin, secretary, Newport, R. I.
Meets second and fourth Tuesday every
month.

North Shore Horticultural Society.
Jas. Slater, secretary, Manchester, Mass.
Meets first and third Fridays every
month.

North Westchester County Horticultural

and Agricultural Society.
M. J. O'Brien, secretary, Mt. Kisco. N. Y.
Meets third Thursday every month, ex-
cept June, July and August, at 8 p. m.;
December, January and February, 3 p. m.,
Odd Fellows Hall, Mt. Kisco.

Oyster Bay Horticultural Society.

John T. Ingram, secretary. Oyster Bay,

N. Y.

Meets third Friday every month. Board

of Trade, Oyster Bay, N. Y., 8 p. m.

Paterson Floricultural Society.

Sebastian Hubschmitt, secretary, 61 Seventh

avenue, Paterson, N. J.

Meets first Tuesday every month, Ro-

niaine Building, 8 p. m.

Pennsylvania HorticiUtural Society.
David Rust, secretary. Broad and Locuit
streets, Philadelphia, Pa.
Meets third Tuesday every month, Horti-
cultural Hall, 8 p. m.

People's Park Cottage Gardeners' Associa-
tion.
John Ainscough, secretary, 4 Chestnut street,
Paterson, N. J.
Meets first and last Friday every month.
Working Man's Institute, Madison avenue,
Paterson, N. J.

Philadelphia Florists' Club.
David Rust, secretary. Broad and Locust
streets, Philadelphia, Pa.
Meets first Tuesday every month. Horti-
cultural Hall, Philadelphia, Pa., 8 p. m.

The Pittsburgh Florists' and Gardeners'
Club.

H. P. Joslin, secretary, Ben Avon, Pa.

Meets first Thursday every month. Fort
Pitt Hotel, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Rhode Island Horticultural Society.
A. C. Miller, secretary, 7 Irving avenue,
Providence, R. I.
Meets third Wednesday every month.
Providence Public Library, 8 p. m.

Shelter Island Horticultural and Agricul-
tural Society.
Fred Kirkham, secretary, Shelter Island,
N". Y.
Meets first and third Thursdays every
month.

Southampton Horticultural Society.
William McLeod, secretary.
Meets first Thursday every month. Me-
morial Hall, Southampton, N. Y.

Tarrytown Horticultural Society.
E. W. Neubrand, secretary, Tarytown, N. Y.
Meets last Tuesday every month, except
December, Corporation Building. Tarrytown,
N. Y., 7:30 p. m. Annual meeting last
Thursday in December.

Tuxedo Horticultural Society.
Jos. A. Becvar, secretary, Tuxedo Park, N. Y.
Meets first Wednesday every month. Par-
ish House, Tuxedo Park.

Washington, D. C, Florist Club.
J. L. Mayberrv, secretary, Washington.
D. C.
Meets first Monday every month.

Westchester and Fairfield Horticultural

Society.
I. B. McArdle, secretary, Greenwich, Conn.
Meets second Friday every month, Dor-
an's Hall. Greenwich, Conn., 8 p. m.

Yonkers Horticultural Society.
TIios. Mahoney, secretary, Yonkers, N. Y.
Meets first Friday every month, Holly-
wood Inn, Yonkers, N. y., 8 p. m.

662

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

GARDENERS DIARY

National Association of Gardeners' Meetings.

Amiual Coiiveiilinn, Xovcraljer 3. Ameri-
can Museum of Natural History, New York

aty.

Annual Banipiet, llolvl Endicott, New
York. November 3.

American Institute, New York.

Chrysanthemum Show, November 5-7,
Engineering Building. 25-33 W. 39th street.

Chrysanthemum Society of America.
Chrysanthemum Show. Chicago, 111.,
November 5-7.

Elberon Horticultural Society.
Chrysanthemum Show, Asbury Park,
N. J., Casino, October 27-29.

Horticultural Society of New York.
Annual Fall Show, American Museum of
Natural History, New York, October 31 to
November 4.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Chrysanthemum Show, Horticultural Hall,
Bnstnii, Mass., October 30 to November 2.

Morris County Florists' and Gardeners' Club.
Annual Show, Madison, N. J., October
28-29.

Nassau County Horticultural Society.
Annual Fall Show, Glen Cove, N. Y.,
October 28-29.

Pasadena Horticultural Society.
Fall Flower Sh..w, I'asailena. Cal.,
October 23-2."..

Tarrytown Horticultural Society.
Fall Show, November 4, 5, 6. Music Hall.

Westchester and Fairfield Society.
Amiual Fall Show, Stamford, Conn..

November 7 S.

Worcester County Horticultural Society.
Chrysanthemum Sliow. Horticultural
Hall, November 0-7.

Tuxedo Horticultural Society.
Annual Fall Show, Tuxedo, N. Y..
October 23, 24, 25.

Yonkers Horticultural Society.
Bowling, Thursday nights, Riverdale ave-
nue, Yonkers, N. Y.

JOS. A. MANDA

ORCHID EXPERT
West Orange New Jersey

Plant for Immediate Effect

Not for Future Generations

Start with the largest stock thai can be secured ! It takes over
twenty years to grow many of the Trees and Shrubs we offer.

We do the long waiting— thus enabling you to secure Trees and
Shrubs that give an immediate effect. Send for price list.

ANDORRA NURSERIES "o" .^HfJi'^^'mT^A.

WM. WARNER HARPER, Proprietor

WESTCHESTER AND FAIRFIELD HOR-
TICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The third annual outing of the West-
chester and Fairlield Horticultural Society
was held at Rye Beach, Rye; N. Y., Au-
gust 12. The games, which started at 10
a. m., provided excellent sport. At 2 p. m.
a halt was called to repair to the Beach
hotel, where T. Edwards had provided an
excellent shore dinner, well knowing that
when it comes to "eats," the gardening fra-
ternity can hold its own. About 135 sat
down to dinner, and after having done full
justice to the good things provided. Presi-
dent Robert Williamson spoke of the pleas-
ure it gave liim to preside over such a
splendid gatliering. of the good work the
society is doing, and also the honor accord-
ed the society by the presence of so many
representatives of the trade, concluding
that he hoped to see a larger gathering at
next year's meeting. Short addresses were
also made bv ■!. Manda. Wm. McTaggart,
S. Burnett, F. E. Conine. M'. E. Marshall
and others.

Westchester was winiu'r in both the base-
ball and football matches. Prize winners
were as follows:

Sliot put^W. J. Seeley, first: J. B. Roy,
second.

100-yard dash— W. .T. Seeley, first: B
Berg, second.

Quarter-mile race — W. .J. Seeley. first: B.
Bi'i's. second.

Iliinning high jump — J. B. Roy, first; AV.
.1. Sei'ley, second.

IJiiiiniug broad jump — B. Berg, first: W.
.1. Scrli-y, second.

Hammer throw — Thos. Aitchison. first;
W. Graham, second.

Fat mans' race — F. E. Conine, first ; Louis
Ottman, second.

Three-leeced race — C. Davey ami A.
Wynne, first.

Ladies' race — Mrs. Anthon Peterson, first:
Mrs. O. Addor, second.

Boys' race — Bert Roberts, first ; Alex
Ccddes, second.

Cliildren's race — Marie Addor. first: Bes-
sie f'ruickshnnk. second.

SYRACUSE RED POTS

SYRACUSE POHERY CO.

ByiaouM, N. T.

■With new and Im-
proved machinery wtt
can supply yonr
wanti to hetter
advantage
than ever.

BPEOIAL DlSCOTTlfTSl
ON T.AROE
0RO££S.

BURPEE'S SEEDS

PHILADELPHIA

Wholesale Price List for Florists
and Market Gardeners,

Baseball— Westchester, 7; Fairfield, 2.
Football— Westchester, 3; Fairfield, 1.
Quoits — Westchester, 21; Fairfield, 12.
OWEN A. HUNWICK, Secretary.

MORRIS COUNTY GARDENERS AND
FLORISTS.

The eighteenth annual flower show of the
Morris County Gardeners and Florists' So-
ciety will be held October 28-29 in the as-
sembly rooms, Madison, N. .J. The Madison
class in vegetables, with a first prize of
$75, second prize of $50 and third prize of
$25 will be one of the features. The citi-
zens of Madison are putting up the prizes
just to show their friendly feeling for tlie
society. The ofiicers are as follows: John
Dunn, president. Madison, N. J.; Ernest E.
Wild, vice-president, Madison, N. J.; Wm.
F. Duckham, treasurer. Madison, N. J.:
K(hv. Reagan. Mnrristown. N. J., secretarj'.
EimAlilt REACAN. Secrctarv.'

Trim your hedge

4 times faster ^

Aiiyune can quickly, easily.
neatly trim a hedge — with
cither of the

UNIQUE
Hedge Trimmers

Lie flat on the hedge, cut on
motions like a horse clipper,
well-kept, frequently trim
hedges, the Utuque Hedge Tri
cuts a 13-inch swath at one ti
where ordinary hedge shears

but one-fourth or one-fifth the ...^„. _

For older growths use the Unique Hedge j i
Trimmer and Cutter Combined, because the
extra cutter for branches up to ^-inch
diameter, permits it to replace hedge trimmer,
hipping shears and pruners!

ge prepaid on receipt
of $5.00. Money back
if not satisfactory,
upon return to us
after one week's trial.
Refer to any bank in
Philadelphia.

Send for Free Illus-
trated Booklet

"Sutctii with Hedgti^'

FOUNTAIN CUTLEXY CO.

2433 LgcistSt. PMIaMpbia

New York Office,

1 West 84th St.

0pp. Waldorf-Astoria.

ffi-f

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

663

NASSAU COUNTY HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

The regular monthly meeting of the Nas-
sau County Horticultural Society was held
at Pembroke Hall, Glen Cove, L. I., Sep-
tember 10 with a large attendance. The
most important business transacted was
the necessary arrangements for the dahlia
and fall shows. The dahlia show, which
comes on October S, will be on a much
larger scale than ever before held by this
society. Several good special prizes are of-
fered for vegetables and all out-door flow-
ers. For the fall show the society is mak-
ing a special ofl'er of a $50 silver cup for 18
chrysanthemums, 6 varieties, 3 of each. We
hope to see some good competitions for
this and other good prizes which are on the
list.

H. Powell, Glen Cove, was elected to
active membership, and two applications
were received.

Several members exhibited some fine mel-
ons and other fruits. The awards were as
follows: first prize to G. Ashworth for mel-
ons; first to H. Britisher for apples; first
to F. Pettroccio for corn; honorable men-
tion to H. Jones for melons, and thanks of
society to J. Robinson for apples.

Next meeting will be held at Glen Cove
October 8 at 7 p. m.

JA^IES jMACDONALD,
Corresponding Secretary.

BERNARDSVILLE (N. J.) HORTICUL-
TURAL SOCIETY.

The Bernards ville Horticultural Society
held its third annual summer show on Au-
gust 27 and 28, which was very successful.
Some of the principal prize, winners were:
Wm. Duckham, silver cup for the best gen-
eral collection of cut flow^ers; J. F. Ander-
son, silver cup for the best collection of 24
varieties of vegetables; David Francis, sil-
ver cup, for collection 16 varieties vege-
tables. The medal winners were L. J. Bark-
man, J. Alonzo and K. Nagy. Good weather
and good support made this, our third
show, very successful indeed.

J. F. ANDERSON.

TUXEDO (N. Y.) HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

A regular meeting of this society was
held at the Paris House, Tuxedo Park, N.
Y., on Wednesday evening, September 2,
President James MacMachan presiding.
Two new members were elected — David
Wilson and James Davidson.

The Julius Roehrs Co. was awarded a
silver medal by the society for its exhibit
of orchids at the June show. Several spe-
cial prizes were received from different
firms for the coming show, which takes
place in October. It is expected that some
very fine chrysanthemums will be on ex-
hibition then, as these blooms are looking
very promising around Tuxedo Park. Final
schedules for the show will soon be printed
and will be forwarded to any one upon re-
quest bv the secretary.

"JOSEPH A. BECVAR. Secretary.

NEW JERSEY FLORICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

The regular monthly meeting of the New
Jersey Floricultural Society was held on
Friday evening, September 12. 1913. Tho
meeting was well attended. A visit was
made during the month to the experimental
station at New Brunswick, N. J., where the
difi'erent results obtained, with various soils
and fertilizers, were noticed with great in-

terest. The society is awaiting the end of
the year, when a bulletin will be published
by the same showing the various develop-
ments on different flowers, especially roses
and carnations.

John Dervan, secretary of the society,
tendered his resignation, as he leaves for
quite a distance, and we sincerely hope for
his future welfare, as every one feels sorry
in the loss of so capable a secretary. He
was a faithful worker for the society, and
he takes with him the best wishes of every
member.

The society donated a cup, value $10, to
be given as a prize for the best collection of
single dahlias at the coming show, Septem-
ber 27 and 28, 1913, and if the exhibit be
meritorious enough a second prize will be
awarded, but will be left entirely to the
discretion of the judges.

This cup is to take the place of the cup
so kindly donated for the best display of
gladiolas by John L. Childs, of Floweriield,
N. v., as there was no prize in the sched-
ule for same. This cup will be set aside
and awarded for the best display of gladi-
olas at a gladiola night to be decided upon
later.

Awards for the evening were as follows:

Cyprepedium Harrisianum, Mr. Barr,
Llewellyn Park, 90 points.

Vase of Celoisa, Mr. Chas. Hathaway,
Prospect street, 90 points.

Lord & Burnham Prize, Phoenix Roeb-
lenna, Sydney and Austin Colgate, Centre
street, 90 points.

Not for competition:

Seedling Dahlias, Mr. H. Graves, Centre
street, certificate of merit.

Cypredium Barrii, Mr. Barr, Llewellyn
Park, certificate of merit.

Seedling Rose, Essex County Country
Club, vote of thanks.

Collection of Hardy Roses. Wm. Tucker,
Arlin<;ton, N. .T., certificate of merit.

Vase of Aster St. Egiom, Wm. Tucker,
Arlirgton, N. J., highly commended.

Judges: Chas. W. Ashmead, Thos. J. Hop-
kins, \\'m. Reid.

GEO. W. STRANGE,

Secretary.

LENOX HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The regular monthly meeting of the
Lenox Horticultural Society was held in the
Town Hall, Lenox, on Saturday evening,
September 6, with President McConnaehie
in the chair. There was a good attendance
of members. The chief business was con-
cerning the coming fall exhibition, which
comes off on October 23 and 24. The
names of several prominent gardeners were
mentioned as likely to act as judges. Mr.
Walter Jack was elected as chairman of the
Committee of Arrangements. The report
in connection with the previous show held
in August was favorable, and a hearty vote
of thanks was extended to the Committee
of Arrangements for the able manner in
which they carried it through. Mr. Fred
Duncan was elected a member of the so-
ciety. Mr. Ed. Jenkins gave a very inter-
esting talk on his recent trip to Niagara
Falls and Toronto Exhibition.

JOHN MATR,
Assistant Secretary.

THE WESTCHESTER AND FAIRFIELD
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Tho regular niontlily meeting of the
Westchester and Fairfield Horticultural So-
ciety was held in Doran's Hall. Greenwich.
Conn., on September 12. President Robert
Williamson in the chair.

The chief business of the evening con-
cerned the fall show, which will be held in

the Armory, Stamford, Conn., November
7-S. The final schedule is now in the print-
er's hands, and will be on the table at the
ne-Kt meeting.

A very interesting and instructive ad-
dress on the hickory bark beetle was given
by Jlr. De Dwer, of Bronxville, N. Y., in-
slructing the members how to combat this
new pest which is doing such havoc in the
New Flngland States.

The prize offered by A. R. Kennedy for
the best collection of hardy flowers was
won by A. WTiitelaw; 2nd, P. W. Popp.

Other exhibits were as follows:

P. W. Popp, certificate of merit for col-
lection of named gladiolas comprising 65
varieties.

Thos. Ryan, honorable mention for col-
lection of hardy grapes.

0. A. Hunwick, honorable mention for
fair egg plant fruits.

0. P. Chapman, of Westerly, R. I., staged
a superb collection of dahlias, although
somewhat damaged in transit. They
proved the grower to be an expert in dahlia
culture.

Four new members were elected and sev-
eral adoptions made.

A special prize is offered at the next
meeting for best collection of dahlias.
0\VEN A. HUNWICIC,
Corresponding Secretary.

AMERICAN ROSE SOCIETY.

President Wallace R. Pierson called the
Executive Committee of the American
Rose Society together at a meeting in New
York City, going particularly into the pro-
posed work to be done regarding the estab-
lishing of a rose test garden in the city
of Washington. The committee in charge
of this work was appointed at the annual
meeting, and was as follows: Messrs. Rob-
ert Pyle, Patrick O'Mara and Wm. F.
Gude. Mr. Gude, being located in the city
of Washington, had followed up the mat-
ter, being in touch with the men in charge
of this particular work of the Department
of Agriculture.

The plan as outlined is: A garden of
some two acres located at Arlington
Heights, Va. Mr. Mulford, of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, is the man in charge.
The permanent Rose Garden Committee
appointed at the August meeting of the
Rose Society in Minneapolis is composed
of Messrs. Alex. Cummings, Jr., Hartford^
Conn.; Theodore Wirth, of Minneapolis,
Miiui. ; Robert Pyle, West Grove, Pa.

This committee has been requested to
prepare plans for a rose garden based upon
the broadest lines and to inquire into the
conditions of the famous rose gardens of
Europe, as well as those already established
in this country, and to report back to the
Executive Committee for approval.

Prof. Liberty H. Bailey, of Cornell Uni-
versity, took up with the American Rose
Society the desirability of having at Ithaca
a test garden, which could particularly try
out the varieties most fitted for the lati-
tude of the Eastern and Northern section
of the country.

Special efforts will be made to increase
tlie membership of the Rose Society. The
committee appointed at Minneapolis has
mostly reported a willingness to push this
work broadcast.

The secretary has been gathering from
American rosarians a list of roses origi-
nated in America, the variety, name and
date. The meeting directed that thia work
be continued and the result as i.ii ns ob-
tained be published in the Annual Bulletin
as an official list.

BENJAMIN HAMMOND,
Secretary.

664

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

BON ARBOR

Awarded Diploma and Silver Medal at 1912
Royal International Exhibition, London, Eng.

BON ARBOR NO. 1 will keep your Tennis Courts
and Lawns green in the hottest weather. Will grow
Lettuce, Celery, Cauliflower, and anything that matures
above the ground to the finest perfection. We can
prove it.

Bon Arbor No. 1 is put up as follows:

Package making 15 gallons, by mall $0.30

Package making 30 gallons, by mall 55

5 lb. package making 150 gallons,

exp. extra 1.80
25 lb. package making 750 gallons,

esp. extra 6.25
50 lb. package making 1,500 gallons,

exp. extra 12.50
100 lb. package making 3,000 gallons,

exp. extra 20.00
Barrels from 250 to 300 lbs., 18c. per lb.

RADIX WORM ERADICATOR removes worms
instantly from your Tennis Courts, Golf Greens,
Flower Pots, etc.

2 gallons, making 200 gallons, $2.00 per gallon:

lyi gallons sufficient for Tennis Court 78 x 36 feet.

ANT DESTROYER. Rid your garden and lawn
of ants. It can be done in less than a week. Per lb.
65c.; 10 lbs., 60c. per lb.; 25 lbs., 50c. per lb.

BON ARBOR CHEMICAL CO.

Paterson, N. J., U. S. A.

Write for descriptive catalogue, new 1912 edition. We manufac-
ture also Radix Worm Eradicator. Insecticides. Weed Killer and all
Itural chemicals. Special prices on large quantities.

MR. GARDENER:

Let That Tree Die, and

You Will Never See

It Replaced

YOU KNOW how long it has taken that tree to
attain those stately proportions.

YOU KNOW how irreparable the loss should it die.

YOU KNOW how imminent is the danger from in-
sects and fungi.

YOU KNOW how devitalising, how unsightly, and
how difficult to reach is that dead
wood.

YOU KNOW how surely fatal are those neglected
cavities — neglected decaying stumps,
neglected wounds, neglected borer
holes are the causes.

Then Why Wait Longer? Time Is Precious.

CALL US IN

WE HAVE the KNOWLEDGE, the EXPERI-
ENCE, the MEN, the TOOLS.

JOHN T. WITHERS Inc.

Landscape Architect and Forester

1 Montgomery St- Jersey City, N. J.

THE TIME FOR FALL SPRAYING IS AT HAND

You should now give attention to your fruit trees to protect them against the
ravages of the San Jose scale, and the eggs of the aphis — your locust trees
against the grub of the borer (which secrets itself in the bark in October) —
your lilacs, roses and other bushes against the Oyster Shell scale — your evergreens
against the red spider.

Fall is the time to spray to destroy the pests which li)dge in your trees, shrubs,
etc., during their dormant periods.

WHY NOT TRY SCAUME?

It is an oil and sulphur composition — a scalicide, fungicide and insecticide combined — mixing readily
with water; containing no sediment and can be applied through the finest spray nozzle. It will penetrate
all the crevices of the bark and effectively destroy the San Jose and other scale, red spider, thrips, mealy bug,
and all sap-sucking insects infesting trees, shrubs and hardy plants.

The sulphur contained in Scaline' makes it an excellent preventive against many blights. It is easy
to apply, cleanly and effective. Scaline is a marked improvement over the old-fashioned kerosene emulsion
and so-called whale oil soaps, while equally as economical.

PROF. A. L. MELANDER, of Pullman, Wash., says — The more experience

we seem to have the less we know, and that applies to all new things and particularly to the subject of
spraying. . . . Sulphur-lime in particular was regarded as a general cure-all, but as time goes on we are
beginning to lose faith in the sulphur-lime; at least, I am, and I know a great many of the fruit growers are
also. , , . Sometimes sulphur-lime will kill the San Jose scale in a day and in other places it does not
kill it. A few years ago we were sure that sulphur-lime would kill red spider eggs, and eggs of the green
aphis, and yet I have examined I don't know how ifiany millions of eggs this year, and failed to find them
dead after being sprayed with sulphur-lime."

THERE IS NO BETTER REMEDY THAN SCALINE

OALLOM, $1.SO

Tell Your Seedsman

Nothing Else Will Do

TCN-GALLOM KEG, $10 BARREL (BO Gallons) $31. SO

APHINE MANUFACTURING COMPANY, mmm c«us

M..«,™s OP MADISON, N. J.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

665

CHOICE HARDY
CLIMBING ROSES

THE BEST OF RECENT INTRODUCTION.

PRICES PER 100 F. O. B. WEST GROVE.

STRONG FIELD GROWN STOCK.

1 Yr 2 Yr. 3 Yr.

Alice Aldrich, Rugosa $12 00

American Pillar $5.00 15.00 $35.00 & $25.00

Dr. Van Fleet 7.00 20.00

Dorothy Perkins 5.00 10.00

Dorothy Perkins, White 10.00

Evangeline 10.00

Excelsa 7.50 12.50

Farquhar 6.00 10.00 20.00

Gardenia 7.50 12.50

Hiawatha 7.00 10.00

Lady Gay 7.00 10.00

May Queen 10.00 15.00

Minnehaha 6.00 10.00

Miss Messman 15.00

Northern Light 7.00 10.00 12.00

Rambler White 70.00

Ruby Queen 10.00

15.00

Sir Thomas Lipton,

Rug 12.00

Tausendschon 12.00

Universal Favorite.... 8.00

Violet Blue 8.00

12.00

White Dorothy 10.00

Order for Fall Planting

THE CONARD & JONES COMPANY

West Grove, Penna.

Late-Flowering Tulips

The following are the most satisfactory
of all Tulips for outdoor planting. They
bloom profusely late in May and into
June. The flowers borne on stems 2 ft.
long range in every conceivable color
from White to Black-Purple. They
may be left in the ground for years.

DARWIN TULIPS Per lOO

Dream — Soft delicate lilac, large flower $4.00

Europe — Brilliant rosy Red, white center 3.50

Gretchen — Delicate flesh color 1.75

Glow — Vermilion with blue center 3.50

Harry Veitch — Brilliant brownish red 2.50

Mad. Krelage — Soft rosy pink with paler

margins 3.50

Nauticus — Purplish rose, with violet base,

shaded bronze 2.75

Pride of Haarlem — Brilliant rosy carmine 3.50

Philippe de Commines — Velvety dark violet.. . 3.50

The Sultan— Velvety black 1.75

White Queen— The best white 4.00

COTTAGE GARDEN TULIPS

Bouton d'Or — The only late pure yellow 2.00

Gesneriana Spathulata — Dazzling scarlet with

blue center 2.00

Gesneriana Lutea — Globe-shaped yellow 2.00

Isabella (Blushing Bride) — Rose and white. . . . 1.50
Also many others. Writefor our illustrated bulb catalog. Mailed Free

W. E. MARSHALL & CO.

Seeds, Bulbs, Plants
166 WEST 23d STREET NEW YORK

ROSES

Still in shape to supply fine 4"
pot plants of Mrs. Geo. Shawyer
and all standard varieties.

CARNATIONS

Field grown stock; ready July 15.
Write us for list and price

CHAS. H. TOTTY

MADISON, N. J.

BOBBINK & ATKINS

Autumn Planting

OUR collections of eventhing necessiiry
for Autumn Planting were never more
extensive and in finer condition than
this year, placing us in a position to fill orders
of any size. By planting in the fall a season
is saved, as when the spring arrives the roots
are already established and the trees prepared
for results.

We ofifer the following in the finest grades :
Ornamental, Deciduous, Standard and W^eep-
ing Trees, Flowering Shrubs, Hedge Plants
and Vines, Ordinary, Trained and Dwarf Fruit
Trees and Small Fruits, Hardy Old-Fashioned
Flowers and Bulbs, Our New H3'brid Giant
Flowering Marsh mallow.

WE HAVE A COMPLETE COLLECTION OF
PLANTS FOR INTERIOR DECORATIONS

A visil to our Nursery is advisable.
Ash for our Catalogue No. 45.

Our Landscape Department Plan and Plants Grounds
and Gardens Everywhere

Nurserymen, Florists and Planters

RUTHERFORD, N. J.

666

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Incorporated 1011

Andrew R.Kennedy

Pres. and Treas.

Kennedy l^ Hunter

Kennedy's Kant Kink Hose— 20c. ft.

Send for Our Fall Bulb Catalogue

156 WEST 34TH ST. %\.TLTo- NEW YORK

r^i

Competent Gardeners

q The cotnlor(s ond products ol a country home ore
Increased by employing a competent gardener ; il you
want to engage one, write to us.

q Please give particulars regarding place and say
whether married or single man is wanted. We have
been supplying them lor years to the best f>eople
everywhere. No lee asked.

PETER HENDERSON & CO.

Seedsmen »nd Florists
33 ond 37 Cortlandt St. NEW YORK CITY

ORCHIDS

We are specialists in this kind of plants. We
collect, import and grow orchids from all parts of
the viforld where orchids grow.

We will be glad to fill your order for one plant
or a thousand according to your requirements.

Our beautiful Catalogue and special lists on
application.

LAGER & HURRELL

Orchid-Growers and Importers

SUMMIT, N. J.

P. HAMILTON GOODSELL

Fme Nursery Stock

Come and See Our Fine Collection

OF

Specimen Evergreens
English Ivy in pots
Ampelopsis in pots

Roses in eight inch pots

RhododrendronS from eighteen inches to four feet

ALL THESE CAN BE INSPECTED AT OUR GROUNDS =

1905 WEST FARMS ROAD, NEW YORK CITY

Telephone. 4028 TremonI

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

It's a1)oiit twi'iuy-lhi- yi-ars ayci. isn't it, since the clumsy
wooden bicycle wheel was abandoned for the light, strong,
all-steel wheel with its wire-like spokes and fine, true-
running ball bearings?

You remember how tlie wise ones shook their heads and
said: "those cob web wheels can't stand the racket."

Well, they have stood it for twenty-five years, and now
the automobiles are abandoning wooden wheels because
the all steel are stronger and last longer!

When the first U-Bar house was built with its cob-web-
like all-steel frame and graceful curved cave, the wise ones
again shook their heads and said "it couldn't stand the
racket."

5ut it has stood it for over a decade.

So undeniably practical has the construction proven:

1 far superi(.ir is it in unnvinL; results: S" nuuli lower in

up-keep: that other constructors have made their houses
as near like it as possible by adopting the curved eave. But
the curved eave is only one of the U-Bar's superior points.

Other curved eaves may look like it, but looking like it
is the onlj' waj' they are like it.

If it isn't made with the U-Bar. it isn't a U-Bar curved
eave house.

The question lor you to decide then is: whether you will
be satisfied with a house built like the old heavy bicj'clc
wheel; or have the cob-web-steel U-Bar construction.

Of course tlie U-Bar costs more, but it is worth many
times more tlian il costs.

PIERSON U-BAR COMPANY
No. 1 MADISON AVE., N. Y.

ADJOINING HOUSE AND GREENHOUSE

side-

IT'S an old country i.ic.i I'.ist RaiiiiiiK favor on
If it is pcrniissablc over there, it's doubly
the superiority of our construction and its attractive
tectural lines, with no sacrifice to growing requirements.
That it is highly pr.ictical to combine the practical and tin

tvctural, this illustratii

NEW YORK OFFICE
1170 Broalwajr

clusi

resideiict
Glad to

links up most effectively to the

you ph.)t<is of other subjects treated in this way. You

i.l'cM fi.'in tlu'in lliril will inst meet your w.Tnts.

Hitckm«^^mEan>C

PHILADELPHIA OFFICE

Penoa. BIdf.
15th aid Cheitaul Sli.

FACTORY. Elizabeth, N. J.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Boddmgfton''s ''Quality'" Darwin Tulips

Tlie Darwin Tulips originated in tlie north of Frame, where thev were raised from seeds of the best varieties of Bybloems. It was
over a quarter of a century ago tliat a well-ktmwn Uiitrh liulh-grower fust notii cd their splendid quahties as garden Tulips, and, after
having grown them on for some time, he put them on the market, naming them after th.it great naturalist, Darwin.

They form a distinct class of Tulips, and one can easily tell Darwins from other late Tulips by the cup shape of the flowers, the robntt
growth of almost every one of them, and the white, blue or black, but never yellow, markings inside' at the base of the flowers. If the base is
yellow, it is not a Darwin. Another notable characteristic is that, when looking into the flowers, they are just as beautiful and, in some
instances, even more beautiful than when looking at the outside, which is never so with any other Tulips. And the greatest difference
between Darwins and other late Tulips is that almost every Darwin can be forced, sonie of them by the middle of Feliruary. With their
long stems and their bright colors ranging from white through all the shades of pink and purple to the most tierv scarlet, they form an
exquisite material for garden decoration, and, as such, the demand for them is constantly growing. Our collection is one of the best and
largest and the result of much care and selection.

Please note that there are no yellow Darwins. Those that are sold as yellow are either Cottage Tulips or Breeders, and can be found
under those heads in our list. We wish to say here that the skins of most Darwin Tulip bulbs are very thin and do not stand much hand-
ling. They seldom have that nice appearance of the bulbs of the early varieties.

Planted in the herbaceous border they make a great show in late May and June. Flowers are large and borne upon tall, erect stems.
To secure the best effects, plant five to twenty bulbs in a group or bed the same as the early varieties.

Those marked with a star ( ') are recommended for iorcing
ANTON ROOZEN

Large-flowering ; rosy

pink. 50c. perdoz., $4 per 100, $37.50 per 1,000.
*Bronze Queen. Extra-large flowers ; light

bronze. 60c. per doz. ,$4.50 per 100, $43 per i ,000.
»BARONNE DE LA TONNAYE. Clear,

rosy carmine. We can not refrain from spe-
cially recommending this great

standard variety. The flowers are

large, well formed, and keep their

brightness to the last, no matter

what kind of weather. The stems

are very tall and strong, holding

the flowers perfectly upright, the

hardest wind cannot break them.

All of which makes this variety the

best bedding Darwin in cultiva-
tion. 50 cts. per doz., $3.25 per

100, I30 per 1,000.
»CLARA BDTT. Beautiful, soft, rosy

pink. 40 cts. per doz., $2.75 per 100,

S25 per 1,000.
»DREAM. .Soft lilac, 45 cts. per doz.,

$3.35 per 100, $30 per i.ooo.
Electra. Soft lilac; a splendid variety,

60 cts. per doz., $4.50 per 100, $43 per 1,000.
■'Europe. Fiery salmon-scarlet, white center

distinct. 40 cts. per doz., $3 per 100, $27 per 1,000.
FARNCOMBE SANDERS. Fiery scarlet; large.

75 cts. per doz., $5.25 per 100, $50 per 1,000.
Faust. Dark violet, almost black; very unique.

$1 per doz., S6.50 per 100.
»GLOW. Brilliant glowing vermilion, center blue, mar-
gined white. 50c. per doz., $3. 75 per 100, $30 per 1,000.
Isis. Glowing vermilion ; one of the brightest-colored

Darwins; very fine. $1 per doz., $7.50 per 100.
King Harold. Purple-red; very unique. 40 cts. per

doz., $3 per 100, {27.50 per i.ooo.
'LOVELINESS. Soft rosy carmine ; exquisite color.

40 cts. per doz., $2.50 per lou, $22 per 1,000.
May Queen. Beautifid soft rose; one of the finest of

its color. 35 cts. per doz., $2.75 per 100, S25 per 1,000.
^MARGARET (Gretchen). Beautiful globular flower,

outside blush, inside soft blush-rose. A very attr.ac-

tive and popular variety of which more are used than

of any other variety. The cup-shaped flower is borne

on a strong stem of medium size. Splendid for cut-
ting. 25 cts. per doz., $1.75 per 100, $15 per 1,000.
Massachusetts. Beautiful, light rose; most Doz. too i.coo

attractive $0 50 S4 00 $37 50

Mrs. Krelage. A large flower of purplish

rose with a broad margin of blush-pink, on a

very tall stem. Stands forcing splendidly and

produces a flower of a very pleasing color...
Mrs. Grover Cleveland. Beautiful, delicate

flesh-color, on a dark stem

Noire (La Xalipe). The historic black Tulip.

50

32 50

PAINTED LADY. Creamy white.
A splendid bedder on a medium-
sized, dark-colored stem. On the
middle of the petals more or less
flushed light lilac. Is very effective
when used as a border around a bed
of one of the scarlet varieties. 50 cts.
per doz., $3.75 per 100, $35 per i,ocx).
PRIDE OF HAARLEM. Rose,
with blue base, flowers of great size
and fine form. This is one of
the oldest varieties, but it still
holds its own as one of the
leaders and one of the most
popular sorts. The size of the
flowers has not yet been ex-
ceeded, unless by a few of the
latest novelties. Most flowers
have more than six petals, which gives them a
semi-double form. It will remain a standard
variety as long as Darwin Tulips are used.
40 cts. per doz., I3 per 100, J29 per 1,000.
Prof. Ran^enhoff . Grand salmon-red ; splen-
did. Early forcer, and beautiful bedding vari-
ety. 75c. per doz., $5.50 per 100, J50 per i,ooo.
PSYCHE. Soft rose; enormous flower. This is
one of those Darwins, which is even more beautiful
when you look into the cup than when you look at
the outside of the flower. Take a bunch of these
enormous, long-stemmed flowers, hold them to the
light, and you will admire the exceedingly pleasing
shade of salmon-rose, with beautiful light blue veins
and feathers radiating from the blue spots at the
base of the petals. It is a great flower for bouquets
and is one of the earliest forcers. 75 cts. per doz.,
$6 per 100, S57.50 per 1,000.
Purple Perfection. An extra-fine dark purple.

Si. 50 per doz., $12 per 100.
Queen of Brilliants. Large, deep, full rose, shaded

.scarlet. 75c. per doz., $5. 25 per 100, S50 per 1,000.
Rev. Eivbank. Vivid heliotrope-lilac, slightly bor-
dered. 75c. per doz., $5.25 per 100, 850 per 1,000.
Scylla. Fiery red ; a striking variety. 40 cts. per

doz., $3 per 100, $27.50 per 1,000.
THE SULTAN. Maroon-black ; very showy. 35 cts.

per doz., 81.75 per 100, 8i5 per 1,000.
The Dove. Apple-blossom pink, very pretty. 81.50
per doz., 8'2 per 100.

Shining purple; enormous Doz. 100 i.ooo

How ers 81 75 814 00

WHITE QUEEN, or La Candenr. White.
Can be called the only white Darwin. It
opens rosy w'hite, but passes to pure white.
One of I he most popular varieties: forceseasily.
Zulu. Blue black; very distinct form ; a splen-
did and verv remarkable flower

BODDINGTON'S QUALITY MIXED.
fine mixture of all colors and varieties

Barwin Tulips

I coo VELVET KING

35 00

3 50 832 00

I 50 10 00

25

15 00

Boddington's Collections of Par-win Tulips

I each of the above 32 sorts 82 50

3 each of the above 32 sorts, 64 in all 4 75

3 each of the above 32 sorts, 96 in all 7 <'0

6 each of the .above 32 sorts, 192 in .all $12 00

1 2 each of the above 32 sorts, 384 in all 20 00

15 each of the above 32 sorts. 480 in all 24 00

ARTHUR T. BODDINGTON

342 West 14th St.. New York City

UAKUbJNbKb

CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA

OCTOBER, 1913

Ten Cents a Copy

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

LILY OF THE VALLEY

COLD STORAGE
Burnett's Selected Dresden Brand

is the choice of the grower who really w^ants the best.
More Bells, Longer Spikes and Better Foliage than any
other brand. "The Kind That Gives Satisfaction."

Great care has been taken in the packing and storing to
insure perfect results.

Price per Case of 250, $7; 500, $13; 1,000, $25

Illustrated Catalogue Free on Application

BURNETT BROS, seedsmen 98 c^ambepjtreet new YORK

New Hampshire Heard From

; T AM glad to say that the greenhouse which you

built for us has been very satisfactory in every way

We have gone all through the Winter and Spring
with just one square of glass cracked.

The heating is all right, and I chink the curved eave is
just right for this part of the country, where we are

Lord and Burnham Company

liable to have heavy snowstorms, as the snow comes off
as it falls." (Signed)

J^^^UU^^/z^'^^^LI^jy^

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

671

Safe and Sane 'Mums

Up here at Cromwell we do a lot of experimenting wth
our Mums.
One branch of our business is the growmg of them
lor cut flowers.

It gives us a splendid opportunity to try different varieties
out, so that when we offer plants for sale you can depend on
their being the safe and sane kinds.

Varieties that are safe for us are safe for you.

The varieties that we offer are grown m sufficient quantities
fo that you can depend on getting just what you order — no
substitutes.

Our new Catalog will describe about one hundred of the
Ijest varieties. Send for it.

Why don't you take a holiday and come up to Cromwell
when the 'Mums are in bloom and see just how the different
\arieties act? Then you can order what cuttmgs you want.

Cromwell is 101 miles from New York; 27 miles from
New Haven; 14 miles from Hartford; 3 miles from Middle-
towTi, and 1 1 0 from Boston.

A.CS.PiCRSON

'CROMWCLC COCVN.

WATERERS
"HIGH GRADE" BULBS

Highest quality bulbs of HYACINTHS,
TULIPS, NARCISSUS, etc.; the quality that
carries off the first prizes at the exhibitions.

LILY OF THE VALLEY, WATERER'S
"XXX PERFECTION BRAND," the earliest,
largest and best for early forcing.

WATERER'S RELIABLE MUSHROOM
SPAWN. English and American bricks, made
by the best makers.

LAWN GRASS SEED

If you desire a perfect lawn, use our "SPE(-
CIAL" EVERGREEN LAWN SEED.

Catalogue mailed free upon request.

HOSEA WATERER

Seedsman and Bulb Importer
107 and 109 South Seventh St., Philadelphia, Pa.

Prepare now to have
the finest show of
these beautiful flow-
ers next Spring. Our
catalogue will help
you in making selec-
tions and our Bulbs
will produce the
very best results.

BULBS FOR AUTUMN PLANTING

HYACINTHS
TULIPS
NARCISSUS
CROCUS, Etc.

DREER'S AUTUMN CATALOGUE

offers a complete line, including;" all the
Spring-llowering bulbs, also Hardy Peren-
nials for setting out during the Fall, as
well as Palms, Ferns, and many other
flowers suitable for home decoration.

A copy mailed free if
you mention this magazine.

HENRY A. DREER

714 Chestnut Street

Philadelphia, Pa.

672

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Incorporated 1911

Andrew R. Kennedy

Pres. and Treas.

Kennedy £^ Hunter

Mammoth Bulbs at Moderate Prices

MiisHroom Spa^urn, Pure Culture, Direct Inoculation

Send for Our Fall Bulb Catalogue

156 WEST 34TH ST. "penntsUr NEW YORK

THE ELIZABETH

NURSERY CO.

of Elizabeth, N. J.

offer the largest stock of large Evergreens in
this country. We have 27 farms, covering
over 600 acres, devoted to Trees, Shrubs,
Roses, Vines and Herbaceous Plants. Send
for our catalogue. Special prices given on
quantities.

Conservatory Problems

EVERY conservatory problem is a dif-
ferent problem, simply because prac-
tically every house is diflferent.
The mere fact that they should always be
located on the southward side of the house
oft-times makes a very arbitrary condition
difficult to overcome.

We have been particularly successful with
conservatories as a result, no doubt, of our
long years of greenhouse building expe-
rience.

Send for our catalog which shows many
interesting examples of both.

HITCHINGS & CO.

Philadelphia OfBce,
Perm. Bldg., 15th & Cliestnut Sts.
tory— Elizabeth, N. J.

p

elarg'oniums

The ne-sv everblooming type,
Easter Greeting and its sports.
Also novelties in Geraniums.

Send for catalogue

F.

H. De Witt ca Co.

Wooster, OHio

QUALITY IN S[[DS

like in cvcrxthing else, is an essential that
must not be overlooked. For upon the
Quality of the seeds you use, depends the
success of vintr "growing" plans.

have earned a wonderful reputation for
uniform purity and fertility — a reputation
that has been maintained for over 111
years. This is YOUR assurance for the
\ er}- highest Quality in Seeds.

Are you on our list for Thorburn's
Spring Catalog? If not. or if in
doubt, write your name on a postal
and send it in today — it isn't a bit
too early.

J: M. THORBURN & CO.

Establshed 1802-111 ve.rs ago

53 BARKLAY STREET
NEW YORK CITY

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

r,73

CHOICE HARDY
CLIMBING ROSES

THE BEST OF RECENT INTRODUCTION.

PRICES PER 100 F. O. B. WEST GROVE.

STRONG FIELD GROWN STOCK.

1 Yr 2 Yr. 3 Yr.

Alice Aldrich, Rugosa. $12.00

American Pillar $5.00 15.00 $35.00 & $25.00

Dr. Van Fleet 7.00 20.00

Dorothy Perkins 5.00 10.00

Dorothy Perkins, White 10.00

Evangeline 10.00

Excelsa 7.50 12.50

Farquhar 6.00 10.00 20.00

Gardenia 7 50 12.50

Hiawatha 7.00 10.00

Lady Gay 7.00 10.00

May Queen 10.00 15.00

Minnehaha 6.00 10.00

Miss Messman 15.00

Northern Light 7.00 10.00 12.00

Rambler White 70.00

Ruby Queen 10.00

15.00

Sir Thomas Lipton,

Rug 12.00

Tausendschon 12.00

Universal Favorite... 8.00

Violet Blue 8.00

12.00

White Dorothy 10.00

Order for Fall Planting

THE CONARD & JONES COMPANY

West Grove, Penna.

VEITCH'S and KER'S NEW HYBRIDS

The linc.^t rucc 'jt \:-, ,■,:;. ^ "i niltn at i. m ; ixr
in size and line form ui llicii llowers. as well as in the
diversity of colors and markings, all former hybrids.
Collection of 12 named variriics, larRcst bullis, one of
each, for $15.00.

\AI. E. mARSHALL & CO.

Seeds, Bultjs. F*l«nts

I&«5 VAy. ^3cl ST. NEVA/ YORK.

Chrysanthemums Are
In Flower

Novelties, Singles and Early
Flowering varieties, outside
in the garden and inside in
the greenhouses. Come and
see them growing.

EVERYBODY
WELCOME!

CHARLES H. TOTTY

Madison, N, J.

BOBBINK & ATKINS

"World's Choicest Nuritry and Greenhoose Products"

Autumn Planting

OUR collections of everything necessary
for Autumn Planting were never more
extensive and in finer condition than
this year, placing us in a position to fill orders
of any size. By planting in the fall a season
is saved, as when the spring arrives the roots
are already established and the trees prepared
for results.

We offer the following in the finest grades:
Ornamental, Deciduous, Standard and Weep-
ing Trees, I-'lowering Shrubs, Hedge Plants
and Vines, Ordinary, Trained and Dwarf Fruit
Trees and Small h'ruits. Hardy Old-Fashioned
Flowers and Bulbs, Our New Hybrid Giant
Flowering Marshmallow.

WE HAVE A COMPLETE COLLECTION OF
PLANTS FOR INTERIOR DECORATIONS

Our Landscape Pcpailment Plan and Plants Grounds
nnd Gardens Everywhere

Nurserymen, Florists and Planters

RUTHERFORD, N. J.

674

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

©1^0 Contents— ©rtab^r, X913

Hardy Asters . . Bv Richard Rothe

Who Is the Real Gardener?

Growing Rhododendrons . . . .

Appertainin' to Drains By Edwin Jenkins

Melons Under Glass By James S. Bache

Planting and Pruning Shrubs By H. J. Moore
Calceolarie Stewartiana By IVm. Kleinheinz
An Old-Time Herb Garden
The Rented Farm ....

Editorial .....

The Late George McWilliam

Dahlias ......

Association Notes ....

Among the Gardeners
Horticultural Society of New York Show-
New Pelargoniums ....

Vegetable Growing Under Glass

Bv N. Bulterhach

675
677
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
686
686
687
687
688
689

690

The Culture of Currants . . . .691

To Destroy Locust Borer . . . . 69 1

Vincent's Dahlia Exhibition . . .691

Schedule, North Westchester Hort. Society . 692
Queries and Answers .... 692

National Associations .... 693

Local Societies ..... 693

Gardener's Diary ..... 694
Newport, R. I., Flower Show . . . 694

New Haven, Conn., Dahlia Show . . 694

Orange, N. J., Show . . .694

Oyster Bay, N. Y., Show . . . .695

Paterson. N. J., Dahlia Show . . .695

Elberon, N. J., Horticultural Society . . 696

Connecticut Horticultural Society . . 696

Lenox, Mass., Horticultural Society . . 696

Westchester and Fairfield Horticultural Society 696
New Jersey Floricultural Society . . . 696

Gardeners' and Florists' Club, Boston . 696

STUMPP & WALTER CO/S

Specials

DARWIN-BREEDER COTTAGE TULIPS

Eii>htv-roiir ol" the Ik^st Varieties in Commerce

SPIREAS— in ^^a^iety

SPANISH IRIS— in Varietv

Good stoek of Dutch and French
GLADIOLUS— Peach Blossom gui^s at our new Stores, 30-32

" — Blushing Bride Barclay Street.

STOCK THE BEST QUALITY PROCURABLE

&fjS^im^

(v? 30-32 BARCLAY ST.
*W NEW YORK

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA

DEVOTED TO THE SCIENCE OF FLORICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE

ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF

THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

LIBRARY
80TANK L

Vol. XVI.

OCTOBER, 1913.

Xo. 12.

Hardy Asters

By Richard Rothe.

To stroll through the field and the woods on a bright
clear early fall day and return without a bunch of golden
rod and hardy asters betrays the dull eye and a unappre-
ciative mind. How beautiful the shades and colors
blend. Put in a vase in water we may enjoy this color
combination of free nature for a full week. Our vision
gains in subtlety, we become interested, desirous to study,
and study, in this case, confronts us with new garden
types and varieties of hardy asters. The rapid advance-
ment of American horticulture, a growing refinement
and a marked tendency to enliven garden and park with
successive floral arrays, bearing a characteristic stamp
of the season creates an ever present demand for ma-
terial. Hardy asters, or Michaelmas daisies, answer for
autumn displays. In the near future we will find the
Xovae Angliae and cordifolia class indispensable for our
purposes.

Idardy asters, however, are not exclusively fall flower-
ing perennials. As soon as we begin to introduce the
rockery as a special feature of American home grounds,
the necessity arises to make ourselves acquainted with
the beautiful spring flowering Alpine asters. It seems

to me the time draws nearer with every ensuing season
w'hen we will learn to appreciate those lowgrowing
harbingers of the vernal awakening. I wish to call at-
tention to Aster alpinus superbus, a valuable garden
type, eclipsing the original Aster alpinus. It bears its
masses of large single pale blue, yellow-centered flowers
on single stems, about 12 inches high, and appears at its
best during May and early June. Very handsome are
the new varieties Aster alpinus nixe, producing star-
shaped blossoms distinguished by long, narrow petals of
the same color as the former, and Aster alpinus ruber,
a claret shaded novelty. Being typical mountain plants,
and as such rock garden inhabitants, their usefulness
for edging the mixed herbaceous borders should not be
overlooked. The floral designer will find those asters
a very acceptable material for certain lines of his work.
The best of the springflowering class of asters for cut-
ting are doubtless Aster subcoeruleus and Aster Fre-
monti. Of stocky, robust growth they show a wonderful
freedom in the produce of large, handsomely shaped
flowers, borne on erect terns from 15 to 20 inches long.
Aster subcoeruleus should be grown in masses and used

A FIELD OF H.-\RDY ..\STERS .M RIVERTON, X. J.

676

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

freely in every garden. It is by far the best of the spring
flowering kinds, bound to become very popular with
garden and flower lovers.

Endeavoring to keep down th6 long list of branching
medium high summer and early fall asters, I omit old
varieties superseded by later introductions. The bushy
compact growth of the new Aster amellus varieties, re-
quiring little or no support, is of great advantage. Liter-
ally covered with their wealth of blossoms they prove
an excellent material for very attractive mass effects dur-

AMONG THE MICH.XELMA;:
ie varieties Aster Lil Fardel, a
a Feltham Blue.

D.MSIES,

laevis floribimda, :tnd

ing August and the early part of September. Beaute
parfaite appears under the cloud of clear blue ; Fraiufieldi
forms large dark blue panicles, while Perle rose. Perry's
Favorite, Rosalinde and Schoene von Ronsdorf may be
mentioned as the best pink shades. Srikingly beautiful
in rich blue are Goos and Koenemanns' new introduc-
tions Aster ibericus, Ultramarin and Aster amellus pre-
ziosa, both being about 20 inches high, of dense even
growth and marvelously free flowering.

The long and patient work of farsighted growers and
hybridizers aiming for a higher standard of tall and me-
dium high fall asters is largely responsible for their
growing popularity. As desirable acquisitions amoiiL;
recent introduction I recommend Beauty of Colwall, .
double variety, 4 to 4J4 feet high, clear lavender ; Venn
medium, tall single lavender; the extremely handsonii
pink debutants Abendroete, Dornroeschen and Schoen
Rottraut, and the white sorts Boule de Neige and White
Queen.

The list of the tall c"r(.)win"- Novae anslae and Novae

Belgii classes is bewildering in length. (Jf those free
flowering varieties which by color and size of blossoms
prove of extraordinary value for massing, I call atten-
tion to the pink-shaded and rosy purple Aster Novae
.-\nglae, Lil Fardel, Mrs. F. W. Raynor, rosea and
rubra. Feltham Blue, laevis, laevis floribunda and Wil-
liam Bowman represent the best types in bluish tints.

In conclusion I wish to call attention to a few of the
small flowering asters. Their waves of long, thin sway-
ing sprays of little star-shaped blossoms possess a charm
of their own. It is the class which very few gardeners
know, and yet, a class offering wonderful opportunities
for surprisingly beautiful effects, when employed the
right way. My advice is, get acquainted with the white
puny Aster ericoides, A. difi^usus Datchii and A. vim-
ineus. -Study and enjoy the incomparable gracefulness
of the habit of growth of the Aster cordifolius varieties.
If you have an eye for decorative garden planting at all,
you will detect more than one chance to use them in your
garden. As a material par excellence for artistic ar-
rangement of vases, the light sprays of the pale lavender
and delicate blue blossoms of the species Aster cordi-
folius are invaluable. Special mention is due to the fol-
lowing sorts : Bluetenregen, dense growth, bedecked
w ith myriads of little pale lavender blossoms, height 3
Kct ; Spruehlicht, same height as former, remarkable
ircc branching, blossoms light blue ; cordifolius elegans,
2-.5 feet high, freely branching, habit and floriferousness
depicted in our illustration, color, a beautiful light rosy
lax'ender. The best for the outer edge of plantations is

ASTER WHITE QUEEN.

ASTER CORDIFOLINS.

Aster cordifolius "Photograph," 1-2 feet high, produc-
ing a wave of rosy lavender color early in October.

The last of the Michaelmas daisies to flower is the new
Aster grandiflorus, distinguished by very attractive dark
bluish-violet blossoms, frequently measuring 2 inches
across. In bloom late in October and early November,
specimens can be lifted and advantageously employed for
indoor decoration.

Alpine asters are easily raised from seed sown in
si)ring. .Seedlings do not flower until the second year.
Plantations need leaf-covering during winter. They
thrive best in high locations with light, but enriched soil.
Garden varieties of all the other classes, after being estab-
lished, require a minimum of care. Avoid hot arid
slopes. To bring out the full efi'ect of the improved
large-flowering hybrids necessitates well prepared and
richly manured ground, besides properly staking and
irrigating of plantations. Stock of those asters should
be purchased true to color and variety as plants only.
Propa.gation by division of old plants, or by cuttings, if
larger quantity is wanted.

Who Is the Real Gardener?

The subject ''AMno is the real gardener" is a burning
question among horticulturists and floriculturists en-
gaged in private growing. 1 refer to those generally
known as private gardeners, but whose title to my mind
is a misnomer; and the sooner the professional gardener
rids himself of it the sooner I Iielieve he will come into
the rank to which he is rightfully entitled.

The dictionary defines "private" as meaning — '"pecu-
liar to, belonging to, or concerning an individual only" —
and "professional" as meaning, — "pertaining to, or ap-
propriate to a profession or calling." So does it not ap-
peal to you that the title "professional gardener" is the
most dignified of the two and one which distinguishes
him as one of a profession.

Separating the real gardener from the so-called gar-'
dener is not dif^cult to those who are conversant with
present day conditions surrounding the gardeners, but
with laymen, any one engaged in laboring about a place,
which might include the looking after a lawn, a small
garden patch, or flower bed, is classed as a gardener.
This is due in a large measure to the fact that the science
of gardening has not advanced sufficiently in this coun-
try to have it generally recognized as a profession.
There is no question, however, that the day will come
when gardening will be as generally accepted as a pro-
fession as are law, medicine and theology, which were
also not always of the high standard in which we find
them in this age.

I can recall within my time one of the justices' courts
in a Hebrew section of a large city overrun with a class
of lawyers no more entitled to the calling than the most
ignorant laborer employed by you gardeners, but though
ignorant, these men were possessed of sufficient shrewd-
ness to enable them to secure their admission to the bar
by bribing substitutes to pass examinations for them,
and in this manner obtained their credentials. The legal
profession has since then been so elevated that such con-
ditions no longer exist, and thus a higher status has been
attained for it.

You wonder what this has to do with gardening. I
refer to it to show that the profession of gardening has
no greater obstacle to overcome than the legal and other
professions had in their earlier careers.

The great drawback to the gardening profession at
present is the so-called gardener I have already referred
to, a class of men absolutely unqualified for the name of
gardener, but who are recognized by the uninformed as
such. The hour of elimination of that class would soon
draw near if the real gardeners would combine, as have
the men who selected the law, medicine or the ministry
as their profession. These men combined through their
national associations and otherwise to protect the good
name of their respective professions against abuse on
the part of the unscrupulous which manifest themselves
in every field of endeavor. .\nd so it is up to every
gardener who is interested in his work as much because
he loves it as for what he may derive from it materially,
to cooperate with one another to elevate his profession
by ridding it of those who pose as gardeners without the
necessary qualifications to fit them for it.

A great problem confronting the profession just nov
is how to properly bring to ihr knowledge of people, who
employ gardeners, the ability of the practical gardener.
By this I mean, the one who is thorough in his profes-
sion, and what such a gardener can accomplish if given
a fair opportunity to exercise his ability. Possibly I
should modify this statement and say — again bring to

their knowledge — for I disclose nothing new to those
familiar with the exjjerience of many estate owners who
have become disgusted with the profession as a whole
over rascalities practiced in the. management of their
establishment.s — or mismanagement — by men not truly
representative of the profession and through which many
excellent opportunities have been lost to conscientious
gardeners, and httnest men made to suiifer.

To better yourselves and increase your opportunities
you must strive to inspire among owners of estates and
others who may require the services of a gardener, a
greater confidence toward your profession and to raise
its standard by eliminating those men who now work as
gardeners but have no right to the calling owing to their
limitations of the knowledge of gardening, and when
this is done, let me assure you that the gardeners,
whether under the title of manager, superintendent,
supervisor or gardener, will be more generally entrusted
with the entire management of private establishments,
just as their owners now entrust their business managers
to manage their business and their industrial superin-
tendents their industries ; for none of them seek compli-
cated systems in the management of any of their affairs
and reliable efficiency with the least complications is the
method most sought for.

I trust that I am not creating the impression that my
attitude is antagonistic to the gardeners and that 1 am
favoring the employers. This is not so, for I am for the
gardener, first, last and all the time. Nor do I fear that
anything that I state tonight may impair any gardener
of the right sort in the eyes of his employer, and as what
I say is likely to reach the eyes of some of them, I volun-
teer that no broadminded man, on second thought, will
judge the profession as a whole by what his experience
may have been with some individual belonging to it, any
more than he would condemn any other profession over
the actions of one of its members. There will be no
cleaner, no more elevating, no more humane, or more
enjoyable profession than that of gardening when its
forces become more concentrated and controllable, and in
my position I can already discern that its lines are draw-
ing closer and closer all the time.

There are two vital essentials lacking today between
the average estate owner and his gardener — and one is
the failure of the owner to encourage his gardener in
the good work lie may be doing. Many of them are in-
wardly pleased, but will never openly manifest it in the
presence of the gardener, and we all known that a little
merited praise is appreciated by all men. The other is
the hesitancy on the part of most gardeners to take the
initiative to do things. You may have a close employer,
not disposed to spend money, but if you will accomplish
something for nothing to arouse his interest, the chances
are that if he has means to do so he will eventually ouen
up to permit \ou to accomplish more for him. And some
may have a liberal employer who would spend more
freely if you took the initiative to instruct how he can
spend to advantage.

You must not overlook the fact, however, that this
country has for several years past been encumbered with
poor millionaires, men whose resources are tied up in
non-productive securities. To some of you your em-
ployer may appear to liave had a change of heart and to
have become possessed of a hoarding spirit, but I think
vou will find them to be the same liberal spenders when
their income flows nvre freely again. Remember also,
that a o-entlemar's estate is a luxury, which is apt to seem

678

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

awfully luxurious to him when he finds it difficult for
lack of resources to properly maintain it, and at such
times you must not expect him to spend money, when he
can get along without doing so. Under such circum-
stances just shift from nature studying to studying a little
human nature and then do the best you can to please
under conditions as they exist. In most instances you
will find it will be appreciated when times do not seem
so hard. There may be some exceptions, but there are
exceptions to everything.

I am aware that all owners of private establishments,
who require the services of professional gardeners, are
not alike and that many are unreasonable in their de-
mands and expect much more than they are entitled to
for the compensation the gardener receives, and where,
no matter how much a man may strive, appreciation
is never manifested. Where a gardener comes in con-
tact with such a character, let him do the best he can
while he serves him, await his opportunity where his
services may be more appreciated, and when it comes
grasp it.

The Biblical admonition that you cannot serve, "two
masters" must be a bone of contention with some of you.
I presume that where several of a family must be catered
to it requires tact to please all, and that it is in most in-
stances impossible of accomplishment. But the gardener
who aims to please the head and humor the rest will
come out the best.

Study the disposition of those you serve and cater to
their fads and fancies, for these are whims in which the
rich delight to indulge. And if called on to transform
a beautiful front lawn into a cabbage patch, or to run
it into a pasture for cattle grazing, proceed to carry out
the silly notions with as much good grace as possible,
realizing that w'hile it is quite contrary to your good
taste, you are only carrying out the wishes of him who
is "paying the piper.'' I have just such an instance in
mind, where a lady, having purchased a prize bull, de-
cided that she wanted to see him grazing in front of her
bed room window when she arose in the mornings, and
instructed her gardener accordingly. He was non-
plussed at first, but he proposed, as a compromise to save
marring the beauty of his well laid out place, that in-
stead of having only the bull grazing on the lawn that
the whole herd be turned out at the foot of the hill slop-
ing toward the l.awn, a short distance off, suggesting that
this would produce a more picturesque effect. The sug-
gestion was accepted, an invisible fence constructed to
keep the cows oft' the best portion of the lawn, and now
the lady points with pride at the beautiful rural aspect
in front of her dwelling place. She is contented and her
gardener through a little initiative spared her from much
ridicule and also the result of his efforts from being
spoiled.

I may become a little personal by venturing on per-
sonal appearances as it affects the gardener, but it is
solely in his interest. I come in contact with many gar-
deners while they are engaged in their work, and what I
am about to refer to I admit is the exception rather than
the rule, but I allude to it as an essential to professional
progressiveness. In my travels I at times find gardeners
quite efficient in their profession, but who lack in their
own general appearances, and are quite thoughtless as
to some of their habits while occupied in their vocation.
Now appearances count for much in this world, and per-
sonal appearance, not gaudiness, but neatness, makes a
favorable impression wherever practiced. The gardener
with a "good front" is likely to come into closer personal
contact with his people than the gardener who lacks it.
Only a few days ago I was told of a family returning

recently from abroad, where it had been visiting some
of the extensive private estates found on the other side
and probably enthused with some of the old country
ideas, which informed its gardener that it would prefer
to have him engage additional labor to do the plodding
so that he could clothe himself more fittingly and be
presentable to the guests in future, and at the expense
of the family. But the old man, long with the family,
begged that he be permitted to continue to plod, that he
could not accustom himself to fine clothes. His request
was granted, but you can count on it, not getting what
they want it is only a question of time before these people
will become dissatisfied.

I cannot refrain from saying a word to the young and
ambitious men in the profession. So much has been
heralded in the near past respecting the essentials re-
quisite to make one a real gardener that I shall not dwell
on it long. But of the practical gardener of the future
much will be demanded. He must possess executive
power, knowledge of every phase of floriculture, horti-
culture and agricultvire, must have ability to handle men,
and in general be a good business manager. This means
that he must be possessed of theoretical knowledge as
well as practical experience, and he must count on hav-
ing to contest with the young men favored with college
opportunities. I, however, am a firm believer that our
real gardeners of the future, as of the past, will be the
self made, those with ambition to seize every chance to
learn by practical experience during the day, gaining
their theoretical knowledge by study of books at night
and during the spare hours constantly on the alert to
advance, and thus by combining practice and theory
will become thoroughly efficient in their profession.
There are, however, on the other hand, many young men
who have taken up gardening, imbued with the idea that
a year of apprenticeship, another year as an assistant —
and then a full fledged gardener. They will have gained
just a sufficient smattering of what gardening constitutes
to spoil what they may undertake if they obtain a head
gardener's position, and some of them occasionally man-
age to with the result that they do not make good.

Before concluding I want to say a few words on be-
half of the National Association of Gardeners. I be-
lieve this organization is the pivot on which the future
destinies of the profession of gardening in this country
will swing. It should become the mother society of all
the local gardeners' clubs and societies throughout the
country, to which they can turn to thrash out their prob-
lems which bear on the profession, just as the local med-
ical societies and bar associations look to their national
associations. At the annual conventions, to which dele-
gates from the various local societies should be sent,
much could be accomplished to advance horticulture and
floriculture in the interest of the professional gardener.
And the National Association of Gardeners would soon
gain similar recognition as the national associations of
other professions, and membership to which is regarded
as evidence of good standing within the profession. And
so the real gardener would come to his own and the so-
called gardener of no ability would soon be assigned to
oblivion.

To those of you here tonight who have not yet enrolled
in the National Association, let me urge that you do so
now and then with the representative body of gardeners
which our association constitutes let it proceed to formu-
late plans for an active campaign to place the oldest pro-
fession on earth in the front rank of established sciences,
and I go on record as predicting that when you under-
take to accomplish this with all seriousness you will dis-
cover your greatest cooperators will be the men who re-

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

679

quire your services, the owners of the private estates.
Address by M. C. Ebel, secretary of the National Association
of Gardeners, before the Boston Gardeners and Florists Club,
at Horticultural Hall, Boston, Mass., October 14, 1913.

GROWING RHODODENDRONS.

Rhododendrons are undoubtedly among the finest of
ornamental plants. It is a great pity that nurserymen
in the United States do not make an attempt to grow
them rather than depending almost entirely upon im-
ported stock. While they are plants that are not
suited to every position and location, if conditions are
suitable they undoubtedly do well in this country, says
the National Nurseryman.

Practically all the hybrids are imported from
Europe, mainly from Holland and England. Many of
the varieties that are imported are not hardy and are
grown mainl}' for decorative plants rather than plant-
ing outdoors.

If properly grown in situations that are adapted for
them they are hardy from at least Boston south. It is
not, however, so much a question of temperature as
suitable conditions. The first requirement is a deep,
well drained soil, absolutely free from lime and alkali,
and if possible one of a peaty nature. The best ferti-
lizer is well rotted cow manure, with a liberal supply
of sand. This does not mean that they do not grow
in loamy soils, far from it. Good turfy loam that is
not stiff and heavy will do almost equally as well.

One of the essentials is that the ground should be
kept constantly moist without stagnant water at the
roots. Unless the ground is exceptionally well drained
it is best to dig out very deeply, say 2^^ ft. to 3 ft., and
put in a layer of broken stone or brick to insure good
drainage. This should be covered with good turfy
loam and filled up with equal portions of leaf soil or
peat and a liberal quantity of well rotted manure and
sand thoroughly incorporated together.

It will be readily recognized that this mixture will
naturally be porous so that an abundant supply of
moisture should be given.

Another essential to success is protection from pre-
vailing cold, drying winds. Exposure to the sun does
not hurt them, as the writer has seen them doing
equally well with full southern exposure; also in posi-
tions where they were shaded at least a portion of the
<iay.

They differ from most plants cultivated in the nur-
sery by objecting to cultivation to insure moisture.
The reason for this is that they are very shallow rooted
plants and cannot be grown in nursery rows where the
harrow is depended upon to keep the soil loosened up
in the dry weather to form a mulch. They are far
better grown in beds where they can be hand culti-
vated and a mulch given in dry weather. In the con-
ditions under which our native Rhododendron maxi-
mum are found growing arc studied, it will be readily
seen what the essentials are. These conditions per-
haps are rarely found in a commercial nursery, and so
would, to a great extent, have to be artificially
produced.

Nearly everyone is familiar with the Rhododendron
maximum, or Rose Bay, which flowers in July and
August. These are being collected from the woods by
the carload, and in time will doubtless become very
scarce unless some steps arc taken to propagate and
grow them in the nurseries.

The rhododendron hybrids approach nearer to our
native rhododendron Catawbiense, which grows wild
in the mountains of North Carolina and other portions

of the south. It dift'ers from the rhododendron ma.xi-
mum in flowering in May.

All the hybrids, however, are varieties of rhododen-
dron Ponticum, but they have been so crossed and re-
crossed with other species and varieties that their
original parentage has almost entirely been lost. Some
varieties are much hardier than others. The follow-
ing have been found to be the hardiest and best
adapted to the American climate:

Album elegans, white tinged pink in the bud ; album
grandiflorum. white, tinted blue; atrosanguineum, rich
blood red ; Blandyanum, rosy crimson ; B. W. Elliot,
deep rose; Caractacus, crimson; Chas. Bagley, cherry
red; Chas. Dickens, scarlet crimson; delicatissimum,
blush white ; Everestianum, rosy lilac ; General Grant,
crimson ; giganteum, cherry red ; gloriosum, white,
tinted violet; John Waterer, rich crimson; Lady Arm-
strong, red; Lady Clermont, rosy scarlet, spotted;
Lady Grey Egerton, silvery white; iMichael Waterer,
bright scarlet; Mrs. J. Glutton, white spotted yellow;
Mrs. Milner, rich crimson ; Old Port, claret red ; Par-
son's grandillornm, dark red; purpureum elegans, pur-
ple; roseum elegans, light rose.

Imported rhododendrons when received from abroad
invariably carry a good ball of earth and are usually
well budded. This ball should never be allowed to
become very dry. It is a good plan when unpacked if
they appear to be in a dry state to soak them in water
before planting.

As a rule, rhododendrons, even when grown under
the most favorable conditions, will rarely produce a
full crop of bloom each year. There is usually the
vear of plenty followed by one in which they have very
few flowers, so that the one following their importa-
tion is usually a barren one as the plants have little
time to recover and form new buds. With this fact in
mind it is well to gi\e every encouragement to their
growth, not allowing them to become really dry at any
time or subject them to uncongenial conditions while
they are waiting to be sold.

The new shoots which will carry the buds for the
succeeding vear are developed immediately beneath
the flowers, so that as soon as the flowers are faded
they should be removed so as to encourage the plants
to make all the growth possible early in the season,
which will permit the leaves to become thoroughly
hardened and so enabled to stand the rigors of winter.

ANNUAL CONVENTION OF THE
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

October 31— November 4, 1913

At AMERICAN MUSEUM Of NATURAL HISTORY, NEW YORK

During Fall Flower Show of Horticultural Society
of New York

BUSINESS MEETING AND ELECTION OF OFFICERS
Monday, November 3d— 2 P. M.

BANQUET, HOTEL ENDICOTT, NEW YORK
Monday Evening, November 3d— 7 P. .M.

680

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

APPERTAININ' TO DRAINS.

Mister Editer:

My ole friend Dave Miller said some things in that
'ere article of his on planning a garden which kinder
riled me first when I read it. Then I kinder smiled,
and says I to meself, "I'll sail into Mr. Dave and make
him sit up" — and so here goes. But first let me say I gen-
erally admire Dave's sayings and doings perty much;
but when he harps on the depth of those drains he gets
my goat. Dave says, "And now just a word on drain-
age," and then goes and shoots off about seven hun-
dred words about drainage, of which about six hundred
are wrong. Yes, sir, I said zvrong — misleading to those
poor, uninformed young fellers that Dave with his gen-
eral good nature is so anxious to set straight.

Here's a starter from Dave's drainage word : "There
can never be any given average or depth to a thorough
practical drainage system." Just ponder that a leetle ;
what's he getting at with his average or depth?
Shouldn't the Editer have changed that or to of? Then
it would have read better.

Dave means there never can be any hard and fast
rule regarding depth, and he is right when he means
that ; but there can be — and is — an average depth, which
is four feet, and in 95 per cent, of the drainage prob-
lems this depth can be adhered to within reasonable
limits. That "shallow brook, stream or river," which
Dave thinks is going to govern us, can be generallv
overcome, like a great many other obstacles in life, by a
little careful thought, and without any great engineer-
ing ability. Why, Mister Editer, every "shallow brook,
stream or river'' has a grade, and to find an outlet for
our main drain we may have to follow it for a few
hundred feet, and this will cost a little ; but it is infinitely
better than to "lose the ship for a ha'poth o' tar," and
any drainage system put in at depths below thirty inches
is as good as lost.

Dave says it is "conceded that no water can possibly
pass downwards through this substance," meaning what
he describes as the hard-pan. Well, it ain't conceded !
for unless hard-pan or clay is puddled it won't hold
water, as Dave will find out if he tries to make the
bottom of a lake or tank with it without puddling it
first. Dave would have us put our drains down to six
inches below this hard-pan, which he says is found in
most soils from eighteen inches to two feet, and goes
on to say, "Why then go down to an average depth
of four feet, which the leading engineers advise, as bv
doing so you only put your drain further away from
its work?" This would imply that he thought the hard
pan was only a few inches thick, whereas it is almost
invariably at least a few feet thick. And, Dave ! Oh,
Dave ! why advise us to put our drains just six inches be-
low this terrible hard-pan, when it is "conceded that no
water can possibly pass downwards through this hard
substance ?"

Here's another: "And with a sufficient fall you will
never be troubled with frost. Frost only follows
moisture, and there can be no water lying in, say, a
four-inch agricultural tile with a proper fall." No, Dave,
no water, but surely moisture, both in the tile and in the
soil, and moisture enough for frost to follow. Your
idea appears to be that we are afraid the tile will freeze
and burst like an iron pipe. The reason for putting a
drain below the frost line is, first, that in the expansion
of freezing the alignment of the tile will be destroyed,
for when soil settles back after freezing it never settles
just evenly over any great lengths, and objects like tile
would be sure to get slightly out of line, and this would
ruin the drain, as it would enable soil to enter the joints.

A second reason for keeping below frost is that any tile
that is not very hard-backed is likely to disintegrate with
freezing and this, too, would be disastrous. These things
do not apply to dry stone walls.

Dave says : "Frost only follows moisture." This may
be true, but it is an established fact that the drier the
soil, the deeper frost reaches. Frost will go down four
to five feet in this climate in a sandy or gravelly soil,
whereas in heavy, moist-retentive soils, about three feet
is the limit. And in wet and swampy places it only
just freezes the surface, hardly ever going more than a
foot deep, the reason being that v.-ater is one of the
slowest substances to give up its heat.

We never heard anyone advocate that the small boards
of tar paper would keep out tree roots. The purpose
of the bands of tar paper put about three-quarters
around each joint is to keep out silt, and the only method
of keeping out tree roots, as far as I know, is to lay six
inches of concrete all around the drain at such points
where it goes near any trees whose roots would be
likely to cause trouble. Of course this does away with
the drain's action at those particular points. Amhurst
College has shown that e.xcelsior (w-ood shavings)
soaked in creosote or other poisons acted as a repel-
lant to roots when packed thoroughly round the tile, and
kept the drains clear for years.

The idea of getting the manufacturers to make the
tile with collars like Akron pipes and cementing the
joints tight when laid would never do, as if you did
a good job of cementing the drain would no longer ac-
complish its purpose, for the porosity of land tile is not
a factor of any importance. Land tile would be just
as good if made in the same lengths of glass, iron,
or any other non-porous material.

And then the unkindest cut of all is to say that the
"old-fashioned stone drain has never been surpassed for
the thorough draining of wet land." The stone drain
was — and is — a z'ery poor substitute for the round tile
drain — there is absolutely no comparison in efficiency,
durability and cost. Before tiles were made there w'as
an excuse for its use ; there is none now, as the soil par-
ticles will filter down between all the interstices and
fill them completely in a shorter or longer period, accord-
ing to the nature of the soil, whereas a well laid tile
drain, set four feet or more below the surface, will, to
all intents and purposes, last forever.

Much more might be written as to the reasons for
establishing four feet as a standard depth for drains,
but for the present — " 'Nuff sed."

Edwix Jenkins.

Lenox, Mass.

APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP

National Association of Gardeners

I hereby apply for Membership ia your Association: —

Name in full

Occapaiion

A ddr ess

Dale . .

Reference .

For'wa.rd Applicaiion to M. C. EBEL. Secretary, Madison,
N, /., 'with dues, <which are $2.00 unnuilly, including subscrip-
tion to the official organ of the Association.

New Pelargoniums

By F. H. De Witt.

The "Show," or EngUsh relargonium, has been grown
in England for a great many years, having been intro-
duced from the Cape of Good Hope in 1794.

The early hybridizers did not keep accurate records of
their work, as is done today, licnce it is difficult to tell
what species were used in forming our present types. It
is supposed that Pelargonium ( Irandiflorum. P. Hortu-

PELARGONIUM SW.\BI.-\N M.\ID.

lorum, P. Enculatum, and probably several other species,
were employed in producing the Pelargonium of today.
The writer has endeavored to obtain species that were
not thus used, to cross with our commercial sorts, hoping
in this way to develop a new type.

In South Africa, where they grow in a wild state, they
seem to thrive in the heat and dryness of those sandy
deserts. So there was but one point remaining against
their general use in this country as bedding plants, and
that was the short period of bloom of our older sorts.

It remained for a German nurseryman. Carl Faiss, to
take up this plant, and by selection and careful culture,
give it the remontant or ever-blooming qualities that it
lacked. In his Easter Greeting (Ostergruss), he gave
us a sort that can be had in bloom from the latter part of
January until the following November, in pots. And if
planted out in beds will give a mass of bloom until frost,
that rivals any Azalia. Tiiis was shown by the two
large beds of this type in the Out-door Redding Exhibit
at Minneapolis this year. It was considered by many to
have been the greatest novelty in bedding at the recent
Convention.

Aside from its good points as a bedder, it makes one of
the finest pot plants for Easter that one could desire.
Plants in six-inch pols can be had at that time with from
two to three dozen clusters at once. Unlike the Azalia,
which it rivals, it can then be planted out and bloom all
summer, and heavily again in the fall.

Up to the present time, it has given ^Ir. Eaiss three
non-reverting sports, as follows : Lucy Becker, a pink
sport of Piaster Greeting the tlorets of which are pink,
with five large, round maroon spots, a true Ever-bloom-
ing sort. Swabian A laid, flowers carmine with black
blotches, bordered with ])urplish carmine, a very effective
color. Can be grown bedded out or in pots. Wurtem-
liergia, florets bright carmine, beautifully crimped, with
large, velvety, sharply-defined blotches. Its habit, foli-
age, ever-blooming (jualities and resistance to weather
CDuditions are like its jiarcnt. Ea^ter Greeting, and it

can therefore be grown either bedded out or as a pot
plant, as may be disired.

These plants require a day temperature of aliout 60°.
To grow them on as jiot plants they should be shifted as
required about every lour to six weeks, taking care not
to use too large pots in proportion to the jilants. To
have good results, 'iiey should be iiinched when nec-
essary and spread when required, being careful to have
good drainage, so as to avoid over-watering. At the
same time never allow them to receive any check in their
growth before getting into their blooming pots. They

682

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

seem to like a fluid manure, rather than commercial fer-
tilizers, such as bone meal, which I would not advise
using. Much air and plenty of sun are very important.
In extremely hot weather the plants should be placed in
frames, or the houses shaded, the former being preferred.
Especial care should be taken to see that the green
fly never gets a foothold. Spraying with Aphine, or

some good tobacco extract, is advised. The white fly
must also be guarded against. At its first appearance,
fumigate with hydrocyanie acid gas. But if you get your
stock of a firin that keeps their stock free from this
pest, you will not be troubled, unless you already have
it, or import it on other stock. F. H. DeWitt,

Wooster, Ohio.

Planting and Pruning Shrubs

By H. J. Moore.

Ornamental shrubs are either evergreen or deciduous,
but by far the greater number belong to the latter class.
Shrubs which lose their leaves during the Fall, with the
exception of the more tender kinds, may be planted at
any favorable time during the months of October or No-
vember, or in April and early May. For many kinds the
Fall months are the best, but as the prospective planter
is at present concerned with Spring planting, remarks
pertaining thereto will be more in keeping.

The method of planting is as important as the time,
and when small areas such as beds or borders are to be
planted these should be thoroughly dug or trenched. It
is important that the soil be worked deeply, for success-
ful culture depends upon the formation of a healthy
fibrous root system. If the soil is a heavy clay loam it
is well to incorporate such materials as stable manure,
humus, in the form of decaying leaves or straw, and lime
rubble, as these tend to mechanically open the soil, render
it porous and upon decomposition to supply the necessary
plant food.

Holes large and deep enough for the reception of
the entire root system should be dug. When placing
each shrub be careful to spread out the rootlets so that
they radiate toward the circumference of the hole in the
bottom of which the soil should be forked finely. Grad-
ually work fine soil between and around the root fibres
and at the same time gently move the shrub to ensure
even distribution of soil and separation of the rootlets.
After the root system is entirely covered tramp carefully
to firm the soil. Give water if the weather at the time
of planting is dry or warm and finish the operation by
filling the hole to the ground level and raking the surface
finely. When it is desired to plant shrubs in lawns it is
good practice to excavate much larger holes than the
diameter of their root systems. If the soil is not of an
apparently fertile nature it is well to mix with it leaf
mould, semi-decomposed stable manure or, if possible,
good loam. When planting do not err by placing the
roots on a hard impervious surface, but fork deeply to
afford drainage. Place a laver of fine soil over the entire

bottom, upon which spread the roots carefully in the
manner advised for border planting.

MULCHING.

Newly planted shrubs should be mulched with straw
in a half decomposed state, or with decaying leaves to
conserve the moisture in the soil if planted in the spring,
or to prevent injury by frost if Fall or Winter planted.
Rich, well rotted manure should not be used as mulch
until the shrubs have made new fibrous roots whose root
hairs are capable of absorbing the food materials in solu-
tion which are rapidly formed in all fertile soils.

Many shrubs are annually killed by excessive applica-
tions of rotted stable manure as a mulch to soils already
rich in essential food materials, especially those planted
during the Fall, whose inactive roots are incapable of
absorption, and must remain in an urine saturated soil
until growth starts in the Spring. These remarks on
mulching apply also to trees which, in transplanting, often
sufifer injury to, or reduction of, the root system. The
folly of applying rich manure to these will be olrvious
to many.

ARR.^NGEMENT.

The manure in which shrubs are arranged is usually
dependent upon the area at the disposal of the planter,
or is purely a matter of taste. In the herbaceous border
mi.xed shrubs make a splendid addition, provided they are
properly placed, either as a back ground, or to relieve
a somewhat monotonous grouping of herbaceous sub-
jects. When they are associated with the herbaceous
perennials, the aim of the planter should be to afford
variety, and a succession of bloom through the entire
season. To attain this ascertain carefully the flowering
period of any desirable species or variety and plant ac-
cordingly.

When it is desirable to make large plantations the
genera are better grouped individually, for instance a
clump of Syringa (Lilac). Viburnum (snowball) or
Hydrangea Paniculata will furnish a grander effect when
arranged in large masses separately and flowering

MICHELL'S DARWIN TULIPS

Our selection of these gorgeous and stately May-flowering Tulips comprise the most beautiful shades and colors.
The varieties marked with an asterisk (*) are adapted for forcing.

Per doz. 100

1000

•BARONNE DE LA TONNAYE— Vlrld rose.

.50

•CLARA BUTT— Delicate salmon pink 60

•EUROPE— Brilllnnt r.fl with white c.-nter 60

•M. FARNCOMBE SANDERS— BrilUaDt searlet .75

GLOW— Scarlet, marglnert white 66

•GRETCHEN— SalllK.ii rose 40

•HAHRY VEITCH 50

$3.75 $32.50

4.00
4.00
5.00
3.75
2.75
2.76

37.60
35.00
45.00
35.00
26.00
25.00

KATE GEEENAWAY— Whil
MAY aUEEN -Sf.ft mse . .

NORA WARE ^ilv.rv lilac 60 4.00

•PRIDE OF HAARLEM— Rosy cannine 60 4.00

•REV. H. EMBANK -Heliotrope 75 5.00

SULTAN liiiik mnr.inu 46 2.76

WHITE QUEEN— KrisT white 50 3.60

WM. PITT- Brilliant carmine 60 4.00

1000
$27.50
27.60
35.00
35.00
46.00
25.00
30.00
32.50

Also all other Fall Bulbs and Plants. Send for our descriptive Autumn Catalogue. Mailed free

HENRY F. MICHELL CO., 518 Market Street, PHILADELPHIA, PA.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OB AMERICA.

683

simultaneous!}' than if dotted individually in mixed col-
lections whose constituents llower at diverse times.

PRUNING SHRUBS.

In order to arrive at the proper time and method of
pruning shrubs a study of their characteristics is neces-
sary. For this purpose we must recognize two distinct
types, distinct in the sense that one flowers upon the
current year's wood, and the other upon the old or
previous season's growth. It is easy to distinguish be-
tween the two. As a general rule shrubs should be
pruned at once after flowering if pruning is necessary,
but in the case of the more tender ones which flower upon
the current season's growth it is unwise to prune before
danger of heavy frosts is past in the Spring, say about
the first week of April. Two notable examples of this
type are roses and hydrangeas. There is always danger
when these are pruned early in the season, of the remain-
ing buds being killed, which is often the case when bright
sunlight succeeds excessive frost. When this occurs the
plants may be seriously injured, and the resultant growth
and flowers worthless.

Lilacs, Shrubby Honeysuckles (Lonicera), Weigelia,
snowballs (Viburnum), Deutzias, Forsythias and similar
hardy shrubs should all, if necessary, be pruned at once
after flowering, and the old flowers removed from such
as the lilac before seed formation has occurred.

In the case of shrubs, except evergreens, which are
dependent upon the formation of new growth for the
following season's flowers, the immediate removal of old
flowering wood or branches favors the development of
new growth and the subsequent ripening of vegetative
or flowering buds ere Winter sets in. Shrubs, however,
bearing berries (fruits) which mature during the Fall
should not be pruned after flowering as this will elimi-
nate their Winter beauty, as upon the flowering branches
the berries are borne. In this category are such ex-
amples as Berberis of many kinds, snowberries, white and
red fruited (Symphoricarpus Racemosus and Vulgaris)
and deciduous species of Euonymus, many of which bear
very ornamental fruits.

BENEFITS OF PRUNING.

The objects of pruning are: To encourage the de-
velopment of vigorous growth and the subsequent pro-
duction of flowers ; to eliminate worthless branches and
superfluous growth, and thus favor the equal distribution
of air and light : To remove defective parts and to pro-
mote growth to replace these and thus assist nature to
restore symmetry.

It is an easy matter to remove all undesirable growth
providing certain principles are observed. When remov-
ing branches do not leave stnlis, each undesirable portion
should be removed with a slanting cut at its junction
with another stem or just above a bud. W'henever it is
necessary to shorten or "head back" the longest branches,
all should not be cut at the same height.

Growth should be encouraged close to the ground
rather than at the ape.x of the shrub. To induce this the
longest branches must be gradually removed. As the
stronger branches grow more quickly to the source of
light, the weaker lateral onc< eventually succumb. It is
a case of the survival of the fittest, consequently the main
stems near the ground appear bare and unsightly, there-
fore, the stronger must be removed to be replaced by the
weak. Dilapidation quickly ensues where careful pruning
is not exercised, but where tlic practice pertains renova-
tion is constantly taking place much to the enhanced ap-
pearance of the subjects.

It is titter folly to clip shrubs into grotesque shajK's
unless they are planted as Iicdges or are included in a
formal garden scheme. Clip] led' shrubs are not dcsiralile

for any other purpose, neither are they natural, as usually
all their beauty and grace vanishes with the removal of
growth which produces flower. A well pruned shrub
should appear to an artistic eye a perfect object, no sign
of mutilation should be visible, the head should be perfect-
ly symmetrical without i)eing grotesque. Clipped shrubs
are always grotesque, as the pernicious practice of hack-
ing these beautiful subjects results in their total failure
to produce annually their abundant blossoms. .Shrubs,
dift'er from trees in that they possess no well-defined
leader (trunk J. When pruning trees it is proper to.
retain the leader, but in the former no such leader should
be encouraged.

ROSES.

Roses planted in the Spring should be cut back some-
what severely. Other shrubs may simply require thinning
to counterbalance the loss of roots caused by lifting.
Roses, however, which are established are pruned ac-
cording to the characteristics of the class to which they
belong. Hybrid perpetuals are stronger growers than
hybrid teas, while climbing or rambling roses arc distinct
from either of the former. Strong growing plants should
be pruned lightly, weak growing ones such as many
hybrid teas severely, but in the case of ramblers it is only
necessary to remove old or dead branches to prevent
crowding of young growths, or to allow such growths
to be trained into desirable positions. It may also occa-
sionally be necessary to shorten back the longest growths
to keep the plants within bounds. — Canadian Florist.

CALCEOLARIA STEWARTIANA.

The accompanying illustration of a specimen Calceo-
laria Stewartiana shows a plant grown on the P. -A. B.
Widener estate, Philadelphia, Pa., by William Kleinheinz.
Mr. Kleinheinz believes that this plant will become a great
acquisition to greenhouse flowering plants, and claims
that it can be easily grown from cuttings. It is a cross
between C. rugosa and C. hybrida, originally raised at
the Arnold Arboretum in Boston and named after W. J.
Stewart. The flowers are of a clear yellow color, and
are free growers.

c.\LcKul.,\Rl.\ STEW.\KT1.\N.\.

684

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

AN OLD-TIME HERB GARDEN.

There is probably no department of agriculture that
has been so greatly neglected as the old-time herb
garden, which has become but a fragrant memory,
partly through lack of interest of the gardener, partly
because the savory cookery of a century or so ago is a
lost art among modern housewives.

Basil, marjoram, burnet, lavender, thyme — what a
host of redolent thoughts they arouse, of days when
the herb garden was the first care of the housewife,
cultivation in patience and loved into maturity. In it
she planted cuttings bi'ought from the home land and
sprigs and seeds obtained from distant neighbors.
Prom it were made the family medicines and all the
Seasonings used in the household, while the faint scent
of rosemary, rue and lavender, because so much a part
of old-time life, still clings tenaciously to yellowed
linen and quaint brocade, transporting one back a hun-
dred years to the " jardins du del." The straight gar-
den paths bordered with notched burnet, the misty
violet of lavender, the thyme-covered bank, the pun-
gent odors of tansy, marjoram and chervil, the hoary
leaves of sage, the bravery of the evergreen trees — is it
strange they were named the "gardens of heaven"?

Such gardens are seldom found nowadays, but they
are quite as practicable as they were a century ago.
The traditional location is about two feet lower than
the \egetable patch, in the regular garden, the divid-
ing line being clearly marked by a bank on which
thyme and other creeping herbs may be grown.

It may be given as a general rule that the plat
should not be rich, as man}- herbs do better in a poor
soil. Others, however, as angelica, need rich earth, so
it is a good plan to select a certain portion for these
specific plants, making for them a deep, rich soil, ferti-
lized with stable manure. It rnust always be remem-
bered that the plat should be well drained, and in an
extremely dry season herbs needing moist soil should
be watered.

A garden fifteen by thirty feet will accommodate a
large variety of plants, and at the same time give space
for walks and artistic grouping. A narrow path
should extend from end to end and round the patch,
the garden itself being marked ofif into small plats by
parallel paths from side to side. In the narrow beds
so formed solid rows of herbs may be planted, each
one by itself. In this way the aromatic odors will be
concentrated, while the paths make the gathering an
easy task.

GROUP THEM ACCORDING TO YE.\RS.

The idea that all herbs are perennials has caused
many disappointments among those who believe that
an herb garden once begun is started for all time.
Although many are perennials, some of the best are
annuals and biennials, while even the perennials need
occasional renewal from seeds or cuttings. The fol-
lowing classification lists twenty-two of the most use-
ful garden herbs :

Annuals — basil, coriander, anise, summer savory,
fennel, horseradish.

Biennials — caraway, parsley.
■ Perennials — angelica, balm, marjoram, tarragon,
tan.sy, thyme, burnet, lavender, rosemary, rue, sage,
mint, chives, chervil.

For a garden to accommodate all these herbs the
plat should be sixteen by thirty-six feet: this admits
of easy division into plats four by four, and allows a
foot each way for paths. If there is a bank thyme may
be planted there and the vacant space used for rose
geraniums, for, while they are not of the herb family,

the leaves may be used to such good advantage in
cookery that they really belong in the garden. Some
of the smaller herbs, like chives and parsley, may be
grouped into one plat or used as edgings.

In planting, an efficient plan is to group the annuals
and biennials on one side, using parsley as an edging,
while the other plats may be occupied with perennials,
those needing replanting oftenest being placed nearest
the annuals. If this is done it will not be necessary to
disturb the perennials in preparing the earth in spring
for the annuals and biennials.

In arranging it is helpful to know that thyme is a
creeping herb, that caraway has lac}^ white blossoms
and grows from one to two feet high ; that basil, balm,
marjoram, summer savory, fennel, chervil, mint, anise,
burnet, sage and horseradish grown from one tto two
feet ; and that angelica, lavender, rue, rosemary, tarra-
gon and coriander grow from two to three feet in
height. Seeds and in many cases cuttings of all these
herbs may be obtained from first-class florists and
seedsmen.

Basil, sometimes known as sweet basil, should be
planted in a warm, light loam, well fertilized, in rows
about twelve inches apart, the plants about six inches
in the rows. It is best started in the house from seeds
in early Spring, planting one inch deep, transplanting
after the frosts are over.

Anise does best in a sandy soil, yet it thrives in any
earth bed. Like caraway and coriander it is grown
for its seeds. It should be sown thickly an inch deep,
in rows twelve inches apart, then thinned to three
inches. The seeds will be ripe late in the summer.

Summer savory demands a warm soil, comparatively
rich, and may be started in the house in the early
spring, or sown an inch deep outside after the frosts.
The rows should be a foot and a half apart, while the
plants should be about six inches in the row. Any
plants thinned out may be utilized.

Horseradish needs a moist, moderately rich soil, as
moisture makes a solid, brittle root of fine flavor. It is
always propagated from cuttings taken from the roots.
These may be obtained from seedsmen or taken from
the roots in the fall. When dug the upper ends
should be cut square and the lower ends slanting in
order to distinguish the planting ends, the roots being
tied in bundles and stored in sand in a cool, dry cellar.
They should be planted from three to six inches deep,
in rows two feet apart, with about twelve inches be-
tween the plants. Careful and frequent culture is
needed. If the gardener is too busy to attend to the
planting in the spring it may be done in the fall.

Caraway may be planted in the late spring, the seeds
being sown an inch deep in rows a fopt apart. The plants
should be thinned to nine inches. In cold climates it
must be protected. The seeds appear during the
middle of the second summer.

Balm needs a light, warm soil, and may be propa-
gated from seeds, slips or roots. In case slips or roots
are used transplanting must be done in the spring, the
plants being set in rows eighteen inches apart, with
twelve inches between plants. In case it is started
from seeds they should be sown thinly an inch deep
where the plants are to stand, then thinned to eight
inches. The second spring they should be thinned to
twelve inches. The leaves cannot be used until the
second summer unless the plants are especiallv sturdy.
When the plants have lost their vitality they should be
renewed.

Marjoram is a sensitive perennial, needing particu-
lar protection during the Winter, but as it can be

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

o85

grown as an annual, propagated from seed, it is easier
not to carry it through. It needs good soil and should
be planted in late Spring, an inch deep in rows eight-
een inches apart. Thin tn ten inches between plants.
Botanically marjoram is closely related to thyme.

Tarragon is usually started from plants. It does
well in poor soil, but needs a sunny spot. The plants
should be set a foot apart each way. When root divi-
sions are used they should be planted in the Spring;
slips or cuttings should not be set until late Spring or
Summer, when they must he kept moist. In cultivat-
ing do not allow the plant to flower. Plants should be
covered with a mulch through the Winter, and every
four years should be entirely renewed in a fresh plat.
Thyme is of two varieties, the common and the
lemon. The latter is a creeping plant, growing in
tufts four inches high, and may be propagated by seeds
or root divisions. It needs a light, warm soil, the
seeds being sown an inch deep in rows a foot apart in
late Spring. The plant should be thinned to six
inches. Any transplanting should be done in the
Spring. As the plants lose their vitality every three
or four years, they should be renewed.

Lavender needs a dry, sandy soil and plenty of room.
For this reason it may be used as a low hedge at one
side of the garden. It is very difficult to raise from
seeds, as the seeds often fail to come true. The best
way is to obtain cuttings from a florist. These should
be planted in a shad}- patch, well protected, then trans-
planted into a permanent bed two feet apart. All
flower buds should be removed the first year. During
the second Summer the flower spikes may be allovced
to mature, and the flowers ])icked in dry weather be-
fore they fade.

Rosemary, or "old man," is called the "herb o'
memory," because it is an evergreen. It needs light,
warm soil and the seeds should be planted an inch
deep, then thinned to six inches. The plants should
not be placed in a permanent place till Fall or early
Spring, and then should be placed two feet apart each
way. Cuttings may be set during the Summer if care
is taken to keep them moist. There are three varie-
ties, the green-leaved, silver-striped and gold-striped.
If all these are used a beautiful color note is added to
the garden foliage.

Rue, or "herb o' grace," grows best in a light, well-
drained, limed soil. Like rosemary it is an evergreen.
It may be propagated from seeds, cuttings or root
divisions. If seeds are planted proceed as for rose-
mary. If cuttings are used plant in the early Summer
in a temporary bed, transplanting the following Spring
to a permanent position, with six inches between
plants. In cold climates the plants should be mulched
during the winter with leaves or litter.

Sage, like marjoram, is a sensitive perennial, and
better results are obtained in cold countries when it is
.sown every year instead of being carried over. It may
be propagated in four different ways — seeds, root divi-
sions, cuttings or layerings. The most common
method is from cuttings. The cuttings should be
planted in a rather dry. well-fertilized soil, about a
foot each way. They should be put in at the same
depth as they were taken up, and should be well
watered until'growth is fully established. This is the
easiest method, as seeds do not always come true. If
sage is to be grown as a perennial the beds should be
protected during the winter with a mulch, and as the
plants lose their vitality they should be renewed every
two or three years.

Mint may be found in several varieties, spearmint
being that usually culti' ated in gardens. It can be

grown in any good soil, the best results being gained
when the seeds are sown in drills a foot and a half
apart, and the plants carefully cultivated. It is usually
propagated from root cuttings planted two inches
deep. Cuttings may also be established if planted in
Summer and carefully shaded and watered. If seeds
are used they should be sown in the permanent plat, in
rows twelve inches apart, then thinned to four inches.

Chives may be grown from either seeds or roots.
Plant the seeds half an inch deep in rows about ten
inches apart. They look handsomer and do better if
left in solid rows without thinning. When using roots
plant at the same depth. Every three or four years
they should be taken up and reset by dividing, as the
roots are inclined to clump.

Sweet-scented chervil, or sweet cicely, maj' be
grown in any good earth. It may be started from seed
or root divisions. The latter should be set in the
Spring about two feet each way, while seeds should
be sown an inch deep in Autumn as soon as ripe.
Seed sown in Spring is liable not to come up. Trans-
planting can be done as soon as the plants are growing
well. It should be mulched during the Winter. —
From Country Gentleman.

THE RENTED FARM.

Toda}' I wandered o'er the farm

Near which ni)' early lot was cast,
And viewed the changes with alarm.

Changes that made the happy past

Seem far remote and fading fast.

The fields, where record wheat once grew.
Are foul with briers and goldenrod.

Sumac, and ivy. There a few
Lean cattle bite the scanty sod —
Where corn once ripened, thistles nod.

Fences are falling, and the sad

Old barn which once was filled with sheaves,

\Miere I have played, a little lad,

Shows sagging roof with moss-gfovvn eaves —
Its driveway choked with weeds and leaves.

The boys have grown, and left the place ;

The father sleeps, now, on the hill ;
And not one dear, familiar face

Of all I knew is left there still,

A tenant robs the soil at will.

The simple, quiet country life

Our fathers loved no longer seems

To please our young whose minds are rife
With thoughts of vast commercial schemes.
Where svulden wealth absorbs their dreams.

Thus do they leave the land to be
Half tilled by those whose only care

Is present gain — resigned to see

Their birthright useless, brown, and bare.
Results confront us everywhere.

Better to base one's hopes upon
The =!.'•', foundation of the soil.

Contcnr to hold, when youth is gone.
An Inimhlc recompense for toil,
than scheme and fret for power and spoil.

Selected.

686

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

THE

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA.

MARTIN C. EBEL, Managing Editor,

Published by

CHRONICLE PRESS

M. E. MAYNARD, President. A. A. FAY, Sec'y.

Office of Publication

1 Montgomery Street, Jersey City, N. J.

New York Office

236 WILLIAM STREET, NEW YORK CITY.

Subscription Price, 12 Months, $1.00 :: Single Copies, 10 Cents

Foreign, $1.50

Entered as second class matter February 18, 1905, at the Post Office at

Jersey City, N. J., under Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.

Published on the 15th of each month.

Advertising forms close on the 10th preceding publication.
For information regarding advertising rates, etc., address Advertising
Department, Gardeners' Chronicle. Madison, N. J.

ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

President, Vice-President, Treasurer,

WM. H. WAITE, A. J. SMITH, JAMES STUART,

Yonkers, N. Y. Lake Geneva, Wis. Mamaroneck, N. Y.

Secretary. MARTIN C. EBEL, Madison, N. J.

George McWilliam.

TRUSTEES FOR 1913.

Peter Duff, Orange, N. J.; William Kleinheinz, Ogontz, Pa.; William
Duckham, Madison, N. J.; Alexander MacKenzie, Glen Cove, N. Y.; John H.

Dodds, Wyncote, Pa.

DIRECTORS.

To serve until 191'1 — Robert Angus, Tarrytown, N. Y. ; Robert Bottomley,
New Canaan, Conn.; Carl Schaeffer, Tuxedo Park, N. Y.; E. Wetterlow,
West Manchester, Mass.; T. J. Kempton, Baychester, N. Y.; E. Trethewey.
Tarrytown, N. Y.; Alexander Fraser, Newport. R. I.

To serve until 1915— John Shore, Harrison, N. Y.; Thomas Proctor,
Lenox, Mass.; William N. Craig, North Easton, Mass.; Frank E. Witney,
Fishkill, N. Y.; Robert Williamson, Greenwich, Conn.; F. Kirk, Bar
Harbor, Me.; James Bell, New York, N. Y.

To serve until 1916— Thomas W. Logan, Jenkintown, Pa.; John F. Huss,
Hartford, Conn.; John W. Everett, Glen Cove, N. Y.; A. Bauer, Deal
Beach, N. J.; John W. Jones, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Alexander McPherson,
Washington. D. C; James C. Shield, Monticello, III.

Vol. XVI

October, 1913

No. 12

The season of annual Fall flower shows is again at
hand. It is only necessary to study the liberal prize
schedules offered for competition by the various local
societies to satisfy one's self that these annual flower
shows are becoming more and more popular each year,
and that they are being more liberally patronized than
ever before by the flower loving public, both among the
growers and admirers of nature's greatest art.

That this interest now aroused shall not be permitted
to wane, but shall continuously increase, it behooves
every gardener to do his mite to further the efforts of
those who season after season strive to make each suc-
ceeding show more successful than those of the past.

These flower shows are the great source through which
the world at large may be enlightened as to what really
constitutes the profession of gardening — that it requires
a far greater ability than sowing the seed and then await
the sprouting of the plant. These shows illustrate that
gardening is a real science, which demands continuous
study and practice in order to master it.

The humble gardener, with but a few blooms or plants
entered at a show, benefits his profession far more than
the gardener who controls an extensive collection of
many varieties but who hesitates to exhibit because he
fears that he may be out-classed by the quality of his
competitor's display and thus remains away.

George McWilliam, one of New England's best knowri
private gardeners, died at his home in Whitinsville,
Mass., on September 13 in his 68th year. Mr. Mc-
William was a native of Scotland, and landed in America
in 1872. He was employed under David Allan for a
number of years on the once noted Pratt estate in Water-
town, leaving there in 1884 for a position in Whitins-
ville. At the time of his decease he had been head
gardener on the George M. Whitin estate for some
twenty-five years.

Air. McWilliam was noted as a Calanthe grower, and
the manner in which he grew these beautiful orchids
p.xcited the wonder and admiration of all who saw them
growing or blooming at Whitinsville. Several new
Calanthes were raised by him and were awarded silver
medals at the Pioston shows. A number of years ago
he raised a batch of 70 plants of the beautiful Cymbidum
eburneo-Lowianum, all large specimen plants, which re-
ceived a gold medal from the Massachusetts Horticul-
tural Society. He also raised a number of seedling
Zygopetalums, Cattleyas and Cypripediums. Of Dip-
ladenias he raised a beautiful collection from seed, also
receiving a gold medal for these. Luculia gratissima
was a plant he handled to perfection, and he had some
large plants of the sweet scented Daphne Indica alba.
Grapes he also grew of very fine quality.

.\t the Worcester and Boston shows Mr. McWilliam
was a frequent exhibitor ; he was noted as a plantsman
and officiated as a judge at the late New York Inter-
national Show. He was held in much esteem by all his
fellow craftsmen, who attended the funeral services on
September 16, which were under the direction of the
Masonic fraternity. A large auto-truck was required to
haul the wealth of floral offerings to the Whitinsville
Cemetery. Mr. McWilliam was a member of the Wor-
cester County and Massachusetts Horticultural Societies.
He left a widow, a brother in Nova Scotia, and two
sisters in Scotland to mourn his decease.

DAHLIAS.

There's a row of lovely ladies down my wind-swept

garden-way,
Where the russet leaves go whirling in the sunny

Autumn day.
There's the gleam of silk and satin, softest velvet, rose

and red.
Where my Dahlias bloom in splendor with the red beech

overhead.

There are courtly dames in crimson, there are damosels

moon-white.
Ladies gown'd in peach and purple, deepest damask,

amber bright,
There's the rustling of green cushions all around that

how'r serene.
Where the Dahlias sweep their curtseys, greeting Au--

tumn's gipsy-queen.

There's a row of lovely ladies where returning robin

sings.
Homeward come from farthest woodland with a flutter

of soft wings.
And tho' all the garden's dreary and the wind wails

down the hill.
O'er my Dahlias swallows linger and I dream 'tis Sum--

mer still. — Selected.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

687

ASSOCIATION NOTES

M. C. EBEL, Secretary, MADISON, N. J.

THE ANNUAL CONVENTION.

The business session of llic annual conventiuu and the
election of officers will occur on Monday afternoon, No-
vember 3, in the Lecture liail of the American Museum
of Natural History, New York City. The meeting will be
called to order promptly at 2 o'clock, and it is requested
that all members attending the convention will be in their
seats at that hour. An interesting programme will be pro-
vided for, following immediately after the routine busi-
ness and the election of officers have been disposed of.
Several speakers prominent in the world of horticulture
and floriculture will address the meeting on subjects of
direct interest to the gardening profession.

THE ANNUAL BANQUET.

All arrangements have been completed for the annual
banquet of the association which will be held in the Hotel
Endicott, Columbus avenue and Eighty-first street, New
York City, on Monday evening, November 3. Dinner
will be served promptly at 7 o'clock so as to enable tl'ose
members to attend the dinner who must catch early
trains.

The applications already received for tickets assure
a good attendance and, as stated in the last issue of
the Chronicle, the committee cannot promise to pro-
vide for those who neglect to reserve tickets for the
dinner until the last day. The capacitj' of the banquet
hall is limited, so that some of those who delay in secur-
ing their tickets until the last minute will have to be
disappointed. Tickets can be secured from any of the
following committee : Thomas Logan, Jenkintown, Pa. ;
Peter Dulif, Orange, N. J. ; William J. Kennedy, Chestnut
Hill, Mass. ; John Huss, Hartford, Conn. ; J. Everett,
Glen Cove, N. Y. ; James Stuart, Mamaroneck, N. Y. ;
John Canning, Ardsley, N, Y., and M. C. Ebel, Madi-
son, N. J.

A good menu, good music and some able after-dinner
speakers have been arranged for.

EXHIBITS FOR THE N.

President Waite will appoint

A. G. AWARD.

I committee to jud.c

new varieties or meritorious exhibits at the Fall flower
show of the Horticultural Society of New York. Ex-
hibitors wishing to enter for the association's award,
which is a certificate of merit, will file notice with the
secretary of the N. A. G., M. C. Ebel, during the show
at the American Museum of Natural History Building
not later than Monday morning, November 3.

1913 MEMBERSHIP CARDS.

In order to vote on matters coming before the con-
vention, members must present 1913 membership cards
at the polling box before registering their votes. Only
active members of the association are entitled to a vote,
their membership cards being green — associate members'
cards are yellow.

Members who have not jiaid their dues for 1913 can
do so at the office assigned to the secretary of the as-
sociation at the Museum building, where he may be
found on October 31. November 1 and November 3, and
membership cards will lie i-:^ued. It is preferred, how-
ever, that where possible dues be remitted direct to the
secretary's office at Madison, N. J., before the con-
vention.

THE GARDENERS' REUNION.

James Stuart, chairman of the committee in charge
of the annual gardeners' reunion which has been held
in New York City in the Fall for the past few years, an-
nounces that this event will be postponed untilthe early
Spring of 1914. The committee deems this wise, as the
annual convention and banquet of the National Associa-
tion of Gardeners occurs in New York City this year and
this would bring the two events too close together in the
one city, the reunion being patronized mostly by the
members of the National Association.

It is the intention of the committee to have a big re-
union in the Spring, which will include a bowling contest^
during the day and a unique feast and entertainment in
the eveninaf.

AMONG THE GARDENERS

James Watt, late assistant at Weld Gardens, Brook-
line, Mass., has been appointed head gardener to Mrs.
W. B. Walker, Highwood, West Manchester, Mass.

Samuel Horn recently resigned his position as superin-
tendent of the C. E. Deifenthaler estate, New Canaan,
Conn., to accept a similar position on the estate of Ogden
i\Jills, Jr., Woodbury, Long Island.

H. B. Knapp, for a long time superintendent of the
J. B. RocUerfeller estate, Forest Hills, Cleveland, Ohio,
has resigned his position to engage in the general land-
scape business. James A. Ferguson is fulfilling the former
duties of Mr. Knapp, no successor having yet been ap-
pointed.

Dennis Foley, for several years assistant to D. J.
Coughlin, has succeeded him as gardener on the E. Rollins
!Morse estate at Newport, R. I.

C. ^\'. Knight received the appointment of superin-
tendent of Westwood Garden, Mrs. W. Bayard Cutting's
estate at Oakdale, Long Island, N. Y. He assumed his
duties on the first of the month, succeeding J. Joiner.

R. L. C'ushman resigned his position as superintendent
of the Wm. B. Thompson estate, Yonkers, N. Y., to go
\\''est and engage in business for himself. Robert M.
Johnston is now in charge of the Tiiompson estate.

Flarrv Turner lias accepted the appointment of super-
intendent of the McLane estate at South Kortwright,
N. Y.

Fred Kirkham, late of Sylvester Manor, Shelter Island,
N. Y., is now located at the W. A. Prime estate. Glen
Head, N. Y.

George A. Hutton was recently appointed superin-
tendent of the George F. Baker, Jr.. estate at Locust
Valley, N. Y.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Charles W. Ashmead has been appointed to the posi-
tion of superintendent on the estate of A. B. Jordan,
Llewellyn Park, West Orange, N. J.

Peter B. Robb succeeds the late George McWilliam
as head gardener on the George J\L ^Vhitin estate,
Whitinsville, INIass.

Stanley Jordan and wife, superintendent of Harkness
estate, Waterford, Conn., retiirned from a vacation trip
to England on the second inst. on the steamship Adriatic.
While abroad Mr. Jordan paid a visit to the A^eitch
n.urseries in Chelsea and was welcomed there by Sir
Harry Veitch. As is generally known, this old and well
known firm is retiring from business. Mr. Jordan's visit
to Kew was cut short by rainy weather, but he reports
the grounds as a whole were found to be looking as
fine as he had ever seen them. On a trip through Somer-
set and Devon, visiting the famous Cheddar Caves in
Somerset, he found that country looking fresh and green,
although the fruit crop of the section is reported very
poor this season. The trial grounds of Messrs. Sullivan
& Sons in Reading were also visited. Mr. Jordan ex-
presses regret that some of England's well worked
farms and gardens cannot be transplanted to stony Con-
necticut, but with it all he says that he is glad to get
back to good old U. S. A.

Frank McDermott, a popular gardener at Milton,
Mass., who left on October 1 for a position in California,
was given a send-off at Jamaica Plains, Mass., on Sep-
tember 27. He was presented with a handsome dress
suitcase by a number of his friends. Another popular
gardener, Peter McKenzie, of Brookline, who accom-
panied him to the Golden state, was tendered a recep-
tion at the Hotel Clarendon. Boston, on September 29,
and presented with a beautiful j^old Gillette safety razor
set.

The annual vegetable show of the Massachusetts Hor-
ticultural Society, held on October 4 and 5, was a
splendid one. Some of the more successful competitors
were Edward Parker, gardener to Oliver Ames, North
Easton, Mass. : E. L. Lewis, superintendent to Col.
F. Mason, Taunton, Mass. ; J. O. Christensen, gardener
to W. J. Clemson, Taunton, Mass. ; George Page,
gardener to Miss Frederick Ayer, Newton, Mass.; J. L.
Smith, gardener to A. W. Preston, Swampscott, Mass, ;
William Thatcher, gardener to Mrs. J. L. Gardner,
Brookline, Mass. ; and E. H. Wetterlow, gardener to
Mrs. Lester Leland, Manchester. Mass.

For a collection of vegetables arranged for effect E. L.
Lewis led, closely followed by Edward Parker and F.
W. Sargent. For six varieties J. L. Smith beat F. A.
Nixon and J. O, Christensen. Celery, Brussels sprouts,
cauliflowers and onions were all remarkably fine. R. & J.
Farquhar & Co. secured a first-class certificate for a
beautiful new single pink hardy chrysanthemum from
Corea ; and they also had a fine lot of dahlias.

CHRYSANTHEMUM SHO'W OF THE HORTI-
CULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK

The big Fall show is only a .short time off, beginning
on October 31 and continuing until November 4. It will
be held in the spacious halls of the American Museum
of Natural History, located in one of the finest resi-
dential sections of New York City. This building is one
of the largest and finest in the world devoted to the

natural sciences. Schedules and entry blanks will be
sent upon application to the secretary, George V. Nash,
New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, N. Y. City.
Every indication points to a big exhibition. New York
is the center of a large horticultural field which does and
can produce the best examples of the horticulturist's art.
An invitation is extended to all the local societies to help
make this the biggest and best exhibition of years.

Do not forget that the National Association of Gar-
deners holds its annual meeting, as the guest of this
society, during the exhibition, a hall having been reserved
for its use at the American Museum of Natural History.
This meeting will bring a large number of gardeners
from all parts of the country, so let us take pride in
showing them all that can be done along the line of
horticulture. Generous prizes are offered for Chrysan-
themums, Roses, Carnations, foliage and decorative
plants, and Orchids, and it is the policy of the society
to offer special prizes for worthy exhibits not provided
for in the schedule. Send your exhibits where they will
be seen and appreciated by the many. Over 130,000
people visited the Fall exhibition of last year.

For the first time in its history, the society is offering
a silver cup, valued at over $100. This is to be awarded
for the best exhibit of twelve vases of Qirysanthemum
blooms, in twelve varieties, three blooms of each, stems
eighteen inches long.

An appeal is made by the secretary for prompt entries
of exhibits. Do not wait until the last minute, for this
greatly increases his labors and interferes seriously with
the proper and artistic arrangement of the exhibits. Send
in your entries promptly that proper arrangements may
be made for their display. First come will be first served.
George V. N.^sh, Secretary.

HONORABLE MENTION.
I'm one of those near-winners, who,

In any competition.
Almost but do not quite squeeze through

The gateway of ambition :
For when I try for any kind

Of prize for my invention.
Under "Awards" my name, I find,

Wins "Honorable Mention."

It's just the same whenever I,

To mend my circumstances,
For something lucrative apply

With seemingly good chances;
Just as I think I've got a cinch

As steady as a pension,
I lose the job by half-an-inch

Of "Honorable Mention."

The same with love. The girl who most

Aroused my heart's emotion
Had several beaux, yet I made boast

Of privileged devotion ;
Yet when I felt I had obtained

Her best and sole attention
She married Muggs, and all I gained

Was "Honorable Mention."

And probably 'twill be my fate

When, after earthly striving
I come at last to heaven's gate.

To hear upon arriving:
"Although to win a dazzling crown

Was doubtless your intention.
We find w-e have to hand you down

Our 'Honorable Mention.' " — Selected.

Growing Melons Under Glass

By James S. Bache.

Without doubt the melon is one of the most delicious
of our tender summer desert fruits. It is only during
the summer months that the melon is fully appreciated
as later in the year its flavor is not so fully developed.
Originally a native of Persia, the earliest of which we
have any record of is the Musk, said by Phillips to have
been brought to England in 1520, probably from Italy,
and for some time its cultivation was confined to the
Ro)al gardens at St. James. Another account gives the
date of its introduction as 1570 and Jamaica as the
country from which it was received. Though cultivated
with us as a luxury, in the East the melon forms one
of the necessaries of life in both Persia and Caboel. It is
perhaps most extensively grown in the open air. Noth-
ing is gained by sowing the seeds too early, for if they
germinate during the dark sunless days the young plants
will, become weak and spindly and most probably will
be overtaken with disease. Different growers usually
have their own particular methods of sowing the seeds
and growing on the plants.

Fill small pots in which the seeds are sown with a rather
light compost consisting of loam and leaf mold in equal
quantities; afterwards make use of nothing but loam for
melon culture, and, provided the loam is good, it cannot
be improved by any other material. When the seed
leaves are seen pushing through the soil place the pots
as near the glass as possible, where they soon strengthen
and make good progress. Very little water will be needed
until plenty of roots are made. At night, if the weather
is cold, throw a mat over the glass on the outside to
protect them. It is a mistake to plant melons, especial!}
early ones, in too large a body of soil, as finer fruits are
obtained if the roots are confined to a comparatively
small area and it is less apt to become sour, for it is si i
full of roots that the water given to it is quickly absorbed.
At a later stage the plants can also be more efficiently as-
sisted by stimulants when the roots are confined than ii
allowed to ramble over a larger area.

As soon as the melons are established in their new
quarters pinch out the points. This causes them to pusli
forth several side shoots, and the two uppermost shoots
should be left to grow about 18 feet, when they alsd
should be stopped. Several laterals will again soon be
produced and most probalily some will bear female
flowers. The word probably is used because it is char-
acteristic of some varieties to rarely produce fruit upon
the first lateral growth. It is not until these have been
stopped and the sublaterals appear that female flowers
are obtained: the melon plant is monoecious, that is, the
male and female organs arc enclosed in separate flowers,
although both flowers are on the same plant. In order,
therefore, to obtain properly developed fruits it is neces-
sary that the pistillate or female flowers be fertilized by
the pollen of the stamenate or male flowers. The
pistillate flower is easily distinguished from the pollen
bearing flower by the ovary (resembling a miniature
melon ) which may be seen below the corolla. During the
time the fruit are swelling the plants will need copious
supplies of water as the soil will dry up quickly. Ap-
plications of liquid manure are very beneficial at this
period and may be given at least twice a week. Regulat-
ing and stopping of the shoots are necessary when the
plants are in full growth : each shoot that bears a fruit
needs pinching one leaf bcNond the fruit and all laterals
and sublaterals that eventually appear require to be regu-
lated by stopping accordiuL: to the room vacant on the
plant. It is well to pine!' the shoots when they are

young and to do so gradually. By this means the vigor
of the plants, thougli not checked in any way, will be
directed to those parts where most needed. When the
fruit api)roaches the ripening period there are several
cultural details which ought not to be neglected, as the
fruit at this stage easily spoils. As soon as signs of
ripening are noticeable less moisture and more air should
be given in hot weather and moist atmosphere the fruit
may split ; some varieties will behave thus even when great
care is taken to prevent it. If an excess of moisture be
present it also invarialily settles around the collar of the
fruit, i c, where the latter is joined to the stalk, and
speedily causes decay. Less water at the roots is neces-
sary at this time, although a certain dryness both of
soil and atmosphere with an increase of air are neces-
sary for the full development of the flavor of the fruit.
If these measures arc adopted before the fruit is fully
grown it would be found that instead of this having in-
creased in flavor it was wanting in the most necessary
qualit}-. -\ few of the leaves may be stripped ofif im-
mediately anmnd tlic melon w'hen ripening in order to
a.lir.il aiV ar.d al! ]iii--^i].]r M:iili-!'.l.

Mia.o.Ns CKOWN rsY j.\s. s. n.\cni:.

When the stalk jiartially leaves the fruit, a good indica-
tion is given that the latter is in a fit condition to be
cut. This does not always hold good as some varieties
take longer to ripen than others. If the top of the melon,
when pres.sed gently with the thumb, feels slightly soft
to the touch and a pleasant smell is also emitted one
mav be fairly sure that the fruit is ripe.

(if all disea.ses to which the melon plant is subject that
known as canker is undoubtedly the most destructive ;
the part aiTectcd becomes soft and if preventive meas-
ures be not taken quickly decays. The base of the
stem is usualh the portion attacked. To avoid this
maladv the cultivator should endeavor to keep the stem
hard and strong. When watering the beds great care
is necessary to insu'c that the stems of the plants remain
always perfectlv dry. When the shoots are allowed to
grow and develop iicfore stopping or removing a lot
of foliage, at once canker is promoted. The shoots often
die back to the stL-m instead of healing. .\n atmosphere
continually saturate! with moisture will also weaken the
plants, thus rendering them more lialilc to canker.

Vegetable Growing

VEGETABLE GROWING UNDER GLASS.

By Nicholas Butterbach.
CUCUMBERS.

Two types of cucumbers are grown in this country.
Most Americans desire the short type, ahhough the peo-
ple who know a good article and have the means to pay
for it prefer the English forcing cucumbers. In pre-
paring the bed place an inch or so of rough material in
the bench for drainage, then four inches of half-decayed
sod, from an old pasture if possible or from alongside of
a fence, and then two inches of rich garden soil mixed
with one-quarter of an inch of well-decayed manure.
If the soil is too heavy, sand should be added to make it
porous. Manure liquid is applied occasionally, as the
cucumbers like feeding. Plants can be started in flats
on square pieces of sods, or in three-inch pots, by filling
the pot half-way with soil only. When the young plants
are grown to from five to six inches the pots are filled
up with soil and these plants can then be planted out in
the beds as soon as the pots are filled with roots. The
best plan is to start three times as many plants as are
needed, so the most vigorous may be selected and planted
about three feet apart. Wire trellises are put up, which
I will not describe here as every gardener has his own
fancy for them. The vines, which grow with great
rapidity, are properly tied up to them with raffia. The
plants must not be left over-crowded with young growth.

The White Spine cucumber is usually forced after the
second crop of lettuce in January. Previous to setting
the plants trenches are dug from one end of the house
to the other, 18 inches deep and one foot wide. Fer-
menting manure is put into these trenches about ten
inches deep, packed and filled up with soil to the level
of the bed. This will make a depth of soil of eight
inches. The plants are set three feet apart, and ample
space must be given between the rows so the vines may
be trained ten feet upward on two opposing, sloping
trellises.

Leading varieties of the English cucumber are Tele-
graph, Duke of Edinborough, Lion House. Lord Ken-
yon's Favorite, Covent Garden Favorite, Lockies Per-
fection, and Rockfort's Market. The English varieties
should be planted at least four feet apart in the rows, two
plants at a place for training in opposite directions.
Pollination is not necessary for these kinds. And the
cucumber without seed is more shapely than the seed-
bearing fruit. White Spine and its types must be fer-
tilized. In pollinating, take the staminate flower, strip
back the corolla, and insert the column of the inthers into
the pistillate flower.

A'ery few vegetables require so much attention as cu-
cumbers until they are established. Mildew, fungi, and
aphis will attack them — a great enemy of the cucumber
being the black aphis. Persistent fumigating will de-
stroy the aphis, but care must be taken not to fume tfoo
much at a time, as the plants cannot endure it. The
powdered mildew appears usually if the house is kept too
close, and the atmo.sphere too moist, in connection with
too soft foliage. To eradicate it, the house should be
kept dry, the temperature raised, and plenty of air given ;
and sulphur should be placed on the pipes. The spotted
mite is the worst of all enemies of the cucumber. They
feed upon the under side of the leaves. Syringing twice
a day to knock them off, or using fir-tree oil, one-half
pint in tv^'O gallons of water, applying it with a sprayer or
syringe, are the best remedies I know of.

TOMATOES.

From the sowing of the seed, to secure ripe fruit re-
quires from four to five months Seeds are generally
sown in flats and transplanted twice. The houses should
be light and warm with a headroom of at least five feet.
They like a rich soil, good friable loam with one-fourth
of well-rotted manure, or sheep manure, and fine ground
bone for stimulating. Bottom heat is required, and the
temperature of the house should be from 60° to 65° at
night with a rise of about 10° to 15° in daytime. Lorri-
lard is considered the best for winter, and Mayflower
for spring crop. They are planted two feet apart in the
lied and trained to a single stem. The lateral shoots are
pinched off and the plant trained to a string in an up-
right position. Some gardeners leave two shoots, or
stems, but I prefer the former method. When the clus-
ters become too heavy they ought to be tied up. In water-
ing, water very thoroughly without drenching them. In
the early part of the growth the atmosphere of the house
should be kept moist and the walks wetted on sunny
days. If the plants are attacked by red spider the foliage
should be syringed. At the time of pollination the house
must be kept dry. Pollination is done by tapping the
plant several time a day, or by transferring the pollen
by hand.

BEANS.

Beans can be grown on benches, in boxes or pots. They
must have rich moist soil, good bottom heat and plenty of
light. From seven to eight inches of soil are needed in the
benches. Never allow the soil to become dry, and yet do
not over-wet it. A temperature from 65° upwards is
needed. Beans may be planted direct in benches or, if
the benches are occupied, started in pots. After the
blossoms appear they require some liquid manure at least
once a week. Beans are self-fertile and no artificial pol-
lination is necessary. Some of the best varieties for
forcing are the Mohawk, Green Flageolet and Dwarf
German.

CARROTS.

The stump-rooted or half-long sorts are mostly used
for forcing. Early Scarlet Thorn is the earliest of all.
Flalf-long Nantes is also used. From three to four
months are required to secure a good bottom for carrots.

BEETS AND TURNIPS.

Beets are very seldom grown as a main forcing crop.
They are generally grown between late tomatoes or cu-
cumbers. If they are grown by themselves they require
the temperature of a lettuce house, the same as carrots.
Turnips should have the same treatment.

CELERY.

The seeds should be sown early in January, and the
young plants pricked out in February into other flats,
about three inches apart About a month later they can
be planted in a lettuce house and kept cool as for lettuce.
They cannot be forced, or they will run to seed. From
six to eight weeks after the planting they are ready for
blanching. Heavy wrapping paper is mostly used for
this purpose.

PARSLEY.

Seed is sown in spring in the open ground. In the
fall the roots are lifted and planted in a lettuce house.
The sunlight ought to be kept off for a few days after
transplanting. Parsley will thrive in almost any corner
of the house.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

691

ONIONS.

Potato onions are often grown in a lettuce house, and
they can be bunched in six or seven weeks from the time
of planting. They do best in good, sandy garden loam,
and one-fourth of good rotted stable manure, with a little
bone dust inter-mixed. The temperature should never be
below 55° or over 70°. Suflicient water and good drain-
age are necessary. Yellow Globe, Danverse, Philadel-
phia and others can be forced. They should be planted
in rows three by six inches.

WATER-CRESS.

Water-cress is easily grown on or under benches in
the greenhouses. If the soil is kept uniformly moist and
cool, the plants will take care of themselves. The plants
must be gathered from brooks or other places and planted
at intervals. If once colonized no renewing is needed.

GARDEN CRESS.

French, or garden cress thrives well under glass. The
seed is sown where the plants are to stand in benches,
beds or flats. They can also be sown with spinach, or
lettuce. The plants grow very quickly, and only the ten-
der leaves are used.

POTATOES.

Potatoes can be grown in hot beds or on spent lettuce
or other ground beds in the forcing houses after the
winter crops are harvested. Place the tubers on a bench
or shelf until the eye is started and plant in their perma-
nent quarters. I have used Early Rose and Mayflower,
but the best of all potatoes for forcing is the Bouree. I
have brought them to maturity in eight weeks.

PEAS.

Peas may be grown in solid beds or boxed in a lettuce
house. They yield very little for the space they take,
and they are very seldom grown.

THE CULTURE OF CURRENTS.

The raising of currant Inishes from cuttings is not a
difficult undertaking, and is the same as practiced by the
nurserymen in their work of propagating their fancy
shrubs and small fruit. .A_s the bushes are trimmed the
cuttings are taken from the present year's growth, and
are made about seven inches long; the trimming should
be done in the late fall or spring before spraying. Cut-
tings are buried in trenches dug about a foot in
depth, and a little wider than the cuttings are long and
covered with earth which is well tramped down to keep
out the water and hilled up for the winter. The place
should be on high land. Another method often used is
storing them away in the cellar in sawdust or sand, but
care must be taken not to allow them to become dry or
get too damp, or they might be spoiled.

The ground for the cuttings should be well plowed
and harrowed, and the r(Tws marked with a string the
same way a gardener docs when planting seed ; by doing
this the rows are kept in a straight line, and much time
saved when they are worked later, besides making it
much easier while planting, which requires that they
should be pushed down four to five inches, leaving about
two inches above the ground. It is a good plan to put
some well-rotted manure .ilong the rows, and hill them
up a little with the plow or hoe, but before doing this go
along the rows and traniii them in firmly. This is all
that is done if fall planting; in the spring cultivate
them and when they get a good growth a little good fer-
tilizer cultivated in will be of great benefit.

TO DESTROY LOCUST BORER.

The cutting of the locust tree for all purposes, includ-
mg thinning operations and for private commercial use,
should be done between the first of October and the last
of March, says the Office of Information, U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture.

The yellow striped, long horned, winged beetle that
produces the devastating borer is found from August to
October on trees and the flowers of the goldenrod. Dur-
ing this period eggs are deposited in the crevices of the
bark of growing trees and, the young borers, after being
hatched, pass the winter there and in the spring bore
through the bark to the heart of the tree.

The injury to the trees consists of wounds in the bark
and sapwood, which is sufficiently severe and repeated
year after year, result in a worthless growth or the death
of the timber aflr'ected. The numerous worm-holes in
the wood also reduce its commercial value.

The presence of the insects in injurious numbers is
indicated at this season of the year by the frequency
of the adults on the goldenrod flowers and on the trees.
So extensive has the damage of this pest been in some
sections of the Eastern states and the Middle West
that it is now considered unprofitable to grow the tree
for either shade or timber. One important reason for
holding this borer in check is to prevent its extension
into the far West and other sections which are at present
free from it.

Experiments have demonstrated that the grubs may be
killed by spraying the trees and branches with a strong
solution of kerosene emulsion. This should be done not
earlier than November and not later than March, because
this spraying when the trees are in leaf will destroy the
foliage and check growth.

According to Dr. Howard, chief of the Bureau of Ento-
mology, the brown and apparently dying condition of
the yellow or black locust trees in the states of Virginia,
Maryland, Pennsylvania, West Virginia and Ohio is
caused by the insect known as the locust leaf-beetle.
Nearly every summer the brownish appearance of these
trees attracts attention and causes considerable inquirj'
and some alarm. However, with a few exceptions, the
trees recover and come out fresh and green the follow-
ing spring.

VINCENTS' DAHLIA EXHIBITION.

The seventh annual Dahlia exhibition given by the
firm of R. Vincent, Jr., & Sons Co., at White Marsh,
Md., on September 30 to October 2, was the most suc-
cessful of any of the exhibitions yet given by this well
known firm. Special trains were provided to carry guests
from Washington and Baltimore, and the sight of over
fortv acres of Dahlias in bloom, with some fifty acres
of Cannas, was one which the visitors will long remem-
ber. The collections included the best known varieties,
there being over si.xty thousand King Humbert Cannas
alone in the field. Tlie indoor exhibition in an immense
packing room was artistically arranged. Here was found
an immense display of cut flowers.

A fine luncheon was provided by the ladies of the com-
munity, as Messrs. \^incent have made this annual show
a sort of local fair to which all the neighbors are in-
vited to compete in flower and vegetable contests, fruit,
etc.. and the ladies in turn delight in furnishing the
luncheon as their part of the entertainment.

Mr. Vincent claims that we hear much publicity talk,
but he believes in acting publicity besides talking it and
is convinced that shows like those of his firm are pro-
ductive of good results.

692

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

NORTHERN WESTCHESTER CO. HORTICUL-
TURAL AND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Schedule of the eleventh annual exhibition of tlie
Northern Westchester County Horticultural and Agri-
cultural Society, Mt. Kisco, October 31 to November 1
and 2, 1913.

CLASSES OPEN TO ALL.

Class 1. Best 12 cut blooms of Chrvsanthemuins in not less
than 6 varieties. First, silver cup; seeo'nd, $5: tliird, $2.

Class 2. Best 6 white blooms. First, $2; second, $1.

Class 3. Best 6 yellow blooms. First, $2; second, $1.

Class 4. Best 6 'red blooms. First, $2; second, $1.

Class 5. Best 6 pink blooms. First, $2; second, .$1.

Class 6. Best 6 blooms, any other color. First, $2; second, .$1.

Class 7. Best collection of cut Pompons. First, $3; third, $2.

Class 8. Best collection of cut singles. First, $3; third, $2.

Class 9. Best 12 plants, single stems in pots, not exceeding 7
inches in diameter. First, cup; second. $5; third, $3.

Class 10. Best 6 singles in pots not exceeding S inches in diam-
eter, not less than 3 varieties. First, $3; third, $2.

Class 11. Best 6 bush plants, not less than 3 varieties. First,
silver cup; second, $3; third, $2.

Class 12. Best specimen of Bush Plant. First, silver cup: sec-
ond, $5 ; third, $2.

Class 13. Best collection of Roses. First. $.5; second. .$3;
third, $2.

Class 14. Best seedling Carnation not disseminated. First,
diploma.

Class 15. Best 12 blooms of red. First, $2; second, $1.

Class 16. Best 12 blooms of white. First, $2; second. $1.

Class 17. Best 12 blooms of pink. First, $2; second. $1.

CTass 18. Best 12 any other variety. First, $2; second, $1.

Class 19. Best bunch of 50 single blooms. First, $1.50; sec-
ond, $1.

Class 20. Best bunch of 50 double blooms. First, $1.50; sec-
ond, $1.

Class 21. Best collection decorative plants arranged for effect;
floor space 8 feet in diameter. First, $15; second, $10.

Class 22. Best specimen plant. First, $2.

Class 23. Best 6 plants suitable for table decorations; pots
not over 6 inches. First, $5; second, $2.

Class 24. Best pair of Adiantums. First, $3; second, $2. "

Class 25. Best specimen Fern. First. $2; second, $1.

Class 26. Best collection Ferns. First, $5; second, $3.

Class 27. Best 3 Begonias, Lorraine type. First, .$3; second, $2.

Class 28. Best 6 plants most suitable for house decorations,
distinct varieties. First, .$5; second, $3.

Class 29. Best 6 Geraniums, any variety, in pots not exceed-
ing 7 inches in diameter. First. $2; second. $1.

Class 30. Best collection Orchids. First, silver cup; second,
$5; third, $2.

Class 31. Best basket of cut flowers. First. $2; second. $1.

Class 32. Best bouquet of flowers. First, .$2; second, $1.

Orchids not allowed in the above two classes.

Class 33. Best collection of Apples, 5 of each. First. $2; sec-
ond, $1.

Class 34. Best collection of Pears, 5 of each variety. First, .$2;
second, $1.

aass 3.5. Best 6 head Celery. First. $2; second, $1.

Class 36. Best 12 distinct varieties of vegetables. First, $5;
second, $3; third, $2.

Class 37. Best collection of 12 distinct varieties of vegetables
grown out doors. First, .$5; second, $3; third, $2.

Class 38. Collection of farm produce for apace not to exceed
4x8 feet. First, $3; second, $2.

Class 39. Special prize offered by Howard F. Bailey, of Mount
Kisco. N. Y., for the best 24 cut Chrysanthemum blooms in not
less than 12 varieties. First, $35; second, $15; third, $10.

Class 40. Best 12 Chrysanthemum blooms, not less than 6
varieties, limited to members of the society. First, society's sil-
ver cup;- second, .$5; third, $3.

Class 41. Best 8 Clnysanthemum plants grown to single stem

and bloom, not exceeding Sy, feet from top of pot, to be grown

in 6-inch pots, distinct varieties. First, $5; second, .$2; third, $1.

Class 42. Speci;il prize, for largest Clirysanthemum bloom, open

to members of the society only. Box cigars.

Class 43. Best diunertablc ilccoration to be set for four people.
Judged first dav of show. Only plates allowed. First, $5; sec-
ondr$3; third, .$2.

Class 44. Same as Class 43, only tables to be decorated by
ladies. Diploma.

Orchids will not be allowed on dinner table decoration.
Class 45. Best vase of American Beauty Rose. 12 flowers.
Diploma.

Class 46. Best Miniature Garden. First, $5; second, $3.

QUERIES and ANSWERS

iVe believe the greatest good can be accomplished for the greatest
number, by instituting a query column: or an exchange of expe-
riences, on practical propositions, by our readers.

You are invited to contribute questions, and answer others.

Each question as received u-ill be given a numj>er, the question-
er's name will not be published, but the source of the answer wilt
be given unless otherwise requested.

We all have something we would like to know more about. Here
is your opportunity to ascertain somebody's experience in just thai
matter.

Nothing will tend to better fellowship than helping each other.

Take advantage of this "Question Box."

I have three houses 50 feet by 20 feet, now used en-
tirely for rose and carnation growing. I want to change
them for growing a larger variety, and to include some
fruits and vegetables. Can you give me any sugges-
tions as to what I can best grow in variety in so small
a range? I want to include some plants for decorating
the house besides cut flowers. — G. M., New York.

Plants and Irees from florida

For Southern planting outdoors and for
house decorations in the North

WE have made a special study of this
matter for 30 years and have
achieved a success in growing
beautiful plants and in delivering them in
like beautiful condition to the most dis-
tant purchasers.

and preparation to properly pack delicate
palms, ferns, etc., to stand a trip of thousands of miles, but we do
it — not just once in a while, but a good many times every workday.
We issue a large catalog covering all our stock, having 17 special
Departments, ai^d send it free.

WE HAVE THE STOCK in immense variety, from all over the
tropics, and arc constantly adding to our variety.
Royal-Palm Nurseries REASONER BROS.. Proprietors Oneco, Florida

TRADE MARK

It takes speci; '

MOONS

450 acres in Trees and Sbrubs — over 2,2(iO kinds to choose from.
These are grown wide apart, and in consequence develop iuto sturdy,
well formed specimens so much desired for estate, street, and park use.

Send for catalog.
THE WM. H. MOON CO., Morrisville, Pa. Philadelphia Office: S. 12th St.

HILL'S EVERGREENS

Send for Price*list. Mention this magazine.

D. HILL NURSERY CO.

Dundee, 111.

JOHN VA/ILK.

INOV*/ /\T

155 West 33rci St.

/Across from L. I. and F'enn. Statlot

FULL LINE OF" BULBS

SITUATION WANTED

by a practical Gardener that understands the business
thoroughly, both under glass and outside, first-rate
landscape man. Married, age 45, with two children.
Nationality, Scotch. 9 years present situation. Ad-
dress Gardener, P. O. Box 160, Madison, N. J.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

693

NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

National Association of Gardeneis.
M. C. Ebel, secretary, Madison, N. J.

Society of American Florists and Orna-
mental Horticulturists.
John Young, secretary, 54 West 2Sth street,
New York.

American Carnation Society.
A. F. J. Bauer, secretary, Indianapolis, Ind.

American Gladiolus Society.

L. Merton Gage, secretary. South Natick,

Mass.

American Peony Society.
A. B. Saunders, secretary, Clinton, N. Y.

American Rose Society.
B. Hammond, secretary, Fiahkill, N. Y.

American Sweet Pea Society.

H. A. Bunyard, secretary, 342 West 14th

street. New York.

Chrysanthemum Society of America.

Charles W. Johnson, secretary, Morgan

Park, ni.

LOCAL SOCIETIES

Boston Gardeners' and Florists' Club.
William N. Craig, secreuir.v, lU'ookline.
Mass.
Meets third Tuesday every month, Horti-
cultural Hall, Boston, Mass., 8 p. m.

Connecticut Horticultural Society.

.\lfred Dixon, secretary, Wflhersfii.'Id, Conn.
Meets second and fourth Fridays every
month. County Building, Hartford, Conn., 8
p. m.

Dutchess County Horticultural Society.

Hubert G. Cottam, secretary, Wappingera

Falls, N. Y.

Meets at Poughkeepsie, N. Y.. last
Wednesday every month e.xccpt May and
June.

Elberon Horticultural Society.
C. O. Duncan, secretary, Elberon, N. J.
Meets first Monday every month. Fire
Hall, Elberon, N. J., 8 p. m.

Florists' and Gardeners' Club of Holyoke

and Northampton, Mass.
James Whiting, secretary, Amherst, Mass.
Meets second Tuesday every month.

The Garden Club of Michigan.
Mrs. Edward H. Parker, secretary, 139 Sey-
burn avenue, Detroit, Mich.
The corresponding secretary will notify
members of date and place of meetings.

Gardeners' and Florists' Club of Baltimore.
N. F. Flittin, secretary. Pat. .son Park,
Baltimore, Md.
Meets second and fourth Monday every
month. Florist Exchange Hall.

The Horticultural Society of New York.

Geo. V. Nash, secretary, Bronx Park, New

York City.

Meets monthly, irregular. May to Octo-
ber, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx
Park, New York. November to April,
American Museum of Natural History, 77th
street and Columbus avenue, New York.

Lake Geneva Gardeners' and Foremen's

Association.
W. H. Griffits, secretary. Lake Geneva, Wis.
Meets first and third Saturday every
month, October to April; first Saturday
every month. May to September, Horticul-
tural Hall.

Lenox Horticultural Society.

George Instone, secretary, Lenox, Mass.
Meets first Saturday every month.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
William P. Rich, secretary, 300 Massachu-
setts avenue, Boston, Mass.

Monmouth County Horticultural Society.
Harry Kettle, secretary, Fairhaven, N. J.
Meets second and fourth Friday every
month, Red Men's Hall, Oceanic.

Morris County Florists' and Gardeners'

Society.
Edward J. Reagan, secretary, Morristown,
N. J.
Meets at Madison, N. J., second Wednes-
day every month, except July and August,
8 p. m.

Nassau County Horticultural Society.
Ernest Westlake, secretary. Glen Cove, N. Y.

Meets second Wednesday every month,
Pembroke Hall, Glen Cove, N. Y., 7 p. m.

New Jersey Floricultural Society.

John Dervan, secretary, 433 Centre street.

Orange, N. J.

Meets second Friday every month, 240

Main street. Orange, N. J., 8 p. m.

New London County Horticultural Society.
John Humphrey, secretary. New London,
Conn.
Meets second Thursday every month,
rooms of Business Men's Association.

Newport Horticultural Society.
Will. J. Grey, secretary, Newport. K. I.
Meets second and fourth Tuesday every
month.

North Shore Horticultural Society.
Jaa. Slater, secretary, Manchester, Mass.
Meets first and third Fridays every
month.

North Westchester County Horticultural

and Agricultural Society.
M. J. O'Brien, secretary, Mt. Kisco. N. Y.
Meets third Thursday every month, ex-
cept June, July and August, at 8 p. m.;
December, January and February, 3 p. m..
Odd Fellows Hall,"Mt. Kisco.

Oyster Bay Horticultural Society.

John T. Ingram, secretary. Oyster Bay,

N. Y.

Meets third Friday every month. Board

of Trade, Oyster Bay, N. Y., 8 p. m.

Pasadena Eortieultuial Society.
Geo. B. Kennedy, secretary, 497 Bradford
street, Pasadena, Cal.
Meets first and fourth Friday every
month.

Paterson Floricultural Society.

Sebastian Hubschmitt, secretary, 61 Seventh

avenue, Paterson, N. J.

Meets first Tuesday every month, Ro-

maine Building, 8 p. m.

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.
David Rust, secretary. Broad and Locust
streets, Philadelphia, Pa.
Meets third Tuesday every month. Horti-
cultural Hall, 8 p. m.

People's Park Cottage Gardeners' Associa-
tion.
John Ainscough, secretary, 4 Chestnut street,
Paterson, N. J.
Meets first and last Friday every month.
Working Man's Institute, Madison avenue,
Paterson, N. J.

Philadelphia Florists' Club.
David Rust, secretary. Broad and Locust
streets, Philadelphia, Pa.
Meets first Tuesday every month, Horti-
cultural Hall, Philadelphia, Pa., 8 p. m.

The Pittsburgh Florists' and Gardeners'
Club.

H. P. Joslin, secretary, Ben Avon, Pa.

Meets first Thursday every month. Fort
Pitt Hotel, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Rhode Island Horticultural Society.
A. C. Miller, secretary, 7 Irving avenue.
Providence, R. I.
Meets third Wednesday every month.
Providence Public Library, 8 p. m.

Shelter Island Horticultural and Agricul-
tural Society.
Fred Kirkham, secretary. Shelter Island,
N. Y.
Meets first and third Thursdays every
month.

Southampton Horticultural Society.
William McLeod, secretary.
Meets first Thursday every month. Me-
morial Hall, Southampton, N. Y.

Tarrytown Horticultural Society.
E. W. Neubrand, secretary, Tarytown, N. Y.
Meets last Tuesday every month, except
December, Corporation Building, Tarrytown,
N. Y., 7:30 p. m. Annual meeting last
Thursday in December.

Tuxedo Horticultural Society.
.Tci. A. Becvar, secretary. Tuxedo Park, N. Y.
Meets first Wednesday every month. Par-
ish House, Tuxedo Park.

Washington, D. C, Florist Club.
J. L. Mayberrv, secretarv, Washington
" D. C.
Meets first Monday every month.

Westchester and Fairfield Horticultural

Society.
.1. B. McArdle, secretary, Greenwich, Conn.
Meets second Friday every month, Dor-
an'a Hall, Greenwich, Conn.. 8 p. m.

Yonkers Horticultural Society.
Thos. Mahoney, secretary, Yonkers, N. Y.
Meets first Friday every month, Holly-
wood Inn, Yonkers, N. Y., 8 p. m.

694

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

GARDENERS DIARY

National Association of Gardeners' Meetings.

Annual Convention, November 3, Ameri-
can Museum of Natural History, New York
City. 2 p. m.

Annual Banquet, Hotel Endieott, New
Tork, November 3. 7 p. m.

American Institute, New York.

Chrysanthemum Show, November 5-7.
Engineering Building, 25-33 W. 39th street.

Chrysanthemum Society of America.

Chrysanthemum Show, Chicago, 111.,

Dobbs Ferry Horticultural Society.
Annual Show, Dobbs Ferry, N. Y., Novem-
ber 7-S.

Dutchess County Horticultural Society.
Annual Show, Poughkeepsie, N. Y., Octo-
ber 30-31.

Elberon Horticultural Society.
Chrysanthemum Show, Asbury Park,
N. J., Casino, October 27-29.

Horticultural Society of New York.
Annual Fall Show, American Museum of
Natural History, New York, October 31 to
November 4.

Lenox Horticultural Society.

Annual Show. Leuox, Mass., October
23-24.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
Chrysanthemum Show, Horticultural Hall,
Boston, Mass., October 30 to November 2.

Morris County Florists' and Gardeners' Club.
Annual Show, Madison, N. J., October
28-29.

Nassau County Horticultural Society.
Annual Fall Show, Glen Cove, N. Y.,
October 28-29.

North Westchester Horticultural Society.
Annual Show, Jit. Kiseo, X. Y., October
31-November 1.

Oyster Bay Horticultural Society.
Chrysanthemum Sliow, Oyster Bay, X. Y.
October 31.

Pasadena Horticultural Society.
Fall Flower Show, Pasadena, Cal.
October 23-25.

Tarrytown Horticultural Society.
Fall Show, November 4, 5, 6. Music Hall.

Westchester and Fairfield Society.
Annual Fall Show, Stamford, Conn.,
Xovcmlicr 7-8.

Worcester County Horticultural Society.
Chrysanthemum Show, Hoiticullural
Hall, November 6-7.

Tuxedo Horticultural Society.
Annual Fall Show, Tuxedo, N. Y..
October 23, 24, 25.

Yonkers HortictUtural Society.
Bowling, Thursday nights, Riverdale ave-
nue, Yonkers, N. Y.

NEWPORT FLOWER SHOW.

'I'lie annual fall flower show of the New-
poit Horticultural Society was held in the
new Convention Hall at Newport Beach on
September 16, 17 and 18, and was reported
a pronounced success, both financially and
in the quantity and quality of the exhibits
made.

The new hall proved to be well adapted
for a flower show, and while it is a large
building there were sulEcient entries for
groups and large specimen plants to fill it
fairly well. The principal exhibitors in
groups and specimen plants were E. .J. Ber-
wind (Bruce Butterton, gardener), Mrs. H.
McK. Twombley (Alexander Fraser, gar-
dener), Vincent Astor (James Boyd, gar-
dener), R. L. Beeckman (John Urquhart,
gardener), H. M. Brooks (John Bond, gar-
dener).

The judges were Fied Carter, A. L. Dor-
ward, Colin Robertson, of Newport; David
Mackintosh, Tuxedo Park, N. Y.; Arthur
Grifiin, Woburn, Mass.

On the closing night of the show a ball
was held in the dance hall adjoining the
exhibition hall, and this, like the show, was
well attended.

A list of the principal prize winners fol-
lows :

Group of palms, ferns, foliage and flow-
ering plants, James Boyd. Group of palms
and other foliage plants, Bruce Butterton.
Specimen Kentia in 12-inch pot, specimen
Phoenix in 12-inch pot, and specimen palm,
any size, J. Boyd. Adiantum Farleyense
and A. Gloriosa, J. B. Urquhart. 1st in each.
Nephrolepis, any variety, J. B. Urquhart.
Any other fern, dracaenas, crotons and pan-
danus, James Boyd, 1st in each. Adiantum
Farleyense, J. B. Urquhart. Nephrolepis.
iliss Fanny Foster, gardener C. M. Bugholt.
Dish of foliage plants, Alex. Fraser.
Twenty-five Gardenia blooms, J. Boyd.
Twenty-five American Beauty roses, J. B.
Urquhart. Twenty-five outdoor roses, J. B.
Urquhart.

Collection Cactus, C. M. Bugholt. Twenty
varieties and 12 varieties, C M. Bugholt
Twelve decorative and 12 show, W. D.
Hathaway. Twenty-five single red and 25
white, J. B. Urquhart. Twenty-five single
pink, C. M. Bugliolt. Twenty-five red, any
type; 25 pink, any type; 25 yellow, any
type. 25 white and 25 any other color. C. M.
Bugholt.

Grapes white and grapes black, J. B. Ur-
quhart. Peaches. Samuel Speers. Musk-
melon, W. J. Matson. Apples, R. B. Almy.
Other fruits, Samuel Speers.

Twelve kinds of vegetables, Jolin
Fletcher. Collection of 24 varieties. J. B.
Urquhart.

On table decorations the one by Secre-
tary Wm. Gray was very favorably com-
mented on. The flowers Used were Mrs.
Aaron Ward roses. David Boyd, assistant
nt the Vincent Astor place, won first prize
in the R. L. Beechman class. In the three
classes of fancy baskets and center pieces
Alex. Fraser was the winner.

Six vases cut flowers, John Forbes. Dis-
play outdoor flowers, also table of decora-
tive foliage plants, James Boyd. Display of
gladioli, E. Rollins Morse, gardener D.
Foley. Collection of tomatoes. J. Boyd.
The most meritorious exhibit. J. B. tjr-
quhart. For a handsome plant of Adi-
antum Farleyense gloriosa. Alex. Fraser,
six large ivy plants trained in pyramid
sliape.

Do not forget the Ccmvention and Banquet
of the X. .\. G. Be on hand.

NEW HAVEN (CONN.) DAHLIA SHOW.

The annual exhibition of the New Haven
County Horticulture Society opened
Wednesday, September 17, in Harmonie
Hall, New Haven, and large crowds attend-
ed both morning and evening.

The showing of the many varieties of
dahlia was remarkably flne, and the ex-
hibits surpassed anything that had ever
taken place before in New Haven, the hall
presenting a kaleidoscope appearance of
brilliant and variegated coloring that was
very striking and beautiful. There were
over twenty thousand flowers on exhibition
besides the different booths, and a fine col-
lection of gladioli from J. Lewis Childs,
of Flowerfield, N. Y. The Elm City Nur-
sery Company, of New Haven, decorated
the hall and front walk in very fine taste.

The second opened with large delegations
from surrounding districts, and kept grow-
ing till evening, and in every way it proved
an interesting and successful show.

The judges were: Adam Paterson, Sauga-
Luck, Conn.; James Stuart, Mamaroneck,
N. Y., and Maurice Fuld, of Philadelphia,
Pa. D. WYLLIS, Secretary.

NEW JERSEY FLORICULTURAL SO-
CIETY.

The eighth annual Dahlia, Fruit and
Veiietable Show of the New Jersey Flori-
cultural Society was held in English's ban-
quet hall. East Orange, N. J., on Saturday
and Sunday, September 27 and 28. The hall
was completely filled with exhibits, making
tliis the best show the society has yet held.
The weather proved fine both days, making
the attendance from neighboring towns very
good indeed.

Hitchings & Co.. cup for 36 dahlias in 12
varieties: H. Darlington, gardener P. W.
Popp; 2nd prize to Mrs. H. Graves, gar-
dener E. Thomas; 3rd, D. Kindsgrab. J.
Lewis Childs cup for 50 single dahlias: Mrs.
\\'m. Barr, gardener E. Panuska. Michell
Co. medal for 25 show' dahlias and prize for
25 decorative: M. B. Metcalf, gardener
George Wraiglit. Michell medal for 25 cac-
tus dahlias: G. S. Stillman. Dreer prizes
for centerpiece of dahlias: Essex County
Country Club, gardener Frank Drews, 1st;
H. Darlington. 2nd.

In the miniature garden competition:
C. C. Goodrich, 1st; C. F. Rand, gardener
Wm. Zeidler, 2nd; and Essex County Coun-
try Club, 3rd. In fruits: S. & M. Colgate,
1st. and C. r. Goodrich, 2nd.

First-class certificates were awarded as
follows: A. C. Van Gaasbeck. gardener A. P.
Wenzel. for decorative dahlias, also for
show dahlias and white decorative dahlias;
S. and A. M. Colgate, gardener Wm. Reid,
for yellow show dahlias, pink show dahlias,
red show dahlias and bronze show dahlias;
ilrs. Wm. Barr, gardener E. Panuska, white
show dahlias, red decorative dahlias, pink
cactus dahlias, six show dahlias, best cac-
tus dahlias; Mrs. Chas. Hathaway, gardener
Max Schneider, maroon show dahlias ;;C. C.
Goodrich, gardener F. Bergelund, pink deco-
rative dahlias, maroon decorative dahlias,
six decorative, six cactus, best show and
best decorative dahlia; Lager & Hurrell.
collection of orchids: Mrs. C. Hathawav,
celosia; Mrs. S. M. High, dahlias; W. A.
Maiida, seedling dahlias: Frank Drews,
seedling rose. Cultural certificate to C. C.
Goodrich, for celosia. Special mention to
Mrs. Chas. Hathaw-av. for <;ladi<>li. Vote of
thanks to S. and M. Colgate, for dahlias:
A. C. Van Gaasbeck. for peony-flowered
dahlias and mixed dahlias. W. A. Manda
staged a very eff'ective group of foliage
plants and ferns, including the celebrated
Polypodium Mandaianum.

The judges were Wm. H. Duckham, C. H.
Tottv and John E. Lager.

G. W. STRANGE, Secretary.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

695

OYSTER BAY (N. Y.) AUTUMN SHOW.

The second annual autumn ^liovv of the
Oyster Bay Horticultural Soci.-ty was held
at Oyster Bay October 2 and 3, ";uid proved
a gieat succe.ss. It far exceeded both in
quality and in number of exhibits the 1912
show, over a hundred «ell-!illi>(l classes,
covering vegetables, fruits, llouers and
plants, being exhibited, besides tlic amateur
and school children's classes.

The judges were James Kirby, of Hunt-
ington, George Ashworth, of Mill Neck, and
George Wilson, of -lericho. l-jlinund M.
Townsend (James Dutliic. >>arclcner) car-
ried off the largest number of lirst awards
with seventeen to his credit and seven sec-
onds. Anton G. Hodenpyl (Franlc Petroc-
cia, gardener). Edward C. Smith (Alfred
Walker, gardener), and CoJL'ate Hoyt
(Joseph Robinson, gardener) were tied for
the largest number of total awards in the
regular classes, each having twenty-six.
The society's cup for the best loUcction of
dahlias was awarded to Colgate Hoyt.
whose exhibit of fifty varieties made a most
attractive display.

Some of the awards were as follows:

Class 1 — Best collection of veget.ables, 12
dishes, parsley for decoration: Won by Al-
ton G. Hodenpyl, Locust Valley (Frank Pe-
troccia) : Edward F. \Vbitney, O.yster Bay
(James Duckham), second: Howard C.
Smith, Oyster Bay (Alfred Walker), third.
Class 2 — Best collection of vegetables, 6
dishes, cash prize by Peter Henderson &
Co. — Won by Fay Ingalls, Oyster Bay
(George Milne) ; Howard C. Smith, second.

Class 1 — Best collection hardy flowers, 12
varieties — Won by Edward !M. Townsend.
Class 2 — Best collection of hardy flowers, 6
varieties — Won bv Benjamin Stern. Roslyn
(W. D. Robertson); Edward F. Whitney,
second. Class 3 — Best collection of annuals,
12 varieties — Won by Howard C. Smith;
Edward M. Townsend, second. Class 4 — Best
collection of annuals. 6 varieties — Won by
Benjamin Stern; Charles L. Tiffany, second.
Class n — Best collection of yellow and blue
annuals — Won by Howard C. Smith. Class
6 — Best collection of yellow and blue per-
ennials— Won by Howard C. Smith.

Class 1 — Best collection apph's. 6 varie-
ties, 3 of each — \\%n by Benjamin Stern:
Edward M. Townsend. second. Class 2--
Best 6 apples, red — Won by Edward 'SI.
Townsend; Colgate Hoyt. second. Class .'!
— Best 6 apples, green — Won bv Colgate
Hoyt; Edward F. Whitney, seco'ud. Class
4 — Best collection peaches. 3 varieties, 3 of
each — Won by Colgate Hoyt. Class 7 —
Best collection of pears. 3 varieties, 3 of
each — Won by Colgate Hoyt: Edward M.
Townsend, second. Class ,'!— Best G pears,
any variety — Won by Colgate Hoyt :
Charles Moyses. second. Class 12— Best 3
bunches red grapes — Won by Charles
Jloyses. Class in — Best collection outdoor
fruit — Won by Colgate Hoyt.

Class 1 — Best specimen palm Won by
William L. ,Swan; Edward M. Townsend.
second. Class 2 — Best specimen fern any
nephroepis — Won by Colgate Hoyt. Class
3 — Best specimen fern any other variety —
Won by Colgate Hoyt. Class 4 Best speci-
men foliage plant, not palm — \\'on by Col-
gate Hoyt; Edward M. Towii-ind, second.
Class f! — Best plant celosia in pot— Won by
Edward M. Townsend: Colgate Hovt, sec-
ond.

NASSAU COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SO-
CIETY.
The Annual Dahlia Show of the Nassau
County Horticultural Society was held in
Pembroke Hall, Glen Cove, October 8, and
was a great success. Both in number and

quality of exhibits displayed this year's
exhibit far exceeded that of any previous
year. In the dahlia classes Mrs. E. M.
Townsend, Oyster Bay, and Sisson & Thurs-
ton. Newport, were the most successful ex-
hibitors, both displaying extra fine blooms.

The collections of vegetables staged by
A. G. Hodenpyle, Locust .Valley; IT. C.
Smith. Oyster Bay, and Mrs. H. L. Pratt,
Glen Cove, were undoubtedly the best ever
seen in Glen Cove.

Mrs. B. Stern's prize of a silver cup for
best collection of fruit brought out a
worthy exhibit. John T. Pratt. Glen Cove,
was first, with Mrs. H. L. Pratt a good
second.

Mr. HoUoway showed a nice collection of
outdoor fruit. " C. H. Totty, Madison, N. .L,
had a table of outdoor early flowering
chrysanthemums, which were greatly ad-
mired by a great many.

In the evening the regular monthly meet-
ing was held, and all arrangements gone
over for the chrysanthemum show wliich is
to be held October 28-29.

Mrs. W. D. Guthrie, Locust Valley, was
elected to honorary membership, and two
more names were added to the list of active
membership.

JAMES MACTnONAI^n.
Corresponding Secretary.

PATERSON'S ANNUAL DAHLIA SHOW.

The Paterson Floricultural Society was
organized in December. 1910. for the pur-
pose of creating an interest in floricultiirc
among the cottagers and beautifying the
back yard gardens and vacant lots in the
city. The society has fifty-two mi-mbers.
and the quality of the blooms exhibited at
the third annual show, held Sei)tember 20
and 21, is conclusive evidence that this so-
ciety is achieving its object. The space was
fully occupied, and the exhibit well ar-
ranged, and some of the boys staged blooms
that would be a credit to a professional
sarden. Some very fine blooms of Mont
Blanc, Delice, Le Grand Manitou. Wodan.

JOS. A. MANDA

ORCHID EXPERT

West Orange New Jersey

BURPEE'S SEEDS

PHILADELPHIA

lUifinkoiiig. Australia. Uortulaiius Fiet.
M. .1. Lovink, Johannesburg, Cockatoo, Glory
of Wilts, Golden Eagle, Perle de Lyon, etc.,
were noted.

A great feature of the show was the
classes provided for the school children. The
society feels that by getting the interest of
the .school children and educating them to
take an interest in nature study, that they
arc doing good work, the results of which
cannot help but be beneficial both to the
children and the parents, besides making
better citizens in the next decade.

A silver cup, value $6"), was offered by
two prominent citizens of Paterson for the
school exhibiting the best collection of wild
.'ind cultivated ilowers. This cup has been
won for two years in succession by School
No. 4. Three hundred and fifty bouquets
of cidtivated and wild flowers were ex-
hibited by the schools, occupying one table
the length of the building, several collec-
tions of wild flowers being named botanic-
ally.

The Trade Exhibits.

John Lewis Childs, Flowerfield, N. Y.. put
up a collection of 45 varieties of Gladioli,
the following varieties being noted: Scribe,
Attraction, Pease, Mrs. V. Pendeton. Mel-
rose. Mrs. F. King. Aline, Aaska, I. S. Hen-
drick.son, N. Du Childs, Safrana. The same
firm also exhibited a collection of Mont-
bretias.

Bobbiiik & Atkins showed a collection of
roses and herbaceous flowers.

The Floral and Garden Association, Ro-
chelle Park, showed Cactus. Peony, show
and decorative Dahlias, also Gladioli.

IMPORTANT.

Those intending to attend the
N. A. G. banquet at Hotel Endicott,
New York, Nov. 3d, 7 p. m., should
advise the committee or undersigned
at once.

M. C. EBEL, Sec'y,

Madison, N. J.

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Aopp. WaMtrf-Aitorti,

696

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

ELBERON HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Special Prizes Fall Show, October 27-29,
1913-

Charles Totty's Silver Cup. — For ten best
white chrysanthemums.

The Wells' Gold, Silver, Bronze Medals.—
For best two blooms of Miss Clara Bang-
hart.

Hitchings Co., Silver Cup. — For the best
and largest bloom of chrysanthemums.
(Class 24 in schedule.)

Michell's Seed House, Gold Medal.— To the
exhibitor winning the most prizes in points,
based as follows; 3 points for a first prize,
2 points for a second prize, 1 point for a
third prize.

Michell's Seed House, Silver Medal.— For
the best and largest vase of 5 chrysanthe-
mums, cut blooms; 1 pink, 1 white, 1 yel-
low, 1 bronze, 1 crimson, any variet}'.

Bobbink Atkins, Rutherford, N. J. — For a
specimen plant of Phoenix Koebeliana.
First prize, $7; second prize, $3.

CONNECTICUT HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

The second September meeting of this
society was held on the 26th evening of
that month at the County Building, Hart-
ford. Two new members were elected,
namely: Floyd E. Stoner, of Hartford, and
R. H. Crawford, of New Britain. This was
"Dahlia Night" on our calendar, and the
center tables were completely filled with
Dahlias of every hue, representing six
classes, namely: Cactus, decorative, collar-
ette, show, fancy and peony. President
Huss exhibited nearly sixty varieties; Mr.
Niel Nelson about fifty varieties, and Mr.
A. Eighenzi about thirty varieties. The
judges for the evening were Treasurer Hunt
and Messrs. Boss and Hollister, who an-
nounced the following awards: President
Huss, a first-class certificate; Mr. Nelson, a
first-class certificate, and Mr. Righenzi a cul-
tural certificate. The exhibitors gave in-
structive addresses, going into details re-
garding the culture and propagation of
these favorite flowers. The meeting was
well attended.

ALFRED DIXON, Secretary.

Wethersfield, Conn., September 29, 1913.

LENOX HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The regular monthly meeting of the Lenox
Horticultural Society was held in the Town
Hall, Lenox, Mass., on Saturday evening,
October 4. President McConnachie occupied
the chair, and there was a large attendance
of the members.

A diploma was awarded to C. H. Totty,
Madison, N. J., for a collection of outside
early flowering mums, the most conspicu-
ous being H. H. Crane, A. Barnham, Clial-
don. Hector, Mignon, Province and Carrie.

Mr. A. .J. Loveless gave a very interesting
account of his recent trip to Newfoundland
and Nova Scotia and of tlie landscape in
general. Special mention might be made
of the sweet peas, as Mr, Loveless said they
were the finest lie had ever seen.

Mr. A. H. Wiugett, inspector for the State
Board of Agriculture, also gave an inter-
esting talk on his trip to Worcester (Mass.)
Agricultural Fair, and congratulated the
society on the exhibition.

It was voted to affiliate with the Chrys-
anthemum Society of America.

The coming fall exhibition on the 23rd
and 24th of October was freely discussed,
and the following gentlemen have accepted
the invitation to officiate as judges: Mr. R.
Tyson, Convent, N, J,; Mr. H. B. Vyse,
Morristowii. N. J.; Mr. James Ballantyne,
Kidgefield, Conn., and Mr. ,J. Everett, Glen
Cove, L. I.

In addition to tlie society's prizes the fol-
lowing gentlemen and seedsmen, etc., have
generously donated special prizes: A. H.
Hews and Co., Mr. Giraud Foster, Julius
Roehrs & Co., Pierson N. Car, Lord & Burn-
ham, Messrs. Scott Bros., C. H. Totty, Mr.
Wm. Kleinhintz, Chrysanthemum Society of
America, Hitchings & Co., Mr. A. T. Bod
dington. W. E. Marshall & Co., Messrs.
Henry Michel] & Co., R. & J. Farquhar &
Co., Totter, Fiske & Rawson, Messrs, Henry
A, Drew & Co., Elmer D. Smith, Bon Arbor
Chemical Company, Messrs. Jos. Breck,
Peter Henderson & Co., Mr. Frank Howard,
Knight & Stoerck.

JOHN MAIR,
Assistant Secretarv.

GARDENERS' AND FLORISTS' CLUB,
BOSTON.

Tlie regular monthly meeting of the Gar-
deners' and Florists' Club of Boston was
held on Tuesday evening, the 14th inst., at
Horticultural Hall. The meeting was a
week earlier this montli than usual, owing
to the engagement of the hall for other
purposes on the regular meeting night.

The report on the class of landscape gar-
dening conducted last season was submit-
ted by Chairman Downs of the committee,
and it was urged by many of the members
present that this good work be continued
during the coming year.

A fine collection of Totty's early flower-
ing varieties of outdoor chrysanthemums
was exhibited, including the new French
varieties; and after the routine business
was disposed of Mr. Totty. who was pres-
ent, was called on to talk on his new
plants and answer to several questions
which arose regarding their culture, etc.

M. C. Ehel, secretary of the National As-
sociation of Gardeners, the lecturer of the
evening, was next called on, and read a
paper, the subject being "Who Is the Real
Gardener?" (published elsewhere in this
is.sue of the Chronicle). Mr. Ebel was
fully indorsed in what he had said by Mr.
J. K. L. Farquhar and others, this in turn
bringing up a discussion, which, of course.
is always interesting. A hearty vote of
thanks was tendered to the lecturer.

A vote of thanks was also tendered
Messrs. R. & J. Farquhar & -Co. by the
meml'ers of the club for the interesting
outing the club enjoyed to the Farquhar
nurseries as the guests of that firm.

Although the weather was such that
most people were disposed to stay indoors,
there was a good turnout at the meeting.

ELBERON HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

At tlie monthly meeting of the Elberon
(N. Y.) Horticultural Society on Monday,
October 6, awards were made as follows:

George Masson for dahlias, 90: C. O, Dun-
can for apples, 80. and Wm. R. Seymour for
gardenias, 70 points. A certificate of cul-
ture was awarded to George Masson for a
large display of dahlias.

■The coming fall show, which will be held
in the Casino, at Asbury Park, N, .J., Octo-
ber 27-29, was the chief business of the
evening. Schedules have been mailed to
past exhibitors, and will be sent to anyone
upon request. The show promises to sur-
pass all previous shows which the society
has held. The schedule provides for over
$1,000 in cups, medals and cash priz.es. A
very interesting and instructive paper was
read by George Masson on "The Cultiu-e of
Bulbs," with an interesting discussion fol-
lowing. The next meeting will bo held on
November 3.

WESTCHESTER AND FAIRFIELD HOR-
TICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The regular monthly meeting of the
Westchester and Fairfield Horticultural So-
ciety was held in Doran's Hall. Greenwich,
Conn., October 10. President Robert Will-
iam.son in the chair.

The Fall Show Committee reported every-
thing arranged for the coming show, which
is to be lield in Stamford, Conn., November
7-8. A very attractive schedule has been
got together with classes for all. We are
therefore hoping this to be the best show
ever held by the society.

The prizes oft'ered by Thos. Head, of Ber-
genfield, N. J., for dahlias brought out
some extensive exhibits of wonderful size
and colors, the exhibit staged by P. W.
Popp being an exhibition in itself. The fol-
lowing were the prize winners:

Cactus— 1st, P. W. Popp, with 62 varie-
ties; 2nd, A. Whitelaw.

Decorative — 1st, P. W. Popp, with 40 va-
rieties; 2nd, Alex. Marshall.

Collarette — 1st, P. W. Popp, with 14 va-
rieties.

Other exhibits staged at this meeting
were awarded as follows:

Dehn & Bertolf, honorable mention for
collection of ornamental trees, shrubs and
grasses.

P. W. Popp, honorable mention for chrys-
anthemum "White Gloria."

Thos. Head, Bergenfield, N. J,, honorable
mention for fine display of novelty dahlias
for 1914 dissemination.

Dehn & Bertolf, honorable mention for
ever-bearing raspberry "St. Regis."

J. B. Roy, honorable mention for Nephro-
lepis Exaltata Whitmanni.

C. H. Totty, Madison, N. J., honorable
mention for collection of hardy chrysanthe-
mums.

J. Guermonsfrey, highly commended for
collection of cactus dahlias.

Thos. Regan, vote of thanks for carnation
■California Giant."

.J". B. Andrews, vote of thanks for Arctoti
Grandis.

The prize for apples given by A. White-
law was won by James Troy with "Wolf
River." Geo. Wright, 2nd with "King."

A prize is oft'ered at the next meeting
for 18 carnations, 6 va^ties, 3 of each.
OWEN A. HUNWaCK,
Corresponding Secretary.

NEW JERSEY FLORICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

A regular meeting of the above society
was held In Lindsley Building, 240 Main
street. Orange, N. J., President Drews in
the chair and twenty-seven members present.
This will be the last meeting held in this
building, as the societ.v has rented the Jr.
O. U. A. M. hall, corner of Main and Park
street. Orange, N. J., which will be opened
on November 3 with a Chrysanthemum and
vegetable show. Schedule may be had on
application to the secretary. All regular
meetings of the society will be held on the
first Monday in the month in the new hall,
instead of on the second Friday. The
awards were as follows : Cattleya lablata
from Mr. Wm. Barr, 87 points ; Vase of
Carnations from Mrs. Chas. Hathaway, 68
points : vase of cut flowers and Violets, same
exhibitor. 65 points ; vase of Ro.ses from
Sydney and A. M. Colgate. 85 points ; vase
of Carnations, same exhibitors. 75 points ;
vase of Roses (for Lord & Burnham prize),
same exhibitors, SO points ; and another vase
of Roses, from .\. 0. Van Gaasbeek. .S2
points.

GEO. W. STRONG.

216 Main street, Orange, N. .1.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

697

ORCHIDS

We are specialists in this kind of plants. We
collect, import and grow orchids from all parts of
the world where orchids grow.

We will be j^lad to fill your order for one plant
or a thousand according to your requirements.

Our beautiful Catalogue and special lists on
application.

LAGER & HURRELL

Orchid-Growers and Importers

SUMMIT, N. J.

Competent Gardeners

^ The comforts and products of a country home are
increased by employing a competent gardener; if you
want to engage one, write lo us.

q Please give particulars regarding place and say
whether married or single man is wanted. We have
been supplying (hem lor years lo the best people
everywhere. No fee asked.

PETER HENDERSON & CO.

Seedsmen and Florists
33 and 37 Corllandt Si. NEW YORK CITY

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The services and advice of our experts is at your
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Telephone. 4028 Tremont

698

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

BON ARBOR

Awarded Diploma and Silver Medal at 1912
Royal laternational Exhibition, London, Eng.

BON ARBOR NO. 1 will keep your Tennis Courts
and Lawns green in the hottest weather. Will grow
Lettuce, Celery, Cauliflower, and anything that matures
above the ground to the finest perfection. We can
prove it.

Bon Arbor No. 1 is put up as follows:

Package maklcg 15 gallons, by mail $0.30

Package making 30 gallons, by mail 55

5 lb. package making 150 gallons.

exp. extra 1.80
25 lb. package making 750 gallons,

exp. extra 6.25
50 lb. package making 1.500 gallons,

esp. extra 12.50
100 lb. package making 3.000 gallons.

exp. extra 20.00
Barrels from 250 to 300 lbs.. 18c. per lb.

RADIX WORM ERADICATOR removes worms
instantly from your Tennis Courts, Golf Greens,
Flower Pots, etc.

2 gallons, making 200 gallons, $2.00 per gallon.

1^ gallons sufficient for Tennis Court 78 x 36 feet.

ANT DESTROYER. Rid your garden and lawn
of ants. It can be done in less than a week. Per lb.
65c.; 10 lbs., 60c. per lb.; 25 lbs., SOc. per lb.

BON ARBOR CHEMICAL CO.

Paterson, N. J., U. S. A.

Write for descriptive catalogue, new 1912 edition. We manufac-
ture also Radix Worm Eradicator, Insecticides, Weed Killer and all
agricultural chemicals. Special prices on large quantities.

MR. GARDENER:

Let That Tree Die, and

You Will Never See

It Replaced

YOU KNOW how long it has taken that tree to
attain those stately proportions.

YOU KNOW how irreparable the loss should it die.

YOU KNOW how imminent is the danger from in-
sects and fungi.

YOU KNOW how devitalising, how unsightly, and
how difficult to reach is that dead
wood.

YOU KNOW how surely fatal are those neglected
cavities — neglected decaying stumps,
neglected wounds, neglected borer
holes are the causes.

Then Why Wait Longer? Time Is Precious.

CALL US IN

WE HAVE the KNOWLEDGE, the EXPERI-
ENCE, the MEN, the TOOLS.

JOHN T. WITHERS Inc.

Landscape Architect and Forester

1 Montgomery St. Jersey City, N. J.

THE TIME FOR FALL SPRAYING IS AT HAND

You should now give attention to your fruit trees to protect them against the
ravages of the San Jose scale, and the eggs of the aphis — your locust trees
against the grub of the borer (which secrets itself in the bark in October) —
your lilacs, roses and other bushes against the Oyster Shell scale — your evergreens
against the red spider.

Fall is the time to spray to destroy the pests which lodge in your trees, shrubs,
etc., during their dormant periods.

WHY NOT TRY SCAUNE?

It is an oil and sulphur composition — a scalicide. fungicide and insecticide combined — mi.xing readily
with water; containing no sediment and can be applied through the finest spray nozzle. It will penetrate
all the crevices of the bark and effectively destroy the San Jose and other scale, red spider, thrips, mealy bug,
and all sap-sucking insects infesting trees, shrubs and hardy plants.

The sulphur contained in Scaline makes it an e.xcellent preventive against many blights. It is easy
to apply, cleanly and effective. Scaline is a marked improvement over the old-fashioned kerosene emulsion
and so-called whale oil soaps, while equally as economical.

PROF. A. L. MELANDER, of Pullman, Wash., says — The more experience

we seem to have the less we know, and that applies to all new things and particularly to the subject of
spraying. . . . Sulphur-lime in particular was regarded as a general cure-all, but as time goes on we are
beginning to lose faith in the sulphur-lime; at least, I am, and I know a great many of the fruit growers are
also. . . . Sometimes sulphur-lime will kill the San Jose scale in a day and in other places it does not
kill it. A few years ago we were sure that sulphur-lime would kill red spider eggs, and eggs of the green
aphis, and yet I have examined I don't know how many millions of eggs this year, and failed to find them
dead after being sprayed with sulphur-lime."

THERE IS NO BETTER REMEDY THAN SCALINE

GALLOU, $1.SO

Tell Your Seedsmon

Nothing Else Will Do

TEM-GALLOM KEG, $10

BARREL (SO Gallons) $37. SO

APHINE MANUFACTURING COMPANY,

MADISON, N. J.

APHINE — FUNGINE

SCALINE _ NIKOTIANA.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

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Based on this engineering fact the U-Bar construction is
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The U-Bar, although no larger than the roof bar used in
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By using curved aves other constructions may look like
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struct 11

St per

JNO. JAY HOWE

Rustic Architect
and Builder

232-4 Pearl Street
2-4-6 Burling Slip

Phone John 5056

NEW YORK

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Boddington''s "Quality'" Daf\vin Tulips

The U^irvviii Tulips uii,4iaateil in tlie iiurth of France, wiiere tliey were raised from seeds of the best varieties of Byljloems. It was
over a quarter of a century ago tliat a well-known Dutch bulb-grower first noticed their splendid qualities as garden Tulips, and, after
having grown them on for some time, he put them on the market, naming them after that great naturalist, Darwin.

They form a distinct class of Tulips, and one can easily tell Darwins from other late Tulips by the cup shape o! the flowers, the robust
growth of almost every one of them, and the white, blue or black, but never yellow, markings inside' at the base of the fkiwers. If the base is
yellou% it is not a Darwin. .Another notable characteristic is that, whin looking into llie flowers, they are just as beautiful and, in some
instances, even more beautiful than when looking at the outside, which is never so with any other Tulips. .\n<\ the greatest difference
between Darwins and other late Tulips is that almost every Darwin can be forced, some of them by the middle of February. With their
long stems and their bright colors ranging from white through all the shades of pink and purple to the most fiery scarlet, they form an
exquisite material for garden decoration, and. as such, the demand for them is constantly growing. Our collection is one of the best and
largest and the result of much care and selection.

Please note that there are no yellow Darwins. Those that are sold as yellow are either Cottage Tulips or Breeders, and can be found
under those heads in our list. We wish to say here that the skins of most Darwin Tulip bulbs are very thin and do not stand much hand-
ling. They seldom have that nice appearance of the bulbs of the early varieties.

Planted in the herbaceous border they make a great show in late May and June. Flowers are large and borne upon tall, erect stems.
To secure the best effects, plant five to twenty bulbs in a group or bed the same as the early varieties.

Those marked with a star (*) are recommended for forcing
ANTON ROOZEN,

large.

Large-flowering ; rosy

pink. 50c. perdoz., J4 per 100, $37.50 per 1,000.

'Bronze Queen. Extra-large flowers ; light

bronze. 60c. perdoz. ,$4. 50 per 100, $43 per 1,000.

'BARONNE DE LA TONNAYE. Clear,
rosy carmine. We can not refrain from spe-
cially recommending this great
standard variety. The flowers are
large, well formed, and keep their
brightness to the last, no matter
what kind of weather. The stems
are very tall and strong, holding
the flowers perfectly upright, the
hardest wind cannot break them.
AH of which makes this variety the
best bedding Darwin in cultiva-
tion. 50 cts. per doz., $3.25 per
100, S30 per 1,000.
»CLARA BUTT. Beautiful, soft, rosy-
pink. 40 cts. per doz., $2.75 per 100,
JS25 per 1 ,000.
»DREAM. Soft lilac. 45 cts. per doz.,
$3.25 per 100, $30 per 1,000.

Electra. Soft lilac; a splendid variety.
60 cts. per doz., J4.50 per 100, I43 per 1,000.

Europe. Fiery salmon-scarlet, white cente
distinct. 40 cts. per doz., $3 per 100, $27 per 1

FARNCOMBE SANDERS. Fiery scarlet
75 cts. per doz., $5.25 per 100, $50 per 1,000.

Faust. Dark violet, almost black; very unique.
$1 per doz., S6.50 per 100.
'i'GLOW. Brilliant glowing vermilion, center blue, mar-
gined wliite. 50C. per doz., $3.75 per 100, S30 per 1,000.

Isis. Glowing vermilion ; one of \he brightest-colored
Darwins; very tine. Si per duz., S7.50 per 100.

King Harold. Purple-n-d ; very unique. 40 cts. per
<luz., $3 per 100, I27.50 per 1,000.

LOVELINESS. Soft rosy carmine ; exquisite color.
40 cts. per doz., J2.50 per 100, $22 per 1,000.

May Queen. Beautiful soft rose; one of the finest of
its color. 35 cts. per doz., $2.75 per lOO, $25 per 1,000.
*MARGARET (Gretchen). Beautiful globular flower,
outside blush, inside soft blush-rose. A very attrac-
tive and popular variety of whicli more are used than
of any other variety. The cup-shaped flower is borne
on a strong stem of medium size. Splendid for cut-
ting. 25 cts. per doz.. Si. 75 per 100, $15 per 1,000.

Massachusetts. Beautiful, light rose; most Doz.
attractive fo 50 $.

Mrs. Krelage. A large flower of purplish
rose with a broad margin of blush-pink, on a
very tall stem. Stands forcing splendidly and
produces a flower of a very pit.'sing color... 50 :

Mrs. Grover Cleveland. Beautiful, delicate

flesh-color, on a dark stem 50 ;

Noire (La Tnlipe). The historic black Tulip. 2 25 i;

Darwin Tulips

PAINTED LADY. Creamy white.
A splendid bedder on a medium-
sized, dark-colored stem. On the
middle of the petals more or less
flushed light lilac. Is very effective
when used as a border around a bed
of one of the scarlet varieties, sects,
per doz., S3. 75 per 100, $35 per 1,000.
PRIDE OF HAARLEM. Rose,
with blue base, flowers of great size
and fine form. This is one of
the oldest varieties, but it still
holds its own as one of the
leaders and one of the most
popular sorts. The size of the
flowers has not yet been ex-
ceeded, unless by a few of the
latest novelties. Most flowers
have more than six petals, which gives them a
semi-double form. It will remain a standard
variety as long as iJarwin Tulips are used.
40 cts. per doz., $3 per 100, $29 per 1,000.
Prof. Rauwenhoff. Grand salmon-red ; splen-
did. Early forcer, and beautiful bedding vari-'
ety. 75c. per doz., $5.50 per 100, S50 per 1,000.
PSYCHE. Soft rose; enormous flower. This is
one Iff those Darwins, which is even more beautiful
when yt)U look into the cup than when you look at
the outside of the flower. Take a bunch of these
enormous, long-stemmed flowers, hold them to the
light, and yflu will admire the exceedingly pleasing
shade of salmo.i-rose, with beautiful light blue veins
and feathers radiating from the blue spots at the
base of the petals. It is a great flower for bouquets
and is one of the earliest forcers. 75 cts. per doz.,
$6 per 100, S57.SO per 1,000.
Purple Perfection. An extra-fine dark purple.

Si -.so per doz.. Si 2 per 100,
Queen of Brilliants. Large, deep, full rose, shaded

scarlet. 75c. per doz., $5.25 per 100, $50 per 1,000.
Rev. Eivbank. Vivid heliotrope-lilac, slightly bor-
dered. 75c. per doz., S5.25 per 100, $50 per 1,000.
Scylla. Fiery red ; a striking variety. 40 cts. per

duz., $3 per ioo, S27.50 per 1,000.
THE SULTAN. Maroon-black ; very showy. 35 cts.

]>er doz.. Si. 75 per 100, S15 per 1,000.
The Dove. Apple-blossom pink, very pretty. S1.50
per doz. ,$12 per 100.
VELVET KING. Shining purple; enormous Doz. 100 1,000

flowers ?i 75 $14 00

WHITE QUEEN, or La Candeur. White.
Can be called the only white Darwin. It
opens rosy white, but passes to pure white.
Oneofthemostpopular varieties; forceseasily. 50
Zulu. Blue-black; very distinct form ; a splen-
did and very remarkable flower i 50

BODDINGTON'S QUALITY MIXED. A
fine mixture of all colors and varieties 25

3 50 f32

I 75 15 00

Boddington's Collections of Darwin Tulips

1 each of the above 32 sorts ■■ S2 50

2 each of the above 32 sorts, 64 in all 4 75

3 each of the above 32 sorts, 96 in all 7 00

6 each of the above 32 sorts,- 192 in all $12 00

1 2 each of the above 32 .sorts, 384 in all 20 00

15 each of the above 32 sorts, 480 in all 24 00

ARTHUR T. BODDINGTON

342 West 1 4th 3t., New York City

GARDENERS'
CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA

NOVEMBER. 1913

Ten Cents a Copy

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

USE YOUR OWN JUDGMENT—

Compare the principles embodied in the
BANNER INCUBATORS with Nature.

The hen will, if allowed her own w^ay, make her nest in a secluded, shadv place on
the ground, under a shed or barn, in a fence, but ahvays on the ground. She
never fails to hatch every hatchable egg, the chicks are large and strong, with all
of nature's vitality.

Talk with BURNETT BROTHERS about "THE BANNER," NATURE'S
SAND TRAY INCUBATOR, which represents the life experience of H. H. Black-
man, the foremost incubator expert of the present day. It will cost you nothing to
prove to your own satisfaction that "BANNER" INCUBATORS follow more
closely NATURE'S WAY (the old hen's way) than any incubator made. Call and
see the construction of "THE BANNER." They are' built DIFFERENT, they
are built BETTER than any incubator on the market.

We also carry a full line of Poultry Supplies, Foods, Remedies, etc.

(Write for illustrated catalogue.)

BURNETT BROTHERS, Seedsmen

98 Chambers Street, New York City

New Curved En;

The Relation of Light to Greenhouse Culture

Being extracts from a series of experiments made by the Mass, Agricultural Experiment Station

HN July. The Mass. Agricultural Experiment Statitm puhlished a Bulletin makinp; for tlie first time
public — the results of a series of exhaustive experiments conducted by them for the past few
years. Many of the results are so intensely vital to greenhouse owners and prospective builders,
that we have made selections here and there from the text and are giving them below:
responsible for many greenhouse
.vas crude'

1. Lack of light
diseases.

2. The old type of greenhouse was crude in construc-
tion, especially as regards light. The modern tendency
is to build larger houses; to use stronger material,
casting less shade; and to use larger and better quality
glass.

3. Large hou*ies can be constructed relatively more
cheaply and managed more easily because there is a
less rapid change of atmospheric conditions, etc. This
helps to eliminate many greenhouse troubles.

4. Morning light is more intense than afternoon light,
our experiments showing a difference of 10 per cent.,
and ranging as high as 30 per cent, for some houses.

5. The location of a house as regards points of the
compass has a bearing on the practice of syringing
plants, the yield of the crop, and to a certain extent
on fungus infection.

6. To obtain the best results in a house running east
and west, the house should be from 15 to 30 degrees
north of east. This enables the plant to take advan-
tage of the more intense morning light and the crop
can be syringed with less danger from infection.

7. There appear to be no important differences in the
light in a greenhouse at different distances from the
glass, practically the same light being obtained at
5 feet as at 30 feet.

The Experiment Station Bulletin contains over forty pages devoted to the subject. You should
read it from cover to cover. The Experiment Station has just written us that they will lie very glad
to mail copies of the Bulletin to all who may write for them.

Lord and Burnham Company

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

703

New Roses from Cromwell Gardens

CROAIWELI. GARDENS is a name we have given
to our entire layout up here in this charming Httle
old-fashioned Connecticut village of Cromwell.

The name covers both our gardens under glass — 18 acres
of them ; and those outdoors.

We are growing and offer you the choicer novelties of
the season. It is our custom to handle only the best. Killar-
ney. Brilliant. Mnie. Edmund Rostand, Mme. Edward Her-
riott and Willowniere are those which we have selected for
your growing.

Not a profusion and confusion of- varieties, mind you, but
a carefully selected list of the choicer, most dependable sorts.

All of them deserve your particular consideration.

Send for our Catalog which fully describes and prices our
New Roses for 1914, and the list of varieties which have
made Cromwell noted for Satisfaction Plants and the best
Roses in America.

Ci^MWELL Conn

B^^^np^

a».'<rS)'lg^B<38.a#^gigSife^aJ

INC

BOBBINK & ATKINS

WORLD'S CHOICEST NURSERY
AND GREENHOUSE PRODUCTS

We shall gladly she our tim
chasers visiting our Nurser.v ai
inoving tbeir grounds to visit u
of higblv cultivated land and a
and . Storehouses, in which we
I'roducts for ever.v place and \n
cultivation and our excellent fa
position tu till orders of any sizi

THE

DECIDUOUS TREES AND

SHRUBS We grow mau.v thou-

~;iiois of ornamental Shade Trees

attention to all intending pur-
ite everybody interested in im-
11- Nurser.v consists of 300 acres
' area covered with Greenhouses
lowing Niu-sery and Greenhouse

the best that experience, good
s can produce, placing us in a

Y OLD - FASHIONED

aS.~ We have thousands

new and oId-fashione<l

Our herbaceous grounds

tile quality of

OS. A visit to
convince you of
immense stoct.

Special prl(

qua

hedg

Berberls and other shrubs

BULBS AND ROOTS.— We im
port quantities of Bulbs and
Koots from all parts of tlie
World. Our Special Autumn Bulb
.•ainI..-_- will be mailed free on

TRAINED. DWARF AND OR-
DINARY FRUIT TREES AND
SMALL FRUITS — We grow these
for all kinds of Fruit Gardens
ami Orchards.

BOXWOOD IN TUBS.-
I. \v thousands of plants in r
oipes and sizes. Everybody 1
he aroma of old-fashioned

■Wc

HARDY TRAILING AND
CLIMBING VINES. — We have
Uicm for every place and pur-
pose.

PLANT TUBS. WINDOW

BOXES AND ENGLISH GARDEN
lURNITUKE.— Wc manufacture
^tll shapes and sizes.

OUR NEW HYBRID GIANT-FLOWERING MARSHltALLOW.—
Evervbodv should be interested in llii> now hardy old-fashioned flower.
It win grow evcrv-.vhcre. and when io lil.iom is the queen of all Garden
l-'lowcrs. Blooms from July niitil th- Intlcr part of ScpteMd.cr.

Our Illustrated General Catalog No. 45 describes our products; will
be mailed upon request. ASK FOR AUTUMN BULB CATALOG. NOW'
READY.

Visnons take Erie B. R. '" laillon PIlIl, second stop on Main

Our Landscaiie Dspartment Plan and Plant Grounds and Gardens

everywhere with our World's (;lioi< i n*. Nursery and Greenhouse Products.

NURSERYMEN._.F>jORISTS Ruthcrford, N. J.

Plants and Irees from florida

For Southern planting outdoo^ s and for
house decorations in the N orth

WE have made a special study of this
matter for 30 years and have
achieved a success in growing
beautiful plants and in delivering them in
like beautiful condition to the most dis-
tant purchasers,
care and preparation to properly pack delicate
c, to stand a trip of thousands of miles, but we do
e in a while, but a good many times every workday,
ge catalog covering all our stock, having 17 special
id send it free.
WE HAVE THE STOCK in immense variety, from all over the

TRADE MARK

It takes specia'.
palms, ferns, etc.,
it — not just
We issue a

antly adding
Royal-Palm Nurseries REASONER BROS.. Proprieio

Ooeco, Florida

MOONS

i.'i" ii' n-> ii. Tit't s anil :?hrubs~ov(.'r 2,1:00 kiuds to choose from.
These «t'e grown wide apart, and In consequence develop Into sturdy,
well formed specimens so much desired for estate, street, and park use.

Send for catalog.
THE UT«. H. MOON CO.. Morrisville. Pa. Philadelphia Office: S. 12th St.

HILL'S EVERGREENS

Send for Price-list. Mention tills maRazino.

D. HILL NURSERY CO.

EverBr..en Specialists ^ ^^^ ^^^ DundCe, 111.

All books on Horticul-
tural subjects furnished
at publishers' prices.
CHRONICLE PRESS, 236 William St., NEW YORK

BOOKS

704 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Totty's 'Mums

ON TOP-AS USUAL

The varieties distributed by me swept the exhibition halls again this fall ! My Novelty
list for next year will include :

James Fraser, Mrs. Paul Moore, and Daily Mail in yellows

Mrs. R. H. Boggs, white Meudon, pink

William Vert and Mrs. Ernest Wild, crimsons

You cannot afford to ignore this list if you wish to remain in the prize winning classes,
for they have won Sweepstakes and Prizes all over the country. See reports of
Cleveland and Chicago Shows.

GOLD MEDAL SINGLE 'MUMS

Our Novelties this year will include —

R. B. Burge, Grace Darling, Gladys Duckham and Snowflake in whites

Miss M. Ottler, Phyllis Bryant and Celia in yello^vs

Caterham Bronze, Catherine Hope, bronze Stanley Ven, deep rose

and other magnificent varieties.

It costs no more to grow these beautiful sorts than the weeds exhibited as Singles at so
many of our exhibitions.

CLIMAX AND BIG BABY

are two Novelty Pompons far ahead of anything in their type so far introduced.
// you don't receive our catalogue by January 1st, write for it

CHAS. H. TOTTY,

MADISON

NEW JERSEY

THE GARDENERS" CHRONICLE OP AMERICA.

705

MicheU's Lily of the Valley

will bloom in four weeks inside, and if planted
at intervals, a succession of flowers can be had
all winter.

Doz. 100 1000
FANCY GIANT FLOWERING— The finest strain

procurable 40 $2.50 $20.00

BERLIN 25 1.75 16.00

CLUMPS— For outdoor plnntiim ..uly. Per clump 25c. 2.50 IS.OO

COLD STORAGE LILY OF THE VALLEY.

For Forcing for Cbristmas blooming.

BERLIN Per 100, $3.00; $7.00 per 250

MICHELL'S FANCY GIANT FLOWERING.
Per 100, $3.50: $S.50 per 250.

AlBO all other Fall UrMDV V MirUCI I Cfi

Bulbs and Plants IlEiIlKI F. iVllV.nLLL LU.,

Michell's Spirea Clumps (s-l)

HEADY SOON.

ASTILBE FLORIBUNDA Vi-ry fine; pure white, large clumps, 15c.

fiicli; (i.,z.. i^l-.',"; .s'.t,i>it per 100. Monster clumps, 25c. each; doz.,

$-'.."n: .Sl.-,.iii. ri.^r liir..
COMPACTA MULTIFLORA— Dwarf; pure white, large clumps. 15c.

each; doz.. .-fl.-'iO; .$0.00 per 100. Monster clumps, 25c. each; doz.,

$2..M: $15.00 per KM.
GLADSTONE — Best pure white, extra large clumps, 25c. each; do*.,

$2.00; $12..")0 per 100. Monster clumps, 50c. each; doz., $5.00; $30.00

per IIXI.
JAPONICA— Tile old type; white, 15c. each; doz., $1.00; $6.50 per 100.
aUEEN ALEXANDRA— Beautiful shade of pinlt, 25c. each; doz., $2.50;

.flT.r.O per 100.
PHILADELPHIA— A new pink variety, 50c. each; doz., $5.00; $35.00

p.-r loO.
WASHINGTON— Pure white, 25c. each; doz., $2.00; $12.50 per 100.

518 Market St., Philadelphia, Pa. llV^io^S

J

FRENCH HYDRANGEAS

Twelve Choice Varieties of

French Hydrangeas for

Easter or Early Spring Forcing

Avalanche. Large corymbs of. puie white flowers; very free-
flowering.

Bouquet Rose. Large trusses of well-formed flowers; rosy-amber,
turning to bright pini:.

Dentelle. Much fimbriated flowers of a delicate creamy-white.

General de Vihraye. Very large heads of bright rose; a splendid

La Lorraine. Very large flowers; pale rose, taming to bright pink.
Mme, Eraile Mouillere. One of the very best; very large flowers,

frii'nueiitly over 2 inches In diameter, of the purest white, with

rosi'-carniine eye.

Large, delicate flesh-rose color; a pleasing

Large puniclcs of milky- white, irregularly

•ge. free and early flowering; color bright

Mme. Maurice Hamar,

shade.
Mile. Henee Gaillard.

dentated flowers.
Mens. G. Renault. L

rose with carmine

eflex

Mont Rose. Immense panicles of a clear flesh-rose.
Radiant. Splendid rose-carmine flowers; entirely distinct.
Souvenir de Mme. Chautard. One of the prettiest; robust habit.

raedii

i-sized

ymbs

Strong 5 Inch pots. 35 cts. (
Strong 6 inch pots, 50 cts. *
Most of these varieties oai
at from 51.00 to S2.00 each,
and receive our l>est stock.

ght rose-colored flowers.
, or the collection of 12 for $3.50
. or the collection of 12 for 5.00
•a be supplied In larger specimens
iw is the time to send your order

HENRY A. DREER, Inc.

714 CHESTNUT STREET
PHILADELPHIA, PA.

LILY OF THE VALLEY
FOR CHRISTMAS

We are shipping
best Dresden pips
Dec. 1st, which
will produce long
stems with 15 to
20 large bells
with fine foliage
for Christmas
blooms. Price,
250. ?7.C0; 500,
$13.00; 10 00.
$25. CO.

Write for our
Catalogue on new
crop Valley, also
Spirsea clumpa
and our New Hy-
brid AMARYL-
LIS as advertised
last Month.

W. E. MARSHALL & CO.

Seeds, Bulbs, Plants

166 West 23d Street, NEW YORK

Kennedy £^ Hunter

SIS/lEZhvl

Incorporated 1911

Andrew R. Kennedy

Pres. and Treas.

Mammoth Bulbs at >Ioderate Prices

MtisHroom Spa^vn, Pure Culture, Direct Inoculation

Send for Our Fall Bulb Catalogue

156 WEST 34TH ST. °"p:„rsJr NEW YORK

c:r>r>sji

706

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

®i|^ Contents— Kou^mb^r, 1913

Annual Fall Flower Shows:

Horticultural Society, New York

American Institute, New York .

Massachusetts Horticultural Society .

Chrysanthemum Society of America .

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society .

Tuxedo Horticultural Society .

Morris County Florists' and Gardeners
Club

Lenox Horticultural Society
Another Word on Drainage

Bx, David S. Miller
Fertility from the Air . Bv F. H. Mason

A Cunning Hand Among the Branches .
Some Interesting Plants
Growing Trees in Sandy Land .
Relation of the Entomologist to the Gardener

Bp Thos. J. Headlee, Ph. D
Protecting the Hardy Roses

Bv Alexander Cummings, Jr.
American Gardens
Late Garden Work .
Transplanting Big Palms .
Wintering Hydrangea Hortensia
New Light on Chestnut Blight
Editorials

Wisdom . . B\j Herbert A. Richland

Third Annual Convention, N. A. G. .

707
708
710
711
711
71!

712
712

714
715
715
716
716

717

718
719
720
720
721
721
722
722
723

The Annual Banquet, N. A. G

Association Notes

Among the Gardeners

Queries and Answers

Moving in the Right Direction

Calceolaria Stewarti .

Annual Flower Shows:

Elberon Horticultural Society
Nassau County Horticultural Society
North Westchester Co. Horticultural Society
Tarrytown, N. Y.. Horticultural Society
Dobbs Ferry Horticultural Society .
Westchester and Fairfield Horticultura

Society .....
Lake Geneva Gardeners' and Foremen';

Association ....

New Bedford Horticultural Society .
Government Chrysanthemum Society .

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture Items

National Associations

Local Societies ....

Gardener's Diary ....

Lenox Horticultural Society Meeting

Connecticut Horticultural Society Meeting

Elberon, N. J., Horticultural Society Meeting

American Rose Society

"November" .

725
726

727
727
727
727

728
728
729
730
731

731

732
733
733
734
735
735
736
736
736
736
736
736

STUMPP & WALTER CO/S

Specials

RUSSIAN LILY OF THE VALLEY

New Crop $2.50 per 100; $20.00 per 1000

LILY OF THE VALLEY CLUMPS. . . . 3.50 per doz.; 25.00 per 100

SPIRE A— Gladstone 2.00 per doz.; 14.00 per 100

" —Queen Alexandria 2.25 per doz.; 16.00 per 100

" —Peach Blossom 2.25 per doz.; 16.00 per 100

^j^^^uSs^e^

30-32 BARCLAY ST.
NEW YORK CITY

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA

DEVOTED TO THE SCIENCE OF FLORICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE

ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF

THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

\'ol X\1I.

.\"( t\ K.MUER. 1913.

Xo. 1

Annual Fall Flower Shows

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK.

Records were broken in point of attendance at the
annual fall flower show of the Horticultural Society of
New York, which occurred in the Amerian Museum of
Natural History, October 31 to November 4. It was
estimated that fully two hundrea thousand people
passed through the doors to view the beautiful speci-
mens of plants and blooms which were on exhibition.

The bush chrysanthemum plants from the Adolph
Lewisohn estate (John Canning, gardener), at Ardsley,
N. Y., and from the Untermeyer estate (William H.
Waite, gardener), "Greystone," Yonkers, N. Y., at-
tracted much attention. It was the general opinion,
however of many growers that the limit of growth had
been reached with the plants shown and next year will
probably see a departure to plants of the pyramid
shape. A fine trained specimen single chrysanthemum
in fanlike shape was exhibited by Mr. William H.
Waite.

While chrysanthemums were a feature, there were
excellent exhibits of roses, orchids, and many other
foliage and flowering plants. The orchid exhibits of
Julius Roehrs Co., Joseph A. Manda, and Lager & Hur-
rell were especially noteworthy.

Charles H. Totty, Scott Bros., A. N. Pierson, Inc.,
F. R. Pierson, and Cottage Gardens had some fine dis-
plays of chrysanthemums, roses, and carnations.

The groups of foliage plants were especially fine,
the honors for this class going to Mr. Waite. Adam
Paterson, gardener to Miss Cockcroft, Saugatuck,
Conn., was awarded the sweepstakes prize ofifered by
the Horticultural Society, a beautiful silver cup, for
twelve vases of chrysanthemums, any twelve varieties,
three flowers each.

Three large bunches of Hamburg grapes exhibited
from the Robert D. Foote Estate, Madison, X. J. (John
Lindabury, gardener), were a center of interest, and
were awarded a special prize. Another interesting fea-
ture was the fine collection of apples of many varieties
exhibited by a commercial fruit concern.

While the Museum 'is a magnificent building, it is
not entirely suited for flower shows, as it is neces-
sary to so distribute the exhibits that they cannot
be seen to the best advantage. There is a possibility,
however, that this objection will soon be eliminated,
as plans are now on foot for the erection of a new w-ing
to the building to provide a larger auditorium, which
will prove a most suitable hall for floral exhibits. The

\MERIC.\N MUSEU.M OF

708

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Museum management has become impressed with the
great interest shown on the part of the public in these
annual llower shows held in the Museum which draw
such large crowds, and if it can be accomplished better
facilities will soon be provided.

The judges were William Kleinheinz, Robert Wil-
liamson, John T. Allan, S. W. Carlquist, Samuel Red-
stone, and John F. Johnston. The list of awards fol-
lows :

Chrysanthemums — Plants.
Specimen Bushes in Not Less Than 14-Inch Pots.

Yellow: Adolph Lewisolm (Joliu Canning, gardener), first.

White: Adolph Lewisohn, tirst; S. Untermyer (W. H. Waite,
gardener), second.

Pink: Adolph Lewisohn, first. This bush. Well's Late Pink,
also took the sweepstakes prize for the finest and best bush
exhibited.

Any other color: S. Untermyer, first; Adolph Lewisohn, second.

Anemone or single, any color: S. Untermyer, first; Mrs. W. D.
Guthrie (Wm. T. Koss, gardener), second.

Chrysanthemums — Cut Flowers.
Stems Not Less Than 2 Feet Long.

6 white: Mrs. W. D. Guthrie, first; Miss M. T. Cockcroft (Adam
Paterson, gardener), second.

6 pink: J. T. Pratt (.J. W. Everitt, gardener), first; Mrs. F. A.
Constable (.Jas. Stuart, gardener), second.

6 yellow : J. T. Pratt, first : Miss M. T. Cockcroft, second.

6 red: Mrs. S. Neustadt (David Gordon, gardener), first; Miss
M. T. Cockcroft, second.

6 any other color: Mrs. S. Neustadt, first; Miss B. Potter (Geo.
Wittlinger, gardener), second.

Vase of 1 or more varieties, arranged for effect, any other foli-
age permitted: Mrs. F. A. Constable, first; H. F. Osborn (Wm.
Ritchie, gardener), second.

Stems 18 Inches Long.
12 vases, 12 varieties, 2 blooms of each: Miss M. T. Cockcmft.
first, the society's .$100 cup; Mrs. D. Willis James (W. H. Durk-
ham, gardener), second, the Thorburn cup, valued at $20.

Stems Not Over 15 Inches LoBg, All Named Kinds.

Collection of 24 xarieties. 1 of i>;u-h: Mrs. W'ni. E. S. (iriswold
(A. J. Loveless, gardener), first; ilrs. S. Xeustadt, second.

Collection of 6 varieties, 1 of each: H. F. Osborn, first; .J. T.
Pratt, second.
Five Terminal Sprays to a Vase, Solitary Flowers Not Permissible.

Collection of pompons, 21 \arietifs: H. D-arlington, first; Fred-
erick Sturges (Thos. Bell, gardener), second.

Collection of pompons, 12 varieties: Chas. Mallory (Wm. J.
Sealey, gardener), first; Frederick Sturges, second.

Collection of singles and anemones, or either: H. Darlington,
first; FYederick Sturges, second.

Collection of singles and anemones, or either: Miss C. A. Bliss,
first; Adolph Lewisohn, second.

HANDLING A SPECIMEN pr..\NT .XT THE MUSEUM BUILDING,
NEW YORK.

Roses.

12 American Beauty: S. Unterniver, first.

18 red: G. G. Mason (David S, Miller, gardener), first; S. Unter-
myer, second.

18 white: John J. Riker (W. R. Fowkes, gardener), fiist; G. G.
Mason, second.

18 pink: G. G. Mason, first ; John J. Riker, second.

18 yellow: Mrs. ¥. A. Constable, first; S. Untermyer, second.

Vase of 50 assorted, arranged for effect: G. G. Mason, first;
Miss C. A. Bliss (John T. Burns, gardener), second.
Carnations.

IS white: G. G. Mason, first, also winner of sweepstakes; Mrs.
W. D. Guthrie, second.

18 Enchantress shadec G. G. Mason, first; Miss C. A. Bliss,
second.

18 Windsor shade: Miss C. A. Bliss, first.
18 Lawson shade: G. G. Mason, first; Mrs. F. A. Constable, second.

18 scarlet: G. G. Mason, first; Miss C. A. Bliss, second.

18 crimson: John .J. Riker, first.

18 white ground, variegated: G. G. Mason, first; Miss C. A.
Bliss, second.

,1-^ 1 1 M \ I I I
ML'^I I M I (. II UI\(

II I I \ \'T INTO THE

Foliage and Decorative Plants.

Group of stove and greenhouse plants: S. Untermyer, first;
W. B. Thompson, second; Mrs. F. A. Constable, special third.

Specimen Begonia Gloire de Lorraine: Sidney M. and Austen
Colgate (Wm. Reid, gardener), first.

Specimen Begonia, any other variety: W. B. Thompson (R. M.
Johnston, gardener), first.

Specimen any other palm: Mrs. H. I. Pratt (A. J. Manda, gar-
dener), first.

Specimen Davallia fijiensis; Mrs. J. Hood Wright (Chas. Web-
ber, gardener), first; Mrs. H. I. Pratt, second.

Specimen Xephrolepis Exaltata Bostoniensis: F. R. Pierson Com-
pany, first; Mrs. H. I. Pratt, second.

Trained Specimen of English Ivy: Adolph Lewisohn, first.
New Plants.

New Fern. Nephrolepis New York. Geo. Giatras, silver medal.
Orchids — Plants.

Collection, not less than 12 species and varieties, covering 25
square feet of table space: Clement Moore (J. P. Mossman, gar-
dener), first; S. Untermyer, second.

1 Cattleya: Oement Moore, first.

1 Oncidium: Mrs. F. A. Constable, first.

1 Cypripedium: Mrs. Henry Graves (Edwin Thomas, gardener),
first. "

1 Dendrobium: S. Untermyer, first.

Most beautiful Cypripedium: Mrs. Henry Graves, first, also
winner of sweepstakes. Prize offered by Clement Moore.

Display of yellow forms of Cypripedium insigne: Mrs. Henry
Graves, first.

Display of Laelio-cattleyas, Brasso-cattleyas, Brasso-laelios, or
hybrid Cattleyas: Clement Moore, first.

Orchids— Cut Flowers.

Collection to cover 10 square feet, arranged for effect: Mrs.
H. I. Pratt, first; Clement Moore, second.
Special Prizes.

Clement Moore, for group of Cattleya hybrids.

S. Untermyer. for trained specimen single Chrysanthemum.

Miss H. T. Cockroft. for bunch of black Hamburgh grapes.

Robert D. Foote, for 3 bunches of Barbarosa grapes.

N. Darlington (P. W. Popp. gardener), for display of Dahlias.

Chas. Hathaway (Max Schneider, gardener), for pan of Chry-
santhemums "Glorv of seven Oaks."

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

709

AMERICAN INSTITUTE, NEW YORK CITY.

The American Institute held its eighty-second an-
nual fair, a chrysanthemum show, in the Engineering
Building, Xew York City, on Wednesday, Thursday,
and Friday, November 5 to 7.

The building is an ideal one in many respects for a
flower show, and it was quite remarkable how well the
cut blooms and plants ke])t during the three days of
the show. The attendance w as large on the first even-
ing of the show, and also cm the two following days
and evenings. The staging and arrangement of the
exhibits reflected much credit upon the management,
and the prompt work of the judges and the consequent
early placing of the award cards were very commend-
able.

Among the large flowering Japanese chrysanthe-
mums, cut blooms, especially noteworthy were 24
blooms of the varietj^ W'm. Turner, shown by Charles
H. Totty, Madison, N. J., and 24 blooms of the same
variety, shown by Percy Chubb, Glen Cove, L. I., Alex-
ander ^Mackenzie, gardener, and the six blooms each of

anthemums shown by Head's Bergenfield Nurseries,
Bergenfield, N. J., and A. N. Pierson, Inc., Cromwell,
Conn., and Chas. H. Totty, Madison, N. J., were very
effective and especially excellent. Mention should also
be made of the fine single-stem chrysanthemum plants
shown by Benjamin Stern, Roslyn, L. I., Supt. \V^ D.
Robertson, and of the single stem and bush plants
shown by C. K. G. Billings. Outside of the chrysan-
themums, in cut flowers the roses Airs. George Shaw-
yer, Alilady, Mrs. Charles Russell, Sunburst, and Shell
Pink Shawyer, and the carnations Princess Dagmar
and Enchantress Supreme made an excellent showing.

Seven baskets filled very tastefully with choicest cut
flowers arranged by Max Schling, New York City, at-
tracted much attention.

AWARDS.
Chrysanthemums — Cut Flowers.

Twenty-four blooms, 1 variety, long stems: 1, Percy Cliubb,
Glen Cove, L. I., N. Y. (Alex. Mackenzie, gardener), with Wm.
Turner; 2, C. K. G. Billings, 190th street and Fort Washington
avenue (Thomas Bell, gardener) ; 3, Samuel Untermeyer, Yonk-
ers, N. Y. (W. H. Waite, gardener).

Si'Kl IMEX I'LAXTS FROM

SAMIT-.I. UXTKRMEVER'S; WM. WAITK, SLT'T.
HISTORY, NEW YORK.

EXIIllMi KIl AT .\MKUI( AX MTSKUM nl XATI'RAL

R. F. Felton, Mary Donnellan, Win. H. Duckham, and
Pockett's Crimson, exhiljited by Howard Gould, of Port
Washington, N. Y., Wm. \'ert. gardener. Much inter-
est was taken in the varieties of the Wells-Totty-Pock-
ett set shown, which will be introduced in 1914, one of
which, a reflexed Japanese white, Mr. Totty with his
usual promptness and gallantry has named Mrs. J.
Purroy Mitchel ; also in the new Chrysanthemum
Greystone shown by A. X. Pierson, Inc., Cromwell,
Conn. Other fine exhibits in the Japanese varieties
were: H. E. Converse, shown by C. K. G. Billings,
New York City, gardener, James Bell, and Glenview,
Annie L. Angus and Lady I lojietoun, shown by Clar-
ence E. Chapman, Oakland, N. J., gardener, Frank
Black.

In the plant exhibits the group of orchids of Lager &
Hurrell, Summit, N. J., an<l of ornamental foliage
plants of Julius Roehrs Co., Rutherford, N. J., were at-
tractive features. Besides ilicse, the groups of chrys-

Twelve varieties. 1 bloom each: 1. C. W. Harkness. Madison,
N. J. (Ernest E. Wilde, gardener); 2, Percy Chubb; 3, John T.
Pratt, Glen Cove, L. 1. (J. W. Everett, gardener).

Six varieties, 1 bloom eaeli; 1, Samuel Untermeyer; 2. Clarence
E. Clmpman. Oakland, X. J. (Frank Black, gardener!; 3, E. & H.
Scoville, Chapinsville, Conn. (Walter Angus, gardener).

Ten blooms, white: 1, K. & H. Scoville; 2, C. K. G. Billings;
3, Percy Chubb.

Ten blooms, pink: 1, Howard Gould, Port Washington, N. Y.
(Wm. Vert, gardener).

Ten blooms, yellow: 1, Charles H. Totty with Yellow Miller.

Ten blooms, crimson: 1, Charles H. Totty with Pockett's Crim-
son.

Ten blooms, bronze: 1. Howard Gould with Glenview: 2, Cliarles
H. Tottv.

Ten bloom, in variety: 1, Percy Chubb; 2, C. K. G. Billings;
3, John T. Pratt.

Six blooms, white: 1, Percy Chubb with Wm. Turner; 2. D. E.
Oppenheimer, Yonkers. N. Y. (A. Macdonald, gardener); 3, J. S.
Lvle Tcnafly N. J. (Joseph G. P. Kennedy, gardener).

"Six bloom's, pink: 1. John T. Pratt; 2, R. & H. Scoville; 3,
C. H. Tottv.

Six blooms, any yellow variety: 1. Howard GouM with R. F.
Felton.

'10

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Six blooms, crimson: 1. D. E. Oppenlieiraer; 2, R. & H Sco-
ville; 3, Charles H. Totty.

Six blooms, bronze: 1, C. K. G. Billings with H. E. Converse;

2, A. L. Erlanger, Lawrence, R. I. (Robert Jacobs, gardener).

Six blooms, Japanese incurved white: 1, Percy Chvibb; 2, Wm.
H. Fischer, New Canaan, Conn. (R. Bottomley, superintendent);

3, Howard Gould.

Six blooms, Japanese incurved yellow: 1, Howard Gould with
Mary Donnellan; 2, John T. Pratt; 3, A. L. Erlanger.

Six blooms, Japanese incurved pink: 1, Howard Gould with
Wm. H. Duckham; 2, Clarence E. Chapman.

Six blooms, Japanese incurved crimson: 1, Howard Gould with
Pockett's Ciimson.

Six blooms, Japanese incurved bronze: 1, Clarence E. Chapman
with Glenview.

Six blooms. Japanese white reflexed: 1, Clarence E. Chapman
with Annie L. Angus; 2, Peter Hauk, Jr., East Orange, N. J.
(Max Schneider, gardener) ; S. John T. Pratt.

Six blooms. Japanese vellow reflexed: 1, John T. Pratt with
F. S. Vallis; 2, Percy Chiibb; 3, C. K. G. Billings.

Six blooms. Japanese pink reflexed: 1, Clarence E. Chapman
with Lady Hopetoun; 2, Howard Gould.

Six blooms, Japanese crimson reflexed: 1, Clarence E. Chap-
man; 2, R. E. Jones, Sea Bright. X. J.; 3, R. & H. Scoville.

Six blooms. Japanese bronze refle.xed: 1, John T. Pratt with
Mary Mason; 2, Howard Gould.

Six blooms, anemone white: 1, R. E. Jones; 2, C. K. G. Billings.

Six blooms, anemone yellow: I, R. E. Jones.

•Six blooms, anemone pink: 1, R. E. Jones;_2, C. K. G. Billings.

f^ix blooms anemone crimson: 1, R. E. Jones.

Six blooms anemone bronze: 1, R. E. Jones.

Eighteen blooms. 6 varieties, 3 flowers each: 1, Samuel Unter-
meyer; 2, Percy Chubb; 3, R. E. Jones.

Eighteen blooms, 3 varieties, 6 flowers each: 1, Samuel Unler-
meyer; 2, Percy Chubb; 3, Howard Gould.

New Varieties — Seedlings, Sports and Undistributed Importations,
Etc.

Vase of anemone flowered varieties: 1, R. E. Jones.

Vase of hairy and plume varieties: 1, R. E. Jones.

Vase of single varieties: 1. John T. Pratt; 2, W. H. Heroy,
Stamford, Conn. (Abraham Wynne, gardener) ; 3, F. W. Vander-
bilt, Hyde Park, N. Y. (Henry J. Allen, gardener).

Hardy Chrysanthemums.
Best collection of 20 vases: 1, John T. Pratt; 2, C. H. Rice,
Rochelle Park, N. J.; 3, Charles Mallory, Port Chester, N. Y.
(W. J. Sealy, gardener).

Best collection of pompons: 1, C. H. Rice; 2. W. W. McAlpin,
Morristown, N. J.; 3, H. Darlington, Mamaroneck, N. Y. (P. W.
Popp, gardener).

, Plants.

Six ])hnits of one variety, single stem, in pots not over 6 inches:

1, C. K. G. Billings wiili Wm. Jlease; 2, W. B. Thompson; 3,
Benjamin Stern.

Twelve bush ])lants as grown for market in pots not over 8
inches: 1, C. K. G. Billings.

Best group of flowering and foliage plants, covering a space
about 80 square feet: I, Julius Roehrs Co., Rutherford, N. J.
Palms and Ferns.

Specimen palms: 1. '.Mrs. Harold f. Pratt, Brooklyn, N. Y. (A. J.
Manda, gardener).

Specimen fern: 1. Mrs. Harold I. Pratt.
Roses — Cut Blooms.

Twche blooms American Hi^autv: 1, Samuel rnterniever; 2.
F. W. Vanderbilt.

Fifteen blooms, pink: 1, F. W. Vauilerbilt with Lady Alice
Stanley; 2, Samuel Untermeyer.

Best 15 blooms yellow: 1. F. W. Vanderbilt with Sunlmrst;

2. S. Untermeyer.

Best 15 blooms, crimson: 1, S. Untermeyer witli PJchuiond;
2. F. W. Vanderbilt; 3. W. H. Heroy.

Best 15 blooms, any other color: 1, Samuel LTnterraeyer.
Carnations — Cut Blooms.

Best 3 varieties, 12 blooms each: I. W. II. Heroy; 2, A. L.
Erlanger.

Best A-ase. 1 variety. 12 blixuns: 1. A. L. Erlanger; 2, Peter
Hauk, .Ir.

Begonias.

Best 6 pots, single plants of Lorraine, 0-incli jints: 1. W. B.
Thompson; 2. .lames .\. McDonald. Flushing. L. I. (1!. Hughes,
gardener).

Violets.

Best bunch. 100 blooms, single: 1. Peter Uauk. Jr.; 2, Fred-
erick Sturges, Fairfield, Conn. (Thomas Bell, gardener).

ludj^e.s — Eugene Dailledcnize. William Turner, Peter
ni'ifir, C.eorge Middieti^ii. John McNicoll.

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

IJv W. N. Craig.

The dale of the Boston Show which opened on Oc-
tober 30, was fully ten days too early, both cut blooms
and pot plants showing this. There were fewer speci-
men blooms than usual, the taste in Boston and vicinity
being more and more each year for medium-sized
flowers or sprays. Specimen plants were also fewer
than usual. On the other hand, the grotips were more
ntmterous than usual, entirely filling the main exhibi-
tion hall. Orchids were numerous and good. Single
chrysanthemums were in evidence everywhere ; these
and pompons are growing steadily in favor here.

For twenty-five distinct blooms of Qirysanthemums, H. E.
Converse (J. F. Ray, gardener) was a good first with excellent
flowers of President Taft, R. F. Felton. Yellow Miller. Miss Clay
Flick, Pockett's Surprise, Tarrytown, Cheltoni, M. F. Plant,
Appleton, W. R. Brock, Mary Farnsworth, G. J. Bruzard, William
Tiu-ner (the finest flower in the hall), Reginald Vallis, Alice
Finch, Mrs. W. Duckham, F. E. Nash, Rose Pockett, Onunda,
Elberon, Gertrude Peers, H. E. Converse, Chrysolora and W. A.
Ethrington. Second, E. Townsend.

Mr. Ray also led for twelve Japanese incurved and twelve re-
fle.xed. For twelve Japanese E. 0. Jordan (H. A. Abraham, gar-
dener) took first witli Glen Cove. Ramajio. ilrs. G. C. Kelly,
Mrs. H. Stevens, Pockett's Crimson, O. H. Kahn, F. T. New,
F. Quittenton, Mary Mason and Reginald Vallis. Second, A.
McKay, gardener to E. A. Clark. Messrs. Ray, McKay, Abraham,
Townsend and James Nicol took the bulk of the cut bloom
prizes.

The best specimen plants came from J. S. Bailey. West Rox-
bury, Mass. (Wm. Watson, gardener). Mr. Watson's finest plants
were: Theo. O'Enguehardt. Louis Boehme and Mrs. Beckett.

For six plants carrying si.x blooms each, James Marlborough,
gardener to Thos. E. Procter, Topsfield, Mass., won with excel-
lent plants of Wm. Turner. Mrs. G. C. Kelly, ilis. Duckham,
F. T. Quittenton, Marza and Nellie Pockett. The best twenty-
five commercial plants came from W. H. Elliott. These were
dwarf, needed no stakes and were capitally flowered.

A large group of Terrace Hall, a yellow large flowered pom-
pon arranged with oak foliage, from N. H. Comley received a
silver medal. These also were unstaked. For the 150 feet group
of Clirysanthemums and foliage plants for private gardeners.
.Tames Marlborough led. followed by T. O. Hatfield, gardener to
Walter Hannewell. William Thatcher, gardener to Mrs. J. Q.
Gardner, had the best group of flowering and foliage plants.
W. W. Edgar Co. had the finest commercial group of foliage
plants. The city of Boston staged an entrance group of foliage
plants, and Edward McMalkin one of flowering and foliage plants.

William Thatcher took first for the best Orchid group from
three other competitors. Second, F. J. Oolansky; third, W. C.
Rust, gardener to Mrs. C. G. Weld. These same exhibitors and
J. T. Butterwalt captured the prizes for specimen Cattleyas,
Oncidiums and Cypripediums.

C. H. Totty showed a fine collection of new single and pom-
pom Chrysanthemums, also Mrs. Shawyer rose, as did A. N.
Pierson, Ciomwell, Conn. Knight & Struck Co. had a table of
well-bloomed Ericas; E. G. Hill Co. secured a first-class certifi-
cate for their new pink Chrysanthemum Chieftain ; a similar
award went to Peter Fislier for his charming new flesh pink Car-
nation Alice. He also showed Gorgeous in fine shape.

Alexander McKay, W. W. Edgar Co. and Geo. Barker, gardener
to A. F. Esterbrook. divided the prizes in the Begonia classes,
while M. Sullivan, gardener to U. Whitman, and Geo. Page, gar-
dener to Mrs. Frederick Ayer. took premiums in the palm classes.

Mrs. J. Montgomery Sears showed a fine collection of new
single Chrysanthemums, also Camellia Japonica. F. D. Putnam
also made "a great show of pompons and single varieties.

For twelve vegetables, prizes went to E. L. Lewis, gardener
to Col. F. Mason; F. W. Sargent and W. Warburton.

The attendance at the exhibition fell lielow that of
previous years, due in some measure to the cutting out
of prizes for decorated tables and mantels, and the
leaving out of all fruit classes.

An extensive fruit show opened in Horticultural Hall
November 12, known as the New England Fruit Show.
It was the largest of its kind ever held in Boston, and
attracted exhibitors and visitors from all parts of New
Ensfland.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

711

CHRYSANTHEMUM SOCIETY OF AMERICA.

The annual show of the Chrysanthemum Society of
America, held in conjunctiun with the Horticultural
Society of Chicago and the Chicago Florists' Club,
opened in the Art Institute, Chicago, 111., on November
5. The show was chrysanthemums exclusively, there
being no other classes pro\ ided for in the premium list.
There were a few exhibits of new varieties of roses
and other dowers and plants, but they were a small
feature of the show.

The hall was well filled with the exhibits, and the
show proved to be the largest of its kind ever held in
the West. The cut blooms were regarded by some of
the well-known chrysanthemum growers as of the fin-
est quality ever seen in the \\ est. The specimen plants
and the grouped potted chr\santhemums which are a
great feature at the Eastern chrysanthemum shows
were absent at the Chicago show.

The entries came mostly from commercial growers,
although among the private growers Louis F. Swift,
of Lake Forest, 111. ; F. D. Countiss, Lake Geneva,
Wis., and Howard Gould, Port Washington, N. Y.,
were among the exhibitors. W'illiam W. Vert, gar-
dener to Howard Gould, won three first and one second
prize, and \V. H. Griffith, gardener to F. D. Countiss,
won one first and three third prizes.

The chrysanthemum AVilliani Turner appeared to be
the most popular, a vase of twenty-five blooms benig
regarded as the finest single exhibit in the show.

A special exhibit by Charles H. Totty, of Madison,
N. J., of pompons and singles attracted much attention,
and proved a great surprise to many of the Western
growers.

The judges were: E. Orpet, H. D. Dorner, and J. B.
Deamund.

PENNSYLVANIA HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

This year's fall show of the Pennsylvania Horticul-
tural Society, held in Horticultural Hall, Philadelphia,
November 4 to 6, was one of the finest shows ever held
by that society. The chrysanthemums exhibited, both
plants and cut flowers, were equal to any ever seen in
this section. The specimen bush plants came in for
much attention.

One of the attractions of the show was the artistic
orchid exhibit arranged by ^^'illiam Kleinheinz, which
received first prize and a siher medal. The collection
of foliage plants was of the high standard always found
at the shows of this society. Another interesting fea-
ture was a beautiful Japanese garden display. The
commercial firms were all well represented with vari-
ous exhibits, which added to the general success of the
show.

A full list of the prize winners did not come to hand,
which we regret, as it prevents our publishing the full
report. The leaders among" the gardeners were : John
Doods, Wm. Robertson, Sanutel Ratchelor, Wm. Klein-
heinz, Jos. Harley, David Aitken and Thos. Long.

TUXEDO HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

D.\NiEr. McIxTosii.

The fall exhibition by the Tuxedo Horticultural So-
ciety was held in the clubhouse, Tuxedo Park, October
25, 26 and 27. It was a \ory successful show ; in fact,
it was conceded by all to have been the best ever held
in the park.

There were nearly one hundred classes in the sched-
ule, and there was keen competition in nearly every one
of them.

There were many special premiums ofifered, and
among those offering them were: Henry A. Dreer,
Chas. H. Totty, Wm. H. Sutton, Hitchings Co., Knight
& Struck, Stump & Walter, A. T. Boddington, J. M.
Thorburn, John Wilk, Scott Bros., Julius Roehrs, and
Kennedy & Hunter.

There were in all eleven groups of plants staged; five
of miscellaneous plants, three ferns, and three of chrys-
anthemums.

In the class for a group of miscellaneous plants cov-
ering 100 square feet, Mr. H. M. Tieford (Joseph Tan-
sey, gardener) won first, with a very beautiful group
wherein flowering plants predominated.

Mrs. Bell (D. Mcintosh, gardener) was second in
this class, with a group composed mainly of decorative
foliage plants.

Mr. George Grant Mason (D. S. Aliller, gardener)
won first in the class for a group of miscellaneous
plants covering 60 square feet with a very tastefully
arranged group.

There was keen competition for the premiums of-
fered by Henry A. Dreer for a group of ferns. Mrs.
Bell was first and Richard Delafield (Wm. Brock, gar-
dener), second.

The competition in all the classes for roses was un-
usually keen and brought out the finest stock ever seen
here.

The new roses, Mrs. Russel, Mrs. ShawA'er, and Mi-
lady, justified all that is claimed for them. They are
all good roses, and the most was made out of them by
the gardeners here.

Carnations might have been better than they were.
It was early then for very good carnations, and what
goes to show that more than anything else is the fact
that a week later David Miller captured quite a large
number of prizes for carnations in New York.

Chrysanthemums are a little late here this fall. Nev-
ertheless, thev were well shown by several exhibitors,
notably RichaVd Delafield, C. B. Alexander, H. M. Til-
ford, Mrs. Murray Mitchell (Thomas Wilson, garden-
er), and Mrs. Carhart (Charles Costeck, gardener).

There was not as large an exhibit of fruit as should
have been. The quality was in most instances good,
however.

The competition in the vegetable classes was not as
keen as it was last year, owing in part to the liberality
of donors of special prizes in making the classes for
vegetables rather numerous.

The exhibition was managed by Frederick Bentley.

The judges whose decisions gave decided satisfaction
were: William Duckam, Peter Duft', William Vert.
AWARDS.

Group miscellaneous plants, 100 square feet: 1, H. M. Tilford
(Joseph Tansey, ^rdeiiei) ; 2, Mrs. C. AI. Bell (D. Jlclntosh,
gardener).

Group miscellaneous plants, 60 square feet: 1, Geo. Grant
Mason (D. S. Milloi , gardener); 2, C. B. Alexander (William
Hastings, gardener).

Group chrysantlienaims. 100 square feet: 1, H. M. Tilford; 2,
Mrs. A. S. Carhart (C. Costeck, gardener).

Group chrysanthcmunis, 60 square feet: 1, Francis L. Stetson
(J. E. Jackson, gardoiiei).

Group of ferns: 1, Mrs. C. M. Bell; 2, R. Delafield.

Specin)cn palm: 1, II. M. Tilford; 2. Mrs. M. Mitchell (Thomas
Wilson, gardener).

Specimen fern: 1. R. Dolalield: 2, Airs. C. M. Bell.

Three specimen ferns: 1. R. Delafield; 2, Mrs. Mitchell.

Six ornamental foliage plants: 1, Mrs. Bell; 2, C. B. .■Vlcxander.

Three Begonia do Lorraine: 1, Geo. G. Mason; 2, Mrs. Mitchell.

Three specimen Cosmos plants: 1, IT. M. Tilford; 2, C. B. Alex-
ander.

Three standard chrysanthemums: 1, Richard Mortimer. Esq.
(Carl SchaefTer, gardener).

712

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

One standard chrysanthemum; 1, H. M. Tilford.

Twelve chrysanthemum plants in 6-inch pots: 1, H M. Tilford;
2, Richard Delafield.

Six chrysanthemums in 6-inch pots: 1, Mrs. Mitchell; 2, C. B.
Alexander.

Cut Blooms.

Eighteen blooms distinct varieties: 1, R. Delafield; 2, H M
Tilford.

Twelve blocms distinct varieties: 1, Mrs. Mitchell; 2, Mrs.
Carhart.

Vase of chrysanthemums: 1, R. Delafield; 2, H. M. Tilford. .

Twelve blooms, frame grown: 1, Mrs. Seton (P. Cassidy, gar-
dener); 2, C. B. Alexander.

Six chrysanthemums, yellow: 1, H. M. Tilford; 2, C. B. Alex-
ander.

Six chrysanthemums, white: 1, H. M. Tilford; 2, C. B. Alex-
ander.

Six chrysanthemums, red: 1, C. B. Alexander.

Six chrysanthemums, pink: 1, R. Delafield; 2. H. M. Tilford.

Six chrysanthemums, bronze: 1, H. M. Tilford; 2, C. B. Alex-
ander.

Six chrysanthemums, crimson: 1, H. M. Tilford; 2, C. B.
Alexander.

Three chrysanthemums, yellow: 1, Mrs. Carhart; 2, Mrs.
Mitchell.

Three chrysanthemums, white: 1, Mrs. Mitchell; 2, Mrs. Car-
hart.

Three chrysanthemums, pink: 1, Mrs. Mitchell; 2, Mrs. Carhart.

Blooms.

Three blooms, bronze: 1. Mrs. Carhart; 2. Mrs. Mitchell.

Three blooms, crimson: 1, Mrs. Carhart; 2, Mrs. Mitchell.

Collection single chrysanthemums: 1, C. B. Alexander.

Display of hardy chrysanthemums: 1, Wm. P. Hamilton, Esq.
(Frank Watson, gardener); 2, Mrs. L. S. Chanler (E. Wilson,
gardener).

Roses.

Eighteen pink: 1, G. G. Mason; 2, H. M. Tilford.

Eighteen white: 1, R. Delafield; 2. H. M. Tilford.

Eighteen yellow: 1, H. M. Tilford; 2, R. Delafield.

Eighteen red: 1, Geo. Grant Mason.

Twelve pink : 1, Mrs. C. M. Bell ; 2, Mrs. Mitchell.

Twelve white: 1, Mrs. Mitchell; 2, Mrs. Bell.

Twelve yellow: 1, Mrs. Bell; 2, Mrs. Mitchell.

Twelve red: 1,.R. Delafield; 2, C. B. Alexander.

Carnations.
Eighteen white: 1, Richard Delafield; 2, H. M. Tilford.
Eighteen red: 1, H. M. Tilford; 2, Geo. G. Mason.
Eighteen L. pink: 1, Mrs. Carhart; 2, Geo. G. Mason.
Eighteen D. pink: 1. H. M. Tilford; 2, R. Delafield.
Eighteen any other color: 1, H. M. Tilford; 2, R. Delafield.
Twelve white: 1. Eben Richards (Joseph Becvar, gardener);

2, Mrs. Bell.

Twelve red: 1, Wm. P. Hamilton; 2, Mrs. Bell.

Twelve pink: 1, Mrs. Murray Mitchell; 2, Wm. P. Hamilton.

One hundred single violets. 1. Wm P. Hamilton; 2, Mrs. Seton.

Fruit.
Five dishes apples: 1, C. B. Alexander; 2, H. M. Tilford (Joseph
Tansey, gardener).

One dish apples: 1, Mrs. Wolf; 2, C. B. Alexander.

Six bunches out-door grapes: 1, G. G. Mason; 2. Mrs. Wolf.

Two bunches greenhouse white: 1, H. M. Tilford.

Two bunches greenhouse black: 1, H. M. Tilford.

Vegetables.
Collection out-door grown vegetables: 1, Mrs. Spencer (Amiel
Barth, gardener).

Eighteen kinds of vegetables: 1. Geo. G. Mason.

Twelve kinds of vegetables: 1, H. M. Tilford.

Twelve kinds of vegetables, Weeber & Don prize: R. Delafield.

Six leeks: 1, Mrs. Bell: 2. R. Delafield.

Six celery: 1, R. Delafield; 2, Mrs. Bell.

Six onions: 1, Mrs. Spencer.

Twelve tomatoes: 1, Mrs. Spencer; 2, C. B. Alexander.

Special Prizes.
Six orchids in bloom: 1. H. M. Tilford.
Green house plant: 1, G. G. Mason.

Collection hardy flowers: 1, Mrs. Clianler; 2, Mrs. Spencer.
Table of foliage plants: 1, C. B. Alexander; 2, H. M. Tilford:

3, Mrs. Bell.

Table decorations, Hitchings' silver cup for first: 1, R. Dela-
field; 2, Eben Richards; 3, Mrs. Bell.

Center piece: 1, Charles L. Shepherd; 2, D. McGregor; 3, Peter
Wadell.

Eighteen roses, Mrs. George Shawyer: 1, G. G. Mason; 2, R.
Delafield.

Eighteen roses, Mrs. Charles Russell: 1, R. Delafield; 2, G. G.
Mason.

Twelve roses, Mrs. Geo. Shawyer: 1, Mrs. Mitchell.

For the best display of farm produce: 1, Mrs. E. H. Harriman
(E. Viner, manager) ; 2, Wm. P. Hamilton (D. Potter, superin-
tendent).

LENOX HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Robert Tyson.

The Lenox Horticultural Society held their fall
exhibition in the Town Hall, Lenox, on October 23
and 24.

The show was in every way successful, this year
being a record for number and excellence of exhibits.

The groups of miscellaneous plants which are al-
ways a feature at Lenox were even better than in
previous years.

There were two entries in this class, both excellent
examples of plant culture and artistic arrangement.

Mr. F. Herrmans, superintendent for W. D. Sloane, was placed
first by a small margin over Mr. Ed. Jenkins, superintendent for
Giraud Foster.

Mr. Herrmans was also awarded the Chronicle cup and the
Micliell silver medal given for the most meritorious exhibit for
this plant group. He also won the prize for the most first prizes
throughout the show.

The orchid groups were also very fine, especially the one put
up by Mr. A. J. Loveless, superintendent for ilr. W. E. A. Gris-
wold, who was placed first, and who won the Giraud Foster cup.

The date was rather early to see chrysanthemums at their best,
but very good fiowers were staged, especially the 10 flowers of
Beatrice May put up by Thomas Page, superintendent for W.
Hall Walker, Great Barrington, and which was awarded the
C. S. A. cup; also the 24 flowers in 24 varieties staged by A. J.
Loveless, which won the Pierson W. Bar prize.

Roses were very good, especially the American Beauties put
up by F. Herrmans.

The different classes for carnations were closely contested and
about equally divided between the different exhibitors. Alto-
gether there was an excellent showing of carnations.

A verj' fine lot of outdoor grown fruit was shown. The first, for
12 varieties of apples, was won by R. C. Dixey with excellent
examples.

Indoor grapes were also good, W. M. Salisbury, Pittsfield, win-
ning the class for 2 bunches of black grapes, and F. H. Butler for
2 bunches of white grapes.

The vegetable classes, both collections and single dishes, brought
out great competition. Mr. Ed. Jenkins winning the Breck cup
for 16 varieties, all of which were very good and nicely staged.

Mr. S. Carlquist was first for the collection of 12 kinds.

Single dishes of vegetables were numerous and closely contested.

Mr. A. H. Wingett. superintendent for Charles Lanier, was the
principal winner in ferns and palm classes.

The judges were : J. W. Everitt, Glen Cove, L. I. ;
R. E. Tyson, Convent Station, N. J. ; James Ballan-
tine, Ridgefield, Conn., and H. B. Vyse, of Morris-
town, N. J.

MORRIS COUNTY GARDENERS AND FLOR-
ISTS' SOCIETY.

The annual fall flower show of the Morris County
Gardeners and Florists' Society, its eighteenth, was
held in the Assembly Building, Aladison, N. J., October
28 and 29. Chrysanthemums, as usual, were the chief
feature, and while the blooms were not as large as
have been seen, nevertheless they were of excellent
quality. A fine exhibit of roses was also displayed, and
carnations were one of the features of the show.

The general arrangement of the whole show was
good, the stage of the hall being beautifully decorated
with a fine collection of single chrysanthemums from
the establishment of Charles H. Totty. Most of these
were potted plants and arranged in semicircular groups
to give the appearance of a beautiful garden and em-
bracing nearly all the newest varieties. Mr. Totty was
awarded a gold medal for his exhibit.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

713

Special interest was attracted to the Madison show
this year by the Madison Special of $75 as a first, $50
second, and $25 as a third prize, for the best collec-
tion of twelve vegetables, and it was expected that ex-
hibits would be brought frcim all parts of the country.
Alany entries had been received, but only two exhibits
were made. Some gardeners evidently feared too
strong a competition. There were but two contestants :
William H. Duckham, of the James estate, Madison,
N. J., and Edwin Jenkins, of "Bellefontaine," Lenox,
Mass. The exhibits were so close that there was but
one point difference in judging the quality of the veg-
etables, Mr. Duckham having slightly the better of it
in point of arrangement, winning first prize. The sec-
ond prize went to Mr. Jenkins.

From a financial standpoint, the show was the most
successful ever held by this society, the attendance on
both days exceeding those of any previous Madison
show.

The judges were William Turner, Peter Duff, John
Herrmans, Eugene Dalledouze, and Wallace Pierson.
THE AWARDS.
Chrysanthemums.

Thirty-six flowers in 6 varieties: 1, Mrs. D. Willis James
(W. Duckham, superintendent).

Eighteen flowers in 6 varieties: 1, Otto H. Kahn (James Eraser,
gardener), Morristown, N. J.: 2, G. E. Kissell (Percy Witney,
gardener), Morristfiwn, X. J,

Twelve varieties in one vase: 1, Dr. D. H. McAlpin (John Down-
ing, gardener), Morris Plains, N. J.; 2, O. H. Kahn.

Ten any yellow: 1, Dr. D. H. McAlpin; 2, Paul Moore (Edward
Davis, gardener), Convent, N. J.

Ten any white: 1. Dr. D. H. McAlpin; 2, Glimpsewood Manor,
Morristown, N. J. (H. ]?. Vizer, gardener).

Ten any pink: 1, Dr. D. H. McAlpin; 2, Glimpsewood Manor.

Ten any other color: 1, Mrs. H. McK. Twombley; 2, Dr. D. H.
McAlpin.

Twenty-four distinct varieties, in vases: 1, Mrs. D. Willis
James.

Three vases of six flowers each: C. W. Harkness (E. Wilde,
gardener).

Twelve varieties, distinct: 1, Otto Kahn; 2, C. W. Harkness.

Six any pink: 1, Mrs. Paul Moore; 2, J. W. Johnson (A. Ful-
lerton, gardener). New Brunswick, N. J.

Six any white: 1, G. E. Kissell; 2, O. H. Kahn.

Six anv vellow: 1, Mrs. John Crosby Brown (Peter Dull, gar-
dener). Orange, N. J.; 2, 0. H. Kahn.

Six any crimson: 1, Dr. D. H. McAlpin: 2, 0. H. Kahn.

Six any other color: 1, O. H. Kahn; 2, Mrs. G. E. Kissell.

One vase with foliage: 1, 0. H. Kahn.

Ten vases pompons: 1, C. W. McAlpin (H. Scott, gardener).

Ten singles, 6 sprays in each vase: 1, Mrs. D. Willis James; 2,
J. W. Everett, Glen Cove, L. I.

Largest flower in show: 1, C. W. Harkness with F. S. Vallis;
2, Mrs. Paul Moore, with Lady Hopetoun.

Group for efl'ect: 1, Dr. D. H. McAlpin; 2, Glimpsewood Manor.

One specimen plant: 1, Mrs. J. Crosby Brown, with Lady Lydia.

Twelve plants in pots: 1, Mrs. J. Crosby Brown; 2, Dr. D. H.
McAlpin.

Six plants in pots: 1, Mrs. H. McK. Twombly.

Six plants, singles: 1, Mrs. D. Willis James.
{Continued on pagi- 728 )

Courtesy of .Arthur T. lii.adiUKK.i.
VEGET.\BLE GROUP FROM M,

WILLIS J.\MES EST.\TE. WM. DUCKHAM. SUPT., WHICH WOX THE M.\DlSOX SPECIAL PRIZE .\T
MORRIS COUNTY SHOW, MADISON, N. J.

714

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

ANOTHER WORD ON DRAINAGE.

[Ill the article appearing in the October issue of the
Chronicle, bj^ Edwin Jenkins on "Appertainin' to
Drains," the word "below" was erroneously employed for
the word "less," thus putting an entirely different con-
struction on the sentence than was intended.

T-he author accused us of being the culprit, charging a
typographical error. In defense we wrote him, "In look-
ing over your copy we find you to be the offender, and
are returning the copy to show that we followed it . . .
Whatever you may wish to say in making a correction we
shall be glad to publish."

The author's reply was, "I plead guilty of a false accu-
sation (unintentional) .... The particular sentence
which reads 'below thirty inches is susceptible to two in-
terpretations and so had better be changed to depths less
than thirty inches . . . Edwin Jenkins." — The Editor.]
Mr. Editor:

In the October issue of the Chroxicle, I see where
our learned friend. ;\Ir. Edwin Jerkins, has tried hard
to give his "four-footers" an extra boost. We all ad-
mired Ed. last winter when he was appearing weekly
in his Shakespearean role in the columns of "Horti-
culture." He had a certain force and fearlessness all
his own, which those of us who knew him personally
expected and enjoyed. Undoubtedly Ed. is one of the
most studious and best read gardeners in America to-
day besides possessing a wonderful vocabulary.

He can hand out scientific data on almost any sub-
ject. He makes periodical visits to the leading Amer-
ican and European colleges to keep himself up to'date,
especially in the matter of drains.

His first criticism of my article is at variance with
his Amhurst ideas. He says: "And any drainage sys-
tem put in at depths belozv thirty inches is as good as
lost." This frank admission on Ed.'s part certainly
gives his "four-footers" a death "below." As I stated
in my former article, there can never be any hard or
fast rule or given depth to a practical drainage system.
My own personal experience is that we should dig till
we reach hard pan, and then lay the tile six inches be-
low the surface of this hard substance. It is then, in
my opinion, in the best possible position to draw the
surface water.

_ I am going to prove to Ed. that a system of drains in
his own neighborhood, put in by the writer some ten
years ago, consisting of a six-inch Akron pipe as leader
and four-inch agricultural tile as branches, at an aver-
age depth of two feet six inches, are in perfect condi-
tion to-day, as can be judged by the following letters :

Kincraig, Tuxedo Park, N. Y., October 29, 1913.
Mr. Walter Jack.

Dear Sir: As superintendent of the estate of Mrs. Alexandre
may I ask you to answer the following questions regarding the
drains put in by me in the frarden of the late John E. Alexandre
during the months of April and Jtay, 1903?

"Have you had occasion to relay or clean the 4-inch agricul-
tural tile or 6-inch Akron pipe on account of silt or soil entering
and choking them?

"Have you ever observed any of these drains being heaved or
displaced by fros£?"

Trusting you will oblige me with this information and permit
the use of same in print, I am

Yours very truly,

DAVID S. MILLER.

"Spring Lawn," Lenox, Mass., Octobe'r 31, 1913.
Mr. Miller.

■Dear Sir: In reply to yours of the 29th inst. would say in
regard to your questions about the drains on the late .Toh'n E.

Alexander's estate.

Tliat I have never had to relay the 4-inch agricultural tile or
the 6-inch Alvron pipe on account of silt or soil entering them;
nor have I ever observed these drains being heaved Ijy frost
during the nine years I have had charge of the estate, and are
all in perfect condition today. Considering the springs (from
which the place takes its name) and swamps, they have done
excellent work.

The nature of the soil where I had occasion to dig or excavate
has been from 9 to 10 inches of top or black soil, from that to
3 feet yellow hard pan, below the latter a stiff clay.
Very respectfully yours,

WALTER JACK.

I cannot say I quite concur with his "established fact
in regard to frost going down four to five feet in sandy
and gravelly soils, or that in heavy, moist-retentive soils
three feet is the limit."

Now-, we don't usually drain sandy and gravelly soils,
aod if three feet is the limit in soils that require drain-
ery, why, Ed., why insist on an extra foot?

"As to the wet and swampy places," in my opinion it
is not on account of "the water in the swamp being slow
to give up its heat," but simply the w'ater in the swamp
as in a pond, or lake, freezing, protects all underneath
a certain depth.

I have not altered my opinion about the practicability
of stone drains, and you will have to give me further
proof of their inefficiency.

There are a great many stone drains in America, as
well as in Europe, that have reached the century mark
and are still performing their duties.

It would be a hard matter to convince the average
farmer of to-day, whose land is abounding in stones,
that the agricultural tile has any advantage over the
old-fashioned stone drain.

"The farmer will drain his fields that are wet.
The soil will control the method and cost.
He will never dig four-foot drains, you can bet.

What cares he for old Johnny Frost?
Winter comes and goes, and still the drain flows;
Now, Ed., your frost scare is surely a ghost!"
Tuxedo Park, N. Y. David S. Miller.

THE SERVICE BUREAU
OF THE NATIONAL ASSO-
CIATION OF GARDENERS

Is maintained for the purpose of provid-
ing opportunities for efficient and am-
bitious men engaged in the profession
of gardening.

This department of the Association is at
the disposal of those who may require
the services of capable superintendents,
gardeners or assistant gardeners. Ad-
dress

M. C. EBEL, Sec'y,

National .\ssociation of Gardeners,

Madison, N. J.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

715

FERTILITY FROM THE AIR.

By F. H. Mason.

While foinierly we had to rely on animal excrement,
amniunia l)y-products made in the manufacture of
lighting gas, and the vast deposits of sodium nitrate, at
Chili, to provide nitrogen fur our crops, to-day \vc are
exploiting the practically unlimited supply of nitro-
gen in the atmosphere for that purpose.

Though the existence of this enormous body of nitro-
gen has been known since 1772, when it was discov-
ered almost simultaneously by Rutherford, Priestle}-,
and Scheele, it is only of recent years that man has
been able to apply it practically to agricultural pur-
poses. Two methods are in use to bring this nitrogen
into a condition available for plant life. The one is an
electro-chemical method, in which the vast water pow-
ers of northern Europe are employed to provide elec-
tricity, which, under certain conditions, causes the
nitrogen and oxygen of the atmosphere to unite, and
the resulting nitric acid is fixed in lime, forming nitrate
of lime, in which state the nitrogen is applied to the
soil. The second, and perhaps the more interesting
method, is that of bringing into service certain bac-
teria that exist in the soil, and which have power, under
favorable conditions, of conveying nitrogen from the
atmosphere to the soil in a form available to plant life.
Though this latter method is in its infancy, it already
gives considerable promise to be the cheapest effective
method of providing plant life with nitrogen. The
conditions that have been fuund nxost favorable for the
activities of the "Azotobacter" — the chief nitrogen-
fixing bacterium — are a soil well charged with decay-
ing vegetable matter, one containing about eighteen per
cent, of moisture, one that is open and well cultivated,
and, last, one containing lime or other alkali, in which
the nitrogen from the air can be fixed. Certain crops,
loo, particularly the members of the pulse family, fa-
cilitate the operations of the bacteria.

There is, however, by this latter method, a danger
of getting too much nitrogen in the soil, and this has
actually been done in parts of Colorado. There the
soil often contains a large amount of alkali, which
seems to have made it particularly suitable for the
operations of the "Azotobacter"; the irrigation appears
to have provided the required amount of moisture and
cultivation — turning under vegetable matter — the
needed humus. In jjarts df Colorado so much nitrate
of sodium has been formed l)y the "Azotobacter," and
so virulent has been the excess of this salt, that
orchards which have been in bearing for twenty-five
years have been destroyed in a single year.

We are learning to conirol the ".Azotobacter," how-
ever, and there seems to be every reason to hope that
by its aid the crops f)f the future will be provided with
cheaj) nitrogen.

A CUNNING HAND AMONG THE
BRANCHES.

The follow ing nntes cm tlu- bifin'catii >n .-ind bi'aiiching
of trees, copied from Chambers' Journal, \'(il. \'ll.,
January to June, 18.S7, ha\e been sent us by a reader:
"Did you ever notice thai sometimes two branches of
a tree produce a perfect i)ifnrcation ; that is, that they
separate from a common pnint? If you examine closelv
you will find that such branches took their departure
from one and the same hud. In rarer instances, you
may see five or si.x branches all starting from a com-
mon center, and with a regularity that surprises wlien
contrasted with the arrangement of the rest of the tree.

These eflfccts are now and then produced by gemming
or inoculating, and not seldom by the unassisted handi-
work of Nature. When the latter is the case, the bifur-
cation is caused by the bite of a caterpillar or some
other voracious insect. An insect has but to gnaw the
point of a bud to make it grow double, triple, quad-
ruple, and so forth, to transform itself, indeed, into nu-
merous buds, thereafter distinct and separate, each
passing singly through all the phases of its vegetation.
What is here said applies to buds that produce wood ;
it is equally true of those that produce fruit. The in-
sect plies its mandibles and quite unconsciously starts
a new order of developments. After all, however, a
little reflection would lead us to believe that buds might
be as fecund as seeds. If one grain of wheat produces
many grains, why not one bud many buds, if we can
only get it into the right condition? What this condi-
tion is we learn from the insect. .\t all events, it has
been learned by M. Millot-Brule of Rethel (Ardennes),
and turned to good account, for he produces eft'ects at
pleasure without waiting for the accident of an insect:
With the point of a penknife or a slip of sandpaper he
makes buds produce as many branches as he chooses.
The notion occurred to him in 1840, and he at once
made experiments which were successful ; and, repeat-
ing these year by year, he has now produed a new and
similarly interesting process of arboriculture. A com-
mission appointed by the Minister of Agriculture and
Public Works to examine into it reported in the fol-
lowing terms of what they had seen in M. Millot-Brule's
gardens : Several peach stems present a multitude of
branches proceeding from the same center with math-
ematical regularity and symmetry. By skilful disbud-
ding, by incisions, and nipping of the buds or shoots,
he arranges the trees in a way at once the most pic-
turesque and fantastic. Under his fingers the obedi-
ent branches assume the most varied and elegant
forms ; he increases the fructification, and develops the
formation of buds according to his wish. Thoroughly
to illustrate the results, diagrams would be necessary.
We shall, however, endeavor to explain as clearly as
the subject will admit of. M. Alillot-Brule's elementary
figure consists of a straight branch which from one
common center separates into fifteen branches, resem-
bling, in fact, a small tree with a regularly formed head.
A second represents an espalier peach tree, the
branches of which radiate in the form of a wheel, each
branch terminating in an oval ring of smaller branches,
developed at regular intervals. From these simple
forms others of a more coniple.x nature may be pro-
duced: A single stem, properly managed, will form a
square, a parallelogram, or a series of circles so elegant
in design that if copied in ])a]Mer-mache they would l)e
prized as graceful ornaments for the drawiiig-room.
The buds may bfe multiplied and the branches sent oiT
entirely at the pleasiu-e of the cultivator. Hence there
is no limit to the forms which may be produced. In
the course of his experiments he discovered one of the
int^eresting secrets of arboriculture — namely, that little
branches must not be developed immediately opposite
each other on a horizontal branch trained against a
wall, or on stakes: and the reason is that the branches
which run upward take up all the sap at the expense of
those running downward; the latter, consequently, lan-
guish. It therefore becomes absolutely necessary to
develop the small liranches alternately — each lower one
between two upper ones — on all horizontal branches.
It is possible, mureox er, to assist the lower branches by
bending the upper ones upon themselves, making them
form a sort of knot, but always with the precaution of
leaving the extreme jtoints in an upward direction.

716

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

"The process in its simplest form appears to be to
decapitate the buds with a penknife as soon as the sap
begins to circulate in the spring. In a few days two
new buds appear at the base of the bud thus operated
on, and the vegetation of these is easily equalized by
expert trimming, or pinching ofT when necessary. The
equilibrium once established, these two buds may be
similarly treated, and as each will produce two more,
any number of branches may be obtained, and a thick,
full head developed on the top of a single stem. To
make branches shoot in different directions, the ter-
minal bud of the main branch is pinched at one side or
the other, according as the direction required is to the
right or left; and the new buds being pinched in turn,
perfect control is established over each branch from
its verv earliest growth." — The Garden.

SOME INTERESTING PLANTS.

The tea tree is a small evergreen from South America.
It is used in preference to tea — its foliage is prepared, by
the way, in much the same fashion — by millions of South
Americans, and Brazil alone in one year exported $10,-
000,000 worth of the "mate," as it is called, for "tea."
The leaves and small twigs of the little evergreen are
scorched, dried, and powdered, and are said to contain,
as well as stinuilating alkaloid, oils that make the prepara-
tion really less harmful than tea. Another visitor from
Brazil is the soap tree, which grows to a height of thirty
or forty feet, is found along clearings in Brazil, and bears
a small, berrylike fruit, rich in a principle known as
"saponin" and useful for cleansing purposes.

Then there is the ink tree, which is also worth import-
ing as a producer of varnish and of an edible fruit. The
name of the ink tree is Semecarpus anacardium, and it
comes from ^Mauritius, where it is commonly known as
the "marking nut." The acrid, viscid juice of the tree
furnishes a varnish, the pericarp of the fruit gives off an
astringent principle used as a marking ink, and both the
fleshy cups of the fruit and the kernels of the nuts are
used as food.

From China comes the candle tree, the Stillingia sebi-
fera, that is employed extensively by the Chinese for
making tallow lights. The seeds of the tree are enveloped
in a white, odorless wax. while the kernels themselves
yield a yellow fixed oil with an agreeable nutty taste. It
is believed that the "tallow tree" would flourish in the
southern and southwestern parts of this country.

A tree the interest of which is not altogether utilitarian
is the weeping willow, that comes to us from St. Luzia,
Madeira, and was taken to Madeira from St. Helena. The
plants are the descendants of the willow tree that grew
on the island of St. Helena over Napoleon's grave.

In addition to persimmons from China and Japan,
melons from Ispahan, from Russia, from Turkestan and
Japan and Spain ; aspricots from India, and plums from
South Africa, and cherries from Japan, and pears from
China, and prunes from Switzerland, and other fruits
besides, there are homely-sounding vegetables that are
sure to be in demand. The Chenopodium quinoa, for
example.' is especially recommended as a substitute for
spinach. It is grown on the slopes of the Andes, wher«
its seeds are used in soups and prepared very much as rice
is. but in France its leaves are favored in the dry hot sea-
son when spinach cannot be grown. Its culture, we are
assured, is much like that of mustard.

Then there is a cabbage that is the gift of Mr. Joseph
Bailio of the University of Nanking, China. There is a
hardy turnip called the "petrowski." from Helsingfors,
Finland, which has been grown as far north as Alaska.
and which is notable as a resistant to the root maggot

that destroys so many other plants. There is a cabbage
that comes from Dalmatia by way of Venice and is said
to be quite superior to ordinary cabbages. There are
beans from Siberia. And there is a wonderful importation
of which the following is, word for word, the Govern-
ment's description : "Phragmites vulgaris longivalvis.
From Yokohama, Japan. A widely distributed reed used
for the manufacture of screens, mats, and chair seats.
Requires moist locations. Used in Holland for reclaim-
ing swamp lands by growing it several successive seasons,
ultimately converting them into arable lands. 'P. vulgaris'
is the common reed in our swamps. The young shoots
are eaten like asparagus in Japan." A plant that reclaims
swamps, makes screens and chair seats, and furnishes
asparagus is well worth "introducing."

A small mint from West Africa is popularly known as
the "mosquito plant," and is brought to this country with
the hope that here, as in its native Continent, the green
plant, being hung up, may drive the insects away, or the
dry leaves when burned may banish the mosquitoes with
their smoke. An olive plant from the Crimea, which has,
practically alone among olives, withstood the cold of one-
degree below zero, it is believed, will prosper in this
country.

The plants being imported are, of course, for purposes
of experimentation. The various trees and shrubs and
vines and small plants are to be tested as timber, tested as
fruit-bearing trees, tested as sand-binders in the desert
regions, as windbreakers, as reclaimers of swamps, as
edibles, as ornaments. — Times.

GROWING TREES IN SANDY LAND.

A number of experiments in tree growing in various
soils has led the New Jersey experiment station to
flevise the following formula by which, it is said, trees
can be made to grow in barren sandy land, even in
beach sand :

First : Apply oyster-shell lime at the rate of two tons
per acre, one and a half ounces per square foot

Second : Apply wood ashes at the rate of half a ton
per acre, three-eighths of an ounce per square foot.

Third: Apply the following fertilizing mixture at
the rate of 1,000 pounds per acre, three-eighths of an
ounce per square foot : 200 pounds tankage, 200 pounds
ground fish, 300 pounds acid phosphate, 300 pounds
muriate of potash. In lieu of this, composted manure
may be used at the rate of ten tons per acre. The ap-
plication of lime and wood ashes should be given once
in three or four years, but the fertilizer mixture or com-
posted manure should be applied annually. — Rural Life.

APPLICATION F0R MEMBERSHIP

National Association of Gardeners

I hereby apply for Membership in your Association: —

Name in full

Occupation

Address —

Date .

Reference

Forward Application to M. C. EBEL, SecreUry, Midison.
N. /., 'with dues, 'which are $2.00 annually, including sub.tcrtp-
tion to the official organ of the Association.

Relation of Entomologist to the Gardener

By Thomas J. Headlee, Ph. D.

Dr. Thomas J. Headlee, w ho addressed the convention
of the National Association of Gardeners, is the State
Entomologist of New Jersey. Born at Headlee, Ind.,
he received his elementary education in the public schools,
and later in the Normal School of that State, completing
it in 1900. He received the lollowing degrees from the
University of Indiana, A. li., 1903 ; A. M., 1904. Cornell
University bestowed the degree of Ph. D. on him in
1906. Dr. Headlee became Assistant Entomologist of the
State Agricultural Experiment Station of New Hamp-
shire, and severed his connection there to become head
of the Department of Entomology and Zoology in the
State Agricultural College and Experiment Station, and
State Entomologist of Kansas. He took up his duties in
Rutgers College, New Jersey, as successor to the late
John B. Smith, October 1, 1912, which office he now
holds. His researches, with the exception of one piece
of work, have been confined to entomological subjects,
and there are now over twenty-five bulletins, circulars
and papers to his credit.

THOS. J. HE.xni.EE, Ph.D.

Dr. Headlee is a member of many scientific societies
and also of Sigma XI and .Alpha Zeta.

In addressing the convention Dr. Headlee said :
Gentlemen of the National Association of Gardeners :
I am glad to have this ojjportunity of making your ac-
quaintance. It is only in a few favored parts of the
United States that an organization of gardeners could
he maintained. Your occupation is one which becomes
possible only when a considerable number of people have
passed the pioneer struggle with nature and have ac-
cumulated sufficient wealth to permit them to cultivate
the beautiful for its own sake.

■ I quite realize that the gardener's life is not one of
leisure — that he is engaged in the delicate and difficult

task of placing desired plants in strange and frequently
hostile environments and making them grow into things
of beauty and usefulness.

The plant is a vital ever changing complex of forces.
Its chemical constitution is never the same for any two
consecutive periods of time. It is constantly changing
in response to stimuli from its environment or from
stimuli that represent the inherited effects of former
environments. Every change in food supply, in tem-
perature, moisture, sunlight, gaseous makeup of the air
and in atmospheric pressure causes the plant protoplasm
to change for belter adaptation. Activity of the plant's
living enemies and friends likewise bring about adaptive
changes in its makeup. We must think of the plant
organism as a living, moving, changing thing, every
change in which occurs better to adapt the plant as a
whole to maintain itself and to carry on its life.

Centuries have been required during which an un-
counted number of plant organisms from which the pres-
ent form finally sprung perished, because their changes
did not enable them to meet the hostile phases of their
environment. The plant of today is the form successful
in meeting its environment. Plant protoplasm varied and
the environment selected those variations that adapted
the plant to its surrounding and ruthlessly destroyed
those variations that failed to adapt.

Naturally, then, we may expect the present day plant
in its native home to be able to obtain sufficient food for
its needs, to meet successfully the hostile phases of the
climate and to be able to persist in spite of the activity
of its plant and animal enemies.

When, however, the gardener takes it from its native
home and plants it in a new and strange environment,
or changes its very being by crossing, budding and graft-
ing, is it strange that he should meet difficulty and fre-
quent failure?

From all quarters of the earth he brings the plants he
wishes and together with many species native to
the region selected by him as the spot for his flora, estab-
lishes them as the plant life of a particular place. To
do this he must make such an environment for each im-
ported species as will permit it to thrive.

Unfortunately, the creation of a soil and climatic en-
vironment does not insure the successful growth of the
prized plant. Insect pests and fungus diseases common
to the region from which it came may have been brought
along and take on more pernicious activity virulency
than characterized them at home, or native insects and
diseases may find the imported plant a desirable host.

Gardeners seem to know much more about making up
the necessary soil and securing proper climatic condi-
tions than they do about combatting insect pests and
plant diseases. Furthermore, the writer believes it safe
to say that more attention is now being given to the
investigation of soil and climatic conditions for growing
the gardener's crops than is being devoted to the solu-
tion of problems of controlling the insects and the fungi
that attack them.

The Entomologist of New Jersey considers it a part
of his regular business to prevent the introduction of
serious insect pests along with imported plants, and for
the accomplishment of that purpose maintains a careful
inspection of all plants (with exception of the group
noted later) coming into New Jersey from foreign coun-
tries. Exclusively greenhouse stock coming from for-
eign countries is not completely inspected, although any

718

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

shipment may be examined and many are, because green-
house pests are already to a very considerable extent
world-wide in their distribution, and a greenhouse pest
has not as vet and would in all probability not be able to
maintain itself outside in our climate. The entomologist
considers it a part of his regular duty to furnish any
gardener needing his help in fighting a particular in-
sect pest with a clear statement of the best measures of
control, which he knows of personally or can find in liter-
ature anywhere, and just as far as his means will per-
m.it to stud\- out new measures if the commonly recom-
mended ones do not work or none are known.

Various lines of crop production have benefited large-
ly by the work of the entomologist. Peaches and apples
of good quality could not be grown without the facts
of insect control, which he has discovered and given to
the public. Potatoes, now one of the most important agri-
cultural crops in New Jersey, could not be grown but
for facts of insect control. In this country the gar-
dener's insect problems have been neglected, and if this
neglect is to be remedied the gardeners and the entomol-
ogist must get better acquainted and enter into close
cooperation.

The relation existing iietween the gardener and the
entomologist should be one of helpful cooperation and
the entomologist of New Jersey desires to sustain just
this relation to the gardeners of his state.

PROTECTING THE HARDY ROSES.

r.v .\lexander Cummixg, Jr.

The protection of the hardy roses is one of the most
important of the coming garden details, particularly so
in the Eastern States, where the winters are variable
and an occasional severe winter will kill even the climb-
ing roses to the ground.

True, the majority of the garden roses are hardy
enough to come through the average winter with slight
protection or without any, where the location is some-
what sheltered. It is well, however, to be prepared for
a severe winter and have the roses thoroughly pro-
tected, and when the thermometer is jumping from
below the zero point to a growing temperature, the
gardener will at least be consoled with the knowledge
that he did his best. If the winter turns out mild, the
plants will emerge plump and full of vitality and be just
so much better for the additional protection.

The time to apply the protecting material will depend
largely on the weather conditions and the method of
protection. Usually about Thanksgiving conditions are
right for covering the roses, but sometimes it can be
deferred until late December. In any case, there sbt)uld
be an inch or two of frost in the ground before the pro-
tection is applied, and if soil — the best material — is
used and brought from the compost heap it can be de-
layed until the bed is well frozen.

In the meantime the rosebeds should be cleaned up
and put in the best possible shape for covering. Strong
grow'ths of the bedding roses should be partly trimmed
ofif and the plants staked to prevent swaying. The
climbing roses can be removed from their supports and
tied neatly to facilitate covering. Where Hybrid Per-
petual varieties, such as Hippolyte Jamain. Victor \"er-
dur. Oakmont and b'tienne Levet. are grown, the "rose
rust" and "black spi)t" will no doubt be present; this is
an excellent opportunity to take precautions against
their reappearance. The old foliage should first be
carefully gathered up and burned, an application of lime
dug lightly into the .soil, and the plants and surface soil
heavily sprayed with Bordeaux, Ammoniated Copper,
or Formaldehyde, the latter as strong as two ounces to
each gallon of water, if the beds receive the same

treatment in spring before growth ccmniences, it will
do much to prevent the appearance of fungous pests
through the growing season.

Crimson Ramblers should also be sprayed at this
time, and if the San Jose or the Oyster Scale are in the
vicinity, an application of Lime Sulphur solution will
serve a double purpose and destroy each of these pests.
Tree roses, particularly those on Rugosa stock, should
also be carefully examined for scale.

As stated above, "soil" is undoubtedly the best
protective material to use. Where the plants are
planted thirty inches or more apart, the soil immedi-
ately surrounding them can be drawn up on the wood
to a height of nine to twelve inches, but where they
are planted closer — as most of the varieties should be —
it is more convenient to draw soil from the compost
heap and remove it again in early spring. This also
obviates the possibility of disturbing the root system in
getting enough material to cover the plants and leaves
the bed in good shape for manuring in spring. This
covering of soil should be permitted to freeze thor-
oughly, and a good coating of leaves, salt hay, or litter
will keep the frost in the ground until spring and elim-
inate the deadly alternate freezing and thawing.

Climbing Roses can only be safely protected by bend-
ing the top down to the ground so that at least two-
thirds of the growth can be covered with soil. If the
plants are old, the operation will require care in bend-
ing over or the old wood will fracture. The gardener
can judge just how much of the plant can be covered
and drive a stake in the ground at this point where the
top can be securely fastened. The arched part will, of
course, be exposed and should be covered with rye
straw and capped with paper heavy enough to shed rain
and keep the straw in a dry condition.

Tree Roses can be protected by the same method,
but as the stem or stock is hardy, it will not require
covering.

ADVANTAGES OF FALL PLOWING.

There are many excellent advantages to be derived
from fall plowing, one of which is that the land, with
the possible exception of occasional spots where the
soil runs together badly, can be gotten in e.xcellent con-
dition early in the spring with far less labor than would
otherwise be the case. Practical growers have learned
the importance of early planting. Nine years out of
ten the early planted crops produce the most satisfac-
tory yields. When breaking the ground is delayed
until late in the spring, difiiculty is sometimes exijeri-
enced in preparing a proper seed bed, and one finds
that, instead of being busy fitting his land for planting,
he is still plowing.

When the soil is turned up and exposed to the frosts
of winter they penetrate it to a considerable depth.
This is an advantage. It has been found that unplowed
soils are not penetrated more than half as deep by the
frost as are those soils recently plowed. It is desirable
to loosen the earth below the depth to which the pldvv
goes. This is especially valuable in clay soils. With
ground plowed well before the ground freezes, the soil
will, after freezing weather has arrived, be found fro-
zen in this section often to the depth of 20 inches. This
means that every particle to that depth is moved, to a
small extent. The expansion of the particles of mois-
ture pushes apart and breaks up the most retentive soil.
Clay soil that has been well drained is thus made friable
to a great depth, and when spring comes and the frost
goes out of the ground the soil will be so loose that air
can penetrate to a considerable depth and chemical ac-
tion be jjrepared for.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

719

AMERICAN GARDENS— NOT GROWN IGNO-

RANTLY, BUT WITH KNOWLEDGE

OF CONDITIONS.

(From New York Times.)

Editor, New York Times: —

In the magazine section of last Sunday's Times ap-
peared an article entitled "(_)ur Apathy to Gardens As-
tounds English Expert," quoting a Airs. Philip Marti-
neau, of England, as saying that our greatest drawback
in America is ignorance. She referred to our apparent
backwardness in horticulture and floriculture as com-
pared with the interest manifested in them in her country.

This lady from abroad, with her mission to teach us,
does an injustice in charging us with ignorance and
shows herself to be quite uninformed on American horti-
cultural conditions. It is quite generally agreed among
leading men engaged in commercial and private growing,
and a large percentage of them are of her own kin, well
posted on horticulture at home and broad, that, long, long
before this young nation attains the age of good old Eng-
land American liorticulturc will be far advanced over
what it is found to be even in England today.

We are told that we can grow some plants more suc-
cessfully than they can be grown in England. It was
demonstrated at our International Flower Show, held in
New York City last April, and conceded by our visitors,
well-known growers from various foreign lands, that
never in Europe were such beautiful flowers and specimen
plants seen as we exhibited at this show.

She credits as a mistaken American idea that it re-
quires five centuries of rolling to make a perfect turf, but
this is a purely English fallacy, .\mericans think nothing
of acquiring a five hundred or a thousand acre tract of
wilderness, and within two or three years converting it
into a magnificent estate of beautiful lawns and gardens.
In the State of New Hampshire at the present time seven
thousand acres are being developed under the direction
of one of our leading practical gardeners. A force of over
six hundred men is emploved. and it will be but several
years before this land will become a completed country
estate. The beautiful Huntington estate in lower Cali-
fornia was transformed through the ingenuity of a prac-
tical gardener in the brief space of a few years from an
arid plain into a fertile land of beautiful plants and
flowers.

Our amateur friend from abroad asserts that the great-
est mistake people make in this country is in leaving
things too much in the hands of the gardener ; that his
fine senses have not been trained, etc., etc. Here she
again shows lack of knowledge on .\merican horticultural
conditions, for tlie mistake is quite contrary to what she
charges. The private estate owners in this country, un-
like British owners of private estates, entrust too little
to their gardeners and de])end too much on so called
"landscapers" and other "experts" imbued with many
theories, but entirely devoid of practical experience.
Thousands of dollars are annually squandered by the
wealthv in the laving out of private places on plans and
suggestions furnished b\' these "experts" and when the
work is completed the ]iractical gardener is called on to
try to cultivate harmony out of the chaos developed by the
theorist.

Many of the so-called "experts," or "horticultural au-
thorities" have no more actual experience behind them
than the cityite we occasionally read of, who, becopiing
a suburbanite, buys a few packets of seeds and plants a
garden. Nature from the outset is good to him and pro-
duces a fine crop. He immediately becomes possessed of

the notion that he has discovered his right vocation#and
becomes a farmer : but nothing but failure follows.

Lady landscapers or floriculturists who have obtained
commissions for work on private estates are not uncom-
mon in this country, and some of thein are of accredited
ability; but Mrs. Martineau has been somewhat more
fortunate than her sisters in having a clever publicity
promoter active in her behalf. Her departure from
abroad, her arrival in this country and her undertakings
since her arrival have been cleverly heralded. Much has
been written respecting her in New York dailies and in
those of other cities, and it would be interesting to read
a year hence what her actual achievements were in this
country, for her nnich exploited work on a small portion
of an already well developed estate in Brookline, Mass.,
is being watched with interest by those engaged in horti-
cultural pursuits.

A good field may await our English ainateur friend to
expound her theories among amateur garden clubs in
various parts of the L'nited States, but does she possess
sufficient practical experience and knowledge of the vari-
able climatic conditions in this country to have her ad-
vise authoritatively ? It is not unusual to find certain
plants do well in one section which will not thrive at all
one hundred miles away. Still her theories may prove
both interesting and entertaining to parlor gatherings.

This English lady confesses that her interest in gar-
dening dates back no more than twelve years and that
her experience has been limited entirely to that of an
amateur. Yet she comes to this country to undertake to
advise against practical inen whose experiences in gar-
dening have been lifelong, many of whom commenced
their careers as students on some of the old English es-
tates she tells us about. Two of them within the past
week showed their skill at the fall flower show of the
Horticultural Society of New York in the cultivation of
specimen plants never equaled anywhere. Similar plants
were exhibited a year ago, of a lesser size and beauty, and
were later described abroad to some English horticultur-
ists who doubted the possibility of such creations until
the pltotographs were produced. Such gardeners as
those referred to are not alone efficient as skillful growers,
but in every phase of their profession, including the
■■esthetic as well as the cruder elements which enter into
gardening".

While it is true that production is still of a greater
magnitude in most European countries than it is in .\mer-
ica. nevertheless the progress in horticulture which has
been made in this country during the past decade places
America in the front ranks in the cultivation, as regards
(]uality and beauty, of all that is worth while in either
horticulture or floriculture.

.\merican estate owners are rapidly realizing that the-
oretical knowledge without practical experience is an un-
productive quality and are consequently placing more
faith in the professional gardener, who is capable of com-
bining theory with practice. .And they are also learning
that in the profession of gardening there is a decided
distinction between the real gardener and the so-called
gardener. M. C. Ebel,

Secretary National Association of Gardeners.

Madison, N. J.', November 11. 1913.

TIic foregoing (■oiimiunioatinn wliicli appeared in tlie New York
Times recently m.iy he recrnnled as a much exaggerated missive
l),v .some of our Knglisli friends, but it is no more so than was
the contribution to the Thiirs by an Englisli amateur in which
she assailed the ability of the gardeners in America, and charged
the backwaidiicss in .\merican horticulture as due to the lack
of aliility on the part of our gardeners. —The Editor.

720

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

• LATE GARDEN WORK

We are inclined to put oft the work wliich needs to
be done in the garden in late fall until the weather be-
comes so disagreeable that we either let the work go
undone or do it in such haste that it is only half done,
writes Eben E. Rexford, in Country Gentleman. As
a natural consequence, such plants as require winter
protection are pretty sure to suffer severely, and are
often killed outright. This being the case, the impor-
tance of doing the work while it can be done leisurely
enough to insure its being well done cannot be too
strongly emphasized. It is safe to count on continued
cold weather in the North after the first of November,
and hence it is advisable to give such protection as is
needed about that time.

I am a firm believer in the benefit of protection for
all our plants, whether tender, half hardy, or entirely so,
because our long and severe Northern winter so taxes
the vital force of all plants in their efforts to resist its
debilitating influence that even the hardiest of them
sulTer to an extent that greatly lessens their usefulness.
Therefore, I have for many years made a practice of
giving protection to all the plants in my collection. By
keeping the frost in, after it has gained entrance, all
injury to delicate roots is prevented because there is no
alternate freezing and thawing, consequently no heav-
ing of the soil after the first touch of cold weather — and
as long as the ground remains frozen no harm will be
done to comparatively tender plants. The impression
seems to prevail that we give protection in order to
keep out the cold. This is a mistake. The cold cannot
be kept out, but we can prevent the warmth of the sun's
rays from extracting the frost, and this is what we aim
to do in protecting our plants. We aim to prevent a
change in their condition, because frequent changes
from freezing to thawing are responsible for the injuiy
done during winter.

I find no other covering quite equal to leaves. They
are Nature's covering, and we cannot improve on Na-
ture's plans. If there are trees about the house, rake up
their leaves as they fall and store them in a dry place
against the time of need.

PUTTING THE ROSES TO BED

Before applying any covering, cut away the old stalks

of all perennials. Then heap the leaves, or whatever
is made use of as a substitute for them, about each
plant. When this is done, cover with evergreen
branches, if leaves are used, to prevent their being
blown away. Lacking these branches, make use of
squares of coarse-meshed wire netting, weighting each
piece at the corners, or fastening it in place with stakes.
Let there be a depth of five or six inches of leaves to
each plant, if the supply will admit it.

When leaves are not obtainable, coarse litter from
the barnyard will be found an effective covering. It
can either be removed in spring or dug into the soil
about the plants to act as a fertilizer. If it contains
considerable manure, it will furnish all the elements of
nutriment required by the plants for the season.

Neatness should be a feature of the garden the year
round. Gather up the old stalks of perennials, and
leave nothing unsightly to make itself conspicuous
above the snow in winter. A garden neglected after the
close of the flowering season always gives me the im-
pression of a friend from whom we turn away when he
can be no longer useful.

If there are any plants or shrubs whose merits are
not sufficient to warrant their retention, the fall is a
good time to dispose of them. It is a most e.xcellent
plan to do as much garden work in fall as is possible,
thus preventing the rush which comes in spring.

TRANSPLANTING BIG PALMS.

The picture produced on this page illustrates the
method of transplanting palm trees from the nurseries
of the San Diego 1915 Exposition to the exposition
grounds proper.

The tree is first dug around for a considerable dis-
tance, leaving a large ball of earth about the roots,
which is securely v^'rapped with burlap. When a suffi-
cient depth has been reached the pat roots are cut, and
the tree is ready for raising to the surface.

The raising process is accomplished by "rocking" the
tree from side to side, and at the same time shoveling
in earth about it, till the hole has been filled and the
tree sets on top of the ground. It is then skidded to the
deck of a motor truck and sent away to its new and
permanent home.

TKANSPI.ANTINX. A LARGE I'AI.M II

AT lllK l-.XI'i )Si I I( IX GROUXnS. SAX lilKCO, CAL.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

721

BEGONIA GLOIRE DE LORRAINE.

Bv H. Eaxexdale.

There are few pot plants of such universal popularity
as Begonia Gloire de Lorraine.

This plant was raised by M. Lemoine & Son, of
Waney, about twenty years ago by crossing B. Dreger
and B. Socotrana.

Up to the present time, this plant has not produced
fertile seeds, nor has it been used successfully by hy-
bridizers.

It can be readily propagated by suckers or leaf
cutting. The latter metlmd is the one mostly used
now.

To get the best results, propagating should start
about the end of November or early in December.
Take well-matured leaves from the best-developed
plant, taking great care to see they are perfectly free
from pests, etc. Cut off the lower portion of the leaf
stalk and insert in clean sand having a bottom heat of
68 degrees.

Avoid fluctuations of temperature and maintain a
somewhat humid atmosphere. See that the sand never
gets dry, and shade from bright sunshine.

About the second week in February, the young
plants will be ready for potting up. Use a compost of
half-fibrous loam and half-loaf soil, with a liberal addi-
tion of sand.

Pot lightly and keep a little close for a few days.
Give them every encouragement to make a good
growth before the hot weather. In later pottings, add
screened cow manure and a four-inch potful of bone
meal to every barrowload of compost. A little fine'
charcoal may also be added with advantage.

This begonia requires shade right up to flowering
time. On hot days endeavor to keep them as cool as
possible. Let the hose run between the plants and
damp the floor several times a day.

An occasional spray oserhead is also beneficial in
hot weather.

See that These plants never come in contact with any
having "mealy bug," as once they become infested it
is very difficult to eradicate.

Tying and staking should be attended to before the
plants lose their shape. Some growers pinch them_ to
improve their shape, but it is not necessary.

When they are well established in their flowering
pots, they will be greatly benefited by applications of
weak liquid cow manure twice a week.

Where extra large specimens are desired, it is advis-
able to save a few of the best plants for another year.

After flowering, these should be cut down and rested
for a time in a cool house and left fairly dry.

When in bloom, a night temperature of 55 degrees
is sufficient, and with care they will remain in good
condition a long time.

WINTERING HYDRANGEA HORTENSIA.

As soon as freezing weather sets in, it is time for the
well-known Hydrangea Hnrtensia to receive its winter
protection. Hardly anywiiere north of Baltimore is if
safe to leave this bush entirely unprotected, even
though one does sometimes see it come through a win-
ter in good shape when unprotected, for such cases
are usually where the plants have been in some se-
cluded place, free from sun and wind.

Great protection is not called for to ensure its coming
through in good condition. It is from the terminal bud
that the flowers are to be looked for mainly; therefore,
it is to preserve these that protection is necessary.

When these are lost, flowers may come from the side
shoots ; but their appearance is not so certain as with
those from the terminal ones. Any way of protecting
them so that the shoots are under cover and in darkness
is sufficient, writes The Field.

When plants are not larger than the size of a sugar
barrel will cover, there is nothing better than such a
barrel. The plant may be filled around with ashes, soil,
or leaves, completely buried in them, and the empty
barrel placed over all. Some gardeners have had good
hick by taking both ends out of a barrel, placing it over
the plant, first tying together the branches, then pack-
ing the barrel full of ashes or of forest leaves. When
leaves alone are used, a good-sized gunny bag answers
well, open at both ends to commence with. The plant
is tied up as for the barrel covering mentioned, the bag
placed over it, then leaves packed in all around the
plant and the mouth of the bag tied closely. If all the
branches are well covered with leaves so that no sun-
light penetrates to them, it won't hurt them to freeze.
It is the freezing and thawing in the sunlight that kills
plants. When thawed in the shade, little harm is done.

NEW LIGHT ON CHESTNUT BLIGHT.

In recent years the United States has lost heavily of
its best timber by the ravages of the disease known as
chestnut blight, occurring in the timber regions of the
East, and attempts to discover the native home of this
disease have failed in the past, says the Country
Geiitlcinan. Many claimed it was native to the United
States; others voiced a suspicion that it was of Chinese
origin. But not until the other day was the true source
of the disease discovered and a ray of hope shed upon
what has in the past seemed a hopeless problem.

Specimens of diseased bark from American chestnut
trees were sent by David Fairchild, of the United
States Department of Agriculture, to Frank N. Meyer,
agricultural explorer for the department, at present in
China. Mr. Meyer collected diseased bark from
Chinese chestnuts from the chestnut region north of
Pekin, and sent these to Washington.

Careful examinations of this bark followed by tlie
pathologists of the Bureau of Plant Industry, who
finally pronounced the disease identical with the
American form. So this much is established : China
is the home of the disease causing chestnut blight.

This would be of little practical value were it not for
the fact that Mr. Meyer found to his amazement that
while a number of species of Chinese chestnuts were
attacked by the disease, none of them died of it. The
great hope of the Department of Agriculture is now
that by crossing the Chinese chestnut on certain
American species a hybrid can be produced that will
withstand the disease as well as the Chinese varieties
do.

The native Chinese chestnuts are not so large as the
American species. They may not be large enough to
make so good a timber tree as we have been used to
here in the United States. But, according to the ex-
perts of the department, the fruit should be as good.
They begin to bear at from 10 to 15 years of age, and
live to an age of from 250 to 300 years.

But nobody can tell just what will be developed
when the department begins to experiment in crossing
the Chinese and the .\merican chestnuts. There is a
good chance that there will be developed a cross which
will withstand the disease as well as the native Chinese
species, and at the same time produce timber of suffi-
cient quantity and size to relieve the present crisis in
the American supply of native trees.

722

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

THE

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA.

MARTIN C. EBEL, Managing Editor,

Published by

CHRONICLE PRESS

M. E. MAYNARD, President. A. A. FAY, Sec'y.

Office of Publication

1 MontKomery Street, Jersey City, N. J.

New York Office

236 WILLIAM STREET. NEW YORK CITY.

^

Subscription Price. 12 Months. $1.00 Single Copies, 10 Cents

Foreign, $1.50
Entered as second class matter February 18, 1905, at the Post Office at
Jersey City, N. J., under Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.

Published on the 15th of each month.

Advertising forms close on the 10th preceding publication.
For information regarding advertising rates, etc., address Advertising
Department, Gakdeners' Chronicle. Madison, N. J.

ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

President, Vice-President, Treasurer,

WM. H. WAITE, A. J. SMITH,

Yonkers, N. Y. Lake Geneva, Wis. Mam

Secretary, MARTIN C. EBEL, Madison, N. J.

JAMES STUART,
Mamaroneck, N. Y.

TRUSTEES FOR 1913.

Peter Duff, Orange, N. J.; William Kleinheini, Ogonu, Pa.; William
Duckham, Madison, N. J.; Alexander MacKeniie, Glen Cove, N. Y.; John H.

Dodds, Wyncote, Pa.

DIRECTORS.

To serve until 1914 — Robert Angus, Tarrytown, N. Y.; Robert Bottomley,
New Canaan, Conn.; Carl Schaeffer, Tuxedo Park, N. Y.; E. Wetterlow,
West Manchester, Mass.; T. J. Kempton, Baychester, N. Y.; E. Trethewey,
Tarrytown, N. Y.; Alexander Fraser, Newport, R. I.

To serve until 1915— John Shore, Harrison. N. Y.; Thomas Proctor,
Lenox, Mass.; William N. Craig, North Easton, Mass.; Frank E. Witney,
Fishkill, N. Y.; Robert Williamson, Greenwich, Conn.; F. Kirk, Bar
Harbor, Me.; James Bell, New York, N. Y.

To serve until 1916 — Thomas W. Logan, Jenkintown, Pa.; John F. Huss,
Hartford, Conn.; John W. Everett. Glen Cove, N. Y.; A. Bauer, Deal
Beach, N. J.; John W. Jones, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Alexander McPherson,
Washington, D. C; James C. Shield, Monticello, III.

Vol. XVIL

November, 1913.

No. 1.

An announcement made by David F. Houston, Secre-
tary of the United States Department of Agriculture,
while addressing an agricultural body in New Hampshire
a few days ago, indicates that he is opposed to the reck-
less distribution of free seeds annually indulged in by
the members of Congress. ^Ir. Houston's statement, that
it has been recommended to Congress to discontinue this
practice and that part of the $300,000 heretofore annually
donated to this purpose of free seed distribution, be ap-
propriated to procure and distribute among the people
new and valuable seeds and plants for experimental pur-
poses, will be received with much satisfaction by those
who have opposed the extravagant and wasteful custom
of free distribution in the past.

If the recommendations are adopted by Congress, we
suggest that no better field could be sought than some of
the extensive private estates, scattered throughout the
United States, for experimental demonstrations of the
value and adaptability of new seeds and plants to the
variable climatic conditions which exist in our country.
No class will be found more interested than the gardeners
in charge of these private establishments to test out and
report on the merits of any new variety of plants or seeds
which the Department may distribute for such purposes.

The annual confusion due to conflicting dates in hav-
ing the opening days of several of the local flower shows
adjacent to New York occur at the same time again
robbed us of the pleasure of visiting all the local exhibi-
tions this season, a pleasure we should much like to enjoy
annually. So that we may not be deprived of attending
any one of the annual dinners which will soon make their
appearance on the festal boards, may we hint to the vari-
ous committees in charge of their arrangements that if,
instead of an accumulation of dinner dates spreading
over a few nights only, it would be much appreciated
by those of us who aim to miss none of them, besides
being helpful to our digestive qualities, if these affairs
were so arranged that they would spread over several
winter months, rather than coming one upon the other.
This would also permit of a greater intercourse between
members of the various local societies at these functions
and would aid the growing fraternity which has developed
within the gardening profession.
* * *

The decision reached by the National Association of
Gardeners, to have ladies present at future conventions
and to have them attend the annual banquet, was favor-
ably commented on by many of the out-of-town gar-
deners who came to New York to attend the convention,
accompanied by their wives, who were compelled to fore-
go the pleasure of attending the banquet or else sep-
arate from their better halfs to be present at the dinner.
It will not be difficult to provide other entertainment for
the ladies while the business sessions are on during the
convention, while their presence at the dinner will make
a more sociable function in everv wav.

WISDOM.

"Father," said the youngster, "I've a question I would
ask you :
W hen a gardener has a garden, what's the first thing
he plants in it?"
"First, my son," said father, "I've an errand I would
task you :
Run upstairs and get my pipe, and then I'll tell you
in a minute."

Sonny ran, and father pondered, sought his gardening
dictionary.
The encyclopedia, and all the reference books he had.
He got lots of information, and his tone was light and
aiiy
When he turned to give an answer to the question of
his lad.

First he talked of crop rotation, then of seed in varia-
tion.
And of fashioning the soil to meet the uses of the
root.
Sonny listened without motion. "True," he said, "but
I'd a notion
That the first tiling any gardener plants in gardens
is his foot!"

— Herbert S. Richland.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

723

ASSOCIATION NOTES

M. C. EBEL. Secretary, MADISON, N. J.

THIRD ANNUAL CONVENTION.

The third annual meeting of the National Associ-
ation of Gardeners, since its reorganization, was held
in the West Assembly Hall in the American Museum
of Natural Historv. Xew \drk City, on Xovember 3,
1913.

The meeting was called to order at 2:30 p. m.. Pres-
ident W aite in the chair.

After a short speech congratulating the members on
their fine showing, and telling of the great increase in
membership recently. President Waite introduced F.
R. Pierson, who, in the name of the Horticultural So-
ciety of New York, welcomed the members of the
association and invited the association to avail itself
of the museum building and assembly halls whenever
the opportunity afifored itself. He referred to the
spring flower show to be held in New York in 1914,
and urged that all the gardeners present co-operate
to make it a great success.

The minutes of the last annual meeting held in
Newark, X. J., (.)n Novemhcr 19, 1'.'12, were read and
approved.

The minutes of the spring meeting held in the
Grand Central Palace, April 7, 1913, were read and
approved.

The secretary's annual report follows:

A |.roiiM'--iM' ii.ti\it\. an iiu-reasing interest and an iinsur-
pas-nl ui"»tli i- till' a-~"riation"s record for the past year.

Till- a-^'" lat HMi- .ii.\ .■lopnicnt since it was reorganized in 1911
lias l)ci'n alniiist entirely along tlie lines of perfecting a thorough
organizatinn. and we have been successful in having enrolled in
our nieniln'r^liip men who rank foremost in the profession of
liorticulture :'nd florioulturo in which we include the leaders in
the commercial fields who arc enrolled with us as associate
memhers.

In the report of 1912 460 nuMn1)ers were recorded in good stand-
ing, and it is with much pleasure that I can today announce that
this membership has been increased to 730 within the past year.
With the interest that is now being manifested towards the Na-
tional Association of Gardeners in all parts of the country I am
lirnily convinced that with the same co-operation on the part of
the members as we have had the past year, the next annual
report will show a membership list of over 1,000 members.

Three meetings of the Executive Board were held within the
vear — New York, January 8, 101:3, and April 7, 1913; Boston, July
"12, 1913.

-At the January meeting of the Executive Board it was decided
that the association award a medal for any new variety of flow-
ers, plants, vegetables or fruits originated by a gardener, a
member of the National Association of Gardeners, to be passed on
as meritorious by a committee of judges, such committee to be
appointed annually by the jiresidcnt.

It was also decided that tlic association do all in its power to
help make the International I'lower Show in New York City in
April. 1913, the success it proved to be, and in this way recipro-
cate for the liberality with which the National Flower Show Com-
mittee provided for "the private gardeners.

It was also decided that the National Association of Gardeners
hold a National Gardeners and Florists bowling tournament in
New- York City during the week of the International Flower Show
to which it invite the membirs of the Society of American Flor-
ists to participate. An appropriation of .$100 was voted for the
expense of alloy.s, prizes, etc.. and a committee consisting of John
H. Dodds. .Tohn W. Everett. .Anton Bauer, James Stuart and
William Robertson were apiioiiitcd with power to make all ar-
rangements. The committee was successful in securing a collec-
tion of valuable prizes, and the tournament was a pronounced
success.

At the meeting of the Executive Board held at the Grand Cen-
tral Prflace during the International Flower Show it was decided
thatithc invitation from the Horticultural Society of New York
be accepted to hold our annual convention in New York City in
conjunction with the flower sImiw of the Horticultural .Society.

till' Miciety nil,.] ing tu provide meeting rooms, etc., free of expense.

It was also decided to accept the ijivitation of the Massachu-
setts Horticultural Society to hold the summer meeting of the
E.xecutive Board in Boston during the show of the American
Sweet Pea Society.

Your secretary was instructed to carry out the plans pre-
viously suggested by him to establish a service bureau where
deserving members might file their applications and to which
owners, superintendents and gardeners of estates may look to
secure ca])able men of the profession. The bureau was ordered to
be maintained along strict lines, and that it should not be con-
ducted as an agency to provide for the shiftless men in the pro-
fession habitually out of jobs.

The summer meeting of the Executive Board held in Boston on
July 12 was slimly attended, and only routine business of the
association was disposed of. Following the adjournment of the
meeting the m.embers present became the guests of the Gardeners'
and Florists' Club of Boston at the banquet at the Copiev Square
Hotel. r . 1

A general meeting of the association was held at the Grand
Central Palace, New York, during the International Flower Show.
April 7, 1913, and was well attended by many distant members.
The meeting was addressed by President J. K." II. L. Farquhar, of
the .Society of American Florists; W. J. Kennedy, president of the
(Sardeners' and Florists' Club of Boston, and James Shields, a
director of the N. A. G., from Monticello, III.

The time has arrived to take up for serious consideration some
of the problems ^\hich confront the gardening profession in this
country. The N. A. G. is now thoroughly organized, the etiorts
of the officers having been directed to accomplish this during the
past two years. Their efforts should now be directed to other
channels, and your secretary offers the suggestion that various
committees be appointed to take up the different problems of the
gardener and to report with recommendations at the next annual
meeting. Also that every member of the association be invited
to co-operate with the officers by presenting any suggestions or
recommendations which may be for the benefit of the profession
as a whole. There is a future ahead for the profession of gar-
dening in this country equal to any opportunities ever held out
to any other profession, and it rests entirely with the men of
the profession whether they want to take advantage of these
opportiuiities or not. Some of the older gardeners may not bene-
fit by the future possibilities, but what efforts they may now
put forth will accrue to the benefit of the younger generation of
gardeners, and it is our duty to help those who come after us
as we have been helped by those who have gone before us.

The oervioe bureau which was organized immediately after
the International Flower SIiow should receive further and more
thoughtful attention. The majority of responses tliat have come
to it so far are applications from young men at present engaged
as assistants, many of them praeticallj' beginners in the profes-
sion, all seekiu;; head gardeners' positions. Many inquiries have
come to hand for assistants in first-class positions olfering good
compensation, but it was only possible to fill a few of them owing
to a lack of applications for such positions. Several head gar-
deners' positions were filled. The service bureau of the N. A, G.
if it is to prove successful must be careful in its selections. It
cannot ]dace an assistant as head gardener until he is thoroughly
qualified for such position, and applicants should realize this.

Your secretary recommends that an appropriation be made to
make it possible to place a card in two or three of the leading
periodicals circulating among that class of people who employ
gardeners to make them familiar with our service bureau and tro
acquaint them with the fact that they may look to it to secure
reliable and capable men for any department of horticulture or
floriculture.

Your secretary ventures to suggest that an essay committee
be established to draw out the younger men in the profession
and to encourage them to take up the pen to contribute to the
advancement of horticulture. A suitable reward for the best
written essays received by the committee would produce an in-
terest and undoubtedly some suitable prizes would be forthcom-
ing were such a campaign iiromotcd.

A closer afiiliation between the National Association of Gar-
deners and the local gardeners' clubs and societies, such as now
exists between the national associations of other professions and
their local societies, would be productive of immeasurable benefit
to the hardening ])rofcs-.ion, for in unity there is strength. This
subject'^should lie carefully considered and diseusseil anmug the
"ardenin" fraternity at its local meetings looking towards devis-

724

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

ing some plan whereby the National Association should become
the mother society of all local gardening clubs and societies.
Eespectfully submitted,

M. C. EBEL, Secretary.
Moved, seconded, and carried that the report be
accepted and spread upon the minutes.
The secretary's financial report follows:

Madison, N. J., November 1, 1913.
Receipts.

Balance on hand November, 1912 $.32.00

Dues received for 1912 72.00

Dues received for 1913 1,128.00

Dues received for 1914 10.00

Dues received for life member.'ihip 20.00

$1,262.00
Payments.

Deposit vouchers to treasurer Nos. 38 to 68 $1,200.00

Deposit vouchers to treasurer. Reserve Fund 20.00

Cash on hand 42.00

$1,202.00
Expenditures of the secretary's office for the past year were as
follows :
1912—
Nov. 19 Sundry expenses Newark Convention $13.80

N^^^M Postage 3.42

Dp ■ 2r I Stationery and sundries 5.45

Dec. 28 1 Convention photographs 5.50

I Parlor Murray Hill Hotel (Directors' meeting) . 5.00

, f Postage " 19.06

I Stationery 4.70

Expressage 35

Feb. 28 J Telephone 1.50

Mch. 17 1 Postage 10.4(5

to !- Telephone 2.75

June 30 J Sundries 25

July 24 1 Postage 12.83

to I Telephone 30

Oct. 30 J Expressage 50

$85.87
M. C. EBEL, Secretary.

The secretary's financial report follows:
We have completed our audit of the accounts of
your secretary up to October 31st, 1913, and are
pleased to report that we find the statements as ren-
dered above to be correct.

R. Bottom LEY,
David McIntosh,
Peter Murray,
Auditing Committee.
Moved, seconded, and carried that the report be ac-
cepted and spread upon the minutes.
The treasurer's report follows :

Mamaroneck, N. Y., November 1, 1913.
Receipts.
1912—

Nov. 15 Balance in bank $192.97

Deposits November 15, 1912. to October 31,

1913. vouchers Nos. 38 to 66 1,200.00

Deposit voucher Life Reserve P\ind 20.00

Doe. 15 Interest 2 07

1913—

June 15 Interest 5.61

$1,420.65
Disbursements.
1912—

Nov. 20 Tuxedo bowling allevs, Newark, N. J $13..50

" 20 North Ward Realty Co., rent hall, Newark,

N. J 40.00

" 20 J. C. Cliester, appropriation voted to secre-
tary's assistant 25.00

Dec. 2G Henry R. Rose, lantern, Newark Convention. . 8.00
" 26 J. J. Taubenhaus, expenses to Newark Con-
vention : 8.00

" 26 Continental Hotel. Newark, dinner deficit.... 10.50
" 26 M. C. Ebel. secretary, postage and sundries.. 22.67
Jan. 8 "Gardeners' Chronicle" subscriptions to Janu-
ary 1 117.00

March 6 M. C. F.bel. secretary, postage and sundries.. 36.11
" 6 Madison "Eagle," printing 12.00

March 29 Bowling tournament, appropriation, New York

Flower Show 100.00

April 7 "Gardeners' Chronicle," on account of sub-
scriptions 250.00

" 25 Smoker Murray Hill Hotel, New York 24.55

" 25 Secretary's expenses International Flower

Show, New York 57.80

July 1 "Gardener's Chronicle," subscriptions to

July 1, 1913 $521.00

Less payment on account, April 7, 1913. 250.00

285.00

" 1 M. C. Ebel, secretary, postage and sundries.. 13.46

" 29 Madison "Eagle," printing 12.00

Aug. 8 Del mas Photo. Co., photos Newark (N. J.)

Convention 3.75

Total disbursements $1,039.34

Oct. 31 Balance in bank 381.31

$1,420.65
JAMES STUART, Treasurer.

New York, N. Y., November 3, 1913.

We have completed our audit of the acounts of your
treasurer up to October 31st, and are pleased to re-
port that we find the statement as rendered to be
correct.

R. Bottomley,
David McIntosh,
. Peter A'Iurray,
Auditing Committee.

Moved, seconded, and carried that the report be ac-
cepted and spread upon the minutes.

Communications from Buiifalo, N. Y., and San Fran-
cisco, Cal., inviting the association to hold a meeting in
their respective cities, on motion was referred to the
Executive Committee with power.

President Waite announced that during the past year
a fellow member and patriot of the floricultural world,
Julius Roehrs, Sr., had passed awa}', and appointed the
following committee to draft suitable resolutions: F.
R. Pierson, James MacMachan, and M. C. Ebel.

W. E. Maynard presented the following resolution
and moved its adoption: "Resolved that it is the sense
of this meeting that the next annual dinner be open to
the wives, sweethearts, and friends of the members."
Seconded by M. C. Ebel and carried unanimously.

Nominations of officers for the ensuing year were
next in order.

l^^or President — James MacMachan nominated Wil-
liam H. Waite, of Yonkers, N. Y.

Moved that the nominations be closed, seconded and
carried.

For \'ice-President — John F. Johnson nominated
John W. Everett, of Glen Cove, N. Y.

Moved that the nominations be closed, seconded and
carried.

For Secretarv — David Mcintosh nominated Martin
C. Ebel, of Madison, N. J.

On motion seconded and carried the nominations
were closed.

For Treasurer — .\lexander Mackenzie nominated
James Stuart, of Mamaroneck, N. Y.

On motion, seconded and carried the nominations
were closed.

For Five Trustees — M. C. Ebel recommended that
the following members be re-elected : William Klein-
heinz. Alexander Mackenzie, Peter Duff, William H.
Duckham, and John H. Dodds. There being no other
nominations, the chair accepted these candidates.

There being no contest for any of the offices to be
filled, it was moved, seconded, and carried that the
secretary be empowered to cast one ballot containing
the names of the members nominated for the diiTerent
offices. So ordered and the officers were elected unani-
mously.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

725

MEMBERS OF NATIONAL

ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS ATTENDING ANNUAL CONVENTION AT AMERICAN MUSEUM OF
NATURAL HISTORY, NEW YORK CITY, NOVEMBER 3, 1913.

NEW P,USINESS.

M. C. Ebel moved that a committee of three be ap-
pointed to revise the by-laws and have them printed
for distribution to all the members. Seconded and car-
ried.

^I. C. Ebel recommended that a small card be

Laws Committee : J. F. Johnson, AI. C. Ebel, and John
\V. Everett.

The following members were appointed on the com-
mittee of Final I^esolutions : Peter Murray, Robert
Williamson, and AI. C. Ebel.

Moved, seconded and carried that the meetinar ad-

printed in magazines reaching the employers of gar- journ to the Hotel Endicott, to partake of the annual
deners, advertising the service bureau of the associa- banquet.

tion. On motion, seconded and carried, this was re-
ferred to the Board of Directors for action.

President \\'aite then introduced Dr. Thomas J.
Headlee, Ph.D., State Entomologist of New Jersey,
stationed at New Brunswick, who spoke on the "Rela-
tions of the Gardener to the State Entomologist."
(Published elsewhere in the Chronicle.)

Moved that a rising vote of thanks be tendered Dr.
Headlee, seconded and carried.

Secretary Ebel anounced that Prof. Cass L. Corbett,
of the Department of .Agriculture, Washington, D. C,
was to be present and address the meeting, in lieu of
which he read the following telegram :

•'Washington. D. C, November 3. 1913.
"Alartin C. Ebel, Sec'y Xat'l Assn. of Gardeners,

"American Museum of Natural History, New York.

"On account of illness. Professor Cass L. Corbett
will not be able to address your association this after-
noon. ^^'. .\. Taylor."

The committee on resolutions on the death of Julius
Roehrs, .Sr., submitted tlie following report, which was
adopted :

Whereas, Oiir Heavenly I'litlier lias deemed it wise to remove
from our midst our fellow-member and brother gardener, Julius
Roehrs; and

\^liereas. In the passing of our brother we have suffered the
loss of a sincere friend and staunch supporter of all that stands
for good in the profession of irardeninjj; and

Reeognizinfr that thrnush his decease the world has lost one
whose achievements in liorticultiire have been equaled by but few.
and throiisili whose accdriiplishnients many have been benefited:

It is fitting, therefore, that we. The National .Association of
Gardeners, assembled in animal convention, should give expression
of our feelings over the loss nf our esteemed fellow-member: and,
that we spread upon the recorils of our proceedings the deep sor-
row we feel; and that we convey our sympathy and condolence
to his bereaved family. Be it

Resolved. That we tender to the family of the deceased our
deepest sympathy, and that a copy of these resolutions be sent

The committee on final resolutions submitted the
following report just before the close of the banquet,
which was adopted :

Whereas, The Horticultural Society of Xew York, having in-
vited us to become its guest, at its annual flower show, and to
hold our convention in the American Museum of Natural His-
tory under its auspices and offering to secure for us ample ac-
commodations for our business session, all of which we accepted.
Resolved, That the National Association of Gardeners tender to
the Horticultural .Society of New York a hearty vote of thanks
and appreciation.

Resolved, That it tender to Mr. Frank R. Pierson, for his ad-
dress of welcome; to Dr. Thomas J. Headlee, of New Brunswick,
N. J., for his interesting paper at our convention; to Mr. .Arthur
Herrington, for his able services as toastmaster at oui banquet,
and to Mr. Charles H. Totty, for his contribution of flowers for
table decorations, a hearty vote of thanks and appreciation.
PETKR JR'RRAY.
ROBERT WILLIAJISON,
M. C. EBEL,

Committee.

THE ANNUAL BANQUET.

The annual banquet of the National xAssociation of
Gardeners was a decided success, both from the finan-
cial and social standpoint. The dinner served was an
e.xcellent one, and the good music, both instrumental
and vocal, which was provided for the entertainment of
the guests, was heartily appreciated. The speakers
which followed after the inner man was satisfied
proved both entertaining and instructive.

Arthur Herrington, of Aladison, N. J., who was in-
troduced b\- President William II. Waite, creditably
filled the toastmaster's chair and who, after a few il-
luminating remarks, introduced "The noblest Roman
of them all," Father Vincent. Richard Vincent, Jr.,
gave a very interesting talk on the history of his family
in the gardening profession, declaring that he believed

to the family, aiid that they be spread in full upon the minutes his great, great, etc., grandmother was gardener in the

of the meeting. _ Garden of Eden.

" " p ^ Pierson, who was next introduced, granted that

the sucess of the past and present shows of the New
York Horticultural Shows was mainly due to the ef-
forts of the members of the N. A. G., and hoped that

The following member:

F. R. PIERSON.
.TAMES MacMACHAN,
M. C. EBEL.

Committee,
were appointed on the By-

726

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

the members would co-operate in the future as they
have in the past. He then offered a toast to the men
who make flower shows sucessful.

The toastmaster next introduced William J. Stewart,
of Boston. Mr. Stewart stated during his remarks that
Boston had shipped roses to the New York market
long before many members present were born. He im-
pressed on the members present that New York with
its great wealth and many interested citizens should
have the grandest horticultural hall in the world, and
hoped to see this dream an accomplished fact.

Charles T. Totty, of Madison, X. J., who was next
introduced, stated that he started his career as a gar-
dener, and if the prices on flowers did not advance
soon he would end his career as a gardener. He be-
spoke the hearty co-operation of the gardeners for the
next flower show.

Harry Bunyard, who followed, referring to Mr. \"in-
cent's speech, stated that his middle name was Adam,
so the Vincent family had nothing on him. He gave
an interesting history of the Sweet Pea Society.

E. J. Brown, President of the Nassau County Horti-
cultural Society, was next introduced. He declared
that the N. A. G. should be the strongest organization
in America.

John W. Everett, the newly elected vice-president,
was next called on. He cordially invited the members
to the next Nassau County Horticultural Society show.

William Duckham, of the Morris County Society,
was next introduced. He congratulated the Associa-
tion on its selection of Mr. W'aite as President and Mr.
Everett as Vice-President for the ensuing year.

James Donald, of Yonkers, was the next speaker.
The burden of his remarks was to encourage every
member to exert himself to do his best in the horticul-
tural profession.

The toastmaster next introduced Harrison Dick, late

of London, England, and now editor of the Fiorists'
Exchange. He expressed his hearty appreciation of the
welcome accorded him in America, particularly by
the gardening fraternity, and said he hopes in the near
future to become better acquainted with all the mem-
bers.

J. Austin Shaw disclaimed any foreknowledge that
he would be called upon to make a speech, but appreci-
ated the opportunity to help all he could in the ad-
vancement of horticulture, incidentally stating that
without the press, horticulture could not and would not
be what it is to-day in America.

.\Ilan Jenkins, now of .\lbany, N. Y., spoke of the
benefits of these dinners in bringing the gardeners to-
gether, and stated that he was glad to be able to be
present.

August Grieb, of Monmouth County Horticultural
Societ}', dwelt on the opportunities of the N. A. G. to
bring the gardeners together.

W. E. Maynard gave an interesting talk on the early
history of the association.

Secretary ^l. C. Ebel outlined the plan and scope of
the association and the mass of work necessary in his
oflice to sucessfully carry out the many details.

Robert Miller, of Dutchess County, gave a clear defi-
nition of a gardener, stating that the man who served
his seven years as an apprentice and then received his
seven shillings per week, is a gardener. As a member
he wished the association the greatest success it de-
served.

Following Mr. Miller-s remarks, the assemblage
arose, clasped hands, and joined in singing ".Vuld Lang
Syne."

Many gardeners were prevented from attending the
annual convention owing to some of the local shows
occurring at the same time as the N. .\. G. Convention.
The Philadelphia contingent was much missed this

ANNl'.XL B.ANOUET OF THK XATION.M. .\SS0CI.\TI0X OF GAR nF.XF.RS. HELD AT THE HOTEL EXOICOTT. \F\V VORK CITY,

NOVEMBER 3. 1913.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

727

year, but as its fall flower show opened the following
day after the convention it was impossible for the
Philadelphia gardeners to come to Xew York to attend
the convention and banquet. Tarrytown, N. Y., was
similarly situated. It was a unanimous opinion of tiit
many gardeners in attendance at the convention and
annual banquet that this aft'air should be held a little
later in the year and an effnrt will be made to postpone
the 1914 convention to a lairr date.

AMONG THE GARDENERS

David Weir, of Brookline, Alass., returned on Octo-
ber 16 from an extended visit to England, Scotland,
France, and Germany.

Harry G. Morten, late with R. M. Saltonstall, Chest-
nut Hill, ?\Iass., has accepted a position as head gar-
dener on i\Irs. Plant's estate, Cohasset, Mass.

John Jones, who has charge of the Phipps Conser-
vatories in Schenley Park, Pittsburgh, Pa., was elected
president of the Botanical Society of Western Penn-
svlvania.

Arthur Smith, superintendent of "Sherrlund," Read-
ing, Pa., was one of the out-of-town attendants at the
convention of the N. A. G. last week and a visitor at the
fall flower show of the Horticultural Society of New
York.

Lester E. Ortiz, late superintendent of the Pratt es-
tate, Glen Cove, N. Y., has been appointed superinten-
dent of the W. P. Bliss estate, Bernardsville, N. J., suc-
ceeding the late William Elias, who died suddenly sev-
eral months asro.

Oscar E. Addor, who, in the last issue of the Chron-
icle, was reported as having resigned his position as
superintendent at "Grey Towers," Larchmont, N. Y.,
later decided to retain the superintendency and remains
located at his old address.

William Kleinheinz, head gardener of the P. A. B.
Widener estate, Ogontz. I'a., president of the National
Association of Gardeners from 1909 to 1911, was
elected president of the Chrysanthemum Society of
America at its annual meeting recently held in Chicago.
This places another private gardener at the head of one
of the leading floricultural societies of the country.

k

William H. Duckham. William W. Vert, and Charles
H. Totty left for Chicago immediately after the ban-
quet of the N. A. G. to attend the annual chrysanthe-
mum show of the American Chrysanthemum Society
which was held in that city. Messrs. Vert & Totty
were exhibitors in many of the classes, and carried off
many honors.

E. Robinson, gardener on the Plant estate, New Lon-
don, Conn., is confined to Memorial Hospital, of that
city, with a broken leg. having fallen from a ladder
while superintending some improvement work in con-
nection with the greenhouses. His leg was broken in
five places, and he was sexerely shocked otherwise; but
we are glad to report that he expects to be about again
before long.

QUERIES and ANSWERS

re".

\ie the greatest goad can be accomplished for the greatest
by instituting a query column: or an exchange of expe-
m practical propositions, by our readers.
rf ,^-,itsA #/. contribute questions, and answer ethers.

reiird will be gizen a number, the question-
published, but the source of the answer will
n unless otherttnse requested.

\tl have something we would like to, know more about. Here
opportunity to ascertain somebody's experience in just that

ing u-ill tend to better fellowship than helping each other,
adianlage of this "Question Box."

We b
number,
riences,

You

Each question
er's
be

I have three houses 50 feet by 20 feet, now used en-
tirely for rose and carnation growing. I want to change
them for growing a larger variety, and to include some
fruits and vegetables. Can you give me any sugges-
tions as to what I can best grow in variety in so small
a range? I want to include some plants for decorating
the house besides cut flowers. — G. M., New York.

The Scottish Horticultural Society, in connection
with the annual exhibition of chrysanthemums, etc., in
the Waverly Market, Edinburgh, is holding a bazaar
this month, the proceeds to be used in the purchase
and fitting up of a suitable home for Scottish Horticul-
ture in Edinburgh, which will include a library. In
order to lend a helping hand in this laudable work, a
committee consisting of John Barnet. chairman, him-
self a member of the Scottish Society, Peter M. Miller,
and W. N. Craig, have secured contributions from
Scottish horticulturists in and around Boston, and a
good-sized bank draft was mailed on November 3d to
Edinburgh with the best wishes of the donors.

Patrick S. Duke, gardener on the Webster estate,
Holderness, N. H., died on October 23d from an aft'ec-
tion of the heart. The deceased, who was a Scotchman
by birth, and had worked on several noted Scotch es-
tates ere coming to America, worked for several years
in Brookline, Mass. Before going to New Hampshire,
he had been for over five years a member of the Gar-
deners' and Florists' Club of Boston, and had many
friends in the vicinity of Boston who regret his early
demise. The deceased was unmarried, and had no rela-
tives in America.

MOVING IN THE RIGHT DIRECTION.

There is a tendency to improvement of country and
suburban iiomos, and this will increase as education
and the ability to spend money increases. Civilized
life is not all made up of something to eat and wear,
and the higher the civilization the more the beautiful
things are admired. Ornamental liorticulture is one
of tiie wavs in which the idea finds its wav into use.

CALCEOLARIA STE'WARTI.

Calceolaria Stewrnti. descrilied and illustrated in the
Chronicli! for ( ictoher, was not raised at the .\rnold
Arboretum, Boston, but at Medford. Mass., by George
F. Stewart, the able gardener on the estate of the late
General Lawrence. It was named Stewarti after the
introducer, and not W. J. Stewart, of Boston, as stated
in the Chronicle, ^^r. Stewart has a number of other
Rugosa and C. hybrida crosses showing considerable
variation in colors, but Stewarti seems to be the most
popular variety. \\'. N. Cr.mg.

728

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

(Continued from page 713 )
Carnations.

Twenty-five blooms crimson: 1, Dr. D. H. iNIcAlpin.

Twenty-five pink: 1, C. W. Harkness (E. Wilde, gardener),
Madison, X. .J., with iirs. Ward.

Twenty-five any otlier color: 1, C. W. Harkness witli Benora.

Twelve crimson: 1, Dr. D. H, McAlpin.

Twelve pink: 1, Otto H. Kabn witli Mrs. Ward.

Twelve white: 1, Mrs. H. McK. Twombly with White Enchant-
ress.

Twelve red: 1, Mrs. D. Willis James with St. Nicholas- 2 Dr

D. H. McAlpin.

Twelve any other color: 1, Mrs. D. Willis James with Benora.

Three vases carnations in three varieties, 18 blooms each- 1,
Mrs. H. McK. Twombly.

Violets, one bunch of 100 flowers, double blue: 1, Howard Cog-
hill (Peter Penipede, gardener), Morristown. N. J.

One bunch 100 flowers, single blue: 1, C. W. Harkness (Ernest

E. Wilde, gardener), Madison, N. J.; 2, Mrs. John Crosby Brown
(Peter Duflf, gardener), Brighthurst, Orange, N. J.

Vegetables.

Twelve distinct kinds of vegetables, tastefully arranged: 1,
(Madison special prize .$75), Mrs. D. Willis James; 2, Giraud Fos-
ter (Edward Jenkins, superintendent), Lenox, Mass.

Collection of 6 kinds of vegetables: 1, 0. H. Kahn; 2, The Way-
side (David Francis, gardener), Convent, N. J.

Classes 79 to 92— Six stalks of celery: 1, Louis Parkman. Ber-
nardsville, N. J.; 2, H. S. Gladwin, Madison, N. J. Twelve toma-
toes ; 1, Giraud Foster : 2. Mrs. H. McK. Twombly. Six corn :
1, O. H. Kahn; 2, C. H. Hathaway (Max Schneider, gardener).
East Orange, N. J. Twelve potatoes: 1, The Wayside; 2, Mrs.
H. McK. Twombly. Six carrots: 1, Giraud Foster; 2, 0. H. Kahn.
Six parsnips: 1, O. H. Hammond (Jas. Anderson, gardener), Ber-
nardsville, N. J. Twelve beet: 1, The Wayside; 2, 0. H. Ham-
mond. Six lettuce: 1, Mrs. H. McK. Twombly; 2, O. H. Ham-
mond. One dish string beans: 1, Mrs. H. McK. Twombly : 2, Mrs.
Paul Moore. Three cauliflowers: 1, Mrs. H. McK. Twombly; 2,
Louis Parkman. One dish Lima: 1, 0. H. Kahn; 2, L. Parkman.
Six onions: 1, Glimpsevi'ood Manor; 2, O. H. Kahn. One dish
Brussels sprouts: 1, Mrs. H. McK. Twombly; 2, L. Parkman. Six
leeks: 1, Mrs. H. McK. Twomblv; 2, 0. H. Hammond.

ELBERON HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

A. Bauer.

The fourth annual chrysanthemum show of the El-
beron Horticultural Society was held at the Casino,
Asbury Park, October 27-29. While the displays were
not as numerous as some of the previous shows, how-
ever, the quality and arrangement surpassed all previ-
ous shows.

A. Bauer, of the Henry Goldman estate, Deal Beach,
N. J., carried olif most of the high honors, securing
eight first and seven second prizes. His display of or-
chids was much admired by the public, and secured a
special prize as the most meritorious exhibit.

The Charles H. Totty exhibit of chrysanthemums,
roses, and carnations was" an attractive feature of the
show.

The judges were William Turner, John F. Johnston,
and George ^^'ittHnge^. The attendance throughout
the show was good.

List of Awards.

Section 1, chrysanthemiims. Class 1, group of chrysanthemum
plants, not over 6- inch pot. not to exceed 75 square feet, arranged
for effect, first prize, $25, George Masson (Frelinghuysen estate,
Elbe^on) ; Section 2. foliasre nnd flowering plants. Class 5, group
of ornamental foliage and flowering plants, arranged for efl'ect,
covering space 100 square feet, first prize, .$30. Charles Hurn
(Daniel Guggenheim estate, Elbernn) ; second prize, $20, James
Cartwright (Neuman Erb estate, DeaD. Class 6, group of orna-
mental foliage and floMcring plants, arranged for effect, covering
space 50 square feet, first prize. $15, Anthony Bauer (Henry
Goldman estate. Deal) ; second prize, $10, Thomas Hambleton
(Charles Weimpfheimer estate. Long Branch). Class 7, three
specimen plants, first prize, $15, Charles Duncan (Mrs. Washing-
ton Wilson estate, Elberon) ; second prize. $10, James Cartwright,
Class 9, one foliage plant, other than palm, first prize, 5, Charles
Hurn, second prize. $.S. D. C. Kelly (D. Greenhut estate. West
End). Class 11. six fibred root begonias, not over 6-inch pot,
first prize, $5, Thomas Hambleton; second prize. .$3. D. C. Kelly.
Class 12, six table plants, G inch or le-ss in diameter, first prize,
■$3, James Cartwright: second prize, $3, Charles Duncan. Class
1.3, 12 chrvsanthomum plants, single stem, distinct varieties,
grown in 6-inch pots, first prize, $10, Anthony Bauer (Henry

Goldman estate, Deal) ; second prize, $5, George Masson, Class
14, 6 chrysanthemum. plants, single stems, one variety, grown in
6-inch pots, first prize, $5, Thomas Hambleton; second prize,
George Masson.

Section tliree, Class 15, one vase, 18 blooms, for eft'ect, foliage
permitted, first prize, $10, Anthony Bauer; second prize, $6, James
Cartwright. Class 16, 24 blooms, 8 varieties, 3 of each, not less
than 30-inch stem, first prize, $15, Anthony Bauer; second prize,
$10, D. C. Kelly. Class 17, 12 blooms, 4 varieties, 3 of each, first,
prize, $8, Thomas Hambleton; second prize, $5, James Cart-
wright. Class 18, 6 white chrysanthemums, first prize, $3, Joseph
Mills (George Gould estate, Lakewood) ; second prize, .$2, Anthony
Bauer. Class 19, 6 yellow, first prize, $3, James Mills; second
prize, $2, Anthony Bauer. Class 20, 6 pink, first prize, $3, D. C.
Kelly; second prize, $2, Anthony Bauer. Class 21, 6 crimson,
first prize, $3, Thomas Hambleton; second prize, $2, D. C. Kelly.
Class 22, 6 bronze, first prize, $3, Anthony Bauer; second prize,
$2, D. C. Kelly. (I^lass 23, 6 any color, first prize, $3, Anthony
Bauer. Class 24, largest and best bloom, Joseph Mills. Class 25,
basket of chrysanthemums, arranged for effect, first prize, $3,
D. C. Kelly; second prize, $2, Anthony Bauer. Class 26, 12 vases,
singles, 12 varieties, 6 sprays in each vase, first prize, $5, George
Masson. Class 27, 6 vases, singles, 6 varieties, 6 sprays in each
vase, first prize, $3, George Masson; second prize, $2, August
Grieb (Samuel Sachs estate, Elberon). Class 28, 1 vase, singles,
25 sprays, first prize. $3, George Masson; second prize, $2, An-
thony Bauer. Class 29, 1 vase Anemone, 25 sprays, any variety,
first prize, $3, George Masson; second prize, $2, D. C. Kelly.

Section 4, roses, cut flowers; Class 31, 12 white roses, first
prize, $3. D. C. Kelly. Class 32, 12 pink roses, first prize, $3,
George Masson; second prize, $2, D. C. Kelly. Class 33, 12 roses,
any other color, first prize, $3, George Masson; second prize, $2,
W'illiam Seymour (S. M. Goldsmith estate. West End).

Section 5, carnations, cut flowers; Class 34, 12 white, first
prize, $3, William Seymour; second prize, $2, Anthony Bauer.
Class 35, 12 dark pink, first prize, $3, James Cartwright; second
prize, $2, Anthony Bauer, Class 36, 12 light pink, first prize,
$3, Thomas Hambleton; second prize, -$2, D. C. Kelly. Class 37,
12 red, first prize, $3, Thomas Hambleton; second prize, $2, Will-
iam Seymour. Class 39, 12 any color, first prize, $3, D. C. Kelly.
Class 40, 1 vase of 25 blooms, first prize. $5, Anthony Bauer;
second prize, $3, William Seymour. Class 41, 100 single violets,
first prize, $2, Thomas Hambleton; second prize, $1, Charles
Hurn.

Section 6, fruit; Class 44, 3 varieties apples, 6 of each, first
prize, $3, B. Meyer (Red Bank) ; second prize, $2, Charles Dun-
can. Class 45, 6 apples, any variety, first prize, $2, Thomas
Hambleton; second prize, $1, B. Meyer. Class 46, 3 varieties
pears, 6 of each, first prize. $3, Charles Duncan; second prize, $2,
Charles Hurn. Class 47, 6 pears, any variety, first prize, $3,
Charles Dimcan; second prize, $2, Thomas Hambleton, Qass 48,
6 quinces, first prize, $3, D. C. Kelly; second prize, $2, George
Masson.

Section 7, vegetables; Class 49, collection of vegetables, 18
varieties, arranged for effect, first prize, $25, B. Meyers; second
prize, $15, H. CoUis (W'. .J. Jriest estate, Rumson); third prize,
$10, William Seymour. Class 50, collection of vegetables, 12
varieties, arranged for effect, first prize, $15, Charles Duncan;
second prize, $10, August Brieb.

Section 8. miscellaneous: Class 51, table of orchids in bloom,
4 feet in diameter, arranged for effect, ferns permitted, first prize,
.$20, Anthony Bauer, the winner also receiving the silver cup of-
ferred by the Thorburn company of Xew York.

Table decorations, four tables set. First, George Masson, with
yellow single chrysanthemums ; second, A. Bauer, with pink single
chrysanthemums and autumn foliage.

Four tables. First, Charles Burn, decorated table with or-
chids and lily of the valley; second, George Masson, with yellow
roses, Lady Wellington.

NASSAU COUNTY HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

J. IMacDonald.
The ninth annual fall show of the Nassau County Hor-
ticultural Society was held at Pembroke Hall, Glen Cove,
N. v., October 28 and 29, and proved a great success.
There were fifty-five classes, and most of them were keen-
ly contested. Chrysanthemums and foliage plants occu-
pied the main floor; the second floor was well filled
with vegetables, roses, carnations, etc. The dinner
table decoration brought out a larger number of entries
than any other class in the show — ten in all. J. Adler,
of Glen Cove, was the winner for the second year in
succession. The exhibit of vegetables staged by H.
Gaut is worthy of special mention, winning the Stumpp

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

729

& Walter silver cup, as well as the Gardeners' Chron-
icle's prize for the most meritorious exhibit in the show.
The judges were: W. H. Waite, James Stuart, James
Bell, and J. MacXicol. The awards were as follows :

C. A. Coffin special for group of chrysanthemums covering fifty
square feet — First, Percy Chubb (A. Mackenzie, gardener); sec-
ond, Mrs. H. L. Pratt (H. Gaut, gardener).

Lord & Burnham special for standard chrysanthemums with
not less than 2-foot stem — First, Mrs. J. H. Ottley (J. Macdonald,
gardener); second, Mrs. H. L. Pratt.

Lord & Burnham special for standard chrysanthemum, single
or anemone — First, C. W. Kimball (J. MacCarthy, gardener) ;
second, Jlrs. H. L. Pratt.

Stapleton special for bush chrysanthemum, double — First, W.
K. Harkness (A. Fournier, gardener).

E. M. Underhill special for bush chrysanthemum, single — First,
E. W. Kimball.

\Veeber & Donn special, silver cup for six chrysanthemums
grown in 6-inch pots — First, Percy Chubb; second, Mrs. D. Guth-
rie (J. Ross, gardener).

Nassau County Horticultural Society silver cup for eighteen
chrysanthemums in six varieties — First, Percy Chubb, with Wm.
Turner, Lady Hopetoun, Kleinheinz, Woodmason, Mrs. Gilbert
Drabble andF. S. Vallis; second, Mrs. W. D. Guthrie;' third Har-
vey Ladew (J. Adler, gardener).

H. E. Smith special for eight chrysanthemums, one variety —
First, Mrs. J. H. Ottley; second, Mrs". W. D. Guthrie.

Mrs. H. W. Bucknell special for six chrysanthemums, six vari-
ties — First, John T. Pratt (G. Ferguson, gardener) ; second, Mrs.
\V. D. Guthrie.

Mrs. D. Burns special for eleven chrysanthemums, ten varieties
—First, Percy Chubb; second, J. T. Pratt.

Titus & Brown special for twelve chrysanthemums, twelve va-
rieties— First, Percy Chubb; second, W. D. Guthrie.

C. H. Totty special for two blooms of Clara Banghart chrys-
anthemum— First, J. T. Pratt; second, H. Ladew-.

!Mrs. J. H. Ottle}- special for twelve chrysanthemums arranged
for effect — First, J. Macdonald; second, J. T. Pratt.

F. B. Edmonds special for largest bloom — First, !Mrs. W. D.
Guthrie.

Peter Henderson & Co. special for six chrysanthemums with
12-inch stems— First, J. T. Pratt; second, W. E. Kimball.

Mrs. F. S. Smithers special, silver cup for hardy chrysanthe-
mum, fifty varieties — First, J. T. Pratt; second, Mrs. H. L. Pratt.

C. H. Tottv special for six sprays of single chrysanthemum
Dorothy Danii— First, J. T. Pratt; second, Mrs. H. L."Pratt.

Vaughan's Seed Store special for twelve varieties of single
chrysanthemums — First, Percy Cluibb; second, J. T. Pratt.

K. Meserole special for twelve American Beauty roses — First,
W. D. Guthrie; second, V. S. Smithers (V. Cleres, gardener).

A. T. Boddington special for roses, twelve white and twelve
yellow— First, Mrs. W. D. Guthrie; second, J. T. Pratt.

Cottage Gardens Co. special for carnations, twelve white —
First, M. F. Schiff; second, Mrs. W. D. Guthrie. For twelve pink
— First, E. W. Kimball. For twenty-five one color — First, M. F.
Schifi'.

H. F. Matz special for violets — First, J. T. Pratt; second, Mrs.
J. C. Ayer (H. Jones, gardener).

Mrs. H. L. Pratt special, silver cup for table decoration — First,
H. Ladew; second, J. T. Pratt.

Stumpp & Walter special, silver cup for twelve varieties of
vegetables — First, Jlrs. H. T. Pratt; second, A. G. Hodenpyle
(F. Petroccia, gardener).

Burnett Bros, special for six varieties of vegetables — First,
Percy Chubb; second, Mrs. J. H. Ottley.

Hitehings & Co. special for group of ornamental and flowering
plants, seventy-five scpiare feet — First, Percy Chubb.

Julius Roehrs Co. special for three plants of Begonia Gloire de
Lorraine— First. J. R. Delamar (R. Marshall, gardener) ; second,
Mrs. W. D. Guthrie.

J. W. Gammock special for four orchid plants — First, J. R.
Delamar; second, F. S. Smithers.

J. G. Cocks special for specimen palm — First, F. S. Smithers.

Kohler Bros, special for three ferns — First, T. Leeming (A.
Reddenback, gardener) ; second, Mrs. H. L. Pratt.

Glen Cove Echo special for specimen fern — First, J. R. Delamar.

L. E. Ortiz special for six blooms of yellow chrysanthemums —
First, .J. T. Pratt. J. M.

NORTHERN WESTCHESTER CO. HORTICUL-
TURAL AND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY
FALL SHOW.

.\I. J. O'Brien.
The above show was held in St. Francis' Hall, Octo-
ber 31, November 1 and 2, and was away ahead of
the exhibits of last year's show, both in quality and
quantity, and the keenest competition existed between
the several competitors. Among the main features of
the show were a fine collection of orchids exhibited by
Hobart J. Park, Portchester, Alex Marshall, gardener,
which do that grower great credit : also fine blooms of
chrysanthemums from Mrs. Xeustadt's place at Chap-
paqua, David Gordon, gardener. These won the Bailey

In the party .

A DELEGATION VISITING THE ANNUAL SHOWS.
W. E. Marshall, John Morrison, C. A. McTaggart, Frank Scaley, Al. Rickards, JaB. Guilfoylc.

730

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

prize this year as well as last. Single chrysanthemums
were well represented, being the biggest competition in
the- show. Scott Bros, exhibited from their Elmsford
Nurseries, near Tarrytown, some new single chrysan-
tTiemums, among them being one named "Uplands" for
the fine estate of Mr. and Mrs. J. Borden Harriman.
"Uplands," Mt. Kisco. This specimen is a single
orange maroon in color, and if it carries out the tradi-
tions of Uplands in the past, it will have a great future
as a prize winner. The writer thanks Messrs. Scotts
for their consideration of this fine Mt. Kisco estate for
naming above single for it.

Another great feature of this year's show was the
exhibits of the school children, which were so credit-
able to most of them that they could almost put up
with the garneners' classes and dispute points with
them for first honors. Their plants were very fine ex-
amples of the perseverance and patience they must
have exercised in their cultivation. The society feels
proud of this child display in inaugurating it though
the whole thanks of society and children must go to the
good lady who was first to propose this to the society
and to back it substantially by offering two dollars and
a half in gold for the first prize winners in the grades.
Would we had a good many more ladies like Mrs. Tay-
lor in this vicinity.

Following are the awards :

Class 1 — 12 chrysanthemums in 6 varieties. Mrs. Bowen, Bel-
ton Farms, Greenwich, Conn., 1st (J. H. Watts, superintendent);
Eugene Meyer, Jr., Mt. Kisco, 2nd (Charles Ruthven, gardener);
Mrs. S. Xeustadt, Chappaqua, 3rd (David Gordon, gardener)

Classes 2 to 5— Not filled.

Class 6—6 chrysanthemiun blooms, any color. Katonah's Wood
Farm, 1st.

Class 7 — Collection pompons. Mrs. Layng, 1st (R. Hunter,
gardener; Hobart J. Park, Portchester, "2nd (Alex. Marshall,
gardener).

Qass 8— Collection suylex. Uplands, 1st (John Barry, gar-
dener); H. J. Park, 2nd. Annandale Farm (Alex. Thomson, gar-
dener).

Class 9—12 chrysanthemums in 7-inch pots. E. Meyer, 1st;
Katonah's Wood Farm, 2nd; Mrs. Layng, 3rd.

Class 10—6 singles chrysanthemums in 8-inch pots. E. Meyer,
1st; Mrs. Neustadt, 2nd: Annandale Farm, 3rd.

Class 11—6 bush plants. Mrs. Neustadt, 1st; Mrs. Layng, 2nd.

Class 12 — Specimen bush plant chrysanthemums. Mrs. Neu-
stadt, 1st.

Class 13— Collection roses. H. Park, 1st; E. Meyer, 2nd; An-
nandale Farm, 3rd.

Class 14 — Needling carnation. Katonah's Wood Farm. 1st.

Class 15—12 red carnations. Mrs. Bowen, 1st; H. Park, 2nd;
Annandale Farm, 3rd.

Class 16—12 white carnations, ilrs. Bowen, 1st; H. Park, 2nd;
Mrs. Layng, 3rd.

Class 17—12 pink carnations. Mrs. Bowen, 1st; H. Park. 2nd;
Annandale Farm, 3rd.

Class 18 — 12 carnations, anv cnlor. ilrs. Bowen. 1st: II. Park,
2nd. ■ '

Class 19—50 single violets. Annandale Farm, 1st; Mrs. Neu-
stadt, 2nd; Jlrs. Layng, 3rd. •

Class 20—50 double violets. Mrs. Neustadt, 1st.

Class 21 — Collection decorative plants; space 8 feet in. diam-
eter. Annandale Farm, 1st; H. A. Sparins, 2nd. ' •

Class 22 — Best specimen plant in show. Annandale Farm, 1st.

Class 23—6 plants for table decoration. H. Park; 1st; Annan-
dale Farm, 2nd; H. A. Sparins, 3rd.

Class 24— Pair adiantums. Annandale Farm, 1st; H. A. Spar-
ins, 2nd.

Class 25 — Best specimen fern, H. Park, 1st; Annandale Farm,
2nd.

Class 26— Collection ferns. H. A. Sparins, West Main street
greenhouses Mt. Kisco, N. Y.

aass 27—3 begonia Lorraines. Mrs. Neustadt, 1st;. H. Park,
2nd; Annandale Farm, 3rd.

Class 28 — 6 plants for house decoration. Annandale Farm, 1st;
H. A. Sparins, 2nd. *

Class 29 — 6 geraniums. 7-inch pots. Mrs. Wm. Sloane, 1st
(Edward Cullam, Mt. Kisco, ijardenerl ; Jlrs. Layng, 2nd.

Class .30— Collection orchids. H. Park, 1st; H. A. Sparins, 2nd.
Mr. Park's orchids were a fine lot of specimens of cattleya Tri-
aniae, Labiata and Bowringinana, orcidium chrysolora, vandas,
etc., as were also Mr. Sparins'.

Class 31 — Basket cut Mowers. Uplands, 1st; Katonah's Wood
Farm, 2nd; Annandale Farm, 3rd.

Class 32 — Bouquet of flowers. Alfred Kast, 1st; Annandale
Farm, 2nd.

Class 33 — Collection of apples. E. Meyer, 1st (John Walsh,
superintendent) ; Aiuiandale Farm, 2nd (Wm. Barclay, superin-
tendent); Uplands, 3rd.

Class 34— Collection of pears. A. W. Butler, Mt. Kisco, 1st
(John Hall, gardener) ; Uplands, 2nd.

Class 3.3 — 6 heads celery: Wm. Sloane, 1st; JIi's. Neustadt,
2nd; Annandale Farm, 3rd.

Class 36 — 12 distinct varieties vegetables, indoor and outdoor
grown allowed; "The Weber & Don special prize, silver cup."
E. Meyer, 1st; Annandale Farm, 2nd; Wm. Sloane, 3rd.

Class 37 — 12 distinct varieties vegetables, outdoor grown only
allowed; Henderson special prize of $10 in gold. Mrs. Wm.
Sloane, 1st; E. Meyer, 2nd; Katonah's Wood Farm, 3rd.

Class 39 — The Bailey prize of $60 in gold, for 24 cut blooms
chrysantliemunis in not less than 12 varieties, open to all. Mrs.
Neustadt, Ist; Jlr. Meyer, 2nd.

Class 40 — Society's silver cup for 12 chrysanthemum blooms in
6 varieties, open to members of this society only. H. Park, 1st;
Annandale Farm, 2nd; Mrs. Neustadt, 3rd.

Class 41 — 8 chrysanthemums in 6-inch pots. Katonah's Wood
Farm, 1st; Mrs. Layng, 2nd.

Class 42 — Largest chrysanthemum bloom in show. Mrs. Neu-
stadt, 1st.

Class 43 — Best dinner table decoration set for 4. Katonah's
Wood Farm, 1st; Annandale Farm, 2nd; Uplands, 3rd.

TARRYTO'WN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Tarrytown Horticultural Society held its fif-
teenth autumnal exhibition of flowers and vegetables
in Music Hall, Tarrytown, on Tuesday, Wednesday,
and Thursday, November 4 to 6.

The members of the exhibition committee were:
James ^^^ Smith, chairman ; George Wittlinger, Wil-
liam Jamieson, John Brunger, Robert Angus, John El-
liott, Joseph Mooney, Abel Weeks, William Scott, Wil-
liam C. Roberts, John Woodcock, who were ably as-
sisted by Edward E. Neubrand, the secretary, and E.
Trethewey, the corresponding secretary of the society.

Aside from the exhibits entered for competition, a
very pleasing feature of this show was the noncom-
petitive exhibit of ferns, crotons, chrysanthemums, car-
nations, and roses, including the fine new carnation,
Matchless, and the splendid new rose, Killarney Bril-
liant, made by F. R, Pierson Co,, of Tarrytown.

Among the notable features in the competitive
classes were the several vases of chrysanthemums and
foliage arranged for efifect, and a group of plants ar-
ranged for eft'ect by Robert Angus, gardener for Joseph
Eastman, and also the single chrysanthemums shown
by John Canning, gardener for Adolph Lewisohn. The
exhibits of the Japanese varieties of chrysanthemums
were especially excellent, particularly Wm. Turner,
]\Irs. Gilbert Drabble, Lady Hopetoun, Wm. Duck-
ham, Glenview, Mrs. David Syme, Mary Mason, Rose
Pockett, Wm. Mease, Mrs. H. Stephens, and Charles
H. Totty.

The awards were as follows :

Trained chrysanthemum plant, white: 1, M. C. Hermann (J.
Stevens, gardener); 2, Geo. D. Barron (Jas. Linorie, gardener),
Rye, N. Y.

Trained chrysanthemum plant, pink: 1. Wm. Jamieson (Emile
Berolzheimer, gardener).

Group of plants for effect: 1, Joseph Eastman (R. Angus, gar-
dener).

Most effectively arranged vase of 18 blooms, any foliage, first
prize W. F. McCord's silver cup; 1, Miss Blanche Potter (George
Wittlinger, gardener), Ossining, N. Y.; 2, Richard Delafield (Wm.
Brock, gardener). Tuxedo Park, N. Y.

Largest bloom in the show: 1, E. Berolzheimer with William
Turner.

Thirty-six blooms, 6 varieties, 6 of each: 1, Wm. Rockefeller
(Geo.' Middleton, gardener), "Tarrytown; 2, Frederick Potter (W.
C, Roberts, gardener), Ossining, N, Y.

Eighteen blooms, 6 varieties. 3 of each, first prize, Wm, Rocke-
feller's silver cup: 1. Emile Berolzheimer (Wtn, .Jamieson, gar-
dener). Tarrytown: 2, W, B, Thompson (R, M, Johnston, gar-
dener), Yonkers, N, Y,

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

731

Three blooms, white, pink and yellow 'Mums: 1, Wm. Rocke-
feller with Turner, Lopes and Well's Late Pink; 2, Emile Berolz-
heimer.

Pierson U-Bar Co.'s prizes for best 18 blooms. 3 varieties. 6 of
each, stems 24 inches or more in length: 1, Wm. Rockefeller (Geo.
Middleton, gardener), Tarrytown : 2, Paul W. Warburg (F. C.
Luekinbaeher, gardener), Hartsdale, N. Y.

Twelve chrysanthemum blooms distinct: 1, Wra. Rockefeller
(George Middleton, gardener). Tarrytown, N. Y.; 2, Emile Ber-
olzheimer (Wm. Jamieson, gardener), Tarrytown. n

Twenty clir\ santhemum blooms distinct: 1, Wm. Rockefeller;
2, Emile Berol/.lieimer.

Artiiur T. Bcddington's prize for 6 'Mums distinct: 1, R. E.
Dula (Tl.os. Morris, gardener), Tarrytown; 2, Chas. E. Mallory.

Ton collfition of single 'Mums not more than 12 varieties: 1,
Adolj'h T.ewisohn (John Canning, gardener), Ardsley, N. Y.; 2,
Emile Berolzheimer (Wm. .Jamieson, gardener), Tarrytown, N. Y.

Twelve blooms, 4 varieties, 3 of each, for small growers: 1,
Mrs. t'arl Victor (Thos. A. Lee. gardener), Ardsley-on-Hudson.
N. Y.

Twelve best blooms, 1 variety: 1, Frederick Potter; 2, Paul W.
Warburg, each with Wm. Turner.

Six vases Pompons distinct: 1, Chas. Mallory (Wm. J. Sealy,
gardener). Port Chester, N. Y.

Table ^f decorative plants: 1, W. B. Thompson (R. M. Johns-
ton, gardener) ; 2, Joseph Eastman (Robert Angus, gardener),
Tarrytown. "

Six heads of celery, 6 onions and 3 cauliflowers (prizes by W^.
E. Marshall & Co.)": 1, Miss Blanche Potter (Geo. Wittlinger,
gardener), Ossining, N. Y.; 2, M. C. Hermann (Jas. Stevens, gar-
dener). Anfsley.

Collection of 6 kinds or vegetables (prizes by Peter Henderson
& Co.!: 1. H. E. Rogers (Chas. L. Fisher, gardener), Scarbor-
ough, N. Y.: 2, E. L. Coster (Edw. Cane, gardener), Irvington,

:n. y.

Collection of 12 kinds of vegetables (prizes by Burnett Bros.) :
1, M. C. Hermann (Jas. Stevens, gardener), Ardsley, N. Y.

Six chrysanthemum plants (prizes by Vaughan's Seed Store):
1. Miss Bianche Potter; 2. AV. B. Thompson.

Collection of 12 kinds of vegetables, first prize Stumpp &
Walter Co.'s silver cup: E. L. Koster (Edw. Kane, gardener),
Irvington, N. Y.

DOBB'S FERRY, N. Y., HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

Thos. Goldnev.

The twelfth annual flower show of the Dobb's Ferry,
X. v.. Horticultural Society was held on Friday,' Xovem-
l^er 7, and Saturday, November 8, in the Town Hall.
There was a grand display of chrysanthemums and car-
nations, and special mention should be made of the ex-
hibition of vegetables. There was keen competition for
the silver cup offered by W'eeber & Don, of Xew York,
for twelve kinds of vegetables, and also for the cup
offered by J. M. Thorburn & Co.

The judges were H. Nichols, J. Cochrane and J.
Roberts.

The i)rize winners were as follows :
Chrysanthemums.

Group of 40 sq. ft.: 1. II. Sidenberg (gdr.. Thos. Goldney),
Hastings-on-Hiidson. N. V.; 2. Miss Masters (gdr., H. Katsberg,
Dobb's Ferry.

Six plants in fi-in pots, six varieties, single stems, not more
than 3 ft. above pots: 1. II. Sidenberg; 2, Miss Masters.

S]iccimcn jilant, any variety (Stumpp & Walter Co. prize): 1.
;Mr. Herrmann (grd., .J. Stevens). Dobb's Ferry; 2, Scott McCombe
(gdr., IT. Keeling). Dobb's Ferry.

IVelve cut blooms, four varieties (Lord & Burnham Co. prize):
1, C. Victor (gdr., Thos. Leel : 2. II. llidenberg.

Six blooms, three varieties: I, Mr. Townsend (gdr., J. Howe).
Ardslev. N. Y.; 2. Mr. ]MeKinney (gdr., C. Kurkeveiz). Dobb's
Ferry, X. Y.

Twelve blooms, twelve varieties (Pierson UBar Co.'s prize) :
I, H. Sidenberg; 2, C. Victor.

Six blooms, six varieties (Pierson U-Bar Co.'s prize): 1. Mr.
JIcKinncy: 2. Mrs. ,T. Frazer (gdr.. H. Harms).

Three "yellow blooms: 1. Mr. McKinnev; 2, H. Sidenberg.

Three white blooms: 1. Mr. McKinney; 2. H. Sidenberg.

Three pink blooms: 1. H. Sidenberg; 2. Jliss Masters.

Three red blooms (Burnett Bros.' prize): 1. II. Sidenberg; 2,
^Irs. .7. Frazer.

Collection of Pompons, not more than 12 varieties: 1, Mis<
Masters; 2. W. TI. Brown igdr., Mr. Holgorson).

Collection of Singles, not more than 12 varieties: 1, H. Siden-
berg; 2, C. Wilson.

Vase of twelve blooms, any kind of foliage: 1, Mr. Villard (gdr.,
Mr. Hayes), Dobb's Ferry, N. Y.; 2, Mr. McKinney.
Roses.

Six yellow: H. Sidenberg.

Six white: H. Sidenberg.

Six pink: Mr. Townsend.

Six red, other than Am. Beauty: H. Sidenberg.

Six, any other color: 1, Mr. 'townsend; 2, H. Sidenberg.
Carnations.

Six white: 1. Jlr. Townsend; 2, H. Sidenberg.

Six dark piid-c: I, Mr. Townsend; 2, H. Sidenberg.

Six light pink: 1, Miss Masters; 2, H. Sidenlnjrg.

Six scarlet: 1, 11. Sidenberg; 2, Mr. Villard.
Violets.

Bunch of 50 Double: 1. Miss Masters; 2, Mrs. Frazer^

Bunch of iiO Single: 1, Mrs. J. Eraser; 2, Miss Masters.
Foliage and Flowering Plants.

Group of Palms, foliage and flowering plants, .50 ft., arranged
for effect: 1, C. Wilson.

Three Ferns, three varieties, not over 6-in. pots: 1, C. Wilson;
2, Miss Masters.

Three decorative foliage plants, three varieties, not over 6-in.
pots: 1, H. Sidenberg; 2, Miss Masters.

Two flowering plants, not over 8-in. pots: 1, Jlr. Wilson; 2,
Miss Masters.

Specimen Fern: 1. Mr. W'ilson; 2, Thos. Lee.

Table of foliage plants, 3 x 6 ft.: 1, H. Sidenberg; 2, Miss
Masters.

Vegetables.

Collection of 12 species, one variety each: 1. W. H. Brown
(silver cup offered by Weeber & Don) ; 2, Mr. Herrmann.

Collection of 6 species, one variety each (P. Henderson & Co.'s
prize): 1. J. E. Coster (gdr., E. Hane), Irvington; 2. Mrs. Russell
(gdr., Thos. Lee).

Six heads Early Celery (prize of P. Henderson & Co.) : 1, H.
Draper (gdr.. H. Wells)", Dobb's Ferry; 2, Mr. McKinney. Six
heads Late Celery (prize of P. Henderson & Co.): 1, Mr. Draper;
2, Thos. Laidlaw".

Two heads Cabbage: 1. Mr. Russell; 2, W. H. Brown.

Three heads Lettuce: I, Miss Masters; 2, Mr. Herrmann.

Twelve Onions: 1. Mr. Herrmann; 2, Mr. Coster.

Tw^o heads Cauliflower (prize of Vaughan's Seed Store) : 1,
Jlrs. Russell; 2. Mr. Carter.

Miscellaneous.

Hand bouquet: 1, Miss Masters.

Table decoration, table to seat six persons. Chrysanthemums
only, any foliage: 1, Scott McCombe; 2, Miss Coster.

Special prize (silver cup offered by .J. M. Thorburn & Co.) for
collection of vegetables from Thorburn's seeds: 1, 'Sir. I)rai>er.

WESTCHESTER AND FAIRFIELD HORTICUL-
TURAL SOCIETY.

( )WE\ A. HcxwicK.

The third autumn exhibition of the Westchester and
Fairfield Horticultural Society was held in the Armory.
Stamford. Conn.. Xovember 7-8, and proved in every
respect the finest exhibition ever held by the society. En-
tries were heavy in the 98 classes, and competition very
keen. The judges, W. H. Waite, .\lex. McKenzie and
F. H. TIu.ss.

Chrvsanthenuinis, which comprised the larger part of
the exhibits, were of excellent quality and quite equal to
the standard of former years. Of the trained specimens.
Adolph Lewisohn's Black Hawk, a gigantic plant 14 feet
in diameter, caused quite a .sensation. Single chrysan-
themum and pompon varieties, now fast coming into
public favor, were well staged.

Roses stood out prominently and easily held their posi-
tion as the queen of flowers. Pink and White Killarney,
Milady, American Beauty, Mrs. Geo. Shawyer and Mrs.
Chas. Russell were never before shown to such advantage
here.

Carnations were >ho\vn in excellent form and variety.

Some excellent flowering and foliage groups occupied
the center of the hall, artistic in their design, calling forth
the admiration of all.

\'egetables and tniit also added their part. Mrs. .Albert

732

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Crane being a winner of two cups and several other
prizes in the former.

Several excellent groups of orchids were staged.

The gardeners' decorative art was again displayed in
the basket and table decorations. In the former P. W.
Popp, gardener to H. Darlington, came first with a splen-
, did decorated basket of chrysanthemums and autumn
foliage, a very artistic piece of work. Thos. Aitchison,
gardener to Henry Seigel, was second with a pretty
basket neatly arranged.

Great interest was displayed in the table decorations
with competition very keen. Thos. Aitchison, winner in
this class, put up a wonderfully pretty table of Lady
Hillingdon roses, which was greatly admired. A. Pater-
son and Thos. Ryan were second and third respectively
with very pretty tables.

The interior decorations of the hall, which added in
no small way to the general success of the exhibition,
were kindly donated by Chas. T. W. Main, the local
florist. Excellent music provided by Kearney's orchestra
combined with the artistic surroundings added the fin-
ishing touch to this most successful exhibition in the
history of the society.

A summary of the awards follows :

Awards, Chrysanthemums.

Specimen Bush, any color— 1st, Adolph Lewisohn, J. Canning,
gardener; 2iid, Hobart J. Parks, A. L. Marshall, gardener; 3rd,
Sirs. Albert Crane, Alex. Geddis. gardener.

Specimen Bush, White— 1st, Chas. Mallory, W. J. Sealey, gar-
dener; 2nd, Wm. Fisher, Albert Wynne, gardener.

Specimen Bush, White, special" prize— 1st, W. W. Heroy,
Abraham Wynne, gardener; 2nd, G. D. BarroUi James Linane,
gardener.

Specimen Bush, any other color— 1st, I. Downey, Thos. Rvan,
gardener; 2nd, W. W. Heroy, A. Wynne, gardener.

Specimen Standard White— 1st, Mrs. Albert Crane, A. Geddis,
gardener.

Specimen Standard, any other color— Ist, W. W. Heroy; 2nd.
Chas. Mallory. 6 Plants'. Bush— 1st, J. I. Downey. 6 Plants,
Pompons— 1st, J. I. Downey. 6 Plants as grown for market— 1st,
Edward Hoyt, J. B. Roy, gardener.

Group of Chrysanthemums arranged for effect, 75 sq. ft.— 1st,
J. I. Downey; 2nd, Robt. Grunnert. 12 Plants, distinct variety,
single .stem— 1st, Chas. Mallory. 6 Plants, distinct varieties,
single stem— 1st, Chas. Mallory; 2nd, Miss G. Iselin, Ewen Mc-
Kenzie, gardener.

Cut Flowers, Chrysanthemums. 18 distinct varieties— 1st, Wm.
Zeigler, Jr., A. Bieschke, gardener; 2nd, Miss G. Iselin. 10 dis-
tinct varieties— 1st, Wm. Zeigler, Jr.; 2nd, Miss G. Iselin; 3rd,
Miss C. A. Bliss, J. T. Burns, gardener. 6 distinct varieties— 1st,
Mrs. H. S. Bowen, John Watts, gardener; 2nd, J. I. Downey;
3rd. Mrs. Albert Ciane. 30 Blooms, 6 varieties— 1st, Miss Cock-
croft, Adam Paterson, gardener; 2nd, Mrs. F. A. Constable, James
Stnart, gardener. 6 Blooms, White — 1st, Miss G. Iselin; 2nd,
Miss C, A. Bliss. 6 Blooms, Pink— 1st, Robt. Grunnert; 2nd.
Lowell M. Palmer, H. Carlson, gardener. 6 Blooms, Yellow— 1st,
Miss C. A. Bliss; 2nd, Miss Cockcroft. 6 Blooms, Ciimson— 1st,
Robt. Grunnert; 2nd, Lowell M, Palmer. 6 Blooms, any other
color— 1st, Wm. Zeigler, Jr.; 2nd, Mrs. Oliver Hoyt, Jam'es Fos-
ter, gardener. 3 Blooms, White— 1st, Mrs, Albei-t Crane; 2nd,
Joseph Millbank, E. Parker, gardener. 3 Blooms, Pink— 1st, My-
ron A. Borg, Owen A. Hunwick, gardener; 2nd, Chas. Mallory.
3 Blooms, Yellow— 1st, Mrs. H. S. Bowen; 2nd, J. A. Toppin'g,
Fred. Sagerstan, gardener. 3 Blooms, any other color — 1st, Mrs.
H. S. Bowen: 2nd, Robt. Mallory. Wm. Smith, gardener. 18
Blooms, 3 varieties — 1st, Ed. C. Hoyt; 2nd, H. Darlington. P. W.
Popp, gardener. 25 vases Pompons", 25 varieties — 1st, Clias. Mal-
lory; 2nd. H. Darlington. 12 vases Pompons, 12 varieties — 1st,
Joseph Millbank; 2nd, W. J. Downev. 25 vases Singles, 25 va-
rieties—1st, Miss C. A. Bliss; 2nd," Mrs. F. A. Constable. 12
vases Singles. 12 varieties — 1st, Miss G. Iselin; 2nd, Miss Cock-
croft. Vase Chrvsanthemums arronged for effect — 1st, Myron I.
Borg; 2nd Miss C. A. Bliss.

Carnations, 50 Blooms, any variety— 1st. Mrs. F. A. Constable;
2nd, Lowell M, Palmer. 6 Blooms" Seedling, not in Commerce
Certificate of Merit— 1st, W. W. Heroy; 2nd, W. F. Fisher. 54
Blooms. 3 varieties — l.st. IMiss C. A. Bliss; 2nd, W. W. Heroy.
18 Blooms, 3 varieties — 1st. E. C. Benidict, Robt. Allen, gardener;
2nd, W. W. Heroy. 12 Blooms. White— 1st, Miss C. A. Bliss;
2nd. Richard Delafield, Wm. Brock, gardener. 12 Blooms, Winsor
shade— Ist, Mrs. Albert Crane; 2nd, Miss C. A. Bliss. 12 Blooms,
Enchantress shade— 1st, Miss C. A. Bliss; 2nd, Mrs. C. S. Smith,
A. Pederson, gardener. 12 Blooms, Lawson shade — 1st, Mrs. C.

S. Smith; 2nd, Mrs. A. A. Anderson, Robt. AVilliamson, gardener.
12 Blooms, variegated — 1st, Richard Delafield; 2nd, J. B. Cobb,
Adolph Alius, gardener. 12 Blooms, Crimson — 1st, Mrs. A. A.
Anderson: 2nd, W. W. Heroy. 12 Blooms, any scarlet variety —
1st, Miss C. A. Bliss; 2nd, Mrs. H. S. Bowen.

Roses, 36 Blooms, 3 varieties— 1st, Richard Delafield; 2nd, Ed-
ward Holbrook, Ed. Frenzell, gardener. 12 Blooms, White — 1st,
Richard Delafield; 2nd, Miss C. A. Bliss. 12 Blooms, Pink— 1st,
Richard Delafield; 2nd, Miss C. A. Bliss. 12 Blooms, Crimson —
1st, J'. J. Riker, W. R. Fowkes, gardener; 2nd, Mrs. C. S. Smith.
12 Blooms, any other color — 1st, Richard Delafield; 2nd, Mrs. F.
A. Constable. Best 25 Milady— 1st, C. T. Wills, Martin Glendon,
gardener. 12 American Beauties — 1st, Mrs. C. S. Smith.

Violets, 50 Single — 1st, A. Foster Higgins, Paul Dwinger, gar-
dener; 2nd, W. W. Heroy.

Orchids, best 6 plants, 3 varieties — 1st, Hobart J. Parks.
Best specimen Cypripedium — 1st, Mrs. Oliver Hoyt; 2nd, Miss
Cockcroft. Best specimens, any other species — 1st, Henry Seigel,
Thos. Aitchison, gardener; 2nd, Miss Cockcroft. Best table ar-
ranged for effect — 1st, Hobart J. Parks; 2nd, Miss C. A. Bliss.

Ferns, 3 Adiantum Farle.vense — 1st, Hobart J. Parks; 2nd, E.
C. Benidict. Best specimen Davallia — 1st, Mrs. A. A. Anderson;
2nd, Hobart J. Parks. Best specimen Boston — 1st, J, B. Cobb;
2nd. Mrs. C. S. Smith. Best specimen, Boston excluded — 1st, Mrs.
Oliver Hoyt. Best six, 6 varieties — 1st, Mrs. C. S. Smith; 2nd,
J. B. Cobb.

Group of Flowering and Foliage Plants, 75 sq. ft. — 1st, Mrs. A.
A. Anderson; 2nd, Edward Holbrook. Best specimen Kentia — 1st,
J. B. Cobb; 2nd, E. C. Benidict. Best specimen Phoenix— 1st,
Hobart J. Parks; 2nd, J, B. Cobb. Best specimen Orange Tree—
1st, Mrs. Oliver Hoyt; 2nd, E. C. Hoyt. Best specimen Aspara-
gus Sprengeri— 1st. W. H. Fisher; 2nd, Mi-s. Oliver Hoyt. 6
Table Plants, 6 varieties — 1st, E. C. Benidict; 2nd, Adolph Lewi-
sohn. 3 Geraniums — 1st, Mrs. Albert Crane; 2nd, Robt, Grun-
nert. 3 plants, Begonia Lorraine — 1st, Miss G. Iselin; 2nd, Ho-
bart J. Parks. Best specimen. Begonia Lorraine excluded — 1st,
W. W. Heroy; 2nd, Mrs. Chas. S. Smith. Table Decorations— 1st.
Thos. Aitchison; 2nd, Anton Peterson; 3rd, Thomas Ryan. Best
table centre piece Chrysanthemums — 1st, Hobart .1. Parks; 2nd,
H. Darlington. Display of Hardy Flowers — 1st. H. Darlington.

Fruit — Apples, 4 varieties — 1st, Mrs. H. 0. Havemeyer, J. Troy,
gardener; 2nd, jlrs. Albert Crane. Box Fancy Apples — 1st, J. B.
Cobb; 2nd, Mrs. H. 0. Havermeyer. Collection of Fancy Apples,
6 varieties — 1st, Mrs, H. 0. Havermeyer: 2nd. J. B. Cobb.

Pears, 4 varieties — 1st, E. C. Benidict: 2nd, W.- F. Fisher.
Bunch Greenhouse Grapes, "Black" — 1st. Mrs. C. S. Smith; 2nd,
Miss Cockcroft. Bunch Greenhouse Grapes, "White" — 1st, Miss
Cockcroft. 2 Musk Melons — 1st, Mrs. Albert Crane; 2nd, Geo.
Lowther, E. Johnson, gardener. Outdoor Grapes — 1st, Fred'k
Sturges, Thos. Bell, gardener.

Vegetables — Collection of 15 varieties, arranged for effect — 1st,
Mrs. Albert Crane; 2nd, A. Foster Higtrins. Collection, 12 va-
rieties—1st, J. B. Cobb: 2nd, W. W. Heroy. Collection, 6 va-
rieties— 1st, Mrs. Albert Crane; 2nd, Mr. Fred'k Sturges. 6 head
Celery — 1st, Mrs. A. A. Anderson; 2nd, .Joseph Millbank. 6
Onions — 1st, Mrs, Albert Crane; 2nd, Miss Cockcroft. 6 Leaks —
1st, Miss Cockcroft; 2nd, W. F. Fisher. 6 Tomatoes— 1st, Mrs.
A. A. Anderson; 2nd, Myron I. Borg. 2 heads Cauliflower — 1st,
W. F. Fisher; 2nd, Mvron I. Borg. Best 3 Lettuce— 1st, Miss
Cockcroft; 2nd. H. J. 'Cliisholm. Best 2 Cucumbers— 1st. E. C.
Benidict. Best plant Brussels Sprouts— 1st, J. B. Cobb; 2nd, W.
F. Fisher. Best plate Mushrooms^lst, Mrs. Lewis P. Childs;
2nd. E. C. Hoyt. Basket of Flowers— 1st, H. Darlington; 2nd,
Henry Seigel.

Largest Chrvsanthemum in show was Wm. Turner, shown by
Miss G. Iselin."

Trade Exhibits — F. E. Conine Nursery Co., group of Evergreens.
J. B. McArdle, group of flowering and foliage plants. Scott Bros.,
Clirysanthemums and Carnations. Chas. T. W. Main, floral deco-
rations and designs. Frost & Bartlett ' Co., Insecticides, Fertiliz-
ers, Tools, etc.

LAKE GENEVA, 'WIS., GARDENERS' AND
FOREMEN'S CLUB.

The ninth annual chrysanthemum exhibition of the
above association was held in Horticultural Hall, Novem-
ber 11 and 12. The quality of the flowers was much bet-
ter than in former vears, the most striking feature being
the superiority of the newer -Australian varieties over
the old standard varieties. This was exceptional in
whites, Wm. Turner and Mrs. Gilbert Drabble predom-
inating over all other whites. Other fine flowers were
Nakota Onunda, Alice Lemon, Mrs. D. Syme, Rosseau,
Wonder Bronze Brighthurst, Mrs. Harry Turner. Mi-
riam Hankey. Carmichael May, Cheltoni, Annie L. Angus

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

733

and H. E. Converse. ]\Iajor Bonaffon was excellent
again but Colonel Appleton and Mrs. Weeks have not
kept their past reputation, very few tiowers of the former
being in evidence.

The specimen plants shown by Mrs. Allerton were fine,
but unfortunately several of her finest specimens were
frozen in transit.

The most conspicuous vase of cut mums, was the 12
Wm. Turner, shown by J. J. Mitchell, and in pot plants
Mrs. J. H. Moore exhibited some exceptionally well-
grown Singles Pompons and Anemones in 6-inch pots.

Carnations were excellent for the time of the year.
The prize donated by The Gardeners' Chronicle of
America for the most meritorious exhibit shown by a
member of the National .Vssociation of Gardeners was
awarded for the new Anemone "C. L. Hutchinson," ex-
hibited by W. P. Longland, gardener to C. L. Hutchin-
son. Mr. Longland's group in which the above variety
was featured contained some excellent varieties, several
of which are of Air. Longland's raising, among them be-
ing "Alarie Poole," a salmon pink of excellent possi-
bilities.

The tables of orchids attracted much attention, as also
did the excellent collection of fruit staged by E. Johnson,
gardener to Mrs. C. Seipp, these demonstrating to the
most skeptical, that excellent apples can be grown in
Wisconsin.

Prize List.

Six White, 1 variety — 1st, N. W. Harris. J. .J. Krupa, gardener,
■with W. Turner; 2nd, Mrs. S. W. Allerton, T. Blackwood, gar-
dener, with W. Turner.

Six Yellow, 1 variety — 1st, N. W. Harris, with Major Bonaffon;
2nd, Mrs. S. W. Allerton, with F. S. Vallis.

Six Pink, 1 variety — 1st, Mrs. F. T. A. Junkin, Axel Johnson,
gardener, with Wells' Late Pink; 2nd, Mrs. S. W. Allerton, with
Engiiehardt.

Six Red, 1 variety— Ist, Mrs. S. W. Allerton, with Intensity;
2nd, J. .J. Mitchell. A. J. Smith, gardener, with Mrs. K. D. Foote.

Twelve Mixed— 1st, J. J. Mitchell; 2nd, Mrs. Junkin.

Twelve White, 1 variety— 1st, J. J. Mitchell, witli W. Turner;
2nd, Mrs, Allerton, with Beatrice JIav.

Twelve \\'hite. Mixed— 1st, J. J, Mitchell.

Twelve Pink. 1 variety — 1st, Mrs, S, W. Allerton, with Engue-
hardt; 2nd, .7. J. Mitchell, with Wells' Late Pink,

Twelve Yellow, 1 variety — 1st, Mrs, S. W. Allerton; 2nd, Apple-
ton.

Eighteen Blooms. Mixed — 1st, N. A. Harris.

Six Major Bonaffon— 1st, N. W. Harris; 2nd, Mrs. J. H. Moore,
A, Martin, gardener.

Six Colonel Appleton— 1st, Mrs, S, W, Allerton; 2nd, N. W.
Harris.

Six Dr. Enguehardt— 1st, Mrs. Allerton; 2nd, N. W, Harris,

Six Mrs, H. Weeks— 1st. J. .J. ilitchell; 2nd, Mrs. Allerton.

Six White, 1 variety, introductions of 1910-11-12-1,3— 1st, Mrs,
Allerton, with W. Turner; 2nd, N. W, Harris, with W, Turner,

Six Bronze, 1 variety, introductions of 1910-11-12-13 — 1st, J, J.
Mitchell, with Bronze Brighthurst; 2nd, Mrs, J, H, Moore, with
Wonder,

Six Crimson, 1 varietv, introductions of 1910-11-12-1.3 — 1st, J.
J, Mitchell, with F, T, Quittenton,

Six Vases Pompons, 6 varieties — 1st, Mrs, F, T, A. .Junkin,

Six V,\ses Anemones, 6 varieties — 1st, Mrs, F, T, A, .Timkin,

Six Vases Singles, 6 varieties— 1st, Mrs, F, T, A, Junkin,

Collection of Singles— 1st, Mrs. F. T. A. Junkin.

Twelve American Beauty Roses— 1st, J. J, Mitchell.

Twelve Pink Roses, 1st, J. J, Mitchell, with Pink Killarney.

Twelve Yellow Roses — 1st, Mrs. AUermton, with Perle des Jar-
dines.

Twelve Red Roses — 1st, Mrs. Allerton, with Richmond.

Twelve White Carnations— 1st. Mrs, Junkin, with W, Perfec-
tion; 2nd, J, J, Mitchell, with W, Wonder.

Twelve Light Pink Carnations— 1st, Mrs. Junkin, with Winsor.

Twelve Dark Pink Carnations -1st, Mrs. .Tunkin, with Seedling
N. 12; 2nd. J, J. Mitchell, witli Xorthport Beauty.

Twelve Crimson Carnatinns 1st, Mrs. Junkin, with Beacon;
2nd, J. .L Mitchell, with O, P. Bassett,

Twenty-five Mixed Carnations— let, Mrs, Junkin; 2nd, J, J,
Mitchell.'

Vase of Cut Flowers other than Chrysanthemums— 1st, J. J,
Mitchell, with Antirrhenum Queen Victoria,

Twenty-five Valle\ — 1st, ^Iis. Junkin; 2nd, E. F, Swift, R.
Sampson, gardener.

Taljle of Cut Orchid Flowers— 1st, J, J, Mitchell; 2nd, Mrs,
Junkin,

Specimen large Flowering Mum — 1st, Mrs. Junkin.

Specimen Pompon — 1st, Mrs. Allerton.

Specimen Single — 1st, Mrs. Allerton.

Specimen Pink — 1st, Mrs, Allerton.

Specimen Pompon, 12-in. pot — 1st, Mrs. Allerton.

Specimen Anemone, 12-in, pot — 1st, Mrs, Allerton,

Specimen Single, 12-in, pot — 1st, Mrs. Allerton.

Three Standards— Lst, J. J. Mitchell; 2nd, Mrs. Allerton,

Five Pompons in 6-in. i)ots — 1st, Mrs, Junkin.

Five Anemones in C-in. pots — 1st, IVlis. Junkin.

Five Singles in S-in, pots — 1st, N. W, Harris; 2nd, Mrs, Junkin.

Group of Chrysanthemums arranged for effect with Palms and
Ferns— 1st, J. J. Mitchell; 2nd, Mrs. H. J. Moore; 3rd, E. F.
Swift.

Group of Anemones, .50 sq. ft. — 1st, C. L. Hutchinson, W. P.
Longland, gardener; 2nd, E. F. Swift.

Group of Pompons— 50 sq. ft.— 1st, J. J. Mitchell.

Group of Singles, 50 sq, ft,— 1st, Mrs, Allerton,

Twelve Single Stems in 6-in, pots — 1st, J, J. Mitchell.

Three Foliage Plants— 1st, E. F. Swift.

Specimen Foliage Plant— 1st, N. AV. Harris.

Specimen Nephiolepis — 1st, Mrs. Junkin.

Collection of Fruit— 1st, jMrs. C. Seipp, E, Johnson, gardener;
2nd, Mrs, W. Rowland Cox, J. Topolinski, gardener.

NEW BEDFORD HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The New Bedford Horticultural Society held a suc-
cessful chrysanthemum show on November 3 and 4.
The leading exhibitors were: James Nicol, of Quincy,
Mass., whose vase of William Turner won the silver
medal for twelve best blooms of any variety. G. L.
Stone (A. E. Griffin, gardener) secured the bronze
medal.

H. E. Converse (David F. Ray, gardener) had some very fine
plants and secured highest awards on these. Mrs. H, Hathaway
(D, Shea, gardener) had the finest hardy chrysanthemum display.
The T. J. Grey cup for eighteen blooms and the R. & J. Far-
quhar & Co. clip for eighteen long-stemmed blooms each went to
D. F. Ray. The D. F. Ray cup for twelve blooms went to A. E.
Griflin. Mrs. F. Grinnell (J. P. Rooney, gardener) secured an
award of merit for a fine specimen chrysanthemum plant. A. G.
Griffin and James Garthley, gardener to Mrs. H. H. Rogers, each
received special awards for miscellaneous displays.

GOVERNMENT CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.

The thirtcentli annual government chrysanthemum
show, under the auspices of the Department of Agri-
culture, opened on \\'ednesday morning, October 29,
in the government gardens, Washington, D. C. The
exhibition was open to the public from 9 a. m. to 9 p. m.
daily, and continued for nearly two weeks.

More than 1,000 plants were on exhibition. In the
collection there were more than 160 varieties of chrys-
anthemums and also some 170 varieties of the pompon.
Tl'.e collection included many unusual examples of
single and double tiowers. The exhibit included a num-
ber of new varieties, among those of special interest
being the Bob Pulling, Gilbert Drabble, His Majesty,
Solomon, Yonkcrs. Mrs. W. E. Tricker, Rose Queen,
Crown Princess, Elberon, Mrs. G. L. Wiggs, Miss .-\. E.
Roope, Prof. Billandet, C. J. Vert, Madison, Consul
Lewis, Elizabeth Seaton, Perle Francaise (a French
and Duchess of Fife.

Of these the Bob Pulling was regarded by experts
as probably the handsomest plant in the collection. Its
liright yellow petals measure more than nine inches
from the center of 'the flower to the tip. The long
petals curve gracefully in reflex and incurved growths.

The pure white Gilbert Drabble was a close com-
petitor for honors with the Bob Pulling. This plant is
very tall and handsome, and also possesses the reflexed
and incurved petals. His Majesty, which has a rich,
deep-red bloom, attracted particular attention from
florists, and is regarded as a remarkably fine specimen.

In addition, there was shown some unusual depart-
ment seedlings, which, as yet, have not been named.

734

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

NEWS ITEMS FROM THE BUREAU OF INFOR-
MATION. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURE.

TWO CATERPILLARS THAT HAVE TROU-
BLED FLORISTS.

A fern-destroying caterpillar is described in a new bulletin
(No. 125) issued by the Government's Bureau of Entomolouy.
The pest comes from Florida, and has made its appearance "in
Korthern greenhouses, particularly in the District of Columbia,
Illinois and Ohio, having undoubtedly been introduced there in
importations from Florida.

The caterpillar has the .same habit as cut worms, of cutting
or severing portions of the fern plant, apparently destroying
more than it needs for food. As it is always warm "in the green-
house where it works, the insect does damage in winter as well
as in summer. It attacks the tender leaves, especially the grow-
ing tips of young fronds, thus checking any attempt of the plant
to replenish its dying parts.

The moth that lays the eggs from which this caterpillar is
hatched is seldom seen by day. When aroused it usually flies
down under the benches, ilany moths are caught in spider webs
in dark corners of the greenhouses. The color of the larvae varies
from yellow or bright green to nearly black. Its length is about
an inch and a half.

The District of Columbia fern growers have experienced much
trouble in treating this pest. Finally, however, the insect has
yielded to the method of hand-picking, which, although somewhat
laborious, seems to be the most elBcacious way of overcoming it.

Another caterpillar that attacks rose bushe's and young threes
is described in a new bulletin (No. 124) compiled by the same
entomologist. Hand-picking is advised to control the ravages of
this insect in case its work has not been too extensive, precau-
tion being taken to use a glove to avoid being "stung." Bushes
or trees may be sprayed with Paris green or arsenate of lead
if there is no danger of poisoning human beings thereby.

It is only within recent years that this slug-like caterpillar has
been known to injure roses. It has also been remarked that the
larvae feed on wild cherry, oak, chestnut, hickory, paw paw, bay-
berry or wax myrtle, dogwood, plum, apple and pear trees.

WHERE AGRICULTURE MAY BE STUDIED.

In View of the Recent Increased Demand for Agricultural

Education, Department Tells How Such Education

May Be Obtained and Offers Free Reading

Courses of Its Own Bulletins.

The Department of Agriculture has prepared several reading
courses of its own free publications for those who might desire
an agricultural reading course, but who have not the time to seek
out their own material or might wish to avoid the expense of
purchasing the books.

The lists of reading for this work have been compiled in view
of the great increase in demand for agricultural training in the
past three years. They will enable all who have the inclination
and any spare time to follow out a thorough course, the publica-
tions being supplied for nothing by the Department. If tlie free
publications listed in these courses should become exhausted, they
may generally be olitaiucd by purchase for a small sum from the
Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Wash-
ington, D. C.

There are eight courses offered, which cover thoroughly the sub-
jects treated. They are as follows:

1. Agronomy. 5. Agricultural Engineering.

2. Animal Ifunsbandry. 6. Agricultural Technology.

3. Horticulture. 7. Agricultural Economics.

4. Forestry. 8. Agricultural Education.

ANOTHER POTATO PEST MAY BE INTRO-
DUCED. •

Potato growers in the United States are informed by the De-
partment of .Agriculture that it is hoped that a potato disease
prevalent in parts of Europe and in Canada may be kept out of
the United States by quarantine measures. This disease is known
as "powdery scab."

The disease resembles the common scab, w-hich is found widely
distributed in this country, although the two diseases are readily
distinguished by several characteristics. Affected tubers first show
rounded, blister-like spots, a sixteenth to an eighth of an inch
in diameter. The skin over the postules soon breaks, revealing

a dark-brown, powdery surface composed mostly of spore balls
which serve to propagate the disease. The spots later enlarge
and deepen, and frequently coalesce, forming large areas of dis-
eased tissue, which makes the tubers unsightly and greatly re-
duces their market value.

Powdery scab is introduced into uninfected areas through the
use of infected seed potatoes. Although practically unknown in
the United States, traces of it have been found in one or two
instances, and it is important to maintain a close watch to see
that it does not become established and further distributed.

This disease is reported to be widely prevalent in Ireland and
vScotland, where there is this j-ear a large crop of potatoes, which
the growers would like to export to this country if they w'ould
be admitted.

A large mass meeting was recently held in Belfast, Ireland, to
protest against the maintenance of the potato quarantine by the
American Government, and resolutions were passed testifying to
the freedom of the Irish crop from potato wart and suggesting
that a representative of the Irish Department of Agriculture pro-
ceed to America to confer with Secretary Houston. They were,
however, apparently under the impression that the quarantine
was based entirely upon the wart disease, whereas the Federal
Horticultural Board has also taken the occurrence of powdery
scab into consideration.

GOOD QUALITIES OF THE CROW.

Tile case of the crow, condemned as a destructive bird in agri-
cultural fields, has been reopened by the Department of Agricul-
ture, and the investigation made by the Biological Survey of the
Department shows the cro«' to be of great value to farmers.

After a careful study of the habits and the examination of a
large number of stomachs, the conclusion was reached that the
crow consumes enough gi'asshoppers, cut worms, white grubs and
other injurious insects to make him highly valuable to farmers.
There is, however, one bad habit which the crow has, and that
is the destruction of young birds and bird eggs, but this trait
is outweighed by the good the bird is doing for the farmer in the
destruction of worms and insects.

The one danger from the crow lies in large numbers. If the
number can be kept down so that its normal food is sufficient,
there is every reason why farmers should encourage the bird to
remain about their farms. Not long ago an agent of the Depart-
ment was watching a crow feeding in a corn field. It seemed
that the bird was pulling up young corn and carrying it to a
nearby nest to feed its young. After the crow had left the nest
the agent climbed the tree and secured the young birds. An
examination showed that instead of young corn or the kernel of
the corn, the older bird had been feeding the young ones with
cut worms gathered from around the corn plants.

TREES AND TREE SEEDS FROM EUROPE.

The U. S. Department of Agriculture states that dur-
ing the past fiscal year 3,779,041 growing trees and
15,040 pounds of tree seeds were imported into the
United States. The trees include valuable species that
do not grow in the United States, and stock which can
at present be bought more cheaply abroad. The tree
seeds imported are largely for the purpose of reforest-
ing land, though in a number of cases they are used in
ornamental planting on individual estates,

France leads in the number of growing trees sent
here, with a total of 1,782,255. Germanv is second,
with 849,245, and Holland third, with 690.632, Imports
are made from 13 other countries, including India.
Japan, and Australia, The trees and shrubs imported
are chiefly evergreens, such as pines, spruces, and firs,
and broad-leaf plants — oaks, maples, etc.

NEW MEMBERS OF THE N, A, G,

The following new members have been added to our roll: H,
B, Dorner, Urbana, 111,: Samuel Redstone. New York. N. Y.;
Leverett L. Dinkeer, Brookside, N. J.; Albert S. Baldwin, Madison,
N. J.; Edward Frenzel. Stamford, Conn.; William Boss. Garrison,
N. Y.: Robert McLelland, Washington. D. C; Maurice Collins,
Oyster Bay, N. Y,; John Morrison, New Y'ork, N, Y. ; William
Tait, Barrytown, N, Y,: R, Pierson, Tarrytown, N, Y, ; Percy E,
Hicks, Oceanic, N, ,T. : .Tames Clarke. .Ardsley, X. Y. ; .lohn Feather-
stone, Tarrytown, N. Y.: Ameder Hans, Locust Valley. N, Y,; F,
F, Sealev, New York, N, Y. : George Norris. Riverdalo-on-lludsou,
N, Y,

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

735

NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

National Association of Gardeneis.
M. C. Ebel, secretary, Madison, N J.

Society of American Florists and Orna-
mental Horticulturists.
John Young, secretary, 54 West 28th street.
New York.

American Carnation Society.
A. F. J. Bauer, secretary, Indianapolis, Ind.

American Gladiolus Society.
L. Merton Gage, secretary, South Natiek,

American Peony Society.
A. B. Saunders, secretary, Clinton, N. Y.

American Rose Society.
B. Hammond, secretary, Fishkill, N. Y.

Americau Sweet Pea Society.

H. A. Bunyard, secretary, 342 West 14th

street. New York.

Chrysanthemum Society of America.

Charles W. Johnson, secretary, Morgan

Park, ni.

The Horticultural Society of New York.

Geo. V. Nash, secretary, Broni Park, New

York City.

Meets monthly, irregular, May to Octo-
ber, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx
Park, New York. November to April,
American Museum of Natural History, 77th
street and Columbus avenue. New York.

Lake Geneva Gardeners' and Foremen's

Association.
W. H. Griffitg, secretary. Lake Geneva, Wis.
Meets first and third Saturday every
month, October to April; first Saturday
every month. May to September, Horticul-
tural Hall.

Lenox Horticultural Society.
George Instone, secretary, Lenox, Mass.
Meets first Saturday every month.

LOCAL SOCIETIES

Boston Gardeners' and Florists' Club.

William N. Craig, secretary, P>rookline,
Mass.
Meets third Tuesday every month. Horti-
cultural Hall, Boston, Mass., 8 p. m.

Connecticut Horticultural Society.

Alfred Dixon, secretary, Wetbersliold, Conn.
Meets second and fourth Fridays every
month. County Building, Hartford, Conn., 8
p. m. ^

Dutchess County Horticultural Society.

Hubert G. Cottam, secretary, Wappingers

Falls, N. Y.

Meets at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., last
Wednesday every month except May and
June.

Elberon Horticultural Society.
C. O. Duncan, secretary, Elberon, N. J.
Meets first Monday every month, Fire
Hall, Elberon, N. J., 8 p. m.

Florists' and Gardeners' Club of Holyoke

and Northampton, Mass.

James Whiting, secretary, Amherst, Mass

Meets second Tuesday every month.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
William P. Rich, secretary, 300 Massachu-
setts avenue, Boston, Mass.

Monmouth County Horticultural Society.
Harry Kettle, secretary, Fairhaven, N. J.
Meets second and fourth Friday every
month, Red Men's Hall, Oceanic.

Morris County Florists' and Gardeners'

Society.
Edward J. Reagan, secretary, Morristown,
N. J.
Meets at Madison, N. J., second Wednes-
day every month, except July and August,
8 p. m.

Nassau County Horticultural Society.
Ernest Westlake, secretary. Glen Cove, N. Y.

Meets second Wednesday every month,
Pembroke Hall, Glen Cove, N. Y., 7 p. m.

Pasadena Horticultural Society.
Geo. B. Kennedy, secretary, 497 Bradford
street, Pasadena, Cal.
Meets first and fourth Friday every
month.

New Jersey Floricultural Society.

Geo. ^^'. strange, secretary. 210 Main street.
Orange, N. J.
Meets first Monday every month. Jr. 0.
W. A. M. llall, Orange, N. ,1, 8 p. ni.

New London County Horticultural Society.
John Humphrey, secretary. New London,
Conn.
Meets second Thursday every month,
rooms of Business Men's Association.

Newport Horticultural Society.
Wm. J. (Jrey, secretary, Newport, R. I.
Meets second and fourth Tuesday every
month.

North Shore Horticultural Society.
Jas. Slater, secretary, Manchester, Mass.
Meets first and third Fridays every
month.

Paterson Floricultural Society.
Sebastian Hubschmitt, secretary, 61 Seventh
, avenue, Paterson, N. J.

Meets first Tuesday every month, Ro-
maine Building, 8 p. m.

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.
David Rust, secretary. Broad and Locust
streets, Philadelphia, Pa.
Meets third Tuesday every month. Horti-
cultural Hall, 8 p. m.

People's Park Cottage Gardeners' Associa-
tion.

John Ainscough, secretary, 4 Chestnut street,
Paterson, N. J.
Meets first and last Friday every month,
Working Man's Institute, Madison avenue,
Paterson, N. J.

Philadelphia Florists' Club.
David Rust, secretary. Broad and Locust
streets, Philadelphia, Pa.
Meets first Tuesday every month, Horti-
cultural Hall, Philadelphia, Pa., 8 p. m.

The Pittsburgh Florists' and Gardeners'
Club.

H. P. Joslin, secretary, Ben Avon, Pa.

Meets first Thursday every month, Fort
Pitt Hotel, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Rhode Island Horticultural Society.
A. C. Miller, secretary, 7 Irving avenue.
Providence, R. I.
Meets third Wednesday every month.
Providence Public Library, 8 p. m.

Shelter Island Horticultural and Agricul-
tural Society.
Fred Kirkham, secretary. Shelter Island,
N. Y.
Meets first and third Thursdays every
month.

The Garden Club of Michigan.
Mrs. Edward H. Parker, secretary, 139 Sey-
burn avenue, Detroit, Mich.
The corresponding secretary will notify
members of date and place of meetings.

Gardeners' and Florists' Club of Baltimore.
N. F. Flittin, secretary, Paterson Park,
Baltimore, Md.
Meets second and fourth MonJay every
month, Florist Exchange Hall.

North Westchester County Horticultural

and Agricultural Society.
M. J. O'Brien, secretary, Mt. Kisco. N. Y.
Meets third Thursday every month, ex-
cept June, July and Augnist, at 8 p. m.;
December, January and February, 3 p. m.,
Odd Fellows Hall, Mt. Kisco.

Oyster Bay Horticultural Society.

John T. Ingram, secretary. Oyster Bay,

N. Y.

Meets third Friday every month. Board

of Trade, Oyster Bay, N. Y.. 8 p. m.

Southampton Horticultural Society.
William McLeod, secretary.
Meets first Thursday every month. Me-
morial Hall, Southampton, N. Y.

Tarrytown Hortictiltural Society.
E. W. Neubrand, secretary, Tarytown, N. Y.
Meets last Tuesday every month, except
December, Corporation Building, Tarrytown,
N. Y., 7:30 p. m. Annual meeting last
Thursday in December.

Tuxedo Horticultural Society.
Jos. A. Becvar, secretary. Tuxedo Park, N. Y.
Meets first Wednesday every month. Par-
ish House, Tuxedo Park.

Washington, D. C, Florist Club.

J. L. Mayberry, secretary, Washington.
D. C.
Meets first Monday every month.

Westchester and Fairfield Horticultural

Society.
J. B. McArdle, secretary, Greenwich, Conn.
Meets second Friday every month. Dor-
an'3 Hall, Greenwich, Conn., 8 p. m.

Yonkers Horticultural Society.
Thos. Mahoney, secretary, Yonkers, N. Y.

Meets first Friday every month, Holly-
wood Inn, Yonkers, N. Y., 8 p. m.

736

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

GARDENERS DIARY

International Flower Show will be held
under the auspices of the Horticultural So-
ciety of New York and the New York
Florists' Club, March 21 to 28, 1914, at
Grand Central Palace, New York.

Chicago Spring Flower Show will be held
under the auspices of the Horticultural So-
ciety, March 24 to 29, 1914, at Chicago, 111.

Boston Spring Flower Show will be held
under the auspices of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society, 1914, at Horticul-
tural Hall, Boston, Mass.

. Philadelphia Spring Flower Show will be
held under the auspices of the Pennsylvania
Horticultural Society, 1914, at Horticul-
tural Hall, Philadelphia, Pa.

LENOX HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The regular monthly meeting of the
Lenox Horticultural Society was held in the
Town Hall, Lenox, on Saturday evening,
November 1. President McConnachie oc-
cupied the chair, but the attendance was
hardly up to the usual. The chief business
was centered on the Fall Show held the
week previous. Financially it was a suc-
cess, and the drawings at the door were a
good bit in advance of the previous year. It
was moved that all bills and premiums be
paid, and that the Committee of Arrange-
ments be awarded a hearty vote of thanks
for their work. For the same show next
year the society has already acquired two
handsome cups for competition offered by
Mr. Gloeekner, Albany, and Messrs. Jos.
Breck & Co. through Mr. Van Baarda.

Mr. Ed. Jenkins gave an interesting talk
on his trip to Madison, N. J., where he was
competing at the show.

Several alterations were made regarding
the plant groups and vegetable collections
for next year.

JOHN MAIE,
Assistant Secretary.

CONNECTICUT HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

Chrysanthemum night was observed by
the Connecticut Horticultural Society on
November 6, and several tables were neces-
sary to hold the profusion of chrysanthe-
mum blooms exhibited by President John
F. Huss, from the Goodwin estate, Hart-
ford; by Alfred Cebelius, gardener for Rev.
Melancthon W. Jacobus, Hartford; by
W. S. Mason, of Farmington, gardener for
the Pope estate; by Carl Peterson, of West
Hartford, from the Whiting green houses;
by Louis Chauvy, gardener for Walter L.
Goodwin; by A. N. Pierson, of Cromwell,
and by T. B. Brown, of Windsor.

One of the features of the exhibit was
a vase of '"William Turner" (Japanese in-
curved), shown by Mr. Cebelius, which cre-
ated quite a sensation. The flower is a per-
fect ball of pure white, some of the blooms
measuring 2.3% inches in circumference.

Among the collection of choice chry-
santhemums were the following: Harry

Converse, a beautiful bronze color; Mary
Doiinellan, a splendid golden yellow; Mrs.
J. C. Kelley, having deep red petals, reverse
lavender; Glenview, a magnificent globe of
dark red, reverse light bronze; Br. Engue-
hart, bright pink, being a fine variety for
cut flowers, and William Duckham, having
massive incurved flowei-s.

Messrs. C. H. Sierman, John Gerard and
Gustav Minge were named as judges by the
chairman, and they awarded displomas as
follows: First-class certificates to Alfred
Cebelius and to A. N. Pierson, for exhibit
of pompons; to Connecticut Agi'icultural
College, for seedling carnations; to War-
ren C. Mason, collection of pompons and
singles (G6 varieties) ; cultural certificates
to Whiting green h,ouses, four vases chry-
santhemums; Connecticut Agricultural Col-
lege, chrysanthemum sports; T. B. Brown,
seedling chrysanthemums; certificates of
merit to John F. Huss, three vases singles
and eight vases of the large variety; Louis
Chauvy, one large vase of assorted; and
to W. C. Mason, two vases chrysanthe-
mums. H. J. Thompson received "honor-
able mention" for potatoes, one weighing
2 pounds 6 ounces and the other 2 pounds
11 ounces.

President Huss gave an account of his
trip to the flower show of the Horticul-
tural Society of New York, held at the
Museum of Natural History, New York
City, last Monday, followed by Mr. Alex-
ander Gumming, Jr., and Mr. Alfred Ce-
belius, who also attended the show. A
hearty vote of thanks was extended to the
judges and to the exhibitors. Six new
candidates were elected to membership.
Tlie attendance was the largest this fall,
forty members being present. The next
meeting will be held on November 25.

ALFRED DIXON, Secretary.

ELBERON (N. J.) HORT. SOCIETY.

The regular monthly meeting of the El-
beron Horticultural Society was held in
Firemen's Hall, Elberon, on Monday, No-
vember 3, President Geo. Masson presiding,
with a good attendance. James Cartright
was elected an active member of the So-
ciety. The decisions of the judges of tlic
evening's exhibits were: Wm. Seymour.
Carnations, 75 points; Chas. Duncan, Jr..
Chrj'santhemum Harvard, 82 points. The
officers for the ensuing vear were elected as
follows: Thos. Hambleton, President; F. T.
Eddington, Vice-President; George Masson,
Secretary; Wm. Bryan, Assistant Secre;
tary; August Grieb, George Masson and
Wm. Bryan, Executive Committee. The
Boddington medals for horticultiu'e for the
year 1913 were won by Wm. R. Seymour
(gold); Chas. Duncan (silver), and George
ilasson (bronze). The next meeting will
be held December 1.

WM. R. SEYMOUR,

Asst. Secretary.

AMERICAN ROSE SOCIETY ANNUAL
EXHIBITION FOR 1914.

The Executive Committee of the Amer-
ican Rose Society met in New York City
Monday, November 10, an'd, pursuant to
the resolution of the meeting of the so-
ciety held at Minneapolis, decided to hold
the annual meeting for 1914 in conjunction
with the New York Horticultural Society
and New York Florists' Club. The show
will be held March 26, 1914, in the Grand
Central Palace.

The management has offered the sum of
.$2,500 for a premium to be used by the
Rose Society. The E.xecutive Committee
has accepted this offer. The premium list
will be prepared without delay so far as
possible to secure the best results.

The rules and regulations governing test

rose gardens, which were presented at the
last meeting and submitted for further ex-
amination, were carefully gone over and
passed as directed at the Minneapolis meet-
ing.

The Rose Test Gardens in view are at
Arlington Heights, Washington, D. C;
Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., and Min-
neapolis, Minn., park system, and also at
New Brunswick, N. J. The effort to secure
the list of all roses originated in America
with their pedigrees has met with much
appreciation. This list will be properly ar-
ranged and published as far as received in
the Annual Bulletin for 1913. Messrs.
Robert Simpson and Robert Pyle are ap-
pointed to assist the secretary in the work
of preparing the Bulletin.

BEN.JAJHN HA^OIOND,

Secretary.

NOVEMBER.

June is sweet, for then I found thee;

But November, gray and cold.
Weaves warm memories around thee,

Spun of gold.

June a rose-time we remember.

Ere the boy became the man;
But in earnest with November,

Life began.

Still I see thee, as we threaded
Gray woods under grayer skies;

Strange new hopes and fears were wedded
In thine eyes.

And when these had been translated
Into awed and reverent speech,

Stronglier then our souls mated
Each with each.

Deep with vernal promise laden.
As with buds the leafless wood,

Here was blossoming of the maiden —
Womanhood.

JOS. A. MANDA

ORCHID EXPERT
West Orange New Jersey

BURPEE'S SEEDS

PHILADELPHIA

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE- OF AMERICA.

717

ORCHIDS

We are specialists in this kind of plants. We
collect, import and grow orchids from all parts of
the world where orchids grow.

We will be glad to fill your order for one plant
or a thousand according to your requirements.

Our beautiful Catalogue and special lists on
application.

LAGER & HURRELL

Orchid-Growers and Importers

SUMMIT, N. J.

Competent Gardeners

q Thie comforts and producis ol a country home are
Increased by employing a competent gardener ; i( you
want to engage one, write to us.

q Please give particulars regarding place and say
whether married or single man is wanted. We have
been supplying them for years to the best people
everywhere. No lee asked.

PETER HENDERSON & CO.

Seedsmen a.nd Florists
33 and 37 Corllandt St. NEW YORK CITY

SPECIAL GREENHOUSE
FERTILIZERS

FOR FLORISTS AND GARDENERS

Formulated and Manufactured by men who have made a life study of

FLOWERS-FR UITS— VEGETABLES

Under Glass

in this Country and Abroad

Proper lerliiization under glass is more important than
fertilization out of doors — and

Fertilization is our Specialty
Why pay ocean freight and dealers' commissions on
Imported General Fertilizers when you can buy Fertilizer
Direct from the Manufacturer Especially prepared to
meet Vow Individual requiremenh ?

We are also manufacturers of MAK-GRO Odor-
less Plant Food, put up in one pound tins and five
pound bags — a splendid side line for Florists op-
erating their own stores.

We are ai your service on all matters relating to Green-
house Fertilization. Write us for further particulars.

CONSUMERS FERTILIZER CO.

Long Acre Building New York City

Experimental Greenhouses, Exp. Farms,
Cantonsville, Md. Farmingdale. N. J.

International Nurseries, Inc.

FINE NURSERY STOCK

Come and See Our Fine Collection

OF

Specimen Evergreens Ampelopsis in pots

English Ivy in pots Roses in eight inch pots

RhododrendronS from eighteen inches to four feet

ALL THESE CAN BE INSPECTED AT OUR GROUNDS

1905 WEST FARMS ROAD, NEW YORK CITY

Telephone, 4028 TremonI

738

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

BON ARBOR

Awarded Diploma and Silver Medal at 1912
Royal International Exhibition, London, Eng.

BON ARBOR NO. 1 will keep your Tennis Courts
and Lawns green in the hottest weather. Will grow
Lettuce, Celery, Cauliflower, and anything that matures
above the ground to the finest perfection. We can
prove it.

Bon Arbor No. 1 is put up as follows:

Package making 15 gallons, by mail $0.30

Package making 30 gallons, by mail 55

5 lb. package making 150 gallons.

exp. extra l.SO
25 lb. package making 730 gallons.

esp, extra 6.2.">
50 lb. package making 1,500 gallons.

exp. extra 12.50
100 lb. package making 3,000 gallons.

exp. extra 20.00
Barrels from 250 to 300 lbs.. ISc. per Iti.

RADIX WORM ERADICATOR removes worms
mstantly from your Tennis Courts, Golf Greens,
Flower Pots, etc.

2 gallons, making 200 gallons, $2.00 per gallon.

I'A gallons sufficient for Tennis Court 78 x 36 feet.

ANT DESTROYER. Rid your garden and lawn
of ants. It can be done in less than a week. Per lb
65c.; 10 lbs., 60c. per lb.; 25 lbs., SOc. per lb.

BON ARBOR CHEMICAL CO.

Paterson, N. J., U. S. A.

Write for descriptive catalogue, new 1912 edition. We manufac-
ture also Radix Worm Eradicator, Insecticides, Weed Killer and all
agricultural chemicals. Special prices on large quantities.

E.\l. iUl and gutter liouso '.villi side entrance erected
for Geo, Jones, Elizabeth, N, J.

A Curved Eave Defect

L-A.CK of side ventilation is a criticism
of the curved eave house made by
some gardeners. The wall vents do
not answer their purpose

That's why many of them prefer our good
old standby sill and gutter house with the
side vents hinged to the gutter.

But cheer up! You can have a curved
eave house with side ventilation and still
not make a botchy looking job.

We have recently solved the problem.
Glad to send you particulars.
W'rite to any of our three Sales Offices
lu-aresl you.

HITCHINGS & CO.

New York Office.
1170 Broadway.

Facton.-— Eli

Philadelphia Office.
n, Bldg.. 15th & Chestnut Sts
aheth, N. J.

MR. GARDENER:

Let That Tree Die, and

You Will Never See

It Replaced

YOU KNOW how long it has taken that tree to
attain those stately proportions.

YOU KNOW how irreparable the loss should it die.

YOU KNOW how imminent is the danger from in-
sects and fungi.

YOU KNOW how devitalising, how unsightly, and
how difficult to reach is that dead
wood.

YOU KNOW how surely fatal are those neglected
cavities — neglected decaying stumps,
neglected wounds, neglected borer
iioles are the causes.

Then Why Wait Longer? Time Is Precious.

CALL US IN

WE HAVE the KNOWLEDGE, the EXPERI-
ENCE, the MEN, the TOOLS.

JOHN T. WITHERS Inc.

Landscape Architect

1 Montgomery St.

nd Forester

Jersey City, N. J.

NIKOTIAXA is a 12% nicotine solution,
especially adapted for vaporizing.
Nikotiana is vaporized over small
lamps or by painting on steam pipes, which
tills the house with its fumes and suffocates
the insects.

Fumigating or smoking with tobacco paper
or dust fills the house with smoke, which is not
beneficial to plant life.

QUART, $1.50. GALLON, $4.50

For sale by seedsmen.

Aphine Manufacturing Co.

Manufacturers of .Agricultural Chemicals.

Madison, N. J.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

JeanJJorse

'A Lean llorso for a Long Race," is true as
is the leanest ot all the greenhouse con-

with tlie

THE saying :
it is old.
The U-Bi
structioDS. . ^ X - 1

I.i'anist. because it's made ot the strongest material
least miitcrial needed to make it strong.
Tlie I'-Bar roof bar and rafter are combined in one.
ICverv roof bar is a steel rafter.
Fverv rafter is a steel and cypress roof bar.
Notwithstanding this ratter and roof bar combination— the
resulting U-Bars are no larger than the usual cypress bars used
in other constructions. ^. „ ^ . „ ,^

Like the le.;ii hnrse. the rHar frame i<; nil miifrlc.

Not only is suih a house, when built such a way, decidedly more
graceful and architecturally attractive; but it's uneiiualled for
proiluctiveness.

The highest possible endorsement of the T-Bar construction is
that other concerns are trying in every way to make their houses
look like the U-Bar hou.ses.

So don't think that, if a house has a curved eave, it s a U-Bar
house. ,. „

If ifs not built with the t'-Bars. it's not a t -Bar curved eave
house.
Send for catalog. I>r
for us. Or hotli.

U-BAR GREENHOUSES

PIERSON U-BAR CO

ONE MADISON AVt. NEW YORK

CANADIAN OFFlCt. 10 PHILLIPS PLACt MONTREAL

Gardeners Who Know, Use in Their Greenhouses

APHINE, for spraying against all sap-suck-
ing insects, such as aphis, red spider, thrips,
mealy bug and soft scale ; and for cleansing
])alm's and decorative stock generally.

NIKOTIANA, for fumigating, a nicotine so-
lution which does not till the house with smoke
as does tobacco paper or dust. It is vaporized
in pans over small lamps, or by painting the
steam pipes.

FUNGINE, ti) control mildew, rust or bench
rot in the greenhouse, a spraying material ; an
infallible remedy. It does not stain foliage as
Bordeaux i ir lime and sulphur, but cleanses it.

VERMINE, til rid the greenhouse soil of eel
worm, root maggots and other soil vermin, will
be found most efl'ective. Used according to di-
rections it is nut injurious to vegetation.

For Out Door Spraying of Trees, Shrubs and Hardy Plants

SCALINE an oil and sulphur composition— three in one— an insecticide, fungicide and
scalicide combined, destroys San Jose. Ovster Shell and t)ther scale, red spider larva of the
ai)his and locust borer. Now is the time to spray to protect your trees and shrubs against the
ravages of the various insect pests.

Get in the habit of using our products and you will use no other
For Sale by all Seedsmen

Aphine Manufacturing Company

Manufacturers of Agricultural Chemicals

MADISON, N. J.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Boddington's ''Quality'" Darwin Tulips

The Darwin Tulips ..riKiU'itLiI in tlit; iiortli of Franc.;, wliere tliey were raised from seeds of tlie liest varieties of Bybloems. It was
over a quarter of a century ago that a well-known Dutch bulb-grower first noticed their splendid qualities as garden Tulips, and, after
having grown them on for some time, he put them on the market, naming them after that great naturalist, Darwin.

Thev f«rm a distinct class of Tulips, and one can easily tell Darwins from other late Tulips by the cup shape of the flowers, the robust
growth of almost every one of them, and the white, blue or black, but never yellow, markings inside at the base of the flowers. If the base is
yellow, it is not a Darwin. .Another notable characteristic is that, when looking into the llowers, they are just as beautiful and. in some
instances, even more beautiful than when looking at the outside, which is never so with any other Tulips. Anti the greatest difference
between Darwins and other late Tulips is that almost every Darwin can be forced, some of them by the middle of February. With their
long stems and their bright colors ranging from w-hite through all the shades of pink and purple to the most fiery scarlet, they form an
exquisite material for garden decoration, and. as such, the demand for them is constantly growing. Our collection is one of the best and
largest and the result of much care and selection.

Please note that there are no yellow Darwins. Those that are sold as yellow are either Cottage Tulips or Breeders, and can be found
under those heads in our list. We wish to say here that the skins of most Darwin Tulip bulbs are very thin and do not stand much hand-
ling. They seldom have that trice appearance of the bulbs of the early varieties.

Planted in the herbaceous border they make a great show- in late May and June. Flowers are large and borne upon tall, erect stems.
To secure the best effects, plant five to twenty bulbs in a group or bed the same as the early varieties.
Those marked with a star (■■ ) are recommended for forcing

*AKTON ROOZEN. Large-flowering; rosy
pink. 50c. perdoz., $4 per 100, $37.50 per 1,000.

''Bronze Queen. Extra-large flowers ; light
bronze. 60c. perdoz., 84.50 per 100, $43 per 1,000.

*BARONNE DE LA TONNAYE. Clear,
rosy carmine. We can not refrain from spe-
cially recommending this great
standard variety. The flowers are
large, well formed, and keep their
brightness to the last, no matter
what kind of weather. The stems
are very tall and strong, holdin
the flowers perfectly upright, the
hardest wind cannot break them.
All of which makes this variety the
best bedding Darwin in cultiva-
tion. 50 cts. per doz., $3.25 per
100, S30 per 1,000.

*CLARA BUTT. Beautiful, soft, rosy
pink. 40 cts. per doz., $2. 75 per 100,
S25 per 1,000.

»DREAM. Soft lilac. 45 cts. per doz.,
$3.25 per 100, $.30 per i.ooo.
Electra. Soft lilac; a splendid variety.
60 cts. per doz., $4.50 per 100, $43 per 1,000.

*Europe. Fiery salmon-scarlet, white center; very

distinct. 40 cts. per doz., 53 per 100, $27 per 1,000.

FARNCOMBE SANDERS. Fiery scarlet; large.

75 cts. per doz., $5.25 per 100, S50 per 1,000.
Faust. Dark violet, almost black; very unique.
$1 per doz., $6.50 per 100.

*GLOW. Brilliant glowing vermilion, center blue, mar-
gined white. 50c. per doz., S3. 75 per 100, $30 per 1,000.
Isis. Glowing vermilion ; one of the brightest-colored

Darwins ; very fine. $1 per doz., 87.50 per 100.
King Harold. Pnrple-red ; very unique. 40 cts. per
duz., $3 per 100, $27.50 per 1,000.

■^LOVELINESS. Soft rosy carmine ; exquisite color.

40 cts. per doz., $2. 50 per 100, $22 per 1,000.
May Queen, Beautiful soft rose ; one of the finest of
its color. 35 cts. per doz., $2.75 per 100, $25 per 1,000.

»MARGARET (Gretchen). Be.autiful globular flower,
outside blush, inside soft blush-rose. A very attrac-
tive and popular variety of which more are used than
of any other variety. The cup-shaped flower is borne
on a strong stem of medium size. Splendid for cut-
ting. 25 cts. per doz., $1.75 per 100, $15 per 1,000.
Massachusetts. Be.autiful, light rose; most Doz. 100 i.ooo

attractive .^ $0 50 $4 00 $37 5°

Mrs. Krelage. A large flower of purplish
rose with a broad margin of blush-pink, on a

. very tall stem. Stands forcing splendidly and

produces a flower of a very pleasing color...

Mrs. Grover Cleveland. Beautiful, delicate

flesh-color, on a dark stem

Noire (La Tolipe). The historic black Tulip.

50

Darwin Tulips

35 00

3 50 32 50

PAINTED LADY. Creamy white.
A si)liiiilid luilck-r on a medium-
sized, d.uk colored stem. On the
middle of tlie petals more or less
flushed light lilac. Is very effective
when used as .a border around a bed
of one of the scarlet varieties. 50 cts.
per doz., $3 75 per 100, $35 per 1,000.
PRIDE OF HAARLEM. Rose,
with blue base, flowers of great size
and fine form. This is one of
the oldest varieties, but it still
holds its ow'u as one of the
leaders and one of the most
popular sorts. The size of the
flowers has not yet been ex-
ceeded, unless by a few of the
latest novelties. Most flowers
have more than six petals, which gives them a
semi-double form. It will remain a standard
variety as long as Darwin Tulips are used.
40 cts.' per doz., $3 per 100, $29 per 1,000.
Prof. Rau-wenhotf . Grand salmon-red ; splen-
did. Early forcer, and beautiful bedding vari-
ety. 75c. per doz., $5.50 per 100, $50 per 1,000.
PSYCHE. Soft rose; enormous flowej. This is
one of those Darwins, which is even mor^ beautiful
when you look into the cup than when you look at
the outside of the flower. Take a bunch of these
enormous, long-stemmed flowers, hold them to the
light, and you will admire the exceedingly pleasing
shade of salmon-rose, with beautiful light blue veins
and feathers radiating from the blue spots at the
base of the petals. It is a great flower for bouquets
and is one of the earliest forcers. 75 cts. per doz.,
$6 per 100, $57.50 per 1,000.
Purple Perfection. An extra-fine dark purple.

Ji.So per doz., $12 per 100.
Queen of Brilliants. Large, deep, full rose, shaded

scarlet. 75c. per doz., $5.25 per 100, $50 per 1,000.
Rev. Ewbank. Vivid heliotrope-lilac, slightly bor-
dered. 75c. per doz., $5.25 per 100, $50 per 1,000.
Scylla. Fiery red ; a striking variety. 40 cts. per

<li)z., $3 per 100, $27.50 per 1,000.
THE SULTAN. Maroon-black ; very showy. 35 cts.

per doz., $1.75 per 100, $15 per 1,000.
The Dove, .^pple-blossom pink, very pretty. $1.50
per doz., $12 per 100.
VELVET KING. Shining purple; enormous Doz. 100 i.ooo

flowers $1 75 $14 00

WHITE QUEEN, or La Candeur. White.
Can be called the only \vhite Darwin. It
opens rosv white, but passes to pure white.
One of the most popular varieties; forces easily. 50 350 $3200
Zulu. Blue-black; very distinct form; a splen-
did and very remarkable flower i 5° 10 00

BODDINGTON'S QUALITY MIXED. A

fine mixture of all colors and varieties 25 175 1500

1 each of the above 32 sorts

2 each of the above 32 sorts, 64 in all

3 each of the above 32 sorts, 96 in all

Boddington's Collections of Darwin Tulips

$2 50 I 6 each of the above 32 sorts, 192 in .alt $12 00

4 75 12 each of the above 32 sorts, 384 in all 20 00

7 00 I 15 each of the above 32 sorts, 480 in all 24 fx>

ARTHUR T. BODDINGTON

342 West 14th St., New York City

GARDENERS'
CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA

' II //ic^fhij/i-// fi/ /ii I /}ifiyiitt/i/'

DECEMBER. 1913

Ten Cents a Conv

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

USE YOUR OWN JUDGMENT—

Compare the principles embodied in the
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The hen will, it allowed her dwn way, make her nest in a secluded, shady place on
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see the construction of "THE BANNER."' They are' built DIFFERENT, they
are built BETTER than any incubator on the market.

We also carry a full line of Poultrv Supplies, Foods, Remedies, etc.

(Write for 1914 illustrated catalogue, out Jan. 1.)

BURNETT BROTHERS, Seedsmen

98 Chambers Street, New York City

Built 38 Years Ago

THIRTY-EIGHT years ago we built for the
State University, at Columbus. Ohio, tliis
funny, little, old curved roof house, that
today seems to us so squatty in eflfect.

In comparing- it with the splendid balance and
beauty of lines in the houses we build today, the
advance in greenhouse design and construction is
instructive.

It is a generally acknowledged fact that in the
greenhouse field, no single concern has con-
tributed as much to the practical development of

construction and betterment as Lord & Burnham
Company.

To have started building greenhouses in a little,
one-man shop in a Rochester backyard, and to
now have two large factories in this country,
and another one under way in Canada, are things
that tell their own convincing story of progress-
iveness.

.'\s a progressive man — the most progressive
firm is none too progressive for you.

Glad to talk business with you any time j'OU say.

Lord and Burnham Company

Sales ) NEW YORK BOSTON PHILADELPHIA CHICAGO ROCHESTER TORONTO, CAN.

Offices / 12d St. Bids. Trcmont Bid?. Franklin Bank Bldg. Rookery Bldg. Granite Bldg. 12 Queen St., East Ir

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

74,'

^m

i^s

w

A Lovely New Rose Called "Hadley'

For its ancestors, Had-
ley can Imast of Liberty.
General Mac.'\rthur and
Richmond; each a favorite
amonK rose lovers. The
buds are of exceptional
beauty. -Vs a blown flower,
Hadley loses none of its
regality. The color is a
deep velvety crimson. Its
fragrance is only excelled
by American Beauty.

For greenhouse growing
it has proven itself to be
an all-year-round forcing
variety and for outside
use, its parentage should
mean that Hadley will be
one of the finest.

Then there is Killarney
Brilliant — the one that has
attracted so much atten-
tifiU You surely ought to

have some plants of it.
The very name Killarney
tells you its ancestry to be
an enviable one. Surely no
indoor garden can be quite
complete without either of
these welcome arrivals.

The various tried and
true varieties of roses, car-
nations and 'mums — (the
kind that you can depend
on being satisfactory) we
also have in pot grown
Satisfaction Plants.

The catalog shows nu-
merous original photo-
graphic reproductions.

Bedding Roses for your
outdoor garden ^ — is an-
other thing to remember
you can get at Cromwell
Garden. You might also
add to your memo, peren-
nials and bedding plants.

AN.FIER50N INC.

f(m-7i -^^T — ^

^ v^' Ci^MWELL Conn ^^?^'

^iiSIKJB^gi^Bi^^^^^aai^is^^lgg^e^a^asg^

DREER'S

GARDEN BOOK

1914

Will be liandsomer
This is our seventy
supplying the best
C)ur list contains eve
ing many new variet
for the first time —
many fine illustratio
and is more than a
information valuable
as amateur gardener,
ten by experts who

and more valuable than ever.
-sixth year in the business of
Seeds, Plants, Bulbs, etc., and
rything worth growing, includ-
ie> which arc now being offered
Dreer's Garden Book contain-
ns, colored and duotone plates.

catalogue, as it contains much

to both the professional as well
, the contents having been wril-

know.

Ready early in January and a copy will be mailed
free to anyone mentioning this publication.

HENRY A. DREER

714 Chestnut Street Philadelphia

Competent Gardeners

Q The comlorts and products o( a country home are
Increased by employing a competent gardener ; i( you
want to engage one, write lo us.

q Please give particulars regarding place and soy
whether married or single man is wanted. We have
been supplying Ihem lor years to the best people
everywhere. No fee asked.

PETER HENDERSON & CO.

Seedsmen und Florists
33 and 37 Corllandl St. NEW YORK CITY

Gladiolus for Forcing

AMERICA AND PRINCEPS

-Vn exceptional ofi"cr of well
ripened extra large iiit^h crown
bulbs, 7 inche.s and omt in lir-
America, 50c. doz. ; $3.50 per 100
Princeps, 75c. doz.; $5.00 per 100

WEEBER and DON

'.j^y'i Seed MerchanU and Growers

114 Chamber* Sired NEW YORK

744

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

MAMMOTH FANCY VERBENA.

MICHELL'S RELIABLE FLOWER SEEDS

A Few Varieties for Early Solving

\'ERBEN.\-MAViMOrH FANCY S TRAIN

Large Pkt. Pkt. Large Pkt, Pkt.

BLUE 40 .10 STHIPED 40 .10

PINK 40 .10 WHITE 40 .10

SCARLET .. .40 .10 MIXED 40 .10

AGKRATUM
BLUE PERFECTION... .20 .10 IMPERIAL DWARF

IMPERIAL DWARF WHITE 16 .06

BLUE 15 .05 LITTLE BLUE STAR.. .50 .15

ANTIRKLINIUM-GIANT STRAIN

SALMON PINK 40 .15 WHITE 85 .10

ROSE PINK 25 .10 YELLOW 25 ,10

SCARLET 85 .10 MIXED 85 .10

STRIPED 25 ,10

VINCA

ALBA 20 .10 ROSEA SO .10

ALBA PlIRA 20 .10 MIXED 20 .10

Also all other Seeds. Bulis. Plants, etc. Send for Catalog,
H'iLNRY F. MICHELL CO.. BIS Market St., Philadelphici. Pa.

NOVELTIES

Chrysanthemums Roses Carnations

\X7'E have never been in such good
.shape to supply stock as we
are at the present time. We can
quote early January delivery on most
of our Novelties, and our catalogue
will be mailed you immediately after
Christmas!!!!

MERRY CHRISTMAS EVERYBODY!!

CHARLES H. TOTTY

MADISON - - - N. J

TOMATO

''BUCKS' T RES CO''

The greatest novelty of the
season. Also for other spe-
cialties and novelties see our
New Illustrated Catalogue
for I 9 14; free on application

W. E. Marshall & Co.

SEEDS BULBS PLANTS

166 West 23d Street, New York

Incorporated 1911

Andrew^ R.Kennedy

Pres. and Treas.

Kennedy Z^ Hunter

Mammoth Bulbs at Moderate Prices

Mushroom SpaMrn, Pure Culture, Direct Inoculation

Send for Our Fall Bulb Catalogue

156 WEST 34TH ST. "p^r.Ur NEW YORK

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

745

The National Bedding Plant

ADOPTED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. WASHINGTON

tfiC.&J.ifi

Lily-
Cannas

(^ METEOR (Wint

1^^

,.^;^^^^^^

After exhaustive tests,
our National Government
at Wasliington, D. t'..
planted in the most visited
grounds in the U. S.
(around the public build-
ings, as here shown) solid
beds of Olympic, Meteor,
Rosea gigantea, Gladiator,
Mrs. Alfred F. Conard and
other C. & J. sorts. My
rigid tests pur Governnieiit
has. for its own use. siitrd
out the "Largest and Best
Obtainable."

-; ROSEA-<iltiANTKA

.\t its National Conven-
tion at Minneapolis, .Au-
gust, 1913, the Society of
.American Florists & Or-
namental Horticulturists
gave foremost place to the
display of Conard & Jones
Cannas over all com-
petitors, mentioning espe-
cially Beacon, Blanche
W i n t z e r , Panama and
Olympic. These, with
others, formed a splendid
array that tarried otT higli-
est honors.

These illustrations of large Canna beds bespeak more clearly than words the high favor in which our
Cannas are held by the Department of Agriculture and those in charge of l)eautifying the public grounds of our
Nation's, Capital.

'-Mr. Gardener, have you ever thought how the C. & J. Cannas will help to bcautifv vour grounds' We will
be pleased to have you write us for information on the subject of Canna beds.

THE CONARD £y JONES CO.. Canna Specinlists, WEST GROVE, PA.

746

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

El^t ^onUniB—Btttinbtt^ X9X3

Horticultural Whys and Wherefores .

Bv Edrvin Jenlfins
The Chrysanthemum Bv Dr. Franl( Crane
Some Facts About Corn Growing .

B\i William CalloTeav
"This Is My Work" By Henry Van Dyke
Grape Culture Under Glass

By Wm. Morrow
"Except Ye Repent" . Selected

Exhibitions and Progress By Willian Turner
More About Drains By A. A. Macdonald
A Successful First Attempt . '
Propagating and Raismg Ferns
Cedars of Lebanon .
Berries and Other Shrubs En Masse

By Samuel Scott
Smoke Injurious to Plants .
Editorial

Gardeners' Gift to Miss Wilson
Association Notes

N. A. G. New Year's Resolution

President's Message

President Waite's Appointments

Meeting of Trustees and Directors

New Members

Why Procrastinate?
Among the Gardeners

Gardener Heads New ^'ork Florists' Club
747 International Show Number

75Q Criticisms on Convention By Oscar Addo

News of Boston and Vicinity
yrri "In a Garden" . . . Selected

^ . Farm Management as a Profession

'^^ Climbing Plants . By Stanley R. Candler

Averse to Race Suicide
'-'' Sources of Plant Diseases .

751 Secretary Houston to the Boy Agriculture

752 Champions ....

753 The American Pea Society

753 Our Wild Flowers ....

754 American Gardens and Gardeners

754 National Organization to Study Forest Insect

Problem .....

755 Potato Quarantine ....

755 Old Plants Advertised Under New Names

756 A Lazy Business Man

756 National Associations

757 Local Societies ....
Gardeners' Diary ....
NewTJort Horticultural Society
Lenox Horticultural Society
New Jersey Floricultural Society .
Connecticut Horticultural Society ' .
Tuxedo Horticultural Society

758 Westchester and Fairfield Horticultural Society

758
758
759
759
759
760
761
761
762

763
763
763
764

765
765
765
765
766
766
767
767
767
767
767
767
767

[Russian Lily of the Valley

Have you e\'cr grown our Russian Lily of the Valley? Many
leading" florists and gardeners in eveiy State in the Union do and
ai'e ready to pass a good word about its good qualities.

New (]roj) readv for present deliverv.

Case, 250, $6.00; 500, $11.00; 1,000, $20.00

Cold Storage for deliverv after Januarv 15, 1914.

Case, 250, $6.50; ^ 500, $12.00; ^ 1,000, $23.00

Our 1914 (Catalog will he mailed during Decemher; if you do
not receive a copy, we hoi)e you will droji us a card.

&1impp^(mm^

30-32 BARCLAY ST.
NEW YORK CITY

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA

DEVOTED TO THE SCIENCE OF FLORICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE

ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF
THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

Vo\. X\"II.

DECI'.MBF.K, 1913.

No. 2.

Horticultural Whys and Wherefores

By Edwin Jenkins. ■
"Every Why Hath a Wherefore." — Shahcst'carc.
The title of my topic is a little strange and unusual,
I must admit, but my plea this evening is for thought,
meditation, and observation, for is it not true that

"To obserz'ations ivhich onrsckrs zee make,
We grow more partial for th' observers' sake"

a plea to every one to satisfy himself with the reason for
his every act connected with his work. Many men, as
they rise in the ranks of horticulture advance seemingly
without knowing or caring very much to know why they
perform many of even the simplest everyday operations ; —
in other words, they neglect the "Whys and Wherefores."
That some of these men are quite successful growers I
am willing to concede ; but I tliink you will all agree with
me when I affirm that did they but add deep and correct
soning to their practice — they would be still better culti-
vators, broader minded men — and further advanced on
the road to the respect of their employers and associates.

In the development of my topic I have asked some
questions and I have answered them to the best of my
knowledge, realizing — I trust with becoming humility —
that there is more than one side to most questions, and
that the other side may be more nearly the correct one
than the one the speaker advances, for

" 'Tis zvith our judgments as our watches — none
Go just alike, yet each believes his ozvn."
Here and there I ask a ijuestion but attempt no answer,
trusting to learn from ymi, or, at the very least, to set
someone thinking.

Some may regard my "Whys" as trivial, but to those
I would say remember this is a plea for thought applied
to the simplest actions and operations, with the idea of
forming such a habit of mind that we shall be everlast-
ingly questioning — believing that such a habit of mind
once developed would not only result in better, more in-
tensive, and more intelligent work, but would add interest
and incentive to the mutual benefit and advantage of em-
ployer and worker.

Let us commence with the simplest kind of questions
— Why do we water plants? Because they need water
or moisture, you will say — and this is perfectly true —
but does that tell it all? Is there not something deeper
that the man with the watering can (or the hose) should
have a thorough grip upon before he can water with
brains as well as water ? Should he not realize that the
roots of all plants are of the nature of a sponge? that
the plant can take up no food whatsoever except that
which is held in solution in water? He should under-

stand tliat before the plant reaches the dust-dry stage
the roots have ceased to take up water, for the soil par-
ticles have the power of withholding from three to ten
per cent, of water from the plant, and, therefore, this
quantity of water may as well be non-existent as far as
the plant is concerned. He should know, too, that the
vital actions of the roots cease near the freezing point ;
hence, one of the reasons for shading frozen plants, as
they will perish of starvation should the sun or a drying
wind have free access to them during the time the roots
are inactive through low temperature. He should further
realize that among the other evils of letting plants get too
dry is the production of cracks in the soil, and this crack-
ing will break many of the fine root-hairs which are the
feeders ; and, needless to say, will give a severe check to
the plant. And so this very subject of watering might
be so enlarged upon as to fill a volume, but enough.

Why do we ventilate the greenhouses? First, to regu-
late the temperature : and second — but no less important
— to set the air in motion, this motion of the air having
an invigorating, stimulating, life-quickening eflfect upon
plants as it has on animals. Heretofore taught that air
which had been used was to some extent chemically im-
pure and therefore injurious to plants and animals, the
latest and best scientific data assures us that this teach-
ing is in error; the process of cooling and setting the air
in motion being the only corrective necessary. This be-
ing the case while there are times when we might regu-
late the temperature of the greenhouses without the use
of the ventilators, still for the well being of the plants it
is desirable to operate the ventilators and keep the tem-
perature to its proper level by fire heat.

Whv wet greenhouse walks and floors? — or, in green-
house parlance, "\\"hy damp down ?" Not to keep down
red spider, T hope : nor because we are so bid or enjoined
during our apprenticeship days. There is sound good rea-
son for damping down such houses as are occupied by
plants whose native lial)itat is the shady, humid, tropical
forest — because as we must supply the heat which they
need (usually no negli.gible quantity) by artificial means,
and this heat in turn dries the air, so the supply of humid-
ity must be increased by artificial means. Again, though
tliis be true of some plants and some greenhouses, it
does not follow that damping down is desirable in all
greenhouses. Far from it. It may be stated as a gen-
eral nroposition that rose, carnation and chrysanthemum
houses are artificiallv supplied with atmospheric moist-
ure by regular watering and syringing; in fact, we would
be glad to dry the air to some extent at times.

Greenhouse t< ;nalo diseases, and all the varoius
fungoid diseases atTecting other plants, are more easily

748

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

held in check in a fairly dry atmosphere than in one reek-
ing with moisture.

Damping, however, is generally overdone ; but excep-
tion might be taken to the above statements regarding
the damping of rose, carnation and chrysanthemum
houses on very hot, dry days ; since on such days damp-
ing has a very beneficial effect, in that, Urst, it cools the
air — this cooling is almost independent of the tempera-
ture of the water used for damping, the conversion of
the liquid into a gas is. that which absorbs the heat of
the atmosphere ; and because, in the second place, wlien
we moisten the atmosphere on extremely hot days we
cut down the transpiration of water through the leaves :
a very desirable operation, for when the water-carrying
capacity of the roots is unequal to the heavy drafts upon
it, wilting (and sometimes burning) results — though the
plants be ever so wet at the roots.

Why is it important to give the right aspect to a green-
house, and the correct pitch to the roof? I introduce
this subject because it seems to me highly important that
everv gardener should have this well fixed in his mind
as he may be called upon any time to select a site for a
greenhouse, and should he make any great error in this
selection and the greenhouse be built, endless trouble and
dissatisfaction will result. Generally speaking, the good
firms of greenhouse builders will offer valuable sugges-
tions as to the site, but, this notwithstanding, every gar-
dener should competently inform himself on this im-
portant point. Plants that malce their growth between
March and November 1 thrive well in houses running
north and south and (of course) facing east and west —
especiallv if of the span-roof type. Such houses make
good graperies, peach and chrysanthemum houses.

Winter-grown roses and carnations do well in houses
running east and west — or, better, with the southerly
side facing about twenty degrees east of due south ; this
slightly easterly aspect being a very important factor in
the work of the rose grower. His houses catch the early
morning sunshine: he is--able to dispense with the fire
heat sooner; his syringing can be attended to earlier —
the plants benefiting by a longer drying period ; and
thus he insures and conserves the full photosynthetic vir-
tue of the early morning sunshine — which scientists claim
to be greater than that of the afternoon. Thus many
reasons favor the house with a little east of south aspect.

We now come to the matter of pitch or slope of the
roof. Theoretically, the roof of a greenhouse for the
winter growing of plants should be as nearly at a right
angle to the sun as is possible during the darkest winter
months, say, during November, December and January.
Among many practical reasons militating against carry-
ing this theory strictly into practice is the one often ad-
vanced that the theory necessitates constructing houses too
high and too narrow; but. generally speaking, the roof
should be as steep as possible, conforming to the general
structural requirements. For this latitude a pitch of about
thirty-six to forty degrees is a very good one. The
steeper the roof the greater the amount of light \yhich
reaches the plants. As we go north a steeper roof is re-
quired than would be needed at a point further south in
order to obtain the same amount of light. A very good
feature of steep roofs is the facility with which they shed
the snow in winter — especially where there are no gut-
ters on the house.

Why are two-inch wrought iron heating pipes to be
preferred to four-inch ca.st iron ones for heating green-
houses with hot water? Because in any given number of
feet of radiating surface we have only half the quantitv
of water to heat — this means more rapid' circulation and
economy. The two-inch pipe takes up less space, can
be easily removed and repaired, offers the advantages of

standard threads and fittings. The cast iron, it is true,
offers greater resistance to corrosion and will generally
last longer than the wrought iron.

Why is it more important to keep uniform tempera-
tures at night than during the day? I conceive this to
be a question seldom asked and, perhaps, seldomer an-
swered. Experience shows night temperatures are the
best which keep the plants as inactive as possible during
darkness without checking the growth too much. The
optimum temperature being given for any kind of plant,
let us consider the result of deviation in either direction,
up or down. Take a rose, for instance, of some variety
whose optimum temperature is 58, and suppose the night
temperature to be allowed to fall to 54 or 55 for any
length of time, what will be the result? We will find
shorter stems, fewer flowers, and — if it. is at the critical
period in the fall of the year — some varieties will go to
sleep, taking a month or two to awaken. On the other
hand, suppose the temperature be allowed to run up to
62 or 63 — we will have longer but weaker stems and
flowers of poorer keeping quality. Besides, the forcing-
process decreases the resistance of the plant to the at-
tacks of insect and disease. The ill effects are likely to
be more pronounced when the temperature see-saws up
and down — high one night and low the next — and it
might be advanced as an axiom that the ill effect is com-
mensurate to the amount of deviation from the correct
temperature.

It has ever been my expereince that, other things being
equal, the best stock was grown where correct night tem-
peratures were kept. Strictly uniform day temperature
is not so important because, in the main, variations are
caused bv the sun, and if the heat runs up in bright sun-
shine causing more rapid growth, so likewise the sun's
power to keep pace with the heat is greater, the function
of the plant leaves to develop their elaborate chemical
processes is facilitated, and quality as well as quantity of
grows is assured.

Why does a plant appear to draw towards the light
when set near the window? It is because light retards
growth. The portion of the stem further from the light
over-grows — i. e., grows faster than — the portion of the
stem directly exposed to and facing the light; hence the
marked inclination of the plant to the light.

Why do we feed plants? Air and water, of course,
are the two greatest factors in plant growth, but the term
feeding the plant refers, perhaps technically, to supplying
the mineral salts in which the soil appears to be deficient.
We feed nitrogenous substances to promote and increase
growth ; phosphatic substances for fruitfulness and early
maturity, and potash for quality — such as high color and
flavor in fruits, scent in flowers, etc. Every user of fer-
tilizer should familiarize himself with its chemical prop-
erties, ingredients and virtues; adapting the particular
fertilizer to the result desired, and should possess a
cogent concept of just what he is feeding for. If T may
use the term, he should function chemically, and strive
for technique.

Why do we spray orchard and other trees? To keep
insects and fungoid diseases in check, to promote and
enhance the vigor of our trees and the quality of the
fruit. Copper sulphate in the form of Bordeaux mixture
is generally used for fungoid diseases ; arsenate of lead
for leaf-eating worms and insects, and lime sulphur or
crude oil spray for scale and sucking parasites.

Why do we prune? Some do not; others prune spar-
ingly. To prune intelligently a clear idea of the objects
nf pruning is essential. To thin out the weak and super-
fluous growths, thus conserving maximum light and air,
and assuring further fruitful, strong and healthy growth ;

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

749

to maintain tree symmetry — these are two cardinal points
to which the attention of the pruner is directed.

.Summer pinching, or [jruning, is especially productive
of fruit buds. In pruning a mixed border of flowering
shrubs, the spring-flowering and the summer-flowering
problem must be met and faced ; and the time and man-
ner of pruning must consider the old (last season's)
growth and the new growth so that the flowering of the
shrubs be the better promoted. The foregoing applies
to the pruning of some of the climbing roses, differenti-
ated from the teas and hybrid perpetuals.

Another question — Why do we root prune ? The an-
swer is. we don't — or. at least, very few of us do. My
personal opinion is that it is not ^vorth the labor ; the
same object — promoting the formation of fruit buds —
being attained by less lal)orious, equally dependable
methods.

Why do we mulch? Primarily we mulch to conserve
the soil moisture by retarding and minimizing evapora-
tion ; and, indirectly — when we mulch with manure — to
feed the plant life. Heavy mulching is a mistake. It
acts as a non-conductor of the heat the sun gives off —
thus preventing the warming of the soil — and, where the
air is excluded, heavy mulching causes dentrification
which is apt to neutralize the good proper mulching con-
serves.

In the fall we mulch newly transplanted trees for sane
and obvious reasons. The soil contact of the roots of
these trees is not intimate, consequently its water distrib-
uting capacity is at a minimum. At this stage mulching
— acting as a non-conductor of frost — keeps the ball from
freezing and conserves the moisture, and such roots as
are able to function will keep the tree going till the ad-
vent of better growing conditions in the spring, by which
time the roots will have developed a more intimate con-
tact with the soil. Nature attempts to mulch many trees
in the fall — especially the low-growing evergreens — but
in our zeal to clean up we are apt to rake away the pro-
tecting leaves, thus robbing the evergreen of a much
needed protection for the winter. During the passing of
the last of the winter months and following on through
the early spring — a period of bright sunshine and drying
wind — many evergreens die of atrophy ; the moisttire
which now transpires rapidly through the leaves cannot
be replenished through the roots which are unable to
function where the ground is frozen deep.

But let us launch another "Why." Why does the grass
grow so luxuriantly on the lawn where nuishrooms have
grown previously? I attempt no answer to this query,
merely noting the fact and hoping that some one may be
able to throw light on the subject.

Why do we drain land? We drain land to remove
stagnant water, and to lower the natural water table to
such depth as we believe conducive to the healthy devel-
opment of plant life.

Why is from three to four feet the best depth to lay
tile drains? Only a short while ago a prominent gar-
dener giving a talk before one of the horticultural soci-
eties condemned the theorv of draining so deep, arguing
that approximately thirty inch depths were adequate —
this dei)th placing the drains nearer to their work, in-
ferring they had no function to perform below this depth.
This is a subject that only comes up occasionally, gar-
deners not being frequently called ujion to lay out drain-
age systems. However, the correct principles of land
drainage should be a part of every gardener's knowledge.

Because of the general confusion of ideas obscuring
this subject, I trust you will allow me a little time to de-
vote to it. After nearly a hundred years of experience
the world over, in all kinds of soil, under a great diversity

ol conditions, and at depths ranging from one to eight
feet, the balance of authority and the consensus of opin-
ion is in favor of the three-to-four foot depth. Forty-
two is better than thirty inches because it adds another
foot of living, growing, habitable soil — and many gar-
deners would give a great deal for another foot of soil ;
it being understood and conceded that a soil filled with
free stagnant water is a dead soil as far as the great ma-
jority of plants is concerned — in fact all with the excep-
tion of a few aquatic and semi-aquatic plants. Note the
depth of the root bed of the tree blown over or removed
from swampy land. Seldom, if ever, do these extend
downward more than a foot or so ; and never to a depth
exceeding the point to which the water recedes during
the summer. At greater than four foot depths the bene-
fits accruing are not commensurate to the cost of the
work. The greater the depth the greater the amount of
water a drain will discharge in a given time. .\s four
feet is the limit of capillarity in all but the closest grained
soils we do away with the cold of evaporation which is
what keeps our soils cold and so sluggish in the spring.
Some may contend that if you cut ofl: capillarity our soils
would get too dry on account of not getting the benefit
of the water raised from lower depths by this means, but
this is an untenable contention as four feet of well
drained soil will hold, between the soil particles, about
twelve hundred tons of water to the acre, which is nearly
one-third of our average annual rainfall and enough for
any crop requirement — especially as this^ would be aug-
mented and replenished every rainfall. The annual rains
communicate several pounds of nitrogen to each acre of
land ; also a small amount of carbonic acid which has a
solvent action on the soil, setting free much plant food.
The greater the depth to which the rainfall percolates to
reach the drains the greater the amount of plant food
retained bv the soil : the consensus of opinion among the
best qualified authorities being to the effect that deep
drains discharge less and shallow drains measurably more
soluble plant foods.

The three-to-four foot drain is not established as a pro-
tection from any possible action of the frost, for this ap-
proximate depth obtains in countries where more than
a foot of frost is comparatively unknown. True, in the
rigorous New England climate the heaving and reset-
tling of the soil presents a possible element of danger to
the alignment of shallow drains — and such drains under
such conditions ofl'end against the maxim, "Better be
safe than sorry." The tendency of very soft tiles to dis-
mtegrate after being frozen is also an element to be
reckoned with in working out the problem. Even on the
score of first or initial cost the shallow drains, the par-
allel lines of which must be in more intimate juxtaposi-
tion to insure maxinnim efficiency, do not gain by com-
l)arison ; the greater cost for tile offsetting the cost of the
extra foot or eighteen inches of digging in the lesser
number of deeper ditches. To support the contention
advanced — that shallow drains are wasteful, inefficient
and precarious, ofttimes voiding most prodigally the rich
virtues and proi)erlies of the soil their draining is sup-
posed to enhance and conserve — I might quote the late
Colonel Waring (possibly America's greatest drainage
engineer), and Josiah Parkes, for many years drainage
engineer to the Royal Agricultural Society of Great Brit-
ain. These and other eminent authorities might be
quoted at great length — but hesitating to continue weary-
ing you with this phase of the problem I desist.

Why is it harmful to put crushed stone, gravel or other
porous material in direct contact with the drains? First,
l)ecause the best authorities on drainage condemn this
|)ractice — some proceeding so far as to advise the plac-

750

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

ing of good stiff cla}' for the first toot over the drains ;
second, placing a porous material in direct contact with
the tile presents a freer passage for whatever quantities
of fine silt advanced to this point — the accumulation of
this silt in the drains being very undesirable and not in-
frequently very troublesome. The corollary of this prop-
osition— the percolation of water down through the top
of the drain instead of up through the bottom — is ob-
vious. To add a third reason, there is the cost, a large
item on any considerable job. The practice does not
conserve the dollar.

Mr. Arnold Bennett deplores the general tendency of
mankind to let their mental machinery rust in the parent
cranium. If anything I have said this evening will func-
tion to stimulate any one of us to devote more serious
thought to the "Whys and Wherefores" of our daily
task and toil, may it not well excuse the presumption —
and all the presumption — my coming before you this
evening measures and compasses.

{Address by Edz^'in Jenkins before North Shore Hor-
ticultural Society, Manchester, Mass., December 5.
1913.)

THE CHRYSANTHEMUM.

By Dr. Fr.\nk Crane.

After the roses have fallen and their leaves lie a dawn-
tinted carpet around the shivering bush ; after the
warmth-loving heliotrope and sunflower and petunia have
smiled up at their cooling lover, the sun, and died ; after
the Herod frost has stabbed all the little summer-inno-
cents of the garden, and they have dropped their heads
forever, then comes the splendid chrysanthemum, the
last flaunting banner of the flower army retreating before
the enemy of all life — the cold.

Its beauty is akin to its season. I'or its colors are not
strong and crying, but touched with a pensive shade ; not
fresh pinks and hot scarlets, but a pink softened and a
red diluted : not the color of the sun, but that of the moon,
and of the haze upon morning waters.

Chrysanthemum colors are as characteristic as nas-
turtium colors ; they are of all kinds, yet with a pervad-
ing quality. The same sulxlued thoughtfulness runs
through all. There are straw colors and cream, sulphur
and tarnished gold, saffron and orange and salmon, colors
of old rose and violet, magenta, and nut brown, but all
steeped in mystery.

It is the flower of melancholy, notwithstanding its
assertive size and splendor. It is the flower that flour-
ishes on .All-Souls' Day, the Day of the Dead.

It is an immigrant, as the people of America are im-
migrants. But while they come from Europe, the chr}s-
anthemum comes from the Levant. In China long ago
Confucius celebrated its "golden glory." It was adopted
by the Japanese, who made the little beggar-flower of the
roadside to be the gorgeous emblem of chivalry, for
princes of the blood only. They stamped its image upon
their ancient moneys, upon the seal of the mikado, upon
the sabre-hilts of the soldiers of the guard.

The Japanese have employed the chrysanthemum, to-
gether with the cherry blossom, the bamboo, and the
nenuphar as the standard figures of their ingenious deco-
rative art.

The chrysanthemum is one of the most striking exam-
ples of what man can do with the simple products of
nature. The timid, small yellow flower that came to us
from overseas has become fantastic, monstrous, fulsome,

and bold. It has perked up its petals "like quills upon the
fretful porcupine," rolled them around like serpents,
crimped them as ladies do their hair. Little by little the
horticulturists have made a c[ueen ot this Cophetua blos-
som.

There is nothing that so crashes upon one's sense of
beauty, that so comes over one's spirit like a blare of
trumpets, as a massed display of these royal flowers.

The chrysanthemum is Summer's swan-song, full of
elegiac majesty ; it is the Summer's last caress, sweet as
the sweetness of that one more kiss we place upon the
lips of the beloved who are about to die. — A'^fiy York
Globe.

SOME FACTS ABOUT CORN GROWING.

By \\'illi.\m G.\llow.\y.

There is a lot of difference in the farming method of
the man who takes virgin soil and grows from 80 to 125
bushels of corn per acre ^nd the man who gets hold of
land that will not grow more than 35 to 40 bushels per
acre and gradually builds it up to a point where it will
[jroduce as much as virgin soil. If it was not for the
decayed vegetable matter which accidentally gets into
soils, not a pound of fertilizer would be returned to much
land that is steadily planted to corn.

It is here that the vetch plant comes in so nicely to the
wise corn grower who wants to keep up his heavy crop
year after year. Vetch will grow in any well drained
soil : wherever corn can be grown it will thrive.

Generally stated, every bushel of corn taken from the
soil means a pound of nitrogen taken out of the land and
about four pounds of potash and three and one-half of
phosphorus.

\'etch sowed between the corn rows at the last plowing
of the corn will put into the soil as much or more plant
food than the corn crop has taken out of the land ac-
cording to the thrift with which it grows.

The more rank the growth of vetch, the more good it
will do in fertilizing the soil. If your vetch seed is well
inoculated before sowing and the proper amount of seed
per acre (about 30 pounds) is used, your crop of vetch
will return as much or more nitrogen to the soil than
\ our corn crop has removed.

Plowing under a heavy growth of vetch is giving the
land a good deal more fertilizer per acre than plowing
under the best stand of clover you ever saw. For years
clover has been considered the greatest of all green ma-
nures.

Try some vetch in your corn field ne.xt year. Be sure
that your seed is w'ell inoculated so that it will take hold
and grow strong and rank. Without the proper bacteria
on the roots of the vetch plant, it might make as poor
showing as some seedlings of clover which are uninocu-
lated or sown in soils that lack the friendly little germs
tliat make for heavv. vigorous growth.

THIS IS MY WORK.

Let me but do my work from day to day.
In field or forest, at the desk or loom,
In roaring market-place, or tranquil room ;

Let me but find it in my heart to say,

\\'hen vagrant wishes beckon me astray,

"This is my work ; my blessing, not my doom :
Of all who live, I am the one by whom

This work can best be done, in the right way."

— J 'an bvke.

Grape Culture Under Glass

By Wm.

At the request of your coiniuittee I present a little
[japer on grape culture uncler glass, I have with reluc-
tance consented, knowing that some of your more scien-
tific members could handle the subject better, and as I am
better acquainted with vine roots than I am with Greek
roots, I ask you to excuse my shortcomings in that re-
spect.

Let us begin with the border. I have had some ex-
perience with three different kinds, viz.: Inside, outside,
and a combination of both, with an arched foundation
under the front of the house, which allows the roots of
the vine to ramble in either direction, the vines being
planted inside. This I consider the best for second or
spring starting, but for early forcing the inside border
has the advantage of the roots being protected from the
cold compost outside, at a time when the vine is in a
brisk growing temperature.

The make-up and material of the border I will pass
over at this time, except to sa\- that thorough drainage is
the most important part of it.

As to the planting, I prefer a }oung vine that has just
filled its pot with root for summer planting. This can
be set in place without any check to its growth. \\'ith
two-year-old dormant vines, such as we get from Europe,
should be taken to some convenient place where they can
he carefully shaken out and washed clean with hose, both
root and top, and then planted at once, spreading out the
roots to their full length in planting. This washing
should be done at some distance from the grapery, so as
to protect that place from undesirable citizens. These
vines can be cut back to the desired length. Fromi 12
to 20 inches, according to strength, is a good length to
leave them. The cuts should be gone over with Thomp-
son's styptic or shellac, which will prevent bleeding.
When this has had time to dry on the cuts, one good
watering is in order, which will likely be all they will
need until the young growth is a foot or more in length.

A fine spray from the hose should be given every dark
day, and several times on bright days. It often hanpens
that a young vine will make much heavier wood up the
trellis than it will in the first two feet of its growth.
This can be helped to some extent by pinching out the
top at a length of five feet, .so that the leaf you leave is
not more than one inch in size. This should not be
pinched again until the end of the season. Weak laterals
will start and should be allowed to make a few joints
before pinching, or rather should not be pinched at all
unless one of them haiipencd to be getting too much
headway at the expense of tlie main rod.

-Vll of these shoots should be cut clean off at pruning
time, as it is at the side of where they grew that the
flowering shoot will come. If fruit is wanted the second
year, one or two laterals could be allowed to hold their
flower. These shoots will draw to the glass, which should
be 20 inches front the trellis.

Pinched at two joints ahead of the bunch, all the sub-
laterals should be rubbed oH" between the bunch and the
main rod, except the one opposite the bunch, which
should be allowed to remain but pinched to one leaf at a
time.

As soon as the wood of the young shoot will stand to
be bent, they should be brought down a little at a time
until they reach their proper place on the wires, in order
to secure a good sized flower, which should make a large
bunch.

A little manure water can be given about a week before
the flower opens. This water should not be stronger than

Morrow,
cow manure, as the active young roots can be checked
at this stage, and both leaf and flower would be scorched.
During this stage, the night temperature should not fall
below 60. It may run up to 90 by day with strong
sun, but floors and return pipes should be sprayed several
times a day or the pollen will get scorched, and the set
in that case is just as poor as a dark weather set, but
with plenty of air and careful dampening in sudden sun-
bursts, the longest bunches will set right to the tips.
Care should be taken not to wet the flow pipes at this
stage.

As soon as you arc sure that the set is complete a good
wash with the hose should be given and continued every
bright day until color commences.

Pilack Hamburgs and such like varieties should be
thinned as soon as it is possible to do it. because if the
bunch gets close, the water will lodge there for several
hours and you will find rusty berries and spoiled bunches.

Muscats can be left until the berries are luuch larger,
as so many of them are not properly pollenized that it is
better to go over them a second time than to go too severe
on them in a small state, until you can be sure of their
condition.

When the berries are commencing to color, or the
second swell, a good dose of sheep manure water seems
to help them along. Nitrates, in careful hands, can also
be used and will do good if not overdone. Don't put
them in careless hands unless you court disaster.

I have seen a fine grapery ruined by the use of nitrate
of soda. You may get a good crop for a year or two, but
you will have to re-plant and make a new border.

This is a sketch of my experience in grape growing.
To go into detail on any one of the points would take too
much of your time in comparison with the value of the
information. — Paper read before the IVesichester and
Fairfield Horticultural Society.

"EXCEPT YE REPENT."

How oft upon the fretful voice of ocean
Have I not heard the carping, canting quest.

How would ye heal b\- your divine devotion
H ye should fall — as fall perchance the best —
And break some bone? How would ye bide the test?

Long as ye sail upon the summer seas
To wafting zephyrs of the golden west

Your path is easy, but away flies ease

When bones are broke: how meet ye woes like these?

"Tis said in Holy Writ of Him who died

To teach mankind to live, "A bone of Him
Shall not be broken": though they pierced His side,

His gentle hands, Llis feet, they broke no limb ;

And all who follow through the darkness dim
His sacred pathway — all who drink the wine.

The hitter dregs upon his goblet's brim,
From direful accident have help divine :
The promise is for all. 'tis yours, 'tis mine.

But though they were not sinners worst of all

Who fell beneath the falling bastion stone
When sank Siloam's tower in Salem's wall.

Yet were they sinners; and like fate is prone.

Except we do repent, to cast each one
To dark destruction. O protecting might !

Help us to guard each thought, each word, each tone,
To walk as pilgrims in this weltering night.
So may no foes ap])al. no fearful chance affriuln.

—Selected.

Exhibitions and Progress

By Wm.
Once more the chrysanthemum held full sway, and
once more the Queen of Autumn undoubtedly proved its
popularity. Why not? "There is a season for every-
thing," and a season for chrysanthemums, and there al-
ways will be, because the mum specialists throughout the
United States and Europe are keeping abreast of the
times with sterling novelties. Is there anything to equal
or compare to chrysanthemums in the way of a massive
exhibit at a nominal outlay? They may be used in so
many different ways to good advantage, either as cut
flowers or for decorative effect. Take the gorgeous colors
and combinations of the singles, semi-doubles and pom-
pons at our command today. One cannot but marvel
and say to the bussy : Hybridist, your work is a monu-
ment to your painstaking efforts ; you have produced
colors and combinations almost indescribable, particu-
larly so among the singles and small flowering varieties.
What a wonderful future there is in store for those cre-
ations of colors and combinations of usefulness. That
must compel admiration on the part of whoever has the
good fortune to look upon them. In visiting a few of the
different exhibitions this Fall it was not difficult to detect
that many of the flower loving public were decidedl\' par-
tial to those smaller dainties. But what about the big fel-
lows? Thev are still as enchanting as ever; in fact, our
chrysanthemum exhibitions would lose much of their
attractiveness minus the big numis. How interesting it
is to look back, say a quarter of a century or more, and I
dare say there are many that would remember such va-
rieties as Elaine and Baron De Prally, Mme. Lacroix,
Belle Paul, M. C. Audiguer, Fair A'laid of Guernsey, and
many others too numerous to mention. The Frenchmen
at that date were giving us some of the best up-to-date
exhibition material, which were wMthout doubt wonderful
improvements over their previous rivals, and in watching
the steady progress as the years roll on, steadily climb-
ing the ladder till I am almost persuaded to believe that
the hybridizers, in regard to size, have reached nigh the
top round. But if size has nearly reached its limit, there
will, without doubt, be new wonders of the hybridizers"
skill repeated in future, the same as in the past — if not in
size, perhaps in other directions to fascinate the public
and show the steady advancement of the Creator's ob-
jects.

Granting that horticulture and floriculture have gone
ahead with leai)s and bounds during the past quarter of
a century, supposing we analyze these great achievements
not only in chrysanthemums but along other lines.
Time and space will not permit me to enter into all chan-
nels of improvements at this time, but I think I can put
this question to the readers who are in close touch with
progress and improvements. Would the same headway
have been accomplished, minus our horticultural socie-
ties? For my part I do not hesitate to say no. It is. in
my opinion, the different horticultural societies that have
sprung up here and there throughout the States that are
either directly or indirectly responsible for the rapid
.strides that have come to our notice in the way of new
w^onders in the horticultural and floricultural world. No
matter whether it is a commercial growers' society or
private, you will find generally that each and every so-
ciety has just one motive in view — to advance hor-
ticulture and floriculture in all its branches. It is not a
difficult jiroblcm to carry our minds, back a period of say
fifteen years or so: at that date there were many young
.societies strug<,ding with one object in mind, that was

Turner.

for the strong to help the weak to stimulate a keener in-
terest in everything pertainirig to fruit, vegetables and
flowers, and it is not necessary for me to dwell on how
well the great majority has succeeded.

Horticultural societies and annual exhibitions are the
keynote to success and advancement in all horticultural
Ijursuits. It is the friendly rivalry among the different
growers, connected with the societies, and each succeed-
ing year from the date of organization, progress has been
the word. Not only has this been noticed in a higher
standard of culture, but also in arrangements of exhibits
jilaced before the public in a more artistic and attractive
manner. I dare say I may be pardoned in oft'ering this
suggestion to the young man making his first attempt to
bring his product before the public. Don't endeavor or
aim at too large an exhibit, but rather have quality in
mind in preference to quantity. The young fellow that
commences with these objects in mind will not regret it
as time goes on.

Of course we are aware that all cannot procure the
first prize paster, and we are also aware that it is an
honor to receive a second or a third award, provided
the exhibits are of exhibition standard. WHienever a
grower is collecting his material together for exhibition
purposes, naturally he would be apt to size up the sit-
uation, and see whether any improvement could be
made. The intended exhibitor should feel that he may
not secure the desired mark, but that the other fellow
will have to step some to surpass. It is not intended that
this should convey in any sense self-praise, but just a
mere business matter in sizing up the situation, also to
impress that nothing but high grade material should
grace the exhibition floors. Ordinarily grown fruit, flow-
ers and vegetables are looked upon and forgotten,
whereas an exhibit of the highest order is apt to be
thoroughly ground into our minds, so that the impres-
sion is there for all time, and the fact of the matter is,
today the exhibitions to be a success must be of sterling
merit. Possibly some of the weaker societies cannot
comply with all those desirable qualities, but I am
strongly of the opinion that unless all exhibits are above
the average growth there is no use of exhibiting at all.
h'ifteen or twenty years ago the public was not educated
up to the same high standard they are today. Referring
to exhibitions that will leave a lasting impression, I
would say, though the S. A. F. never made another
attempt to produce an exhibition, they have undoubtedly
in their past efforts planted impressions upon our minds
that will stay with us for the balance of our lives. Such
events will be pleasant to recall at any time. No doubt,
as time goes on, particularly so in late summer and fall
shows, more substantial encouragement will be provided
for both fruit and vegetables; a step in the right direc-
tion, \\'hat is there more interesting than high quality
fruit and vegetables tastefully arranged? Indeed, col-
lections of vegetables arranged with skill are proving one
of the drawing cards among the j^atrons and general
public, whereas in years gone by -they were thrown to-
gether with no thought to arrangement to any extent;
it was just a question of vegetables placed in any out of
the wav place where the judges could see to award the
prizes.' It is possible that with the right encouragement
fruit and vegetables in the near future may be one of our
prominent features at our exhibitions. It would seem
to me doubly interesting in having the same keen com-
petition in fruit and vegetables that is now found in the
other classes.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

753

MORE ABOUT DRAINS.

Editor, Gardeners^ Chro.xicle :

I read with interest Mr. Miller's article on land drain-
age in the September number of the Chronicle, and also
Mr. Jenkins' remarks thereto in the October number.
Before proceeding further may I say "why the sarcasm"?
Is it because JNIr. Miller had the temerity to e.xpress his
opinion on the subject, or was it because he alluded to
your tar-paper covering on the pipe joints. Mr. Jenkins,
that got you "riled" ? You shouldn't let little things like
that annoy you — remember, "sarcasm" is not argument.

I have had considerable opportunity to study drainage
from many angles at first hand and indorse Mr. Miller's
contention that there is no average depth, and when Mr.
Jenkins states that 95 per cent, of all drains should be
laid at a depth of four feet, he is wide of the mark. Cir-
cumstances alter cases, and to contend that four feet is
the rule is as bad as rule of thumb.

There are over forty miles of drains on this estate, and
the average depth is 2^^ feet, and though quite a number
have been laid eighteen years, all are doing the work
satisfactorily. Most of the sub-strata is hard shale.
Four feet would be wasteful, as our experience with this
shale has demonstrated that drains have to be placed at
frequent intervals of space. To elucidate, I might say,
that to lay the drains over forty inches in depth was
found to give no better results than the two and one-half-
foot drain, as it is of a very retentive nature and the area
drained by the deeper one did not prove practical. It is
a well-known fact — where the nature of the soil permits —
that a four-foot drain will take care of a greater area
than one placed higher, but the above instance I have
cited shows an exception to the rule which Mr. Jenkins
wishes us to accept.

In draining land where clay is found, we have to be
governed by the nature of it to determine what the proper
depth should be. A safe rule to be governed by is, the
more sand in its composition, the deeper it can be laid.
With clays of a plastic nature, where the percentage of
sand is small, three feet would certainly be more prac-
tical. Climatic conditions is a factor that should always
be considered in work of this kind. My knowledge of
these conditions at Leno.x would require that drain should
be laid deeper than is necessary here.

Xow as to "the unkind cut," as Mr. Jenkins terms it. in
referring to stone drains. I fail to see it. A properlx-
laid stone drain where such an expedient may be resorted
to, is on a par with an\' drain tile. Can Mr. Jenkins cite
an instance where one of this description has been a fail-
ure? My personal observation of this system failed to
reveal any, and I have seen a great many that were old
before my time, and apparently as good as when laid.
His theory about soil particles filtering down between the
interstices seems to be founded on prejudice. The soil
would have to filter down at a rapid rate indeed to stop a
drain of this kind, as we assume there is water continually
moving which of course automatically keeps the space
clear. It is quite evident that he is prejudiced against
this system, and when prejudice overcomes a man, he is
not in a position to deal fairly with any subject. It is not
to be inferred from my remarks on the stone drain that I
advocate this system to the exclusion of the pipe drain,
as both have their good points.

Mr. Jenkins' opinion on several subjects is provincial ;
in other words, confined to his experience in his present
position, for which reason bis viewpoint is circumscribed
as evidenced by the ideas he expressed in Horticulture
last .Spring, particularly his opinion on "bleeding vines,"
which to the younger generation was very misleading.

I would suggest to Mr. Jenkins that in future, when he

writes to enligliion llie profession, he handle the sub-
ject in ;i more general way. Let not his vision be so
obscured by conditions as they exist under his personal
observation as to make it impossible for him to see or
appreciate the varied conditions of other estates ; besides,
to completely disregard the opinions of others, is a con-
vincing [JToof of the weakness of an argument.

A. A. M.VCDONALD.

Somerville, X. I.

A SUCCESSFUL FIRST ATTEMPT.

The accompanying illustration of three fine l)looms of
"William Turner" is a photograph of the results of the
first efforts of James Rust, ganlener to Charles Page, Sand
Springs, Oklahoma, to grow chrysanthemums in that
State. It is hardly necessary to say that his expectations
were more than realized. Mr. Rust reports that the plants
were grown in a bench with soil (three inches deep) of
red clay with the addition of sheep manure and bone meal.
The summers in Oklahoma are very trying for chrys-
anthemum culture, the thermometer in the house where
the blooms were grown registering over 130 degrees with
the glass shaded for more than six weeks. The blooms
measured 26' _, inches in circumference.

There is so little good in the best of us, and not so
much bad in the worst of us that it behooves the best of
us to seek nothing but the good in the worst of us.

"WM. tirner" i\ oKr..\noM.\.

754

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

PROPAGATING AND RAISING FERNS.

Of the many operations pertaining to gardening, none
are more interesting than the raising of ferns from
spores, which most kinds bear abundantly. In ferneries,
where the conditions are favorable, the spores find suit-
able resting places on which they germinate freely. In-
deed, the seedlings may be seen in vast quantities on
damp bricks, on the sides of pots, on the surface of the
soil, and in all sorts of positions. Although, however,
ferns come up in this promiscuous fashion, few think of
sowing and raising them from spores ; what young ones
they get are obtained by chance, but if anyone will follow
out the instructions here given he may rear as many as
he pleases, and that without much trouble. The most
important point towards the successful raising of ferns
is the preparation of the pots, which should be three parts
filled with fine potsherds or soft red brick ; then add the
soil, press it down, and make it perfectly level and
smooth on the surface. Before doing this, however, it
is always advisable to subject the soil, which should be a
mixture of peat and fibrous loam, to a good baking on a
flue or other hot place, so as to destroy any eggs of slugs
or weed seeds, in order that there may be nothing to in-
terfere with the young ferns when they come up.

In sowing the spores, take the frond they are on, after
it has lain between paper a few days, and sweep off the
seed lightly with a brush in such a way that it may fall
regularly over the soil. When this is done the pot should
be covered with a pane of glass, and at once placed in
shallow pans of water and then set in a shady position
in any house in which the temperature is kept between
60 degs. and 80 degs. This degree of heat is only neces-
sary for the stove kinds ; the greenhouse and hardy va-
rieties germinate freely in any cold frame, and may even
be raised successfully in the window of a dwelling-house
or behind a wall in the open. The first thing to be seen
in the germination of ferns is a filmy green scale, or
prothallus ; numbers of these soon spread themselves out
over the surface of the soil, which they quickly cover,
and after a short time tiny leaves or fronds may be dis-
covered emerging from the center of these scales, and
these fronds go on multiplying and increasing in size till
perfect plants are formed. Up to this stage it will be
necessary to keep the glasses close on the pots, as con-
fined air and moisture are life to the young seedlings;
but should they show signs of damping, then the glasses
must be slightly tilted for an hour or two each day and
let down again. As soon as the minute plants can be
fairly distinguished, and are large enough to handle, they
should be pricked off ; the readiest way of doing so is to
make a pair of tweezers by bending a thin piece of tough
green wood and using it for taking hold of the young
ferns, when, with a pointed stick in the other hand, they
may be dibbled in quickly without bruising or injuring
them in any way. For pricking the seedlings in, fine
peat and loam, mixed with a little sand, are the best soil,
and in this they should be made firm by watering gently
through the rose of a watering pot. As soon as that is
done it will be necessary to protect them again by cover-
ing them with panes of" glass, unless the pots can be set
under handlights or in propagating boxes where there is
plenty of inoisture to give the plants a good start. Wher-
ever placed, it should be borne in mind that no sun must
get at them, as it would dry and scorch them all up. To
prevent this a thin shade should be kept over them during
the greater part of the day, and morning and evening
the plants should be bedewed with a syringe. This will
start them quickly into growth, and assist greatly in mak-
ing them strong enough for potting ofif singly. As soon
as" they are ready for this, coarser .soil may be employed,

and to insure the porosity of this — an important matter
in fern cultivation — it is a good plan to mi.x in with it
some charcoal in small pieces, or finely-broken crocks,,
soft bricks, or cinders, round any of which the roots will
cling.

There are some ferns that do not bear spores, and these
can only be increased by division or by removing the oft"-
sets; the best time for doing this is early in Spring, just
when the plants begin to move, as then they bear the
disturbance, and any wounds made in their severance
quickly heal. Most ferns admit of being propagated in
this way, and there are many that will bear shaking out
and pulling apart or dividing to almost any extent. —
Gardening Illustrated.

CEDARS OF LEBANON.

It will be recalled that the massacres of Christians in-
1860 led to European intervention, since when the Le-
banon has been an independent sanjak or province, gov-
erned by a Mushir, who nnist be a Christian and is ap-
pointed for five years, with the consent of the great
Powers.

There is no compulsory Turkish military service and
there is a small local force of paid soldiers who do police
duty. Taxation is light. Under this administration ex-
cellent roads have been built throughout the province by
which nearly all villages are reached and benefited.

During the day the valleys were obscured by a haze
caused by the heat of the day evaporating the moisture
below, but in the cool of the evening by twilight climb-
ing the mountains quite a distance above Bsherreh a
never to be forgotten view was obtained. Here nature
seemed to have carved out a huge amphitheater terrace
above terrace, the upper one being that whereon the
majestic cedars stand.

We left Bsherreh at dawn and made our way up the
steep and winding road toward the cedars, writes John
D. Whiting in the National Geographic Magazine. In
some places it was difficult to pass the loaded animals
coming or going. Having made all possible haste, we
reached the cedars just as the sun was sifting its first rays
through the thick foliage — a sight calculated to make any
heart beat faster. The grove numbers, about four hun-
dred trees. With the exception of a few stragglers, the
grove is inclosed by a neat stone wall to protect the
smaller trees from goats. In the center is a small
Maronite chapel.

To dwellers in Syria, where forests of tall trees do not
exist, these majestic cedars must be overawing. A mod-
ern Syrian writer says of them, that they are "undeniably
the most lofty of all the vegetable kingdom." The fact

APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP

National Association of Gardeners

I hereby apply for Membership in your Association : —

Name in full .

Occupation -

A ddr ess

Date '.

Reference

For'oia.rd Appticaiion to M, C. EBEL. Secretary. Madison,
N. J., <with dues, <u>hich are $2.00 annually, including subscrip-
tion to the official organ of the Association.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

755

is that they are about eighty feet high, which is more
than the height of the trees of an average American for-
est. They are justly renowned for the size of their
trunks, the girth of the largest reaching forty-seven feet.

A striking peculiarity of these trees is the growth of
their branches, which extend straight out at right angles
to the trunk and are furnished with exceedingly thick
foliage, brown as seen from beneath, but when viewed
from the hillsides their upper surface resembles a rich,
dark green lawn studded with cones standing erect.
These latter are the size of large goose eggs.

In some other parts of the Lebanon there are cedar
groves, but the trees arc much smaller. Here we have
a suggestion of what the Lebanon was in ancient times,
when the now bare peaks and mountainsides must have
been covered with these trees.

It was here that King Solomon's seventy thousand
hewers wrought, with their three thousand si.K hundred
overseers, besides those supplied by Hiram, King of
Tyre, to get the cedar wood required for the temple at
Jerusalem, and which was taken in rafts to Jaffa and
thence carried up to Jerusalem. These trees were also
used in the construction of David's house, and later in
the building of the second temple. A white resin which
they exude served in the ancient process of embalming.

These trees (Cedrus libani), called by the natives
"Arz," are a local variety of a widely distributed species.
The wood is cream color and works up easily, much re-
sembling soft pine. This grove stands on a small hill
situated at 6,315 feet atove sea level and above it rises
abruptly the lofty Jebal el .A-rz. whose summit is seldom
without snow.

The Christian natives attach a sanctity to these trees,
and here is held an annual feast to which pilgrims flock
from all directions. It also serves as a delightful sum-
mer camping place. At the tiri:e of our visit a number
of families were encamped among the trees, including
some of the professors from the American College at
Beirut, who, with their families, were here for their sum-
mer vacation.

While sauntering through the grove we encountered
the Maronite priest in charge of the chapel. He asked
how we liked the cedars, and in reply we expressed our
admiration, but said it was a pity there were so few left.
He replied, "So they have been for 4,000 years, and his-
tory tells us that they have been just as you see them
since the flood."

"But," we remonstrated, "Solomon got all his timber
for the building of his temple from these mountains, so
there must have been many more." "It is true," he said,
"that Solomon got his timber here, but that was long
before what I have just mentioned." A peasant stand-
ing by, regarding with awe the wisdom of the priest.
added, "You see, khawaja (gentlemen), these trees,"
pointing to sorrie of the smallest of the cedars, "have
been growing since the days of Christ."

As we turned away we mused upon this new leaf of
history, that Solomon lived before the flood, and that
it takes 2,000 years for a cedar to attain a diameter of
about eighteen inches.

BERRIED AND OTHER SHRUBS EN MASSE.

.As a rule the landscape architect wiH arrange his de-
signs so that the grouping of shrubs as far as the flowers
are concerned (also the foliage") do not clash in color, but
blend together so as to cause the natural observer to halt
and gaze on the plantings with delight while the sun on
the horizon adds the beauty of its rays to the scenery, and
the song of the birds brings joy to the heart, and man
repeats " 'T is well done."

At the same time, in my opinion, our berried plants
arc worthy of more consideration than is generally given
to them. For winter effect too often we see them dotted,
straggling, here and there, whereas it would be much
more attractive to have -them grouped together in con-
spicuous places. It is also preferable to plant one large
group of a said variety to several smaller ones, cutting
out (if 1 may term it such) too much of a sameness Is it
not irritating while passing along with a lady or gentle-
man to hear the remark, "Oh, this or that variety is beau-
tiful," and then, added just as a little stinger, "But you
have so much of it planted in different places ?" Far better
would it be, generally speaking, to arrange for only one
clump or cluster of each variety, so that a person passing
along may be the more interested in looking always at
something new.

I had intended to draw a plan or sketch of what I
would suggest for a mass of berried shrubs ; but, as time
will not permit it, I shall use numbers in connection with
a few names of varieties which I think would prove very
effective in autumn and winter. Just a few names as an
illustration of the idea I wish to convey, as it would
hardly be possible to name all the varieties, and, from
what I have learned from the contributors to these pages,
the readers are quite capable of selecting their own plans,
and of planning out their own lines of planting. Suppose
it is a border. We will start with No. 1, a clump of
herberris vulgarie, purpurea Japan ; No. 2, rhodotypos
kerriodes ; No. 3, Honeysuckle Morrowi ; No. 4, Bay-
berry ; No. 5, Euonymus Americanus ; No. 6, Ligustrum
vulgare ; No. 7 might be the Stag-horn sumach ; No. 8,
Ilex verticillata ; No. 9, English Privet; No. 10, Honey-
suckle Tatarica ; No. 11, Viburnum dentatum ; No. 12,
Euonymus Europaeus, and so on.

Here let us remember that a very attractive border or
bed can be had in winter by grouping plants for the sake
of their bark only. Even the simple Willow, clumped in
colors, is very pleasant to the eye.

These suggestions are submitted by me in the hope that
they might provide an opening for a little more contro-
versy on the subject of landscape gardening than we are
in the habit of seeing in print. In comparison with other
departments, landscaping is sorely neglected, and in the
future I hope that there will be more articles on this sub-
ject appearing in the Chronicle, and that I may read
different views than those I may ever have dreamt of.
Especially would I like to see the young men take up their
pens and contribute their opinions to this paper.

S.vMUEL Scott.

SMOKE INJURIOUS TO PLANTS.

A well-known gardener who has given much study to
tlic effects caused by smoke on growing plants, in which he
includes the trees and shrubs, says that smoke inter-
feres with plant life, growth being impossible and death
often resulting, that it is not possible to long maintain
life in a smoky atmosphere.

Besides the chemical and physical injury to plants, he
claims that smoke proves injurious because of the lesser
amount of light which reaches the leaves. He specifies
four ways in which plants may be injured by smoke.
First — By the appearance of injurious chemical elements
in the smoke wliich injure the cell structure. Second —
V>v the free acid in the smoke coming into contact with
the ground, thereby destroying the beneficial bacteria.
Third — By the tarry matter in the smoke coating the
leaves and cb'>kiiig tlie pores, thereby smothering the
jilant. Fourth — By the smoke cloud limiting the avail-
able sunlight.

756

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

THE

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA.

MARTIN C. EBEL, Managing Editor,

Published by

CHRONICLE PRESS

M. E. MAYNARD, President. A. A. FAY, Sec'y.

Office of Publication

1 Montgomery Street, Jersey City, N. J.

New York Office

236 WILLIAM STREET. NEW YORK CITY.

Subscription Price, 12 Months, $1.00 :: ;; Single Copies, 10 Cents
Foreign, $1.50
Entered as second class matter February 18, 1905, at the Post Office at
Jersey City, N. J., under Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.

Published on the 15th of each month.

Advertising forms close on the 10th preceding publication.
For information regard'ng advertising rates, etc., address Advertising
Department, Gardeners' Chronicle, Madison, N. J.

ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

President, Vice-President, Treasurer,

WM. H. WAITE, A. J. SMITH, JAMES STUART.

Yonkers, N. Y. Lake Geneva, Wis. Mamaroneck, N. Y.

Secretary, MARTIN C. EBEL, Madison, N. J.

best wislies for success and prosperity during the year
we are about to enter.

TRUSTEES FOR 1913.

Peter Duff, Orange, N. J.; William Kleinheini, Ogontz, Pa.; William
Duckham, Madison, N. J.; Alexander MacKenzie, Glen Cove, N. Y.; John H.

Dodds, Wyncote, Pa.

DIRECTORS.

To serve until 1914 — Robert Angus, Tarrytown, N. Y.; Robert Bottomley,
New Canaan, Conn.; Carl Schaeffer, Tuxedo Park, N. Y.; E. Wetterlow,
West Manchester, Mass.; T. J. Kempton, Baychester, N. Y.; E. Trethewey,
Tarrytown, N. Y. ; Alexander Eraser, Newport, R. I.

To serve until 1915— John Shore, Harrison, N. Y.; Thomas Proctor,
Lenox, Mass.; William N. Craig, North Easton, Mass.; Frank E. Witney,
Fishkill, N. Y.; Robert Williamson, Greenwich, Conn.: F. ICirk, Bar
Harbor, Me.; James Bell, New York, N. Y.

To serve until 1916 — Thomas W. Logan, Jenkintown, Pa.; John F. Huss,
Hartford, Conn.; John W. Everett. Glen Cove, N. Y. ; A. Bauer. Deal
Beach, N. J.; John W. Jones, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Alexander McPherson,
Washington, D. C.; James C. Shield, Monticello. 111.

Vol XVII

December, 1913

Xo. 2

"Are life really grateful for the good we have already
received? Then we shall avail ourselves of the blessings
we have and thus be fitted to receive more."

We are approaching the ending of the old and the be-
ginning of the new year. Though sorrow has overtaken
some, while happiness has come to others ; though some
have met with reverses, while others have had success,
nevertheless, there are but few who have not had some
good out of the year, about to pass into history, for which
they can, and should be grateful.

The year 1913 will go down in the annals of time as
having been one of much uncertainty, which at its close
developed into somewhat of a feeling of pessimism re-
specting the outlook. But, as the country enters into the
new year it is not facing a depression. It is only hesi-
tating, concerned over the one really weak feature of
its entire construction — its political structure. Confi-
dence is being restored, however, by President Wilson's
favorable annual message which is found free of any
disturbing suggestions of future interference with busi-
ness. Enterprise is also more encouraged by the asser-
tions of an ofificer of the administration that future ef-
forts to remedy past evils are to be made along helpful
and constructive lines. If this spirit will prevail among
our law makers, general business activity will soon be
resumed and a new era of prosperity will not be long
deferred.

We greet our readers optimistically as to the future,
as we extend to them a Merry, Merry Christmas and our

Reviewing the year from the viewpoint of the horti-
culturist it may be recorded as one of material progress.
In everything pertaining to horticulture and floriculture,
in which the public participates, widespread interest was
manifested. The trade reports a good business for the
}ear, both from professional and amateur gardeners.
U'hile "boom times" are more conducive to liberal ex-
penditures on the part of private estate owners, there has
been much development work under way on new estates
during the "economic" period through which we are
passing. This is a good sign, as it shows a growing
tendency among Americans of wealth to come into closer
contact with the finest of all of God's creations — the beau-
tiful plants and flowers — and to derive from them some of
their pleasures in this world. This tendency is not con-
fined to the rich alone, but is also found to e.xist among the
classes of more moderate means. The future holds out
most promising prospects for American horticulture. It
rests with those now interested to develop them.

GARDENERS' GIFT TO MISS WILSON.

\Mial was reported broad cast through the daily press
as one of the most beautiful floral gifts presented to Miss
Jessie Wilson, daughter of President Wilson, on the oc-
casion of her marriage to Francis Bowes Sayre, was a
basket of flowers sent to her by the National Association
of Gardeners.

The gilt basket standing more than four feet in height
contained over a hundred Shawyer roses. On the handle
of the basket orchids were arranged in folds of deep
pink ribbon. The roses came from the growing estab-
lishment of Charles H. Totty, Madison, N. Y. They
were carefully selected, as the illustration on our cover
page shows, every flower being a perfect bloom. Gude
Brothers Company, the well known florists of Washing-
ton, D. C, were entrusted with the makeup of the basket.
That the work was creditably done is evident by the se-
lection of the basket as the chief table decoration in the
private dining room where the bridal party dined.

On the handle of the basket was this message :
To Miss .Jessie Wilson:

The members of the National Association of Gardeners
convey to you, through this floral tribute, their heartiest
congratulations and best zanshes.

To which the following acknowledgment was received :
THE WHITE HOUSE
Washington, D. C, November 28, 1913.
^1/3' dear Mr. Ebel:

.Mrs. Sayre received the beautiful basket of flowers
which the members of your association kindly sent her
for her zvedding. She apfrcciatcd so much your thought-
fulness and it was a particular pleasure for her to haz'e
these flozi'ers from Nczu Jersey.

JVith .l/r.r. .Sayre's many thanks, believe me,

]'ours truly, Isabella L. Hagner, Secretary.
To Mr. Martin C. Ebel, secretary,

Xational Association of Gardeners,
Madison, New Jersey.

The Wilson-Savre wedding was notable for its collec-
tion of magnificent floral pieces, many of the wedding
presents being in the nature of flowers. From the mem-
bers of the diplomatic circle came many presents of
flowers or floral pieces, and the gardeners naturally may
feel proud that the basket of their national association
was given such a prominent place at the national event.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

757

ASSOCIATION NOTES

M. C. EBEL, Secretary, MADISON, N. J.

N. A. G.'S NEW YEAR'S RESOLUTION.

Each and every member of the Xational Association
of Gardeners should let his New Year's resolution be — •
that he will enroll at least one new member in the asso-
ciation during the first month of the year. It will entail
more work on the secretary, but, oh ! how he will en-
io\- it !

PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE.

I have a_L;'ain to thank you all as members of the Na-
tional Association of (jardeners for the honor you have
conferred upon me, and I promise you 1 shall do my best
to forward the interests of the association.

It is well that at the close of the year we should pause
and ask ourselves the very important question, what have
we accomplished and what are we doing to further the
cause of our association ? We have increased our mem-
bership, that is true, and that we have made great progress
since the society was incorporated I am quite prepared
to admit, but we are still a long way from having at-
tained some of its principal aims.

But how are we to attain the desired results? Unity
is strength in the horticultural profession as it is else-
where. What has made the other professions and their
national associations so powerful? It has been by
organizing one great body of men, all interested in the
same object and all using the same means of gaining like
ends — not by organizing many small and independent
associations all over the country, each one trying to reach
the same object by the use of different methods, but by
unity of effort, through the guidance of their national
body. It is only by united eft"ort that the gardening pro-
fession, or any other calling, can make its influence felt.
Recognition by all the Irtcal societies and co-operation
with our national bod\- would be a great step forward
in the right direction and ways and means should be
adopted to bring this about.

It has been a pleasure to note the marked improve-
ment that has taken place in our official organ. The
r,.\RDENER.^' Chro.vici.k. and I should like to see the
luembers take a greater interest in it. There are many
who are well able to write on interesting topics that
might use its pages and thus make it the gardeners'
chronicle in fact as well as name.

That each member will have a bright and prosperous
Xew Year is the wish of vour president.

W. II. Waitk.

APPOINTMENTS BY PRESIDENT WAITE.

The following directors have been appointed by Presi-
dent Waite to serve for three years, from January 1,
1914:

A. T. Smith, Lake Geneva, Wis. ; Theodore Wirth, Min-
neapolis. .Minn.; William Hertrick, San Gabriel. Cal. ;
Robert Bottomley, New Canaan, Conn.; Robert Angus,
Tarrvtown, N. Y. ; Alexander Fraser. Newport, R. I. ;
Arthur Smith, Reading Pa. To serve for two years, to
fill the unexpired term of John \\'. Everett, elected vice-
president, James Mac]Mahon, Tuxedo Park, N. Y.

ihe Lxecutive Board for the year 1914 is now com-
posed as follows :

I'rcsidont, William 11. Waite, Yonkers, X. Y.; vice-president,
.Joljii W. Everett, Glen Cove, N. Y.; treasurer. James Stuart,
ilamaroneck, N. Y.; secretary, Martin C. Ebel, Madison, N. J.

Trustees for 1014— Peter Duff, Orange, N. J.: William Klein-
heinz. Ofjontz, Pa.; William Dnokham, Madison. N. ,J.: Alexander
ihuKenzie, Highland Falls, N. y.; John H. Dodds, Wvncote, Pa.

Directors, to serve until 1915— John Shore, Harrison, N. Y.;
Thomas Proetor, Lenox. Mass.; William X. Craig, Xorth Easton,
Mass.; Frank K. Witnev. Fishkill, N. Y.; Robert Williamson,
Greenwich, Conn.: F. Kirk, Bar Harbor, Me.; James Bell. Xew
York, X. Y.

To serve until 1916— Thomas W. Logan, Jenkintown, Pa.; John
F. Huss, Hartford, Conn.; James MacMachan, Tuxedo Park, X. Y.:
A. Bauer, Deal Beach, X. J.; .Tohn W. Jones, Pittsburgh, Pa.;
Alexander McPherson, Washington, D. C; James C. Sliield, Monti-
cello, 111.

To serve until 1917— A. J. Smith, Lake Geneva, Wis.: Theodore
Wirth. Minneapolis, Minn.; William Hertrick, San Gabriel. Cal.;
Robert Bottomley, Xew Canaan, Conn.: Robert Angus. Tarry-
town. X. Y.; Alexander Fraser, Xewport, R. 1.: Arthur Smith,
Reading, Pa.

MEETING OF EXECUTIVE BOARD.

President Waite has called a meeting of the officers,
trustees and directors to meet on Thursdav, Januarv 8,
1914. at three o'clock sharp, at the Murray Hill Hotel,
Park avenue and Forty-first street, New York City.
Important matters will be brought before the meeting
for action by the Executive Board, and President Waite
urges the attendance of all members of the board.

BY-LAWS COMMITTEE.

The meeting of the By-Laws Committee, appointed at
the convention in November, to revise the by-laws for
publication in book form, was held in New York re-
cently. The committee expects to have its work com-
pleted and tile by-laws ready for distribution before the
spring meeting occurs.

NEW MEMBERS.

The following new members have been added to our
roll during the past month : John Boddy, Cleveland,
Ohio; i\lax .Schling, New York, N. Y. ; Julius Roehrs,
Rutherford, N. J.: George Breed, Stockbridge, Mass.:
Henry Edward Holden, New York, N. Y. ; Thomas
Booth de Forest, New York, N. Y. ; William R. Fowkes,
Port Chester, N. ^'. : George McKenna, Milburn, N. J.;
William Brown, Pocantico Hills, N. Y. ; Arthur Griffin,
Newport, R. I. : Thomas Stokes, Stamford. Conn. ;
Harry A. Barnard. London, England ; William W. Perry.
Moosic, Pa. ; James Rust, Sand Springs, Okla. ; Guido
Mayer, Manchester Depot, Vt. ; Erich Keppler, Osprey,
Fla. ; Bert Berg, William Graham, W. S. Patterson, John
Rutherford, William Wagstaff. Patrick H. Flaherty, of
Greenwich, Conn.: Willjam Morrow, Stamford, Conn.;
John Conroy, New Rochelle, N. Y.

WHY PROCRASTINATE?

There are some gardeners who have not yet joined
the National Association, but who have made up their
minds to do so. Let them begin the new year right by
filling out the application blank on page 754 and sending
it to the secretary's office.

758

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

AMONG THE GARDENERS

John G. Gardner, formerly of Newport, R. I., is now
gardener at the I'ahnetto Inn, Boca Grande, Florida.

Frank Dervan, formerly of Orange, N. J., is located
in Nebraska, where he went to take charge of a private
estate.

Samuel Grigg has accepted the position of gardener to
Mrs. Herbert Wadsworth, at Avon, N. Y., where he is
now located.

Charles Yapp, formerly of Columbus, Ohio, has been
appointed superintendent of the Hon. John Milleukin's
estate at Crescent, 'Slo.

Work has commenced on the garden in the Back Bay,
Boston, which will be made a great feature of the S. A. F.
convention in August, 1914.

E. A. Butler, in charge of the greenhouses at the
Bassey Institute, Jamaica Plains, Mass., has gone to Eng-
land for a three month's vacation.

J. D. Partridge, formerly of Meadow Edge Farm,
Cedarhurst, N. Y., has been appointed superintendent of
the Chas. Pratt estate. Glen Cove., N. Y., succeeding L. E.
Ortiz.

James MacMachan, superintendent of the George F.
Baker estate of Tuxedo Park, N. Y., sailed on Decem-
ber 13 on the Cameronia for a two months' vacation on
the other side.

A. Underwood, superintendent of \\\ A. Read's estate,
"Hill Crest," at Purchase, N. Y., and wife sailed for
Europe on Saturday, December 6, to spend two months
vacation abroad.

Robert Heggie is now head gardener at Elmhurst, Bath,
Me. A fine range of greenhouses is nearing completion,
consisting of grapery, peachery, carnation house, rose
house and palm house.

John Downing, superintendent of the estate of D. H.
McAli)in, Morristown, N. J., is another gardener who
will enjoy his holidays in Europe this year. He sailed
on December 13 on the steamer Olympia.

Alexander MacKenzie, for many years superintendent
of the Percy Chubb estate. Glen Cove, N. Y., ha^ re-
signed that position to accept a similar one on the ei^t •
of Mrs. J. Pierpont Morgan, Highland Falls, N. Y.

James Dunn, for sometime foreman of the D. ^\'illis
James estate, Madison, N. J., of which V'llliaiii K. Di-f-k-
ham is superintendent, has resigned his "■osition to "cci I
the position of head gardener on the e. fate of S : : itt,
Lansdowne, Pa.

At E. S. Webster's, Chestnut Hill, Mass., the superin-
tendent, William Downs, has a fine display of the brilliant
English winter flowering begonias Winter Cheer, Elatior
and others, also a grand lot of Gloirede Lorraine and
Gloria of Cincinnati.

Charles Schrall, for the past seven years in charge of
J. C. Hollands' estate, at New Rochelle, N. Y., has been
appointed superintendent of the estate of H. E. Partridge,^
Shell Lake, Wis. Mr. Schrall will enter his new position
about February 1.

John ^V. Everett, of (jlen Cove, N. Y., accompanied by
his wife and daughter, sailed on the steamship Lusitania
on December 3 to spend the holidays in England. He
expects to cover the continent before he returns to the
States in the middle of Februarv.

At the notable exhibit of Massachusetts produce held
in Tremont Temple, Boston, December 8, 9, 10 and 11,.
in connection with the convention of the State Grange,
one of the most interesting features was the model farm
shown in miniature by Daniel Scott, of Stoneham Grange.
Mr. Scott is a gerdener and a member of the landscape
class of the Gardener's and Florist's Club.

J. K. M. L. Farquhar, of Boston, who returned from
a European trip on November 28, purchased the whole
of the valuable collection of hybrid lilacs and an immense
number of other new and rare shrubs and trees, besides
the entire collection of specimen camellias from James
\ eitch & Sons, London, England.

GARDENER HEADS N. Y. FLORISTS' CLUB.

At its regular monthl\- meeting, held on December 8,
the New York Florists' Club chose William H. Duck-
ham, of Madison, N. J., as its president. Unexpected
opposition to Mr. Duckham's candidacy developed at
the eleventh hour, the opposing side supporting H.
A. Bunyard, contending that, as the New York Flor-
ists' Club is a trade organization, the chair of its
presiding officer should be occupied by a commercial man.
"Justice prevailed," however, a good majority vote show-
ing the sentiment of the club decidedly in favor of "equal
rights." The club welcomes uie gardener to its member-
ship and thus he is entitled •" all privileges, rights and
honors that the club can bestow on any member.

yir. Duckham's election to the presidency of the New
York Florists' Club is the third selection this year of
prominent gardeners to head important florists organiza-
tions. In August last the Society of American Florists
elected Theodore \\'irth, of Minneapolis, ]\linn.. as its
president, and in November last the Chrysanthemum
Society of America elected William Kleinheinz,_ of
Ogontz, Pa., a5 its president. These men are all prom-
inently identified with the affairs of the N. A. G. Mr.
Duckham is one of its trustees, as well as a director of
the American Sweet Pea Society and treasurer of the
Morris County Gardeners' and Florists' Club.

What say they of the profession now. who say that the
gardener has no chance in this country '

In March the Chronicle will issue another special
International Flower Show number. There was but one
opinion respecting the 1913 show nuiuber — that it could
not have been a better one. The Chronicle invites con-
tributions from members of the N. A. G. on any hor-
ticultural subject, which will be of interest to the gar-
dener, for the March issue. It depends on your support
to make this issue the best that has ever been published.
Send your articles to Editor, G.vrdeners' Chronicle
i\Tadison, N. T-. to reach him not later than Februarv 1,
1914.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

759

CRITICISM ON CONVENTION.

Editor, Gardeners' Chronicle:

As the Chronicle is the official paper of the National
association, and thus is the only means of discussing
worthy subjects for the good of the association I would
be greatly indebted to you for giving me a little space to
the few remarks I have to make.

First, I will say that I do not believe the proper time
was given to the transaction of busmess at our last con-
vention. During the past }ear great progress has been
made on all lines by the association, and, yet, at the
annual meeting less time was spent going over the routine
business of the society and in electing new officers than
was spent at the meeting held in Newark a year previous.
Such rush may be excused at a small local society, but
certainly not for an organization covering the whole
country. We really do not stop to consider the fact that
it is a national organization and that its business is cer-
tainly greater and more serious than that of a local
society and should be transacted accordingly.

The election of officers also was rushed through en-
tirely too fast at the meeting. Just look over the results —
all the officers elected for 1914 are, you may just as well
say, from New York City. Is that right for a national
organization ?

I think it would be well for the society to elect instead
of one vice-president at least four, chosen so that the
country at large will be represented. I will go even
further : a corresponding secretary should also be elected
froiu the same neighl.Kirhnod to act in concert with each
vice-president. With such a combination the affairs of
the society would be more efficiently managed and
greater results achieved, at the same time it would, to
my mind, be of some help to the secretary, who has not
only to do it all which would not be so hard had he not
also to bear it all, which means a whole lot.

Osc.\R E. .\ddor.

Larchmont, N. Y., Xmember 13, 1913.

Mr. Adder's criticism over the quick dispatch with
which the association's business was conducted at its
last meeting is warranted. It would be far better if the
members when assembled at the annual convention
would give time for consideration of the various pro-
posals put before them rather than to immediately refer
them to the executive board for action, which is so fre-
quently done. On the other hand, the executive board
has always faithfully performed its trust, as the wonder-
ful progress made by the association since it was incor-
porated shows.

Respecting the election of the officers. WHiile I quite
agree with Mr. Addor that the selection should not be
entirely from one locality or neighborhood, but as a
national association its officers should be more scattered,
the election was entirely in the hands of the members
at the convention, nominations were made from the floor
and every member had a voice in the nominating ; but
there seemed to be no apparent opposition to the first
choices. His recommendations that the association
should have at least four vice-presidents is a good one
and should have further consideration. However, the
board of directors, consisting of twenty-one members, is
thoroughly representative of the entire country and the
powers of each member of this board are practically
equal to that of the vice-i)resident.

As to the affairs of the association being more ef-
ficientlv managed, the officers of the past two years have
done their best and have devoted much time to the wel-
fare of our organization. If they have not succeeded,
I can say for all of them it was not due to any intentional
neglect of the duties involved on them. We all did our
best as far as we knew how. M. C. Ebel, Secretary.

NEWS OF BOSTON AND VICINITY.

The landscape gardening class in connection with the
Gardeners' and 1-lorisis' Club of T.oston will meet each
Monday evening until early in April. The teachers are
R. W. .\ldrich and Paul R. Smith. The landscape gar-
dening committee of the club comprises W. N. Craig,
chairman ; F. E. Palmer and Donald McKenzie. On De-
cember 1, in addition to the class studies, Charles E. K.
Fraser, of South Natick, spoke on ''Drainage and Road
Construction." On December 8 F. E. Palmer gave a
very helpful talk on "Planting with the .\id of Dyna-
mite." There are twentv-six students in the class.

The following officers of the Massachusetts Horticul-
tural Society have been elected for 1914: President,
John K. M. L. Farquhar; vice-president, Walter Hunne-
well ; trustee for one vear, F. O. Ames : trustee for three
years, E. B. Dane, S.' M. Weld. Wilfrid Wheeler, E. B.
Wilder; delegate to State Board of Agriculture, Na-
thaniel T. Kidder; nominating committee, H. A. Clark,
John L. Smith. Philip Dexter, A. H. Fewkes, F. S.
Moseley. The winter lecture course of this society, com-
mencing in January, is as follows :

January 3. — 'Utilizing Birds in Horticulture." Illustrated. By
Edward H. Forbush, Boston.

January 10. — 'Flower Groupings in a Michigan Garden." Illus-
trated. By Mrs. Francis King, Alma, Mich.

•January 17. — "The Hybrid Tea Rose of Today." By George
H. I'eterson. Fair I^wn. N. J".

January 31. — "Soils and Fertilizers." By Dr. Henry J. Wheeler,
Boston.

February 7. — "Agriculture in Holland and Denmark." By Hon.
J. Lewi.s Ellsworth. Worcester.

February 14. — "Making a New Variety of Asparagus." By J.
B. Norton, Washington, D. C.

February 24-28. — Extension School in Pomology, conducted by
the Massachusetts Agricultural College under the auspices of the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society. Lectures as follows:

February 24. — 9:30 a. m., "Varieties of Fruits," Dr. J. K.
Shaw; 10:45 a. m., "Orchard Sites." Prof. F. C. Sears; 1:00 p. ni.,
"Fertilizers for the Orchard," Mr. Henri Haskins.

February 25.-9:30 a. m.. "Establishing the Oichard," Mr. R.
W. Rees; 10:45 a. ni., "Factors Influencing the Quality of Fruits,'*
Dr. Shaw: 1:00 p. m.. 'Orchard Pests." Prof. W. W.'Chenoweth;
2:15 p. ni.. "The Spraying Campaign." Jlr. Rees.

February 26. — 9:30 a. m., "Soil Management in the Orchard,"
Mr. Rees: 10:45 a. m.. "General Principles of Pruning," Prof.
Clienoweth; 1:00 p. m., "Demonstration of Pruning," Mr. Rees
and Prof. Sears.

February 27.-9:30 a. m., "Grafting and Budding," Prof. Cheno-
weth; 10:45 a. m., "Picking and Handling Fruit," Prof. Sears;
1:00 p. m.. "Packing Apples in Boxes." Mr. Rees; 2:15 p. m.,
"Packing Apples in Barrels," Prof. Sears.

February 28.-9:30 a. m.. "Can We Sell Our Apples?" Prof.
F. A. Waugh: 10:45 a. m., "Pear Growing." Hon. Wilfrid Wlieeler;
1:00 p. ni.. "Co-Operation Among Fruit Growers," Dr. A. E.
Canco; 2:15 p. ni.. "Peach Growing," Prof. Waugh.

March 7. -".Vut Dilture." Illustrated. By Prof. E. R. Lake.
Washinston, D. C.

March 21. — 'Undesirable Foreign Plant Diseases." By Dr.
Pcrlcy Spaulding, Washington, T>. C. The John Lewis Russell
Lecture.

IN A GARDEN.

'I am weary of the garden,"

Said the Rose.
'l'"or the autumn winds are sighing
.\11 mv ]ilaymates round me dxing,
.\nd my leaves will soon be lying,

'Neath the snow."

'But I hear my mistress coming,"

Said the Rose.
'She will take me to her chamber
Where the honey suckles clamber.
.\nd I'll bloom there all December,

Spite of snow."

— Selected.

Farm Management as a Profession

Two decades ago positions as farm managers were
scarce. Only a few rich men owned and operated farms.
In the West all the farm managers worth the name could
be told off on the fingers and toes of one man. Practically
all of them were old countrymen, imported by reason of
their knowledge of stock, or engaged in managerial po-
sitions after an unsuccessful attempt to manage farms
and herds of their own. Some of these old wheel horses
are with us yet — men now the deans of their profession,
looked up to and honored for the good they have done
and are still doing. Some have made a competence and
are living a life of well earned ease, while others have
passed to the great limbo of time, unwept, unhonored
and unsung.

Twenty or twenty-five years ago the agricultural col-
leges were just beginning to be heard of, Henry of Wis-
consin and other bright lights in the educational con-
stellation just beginning to make their light shine before
men, writes J. M. S. Johnstone in The Field.

Since that time expansion has been the order every-
where in agriculture. Numbers of students in classes
have each succeeding }ear exceeded those of the season
before. And yet of later seasons each successive crop
of graduates has been swallowed up and borne away in
the swift current of employment, some into educational
work, some into managerial positions. All are needed
annually, even those of mediocre attainments finding
places for the exercise of such talents as they possess.
A mightv revolution to be eft'ected in so short a time,
but merelv a harbinger of better and greater things to
come, a more bounteous harvest to be reaped by all young
men of ability, stability, common sense and a natural love
for soil, stock and crop.

As wide as the country itself is the opportunity. We
are told on every hand that the learned professions are
filled to overflowing — that 60 per cent, of the men who
take their M. D. degrees never practice as physicians or
surgeons, and that not ten per cent, of the remainder
ever achieve prominence at all in their calling. We hear
that the ranks of the legal fraternitv are so badly over-
flowed that there is no hope for even one youngster in
twenty-five ever to make a living at the bar. We read in
scarelieads in daily papers that the average wage of
country ministers of the gospel is less than $650 per
annum. Even the Fourth Estate has openings only for
voungsters with peculiar gifts. Trade, we are told, has
become so narrowed down in constricted channels that
opportunities for rapid advancement to anything better
than a mere existence are slim indeed. We read all this
daily, and as the Scotch proverb has it. "there's aye wa-
ter whaur the calf was (Irowned."

Look on that picture. Then turn to the limitless op-
portunity afforded by American agriculture. Surelv it is
an anomalous situation which calls for a continued dis-
cussion of the time-worn subject — "How to Keep the Boy
on the Farm." That discussion incidentally is headed
wrong. It should be "How to Make the Farm Keep the
Boy on It." Agricultural education will do it. There is
no dependence to l)e placed on any of the trite formulae
so often exploited. To make a success as a farmer,
either as owner or manager, the boy must be the arbiter
of his own destiny. Love for the great outdoors is a re-
ligion by itself, and like true religion must be peculiar to
the soul within which it springs eternal. Let the boy
who craves the eight-hour day, the lights and liberties of
the walled city go his way in peace. When he has lost,
if lose he must, and has filled his belly with the husks
the swine did eat. let him creep back repentant and

chastened to the great bosom of ]\Iother Nature, and
make a place for him in the outer court.

To whom shall greater honor among men be given
than to the managers, factors and agents in Great Britain,
who have, sometimes from generation to generation,
taken their places among the foremost agricultural im-
provers of their time ? Who shall be ranked in the scale
of utility to mankind higher tlian the farm manager who
moulds animal form in its highest and best estate? Shall
the lawyer at the bar, the judge on the bench, the one
pleading and the other deciding great issues, be called
superior to the man who breeds cattle, horses or other
farm animals. Shall the surgeon who, with venturesome
genius and steady hand, has just saved a human life, be
called superior to the manager who by diligent effort,
gives to the world an improved breed of wheat or corn?

Never. Ships will ride the seas ; locomotives will
traverse their iron highways and commerce and the ways
of men in their churches, law courts and market places
will change but little in the years to come. To the farmer
alone is the future of the race entrusted. On him is im-
posed the burden of mankind's advancement.

How then can a young man do better than by conse-
crating his energies to the great cause of agriculture?
Granted that the ways are narrowed with advancing civ-
ilization to success in the time-honored professions, it
follows that with the ever-increasing multitudes of our
population the demand for brains in agriculture must in-
crease unceasingly.

In one direction the day of small things in agriculture
is passing. In another it is but dawning. Great, yes,
well nigh inconceivable enterprises are in contemplation
— the draining of the Everglades, the drying and tiling
of the great corn belt swamps, the imprisonment of
mighty rivers, the transmutation of pine slashings and
barrens into lush pasture .lands — all these and many more
great agricultural transformations are in the formative
or active stages, all with the object of increasing the
area of productive ground.

Wherever there is money to be made there will be
found ready and willing the men to make it. Granted a
supply of men capable of grappling with the problems
involved in these and many other sections of the country
and places will be opened in agricultural work for thou-
sands of capable young men. Unlike the other profes-
sions, agriculture can never become filled up, clogged by
superflmty of talent. Its needs are in the inverse ratio
to those of all other. professions and walks in life. L'n-
derlying the future prosperity of this great and expand-
ing nation is the farm, and the profit on the farm, and.
.\tlaslike, the men, who, in their work of improvement,
make possible or increase that profit, bear aloft the whole
"reat national structure.

The Service Bureau of the National
Association of Gardeners

Is maintained for the purpose of providing oppor-
tunities for eflicient and ambitious men engaged in the
profession of gardening.

This department of the Association is at the disposal
of those who may require the services of capable su-
perintendents, gardeners or assistant gardeners.
Address

M. C. EBEL, Sec'y,

National .Association of Gardeners,

Madison, N. J.

Climbing Plants

By S. R.

The time has now arrived when some useful cHmbers
must be selected, so that the beaut}- of the house can be
completed the coming year, as bare spots should always
be covered and, where possible, with flowering or
showy climbers; or if not with flowering subjects, as
least with plants that produce a good wealth of foliage,
giving a house that ver\- necessar}' cooling effect for the
hot summer davs, with perhaps a good coloring in the
fall.

We have now a big selection of vines and roses that
lend themselves for this purpose, and perhaps a review
of the best and most useful to plant would be of interest
to fellow gardeners.

One at once places the finger on the "Boston Ivy"
{Ampelopsis Veitchi) as the best self-clinging creeper we
have for wall covering: but even this is at times very
slow to make a show, due jicrhaps to the fact that seed-
lings have been planted, which as a rule are slow in grow-
ing : or plants from overworked stock have been em-
ployed. \\'here quick results are required from this
subject grafted plants should be used, as they grow at
five times the rate of the cutting. The old Virginia
creeper should be the stock plant as they are strong
growers; plants of this nature cost more in the first place,
but the results are wortli the extra cost.

We have now upon the market a better creeper than
the "Boston Ivy"; it has the self-clinging character of
the "Boston Ivy," but has the foliage of "Ampelopsis
quinquefolia," the "old wood vine" ; the creeper I re-
fer to is Ampelopsis Engelmaitni. The praises of this
plant cannot be sung too far, having such excellent char-
acter as it has, it is bound to be planted more in the
future.

A climber that is much employed in New England is
Actinidia argtita, a type from Japan; it is a very fast
grower and will stand hard pruning and is extremely
hardy ; it gives a host of good green foliage and shade in
the hot summer days, produced by its long hanging
shoots; it does not require much attending; wires are
placed for it to cling to, and in some cases it will make
use of the water spout on its upward march ; its chief
feature is its foliage, as the flowers are very small.

Aristolochia Sipho. "Dutchman's Pipe." This may be
regarded as a first-class climber. It is very free, giving a
pleasant green foliage of huge heart-shaped leaves, and is
very hardy, but loses its foliage very early in the fall.
The flowers from which it obtains the name, "Dutchman's
Pipe," are rather curious in form and very small com-
pared with some of the tropical species of the same
genus. This plant requires wire to climb upon as it is
of a clinging or twisting nature.

Clematis. The Clematises that can be utilized for gen-
eral work where hardy plants are required, such as to
stand the Xew England winter, are many and beautiful,
but without doubt Clematis paniculata and C. X'irginiana
are the best, C. paniculata being a Japanese species
and C. N'irginiana a t_\pe from the U. S. A. The chief
character of usefulness of these two plants are their ex-
traordinarv flowering ability, as they become one mass of
flowers. C. Virginiana is the first to flower, but C. pani-
culata is considered to be the best, as its foliage will
remain green for some time in the winter.

If the Dorothy Perkins rose and Clematis paniculata
are planted on the same wire panel one can obtain a
double crop of bloom and at the same time have an effec-
tive fence.

Candler.

Crtastnis orbiculatiis. This plant is coming more to
the front as a useful covering plant, but it is at home
when growing over some huge boulders ; it also will make
a good fence plant but must have sujjport. To insure a
good crop of fruit, which is the most effective part of
this plant, both male and female must be planted. The
plant will retain its fruit till quite late in tlie fall, long
after its foliage has fallen, then the red fruit with its
yellow capsule is very fine.

Hydrangea petiolaris. This can be put to good use in
a sheltered i)osition as it is of a self-clinging habit and
therefore will require little attention, which is a considera-
tion. The flowers are small, borne in little clusters after
the hydrangea type: it produces a good foliage in the
summer time and is most useful for covering wall as high
as the first window sill of the house.

Forsytbia suspcnsa. In the true sense of the word this
is not a climljcr. as it has no self-supporting characters
whatever, therefore it will require more attention than
the ordinary climber, but it repays for that attention sev-
eral fold, producing, as it does, its yellow flowers at the
first touch of spring. It can be used to good eftect on
pillars around the house or on the pergola, as flowering
climbers at such an early season are always appreciated.
This plant should be pruned after flowering as the flowers
are produced on the season-old wood.

Luuicera Halliana, or "Hall's Honeysuckle," can be
called the most popular of the Loniceras, possibly due
to the lasting nature of its foliage, as when in a sheltered
position it remains green quite late in the winter and will
at times remain green all through the winter. This ])lant
requires wire su])])orts to climb upon as it is of a twining
habit. The flowers being produced in profusion are small
compared with such Loniceras as L. Ileckrotti. but never-
theless they have their charm.

The climber that has a good future is Polygoiiii»i Bald-
seliiiaiiicinii. It has the good qualities needful, being
quite hard}-, a quick grower, very free flowerer and does
not require shade. The flowers are white and small.
Their flowering period is from I\Iay to September, during
which lime they make a bold show. It can be used with
charming efl'ect upon old tree stumps as the flowers will
hang in chain-like fashion in a most graceful manner. It
can be planted with safety as far north as Boston, but will
thrive better farther south.

The "Trumpet line" should be seen in every well-
stocked garden, protlucing as it does those huge trumpet
flowers in the late summer, and from thence comes the
name. The plant appears to be known by many names,
as in the ".\rnold .Vrboretum'' it is known as "Campsis
radicans" : some authorities have it as Tecano radicans.
also as Bignonia radicans, but a rose by any other name
would smell as sweet and what we know it by does not
disprove its beauty and usefulness. Tecoma grandiflora
is a Chinese species, and where hardy proves to be a more
beautiful plant than our "Trumpet Vine"; and it is just
as free a flowerer.

Wistaria Sinensis can claim to be one of the best flower-
ing climbers we have. /. e., where hardy: but to reap the
real beautv from this [)lant one must wait for a few sea-
sons, as its beauty adds with age. This plant is long-
lived and a slow grower and should be planted accord-
inglv. Wistaria multijuga is a far belter variety than W'.
Sinensis and should be always grown where possible : the
flowers hang in racemes from two to three feet long,
being most efl'eclive. Both white and lilac colors can
be had.

762

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

There is an unlimited supply of material to be liad
from the Vitis family for climbing purposes that one
halts before naming any particular one. Vitis Coignetiae
can be planted with perfect freedom in anticipation of
excellent results.

The list of climbers given does in no wav exhaust the
subject that can be utilized for climbing purposes, but it
forms a basis for a general collection in a garden where
variety is a feature.

Seeing that the circulation of this valuable paper is so
widespread, it would be safe to say that when the term
"hardy" is employed it means hardy as far north as
Boston, Mass. Some of the plants mentioned are hardy
farther north than that, but one must have a centre to
work upon.

THE SOURCES OF PLANT DISEASE.

Plant diseases of an infectious character are caused by
microscopic organisms, either fungous or bacterial.
These organisms are present everywhere in the air,
water and soil, waiting for an opportunity to establish
themselves in the tissues of our growing plants. Only
constant warfare against them can prevent their entrance
and consequent disease.

To successfully combat disease, it is essential to know
the sources of infection. This is just as true of plant
disease as it is of human disease, since both are caused
by organisms of the same class. Our cultivated plants
may "catch"' disease from the (1) soil; (2) from other
cultivated plants; (3) from weeds growing along the
roadsides and in our fields.

Soil infections are the hardest to control and crop ro-
tation alone can accomplish it. Such diseases, as dry
Tot and blight of potatoes and root rots in general, are
caused by organisms which live in the soil and attack the
■growing plant whenever conditions are right. Potato
diseases require from two to four years to eliminate from
the soil. Once a field is infected crop rotation should be
practiced for several years.

Diseases coming to our plants from other cultivated
plants should not be tolerated, for when spraying is not
effective, the pruning knife and the fire are. Foliage

and fruit diseases are usually controlled with little diffi-
culty by spraying. Disease caused by bacteria such as
the fire and twig blight of pears and apples, must be
pruned out and burned. Bacteria in herbaceous plants,
such as cabbage rot and bacterial rot of potatoes, must,
of course, be eliminated by crop rotation.

One important source of disease and one which is
commonly overlooked is the weeds. Weeds are just as
subject to disease as are cultivated plants. It must be
borne in mind that a disease of a given plant is usually
capable of infecting all other plants belonging to the same
family as the given plant. For example, bacterial blight
and rot of potato is capable of infecting all other mem-
bers of the nightshade family, to which the potato be-
longs, such as the tomato, eggplant and tobacco. The
wilt of the cucurbits affects all of the cucumber or melon
family. Many cultivated plants have relatives growing
wild and the farmer should carefully rid his fields of all
weeds, especially those related to the crops he wishes to
grow. Wild grasses harbor ergot. Wild oats often
transmit smut to the oatfields. Many diseases have dif-
ferent stages of growth. Some of these stages may de-
velop on weeds, as for example the wild barberry which
bears one stage of the wheat rust. Wild roses "are often
infected with crown gall. Crown gall in orchards is often
traced to this source. — Market Grower.

AVERSE TO RACE SUICIDE

The picture in the illustration below speaks for itself.
It is a reproduction of a postal appearing in a European
horticultural ]Jublication. The paper explains that it re-
ceived the card from M. Camille De Clercq. secretary of
the .\ational Gardeners & Ornamental Horticulturists, of
I'oitsfort.

M. De Clercq called attention to the following facts.
The federation has published for three years a black list
of owners who demand gardeners without children.
There has been a protest against this immoral e.xigency
in the syndicate congresses and in social circles. The
federation has printed these cards to ridicule the exor-
bitant pretensions of certain patrons. These postals are
sold by the National Federation of Gardeners and Hor-
ticulturists.

Men vmagt hovenier geTrQuwd.zonder kindemr

Dn dRtnande jdrdTnier marif:^ sam entanf^

A PROTEST AGAINST "GARDENER WANTED, WITHOUT CHILDREN.'

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

763

SECRETARY HOUSTON TO THE BOY AGRI-
CULTURAL CHAMPIONS.

Washixctox, D. t". — iJavul F. Houston, Secretary of
Agriculture, on Saturday morning presented the coveted
diplomas of the Department of Agriculture to the seventy-
five State champions of the corn, potato, cotton, canning,
gardening" and poultry clubs.

Mr. Houston, in presenting the diplomas, said in part:

"I am told that you represent an army of 200,000 young-
people. You are a new sort of champions and a new sort
of army, and one that we are going to need more and
more in this nation. You have undertaken a task, you
have planned it; you have persisted; you have accom-
plished it. The system that you have followed is one
which, if pursued by all the farmers in this nation, might
revolutionize agriculture and make it impossible for this
country for many generations to come to think of de-
pendence on foreign nation^ for its food supplies.

"It is a real achievement to be a prize-winner. It evi-
dences very high qualities — ciualities of character, intelli-
gence and industr)'. These are the qualities which make
the nation strong, and a nation that possesses citizens
having these qualities may easily hope to keep the su-
premacy in the industry of the world. It has always
seemed to me that in the long run perhaps the most per-
manent satisfaction in life comes from doing well a task
which is well worth doing, and you young people, it seems
to me. are entitled to this satisfaction on this day. There
is a very great honor in what you have done. The ex-
perts, who I admit have to do more or less guessing, tell
us that only 12 per cent, of the farms in this country are
yielding reasonably full returns — not such returns as you
have secured in your undertakings.

''Think what it would mean for this nation if most of
the farmers, or if many of the farmers, could secure a
>ield of corn equal to that which your champion corn pro-
ducer has given the country. 232 bushels of corn, at a cost
per bushel of less than 20 cents.

"Now, young people, you have a definite responsibility
resting upon you. The prize-winner always has. You
have established a standard of achievement that you can-
not afYord to fall below, not only in this direction but in
every other. Your people are .going to expect you to do
everything else just as well as you have done this thing,
and you have given evidence of qualities that will make
it i)ossible. The Department of Agriculture and every
agricultural institution in this nation is looking for men
who can do things a little better than anybody else. Now
you have shown that you can do things better than your
fellows and better than ycnir elders, and if you will keep
it up. this department and the colleges will know where
to loiik in the future for leaders."

THE AMERICAN SWEET PEA SOCIETY.

A meeting of the Board of Directors of the American
Sweet Pea Society was held at the offices of Peter Hender-
son & Co., New York, on Tuesday, November IS. the
vice-president, A. M. Kirby. in the chair.

.'secretary Bunyard announced that the management of
the International Flower Show had donated $250 for prizes
to be awarded in the sweet ])ea section of the show to be
held in the Grand Central Palace, New York, March 21
to 2S. Cieorge V. Nash, secretary of the FTorticultural
Society of New York, was present and repc^-ted that the
council of the society invited the American Sweet Pea So-
ciety to hold its annual meeting and exhibition at the
museum in the Botanical C.ardens. Bronx Park, June 27
and 28, and offered $200 in i)remiums. Considerable dis-
cussion ensued,- the result being that the directors were

unanimous in their belief that Bronx Park was loo far
away from the center of New York City to suit the con-
venience of exhibitors and to insure a good attendance
on the part of the iniblic. The dates appeared to meet the
approval of the board, but it was thought that, if it were
possible, the American Museum of Natural History,
Seventy-seventh street and Columbus avenue, would be
a much more convenient and desirable building in which
to hold the exhibition. A resolution was passed to this
effect, and Secretary Bunyard was instructed to forward
a copy 'of same to the Horticultural Society, and was
authorized to attend the meeting of the council of that
society in December when, it was understood, the matter
would come up for consideration.

The secretary presented a statement covering the finan-
cial affairs of the society, which showed them to be in
good shape.

The preliminary schedule of premiums for exhibits at
the June exhibition was drafted, and changes were made
in the conditions covering some of the usual classes.

The secretary was instructed to approach the various
seed houses interested in the advancement of the sweet
pea, with the purpose of forming a prize fund which
would amoimt to $.S00 or more.

Air. Kirby for Peter Henderson & Co., Mr. Burpee
for W. Atlee Burpee & Co. and Mr. Bunyard for the
house of Arthur T. Toddington, each subscribed $50
toward this fund.

Much enthusiasm was manifested at the meeting, and
from the arrangements made and prospects as reported,
the exhibition in 1914 should outrival all previous exhibi-
tions of this society. H. A. Buxy.ard.

On Saturday, December 13, Secretary Harry A. Bun-
yard met the council of the Horticultural Society of New
York in the Museum of Natural History and presented
the resolution passed at the meeting of the directors of the
Sweet Pea Society that it was the sense of the meeting
that it would be ])ossible to hold the annual exhibition
and convention in the Museum of Natural History. After
considerable discussion it was voted mianimously by the
council of the Horticultural Society of New York that
the exhibition be held as above stated in the American
IVfuseum of Natural History, the tentative date being
given as the 27th and 28th of June, 1914.

OUR WILD FLOWERS.

True lovers of nature cannot but view with regret the
rajjid disappearance of many of our wild flowers. Unaided
by the hand of man. nature has given to these products
of her art a charm that is all her own. In what more de-
lightful wa\' could one spend an afternoon than by strol-
ling through the shady woodland aisles, and in her per-
fumed jewels in their mossy settings, see nature at her
best.

.Against the onward march of civilization nature has
had to give way. The wild flowers that were once so
plentiful are rapidly disappearing. Our woodlands have
become the grazing grounds of cattle or have been turned
into parks. Probably the former jiractice has been re-
sponsible more than any other for tiie destruction of the
wild flow ers. Woodlands are of little or no value as pas-
ture and for the conservation of our forest wealth, cattle
should not be allowed to graze in wood lots.

In the management of our parks more attention should
be paid to the preservation of the wild flowers. Every
effort should be made to introduce the once profuse flow-
ers that are now so conspicuous by their absence. Some
varieties are now almost extinct. The Ontario Horticul-
tural Association might well devote attention to their
preservation. — Caiiaduui Horticulturist.

764

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

AMERICAN GARDENS AND GARDENERS.

Editor. New York Times:

Your correspondent, Mr. M. C. Ebel in answering Mrs. Marti-
neau's article about American apathy toward gardening, evidently
knows little of the interest taken in this subject in England,
and his remark that foreign visitors agreed that our great inter-
national show last spring surpassed anything of the kind wliich
can be seen abroad has nothing to do with the point. That
show consisted entirely of greenhouse grown plants, and under
glass northern Europe cannot compete with us, because there is
not enough sun.

American apathy to matters horticultural seemed clear enough
to me when I found the international show nearly empty on the
morning I went, although only 25 cents admission was charged.
At the Plolland House show in London last summer it took half
an hour to reach the entrance because there was such a crush
of carriages, and nearly .$2 admission was charged.

How many people in New Y'ork does Mr. Ebel think would go
to a flower show at that price? Then he goes on to say that
instead of leaving their gardens too much in the hands of gar-
deners the American owners of estates do not leave them enough,
because they employ so-called landscapers and other "experts."
But what I feel sure Mrs. Martineau meant was that the owners
took so little personal interest. Whether the gardens are left
to gardeners or "landscapers," they can't have the individuality
or express long years of loving care and thought, like English
gardens, and to any one- fond of gardens it is truly sad to see
how few owners of fine estates about New York know the diiTer-
cnce between an annual and a perennial, or recognize plants when
they see them.

I agree with Mr. Ebel that the landscape architects are doing
a very great deal of harm because of their often complete igno-
rance" of the requirements of plants. They seem sometimes to
imagine that living trees and shrubs can be used by the yard
like wood or stone, without considering whether they are to grow
in sun or shade, in a sheltered or in an exposed position. And
of stone walls, balustrades, statutes, etc., they use far too much,
because stone is beautiful in Italy, where the mild, damp climate
softens it with moss and ivy. the fact that moss and ivy die
on a sunny terrace in this country seems to be ignored. If only
their rich patrons knew more about gardening, some of the land-
scape architects would be unable to continue their ugly and
expensive constructions.

What a great public blessing it would be if some one would
start a crusade against the dreadful planting in front of our
new library at Forty-second street. Among other horrors, weep-
ing forsythia has been planted at the foot of the wall. It should
only be" planted on top of a wall or bank where it can hang
« down. There are erect varieties of forsythia. and why are there
no evergreens to gladden our hearts? C.

Tuxedo Park, November 17, 1913.

Editor, New Y'ork Times:

Replying to "C," who took issue with me in tlie Times of
yesterday on "Apathy Towards Gardening," in which he states
that I evidently knov: little of the interest taken in tliis subject
in England, I am aware that the estate owners abroad are more
attached to their gardens than we find the American owners to
be. but I am also awake to the fact that Americans are mani-
festino a keener interest in gardening in this present age than
they ever did before.

In his comparison of the New York show of last spring with
that of the Holland House Show in London last siimmer. morn-
inir is no time to seek a New York crowd. Had "C" visited the
New Y'ork Show on any afternoon he would have found big
crowds and a long line of automobiles and carriages awaiting
their turn to get to the door; and these crowds were present,
although the weather was most inclement, during many of the
days on which the show was held. I venture to say that with
the great interest which has developed in floAver shows in this
country within the past few years, we will witness similar
scenes' at our shows before another score of years rolls by, as
are now seen at the European flower shows.

During the four days of the Fall Flower Show of the Horticul-
tural Society of New York, which was held the first of this month
at the American Museum of Natural History, over 200,000 people
passed through the doors.

"C" states that "whether the gardens are left to the gardeners
or landscapers, they cannot have the individuality or expression
of long years of loving care and thought like the English gar-
dens." To this I answer that long before many of our American
estates attain the age of most of the English estates they will
compare most favorably in their natural beauty, which is being
developed, but which only time can finish.

American landscapes should not be compared with English
landscapes. An American landscaper, who knows his business,
can get more beautiful cfTocts in the fall from the coloring of the
leavra than Europe ever dreamed of. This is due to difi^erent

climatic conditions. On tlie other hand, Europe surpasses us in
its winter landscape effects on account of the holly, hews and
many varieties of laurel that are ever green in E\u'ope, and
which we, owing to our climate, cannot grow successfully because
they are not hardy with us. But the possibility for beautiful
effects are just as great here as in Eiu'ope or in any other part
of the world; it simply remains to the skill of the gardener to
develop them. Up to now much of our trouble has been due to
slavishly trying to follow European models and ideas. America
presents opportunities for horticulture which are unequaled in
any other portion of the globe. California and Florida can pro-
duce wonderful tropical effects; the East, while it may miss some
of the hardy evergreens, still can grow enough varieties to make
evergreens a feature, and. as stated above, our beautiful fall
efrects are unequalled in any part of the world.

I quite agree with "C" that the plantings surrounding the new
library at Fifth avenue and Forty-second street is an eyesore
and a disgrace to a municipality like New Y'ork, but this is not
the fault of the practical gardener, and in all likelihood is the
handiwork of some of the so-called "landscapers." Now, I do
not want to be understood as believing there are no capable land-
scape architects — there are many of them, but there are many
more engaged in tliat profession today possessed of absolutely
no qualilications to fit them for that calling, than there are those
fitted for it.

M. C. EBEL,
Secretary. National Association of Gardeners.

Madison, N. .J.. November 19, 1913.

Editor. New Y'ork Times:

Miss Martineau's remarks about gardening have stirred up two
or more correspondents of the Times to write gratuitous gen-
eral statements about "theorists" and "landscapers" in so much
that one of a long suffering cult is goaded to rush into print
in reply.

The landscape architect looks first of all at a tree or bush
as a part of the composition; this, of course, does not interfere
witli a lively interest in the plant itself. It means that he is
tr.ving to create the individualitj' tliat "C" says our gardens can-
not have; for the designer should, and as a rule does, try to
express the individuality of his client in the garden as the archi-
tect does (when he can) in the house. It is quite true that trees
and shrubs are used at times by the yard like wood or stone;
but, if "C" will investigate he will usually find that this is not
done by the landscape architect.

T have no desire to sneer publicly at a worthy and necessary
class of men like gardeners, but, having had a good deal of ex-
perience among them, I can say that too often they appear to
lie more anxious to exploit their own ideas than to develop the
scheme laid down by the landscape architect. At times, they
actually seem to think tliat a good layout is detrimental to good
gardening and a successful place, instead of being necessary to
tliem. "SMien the gardener questions the designer's knowledge of
planting, he should remember that no one knows what a plant is
going to do until he has tried, and that the landscape architect,
continually working in new localities and conditions, is fairly
sure to make mistakes that no one could have foreseen. The gar-
dener, on the other hand, works in one place, studies Its possi-
bilities and its limitations, and is able to cover up and replace
liis own mistakes, and, at times, to make the most of those of
the designer, wjio luis gone and cannot amend his errors or defend
himself.

If the gardeners would study design more and learn to appreci-
ate it better, they would be more efliicient and valuable in their
calling and woiild learn how mutually helpful the gardener and
the designer can be. I believe that there is perhaps no single
cause of the deficiencies of American gardens greater than this
lack of sympathy between the designer of the work and the man
who must maintain and develop it. The gardener who criticises
the landscape architect hastily and inclusively should remember
that since Central Park the landscape architect has created all
the great park systems and most of the private places of impor-
tance, and thereby provided a livelihood for large numbers of
gardeners A^ho otherwise might never have existed.

New York, November IS, 1913. HAROLD A. CAPARN.

Editor. New York Tim<s:

Your correspondent. Harold A. Caparn, falls far short of the
mark in his conception of the real gardener. He confounds so-
called gardeners (those who call themselves gardeners with no
more right to the title than the "theoretical landscaper") with
the practical men engaged in the gardening profession and whose
training in it dates back to childhood. When those who require
the services of gardeners will come to the understanding that
there is a most decided distinction between untrained and thor-
ough gardeners, they will have overcome much that many of them
now have to contend with in the maintaining of their country
estates.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

765

A gardener who is proficient in his oalling naturally should be,
and is, as capable of developing landscape schemes as is the land-
scape architect, and has this advantage over the latter in know-
ing what will grow after ho plants it. He consequently does not
make the mistakes Mr. Caparn admits the landscape architect
frequently makes by planting and not knowing "what the plant
is going to do until he has tried."

The breach that exists between the gardeners and many of
the landscapers is due, as Mr. Caparn himself points out, to the
fact that most landscapers have only the eye to possible scheme
development and color effect, planting without thought, and fre-
quently without knowledge, as to whether the plantings are at
all suitable for their surroundings. Thus when failure results,
the responsibility is almost invariably shifted to the gardener
who, it is assumed, did not properly cultivate after the land-
seaper planted; whereas, failure is usually actually due to the
unsuitable environments of the plantings made.

I must take issue with Mr. Caparn that landscape architects
deserve the credit for the creation of most of the important
private estates and park systems in this country. The practical
gardener will concede Central Park to the landscaper, but most
all of the beautiful park systems of this country today, and the
magnificent estates, can readily lie traced to the development by
men who profess themselves to be practical gardeners.

M. C. EBEL,
Secretary, National Association of Gardeners.

Madison, N. J., December 2, 1013.

NEWS ITEMS FROM THE BUREAU OF INFOR-
MATION, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURE.

NATIONAL ORGANIZATION TO STUDY FOREST INSECT
PROBLEM.

The enormous losses due to forest insects have led to the forma-
tion of a society for the advancement of forest entomology in
America. The members of this society hold that the work of
insects has not received the attention which it deserves.

Henry S. Graves. United States forester, the newly elected
president of the society, says the purposes of the organization
are, in general, to call attention to the part which insects play in
forest problems. "AVe have had." he said, "widespread and spe-
cific interest in insect pests such as the San Jose scale and the
boll weevil, which affect all of us as to what we eat and what
we wear. Forest insects through their destruction of timber
increase the cost of a necessity which enters quite as much into
the daily life of the individual as do the products of the field
and orchard. If the importance of the protection of our forest
resources from insect depredations is generally recognized, a large
part can be prevented or avoided.

"In the national forests the Bureau of Entomology and the
Forest Service are co-operating to stop insect ravages by discov-
ering their hecinnings and stamping them out. A few isolated
trees attacked by insects may form the nucleus of a mountainside
devastation quite as serious as that from a forest fire. Watchful
care on the part of forest officers, lumbermen and private indi-
viduals will make it possible to catch these infestations before
they get a good start. By cutting and burning the trees, or strip-
ping off' the bark, the insects can be killed. As in all such cases,
an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure."

The objects of the society are largely educational. As in all
questions of large public importance, the main idea is to give
the public an opportunity to know just how important they are.
The society will form a clearing house for information, and its
meetings will discuss the most advantageous methods of insect
control.

POTATO QUARANTINE.

The reason for considering the extension of the present potato
quarantine to all of Europe and to Canada is the belief that it is
necessary in order to prevent the introduction into the United
States of the powdery scab i&iinnqospnra suhterranea) and other
diseases which would seriously afi'ect the potato production of the
United States. This disease is reported to be widely prevalent in
Ireland and Scotland and in other sections where there is this
year a large crop of potatoes.

The powdery scab disease resembles the common scab, which
is found widely distributed in tliis country, although the two dis-
eases are readily distinguished by several characteristics. Affected
tubers first show rounded, blister-like spots, a sixteenth to an
eighth of an inch in diameter. The skin over the pustules soon
breaks, revealing a dark brown, powdery surface composed mostly

of spore balls which serve to propagate the disease. The spots
later enlarge and deepen, and frequently coalesce, forming large
areas of diseased tissue, which makes the tubers unsightly and
greatly reduces their market value.

Powdery scab is introduced into uninfected areas through the
use of infected seed potatoes. Although practically unknown in
the United States, traces of it have been found in one or two
instances, and it is important to maintain a close watch to see
that it does not become established and further distributed.

OLD PLANTS ADVERTISED UNDER NEW NAMES.

There has recently been a considerable amount of advertising,
by the press and otherwise, of two beans for which highly ex-
travagant claims are made, and for the seed of which exorbitant
prices are being asked. One of these is being advertised under
tlje name of the Sliahon pea, with the absurd claim that on 3^2
acres tliis plan produced 70 tons of hay and 3.50 bushels of seed.

The Shalion pea is nothing more nor less than the plant prop-
erly known as the Asparagus bean, or Yard-long bean. It is a
close relative of the cowpea — in fact, by most botanists consid-
ered a mere variety. In experimental tests with upwards of
twenty varieties of Asparagus bean, this Department reached the
conclusion that none of them could possibly compete with the
better varieties of cowpeas as a forage crop. • The stems, as a
rule, are much more slender and vining, and the long pods, which
lie on the ground, cannot be harvested by machinery. None of
these twenty varieties is as productive, either in herbage or in
pods, as the better varieties of cowpeas.

Another plant which has been thoroughly tested, both by the
Department and the Exi)erinient Stations — namely, the Jack bean
— is also being extravagantly advertised under the name of the
Giant Stock Pod Bean, or the Wataka bean. This bean has been
fully treated of in Bureau of Plant Industry Circular No. 110,
which can be obtained from the Department free upon request.
\Miile the Jack be.an produces an enormous amount of beans per
acre, they are not relished by stock, and no satisfactory means
of utilizing tliem has yet been discovered.

TO THE LAZY BUSINESS MAN.

"He wlio whispers down a well

About the goods he has to sell,

Will never trade and make the dollars

Like him who climbs a tree and hollers."

— Exchange.

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766

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

National Association of Gardeners.
M. C. Ebel, secretary, Madison, N. J.

Society of American Florists and Orna-
mental Horticulturists.
John Young, secretary, 54 West 28th street.
New York.

American Carnation Society.
A. F. J. Bauer, secretary, Indianapolis, Ind.

American Gladiolus Society.

L. Merton Gage, secretary. South Natick,

Mass.

American Peony Society.
A. B. Saunders, secretary, Clinton, N. Y.

American Rose Society.
B. Hammond, secretary, Fiahkill, N. Y.

American Sweet Pea Society.

H. A. Bunyard, secretary, 342 West 14th

itreet. New York.

Chrysanthemum Society of America.

Charles W. Johnson, secretary, Morgan

Park, 111.

The Horticultural Society of New York.

Geo. V. Nash, secretary, Bronx Park, New

York City.

Meets monthly, irregular. May to Octo-
ber, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx
Park, New York. November to April,
American Museum of Natural History, 77th
street and Columbus avenue. New York.

Lake Geneva Gardeners' and Foremen's

Association.
W. H. GrifEts, secretary. Lake Geneva, Wis.
Meets first and third Saturday every
month, October to April; first Saturday
every month. May to September, Horticul-
tural Hall.

Lenox Horticultural Society.
George Instone, secretary, Lenox, Mass.
Meets first Saturday every month.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
William P. Rich, secretary, 300 Massachu-
setts avenue, Boston, Mass.

LOCAL SOCIETIES

Boston Gardeners' and Florists' Club.

William N. Craig, secret;\r.y, Brookline,
Mass.
Meets third Tuesday every month, Horti-
cultural Hall, Boston, Mass., 8 p. m.

Connecticut Horticultural Society.
Alfred Dixon, secretary, Wethersfield, Conn.
Meets second and fourth Fridays every
month, County Building, Hartford, Conn., 8
p. m.

Dutchess County Horticultural Society.

Hubert G. Cottam, secretary, Wappingers

Falls, N. Y.

Meets at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., last
Wednesday every month except May and
June.

Elberon Horticultural Society.
C. O. Duncan, secretary, Elberon, N. J.
Meets first Monday every month. Fire
Hall, Elberon, N. J., 8 p. m.

Florists' and Gardeners' Club of Holyoke

and Northampton, Mass.
James Whiting, secretary, Amherst, Mass.
Meets second Tuesday every month.

The Garden Club of Michigan.
Mrs. Edward H. Parker, secretary, 139 Sey-
burn avenue, Detroit, Mich.
The corresponding secretary will notify
members of date and place of meetings.

Gardeners' and Florists' Club of Baltimore
N. F. Flittin, secretary, Paterson Park
Baltimore, Md.
Meets second and fourth Monday every
month, Florist Exchange Hall.

Monmouth County Horticultural Society.
Harry Kettle, secretary, Fairhaven, N. J.
Meets second and fourth Friday every
month. Red Men's Hall, Oceanic.

Morris County Florists' and Gardeners'

Society.
Edward J. Reagan, secretary, Morristown,
N. J.
Meets at Madison, N. J., second Wednes-
day every month, except July and August,
8 p. m.

Nassau County Horticultural Society.
Ernest Westlake, secretary. Glen Cove, N. Y.

Meets second Wednesday every month.
Pembroke Hall, Glen Cove, N. Y., 7 p. m.

New Jersey Floricultural Society.

Geo. W. Strange, secretary, 216 Main street.
Orange, N. J.
Meets first Monday every month, Jr. O.
W. A. M. Hall, Orange, N. J., 8 p. m.

Pasadena Horticultural Society.
Geo. B. Kennedy, secretary, 497 Bradford
street, Pasadena, Cal.
Meets first and fourth Friday every
month.

Paterson Floricultural Society.
Sebastian Hubschmitt, secretary, 61 Seventh
avenue, Paterson, N. J.
Meets first Tuesday every month, Ro-
maine Building, 8 p. m.

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.
David Rust, secretary. Broad and Locust
streets, Philadelphia, Pa.
Meets third Tuesday every month, Horti-
cultural Hall, 8 p. m.

People's Park Cottage Gardeners' Associa-
tion.
John Ainscough, secretary, 4 Chestnut street,
Paterson, N. J.
Meets first and last Friday every month.
Working Man's Institute, Madison avenue,
Paterson, N. J.

Philadelphia Florists' Club.
David Rust, secretary, Broad and Locust
streets, Philadelphia, Pa.
Meets first Tuesday every month, Horti-
cultural Hall, Philadelphia, Pa., 8 p. m.

The Pittsburgh Florists' and Gardeners'
Club.

H. P. Joslin, secretary, Ben Avon, Pa.

Meets first Thursday every month. Fort
Pitt Hotel, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Rhode Island Horticultural Society.
A. C. Miller, secretary, 7 Irving avenue.
Providence, R. I.
Meets third Wednesday every month.
Providence Public Library, 8 p. m.

New London County Horticultural Society.
John Humphrey, secretary. New London.
Conn.
Meets second Thursday every month,
rooms of Business Men's Association.

Newport Horticultural Society.
Wm. J. Grey, secretary, Newport. R. I.
Meets second and fourth Tuesday every
month.

North Shore Horticultural Society.
Jas. Slater, secretary, Manchester, Mass.
Meets first and third Fridays every
month.

North Westchester County Horticultural

and Agricultural Society.
M. J. O'Brien, secretary, Mt. Kisco. N. Y.
Meets third Thursday every month, ex-
cept June, July and August, at 8 p. m. ;
December, January and February, 3 p. m..
Odd Fellows Hall, Mt. Kisco.

Oyster Bay Horticultural Society.
John T. Ingram, secretarv. Oyster Bay,
N. Y.
Meets third Friday every month. Board
of Trade, Oyster Bay, N. Y., 8 p. m.

Shelter Island Horticultural and Agricul-
tural Society.
Fred Kirkham, secretary. Shelter Island,
N. Y.
Meets first and third Thursdays every
month.

Southampton Horticultural Society.
William McLeod, secretary.
Meets first Thursday every month. Me-
morial Hall, Southampton, N. Y.

Tarrytown Horticultural Society.
E. W. Neubrand, secretary, Tarytown, N. Y.
Meets last Tuesday every month, except
December, Corporation Building, Tarrytown,
N. Y., 7:30 p. m. Annual meeting last
Thursday in December.

Tuxedo Horticultural Society.
Jos. A. Becvar, secretary, Tuxedo Park, N. Y.
Meets first Wednesday every month. Par-
ish House, Tuxedo Park.

Washington, D. C, Florist Club.
J. L. Mayberrv, secretary, Washington
D. C.
Meets first Monday every month.

Westchester and Fairfield Horticultural

Society.
I. B. McArdle, secretary, Greenwich, Conn.
Meets second Friday every month. Dor-
an's Hall, Greenwich, Conn., 8 p. m.

Yonkers Horticultural Society.
Thos. Mahoney, secretary, Yonkers, N. Y.
Meets first Friday every month, Holly-
wood Inn, Yonkers, N. Y., 8 p. m.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

767

GARDENERS DIARY

International Flower Show will be held
under the auspices of the Horticultural So-
ciety of New York and the New York
Florists' Club, March 21 to 28, 1914, at
Grand Central Palace, New York.

Chicago Spring Flower Show will be held
under the auspices of the Horticultural So-
ciety, March 24 to 29, 1914, at Chicago, HI.

Boston Spring Flower Show will be held
under the auspices of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society, 1914, at Horticul-
tural Hall, Boston, Mass.

Philadelphia Spring Flower Show will be
held under the auspices of the Pennsylvania
Horticultural Society, 1914, at Horticul-
tural Hall. Philadelphia, Pa.

NEWPORT HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The annual meeting of the Newport
Horticultural Society was held December
9. The report of the treasurer showed the
society to be in a flourishing condition.
The following officers were elected for the
ensuing year:

President. William MacKay; first vice-
president, John B. Urquhart; second vice-
president, James Bond: treasurer, Andrew
K. McMahon; recording and financial sec-
retary, William Gray; sergeant-at-arms,
William F. Smith.

Executive Committee — The above six of-
ficers and Andrew S. Meikle, Richard Gard-
ner, Bruce Butterton, James Robertson,
Alexander McLellan, Samuel Speers, Alex-
ander Fraser, Cliristian M. Bugholt, John
T. Allan.

Auditing Committee — Bruce Butterton,
Wiufield S. Sisson. Herbert Bliss.

LENOX HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The regular monthly meeting of the
Lenox Horticultural Societ}- was held in
the Town Hall, Lenox, Saturday evening,
December 6, with President McConnachie
in the chair. As this w-as the annual meet-
ing of the society there was a good attend-
ance of the members. The reports of the
various committees were road and accept-
ed, together with the treasurer's report,
which showed the society to be in a sound
financial position. The chief business of the
meeting, however, was the election of of-
ficers for the ensuing year, and the follow-
ing gentlemen were elected:

President. Mr. A. McConnachie; vice-
president. Mr. Frank Butler; treasurer, Mr.
A. J. Loveless; secretary, Mr. G. H. In-
stone; assistant secretary. Mr. J. Mair.
Mr. A. II. Wingett was again elected as
delegate to the State Board of Agriculture.
Mr. A. H. Wingett, Mr. T.ovelesa and Mr.
G. H. Instone were appointed a committee
to draw up the report of the society's
transactions for the past year, to be sub-
mitted to the State Board of Agriculture.
Mr. F. Heeremans, Mr. E. Jenkins and Mr.
F. Butler were appointed as lecture com-
mittee.

Various other committees were appointed
and it was agreed to change the annual
meeting of the society from December to
November. It was also moved that the so-
ciety hold its annual ball some time in
Jannarv the same as usual.

JOILNT MAIR,
Assistant Secretary.

NEW JERSEY FLORICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

A regular meeting of the New Jersey
Floricultural Society was held Monday,
December I, in the new rooms of the J. 0.
U. A. M. Hall, Main and Park streets.
Orange, N. J. President IJrews was in the
chair. The result of election of officers for
1914 w-as: President, Edwin Thomas; vice-
president, Henry Halbig; treasurer, Fritz
Bergeland, and secretary, Geo. W. Strange.
Chas. W. Ashmead, Geo. Wraight and John
L. Collins are on the Arbitration Commit-
tee.

List of awards: Vase of Roses, Wm. Reid,
90 points; A. P. Wezel, So points. Vase of
Carnations, Wm. Reid, 85 points; Max
Schneider, 82 points. Vase of Violets, Max
Schneider, 75 points. Vase of Chrysanthe-
mums, Max Schneider, 80 points. Zygo-
petalum Mackayi, Emilie Panuska, 75
points. Begonia Gloire de Lorraine (Lord &
Burnham), Wm. Reid, 85 points. Non-com-
petitive: 2 plates of Tomatoes, A. P. Wezel,
C. of M,; Vase of Roses, A. P. Wezel, vote
of thanks; Cypripedium insigne, Frank
Drews, vote of thanks.

List of prize winners for the year 1913
in the points for monthly competition:
Orchids, 1, Emilie Panuska, 782 points.
Roses, 1, Wm. Reid, 764 points; 2, A. P.
Wezel, 763 points. Carnations, 1, Max
Schneider, 728 points; 2, Wm. Reid, 6S3
points. Cut flowers, 1, Max Schneider, 720
points. Foliage or flowering plants, 1,
Emilie Panuska, 337 points; 2, Frank
Drews, 160 points. Sweet Peas or Violets,
1, Ma.x Schneider, 585 points; 2, Frank
Drews, 105 points. Lord & Burnham prize
awarded to Wm. Reid with 608 points.

Judges: Charles W. Ashmead, John Hoff-
man and James McManus.

GEO. W. STRANGE, Secretary.

CONNECTICUT HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

The second November meeting was lield
at the County building. Hartford, Friday,
November 20, with President Huss in the
chair. It was rather stormy and few mem-
bers turned out to the meeting. One new
member was elected, R. E. Cecil, of Sewick-
ley, Pa.

President Huss gave a glowing account
of the Westchester and Fairfield Horticul-
tural Society's third autumn exhibition, hehi
in the Armory at Stamford, November 7-8.
President Huss acted as one of the three
judges at this show, so that lie was in a
position to know whereof he spoke. He
dwelt upon the magnificence of Adolph
Lewisohn's Black Hawk chrysanthomuni,
and also upon the beautiful effect created
by the palms through the center of the
hall. A suggestion he made, which is well
worth careful consideration by horticultural
societies, was to the efiect th;it there should
be more than three judges. That is, in-
stead of one group of thrive judges, to have,
say, three groups, making nine judges in all.
This would greatly expedite tlie judging of
all classes, as all patrons are very anxious
to know whom among their friends receive
prizes, and it is pretty trying to have to
wait from, say, 3 o'clock in tlie afternoon
until 7 o'clock in the evening before this
can be ascertained.

The secretary read an article from "The
Gardeners' Chronicle of America" on "Pro-
tecting Hardy Roses," written by Alexander
Cuniniing, Jr., one of our members. Chair-
man Huss appointed J. 'SI. Adams. C H.
Sicrman and Cuno A. Helfrioht auditors, to
be prepared to report at the annual meet-
ing, which will be held Friday, December 12,
at 8 o'clock. We would like to have every
member make a special effort to be pres-
ent, as the success or failure of tlie society 1

JOS. A. MANDA

ORCHID EXPERT
West Orange New Jersey

BURPEE'S SEEDS

PHILADELPHIA

Wholesala Frio« Lilt for FloritU
and Market Oardenera.

depends largely upon the olficers elected at
this meeting. " ALFRED DIXON,

Secretary.

TUXEDO HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

One of the most interesting meetings that
tlie Tuxedo Horticultural Society has held
for the past few months was held in the
Parish House Wednesday evening, Decem-
ber 3. President MacMachan presided over
a large attendance.

The feature of the meeting was the nomi-
nation of officers for the coming year. A
full report of the newly-elected officers will
be issued in January.

Two well-known men were elected active
members of the society, Jos. Wanda, of
West Orange, N. J., and Wm. Tricker, of
Arlington, N. J.

Treasurer S. Hilmer will give a lecture
on the protection of birds shortly.

The members are quite puzzled and anxi-
ous to hear the lecture on the protection
of birds, as he is quite a good shot with
his little 22 Stevens.

President J. Macilachan sailed on Fri-
• lay, December 12. He goes to Scotland, his
old home, for a two months' stay.

He promised us a lecture on his trip on
his return.

There will be a bowling match at our
next meeting, Januarv 7.

JOS. A. BECVAR, Secretary.

THE WESTCHESTER AND FAIRFIELD
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The annual meeting of the Westchester
and Fairfield Horticultural Society was held
in Doran's Hall. Greenwich, Conn., Presi-
dent Robert Williamson in the chair, on
Fridijy, December 12.

The following ollicers were elected for
the ensuing year: President, Robert Will-
iamson, Greenwich. Conn.: vice-president,
.■Vdam Patterson, Sangatnck, Conn.; treas-
urer. W. J. Sealey, Portchester, N. Y. : sec-
retary, J'. B. McArdle, Greenwich, Conn.;
corresponding secretary, P. W. Popp,
Mamaroneck, N. Y.

The society is holding a social in Stam-
f(U(l. Conn., early in February.

The Show Committee's report on recent
exhibition proves same to be a huge finan-
lial success.

l!e|iorts by the secretary and treasurer
show the society to be in excellent standing.

A unanimous vote of thanks was accord-
ed Wra. Morrow for his excellent paper on
"Giaiie Culture Under Glass."

Air. De Viver, of Mt. Vernon, N. Y.. gave
a descriptive account qf the new Rhododen-
di'oii disease.

Short but crisp addresses were delivered
l.v Martin C. Ebel and C. H. Tottv, of
^iadison, N. Y.

Chns. H. Totty showed the new rose.
Prince E. C. De Arenberg, which certainly
looks a winner.

OWEN A. HTJNWICK.

768

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

BON ARBOR

A'warded Diploma and Silver Medal at 1912
Royal laternational Exhibition, London, Eng.

BON ARBOR NO. 1 will keep your Tennis Courts
and Lawns green in the hottest weather. Will grow
Lettuce, Celery, Cauliflower, and anything that matures
above the ground to the finest perfection. We can
prove it.

Bon Arbor No. 1 is put up as follows;

Package making 15 gallons, by mall $0.30

Package making 30 gallons, by mall 55

5 lb. package making 150 gallons.

exp. extra 1.80
25 lb. package making 750 gallons,

exp. extra 6.25
60 lb. package making 1.500 gallons,

exp. extra 12.50
100 lb. package making 3.000 gallons,

exp. extra 20.00
Barrels from 250 to 300 lbs.. 18c. per lb.

RADIX WORM ERADICATOR removes worms
instantly from your Tennis Courts, Golf Greens,
Flower Pots, etc.

2 gallons, making 200 gallons, $2.00 per gallon.

lJ/2 gallons sufficient for Tennis Court 78 x 36 feet.

ANT DESTROYER. Rid your garden and lawn
of ants. It can be done in less than a week. Per lb.
65c.; 10 lbs., 60c. per lb.; 25 lbs., 50c. per lb.

BON ARBOR CHEMICAL CO.

Paterson, N. J., U. S. A.

Write for descriptive
turc also Radix Worm

agricultural chemicals.

catalogue, new 1912 edition. We
Eradicator, Insecticides, Weed Killc
Special prices on large quantities.

MR. GARDENER:

Let That Tree Die, and

You Will Never See

It Replaced

YOU KNOW how long it has taken that tree to
attain those stately proportions.

YOU KNOW how irreparable the loss should it die.

YOU KNOW how imminent is the danger from in-
sects and fungi.

YOU KNOW how devitalising, how unsightly, and
how difficult to reach is that dead
wood.

YOU KNOW how surely fatal are those neglected
cavities — neglected decaying stumps,
neglected wounds, neglected borer
holes are the causes.

Then Why Wait Longer? Time Is Precious.

CALL US IN

WE HAVE the KNOWLEDGE, the EXPERI-
ENCE, the MEN, the TOOLS.

JOHN T. WITHERS Inc.

Landscape Architect and Forester

1 Montgomery St. Jersey City, N. J.

Erected for E. C. Oppcnhtim, Biidds Lake, N. J.

Growing Pains

CONTRARY to all "off-years" tales—
our factory has been so rushed the
last half of 1913, that it has been difficult
to make deliveries as promptly as has
been our custom.

To make matters still more difficult, we
have been increasing our factor}' by fully
a third.

But now these "growing pains" are
about over and from now on you can de-
pend on our deliveries being as prompt as
of yore.

HITCHINGS & CO.

Philadelphia Office,
Ponn. Bldg.. I5th & CHiestnut Sts.
-Elizaheth. N. J,

BOBBINK & ATKINS

WORLD'S CHOICEST NURSERY
AND GREENHOUSE PRODUCTS

We shall gladly give our time and atleution to all Gardeners visiting
our Nursery and invite everybody interested in improving their grounds
to visit us. QiiT Nursery consists of 300 acres of highly cultivated
laud and a large area covered with Greenhouses and Storehouses. In
which we are growing Nursery and Greenhouse Products for every
place and purpose, the best that experience, good cultivation and our
excellent facilities can produce, placing us in a, position to fill orders
of any size.

THE TOIJLOWJUG PLANTS FOE INTEEIOR AND EXTERIOR
DECORATIONS ARE AMONG OUR SPECIALTIES:

DECIDUOUS TREES AND
SHRUBS — We grow many thou-
sands of ornamental Shade Trees
and Flowering Slirubs in all
varielies and sizes. A visit to
our Nursery will convince you of
the quality of our immense stocli.

HEDGE PLANTS We grow a

large quantity of California
Privet. Berberis and other shrubs
for hedges.

BOXWOOD IN TUBS. — We

grow thousands of plants in many
shapes and sizes. Everybody loves
the aroma of old-fashioned Bos-
wood.

Bulbs and Roots

HARDY OLD - FASHIONED
FLOWERS.--We have thousands
of rare, new and old-fashioned
icinds. We grow many thousands

of English I).-^liihir.iiims.

TRAINED. DWARF AND OR-
DINARY FRini TREES AND
SMALL FRUITS.™We grow these
for all kinds of Fruit Gardens
and Orchards.

HARDY TRAILING AND
CLIMBING VINES. — We have
them for every place and pur-
pose.

PLANT TUBS. WINDOW

BOXES, ENGLISH GARDEN
FURNITURE AND RUSTIC
WORK. — We manufacture all
.«li:ipes and sizes.

OUR NEW HYBRID GIANT-FLOWERING MARSHMALLOW.—

;verylxidy should be interested in this new hardy old-fashioned flower,
t will grow everywhere, and when In bloom is the queen of all Garden
'lowers. Blooms from July until the latter part of September.

45 DESCRIBES OUR

NUKSERYMEN.;U)R,|TS Ruthgrford, N. J.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

769

ORCHIDS

We are specialists in this kind of plants. We
collect, import and grow orchids from all parts of
the world where ore ids grow.

We will be j^iad to fill your order for one plant
or a thousand according to your requirements.

Our beautiful Catalogue and special lists on
application.

LAGER & HURRELL

Orchid-Growers and Importers

SUMMIT, N. J.

J. B. McArdle

Seeds, Bulbs, Plants, Insecti-
cides— Fertilizers and all
Horticultural Supplies.

Greenwich, Conn.

SPECIAL GREENHOUSE
FERTILIZERS

FOR FLORISTS AND GARDENERS

Formulated and Manufactured by men who have made a life study •{

FLOWERS- FR UITS— VEGETABLES

Under Glass

in this Country and Abroad

Proper fertilization under glass is more important than
fertilization out of doors — and

Fertilization is our Specialty

Why pay ocean freight and dealers' commissions on
Imported General Fertilizers when you can buy Fertilizer
Direct from the Manufacturer Especially prepared to
meet your Individual requirements?

We are also manufacturers of MAK-GRO Odor-
less Plant Food, put up in one pound tins and five
pound bags — a splendid side line for Florists op-
erating their own stores.

iVe are at your service on all matters relating to Green-
house Fertilization. Write us for further particulars.

CONSUMERS

Long Acre Building

• and Laborato
lin^dals. N. J.

FERTILIZER CO.

New York City

Eicperimental Greenhouses. Exp. Farms.
Cantonsville, Md. Farmingdale, N. J.

International Nurseries, Inc

FINE NURSERY STOCK

Come and See Our Fine Collection

OF

Specimen Evergreens Ampelopsis in pots

English Ivy in pots Roses in eight inch pots

RhododrendronS from eighteen inches to four feet

ALL THESE CAN BE [NSPECTED AT OUR GROUNDS

1905 WEST FARMS ROAD, NEW YORK CITY

Telephone. 402S TremonI

770

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Grand Spring Exhibition

Under the auspices of the Horticultural Society
of New York and the New York Florist's Club

$12,500 IN PREMIUMS

NEW YORK

March 21st to 28th, 1914

Are you preparing to exhibit? Have you received the pre-
liminary schedule covering plants? If not write for a
copy without delay. Cut flower schedules ready Jan. 1.

JOHN YOUNG, Secretary,
Tel. 7362 Mad. Sq. 53 Wcst 28lh St., New York

l\/f A j-l ^^^4-1^^4/' • ^^^ International Show

lYlV. /\UVGillSCi. Number of the Gardeners'
Chronicle of America Will Be Issued in March, 1914.

DO YOU RECALL THE 1913 ISSUE?
It is a miniature of what the 1914 issue will be

We shall take advantage of our last year's experience and again be
prominently located at the 1914 show, where the Chronicle will be
freely distributed to all who may be interested in horticultural
pursuits.

Reserve your advertising space now

Address your inquiries for advertising to

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE, Madison, N. J.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

^\U^.

The Tirsi: Rays
i^ake Most- Growtti

T

HE fact that in the first few hours of the morning plants make
more growth and better growth than in all the rest of the day,
,s a very vital point to have in mind when deciding on buying
a greenhouse.

The lighter the construction of your greenhouse is, the quicker
and stronger will be the growth. The greater will be the returns on
your investment.

U-Bar greenhouses have a complete galvanized, aluminum painted
steel frame that makes them the lightest houses built.

The first ravs and the last rays of light count with U-Bar houses.

becaujre tlieir cxtieme lightn

ess

permits the greatest a

mount of light

to reach the plants.

Graceful aiitl attractive as

the U-Rar construction i

s. its efficiency

is, after all, the thii'g.

They cost more but thev

re

wurtii more, liecause rt

suits are more

and cost of maintenance

less. We tell you these
facts as a matter of pro- '

■^^m

tection. Send for catalot; _.

<

■'••"> 1

or send for us— or both. '-

1

U-BAR GREENHOUSES

PIER50N U-BAR CO

Gardeners All Over the World Use

APHINE, lV)r siirayiif.; against all sap-suck-
iiij.^ msect.s, such as aphis, red spider, thrips.
mealy bug and stift scale; and for cleansing
])alnis and decorative stock generally.

NIKOTIANA, for fumigating, a nicotine so-
lution wliKJi does not fill the house with smoke
as docN III a.-co paper or dust. It is vaporized
in pan> i>\cr small lamps, or by painting the
steam pipes.

FUNGINE, lo control mildew, rust or bench
rot in the greenlunise, a spraying material; an
infallible remedy. It does not stain foliage as
I'.ordeau.x or lime and sulphur, but cleanses it.

VERMINE, to rid the greenhouse soil of eel
worm, root maggots and other soil vermin, will
be found most effective. Used according to di-

rection^ it is iK.it injurious to vegetation.

For Out Door Spraying of Trees, Shrubs and Hardy Plants

SCALINE, an oil and sulphur compositicju — three in one — an insecticide, fungicide and
scalicidc combined, destroys San Jose, Oyster Shell and other scale, red spider, larva of the
aphis and locust borer. Now is the time to spray to protect your trees and shrubs against the
ravages wf the various insect pests.

Get in the habit of using our products and you will use no other
For Sale by all Seedsmen

Aphine Manufacturing Company

Manufacturers of Agricultural Chemicals

MADISON, N. J.

BRITISH DISTRIBUTORS:
British and American Fertilizer Co.
Leith Offices — Liverpool, England.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Cosmos, Boddington's White Lady Lenox

THE SENSATIONAL FLOWER SEED NOVELTY FOR 1914

Al" lasl «c hav.- llu-
huvu l.ccn .„,l.-.-,v
Sargent. Kislikill-.
in our office recciitiv, sa
I'iitk Lttdv l.cno.y. To
.15 cts. rcr /'*■(.. .1 /■/.-/-.

■r-iistence in creating tins hively I?Q
White Lady Lenox, has all the cha

ince «c inlro.Uiced this variety, our friends and liybridizers
to our friend Trank E. Witney, gardener to Winthrop
■r. Our grower, Lester L. Morse, of California, who was
cteristics and is a perfect duplicate (except in color) of the
r olTcrhi'- the IVhilc Ltidv Lenox, in scaled fackets only.

Arthur T. Boddington

S E E DS MAN

342 WEST 14th STREET
NEW YORK CITY

GARDENERS'
CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA

JANUARY, 1914

Ten Cents a Copy

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

TRY

Burnett's Reliable Seeds

FOR EARLY SOWING

New Stocks of Vegetable and Flower Seeds Now on Hand.

Burnett Bros. Novelties are all PRIZE WINNERS.

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THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

775

^m^m^^^mm

New Carnations

WE know yuu arc interested in the new
carnations. You have to be. Your
employer expects the best and it is
up to you to furnish it. Success with varie-
ties depends on the stock, and we are offer-
ing you, not rooted cuttings on which you
take the risk of their living or dying, but
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pots.

Matchless, Princess Dagmar and Gorgeous
are the best new things of the year. En-
chantress Supreme, White Wonder, White
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Benora are varieties you won't go wrong on.

Our catalog tells the story.

Get your order in and get plants it will be
a pleasure to receive.

ANPlERSON INC

Ck)mmll Gm^ens

Ckpmwell Conn

^^S^M^

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■A crusb ul' Siiiiiiiisia Retina Hybrida with the
choicest strains of Gloxinias and embraces all the
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is distinct, being of a reddish-brown, or bronzy
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llowers held erect, showing to full advantage. -Strong
Bulbs in choice mixed varieties. 25 cent> each; .$2.50

FANCY-LEAVED CALADIUMS

The largest and most complete stock in the World

.u\<\ includes many new and rare varieties.

WE OFFER CHOICE STANDARD VARIETIES.

Collection of 12 distinct sorts for $2 25

Collection of 25 distinct sorts for $4.00

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Collection of 28 distinct sorts for $12.50

DREER'S GARDEN BOOK FOR 1914

describes above and also ofifers a complete line of
Seeds. Plants. Bulbs and Horticultural Supplies. It
is handsomely illustrated with hundreds of photo-
engravings, 10 color and duotonc-plates. also gives
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Mailed free tn anyone inenti'>iiiii>j; this [Publication.

HENRY A. DREER,

714-716 CHESTNUT STREET
PHILADELPHIA

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q The comlorls and products of a country home are
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q Please give particulars regarding place and say
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33 and 37 Corllandl St. NEW YORK CITY

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bulbs, 7 inches and over in cir-
America, 50c. doz. ; $3.50 per 100
Princeps, 75c. doz.; $5.00 per 100
ciimfcrciu-c.

WEEBER and DON

Seed Merchants and Growers

NEW YORK

776

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

BODDINGTON'S QUALITY
SWEET PEAS

OUR 1914 Garden Guide contains fourteen pages devoted to Sweet Peas, a catalogue by itself
within a catalogue. Also one page of Novelty Sweet Peas. If you have not received a copy,
dnip us a postcard: if you do not buy from us, it will be a handy and up-to-date reference book
of 152 pages. But we want you for a customer — so why n^t start in with an nrder for our exhibition
.Sweet Peas?

The demand for the Spencer types almost exceeds that of the Unwin and Grandiflora types com-
bined, and, if you wish a Fine Prize-winning Collection, it is essential that you should favor this form
of Sweet Peas. The flowers are larger than those of the ordinary type, and bear, for the most part, four
orchid-like flowers, that are fluted and ruffled, on a stem.

If collections are wanted frir exhibition purposes, we shall be glad to make suggestii ms.

FOR THE FORTHCOMING 1914 SUMMER EXHIBITION OF THE AMERICAN SWEET PEA SOCIETY, TO
BE HELD IN NEW YORK CITY, WE TAKE PLEASURE IN AGAIN OFFERING OUR

Challenge Silver Cup. Value $50

FOR A COLLECTION OF SWEET PEAS, 25 VARIETIES, NOT LESS THAN 25 STEMS TO A VASE, TO BE
SHOWN WITH SWEET PEA FOLIAGE ONLY. TO BE WON TWICE BY THE SAME EXHIBITOR.

We will also award to the winner of this cup (each time won) a cash prize of $25; $15 second, and $10 third prize

ARTHUR T. BODDINGTON, Seedsman, 342 West 14th Street, New York City

A Beautiful Lawn

tm. A beautiful home biauti-
wn surrounding it. Ordinary
iiust get

Waterer's Special Evergreen Lawn Grass

to get best results. It is the best that money can buy — the result
of 30 years' experience in lawn making in Europe and America.
It is a blend of ten of the finest, dwarf-growing, slender-leaved,
hardv grasses — earlv, medium and late (practically evergreen) and
all o'f them of permanent character (not annual), and all tested for
the trvine American climate.

FULL PARTICULARS AND

h,ng for tlu
!~all of the

Garden and Lawn — Seeds, Bulbs, Plants,
Iwicest the world affords. Catalogue FREE.

HOSEA WATERER, 107-109 S. 7th St., Philadelphia

JOSEPH A. MANDA

ORCHID

SPECIALIST

■«^

West Orange, New Jersey

WRITE FOR MY LIST OF RECENT IMPORTATIONS

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

777

ROEHR'S SPECIALTIES:

Orchids : Palms : Bay Trees : Roses

and all stove and ornamental Plants. The
only strictly exotic nurseries in America.

JULIUS ROEHRS CO., Rutherford, N. J.

Hello, People! People, Hello!

Just want ti_) tell you that we can give you im-
mediate delivery on JAS. ERASER,
MEUDON, MRS. WILD

and others nt the

Chrysanthemum
Novelties

GORGEOUS, PHILADELPHIA
PRINCESS DAGMAR AND MATCHLESS

Carnation Novelties

All the above ready now from 2^^" pots and
wnuld he delighted lij hll your order!

You received our catalogue, of course! If
nut, drop me a card and another will be sent.

CHARLES H. TOTTY

MADISON, N. J.

Country life Permanent [xposition

GRAND CENTRAL STATION

To our Patrons and Friends. — We liaxe
leased space in the abo\e Expusition to dis])lav
our line of SEEDS, BULBS, HORTICUL-
TURAL SUNDRIES and POULTRY SUP-
PLIES.

The Exhibit is in charge of Mr. F. Le Clair,
where orders or inquiries may be left and calle(l
fnr or delixercil from our store.

W. E. MARSHALL & CO., Seedsmen

166 West 23d Street NEW YORK

TREES'^
PLANTS

Unusual Hardy Plants

Unusual qualities of tlie bi-tler
known varieties. Every plant i.s grown
as a single specimen, and not in great
masses.

And many uncommon specialties,
of proven merit, such as

Japanese Styrax

Thi- rciriart;il-l. Ir..' -Iirill. -r,.wv M l.i \1 U;\
nusiial livfl.v :;iv,-ii f..li.ii;i>. Pnilii^oly <-ovct«1 In
Illy Willi ilustiis of frugniiit. riK'hslni^litipt'd How-
Specialty Plant Book for 1914— full of such helpful suggcstl^

11(1

Thomas Meehan fy Sons

Box 65, Germantown, Phila.

Kennedy Z^ Hunter

SEEDSMEN

Incorporated 1911

Andrew K. Kennedy

PRESIDENT AND TREASURER

Happy New Year. Begin right by sending for our cat-
alogue of "Only the Best" in Seeds, Bulbs and Plants.

156 West 34th Street

"ONLY THE BEST"

NEW YORK

778

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

E^i^t Contents— ifanuarij, 1914

New Year's Resolve Ella Wheeler Wilcox 779

The Orchids . . . fip Wm. Turner 780
An Attractive Orchid Group . . .781

Sweet Pea CuUure . Bv Edxvin Jenkms 782
Soil Robbing and Soil Building .

Bl) William Callon>a\) 784

Mushroom Culture . Bj) H. Baxendale 785

New Winter Flowering Begonia . . . 785

Southern Florida Estates By Erich Heppler 786

Lilium Longiflorum and Its Varieties . . 787
Nut Trees on Rich Soil ....

Bm H. E. Van Demon 788

"January" ' B\} David Q. Mi7/er 788

Editorials 789

"Without Flowers" 789

Association Notes ..... 790

Meeting of the Executive Board . . . 790
Notice to Dilinquent Members . . .791

New Members 791

Among the Gardeners . . . . 79 1

Inquiries and Answers . . . .791

International Flower Show . . . .791

New Superintendent, National Botanical

Gardens ...... 792

Horticultural Display at International Exposi-
tion 792

Letter from Mrs. Alice Martineau

793

Exhibition, New York Horticultural Society .

793

In and Around Boston ....

793

Fertilization of Corn .....

794

An Ornamental Garden Plant

795

Eucharis Amazoniea . . B\) W. MorroTV

795

Cultivated Varieties .....

795

"Today Is Ours" .....

795

National Associations ....

796

Local Societies . . . . . .

796

Gardeners' Diary .....

797

Tarrytown Horticultural Society .

797

N. Westchester Co. Hort. and Agric. Society

797

Morris County Gardeners' and Florists' Club

797

Tuxedo Horticultural Society

798

Lenox Horticultural Society

798

Westchester and Fairfield Horticultural Society

798

Oyster Bay Horticultural Society .

798

Nassau County Horticultural Society

798

Connecticut Horticultural Society .

798

Elberon Horticultural Society

798

Bernardsville Horticultural Society

799

New Bedford Horticultural Society

799

Southampton Horticultural Society

799

New Jersey Floricultural Society .

799

Stumpp & Walter Co.'s Catalog

OUR 1914 Spring Catalog will be mailed to you on
request, if you have not already received a copy.
Many New and Exhibition varieties of Flower and Vege-
table Seeds are offered. Farm and Grass Seeds are also a
feature. Dahlias and Gladiolus, — the best varieties to
date.

Write us today if you have not received a copy.

Wtimpp^(mtier&

30-32 BARCLAY ST.
NEW YORK CITY

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA

DEVOTED TO THE SCIENCE OF FLORICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE

ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF

THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

Vol. XVII.

ANUARV. I'JU.

5f^iu ^^ar^s ?Rrsolu0

As the dead year is clasped fcp a dead December,

So lei vour dead sins with your dead davs lie.
A new life is yours, and a new hope! Remember

We build our own ladders to climb to the sky.
Stand out in the sunlight of promise, forgetting

Whatever your past held of sorrow or wrong;
We waste bald our strength in a useless regretting;

We sit by old tombs in the dark ^oo long.

Have you missed in your aim? Well, the mark is still shining.

Did you faint in the race? Well, take breath for the next.
Did the clouds drive you back? But see yonder their lining.

Were you tempted, and fell? Let it serve for a text.
As each year hurries by, let it join that procession

Of skeleton shapes that march down to the past.
While you take your place in the line of progression.

With your eyes on the heavens, your face to the blast.

I tell you the future can hold no terrors

For any sad soul while the stars revolve.
If he will but stand firm on the grave of his errors.

And, instead of regretting, resolve, resolve!
It is never loo late to begin rebuilding.

Though all into ruins your life seems hurled.
For look! how the light of the New Year is gilding

The worn, wan face of the bruised old world!

— Ella Wheeler Wilcox

Orchid Culture

By Wm. Turner.

Strange though it may seem, when isolated from
greenhouse operations, after being so many years asso-
ciated witii their watching, their dififerent pecuharities
and general makeup ; it brings to my mind vividly the
Orchid family. Is there a more interesting class of plants
or more varied in their varieties than those floral gems ?
Nor can anyone be at a loss in writing descriptions of
their usefulness and the prominence they have achieved
in recent years. Yes, the better one becomes acquainted
with them, the more fascinating they become. It is al-
most equivalent to a fairy story to follow the rise in pop-
ular favor of those noble species and varieties, and how
interesting it is to look back over their culture of half a
century ago. According to early writers on the subject,
when receiving an importation and particularly those
coming' from the hot moist climates, naturally one would
suppose they required a close, humid atmosphere, and
such was their treatment in their early history, with the
result that many deaths occurred. But as time went on
it was found they reveled in fresh air, providing it was
given in such a way as not to cause a direct draught.
Though the culture of orchids was considered a secret for
quite a number of years, and the young man that was
placed in charge of a collection of orchids was looked
upon as a genius or a step above his associates, in other
departments, the orchid industry has steadily grown, and
time and experience have given the cultivator opportunity
to learn the peculiarities of the different species, until to-
day it is a realized fact that orchids will stand about the
same amount of abuse as any other class of plants, possiblv
more than some. Undoubtedly, to keep them in a healthy,
vigorous condition, year after year, it is absolutely neces-
sary to be acquainted with their requireiuents, as all or-
chids have their season of growth and their resting sea-
son ; in fact, this is one of the important factors and abso-
lutely a necessity if the health and full vigor of the plants
are to be maintained. Take cattleyas and dendrobiums.
for instance. How long would they remain in a healthy,
thrifty condition providing they did not have their proper
season of rest? It is essential to be familiar with the dif-
ferent varities, their dormant and growing season. Even
the cattleyas vary considerably. Some varieties make up
their growth and flower at once, such Warnerii, Gas
Killiana and Gigas, for example. Such as these require
a long period of rest after flowering, or I should say,
after the growths are fully made up, being careful not to
allow them to make a second growth. Whereas the ma-
jority will complete their growth a month or so before
flowering, such as those would need a partial rest in ad-
vance of their flowering season.

It is not necessary to have a large variety of orchids
to give a long season of flower — a dozen varieties of cat-
tleyas properly selected would about fill the bill. I dare
say there is more space devoted to C. Trianae than any
other specie coming into flow'er, as they do, through the
winter months. In fact, they may be depended on, say,
from the latter part of December till away into Febru-
ary. Unfortunately they are deceiving at times as to
their flowering qualities, particularly if they have been
grown a bit soft. While such plants are pleasing to the
eye, they are apt to cause disappointment in production
of flowers. Thoroughly ripening their growth in the fall
is the best remedy towards producing a free crop of
llowers. With the ripened growths not only will there
he more flowers, but better substance and quality. There
is a great variation in this type from the pure white and
delicate shades to the dee]) magenta colors.

How interesting it is to watch the development of a
new importation, just as they are ready to give their first
crop of flowers, and perhaps at times we find a gem
among them to e.xcite our curiosity and give us double
interest. Just as the last of the Triaenas would have
passed out of flower, that delicate and sweet scented
cattleya schroderiae would be about ready to flower.
While some may appreciate the higher colors, neverthe-
less schroderia is a chase and delicate flower, and will be
found to fill in the gap between Triaenas and mossiae.
Speaking of mossiae, what a grand free flowering spring
orchid it is. One may import a batch of this grand old
standby and hardly find two plants alike. Their mark-
ings are apt to be dilTerent either in the lip or makeup of
the sepels and petals. Quite a number of named and dis-
tinct varieties are at the disposal of our orchid loving
public. Another thing may be of interest. Usually we
find the instructions regarding orchid culture as to re-
potting are August. Repotting that is necessary should
be attended to after through flowering, which is sound
advice in most cases. However, to my way of thinking
there are exceptions to the general rule in two or three
of the species of cattleyas, and mossiae is one of them.
The close observer will notice that mossiae towards the
end of January will commence to make new roots. There-
fore at that time they may be overhauled and the plants
\vill recuperate quickly again.

Cattleya Warneri will be found to come along nicely to
succeed mossiae. What a pity it is this grand cattleya is
?o scarce, and I am told by good authority in its natural
habitat it is nearly depleted. I should say the easiest way
to describe this orchid, and most accurate, would be a
spring flowering labiata, both as to growth and flower,
but I presume today it would be difficult to secure in any
large quantity either in the way of established plants or
by importation. It is an easy grower, providing it re-
ceives a long rest after flowering. Mendelli and Gas-
kelliana will also follow on, while mendelli, unless it
chance to be an extra good variety, will have what I
would call a washed out appearance. Gaskelliana also
is not near so high colored as some of the other varieties.
Still, being so floriferous, and no doubt Gaskelliana has
played an important part in many a June wedding, there-
fore it must be classed important. Gigas and gigas san-
deriana, as their name denotes, are the largest of the
cattleya family. A spike of .gigas with seven or eight
flowers, particularly if the variety is a good one, is apt to
make some of the others look insignificant. There has
been a cry at times of gigas producing a large percentage
of blind growths, or I should say, shy to produce the all
important flower spikes. This I daresay has been true in
man}- cases in years gone by. However, by giving Gigas
a long rest, thoroughly ripening up their growths, this is
overcome. It is an advantage to place them near the
glass. They w'ill withstand a more severe drying process
during their resting season than many other cattleyas.
One thing certain, gigas enjoys a long season of rest.
There is no orchid collection complete unless gigas is
represented. That wonderful combination of c;olor C
Dowiana is chase and grand. It is generally supposed
they require a trifle more heat than most of the species,
but Dowiana may be grown successfully in the ordinary
cattleya house, providing they are placed in a position
away from direct currents of air, and by keeping them a
bit dryer at tiie root. They will simply revel in a mixed
house.

August usualh' will find us w-ith a batch of that deli-

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

781

catc and useful varictx I larrisonae. flowering- at a time
when cattlexas are scarce. (Jiie may say they are indis-
pensable. i)articularly if the object is a long season of
orchid bloom. Labiata will soon be heard from after
Harrisonae is through flowering. Can any one point out
a variety with more good qualities in its favor than that
old and tried variety labiata? Look at any angle and
the good points are there. It is a free grower, and with
good care the plants will increase and flourish indefinite-
1\-. Nor have I ever heard any complaint in regard to un-
satisfactory flowering qualities. It is not an uncommon
occurrence with strong, thrifty plants to see them pro-
duce four, five, six and at times seven flowers on one
spike. Sorry would be the day if perchance the stock
ever got depleted. The importation of this variety has
been very heavy in recent years, until today the plants
brought from their natural habitat are not of the high
qualit)' they were a few }ears ago. They are showing the
steady drain, with a possibility of depleting. Whoever
has a good stock on hand now has not a bad asset. I
think, if I remember right, it is nigh onto 100 years
since labiata was first imported, and then again for
many years it was lost to the collectors. Let us hope the
native woods will always respond and perpetuate, so that

labiata will flourish for all time, Percivaliana and Bow-
rmgiana will about complete the season, and I daresay,
considering them from all points, it would be difficult to
select twelve better cattleyas for general purposes.

These are such a host of named varieties, with hybrids
galore, too numerous to mention, all wonderful in their
coloring and distinct markings. They are bewilderingly
interesting.

AN ATTRACTIVE ORCHID GROUP.

The orchid group illustrated on this page was ex-
hibited by William Kleinheinz at the annual fall show of
the Pennsylvania Horticidtural Society, held in Phila-
delphia, in November last. This exhibit received first
prize and was also awarded a silver medal as a special
prize.

The picture does not do justice to the group, which
was about 16 feet in length and some 16 feet in height.
The collection was composed of orchids, ferns and a
few small palms. An old stump of a tree with branches
was employed, to which the orchids were fastened, giv-
ing as closel\- as possible the efi'ect of nature tn the entire
group. It \\a> the attraction of the show.

lUlHIi) CKCII I', \l<U\M,K|l V.y \\M Kl.KI .\ U Kl N/.. .Vl 1 H K I'M 1 1..\ I >KI.I'1 1 1.\ lAI.I.

Sweet Pea Culture

By Edwin Jenkins.

I was led to choose the Sweet Pea as a subject for my
discourse for several good and substantial reasons : First,
because this beautiful annual is perhaps more truly
"everybody's flower" than even the rose or any other
plant in cultivation. For its seed can be purchased for
the merest trifle and it will grow, and give some returns
in the shape of graceful, sweet scented blossoms, even in
the city yard, or in a tub, or under almost any sort of ad-
verse conditions. Secondly, because the sweet pea above
any other plant responds to good cultivation and liberal
treatment by yielding to vis a magnificent display of
flowers over a long period and forms a grand exception
to the old adage which says "You can't have your cake
and eat it, too," for the more sweet peas you pick the
more you have, and, in fact, if you don't pick them you
won't have them for very long. The rose and the carna-
tion are sometimes so improved by the hybridist as to
lose one of their greatest charms, their perfume, but not
so with our favorite. No matter how we improve the
sweet pea it is the szccct pea still.

While realizing that you expect from me practical cul-
tural remarks, I feel sure that you will pardon a brief
excursion into the history of the introduction to cultiva-
tion and the subsequent development of the sweet pea to
its present measure of perfection, believing as we do
that the pleasure and fascination of the cultivation of any
plant is enhanced by a knowledge of its histor}-.

As it is almost certain that the sweet pea reached
America through Great Britain, we must go back there for
a glimpse of its earlier development. About the last year
of the seventeenth century an Italian priest named Cu-
pani found the sweet pea growing wild in the island of
Sicily and sent some plants of it to a Doctor Uvedale, at
Enfield, in England. We do not know much about it
from this date, for the next hundred years or more, but
suppose it to have been cultivated to some extent. Tn
1820 some six colors or shades were listed and in 1860
there were nine. Then, about 1877, commenced the great
Eckford epoch, when varieties and shades of colors w*fe're"
multiplied with great frequency, together with an in-
crease in size and substance. This period of deyelopment
continued without interruption till about the dawn of the
twentieth century, when the sweet pea world was de-
lightfully astonished by the advent of the waved stand-
ard, better known as the Spencer type. .\s this type
reigns supreme today, 'at least among the summer-flower-
ing kinds, we may well spare a minute to note this won-
derful occurrence and to observe that when the sweet
pea had reached such a stage of development that she was
ready to make a break, or as gardeners call it, "to sport,"
and she did so in three different places the same season,
viz. : in Earl Spencer's garden, in Northamptonshire
(whence the name of Spencer), and with Mr. Unwin, at
Cambridge : also with Mr. Eckford, at Wem, in Shrop-
shire. This tendency to break in several different sec-
tions the same year has been noted in some other plants,
and one might argue that it was a sign that nature was
jealous and opposed to monopoly. The old grandiflora
variety Prima Donna appears to have been the chief
factor as a parent of the Spencers, and its general tend-
ency to throw four flowers to each stem seems to have
been transmitted as a characteristic of the Spencers. The
last few years have brought still another change in du-
plex standards and occasionally duplex pedals. What
the future may have in store we know not, but that great-
er glories await us in the future the past gives us every
reason to hope and to believe.

The next phase we have to consider is how to treat
the sweet pea so as to get a maximum of quality and
quantity. The ordinary everyday method is to sow the
seed in rows very thickly as soon as the ground is ready
to work in spring ; then with the exception of giving
supports of some kind, the grower leaves the plants to
take care of themselves until the flowers appear, and on
some naturally rich soil, if perchance the rainfall is more
than ordinarily abundant, very good results may now and
then follow. However, the true lover and sweet pea en-
thusiast will not be satisfied by any such uncertain meth-
ods, but will cast about to find means whereby success is
more nearly assured.

Apart from good seed, the fundamental basis, the all
important foundation of success lies in the proper prepar-
ation of the soil, and if this operation is shirked or in any
wax skimmed over, your efforts will in a large measure
be set at naught, and disappointment will almost suiely
be your lot, unless you are fortunate enough to possess
(ine of those rare conditions of an ideal soil, rich, deep
and porous. Possessing this, you might well ignore this
part dealing with the preparation of the soil, but as in
about 95 per cent, of the cases we are only blest with
about six to eight inches of tolerably good soil we must
labor heartily to improve this so that we may have from
24 to 30 inches of well manured compost. The time to
do this to the best advantage is during the months of
September and October, as at this time the ground is
usuallv in good condition for manceuvering. Generally
work is not so pressing as in spring, and, further, it gives
time for settling of the soil before planting.

Let me now describe the method which I have found
verv sati.sfactory, though making no claims to superioritjf
over other methods. Assuming a hypothetical case of
six rows, ea^h 50 feet long, we would lay out a rectangur
lar plot 36 feet by 50, and on the shorter, or 36-foot, side,
three feet from the corner, set a stake, then every six
fe^t a stake until the six rows are indicated. Stakes
should be placed opposite each other at both ends and
should denote the center of each row. Now, commenci-
ing on the 50-foot side^ we remove the top nine inches t^
soil from three feet oi*i both sides of the center of row
one and place it outside of our plot entirely, to be later
carted or wheeled to finish the last row. The top soil
being removed, we dig a trench (always using the end
stakes as a center) 18 inches deep and two feet wide,
placing the subsoil removed on either side of the trench
where the good topsoil has just been dug off. Then,
commencing on row two, we remove the topsoil ofif the
six feet wide and to the same depth as before and use it
for filling trench one, but not without mixing about a
ton of half decayed farm-yard manure and 50 pounds
each on bonemeal and woodashes, also about two pounds
of well pulverized sulphate of iron, being sure at all times
to thoroughly incorporate the whole mixture. Proceed
thus to the last row. when soil from row one will be used
for filling. As each row is finished endeavor to leave the
soil ridged up, so as to give the frost a chance to do all
the disintegrating possible. That all this sounds like fi
heavy task T kiiow full well, but if vou would have good,
long stemmed peas, from the middle of June till at least
the middle of September, this, or some modification of this
method, must be followed.

Having prepared the soil, we next come by logical
sequence to the sowing of the seed, and by all means
spare no eflfort to secure good seed from a reliable seeds-
man. Tf von would not be disappointed in securing some

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

7Hi

clioice variety which you have set }our heart upon, get
them as early as possible and keep in a cool place until
sowing time arrives.

Before we sow, or perhaps before we buy, it will be in
order to determine how many seeds we require. On the
basis of six rows 50 feet long, it will require 600 plants
to space the plants six inches apart, which is quite thick
enough. At any rate, if we start to raise 600 the chances
are that from one cause or another a few will succumb
between germination and planting out time. If they do
we can plant eight inches apart and this will fill up the
rows and possibly give better flowers than if planted six
inches apart. To raise our 600 ])lants we must put in
about 9OO seeds, estimating a 70 per cent, germination,
which is about what we may reasonably expect. At the
outside, it will only require three ounces, as each ounce
contains more than .lOO seeds.

This immediately brings u]) the question of what is
the best time to sow. While personally convinced by rea-
soning that the autumn is the ideal time to sow in pots or
flats, carrying the plants through the winter in frames
or a very cool greenhouse, and planting out as usual in
spring, and while I am following this method this winter,
still I do not feel that I have given it a sufficient trial to
advocate it conscientiously.

The system I have followed for several years is to sow
in small pots about the middle of February or the be-
ginning of March. Before sowing we treat the seed with
cultures of the nitrifying bacteria, believing for the small
expense and trouble involved in this operation that the
possible results make it well worth while, but I will not
enter into the details of nitro-cultures, as full directions
alwavs accompany each purchase, any more than to say
its application is very simple.

The .seed being sown, we prefer to germinate at a tem-
perature not less than 50. because at lower temperatures
the whites and creams especially are very liable to rot.
Some advocate the filing or chipping of the seed coat, and
others soaking in tepid water to promote more rapid ger-
mination, but at the temperature mentioned, and with
plenty of water, we have never found these aids neces-
sary. .-Vs soon as germination has taken place and the
growing points are above the soil, a temperature of 45,
or even lower at night, will suit. During the day a free
circulation of air is always desirable, as if the plants are
in any way coddled the natural resistance to disease will
be impaired and instead of a thrifty, hardy plant, we
shall have nothing but weaklings. .-Xs soon as weather
Ijermits remove the plants to a cold frame, as the sooner
they get away from artificial heat the better, and on every
favorable occasion remove the sash completely so that
the air may have full freedom to play around the i)lants.
Needless to sav, they must never be allowed to suft'er
from lack of water, or to become starved for the want
of repotting. According to locality the plants may ,gen-
erallv be planted out in their permanent cjuarters from
.April 10 to May 1.

Still, cloudv weather is the ideal condition for planting,
as on such a day the injury to the plant from temporary
exposure of its roots will lie a minimum. The trenches
should have been moderately firiued by walking over
them and then raked over finely. Do not fear to open the
ball and spread out the roots, even at the risk of break-
ing a few rootlets, as the advantages gained by doing
so will more than ofl:'set any little damage. In planting
be sure to press the soil into intimate contact with all the
roots, and if the soil be on the dry side follow the i^lant-
ing with a goofl watering and then hoe the ground thor-
oughly.

Let not those who have no facilities to do all these
things despair, because much might be accomplished
where the interest is great, and even if we are obliged to

sow directly outside, providing we thoroughly prepare
the soil in some such luanner as here advised, and if our
subsequent treatment is of the right kind, very gratifying
results may follow. If we must sow in the open, let us
make drills about two or three inches deep on top of the
prepared trenches and sow just as early as possible, put-
ting the seeds about an inch apart, so as to allow for
lo.';ses : then if thev come up fairly thick, take out enough
to leave the plants from six to eight inches apart.

Going back to our plants which we left just planted
Old. it is advisal)le to place all around them some bushy
brush about a foot or so high, as it will afford some
slight protection from cold, biting winds, which may be
expected at this early season and will give the plants the
comforting feeling of having something at hand to cling
to as soon as they feel the need of it.

For permanent supports for sweet peas there is nothing
better than good brush, six to eight feet tall, set firmly
in the ground, but as this is sometimes rather difficult to '
obtain, a fairly good substitute will be found in large
meshed poultry wire nailed to posts.

Having provided good supports for the plants, ihe
routine work will be to keep the ground hosed as fre-
ciuently as possible and to prevent overcrowding. A
little judicious thinning will occasionally have to be prac-
ticed h\ cutting away superfluous shoots. If flower buds
should appear before the plants have reached about three
feet in lieight, it will be a good plan to disbud them, as
too early flowering will militate against the future well-
being of the plant, but when the jiiants have acquired the
requisite height and strength and flowering l)egins in
earnest, you must be sure to keep all flowers picked clean
as if anv go to seed the plants will soon cease growing,
and your season will come to an abrupt end.

After the jilants have been flowering for some length
of time, the careful grower may note that the flower
stems are getting shorter and that there is a slack-
ening of growth generally. Here at this time is where
some quick acting manure, well watered, will give the
required stimulation and in a few days growth will be
back to the normal and may be kept there by repetition of
some such methods as have just been suggested.

The question might well be asked here, \M:at .shall we
use to feed and .stimulate our plants into growth? I do
not believe there is any one thing very much better than
another, as long as good judgment is used in the applica-
tion, but I would especially urge beginners to err on the
short side, rather than over-do it. I have found that
after the plants have been flowering for a week or two
they will generallly stand a light feeding once a week
and bv the application of two pounds of nitrate of potash
dissolved in 50 gallons of water, and this amount applied
to each 50-foot row every two weeks, alternating the
week between with about five pounds of superphosphate
sprinkled along each row, will keep the plants tuned up
to their work at all times. If weak liquid manure is
available an occasional dose will be beneficial or a sprin-
kling of soot well watered in will do good not only as
food but as a tonic which seems to brighten and intcnsi-
fv the colors immensely.

Mulching forms an important part in the treatment
of the sweet pea during our hot dry summers, but care
must be exercised here, as elsewhere. The two danger
points to avoid are getting it on too early and using too
close material. Wait until the ground has thoroughly
wanned up, which will not be till nearly the first of July,
and conserve the moisture in the meantime by frc(|uent
hoeings. If a mulch is put on too early in the season the
wroun^d is kept cold by the exclusion of the sun's ravs, and
tiie bacterial flora which inhabits the soil (and upon
which all plants must de|icnil in a large measure for their

784

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

sustenance) are retarded in their development and be-
cause this bacterial flora must have a free supply of air.
the mulch should be of a loose nature, straw litter or
dried leaves.

Unfortunately, some of the finest kinds of orange,
salmon, scarlet and crimson shades must be protected
from the sun if we would have them at their Ijest and so
to facilitate the application of shade these varieties should
be planted together. Light cheesecloth is sometimes used
to stretch over these kinds that burn, as it is quite ine>;-
pensive, but a more satisfactory shade is made by erect-
ing a light wooden framework, and by nailing ordinary
builder's lath spaced about an inch apart. Through this
the plants seem to get all the light necessary, a free cir-
culation of air and the flowers will not burn.

Even the tiainty, fairy-like sweet pea is not exempt
from the attacks of insect pests, and among these green
fly is perhaps the worst. The only remedy for this pest
is some form of nicotine spray, of which there are a num-
ber on the market, and a careful grower will not let this
or any other insect get a very strong hold on his plants
before he takes measures for its eradication. Red spider
may be kept in check in water applied forcibly witli the
hose, and thrips, like the green fly, must be fought with a
nicotine spray.

Of the fungoid diseases, mildew is at once the most
common and ])erha])s the hardest to deal with, for while
there are many prejaarations on the market for the pre-
vention and cure of mildew, the best way to combat it is
to keep up the natural resistance of the plants by con-
serving their vigor as long as possible. A soil well sup-
plied with potash is supposed to preserve the i)lants from
attacks of the so-called streak disease, but healthy plants
set out on new ground annually is tire surest way of
avoiding all the diseases.

.Vo one should think that rows are the best and only
means of planting sweet peas. Rows undoubtedly are
the most satisfactory means where cut flowers and econ-
omy of labor arc the main objectives, but where a pleas-
ing artistic efi^ect is desired, then we nia\ i^lant in clumps
at liie back of herbaceous l)orders. or in beds or in curved

lines, or yet in tubs for standing on terraces or verandahs,
or they may be planted to hide an unsightly wall or build-
ing ; in fact, there is almost endless scope for the grower's
ability in forming harmonious color combinations and
pleasing effects in general by the propoer disposition of
this charming plant.

There is such a host of varieties to choose from that
the prospective grower may well be bewildered in mak-
ing a choice, and with the idea that it may aid some, I
will name a few of each color, that, having grown them
myself. I know to be good:

W bite — King White, Snowdon. Nore Unwin.

Cream — Bobbies Cream. Primrose Beauty, Isabel Mal-
colm.

La\ender — (Jrchid — R. I". Felton. Mrs. Heslington.

Maroon — Xubian. Mrs. Cowdy. King Manoel.

Scarlet — Scarlet lunperor. \'ermillion Brilliant.

Crimson — Maud Holmes, Kind Edward Spencer.

Dark Blue — Navy Paradise, Lord Xelson Spencer.

Cream Pink — Mrs. Hugh Dickson. Doris Usher, Mrs.
Routzahn.

Pink — Margaret .\tlee, Hercules. Countess Spencer.

Rose Pink — John Ligram, George Herbert, Rosabelle.

Orange Pirik — Edrom Beauty, Helen Lewis.

Orange Scarlet — Edna Unwin, Thomas Stevenson.

The following dozen kinds are bi-colors, flaked,
striped and mottled, but are wonderfully fine things and
should be grown by every one that can afford the space :

Afterglow, Prince George, Bertie Usher. Mrs. W. J.
Unwin, "Arthur Green, Senator Spencer. Helen Pierce
Spencer. Inspector, Alelba, Charles Foster, Agricola and
^irs. Cuthbertson.

The Rev. W. T. Hutchins said of the sweet pea : "The
sweet pea has a keel that has meant to seek all shores;
it has wings that were meant to fly across all continents ;
it lias a standard which is friendly to all nations; and it
has a fragrance like the universal Gospel, yea, a sweet
prophecy of welcome everywhere which has been abund-
anth' fulfilled." — Paper read before Horticultural Society
of \cv York.

Soil Robbing vs. Soil Building

By William Galloway.

The a\(.ragc .American farmer is often accused of rob-
bing his soil by the methods he uses to farm it. Thi>
accusation being made by soil culturists who know what
good farming is, should long ago have been heeded. We
Inv? Im'vii called soil robbers for the simple reason that
we iiave been taking from the soil more than we have
returned to it. Possibly this has been true because we
did not realh' know what to return to the land to keep
up its fertility. lUit it is doulitful if any man really
thought about his farming operations and overlooked the
fact that what he was feeding to the soil was out of pro-
portion to what he was trying to take from it.

.Soil farming is common sense farming. It is taking
oft' crops and restoring used plant food-soil fertility. Tak-
ing off crops and returning chemical fertilizers is not soil
farming, though at times chemicals must be restored so
that the land be put quickly into shape to grow crops
that will enrich itself. When a cover crop of cowpeas
or soy beans or vetch is turned under for the green
manure it feeds to the soil, the i)rocess is nothing but
simply chemistry applied to farming. You put the green
niaiulre under the ground so the land will get the nitro-
gen, humus (which is rotted vegetation that makes a soil
black ) and other organic matter as well as the |)hosphorus
contained in the cover crop.

1 )eep ploughing brings to the surface plant foods that
shallow rooted plants cannot reach. That is the why of
a good crop following deep ploughing. The roots of the
growing crop feed upon nitrogen, phosphorus, potash
and other plant foods that deep ploughing brings up
where the crop can feed upon them. Legumes are nearly
all ta]) rooted plants that burrow their way down into the
soil and feed upon these plant foods, bringing them near-
er the surface and making them available for the grain
or other crops which follow. The ability of properly in-
oculated legumes to store nitrogen in their roots also
stores in the soil this first element of all plant food ; and
in addition to storing nitrogen for crops that may follow
them, legumes may be used for money cro]is, stock feed-
ing crops and other purposes and will not deplete the
land upon which they are grown.

.\ part of the small roots of all legume plants die off"
annually and form humus, which makes the soil more
porous and consequently adds to its ])hysical condition.
Commercial fertilizers must be used annually because the
crops on which they are used and their constant leeching
away demand it. Fertilizers are too expensive for per-
manent farming in the first place, and they do not im-
prove the soil's physical condition. Dig into an\- virgin
soil and you will find it full of humus and plant food.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

785

W ith a little working- this soil will become loose and in
perfect physical condition to produce most any crop. Ask
any greenhouse man why he is so particular about the
soil on his benches. Ask him what he does to make a
good rich soil. He will tell you that humus, nitrogen
and phosphorus are all essential to perfect plant growth.
Soils that are porous, black and full of humus are filled
with plant food and the roots of whatever crop sown on
them can feed easily through the .soil. The French farm-
er removes the top soil of his small acreage and takes
it with him when he moves into new ground. He puts in
a great deal of time in getting it in the right state of fer-
tility and he would rather move it than build up another
soil.

Any soil can be improved. In fact, it can be made to
improve itself. Sow a thin soil to vetch, cowpeas, clover
or alfalfa and they will grow in fertility while you take
off a yearly crop of seed or grain, which can be used as
meal for livestock feeding. Many farmers have found
that sowing legumes in corn, cotton or small grain, and
then turning this legume under when the seed bed is pre-
pared for the following year's crop, adds greatly to the
soil's condition and supplies large amounts of available
plant food. Thousands of farms have been saved w'ith a
three-year rotation of clover, clover following a crop of
corn or oats, being seeded with the oats and yielding two
cuttings, then being turned under for the next year's
crop.

In soils where clover inoculation is abundant, clover
has been used to wonderful advantage because of its
ability to take nitrogen from the air and store it in its
roots. All legumes if properly inoculated will take nitro-
gen from the air and store it in the little wart-like
btmches. in their roots. The soil contains air, and wher-
ever air is found it contains nitrogen, the elemental plant
food. If your soil is hard and your seed bed in which
you sow- legumes, or an}- other crop, is not properly pul-
verized, it will take longer for a legume crop to build u]!
your soil. It is easily possible by the proper use of a
few simple crops to bring back any soil into a state of
fertility that is indeed an improvement on its virgin con-
ditions. And it is the purpose of these series of articles
to point out the how and why of these facts. Any ques-
tions that the readers may want to ask me I w-ill be
pleased to answer, for I want to make these articles as
plain as possible and of benefit to all.

MUSHROOM CULTURE.

By H. F).\xexd.'\le.

.Mushroom (Agaricus campestris) is the name applied
to a number of varieties of fungi, but the variety culti-
vated is designated as above.

.Anyone having a regular supply of horse manure and
a building where a temperature of 65 degrees can Ik-
maintained, may have a constant supply of mushroom^
all through the winter and spring months.

The best results are obtained in specially constructed
mushroom houses.

These should be so built as to be able to exclude the
light when not required, as this facilitates the keejjing ol'
a consistent amount of atmospheric moisture and an even
ten-ii)eraturc.

The l)eds are made on benches of any convenient
width, having a depth of twelve to fifteen inches, and
may be arranged one above the other.

Alushroom growers prefer the manure from highly fed
horses, but the manure from horses receiving ])hysic
should not be used.

The manure should be gathered daily, and all but the
.shortest litter shook out, and then spread in a thin laver
in a drv shed. It should be occasionally turned. .\ little

experience is necessary to judge the right conditions of
moisture, etc.

The reason for this jjreparation is to prevent violent
fermentation and to maintain a more congenial heal over
a longer period.

When suflicient manure has accumulated to make a bed
it should be transferred to the bench in the mushroom
house and there pounded solid to a depth of twelve inches.

.\ hotbed thermometer should then be inserted and as
soon as it shows a decline from 80 degrees the bed is
ready for spawning.

The spawn should be broken into small pieces about
two inches square and inserted just below the surface
about nine inches a]«rt ; after this a covering of fine loam
— previously warmed — should be placed on the bed
about two inches thick and firmed with back of a spade;
over this should be placed a little litter to keep the surface
from drying.

.\ temperature of ()5 degrees with damping of warm
water on the floor and surfaces of the beds as conditions
demand is all that is required for the ne.xt five or six
weeks, wd-ien the mushrooms should begin to appear.

The temperature should then be dropped to 55 degrees.
In gathering mushrooms, remove the whole stalk, for if
cut ofl^, leaving a portion of the stalk, this will decay
and give rise to other fungus harmful to the mushrooms.

NEW WINTER FLOWERING BEGONIA.

A \'er\- desirable begonia, I'lorence Davenport, which
acliieveil wonderful popularity in Boston this season, orig-
inated as a s])ort from Gloire de Lorraine at the green-
houses of A. AI. Davenport, Watertown, ]\Iass. The
foliage is similar to that of Lorraine, but is a little darker
m color. The flowers are the same size as Glory of Cin-
cinnati, but when the plants are seen in block appear a
trifle deeper in color. Its habit closely resembles that of
Cincinnati, though it grows into a n-iore bushy and
sliapels plant.

Southern Florida Estates

By Erich Heppler.

Ideal climatic conditions favor Florida more than any
other State in the Union and make Southern Morida es-
pecially one of the most delightful places for winter rec-
reation and outdoor life. Perpetual sunshine, balmy
breezes and a luxuriant subtropical vegetation invite the
traveler from the blizzard-swept and snow-covered North

A GARDEN VIEW (1\ THE MRS. POTTER P.VEMER E.STATE.

and there arc many that "obey the impulse" and spend al
least the winter in so blessed a country and have a per-
manent winter home down here. And it is very charac-
teristic and seems to be one of the natural gifts of the
American that after contemplating and erecting the shel-
tering house, how elaborate or modest it may be. he de-
sires to gather as man}- as possible of the niceties and
peculiarities of nature around it. a desire which leads to
the beautif\ing of the surrnnnding grounds: that is, the

velopmg has begun and will, in proper time, show its due
results.

( )ne of the prominent persons responsible for the im-
provement and settlement on this coast is Mrs. Potter
Palmer, who destined a part of her vast prooerty situated
at Osprey (60 miles south of Tampa j to be developed
along landscape lines. The place itself is favored by a
magnificent native vegetation. Huge masses of man-
groves, seagrapes and Spanish bayonettes (Yucca bac-
cata) adorn the shore line, while the mainland is crowded
with sturdy live oaks, sweet bay trees and fine specimens
of the tall cabbage jialm ( Sabal Palmetto), not to speak
of the dense undersrowth of saw palmettoes (Lerenaca
Forrulata ) and the various shrubs so typical for the South-
ern (lult Coast region.

It is surprising how 2\Irs. F'otter Palmer in a short

XA TTRAE XEC.K'I'ATIDX

wrni i;.\XA\.\ peants in fore-

GROfXn.

FERX (,\i;i>i:x. iTii-. s\r.i;i. i'almetto ix i!.\CKc.Rorxri.

creation of a garden. The magnificent winter resorts and
beautifullv laid out estates in Southern Florida are only
another example of the aforesaid : they show as well the
good will and artistic taste of the proprietor as they give
evidence of the intelligent hand of the gardener.

Though it is quite some years ago that Florida east
coast underwent the astonishing change from a sandv
shore to a thrifty garden belt, it is only lately that the
west coast is fully appreciated and now prosperous de-

t'me has done nuich for the improvement of the whole,
taste full \ and anxiously preserving the existing growth
and using it wherever possible for the framing and crea-
tion of charming scenes and new landscape pictures. An
artistic concrete seawall runs all along the property ; the
space behind is partly filled in and utilized for a subtropi-
cal displax' made up of cocos nucifera. bananaes, azavas,
etc. The remaining ])art w ill gi\e a welcome oi)portunity

PART OF L.\WX ox MRS. BROWN POTTER ESTATE,
OSPREY, FL.\.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

787

for an automobile drive which, following the shore and
gomg inland, will connect the different features and lead
back to the remodeled mansion, the main entrance of
which is reached on the west side, over a spacious terrace,
adorned with Italian vases; to the south extends a rose
garden, with fountain and sun dial. Shady walks and
drives run from here to different directions. The ar-
rangement of their course is most pleasing in their inter-
esting change of scenery, now leading under old live oaks
covered with Spanish moss, then winding through the
subtropical growth of saw palmettoes and underbrush,
traversing nicely kept orange groves, the trees laden
with golden fruit and finally reaching the various points
of view. There is another rose garden, a formal garden,
a lily pond and an Italian garden. The latter is situated
on the highest part of the estate and a charming view
o'er the bay and the Ke}-s is to be had from the adjoining
pergola, the columns of which are clothed with bignonia
venusta and Solanuin Wcndlandii, which do exceedingly
well here.

It would take considerable space to count up the differ-
ent plants, shrubs and trees that helped build up the es-.
tate and in which Florida and Californian nurseries shared
likewise. 1 will therefore in an article to follow review
the plants that are especially adapted to the conditions in
Southern Florida.

LILIUM LONGIFLORUM AND ITS
VARIETIES.

If there ever existed a doubt as to the universal popu-
larity of this lily over all others, the ever-increasing num-
ber of its bulbs which annually reach this and other coun-
tries should go a long way to dispel it, writes E. H. Jen-
kins in Gardening Illustrated. That such popularity is
well merited there is no room for doubt, and it is safe to
assume that it will long occupy its present unique posi-
tion. Nothing, indeed, short of a disease that would ren-
der the plant ungrowable or unprofitable would be likeh'
to remove it from its exalted place, and. happily, so far it
annears to be immune from such attacks. To some ex-
tent such immunity may be due to a natural sturdiness of
habit and to the somewdiat firm texture of leaf and stem.
Whatever the cause, we have reason to rejoice at the
fact, seeing that no lily lends itself so admirably to so
wide a sphere of usefulness. In these respects it is alone
— unique. As a pot plant for the conservatory or sitting
room it knows no peer, nor can it be said that it fragrance
is of so overwhelming a nature as to unfit it for use in
either. Then from the pot plant point of view it possesses
the merit of dwarfness, and this with glossy leaves and
flower-crowned stems appeals to all. In its purity it is
only equalled or surpassed by one, and that the pure white
?iIadonna kind, though the twain are so distinct from each
other even in this respect that any comparison of their
merits would be uneciual and unfair. Hence, for amen-
ability to pot cultivation and general utility, these long-
flowered trumpet lilies are unique. They were so in
former times when so much depended on early-matured
bulbs — the product of a growth in a warmer clime than
our own — and the commercial gardeners' skill in forc-
ing them into flower. Today they are doubly so, because
of the way they lend themselves to the modern method
of retarding, from out of which, after weeks or months
of suspended activity they emerge practically unimpaired
in leaf or blossom or number of flowers. This in itself
is a great gain, yet not half so great as the knowledge
that the crop is more distinctly under control than it was
before. Then there is the added value of these retarded
lilies as winter flowers with but a tithe of the artificial
heat re(iuired at one time to get them into bloom for

Easter — the dual saving in fuel and time being of con-
siderable import to the gardener. By the same method
also a great succession is maintained, and in conjunc-
tion with frame and cool greenhouse treatment of the
non-retarded bulbs a whole year's supply is assured — a
matter of importance when it concerns so indispensable a
subject as this. Hence, from every point of view, so
far as the gardener who gardens in glasshouse or frame
is concerned, these trumpet lilies would appear now to
meet every requirement. Not so the hardy-plant gar-
dener, for he at least could desire that these long-flowered
lilies were equally amenable to cultivation in the garden as
in pots. True, the bulbs may be started in pots and
planted out in April or May, or even later, and a flower-
ing ensured from July to September following with but
little trouble, iiul that is not enough. What is lacking
in the plant is that degree of hardiness that would ren-
der it of permanent value in the garden. Unfortunately,
instances of its continued success as an open-air plant
are quite rare, the bulbs usually flowering well in the
year of planting and then gradually dwindling away. An
examination of the bulbs reveals the fact that usually the
bulbs have broken up, and, though small and healthy,
one is driven to the conclusion that an absence of soil-
warmth precludes the possibility of recuperation. More-
over, the plant, though of some sturdiness of habit, is not
innately vigorous.

CULTURE.

In common parlance, Lilium longiflorum may be said
to succeed in sun or shade, with possibly a preference for
the former. In any case warm, well-drained soils are
much to its liking, and in such a v.-arm and sheltered
situation they are most likely to succeed. A probably
opposing condition to success is the inclination in some
varieties — e. g., eximium — to perjjetual growth, a char-
acteristic which, however desirable in warmer climes, is
not calculated to be followed by success in our own. To
some extent this may be modified by lifting and drying
soon after flowering is over, and when subsequently re-
planted of keeping the stations dry till March ensuing.
Such dryness is not that of the shop store, and is in no
sense harmful to the bulbs. Moreover, the old idea of
drying off being injurious or fatal to the lily has long
since broken down, though it may be carried to excess.
F>y these means those who garden in warm and favored
districts may still look for some measure of success. In
free growth these lilies delight in liberal supplies of root
moisture. Under pot cultivation the greatest enemv of
the plant is green-fly : and these, secreting themselves
among the covering leaves and buds at the summit of the
stem, are difficult to eradicate if once a footing is ob-
tained. The better way, therefore, is to fumigate from
the preventive standooint. A good, rich, sandy loam
with leaf-soil suits quite well, and, in addition to much
root moisture, the free use of the syringe should be in-
dulged in at all times, save from November to February
inclusive. During this period the requisite watering and
damping down of the paths will suffice. As the unsullied
purity of the flower is of considerable importance to the
gardener, the removal of the anthers while these are
\()ung and hard should receive attention, desjiite the fact
that it is a species of mutilation not tolerated in some
quarters — When cut it should be remembered that the
well-developed buds expand perfectly in water, hence,
without loss of material, the association of bud and blos-
som in any bold arrangement is both natural and artistic.
The following are the best varieties :

I.. FoxGIFLORU^r. — The typical species is characterized
by great dwarfness and sturdiness. the unforced plant be-
ing usually about 2 feet high. The bulb, too. is distinct
both in its somewhat contracted base and flatfish top

788

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

with slightly depressed center. The scales are usually
marl-yellow in color. The flowers are comparatively
short, and at first somewhat drooping.

L. L. ExiMiuM. — The plant is of taller and more grace-
ful habit. The bulb has a distinctly conical inclination,
the scales narrow and colored a pale yellow. The flower
is very long and more cylindrically inclined than some.
It is certainly one of the very best. Under the names of
"Harrisi" and the "Bermuda Lily,'' this variety gained
considerable notoriety a quarter of a century since. In
forcing, it should be given a fairly long season to avoid
undue extension of the stems. L. I. giganteum is proba-
bly a fine selection of this, a plant of imposing stature
and great freedom of flowering. For conservatory deco-
ration it is one of the best.

L. L. FoRMCSANUM. — Growers of these Lilies speak in
glowing terms of the value of this variety for early forc-
ing, and by many it is regarded as superior to the well-
known eximium. Originally collected in a wild state in
the island of Formosa, it is now cultivated on a large
scale in Japan.

L. L. Takesim.\. — This distinct form is also highly
prized, both for forcing and retarding. It is a handsome,
strong-growing variety, with long tubular flowers, white
within and externally tinged with brown. The stems,
too, are also characterized by purplish-brown markings.

L. L. WiLsoNi. — Probably the largest-flowered variety
of the set, and a handsome sort withal. It is said to be
the same as eximium, though the plants I have grown
more nearly resemble a giant typical form, and with the
same leafy, sturdy habit. The flowers are, however,
whiter and more refined.

Formerly a large number of bulbs, chiefly of the typi-
cal kind, reached this country from Holland. Now, how-
ever, and for many years past, Japan has been the main
source of supplv. millions of bulbs being imported annu-
ally. Bermuda also contributes its quota.

NUT TREES NEED RICH SOIL.

Bv H. E. \'.-\x I)EM.\x.

There is a widespread and growing interest in the
growing of nut trees all over the country. At first it was
confined almost entirely to the culture of the pecan in the
South and the chestnut in the North, but this is no
longer true, for the .walnut and hickory are now being
planted in the central regions and the hardy pecans as
well, although as yet very sparingly. For many years
past the wahiut of the old world has been planted all
over America to a very limited extent.

There have been chance trees standing here and there
and these have often proven of uncertain value and have
borne nuts of various qualities. Some have been quite
profitable, as was quite reasonable to expect, while others
have borne very irregularly or almost not at all. That
this foreign walnut is destined to finally become a suc-
cess over a very wide territory in the eastern and cen-
tral parts of the country is the confident belief of manv
who are studying into its character and needs.

We have within this territory the greatest walnut trees
in the world, for the black walnut and the white walnut
or butternut are naturally very abundant over the larger
part of the region east of the Rocky Mountains. For
many years their lumber was a very important article
of trade and it is so to a considerable extent yet. Their
nuts are relished by nearly everyone. The meat is rich
and of a more delicious flavor than that of the Persian
(linglish) walnut. There is good reason to believe that
the hybrids produced between our native walnuts and
this species will be hardy and jiroductive in tree and bear
nuts with thin .shells and richly flavored kernels that ma\-
be easilv extracted.

There are many species of the hickory that grow from
New England and Minnesota to the Gult of .Mexico. Of
these the pecan is the best and it is of very wide distribu-
tion ; for it is not only native in the Gulf states, but as
far north in the Alississippi Valley as Southern Iowa.
Wherever found its kernels are of rich and pleasant
flavor, but many of the varieties, which are all seedlings
at first, have nuts that are very small, and have the bit-
ter internal parts of the shell so clinched into the kernels
as to be almost impossible to separate them. But there
are some excellent varieties that have been discovered
mostly in Southern Indiana, Illinois and jMissouri that
will be propagated by grafting and planted over the Cen-
tral states in the years to come. •

There is at least one other species of the hickory that
is scarcely less valuable than the pecan, that is the Shag-
bark, a little shell bark that is found over the most of the
Central and Northeastern states. Its choice varieties are
being sought out and propagated in a very limited way
as yet, but they are so valuable and the trees so widely
adaptal.ile that there is no doubt that they will be generally
planted in due time.

But there are certain requirements that nut trees must
have satisfied to grow and bear well. They are always
found growing in rich soil. Land that has a good growth
of walnut or hickory has been considered excellent for
farm crops from the earliest settlement of the country.
It is rich in the elements of plant food, such as nitrogen,
phosphorous and potash. Soils that are not so consti-
tuted naturally must be made so artificially, or they can-
not profitably grow anv nut trees that may be planted in
them.

I have noticed walnut trees particularly that have been
set in locations where they were not naturally found that
were growing very feebly and bearing almost nothing.
They were starving for the fertility that is natural to
them. And I wish to suggest to anyone and everyone
who has planted or will plant nut trees, to be sure to sup-
ply them with abundant nourishment in the soil, if it is
not there naturally. They must have rich soil or they
only live a feeble and unprofitable life.

The kernels of all nuts are rich in the elements already
mentioned, and a larger supply in the soil is absolutely
necessarv to produce crop after crop. This is especially
applicable to the Eastern and Central states and those
farther to the westward, where the planting of nut trees
is assuming considerable proportions. It is well to start
right and not plant in ignorance of the real need of the
trees. And this is equally true of orchard trees of all
k-inds and berries as well, for of all things that they
usually lack most in the soil is potash, phosphorous and
a reasonable proportion of nitrogen to enable them to
bear good crops and continue to do so.

JANUARY.

Jo\' resounds o'er all the earth.

(iladness reigns in every clime,
.\s January again gives birth,

.All hail the new born Son of Time.

Men will meet in hall and hearth.
Near and far the bells will chime.

Tolling long life, success and mirth
Under the snow, the flowers lie deep.
.\h ! the great gardener deemed it best

That they too. with the child should sleep.

Enwrapped in robes, air cleansed, and pressed.
Robust is he, for soon he'll leap

From hi? mother's arms to February's breast.
Youth, from thi^ month you'll learn a heap.

— D.wiD S. Mtller.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

789

THE

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA.

MARTIN C. EBEL, Managing Editor,

Published by

CHRONICLE PRESS

M. E. MAYNARD, President. A. A. FAY, Sec'y.

Office of Publication

1 MontKomery Street, Jersey City, N. J.

New York Office

236 WILLIAM STREET, NEW YORK CITY.

Subscription Price, 12 Months, $1.00 :: Single Gjpies, 10 Cents

Foreign, $1.50

Entered as second class matter February 18, 190S, at the Post Office at

Jersey City, N. J., under Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.

Published on the ISth of each month.

Advertising forms close on the 10th preceding publication.
For information regarding advertising rates, etc., address Adyertising
Department, Gardeners' Chronicle, Madison, N. J.

ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

President, Vice-President. Treasurer,

WM. H. WAITE, 1. \V. i;\ KKI'.TT. JAMES STUART.

Yonkers, N. Y. Gltii ( ..vl-, X. Y. Mamaroneck, N. Y.

Secretary. MARTIN C. EBEL, Madison, N. J.

TRUSTEES FOR 1913.

Peter DufiF, Orange, N. J.; William Kleinheinz, Ogontz, Pa.; William
Duckham, Madison, N. J.; Alexander MacKcnzie, Glen Cove, N. Y.; John H.

Dodds, Wyncote, Pa.

DIRECTORS.

To serve until 1915 — ^Tohn Shore, Harrison, N. Y.; Thomas Proctor,
Lenox, Mass.; William ti. Craig, North Easton, Mass.; Frank E. Witney,
Fishkill, N. Y.; Robert Williamson, Greenwich, Conn.; F. Ivirk, Bar
Harbor, Me.; James Bell, New York, N. Y.

To serve until 1916 — Thomas W. Logan, Jenkintown, Pa.; John F. Huss,
Hartford. Conn.: las. MacALichan. Tuxerio Park, N. Y.; .-\. Bauer, Deal
Beach, N. J.; John W. Jones, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Alexander McPherson,
Washington, D. C; James C. Shield, Monticello, 111.

To serve until 1917— -A. J. Smith. Lake Geneva, Wis.: Theodore Wirth.

Minneapolis, Minn.; Hertrick. San Gabriel, Cal.; Robert Angus,

Tarrytown, N. Y. ; Robert Bottomlev, New Canaan, Conn. ; Alex. Fraser,
Newport, R. I.; Albert Smith, Reading, Pa.

\'ol. XVII

January, 1914.

Xo.

The action of the executive board of the Xational .As-
sociation of Gardeners to bring the Service Bureau of
the association, through a conservatively conducted ad-
vertising campaign, to the notice of estate owners and
others who may require the services of gardeners, in their
various capacities, is a commendable one. It will serve
the interest of the employer and employee.

Properly conducted, it will fill a long felt want ; a
source to which those reciuiring gardeners may look to
obtain efficient and trustworthy men. To the gardeners
it furnishes a source through which some of tliem will
find opportunity for advancement. We say "some of
them" advisedly, for it must not be e.xpected that the
Service Bureau of any a.ssociation, professional or other-
wise, can provide for all affiliated with it. If it can pro-
vide for but only a few it is doing a great service to the
profession as a whole.

W lien will the men and women who deem it necessary
to depend on landscape architects when some improve-
ment work is contemplated, though employing an efti-
cicnt and practical gardener, begin to realize that their
own gardener is probably more capable to perform such
work than the average outsider who is called in.

We have no desire to reflect on the ability of the profi-
cient landscaper, but when conditions are brought to our
attention as the one in mind, where a reputable gardener
is forced to acce])t the responsibility of the incapableness

of a so-called "landscape architect," we raise our voice
in protest. The reputation of the able landscaper is no
less at stake than is that of the practical gardener in such
an instance and we cannot understand why he does not
raise a hand in an effort to stamp out the flagrant abuse
practiced by some men under the guise of landscape
architects.

W e refer to the work of a "landscaper" who commands
a reputation for the high cost of his services, which is
accepted by some people as a credential of ability. He
last summer completed the jjlanting of a large number of
ornamental trees and shrubs on an estate not many miles
away, but it soon became evident that most of his work
would prove a failure. The owner in disgust has turned
to his gardener and now expects him to develop some
sort of harmony out of chaos — but without incurring
further expenses in endeavoring to undo the mischief
done by the "expert" at great expense.

\\e contend that if the owner regards his gardener
sufficiently capable to overcome the "harm done bv the
"e.xpert," why then employ an "expert" at all? Give the
gardener the opportunity due him to demonstrate his
efficiencv.

Courtesy is itself a form of service. Bv gentleness of
manner, by an unobtrusive sympathy, by thoughtfulness
for others in little things, we may smooth the roughness
of life for those with whom we live, soothe their vexa-
tion, and contribute more to their real happiness than by
great and signal acts of generositv. — R. IV. Dale.

WITHOUT FLOWERS.

How bleak and drear the earth would seem

Were there no flowers' faces
To give the hills, the woods and fields

Their pleasing charms and graces I
Could spring be spring without a flower

To smile at .April's weeping?
\A'ould robins trill so gay a song.

Or May day be worth keeping?

.\ii(l only think how bare the hedge

Would look without its posies! —
1 low queer 'twould be to have a June

That did not smell like roses !
Xo dandelions on the sward

For childhood's busy fingers :
Xo morning-glories, drinking dew.

While golden sunrise lingers !

Xo violets, with hoods of blue.

To nod at mild spring's coming:
Xo clover blossoms — would we hear

The busy bees' soft humming?
.And were there no forget-me-nots.

Xo Iniftcrciips or daisies.
The children would be lost for sports.

The poets lost for phrases.

Xo flowers, with their refining power

Xo wafts from yon sweet heaven —
Xo tokens of a love divine

To erring mortals given !
.Ah. flowers your smiling faces prove

The -Source of all our pleasures
^^'nuld pronounce creation good

^^'ithout thee, floral treasures !

— Selected.

790

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

ASSOCIATION NOTES

M. C. EBEL, Secretary, MADISON, N. J.

MEETING OF THE EXECUTIVE BOARD.

. The executive board, composed of the officers, trus-
tees and directors of the National Association of Gar-
deners, held its first meeting of the year 1914 at the Mur-
rav Hill Hotel, New York City, on Thursday, January 8.
President \\'aite occupied the chair, calling the meeting
to order promptly at 3:15 o'clock, the following members
of the board being present: William H. Waite, Yonkers.
N. Y. ; Thomas Logan, Jenkintown, Pa. ; William Klein-
heinz, Ogontz, Pa. ; John H. Dodds, Wyncote, Pa. ;
James Stuart. ]\Iamaroneck, N. Y. ; Arthur Smith, Read-
ing, Pa. ; Robert Bottomley, New Canaan, Conn. ; John
Shore, Harrison, N. Y. ; John F. Huss, Hartford, Conn.,
and M. C. Ebel, Madison, N. J.

The report submitted by the committee appointed a
year ago to pass on any meritorious exhibits brought
before the organization was to the effect that it had not
been called on to act at any time during the year. This
was due entirely to the exhibitors at the various shows
failing to advise the secretary that they desired the Na-
tionaf Association's committee to pass on novelties or
meritorious exhibits. The committee recommends that
more publicity be given to the functions of the awards
committee, so that members will avail themselves of the
opportunity to have exhibits or novelties passed upon for
the association's awards.

The By-Laws Committee, which was apjiointed at the
convention held in New York in November, with power
to revise the by-laws and have them printed in book
form, reported that it expected to have its work com-
pleted and the liooklet ready for distril)utiiin early in
March.

W. H. Maynard appeared at the meeting and asked
the permission of the floor, which being granted, he an-
nounced that his name was before the Mayor of the
City of New York for consideration for appointment as
Park Commissioner of the Borough of the Bronx, and
solicited an endorsement from the N. A. G., stating that
such endorsement would be most helpful to him in the
securing of the appointment. On motion, duly carried,
the secretary was instructed to communicate with the
^Mavor and advise him that the executive board endorsed
the candidacy of Mr. Alaynard for Park Commissioner
of the Borough of the Bronx.

The matter of making an appropriation for properly
advertising the service bureau, which was referred to the
executive board by the last convention, resulted in the
secretary being empowered to advertise the service bu-
reau in a number of periodicals which reach the estate
owners and others requiring the services of gardeners,
and for which an appropriation was voted.

The subject of a closer co-operation between the N. A.
G. and the various local horticultural and gardening so-
cieties was brought up for consideration. After a thor-
ough discussion the secretary was instructed to write to
the different horticultural societies throughout the coun-
trv advocating co-operation between the National Asso-
ciation and the local societies in the interest of developing
horticulture and advancing the profession of gardening
and asking that the subject be brought up at their meet-
ings to obtain an expression of the views of the members
relative to such co-operation.

A communication was received from William F. Gude,
of Washington. D. C. who is chairman of the National
committee, appointed by the Society of American Flor-

ists, for the Smith Memorial Fund, in which he urged
that some appropriate action be taken by the association.
William Kleinheinz was appointed to confer with Mr.
Gude on ways and means by which the N. A. G. can best
co-operate with his committee to secure a suitable me-
morial for the late William R. Smith, who did so much
for horticulture in this country. Mr. Kleinheinz is to
report the outcome of his conference with Mr. Gude at
the next meeting of the executive board.

A vote of thanks was tendered to Charles H. Totty
for his liberal donation of 100 Shawyer roses, which
were used in the make-up of the basket of flowers pre-
sented to Miss Jessie Wilson on the occasion of her mar-
riage ; and to Gude Bros. Co.. of Washington, D. C, for
the service it rendered the association in making up the
basket.

The secretary reported that there were some names
of gardeners on the membership roll who had qualified
two years ago as members, but who up to date had paid
no dues. The by-laws provide that a member in arrears
for two years shall be suspended. The board decided
that the interest of the association will be best served
by strictly enforcing its by-laws, and accordingly the
secretary was instructed to write to all delinquent mem-
bers advising that if their dues are not paid by March
1 their names will be dropped from the nlembership
roll.

It was decided to hold the next meeting of the execu-
tive board in Philadelphia in April, at a date to be set
by the president later.

A gardeners' reunion has been planned to occur dur-
ing the' flower show in New York, in March, the day of
which is to be given over to a bowling contest, followed
by a dinner in the evening. The affair, however, is un-
der the direction of a committee outside of the N. A. G.
As the committee is composed of members of the national
body, it is expected and hoped that the organization will
be well represented on the day of the event.

Following the disposal of the routine business, the
meeting adjourned to the dinihg room of the hotel, where
the members present became the guests of President
Waite.

APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP

National Association of Gardeners

I hereby apply for Membership in your Association : —

Name in fall ^

Occupation -

A ddr ess

Date

Reference

ForwirJ Application to M. C. EBEL, Secret»ry, Midlson.
N. J., "With dues, -which are $2.00 innuiUy, including subscrip-
tion to the official organ of the Association

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

791

NEW MEMBERS
The following new members have been added to our
roll during the 'past month: John O'Keeffe, Pittsfield.
Mass.: Thomas Rlair, Riverside, 111.: Thonjas Kennelly,
New York, X. Y. : George W. Fraser, Storrs, Conn. ;
Frank Heid, Tarrytown, X. Y. ; William McLeod, South-
ampton. L. I.: Robert IJlackwood, Lake Geneva, Wis.;
Luke ( J'Reilly, Madison, X. J.; Richard Sayward, Scran-
ton, Pa. : \\'. J. Collins, Boston, Mass. ; John Walsh,
Mount Kisco. X. Y, ; John J. Connoly, Mount Kisco,
N. Y. : George Mcintosh, Tarrxtown. X. Y.

NOTICE TO DELINQUENT MEMBERS.

Pursuant to order from the executive board, tlie sec-
retary is about to address a communication to delinquent
members, directing their attention to the provision in the
by-laws which calls for the suspension of members in
arrears for dues for more than two years.

Members in arrears for more than that period who fail
to pay their dues by March 1 will be dropped from the
membership roll of the association.

Members receiving such communications are urged not
to overlook the same if they desire to remain within the
association, as notice is here served that the order of
the executive lioard w ill be -trictlv enforced.

AMONG THE GARDENERS

juliii I)ervan. fornierlx i>f i 'range. .\ . I., wa- rcceiuh
appointed superintendent i)f the I". .M. .Sackett estate.
Cherokee Park, Louisville. Ky.

(ieorge G. Milne, of Oyster Bay, X. Y., recently left
for his home, Farnaharpy, County Sligo, Ireland, where
he was called on account of sickness. When Mr. Milne
sailed he did not know how extended his trip abroad
would be.

John T. Hall, formerly gardener at "Chestnut Ridge,''
the I Sutler estate, at Mount Kisco, X. Y., was recently
appointed superintendent and is now in full charge of the
entire place, including the farm and dairy. 'Mr. Hall has
just Ijeen elected president of the Northern W'estchester
Horticultural and Agricultural Society.

W. R. Fowkes has resigned his position on the Riker
estate, at Port Chester, X. 'S'., to accept a similar posi-
tion on the estate of Howard Cole, formerly the D. Les-
lie Ward estate, but recently jnirchased by ^Ir. Cole. Mr.
Fowkes will take up his new duties on February 1.

The many friends of James Bell, superintendent of
the estate of C. K. ('•■ Billings, of Xew York, will be
glad to hear that he is about again after another siege
in the hospital, where he was recently forced to undergo
another serious operation. Mr. Bell was able to attend
the monthly exhibit of the Horticultural Society of Xew
York and remarked that, considering what he had under-
gone, he was feeling quite himself again.

Henry Eaton, head gardener on the Sears' estate. He\-
erl\- Cove, Mass., sailed on January 3 on the steamship
Bohemian from Boston for a two months' visit to his
home in Warwickshire, England.

W. X. Craig spoke at the Rhode Island State College,
Kingston, R. I., on December 30. during farmers' week
lecture course, on "The Fanner's Home Vegetable Gar
den."

QUERIES and ANSWERS

We believe thi greatest good can be accomplished for the greatest
number, by instituting a query column; or an exchange of expe-
riences, en (radical propositions, by our readers.

You are invited to contribute questions, and answer ethers.

Each question as received u-ill be given a number, the question-
er's name will not be published, but the source of the answer will
be given unless otherwise requested.

We all have something we would like to know more about. Here
is your opportunity to ascertain somebody's experience in just tha%
matter.

Nothing will tend to better fellowship titan helping each other.

Take advantage of this "Question Box."

I have three houses 50 feet by 20 feet, now used en-
tirely for rose and carnation growing. I want to change
them for growing a larger variety, and to include some
fruits and vegetables. Can you give me any sugges-
tions as to what I can best grow in variety in so small
a range? I want to include some plants for decorating
the house besides cut flowers. — G. M., New York.

Would you please tell me how to grow Oncidium
var. Rogersii? 1. When is its flowering season? 2.
When is the best time to get native plants to start with,
and what compost and how to pot? 3. When should
you root them, how long and and what temperature?
4. Could you grow them in a carnation rose or cattleya
house? 5. When is the best time to repot plants that
are done flowering? J. H.

[Who can tell why our readers do not avail them-
selves more than they do of the privileges of our
Question Box? It is maintained solely for their bene-
fit, and a greater interest in it should exist. — Editor]

THE INTERNATIONAL FLOWER SHOW.

Secretary John Young, of the International Flower
.Show committee, reports that the interest which is beiiig
taken in the forthcoming International Flower Show, to
be held in New York City in March next, is fully equal
to that manifested a year ago and that everything indi-
cates that the 1914 show will be as successful in every
respect as the show of a year ago.

i\lany inquiries for particulars are being constantly re-
ceived from private growers, arid the committee feels
every assurance that the gardener will be as big a fac-
tor in the next show as he was in the last. The interest
is by no means local, as many gardeners from distant
points have already signified their intentions of being on
liand again to compete for the liberal prizes which are
provided.

Secretary Young, whose address is 54 West 28th
street. New York City, will be glad to furnish informa-
tion at any and all times to any gardener who may
wish to be informed on details of the show. The final
schedules will be issued shortly. Those who may still
desire a copy of the preliminary schedule may obtain
the same by addressing Secretary Young.

It is reported that the commercial interests will be
better represented this year than they were a year ago,
many firms having taken larger space, while others who
were not represented at all last year will exhibit this
year.

The Flower Show committee urges the co-operation of
every gardener to make the coming event even more
successful than its predeces.sor of a year ago.

792

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

NEW SUPERINTENDENT OF THE NATIONAL
BOTANICAL GARDENS.

Geo. W. Hess, recently appointed superintendent of the
Botanical Gardens at Washington, D. C., to succeed the
late Wm. R. Smith, was born 49 years ago in the District
of Columbia. At the age of 16 he started to learn the
flower business with Mr. John Saul, after which he
worked for a number of florists, among them Mr. Muir,
of Chicago: J. R. Freeman, of Washington, and other
florists in his search for knowledge. He also was asso-
ciated with the late Edw. A. Mosely for years in Kenil-
worth, D. C, where they made a specialty of \'iolets and

GEORGE W. HES.S.

Carnations, which at that time were the l)e-.t to be had
in the District. He also made a specialt_\' of Chinese and
other foreign vegetables, on which he is quite an author-
ity. Mr. Hess is familiar with the names of these plants
in the Cantonese dialect.

.•\ disastrous fire put him out of business, after which
he took a competitive Civil Service examination, which
he passed with a rating of 100 per cent, as a specialist on
the growing of foreign plants and 98 per cent, in general
gardening." He was offered a position as gardener with
two different government colleges in the West, but he
was unable to accept them owing to his wife's ill health.
He was compelled to go South, where he took up his resi-
dence in Volusia County, Fla., where he has been for
the past seven years engaged in growing foreign vege-
tables and plants for the New York market.

He also operated a demonstration farm under the
auspices of the Board of Trade. Mr. Hess was also con-
nected with the Department of .-Xgriculture for a short
time.

SPLENDID WORK FOR HORTICULTURAL
DISPLAY AT INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

"The finest advisory committee that has ever been
assembled in the interests of any department of any ex-
position is that which is co-operating with the Depart-
ment of Horticulture at the Panama-Pacific International
Exposition." — Mr. George A. Dennison, chief of the de-
partment.

He says ever}- man in the list is a "top notcher." There
isn't a drone in the whole number. Each one is the execu-
tive officer of some society related to a national or inter-
national horticultural organization, and the combined
forces stand for all that is worth while in horticulture
and floriculture.

In no department of the exposition's wide range of
interests is there evident any clearer manifestation of
the plan to make the exhibits selective, and to render
them attractive not only on the score of their intrinsic
beauty, usefulness or novelty, but to bend them to a defin-
ite educational scheme.

As an evidence of the zeal with which this advisory
membership is going at the work, he gives a brief quota-
tion from some letters in which they accepted the onerous
and taxing duties of the position :

John Young, secretary American Florists and Orna-
mental Horticulturists :

"Please do not hesitate to call on me at any* time, as I
w ill always be ready to assist in bringing about a success-
ful floricultural exhibit."

-1/. C. F.bel, secretary Xational Association of Gar-
deners :

"1 pledge myself to do what I can to further the inter-
ests of horticulture and floriculture and shall continue to
trv and develop interest in the exposition among the gar-
dening fraternity."

Benjamin Haininond, secretary of the American Rose
Society :

"I will come to San Francisco and do whatever I can
in the meantime."

Harry A. Bunyard, secretary American Suret Pea So-
ciety :

"I will do all that is possible to advance the floricul-
tural exhibits in 191. ^. I have brought the matter of hav-
ing our societv take part in the exposition before the con-
vention in Boston. The question was laid over until 1914.
It is quite probable, however, that we will take up your
kind invitation at that time and accept the same.''

A. F. J. Baur. secretary of the American Carnation So-
ciety :

"I shall be pleased to assist in every way possible in
making this department the success it deserves to be."

C. W. Johnson, secretary Chrysanthemnm Society of
America :

"I will do all in my power to further the interests of
the exposition and shall be pleased to serve you in any
capacity."

L. Mertou Gage. .Unerican Gladiolus Society:
"I shall be active in every way where I can be of serv-
ice ; shall collect a cut flower display, urge San Francisco
as our meeting place, etc., etc."

C. F. Kendel. secretary American Seed Trade .Issocia-
tion :

"Will assist in bringing the World's Seed Trade Con-
vention to your city, and I regard the appointment on
vour advisory committee as not only an honor but a
duty."

/. P. Pilkington. American Association of Xursery-
men :

"T will be pleased to serve in any way possible as an
individual grower or as president of my association."

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

703

A MESSAGE OF APPRECIATION. ^

To tli-e Editor Gakuk.vek.-;" Cuko.n'ici.e oi' A.mekic.\:
Madison, X. J.

Mv De.vr Sir : I would like to sav how much I appre-
ciate the kindness and synii)ath\ which I experienced
while visiting- America. More especially from the busy
professional .i.;ardener, and to express my sense of admira-
tion fiir all the wonderful glass-house gardening that I
have seen, the advance in rose growing in winter being
I)articularly noticeable, the old friends of eight years ago
having been almost superseded by newer, stouter and
more floriferous varieties. One outcome of my visit will
be, I venture to hope, a closer knitting together of the
amateur and professional by the establishment of an in-
ternational garden club, with headquarters in Xew York,
holding frequent small shows of new or interesting plants,
with a horticultural library. An organization which will
help all other existing societies, and where all grades of
gardeners. ])rofessional and amateur, will be welcome.
Each needs the other to fully develo]) the spirit of gar-
dening. How often do we see a beautiful designed gar-
den spoiled because the architect has not sufficient knowl-
edge of the requirements of the plants to be grown therein
and has not cared to consult the gardener — or, again, we
may see a garden where the cultural conditions are of the
finest, but where a better sense of color proportion might
have been brought out had the lady of the house given
half an hour to a consultation with her gardener, w'hen
her keener sense of color and contrast would have made
all the difference in the world to him and would, as my
experience tells me, have been greatly appreciated.

Our R. H. S. fortnightly shows have done more than
anything else to advance horticulture in England, by
bringing the nurseryman and his plants into direct con-
tact with gardener and owner, and in a way that no cata-
logue or advertisement could ever do. Our rapidl>' in-
creasing membership of over 9,000 and the congested
state of an immense hall from 12 to 5 each fortnight is
an evidence of this. Also the enormous crowds at the
great summer shows held at Chelsea and Holland House.

I am glad to see that some .\merican horticulturists are
taking an interest in what we are so keen for in England
— herbaceous plants and rock plants. I happen to know
that one of four big men spent a good many hours re-
cently at Kew taking the names of all the rock plants,
with a view of introducing those not already known in
America. And while I am fully sensible of the admirable
horticultural work done by the few, I cannot but long for
the time when every one in .\merica will want a garden
and when all the wasted spaces around the small houses
will l)loom and blossom as an English cottage garden.
The time is ripe — every one is waking up to the need for
more beauty, and it is "up to" the horticulturists of
America now, either to advance this awakening among
the millions or to remain a "clo.se borough," improving
and specializing only among the flowers for the wealthy.

Wishing that I could have the privilege of .seeing your
great show of greenhouse flowers in March ( 1 cannot re-
turn to .\merica till May I. believe me. yours very truly,

.\l-ICE M.\KTIXE.\U.

Hurst Gmrt. l.avford, r.erkshire. I'jigland.

The Service Bureau of the National
Association of Gardeners

I.-, maintiiincd lor tlic pmp.K.- of providing oiiporlunitics li>r efficient
and ambitious men cng.igiMl in the profession of gardening.
This department of the .Association is at the disposal of those who
may require tlie services of capable superintcnclents. gardeners or
assistant gardeners. .\ddr<-ss

M. C. EBEL, Sec'y.

Xatioiial A~...(i,ili,.i. nf Car.kiu-r-.

Madison, N. J.

EXHIBITION OF THE HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY OF NEW YORK.

The regular monthly exhibition of the Horticultural
Society of New York was held in the American Museum
of Xatural History, Central Park West and 77th street
on .Saturday, Jaiuiary 17, from 2 to 5 in the afternoon.

The schedule provided premiums for blooming Orchid
]jlants. cut blooms of Orchids, Carnations and Sweet
Peas. The exhibition, though not large, was noteworthy
for the high quality of plants and blooms which were
staged, and was deserving of the fairly large attend-
ance. The awards were as follows:

oitCIlID.S : I-OK XOX-IOMMERCIAL liKOWEHS.

One Cattlcyn IMant in Bloom: 1, Clement ^Mooie, Hackcnsack,
X. .T. (.1. R. Jlossnian, saidener).

One Cypripediiim Plant in Bloom: 1, Mrs. H. T. Pratt, Brooklvn,
X. Y. (A. .T. Manda. gardener) ; 2, C. S. Roehliug, Trenton, N.' J.
(James W. Ooodier, gardener).

One Plant of any otlicr Orchid in Bloom: 1. C. S. Roeblins : 2.
Mrs. H. T. Pratt.

One Hybrid Orchid I'lant in Bloom : 1, Clement Moore : 2. C. S.
Roebling.

("ollectioii of Cut Orchids: 1. C. S. Roebling; 2, Clement Sfoore.

Collection of Cut Cypripediums : ], C. S. Roebling.
CAK.\.vnOX.S : XOX-CO.AfMERCIAI, fiROWERS.

Three yases. 8 kinds, 12 Howers each : 1. S. Untermeyer. Yonkers,
X'. Y. (W. H. W'aite, gardener) ; 2, Miss C. A. Bliss, Xew Canaan,
Conn. (,T. T. Btinis. gardener).

Vase of 12 Scarlet: 1. Miss C. .\. Bliss; 2. S. t'ntenne.ver.

Vase of 12 Wiiisor Shade: 1. Miss C. A. Bliss: 2, s! Uuler-
meyer.

Vase of 12 Enchantress Shade: 1, Miss C. A. Bliss: 2, AdolpU
I.iewisohn (.Tohn Ouning. gardeners

Vase of 12 Crimson : 1. .T. B. Macdonald ( R. Hughes, gardener) ;
2. Miss C. A. Bliss.

Vase of 12 Law.son Shade; 1. S. Untermeyer: 2, Miss C. A.
Bliss.

Vase of 12 Variegated : 1, Miss C. A. Bliss ; 2. S. Untermeyer.

Va.se of 12 While: 1. A. Le\yisohn : 2, Miss C. A. Bliss.

Vase of 50 blooms arranged for effect", any foliage permitted : 1,
Mrs. F. A. Constable, Mamaroueck, X. Y". (.James Stuart, gar-
dener) ; 2. S. Untermeyer.

SWEET PEAS : FOR NOX-COMMER( lAI, OROWERS.

^'ase of 100 Sprays, in yariety : 1, Adolpli Uewisohn.

Three vases, three varieties, 2.5 blooms of each variety : 1, .\dolpb
Lewisohn : 2, Miss C. A. Bliss.

SPECIAL PREMIUMS.

To Clement Moore, for one plant of Cattleya Raefelii var.
Clement Moore, for one plant of Cattleya Triana. BackUousiaua.
var. Clement Moore.

To .Vdolph l.cwisohn. for two plants of Geranium, Dagata.

To .\. X. Picf.'^on Co.. Inc., Cromwell Co., for new Rose, Had-
ley.

To l.a^cr & Hunell. Summit. X'. .1., for a collection of cut
Orchid blooms.

To Mrs. .1. P.. Trevor (Howard Xicliols. gardener), for Lilium
Specicisum.

DIPLOMA.

To .Max Schliug. 22 West .">'.>th street. Xew York City, for basket
and two hou(iuets of (lowers.

.\ meeting of the societx' was held at 3 :45 |i. m. and a
lecture bv b'dward Jenkins on Sweet Peas was delivered

at 4 p. m.

IN AND AROUND BOSTON.

The landscape gardening class of the (iardeiiers' and
Florists' Club of I'loston meets each Monday evening at
Horticultural Hall. There are two teachers, Messrs. R.
W. Aklrich and Paul R. Smith, both of whom are with
one of the most noted landscape architects in Boston.
There are 24 pupils. This is the fifth season, jirivate gar-
deners and their assistants, nurserymen, florists and
seedsmen lieing included among the pupils. In addition
to the drawing of plans, studying elevations, reading
plans, etc., a number of lectures have already been given
hv C. E. K. Eraser on "Road Construction and Drain-
age" : F. I*". Palmer, on "Dynamite as an .\id in Plant-
ing Trees." and C. \'an dcr \"oet, of the .\rnold .Arbor-
etum, on "The Proper Planting of Trees and Shrubs."

794

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Other talks will be given later and each is followed by
a lively discussion. Later in the season, field days, to
demonstrate the use of instruments and observe plantings
on various private estates and public parks, will be held.
There are 16 lessons, in a season's course, which costs
each student $8. There is a small additional charge for
instruments.

The landscape committee of the club consists of W. N.
Craig, chairman ; F. E. Palmer and Donald McKenzie.
Any deficit which may arise over and above teachers' fees,
etc., is borne bv the club.

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

At a meeting of the Board of Trustees of the Massa-
chusetts Horticultural Society on December 28, the
committees for 1914 were appointed. The George R.
White medal of honor for eminent services to horticul-
ture was awarded to the park commissioner of the City
of Rochester, N. Y., for establishing one of the finest col-
lections of trees in America and for his successful ef-
forts in increasing the love of horticulture amongst the
people of Rochester, and for exploiting and utilizing the
flora of Western New York. Former recipients of this
medal have been Prof. C. S. Sargent, Jackson Dawson,
M. H. Walsh and the late Victor Lemoine.

On December 28 A. Al. Davenport received a silver
medal for his new begonia, Florence Davenport. A simi-
lar award was made to F. J. Dolansky for Cattleya Iri
Trianae alba. The last exhibitor made a fine display of
choice Trianae forms.

On January 3 William Anderson, superintendent to
Bayard Thayer, South Lancaster, Mass., received a silver
medal for a beautiful flowered specimen of the fine white
deliciously fragrant Buddleia Asistica, being also award-
ed a first class cultural certificate.

The annual midwinter show will be held at Horticul-
tural Hall on January 31 and February 1. Classes arc
jirovided for Primulas, Begonias, Freesias, Hyacinthes.
Orchids and other plants, in addition to carnations, vio-
lets, sweet peas and other cut flowers.

E. H. Wilson, of the Arnold Aboretum. the noted Chi-
nese traveler and plant collector, left Ijoston with his
wife and daughter on January 3 for Japan. He will tra-
vel by way of San Francisco and will be away until early
in 1915 looking up new and desirable plants in Japan and
adjacent islands for the Arnold Arboretum, ^lr. Wilson
has written a new book, entitled "A Naturalist in West-
ern China, with Vasculum. Camera and Gun," being an
account of eleven years" travel, exploration and observa-
tion in the most remote parts of the Flowery Kingdom.
Mr. Wilson made his first trip to China for James Veitch
& Sons, London, England,, the last for the Arnold Ar-
boretum, Jamaica Plains, Mass.

THE FERTILIZATION OF CORN.

From the esthetic point of view flowers are the most
beautiful things in the world. They are admired by oeo-
])le of refinement and culture, while their influence is al-
ways beneficent on even those that have not had the ad-
vantages of education and of an esthetic environment.

From the scientific point of view there is no more
beautiful, no more interesting device in all the realm of
living things for the union of the male and female ele-
ments than that that obtains among the flowers. In our
appreciation of the color, form and fragrance of the blos-
soms, we should not forget that the flowers are practically
sex organs. The more firmly this is kept in mind by
teachers and parents, in the modern demand for the
teaching of sex matters, all the more simple it .seems to
me will be our teaching on matters pertaining to sex.

Is anything more daintily beautiful than a flower like
a violet, when one peers into its recesses? But of all the
plants with elaborate devices for the uniting of the male
and female elements, there is none, in the writer's opinion,
lovelier and more ini])res5ive than the common everyday
corn.

What we know as the silk of the mature corn, is really
a collection of tubes for carrying the male elements from
the tassel down to each individual ovule which it awak-
ens into active life by that mysterious process of sex
union before which the profoundest philosopher and most
diligent student must stand with uncovered head, for he
then enters nature's arcanum, her sanctum sanctorum. —
Guide to Xaftirc.

AN ORNAMENTAL GARDEN PLANT.

In every well-appointed garden there is sure to be a
clump of chives in some out-of-the-way corner, for no
cook worthy of the name would forego the added piqu-
ancy which the tender green leaves of this plant add to
the salads and stews of early spring. But not to the
taste alone does this old-fashioned and long-domesti-
cated little plant appeal. Almost as soon as the snow is
gone, certainlv as soon as the ground is thawed, the in-
numerable slender green spears begin to push up, mak-
ing livelv splotches of color on the brown earth and pro-
phesying spring long before the dafl'odil dares, to say
nothing of the swallow.

\ CLI-MP OF FLOWERING CHIVES.

.Again in late May or early June the plants assume a
new attractiveness when the clumps put forth numbers
of slender stems tijijied with globular tufts of rosy-lilac
blossoms. All who view it then are of the opinion that
it is much too pretty to be considered a mere vegetable
fit only to be eaten, and not a few, prompted by this feel-
ing, have moved it into the society of choicer spirits
whose claim to consideration is the possession of beauty.
In many situations it is an ornament to the flower gar-
den. It is a clean trim, compact. Jittle plant with a good
natured air about it tliat goes far to make one forget its
plebeian origin.

Chives still grow wild in the colder parts of both Eu-
rope and America. On this side of the world the plant
extends southward to the great lakes and the moimtains
of northern New luigland. The .American plant is re-
garded as slightly different from that of Europe, and it
is sometimes called the variety Sibiricum. The species
is known as Allium schoenoprasum and it is probable
that our cultivated plant has bedn derived from this. Un-
like most plants belonging to the onion alliance the bulbs
are never large and are ^el(lonl eaten. — American Botanist.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

795

EUCHARIS AMAZONIEA.

llv W. Morrow.

This well-known choice exotic is so seldom seen in any
private or commercial places where fine flowering stock is
grown that one would think the growers considered it
unworthy of the little attention that would make its cul-
tivation a success, and yet what have they got in the way
of a white flower that could be called superior to the
eucharis, or one that would better repay the grower for
the room it takes up, whether on a large or small scale ?
A few pots or pans in the corner of a bench is all you will
see in most of the places, and from these only one crop
a year is all they get, or even expect — ^besides, there is too
much work attached to this mode of culture, in the way
of repotting, sponging, etc., to keep mealy bugs and other
insects in check, that they barely pay for the trouble. In
bench culture, where the\- can be allowed to remain for
a number of years, all this e.Ktra work is done away with.
A side bench in a palm house, where they will have some
shade and bottom heat, will suit them nicely. They would
also do well on the back bench of a rose house, but a
cheese cloth shade would be necessary in such a place. A
bench three feet wide, made of cypress boards six inches
wides by I74 inches thick, placed half an inch or more
apart, so as to insure good drainage, seems to suit them.
This bench should get a good coat of lime whitewash,
with a good shake of sulphur mixed in it. This will pre-
serve the wood and keep down fungus. When this is
dry, two inches of roughly chopped fibery sod with part
of the soil shaken out should be spread over the boards
or bench bottom and pressed down level with the back of
a spade. The bench can then be filled to the top with
chopped sod and leaf mold or old manure in equal parts,
with a good cast of sheep manure and crushed charcoal
well mixed in. This ■ compact will subside an inch or
more after being planted and watered. The bulbs can be
set in rows across the bench about nine inches apart in
the row and 16 inches between the rows. This may seem
rather wide at first, but during the second year the space
will nearly all be taken up, thev make sidings so fast.

There ought to be room for the hand with the hose to
get in to spray the under side of the leaves. This is im-
portant, as it is the only cleaning to keep down insects,
and should be done right along, except when the flowers
are open. \Vhen the bench has been filled with roots an
occasional dose of manure water .should be given during
the six weeks of their growth. When the last leaf is al-
most full size and no new ones coming up, it is time to
withhold water from the bench, except what they get in
the way of spraying of the leaves, which will general!\
keep the soil damp enough.

Care should be taken not to let the soil get <lust dry
at any time, even when resting, which will take five or
six weeks. As soon as they begin to send uj) a few
flower spikes the bench should get a thorough watering.
Two days after give another, this time with sheep or
cow manure. The temperature need not be over 55 at
night and better spikes of flower will be obtained than if
more heat is given. In the growing period the heat had
better be kept up to 60 or more. The first year one good
crop of flowers is all that should be expected, but after
that two or three good crops a year, with a few stragglers
between times, can be had.

A bench planted this way. three feet wide and 30 in
length, will give over 300 spikes at one crop after the
first year. And a house w-ith several such benches could
be kept producing almost continuously witii a little
juggling in growing and resting at different periods.

CULTIVATED VARIETIES.

Regarding the forms of creation Linnaeus wrote that
"there are as many different species as the Infinite Being
created in the beginning" and this idea has largely pre-
vailed in the public mind to the present day. It is a mis-
take, however, to assume that species are unchanging or
that new forms appear only at long intervals. As a
matter of fact, such forms arise annually. One has only
to visit the nearest large area of plants in flower to dis-
cover many of them, and the principal reason they do not
persist and become distinct species is because the type
from which they spring is better adjusted to the sur-
roundings than they are. If one will take the trouble to
protect these aberrant forms they may be continued in-
definitely and their peculiarities accentuated. It is such
care and cultivation that have given us the many forms
of garden flowers, often a hundred or more from' a single
original species. The catalogue of any seedsman will
present much evidence on this point.. If you have a fa-
vorite flower of which you would like a new variety,
sow plenty of seeds, select your own variety and breed it
up. — Exchange.

KRASCHENINNIKOWIA MAXIMOWICZIANA.

The nun-botanical are wont to observe that the sci-
entific names of plants are "fearfully and wonderfully
made"' and the name which stands as the title of this
paragraph goes far to substantiate the statement. It also
serves to illustrate the lack of perception in the typical
scientist. Who, except the scientific man, too deeply en-
grossed in his work to see the humor of the situation,
could give a pretty- and delicate plant such an uncouth
name as this ? However, it is possible that in carping at
this name we may be following the example of the ignor-
ant who are prone to smile at unfamiliar words. Were
we Russians the name of the plant might sound at least
as smooth as Pipersiiiitltii, A^atioiialf^arlcensis and a few
others of equal mellifluousness put over on this side- of
the world. Kraschcniniiikozi'ia Ma.viiiwz>.'icciaiia is a
small herb belonging to the pink family and by many is
known simply as StcUaria bidbosa. A Russian named
Turczinow made the diabolical genus name under which
the plant is now placed, but a Frenchman is responsible
for the tongue-tangling specific name. Fortunately for
us, the plant is a Japanese species and we may let our lit-
tle brown brothers worry over the pronunciation of the
scientific cognomen. It probably sounds a good deal like
it would look printed in Japanese characters. — American
Botanist.

TODAY IS OURS.

There's many a sign-post that men say
I'oints out the path to a happy day.

Some sound very simple : some read like tome :
Some guide us aright ; some lead us to roam.

T offer another whose wisdom I've tried,
.After trving some others and wandering wide.

If vou follow this sign, you will seldom go wrong:
Get vo-tir fun out of life as you s^o a/o;i.c.'

— Arthur Wallace Peach.

THE MARCH NUMBER

of the

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

Should not escape the advertiser.

796

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

National Association of Gardeners.
M. C. Ebel, secretary, Madison, N. J.

Society of American Florists and Orna-
mental Horticulturists.
John Young, secretary, 54 West 28th street,
New York.

American Carnation Society.
A. F. J. Bauer, secretary, Indianapolis, Ind.

American Gladiolus Society.
L. Merton Gage, secretary, South Natick,

American Peony Society.
A. B. Saunders, secretary, Clinton, N. Y.

American Rose Society.
B. Hammond, secretary, Fishkill, N. Y.

Americau Sweet Pea Society.

H. A. Bunyard, secretary, 342 West 14th

street. New York.

Chrysanthemum Society of America.

Charles W. Johnson, secretary, Morgan

Park, 111.

LOCAL SOCIETIES

Bernardsville Horticultural Society.
W. G. Carter, secretary, Bernardsville, X. J.
Meets second Thursday every month, Hor-
tioultural Hall. Bernardsville, N. J.

Boston Gardeners' and Florists' Club.

William N. Craig, secretary, Brookliue,
Mass.
Meets third Tuesday every month. Horti-
cultural Hall, Boston, Mass., 8 p. m.

Connecticut Horticultural Society.

Alfred Dixon, secretary, Wethersfield, Conn.
Meets second and fourth Fridays every
month, County Building, Hartford, Conn., 8
p. m.

Dutchess County Horticultural Society.

Hubert G. Cottam, secretary, Wappingers

Falls, N. Y.

Meets at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., last
Wednesday every month e.xcept May and
June.

Elberon Horticultural Society.
C. O. Duncan, secretary, Elberon, N. J.
Meets first Monday every month. Fire
Hall, Elberon, N. J., 8 p. m.

Florists' and Gardeners' Club of Holyoke

and Northampton, Mass.
James Whiting, secretary, Amherst, Mass.
Meets second Tuesday every month.

The Garden Club of Michigan.
Mrs. Edward H. Parker, secretary, 139 Sey-
burn avenue, Detroit, Mich.
The corresponding secretary will notify
members of date and place of meetings.

Gardeners' and Florists' Club of Baltimore.

N. F. Flittin, secretary, Paterson Park,

Baltimore, Md.

Meets second and fourth Monday every

month, Florist Exchange Hall.

The Horticultural Society of New York.

Geo. V. Nash, secretary, Bronx Park, New

York City.

Meets monthly, irregular, May to Octo-
ber, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx
Park, New York. November to April,
American Museum of Natural History, 77th
street and Columbus avenue. New York.

Lake Geneva Gardeners' aud Foremen's

Association.
W. H. GrifEts, secretary. Lake Geneva, Wis.
Meets first and third Saturday every
month, October to April; first Saturday
every month. May to September, Horticul-
tural Hall.

Lenox Horticultural Society.

• ((iliii ilair. secretary. Lenox. Mai
Meets first Saturday every month.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
William P. Rich, secretary, 300 Massachu-
setts avenue, Boston, Mass.

Monmouth County Horticultural Society.
Harry Kettle, secretary, Fairhaven, N. J.
Meets second and fourth Friday every
month. Red Men's Hall, Oceanic.

Morris County Florists' and Gardeners'

Society.
Edward J. Reagan, secretary, Morristown,
N. J.
Meets at Madison, N. J., second Wednes-
day every month, except July and August,
8 p. m.

Nassau County Horticultural Society.
Ernest Westlake, secretary. Glen Cove, N. Y.

Meets second Wednesday every month,
Pembroke Hall, Glen Cove, N. Y., 7 p. m.

New Jersey Floricultural Society.
Geo. W. Strange, secretary, 216 Main street.
Orange, N. J.
Meets first Monday every month, Jr. O.
W. A. M. Hall, Orange, N. j"., 8 p. m.

New London County Horticultural Society.
John Humphrey, secretary, New London,
Conn.
Meets second Thursday every month,
rooms of Business Men's Association.

Newport Horticultural Society.
Wui. J. Grey, secretary, Newport, R. I.
Meets Second and fourth Tuesday every
month.

North Shore Horticultural Society.
Jas. Slater, secretary, Manchester, Mass.

Meets first and third Fridays every
month.

North Westchester County Horticultural

and Agricultural Society.
M. J. O'Brien, secretary, Mt, Kisco. N, Y.
Meets third Thursday every month, ex-
cept June, July and August, at 8 p, m.;
December, January and February, 3 p. m.,
Odd Fellows Hall, Mt. Kisco.

Oyster Bay Horticultural Society.

Fii'd Kiikliani. secretary. Oyster Bay, X. Y.
Meets third Friday every month. Board
of Trade, Oyster Bay, N. Y., 8 p. m.

Pasadena Horticultural Society.
Geo. B. Kennedy, secretary, 497 Bradford
street, Pasadena, Cal.
Meets first and fourth Friday every
month.

Paterson Floricultural Society.
Sebastian Hubschmitt, secretary, 61 Seventh
avenue, Paterson, N. J.
Meets first Tuesday every month, Ro-
maine Building, 8 p. m.

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.
David Rust, secretary. Broad and Locust
streets, Philadelphia, Pa.
Meets third Tuesday every month, Horti-
cultural Hall, 8 p. m.

People's Park Cottage Gardeners' Associa-
tion.
John Ainscough, secretary, 4 Chestaut street^
Paterson, N. J.
Meets first and last Friday every month,
Working Man's Institute, Madison avenue,
Paterson, N. J.

Philadelphia Florists' Club.
David Rust, secretary, Broad and Locust
streets, Philadelphia, Pa.
Meets first Tuesday every month, Horti-
cultural Hall, Philadelphia, Pa., 8 p. m.

The Pittsburgh Florists' and Gardeneri'
Club.

H. P. Joslin, secretary, Ben Avon, Pa.

Meets first Thursday every month. Fort
Pitt Hotel, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Rhode Island Horticultural Society.
A. C. Miller, secretary, 7 Irving avenue.
Providence, R. I.
Meets third Wednesday every month,
Providence Public Library, 8 p. m.

Shelter Island Horticultural and Agricul-
tural Society.
Fred Kirkham, secretary. Shelter Island,
N. Y.
Meets first and third Thursdays every
month.

Southampton Horticultural Society.
William McLeod, secretary.
Meets first Thursday every month, Me-
morial Hall, Southampton, N. Y.

Tarrytown Horticultural Society.
E. W. Neubrand, secretary, Tarytown, N. Y.
Meets last Tuesday every month, except
December, Corporation Building, Tarrytown,
N. Y., 7:30 p. m. Annual meeting last
Thursday in December.

Tuxedo Horticultural Society.

Tliomas Wilson, s.'civtarv. Tuxedo Park,
X. Y.
Meets first Wednesday every month. Par-
ish House, Tuxedo Park.

Washington, D. C, Florist Club.
J. L. Mayberry, secretary, Washington,
D. C.
Meets first Monday every month.

Westchester and Fairfield Horticultural

Society.
J. B. McArdle, secretary, Greenwich, Conn.
Meets second Friday every month, Dor-
an's Hall, Greenwich, Conn,, 8 p. m.

Yonkcrs Horticultural Society.
Thos. Mahoney, secretary, Yonkers, N. Y.
Meets first Friday every month, Holly-
wood Inn, Yonkers, N. Y., 8 p. m.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

797

GARDENERS DIARY

International Flower Show will be held
under the auspices of the Horticultural So-
ciety of New York and the New York
Florists' Club, March 21 to 28, l'J14, at
Grand Central Palace, New York.

Chicago Spring Flower Show will be held
under the auspices of the Horticultural So-
ciety, March 24 to 29, 1914, at Chicago, 111.

Boston Spring Flower Show will be held
under the auspices of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society, 1914, at Horticul-
tural Hall, Boston, Mass.

Philadelphia Spring Flower Show will be
held under the auspices of the Pennsylvania
Horticultural Society, 1914, at Horticul-
tural Hall, Philadelphia, Pa.

Oyster Bay Horticultural Society, Oyster
I'.ay, X. Y.. February 12.

New Jersey Floricultural Society, Orange,
X. J'., February S.

Xassau County Horticultural Society, Glen
Cove, N. Y., February-. (Date not fixed.)

Monmouth County Horticultural Society,
Red Bank, N. J., February. (Date not
fi.\ed.)

Westchester and Fairfield County Horti-
cultural Society. Social and Dance, Stam-
ford, Conn., February 4.

Summer and Fall Shows, Lenox Horti-
cultural Society, Lenox. Mass. Summer
Show. Julv 22 and 23. Fall Show, October
22 and 23."

Newport Horticultural Society, Newport,
R. 1. Outdoor show, .June — .

TARRYTOWN HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

The fifteenth annual dinner of the Tarry-
fi)\vn Horticultural Society was held at the
Florence Inn on Tuesday evening. Fifty-
two sat round the festive board and enjoyed
the good things that had been prepared. It
was perhaps one of the best dinners yet held
liy this ever-growing society, not only from
an epicurean but a social standpoint as well.

The speeches made after the dinner \vere
all of a high order. Uoliert A. I'atteson,
president of the Tarrytown National Bank,
fulfilled his duties as toastmaster in a very
huidable manner. Among the sjjeakers were
William J. Stewart, editor of Horticulture;
Charles II. Tibbitts, of White Plains ; J. Har-
rison Dick, of London ; Hon. Frank L.
Young, of Ossining ; Supervisor Charles D.
.Millard, Editor Wallace Odcll. Andrew H.
lirown and Frank Coffey, of Chatterton Hill.

The music was furnished by AI. Seitz, and
during the evening E. E. Carman sang two
solos, which were very much enjoyed.

Among those present besides those already
mentioned were II. Han-is and W. Wells,
representing the Dobbs Ferry Horticultural
Society; President F. R. Pierson, Alderman
.lohn A. Miller, Anson Dolen. M. .1. Lynch,
.John F. Dinkel. John K. Collins. Hon. Frank
V. Millard. \'illage Clerk .1. ^Vy<■kolr Cole,
.Vbel Weeks, Edwar<l Kuckhdut. Charles Van-
derbilt, Edward P. llanyeii, William F. Mc-
Cord. Town Clerk Robert Dashwood. Coun-
sellor Frank D. Rriggs, Counsellor Carl F.
Wilbur, Harry llolloway. David F. Silver,
Joseph O'Xeili. John Elliott, president of the
society ; Francis Gibson, W. A. H. Ely, Theo-
dore Trovillian, secretary of the society ; E.
W. Xeubrand, Albert T. Wilson of Hastings.
William Scott, of Elnisford; Joseph W.

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Smith, of Wliite Plains, and (ieorse Witt-
linger, of Ossining.

NORTHERN WESTCHESTER COUNTY
HORTICULTURAL AND AGRICUL-
TURAL SOCIETY OF MT.
KISCO.

The eleventh annual dinner of above so-
ciety w-as* held as usual at "The Newcastle
Inn," Mount Kiseo, Thursday evening, Janu-
ary 15. I'receding the dinner was a short
business session of the society, at which Mr.
Andrews, the energetic president for the past
two years, laid down the gavel of authority,
but before doing so installed the new officers
for 1U14, as follows: John T. Hall, presi-
dent; Arthur Rose, vice-president; John
Walsh, treasurer ; M. .T. O'Brien, recording
secretary, and in turn Mr. Hall, the new-
president, installed Mr. Andrews as financial
secretary.

After a few short remarks from the new-
officers, motion that we suspend regular order
of business and adj<mrn for dinner.

At S p. m. the members and their guests,
numbering over 60, sat down in the two
spacious dining rooms to what proved to
be a most excellent dinner. After the coffee
and cigars were passed John Hall, in a few-
w-ell chosen words, introduced the toastmaster
of the evening, M. C. Ebel,, secretary o£ the
Xational Association of Gardeners, who
opened the speechmaking with a very lucid
talk on "The gardener and his vocation and
what the national association was doing for
his uplift and advancement to his proper
plane." He portrayed the gardener of to-
day and his position as compared \vith the
gardener of 20 years ago, and went further,
and guaranteed that if all men in the garden-
ing profession could only grasp the iiotential
influence for good, the national association
could and w-ould comnnind a position in hor-
ticulture of lasting benefit to the jn-ofession.
Xo gardener n-ho valued his own or fellow-
man's w-elfare should be outside the National
Association of Gardeners. Mr. Ebel read a
letter of regret from Mr. Totty, who was
called to Philadelphia at the last moment
and who was to speak at length on the Inter-
national Show- in New- York City next March.

The toast "Our Society" was responded to
in an able siieech by ex-President Andrews,
who thanked the members and guests pres-
ent for their courtesy to him at all times,
signifying that he felt confident that our new-
president w-ould keep the society standard up
to normal hut away above it. Mr. Hall, the
new- i)resident. also responded, thanking them
for the confidence and honor conferred on him
and made muc-h emphasis that he would exert
all his energies iu keeping the society in the
high plane iu which it has been kept by his
Iiredccessor.

The "Seed Trade" was responded to by
the ever genial Sam Burnett, of Burnett
Bros., and .\1. Rickard, whose wit and humor
is proverbial.

"Our Guests" was responded to by Edward
Green, saying for himself and the other
guests of the evening that it gave them in-
finite pleasure to be the guests of so hospit-
able and respectable body of men as the gar-
deners and superintendents of this and sur-
rounding vicinity.

The toastnmster responded to "Horticul-
tural I'ress." showing what a power the press
can wield in this age for good or evil, uiain-

Iniuiug the liurticullMral press today is the
greatest friend of the employer or the gar-
deuer as a medium of information of all that
is worth know-ing in the gardening world.

Thonuis O'Brien. Commissioner of High-
ways of Bedford, N. Y., spoke on "Town Offi-
<-iais."

"Our Town" was ably responded to by
what all the members present styled the
future sheriff of Westchester County, T. J.
Harlnett, Mount Kisco. made a fine ad-
dress, applauding our tow-n and tow-n's offi-
cials, remarking n-e should be thankful to
have such live men in office.

"The I.rfiymen of Our Society" was re-
sponded to- by Dr. Plagemau, V. S., as only
the doctor can respond.

Mr. Churchfield, the amiable proprietor of
the Newcastle Inn, spoke a few words on
"Our Host," hoping all were happy.

During the evening our guests were en-
tertained by songs, duets and piano solos by
Thomas Ranyar. Alfred Kast. Prof. Eggles-
ton, M. R. Smith and William J. Collins, of
Boston, Mass. The whole company rose and
sang "He's a Jolly Good Fellow-." A vote of
thanks w-as passed to Mr. Ebel for his unique
qualities as toastmaster brought the proceed-
ings to a close, after all enjoying a night of
supreme pleasure and singiug "Auld Lang
Svue." M. J. O'BRIEN, Rec. Secretary.

MORRIS COUNTY GARDENERS' AND
FLORISTS' CLUB.

What proved to be the most successful
of the many successful dinners given by the
Morris County Gardeners' and Florists'
Club, occurred "at Pipers' Hotel, Morristown,
N. J., on Tuesday, January 20.

The long dining room was beautifully
decorated with foliage plants and cut flow-
ers, the tables being arranged to seat six
each. A fine menu was served and good
music was provided to keep the diners in
good cheer during the evening. After cigars
were passed. President Ernest Wild greeted
the guests and introduced Charles Weath-
eied as. toastmaster of the evening. Among
those identified with horticulture who re-
sponded were William Duckliam for the
Morris County Gardeners' and Florists'
Club; Charles "H. Totty, for the Society of
American Florists; M. C. Ebel, for the Na-
tional Association of Gardeners; Frank H.
Trandley. for the New York Florists' Club;
William" Turner, for the Sister Societies;
Harrison Dick for the Horticultural Press,
and J. Austin Shaw, for the ladies.

The society was honored by the presence
of a number of its honorary vice-presidents,
owners of some of the magnificent estates
in Morris County. The sister societies iu
the vicinity of New York were well rcpre-
Kiited by delegations.

At the regular monthly meeting on Jan-
luiry 14 of the Morris County Society the
members were entertained with an illus-
trated lecture by Dr. Thomas J. Headlee,
State Entomologist of the State of New
•Ier.sey, whose lecture was on "Insect Pests
and Their Control," and which proved both
interesting and instructive.

TUXEDO HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The annual meeting of this society was
held at Fireman's Club. Tuxedo Park, N. Y.,
Wednesday evening, January 7. Frederick
Kake, vice-president, presiding. It was the

798

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

largest gathering that this sooii-ty has uver
had.

The feature of the meeting was the elec-
tion of the officers for the year 1914. The
following were elected : David Mcintosh,
president ; Frederick Rake, vice-president, re-
elected ; Simon Ililmers, treasurer, re-elected ;
Thomas Wilson, senetary ; executive com-
mittee, Patrick Cassidy, .Toseph Tansey, Ed-
ward Wilson, David S. Miller, .Tames David-

SCJU.

A hearty vote of thanks was extended to
tlie rcliiiug officers. After the business was
ilisiiiiscil of a bowling match was on, in which
all nieiiibers competed. Davis S. Miller and
.losepli Tansey were captains. Joseph Tan-
sey's team won by one pin. The highest score
was made by Potter. As 12 o'clock is the
limited time for bowlers at Tuxedo, the mem-
bers were obliged to quit. A social hour fol-
lowed. .JOSEPH A. BECVAR, Secretary.

LENOX HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The regular monthly meeting of the
above society was held in Town Hali,
Leno.x, on Saturday evening, January 3.
President McConnachie occupied the chair,
but the attendance was small, owing no
doubt to the boisterous state of the
weatiier. The chief business of the meet-
ing was the altering of article 2 of the by-
laws, making it read, That the society
hold its annual meeting in November in-
stead of December. It was also agreed to
hold two exhibitions this year, the same as
in previous years, but the summer show
will be held a mcuitli in advance, the date
being July 22 and 23, instead of the same
date in August, as has been the custom in
former years. The idea for the alteration
being made is to have more classes for
Sweet Peas, as the other show was a little
bit late for them. The dates for the fall
exhibition are October 22 and 23, and the
following gentlemen have kindly donated
prizes, as follows: C. H. Totty, $15, for
New Mum; James Eraser, J. M. Thorburn,
silver cup, for 12 varieties of vegetables;
Knight & Struck, .$10, for any class the
society like to offer it for, and Stumpf &
Walter, .$10, for the same. The date fixed
for the annual ball held in connection with
the society is February 6.

The following letter came to our atten-
tion:

Athol, Mass.. Nov. 1, 1913.
Wilfrid Wheeler, Esq.

Secretary State Board of Agriculture,
Boston, Mass.
Dear Sir: It was my pleasure to visit
the annual August exhibition of the Lenox
Horticultural Society, but because of sick-
ness was unable to be present in October.
I have nothing but good things to say of
the summer show. Every courtesy was
shown me by the officers, making the event
enjoyable. It was said the exhibit of flowers
was not as large as in some former years,
owing no doubt to the drought of the sea
son; while the quantity of flovirers was
small, the quality was high, as the hall
was well filled with vegetables and flowers.
In the vegetable classes there was a fine dis-
play. I have never seen better — and there was
much higher interest in the awards of
growers than in the flower classes. There
was a fine exhibit of hothouse grapes. The
school exhibit of flowers and vegetables, al-
though small, was very creditable and
worthy of liig'i compliments. Albert Ells-
worth, Inspector.

JOHN MAIR, Secretary.

9, President Robert Williamson presid-
The annual financial report was read,
showing the society to be in a flourishing
ndition. The entertainment committee
reported that all arrangements had been
made and that the entertainment would be
licld in the Junior Mechanics' Hall, Stam-
ford, Conn., on February 4. The members
and their families are cordially invited to
be present. The entertainment starts at
7:30 p. m.. to be followed by a dance.
.Among the visitors present were Joseph
Manda, from South Orange, N. J., also
.Messrs. Cumniings and Beers, of A. N. Pier-
tun, Inc.

The non-competitive exhibits of flowers,
fruits and vegetables, which are a feature
of these meetings, were of the usual fine
quality. The most striking were a magnifi-
ent vase of the new winter-flowering Bud-
dleia Asiatica, also a handsome vase of the
new Rose Hadley and a fine vase of En-
chantress Supreme Carnations. The re-
uuiinder of the exhibition was also of fine
quality.

The judges made the following awards:
Duddleia Asiatica, from James Stuart, hon-
orable mention; Laelia Gouldiana, speci-
men plant from Adam Patterson, honorable
mention; Beans, Early Jlohawk, from C. A.
Hokenson, vote of thanks; Mushrooms,
from John T. Burns, honorable mention;
Oncidium splendidum, specimen plant, from
P. W. Popp, cultural certificate; Primula
malacoides alba, from F. Lagerstrom, vote
of thanks ; vase of Carnations, from
A. Wynne, honorable mention; a scarlet
sport of Harlowarden Carnation, well built
bloom on stiff stems, and flowers of good
size ; vase of iiew Rose Hadley, from A. N.
Pierson, Inc., certificate of merit; also to
the same firm honorable mention for vase
of Carnation Enchantress Supreme.

Several new members were elected and a
number of propositions for membership
were received.

P. W. POPP, Corr. Secretary.

John T. Ingram will give a lecture on
orchids at the next meeting.

Competition for February: 1 pot primula,
G WhittofE chicory, 12 narcissus.

FRED KIRKHAM, Secretary.

NASSAU COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SO-
CIETY.

The regular monthly meeting of the Nas-
sau County Horticultural Society was held
at Pembroke Hall, Glen Cove, on Wednes-
day afternoon, January 14, at 2 p. m. Presi-
dent Henry Gaut occupied the chair.

The judges for the monthly exhibits were
J. F. Johnson, S. J. Trepess and James
Maedonald. and their decisions were as fol-
lows: Carnations, 12 White, James Mc-
Carthy; Carnation, 12 Pink, Percy Chubb;
Carnation, 12 any other color, Percy Chubb.

It was decided to hold the annual dinner
at the Oriental Hotel, Glen Cove, in Febru-
ary. Mr. Beers, of A. N. Pierson, Crom-
well, Conn., addressed the meeting and ex-
tended a hearty welcome to the members of
the society to visit Cromwell nurseries at
any time.

Mr. Collins, of the W. Carter Tested Seed
Boy, Inc., Boston, also addressed the meet-
ing and offered a prize for competition at
one of the future shows.

The next meeting will be held at Pem-
broke Hall, Glen Cove, at 2 p. m. on Febru-
ary 11. HARRY JONES, Corr. Secretary.

OYSTER BAY

HORTICULTURAL
CIETY.

CONNECTICUT

WESTCHESTER AND FAIRFIELD HOR-
TICULTURAL SOCIETY.

A regular nu'cling of the Westchester
:ind Fairfield Horticultural Society was held
at Doran's Hall, Greenwich, Conn., on Janu-

The regular meeting of the above society
was held in the Truck House, Oyster Bay,
January 10, President John T. Ingram in
the cha'ir. The chief feature of the evening
was an essay read by Alfred Walker, and
was thoroughly enjoyed by all members
present, and a hearty vote of thanks was
accorded Mr. Walker by the society.

The following names were read for nom
ination : Andrew R. Kennedy, Maurice Col
lins and J. G. Masel, Jr., and Mr. Charles
Slenwiek, George Kurtz, Joseph F. Mc-
Neany and James Hanson were elected to
membership.

Mr. James Duthie secured the society's
prize for a fine exhibit of carnations, and
Joseph Robinson received the society's prize
for some very well grown sweet peas. Frank
Petroccia received honorable mention for a
fine grown collection of primulas.

James Duthie spoke on carnation growing
and Frank Petroccia spoke on growing pri-
mulas, also Ernest Schmidt spoke on carna-
tions.

The date of the dinner was changed to
February 12 on account of having more com-
modious facilities at that date, as we expect
to see a good many of our friends with us to
enjoy a pleasant evening.

Frank Petroccia receives the gold medal
awarded by Mr. Joseph Robinson for the
winning of most prizes at the monthly meet-
ings.

It was also agreed upon to change the
meeting night of future meetings to the
fourth Wednesday of the mouth.

HORTICULTURAL SO-
CIETY.

The first January meeting of the society
was held at the County Building, Hartford,
on the evening of January 9. The secre-
tary overlooked sending out the usual no-
tices of the meeting, hence the attendance
was small.

President Huss exhibited some potted
jdants, viz.: Prince Carnot, Triumph de
N'anchures. both profusely decorated with
l.ell-shaped blossoms, having a waxey ap-
pearance; Felix Faure, producing rich red
blossoms, and Persoluta Alba, a white blos-
,oms. Each of the three first mentioned
had about eight shoots, while the last
named had in the neighborhood of 20 shoots.
They were grown from cuttings, and it
takes two or three years to grow a good
plant. They are excellent sellers at Easter,
and a plant that has come to stay. All
varieties may be seen at the great shows
held in March.

ALFRED DIXON, Secretary.

ELBERON HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Elberon Horticultural Society held
its regular monthly meeting January 5 with
a large attendance present. It was decided
to hold a Chrysanthemum show in Asbury
Park, N. J., in the autumn, for which an
exhibition committee was appointed. It
was also agreed to hold Carnation Night on
Monday, February 2, and all those desiring
to exhibit new varieties can do so by send-
ing them to William Bryan, Florist, Elber-
on, N. J., who will see that they are prop-
erly staged. They may be sent by mail,
United States Express or Adams Express,
as most convenient. A prize will be offered
for the best vase of twelve, also cultural
certificates. The newer varieties will also
be passed upon by the judges. Our presi-
dent gave a very instructive talk upon the
culture of Celos'ias, dwelling especially on
the variety Castle Gould. Altogether this
meeting has been one of the best the so-
ciety has held for a long time.

WILLIAM BRYAN.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

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BERNARDSVILLE HORTICULTURAL SO-
CIETY.

Tliis society lield its regular monthly
meeting in the Horticultural Hall, January
8, when D. Anderson presided over a well
attended meeting. On the roll being called
all the officers were in their places. The
officers elected at the previous meeting, for
1914. were: President, J. F. Anderson;
vice-president, .James Currie; secretary, J.
H. Rain.sbury; treasurer. W. A. Morse; cor-
responding secretary, W. G. Carter. The
minutes of the previous meeting were
adopted as read. .T. Lyons, superintendent
to Mrs. Dryden. and P. Slezak, of Baskin
Ridge, were elected to active membership.
An executive committee was appointed for
the summer show and arranged to prepare
the schedule at the earliest possible date.
After a lively (liscussion, the members de-
cided that the society should hold an "open
night," the members to bring their wives,
families and friends. A committee was ap-
pointed to make all necessary arrange-
ments, and a good time is confidently an-
ticipated. The date was set for January 16.

The president proposed that the society
should hold an exhibition every meeting
day by way of encouraging attendance at
the meeting and to stimulate competition
among the members. The maximum points
to be 100, the competition to run for one
year. The judges will be appointed by the
president at each exhibition. At the end
of the year the competitor with the high-
est number of points will be awarded a
silver medal; second, bronze medal: third,
certificate of merit. The members unani-
movislv endorsed the proposal. The meet-
ing then adjourned. W. G. CARTER.

NEW JERSEY FLORICULTURAL SO-
CIETY.

The ofKcers for the year 1914 are: Presi-
dent, Edwin Thomas; vice-president. Hy.
Halbig; treasurer, Fritz Bergelund; secre-
tary, George W. Strange; executive com-
mittee, Edwin Thomas, Fritz Bergelund,
William Reid, Max Schneider, Frank Drews,
Henry Halbig, George W. Strange. John T>.
Collins, George Wraight and .\drian P.
Wezel; arbitration committee, Charles Ash-
mead, -Max Schneider, George Wraight,
William Reid and John L. Collins; room and
library committee, Kmil Paguska, Adrian
P. Wezel, William Zeidler, John HofTman
and Charles Ashmead; essay committee,
William Keid. .loseph A. ifanda, George
Wraight, Frank Drews and George W.
Strange; auditing committee. Dietrich
Kindsgrab, John Hays and Malcolm Mc-
Rorie.

The list of awards at the January meet-
ing were as follows: 1, Q\pripedium Lee-
ainim. Mrs. Reid. $'>; 2. Vase of Roses, A.
P. Vogel. .$3; 3, Begonia Glory of Cincinnati,
Max Schneider, .$2.

Not for comiietition; Lilxuiia (loribunda,

E. Panuska, vote of thanks; vase of Ro-
man Hyacinths, Jlax Schneider, vote of
thanks; vase of Mignonette, A. P. Wezel.
vote of thanks; vase of Carnations, A. P.
Wezel, vote of thanks ; Cypripediunis and
Cyclamens, each from Frank Drews, vote of
thanks. Vase of Camellias from F. Drews,
highly commended; vase of Carnations from
Charles H. Ashmead, highly commended.
GEORGE W. STRANGE, Secretary.

NEW BEDFORD HORTICULTURAL SO-
CIETY.

The annual meeting of the New Bedford
Horticultural Society was held at its rooms
in the Standard Building on Monday, .Janu-
ary 5. 1914, President Barrows presiding.
The secretary's report indicated a growing
interest in the society, as evidenced by a
large increase in membership. The treas-
urer's report .showed a gain in that depart-
ment in spite of the fact that the society
had held four free shows during the year
and liad contributed largely to the tree
planting movement. The following officer,'*
were elected: President, David F. Roy, of
Marion; vice-president. .John I. Paidding;
secretary. Jeremiah M. Taber; treasurer.
Walter A. Luce; executive commitlee. Will-
iam Keith, chairman; .lames (iarthly, Ar-
thur E. Grifiin, of Marion; Frank ('. Bar-
rows, Fi'ank G. Tripp, Edward E. Shaw and
L. J. Hathaway, Jr. Jliss Sarah ]'. Fay.
of Woods Hole, v.-as voted a life member-
ship. Miss Fay has been an active agent
in the success of the Rose show in past
years and rendered valuable assistance in
encouraging Rose growing among the am;i-
teurs. Frank C. Barrows, the retiring presi-
dent, was presented with a diamond scarf-
pin in token of the members' api)reciation
of his long service and untiring efforts in
lieli;ilf of the organization.

DUTCHESS COUNTY HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

The regular monthly meelinR was held in
the Oddfellows' Building. Washington street.
Poughkeepsie, N. Y., January 13. at .3 p. ni.
Wni. G. Saltford presided in the absence of
President Reynolds and Vice-president Blair.
Routine business being disposed of, the elec-
tion of officers was in order, the following
gentlemen being elected: President, N. H.
Cottam; vice-president, H. J. Allen; treas-
urer, Geo. W. Sweet; secretary. II. (J. Cot-
tam ; corresponding secretary, F. E. Witney.

At the December meeting President C. J.
Reynolds earnestly requested that he should
not be nominated again, and the sociel.v very
reluctantly acceded to his recpiest. as he ha-
bcen at the helm for twelve years: and has
been an enthusiastic worker. It is mainly
through his efforts the society has been en-
abled to hold its anninil exhibition. Another
of our ofiicers who is deserving of mncli
credit it V.eo. W. Sweet, treasurer for the

past sixteen years. His term of office speaks
volumes for his ability. The time and date
of meeting was changed from the last
Wednesday in the month, at 3 p. m. to the
second Wednesday at 2 p. m. A commit-
tee was appointed to arrange for a smoker
and bowling match to be held in Febniary.
F. E. W.

MEETING OF THE NEW YORK STATE
FEDERATION OF FLORAL CLUBS.

Wednesday, February 11, 1914.
A. .M.
9:00 President's Address. W. F. Kasting,

Bufi'alo, N. Y.
9:30 "Individuality in Rose Plants." Prof.
M. A. Blake, New Brunswick,
N. J.
10:1.5 "Some Investigational Problems in
Flower Growing." Dr. A. C. Beal.
Department of Floriculture, Ith-
aca, N. Y.
11:00 "Some Factors in Retailing Flow-
ers." Jlr. Irwin Bertermann, In-
dianapolis, Ind.
:00 Luncheon followed by business ses-
sion.
Jl.

:00 'I'Mucational Problems in Floricul-
ture." Prof. E. A. White, l)ei)art-
ment of Floriculture, Ithaca.
N. Y.
:0(i hispection of greenhouses and ex-
liibits, conducted by Prof. White.
:.io •■.Multiplication of Floral Parts in
in the Carnation" (Illustrated).
.Mr. C. H. Connors. New Bruns-
wick, N. ,r.

MEETING OF ROCHESTER AND BUF-
FALO FLORISTS' CLUBS.

A. M.

Thursday, February 12, 1914.

8:0(1 Inspection of florictiltural experi-
mental plots, conducted by Dr.
Beal.
1(1:00 'Plant Breeding Problems for the
Florist." Dr. A. W. Gilbert, De-
partment of Plant Breeding, Ith-
aca, N. y.
11:00 "Environmental Factors which Con-
trol Plant Diseases." Dr. D. Red-
dick. Department of Plant Path-
ology, Ithaca. N. Y.
12:00 Round Table Discussion, conducted

by Prof, While.
P. M.
2:00 "Soil Problems." Prof. E. O. Fip-
pin. Department of .Soils. Ithaca.
N. Y.
3:00 "Experiments with (Uadioli." Mr.
A. C. Hottes, Department of Flori-
culture. Ithaca. N. Y.
There will be an exhibition of cut (lowers,
llowering plants, florists' materi:ils and stu-
dents' work in the laboratory connected
with the greenhouses.

800

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

BON ARBOR

Awarded Diploma and Silver Medal at 1912
Royal International Exhibition, London, Eng.

BON ARBOR NO. 1 will keep your Tennis Courts
and Lawns green in the hottest weather. Will grow
Lettuce, Celery, Cauliflower, and anything that matures
above the ground to the finest perfection. We can
prove it.

Bon Arbor No. 1 is put up as follows:

Package making 15 gallons, by mail $0.30

Package making 30 gallons, by mall K

5 lb. package

25 lb. package making 750 gallo

sp. extra 6.25

aking 1,500 gallons,

esp. extra 12.50
akIng 3.000 gallons.

exp. extra 20.00

50 lb. package
100 lb. package

Barrels from 250 to 300 lbs.. 18c. per lb

RADIX WORM ERADICATOR removes worms
instantly from your Tennis Courts, Golf Greens,
Flower Pots, etc.

2 gallons, making 200 gallons, $2.00 per gallon.

lyi gallons sufficient for Tennis Court 78 x 36 feet.

ANT DESTROYER. Rid your garden and lawn
of ants. It can be done in less than a week. Per lb.
65c.; 10 lbs., 60c. per lb.; 25 lbs., 50c. per lb.

BON ARBOR CHEMICAL CO.

Paterson, N. J., U. S. A.

Write for descripti
turc also Radix Worr
agricultural chemicals

t catalogue, new 1912 edition. Wc manufac-
Eradicator, Insecticides, Weed Killer and all
Special prices on large quantities.

THE C. M. BELL HOUSES
AT TUXEDO PARK

F(_)R lliL- covering of a limited space, and
securing the best all-around growing
conditions for each compartment, it is
doubtful if any layout is better than parallel
houses, joined to tlie work-room by either even
span passage houses or a connecting lean-to.

This range of parallel houses was planned to
meet the ideas of Mr. David Macintosh, who
so many years had charge of Mrs. Bell's
houses at Newport, which were also Hitch-
ings' construction.

This Tuxedo range is so thoroughly prac-
tical and so attractive from any point of view,
that if you are thinking of building some such
layout, we would like to send you photos
taken from two other points of view. Our
catalo.g also yours for the asking.

HITCHINGS & CO.

NEW YORK OFFICE, PHILADELPHIA OFFICE.

1170 Broadway. Penn. Bldg.. 15th and Chestnut Sts.

FACTORY— Elizabeth. N. .T.

MR. GARDENER;

Let That Tree Die, and

You Will Never See

It Replaced

YOU KNOW how long it has taken that tree to
attain those stately proportions.

YOU KNOW how irreparable the loss should it die.

YOU KNOW how imminent is the danger from in-
sects and fungi.

YOU KNOW how devitalising, how unsightly, and
how difficult to reach is that dead
wood.

YOU KNOW how surely fatal are those neglected
cavities — neglected decaying stumps,
neglected wounds, neglected borer
holes are the causes.

Then Why Wait Longer? Time Is Precious.

CALL US IN

WE HAVE the KNOWLEDGE, the EXPERI-
ENCE, the MEN, the TOOLS.,

JOHN T. WITHERS Inc.

Landscape Architect

1 Montgomery St.

nd Forester

Jersey City, N. J.

BOBBINK & ATKINS

WORLD'S CHOICEST NURSERY
AND GREENHOUSE PRODUCTS

I.I atli-

to all

vji. .1, imIim|\ iiitereatt-d in improying their grounds
Nn...i,i r,,!i.)-l> of :KiO 'acres of lli^-hly cultivated
:u I 1 r. iMii.it With Greenhouses and Storehouses, in
winy: Nnrser.v and Greenhouse Products for ever.v
the best that experience, good cultivation and our
can produce, placing us in a position to fill orders

THE FOLLOWING PLANTS FOR INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR
DECORATIONS ARE AMONG OUR SPECIALTIES:

DECIDUOUS TREES AND
SHRUBS. We firow man.v thou-
^iui.ls ..1 .nii:iment:il Shade Trees
and I'lowering .Shrubs in all
varieties and sizes. A visit to
ntir Nursery will convince you of
tlie »iuali1y of our immense stocli.

HEDGE PLANTS.— We grow a
].u^-e iiuautity of California
rrivr't. Berlieris and other shrubs

ffjr liedges.

BOXWOOD IN TUBS. — We

^■row thousands of plants in many
shaiMS an.l sizes. Everybody loves
I lie aronui of old-fashioned Box-

FULBS AND ROOTS. — We

t-'r->\v and import quantities of
F.Hlbs .and Uoiils.

FASHIONED

of rare, new and ..bl fashion, d
liinds. We ^row many tliousaiids
of EnglisI; Delphininnis.

TRAINED. DWARF AND OR-
DINARY FRUIT TREES AND

SMALL FRUITS We grow tllcse

for all kinds of Fruit Gardens
and Orchards.

HARDY TRAILING AND
CLIMBING VINES. — We have
tbeui for every place and piir-

p..se.

PLANT TUBS, WINDOW

BOXES, ENGLISH GARDEN
FURNITURE AND RUSTIC
WORK. — We manufacture all
sliapes and sizes.

OUR NEW HYBRID GIANT-FLOWERING

ill

u! will

.Inly

il 111

is the
part

MARSHMALLOW.—

old-fashioned Hower.
ill Garden

OUR NEW ILLUSTRATED GENERAL CATALOG NO. 45 DESCRIBES
OUR PRODUCTS. Will be mailed upon request.

VISITORS take Erie R. R. to Carlton Hill, second stop on Main Line.
Three minutes' walk to Nursery.

■.I'^^lll Rutherford, N. J.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

SOI

ORCHIDS

We are specialists in this kind of plants. We
colled, import and grow orchids from all parts of
the world where orchids grow.

We will be glad to fill your order for one plant
or a thousand according to your requirements.

Our beautiful Catalogue and special lists on
application.

LAGER & HURRELL

Orchid-Growers and Importers

SUMMIT, N. J.

J. B. McArdle

Seeds, Bulbs, Plants, Insecti-
cides— Fertilizers and all
Horticultural Supplies.

Greenwich, Conn.

SPECIAL GREENHOUSE
FERTILIZERS

FOR FLORISTS AND GARDENERS

Formulated and Manufactured by men who have made a lite study a(

FLOWERS-FR UITS— VEGETABLES

Under Glass

in this Country and Abroad

Proper fertilization under glass is more important than
fertilization out of doors — and

Fertilization is our Specialty

Why pay ocean freight and dealers' commissions on
Imported General Fertilizers when you can buy Fertilizer
Direct from the Manufacturer Especially prepared to
meet pour Individual requirements?

We are also manufacturers of MAK-GRO Odor-
less Plant Food, put up in one pound tins and five
pound bags — a splendid side line for Florists op-
erating their own stores.

IVe are at ijour service on all matters relating to Green-
house Fertilization. Write us for further particulars.

CONSUMERS FERTILIZER CO.

Long Acre Building

Factory and Laboratory.
Farminjrdale, N. J.

Experimental Greenhouses.
Cantonsville. Md.

New York City

Exp. Farms,
rraingdale, N. J.

International Nurseries, Inc.

FINE NURSERY STOCK

Come and See Our Fine Collection

OF

Specimen Evergreens Ampelopsis in pots

English Ivy m pots Roses in eight inch pots

RhododrendronS from eighteen inches to four feet

ALL THESE CAN BE INSPECTED AT OUR GROUNDS

1905 WEST FARMS ROAD, NEW YORK CI'TY

Telephone. 4028 Tremont

802 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Grand Spring Exhibition

Under the auspices of the Horticultural Society
of New York and the New York Florist's Club

$12,500 IN PREMIUMS

NEW YORK

March 21st to 28th, 1914

Are you preparing to exhibit? Have you received the pre-
liminary schedule covering plants? If not write for a
copy without delay. Cut flower schedules ready now.

JOHN YOUNG, Secretary,

Tel. 7362 Mad. Sq. 53 WcSt 28th St., NcW York

3lV. /\ClVGTtlSCTl Number of the Gardeners'
Chronicle of America Will Be Issued in March, 1914.

DO YOU RECALL THE 1913 ISSUE?
It is a miniature of what the 1914 issue will be

We shall take advantage of our last year's experience and again be
prominently located at the 1914 show, where the Chronicle will be
freely distributed to all who may be interested in horticultural
pursuits.

Reserve your advertising space now

LAST FORMS CLOSE MARCH 1
Address your inquiries for advertising to

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE, Madison, N. J.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

IF you were to choost- hetween a clean cut neatly sharpened lead
pencil and a blunt raggedy one, llicrc isn't a bit of doubt which
:^ ij i-_ ^fi. -_- :. -,„]ij.^ ^(j ^ greenhouse which is a splendid

ictioTi like the l'-I!ar; in comparison witli
of nihcr constructions, you should very
U-I'ar. I!ut some of you don't — not
of three reasons. Here are the reasons;
cave liouses are just as light." liul are
ii" believe that a house with wooden roof
eni at the eavt
'use tliat combines roof bar and raf
combination isn't any larger than 1
roof bar used in other constructions? If such a thing is true, tl:
two pounds don't weight any more than one pound.

2. You sav that ''other constructions which cost less will last j
as long." Well. now. will they? Isn't it reasonable to think thai
roof bar. that is first steeped in a chemical preservative and tli
encased in a galvanized steel r-llnr. so that absolutely none of it
exposed to the interior dL■•^t^^K•^;vf c-'nilitiini^ of varying moisture ;i

you were to choo
pencil and a blunt
it would be. Whe
bit of light clean (
the blunt heavy ci
naturally always select thi
always. You don't because
1. You sav. -'Other curve
they? Can 'you make vourr
bars, flat iron rafters and
compare in lightness with .i

i-i]f If they won't— then water isn't wet. and fire doesn't burn.
"Sou say the UlJar house "costs too much." Uut does it? Don't
expect to pay more for a six-cylinder automobile than for onlv a
cylinder one? Isn't il only logical thai a house with a complete
of galvanized aluminum coated steel should cost more than one
od and steel that is only i)ainted? Not only should it cost
))ut be worih a good hit more than il costs.

■■e. tiien. are the three main reasons — and their answers. 1£ you
11 in an argumentative mood we would welcome the opportunity
ly the discussion stdl further. Not that we are scouting about
for an argument"; but wt- know that if vou only
about the U-I^ar construction — no amountof clever
lalk could possihlv talk vou into having anvihing else. Our next
s g.-ing to be ab..iit "hnnbled Together." 'Watch out for it.

U-BAR GREENHOUSES

P1ER50N U-BAR CO

Gardeners All Over the World Use

APHINE, for spraying against all sap-suck-
ing insects, such as aphis, red spider, thrips,
mealy bug and soft scale ; and for cleansing
palms and decorative stock generally.

NIKOTIANA, for fumigating, a nicotine so-
lution which does not fill the house with smoke
as does tobacco paper or dust. It is vaporized
in pans over small lani])s, or by painting the
steam pipes.

FUNGINE, to control mildew, ru.st or bench
ml in the greenhouse, a spraying material; an
infallible remedy. It does not stain foliage as
Bordeaux or lime and sulphur, but cleanses it.

VERMINE, to rid the greenhouse soil of eel
worm, root maggots and other soil vermin, will
be found most effective. Used according to di-
rections it is not injurious to vegetation.

For Out Door Spraying of Trees, Shrubs and Hardy Plants

SCALINE, an oil and sulphur composition— three in one— an insecticide, fungicide and
scalicide combined, destroys San Jose, Oyster Shell and other scale, red spider, larva of the
aphis and locust borer. Now is the time to spray to protect your trees and shrubs against the
ravages of the various insect pests.

Get in the habit of using our products and you will use no other
For Sale by all Seedsmen

Aphine Manufacturing Company

Manufacturers of Agricultural Chemicals

BRITISH DISTRIBUTORS:
British and American Fertilizer Co.
Leith Offices — Liverpool, England.

MADISON, N. J.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

THE FIRM OF PETER HENDERSON & CO. was founded in
1847, and the 67 years of success that are behind Henderson's Tested
Seeds must and does make them the best that it is possible to buy. In
your grandfather's day Henderson's was the standard by which other seeds
were judged, and the same condition exists in 1914. Our methods of seed
trials and seed testing, which were the best three generations ago, we have
improved upon from year to year and today are still the best.

The unknown quantity on your garden and farm is the quality of the seeds
you sow, and you cannot be too careful in making sure that you obtain the best
procurable. For many years the name of Peter Henderson & Co. has become
inseparably linked with all that is best in seeds, because our constant purpose
has always been — and will continue to be — to supply to our customers pure
seeds of the highest germinating power only.

TIHIIREI OENElRATIOif^S

The business founded by Peter Henderson is still carried on by his son,
Charles Henderson, and last year two grandsons of Peter Henderson, viz. :
Peter Henderson, son of Alfred Henderson (deceased), and Howard M.
Henderson, son of Charles Henderson, entered the business; thus insuring its
continuance along the lines laid down by its founder.

In this country, where quick transitions m business are common, the worth of a
house carried successfully into the third generation should inspire confidence.
In no other business is this factor more essential. The purchaser of seeds should
consider the reputation of the house seeking his patronage before buying.

Our Manual of "EVERYTHING FOR THE GARDEN," for 1914,
we consider the best we have ever issued, and the seeds, plants, bulbs, etc.,
have been grown and selected with the same conscientious care which has
been our successful endeavor for 67 years. Those who have not received this
catalogue may obtain it free upon application by mentioning Gardeners'
Chronicle. We have in preparation our Farmers' Manual, Implement and
Lawn Catalogues and will mail these also as issued.

PETER HENDERSON & CO.

35-37 CORTLANDT STREET
NEW YORK CITY

CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA

FEBRUARY. 1914

Ten Cents a Copy

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Lawn Grass Seed Mixtures for
All Situations

"Burnett's Specialties"

CAULIFLOWER

Snov/ball, Selected Strain

ONION

Gigantic Gibraltar

CABBAGE

Copenhagen Market

CELERY

Improved White Plume

TOMATO

Burnett's Liberty

RADISH

Rosy Gem

SEND
FOR
ILLUSTRATED
CATALOGUE

PANSY

Burnett's Gorgeous

FOR
DESCRIPTION

SEE
CATALOGUE

STOCKS

Burnett's Perpetual White
Beauty of Nice
Queen Alexandra

MIGNONETTE

New York Market

SALVIA

Forest Fire

SCHIZANTHUS WISETONENSIS

"Excelsior"

SUNFLOWER

New Red Annual (Sutton's)

SWEET PEAS

Burnett's Prize Winner Collection

ASK YOUR NEIGHBORS ABOUT OUR SEEDS

BURNETT BROTHERS

SEEDSMEN
Telephone 6138 Barclay 98 Chambers Street, New York

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

807

Satisfaction Roses

For Your Garden or Greenhouse

SAT1SFACT1().\ roses mean ihat our roses are satisfactory. The I'ier-
soii's of Cromwell, know roses. For forty years we have been grow-
in.sj them. We carefully test out new varieties — if they prove unsatis-
factory— the loss and disappointment is ours. We sell only those of proven
merit — the satisfaction kinds. '

For your garden we have one hundred and fifty varieties to select from.
We will gladly sug.ijest such as seem to us. will best meet your require-
ments. We believe, however, for garden purposes, plants from large pots
are preferable because when planted out they go right on growing strongly
and start blooming quickly. They are already "established."

For the greenhouse we have thirty-four Satisfactif>n varieties — all the
choice new ones, such as Hadley and Killarney Brilliant. No liner, better
stock is grown by anyone.

SEND FOR CATALOG.

I from e.acl. vaiicty and uiulc. wh.it condi-
pass the finits of our expcricitct along to

ve held down our enthusiasm by tieing it
It's the kind of a catalog you can depend

Its text tells you

rankly just what to

tions different classes of roses will do bes

you. It's a decidedly

eadable catalog, but

to plain every day con

on. (let accjuainted.

ANPlEl^SON INC.

Crommll Cai^ens

Ci^MWELL Conn

New Canna Firebird

• ill nu-ans the- \ cry best red-
ircen-lcaved Canna in coni-

Tlll.^ is 1)
flcwered,
nierce.
Tlie Howers are borne in immense trusses,
on tall stalks well above the leaves. They
are of splendid form, round and shapely.
The petals measure 2j^ inches and over
across, and the color is a clear glistening scar-
let without any streaks, spots or blotches.

We have seen and tested many varieties
diiriiii;' tlie 30 years we have devoted to their
culture and have never seen one that can ap-
proach it.

STRONG PLANTS READY MAY 1st
Each $L25; 3 for $3.50; doz. $12.00

Our 1914 Catalogue contains all the new-
est and l)est gladiolis, 3 fuH pages. Other
new Cannas, the new Sweet Corn Bantam-
Evergreen, besides a most complete list of
the best flower seeds in Atnerica. A request
fnim you for the book is a favor to us.

VAUGHAN'S SEED STORE

43 Barclay Street
NEW YORK

31-33 W. Randolph St.
CHICAGO

808

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

THE HIGHWAY TO PERENNIALS

Leads straight to the PALISADES NURSERIES

THERE you \\ill find all kinds and \uu can take your
pick from the best tliat grow. Perennials add a feeling
of permanency to your home surroundings. They change
their plumage bul nut their face, and keep reflecting the seasons
all the year around.

No grounds arc really gardened -without a big showing in
perennials. We are headquarters for perennials and assure
the widest latitude in choice as well as the most courteous
ir.-omptitude in correspondence and service. Our motto — Jlaxi-

.\ IIIGHW.W OF rERENNI.M-S

mum Quality at Minimum Cost. Write R.W. CLUCAS, Manager.

THE PALISADES NURSERY, Sparkill, N. Y.

^iiniiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiniiiitiiitiinniiinininH

We Want to Send You
Our Book on Cannas

ANTOINE Wintzer, the leading canna
authority of this country, has set his
stamp of approval on every word
printed in this book.
Its contents contain:

Much valuable information on canna culture —
in the garden and in the conservatory.
Many suggestions on Circular Beds.
A Hst of 108 varieties of canna, 11 of which
are our own— the "SWISTIKA BRAND."
The most complete chart of color schemes ever
published.
The life history of cannas.

We will be pleased to send you this most mter-
esting book, at our expense, if you will send us
your name.

CONARD & JONES CO

Swistika Brand Cannas

WEST GROVE, PA.

A Beautiful Lawn

]> to the house a> Uil- setting to a gem. A beautiful home beauti-
fully located, deserves a beautiful lawn surrounding it. Ordinary
grass seed or sod will not do. You must get

Waterer's Special Evergreen Lawn Grass

buy — the

to get best results. It is the best that men

of 30 years' experience in lawn making in Europe

It is a blend of ten of the finest, dwarf-growing, slender-leaved,

hardy grasses— eariy. medium and late (practically evergreen) anc

all of them of permanent character (not annual), and all tested foi

the trying American climate.

FULL PARTICULARS AND

;C>^ Brerxthing for the Cc/icn and Lawn— Seeds. Bulbs, Plants,
Imficmenis—all of the choicest the world affords. Catalogue FREE.

HOSEA WATERER, 107-109 S. 7th St., Philadelphia

The name of "Waiercr" is known round the world and
on our products is a guarantee of reliability and purity

Kennedy Z^ Hunter

SEEDSMEN

Happy New^ Year. Begin right by sending for our cat-
alogue of "Only the Best" in Seeds, Bulbs and Plants.

Incorporated 1912

Andrew K. Kennedy

PRESIDENT AND TREASURER

156 West 34th Street

"ONLY THE BEST'

NEW YORK

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

809

"And Still the Best

yy

RECEXTLY we received a letter in which the writer told how
he had used Thorburn's Seeds for over twenty-five vears; and
that his father had used them before him.

Every now and then we receive letters of this nature and
from them we Jearn that our efforts to maintain — and even
to increase — the high standard set by a century's reputation
is appreciated.

Every ounce of Thorburn's Seeds, whether they be the low priced
or the more expensive varieties, share equally the same careful
painstaking methods of testing and sorting that have made the best
seeds the safest.

A copy of our new 1914 catalog — replete with instruc-
tions and useful data — will be mailed you if you request it.

J. M. THORBURN & CO.

53 U BARCLAY STREET

NEW YORK CITY

Greenhouse Erected for Mr

A V. M. r .1

Why We Can Erect Greenhouses So Quickly

FIRST and foremost our erection methods arc a combinrtti-
of offict- developings and erection practice.

We don't wait until our men arc on the job and tin
let them plan how to go ahout erecting.

It is laid out and planned out at our factories by our con<itni
tion engineers and approved by Ihc erection superintendent.

Definite detailed instructions and explanatory blue prints a
then sent to the erection foreman who has the job in hand.

He can at once start wor^. He and his men don't have
spend time there on the job waiting to work out the work- ii
practically all worked out for him.

-\riilu

have

cases have regul;

up or shifting a

Combin.

the fact that
are made ready with
then vou begin to set
so quickly and put th
Both of which arc
greenhouse order.
fut

nun v|,imh! tniie "rigging up scatTold;;." \N o
structions that take care of that and in many
r iron fittings that can be used so that putting
scaffold is n simple matter.

efully thought-out erection methods

materials arc cut to fit. at our factories,
■ith holes drilled for immediate erection;
see how it is that we can put up our h(

ital things to consider when placing your
Wouldn't you rather pay for less useless
Iiouse and have better materials put into
Tb.tfs Lord S: Tlnrnham's way of doing it.

Lord £y Burnham Co.

SALES OFnCES
iUdc'lpliia Clucaco 1
anklin Bank BKlK. Roi-kery BIiIb. I
FACTGRIKS — Irvin«ton. N. Y. Dos Pla

810

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

The Best Dahlias

(Jur Special Dahlia Catalogue is a handsomely
illustrated book of 12 pages, devoted entirely to
Dahlias, and is the most complete Dahlia Cat-
alogue ever published. It describes nearly 500
of the choicest varieties, and embraces the lat-
est novelties, as wrell as all of the good standard
sorts, such as

DREER'S NEW AMERICAN VARIETIES.

New Colossal Cactus Dahlias.
Dreer's Giant Cactus Dahlias.
New Cactus Dahlias for 1914.
Best Standard Varieties of Cactus Dahlias.
Fancy Cactus Dahlias.
New Decorative Dahlias for 1914.
Select Standard Decorative Dahlias.
Superb New French Collerette Dahlias.
Show, Fancy and Double Pompon Dahlias.
' Paeony Flowered Dahlias.

Century, Duplex and Single Dahlias.

This Special Dahlia Catalogue is absolutely
necessary to all who wish to keep posted in the
Dahlia interest which is sweeping over the
country. Write for a copy today and mention
this publication.

HENRY A. DREER,

714-716 CHESTNUT ST.

PHILADELPHIA

TREES'^
PLANTS

Unusual Hardy Plants

Unusual qualities of the better
known varieties. Every plant is grown
as a single specimen, and not in great
masses.

And many uncommon specialties.
of proven merit, such as

Japanese Styrax

This remarkable tree-shnib grows 10 to 12 feet high; has
unusual lively green foliage. Profusely covered in June and
July with clusters of fragrant, fuchsia-shaped Howers.
Our Specialty Plant Book for 1914~full of such helpful suggestions —
5 yours for the asking.

Thomas Meehan f^ Sons

Box 65, Germantown, Phila.

Gladiolus for Forcing

AMERICA AND PRINCEPS

.An exceptional offer of well
ripened extra large high crown
bulbs, 7 inches and over in cir-
America, 50c. doz. ; $3.50 per 100
Princeps, 75c. doz.; $5.00 per 100
cunifcrcncf.

WEEBER and DON

Seed Merchants and Growers

114 Chambers S reel NEW YORK

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini!iiiiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiimi>iiiim i iiiiiiiiiiiii!

'* You Should Worry "

about what to grow this year.
Get my catalogue, study it —
and then -write me as to your
needs.

I We are making deHveries

I every day and aWays stand
i back of our stock.

CHAS. H. TOTTY

MADISON, N. J.

Imported Orchids I

I for 1914 I

Cattleya Trianae |

Mossiae |

labata j

Percivalliana |

Schroderae |

Gigas I

Gaskelliana |

LaeUa purpurata |

= Oncidium Varicosum Rogersii |

I and many others. |

I Write for Special List. [

I JOSEPH MANDA |

I Orchid Expert i

I WEST ORANGE, N. J. |

.liiiuiiuinmmiiiiiiiiiii iiii inn nnnnnnnninniiinii ninnnunnnini innnnninnnnnininnunnnnninni nnnnnii innninii

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. 811

giiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiu I iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiijiiiiiuuuiuiuiiiiiuiiuiiiuuiiiuiiiiiiiiiiuiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiuiiiiiiimuiuiiuiiuiniiiiuttiiiiiiiiiiiiiuo iiinuij

IT PAYS TO ADVERTISE

IN THE

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

of America

if you desire to reach that best class of buyers, which is so
eagerly sought by all dealers in horticultural requisites.

We refer to the owners, superintendents and gardeners of
private estates, among w^hom the Gardeners' Chronicle,
as the official organ of the National Association of Gar-
deners, has a w^ide circulation.

"WHO'S WHO " in horticultural advertising, may be
found in the advertising columns of the Gardeners' Chron-
icle.*

Do you not -wish to appear in this "Blue Book"?

THE MARCH ISSUE WILL BE THE

Big Flower Show Number

In addition to its regular circulation, it will be freely dis-
tributed from the Gardeners' Chronicle booth at the Inter-
national Flower Show, Grand Central Palace, New York
City, March 21st to 28th, to all visitors who manifest an
interest in horticultural pursuits. For full particulars,
advertising rates, etc., address.

Advertising Department,
GARDENERS' CHRONICLE, Madison. N. J.

*This assertion is verified by the class of advertisers which patronizes our

columns.

"riiiiiiiiiiwniHiniiiiininiiiiiiiiinmiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiitiiiniiiniiiiniiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiinuuimniininiiiiira^^ iiiniiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiniiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiniiuniiiimiiniiiiiiinniiiiimiiiiiininiiiimiiiri:

ciiiniiiiniinuDiiunimiriiniininiiiimiiniiiiiiiifiiiiniinnniiriuriiimiimminiiii"!

812

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

3ri|^ OTont^nts--

-iF^bruary, X914

The North American Cypripediums .

Among the Gardeners

. 828

B^ C. G. Niles 813

Queries and Answers .

. 828

What Americans Are Doing to Better Ameri

Boston Midwinter Show

. 829

can Roses . Bv W. R. Pierson B 1 6

Setback for Boston's Horticultural Builc

ing . 829

Twisted Trees .....

. 817

School Gardens, Their Bearing on Fut

ure . 830

How to Force Rhododendrons

B^ B. B. C. Felix 818

The Panama-Pacific Exposition .
International Flower Show Schedule

. 830
. 831

Treatment of Frozen Plants

. 818

Horticultural Society of New York

. 832

The Why s in Plant Disease Control

Bv J. J. Taubenbaus 8 1 9

County Life Exposition Flower Show

. 832

Winter Soil Treatment Bv Karl Langenheck 82 i

Massachusetts Agricultural College

. 833

A Fine Winter Estate

821

National Associations

. 834

Essentials in Vegetable Culture .

Local Societies ....

. 834

By Alfred Walker 822

Gardeners Diary

. 835

Root Pruning . Bv Wm R. Fon>kes 823

Monmouth County Horticuhural Society . 835 |

Greenhouse Intimacy ....

824

New Jersey Floricultural Society .

. 835

Editorials ....

826

Elberon Horticultural Society

. 835

Horticultural Societies Tax Exempt

826

Tuxedo Horticultural Society

. 835

Our Cover Design

826

New London Horticultural Society

. 836

Appeal for General Co-operation .

827

Connecticut Horticultural Society .

. 836

New Members ....

827

Westchester and Fairfield Horticultural Society 836 1

Country Life Permanent Exposition

827

American Rose Society

. 836

Our Fellow Craftsmen in America

New Haven Horticultural Society

. 837

Bv J. Harrison Did

827

Newport Horticultural Society .

. 837

Stumpp & Walter Co.'s Catalog

OUR 1914 Spring Catalog will be mailed to you on
request, if you have not already received a copy.
Many Newr and Exhibition varieties of Flower and Vege-
table Seeds are offered. Farm and Grass Seeds are also a
feature. Dahlias and Gladiolus,^ — the best varieties to
date.

Write us today if you have not received a copy.

^timw^(i^<J^f^^

30-32 BARCLAY ST.
NEW YORK CITY

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA

DEVOTED TO THE SCIENCE OF FLORICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE

ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF

THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

Vol. XVII.

FEBRUARY, 1914.

No. 4.

The North American Cypripediums

By C. G. Niles.

There are thirteen reported species of Cypripedium in
the coniferous forests of North America, but the eight
species of the Atlantic region are very different from the
five species found in the region west of the Rocky Aloun-
tain Divide. In fact, it is believed that our eastern Cy-
pripediums are more closely allied to those of northern
Europe, and northern Asia, than to the species of the
Rocky Mountain boglands. Six of our Atlantic region
species are reported for the New England States, while
only a single species is found in Mexico and Panama —
a region often known as the "orchid-hunters' paradise."

Botanists differ widely in their reported list of Cypri-
pedium species for the world ; Messrs. Bentham and
Hooker, of England, in 1883, named only forty species ;
Hooker and Jackson, in 1893, listed fifty-seven species
in the "Kew Index"; and more recently Fritz Kranzelin
and Oakes Ames report at least eighty-three Cypripe-
diums and several hundred natural hybrids, the latter
chiefly among the exotics from the Tropics. There are
also several interesting hybrids produced by crosses be-
tween the exotits with the terrestrial species. The col-
lectors, so far, have not discovered any species of Cypri-
pedium in Africa or Australia, although those regions
produce a profu.sion of other species of the Orchis
family.

The native Cypripediums of northern North America,
Europe, and Asia are all terrestrial. The first species
reported for northern Europe, C. calceolus, was de-
scribed by Casper Bauhin, in 1620, as "False Hellebore
with a Round or Shoe-shaped Flower, Helleborine Cal-
ceolus.." In 1616, Dr. Rembert Dodoens, the physician
to the German emperor, christened the same species, in
his "Herbalist," as "Calceolus Marianus — Our Lady's
Slipper," and dedicated it to the Virgin Mary. The
Swedish botanist, Linnaeus, in his Species Plantarium.
published in 1753, classed Dodoens' Calceolus Marianus,
as an orchid and christened it Cypripedium Calceolus in
honor of the Greek goddess Cypris — the ancient name of
\'enus. The name Cypris, combined with podion signi-
fying a sock or slipper, thus originated our present
generic name Cypripedium. The ancient generic names
of the orchids appear to be the Latin or Greek deriva-
tions describing the common names of those plants. The
Abenakis Indians of North .America pointed out tlie
Cypripediums to the pioneer colonists as their Mawcah-
suns — sandal nr shoe-shaped flowers, from which orig-
inated the common name of moccasin flowers.

The thirteen native Cypripediums of North .America
are classified in three sections, according to their struc-
ture. They differ from other genera of the Orchis fam-
ily in having two, instead of a single anther, united with

the pistils which form the column. Charles Darwin and
John Lindley considered that a multitude of forms must,
have been swejjt awa)' between' Cjpripcdium and the
other genera of the family. The rare Ram's Head AIoc-
casin flower (C. arietinum) produces three sepals, free
to the base. In all other Cypripediums the two lower
sepals are whoU)' or imperfectly united at the base, and
appear as a single sepal. The Ram's Head, therefore,
has well been characterized as the "connecting link" be-
tween Cypripedium and other genera of the Orchis
family.

Cypripedium arietinum, one of the pigmies of the
genus, is considered the rarest species in the world. It
was first discovered near ^Montreal, Canada, in 1808, and
several plants were sent to London, where they were cul-
tivated as "Chandler's Cypripedium." The flower is a
dull mottled, purple and white, with the labellum conical,
and the sepals and side petals free to the base, and of a
green, brown-pink color. In certain positions the blos-
som resembles a ram's head, from which arose the name,
arietinum. The species ranges from Quebec, south to
Connecticut and westward from the Maine woods to
Minnesota and the Great Lake region. It has the most
limited range of our New England species. A few years
ago this species was discovered by the collector. Abbe
Delavay, in Yun Nan Province, China. As yet, none of
the Rocky Mountain Cypripediums have been found in
that region.

Cypripedium reginae, commonly know-n as the showy
Moccasin flower, was considered by Mr. R. A. Rolfe as
the most beautiful species in the world and the most
charming among our natives of North America. It was
first collected by the botanist. Carnoti, in Canada. He
christened it the Canada Lady Slipper. Calceolus Maria-
nus Canadensis, in 1635, in his "Canadensium Planta-
rium." Parkinson also described the species as the
Greater Bastard Hellebore, or Lady Slipper, in his "The-
atre of Plants," in 1740. Twenty-two years later Lin-
naeus described the same species as a varietal form of
the European Yellow Lady Slipper, known as Cypripe-
dium calceolus. The latter is almost identical with our
North .American yellow moccasin flowers, C. hirsutum
and C. parvifloruni.

The queen of the moccasin flowers, therefore, was not
designated specifically as a species of Cypripedium until
the .American botanist, Walter, in 1788. christened it C.
reginae in his "Flora of Carolina." In the same year
the European botanist, Salisburv, in a paper before the
Linnaean .Society of London christened the species C.
spectabile. but the name was not published imtil 1791.
The name reginae refers to the regal or queenly appear-

814

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

ance of the flowers, and the name spectabile also alludes
to the beautiful spectacle of these plants in the boglands.
A pure white form, rarely found, was designated C. al-
bum in Aiton's "'Catalogue of Plants," in 1789, and Lind-
ley, in 1840, adopted Aiton"s name for our species, so
that the plant has been known by several names since
Carnoti first christened it in 1635.

The leafy stems of this queen of the moccasin flowers
rise three, and often four feet in height and resemble
Indian poke or hellebore, with which they are often
found in quaking boglands. The terminal flower-cluster
contains from one to three and sometimes four large
waxen-white blossoms tinged with a deep rose-purple or
magenta. The species ranges from Nova Scotia, south
to Alabama ; westward from the jMaine Woods to Wal-
halla Mountains, North Dakota, and the Barrens of Ken-
tucky. In 1891, A. E. Pratt discovered several fine plants
of C. reginae in a bog on the Thibetan frontier of Asia,
and sent some of them to the Kew Garden, England, for
cultivation. The report of both C. arietinum, and C.
reginae, growing naturally in China, confirms the close
relationship often noticed between the flora of eastern
North America and mat of Asia.

Our small white moccasin flower ( C. candidum ) was
first collected in Pennsylvania, although it is better
known as a prairie species today. It is found in dam])
hollows, where it flourishes with the iris, painted-cuj),
and crimson phlox. The plant is small and the inlcnur
of the tiny white slipper is ornamented with crimson
spots. The graceful sepals and side petals are of a
greenish-crimson color. The species is most nearly al-
lied to Cypripedium reginae, and is easily cultivated in
our gardens. It has a range from Connecticut, westward
to North Dakota and Kentucky.

The golden moccasin flower (C. irapeanum) found in
the oak forests of Mexico was considered by Lindley as
the largest and most magnificent Cypripedium in the
world. It is designated by the Spanish and Mexican In-
dians as "Fleur dele Calavera," and '"Fleur dele tete de
niort" — the flower of the head of death. This moccasin
flower is rarely collected by the natives, since they are
very superstitious and fear the evil spirit, which they be-
lieve, haunts its trail. Cypripedium irapeanum is the
only terrestrial species which produces a woody stem. It
rises four feet in height and is adorned with a terminal
cluster of three to eight large, golden shoe-shaped blos-
soms, which resemble Cypripedium reginae in structure.
The labellum is of a dark gold, adorned within with scar-
let spots, and the short, blunt sepals and side petals are
of a pale yellow hue. The species — the only terrestrial
one reported for Old Mexico, ranges along the grassy
hillsides in the oak forests, from New Mexico southward
to the Isthmus of Panama.

Our two yellow moccasin flowers (C. hirsutum and C.
parviflorum) are among the mo.st common of the native
Cypripediums. and are nearly related to the European
yellow Lady Slipper. Cypripedium hirsutum, the larger
species, ranges from the sub-arctic lands, where it is re-
ported in latitude 54 degs. to 64 degs. north, southw'ard
to Alabama and westward from the Maine woods to
Colorado and beyond. It is easily cultivated.

The small yellow moccasin flower (C. parviflorum) is
the only fragrant Cypripedium reported for the Atlantic
region, it is nearly related to C. montanum. a fragrant
species of the Pacific slope and is frequently found with
C. hirsutum. with which it intergrades. It has a similar
continental range, although it does not creep so far
north. It is the most easih- cultivated amonc; our native

as the whippoorwiirs-shoe, belongs to the two-leaves sec-
tion. The scape rises from the earth between two large,
basal leaves, while the terminal, large pendulous slipper
is bi-lobed. It is of a delicate pink, green, and wdiite
color, with interior veinings of dark pink. Cypripedium
acaule has a range from Newfoundland southward to
Alabama and westward from the Maine woods to Min-
nesota and Kentucky. In New England it is found in
sphagnum bogs, and in dark conifer woodlands in com-
pany with C. arietinum. C. hirsutum, C. parviflorum. and
C. reginae. Among our native Cypripediums this is the
most difficult to cultivate.

The dwarf yellow moccasin flower (C. pusillum) is one
of the smallest species known. It was first reported from
Florida by R. A. Rolfe. It also belongs to the two-leaved
section, and has been confused as a varietal form of
Cypripedium fasciculatum — the pigmy species of tlie

species.
The comm

k moccasin flower (C. acaule) known

Coinl.-sv nf The Amcrucn «-!iiiii.t'.

THE orKKN OF THK MOCtASlN 1-LOWERS.
Cypripedium reginae.

Pacific region, ihe scape is very small, and produces a
raceme of two or three terminal shoe-shaped flowers.
The labellum is liglit yellow, with veinings of brown-
purple color.

Cypripedium Californicum is the most beautiful species
found west of the Rocky Mountain Divide. It is the
only native which produces a long raceme of flowers, and
is endemic to the Pacific slope. It was found by Dou-
glas in company with the pitcher plant (Darlingtonia)
in a boggy meadow at the base of Mount Shasta, Cali-
fornia. Prof. Asa Gray described the species in 1868.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

815

The large, leafy stem of the i)lam rises three or four feet
high. The upper eight to twelve bract-like leaves are
four inches long, and from the axils of each alternates
a simple raceme of small, dainty, rose-pink moccasins,
similar to those of C. reginae in form and coloring.
These flowery slippers remind one of little papoose shoes,
hung on pegs, by some ])hantom Indian squaw. The la-
bellum is about the size of that of C. candidum, of a pink
color overflowing with a darker wine color ; the blunt
sepals and side petals are similar in shape to those of C.
reginae, although of a green-yellow, instead of waxen
white hue. The species has a range from northern Cali-
fornia throughout ^^'ashington, Oregon, and Idaho. It
is rarely cultivated.

Cimrtesy of The American B.it.itust.

TIIK PINK .M()CC.\SIN FLOWEK.

The small white moccasin flower (C. passerinum), al-
though nearly related to the racemed moccasin flower
(C. Californicum), is quite unlike it. The leafy stem
produces a terminal, shoe-shaped, white flower, and the
plant is small. The species has a range from the pine
forests along the sandy banks of Yukon river, Alaska,
southward to Oregon, Montana, and California. It is
rarely cultivated.

The fragrant wiiite moccasin flower (C. montanum)
is the only perfumed Cypripedium of the Pacific region,
and it is closely related to the fragrant yellow moccasin
flower (C. parviflorum) of the East. The leafy stem
produces a terminal cluster of two or three pure white,
shoe-shaped flowers, a trifle larger than those of C. can-
didum. The interior of tlie slippers are adorned with
purple spots, and the sepals and side petals are of a
brown-pink color. The species has a range from British
Columbia, southward to Washington, Oregon, Montana,
Tdalio and California. It is easily cultivated.

Tlic variegated moccasin flower (C. guttatum) ranges
nearer the North Pole than any other Cypripedium in the

world. It has been cullected in Lapland, Sweden, Siberia
and Russia, from which region it may have migrated to
Alaska. The plant is smaller than the yellow Lady Slip-
per (C. calceolus) of northern Europe. The scape rises
from the eartii between two basal leaves and produces a
terminal shoe-shaped flower. The labellum is variegated
with pale yellow, dark pink, purple, green, and gold, and
the alert sejjals and side petals are of a dark green. The
species ranges from the spruce forests of .Alaska in lati-
tude 68 degs. north, southward to Montana. Mr. John
Burroughs, a member of the Harriman expedition, col-
lected the plant on Kadiak Island in .Alaska.

The green moccasin flbwer (C. fasciculatum) is one of
the pigmy Cypripediums. It is closely related to the
dwarf yellow moccasin flower (C. pusillum ) of Florida,
with which it has been confused. The scape of the
Rocky Mountain species rises six inches in height be-
tween two basal leaves, two to four inches in length.
The scape produces a terminal raceme of two or three
small, shoe-slinpcd, greenisli flower^. Tlic alert sepals

Courtesy of The American Botanist.

THE LARGE YELLOW MOCC.\SIN FLOWER.

and side petals are of a yellowish hue. The species re-
sembles the variegated moccasin flower of .Alaska, and has
a range from Oregon, Idaho and Nevada to California.
It is rarely cultivated.

The .hitcriciin [intavist.

The Service Bureau of the National
Association of Gardeners

Is maintained for the purpose of providinK opportunities for efficient
and ambitious men engaged in the profession of pardcning.
This department of the Association is at the disposal of those who
may require the services of capable superintendents, gardeners or
assistant gardeners. Address

M. C. EBEL, Sec'y,

National Association of Cat. loners

Madison, N. J.

What Americans Are Doing to Better American Roses

By W. R. Pierson.

The subject of roses is near and dear to me, and
my regret is that I am not able to fully express to
you the mingled sentiments which come to me with
the beauties of a well-ordered rose garden, and with
the perfectly formed flower.

There are senciments above the purely commercial
instincts which every rosarian must possess to be suc-
cessful, and these are the full appreciation of the
wonders and beauties of these creations of nature. It
is not alone form, color and fragrance which impress
one, for the clement in color that we call "life" seems
to dominate all else. It does not necessarily glisten
with any particular shade of color, for the element of
"life" is very strong in varieties that represent the
widest range of color. That element of life in color
is what appeals to you, making the flower not a dead
color study, but a living work of art, and is entirely
distinct from artificial coloring. It is one of the real
things which can be copied, but which cannot be
equaled.

The rose of today is the result of years of patient
breeding, and the development has been very slow.
It has been successful for the same reason that it has
been slow. It has taken patience to produce rose
seedlings, and those who have raised them have suf-
fered man}' keen disappointments. I do not happen
to be personall}' acquainted with all the rose breeders
of this country and Europe, and you will note that I
place our own country first in this connection, but
some of these men have told me of their work, and
how results were achieved. The introduction of the
Polyantha blood brought out Crimson Rambler, which
has made a host of rose lovers, not because of any
special beauty in the variety itself, but for the fact that
it would withstand our rigorous winters, and be a
source of |)leasure for a few short weeks each succeed-
ing year.

To the great rose loving public the next breeding
which brought a new race and a nation wide interest
in roses was the introduction of the Wichuriana blood,
giving us that class of roses known as the Hybrid
Wichurianas. In these we have a great variation in
type and color of bloom, a mildew-proof foliage, and a
hardiness unsurpassed by any. The crossing of Perle
des Jardins with Wichuriana produced Gardenia and
Manda's Triumph, which showed the way to great
possibilities, and today we have that wonderful race
of roses bred by Walsh and others, which have given
us Hiawatha, Dorothj^ Perkins, Lady Gay, American
Pillar and Excelsa. These, with the scarlet Hybrid
Wichuriana Sodenia, which comes to us from ^\'ie-
gand in Germany, will eventually replace the Crimson
Rambler, the foliage of which is subject to mildew.

The Hybrid Perpetual or Remontant, as it should
be called, for the name "perpetual" is a misnomer, this
class not being perpetual bloomers, has made less ad-
vance in recent years, and today we find Paul Neyron,
Clio, Mrs. Sharman Crawford, Mme. Gabriel Luizet,
Prince Camille de Rohan and Frau Karl Druschki
holding their own against all comers. In the Rugosas
and the Swcetbricrs we find the same conditions, the
attention being fixed on other types, but we find the
Polyantha class coming to the front with wonderful
strides, the majority of these new varieties coming '
from France.

It is not many years since Mme. Norbet Levavasseur

came into prominence for the reason that it will flower
for Easter with the plantsman, and it was grown in
large quantities. From the house to the garden was
the next step and its place was assured, blooming from
spring until frost, and adding to the rose garden a
new charm. Mrs. Cutbush, Jessie, Orleans, and the
white variety, Katherina Zeimet, followed, and now
we have the new roses superseding them in all good
qualities, Bordure, Triomphe Orleanais, and the new
Baby Tausendschon, making the older \-arieties look
tO' their laurels.

Tea roses have made progress, but lacking the
h3'brid blood their advance has been less rapid. Wm.
R. Smith, the Cdchets and Lady Hillingdon are our
best Tea roses for the garden, and they all need ample
winter protection.

I have left the consideration of the Hybrid Tea
roses until the last. You who know greenhouse roses
will remember how Killarney fought for life ; how it
was tried and discarded, and came back to claim its
right to be considered the greatest rose of the century.
This was not a triumph for Killarney alone, but for
the Hybrid Tea rose. Sparse of foliage and subject to
black spot, nevertheless it produced the bloom and
built more greenhouses than any one variety of plant
that ever existed. Killarney has become a family, not
a variety. The sports of Killarney today are the com-
ing roses of commerce. Killarney Queen and the new
Killarney Brilliant are the best examples of these.
Killarney Queen excelling in color and Killarney Bril-
liant in petalage and habit of growth.

In yellow roses we must acknowledge the greatness
of Pernet. His seedlings, carrying the yellow color in
predominance, or at least ^-ellow at the base of the
petals, have put the yellow roses on a par with the
other colors. Mrs. Aaron Ward and Sunburst are of
his breeding, and these must be ranked as our finest
in that color.

The work of John Cook has been characterized by
the production of strong growing varieties. The best
known of these are My Maryland and Radiance ; to
this variety we must accord the honor of being tlie
finest -American pink rose for the garden. It is hardy
under all conditions, and a profuse bloomer until the
frost has finally checked its growth. His new rose,
Francis Scott Key, shows the same A'igor of plant so
characteristic of the Cook seedlings.

The production of Robin Hood and General Mac-
.\rthur would rank E. G. Hill very high among the
rose breeders of America, as they are both very fine in
the garden, but to him belongs the distinction of
breeding Richmond, and the rose men rif .America ha\e
much for which to thank him.

There is another breeder of roses. .Alex. Mont-
gomer}-, Jr., whose work has beeii making a name for
him, and whose new rose Hadley is being disseminated
this season. Back of Hadley is ten j-ears or more of
breeding from seedlings of Liberty. General Mac-
Arthur and Richmond. In retaining the fragrance in
Hadley he has given back to us wdiat we have so long
deplored the lack of. Fragrance is greatly to be de-
sired, and Hadley is wonderfully fragrant, and its
parentage speaks well for it as a garden rose, al-
though it has not as yet been tested.

How to give such roses a fair test has been a prob-
lem to the American Rose Society, and to solve this

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

817

the trial garden was started at Elizabeth Park in Hart-
ford. Conn. Xearly fifty new seedlings were wintered
there the first season, and results were very gratifying.
The Department of Agriculture has come forward and
tendered the American Rose Society two acres of
land for a Xational Rose Garden at Arlington. That
will be your garden, for it will belong to the rose
lovers of America. Cornell University and the New
Jersey Experiment Station have taken up the work,
and the city of Minneapolis has loaned a part of its
park for this purpose. These testing grounds mean
better roses and better information for the future.
That is the work the American Rose Society is trying
to do.

If our trial gardens can help us to grow better roses
in our home gardens, and can help us to avoid varieties
that will be failures, we have accomplished much.
Lack of knowledge is the general reason for planting
what should be thrown away.

The uses of roses are many, and you are all familiar
with them. I have never seen the roses of Oregon
where they are in their glory, but I know the comfort
that comes to me from my own garden where every
summer morning and evening I enjoy some new ex-
panding flower. I know the local pride of Hartford
where 32,000 people attended a communion w^ith
Nature one Sunday last June at Elizabeth Park.
There is to be a new public rose garden in Cleveland,
and the influence will be felt there as in Hartford.
This is a clean, honest diversion that makes for better
manhood, and I hope that Syracuse will not overlook
the fact that public parks and gardens can do much
to uplift the people.

(Extracts from a paper read before the Syracuse Rose
Society.)

TWISTED TREES.

It sometimes happens with certain trees that the trunks
show a marked tendency to twist in a spiral manner.
Every one who is at all familiar with our British trees
has probably observed this tendency in the common Haw-
thorn, a tree often met with in bleak and wind-swept po-
sitions, when both trunk and branches bend over with the
direction of the prevailing wind. Such trees, if of any
age, invariably have rough and gnarled bark, sometimes

twisted, as in the case of the Hawthorn depicted in the
last of the series of illustrations. The advantage of
such a twist is obvious, for just as a rope is strengthened
by twisting, so is the tree better adapted for withstand-
ing the strain placed upon it in a wind-swept position.

In the case of the Horse Chestnut (Fig. 1), the twist-
ing is not at all common, and it is really difficult to un-
derstand why certain trees possess this peculiarity while
others growing under precisely similar conditions are

W^'

HORSE CHESTNUT AND SWEET CHESTNUT TWISTED IN
REVERSE DIRECTIONS.

normal. Another point of more than passing interest
is the direction of the spiral. In all of the cases illus-
trated the spiral is from left to right, except in the case
of the Sweet Chestnut (Fig. 2), in which the reverse
spiral, i. c., right to left, is well defined. This remark-
able tree stands in the Arboretum at Kew. The Sweet
Chestnut is rather addicted to the production of spirals,
which may be in either direction. In the case of the Oak,
however, the tendency is by no means common. Fig. 3
represents a derelict Oak in Windsor I-'orest which has
been killed by lightning. Here the twist is observed not
only in the main stem, but also running through the
branches. In very hollow trees, open on one side, spiral
growth is sometimes seen, owing to new wood continual-
ly being deposited on its own inner surface. .\ remark-
{Coiitiniied on pageS32.)

A WEATHER-BEATEN HAWTHORN.

TWISTED OAK TREE.

SPIRALS ON IIIRCH TR"Et.

How to Force Rhododendrons

By B. B. C. Felix, of Boskoop, Holland.

Besides the beautiful effects that can be had with
the Rhododendron in landscape architecture, they are
ideal forcing plants, and their popularity stands pre-
eminent with the Azalea Indica. Their heavy, dark
green, leathery foliage is striking, to say nothing of
the great masses of varied colored flowers, which are
produced in large trusses on the end of every branch of
the plant. There is such a variety of color in the long
list of varieties that, with a judicious selection, it is
possible to make any desired color arrangement. The
colors are generally pure and show variegations from
pure white to clear violet, delicate pink and deep crim-
son. Between the numerous bouquets the green of
the foliage is well displayed and adds to the beauty
of the plant.

Although I mentioned large trusses I am sorry to
say that the Rhododendron which is forced in the
spring does not always show them as large and well
colored as they should be and though it is not alto-
gether impossible that the plant is at fault, yet I ascribe
it to wrong treatment in forcing in the majority of
cases. It takes time and care to get a Rhododendron
into bloom and also a knowledge of the different va-
rieties, whether they are early, medium or late bloom-
ing. Ignorance of this invariably leads to failure. By
reason of the success we had with our Rhododendrons
at various exhibitions and especially at the great flower
show at Boskoop, we received a number of letters ask-
ing us how we managed to have so many varieties in
bloom at one time. There were early, medium and late
blooming varieties in the collection.

I shall try to explain the most important rules for
forcing Rhododendrons, but it should be understood
that the forcer must use his own judgment a great deal.
He must understand the exact needs of the plants and
their requirements as to airing, watering and heating.

When a Rhododendron is sent out it is fully prepared
for forcing. The peaty soil in Boskoop is the ideal soil
for this class of plants, especially for those destined to
forcing. It may be possible to grow Rhododendrons in
sandy soil and they may also be useftil for planting out-
doors, but for forcing nothing can rival those grown
in our peat and climate. Here they flourish and thrive
to perfection and make strong buds which will easily
respond to the applied heat. We take special care in
growing these plants, not only as to the size of the flowers,
but the color also depends on this to a large extent.

After the cases have arrived from Holland they
should at once be unpacked. It is well to be prepared
for them when they are expected, so that they can be
properly taken care of. Generally they are more or less
dry at the roots and should be placed in a shallow tank
or other receptacle to moisten them. There they can
be left for half an hour or so. The canvas should be
taken oi? the rootballs, and the heads untied. It is best
to pot them immediately in not too large pots. Pot
them if possible with leafmould and do not ram the
soil too hard in the pots. Firm potting is all right but
there is no need to go to extremes. The bottom of the
pots should be covered with potsherds. If the balls are
too heavy shake off the superfluous soil but do not cut
the roots. Then look over the plant carefully that
there are not too many flowerbuds on them. Some
varieties make three or four buds on the same branch
and these should be taken off so that only one, the
strongest, is left. There may also be too many buds
on the plant, so that they are in each other's way. These

superfluous buds should be broken out to allow those
that remain on the plant sufficient space to develop
properly.

The pots can now be heeled into a cold frame. In
fine weather or a mild rain the lights must be taken off
and only in cold freezing weather should be put on. Do
not place them in the hothouse immediately. The ob-
ject is to get the roots to sprout. The better they are
rooted the better they will force. The plants should
be given a fair amount of room. If possible let each
plant stand clear of its neighbor, so that light and air
can pass freely between them. If placed too close they
drop their leaves. This will also be the case if the
frames are kept closed too long at a time and the plants
are deprived of fresh air. Light and air are the two im-
portant requirements for forcing Rhododendrons. They
should be safe from frost. Watering should be done
only when necessary.

In the frame they should be left till early January,
when the}' may be taken into the greenhouse. A tem-
perature of 50 to 60 degrees F. can be given to start
with. After four or five weeks the roots begin to
sprout (make new roots) and from that time a higher
temperature, not exceeding 70 to 75 degrees F., can be
applied.

In the first days the Rhododendrons are in the green-
house the leaves must be syringed with a thin spray
once a day, but after the temperature is raised, and es-
pecially on sunny days, spraying twice a day will be
necessary. Do not use the hose. Just a thin spray is
sufficient. The pots should be watered now and then.
By the middle of March the glass has to be shaded to
prevent the leaves being burned. Shading with canvas
or similar material is preferable to whitewashing. The
pots should also be watered abundantly. Especially
when the buds are expanding the pots can hardly be
kept too wet. It is advisable to always have a moist
atmosphere in the house.

When Rhododendrons are taken into the greenhouse
early in January some of the earliest blooming varieties
can be had in bloom by the beginning of March. After
these the medium and late flowering varieties follow in
succession, so that about the middle of .April the latest
flowering varieties can be had in bloom. Spraying on
the open trusses should be avoided.

If a number of varieties are wanted in bloom at a
fixed time, then the earlv flowering varieties must be
brought inside later than the medium, and these again
later than the late flowering varieties.

When they are all inside four or five weeks some
buds will be seen advancing. These plants must be
taken out and placed cooler, till they are all advanced
alike. Then they can be forced into bloom by the same
temperature.

Note that late varieties should never be forced early.
This costs a lot of heqt and the results are doubtful. It
is very essential to know if a variety is early, medium
or late. Ignorance leads to disappointment and is gen-
erally the cause that Rhododendrons do not force satis-
factorily.

TREATMENT OF FROZEN PLANTS.

It is one of the curious and none the less vexatious
ironies of gardening that the heating apparatus of
greenhouses or frames, if it ever does fail at all, will
do so just when the country is in the grin of frost, and
the gardener under those circumstances finds, when he

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

819

pays his morning visit, that many, if not all, of the con-
tents of the houses and frames are frozen. In some in-
stances he is, perhaps, to blame; but even in the best
regulated gardens accidents of this kind will occur, and
it is as well to know the best course to adopt under
these or similar circumstances. Believing as we do
that prevention is better than cure, it is advisable to
remember that plants which are in a comparatively dry
state suffer far less from frost than those of a similar
kind, whose tissues are turgid with moisture ; hence
the wise gardener will see to it that they have the
lowest possible quantity of water during frosty
weather, without, of course, allowing them to suffer
in that direction. The reason is this : As every stu-
dent of plant physiology is aware, a plant is made up of
innumerable thin-walled cells, and that these are more
or less filled with moisture. When this becomes frozen
it, under a natural law, expands and the delicate walls
of the plant cells are ruptured. It is thus obvious that
the more highly charged these cells are with moisture
the greater will be the damage to the cell walls; hence
the advice to lie sparing with water during frost.

But nattirc, in her wisdom, has to some extent pro-
vided against damage by this rupture of the cell walls,
and it is quite possible for the tissues to right them-
selves, providing the conditions for doing so are favor-
able; hence the gardener who is conversant with these

conditions is well on the way to saving, it may be, a
valuable lot of plants, some of which it might be exceed-
ingly difficult, if not impossible, to replace. Briefly, the
conditions favorable for recovery are very slow thawing.
It is sudden thawing, brought about, it may be, by
a burst of sunshine or correction of the heating ap-
paratus, that is so disastrous to frozen plants. Know-
ing the cause of damage and the conditions best suited
for minimizing it, the cultivator will not be slow to
bring about such conditions. First of all, the houses or
frames should be shaded if there is danger of sunshine ;
then the whole of the frozen plants and woodwork be
syringed with water that is as near freezing point as
possible, keeping this up until satisfied that frost has
departed. This will be an exceedingly cold and un-
pleasant task, but one that may mean the difference be-
tween saving and losing most of the plants. It will be
necessary to keep them as cool as possible, without let-
ting frost actually reach them, for a few days after-
wards. This treatment applies to all forms of plant-
life, whether hard-wooded, like the Rhododendrons and
Camellias, or soft-wooded, like the Chrysanthemums
or Primulas. The chief points to observe are to keep
the water supply at the roots as low as possible, and,
in the case of the plants being frozen to shade them for
some hours, and to syringe them overhead with icy
cold water. — The Garden.

The Why's In Plant Disease Control

By J- J- Taubenhaus.

It seems that some of our most common diseases among
plants of today have long been known. Mildews and
blights are referred to both in the old and in the new tes-
taments. Nevertheless, the active agents causing plant
diseases were not known until the beginning of the nine-
teenth century. Scientific studies have proven that rots,
blights, mildews and cankers are true diseases and caused
by specific organisms. However, these facts have been
slow to gain ground among growers. Even today there
are some who still spend hours in arguing that organ-
isms which cause diseases are a myth and not a reality.
No doubt there are some who still regard epidemics,
blights and rots as punishment for certain misdemeanors.
If plant diseases were not of an economic natiu"e, this
article would not be justified. They cause great loss an-
nually to our cereals, forage crops, fruits and vegetables.
It was estimated that in 1898, in the United States, wheat
rust alone produced a loss of $67,000,000. {'each leaf
curl in 1900 caused a loss of $2,335,000. In New York
potato late blight in 1904 caused a loss of $10,000,000.
Oat smut causes an annual loss in the United States of
$6,.S00,C00. Loose smut of wheat produces an annual
loss of $3,000,000. If we were to estimate the total loss
from disease to all the crops in the United States, the
figure in dollars would be appalling.

Plant diseases are increasing every year, because of
our highly developed means (if communication and travel.
New diseases are constantly brought in from the old
world and we. too, are sending it our share of trouble.
Can we remain indifferent to all this? Are we to allow
the best of our energies to be sapped by these parasites?
.\re we to hand over to our sons weakened strains nf
crops and soils rendered sterile by disease producing or-
ganisms? The science of i)lant disease has definitely
proven that most of these diseases may be controlled and
these losses reduced to a minimum. This can be accom-
Ijlishcd by the different means of control which I shall
licrc cnnineratc : 1. spraying; 2. surgery; 3, seed treat-

ment; 4, soil treatment; 5, sanitation; 6, resistant varie-
ties.

Why we spray. — Plant diseases may be caused by a
number of parasites. The chief ones are fungi and bac-
teria. These and particularly the fungi reproduce by
means of spores which correspond to the seeds of the
higher plants. The spores may be carried from diseased
to healthy plants by means of winds, rain or drainage,
water, implements, hoofs of animals and even by man.
In a diseased area the air n»ay be full of these particular
disease producing germs. The spores readily lodge on
any part of a healthy plant and with a moist atmosphere
germinate and renew its course of the disease. Spray-
ing is not a cure but a preventive. Treatment after the
spores have begun to grow and have penetrated the plant
tissue is of no avail. The philosophy of spraying, there-
fore, is to coat all parts of a healthy plant with a fungicide
dilute enough not to kill the plant, but strong enough to
kill or prevent the growth of the spores which fall on
that plant. It seems that all great discoveries are acci-
dental. Spraying, too, is an accidental discovery by a
l-'rench .scientist. In the eighteenth century it was cus-
tomarv in the grape regions of France to sprinkle in the
vinevards a few rows of grape vines near the road with
a liquid mixture of lime and bluestone. This was <lone
to give the treated plants a poisonous appearance, and
thus ward off tempted hungry invaders. From 1878 to
1880 France suffered great loss from the downy mildew
of the grape. The French scientist. Millardet by name,
had noticed that grape vines sprinkled with the lime and
bluestone solution suffered the least from the mildew.
I'.xperiments were at once begun and it was found that
the bluestone (copper sulphate) in the mixture prevented
infection from mildew. This discovery laid the founda-
tion for preventive treatment of plant (liscascs.

Spraying has received the greatest attention and study
in this country, and it is here that it has reached a high
degree of ])erfection. Commercial firm? are cooperating

820

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

with scientific workers. The result is that we are now
developing spraying mixtures which answer well to cer-
tain particular diseases. Bordeaux used to be recom-
mended as a panacea for all plant diseases. Practical
observations, together with recent studies, have shown
that Bordeaux cannot be used in every case. It produces
spray injury to plants of delicate foliage and tender fruit.
There are several other fungicides which may take the
place of Bordeaux.

A spraying mixture besides its fungicidal value must
also possess sticking or adhering qualities, otherwise it is
of little use, particularly in cases of plants with w'axy
coverings on the leaves, stems, or fruits. Moreover,
spraying to be effective must be done very thoroughly.
Every part of the plant, including also the lower part of
the leaves, must be coated with the solution. Last, but
not least, for spraying to be effective, we must know
what we are spraying for and also something of the na-
ture of the parasite which we wish to combat. In this
respect many careful growers fail and then the chemicals
or the manufacturers are often blamed. To make this
point clear I shall illustrate it by a specific example.

Most of us are no doubt familiar with the apple disease
known as scab. This fungus disease injures both the
leaf and the fruit. The parasite winters over on fallen
leaves. In the early spring, the spores are formed during
damp or rainy periods on the old leaves on the ground
and carried by the wind to the dormant buds or opening
foliage or young fruit. Apple scab may be effectively
controlled by from two to three sprayings. The first ap-
plication is known as the dormant spray and is given just
before the buds open. The second spraying is applied
just after the petals fall. In case of continuous wet
weather, a third spraying is often beneficial when applied
about three weeks later. These facts have been proven
time and again. The orchardist who follow's these direc-
tions and sprays thoroughly is sure to control scab. Yet
we know of cases where spraying has failed. Upon in-
quiry it was found that directions were not carried out
and the applications were not given in proper time. If.
for instance, the first spraying is done too early, the scab
spores having not matured, would not be destroyed. In
case it is given after the fruits have set, most of the in-
fection W'ould have taken place. In either case spraying
is of no avail.

Spraying for combating insect pests is even a more
complex proposition than spraying for fungi. Here the
l^arasite is not always easily reached. In these pests we
have to know whether they are chewing insects like the
Colorado potato beetle for instance or a sucking insect
like the green aphis. In dealing with biting insects, the
proposition is to coat the parts of the plants with a
]'oison such as Paris green. The insect while feeding
on tiie plant also takes some of the poison, which kills it.
In the case of sucking insects, which insert their beaks
in the tissue of the plant to feed on the juice, volatile oils
are applied in a dilute form. These sprays are called
contact sprays, and they actually destroy life by bodily
injury or blocking respiration. A third class of sprays
are known as repellents. These are substances with pe-
culiar odors which when placed around or on a plant is
offensive to the approaching insect.

This is another form of treatment against plant dis-
eases. Seeds are a common source of disease carriers.
I 'ere the disease may be carried in the form of adhering
sjjores or the surface coat, or it may be carried as hiber-
nating fungus threads in the interior of the seed. In the
first case all seeds including healthv ones mav carrv ad-
hering spores on their surface coat. Treatment of all
seeds before planting becomes a necessity. To kill all
adhering spores the seeds may be exposed to the fumes

of formalin. This treatment is applied to seed potato
(tubers) for scab or to grains attacked with stinking
smut. Soaking the seed in a solution of liquid formalin
or of corrosive sublimate will answer the same purpose.
Care should be taken that the liquids used be not too
concentrated, or the treatment be extended too long.
Where this is overlooked the seeds may be injured. Th§
treatment of seeds for fungus parasites which are car-
ried internally is a more difficult task and in some cases
impossible. Poisons cannot easily reach the threads of
a fungus which had once entered the interior of the seed.
The loose smut of wheat, the late blight and dry rot of
the potato, the anthracnose of the bean and the sweet pea
for instance belong to this group. The possible means
of control is heat. After soaking for some time the
seeds are plunged in hot w-ater the temperature of which
is sufficient to kill the fungus in the interior without
impairing the germinating power of the seed. This
method applies well to the treatment of wheat, oats and
barley against loose smut. The main difficulty, how-
ever, against the general use of this treatment is that the
degree of heat necessary to kill the invading fungus will
somewhat injure the germinating power of that seed.

Soils often become infected with parasitic fungi or
bacteria. This is usually caused by growing the same
crop too continuous on the same land. Soils may also
become infested through accidental agencies such as dis-
eased seeds, diseased plants, infected manure, the wind
carrying spores with the dirt, drainage, water, hoofs of
animals or even man. There is nothing more discour-
aging to the grower than a sick soil. Failure then will
be certain to face him sooner or later. Soil treatment is
both a preventive and a cure. The object in treating
sick soils is, of course, to kill the parasites present therein.
This may be accomplished in two ways ; first, to treat the
infected area with formalin, and, second, to subject the
soil to a high steam pressure. The latter method is by
far the best as it kills the eggs of the eel worm as well
as those of harmful insects which are unhurt by the for-
■ malin. Both of these methods, however, are only prac-
tical on small scales such as under greenhouse conditions
or in seed beds. Their use on large areas is prohibited
because of their cost. Generally speaking, large fields
infested with disease producing organisms such as the
\ellows of cabbage, the stem blight of the Irish potato,
etc., cannot be treated with the above two mentioned
methods because of the prohibitive cost. On the other
hand, certain sick fields may be treated on a large scale
by the use of certain fertilizers. For instance, fields in-
fected with the club root of the cabbage may be treated
by the application of lime. The scab of the white potato
in the land may be controlled by rendering the soil slight-
ly acid, a condition which acts injuriously to the fungus.
This may be accomplished by heavy applications of acid
phosphates or by turning under a green cover crop such
as clover or rye. The humus in this case naturally tends
to make the soil somewhat acid.

It is not the purpose here to point out the general ad-
vantages of rotation, but only as a means of plant disease
control. If a soil becomes sick to a certain crop, rota-
tion is indispensable, for if we persist in growing that
same crop year after year, w-e simply reach a stage where
the soil will refuse to grow that crop any longer. In
rotating our crops we grow for a time such hosts as the
fungus cannot attack, hence the parasite is starved out
and it gradually disappears. In rotation, as with spray-
ing, success depends on a knowledge of the parasite with
which we deal. .Some disease producing fungi, such as
the yellows of cabbage, will persist many years in the
soil without its particular host.

There is no denving but that nature's law is the strug-

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

821

gle of life against life. Her ubject no doubt is to weed
oft' the weak and undesirable and encourage only the
fittest to survive. If we go in any field or garden, we
will often see side by side the same kind of plants, one
dying while the other is healthy. This is nature's provi-
sion in preserving species. Progressive growers do not
fail to take advantage of this lesson. By selecting from
a diseased field all the resistant strains and allowing
them to multiply we obtain crops which are resistant to
disease. It must not be implied or expected that a re-
sistant strain will stand the attack of all the diseases.
Such is not the case. A plant may be resistant to one
disease and susceptible to others. In selecting for resis-
tant strains it may be well to select for those diseases
which are most troublesome in our immediate locality.

We hear so much these days of sanitary methods con-
cerning human beings. Why not sanitation in plants.
We all agree that plants are living things, subject to
struggle and to disease. Through sanitation we are
daily reducing the human and animal diseases to a mini-
mum. This same may be accomplished with plants. Ev
sanitation is meant giving the plant the proper care in
order to develop vigor and resistance to disease. Proper
drainage will allow the necessary aeration for the roots.
Proper fertilization and cultivation will insure food sup-
ply ; clean cultivation, the killing of weeds and the burn-
ing of all rubbish and diseased materials will lessen the
sources of infection.

WINTER SOIL TREATMENT.

By Karl Laxgenbeck.

Every season on the farm has its duties, for in no
business does work interlock to the same degree, and
what is neglected today influences profits next year.
By this time the mechanical outdoor work of the fields
is done and nature is left to her own dexices. Freez-
ing, thawing, leaching, action of carbonic acid gas,
weathering, all the forces of mechanical and chemical
action on the soil are most active now. It is well to
stop and consider what this means and what the frosts
and snows and thaws do for the land. Understanding
opens the door for improving. The last crop and the
fall rains have taken so much of the plant foods out
of the soil as was in condition for solution and absorp-
tion by the rootlets. This has to be restored for "the
coming season's growth.

The soils contains the nccessarj^ elements in abund-
ance, but not in soluble, or as we may truly say. in digest-
ible form. The cracking by frost of the soil particles
letting in the water and acid of the air renders them
so. Whatever work has been done on the land in
breaking it up is so much to good in aiding these natu-
ral agencies. This much, every man understand, that
w-orks on land, ploughing, breaking clods, harrowing,
draining, heljis the fertility by helping nature's me-
chariical forces unlock plant food.

What the farmer is seldom or never reminded of in
simple unmistakable terms is that he can also aid
nature's chemical forces for without there, plant foods
are not made digestible or soluble in the soil in suffi-
cient amount to pay. To remind oneself of what
chemical forces arc and how they work, smell a liotlle
of ammonia, put some h'e or caustic on the skin or
take a taste of sharp vinegar. Then, think how am-
monia cleans, lye cuts grease and vinegar will dissohc
marble and other hard stones.

Now, as physical and chemical forces act together
in nature, particularly in winter, to make available a
new supply of digestible plant food, so must the farmer
supplement the work of tillage by the solvent or diges-

luc ircalmeiit ul chemical agcac} . European farmers,
who well understand this and average 35 bushels to the
acre against 15 bushels of wheat in America, and other
crops in proportion, use the one chemical agent for the
purpose which can alone be applied. This agent is lime.
Its sharp or caustic property makes it cut the insoluble
silicates of ])otash and phosphates of alumina and iron
making potash and phosphates soluble. Burned lime
(quicklime) can do no harm in winter to growing
things. Where clover and legumes have been ploughed
under it furthers their decomposition correcting the
first souring stage and making good humus b)' spring.
Manure, which is vegetable and animal matter which
has gone through this initial decomposition, should be
applied some weeks after the lime. In this way, and
at any rate at this season, humus destruction by quick-
lime is a negligible factor. For these reasons use lime
now. It can be put on the frozen ground or on the
snow. It will at once begin to work downward and
get in its work. Winter and fall enable it to exert
its benefits, bringing out what is in the soil itself,
tliereby cheapening next season's fertilizer bill.

A FINE WESTERN ESTATE.

The estate of R. II. Allerton, at Monticello, 111., is
certainly creditable to the ability of its superintendent,

las. C. .Shield. During the time Mr. Shield has been in

HOME OF R. II. AI.LERTON, MON-riCELLO, ILL.

charge he has constructed almost all of the landscape
eiifect by his own skill. Combined with the rugged forest
lands and sunken ground in the vicinity, together with

APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP

National Association of Gardeners

I hereby apply for Membership in your Association : —

Name in fall-

Occupation .

Address

Dafe __
Reference

Forward Application lo M. C. EBEL, Secretary, Madison.
N. J., 'with dues, <cuhich are S2.00 annually. Including subscrip-
tion to the official organ of the Association.

822

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

its up-to-date walks and driveways, grass borders, formal
garden, and magnificent flower garden it rises in southern
Illinois like a beacon of light. There was just completer
this fall a new vegetable garden, surrounded by a con-
crete wall over-topped at each corner and entrance with
imported Italian statuary. This garden is divided into
four great sections. Mr. Shield expects to add some new
houses to his already large area of glass in the near
future. The large house, which is shown here, faces a
large, natural lake which has been made suitable for
bathing and sailing. Around the edges of this lake are
beautiful clinging, hardy alpine plants. The marble
plaza on the approach to the main entrance of the hou^e
is bordered on either side with peculiar Japanese ever-
green shrubs, shaped after various animals and birds.

T. B. C.

v:ew of .m.lertox est.\te, moxticello. ill., from lake.

Essentials in Vegetable Culture

By Alfred Walker.

Vegetable growing on the pri\ate estate rctjuires
much thought and plaiming to enable us to supply the
household with fresh and tender vegetables throughout
the season.

The large scope of this subject prevents me from
going deeply into the details, therefore I can only gen-
eralize and try to bring out the essential things to be
done, so we will first of all presume the garden is es-
tablished and has been cropped. This will eliminate
trying to tell you how to select a location and prepare
the same, although I might say the selection of a suit-
able spot is too often given secondary consideration,
and therefore becomes a handicap to the gardener
ever after.

After the crops are oft' I plough wherever I can and
leave in rough state. This insures an easily worked
and more friable condition in spring. During winter I
prepare a good pile of stable manure by turning it fre-
quently, and also look after the tools, labels, baskets
and everything likely to be needed. Next we must
gi\e our attention to selection of seed which is of vital
importance, as much of our success depends not only
on the germative quality but on the varieties best suit-
ed to our locality. The leading seedmen are vying
with each other to obtain the best and truest type of
stock, and if we first find out what varieties do well in
our locality and obtain our stock of seed from a reliable
firn^ we <;hall be another step nearer our goal. Trust
30ur main crop supply to the standard varieties until
you have proved by testing the superiority of some
other newer kind. Use the novelties more for the
pleasure of experimenting rather than their worth. A
novelty always creates an interest and excites our ex-
pectation and should be used for this purpose alone.
Try to grow many dififerent kinds of vegetables; this
enables one to substitute in any emergency, such as
seed failure, ripening or mistiming of growing period.
Don't think you can eliminate anything because the
cook did not use it. They are apt to be fickle minded
and are of imcertain retainative qualities.

Prc[)aring for planting. — In order to make myself
more clearly understood I must carry y^ou back to the
rudiments of our profession and try to explain how a
plant grows; that is, by the aid of air, light, warmth,
food and water.

Much has been said and written about this matter,
and yet we are in a measure all at sea. We know some
kinds of plants do better in light or heavy soil or muck ;

we know the chief food elements are nitrogen, phos-
phorus and potassium ; but how to give these things to
the plant in the proper way is a question we are con-
tinually trying to solve. We know nitrogen increases
the leafage and is therefore good for such plants as let-
tuce, asparagus, spinach, etc. Potassium is good for
fruiting plants and potatoes, while phosphorus makes
the plants vigorous and hardy, especially in their early
stages. Aside from these three elements, which are
chiefly lacking in the garden, the plants need lime, mag-
nesium and iron. In fact, there are thirteen elements
used by plants, most of which are always present in the
soil. Now, an element is one thing that cannot be di-
vided, but these elements are ahvays used by plants as
compounds, and the chief nitrogen compounds are nitric
acid, ammonia, sulphate of ammonia, nitrate of potassium
and nitrate of soda. Of phosphorus the chief com-
pound is calcium phosphate. The chief potassium com-
pound is nitrate of potassium, sodium nitrate, potas-
sium chlorid and sulphate and muriate of potash. All
these compounds e.xcept ammonia and nitric acid are
salts, and may be found in solution in the soil water.
The most important enrichment for the soil is manure.
It contains all three of these plant foods, and also bene-
fits the land by improving its texture. But to enable
the plant to use this food the manure must go through
a process of decay, causing nitrates to form. These
nitrate^ being soluble are taken in as food by the water
through the root, the water passing off through the leaves.
By this process the plant uses great quantities of water.

It has been estimated by scientists that it requires
from 350 to 500 pounds of water to pass through plants
yielding one pound of grain. You will understand by
this the great necessity of trying to make the soil a
storage place for water without shutting out the air
and warmth so essential. Therefore always aim to dig
or plough deep and thoroughly incorporate the manure,
making the soil as friable as possible. This insures a
larger feeding ground, consequently a more vigorous
root action.

In spring, when the ground is warmed and dry
enough to crumble, first spread about 25 or 30 ton of
good rotten manure to the acre and dig or plough,
trying to thoroughly incorporate the manure. If quick
growing seed is to be planted I broadcast a light dress-
ing of some commercial fertilizer and rake it in. I pre-
fer to plant as soon as dug or just after a rain in spring
and before a rain in summer. When planting I use a

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

823

helper, as this saves lots of tramping back and forth.
After the rows are opened I cover by hand very thinly,
making no allowance for cut worms or other pests. 1
give these separate treatment. To cover the seed 1
use the back of rake, holding it diagonally and_rolling
the soil over the seed. I aim to get a thin even stand,
so as to prevent any spindliness due to delayed thin-
ning. In thinning always select the strongest. Some
may be a couple mches out of line, and here is where
we usually find them. Space between plants is always
governed by their expected size at maturity. We must
keep in mind the leaves are not only the lungs of the
plant but a factory as well, for it is in the leaves the
oxygen, carbon and nitrogen the plant takes from the
air that combines with the other food elements and
makes them ready for the use of the plant. Therefore
we must give foliage due consideration and room to
breathe and sunlight. Sunlight is a factor in promoting
the action of the living cells which contain the green
substance called chlorophyll. You will all understand
the importance of the leaf's cells to a plant when you
see the foliage covered with mildew rust and blights,
for with the cells destroyed the poor results are sure to
follow.

To keep up a constant supply I make successive sow-
ings and am governed both by growth and time to
bring to maturity at time of planting. In spring, for
such things as peas, beans, lettuce, I replant as soon as
the first planting is about one inch Jiigh ; for beets,
when about size of marbles, and corn, six inches high.
Things that take the whole season to develop one
planting will suffice. I find the most critical time is
during the hot weather of June, July and August, for
it is surprising how quickly plants will then mature and
lose their tender and delicious table qualities. Fore-
sight will do much to alleviate this trouble. We are
oftentimes caught napping at this time by waiting for
rain to plant. ■ For the young plants, while hanging fire
for want of rain, seem to rush to maturity after a good
rain, almost before the successive planting is hardly
above ground. Then again in fall, with the advent 'if
cold nights, plants will be correspondingly slower. If
it is time to plant a succeeding crop during droutii
thoroughly saturate enough ground to plant the seed
and proceed as after a rain.

If it is peas or beans to be planted open a trench a
few inches and saturate in the trench, plant the seed and
cover with dry soil. This leaves a loose soil for the
plants to push through and prevents loss from break-
ing cntvledons. Plants producing quality can be ex-
tended by removing the seed pod and fruit before it is
ripe. All should be picked, both good and bad, for
the plant's natural function is to reproduce, and as
soon as the seed ripens its natural function is ended.
Tomatoes are a good example of this, for we often see
them in September full of ripe fruit and dying stems
and foliage.

For certain things the growing season can be length-
ened by the use of hotbeds in spring and cold frames in
fall. Tomatoes, peppers and eggplants should always
he started early, and being tender kinds, need either a
hotbed or greenhouse. Cabbage, melons and cucum-
bers can be hastened by this method, and if properly
handled onion and leek are improved in size by start-
ing earlv. .A.11 the things are transplanted to garden
proper as soon as weather permits. To properly handle
a hotbed requires watchfulness; we must aim to give
the plants the proper amount of food, warmth, light,
air and moisture. If we wait for nature to warn us
here irretrievable damage will result, for young plants
are most sensitive. The whole secret of our profession

revolves on being able to keep a plant healthy from the
time of germination until its normal life is ended.

The rotation of crops should be mentioned in this
treatise, but the length of the subject prevents me from
going into details. Suffice it to say it is good policy to
keep a record of the kind grown the season before and
use something different the next. It is impossible for
the gardener to follow any set rule like a farmer, on ac-
count of the smallness and frequency of planting. Oft-
times the gardener can overcome the defect of replanting
the same kind by the application of some commercial
fertilizer rich in the properties used by that same
vegetable, or maybe lime, salt, soot or wood ashes
would do the trick.

In conclusion I will say we must at all times try to
improve on past effort. If we meet with failure look to
it as a lesson and try to solve the trouble, for nature
never intended trouble. Look to nature as your guide
and not onl}' follow but try to improve along the lines
it has laid down. After all wc say and do, we are like
the lady in the poem :
"Narrow the window ledge where bloom my flowers,

Fach in its pot a little tree of joy.

Supreme am I in their benign employ,
(iuessing their' dumb need through the fragrant hours."
— Paper read before Oyster Bay Horticultural Society.

ROOT PRUNING.

Bv Wm. R. Fowkes.

The pruning or cutting back of the roots of fruit
trees is an unfailing remedy for reluctance to produce
fruit, but the remedy is a severe one, and it must not
be undertaken in a careless, light-hearted manner, or
fatal results will follow. The idea is to produce fruit
on a seemingly barren tree, or to check the over-
luxuriant growths of an ornamental tree.

The proper time for the operation is the autumn
when the roots will send forth small, fibrous spongioles,
which elaborate the sap and form blossom buds.

Should it be attempted too early in the season too
much sap will be lost, therefore commence any time
after the leaves begin to fall.

A trench must be dug around the tree so as to keep
clear of roots, at the same time laying them all open
about 3 feet from the stem of the tree, then witli a
sharp a.xe or chisel mallet, cutting through a portion
of the strongest roots. If the tree is extremely rigor-
ous, without producing fruit, two-thirds of the stronger
root? cut through in this manner will materially assist
the production of fruit bearing, the trench then should
be filled with virgin soil and packed in between roots
in the usual manner, and the tree left at rest for a year.

Should the tree still present an over-vigorous
growth, it must be subjected next fall to a less violent
mode of treatment, which is often performed with ad-
vantage.

The soil is removed from one entire side of the tree,
and the roots laid bare, and left exposed during the
summer to the effects of air and light. This has the
effect of diminishing the rigor of the tree, and throws
it into bearing.

Should the tree still present an over-vigorous
growth it must be taken up entirely, and all the strong
roots pruned in, then replanted, taking care that in re-
planting the tree is raised considerably above its
former level — a severe operation, but certain to be suc-
cessful in reducing the tree to a fruitful state, being
careful always to preserve the fibrous roots, which are
the important ones.

824

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

I'liut(jgr,itilis through Ih,

Greenhouse Intimacy

ELEVEN or twelve years ago when a member of a book concern on Twenty-
Third street here in little old New York, a publisher sent me three cop-
ies of the first issue of the first magazine published in this country de-
voted entirely to country life.

It was a beautifully illustrated afifair with text chatting along so human
like, that I promptly sat down on a pile of books out of sight and read it from
cover to cover.

At the time, it little occurred to me what a might}- lever that publication
was soon to be in starting a great movement which gardeners and country
propcrtv owners all over this big country would soon feel the effects of.

In that magazine's wake, have followed numerous others, each heralding
rhe joys of country living and enthusing us all with the beauties of nature,
whether in the open or under captivity in the greenhouse.

To take from ■
which a singlt
the builders -.-
wliich although :j
port nothing, adil
entrance (

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

«25

ince of excessive heigrht
lis position would have,
the outside columns,
illy they actually sup-
to the heauty of the

With this enthusiasm, came a desire to have captive nature protected by
o;iass houses of such beauty, that their nearness to the residence would be the
adding of still greater pleasures.

And so then it was, that the gardener and the greenhouse began coming
into their own.

As a most interesting example of this fulfillment, the illustrations above
are deserving of consideration.

It is a good example of the combining of the beautiful with the ]iractical.
The palm house and wings were so placed that they obscure from the resi-
dence view, nearby buildings that were a continual annoyance.

The palm house entrance with its charminji colonial treatment is doubly interesting be-
cause of its unusual location in the cut off corner instead of at the side.

The layout of the house forms a semi-enclosed court where the activities incident to s^'recn-
house work can be carried on entirely out of view from the residence.

The pro.ximitv to the residence of this garden under glass is then one of the answers to
that appeal made those years ago— "to not only live among the joys of nature, but as near as
possible, hve with them."

826

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

THE

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA.

MARTIN C. EBEL, Managing Editor,

Published by

CHRONICLE PRESS

M. E. MAYNARD, President. A. A. FAY, Sec'y.

Office of Publication

1 Montgomery Street, Jersey City, N. J.

New York Office

236 WILLIAM STREET, NEW YORK CITY.

Single Copies, 10 Cents

Subscription Price, 12 Months. $1.00 ::

Foreign, $1.50

Entered as second class matter February 18, 1905, at the Post Office at
Jersey City, N. J., under Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.

Published on the 15th of each month.

Advertising forms close on the 10th preceding publication.
For information regarding advertising rates, etc., address Advertising
Department, Gardeners' Chronicle, Madison, N. J.

ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

President, Vice-President. Treasurer,

WM. H. WAITE. T. W. EVERETT, JAMES STUART.

Yonkers, N. Y. Glen Cove, N. Y. Mamaroneck. N. Y.

Secretary. MARTIN C. EBEL, Madison, N. J.

TRUSTEES FOR 1913.

Peter Duff. Orange, N. J.; William Kleinheinz, OgonU, Pa.; William
Duckham, Madison, N. J.; Alexander MacKenlie, Glen Cove, N. Y.; John H.

Dodds. Wyncote, Pa.

DIRECTORS.

To serve untif 1915 — ^John Shore. Harrison, N. Y.; Thomas Proctor,
Lenox, Mass.; William N. Craig. North Easton. Mass.; Frank E. Witney.
Fishkill, N. Y.; Robert Williamson. Greenwich. Conn.; F. Kirk. Bar
Harbor, Me.; James Bell, New York, N. Y.

To serve until 1916 — Thomas W. Logan, Jenkintown, Pa.; John F. Huss.
Hartford, Conn.; Tas. MacMach.in, Tuxedo Park. N. Y. ; A. Bauer. Deal
Beach, N. J.; John W. Jones, Pittsburgh. Pa.; Alexander McPherson.
Washington, D. C; James C. Shield. Monticello. III.

To serve until 1917— A. T. Smith. Lake Geneva, Wis.; Theodore Wirth,
Minneapolis, Minn.; Wm.' Hclvick, San Gabriel. Cal.; Robert Angus,
Tarrytown, N. Y.; Robert Bottomley, New Canaan, Conn.; Alex. Fraser,
Newport, R. I.; Albert Smith, Reading. Pa.

Vol. XVII

February, 1914.

No. 4

Before the next issue of the Gardeners' Chronicle
goes to press we will have approached close to the
days of the next International Flower Show, which
will occur in New York City March 21 to 28.

Those who attended last year's exhibition have not
yet forgotten what a magnificent display it was, and
will also recall what an important part the private
grower played in the success of the 1913 show.

Is the gardener going to play a less important part
this year? We think not, and we urge that he bend
every energy to be even more conspicuous at the com-
ing show than he was a year ago. He indirectly de-
rives much benefit from such a successful flower show
as that of 1913. It brings his profession to the fore in
the public eye, and demonstrates that the ability of a
thorough gardener constitutes something more than
merely sowing and reaping.

New York's public is a critical one. It will not be
satisfied with anything "just as good" when the doors of
the big' show are opened next month to have it pass
judgment on its comparison with the achievements of a
year ago. To have it pronounced another success it must
surpass all previous exhibitions.

Gardeners, you can do your share towards making
the 1914 show the greatest of all successes by doing
your best. If you will but do this, success is already
assured.

The National Association of Gardeners is propagat-

ing a movement to establish a closer relationship be-
tween itself and the various local horticultural and
tioricultural societies throughout the country. It pro-
poses through a co-operative effort to arouse a greater
public interest towards horticulture and towards the
profession of gardening, and it assumes that this can
be more successfully accomplished through unison
than through divided effort.

The association is not aiming to remove the individ-
uality from the various local societies through affilia-
tion into one organization; but it is endeavoring to
have them unite in some form of action, through which
something tangible might be accomplished for the com-
mon good of those engaged in the pursuits of horticul-
ture. We believe this is the most logical course to
ynirsue of all that have so far been proposed. To unite
all organizations representing the two branches of
horticulture, the commercial and professional, or
private grower, we fear would result quite contrary to
what would be anticipated — for it could only bring
about a greater confliction of the diversified interests
than even now exists, and this must be avoided. These
interests must remain distinct from each other. "No
man can serve two masters" — nor can any one organ-
ization ever serve two interests. In its attempt to do
so it must slight either the one or the other — the com-
mercial or the private. The interests of both will be
best served by avoiding too close a compact so far as
the operating forces of either are concerned.

We refer to operating forces in their broadest sense,
covering eveiy working phase that enters into either
interest. There is much that might be said concerning
both interests which, however, cannot be said in print.
"Sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof," so let us
now be concerned with their welfare as we can here
see it. Keep commercial and private horticulture sep-
arated in organization. The organizations representa-
tive of the private and commercial horticulturists can,
however, consistently co-operate to further the inter-
ests of horticulture, which means furthering each
other's interest.

A bill just introduced in Congress provides for a tax
on mail order business, effecting practically all firms issu-
ing catalogues. Where and when will business interfer-
ence by government cease? Conservative regulation
might further progress and aid prosperity. Exorbitant
taxation, unreasonable restriction and unwarranted con-
tlemnation of business can only result in ultimately in-
juring those whom it is pretended to benefit — the "com-
mon people."

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES TAX EXEMPT.

According to the regulations announced at Washing-
ton, D. C, a few days ago by William H. Osborne,
Collector of Internal Revenue, agricultural and horti-
cultural organizations are exempt from the payment
of the income tax, but according to the ruling it will
be necessary for them to file an afiidavit with the Col-
lector of Internal Revenue of the district in which
thev are located, establishing their right to exemption.

OUR COVER DESIGN.

The carnations reproduced on our front cover are three
blooms of Matchless, a variety which is winning much
favor among private growers. It is probably the best
white carnation that has been introduced for some time
past. Matchless is a free producer. A house visited on
Lincoln's Birthday and found in flower is said to have
been yielding blooms freely since the latter part of
September,

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

827

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION NOTES

M. C. EBEL, Secretary, MADISON, N. J.

APPEAL FOR GENERAL CO-OPERATION.

The following communication has been sent to the
secretaries of the local horticultural and floricultural so-
cieties representative of private growers throughout the
country, with a view of bringing about a closer co-
operation between the national association and local
societies, in line with the action taken by the Executive
Board of the X. A. G. at its recent meeting held in New
York:

Sir: At a meeting of the Executive Board of the National Asso-
ciation of Gardeners, held in New York City recently, united co-
operation between the association and the various horticultural
and floricultural organizations, representative of the private grow-
ers, was considered, aiming to the development of greater interest
in horticulture and to the advancement of the profession of gar-
dening.

After discussion, during which many advantages of such co-
operation were presented, it was unanimously voted to present
the subject to the different horticultural bodies throughout the
country.

It was the consensus of opinicta of members present that
thiough systematic co-operation between national associations
and local clubs and societies much may be accomplished for the
benefit of horticulture, which, due to the lack of united effort, is
now neglected.

One of the arguments presented in favor of closer co-operation
was, that while the local societies have proven themselves poten-
tial factors in their respective communities, their influence does
not reach beyond their sphere of activity. If, however, their in-
fluence could be combined and thus exerted through a national
force this would result in universal benefit, both to horticulture
and to those engaged in its profession.

As to W'hat the definite course of action should be between the
national and local associations will depend largely on the co-
operative support that will come from the different societies. It
is most essential, first of all. to set such a movement in motion,
to learn what co-operation will be forthcoming. There is no in-
tention to promote any form of alliance between the numerous
organizations. It is simply intended to promote a general spirit
of co-operation among these organizations with but the one ulti-
mate aim in mind — to promote a greater interest in horticulture.

The Executive Board of the N. A. G. meets in Philadelphia, Pa.,
during the early part of April. It will appreciate an expression
of views from the members of your society on the subject pre-
sented. Will you kindly submit this to your next meeting and
advise me whether the sentiment of your members is favorable
to the proposed co-operation between the horticultural bodies of
this country so that I may present your report at our next ex-
ecutive meeting? Yours very truly,

M. C. EBEL, Secretary.

Several responses have already been received in re-
ply ot promised support from societies where the com-
munication has been brought to the attention of the
members ; others have voted favorably on the con-
templated action, with the request for more details as
to what the plans of co-operation will be. As speci-
fied in the communication sent otit, this must depend
largely on the support that will be forthcoming.

At the next meeting of the executive board of the
N. A. G., which will be held in Philadelphia in April, it
will be proposed to have a committee appointed con-
sisting of members of the X. .\. G., representing
through meml^ership each of the local societies, to de-
vise ways and means to bring about a campaign of
activity between the national association and the so-
cieties which will manifest an interest in the con-
templated co-operation.

Chester, ]klass. ; Charles A. Parr, Glen Cove, L. I. ;
George Mcintosh, Tarrytown, N. Y. ; Robert R. Crigh-
ton, Groton, Conn. ; James Collins, Mohegan Lake, N. Y.;
Robert S. Catto, John Turner, Angus McL. Harris, of
Groton, Conn. ; Morell Smith, Manhasset, L. I. ; Fred
Marshall Logan, Philadelphia, Pa. ; John C. Armstrong,
South Kortright, N. Y. ; Grant Bredder, Paterson, N. J.;
R. J. Leimer and George W'. Hess, Washington, D. C. ;
James E. Colenso, James Buckham, James Beaton, Alfred
H. Walker, John Sorosick, of Oyster Bay, N. Y.

COUNTRY LIFE PERMANENT EXPOSITION,
GRAND CENTRAL TERMINAL.

New York, February 6, 1914.
Mr. M. C. Ebel, Secretary National Association of Gar-
deners, Aladison, N. J.

Dear Sir: In connection with the Country Life Per-
manent Exposition, which is located over the main wait-
ing room in the Grand Central Terminal, we have a
magnificent lecture hall seating about two hundred peo-
ple. This hall is equipped with stereopticon and moving
picture machines, speakers' rostrum and every conveni-
ence for holding meetings.

Our object in providing this hall was for the purpose
of permitting organizations interested in promoting coun-
try life and the general uplift movement to use this hall
without cost to themselves. We therefore extend you
the courtesy of this hall to be used for your general
meetings or conventions. Of course it would be neces-
sary to have these affairs scheduled in advance, which
we shall be very glad to do if you will advise us when
you wish to use it. There is no admission charge to
the Exposition Hall or to any of its exhibits, or to the
lecture hall.

For your information we would advise that we will
hold a flower show the first week in March — beginning
on the first and closing on the eighth, for which many
prizes have been provided. This will be of special inter-
est to gardeners.

\\'e would also suggest that this hall may be made
use of as a convenient meeting place for the gardeners
and their friends when visiting the city.
Yours very truly,

R. H. Sexton, Managing Director.

NEW MEMBERS.
The following new members have been added to our
roll during the past month : Leonard Seagrove. Man-

OUR FELLOW CRAFTSMEN IN AMERICA.

I^ J. TI.XRRi.sQN Dick.

Previous to assuming my present duties in Xew ^'ork,
coming as I did in October last, from London. I was un-
aware of the existence of a body of professional garden-
ers in America, with aims and objects almost ab.solutely
identical to those of the Briti.sh Gardeners' Association.
You may guess, therefore, that I felt warmly attached
to this society, tlie National Association of Gardeners,
when I became acquainted with it. As it happened, its
annual convention and general meeting for the election
of officers took place a week or two after I came here,
and though the newspaper upon which I am engaged is
devoted exclusively to commercial horticulture, the sec-
retary of the X^. A. G. very kiiidl\- invited me to the
meeting and the banquet which followed.

It was a splendid meeting, ably managed, and presided
over by \\". H. W'aite. whom I knew fully nineteen years

828

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

ago when we attended various technical and science
classes together in Edinburgh. In addition there were
well-known head gardeners from estates far from New
York (where the meeting was held) to the number of
over 100. I have to confess that Englishmen and Scots-
men seemed to predominate, and in forcefulness and
ability to make themselves heard, the men of my own
native heath were very much in evidence. Especially
was this the case at the banquet where the cocks o' the
North left off all their "canniiless" and fairly captured
the meeting by their singing of well-known Scottish songs.

Arthur Herrington, formerly widely known in British
horticulture, and still remembered by a large circle of
friends, was toastmaster, among others who have come
from England and made their home in America. A
noticeable feature of this convention was the hearty sup-
port given by the members of the nursery and seed trade.
Many of the best-known houses were represented by the
head of the firm or a prominent member thereof. The
tables were nicely decorated with flowers, and after the
banquet speeches were called for, and these were cer-
tainly numerous. I, as a newcomer, was introduced and,
after my few words of thanks, they crowned me with
three cheers and toasted me to the strains of "He's a
Jolly Good Fellow." So as your emissary, that was their
kindly greeting, in reality, to you.

Many of the speakers strongly condemned the system
or want of it, which allowed any unskilled person to enter
the ranks of gardeners and to try to undertake the duties
that could only be accomplished properly by men of ex-
perience after a long and careful training.

The National Gardeners' Association of America is a
live organization, thoroughly well supported by the best
class of gardeners and superintendents of gardens, and
is likely to make its influence felt increasingly as time ad-
vances. I am sending a paper which was read recently
by Mr. M. C. Ebel, the secretary, whose address is Madi-
son, New Jersey. I shall be glad indeed if I can forge
a link between these two societies, the B. G. A. and the
N. G. A., for in ways unseen yet, each may help the other.
At any rate, it is encouraging to know that both in Eng-
land and America the gardeners are striving to improve
themselves and their profession.

(We hope to publish Mr. Ebel's lecture in our next
is.sue. Ed.) — Journal of British Gardeners' Association.

AMONG THE GARDENERS

John \V. Everett, of Glen Cove, returned home Feb-
ruary 1 on the steamship "Carmania," after a two
months' visit in Scotland and England. Mr. Everett
reports that his trip was "one glorious round of pleas-
ure."

James MacMachan, of Tuxedo Park. N. Y.. re-
turned home recently after spending the Christmas
holidays in Scotland. Mr. MacMachan spent some
days in London and at other points of interest in Eng-
land, and returned with some good stories of his ad-
\entiircs abroad.

William McMullen, formerly of New Rochelle, N.
Y., has been appointed head gardener on the estate
of Joel Sperry at New Haven, Conn., succeeding Wil-
liam Rowe, wdio has entered the commercial field.

Longland, superintendent of "Wychwood," Lake Gen-
eva, Wis., is now located at Scott Farm, Brattle-
boro, Vt.

James Clunas has taken a position as gardener on the
estate of Mrs. B. S. Warren, Grosse Pointe Shores,
Mich., and entered on his nevsf duties the first of the
month.

Moe Spiegel, late horticulturist of Mohegan Farm,
Mohegan Lake, N. Y., has been appointed head
gardener in the Vegetable Garden department at
Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

T. Harvey, late of the L. K. Merrill estate, Stam-
ford, Conn., is now located on the estate of Percy
Ballentine, Louden Hill Farm, South Montrose, Pa.,
where he has accepted the position of gardener.

Ernest A. Coe, formerly of Amherst, Mass., has ac-
cepted a position on the "Anna Dean Farm," Bar-
berton, Ohio, where he is now in charge of the fruit
and flower department under glass.

Sabin Bolton, superintendent to Percival Roberts,
Penshurst, Narberth, Pa., leaves that position on
March 1 to take charge of the Heinze estate, Pitts-
burgh, Pa. He will be succeeded by Harry F. Smith,
tor some time outside foreman at Penshurst.

James Watt, head gardener on the W. B. Walker
estate, Manchester, Mass., has left there to accept a
position at Newport, R. I.

QUERIES and ANSWERS

IVc believe the greatest good eon be uecoinpluhed for the greatest
number, by instituting a query eolumn; or an exchange of expe-
riences, on practical propositions, by our readers.

You are invited to contribute questions, and answer others.

Each question as receiz'cd will he given a number, the question-
er's name will not be published, but the source of the answer will
be given unless otherwise requested.

We all have something we would like to know more about. Here
is your opportunity to ascertain somebody's experience in just that
matter.

Nothing will tend to better fellowship than helping each other.

Take advantage of this "Question Box."

I have three houses 50 feet by 20 feet, now used en-
tirely for rose and carnation growing. I want to change
them for growing a larger variety, and to include some
fruits and vegetables. Can you give me any sugges-
tions as to what I can best grow in variety in so small
a range? I want to include some plants for decorating
the house besides cut flowers. — G. M., New York.

Herbert Baxendale, formerlv assi-^tant to Williar

There are so many subjects adapted to grow in
your houses that will be found useful, that to go
fully into details would occupy too much space here.
However, in the first place, it is not wise to advise
too many mixtures for one compartment. In the line
of vegetables, tomatoes and string beans may be
grown in a ruse house temperature. Lettuce, radishes
and cauliflower could be grown in a carnation house,
although it's a trifle warm for those cool blooded
vegetables. Then again, in growing plants for house
decoration, they require a closer atmosphere and
shade most of the time, particularly palms, ferns, etc.
Of course cyclamen, primulas, cinviarias, sweet peas
and the like will thrive admirablv in a carnation house.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

829

But to simplify matters, and which would not be a
ver}^ expensive operation, wonld be to partition your
houses, which would give you then six compartments
say, one for roses, fruit, carnations, chrysanthemums,
vegetables and plants, selecting the subjects that re-
quire the most heat for the warmest compartments;
for instance, plants for the house, roses and fruit,
should have the warmest end. In regards to fruit,
supposing grapes were the favored fruit. The vines
would have to be planted out in a prepared border; or,
on the other hand, peaches and nectarines may be
^Town in pots and tubs, or planted in a prepared
border. Naturally they need more care and closer
attention in pots and tubs than when planted in the
border. These are just merely a few suggestions that
may be of help. Yes, and hot house melons could be
grown successfully in a compartment during the spring
and early summer, showing plainly the usefulness
of a small range of glass when kept stocked and prop-
erly cared for. W. T.

Would you please tell me how to grow Oncidium
var. Rogersii? 1. When is its flowering season? 2.
When is the best time to get native plants to start with,
and what compost and how to pot? 3. When should
you rest them, how long and what temperature?
4. Could you grow them in a carnation rose or cattleya
house? 5. When is the best time to repot plants that
are done flowering? J. H.

Oncidium \'aricosum Rogersii is one of the most
useful of all the large family of Oncidiums, and com-
paratively easy to handle provided a few details are
carried out. In the first place avoid placing them in
too large receptacles. They will not thrive if over-
potted. Nor is it wise to disturb the roots too often
Maybe the plants will stay in the same pots for two
years, particularly if the peat used for potting is of
a lasting nature. Still it would be advisable to exam-
ine them when through flowering. Should the 'peat be
anyway loose it would be well to firm them up.
Orchids cannot thrive unless they are perfectly firm
in the pots or baskets as the case may be. O. Vari-
cosum flowering season is September and October,
and into November. At times when a late importa-
tion is received I have known them to produce a fine
■crop for Christmas, but their regular flowering season
is September, October and early part of November.
Usually there is no difficulty in procuring importations
in' early spring. There is no better compost than
peiat or, properly speaking, Osmond Fibre, which ma}'
Tjq obtained from seed stores or from orchid special-
ist's, and in potting place crocks and charcoal in the
pots two-thirds full, filling up the balance with peat
arid firm thoroughly. Their resting , season is after
they are through flowering. Until they commence to
grow again towards spring a temperature of 50 degrees
at' night, with a few degrees higher during the day,
would be ideal for their resting period. Nor do they
need much water at their roots through the winter
months. They could not be grown successfully in a
carnation house. In their growing season the cool end
of the cattleva house hanging near the roof woull

be o. K. ' ^^^ t.

markably well shown by Wheeler & Co.; William
Thatcher, gardener to Mrs. J. L. Gardener; George
Melvin, gardener to Colonel Charles Pfaff ; Duncan
Finlayson, gardener to Larz Anderson ; and V. J.
Dolansky, the last-named securing a first class certificate
for Cattieya Trianae, Mrs. T. H. Salvin.

Primulas Sinensis, stellata, Kewinsis, obconica and
malacoides were all shown of superior quality. The last-
named variety has jumped into great favor. Specimens
of this and obconica from Martin Sullivan, gardener to
William Whitman, were marvels of cultural skill and
received cultural certificates of merit. Begonias Glorie
de Lorraine and Glory of Cincinnati from A. M. Daven-
port, Eric IT. Wetterlow, gardener to Mrs. Lester Leland,
and William Thatcher were fine. A. M. Davenport's new
sport Florence Davenport was a centre of attraction.

Freesias from F. W. Fletcher, Martin Sullivan and W.
Stewart, gardener to Miss C. Warren, was very good.
Hard wooded plants, such as Ericas and Chorizema, came
from H. Stewart, George Page, gardener to Mrs.
Frederick Ayer, and Knight & Struck. Some splendid
varieties tulip. Pride of Haarlane, came from William C.
Rust, gardener to Mrs. C. G. Weld. R. and J. Farquhar
showed the fine white and deliciously fragrant Buddleia
asiatica. A wonderful new seedling hybrid tea rose, un-
named, from the Waban Conservatories, light pink in
color with five feet stems secured a first class cultural
certificate.

Farquhar's universal mignonette from Patten & Co.
secured a first class certificate, the flower spikes were
simply immense. Thomas Roland had a wonderful dis-
play of the new winter flowering Spencer Sweet Peas
with 15-inch stems. Christmas Pink Spencer and White
Spencer were singled out for first class certificates.

SETBACK FOR BOSTON'S HORTICULTURAL
BUILDING.

The plan to secure a fine municipal horticultural build-
ing to be located on a plot of land in the Back Bay
section, Boston, predicting a preliminary appropriation
of $25,000, -secured from ex-Mayor Fitzgerald, has
been vetoed in common with some other appropriations
by Mayor Carley. John K. M. L. Farquhar, Thomas
Roland, Patrick Welch and other enthusiastic horticul-
turists who were instrumental in getting the sanction of
the late executive for their scheme are not at all dis-
turbed by the temporary setback, believing that such a
building will come very soon and they will continue to
work with that end in view. A building to cost $150,000
had been planned. Some enthusiasts were talking
$500,000. Boston undoubtedly in the near future will
have such a building.

The site selected for the new building at one time was
in the Public Gardens, but the public would not tolerate
any such scheme any more than they would Mayor
Carlev's suggestion to sell the Public Gardens for $10,-
000,060 to help liquidate some of the city's debt and
locate them elsewhere. The garden for the S. A. F.
convention will be located on the proposed site for the
new horticultural building. $15,000 will be expended for
loam for this garden and it is intended to make the
garden a great feature next August.

BOSTON MIDWINTER SHOW.

There was a very attractive midwinter show at Horti-
cultural Hall, Boston, on January 31 and February 1,
which filled the main exhibition hall. Orchids were re-

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

IS A JOURNAL OF USEFUL, TKCHNICAL
KNOWLEDGE FOR THE ADVANCED AMA-
TEUR.

SUBSCRIPTION. ONE DOLLAR A YEAR.

830

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

SCHOOL GARDENS, THEIR BEARING ON THE
FUTURE.

No\v-a-days, when the cry of "back to the land" is
heard on every side, it may be as weU to take a peep at
the work which has been, and is still being done in the
school gardens throughout the country.

Not many years ago, when school gardening was in
its infancy, there were many people, and among them not
a few professional gardeners, who rather deprecated the
idea of teaching gardening in our elementary schools and
wondered where all the boys would get jobs in gardens.

These people looked on the wrong side of the picture.
School gardening was never meant to train all the boys
to be gardeners ; far from it, the idea was to provide an
educational asset. The work being practical, it provides
both manual and mental training, it encourages the chil-
dren to observe accurately, and arouses their interest in
nature. Experience has shown that the teaching of gar-
dening causes not deterioration in the general school-
work. On the contrary, it is found to promote a more
intelligent interest in the ordinary school subjects by
showing their practical utility in the processes of every-
day life. Subjects with which it can be profitably cor-
related are, composition, mensuration, nature study and
drawing, thereby enabling the scholars to describe the
various operations in which they have been engaged.
How does this bear upon the future? The majority of
school gardens are to be found in rural districts, and it
is there where the practical benefits will be seen.

If we visit the average laborer's garden, say two or
three times a year, we can easily trace the old rule-of-
thumb method still in practice as in generations ago.

True, he often gets good results, but that can generally
be traced to his having stumbled, as it were, onto some
good method. The old saying runs, "The boy of today is-
the man of tomorrow," and when the boy does reach the
manhood stage and has a garden of his own to attend,
it cannot be denied that he, with his early grounding in
gardening, will be better able to cultivate his garden more
successfully than his father before him. The early train-
ing will in most cases have taught him to look upon his
garden as a valuable asset to cherish it, and also to look
upon it as a commercial enterprise. — Exchange.

THE PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL
EXPOSITION NURSERIES.

This photograph shows a portion of the Panama-
Pacific International Exposition nurseries. In addition
to these nurseries, located on the Presidio reservation
close to the grounds, thousands of cuttings are being
grown in the San Joaquin and Sacramento Valleys.
When the buildings are finished an army of landscape
gardeners and workmen will begin setting out upon the
grounds and in the courts trees, flowers, palms and rare
shrubs ; these include innumerable orange trees, bulbs
from Holland, giant tree ferns from Australia, rhodo-
dendrons from at home and abroad, and banana plants
from General America. Thousands of cuttings are being
raised in the exposition greenhouses. The landscaping
around the service building, the first completed structure,
is finished. The exposition palaces will be set as in a
semi-tropical paradise ; in the vast inner courts wonderful
floral eft'ects will lend warmth and color and beauty to
the colossal gruujiing of statuary and huge colonnades.

THE NUR.SKKIKS OF THE P.W.AM.^-P.ACI FIC INTERN.-\TION".\L EXPOSITION ON THF, PRESIDO RESERV.ATIOX, (ALI FORMA.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

831

INTERNATIONAL FLOWER SHOW TO BE

HELD IN GRAND CENTRAL PALACE,

NEW YORK CITY, MARCH

21 TO 28.

Plant schedule may be obtained by addressing John
Young, secretar}-, 53 West Twenty-eighth street, New
York. The schedule for cut flowers, private growers'
classes, follows :

CUT ROSES.

With the co-operation and under management of the American

Rose Society.

To be staged Monday, March 23.

Private Growers.

First Second
prize, prize.

Best vase 12 blooms American Be.iuty $6.00 $4.00

Best vase 12 blooms Milady ". 5.00 3.00

Best vase 12 blooms Mrs. George Shawyer 5.00 .3.00

Best vase 12 blooms Mrs. Charles Russell 5.00 3.00

Best vase 12 blooms Killarney or Double Pink Kil-

larney ." 5.00 3.00

Best vase 12 blooms White Killarney or Double

White Killarney 5.00 3.00

Best vase 12 blooms Killarney Queen 5.00 3.00

Best vase 12 blooms Richmoiid 5.00 3.00

Best vase 12 blooms Radiance 5.00 3.00

Best vase 12 blooms Lady Hillingdon 5.00 3.00

Best vase 12 blooms Sunburst 5.00 3.00

Best vase 12 blooms Mrs. Aaron Ward 5.00 3.00

Best vase 12 blooms My Maryland 5.00 3.00

Best vase 12 blooms Mrs. Taft fAutoine Rivoire) . . . 5.00 3.00

Best vase 12 blooms Irish Fire Flame 5.00 3.00

Best vase 12 sprays Mme. Ceeile Brunner 5.00 3.00

Best vase 12 blooms any other disseminated variety,

white " 5.00 3.00

Best vase 12 blooms any other disseminated variety,

pink '. 5.00 3.00

Best vase 12 blooms anv other disseminated variety,

red " .5.00 3.00

Best vase 12 blooms any other disseminated variety,

yellow " ". 5.00 3.00

Private Growers. The President's Prize.

To be staged Thursday, March 25.

Wallace R. Pierson, President of the American Rose Society,

offers for the best 25 blooms of roses, one or more varieties, to be

shown in one vase. Competition open to all private gardeners who

are members of the American Rose Society. $25.00.

SPECIAL PRIZES.

To be staged Saturday, March 21.

The Executive Committee's Prize.

The Executive Committee of the American Rose Society offers

for the best six trained specimens of Hybrid Wichuraiana or

Rambler Roses. Points to be considered — perfection of culture,

skill in training, artistic form, size and perfection of bloom, and

general finish of plants. $100.

The Toronto Horticultural Society's Prize.

The Horticultural Society of Toronto. Canada, ofTors for the
best display of hardy outdoor roses grown in pots silver medal
and bronze medal.

Mr. Anton Schultheis' Prize.

Mr. Anton Schultlieis, of College Point, N. Y., offers for the best
Rambler or Climbing ijose of American origin, to be decided by
the shape, size, color, fragrance of bloom and size of tr\isses, and
not by size of plant, $10.

The Mrs. Gertrude M. Hubbard Gold Medal
will be awarded Monday, March 23.

Mrs. Hubbard presented the American Rose Society the sum
of .$2.50 as a permanent fund, the interest of which is to be used
every five years to provide a gold medal, to be awarded to the
raiser or originator of the best rose introduced in the five years
previous to tlie award, the rose to be of American origin. The
first period of live years terminates in 1914.

ROSES IN POTS AND TUBS.

Private Growers.

First Second
prize, prize.
Display in pots or tubs, and or all cliisses to occupy

100 square feet $75,00 .$.50.00

Collection Hybrid Perpetual s. Teas, Hybrid Teas,
Polyanthas and other classes, 25 plants, not less

than 6 varieties, arranged for effect 25.00 15.00

Six Climbing or Rambling, 3 or more varieties 30.00 20.00

Crimson Rambler, specimen lO.OO 5.00

Lady Gay, specimen 10.00 5.00

Dorothy Perkins, specimen 10.00 5.00

Tauscndschon, specimen 10.00 5.00

Hiawatha, specimen 10.00 5.00

Climbing, any other variety, specimen 10.00 5.00

CARNATIONS.

With the co-operation and under management of the American

Rose Society.

Private Growers.

Open to All Varieties, Seedlings and Standard Sorts.

To be staged Tuesday, March 24.

First Second
Class. prize, prize.

25 Best vase 25 blooms Wlnte $6.00 $4.00

26 Best vase 25 blooms Flesh Pink, being those

shades of flesh or salmon color 6.00 4.00

27 Best vase 25 blooms Light Pink, being those

shades of pink verging on the true pink, such

as Gloriosa, Win.sor, etc 6.00 4.00

28 Best vase 25 blooms Dark Pink, being those

shades of dark pink, such as Mrs. C. W. Ward,

Rosette, etc 6.00 4.00

29 Best vase 25 blooms Red or Scarlet, to include

all shades generally classed in those colors... 6.00 4.00

30 Best vase 25 blooms Crimson, to include all

shades known as crimson or maroon 6.00 4.00

31 Best vase 25 blooms variegated 6.0O 4.00

32 Best vase 25 blooms any other color decidedly

distinct from colors specified above 6.00 4.00

33 Collection of three varieties. 25 of each 15.00 10.00

34 Collection of six varieties, 12 of each 15.00 10.00

To be staged Friday, March 27.
Private Growers.
Best vase of Carnations, not to exceed 150 blooms. One or
more varieties may be used. Quality of bloom, artistic arrange-
ment and general effect to be considered in making awards. It is
intended to give the exhibitor the widest latitude in making this
display. Decorative green of any kind, ribbons, and any other
accessories may be used, as long as Carnations are the predomi-
nant feature. Vase to be supplied by the exhibitor. First, $25;
second, $15; third, $10.

SWEET PEAS.

Private Growers,

With the co-operation and under management of the American

Sweet Pea Society,

Arthur T, Boddington's Prize.

Display of not less tliaii six varieties. 25 sprays in each vase.

Silver medal and $15; second. $10.

George T. Schuneman's Prize.
Best six vases Sweet Peas, six varieties. 12 sprays in each vaso.
First, $12: second, $8; third, .$5.

Table Decoration.

For best dinner table decoration decorated exclusively with

Sweet Peas. Other green may be used. Table to be supplied by

the Flower Show management: accessories to be supplied by the

exhibitor. First. $35; second, $2,5.

ORCHIDS.

Private Growers.
To be staged Saturday, March 21.

First Second
prize, prize.
Best display 25 vases of cut Orchids, only one species
or variety in a vase, arranged for effect. Quality
of bloom, artistic arrangement and general effect
to be considered in making awards. Decorative
green of any kind, including plants, permitted. . . $40.00 $25,00

Flowering stem of Caltleya, any variety 3.00 2,00

Flowering stem of Laelia, any variety 3.00 2.00

Flowering stem of I.aelia-Cattlcya. or Hybrid Cat-

tieyea, any variety 3.00 2.00

Flowerinsr stem of Dendrobium, any variety 3.00 2.00

Flowering spray of Odontoglossuni, any variety..., 3,00 2.00

Flowering spray of Oiicidimn. any variety 3.00 2.00

Flowering spray of Plialaeiiupsis. any variety 3.00 2.00

Flowering spray of Vanda, any variety 3.00 2.00

832

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Flowering s|irny of :iiiy otlipr Onliii! other than

above ' ' 3.00 2.00

MISCELLANEOUS CUT FLOWERS.

Private Growers.
To be staged Saturday, March 2i.

First Second
prize, prize.

.^.n-aryllis. 2.-, spikes .fl.5.00 $10.00

.\ui;u yllis, 12 spikes 6.00 4.00

Antirrhinum, 25 spikes, pink 5.00 .3.00

Antirrliinum, 25 spikes, white 5.00 3.O0

Antirrhinum, 25 spikes, yellow 5.00 3.00

Antirrhinum, 25 spikes, anv other color 5.00 3.00

Freesias, 25 sprays ." 3.00 2.00

Gardenias, 12 blo'oms 5.00 3.00

Gladiolus Colvilli or Nanus types. 25 spikes 6.(X) 4.00

Mignonette, 12 spikes " 3.00 2.00

Pansies. display cut flowers covering 10 square feet. 6.00 4.00

Stocks, 12 spikes, white 3.00 ' 2.00

Stocks, 12 spikes, pink 3.00 2.00

Stocks, 12 spikes, anv other color 3.00 2.00

Violets, double, 200 blooms 3.00 2.00

Violets, single, 200 blooms 3.00 2.00

Wall Flower, 12 spikes, yellow 3.00 2.00

Wall Flower, 12 spikes, 'any other color 3.00 2.00

Display cut blooms of hardy plants, bulbs and
shrubs, arranged for effect, other foliage permit-
ted, covering 50 square feet 25.00 15.00

Six vases cut flowers in six varieties, not already

provided for in schedule 6.00 4.00

TABLE DECORATION.

Private Growers.
To be staged Wednesday, March 25.
Artistic table decoration; table tu be supplied by
the Flower Show management; accessories to be
supplied by exhibitor $35.00 .$25.00

ADDITIONAL PLANT PREMIUMS.
Private Growers.

First Second
prize, prize.

JSIarguerites, 3 i)lants $15.00 $10.00

Marguerite, specimen plant 10.00 5.00

Spirea, or Astilbe, 6 plants, not less than two vari-
eties 5.00 3.00

Primula obconica, 12 plants 10.00 5.00

Selaginella, specimen plant, any variety 5.00 3.00

ORCHID (Section D).

Specimen plant, any variety other than the above.. 10.00 5.00
MISCELLANEOUS PLANTS.

Strawberries in pots. 12 pots in fruit 10.00 5.00

Spice garden 25.00

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW
YORK.

The next monthly exhibition of this society will be
held on Saturday, February 21, at the American Museum
of Natural History. Entries should be in the hands of
the secretary, Mr. Geo. V. Nash, not later than the morn-
ing of the 20th. The exhibition committee is authorized
to award special prizes for exhibits not provided for in
the regular schedule. All are invited, therefore, to
bring in any interesting plant or flower they may have,
thus adding variety to the exhibition. Schedules will be
sent upon application to the secretary, George V. Nash,
New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, N. Y. City.

A meeting of the society will be held on the same day
at the same place at 3 :45, followed at 4 by a lecture on
■"Roses" by Mr. Alex. Gumming, Jr.

The schedule for the show follows :

ROSKS.
Open to All.

B-5.— Vase of 12 lied 3.00

B-6.— Vase of 12 Yellow 3.00

B-7. — Vase of 50 assorted, arranged for ett'ect 10.00

CARNATIONS.
Open to All.

C-1.— Best vase Silver

For Non-Commercial Growers.

C'-2. — Three vases, 3 kinds, 12 flowers of each 5.00

C-3.— Vase of 12 Scarlet 2.00

C-4.— Vase of 12 Winsor shade 2.00

C-.5. — Vase of 12 Enchantress shade 2.00

C-6.— Vase of 12 Ci'imson 2.00

C-7.— Vase of 12 Lawson shade 2.00

C-8.— Vase of 12 Variegated 2.00

C-9.— Vase of 12 White 2.00

C-10. — Vase of 50 Blooms, arranged for effect, any
foliage permitted. (Exhibitor mav supply
vase) ." 6.00

ORCHIDS.
For Non-Commercial Growers.

()-l.— One Cattleya plant in bloom 3.00

<)-2 — One Laelia plant in bloom 3.00

0-3. — One Dendrobium plant in bloom 3.00

0-4. — One Onci<lium plant in bloom 3.00

0-5. — One Cypripcdium jilant in bloom 3.00

0-6. — One plant of anv other Orcliid in bloom 3.00

0-7.— One Hybrid OrcMid plant in bloom 3.00

0-8. — Collection of cut Orchids, in variety of gen-
era and species especially 6.00

O-O. — Collection of cut Cypripediums 3.00

2.00
2.00
5.00

3.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00

2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00

4.00
2.00

M

B-1.

-Vase of a New Rose, not yet in commerce
For Nou-Commercial Growers.

First.
B-2.— Three vases, tlucc kinds, 12 (lowers of each. .$0.00

B-3— Vase of 12 Pink 3.00

B-4.— Vase of 12 White 3.00

Silver :\Iedal

$4.00
2.00

FLOWER SHOW OF THE COUNTRY LIFE

PERMANENT EXPOSITION IN THE

GRAND CENTRAL TERMINAL

ABOVE MAIN WAITING ROOM.

New York, N. Y., February 12, 1914.
M. C. Ebel,
Sec. National Ass'n of Gardeners,
Madison, N. Y.

De.\r Sir: During the week of our coming Flower
Show at the Country Life Permanent Exposition,
March 2 to 7, 1914, we have set aside Friday as Gar-
deners' Day, to do honor to the men on whom we rely
to make our show a success. We extend, therefore, our
most hearty invitation to all the members of your
association to meet in this hall on that day.

The Lecture Hall will be turned over to them as
the meeting room, and we are arranging for a special
musical programme and alsfj a lecture on some topic
of interest to the gardeners.

Trusting that we may have your co-operation in this,
I beg to remain

\'ery truly yours,

Frank J. LeClair,
Secretary Flower Show Committee.

The schedule of the Country Life Permanent Expo-
sition Flower Show follows ;

Section One — Foliage and Flowering Plants.

Class 1 — Group of ornamental foliage and flowering plants ar-
ranged for effect. co\-ering fifty square feet. Special prize offered
by the Country Life Permanent Exposition. First, silver trophy;
second, $10. '

Class 2 — Porch box filled with ornamental foliage and flowering
plants, arranged effectively, box measuring 36 by 10 inches, fur-
nished by the committee. Special prize, first, ornamental flower
box, value $16: second, ornamental flower bo.x, value .$5.

Class 3 — Specimen Palm. Special prize, imported precious wood
inlaid checkerboard.

Class 4 — One foliage plant, other than palm. Special prize, or-
namental flower stand.

Class 5 — Tlu-ee Ferns, distinct varieties. Special prize, Indian
splint flower box.

Class 6 — Specimen flowerinsr ])lant. Special prize, painting,
value $25.

Class 7 — Collection of six flowering plants. Special prize, bi-
metal coffee percolator, value $15.

Class 8 — Collection of six varieties of Tulips in pans. Special

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

833

prize offered by Wm. E. -M;ii shall & Co.; first, $6; second, $4.

Class 9 — Group of flowering hardy shrubs. Lilacs, Ueutzias, etc.,
covering not less than twenty and not more than thirty square
feet. Special prize oft'crcd liy the Wm. II. Moon Co.; first, silver
trophy.

All exhibits in Section One must be ready for the judges on
March 2 by 2 p. m.

Section Two — Roses, Cut Flowers.

Class 10 — Vase of twelve American Beauty, roses. Special prize,
$.5: first, $5: second, $2.

Class 1! — Vase of twelve white roses. First, $.5; second. $2.

Class 12 — Vase of twelve red roses. First, $5: second, $2.

Class 13— Vase of twelve pink roses. First, $5: second, S2.

Class 14 — Vase of twelve roses, any other color. First. $5; sec-
ond, $2.

All exhibits in Section Two must be ready for the judges on
March 2 by 12 o'clock, noon.

Section Three — Carnations, Cut Flowers.

Class 1.7 — Vase of twelve white. First, $5; second. $2.00.
Class 16— Vase of twelve red. First, $5; second, .$2.
Class IT^Vase of twelve liirht pink. First, $5; second. i?2.
Class 18— Vase of twelve dark pink. First, .$.5; second. $2.
Class 19— Vase of tv.clve, any other color. First, $.5; second, $2.
All exhibits in Section Three must be ready for the judges oil
J larch 3 by 12 o'clock, noon.

Section Four — Cut Flowers.

Class 20 — Best bunch of fifty single violets. Special prize,
salad mixer.

Class 21 — Best bunch of fifty double violets. Special prize,
"New Eed Face," household scales.

Class 22 — Vase of snapdratrons. twelve spikes. First. .$3; sec-
ond, .$2.

Class 23 — Best collection of sweet peas in three colors. .50 sprays
of each, no foliage. Special prize, selection of Aeolian music rolls,
value $15.

All exhibits in Section Four must be ready for the judges on
JIar<h i at 12 o'clock, noon.

Section Five — Decorations.

Class 24 — Best dinner table decoration seating si.x person?, must
be staged March 4 by 12 o'clock, noon; exhibitors to furnish their
own table cloth and plates; no silverware or glasses allowed.
Special prize, silver candlestick.

Class 25 — Best mantle decoration; must be staged on March 5
by 12 o'clock, noon. Special prize, The Garden Library, set of
twelve books, value .SIS. .50,

Class 26 — Floral basket decoration, anj' kind of flowers; must
be staged on March 3 by 12 o'clock, noon. Special prize, fine em-
broidered linen centerpiece.

Class 27 — Best bouquet of flowers, any kind of flowers; must
be staged on March 6 by 12 o'clock, noon. Special prize, first
crate of best Cayenne pineapples; second, crate of choice grape-
fruit.

TWISTED TREES.

(Continued from page 817.)

able example of this curious growth is exhibited in No.
4 Museum at Kew. It is a section of Elm trunk, so hol-
low as to be merely a shell a few inches thick. The tree,
eventually formed, by its continual growth on the inner
side, two remarkable spirals suggesting a pair of scrolls.
The Judas Tree (Cercis Siliquastrum) is often twisted.
.\n old tree in the Botanic Garden at Cambridge is re-
puted to be very slowly revolving, so that the branches
now leaning to the west were many years ago said to be
facing north.

The cause of trees growing in spirals does not appear
to be well understood, but one factor which may throw
light upon the question is the formation of new cells
from the cambium. These cells slide either to the right
or to the left, as the growth of the tree proceeds. The
cells, which are elongated when seen in tangential sec-
tion, are known as sliding cells, and should they slide
equally in both directions, no twisting of the trunk would
result. This twisting is worthy of attention at this sea-
son, when deciduous trees arc in their winter's sleep. —
Tlie Garden.

MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL
COLLEGE.

A very interesting and instructive program has
l)een arranged for Floriculture Day, March 18. by the
tloricultural department of the college. The men on
the program arc all specialists and men of prominence.
Florists and gardeners from all parts of the state have
expressed a willingness to attend these lectures. Fol-
lowing is the program :

MORMNG SESSION.

0:10. "Opportunities in Floriculture." By Prof. Arno H. Nehr-
ling. Department of Floriculture, Massachusetts Agricultural Col-
lege.

10:10. "Professional Plorticulture." By Mr. Harry A. Bunyard,
secretary of the American Sweet Pea Society, New York City.

11:10. 'Raising Plants from Seeds." (Especially trees and
shrubs, and in particular ericaceous and coniferous plants. | By
.Mr. T. D. Hatfield, gardener on the HunnewcU Estate. Wcllcsley,
Mass.

AFTERNOON SESSION.

1:30. "Commercial Rose Culture." By :Mr. W. H. Elliott, a
noted rose grower, Brighton, Mass.

"Some Phases of Out-door Rose Culture." By Mr. Eber Holmes,
author of "Commercial Rose Culture," Montrose. Mass.

2:30. "IMethods Used in Improving Plants." By Mr. Edward J.
Canning, until recently curator of the Botanic Gardens, Smith
College, Northampton, Mass,

3:30. "Glass Houses in the Middle West." Hlustrated. By
Prof. Arno H. Xehrling. Department of Floriculture, Massachusetts
.Agricultural College.

MOONS

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These are grown wide apart, and In consequence develop Into sturdy,
well formed specimens so much desired for estate, street, and park use.

Send for catalog,
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It takes special care and preparation to properly pack delicate
palms, ferns, etc., to stand a trip of thousands of miles, but we do
it — not just once in a while, but a good many times every workday.
We issue a large catalog covering all our stock, having 17 special
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WENHAM. MASS.

. iiiuiiiiniiii'niiifiiHHiiunixTitniiiianii

834

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

National Association of Gardeners.
M. C. Ebel, secretary, Madison, N. J.

Society of American Florists and Orna-
mental Horticulturists.
John Young, secretary, 54 West 28th street,
New York.

American Carnation Society.
A. F. J. Bauer, secretary, Indianapolis, InJ.

American Gladiolus Society.

L. Merton Gage, secretary, South Natick,

Mass.

American Peony Society.
A. B. Saunders, secretary, Clinton, N. Y.

American Rose Society.
B. Hammond, secretary, Fishkill, N. Y.

American Sweet Pea Society.

H. A. Bunyard, secretary, 342 West 14th

street, New York.

Chrysanthemum Society of America.

Charles W. Johnson, secretary, Morgan

Park, 111.

LOCAL SOCIETIES

Bernardsville Horticultural Society.
W. G. Carter, secretar.y, Bernardsville, N. J.
Meets second Thursday every month, Hor-
ticultural Hall, Bernardsville, N. J.

Boston Gardeners' and Florists' Club.

William N. Craig, secretary, Brookline,
Mass.
Meets third Tuesday every month, Horti-
cultural Hall, Boston, Mass., 8 p. m.

Connecticut Horticultural Society.
Alfred Dixon, secretary, Wethersfield, Conn.
Meets second and fourth Fridays every
month. County Building, Hartford, Conn., 8
p. m.

Dutchess County Horticultural Society.

Hubert G. Cottam, secretary, Wappingers

Falls, N. Y.

Meets at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., last
Wednesday every month except May and
June.

Elberon Horticultural Society.
C. O. Duncan, secretary, Elberon, N. J.
Meets first Monday every month, Fire
Hall, Elberon, N. J., 8 p. m.

Florists' and Gardeners' Club of Holyoke

and Northampton, Mass.
James Whiting, secretary, Amherst, Mass.
Meets second Tuesday every month.

The Horticultural Society of New York.

Geo. V. Nash, secretary, Bronx Park, New

York City.

Meets monthly, irregular. May to Octo-
ber, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx
Park, New York. November to April,
American Museum of Natural History, 77th
street and Columbus avenue. New York.

Lake Geneva Gardeners' and Foremen's

Association.
W. H. Griffits, secretary. Lake Geneva, Wis.
Meets first and third Saturday every
month, October to April; first Saturday
every month. May to September, Horticul-
tural Hall.

Pasadena Horticultural Society.
Geo. B. Kennedy, secretary, 497 Bradford
street, Pasadena, Cal.
Meets first and fourth Friday every
month.

The Garden Club of Michigan.
Mrs. Edward H. Parker, secretary, 139 Sey-
burn avenue, Detroit, Mich.
The corresponding secretary will notify
members of date and place of meetings.

Gardeners' and Florists' Club of Baltimore.
N. F. Flittin, secretary, Paterson Park.
Baltimore, Md.
Meets second and fourth Monday every
month. Florist Exchange Hall.

Lenox Horticultural Society.

John Mair, secretary, Lenox, Mas
Meets first Saturday every month.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
William P. Rich, secretary, 300 Massachu-
setts avenue, Boston, Mass.

Monmouth County Horticultural Society.
Harry Kettle, secretary, Fairhaven, N. J.

Meets fourth Friday every month. Men-
moulli Itoat n.ib. Red Bank'. N. J.

Morris County Florists' and Gardeners'

Society.
Edward J. Reagan, secretary, Morristown,
N. J.
Meets at Madison, N. J., second Wednes-
day every month, except July and August,
8 p. m.

Nassau County Horticultural Society.
Ernest Westlake, secretary. Glen Cove, N. Y

Meets second Wednesday every month
Pembroke Hall, Glen Cove, N. Y., 2 p. m.

New Jersey Floricultural Society.

rieo. W. strange, secretary, 216 Main street.
Orange, N. J.
Meets first Monday every month, Jr. 0.
W. A. M. Hall, Orange, N. J., 8 p. m.

New London Horticultural Society.

John Humphrey, secretary. New London,

Conn.

Meets second Thursday every month,
38 Main street. New London, Conn.

Paterson Floricultural Society.
Sebastian Hubschmitt, secretary, 61 Seventh
avenue, Paterson, N. J.
Meets first Tuesday every month, Ro-
maine Building, 8 p. m.

Newport Horticultural Society.
Wm. J. Grey, secretary, Newport, R. I.
Meets second and fourth Tuesday every
month.

North Shore Horticultural Society.
Jas. Slater, secretary, Manchester, Mass.

Meets first and third Fridays every
month.

North Westchester County Horticultural

and Agricultural Society.
M. J. O'Brien, secretary, Mt. Kisco, N. Y.
Meets third Thursday every month, ex-
cept June, July and August, at 8 p. m.;
December, January and February, 3 p. m.,
Odd Fellows Hall, Mt. Kisco.

Oyster Bay Horticultural Society.
I'rcil Kirkham, secretary. Oyster Bay. X. Y.
Meets fourth Friday every month. Hoard
of Trade. Oyster Bay," N. Y., 8 p. m.

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.
David Rust, secretary. Broad and Locust
streets, Philadelphia, Pa.
Meets third Tuesday every month. Horti-
cultural Hall, 8 p. m.

People's Park Cottage Gardeners' Associa-
tion.
John Ainscough, secretary, 4 Chestaut street,
Paterson, N. J.
Meets first and last Friday every month.
Working Man's Institute, Madison avenue,
Paterson, N. J.

Philadelphia Florists' Club.
David Rust, secretary. Broad and Locust
streets, Philadelphia, Pa.
Meets first Tuesday every month, Horti-
cultural Hall, Philadelphia, Pa., 8 p. m.

The Pittsburgh Florists' and Gardeners'
Club.

H. P. Joslin, secretary, Ben Avon, Pa.

Meets first Thursday every month. Fort
Pitt Hotel, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Rhode Island Horticultural Society.
A. C. Miller, secretary, 7 Irving avenue.
Providence, R. I.
Meets third Wednesday every month,
Providence Public Library, 8 p. m.

Shelter Island Horticultural and Agricul-
tural Society.
Fred Kirkham, secretary. Shelter Island,
N. Y.
Meets first and third Thursdays every
month.

Southampton Horticultural Society.
William McLeod, secretary.
Meets first Thursday every month. Me-
morial Hall, Southampton, N. Y.

Tarrytown Horticultural Society.
E. W. Neubrand, secretary, Tarytown,N. Y.
Meets last Tuesday every month, except
December, Corporation Building, Tarrytown,
N. Y., 7:30 p. m. Annual meeting last
Thursday in December.

Tuxedo Horticultural Society.
Thomas Wilson, secretary. Tuxedo Park.
N. Y.
Meets first Wednesday every month. Par-
ish House, Tuxedo Park.

Washington, D. C, Florist Club.
J. L. Mayberry, secretary, Washington.
D. C.
Meets first Monday every month.

Westchester and Fairfield Horticultural

Society.
J. B. McArdle, secretary, Greenwich, Conn.
Meets second Friday every month, Dor-
an's Hall, Greenwich, Conn., 8 p. m.

Yonkers Horticultural Society.
Thos. Mahoney, secretary, Yonkers, N. Y.
Meets first Friday every month, Holly-
wood Inn Yonkers. N. Y.. 8 p. m

Moons Hardy trees and Shrubs for Hardy Planlln? fverywlierf

The Wm H. Moon Company
Mornsvillr. Pi Philadclpllii Offia. S. 1 2lt SI.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

835

GARDENERS DIARY

International Flower Show will lie held
under the auspices of the Horticultural So-
ciety of New York and the New York
Florists' Club, March 21 to 28, 1914, at
Cirand Central Palace, New York.

Chicago Spring Flower Show will be held
under the auspices of the Horticultural So-
ciety, March 24 to 29, 1914, at Chicago, 111.

Boston Spring Flower Show will be held
under the auspices of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society, 1914, at Horticul-
tural Hall, Boston, Mass.

Philadelphia Spring Flower Show will be
held under the auspices of the Pennsylvania
Horticultural Society, 1914, at Horticul-
tural Hall, Philadelphia, Pa.

American Sweet Pea Society. Sweet Pea
Show, American Museum of Natural His-
tory, June 27 and 28.

Lenox Horticultural Society, l^eno.\. Mass,
SuuiuMT slu.w, .Julv 22 ami 23. Fall Show,
October 22 and 23,

Monmouth County Horticultural Society.
Fall Show, Red Bank, N. J.. Ortober 28
and 29.

Newport Horticultural Society, Newport,
K. I. Outdoor show. .June — .

MONMOUTH COUNTY HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY,

A meeting of this .■society was held on
tliur.sday evening, January 1.5. 1914. with
President .John A. Kennedy in the chair.
There was a good attendance and several
new propositions for membership were re-
ceived. After going through the regular
routine of business, the election of officers
occurred resulting as follows: President,
William Metzdorf; vice-president. Philip
Bonner; recording secretary, Harry A. Ket-
tel: financial secretary. Percy Hicks; cor-
responding secretarj', Philip IJonner; treas-
urer, Geo. H. Hale. Executive Committee —
Philip Bonner, William Dowlen and John A.
Kennedy. The anniial exhibition will be
held on Wednesday and Thursday, October
2S and 29. 1914,

The next meeting will be held on Friday,
ovening, February 20, 1914, at the Mon-
mouth Boat Club house at 7:30 p, m. Meet-
ings are to be held the third Friday in
the month only. PHHJP BON^NER,

Corresponding Secretary.

NEW JERSEY FLORICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

The nineteenth ainnial dinner of the
above society was held at the Plaza Hotel,
Orange, N, .1,, on Monday, February 2, at
8 p, m. The tables were beaiitifully deco-
rated with the exhibits for the monthly
competition and |)roilnced a striking cfTcct.

The toastmaster of the evening was J.
Austin Shaw, who introduced the various
speakers in his own inimitable way. W. .\.
Manda responded to the toast of "Our
Friends Across the Sea." Frederick W. Kel-
spy to the "Nurserymen." John E. Lager to
the "N. Y. Florist Club." Frank Drews, the
former president, to the "Park and Shade
Tree Commissioners," Edwin Thomas (presi-
dent) to the "Cooil Fellowship of the So-

A Bright New Book of 182 Pages for 1914

Telling the Plain Truth about BURPEE- QUALITY SEEDS, is mailed
Free of Cost to Gardeners everywhere upon Application to
W.'ATLEE BURPEE & CO., Burpee Buildings, Philadelphia

ciety," J. J. Wilson to the "Seedsmen," and
Geo. W. Strange to the "Ladies."

Pianoforte selections were rendered by
Geo. E. Lindermann, and vocal numbers
by J. Finnegan.

Prize winners were: First, Jos. A.
Manda; second, Max Schneider; third. Wm.
Reid. Very truly yours.

GEO. W. STRANGE, Secretary.

ELBERON HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The lilberon Jlorticultural Society held
its regular monthly meeting February 2.
This being carnation night, the carnation
growers of the Elbcron section of Long
Branch, New Jersey, turned out strong and
made a very creditable exhibition.

Mr. C. H. Totty, of Madison, N. J., was
a welcome visitor, acting as one of the
judges. He complimented the growers on
the quality of the flowers and especially
White Wonder as grown by Mr. George
Masson, and Beacon by Mr. Thomas Ham-
bleton. They were superb.

Mr. Sperling, of the Stump & Walter Co.,
was also in attendance and complimented
the growers on their skill.

The society is in a very flourishing con-
dition, thanks to our worthy treasurer. An-
ton Bauer.

Following is a list of the awards:

Best 12 white White Wonder, first, Geo.
Masson.

Best 12 white White Perfection, second,
D. C. Kelly.

Best 12 light pink Pink Enchantress,
first, George Masson: second, Thomas Uam-
bleton; third, D. C. Kelly.

Best 12 dark pink C. W. Ward, first, D. C.
Kelly; second, Anthony Bauer.

Best 12 dark pink Northport, third. John
Chinas.

Best 12 red Beacon, first, Thomas Ham-
bleton ; second, John Clunas.

Sweepstakes in all classes White Wonder,
first, George !Masson.

Sweepstakes in all classes Pink Enchant-
ress, first. George Masson.

Vase of Mignonette, cultural certilicate.
D. C. Kelly.

Vase of Roses, Radiance, cultural certifi-
cate, D. C. Kelly,

Plant of Phalenopsis Schilleriena, cultural
certificate, John Clunas.

Vase of Coelogyne Ciistata, cultural cer-
tificate. George Masson.

Vase of Sweet Peas, honorable mention,
C. O. Duncan.

Pliiiit of .Amaryllis, vote of thanks.
WirXl.-\M BRYAN.
Assistant Seerct:iry.

TUXEDO (N. Y.) HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

The regular montlily meeting was held
in the Parish House on February 4. Presi-
dent David Mcintosh occupied the chair,
and there «as a large attendance of mem-
l)ers, Tt was agieed that the society should
hold its annual ball some time in May. and
also a fall show, the date to be fixed later,
and the executive I'ommittee was instructed
to get busy cm the schedule which wc ex-
pect to have out some time in .Inly. The
society has made arrangements to hold a

series of lectures during the year by men
prominent in horticulture; a lecture will
be given at every meeting. At the March
meeting Simon Hilmers will talk on "The
Value of Wild Birds as Insect Destroyers,
and Their Protection." This should be very
interesting. We are also holding a rose
and carnation night on the same date,
March 4, when there will be classes for 12
and 6 of each color of roses, and 12 and 6 of
each color of carnations; and any other ex-
hibits that may be put up will be judged
according to their merits. All those who
wish to exhibit new varieties can do so by
sending them to Thomas Wilson, Tuxedo
Park, N. Y., who will see to them being
properly staged. An exhibit of Primulas,
white and lavender P. malacoides, P. ob-
conica and three varieties of Sinensis came
from Thomas Wilson, for which he was
awarded a certificate of culture, the judges
being Joe Manda, West Orange, and James
Macmachan.

Mr. Macmachan, our ex-president, has
just returned from a six weeks' visit to
Scotland and England, and we hope to have
an interesting talk from him in the near
future. A. H. Bobbink was elected to mem-
bership.

On the afternoon of February 5, some of
the members were the guests of Treasurer
Simon Hilmers to a rifle shooting compe-
tition, when they shot ovi-r .50-foot and
7i)-foot ranges. D. S. Millar proved to be
the crack shot with 435 points out of a pos-
sible 480 at the shorter range; while over
the 75-foot range Cliarles Costicki was the
best man with 213 points out of a possible
2r)0. After the shooting they adjourned to
Mr. Hilmers' cottage and were provided

I Th e AndorraWay

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to come here at any lime of the
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Our experience and unmatched stock
arc at your command.

ANDORRA NURSERIES

W.T,. \V.unrrHafPfr. Pro:)fi.rtof
Box O. Chestnut Hill,
Philadelphia. Pa.

836

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

■with light refreshments, which brought a
very pleasant afternoon to a close.

The next meeting will be held in the Par-
ish House on March 4, 7:30 p. m.

THOS. WILSON, Secretary.

THE WESTCHESTER AND FAIRFIELD
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The annual entertainment of the West-
chester and Fairfield Horticultural Society
was held in Mechanics' Hall, Stamford,
Conn., AVednesday evening, February 4. It
was an ideal night for mid-winter. The
weather was clear and settled, just a little
bit frosty, and good traveling. The gar-
dener can always enjoy himself better when
he knows his other interests are safe, and
in consequence a great number of the mem-
bers with their wives, families, sweethearts
or friends were present, supplemented by
a goodly number of seedsmen's and nur-
serymen's representatives, filled the hall
to overflowing. Everybody seemed to be
acquainted, and "sociability" seemed to be
the watchword of the occasion. The com-
mittee in charge of arrangements deserve
gi-eat credit for the excellent and varied
programme presented. The vocal and in-
strumental numbers, minstrel features and
sleight-of-hand tricks were all well ren-
dei-ed and heartily applauded. The enter-
tainment concluded with a number of ex-
cellent colored views of travel in the Brit-
ish Isles, showing among others a number
of horticultural subjects. About this time
President Williamson called to the stage
Mr. John M. Blown, of Stamford, and pre-
sented him with a beautiful silver loving
cup, ornamented with horn handles, as a
token of esteem and also apreeiation of the
exhibitors at our recent Fall show, which
was such a decided success, largely due to
Mr. Brown's able management. Mr. Brown
responded feelingly and assured the "boys"
of ins continued hearty support. While an
excellent bufl'et lunch was being served the
floor Avas quickly cleared for dancing.
P. W. POPP,
Corresponding Secretary.

CONNECTICUT HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

The weather was so extremely cold dur-
ing the week that our members did not
bring the exhibits that they otherwise
would have done had conditions been more
favorable. The meeting of February 13
was given up to the consideration of Cycla-
men, and Mr. George W. Fraser, of the
Connecticut Agricultural College, exhibited
one plant of Cyclamen; but some of the
blooms distinctly showed the ravages of
"Jack Frost." Mr. Fraser stated that he
had one plant he intended to bring, bearing
ninety-eight blooms. He had an eight-mile
ride in an open automobile with the ther-
mometer at 8 degrees below zero, so that
he displayed considerable pluck in attempt-
ing to bring an exhibit at all. He also
showed a vase of carnations, which he
named "A. G: Gulley," after one of the pro-
fessors at the college. He exhibited two
rose blooms crossed between Belle Sea-
brite and Kaiserin Augusta Victoria.

Mr. Fraser was the principal speaker of
the evening, and he gave a complete history
of the Cyclamen. He stated in part that
the Cyclamen originated in Italy, and that
pigs were very fond of the roots and would
hunt voraciously for them in the woods,
especially wild boars. In the year 1731 they
were introduced into England, but were not
favorably received. They were not propa-
gated much, as the gardeners did not seem
to appreciate their beauty, and their value
as flowering plants was not discovered until
about fifty years ago. Cvclamen blooms

from October to May. Some plants produce
2U0 blooms, and Mr. Fraser stated that he
had counted one with 198 blooms. The tem-
perature should be kept at about CO degrees,
as they seem to grow better at that temper-
ature. The meeting was well attended, and
the members extended to Mr. Fraser a
hearty vote of thanks for his able address.
ALFRED DIKON, Secretary.

THE WESTCHESTER AND FAIRFIELD
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The regular monthly meeting of the
\Yestchester and Fairfield Horticultural So-
ciety was held in Doran Hall, Greenwich,
Conn., Friday evening, February 13, Presi-
dent Eobert Williamson presiding. Owing
to the severity of the weather the regular
attendance was not quite up to the usual
high mark, a great many of the members
having to travel long distances to reach the
meeting place. The monthly exhibits were
of the usual high standard of quality, but
not so numerous as when the weathe'r per-
mits the carrying of greenhouse stock with
more safety.

The judges made the following awards:
A well-flowered orchid plant, Phalaenopsis
Schilerlana, from Adam Patterson was justly
awarded a cultural certificate. A fine vase
of Killarney roses, white and pink varie-
ties, from Carl Hakansen, awarded honor-
able mention. Specimen plant of Primula
Malainder Alba, from P. W. Popp, was
awarded a vote of thanks. A handsome
vase of Zwalvenek's new winter flowering
Orchid Sweet Peas attracted considerable
attention, this being the first time that this
new race of Sweet Peas was exhibited be-
fore this society. In the opinion of the
writer this new type of Sweet Peas will in
a few years entirely supersede the present
day type of winter flower, or Christmas
Sweet Peas. Honorable mention was
awarded to P. W. Popp for the exhibit.

The Entertainment Committee made their
final report, and were discharged with a
hearty vote of thanks for the splendid eve-
ning's entertainment recently provided for
the enjoyment of the society and friends.

The question of summer and fall shows
for this year was discussed. Wliile there
was no definite action taken regarding the
matter, there is every indication the society
will again provide for creditable e.xhibitions
as in the past.

A communication was read from the sec-
retary of National Association of Garden-
ers urging upon the members of local so-
cieties and gardening clubs the need of
greater co-operation with the national body.
Tlie question is a very broad one, and of
too much importance* to discuss offhand.
There is no doubt whatever that when the
matter takes more concrete form, and the
subject has been fully discussed by the va-
rious local societies throughout the coun-
try, policies suggested and acted upon by
tlie progressive element in the gardening
fraternity, the movement cannot be other-
wise than beneficial in niunberless ways
that will suggest themselves, not only to
the gardener in particular, but to the pro-
fession generally. With the limited time at
the disposal of the members there was,
however, quite a discussion on the subject,
the sense of which seemed to be, if each
local society should have adequate repre-
sentation and a voice in the shaping of the
policies of this movement in connection
with the N. A. G.. the W. & F. Society
could be counted upon to heartily co-oper-
ate with any movement tending to the ad-
vancement of horticulture.

Four new nienibers were elected and two
|)ropositions for membership received. TMeet-
in<: then atliourncd until March 13. 1914.
P. W. POPI'.

AMERICAN ROSE SOCIETY.

The Executive Committee of the Ameri-
can Piose Society met Monday, February 9,
and took up various important questions
relative to the coming exhibit. The list of
judges were chosen subject to their accept-
ance. The Mrs. Gertrude M. Hubbard gold
medal will be awarded on Monday, March
23. This gold medal is a special prize pro-
vided for in perpetuity by the late Mrs.
Gertruds M. Hubbard, of Washington, and
the provisions are that it is to be given
once in five years to the raiser or originator
of the best rose introduced in the five years
previous to the award. The rose to be of
American origin, and this will be the first
occasion on which it is' awarded.

A special prize is offered by Treasurer
Harry 0. May for .the best 2.5 blooms of
any undisseminated variety of roses. $25.
The Waban Rose Conservatorie.s offer a
prize of $2.5 for the best 50 Russell roses,
and a special prize is also offered by the
Executive Committee of the American Rose
Society, the particular object to be deter-
mined later.

The annual business meeting of the so-
ciety will be held on Monday evening,
March 23, subject to adjournment. Last
year the attractions at the Grand Central
Palace was so great that it was difiicult to
get anything to counterbalance the attrac-
tions of the general exhibit, and every-
thing in the way of papers was deemed ad-
visable to omit.

Entries for the rose classes should be
forwarded to reach the secretary at Bea-
con, Dutchess County, New York, not later
than March 10, 1914. Robert Simpson, of
Clifton, N. J., has accepted the position of
manager for the Rose Exhibition.

BENJAMIN HAMMOND,

Secretary.

NEW LONDON (CONN.) HORTICUL-
TURAL SOCIETY.

The monthly meeting of the New Lon-
don Horticultural Society was held Febru-
ary 1 1 in its rooms on Main street. Con-
sidering the inclement weather quit a good
attendance turned out. Carnations were
the feature of the meeting. Patten & Co.,
Tewkesbury, Mass.. exhibited a very fine
vase of their new carnation "Princess Dag-
mar." Edward Smith showed an exception-
al fine vase of Bonora. Stanley -Jordan
exhibited Mrs. Barron, White ' Wonder.
\\'liite Enchantress, Pink Delight, Enchant-
ress and Enchantress Supreme: also a very
line bloom of the Californian Giant, quite a
novelty. Alfred Flowers, gardener to G.
Palmer, Esq., exhibited a fine collection of
in-door grown vegetables. Andrew Beran,
gardener to Senator Landers, exhibited a
\ery fine bunch of Princess of Wales Vio-
lets. Mr. Beran is quite an expert on these
latter, having a fine violet house on the-
estate.

The next meeting of the society will be
held in March, when all members are asked
for questions on any subject relating to-
horticulture. This should be an interesting
night, and bring a good attendance. Ques-
tions from outsiders are invited, and will
be answered from this society.

STANLEY, 'JORDAN,

Acting Secretary.

DUTCHESS COUNTY HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

The regular monthly meeting of the
Dutchess County Horticultural Society wa-
held February ' 11. President Cottani in
the chair. About twenty members were
present. The date of the smoker and bowl-

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

837

ing match was set for March 2. Committee
on Bowling reported a match had been ar-
ranged with Tarrytown HortiouUiiral So-
ciety. After the meeting the would-be
bowlers repaired to the allej-s and took
part in an elimination contest. The follow-
ing members qualilied: Miller, Garrison;
ilcBain, Garrison; Allen, Hyde Park;
]!ashit. Poughkeepsie; Whitney, Fislikill-
on-Hudson. I will not give the scores.
They were too horrible (some of them).
F. K. W.

NEW HAVEN HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

The regular meeting of the New Haven
County Horticultural Society was held at
400 State street on Tuesday evening. Feb-
ruary 10, the president, Howard P. Crooks,
in the chair. There was a large attendance
of members, and one new member was
elected. The secretary. W. C. Mcintosh,
read a letter from Lord & Burnham Co.
offering a gold medal to be awarded to the
competitor scoring most points at the
society's meetings throughout the season.
This medal will be presented to the suc-
cessful competitor on the second day of
the society's exhibition in September.
President Brooks and Secretary Mcintosh
gave a very interesting account of their
visit to the meeting of the State Fair
Association at Hartford. In connection
with this association the president. H. P.
Brooks, has been elected representative for
New Haven County. A preliminary
schedule is being prepared and will be
mailed in the near future. -T. K.

NEWPORT (R. I.) HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

A regular meeting of thi* society was

held on Tuesday evening. February 10,
when a good attendance of members was
present. President William McKay was
in the chair. It was voted tliat the present
place of meeting be given up, and begin-
ning on April 1, the meeting will be held
at the Music Hall on Thames street, where
there is a larger hall, and, if anything,
more central than the Sanborn Hall. The
A. N. Plerson, Inc., cup, a handsome affair,
which is offered for the best display of cut
blooms of outdoor roses, was on view and
admired. It was voted to offer the Hitch-
ing Company's cup as a tirst prize in Class
1 for the best group of foliage plants cov-
ering a space of 100 square feet. A hint
from the Florists" Kxchangi; "Ninth-Story"
jottings of a recent number, advising a
Press Committee whose duty it wouhl be to
watch for and bring before the society
items of especial interest coming to the
committee's attention from time to time,
was brought up by a member and resulted
in the appointment of a committee of
three, Mr. Dorward, the mover, being chair-
man. There was a general discussion on
the merits or demerits of the Alphano
humus, a New .Jersey product. The atten-
tion of the members was called to the illus-
trated lecture to be given on Wednesday,
February 18, by John T. Withers, New
York. At the next regular meeting An-
drew J. Dorward is to read a paper on
"The Carnation."

TIMBER SUPPLY DEPENDS ON PRI-
VATE FORESTS.

.^fttr the remaining virgin timber of the
L^nited States is exhausted, forest supplies
will have to come from national forests.
State forests, or from privately-owned
land; but Federal and State forests, ac-

cording 10 E. A. Sterling, Director of the
American Forestry Association, who ad-
dressed the national conservation congress
this afternoon, constitute only one-fifth of
the total forest area of the country.

■On private lands," he says, "the timbei
of the future will be either such growth
which has sprung up voluntarily on cut-
over land and has managed to escape fire,
or that from areas which have been devoted
to forest production as a business enter-
prise. So far the practice of private for-
estry has been mainly confined to small
operations, often more for pleasure than
for profit. An intensive forest policy on a
scale large enough to establish its com-
mercial feasibility has not yet been under-
taken.

"Present tendencies in private forestry
indicate a more logical development than
at any time since forest conservation be-
came an issue. Instead of attempting to
put immediately into effect complete pol-
icies and an intensive management which
are scientifically correct, the things now
being attempted are the logical steps which
will ultimately lead to systematic, long-
time management of private forest lands.
The private owner is learning that fire pro-
tection is possible, and that it pays. With
this fad established, other things will be
taken up and worked out until the pro-
gressive timberland owner will find that
he is practicing the kind of forestry which
pays in this cotmtry.

"In a word, private forestry, as it can
be properly practiced in the United States
today, is not the intensive forestry of Ger-
many, but the application of protective and
close utilii^ation measures with provisions
for natural regeneration. These principles,
applied as economic conditions permit, will
build up the ,nrt and practice of forestry in
.\inorica."

Grand Spring Exhibition

Under the auspices of the Horticultural Society
of New York and the New York Florist's Club

$12,500 IN PREMIUMS

GRAND CENTRAL PALACE

NEW YORK

March 21st to 28th, 1914

Special classes for private growers. Are you preparing to exhibit?
Plant and Cut Flower Schedules are ready.
If you have not received yours write to

Tel. 7362 Mad. Sq.

JOHN YOUNG, Secretary,

53 West 28th St., New York

S3S

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

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BON ARBOR

Awarded Diploma and Silver Medal at 1912
Royal International Exhibition, London, Eng.

BON ARBOR NO. 1 will keep your Tennis Courts
and Lawns green in the hottest weather. Will grow
Lettuce, Celery, Cauliflower, and anything that matures
above the ground to the finest perfection. We can
prove it.

Bon Arbor No. 1 is put up as follows:

Package making 15 galloDS. by mall $0.30

Package making 30 gallons, by mall 55

5 lb. package making 150 gallo

exp. extra
making 750 gallons.

1.80

25 lb. package
A 60 lb. package making 1,500 gall

extra 6.25

exp. extra 12.50
100 lb. package making 3,000 gallons.

exp. extra 20.00
Barrels from 250 to 300 lbs., 18c. per lb.

RADIX WORM ERADICATOR removes worms
instantly from your Tennis Courts, Golf Greens,
Flower Pots, etc.

2 gallons, making 200 gallons, $2.00 per gallon.

IH gallons sufficient for Tennis Court 78 x 36 feet.

ANT DESTROYER. Rid your garden and lawn
of ants. It can be done in less than a week. Per lb.
6Sc.; 10 lbs., 60c. per lb.; 25 lbs., 50c. per lb.

BON ARBOR CHEMICAL CO.

Paterson, N. J., U. S. A.

Write for descriptii
lure also Radix Worn
agricultural chemicals

catalogue, nev
Eradicator, Ins
Special prices

1912 edition. We nunufac-
cticides. Weed Killer and all
Dn large quantities.

FIRST ANNUAL SPRING

Flower Show

to be held at the Country Life
Permanent Exposition, over the
main waiting room, Grand Cen-
tral Terminal, New York City,
March 2nd to 7th, 1914. Open
daily from 9 a. m. to 6 p. m. Ad-
mission free. Open to all ama-
teurs and private gardeners. Write
for schedule of prizes to Frank J.
Le Clair, secretary Flovs^er Show
Committee, Country Life Perma-
nent Exposition, New^ York City.

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International Nurseries, Inc.

FINE NURSERY STOCK

Come and See Our Fine Collection

OF

Specimen Evergreens Ampelopsis in pots

English Ivy in pots Roses m eight inch pots

RhododrendronS from eighteen inches to four feet

ALL THESE CAN BE INSPECTED AT OUR GROUNDS

1905 WEST FARMS ROAD, NEW YORK CITY

Telephone. 4028 TremonI

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

839

SPECIAL GREENHOUSE
FERTILIZERS

FOR FLORISTS AND GARDENERS

Formulated aad Manufactured by men who have m ade a life study o

FLOWERS-FR UITS— VEGETABLES

Under Glass

in this Country and Abroad

Proper fertilization under glass is more important than
fertilization out of doors — and

Fertilization is our Specialty

Why pay ocean freight and dealers' commissions on
Imported General Fertilizers when you can buy Fertilizer
Direct from the Manufacturer Especially prepared to
meet vour Individual requirements?

We are also manufacturers of MAK-GRO Odor-
less Plant Food, put up in one pound tins and five
pound bags — a splendid side line for Florists op-
erating their own stores.

JVe are at your service on all matters relating to Green-
house Fertilization. Write us for further particulars.

CONSUMERS FERTILIZER CO.

Long Acre Building

New York City

Factory and Laboratory,
Farminpdale, N. J.

Experimental Greenhouses, Exp. Farms.
Cantonsrille, Md. Farming'dale, N. J.

Growing Pains

CONTRARY to all "off years" tales
— our factory has been so rushed
the last half of 1913. that it has
been difficult to make deliveries as
promptly as has been our custom.

To make matters still more difficult,
we have been increasing our factory by
fully a third.

But now these "growing pains" are
about over and from now on you can de-
pend on our deliveries being as prompt
as of yore.

HITCHINGS & CO.

Factory — Elizabeth, N. J.

MR. GARDENER:

Let That Tree Die, and

You Will Never See

It Replaced

YOU KNOW how long it has taken that tree to
attain those stately proportions.

YOU KNOW how irreparable the loss should it die.

YOU KNOW how imminent is the danger from in-
sects and fungi.

YOU KNOW how devitalising, how unsightly, and
how difficult to reach is that dead
wood.

YOU KNOW how surely fatal are those neglected
cavities — neglected decaying stumps,
neglected wounds, neglected borer
holes are the causes.

Then Why Wait Longer? Time Is Precious.

CALL US IN

WE HAVE the KNOWLEDGE, the EXPERI-
ENCE, the MEN, the TOOLS.

JOHN T. WITHERS Inc.

Landscape Architect and Forester

1 Montgomery St. Jersey City, N. J.

BOBBINK & ATKINS

WORLD'S CHOICEST NURSERY
AND GREENHOUSE PRODUCTS

iiting

We sh.-lll sladly siie our tinio and attention to all G.ir(U-ners
our Nursery and invite overyl>otiy iuteresttd in imi»n>ving their
to visit us. Our Nursery eonsl.sts of 300 acres of highly cultivated
land and a Iari;e area covered ivith Greenhouses and Storehouses, in
« liich we are growing Nursery and Greenhouse Products for every
place and pur^jose, the best that experience, good cultivation and our
exoellent facilities can produce, placing us in a position to till orders
of any size.

THE FOLIOWING PLANTS FOR INTERIOB AND EXTERIOR
DECORATIONS ARE AMONG OUR SPECIALTIES:

DECIDUOUS TREES AND

SHRUBS We grow many thou

sands of ornamental Shade Trees
anil Flowering Shrubs in all
varieties and sizes. A visit to
our Nursery will convince you of
tile quality of our immense stock.

HEDGE PLANTS.— We grow a
laiLv nuantily of California
ITivet. lierberls and other shrulis

fur hedges.

BOXWOOD IN TUBS. — We
grow thousands of plants In many
shapes and sizes. Everybody loves
the aroma of old-fasliloned Boi-

PULBS AND HOOTS. —

gri>w and import quantities
liulhs and Roots.

of

HARDY OLD - FASHIONED
FLOWERS. \Vc have thousands
of rare, new and old-fashioned
kinds. We grow many thousands
of English Delphiniums.

TRAINED. DWARF AND OR-
DINARY FRUIT TREES AND
SMALL FRUITS. We i;r.iw tlics,-
1..1- all kinil- ..f rniU ilard.ns
and On hards.

HARDY TRAILING AND
CLIMBING VINES. — We have
them for every place and pur-
IHjse.

PLANT TUBS, WINDOW

BOXES, ENGLISH GARDEN
FURNITURE AND RUSTIC
WORK. — We manufacture all

shaiu

Id siz

OUR NEW HYBRID

I-v.rvbody shmild be I
It will grow everywhi'

GIANT-FLOWERING HARSHMALLOW.—

.■slid in tills new hardy old-fnslili.ned linwer.

ind when in bloom is the qi n of nil Garden

ly until till- latter part of Seplemlier.
OUR NEW ILLUSTRATED GENERAL CATALOG NO. 46 DESCRIBES
OUR PRODUCTS. Will Ic mailed upon request.
VISITORS take Erie R. R. to Carlton Hill.

Thr.

valk

Niir

WL'^^ll Rutherford, N. J.

840

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

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EVERYTHING FOR THE CONSERVATORY AND GARDEN

THE FINEST COLLECTIONS OF ORCHIDS AND STOVE-PLANTS IN AMERICA.

PALMS IN ALL SIZES AND INNUMERABLE VARIETIES.

FLOWERING GREENHOUSE PLANTS, FERNS, ETC.

BAY TREES AND BOX TREES IN ALL SIZES

HYDRANGEAS IN TUBS, AUCUBAS AND LAURUS CERASUS-ROSES FOR OUTDOOR PLANTING.
EVERGREENS IN ALL SIZES— TREES AND SHRUBS.

Catalog on request.

Visitors always welcome.

JULIUS ROEHRS CO.

Rutherford, N. J.

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The Guide To Nature

EDWARD F. BIGELOW. Managing Editor

A Profusely Illustrated Monthly Maga-
zine Devoted to Commonplace Nature
with Uncomm<in Interest.

Subscription, $1.00 per Year
Single or Sample Copy, 10c.

Canadian Postage. 24c ; Foreign Postage, .^6c.

Published by The Agasslz Assoclation, ArcAdiA

SOUND BEACH, CONN.

Make all Checks and Money Orders payable to The Agassiz Association,

J. B. McArdle

Seeds, Bulbs, Plants, Insecti-
cides— Fertilizers and all
Horticultural Supplies.

Greenwich, Conn.

ORCHIDS

We are specialists in this kind of plants. We
collect, import and grow orchids from all parts of
the world where orchids grow.

We will be glad to fill your order for one plant
or a thousand according to your requirements.

Our beautiful Catalogue and special lists on
application.

LAGER & HURRELL

Orchid-Growera and Importers

SUMMIT, N. J.

Competent Gardeners

^ The comforts ond products o/ a country home ore
increased by employing a competent gardener ; if you
want lo engage one, write to us.

fl Please give particulars regarding place ond say
whether married or single man is wanted. We have
been supplying them for years lo the best people
everywhere. No lee asked.

PETER HENDERSON & CO.

Seedsmen ind Florists
33 and 37 Corllandt St. NEW YORK CITY

TOMATO

''BUCKS' T RES CO''

The greatest novelty ot the
season. Also tor other spe-
cialties and novelties see our
New Illustrated Catalogue
for I 9 I 4; free on application

W. E. Marshall & Co.

SEEDS BULBS PLANTS

166 West 23d Street, New York

THE GARDENERS" CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

N41

BODDINGTON'S QUALITY
SWEET PEAS

OUR 1914 Garden CJuide cuiilaiiis fourteen pages devoted to Sweet Peas,- a catalogue by itself
within a catalogue. Also one page of Novelt}- Sweet Peas. If you have not received a copy,
drop us a postcard ; if j'ou do not buy from us, it will be a handy and UMto-date reference book
of 152 pages. lUu we want you for a customer — so why not start in with an order for our exhibition
Sweet Peas?

The demand for the Spencer t\pes almost exceeds that of the Unwin and Grandiflora types com-
bined, and, if you wish a Fine Prize-winning Collection, it is essential that you should favor this form
of Sweet Peas. The Huwers are larger than those of the ordinary type, and bear, for the most part, iour
orchid-like flowers, that are fluted and rufHed, on a stem.

If collections are wanted for exhibition purposes, we shall be glad to make suggestions.

FOR THE FORTHCOMING 1914 SUMMER EXHIBITION OF THE AMERICAN SWEET PEA SOCIETY, TO
BE HELD IN NEW YORK CITY, WE TAKE PLEASURE IN AGAIN OFFERING OUR

Challenge Silver Cup. Value $50

FOR A COLLECTION OF SWEET PEAS, 25 VARIETIES, NOT LESS THAN 25 STEMS TO A VASE, TO BE
SHOWN WITH SWEET PEA FOLIAGE ONLY. TO BE WON TWICE BY THE SAME EXHIBITOR.

We will also award to the winner of this cup (each time won) a cash prize of $25; $15 second, and $10 third prize

ARTHUR T. BODDINGTON, Seedsman, 342 West 14th Street, New York City

enjoy -^ .^va-^ng^^^^

you tnUSt so

SUTTON'S

FLOWER & VEGETABLE

I

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1^

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WMr^

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Br>;, ■ -■^■.-'/'•■.

which have gained during the past
centur>" more' than 600 GOLD MED-
Al-S and other honors at the lead-
ing e.xhibitions throughout the world,
including the highest awards at the
R(>\al International Horticultural
Show, London, for Plants Grown
froin Seed.

I-'ull particulars will he found in SL T-
TON'S GARDEN SEED CATA-
L()(;UE for 1914. Those who have
not received a copy of this publication
should wrile at once lo

SUTTON & SONS

StcJ%mrn lo Hit Maimtly King Gcorg, V

READING, ENGLAND

842

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

i'^S^ffk-^'^A

You remember that
biblical Child
Pharaoh was due to his
without straw. The bricks of th
affairs, baked in the sun. St

unpleasantnesses between the

the ancient Egyptian King

manding that they make bricks

days were crude, hand-moulded

xed with the clay f:

Nile, to hold it together better; quite as hair is today put in wall
plaster. Bricks n-.ade without straw looked like other bricks, but
thev didn't have the strength — they crumbled. Jumping over a gap
of 5,000 years, we come down to the U-Bar greenhouse and its orig-
inal curved eave construction. Other constructions may look like

the r-Bar, but,
stabilitv and di:
it isn't a U-Ba
bars are one c

ability

strawless brick, it is only in the looks — the
•e not there. If it isn't made with U-Bars,
eave house. From' ridge to sill, the U-Bar
Lious piece of galvanized steel, no splicing, no
■mically treated cypress core bars bear no weight
— their onlv office is to form a satisfactorv glazing seat for putty and
glass. The tMfar house is the only house built with U-Bars. When
you buy your greenhouse — be sure it's not a case of bricks without
straw. I.'ooks is one thing. Durability quite an
catalog, or send for us. Or both.

Send for

U-BAR GREENHOUSES

PI EPSON U-BAR CO

YOUR QUERY. — On what do you base your claims that the "Aphine"
products are the best on the market?

OUR ANSWER. — On the satisfaction all our products, "Aphine," "Fun-
gine, " "Scaline, " "Vermine, " and "Nikotiana, ' are giving to the users
- — the leaders among private and commercial growers, w^ho have thor-
oughly tested all of them, and who have not found any of them want-
ing in any particular.

Advertising will produce business, but it requires merit behind it to retain it. We are not
only retaining, but we are constantly increasing our business.

"THERE IS A REASON!"

What this reason is yun can demonstrate t^:
secticide— APHINE—a fungicide— FUNGINE-
INE— a vaporizer— NIKOTIANA.

iiir fiitirc satisfaction when you require an in-
scahcide— SCALINE— a vomicide— VERM-

These products are olitainablc from up-to-date s'jcdsnu'ii and flcirist supply houses.

Aphine Manufacturing Company

BRITISH DISTRIBUTOHS:
British and American Fertilizer Company.
Leith Offices — Lh

Manufacturers of Agricultural Chemicals
MADISON, N. J

pool, England

Inspect Our Products at the International Flower Show

CANADIAN AGENTS:

Dupuy & Ferguson, Montreal, Que.

Steele, Briggs Seed Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

^^^H

HI

.^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^1

Here's a grass test. Alpliano Humus -vas spread en the ter
The Alphano being- in powdered form, was raked in. The m;

raked off, carrying along^ much of its worth.

Three days before this photograph was taken all the grass wa

of the grass between the two portions tells its own story of the

height and evident depth of color

A Talk to Those Who Are Not Awake
to the Merits of Alphano Humus

HUAIL'S is tilt very backbone of
any productive soil. The
greater its humus content, the
higher its productive power and the
longer its fertility endures.

The difference between freely
workable, fertile top soil and
"packy" or "gravelly," unproductive
sub-soil, is the difference in the
amount of Humus it contains.

Hum
(lay dc

Whe

itself

Jiisl.

ayed vegetable matter

nple, pla

that gives thai soft, springy feeling.
It*s the Humus that fills itself full of water
and gradually liberates it, feeding the springs
and streams.

It's Humus in the wood soil that plays so
important a part in preventing the rains
from rushing down tlie
sides, filling the streams

and light soils he

causing flood
•y soil lighter.

tig readily available foods for plant growth.

It's Hu
fortifying
\\7;

that holds the
against the

heat. Without Humus,

So much for Humus
word about Alphano Hi

moisture in soil,
mer's protracted
arc sterile.

;i particul.i
New Jersey, are

Down at Alph;
posits of Humus, varying in depth trom I J'
inches to S feet. Scientific authorities esti-
mate that it has been thousands of years in
forming. They state it to be composed of
highly decayed vegetable matter, with which
is mixed the remains of fish and animal life,
together with the mineral matter washed
down from the neighboring hills.

Wlicn this deposit is dug up and put in
piles, it ''heats." This proves beyond all
dispute, that it is far from inert, but lively
with the bacteria of ferment, so essential for
rendering the nitrogen available as well as
increasing the activity of the bacteria already

This bacterial action is highly important in
aerating the soil, and in the uniting of the
various soil properties to increase their avail-
ability for plant roots.

This Alphano Humus, of Nature's own
make, we dig, dry, and prepare in a pow-
dered form, already for your use.

It is rich in nitrogen, carrying as much as
from y/c to 4*;^, against one-half of one
per cent, contained in barnyard manures. It
analyzes high in phosphates, lime .md the
various other plant life-giving properties.

Tleing in powdered form, you can easily in-
corporate it in the soil.

Being odorless, you can use it at any time,
anywhere, absolutely without objection.

A Conneriicut Estate had some side 1
land so void of Humus it would scarc<
grow beans 5 inches hig-h. Alphano Hun
was spread en and plowed in. This ceN
grew on that very same land that

th ai

nal

ercomes the
jver present

Being so much stronger than such manures,
and lasting so much longer than chemical
fertilizers, it has distinct advantage over
either.

Being so reasonable in price, you can use
it freely, and know that you arc not only
>timu1aring the soil, but giving to it a long
cr.during fertility.

niiportunity to prove what

vill do for vou, based on

i! has done and is doing for others.

it this Spring on your lawn — rake it

IS vou do with barnvard litter.

1 your shrubs— use .-is a mulch

-garden with it. t^ivo it

Alpha

in— not off,
IHg it

s for $5. $12 a ton. $8 per ton by the
carload. F.O.B. Alphano, N. J.

hododend
fair trial.
Send for tl
bout Humus i
II particular.

Humus Book: it tells
general and .\lphano Hii

nil

ALPHANO HUMUS COMPANY

934 Whitehall Building, New York City

=riiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin»iiiiiiiiiinii
!iiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiniiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiilililiiiiimi

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

TO gee the best results it is necessary to get the best seeds. Every packet
of Henderson's seeds that is sold has behind it the accumulated ex-
perience of sixty-seven years of successful seed growing and selling.
Most of the accepted methods of seed testing and trials in use today originated
with the founder of our firm, and the methods that were the best three genera-
tions ago have been improved and bettered by us from year to year and are to-
day still the best. The initial cost of the seed is really the smallest cost and
it pays to be sure you have started right.

The unknown quantity on your garden and farm is the quality of the seeds
you sow, and you cannot be too careful in making sure that you obtain the best
procurable. For many years the name of Peter Henderson & Co. has become
inseparably linked with all that is best in seeds, because our constant purpose
has always been — and will continue to be — to supply to our customers pure
seeds of the highest germinating power only.

tmu

.NltATD©!^;

The business founded by Peter Henderson is still carried on by his son,
Charles Henderson, and last year two grandsons of Peter Henderson, viz. :
Peter Henderson, son of Alfred Henderson (deceased), and Floward M.
Henderson, son of Charles Henderson, entered the business; thus insuring its
continuance along the lines laid down by its founder.

In this country, where quick transitions in business are common, the worth of a
house carried successfully into the third generation should inspire confidence.
In no other business is this factor more essential. The purchaser of seeds should
consider the reputation of the house seeking his patronage before buying.

Our Manual of "EVERYTHING FOR THE GARDEN:' for 1914,
we consider the best we have ever issued, and the seeds, plants, bulbs, etc.,
have been grown and selected with the same conscientious care which has
been our successful endeavor for 67 years. Those who have not received this
catalogue may obtain it free upon application by mentioning Gardeners'
Chronicle. We have in preparation our Farmers' Manual, Implement and
Lawn Catalogues and will mail these also as issued.

PETER HENDERSON & CO.

35-37 CORTLANDT STREET
NEW YORK CITY

"*0,

GARDENERS'
CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Lvr:#«^'

]jrX\mm^ll ^

BURNETT'S SPECIAL LAWN GRASS SEED

Lavsrn Grass Seed Mixtures

For All Situations

Burnett's "Shadyplace"

Qt. 30c., pk. $2.00, biisli. (20 lbs.) $7.00.

Burnett's "Bank and Terrace'

Qt. jOc. pk. $1.75, bush. (20 lbs.) $6..^0.

BURNETT'S "CENTRAL PARK" LAWN GRASS

Qt. 20c.. pk. $1..S0. bush. (20 lbs.) S.^.OO.

GRASSES FOR GOLF COURSES, ETC.

Burnett's Fair Green Mi.xture Bush. (20 lbs.) $5.00

Burnett's Putting Green Mixture Bush. (20 lbs.) 7.00

Burnett's Tennis Court Mixture Bush. (20 lbs.) 7.00

Burnett's Seashore Mixture Bush. (20 lbs.) 6.00

BURNETT'S SPECIAL LAWN GRASS MIXTURE

Qt-

pk. $1.7.1. l)ush. (20 lbs.) S6.00.

We make a specialty of
Grass Seed Mixtures and
supply many of the largest
estates in the country.

Send for our Illustrated Cat-
alogue for Spring 1914.
Mailed Free.

Write for our Illustrated Booklet

HOW TO MAKE —
HOW TO KEEP A
PERFECT LAWN

BURNETT BROTHERS

Telephone 6138 Barclay

SEEDSMEN

98 Chambers Street, New York

(Betwreen Broadway and Church Street)

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

847

1 FORCING ROSES

The question of where to
buy your Rose stock and what
sorts to buy is an important
one. There are no finer plants
in the world than the grafted
stock that I am now sending
out to the private growers in
all the best Novelties.

KILLARNEY BRILLIANT OPHELIA

PRINCE De ARENBERG

and ALL STANDARD SORTS

1 OUTDOOR ROSES

S By special contract with

= Hugh Dickson, Ltd., I am sole

= distributor of his Novelties in

= America and the 1914 set will

^ be sent out this spring. The

= GOLD MEDAL list is as

z= follows :

= MRS. JAS. LYNAS BRILLIANT

= COUNTESS CLANWILLIAM

= MRS. ARCHIE GRAY WILLIAM COOPER

ISS Send for Special Hardy Rose List !

I CHRYSANTHEMUMS

= I carry over 500 kinds and

= send out more plants than any

= house in the w^orld. This de-

^ partment is in charge of a

= sfaff of experts who know

= their business thoroughly. If

S you are a customer you know

= this, if not, isn't it time we got

= acquainted ?

Send for my Catalogue !
It's Free!

MRS.

GEORGE

SHAWYER

848

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

A HIGHWAY OF PERENNIALS

THE HIGHWAY TO PERENNIALS

Leads straight to the PAT .IS APRS NURSERIES

THERE you will find all kinds and you can take your
pick from the best that grow. Perennials add a feeling
of permanency to your home surroundings. They change
their plumage but not their face, and keep reflecting the seasons
all the year around.

No grounds arc really gardened without a big showing in
perennials. We are headquarters for perennials and assure
the widest latitude in choice as well as the most courteous
promptitude in correspondence and service. Our motto — Maxi-
mum Quality at Minimum Cost. Write R.W. CLUCAS, Manager.

THE PALISADES NURSERY, Sparkill, N. Y.

Gladiolus for Forcing

AMERICA AND PRINCEPS

An exceptional offer of well
ripened extra large high crown
bulbs, 7 inches and over in cir-
America, 50c. doz. ; $3.50 per 100
Princeps, 75c. doz.; $5.00 per 100
MARK cumference.

WEEBER and DON

Seed Merchants and Growers
I 14 Chambers Street NEW YORK

k^'i^^

Why Not a Primrose Border ?

TliL- hardy polyanthus— with its solid ma-- "f h.-ight Mnn,„ (f,-n,r
April to June) — is too little used on American properties.

For all-year-round effect in that formal bed, or shrubbery border
])huit Bamhusa Metake. We have splendid specimens, growing 5 U
b ft. high, with phasing rich green foliage, which is almost evergreen

Gel our 1914 SPECIALTY PLANT BOOK, Free-it
full of such helpful suggestions.

THOMAS MEEHAN 6 SONS

A Beautiful Lawn

Is to the house as the
fully located, deserves
grass seed or s.,d will

setting to a g
a beautiful la
rot do. Vou I

A beautiful ho

Waterer's Special Evergreen Lawn Grass

the

to get best results,
of 30 years' experience in
It is a blend of ten of th
hardv grasses — early, mediur
all o'f them of permanent ch
the trying American climate.

best that money can buy — the result
lawn making in Europe and America,
e finest, dwarf-growing, slender-leaved,
n and late (practically evergreen) and
aracter (not annual), and all tested for

FULL PARTICULARS AND

Implcm

g fnr the Garden and Lawn — Seeds. Bulbs, Plants.
all of the choicest the world affords. Catalogue FREE.

HOSEA WATERER, 107-109 S. 7th St., Philadelphia

Kennedy £^ Hunter

SEEDSMEN

Incorporated 1911

Andrew K. Kennedy

PRESIDENT AND TREASURER

Our new Musk Melon "CAROLINE CLARK"
the best melon in the world — 25 seeds 25 cents

156 West 34th Street

"ONLY THE BEST'

NEW YORK

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

849

m

This House Will Be Exhibited

At the National Flower Show, New York

March 21-28

IT'S not a special house gotten up
simply for show purposes, but ex-
actly the same kind we are selling.
From it 3'ou can get exact knowl-
edge of Imw \vc build our curved cave
houses.

Come around and see us al the
show. Make our exhibit your hang-
ing out place, where you can leave
your overcoat; or make appointments
to meet your friends; or have your
mail sent.

You will be cordially welcome, be
assured of that.

Lord & Burnham Co.

PHILADELPHIA
Franklin Bank Bid?.

SALES OFFICES

CHICAGO
Roolieiy BldK.

FACTORIES: IRVINGTON, N. Y. DES PLAINES. ILL.

850

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Choice Bedding Roses
And Field Grown
Perennials in Pots

D<J 3'0ii want some reallj' choice two-year-old
rose plants in S-inch pots — the kind with
good husky roots and strong tops, that arc-
all ready to bloom? Then send for them to Crom-
well Gardens.

Are you looking for some fine field grown per-
ennials that were put in 3 and 4-inch pots last
Fall, and carried over in the cold frames and are
now fine, full rooted plants in the very pink of
condition? Then send along your list. If yon
haven't our catalogue, you ou,ght to have. -\
postal brings it.

Call around at our Exhibit at the National
Flower Show, and see the kind of stock we are
urging you to buy.

ANPlEl\50N INC

CeOMMLL CM^pENS

CipMWELL Conn

' i^-,^ ^ST. 1802

ReUlASLE

\^EN are often made famous by a single wonderful
^^ *■ achievement. But one good lawn does not posi-
tively point to supremity in seeds.

In asking that you use Thorburn's Seeds in your
renovating vv^ork and seeding this year w^e do not base our
arguments on a lone glorious example of vv^hat our seeds

have done. ^\ . i

1 here are too many good

Thorburn Lawns for that.

So w^e say, rather, that there are Thorburn law^ns
all over the country that pay glow^ing tribute to the Thor-
burn quality in seeds. Perhaps there is one w^ithin a few^
steps of your ow^n home.

You Would do well lo drop i/s n
line for quolalions.

J. M. THORBURN & CO., 53U Barclay Street, New York City

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. ^51

Everything

for the Conservatory

and Garden

THE FINEST COLLECTIONS OF ORCHIDS AND STOVE-
PLANTS IN AMERICA. PALMS IN ALL SIZES AND
INNUMERABLE VARIETIES. FLOWERING
GREENHOUSE PLANTS, FERNS, ETC.

BAY TREES AND BOX TREES
IN ALL SIZES

HYDRANGEAS IN TUBS, AUCUBAS AND LAURUS
CERASUS-ROSES FOR OUTDOOR PLANT-
ING, EVERGREENS IN ALL SIZES
—TREES AND SHRUBS

Catalog on request Visitors always welcome

JULIUS ROEHRS COMPANY

RUTHERFORD, NEW JERSEY

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

NEW ROSES

KILLARNEY BRILLIANT— Best Pink Rose on the
market.

Own Root, $30.00 per 100; $250.00 per 1,000.
Grafted, 35.00 " 100; 300.00 " 1.000.

HADLEY — Best Crimson Rose of today.

Own Root, $30.00 per 100; $250.00 per 1,000.
Grafted, 35.00 " 100; 300.00 " 1,000.

PRINCE D'ARENBERG— Excellent Red Rose.

Own Root and Grafted, $30.00 per 100; $250 per 1,000.

OPHELIA— Bronze Salmon Rose.

Own Root, $.30.00 per 100;
Grafted, 35.00 " 100;

^250.00 per 1,000.
300.00 ■' 1,000.

KILLARNEY BRILLIANT

Also all last year's introductions and standard varieties. Complete list and
prices upon application.

NEW CHRYSANTHEMUMS

.An e.xcellent assortment of Chrysanthemums and jiardy I'limptms and early flowering varieties, also a com-
plete stock of commercial varieties.

CARNATIONS

We have a complete stock of both the new and standard varieties. We will be glad to furnish a list of
Chrysanthennmis, Fompnns and Carnations upon application. Rooted Cuttings and Pot Plants of all.

S. S. PENNOCK-MEEHAN COMPANY

Philadelphia
1608-20 Ludlow St.

New York
117 West 28th St,

Washington
1216 H St., N. W.

Baltimore
Franklin and St, Paul Sts.

BOBBIFNK Sc ATKINS

World's Choicest Nursery and Greenhouse Products

SPRING PLANTING

In (lur ,iOO .Acres of highly ctiltivated Nursery Land we are growing Nursery Products for every-
body and suitable for all parts of the country. We shall be glad to have intending purchasers visit our
Nursery and inspect the quality of stock we grow, or submit their lists of wants for Spring Planting.

The following Plants for Outdoor Planting. Interior and Exterior
Decorations are among Our Specialties

Roses. \Vc iKiif siv.iiil luin Kiiododenrtrons, Kalmias

ciiicl tliriiisiiiHl Uosp IM.-ints tlKil ■■tliir Lari-'f Leaved Evergr
will lilii.im this yeur. Order at We are gr.iwing in large (
oi;co tu !iv«Hd il isappniiit uient . titles.

Ornamental Shade Trees and Boxwood. We grow thoui

Flowering Shrubs. Man.v thou- of plants iu many shapes

our Nursery.

Hardy Old-Fashioned Flow-
ers, Peonies and Iris, Several
nerrs .it our Nins.iy arc exclu-
siv..ly ilevntiil to their culture.

Hedge Plants. We grow a
large (piaulltv of California
Privet, Berbiris and other
Hedge Plants.

Evergreens, Conifers and
Pines, Many neres of our
Xurser.v are planted with them.
.Vil are hailed and Ijurlapped
and lune .-i splendid root s.vs-

Hardy Trailing and Climbing
Vines. We grow thera for ev(Ty
pliico and purpose.

Baytrees, Palms and other
plants for eoiiservstories, in-
lirlor and exteiior decerotions.

Trained. Dwarf and Ordinary
Fruit Trees and Small Fruits,
We :.-io\v these for Fruit Oar
d.ns and Orchards.

Plant Tubs, Window Boxes.
English Garden Furniture and
Sustic Woik, We uianutactur.'
.Ill sliapes aivl siws.

Our Wonderful New Hybrid Giant Flowering Mirshmallow; Every-
body shou'd be inlerwled in this hardy, new old-tashioned Flower. It is perfectly
hardy and will grow everywhere.

Our New Illustrated General Catalog No. 45 describes the above.
Visitors take Erie R.R. lo Carlton Hill. Second Stop on Main Line. 3 minutes'
walk to Nursery.

Our Landscape Depirtmrnt Plan and Plant Grounds and Gardens
Everywhere with Our "World's Choicest Nursery Products."

NURSERYMEN, FLORISTS and PLANTERS
Rutherford, New Jersey

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

853

ODDENQTON'S QUALITY
SWEET PEAS

OUR 1914 Garden Guide contains fourteen pages devoted to
Sweet Peas, a catalogue by itself within a catalogue. Also
one page of Novelty Sw^eet Peas. If you have not received
a copy, drop us a postcard; if you do not buy from us, it w^ill
be a handy and up-to-date reference book of 152 pages. But we
w^ant you for a customer — so w^hy not start in w^ith an order for
our exhibition Sweet Peas?

The demand for the Spencer types almost exceeds that of
the Unw^in and Grandiflora types combined, and if you w^ish a Fine
Prize-winning Collection, it is essential that you should favor this
form of Sw^eet Peas. The flowers are larger than those of the
ordinary type, and bear, for the most part, four orchid-like flow-
ers, that are fluted and ruffled on a stem.

If collections are w^anted for exhibition purposes, w^e shall
be glad to make suggestions.

For the forthcoming 1914 Summer Exhibition of the American Sweet Pea Society, to

be held in the American Museum of Natural History, New York City,

June 27th and 28th, we take pleasure in again offering our

CHALLENGE SILVER CUP

VALUE $50

For a Collection of Sweet Peas, 25 varieties, not less than 25 stems to a vase, to be
shown with Sweet Pea Foliage only. To be won twice by the same exhibitor.

IVe will also award to the winner of this cup {each time won) a cash prize of $25:
$15 second, and $10 third prize

ARTHUR T. BODDINGTON

SEEDSMAN

342 West 14th Street, New York City

854 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiii iiiiniiiiiiii II iiiiiii iiiiiiiii Ill I I iiiiiiiiiiiiiiini I iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii m § iiniii i niiiiiii iiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiii iiiw iiiiiiiiiiuiiiiii i i miii m

Cedar Acres Gladioli

" Bulbs That Bloom "

GLADIOLI of merit for the private
grower especially. BOOKLET full of
practical information free.

B. HAMMOND TRACY

CKdioli Specialist

WENHAM, MASS.

1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111117

BOX J

The Suffragette Mammoth
Summer Flowering Cosmos

It blossoms as large as fall cosmos and as early as
summer cosmos. It takes the place of both. It
grows to a height of almost six feet. No fear of
early frost; big, beautiful blossoms July till frost.
It blossoms in Maine as early as in Southern Con-
necticut. Endorsed by well known and best profes-
sional gardeners. Strong, thrifty plants sent anywhere.
Receipt in good condition guaranteed. Send for de-
scriptive booklet with references and letters of
endorsement.

I EDWARD LEWIS, Cosmos Specialist Derby, Conn. | |

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiNiiiiii II IIIIII IIIIIII I Ill iiiiiiii mil mill i^:

aiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuuwiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiii iiiiiiiii iiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin »' iiiiiiiiiiiiiin mi iiiiiiiiiiiiitiii

ONE DOLLAR
A BULB

MR. DANKER, of Albany, grew
a Horseshoe Brand Oriental
Orchid bulb which produced over 500
flowers. This is exceptional, but more
than 100 flowers is not uncommon.
We can furnish a very limited quantity
of Monster Auratum and Oriental
Orchid bulbs at $1 each, in case lots of
from 1 5 to 25 bulbs each, according to
season. The bulbs will be not less than
1 6 inches nor more than 30 inches in
circumference. If you want a case
order early.

RALPH M.WARD &. CO.

The Lily House
71 Murray Street NEW YORK

Imported Orchids I

for 1914 I

Cattleya Trianae |

Mossiae |

labata |

Percivalliana |

Schroderae |

Gigas I

Gaskelliana |

Laelia purpurata |

Oncidium Varicosum Rogersii j

and many otliers. |

Write for Special List. =

JOSEPH MANDA I

Orchid Expert 1

WEST ORANGE, N. J. |

luiiiiiiininiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiN

DREER^S WATER LILIES

Hardy and Tropical

Larg'est coUectiim in Ainerica, embracing
many wonderful hybrids especially suited
for grdwint;" in fountains, pools and ponds.

DREER'S GARDEN BOOK FOR 1914

contains the largest list of Aquatic plants offered, also beauti-
ful illustrations of many varieties and cultural notes written
by experts. Sent free if vou mention this publication.

We also offer the advice of our expert concerning plans
for ponds and stU'cti..n of varieties.

HENRY A. DREER
7I4-t6 Chestnut St., Philadelphia

III iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Ill mill

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. 855

#

i
i
i
i
1

fi

If You Are Going to the National Flower Show You Can
See Several Large Sized Views of This Subject

W

will Ii;nc
tlicm (111 display
at uiir exhibit,
aloiiii^ with half a Inni-
drcd or .so withers. W'c
took this lai"<;e view
from the to[) of the
water t( jwer just to give
3011 an idea how inti-
mately it is possible to
effectually group the
residence with the
flower garden and the
greenhouse.

Both the glass and
the outdoors gardens
are convenient to the
residence, but in a wav

separated from it by a
vine covered brick wall
and effective shrubbery

]ilantings.

If the location prob-
lem is fussing either
your employer or your-
self, here's a suggestion.
Make the most of it.
We will be glad to
come and go into your
problems with you.

If you are at the show
come to our exhibit and
see the photos and let's
have a chat together.
1 f you are not coming
let us send you the pho-
tos and particulars.

i

m

^\<i

^4

w)

M

i

i

i

M
i

i

m

w

M
w

M

NEW YORK
1170 Broadway

PHILADELPHIA
10 S. 15th St.

HiicKinsij;^^ Company ;=;

mw'i'3

856

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

TO get the best results it is necessary to get the best seeds. Every packet
of Henderson's seeds that is sold has behind it the accumulated ex-
perience of sixty-seven years of successful seed growing and selling.
Most of the accepted methods of seed testing and trials in use today originated
with the founder of our firm, and the methods that were the best three genera-
tions ago have been improved and bettered by us from year to year and are to-
day still the best. The initial cost of the seed is really the smallest cost and
it pays to be sure you have started right.

The unknown quantity on your garden and farm is the quality of the seeds
you sow, and you cannot be too careful in making sure that you obtain the best
procurable. For many years the name of Peter Henderson & Co. has become
inseparably linked with all that is best in seeds, because our constant purpose
has always been — and will continue to be — to supply to our customers pure
seeds of the highest germinating power only.

ruMM QEMWkArmMs

The business founded by Peter Henderson is still carried on by his son,
Charles Henderson, and last year two grandsons of Peter Henderson, viz. :
Peter Henderson, son of Alfred Henderson (deceased), and Howard M.
Henderson, son of Charles Henderson, entered the business; thus insuring its
continuance along the lines laid down by its founder.

In this country, where quick transitions in business are common, the worth of a
house carried successfully into the third generation should inspire confidence.
In no other business is this factor more essential. The purchaser of seeds should
consider the reputation of the house seeking his patronage before buying.

Our Manual of "EVERYTHING FOR THE GARDEN," for 1914.
we consider the best we have ever issued, and the seeds, plants, bulbs, etc.,
have been grown and selected with the same conscientious care which has
been our successful endeavor for 67 years. Those who have not received this
catalogue may obtain it free upon application by mentioning Gardeners'
Chronicle. We have in preparation our Farmers' Manual, Implement and
Lawn Catalogues and will mail these also as issued.

PETER HENDERSON & CO.

35-37 CORTLANDT STREET
NEW YORK CITY

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. 857

Gardeners Attention

WHEN visiting the International Flower Show at the
Grand Central Palace, our representatives will be
on hand to greet you.

While in New^ York you should visit the Country Life Ex-
position at the Grand Central Station, w^here our repre-
sentative, Mr. Frank J. Le Clair, w^ill be on hand to vv^el-
come you.

Enquire about HYBRID TEA HARDY ROSES, as we
have an excellent stock on hand. Call and see them.

W. E. MARSHALL & CO.

SEEDS BULBS PLANTS

166 West 23rd Street, New York

Before Placing Your Orders

for ROSE BUSHES, EVERGREENS, RHODODEN-
DRONS, AZALEAS, ETC., pay us a visit and let us
figure v^ith you on your w^ants. We carry a complete line
of all kinds of nursery stock.

Our Seed Department

is fully equipped to quote you on the highest grade tested
seeds. If you want the best, we supply it.

Let us send you a copy of our 1914 catalogue.

THE MAC NIFF HORTICULTURAL CO.

56 Vesey Street, New York

858

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

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IF YOU WANT STILL FURTHER PROOF OF U-BAR

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CANADIAN OFFICE-10 PHILLIPS PLACE MONTREAL

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

859

S:i|^ Contrats— iUartli, 1914

Profession of Gardening a High Calling

Dr. W. S. Whilmorc 860
Some Questions to Answer .... 861
Reminiscences of Fifty Years of Gardening

Si; John Shore 862
The History and Culture of the Dahlia .

By Charles Henderson 863
Perennials and What They Mean to the Ameri-
can Gardener . By Richard Rothe 866
At Seventy-Five . . By Wm. Winter 867
The Hardy Early Flowering Chrysanthemums

By Chas. H. Tolly 868
A Gardener's Thought By J. ]. Crahau 869

Plant the Tree Carefully . . . .869

Cannas as Decorative Bedding Plants .

By Anloine Winlzer 870
The English Cottage Gardens

By Alice Marlineau 871
Our Hardy Roses By Alex. Cumming, Jr. 873

The Gladioli and Its Popularity .

By I. S. Hendrickson 876
Landscape Gardening By Arlbur S. Broolfs 878
The Advancement in Floriculture .

By H. B. Dorner 879
Cleveland's Vacant Lot and Home Garden

Movement . . .By John Boddy 880
Here, There and Everywhere . . 882, 884
Editorial 886

Craig

T hose Who W ork in Gardens

By M. O. B. Wilkinson
National Association of Gardeners' Notes
Another Letter of Appreciation .
Among the Gardeners
International Flower Show .
The Gardeners Reunion
The Boston Spring Show By W. N

Various Boston Notes
The Country Life Show
Department of Floriculture, Amherst College
Two Experimental Rose Gardens
Always Something to Do to Be Thankful For
Horticulture at Panama-Pacific Exposition
Private Estate Forestry By Arlhur Smilh

The Pleasure of Water Gardening

By Wm. Triclfer
Peaches and Nectarines Under Glass .

By J. W. Smith

The Care of Ornamental Trees and Shrubs

By J. J. Tauhenhaus

Our Wild Flowers .

Establishing an Apple Orchard .

By George T. Porvell
Queries and Answers .
Practical Notes on Vegetable Growing

By N. Bullerbach
Directory, National and Local Societies .
Gardeners' Diary ....
Local Society Notes and Reports .

886
887

889
889
889
889
890
890
891
892
896

900

901

902
904

905
907

908
910
911
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COLOR CHART

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GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA

DEVOTED TO THE SCIENCE OF FLORICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE

ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF
THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS (

Vol. XVII.

MARCH, 1914.

No. 5.

"He that feels not the beauty and blessedness and peace of the woods and meadows that God hath bedecked ivith Howers
for him even while he is yet a sinner, how shall he learn to enjoy the unfading bloom of the celestial country if he ever
become a saint?

"No, no, sir, he that dcparteth out of this world without perceiving that it is fair and full of innocent s-iVeetness hath
done little honour to the every-day miracles of divine beneficence; and though by mercy he may obtain an entrance to
heaven it zi'ill be a strange place to him; and though he have studied all that is written in men's books of divinity yet be-
cause he hath left the book of Nature unturned he will have much to learn and much to forget. Do you think that to
be blind to the beauties of earth prepareth the heart to behold the glories of heaven?" —Henry Van Dyke.

Profession of Gardening a High Calling

By Dr. W. S. Whitemore.

I consider the profession of gardener one of the noblest
that tames the intellect of man. I will try to prove that
assertion, and I am therefore obliged to draw compari-
sons with other professions in order to make my declara-
tion tenable. I have, therefore, taken for my theme,
■'Is the gardener a luxury or a necessity?" the answer
to which will serve to place him where he properly be-
longs, or else my claim falls to the ground.

What is a luxury? Anything indulged in for pleasure
or gratification — not from necessity. Does the gardener
come within the pale of this definition? Let us see. In
what is he engrossed ? In the production of the useful
and the beautiful. Luxuries are not always useful, neither
are they always beautiful, especially those luxuries which
are classed as extravagance or excessive indulgence in
the gratification of appetite, or in the pleasure of the
table, such as rich and expensive diet, or costly dress or
equipage. These are indulgences and cannot be classed
with the useful or the beautiful. The product of the
gardeners is both useful and beautiful. Therefore neither
he nor his creations can be classed as luxuries.

It is the ideal of the gardener today to make every man
and woman potential contributors to horticultural and
floricultural science, so that they will so appreciate their
aims, their demands and their limitations that they shall
find the road open if they please to enter this domain,
and if they may not actively ])articipate, they may still
sympathize with and encourage the efforts of the gar-
dener, and know the fruit of the tree of knowledge when
it falls at their feet. The seed, the root, the stem, the bud,
prepare through long weeks for the burst of the bloom,
when with incredible swiftness the flower unfolds. So
the flower of human knowledge and human achievement
at long intervals unfolds its beauties with incredible swift-
ness, the sudden fruition of many 5'ears of preparation.
Happy are those who live to see the glory of the garden.
Parasitology studies, in cell growth, and transplantation.

are some of the products of the growth of horticulture
and floriculture in the last few years of the last century,
and in the beginning of this, that has amazed and made
us marvel ; but as the gardener by his devices has learned
to wrest the fruits of the earth from her bosom, so is he
seeking to keep the tree of knowledge in eternal bloom,
that agriculture, horticulture and floriculture may be the
ideal of his profession. The impulses, ambition, short-
comings and limitations the gardener shares with man-
kind in general ; but their profession they idealize and
individualize. Their profession holds a foremost position
among all professions and among all callings. Their op-
portunities and productions are unique. No class of men
have appealed to the imagination when swayed by its
tenderest, pitying impulse like the gardener. The stern
necessity for cold logic, a judicial mind and an exacting
accuracy of technic may and often must banish for the
moment the play of emotions, but the nobler of these
attributes, the love for the flower, will always awaken in
the heart a sympathetic refrain, and we forget our care
and trouble and our better lives open in response to their
beauty.

Some day — we hope at no very distant date — the
evolution of society must realize that the gardener is
an absolute necessity and his efforts will be better
understood and appreciated.

What is this great jiroiluction of the gardener that
strikes such a sympathetic strain in the hearts of the peo-
ple? The flowers. And why? A flower is like the sun.
It shines on a world that would be dark without it, and
its brightness is as that of love. The astronomer with his
great .scientific knowledge can span the illimitable space
and determine the distance of the sun and the stars, but
we cannot look with familiar love on the far bright stars
or lay our warm clasp on the dear beauty of the sunset
clouds. The artist with his magic touch has given us the
Erlorious creations that are beautiful and grand, but we

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

861

cannot call the hills and waves our own, or bend caress-
ingly above the mocking streamlet. The sculptor gives
us creations that are things of beauty and precious to the
eye, but we cannot aw-aken into life the inanimate marble.

All the inspirations of the genius of man have a speech
and loveliness peculiar to themselves, but they share not
in the fond home tenderness as given to flowers.

There is an innate love for the flower in the heart of
every being, and in those who seem wholly engrossed by
coarser things. The delicate sympathies to which the
love of flowers is allied are not lost or despised, but only
concealed and repressed by the incrustation of care and
strife with the world. Neglected — not forgotten. FIow'-
ers alone of all created things seem given to minister
solely to our spiritual life. They wake into being ; they
unfold their soft petals ; they put on the loveliness of
perfected bloom ; they gather up in their bosoms the dew
of a few summer nights, the sunshine of a few- summer
days, and then the w'ind that so lately rocked them to and
fro scatters their leaves over the earth, and they are gone
forever, and in this brief season they have only lived,
they have been of no service in the material world, but
voung eyes have grown glad w'ith a deeper light as they
gazed upon them, and cold hearts have been warmed with
a glow- they could not define. Souls vveary and worn have
remembered anew- the eternal bloom and beauty of the
Paradise of God, and life has grown fairer in their sight.
They have been to the child the first revelation of the in-
finite beauty and love. They have lifted the infidel out
of darkness into God's marvelous light.

Flowers have kindred and association with all that is
best within us. They interpret and are sacred to our
affections. We make them gifts to those we love and
wear them for their sake, and plant them above their
graves. Clasped in the hand of the child, pressed to the
lips of love, wreathed in the tresses of the bride, or lying
on the cold bosom of the dead, they have a beauty and a
language given to nothing else. I have seen the rough
laborer, whose hands have toiled to w-eariness all day,
stop in his homeward walk and lay down his heavy im-
plements to pluck a few wayside flowers to make glad a
pale, sickly face that he remembered lying in a little crib,
and I felt there was a corner in his rude nature which
those who looked upon his dull, coarse-lined face never
saw, w'here gentle sympathies w-ere gathered which re-
ceived a ministry from Nature alone.

I have seen the hard-featured speculator, whose
spiritual being seemed walled in by stocks and exchange,
pause with a sudden impulse and buy the freshest and
dewiest roses of some street vender, and I knew there
was a place in his heart yet open to the delicate ministra-
tions of beauty, that through the crevices of this wall of
custom its w^inged seeds might reach a not ungenial soil.
All of us have among our acquaintance, men endowed by
Nature with the love of flowers, in whom it has deepened
into a permanent and beautiful sentiment — men who still
find the old joy of their youth in gathering wild flowers
on the hills in a leisure hour, or tending with watchful
care the opening blossoms of a garden.

No matter what a man may be or what his talents, ac-
complishments or wealth, there is latent in his composi-
tion a love for the beautiful. No matter what his environ-
ments, he turns to Nature for her oflferings. Who can
give them to him? Who can ]iroduce them? Who can
be the medium through which this love for the beautiful
can be enlarged? Is it the tradesman? No. Is it the
lawyer, the doctor, the minister, the painter, the sculptor,
the mechanic? No. Only the gardener is endowed and
in a position to cultivate and instruct us in the creation
of new loves and ideas. Now, if the love of the beautiful

transcends every other, and the love of and desire for the
beautiful is paramount to all else, and the gardener is the
only medium through which this consummation is at-
tained, then the gardener stands upon the pinnacle of
achievement, the one great desirability. The only one
who can fill the measure of our desires in the cultivation
of what we love the most — flowers. Hence, the gardener
is a necessity.

Does it ever occur to the layman what care, what
thought, what heartache both the horticultural and the
floricultural gardener suffers and undergoes? Is the
pittance he receives for his skill and labor the incentive
that stimulates him to greater and nobler production?
No. Money can only supply his wants. Money could
not reimburse him for his untiring devotion, nor could
give him the brains and the talent requisite for his office.
The employer can never know the sleepless nights and
his untiring efforts in the day, watching with expectant
heart and thought lest blighting frost or withering germ
might blast the tender plant or flower entrusted to his
keeping. His is the responsibility, to him w^e look for
results, and our only help is the money to supply his
needs. It is all summed up in these few sentences. The
agricultural gardener produces the useful by which w-e
live, and the horticultural and floricultural gardener pro-
duces the beauties that make life w-orth the living.

Flowers are the sensual pleasure which approaches
nearest to an intellectual one, and may probably represent
the delight resulting from the perception of the harmony
of things and of truth as seen in God. The palm as an
evergreen tree, and the amaranth as a perdurable flower,
are emblems of immortality. If I am allowed to give a
metaphorical allusion to the future state of the blest, I
should imagine it by the orange grove in that sheltered
glen on which the sun is now beginning to shine, and of
which the trees are at the same time loaded with sw^eet
golden fruit and balmy silver flowers surrounded by whis-
pering myrtle.

I should wish when the icy hand of death is laid upon
my brow that I might be surrounded with a wilderness
of flowers whose perfume would be an incense ascending
from memory's altar to waft my spirit to the land beyond
the stars. I would wish that the angels should be gar-
deners that I might feel assured that the floral kingdom
would be forever perpetuated.

SOME QUESTIONS TO ANSWER.

Can you stand in the courts of conscience

And say to yourself "I did right,"
When for pleasure you shot at the bird on the wing,
And ceased the song of the blithe, feathered thing

As it fell to the earth in its flight?

Can you lay a just claim to mercy

And truthfully say "I'm humane,"
^^'hen you sec the distress of a four-footed friend
And pass quickly by — unwilling to lend

The aid that will lessen its pain?

Can you boast of a tender compassion.

Yet go your indifferent way.
^^'hen you witness a horse with too heavy a load.
Urged on with curses, the whip and the goad

In the sweltering heat of the day ?

Can you maintain it is justice,

To countenance all of the wrong
Inflicted on creatures of earth, air and sea
By thoughtless man's inhumanity,

And go on your way with a song?

Reminiscences of Fifty Years of Gardening

By John Shore.

M}' reminiscence of fifty-two years of gardening dates
back to the daj- I started out to serve an apprenticeship
of four years (March 22, 1862). Previous to that date
I worked in a garden (Doning House) before and after
my school hours, and in this garden was forined my first
love for, in what became my vocation — gardening.

From that garden I have carried in my mind's eye
something I have never seen duplicated. It was this — •
there were two borders about two hun(h'ed feet long lin-
ing a five-foot walk of the same length. The beds were
laid out in parallelogram shape five feet wide and ten
feet long, all edged with boxwood, clipped to perfection,
six inches high. These beds were filled with annuals
and perennials of low form. When the day of beauty
of any of tliese beds was past, there was alwavs a sup-
ply from cold frames to replant them. Here is where
the skill of the artist came in, keeping up the supply to
replant for immediate effect.

I will n>i\v turn back to March 22. 1862. on which dav

JOHN SHORE,

.\ gardener fur more than lialf a century.

I went to Shankill Castle, bound to the gardens and not
to the gardeiier. Previous to my going to Shankill I
went to Woodstock, the seat of Colonel and Lady Louise
Tighe, she, who buckled Wellington's shoes the night
before the battle of Waterloo, and he, whom the horti-
cultural world mourned at his death. It was the most
up-to-date place at that time in Ireland, and I went with
the idea of serving my apprenticeship there.

The first question asked me by Mr. McDonald, who
was in charge of this estate, was "Do you understand
botany?" My reply was, "No, not much."

The next question was. "Are you honest?" and before
I had time to answer this, he said, "There are more ways
of being dishonest than by putting your hand into a man's
pocket and stealing his money."

The third question was, "^^'hat do you know about
geometry?" and again before I had time to answer he
said, "I hope you are not like the man, who, when asked
the same question, replied he did but that he had left
his geometry at home."

His final question was, "What are parallel lines?" He
gave me an opportunity to reply "that they were lines
produced ever so far on the same plane, but which never
met," to which he responded, "These are the lines which
you will have to follow if you come here to learn." — Oh !
what a v\'orld of meaning these questions have since had
for me in going through life !

I did not go to W'oodstock, although there were ten
pounds paid down as an apprentice fee. My brother,
now at Cornell LIniversity, took my place. I at the time
thought J\Ir. McDonald was too strict, and I was not
mistaken, for I have had just cause in after years to
know that I was right in my judgment of the man.

I started at Shankill Castle, paying down ten pounds,
and I received the magnificent fee of six shilling per
week for the first year, seven, eight and nine shillings
for the three succeeding years. On this sum I had to
board and clothe myself with bothy privilege of milk and
vegetables. Two years were supposed to be given up to
outside work and tv^'o years to inside work. At six
o'clock a. m. we started out with scythe to mow the lawn
and mowed until eight o'clock. The lawns were swept
with birch brooms after each mowing.

I might say that an apprentice has to begin at the
manure heap and work his way up ; and I find that the
gardener has to stick to the manure heap all the days of
his life : this I mean in the broad sense.

The glass at Shankill Castle consisted of peach,
cucumber and melon houses, grapery, stove and fern
houses, double glazed, citrus house for lemons, oranges
and shaddock and conservatory.

Carnations in pots were mostly of the true variety ;
outdoor and garden varieties were propagated by layer-
ing. Ribbon bedding was greatly in vogue with scarlet
flowered and silver-leaved geraniums ; calceolarias, yel-
low and bronze ; and verbenas, white, scarlet and purple.
Roses were largely of the H. P. class budded on dog-
briar. In July and August the briar was gathered from
the 'demesne (or estate), and in the month of October
cut back to the required height and planted in rows.

In 1867 I entered Downy, Laird and Langs nurseries
at Edinburgh. Fruit trees were largely grown here,
also shrubs and some conifers. The greenhouses were
for stove, greenhouse and bedding plants. Pansies were
a particular feature of this establishment.

Thomas Methbins, at Leith Walk, was noted for hard-
wooded plants, such as Erica and Epacris. Pelargoniums
were largely grown as specimen plants. It was not an
unusual thing to see a whole house of them as you would
a house of 'mums today. Dahlias were largely grown for
show plants, single stem, propagated from cuttings.

Chrysanthemums were grown from my earliest recol-
lections of plants, five and six shoots to the plant, trained
perpendicular. In those days IMaudsly Castle was noted
for fine grapes and tree ferns, pelargoniums and liliums.
I remember seeing here L. Auratum grown in twelve-
inch pots, six bulbs, pot half filled with soil, but earthed
up as they grew. These were for exhibition. I fancy
I can see them as I write this, they were so grand.

Broxmouth (one of the Duke of Roxburgh's places)
was noted for fine grapes, especially Muscats, of which

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

863

there were a whole house, also pineapples, of which there
were two houses. It was particularly noted for its neat-
ness in every detail.

Haigh Hall in Lancashire had a good collection of
orchids and extensive greenhouses. Melons, cucumbers
and string beans were largely grown in the winter, also
hundreds of strawberries, some of which were grown on
swinging benches near the glass and sod placed under
the pots.

What I ha\c said is a hasty enumeration of some things
that were grown in those days, as they come to my
recollection.

The gardener's life in those days certainly was a
secluded life, very monotonous, e.xcept occasionally on a
Saturday night when we would go to some neighboring
bothy to visit our fellow gardeners and remain there till
Sunday afternoon, ^^'e had a master gardeners' and an
apprentice gardeners" society, but you had to be able to
give the grip and password in order to get in. Garden-
ing literature was scarce and expensive. Occasionally
we got some of writings of N. Thompson, James Den-
ham, of Beosmouth, and Alexander Shearer, of Yester.
Certainly it was hot stuff. "Thompson's Gardener's
Dictionary" was considered the standard work, which
every young gardener was ambitious to own.

I was engaged by ]\Ir. Wally, a seedsman in Liverpool,
in 1871 to go to Canada to take charge of a semi-com-
mercial place. From Liverpool, taking ship to Glasgow,
I waited for two weeks to receive plants consigned to
the ship on which I was to embark. These plants con-
sisted of fancy Caladiums, Achimenes, Dahlia, Azalea,
Chrvsanthemums, Fuschias and stove and greenhouse

plants in general, also the newest of bedding plants, etc.
Arriving at St. John I had to wait two weeks until the
river broke up. There I had to rent a portion of a house
from a florist to unpack my plants and then pack them
up again, when the ice in the river broke up. At that
time there were but two places, the one I went to and the
Government House. I lived in Canada for two years
and then came to the L'nited States.

The first thing that attracted my attention in the floral
line on arriving in Boston were the beautiful roses
Bonsilene and Safrano. Here for the first time I saw
the real commercial side of the florist's business. The
above two roses and Gardenias and Camellias were the
staple flowers of the day. Perhaps I might add Tube-
roses and miscellaneous stove and greenhouse flowers
with croton leaves.

Now, Mr. Editor, I have not written this as a rem-
iniscence of my life, but of things gleaned by the way.
Today we are living in a commercial age, an age of out-
ward show. The eye of the occupants of automobile or
carriage has to be pleased as they ride by, or by the dis-
play of roses, carnations and chrysanthemums within the
dwellings.

How few arc the employers that care to walk through
their gardens and note the herbaceous plants, or the lowly
but beautiful things as in the olden times. Herein is re-
finement, fresh beauties to watch over and wait for their
coming from mother earth, which to me seems the most
delightful of all.

But small incentive is given the gardener of today for
old style gardening; specializing seems the order of the
dav.

The History and Culture of the Dahlia

By Charles

Before giving cultural instructions I deem it of suf-
ficient interest and importance to briefly dwell on the
origin and history of the garden Dahlia. It is now
one of the most important of our garden plants, very
useful for cut flowers, yet one of the latest to be
brought under man's influence and the cultivated
forms developed. There is no plant which has yielded
so much to the skill of the florist, with the possible
exception of the Chrysanthemum; but the limit of the
Dahlia's capacity for variation in form and color is not
}et reached and interesting developments are yet con-
fidently anticipated.

The history of its introduction is very obscure. It
is generally believed that it was first discovered in
Mexico by Baron Humlioldt in 1789 and was sent by
him to Professor Cavanilles, of the Botanical Garden
at Madrid. It w-as the latter who named the plant
Dahlia, in honor of Professor .Andreas Dahl, a Swedish
pupil of Linnaeus. The original plant bore single
flowers with eight ray petals, narrow, sharply acumi-
nate and notched at the end, with wide spaces between
tlie tips of the rays, giving the flowers a star-like ap-
]jearance. The coloration in the wild species was di-
\crsified and so the foundation was laid for the marvel-
ous range of colors present in the cultivated form. No
cultivated plants show the brilliancy and diversity of
coloring found in the Dahlia.

The tendency to produce double flowers was shown
immediately upon being domesticated in European
gardens, but it was not until a quarter century later
that a pronounced departure towards the double form
was attained, a half centurv found Dahlias in the front

Henderson.

ranks as garden plants. Their place remains undis-
puted up to the present ; in fact, they are growing more
popular as their capabilities are being developed. The
original double form was what is called "Sliozf," a for-
mal, round, stiff', double flower ; next came the "Fancy"
type, a section of the foregoing showing variegated
flowers. The "Pompon" type is the same as these in
form and coloring but smaller in plant and flower and
yields flowers more abundantly. The reaction against
formalism in horticulture which first manifested itself
a half century or so ago affected the Dahlia, and for
some years it suffered comparative neglect ; only to
surge forward later and achieve an increased popu-
larity. This new interest in the Dahlia was awakened
by the introduction of the "Cactus" type; developed
from Dahlia Jnarczii introduced from ^lexico ; a bril-
liant scarlet in color, in form a composite of the "Cac-
tus" and "Decorative" types of today, witli foliage
more finely cut than the older type, a plant oi more
slender and taller Iiabit. The brilliancy of color and
something of the shape of the flower suggested the
name "Cactus" for the type, not a veiy happy inspira-
tion as in the pojiular mind the cactus symbolizes tlie
repellant wJiile these beautiful flowers are most at-
tractive. The informal grace in form of this type.
its wonderful range of coloring in solid shades, as
well as blendings of two and more shades in many
varieties, added an impetus to Dahlia culture of
tremendous force and awakened an interest whicii
is world-wide and of growing influence. This type
is the most ixipular at present and bids f.iir to con-
tinue so indefinitely. Tiic hyl)riclizers of the world

864

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

are devoting much of their attention to it and the re-
sults achieved are commensurate with the efforts put
forth. The "Cactus" type is now close to the Japanese
Chrysanthemum in form, but far more diversified in
color. The next great advance was in the development
of the type know as "Decorative," a name used to dis-
tinguish it from the "Cactus" type from which it
sprang, influenced by the "Show" type. For cut flow-
ers this is the most useful and ornamental. The form
is double, mostly flat, but of good depth ; the rays are
rarely recurved at the margins, but show a tendency
to incurve in most varieties. Some of the sorts of re-
cent introduction are of enormous size, Souvenir de
Gustave Douzon under high culture producing flowers
10 inches across, 7 to 9 inches being usually attained
under normal conditions of culture. The range of col-
oring is widening rapidly in this section and at present
it is a strong rival to the "Cactus" section. The beauti-
ful Madam \'an den Dael, the magnificent Jeannt-
Charmet, the splendid and interesting I'rofessor Alans-
field (introduced by us), the charming Madame A.
Lumiere, the brilliant "Jack Rose," the superb Mrs.
Roosevelt show the wonderful advance which has
been made in this section. While such varieties exist
and improvement on them is possible, the fascination
of the Dahlia must exercise its sway.

Another new and interesting departure in type is
the "Collarette" section (see Fig. 1 in cut). The pe-
culiarity lies in the development of the stamens at the
base of the petals, forming a frill or collar around the
center. As they are always distinct in color from the
rest of the flower it is most unique and striking. The
form is single or slightly semi-double, with eight and
more broad petals.

The Single type (see Fig, 3 in cut) was the original,
but in this the development by hybridization has been
sensational. The small, star-shaped flov^-er has been
replaced by the large, round-petalled sorts of toda\-,
with rays overlapping, colors intensified, diversity even
in the individual flower wonderfully developed. This
type is best exemplified in the so-called "Century" or
Clematis-flowered Dahlias. The symmetry of form
demonstrates that man's ideal has been indelibh^
stamped on them, that the irregular, somewhat
dishevelled flower which came from its native wilds
did not meet with his approval and so he changed its
form to harmonize with its new surroundings.

Another and most interesting type is the Quilled.
The best representative of it is shown in Grand Duke
Alexis (see Fig. 4 in ctit). The petals are folded so
that each one is like a quill with an open end. The
name is suggestive but unfortunate, as here again, fig-
uratively, harshness is suggested while nothing could
be softer than the appearance of these beautifully
formed flowers. This tyi)e is found in the Pompon as
well as large flowering sorts.

The latest type is called Paeony-Hotvered . The flow-
ers are large with several rows of broad petals loosely
arranged, suggesting the form of the semi-double
Paeonies. Midway between the "Decorative" and
Single types, it has already become very popular
and many interesting developments are confidentlv
expected.

SOIL AND PREPARATION.

Dahlias will succeed in any soil which will grow
corn or potatoes ; but where a choice can be made it
is best to select one rather light, well drained and mod-
erately ricli. More flowers and better ones will be
produced in such a soil than a heavy one witli clav
iKittom ; tlie latter in fact is (he most unsuitable for

them. Should only such a soil be available let the sub-
soil be broken up, repeat every two years at least, and
add coarse sand or coal ashes to the top soil to lighten
it. Dig or plow to the depth of one foot and follow
with rake or harrow to break up and smooth out the
soil, a very important cultural item for all crops. Be-
fore digging or plowing put on well-rotted barnyard
manure 2 or 3 inches deep and thoroughly incorporate
it with the soil. Never dig or plow when the soil is wet.

A COLLECTIOX OF POPULAR VARIETIES.
SITUATION.

This is a matter of prime importance. Dahlias
should only be planted in an open situation, away from
large trees which would shade them and rob the soil
of its fertility, away from the shade of buildings also.
While Dahlias will grow and give some blooms under
these conditions, the results in the open ground, away
from shade, are far better.

FIELD GROWN ROOTS.

I recommend the field-grown roots in preference
to green plants or pot roots, as being much better for
general planting and more certain to produce desirable
results. Occasionall}^ new varieties can only be ob-
tained in growing plants so that there is no choice left
for those who want them.

PLANTING DISTANCE.

The Pompon varieties may be planted 2 to 2^4 feet
apart, but all the others should be planted 3 to 4 feet
apart ; if room is available put them at the greater
distances.

PLANTING TIME.

Around New York, Dahlias can be planted about the
middle of April in favorable seasons and planting may
be continued up to the middle of June or even later.
Local conditions of soil and weather will determine the
exact planting time. As a general rule early planting
is advisable.

STAKING.

All things considered it is better to use stakes to
support Dahlias, and the best time to place them is
when the roots are being planted, as it is easy to see
then where to put the stake. In tying the stems do
not crowd them, as it is of the greatest importance to
have them separated so that air and sunlight can find
their way freely into the center of the plant. It mav
be necessary when the plants are very bushy to put

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

865

MNl.l.K ilAlil.lA.

LOLr.ARETTE DAHLIA STANDARD OF LYON.

SINGLE DAHLIA SKNSATION.

lighter stakes, such as the cane stakes we offer, con-
necting the upright stakes, tying them securely to each
so as to form a sort of lattice to which the outer
branches can be fastened.

Some growers get along without staking the plants
by this method: When the shoot has made two sets of
leaves the tip is pinched out, leaving the two sets of
leaves but severing the main stem. This causes the
development of the branches from the axils of the
leaves, making a plant of more bushy habit which or-
dinarily is self-supporting. This method is not always
effective as the plants frequently break in wind storms,
and even with the weight of bloom they usually have
an unkempt appearance ; besides the branches droop
and the dowers are turned downward so that the plant
is not so ornamental nor are the flowers as good. The
method just described will suffice for Pompon vari-
eties ; but for all others I strongly advise staking. The
average root will make several shoots. Allow them to
grow until they make the first set of leaves, bv that

time the strongest can be selected and the others cut
away below the surface. Sometimes two shoots may
be allowed to grow, but never more; as a rule one
shoot is sufficient. Tie the shoot to the stake when
about a foot high and do not neglect tying as the plant
develops, for this is very important.

PRUNING AND DISBUDDING.

Some plants will possibly require pruning out small
side branches and superfluous foliage when they are
too bushy. Never hesitate to do this, as it will help
the main flowering stems and result in a better crop of
flowers. Disbudding is also an essential feature of
growing the best flowers and should be done. The
buds are usually formed in groups of three, the central
one should remain, and the two side ones pinched out
as soon as the)' are large enough to be easily removed.
The remaining bud as a consequence will make a much
finer specimen.

(Continued on page 892.)

DOUHI.K DAHLIA CRAND DUK

DLrORATIvn DAHLIA.

CACTI'S DAIM.IA MRS. H. J. JONES.

Perennials in the American Garden

By Richard Rothe.

Under hardy perennials we understand herbaceous
plants of marked longevity, distinguished by ornamen-
tal foliage and flowers. As such we know, they have
been cherished in the gardens of the ancient and, cen-
turies later, we notice their prominent part on the
terraces of the Italian Renaissance. The rigid for-
mality of the French epoch and the stitt lines of the
succeeding Dutch gardens left little room for their
use, while the following era of the free naturalistic
English park, though at the beginning appreciative
and liberal in granting space, soon indulged in the car-
pet-bedding fad to an extent to render the hardy her-
baceous border a side issue of secondary importance.
This was the state of affairs when most of us started
our professional career.

Many of us have designed and planted such borders,
running along tree and shrub plantations. Here we
have made our first acquaintance with numerous spe-
cies old and new. We learned to treasure their willing-
ness to thrive at a minimum of care, and their hardi-
ness frequently has misled some of us to look at the
perennial plant border as a labor-saving device. Ex-
pecting wonders in permanence without cultural efforts,
we not seldom found ourselves disappointed.

Again, the beauty of flowers, unexcelled in variety,
form and color, produced by rational treatment, never
failed to rekindle enthusiasm. Another stimulant to
this effect proved the steady influx of new introduc-
tions. But after all, be it admitted, that the first im-
pulse for the present general revival of interest in her-
baceous plants was given by Great Britain, with Ger-
many as her close second. Ideal climatic conditions
and a traditional perception and love for the beautiful
in floral garden effects resulted in examples well worth
envy. Old-time favorites, for a long period inmates
of modest country people's front yards, re-entered
the gates of the gardens of the aristocracy. We wit-
nessed the beginning, not of a fad, but of a new era.
As its morning chime we heard the plea for the lovely
treasures of our grandmothers' old-fashioned flower
gardens. The movement found ready enthusiasts on
this side of the Atlantic and has steadily gained in
strength. Today it is not any more a mere revival of
interest. \\'e find ourselves face to face with the pe-
rennial flower garden as a distinct branch of modern
garden art.

The development in this direction is one of the rapid
evolutionary features characteristic of our age. Re-
viewing the work of the last 25 3'-ears we find nearly all
the leading horticultural branches in active co-opera-
tion for a common cause. Garden architects and the
educated class of landscape and private gardeners
proved alert in realizing the demands of time. Nurs-
eries specializing in the growing of hardy herbaceous
plants endeavored to educate their patronage, not
alone by descriptive notes, but by practical advice in
regard to culture in their catalogues.

These catalogues are handed over to us year after
year, hut we rarely fully appreciate the immense work
entailed in their make-up and the meaning of well se-
lected illustrations which in many instances convev
excellent suggestions for artistic arrangements. To be
just, we cannot overlook the important part of mission-
ary work done by enthusiastic amateurs. The high
educative value of the bonks of ATiss Gertrude Jeckyl
published in England have fructified the conception of

artistic use of hardly perennials of home owners and
gardeners both here and abroad. There are popular
works of American writers on the same subject which
are well worth serious study. Granted, that at times
the glowing phraseology of certain of our magazine
authors is apt to evoke the indulgent smiles of prac-
tical horticulturists, but on the other hand there is no
gainsay that we at present often meet ladies with a
wonderful ingenuity for artistic color combinations and a
remarkable knowledge of plant species and varieties.

I firmly- believe we have reason to be thankful for
the co-operation of some of our ladies who adopted
landscape gardening as professional calling. The gar-
dens of Miss Beatrix Jones testify to her great re-
sourcefulness in effective use of the plant material. We
are forced to recognize the subtle eye of a true artist
with ideas of her own.

The herbaceous flower garden as a modern feature
of American home-grounds has become a fact, and as
to its future there is no doubt. Of course, the skeptic
still points at the brief flowering period of many of the
best plant species in this class. It is sometimes assert-
ed that the hot summer climate of our middle Atlantic
and central states is a serious obstacle for a venture in
the given direction. We are also reminded of the diffi-
culties in keeping up the neat and tidy appearance of
such gardens throughout the season. Nevertheless
those gardens continue to steadily gain in general
popularity. There must be a reason for this state of
affairs. Compare the customary formal parterre or the
conventional shape and looks of the better class of
flower beds on our lawns with the advanced type of
modern herbaceous gardens and you will find it. The
former since nearly a century- represents the scene of a
constant repetition of the customary spring arrays of
hyacinths, tulips, pansies and so forth, well arranged
as to colors, demonstrating the will to beautify
grounds, and thus add to a certain standard of refine-
ment of the locality.

During the succeeding summer and fall months we
witness the stately display of Cannas, Geraniums, Cro-
tons. Coleus, Scarlet Sage and other bedding plants ;
bright brilliant in hues and in design, very often a
credit to the skill of the gardener. For those of us in-
terested with the execution of the work it means the
annual routine of growing the material in masses. It
means exactness in carrying out and maintaining the
outlines of the given design. The most important ob-
ject is an effect of sufficient permanency to last
throughout the whole season. It is that ornamentality
which in my opinion will always be indispensable on
our city square and boulevards. The design and floral
plant material for the sunken gardens of public parks
and the formal parterres in front imposing architec-
tural structures both public and private. Modified
down to limitations required by the average suburban
home ground, it constituted the most convenient way
of gardening to augment cheerful outward appearance.
But we should realize in its conventualisni it remains
gardening, showing the least freedom for the exertion
of individuality. The owner may take pride in his
grounds, he may be a lover of plants, he mav have a
deeper concern in his flowers, he may- not — the outside
aspect as a rule allows little or no conclusions.

Enter the modern herbaceous flower garden, pref-
erablv the one of regular formal design surrounded bv

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

867

the greenery of hedges, or protected by moderately hiyli
walls or white wooden fences, and you step into a dif-
ferent world. There is nothing of imposing grandeur
in it, but we very soon feel that sheltered atmosphere
of a private home.

We notice different ground levels of various divis-
ions, retaining walls crowned by balustrades connect-
ing stairways with white wooden arches overhead,
serving as support for Rambler Roses, Wistarias and
Clematis Vines. I mean the formality which, in re-
sorting to a few architectural additions for artistic ef-
fect or utilitarian purpose as sun dials statuaries, Ja-
panese stone lanterns, seats, garden houses and per-
golas, does so without falling a prey to the pergola
epidemic of today. What we aim at is a fitful scenic
setting for an ever changing floral coming and pass-
ing away, a setting to give background and tuneful
resonance for a beautiful harmony in rich and glorious
color accords.

Sweet and mellow are the first strains of the vernal
prelude when the white Snowdrops, Rockcress and
Leucojum, binds itself with the yellow of Primrose,
Narcissus and Crocus, and the blue of Scillas, Hepati-
cas, Anemones and Violets. During April it gains in
volume when Primula Siboldi, Alyssum Saxatile and
Iris Pumila join, and the wealth of blossoms of hardy
Candytufts, Doronicums, Trollius and Ranunculus
come in evidence. By the aid of the strong notes of
Cottage and Darwin Tulips, German Iris, Foxgloves,
Bellflowers, Lupins, Peonies, Sweet Williams, An-
chusas and Pyrethrum Hybridum swells on to the
glorious height of the May day, emphasized by the fes-
tive crescendo of the jubilant color fanfares of the Ori-
ental Poppies. For several weeks our garden becornes
pregnant with the sweet fragrance of hardy garden
Pinks, and just when the hardy garden Roses are at
their height we may enjoy the most charming three-
color-accord of June, consisting of the blue Delphinium
Hybridum, the white of Annunciation Lilies and the
yellow of Coreopsis or Oenotheras.

In turn the bold stately spikes of Yucca Filamentosa
call for our admiration and from now on, in broad,
evenly balanced cadenzas of the rich shades of Japan-
ese Iris, Phlo.x Paniculata, Spiraeas, Veronicas, An-
themis and Gladiolus, we see oursehes gradually glid-
ing over to the grand color finale of the fall. Mont-
bretias introduce new notes ; we also enjoy the play-
ful intermezzo of light-winged masses of flowers of
the Japanese Anemones, swaying in a gentle breeze.
The warm golden waves of tall late Helianthus and
Heleniums which roll by and vanish. At last we wit-
ness the supreme effort of Dahlias, hardy fall .'\sters
and Chrysanthemums, vying with the hues of the
autumn foliage to give strength and radiance to the
closing strains of the most beautiful color symphony
on earth. To the thinking human mind the total picture
is an illustration of the fleeting character of all things
earthly. As a reconciliating feature it offers the cer-
tainty of an annual resurrection in response to the call
of a new spring. Do you understand and feel why the
herbaceous garden is continuously gaining in popularity?
It is not more than natural to say that our bearing
and countenance under focus of the public eye will
more or less differ from our action while enjoying the
informal freedom of sheltered private life.

Likewise is a certain conventionality on our front
lawns exposed to street or highway unavoidable. The
herbaceous flower garden as part of American home
grounds should represent a sheltered atmosphere in
which we may be ourselves and nothing more. To
suburban and country residents it becomes more and

mure a private studio in which to enter into the inti-
mate acquaintance of plant life and enjoy floral beauty.
Self-interest, self-action and the free exertion of in-
dividual taste in devising and planning is not only a
delightful occupation but in by far the most instances
the guarantee for advance and final success. The nov-
ice, who with samples of her tapestry and wall paper
in hand on a busy May day over the seed store counter
requests our advice in her selection of herbaceous flower
seeds for an immediate lively midsummer and fall ef-
fect in colors corresponding with the interior of her
boudoir, may sometimes prove more than amusing.
She will, however, in time join the ever increasing
number of more advanced flower lovers, who with pen-
cil and notebook in hand, at regular intervals, pay vis-
its to our nurseries which command our serious atten-
tion. One of the latter category, an ardent garden en-
thusiast, in the course of a conversation a few years
ago, speaking of her beautiful northern sea coast home
said : "I call myself fortunate to have a gardener who
well understands to grow plants, but just think of how
much more efiicient he would prove if he would love
flowers and look at them in a similar way as I do,"

It was a mere incident causing a remark which
throws a flashlight on the situation.

To love flowers means in this case to possess the
faculty to ab.sorb their beauty, discern character of
habit and form, and the trained eye and practical ex-
perience for the all important work of associating
hardy plant species for successive effects.

Are the majority of us taking notice of the signs of
our time by early preparation for near exigencies? In-
sert an "ad" in the want column for a competent man
to take charge of a first class herbaceous garden, the
result and after experience is likely to give you the
answer.

AT SEVENTY-FIVE.

It is sad tliat Old Time is so swift to dismember

All our castles in Spain — that they crumble so soon.
That the cliiirl will not .spare, for the snows of December,

One rose of the many he squanders in .June:
But 'tis ordered by Nature and idle to quarrel

Witli the sovereign mother who never deceives;
If we cannot have roses we sometimes have laurel.

And the laurel is sweet though made onlv of leaves.

It is sad that the fugitive Graces will leave us

When the wrinkles have rorae and the face has grown grim,
.\nd the dear little Loves, though afHicted to grieve us.

Will fly from the eyes that are hollow and dim:
But 'tis i<nown that the delicate bloom on the flower

Is the fleetest of all those delectable things
Whi<h are meant to be tempting for only an hour,

And that Cupid — the sprite — is provided with wings.

When tlie sky's growing dark and the red sun is setting

We should stir up the embers, and call up the Elves
Of Mirth and Content, and. all troubles forgetting,

Make a gay world for others- and so for ourselves!
'Tis tlie beauty of Age to be tranquil and gentle.

Whatsoever may happen resigned to its lot,
And though gray locks and crowsfect are not ornamental

There's a grace in the wearing to make them forgot.

So. a welcome to all that my Fate may provide me,

Be it joy or sorrow, a cross or a crown!
Here's a grasp of the hand for the comrades beside me!

Here's a smiling Oood-by as the curtain conies down!
.■\nd when the plaj-^s over, and everything ended,

And you hear in your musing the sound of a knell,
Give me one loving thought for the good I intended,

And a rose for my pall, as you bid me Farewell!

— Hjl Will. Winter, in (luidc to .Ya/ur«,

The Hardy Early Flowering Chrysanthemums

By Charles H. Totty.

Early Flowering 'Mums have been known and
grown in Europe for many years. Possibly ihe oldest
and best-known varieties are jMadam Desgranges,
George Werming and other varieties of that character.

A certain amount of credit is due to Mr. Goacher, of
England, who introduced such varieties as Bronze
Goacher, Goacher's Crimson, Goacher's Pink, etc., etc.,
but the man to whom we are most indebted is Auguste
Nonin, of Paris, France, who has worked on this type
of plant for many years, and mostly all the varieties
in cultivation today are either his seedlings or seed-
lings from his varieties. Many of these varieties have
been imported to America for the past twenty-five
years, but did not meet with much success because the
American cultivator, instead of planting the stock out-
doors and permitting same to grow naturally, as is
done in Europe, insisted on running it with one or two
flowers to a plant, making the plant produce large
blooms. This the earlier varieties would not do.

Mr. W. N. Craig, of Northeaston, Mass., was among
the first to show possibilities of this type of plant.
Batches that he grew in 1907 and 1908 as garden plants
or without hard disbudding as pot plants, did a great
deal to start this type "of 'Mum on the road to
popularity.

My catalogue in 1909 contained some ten varieties
of these Early Flowering 'jMums, mostly of the old
Marie Masse and its white and yellow sports.

In the spring of 1909 I imported a large number of
kinds from England and France in an endeavor to find
which would be the most satisfactory. The Masse
Family, while beautiful, hardly grew tall enough, and
the foliage was not of the best. I had some forty va-
rieties under test during the year 1910, and in 1911
my catalogue contained about twenty varieties. These
included among others, Jack Bannister, Perle Chatil-
lionaise, Roi des Blancs and the old Carrie. In 1911 I
discarded every variety that was not in full flower on
or before October 1, as I was trying my best to work
out a type that would give buyer and grower three tc i
five weeks of flower outdoors with any ordinary fall
temperature.

Pompons, which up to this time had been our chief
standby for outdoor flowering, were too late in coming
into bloom, and while there was no question of the
hardiness of the varieties, the frost too often had de-
stroyed the foliage, rendering the plant worthless, be-
fore the flowers had been developed.

By 1912 the Early Flowering 'Mums were getting
very much talked about. My best introductions of that
year were, possibly, Normandie, Champion, Carmelite.
Lentz and Wells' Primrose.

In addition to the plants flowering outdoors which
were a very great success, I had a lot of stock rooted
in June which were set out on the benches in the
greenhouses and which produced mar^'ellous results
for the time they were growing. Another batch in
pots also gave us the cue for extensive work .n that di-
rection. Last year not a few private estates purchased
these plants in large quantities with the idea of making
a fall display in the garden. In every case they were
delighted with the results obtained, and today it is safe
to say that Early Flow-ering 'Mums are a prominent
feature in many American gardens, and our catalogue
for 1914 discloses some ninety-five varieties which can
be depended on to give satisfaction for this work.

The question is often asked me: "Are these plants
entirely hardy?" So far as their behavior in our own
State is concerned 1 can say : Yes ! if the roots are pro-
tected by ashes or leaves after plants have finished
flowering. They will carry through the winter just
as well as Pompons.

The best results are obtained with these varieties
where they have been lifted before the ground is frozen
solid and put into a cold-frame or some such place
where they will have a chance to start into growth in
good season in the spring. When the plants have so
started they should be broken up or cuttings taken
from them, and these, after being rooted, should be
planted out in new soil, about a foot apart. This
method will be found very much superior to leaving
the stools stay in the same position year after year, and
people who have never grown Pompons in this man-
ner have little conception of the increased size of
flower and foliage that will result.

If the plants are set out then in good season in the
spring in the manner described, and pinched once or
twice, they will commence to make nice bushes and,
given a good proportion of water and fair treatment,
they will give the cultivator more flowers and satis-

i:.\RLV Fl I i\\ |. 1;|N(-, ( 1IU\S \\ I IIKMI'M XnKMAXDIE.

faction than anything else with an equal amount of
care.

Some of the newer varieties, such as Petite Louis,
Cranford Pink and Yellow: Jimmie, Madam Marques,
etc., etc., can be disbudded any time after the middle

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

869

of July, and most of these buds will produce perfect
flowers by the end of September, with flowers equal to
mid-season varieties in size. 1 like the Early Flower-
ing 'Alums best, though, when disbudding has not been
closely practised and the flowers have been cut in long
sprays which have been disbudded to carry six or seven
flowers on a spray. There is not a garden in the coun-
try but whose owner could be made happier b}' having
a few of these plants, and their value on private estates
is very great.

With the fall season in so many cases the family who
perhaps have been at the mountains or the seashore
Come home, the greenhouses, while they may be look-
ing good, are not yet beginning to produce flowers, and
the hot weather, with perhaps a nip of frost, has used
up about all the annuals and perennials that were use-
ful for cutting. Right then, the last of September and
early October, when mostly everything else in the gar-
den is gone, the early flowering 'Mums just coming in-
to a blaze of color fill a gap that nothing else will.
Small wonder is it that the demand for this type of
'Mum is so tremendous this year. Many gardeners
plan their fall planting of 'Mums with the same care
as regards color scheme as they exercise for their tulip
beds in the spring or their geranium plants in the
height of summer, and are amply repaid for their
trouble.

The following list of some thirty varieties are all ex-
cellent, and can be depended on to give a satisfactory
flowering period of from three to six weeks. While
there are other good varieties, these kinds at present
seem to be the best in their respective colors:

Pink. White. Yellow.

Cranford Pink Dorothy Cranford Yellow

M. Marques La Cygne Carrie

Petite Louis Normandie Carmelite

Le Danube Wells' Primrose Harrie

Aladam E. David Primevere Tapis D'Or.

Bronze. Crimson.

A. Barham L'Argentuillius

October Gold Wells' Scarlet

Mandarin Firelight

Helena Firefl}'

Border Beauty Champagne

Bronze Goacher Goacher's Crimson

A GARDENER'S THOUGHT.

The gray drab of winter months is made more endur-
able by the prospect of the return of longer and cheerier
days, and may I venture to express the hope that our asso-
ciation, bound together by the ties of horticulture and
mutual good will, may yet be the means of bringing about
a better and brighter future for the sons of Adam's pro-
fession Meetings where experiences and opinions are
freely exchanged will, I trust, help to make us more
proficient in our craft, more skilful workmen, and yet
more worthy of sympathetic encouragement and help from
our employers, thus proving to them that the money they
spend on their gardens gives them more pleasure, and
yields a better return than that which is spent on other
hobbies and pursuits. Personally, I may say, no trade
or profession is more engrossing than gardening. Work-
ers in factories spend their days doing the same task
week in, week out, amid the noise and whirr of machinery.
The shop assistant has little to vary his daily routine.
The clerk is kept monotonously on the same stool at the
same desk, often under conditions trying to health and
temper. The gardener at least breathes pure air, with
httle risk to health. Each week brings some change of

work, liach season has an added interest. (Some may
say, with truth too, "and change of worry.") Still, with
its worry, its drawbacks, and its hard work, none of us
need to be ashamed to say, "1 am a gardener." Let us do
our best to prove we are such in the truest and fullest
sense of the word.

"Taking no thought for the things of the morrow" finds
no place in the gardener's lot. ]t is a case of everlastingly
taking thought for the things of the morrow ; living in the
future, fornnng mental pictures of that which is to be.- —
./. J. C 10 ha in.

PLANT THE TREE CAREFULLY.

The season for tree planting will soon be here. \\ ith
the opening of spring land owners far and wide get "the
fever" to plant something. The impulse is a highly
commendable one, but the manner in which it is often
carried out makes the results far from satisfactory.

If trees are to live and thrive they must be planted
right and cared for properly thereafter, otherwise it is a
waste of time and money to plant at all. There is a pe-
culiar knack about tree planting which trained planters
seem to have, and which accounts for the almost inva-
riable success that attends their work. This is aptly
described in one of Thomas Hardy's novels, "The Wood-
landers," thus : "He had marvelous power of making
trees grow, although he would seem to shovel in the earth
quite carelessly ; there was a sort of sympathy between
the fir oak or beech he was operating on, so that the roots
took hold of the soil in a few days. When, on the other
hand, any of the journeymen planted, although they
seemed to go through an identically similar process, one-
quarter of the trees would die during the ensuing August.
Winterborne's fingers were endowed with a gentle con-
jurer's touch in spreading the roots of each little tree,
resulting in a sort of caress, under which the delicate
fibres all laid themselves in their proper directions for
growth."

If you are among the number who contemplate tree
planting this spring, either on a large or small scale, re-
solve to give the work the care and attention it deserves.
An observance of the following simple directions should
help you to succeed.

First, l)e sure to get strong, healthy trees, with good
roots. Dig large holes, much larger than the actual
spread of the roots, and see that good soil is provided
for filling in. Spread out the roots carefully, each little
fibre in its natural direction. Work the earth in about the
roots by hand, as it is filled in ; when nearly filled in wet
down thoroughly (a pail of water to each tree is none too
nuich), then fill in the remainder of the soil and press
down firmly to prevent drying out. If the location is ex-
posed it is well to fasten the tree to a stout stake driven
firmly into the ground, but be sure to use some soft ma-
terial for tying about the body that will not injure the
bark by chafing. If protracted dry weather ensues, water
at frequent intervals. .\ mulch of straw or other coarse
material, or even a few large stones that will shade the
ground about the tree will prove beneficial. While plant-
ing, or making ready to plant, never allow exposure of
the roots to sun and wind. Carelessness in this respect
is a frequent cause of failure.

When trees are removed from the nursery many of the
fine rootlets and, in .'some cases, the larger roots are muti-
lated or destroyed. To correspond with this loss of roots
or feeders, the top of the tree should be pruned and prop-
erly shaped before planting. It is better to be over-severe
in this pruning than to err in the opposite direction. Re-
member that a small mass of roots cannot gather sufficient
nourishment to feed a large top. — From tree Talk.

Carinas as Decorative Bedding Plants

By Antoine Wintzer.

The Canna as a summer bedding and decorative plant
is annually increasing in popularity, and deservedly so,
as the modem produced Canna is tlie most adaptable and
generous plant in the floral world. In this beautiful plant
we have a combination of good qualities ; it is a free and
healthv grower, a line looking plant if it never produced
a flower, the foliage is magnificent on many varieties,
and the color, richness and brilliancy of its flowers beau-
tiful bevond description.

A modem field of Cannas in full bloom is a sight never
forgotten; for a distance of half a mile or more such a
field beautifies tlie surrounding landscape.

It is a plant especially adapted to our changeable
-\merican climate. It recovers quicker after a severe
wind or rainstorm tlian any other blooming plant, because
it is continually renewing itself from its strong growing,
vigorous sprouts from the root, and each of these sprouts
soon develop strong branching flower spikes, each one
producing from 50 to 150 or more individual flowers
from four to seven inches in diameter. Some varieties
in good soil produce from ten to eighteen of these stalks
in a season. Just imagine over l.COO large blooms on
a single clump in one season !

\\\\tn Cannas start to bloom in June or July they keep
it up continuously until stopped by frost. Last season
thev were fine until the third week in October and were
in full bloom at the time we dug them for winter storage.

The months of May and June are the best seasons in
this locality to plant Cannas. The writer has planted
them as late as Uie middle of July, but would not ad\'ise
doing so only where it is desirable to quickly cover a bare
piece of ground, and in that case pot grown plants only
should be used.

Sometimes persons move into new houses late in the
spring, they are often at a loss for want of something to
plant to cover the bare ground and make a good show
in a few months. In such case there is nothing that can
equal the Canna.

Perhaps you are one of these late movers, who may
have been anticipating with pleasure and longing to
move into the new home ; there were delays and it was
not completed as soon as promised by the builders.

.\t last vou move in, and you do wish to see that bare
ground quickly covered. Perhaps you figured on plant-
ing a Privet or Japan Barberr}- hedge along the front
or side of your ground, but it is too late and it will have
to he delayed until the next fall or spring. Right here
is where the Canna can be used to best advantage. There
are a number of beautiful tall growing varieties of the
Orchid flowering class that will grow from 7 to 8 feet
and in rich soil even 9 feet high, with magnificent foliage
and producing flowers from 6 to S inches in diameter,
and all this in a few short months.

I will name the best varieties in this class:

Wyoming, large orange, bronce foliage.

yeiv York, large scarlet, bronce foliage.

King Humbert, orange scarlet, bronce foliage.

Louisiana, crimson, green foliage.

Mrs. Carl Kelsey. z-arious shades, green foliage.

Uncle Sam. orange scarlet, green foliage.

The above varieties are all good and will give you the
best material for a summer hedge or division line fence,
and nothing finer or more ornamental can he desired and
all at a ven,- reasonable cost.

In fall when the cannas are dug up and the clumps
taken into winter quarters, the ground in which they
were planted will be in best possible condition to plant

a hardy hedge, or. if desirable, it can be planted with
Tulips, Hyacinths or other hardy bulbs.

In addition to the foregoing varieties of Orchid flower-
ing varieties tliere are over one hundred varieties of the
Gladiolus flowering and garden tj'pes. These are more
dwarf in their habit of growth, ranging in height from
2 to 6 feet, and comprising all shades of color from white
to darkest crimson, some mottled and margined with
difterent colors and shades, giving a unique and chang-
ing effect. These varieties can be used in bed and masses,
in fact anywhere where tliere is room for a plant. Cannas
are more universally planted in our public parks than
any other bedding plants, and since the latest produc-
tions of the Canna breeders are becoming known the
beauty and size of the blooms is a pleasant surprise and
revelation to many who have been accustomed to see
only the old and inferior varities of this noble plant.
r>elow I will give a list of some leading varieties, includ-
ing a mmiber of novelties nearly all of American origin :

Olympic,

Splendor,

Meteor (IVintser's),

Beacon,

Duke of Marlboro,

Patrie,

Conite de Sachs,

Triumph,

William Saunders,

Conoivingo,

Mrs. Geo. A. Strohlein,

Brandxxcine,

Mt. Etna,

Chautauqua,

Rosea Gigantea,

Mrs. Alfred F. Conard,

Mrs. Woodrozi' Wilson,

Martha Washington,

Hungaria,

^Crimson and scarlet, green leaf.

^Crimson and scarlet,
bronze leaf.

ira-c.'a.
Venus,
J'irginia,
Betsy Ross.
J 1 'abash,
Hiazcatha,
Minnehaha.
Eastern Beauty.
Evolution.

California, i ^ . ,-

Indiana, f range, green leaf

San Diego,
Queen of Holland,
Juanita,
Cloth of Gold,
Blanche Wintzer, ~\
Mont Blanc, >

Alsace, J

Buttercup,
Brilliant,
Gladiator.
Elizabeth Hoss.
Florence Vaughan.
Richard Wallace.
Kate F. Deemer.
Golden Gate,
.hme Addams.
Director Holtcc.

^ Pink shades,
green foliage.

Pink shades,
bronce foliage.

\ Orange shades,
I bronce leaf.

JFhiie shade,
green leaf.

Yellozc and spotted ycllozv.

green leaf.

The English Cottage Gardens

By Alice Martineau.

"And -ojho can deny that the principall end of an orchard
is the honest delight of one ivearied with the ivorks of his
lawful calling? . . . What ivas Paradise but a garden
and orchard of trees and hearts, fidl of pleasure? And
nothing there but delights."

William Lazuson (1615).

As in Jacobean days, so now, the refreshment to a jaded
mind tliat a garden imparts is beyond words — and of all
gardens, the cottage garden is the one whose elusive
charm and simple familiar magic weaves a golden spell
of content, and even youth, about one.

It is almost as difficult to reproduce the old English
cottage as to write in the sturdy simple language of the
Bible: though we can copy the garden yet without the
silver}' gray timbering, the lichen clad roof of red tiling
and the quarled and hoarv- apple trees of the original, we
feel there is something lacking.

\\'onderful is tlie love of the cottager for his garden —
his cottage he leaves to the "missus." but his garden is
his own — representing to him something he may be un-
aware of, which is the concrete expression of the love he
feels for the beautiful and true, uncouth in manner or
e\en in speech, as he may be.

In England gardening is the poor man's pleasure ; often
the only one he has, alas, that it should not be so in big
beautiful America with its sunshine and keen dr\- frost.
This is no time in which to compare climates. I back both
for being bad to beat as badness .goes ! .\nd yet beau-
tiful flowers can be grown in both, though the English-
man who expects to grow his flowers in quite the same
way in America as he did at home, will get some rude
shocks. And the American who tells you that flowers
won't grow in his eastern climate would also get some
shocks if he went around and saw some of the flowers
and plants that are grown out of doors in eastern
America.

1 should like to see everj' house, that now has a yard
or two of soil, surrounded with flowers and vines as it
would be were it in England W'here you will not find one
cottage, no matter how humble, that has not its garden
decked with flowers. The little fence or low hedge that
is around these homes is of the greatest importance, for
it gives a certain sense of privacy, of ownership, even
though it can be seen through and over. It shelters the
little patch of ground often only the width of the house,
and a few feet deep.

-And what a w-ealth of flowers can be grown in that
little patch. I know one owned by an old lady nearly
eighty, covered with mauve wistaria and a yellow climb-
ing rose, none of your Ramblers, just one of the great
"Glon,- de John" family that bloom on and on till frost.
.•\ little brick path runs up to the front door from the
wicket gate that has a bush of lilacs on one side, a
Maiden's Blush rose on the other. An edging of close
clipped box gives out its spicey smell and the beds witliin
are filled with heart's ease. The little golden brown and
purple pansy^faces all lifted up to the sun ; here and
there a clump of highly scented white pinks, not big, but
small varietV' so rarely seen now and which is so much
sweeter; a few plants of lupine, blue, pink and white, in
tall spikes ; some columbine in blue and white and the liest
of fragrant Old Man or Lad's Love.

The garden is quite, quite full, so in order to have e\ en
more flowers, my dear old friend has erected a little tier
of three shelves narrowing towards the top. Here flour-
ish with brilliancv scarlet geraniums, some reallv noble

fuclisias, a double white petunia, some pots of a glorious
crimson and gold mimulus and a plant of mauve cam-
panula hanging gracefully over. These pets have been
in the window all winter and are out for the summer. A
hive of bees actively pursuing their quest for honey in the
hot sun, making a musical accompaniment is in the far
corner, a quaint straw skep, so rarely seen and yet so
warm and comfortable for them.

Any hard digging is done by another more active neigh-
bor, a lady barely seventy and a little garilen at the back
of the cottage helps to keep its owner all the year around
with the vegetables raised, but no signs of cabbage near
the front gate, if you please. Only all the beautiful for
every one to gladden their eyes with in spite of the fence.

Tuni to another tiny cottage with steps up steeply from
the road and a fence of clipped lindens and quaint latch
gate. The brick steps mount between banks of rock
plants and lavender till you reach the oak perch, silvery

.\ MOAT COTT.VflE. WITH GARDEN, nE.MJTIFl'L IN ITS
SI.MPI-ICITY.

gray with weather, and where pots of geraniums rest
on a shelf and jjeek over rosemary bush. Here lives
quietly a dainty lady, forgetting her griefs in her garden,
therein getting more joy ami pleasure out of life on her
small income than ever she could in the town she has
left behind her. An old stone well, with a chain hang-
ing from great oak supports and thyme and creeping
jenny hanging in fringes down the side. Hedges and
bushes of old cabbage roses emit the attar of rose scent.
Tall spires of bhie larkspur and a mass of orange lilies,

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

AN EN'GLISII HEATHER THATCHED ROOF COTTAGE. NOTE
THE CLIMBING PLANTS.

.-•a Inish of \'alerian and a tabby cat, and a vista of emer-
ald green grass under some old apple trees wreathed with
rambler roses — where such a cheering touch is given by a
tea tabJe and cosy chair — I hear some one say green
, grass I! But that some one has not perhaps tried crushed
-cotton seeds or rape dust as a dressing on his lawn in
spring — or even a heavy dressing or sulphate of am-
monia and sand.

Such well grown plants too are found as anemones,
amaryllis and white lilies — better grown than I can
grow them in my big garden very often ; and such good
old-fashioned perennials, banished perhaps forty years ago
during the bedding out and ribbon border craze from the
big house and finding their way to a cottage garden,
have there been cared for and treasured, till the wheel
of fashion having turned again the big house comes
begging for a bit for the new herbaceous border. Su-
jierior too, and first among them many a charming flower
indigenous to North America, such as Laurel Lind-
heinrie — some of them almost unknown in their native
land. In earlier days America was ransacked for new
plants, and those so found may have been sent to Eng-
land by the collector, taken good care of — perhaps even
re-selected, and improved beyond recognition.

It seems to me as if the encouragement of cottage
gardeners must have eventually an etifort on conditions
often deplored — namely the restlessness of the working

population. The man who has really learned to love
liis garden thinks twice before moving on in search of
work and is more apt to settle down. He will wait for
spring and see the new rose bush flower — for autumn
to taste his latest fancy in apples. He may stay on
through the winter because he does not wish to leave all
his plants behind him, and so forth. Future years will
see vast strides in development along this line, for
everywhere children are being helped to love a garden
and shown how to make one through the excellent school
L^ardening taught in so many cities nowadays, and the
I'ictures and records of what these children raise in their
rhool gardens in a season are object lessons for those
\ ho do not believe in the possibilities of successful cot-
tage gardens in America.

Learn the joy of having your own fresh vegetable
out of your garden instead of out of cans. Think of
the economy of it ! Think of the thousands of acres of
wasted land around the little homes on the outskirts of
all the big cities. I believe that when I return to America
in ]May I am going to see in small homes the results of
some of my talks last fall. I may not see the fruit yet
awhile, but I shall see some evidence of an awakened
interest in that earliest of all known vocations — garden-

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IN rL\MPSriIRE— A TYPICAL ENGLISH COTTAGE GARDEN.

GOLFING AND GARDENING.

(iolf has been one of our steps toward efficiency.

It has helped in no small manner to spread the idea
that it is not disgraceful in these days for a man to be
seen at a manual occupation, for having had a taste of
fresh air and good exercise on the golf course, and get-
ting actual benefits therefrom, the golfer began to get
up early in the morning and, seeking exercise in the open
air nearer home, he tin-ned to gardening.

( iolf, more than any other one influence, began to bring
♦ he farm into the city.

The next generation no doubt will more generally take
up garden tools along with golf clubs, for there is just
as much rivalry and exercise in raising garden truck in
the city as in winning a reputation as a golfer.

The present golf links may in time have garden patches
laid out alongside them, and gardening will become not
iinly a game, but a useful, productive one. Instead of
beating the swords into pruning hooks, the lockers of
the country clubs will be filled with garden tools as well
as golf sticks.

\\'e're nearest the Creator in the garden, and while it
doesn't mean that man is going to give up his sedentary
occupations, yet by a roundabout and indirect process
we're arriving at the Tolstoi idea that every man should
raise enough for his own sustenance.

Our Hardy Roses

By Alex. Cumming, Jr.

Not many years ago, when the mere mention of the
rose suggested June roses only, the rose was essentially
a flower of June, and the Hybrid, Perpetual or Re-
montant type then attained its zenith.

The addition of the more recent Hybrid Tea class has
given the rose a new standing as a garden subject. It is
not only the flower of June, but we also regard it as a
flower to enhance the garden, by its sweet presence, from
early June until frost — an added quality that at once pro-
nounces the Hybrid Tea as the type "par excellent'" for
general garden culture. We may also consider the ma-
jority of its varieties sufficiently well constituted to re-
place, to a large extent, the older types for any orna-
mental purpose.

The genus "Rosa" embraces a great many distinct sec-
tions or families, yet the true garden or bedding roses
susceptible to successful culture in our climate are re-
stricted to a few well-known types, namely, the Tea-
Scented Roses in a few of the more sturdy kinds, the
Hybrid Tea, the Hybrid Perpetual or Remontant, the
dwarf Polyantha, and the newer Pernetiana group. The
Bourbon, Bengal, Noisette and other less known types
are hardly worthy of this distinction, except in a few in-
stances. Some knowledge of the characteristics of these
types is essential to the rosarian, particularly when prun-
ing operations are in order, or in the arrangement of the
rose garden, the success of which depends so much on
the proper disposal of the various classes.

If a June display, only, is desired, the Hybrid Remon-
tant type should be drawn from largely, as it is their
characteristic to make a prodigious showing at that sea-
son, and for this reason they are commended to the owner
of the private estate, who is absent during the late sum-
mer and would therefore prefer the early display. A
limited number of the varieties will flower more or less
during the autumn months, so that by confining the plant-
ing list to a careful selection, a creditable showing could
be made at that time. In pink varieties, ]\Irs. John Laing,
Paul Neyron, George Arends, Paul's Early Blush, Mrs.
R. G. Sharman Crawford,, and Anna de Deisbach are
about the best in this respect.

The red roses of this type are sadly deficient in late
flowering qualities, the best being Ulrich Brunner and
Gloire de Chedane Guinoisseau, varieties distinct in form.
although closely related.

Good white roses are limited to a few varieties in any
type, but particularly so in the Hybrid Remontant. Frau
K. Druschki is easily the best in this section and is. in
fact, generally considered the queen of all white roses,
regardless of classification.

For June flowering only, we can add a number of ex-
cellent kinds to the foregoing. In white and flesh shades.
the varieties Clio, Margaret Dickson. Gloire Lyonnaise,
and Mabel Morrison are well worthy of a place in the
rose garden.

In red roses, General Jacqueminot, known as the Tack
Rose for over half a century, is still one of our finest;
Marie Bauman. Alfred Colomb. Marie Radv, Senateur
\'aisse, Jules Margotten. and Hugh Dickson are each
good garden varieties. Hugh Dickson stands out promi-
nently among these and should not be omitted from the
planting list.

The Pink Remontant roses that flower only in June,
also include our hardiest garden kinds — Madam G.
Luizet. Oakmont. Baronne Prevost, Magna Charta and

Baroness Rothschild are varieties that will resist our
winter conditions without protection.

To sum up the good qualities of this type — qualities
that endear — we cannot over-estimate the wonderful dis-
play which they are capable of producing in the early
summer, the perfect form, substance and clear coloring;
of the flowers, combined with a constitution that well
adapts them for beautifying exposed locations where the
more tender roses would have a struggle to exist.

THE HYBRID TEA.

I'or general garden culture, however, the ihbrid Tea
type has attained a degree of popularity that no other
type can boast of, and this, we may assume, is the logical
test of all around superiority. Combining the good
qualities of the parental types — the Hybrid Perpetual and
the Tea-Scented principally — it embodies many desirable
traits, and although still in its infancy it has produced so-
many good varieties that it would be difficult to make a
selection of the best without slighting some favorite
variety.

Occasionally we find a somewhat fickle rose doing un-
usually well where it finds conditions congenial. Natu-
rally the proud grower maintains that it is one of the
finest of all roses and one that is shamefully neglected
by rose growers in general, when, as a matter of fact, his
nearest neighbor, regardless of experience, cannot get
results from it. This is, of course, exceptional, but we
find a striking example in the La France Rose — a very
beautiful and effective variety where it finds the right
conditions, but as a general rule it is a disappointment.
The rose that merits general approval must indeed be
one of more than ordinary quality. We note a grow-
ing tendency on the part of catalog firms to eliminate the-
mediocre varieties, retaining only the very best rather
than present an elaborate list of varieties. For the cli-
mate here in the east, the selection is necessarily rigorous.
A rose, no matter how fragrant or beautiful in color, is-
not desirable unless it is vigorous and robust in constitu-
tion. It must grow and flower profusely throughout the
summer and withal, resist severe winter conditions.
These are the prime essentials to our ideal garden rose
and in this connection we perhaps oppose the ideals of
Europe, where a variety establishes its reputation first on
the exhibition table. Here it must do so in the garden.

In this Hybrid Tea family, pink seems to be the pre-
vailing color, as we find it in other types. The varieties
Caroline Testout and Radiance are perhaps the best for
all around garden purposes, yet there are many varieties
which have excellent qualities and are almost cquall)^
desirable. C_\nthia Furde. Konigen Karola, Jonkheer J.
L. Mock, I.ady Alice Stanley, Earl of Warwick. My
Maryland, Lady Ashton, Mrs. George Shawver and
Madam Jules Grolez, are good garden roses, each distinct
in some respects.

The red Hybrid Teas are more numerous than we find
this color in the Remontant type. Tlic varieties Laurent
Carle. General Superior Arnfild Jansscn. lulwanl Maw-
ley. Gruss an Teplitz, Ecarlate. Cardinal. Leslie Holland.
Rhea Reifl, General Mac.Xitlnir and Roi)in Hood, aic all
desirable.

The white varieties Kaiserin Augusta \'ictoria, Au-
gustine Guinoisseau, P.essie Brown and Double White
Killarney are about the best in their color.

^'ellow Hylirid Teas, or varieties with yellow as the

874

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

predominating color are all too scarce. Mrs. Aaron
\\'ard, Madam Ravary, Madam Jennie Guillemot,
Madame Charles Lutand, Mrs. A. R. Waddell and
Madame Melanie Soupert, are quite desirable. The va-
riety Sunburst, although somewhat shy in blooming,
makes up for this in color and form. There are many
e.xcellent varieties of intermediate colors or blends rang-
ing from pink to yellow and orange. The best of these
perhaps would be Lady Pirrie, Dean Hole, Antoine
Rivoire, Dorothy Page Roberts, Betty, Madam Leon
Pain and Theresa.

In the newer Hybrid Teas we have some varieties of
more than usual merit.

Nerissa, a cream-colored variety intermingled with
white and peach shadings, is one that must prove popular
when better known. Although it is not heavy wooded,
it is e.xtremely vigorous in growth, the flowers are large
enough for exhibition purposes, and in regard to freedom
it leaves little to be desired.

British Queen, a fine new white variety is, when once
established, a desirable addition to our roses of this color,
but it is none too quick in getting under way.

Ophelia is another new salmon-shaded rose in the way
of Antoine Rivoire, but is more perfect in form and will
prove an excellent variety for cutting purposes.

Madam Edmund Rostand will also prove a most de-
sirable garden variety. Its free branching growth and
fine play of color, including reddish salmon and orange
yellow, will especially appeal to the rose lover.

General Superior Arnold Janssen is one of the most
desirable new red roses, being vigorous in growth and
unusually free in flowering.

King George V and George Dickson, two British in-
troductions of last year, were sent out as Hybrid Tea
roses, but under our conditions they partake of the Hy-
brid Perpetual character and are not continuous in flower-
ing. In point of color, however, they may be considered
improvements on the majority of the deep crimson varie-
ties and are, therefore, to be commended.

The comparatively new American rose, Robin Hood,
approaches the ideal rose for garden culture in our cli-
mate. Its color, a bright rosy scarlet, really improves
with its growth as the season advances, deepening into a
scarlet crimson. So far it has proved immune from mil-
dew or black spot and appears to flourish under the most
adverse conditions, throwing out great heavy bottom
growths continually during the hot summer months, each
terminating in a massive but beautifully formed flower.
Roses of this calibre are the typical ni^es for .America.

TEA ROSES.

Tea roses are more delicate in nature, and while they
are noted for their free flowering qualities, they lack con-
stitution and, with a few notable exceptions, are alto-
gether too tender to survive our severe winters. The
varieties Pink and White Maman Cochet, \\'m. R. .Smith
and Lady Hillingdon are, however, sufficiently hardy, with
a little additional winter protection, to thrive in our cli-
mate. The Cochet roses which have been famous for
many years and Wm. R. Smith, a variety somewhat simi-
lar but more vigorous in growth, are at their best during
the autumn. Lady Hillingdon, a remarkably free grow-
ing variety, is perhajis one of the best yellow roses and is
well worthy of a place in any rose garden.

HOSE PERNETIX.V.

An entirely new I)rcak in bedding roses was obtained
with the introduction of the variety Soleil d'Or, the re-
sult of crossing the Austrian Briars with Ihlirid Teas
and roses of similar types. In this section we find ci>Inr^

that are entirely new in the garden rose, ranging from
vellow through orange, copper, apricot and nasturtium
red. The type, as a whole, requires a different treatment,
particularly in pruning, from that of the other bedding-
roses to give the best results. The original variety, Soleil
d'Or, is undoubtedly our most glorious garden rose when
grown to perfection, but is lacking in continuous flower-
ing qualities. Juliet, Gottfried Keller, and Viscountess
Enfield are similar in habit. Lyon, Arthur R. Goodwin,
and Rayon d'Or evidently have more Hybrid in their com-
position, as they are freer in flowering, although the indi-
vidual flower is not so well built. The more recent in-
troductions, \^'illowmere and ]\Iadam Edouard Herriot
will undoubtedly prove the most desirable of this type for
garden culture, particularly VVillowmere, which appa-
rently is largely Hybrid Tea in habit of growth.

DWARF POLYANTHA OR BABY RAMBLERS.

The last of the more important bedding types brings us
to the Baby Rambler or Dwarf Polyantha Roses. Previ-
ous to the introduction of the variety Madame Norbert
Levavassem or Baby Rambler, this type was not consid-
ered important, \\ithin the last few years, however, the
type, on the whole, has greatly improved and we now have
varieties that flower so continuously that they are most
desirable for various purposes. Each year shows these
roses used more extensively for edging and underplant-
ing the larger types. Massed by themselves they will
make a showing that is truly wonderful.

Of the older varieties of the true Polyantha type, the
most attractive are. no doubt, Eugenie Lamesch and
Leonie Lamesch, usually classed as fancy roses. Their
colors include various shades of copper, yellow and red.
The white varieties ^Mignonette and Paquerette are each
desirable varieties. We might class with these an old
\'ariety, but one of exceptional merit, the variety Marie
Pavie. The individual flowers are white, occasionally
flushed with pink. As a garden rose it has many excel-
lent qualities that are not sufficiently appreciated. It will
be found as hardy as any of this class, healthy in growth,
and profuse and dainty in flowering. The only red or
crimson variety previous to the advent of the Baby Ram-
bler itself was Perle des Rouges, a deep, velvety crimson,
and this is still classed among the desirable kinds.

.■\mong the newer Baby Ramblers we find greatly im-
proved varieties, especially in regard to freedom of flow-
ering. Orleans Rose, Jessie and Erna TeschendorfiF are
among the most eft'ective of the red bedding varieties.
Among the pink. ]ierhaps the best are Aennchen Muller,
Ellen Poulson and Mrs. Cutbush.

Among the novelties of this class oftered this year, we
find varieties so improved as to indicate that this type is
entering an era of greater usefulness. In Bordure, a light
carmine variety, we find a plant of rather unusual habit.
The growth is dwarf and extremely dense, the flowers
comjiletely covering the foliage. Triomphe Orleanais is
real!}- an immensely improved Baby Rambler. On this
variety the growth is more erect and the flowers larger,
the color a deep cherry red that holds well for an unusual
period. Perhaps the best of these new introductions
will be Madame Jules Gouchault. In habit it is all that
can be desired. The growth is strong and vigorous, the
color an effective shade of vermilion red and one that will
be thoroughly appreciated in the garden. In Meadow
-Sweet we have a variety that is dainty in every respect.
The color, a pleasing salmon pink with orange shadings.
is one that is still rare. There is a warm welcome await-
ing any further improvement in this color.

\Mien we consider that in Euro]ie some of (lie most
frunous rose breeders are devnting their entire time and

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

875

•energy to the production of new roses of this type, we
may well look forward to even better things in the future.

G.^RDEN CULTURE.

The first important detail in the outside culture of the
rose begins in the location of the rose garden. Choose,
if possible, a location that is somewhat sheltered from
sweeping winds, but not too enclosed to prevent a free
atmospheric circulation. A warm, sunny position that
will receive the benefit of the morning sun and is shel-
tered somewhat during the afternoon is the ideal loca-
tion, yet the rose prefers the full sweep of the elements
to the shadows of overhanging trees or nearby buildings.

The rose is not as fastidious in its preference of soils
as we are frequently informed. It will give excellent
results in any good garden soil that is well drained ; that
is, soil that is free from standing water. Making a rose
bed in a wet situation, no matter how well drained the bed
in itself is, can never be a complete success, for no amount
of drainage material can amount to little more, in elifect,
than a catch basin or receptacle for the surrounding water
to drain into. The land surrounding the bed must be
equally well drained.

In preparing the bed, the soil should be excavated to a
depth of eighteen inches or two feet, and refilled with
soil, turf, and barn-yard manure in equal quantities, Wfith
the addition of a generous sprinkling of coarse hone meal.

PLANTING.

The success of the rose bed depends much upon the
quality of the plants, to begin with. It i's generally con-
ceded that the budded, two-year-old rose is the best for
Eastern America. Some more experienced growers pre-
fer to plant dormant stock, while others prefer the estab-
lished pot plants that are obtained in growth for ]\Iay
planting. Either type is undoubtedly good, the advan-
tage in purchasing plants that are started in pots being
in the fact that there is less possibility of loss in planting.
Again, it is not always possible to get the ground in
shape before it is too late to successfully plant dormant
stock in the limited time available. It is important that
the soil be in good working condition, not dry, and yet
not so wet as to be disagreeable to work with. The
plants, if dormant, should be set about two inches below
the part where the root and the top unite, or a little
lower than previously planted. If the plants are from
pots, the ball of earth surrounding the roots should be
set two or three inches below the surface level. Part of
the soil, only, should he replaced, well firmed and the
plant thoroughly watered. \Mien the water is absorbed
the remaining soil can be filled in, firmed, and the bed
raked level.

CULTIVATION.

The subsequent cultivation and care required merely
provides a means of relaxation to the rosarian. The soil
should be cultivated lightly at frequent intervals and the
plants w'atered when necessary. A thorough watering
is far more beneficial than frequent sprinklings. .\n oc-
casional application of liquid manure is decidedly bene-
ficial, particularly if applied in a weak solution once or
twice a week until the buds commence to show color,
when stimulants of any description should be withheld.
In early July, a mulch of any strawy material can be ap-
plied to conserve moisture and protect the roots during
the heat of mid-summer.

WINTER PROTECTION-.

The majority of our garden roses will come through
the average winter without much protection, if their loca-
tion is somewhat sheltered, but they are all benefited by
a generous winter co\-ering. A heavv coat of well-dried

leaves will afford ample protection to the more hardy
roses, but the Hybrid Tea, the Tea, and other less hardy
types require a more careful protection. We find soil to
be the best material for protecting tender roses. Where
the roses are not too closely planted, the soil immediately
surrounding each plant can be draw'n up on it to a height
of nine to twelve inches. Where the plants are closely
l)laced, the soil should be drawn in from the compost
heap or garden. The object in covering roses is not to
keep the frost out so much as to keep it in the ground ;
winter killing is caused more by changeable weather, the
alternate freezing and thawing doing more damage than
any amount of severe freezing. When the protecting
soil is thoroughly frozen, a covering of leaves or litter
will keep the plants in good condition until spring.

The majority of climbing roses are hardy under ordi-
narv conditions, but there are occasions when some pro-
tection is desirable. In this event, the growths must be
removed from their support and bent not too abruptly to
the ground and covered, as far as possible, with soil.
Heavy caned plants cannot be altogether protected in
this way, without the risk of fracturing the more rigid
growths, but they can be bent far enough to permit cov-
ering at least two-thirds of the younger wood, and this,
of course, is where the protection is required the most.
The exposed or arched part can be covered with rye straw
and this, capped with paper heavy enough to shed the
rain.

The additional trouble involved in affording winter
protection is well repaid in the plump and healthy condi-
tion of the wood when uncovered.

PRUNING.

The most important detail ifi hardy rose culture — that
of pruning — is one that is apt to puzzle the grower not
thoroughly familiar with the various types and their
habits. The quality and quantity of flowers depend to a
great extent on this operation and to the grower not
sure of his subject, the best advice, perhaps, would be to
let it remain unpruned.

Climbing roses require very little pruning, the removal
of the old battle-scarred and dead wood, or any that may
appear superfluous, and trimming back the ends of any
remaining wood that seems out of balance. This applies
to all Ramblers, \\'ichurianos. Pillar Roses and the hybrid
climbing varieties, such as Pauls, Carmine Pillar, Climb-
ing Frau K. Druschki, and roses of that type.

The Hybrid Perpetual or Remontant roses with a few
heavy growing exceptions, are benefited In' the removal
of ail weak or dead wood, and pruning the remaining
growths back to from three to six eyes, the upper remain-
ing bud should ])oint outwards whenever possible, the pur-
pose of this being to keep the new growth away from
the center of the plant.

The pruner's judgment should always be governed by
the growth of the plant. If it is heavy and erect in habit,
as we find it in the varieties Clio, Margaret Dickson or
Gloire Lyonnaise, the pruning should be less severe.
Less vigorous kinds of a more branchy lateral growth,
Louis \'an Iloutte. .\lfred Colomb. or Fisher Holmes,
for instance, should be cut back hard, one or two eyes
being sufficient in the lighter wood and not more than
four in the heavier wood.

Hybrid Tea and Tea roses require approximately the
same treatment. The strong growing kinds can l)e left
,1 trifle longer, while the weak varieties should he cut
jiractically to the ground to give the best results.

The Dwarf Polyantha and Baby Ramblers merely re-
quire a throwing out of the weak or congested center
growths, slightly heading the remaining wood back.

The Gladioli and Its Popularity

By I. S. Hendrickson.

So much has been written and said recently about this
popular flower that it is becoming quite a task for one
with limited literary abilities to say anything new, but
still the subject is so intensively interesting to some of us
that we dislike to let pass any opportunity to exploit this
particular product of the soil.

Gladioli have now reached a stage where they are not
a hit or miss indifferent bi-crop of the gardener or florist,
but are now being placed near the top of the list of wants
each season.

Some of the principal reasons for this increasing pop-
ularity is their adaptability to all seasons and conditions
and tlie moderate prices considering the satisfactorv re-

according to the substance of the soil; if the soil is quite
light it is good to plant them deep to keep them from
falling over when they reach their full height. Anyone
understanding the culture and growing of potatoes can
have success with Gladioli.

If the flowers are wanted quite early it is a good plan
to prepare a frame in the fall and cover same with sash
or mulcli heavily with manure to keep out the frost, and
then plant the bulbs in this frame about the first of March,
keeping the sash on until the danger of frost is over. By
this method it is possible to get flowers during June.

Alanv (iladioli are now being grown in the green-
house. While planted as early as December, experience

GLAUIOLI ••SCRUiK.'

GL.MJIOLI "BL.'VNCIIE."

GLADIOLI "PRINCE OF INDI.\.'

suits obtained ; it has now become possible for us to secure
some of the most beautiful varieties at a very reasonable
price.

With prcipcr handling the blooms can be had from the
last of June until frost out of doors, and as the average
time for the bloom to appear after planting is twelve to
fourteen weeks, it is quite easy to plan for a continual
rotation of flowers by planting every ten days or two
weeks or for any particular time to suit the individual
needs.

The cultivation of this flower is so simple that it re-
quires no skill whatever to get good results, although
they will respond to extra good care. They simply re-
quire a good garden soil, and can be planted either in
rows or beds, covering the bulbs three to five inches deep

has shown that not very much is gained in planting them
before the middle of January, as during the short dark
days of December they are not apt to form the flower
spike properly, and I would rather spend the few weeks
between December and the middle of January in thor-
oughly drying the bulbs in some such place as directly
over a boiler, as much better results can be obtained when
they are finally planted.

Some gardeners use Gladiolus bulbs to "fill in the gaps"
between Carnation plants, that is to say wherever a plant
has died or been taken out for some reason a bulb is put
in its place, and this method works out very well, as a
bulb requires about the same temperature as a carnation,
(iladioli are also very useful for planting in the hardy
borders to fill in between other plants, and they flower at

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

877

a time when most of the hanly plants are not blooming.
Some plant the bulbs in Rose beds between the rows of
Rose bushes ; good results can be obtained in this way, as
the soil in a Rose bed is tisually quite rich.

I do not know of any flower that has the large range
of colors that is found in the Gladiolus family.

We have them in solid colors, two colors, three colors
and even more, and the colors are always blended beau-
tifully together; then we have them striped and mottled
and variegated be\ond description ; in fact out of the
three or four thousand named varieties on the market it is
possible to pick out colors to suit the most exacting, and
as the seedlings are raised so easily the future has even
greater possibilities in store for us than we have had in
the past. As to which are the very best varieties this is
largely a matter of taste, and no two persons would hardlv
select the same ones as their ideal of perfection ; but from
my observation during many seasons of testing I have
found the following amnng the best :

Uf course the above list could be added to, but they
come to my mind as being especially good.

If a very high class list of varieties is wanted, the fol-
lowing are really something extra fine: Badenia, lavender
blue ; Panama, pink ; I'lorence, bright lilac, white center ;
La Luna, pale yellow, dark center; Mrs. Frank Pendle-
ton, flushed salmon pink, blood red throat ; Xegerfurst,
blue black ; Norma Dee Childs, delicate white, sulphur
throat; I'rince of India, blue black, smoky gray; Safrano,
Xankeen yellow, petals fluted ; Sans Pareil, orange rose,
striped vermillion.

\Vith the present range of colors the use of Gladioli is
unlimited, and we find they are used for decorating dining
rooms, churches and weddings ; large quantities have
come to be used for funeral work.

Some of the best for forcing are America, Augusta,
r.renchlevensis, Shakespeare. Mav, Mrs. F. King and
Wild Rose.

There is a tvpe now for which there will be a great

r;r.,\i)ii)i.i "firkfl.vre.'

(ii.Anioi.i

.Augusta, Peace,

Alaska, Aline.
Pendleton, La

r.renchlevensis

Whites — l'>lanchc,
Reine Blanche.

White with colored throat — Mrs. F.
Luna, Jane Dieulafoy.

Pink — America, Panama, Wild Rose.

Scarlet or red — Cardinal, Nezinscott,
Mrs. Francis King.

Scarlet with white throat — Princeps, Contrast. Attrac-
tion.

Yellow — Sulphur King, Canary I'.ird, Xiagara.

Pilue and purple — Baron Hulot and Piadenia.

Dark maroon — Negerfurst and War.

Striped and mottled — Prince of India. I. .S, llcndrick-
son, Le Triomphe and Scribe.

future, and that is the Primulinus Hybrids. These
Hybrids have been produced from the Primulinus species
that was found in South .Vfrica. The species are all
Primrose yellow.

The Hybrids range in color from Prinudse yellow to
all shades of yellow, red, orange and white, and while a
single spike is not conspicuous, a bunch of them is very
graceful, and as they are slender and long they lend
themselves well for decoration, and I believe when they
become well known they will be used in great quantit)-.

Do not forget the Gardeners' Reunion at Thum's alleys,
Xew N'ork, Tuesday, March 24. James Stuart is chair-
man of the arrangement committee.

Landscape Gardening

By Arthur S. Brooks.

"Take thy plastic spade, it is thy pencil —
Take the trees and flowers, they are thy colors."

There are comparatively few professions in this Hfe
that at their best demand a more complete knowledge, a
riper experience and a deeper sympathy with nature than
landscape gardening.

All give it credit for being the oldest, but few rank it
as one" of the highest types of art. ^ "That is art which
attempts to create organized beauty," says an old axiom,
and there is certainly a good deal of "organized beauty"
in a well ordered garden.

There is no gainsaying that landscape gardening is
one of the fine arts.

In matters artistic nothing is absolute, everything is
relative; so we must be artists at heart if we wish to
properly plant our garden and give it that touch of har-
mony and restfulness which is only secured after having
appreciated those things for ourselves.

I am afraid that some who have to do with the more
practical side of getting a garden laid out will want me
to deal with the numerous features that go to shaping
a garden and be submerged in the removal of tons of
earth, blasting rocks, carting stones, building material,
greenhouses in sections and loads of manure and trees
and then out of chaos gradually working to light, guided
by bits of oily paper called plans. It would be quite pos-
sible to write very interestingly on these lines.

For our present purpose, however, it is our plan to
consider some of the basic principles of the art and later
to touch upon some of the more practical details that I
have found helpful.

A satirical critic, who once overheard a remark maile
by a landscape gardener, that he had been wonderfully
helped in his work by the accidental developments and
unlocked for groupings, said, landscape gardening was
an art that relied upon accident for effect. While on the
whole I disagree with our critic, very often it comes
about that we have secured a fine grouping or happy
combination more by chance than by deliberation.

Yet everyone who aspires to lay out a garden should
believe in a properly prepared plan, if the result is to be
harmonious and balanced.

The landscape gardener, or, as he is sometimes termed,
the landscape architect and more recently the landscape
engineer, should be a man of wide experience, one who
can realize the main component parts of a large land-
scape and fit them accordingly to private needs. The
name landscape architect or engineer gives tis a clue as
to why American gardens are sometimes so grotesque
and present such examples of discord. I am afraid that
sometimes the landscape architect or engineer is em-
ployed instead of the gardener.

.Starting without a prepared plan, many bright and
original men have fallen short of the ideal becatise they
have gone along the haphazard lines our critic makes
fun of and had to keep altering and remodeling to suit
every new condition that sprung up till in the end they
were discouraged.

Men of ideas always bring them to the one who can
make the most of them, and that is the man of system.
No amount of detail will ever make a garden. It is one
of the marks of the feminine mind to get a lot of talk
about colors, and the birds and the pattern of the garden
gate and the hosts of other little things, without which
you cannot have a garden comi)lete, but thev often

ignore the design proper. Detail we must have, but
more so the grand conception whereon to raise the struc-
ture and embellishments.

Look for a moment at those old renaissance gardens
and see the orderly features they conceived. They planned
their designs whole, not piecemeal as we do.

Some, no doubt, will cast a slighting look at the ex-
amples of those old famous gardens, those of the Tuileries
and Versailles for example, where the interpretation of
the renaissance is too stately and heavy for the ordinary
human. Their schemes are too vast to understand, yet
one cannot but be impressed with the classic grandeur of
their vistas.

I would beg a little indulgence at this point and ask
for toleration of these designs, although they seem ob-
solete to the modern mind. Those old designers were
learned in what it takes most moderns half a lifetime to
find out, namely, how to express by suggestions the
essentials of their thoughts.

We too often lose the essentials by a mass of finely
wrought detail, and then, later, finding our work lacks
eft'ect, try to reach it by a series of impressions which
are after all grotesque and ridiculous.

Every man is trying to do what is right in his own
eyes, and such is the seed bed, from whence all these
vagaries and other startling surprises come. But order
and discipline always come out on top, and after all our
extravagance and novelties produce in the end the long-
ing desire for the renaissance order and sanity. We need
a renaissance in art to strike our gardens here and strike
them bard. Then and only then can we truly develop a
national style of gardening, for as more order and system
prevails we can understand each other better and feel
bound by some common purpose.

One thing we should single out and adhere to is to
plant more American trees in place of the European
varieties. The climate here is dift'erent from that of
Europe and we cannot hope to get similar effects by just
using European material. Spring shotild be the time
of flowering trees and shrubs, and we should plant ac-
cordingly. Summer is naturally and best a time of
greenness, when we can appreciate green as at no other
time. Autumn is naturally again the time of color, when
truly gorgeous effects are easily secured by native ma-
terial. Winter can be brightened with berried plants
and shrubs with highly colored twigs planted in mass.

I do not mean, however, that this should be held to
unfeelingly, for we have many flowering shrubs that
are at their best during the summer months and to
banish them just to get the green effect would be to
lose much good material, but what I do mean, is not to
lose by too varied a planting the general effect of spring
bloom, summer foliage and autumn coloring. By such
means only can we secure any real appreciation of this
natural division of the seasons. Do not plant too many
shrubs and trees with highly colored foliage for summer
effects and so lose the effect of autumn coloring when it
comes. I do not mean to dogmatize but to lay down a
general idea of planting which will produce a much more
happy and natural effect.

A small garden amply staffed and thoroughly prepared
is much better than a larger estate less equipped and
laid out.

Hear what an American authority has said about the
English gardens: "It is characteristic of the English-
man, that, enumerating the things which require con-

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

879

sideration when planning the grounds, he names economy
first." This is of just importance and is due in a large
extent for the number and beauty of the English gar-
dens. As a rule, work is not laid out or undertaken
which cannot be easily executed and maintained without
taxing the resources of the owner. If a man can afford
hut three servants, his house is arranged accordingly on
the basis of what three servants can do thoroughly and
well, and he will not have a larger house unless he can
afford to have his service adequate.

Applying these principles to gardening and making
use of the experience of generations of gardeners, he can
easilv foretell its proper maintenance. The results would
amply justify this course. The thoroughness of the Eng-
lish garden is the very root of its charm.

The first thing in your plan is to see to shelter and
balance by forest trees. Perhaps you may have some
already growing; if so, by all means save them. This,
the arlDoricultural feature, counts greatest in maintaining
within the garden the sense of continuity and harmony
with the broader landscape without. To trees, more, per-
haps, than anything else, is responsible for that sense of
luxuriance and well being.

Roads should rarely be straight ; they offer such op-
portunities for grouping trees and shrubs along their
sides that a vista can be provided at every turn.

On a large estate the best general effect is obtained
by planting only one species of tree or shrub in a group
or bed ; this is in keeping with the greater breadth of the
larger estate. Pathways that connect important build-
ings around the house should be straight. Keep the
crooked and curved paths for the more remote parts of
the garden which are devoted to strolling. The house to
a certain extent longs for companionship after its own
kind, and therefore the architectural features, such as
the formal terrace, should be kept in proximity to build-
ings, for it forms a kind of break between the architec-
tural and horticultural realms.

The same rule applies to the pergola. Too often we
see in a garden a pergola far away from the house and
a])parently leading nowhere. Let us have both formal
and rustic pergolas, for they form admirable supports
for roses and other climbers, but the}' were really meant
to serve as a connection between buildings ; let them lead
somewhere and we shall find our gardens will be more
definite and not have that strained feeling that is so
noticeable in some gardens.

In many cases we are met with the statement that the
extras on the house have run to such an inordinate
amount that as little as possible must be expended on the
garden the first year. Nothing could be worse than this,
if a garden is expected.

The first year's expenses must of necessity be heavv,
for roads have to be made, trees and shrubs planted,
lawns made and numerous other things attended to, and.
perhaps, mo.st important of all. the proper preparation of
the ground.

Rather than attempt to dn too much and dn it pdnrly,
lay out on your plans just what you can di) tiioroughiv
and well with your resources.

See to it that shrubberies and lawns arc trenciied three
feet deej), with plenty of good manure, well mixed in
the ground and a dusting of lime given which will not
only lilierate many insoluble plant foods, but which is in
itself a i)lant food.

To say "trench three feet deep" sounds unnecessar\-,
but compare results, it is far better to take the extra
trouble, while on the job. to go down the extra foot than
to remake the lawns and replant the shrul)beries in a
few vears.

.Much good soil can be saved by selecting beforehand
a place to store the top soil and one where it will not
have to be moved again and near where it will be needed
most; here the plans will come in useful. In planting
the hardy bcirder put your plants in "drifts," that is, long
narrow patches lying diagonally rather than straight,
and put enough plants together to make a showing.
These borders are too often such a maze of detail that
you miss the effect of color. Use white plentifully, for
white is the peacemaker among colors, and you will have
little trouble with harsh discords. The effect of gray-
leaved plants in conjunction with the blue and purple
flowering section gives us a very happy and pleasing
result, as the blues and near blues are much clearer by
the contrast. The brightest colors, the reds and yellows
should be used sparingly ; follow the rule of planting,
that the brighter the color, the fewer the plants of that
particular shade. To enumerate the many combinations
and arrangements for the hardy border would be ixjth
tiresome and unnecessary and not within the scope of the
present article.

I think we all realize that the various features called
accessories are necessary if we are going to get all the
enjoyment possible from our gardens. Such things as
summer houses are generally best when built upon a
knoll, which has a good view of some particular feature,
but should be partly surrounded by a clump of trees or
shrubs or it will appear too conspicuous. Well-heads, gar-
den seats and statuary have their places, but should not
be obtrusive. A garden has missed something if it has
not a simdial ; that old-fashioned time keeper, whose value
was not lowered by only measuring the sunny hours.
Why is it almost everywhere vanished? It spoke of
moderate labors and rest at sunset and what a charm
there is to an old world garden with its quaint flowers and
sundial. Have one, if feasible, but see that it is of stone
with a good solid foundation.

Statuary is a puzzling question to many, and no wonder
some have banned it. If you have a formal garden and a
recess surrounded by trees, there is the place to put a
piece of statuary. Let it be, however, a copy of some
celebrated piece and avoid the grotesque shapes which
are offered here and there.

As summer advances we find ourselves caught in the
rush of "bedding out," and there is the question as to
whether it pays to any great extent for the labor put
into it, for unless harmoniously and carefully blended
there is no more harsh, crude and vulgar effect on a lawn
than the.se plants. Keep the beds at the sides rather than
in the center of a lawn if you want to get the full effect
of the size of the place.

Use screens of trees and shrubs to shut off the boun-
daries, do not open the whole garden to view l)ut by
careful planting keep something in store and your garden
will be douiiled in jierspective. .After all, keep before
one, when ])lanning a garden, a definite aim ; endeavor to
keep it simple and expressing some definite sentiment. I
always look askance at the garden where thev proclaim
to grow a little of everything. l-"ar better grow a few
jilants well, such as the soil and aspect foster. Let us
know our limitations.

"Though Ciod hath made everything beautiful in His
time, yet He hath also set the world in their heart s6
that no man can find out from beginning t<> cm\. the
things which Ciod hath made."

THE APRIL CHRONICLE

Will contain illustrated accounts of the New York and
Philadelphia Spring Shows.

Cleveland's Vacant Lot and Home Garden Movement

By John Boddy

The vacant lot q-arden project in Cleveland, Ohio, was ^^''cre assignments will be made in the order received. The form

first undertaken during the spring of 1912 at the instiga- ^^n^^J^'f'"'^"* '"*""''' '"*° ^'^'^ "^" ^'^^ ^^'^ Department is as

tpn of Councilman Harry L. French, chairman of the i_ jj^g undersigned, in consideration of the right for gardening

Committee on Parks. Mi'. I-rench succeeded in being purposes on land located at

able to obtain by legislature through the City Council an -^ ■ ; ■^■_- ■ ■ ■ y •^•.- • ■ ;;,\.f°_^f ;fi'y,.^Ff,t*°,;j,^®„*';;f,,f'^°J^ +^f 11^'!;^
appropriation sufficient to pay the services of a clerk who

acted on behalf of the city in securing the use of vacant
lots in different sections of the city, and in turn assigning
these to would-be cultivators.

The object was to clean up at least a portion of the
imsightly looking property scattered tliroughout the city
and nl)taining therefrom by cultivation such crops as
coukl be grown with a little care and work, thus trans-
forming a number of dumping grounds into sightly and
profitable gardens. There was also the idea of being
able to provide for these garden workers a means of ob-
taining a supply of fresh vegetables as a result of their
own labors throughout the season.

The movement the first year created at least an interest
in the work and was of sufficient proportions to warrant
the city taking hold of the project another year along
broader lines. It was in the early spring of 1913 that the
city forester was assigned to take charge of the move-
ment, and plans were at once made to broaden the scope
of the work and conduct it along systematic lines.

The first move was to obtain an appropriation of
$700 through the City Council for clerk hire. This
amount being sufficient only to take care of the neces-
sary ofiice work involved, the co-operation of two bank-
ing institutions and a few local leading business concerns
were enlisted, with the result that an additional $700 in
cash and $300 wortli of garden tools, trees and shrubs
were provided as prizes and for sucli other incidental ex-
penses as might be incurred.

The Real Estate Board entered lu-artily into the move-
ment and was able to furnish a good idea of such vacant
properties as might be available for garden jjurposes.
The owners in almost every instance showed a disposition
t(i encourage the undertaking, as was evidenced by their
w illingness to place at the disposal of the department as
many lots as were necessary. Altogether four hundred
hits averaging 50 x 120 feet were offered for this purpose.

These lots were in turn assigned to the several appli-
cants, each of wluini was required to sign the following
lease :

FORM AND MANNER OF APPLICATION.

Apiilioation for the temporary use of vacant lot property may
I)i' made to tlii' onice uf the City Furestor, Room 214, Citj' Hall,

land for gardening purposes exclusively, and to cultivate the same
in a good and husbandlike manner, subject to the jurisdiction and
control of the Park Department of the City of Cleveland to ter-
minate my use of the said lands at any time. And I do further

aaree upon the day of , 1913, to leave the

said tract of land in good order and in good condition, and to
remove therefrom any and all debris or lefuse which may have
accumlated thereupon.
Date

(Name.)

No fee of any kind was charged and the city further
undertook to assist in the cleaning up of the lots by the
removal of debris and rubbish of any kind that littered
up the lots in many instances, and further, plowed the
lots and furnished such manure as was necessary.

A garden bulletin was also issued giving the purpose
and aim of the movement, together with general cultural
directions for the growing of vegetables and a number
of planting tables and other such matter as might be
helpful to amateurs in their new undertaking.

Before this phase of the movement was well started
it was found necessary, on account of the overwhelming
demand on the part of home owners, to incorporate a divi-
sion that might include such work as could well be under-
taken on the home grounds or back lots connected with
the city homes. A second edition of the garden bulletin
was gotten out and distributed for this purpose. The
project then nattirally divided itself into two divisions:
(a) The vacant lot movement; (b) the home garden
movement.

As the season opened and active operations began, a
committee of judges was gotten together consisting of
three retired florists and market gardeners. These men
readily consented to devote at least one day a week for
the purpose of visiting the several gardens throughout
the city that had now enlisted in the garden contest. Reg-
ular trips of inspection were made by these men, together
with the city forester, accompanied by a reporter and
photographer furnished by the Cleveland Plain Dealer
(which newspaper undertook to handle the publicity end
of the work, and further showed its interest by provid-
ing $100 in cash and a silver trophy to be awarded at the
time of the garden festival), as well as representatives
of some of the other concerns who had furnished financial
support.

For the purpose of judging intelligently, notes were
kept on the preparation of the ground, arrangement, cul-
tivation and value of the crops, the number of points
given on these amounting to 100. The judging of the
vacant lot garden was kept entirely separate from that
of the home garden, the advantages that the latter would
have over the former being sufficient to warrant a dis-
tinction being made between the two.

In the case of the home gardens it was found neces-
sary to make a further subdivision for the purpose of
fairness to the competitors, the natural subdivisions be-
ing: fa) The Best Flower Garden, (b) The Best
\'egetable Garden. fc) The Rest Combination Garden.
The last named, as the classification suggests, provided
for a combination of flowers and vegetables, and in some
cases a few small fruit trees or bushes and shrubbery.
The result of the garden contest was not made known

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

881"

until the time of the fall festival, at which time all con-
testants were required to bring at least some of their
products for competition in classes which provided for all
the indivitlual items which had been seen in any quantity
grovvny in the several gardens. Here, too, there were
two general divisions in the arrangement of the exhibits.
The vacant lot gardeners exhibiting their products to-
gether, and the home gardeners exhibiting their products
in classes provided especially for them.

This festival was held in one of the city parks on a large
lawn where a bog tent was set up, open on all sides.
Long tables were placed throughout the tent on which
were arranged all the exhibits that represented a veritable
country fair without the animals. There were beets,
tomatoes, onions, potatoes, corn, cabbage, carrots, lettuce,
turnips, wax beans, string beans, lima beans, parsnips,
cauliflower, kale, Swiss chard, egg plants, red peppers,
cucumbers, peas, pumpkins and squash displayed on
cardboard pie plates and properly labeled. In a number
of cases as many as forty entries were made in several of
the undivided classes, and the competition was most keen.

Plans for the continuing of the work for 1914 have
already been well worked out, and a very much greater
interest manifested even than was shown last year. One
of the leading banks in the city undertnok td jiav for the

( )ne other nnjjorlant fact has become apparent, many
of the vacaiu lots handled in this way last year are no
longer available. The changed ai)])earance and condition
of these lots has invariably resulted in a demand for their
use as homesites.

.\ PRIZE WINMNG PAIR— BROTHER .-\XD SISTER.

A PROUn V(TL'Xi"; PKIZF. WIXMNi, ii\kli|MK'

publishing of the official bookelt, and in addition fur-
nished $1,000 towards prizes and expense of conducting
the movement for this year.

Arrangements have been made to provide a number of
garden talks throughout the season ; these talks to be
given in some particular garden in a given community
on a stated afternoon. These talks will lie given by men
familiar with garden work, and will include such sub-
jects as have a direct bearing on the preparation of the
ground, the selection and planting of seeds, the best crops
to grow and general cultural directions.

It would be impossible in a brief article of this sort
to enlarge on the success obtained by many of the ama-
teur gardeners, and such figures as might be given by the
writer would seem almost incredible were the facts not
absolutely known. The good resulting from a movement
of this sort cannot be computed alone in the dollars and
cents which it invariably means to manv of those who
engage in this work. There are the further facts of im-
proved health conditions; the transforming into beautv
spots of what formerly were public dum])s that were not
only unsightly but frequently a menace to public health,
and the providing of profitable recreation for those who
formerly were found wandering aimlessly on the streets,
or engaged in some form of amusement that was neitlier
profitable nor helpful in any way.

JUDGES .'\T A PRIZE WI.\.M.\G GARDEN.

ifr. John Boddy. icho is city forester, of Cleveland, Ohio, has
generously eontribiitcd this article at our solicitation. It is pub-
lished toith a rieip of arousinij a xoidrsprend interest in the vacant
lot fiarden projrct. in the communities uhire it has not yet been
undfrtakcn. — /Editor.

THE APRIL CHRONICLE
Will contain many seasonable articles devoted to out-
door planting.

882

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

HERE, THERE AND EVERYWHERE

BEAUTIES OF OUT- '-rowing up where the

DOORS SEEN AND farm acres stretched widely
TOLD BY around, and with the shows

DANIEL WEBSTER, of nature ni land and sky and
atmosphere daily spread before him, Daniel Webster, the
bo}-, had the seeing eye and the receptive sense that made
these glories his own, as is evident from the frequent
vividness with which they reappear in the marvelous elo-
quence of the man.

The classic letter he wrote from Washington to his
farmer, quoting at length a "very sensible old author,"
who turns out to be Virgil, is familiar ; and one who w?as
a guest at Marshfield recalled a night when he and his
host walked out under the stars and \\'ebster, after being
silent a few moments, repeated part of the eighth Psalm
— "When 1 consider thy heavens" — leaving his hearer,
when the deep, low tones had ceased, feeling as if he had
been in a sacred presence. Less well known is a medita-
tion upon the sunrise contained in a private letter written
from Richmond wdiile visiting there in 1847.

"It is morning," he writes, "a morning sweet, fresh and
delightful. . . . Everybody knows the morning in its
metaphorical sense. . . . But the morning itself, few-
people, inhabitants of cities, know anything about. . . .
With them morning is not a new issuing of light, a new
bursting forth of the sun . . . ; it is only a part of
the domestic day, belonging to breakfast, to reading the
newspapers, answering notes, sending the children to
school, and giving orders for dinner. The first faint
streak of light, the earliest purpling of the east, which
the lark springs up to greet, and the deeper and deeper
coloring into orange and red, till at length the 'glorious
sun is seen, regent of day'^ — -this they never enjoy, for
they never see it. . . .

"King David speaks of taking to himself the 'wings of
the morning." This is highly poetical and beautiful. The
wings of the morning are the beams of the rising sun.
Rays of light are wings. It is that the sun of righteous-
ness shall arise, 'With healing in his wings.' ... I
never thought that Adam had much the advantage of us.
from having seen the world while it was new. The mani-
festations of the power of God, like his mercies, are "new
every morning,' and fresh every moment.

"We see as fine a rising of the sun as even Adam saw,
and its risings are as much a miracle now as they were
in his day, and I think a good deal more ; because it is now
a part of the miracle that for thousands and thousands
of years he has come to his appointed time without the
variation of a millionth part of a second. Adam could
not tell how this might be." — Monitor.

BLESSED
IS HE.

Blessed is he who has found
his work ; let him ask no
other blessedness. He has a
work, a life purpose : he has
found it and will follow it ! Labor is life ; from the in-
most heart of the worker rises his God-given force, the
sacred celestial life-essence breathed into him by Al-
mighty God ; from his inmost heart it awakens him to
all nobleness — to all knowledge, "self-knowledge." and
much else, so soon as work fitlv begins. — Carh'le.

No amount of money can
THE CARE OF replace the spreading oak or
TREES. stately elm that adorns your

premises, but you may give
these veterans a long lease of life and make them well-
nigh imperishable by proper care and attention. Many
long years have been required to bring such trees to their
present state of perfection ; their value cannot be esti-
mated in dollars and cents ; then why not give them the
care they so urgently need and so richly deserve?

Under modern conditions it takes interest and brains
to make trees live and thrive. One must put intelligent,
persistent care into the work of planting, cultivation and
protection. A single season's neglect may cause the de-
struction of a tree, which it has taken a century or more
to grow. — Tree Talk.

A NEW IDEA IN

NATURE THAT

ISN'T "NATURE

STUDY."

Many magazines, hundreds
of schools and thousands
of teachers and parents have
tried to instruct children
in a knowledge of nature. Yet the really natural child
takes to nature for enjoyment like a duck to water.

\\'hy urge the duck, why compel it to go into the
w ater ? When we destroy spontaneity anl liberty, we pre-
vent enjoyment and all consequent benefit. "We love the
things that love us."

It is, however, not nature nor even natural science as
a matter of instruction, as the adult understands it, that
the child wants, but the fun of seeing things. Where is
the boy or girl that is not pleased by the sight of an ele-
phant or a grasshopper? But when the mammal or that
insect must be studied as so much nature or natural sci-
ence, then is diminished the satisfaction of the watching,
and when the watching is made a matter of study, of
literature or of science, it becomes still less pleasing un-
less the observer is naturally studious. Compulsion al-
ways removes the zest and blunts the edge. We do best
the things that we best like to do. This point of view
has been strongly emphasized in Edward F. Bigelow's
experience during his fourteen years' editorship of the
department of "Nature and Science" of St. Nicholas,
his correspondence with boys and girls having probably
been larger than that of any other editor. He has
severed his connection with the St. Nicholas magazine
and will establish in The Guide to Nature a department
entitled "The Fun of Seeing Things."

Dr. Bigelow is an amateur naturalist. He revels in
nature because he likes nature. He believes that young
folks make the best companions when they are free from
restrictions imposed by parents or teachers. He enjoys
their unrestrained spontaneity. He enjoys their letters
when the letters have not been revised and made so cor-
rect that they are deprived of all originality and heart.
He wants young people as they are, not as some one
thinks they should be, as he wants nature as .she is, un-
changed by man's meddling. The tangled thicket is more
beautiful and instructive than the formally trimmed
hedge. The wild grass is far more beautiful than the
closely shaven lawn ; a laughing brook in a secluded
ravine is far more picturesque than a ditch with concrete
banks.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

883

He will cunduct the new (ieparliucnt, '■The I'uii uf See-
ing Things," as he would lead a party of young folks on
a ramble. There will be more spontaneity than restraint,
more originality than formally trimmed rhetoric.

Boys and girls that wish to share in this real fun may
address Dr. Bigelow at Arcadia, Sound Beach, Conn.

HOME OF THE
HOLLY.

GREAT BRITAIN Though very widely dis-

tributed— for it grows in most
of the countries of middle
and southern Europe, as well
as in parts of Asia and Africa — the real home of the
holly may be said to be in Great Britain, for in no other
country does it thrive better than here, says an article in
the Westminster Gacette (London). Bradley records
that there were to be seen some years ago in the famous
"Roll}' Walk," near Frensham, in Surrey, specimens of
holly reaching to the great height of 60 feet — a dimen-
sion which, it is believed, has never been attained in an)-
other place, either at home or abroad. In Bretagne. how-
ever, the holly has often been known to reach a height of
50 feet, but trees of that size, though not common, have
been recorded in this country on many occasions.

The early recognition of the holly, not only as a hand-
some plant, but as one that was useful in many ways,
is to be observed in the names of many ancient villages
throughout the country. "Holme," "Hulver"' and "Hul-
fere" were all old names given to the holly in times gone
by, and we find the first in the names of such places as
Holmwood and Holmbury in Surrey ; Holme Chase on
Dartmoor; Holmer in Herefordshire; and in Holme,
which name occurs by itself in a great many places all
up and down the country. Hulver, in Suffolk, also
doubtless took its name from the pleiitifulness of the
holly trees in that district. In Devonshire, by the way,
the holly is still often referred to as the "holme," and in
Norfolk it is still sometimes referred to as "hulver" — a
name that is probably as old and a good deal older than
the poems of Chaucer, in one of which he says :
"This herbere was full of flowers gende.

Into which as I beholde 'gan,
Betwixt an hulfere and a woodbende.
As it ware, I saw where lay a man."

The largest tree in the
LARGEST TREE IN United States is said to be the
UNITED STATES. "^lother of the Forest." a
giant redwood in the Cala-
veras big tree grove in California. It is supposed to
contain 140,619 board feet of lumber. There are, how-
ever, many claimants for the honor of being the "largest
tree" and the "oldest tree," and these claims, according
to foresters, cannot always be verified.

Txrtr\7 o ^^ course, bad seeds will

WHY SEEDS not germinate under any

SOMETIMES FAIL. treatment. Sometimes, how-
ever, good ones fail to do
so, even when every convenience exists for their proper
treatment. There are several causes for failure, name-
ly, sowing too deeply, not deep enough, a too wet soil
and al.so a too dry one. Now, to be successful, the
reader will at once think that the happy merlium must
be secured in each case. If it is, there will not lie many
failures; but with a certain amount of moisture we
must also have heat. If seeds are sown in a very cold
soil at this season, many may perish in it. especially if
the soil be very wet. Seeds of the more tender kinds
of plants require a warmer temperature than those of
hardier kinds. Example : Cucumber seeds would decay
in the soil if given similar conditions to those of Bmad

Beans, but the latter would germinate quickly if treated
the same as Cucumber seeds. In very hot weather —
in summer time — it is absolutely necessary to give
seeds a moister soil than in January, February and
.March. Uust-like seeds — those of Begonias, for ex-
ample— should be sown on a moist surface where
coarse sand is plentiful. Celery seeds should have a
quarter of an inch of fine soil evenly scattered on them ;
Cucumber seeds require nearh' an inch of soil ; Peas
rather more ; Broad Beans quite two inches, and so on.
The soil must be maintained in an even state of mois-
ture. Many cultivators cover the seed-vessels with
glass and paper. If the covering is removed in good
time the young seedlings will not be damaged ; but if
left on too long — even a day in some cases — the
seedlings are much weakened and often die afterwards.
Never sow thickly, as crowded seedlings are always
weakly. — Exchange.

Many ui ihe efforts of
SANITY AND wealthy men to do something

SANITATION. lor the improvement of agri-

culture have been tinged
at least with intelligence, but frequently they have
lacked the saving grace of horse sense. There has
recently come to our attention a description of a rail-
way president's new dairy barn — Mrs. Dairy Cow's
boudoir. We give just a few lines concerning this $15,-
000 home for a few imported cows :

"There is a shaded electric light at the head of each
manger. A tank filled with running water provides a
place for 'bossy' to quench her thirst at any time she
chooses. Water will be furnished at a fixed tem-
perature. The building is of brick, with a roof of as-
bestos. The interior is finished in white enamel, in-
cluding the walls and stalls, and the floor is of white
tile. The interior is decorated in bronze, and on a
jjrijnze plate at each stall will be engraved the name
of the cow."

it is said that this cow palace was erected on the
advice of a woman member of a state fair board and
that she plans to bring farmers to the place to show
them the advantages of fine homes for milch cows. But
it is extremely doubtful if she can convince them of
the benefits to themselves.

Sanity is as necessary as sanitation. — Cniutry Gentle-
man.

Even sweet fruits have some
ACIDS IN FRUITS. ,,^^,,^. ,^.,,,^^^.^ j,^^ sourness of
other kinds is due to an ex-
cess of such acids. Though there are apparently a good
many degrees of sourness in fruits, the acids which cause
them are comparatively few. Malic acid seems to be
the principal one. It is, probably the only acid, in jilunis,
apples, cherries, bananas, persimmons, watermelons,
peaches and quinces as well as many others. In the
canteloupe, lemon, orange and pomegranate citric acid
is found, while in cranberries, raspberries and black-
berries both citric and malic acids are present. In some
cases one or the other of these acids is represented bv a
mere trace or it may disappear altogether.

NUMEROUS There arc somewhat more

SPECIES OF TREES *'^^" ^^ recognized tree
jj, Tj g sjiccies in the I'liited State«.

of which about 100 are com-
mercially important for timber. Of the 500 recog-
nized species 300 are represented in the government's
newly acquired .^ppalachian forests.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA

wj HjU'^tii -mil. Aii

loaned by the Pierson, U-Bai (

Making the Di

THERE is sometimes a very lonf
gap between the real and thi
ideal. Between the thing as W(
see it mentally and the thing as it i:
actually to be seen. In this connec
tion I have for years found it a gen
nine pleasure to read the advertise
ments of some of the greenhouse bui'dj
ers, because they picture so deligh.
fully and convincingly the charms anej
possibilities of gardening under glass
But somehow when I go to see sonn
of the houses of my gardener friends
it does seem as if they don't quite taK.
advantage of their opportunities t('
give to "their employers what the ad
vertisements so truthfully state ar<\
possible. So many handle their green
houses in the same old cut and drie(
way, year after year, and then wonde

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

am Come True

why the boss "isn't as kt-cn alxnit it as
he used to be."

Just to prove to you that I am x^•<\
a chronic knocker, l)Ut only a ^(h.kI-
natured booster. I went to one of the
greenhouse builders and told them my
kick. .A.S a result they dug out a won-
derful lot of photographs showing in-
side gardening treatments that made
my eyes bulge out. Here are repro-
ductions of five of them and just an
exterior glimpse of the range of which
they are a part in its location on H. J.
Heinz's grounds at Pittsburg, Pa.

Yes, that's real grass on the walks
and it's cut by "a rcally-and-truly-
lawn-mower." He who looks at these
interiors and is not inspired, is beyond
all hopes here, and rather wobbly on
the hereafter.

886

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

THE

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA.

MARTIN C. EBEL, Managing Editor,

Published by

CHRONICLE PRESS

M. E. MAYNARD, President. A. A. FAY, Sec'y.

Office of Publication

1 Montgomery Street, Jersey City, N. J.

New York Office

236 WILLIAM STREET, NEW YORK CITY.

Single Copies. 10 Cent

Subscription Price, 12 Months, $1.00 ::

Foreign, $1.50

Entered as second class matter February 18, 1905, at the Post Office at
Jersey City, N. J., under Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.

Published on the 15th of each month.

Advertising forms close on the 10th preceding publication.
For information regarding advertising rates, etc., address Advertising
Department, Gardeners' Chronicle, Madison, N. J.

ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

President, Vice-President. Treasurer,

WM. H. WAITE, T. W. EVERETT, JAMES STUART,

Yonkers, N. Y. Glen Cove, N. Y. Mamaroneck. N. Y.

Secretar\; MARTIN C. EBEL. Madison, N. J.

TRUSTEES FOR 1914.
Peter Duff, Orange, N. J.; William Kleinheinz, Ogontx. Pa.; Willian
Duckham, Madison, N. T.; .Mex.Tiider MacKenzie, Highland Falls. N. Y.
John H. Dodds, Wyncote. Pa.

DIRECTORS.

To serve until 1915— John Shore, Harrison, N. Y.; Thomas Proctor.
Lenox, Mass.; William .\. Craig, Erookline. Mass.; Frank E. Witney,
Fishkill, N. Y.; Robert Williamson. Greenwich, Conn.; F. Kirk, Bar
Harbor, Me.; James Bell, New York, N. Y.

To serve until 1916— Thomas W. Logan, Jenkintown, Pa.; John F. Huss,
Hartford. Conn.; Jas. MacMachan, Tuxedo Park. N. Y.; A. Bauer, Deal
Beach. N. J.; John W. Jones. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Alexander McPherson,
Washington, D. C; James C. Shield. Monticello. III.

To serve until 1917— A. J. Smith, Lake Geneva. Wis.; Theodore Wirth,
Minneapolis, Minn.; Wm. Hetrick, San Gabriel, Cal.; Robert Angus,
Tarrytown, N. Y. ; Robert Bottomlev. New Canaan, Conn.; Alex. Fraser,
Newport, R. I.; Arthur Smith. Read'ing, Pa.

Vol. XVII

MARCH, 1914.

No. 5.

The laudatory commendation of the profession of gar-
dening by many of the contributors to our special edition
must make every man who is following the calling of
gardener, and who is entitled to such calling, proud of
his vocation.

This is not the first time that gardening has been upheld
in these columns as a profession of the highest standard
and it is only emphasized by what we read in these pages.
As we have pointed out in the past, gardening is not a
vocation which brings liberal mercenary remuneration to
its followers, though we are still hopeful that the world
will some day recognize the important part the gardener
plays in the uplift of mankind and will reward him ac-
cordingly. In the meantime he must rest content to ac-
cept as part compensation for his efforts in aiding nature
to produce all that is beautiful, the delight and love he
derives in doing this.

The man who engages in the profession of gardening,
caters to a want of the people that no other profession
can supply. The physician caters to the sick, the minis-
ter to the sorrowful, the counsellor to the troubled. But
all who have burdens to bear still look to the productions
of the gardener to alleviate their sorrows, pains or cares.
The gardener who works faithfully with Nature works
with the Creator.

.Vnnouncement has just been made of the formation of
a horticultural society on the lines of the Royal Horti-
cultural Society of Great Britain. The names of men
and women prominent in society and country life and
others prominently identified with the horticultural world
are linked with this proposed organization. It is re-
ported that a famous homestead and its grounds have
been acquired from the city of New York where the new
horticultural society is to be housed and its gardens
planted. An alliance for working purposes with the
Royal Horticultural Society is claimed to have been
formed. The aim of the society is to promote American
gardening, professional as well as amateur, to place it
on the same high plane that gardening has obtained
abroad.

THOSE WHO WORK IN GARDENS.

Ev M. O. B. Wilkinson.

How strong they become who work in gardens, for
the sheer love of it !

They are always learning, loving, seeking to under-
stand and to utilize.

They foster the beloved weak and fight the inimical
strong.

They root out the fulness which is a fault and fill the
emptiness that cries for more.

They are able to beget and breed beauty.

Those who work in gardens plant other things than
seeds and bulbs, tubers and cuttings. They plant hope
and faith and love.

They gather in more than crisp vegetables, lucent
fruits, and flushed flowers, for they gather hardihood and
health and a rich fulfillment.

Having planted according to the law, they expect ger-
mination according to the law, and the flower and the
perfect fruit. They do not worry lest what ought to
be will not be. They have the confidence of seers,- where-
fore they are seldom disappointed.

Those who work in gardens work in the laborator\- of
life. They know as much as any one of its coming and
its going ; and far more do they know, than most of us,
of its growing and striving, fighting, winning, blossom-
ing, becoming and being. They see many meanings un-
intelligible to others.

God has given into their hands a book of secrets.

As they press the earth with kindly hands they smile
inscrutably, and the earth yields up her smiling strength
as their reward.

In a garden there is as much chance for self-expression
as in any art, if only the soul of the gardener be free of a
money bond.

For a garden may be compact enough to reveal the
careful soul, whimsical enough to show the dreamer,
stately for the proud, homelike for the hearth-lover, fra-
grant for the serenely religious. The variety is endless.
The combinations can not be counted.

But always, those who work in gardens, make them,
in something, like themselves.

And there is in a garden as great a chance for altruism
as in any philanthropy.

The sick of soul will lag beside a sloping lawn, or un-
der the generous, shade-bestowing tree. The weary of
heart can find a bit of peace in benevolent arbors, or in
bowers of friendly shrubbery. The poor can forget their
debts for a space while they watch bewitching poppies
nodding to each other. And are there not a few con-
victs who would be gentler with their arms full of roses ?

How natural it is that those who work in gardens
should be strong. They are very close to the heart of
life. Perhaps, also, they are close to God !

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

887

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION NOTES

M. C. EBEL, Secretary, MADISON, N. J.

MANY SOCIETIES ENDORSE CO-OPERATION.

The communicatiiHi sent out by the National Associa-
tion of Gardeners, asking;- for an expression of sentiment
from the various local iKirticultural societies on co-opera-
tion between the X. A. G. and the local societies, has
borne good fruit. Many favorable responses have been
received.

The Boston Gardeners' and Florists' Club, probably the
most important local society in this country, representative
of the private grower, passed the following resolution at
its meeting on Feljruary 17:

"That it is the sense of this meeting that we sympathize
with tlie endeavors of the National Association of Gar-
deners, and are anxious to co-operate zvith tliem ivhen we
knozv their wishes."

At the meeting of the Newport Horticultural Society,
held on March 11, the following resolution was passed :

"That it is the sense of this meeting that we are in ac-
cord zvith any ntoz'eineiit that tends to promote horticul-
ture and elevate the profession of gardening, and zvill co-
operate zvith the Xational Association of Gardeners for
that purpose."

Among the other local societies who have acted favor-
ably on the communication are the Westchester and Fair-
field Horticultural Society, Nassau County Horticultural
Society, ]\Iorris County Gardeners' and Florists' Club,
Tuxedo Horticultural Society, Northshore Horticultural
Society (Lake Forest, 111.), German Gardeners' Club
(New Orleans, La.). Several other societies have also
taken favorable action, but have not officially notified the
National Association as yet.

The Executive Board of the N. A. G., at its April
meeting in Philadelphia, expects to formulate a plan of
action to propose to the various local societies which
express themselves as interested in co-operating with the
national organization.

It is requested that the local societies, which have not
yet acted on the letter sent them, take the matter up at
their next meeing and report their decision to the secre-
tary of the N. \. ( i. so that ho may receive it before its
executive nieetinL; nccurs.

SPRING MEETING OF THE EXECUTIVE
BOARD.

The officers, trustees and board of directors composing
the Executive Board of the National Association of Gar-
deners will meet at Horticultural Hall, Philadelphia.
Tuesday, April 7, at two o'clock. Important matters to
come up at this meeting are the report of the By-Laws
Committee and the report on the action taken by local
societies on tlie national co-operative movement. It is in-
tended to formulate definite plans at this meeting to get
the movement under way.

THE BY-LAWS COMMITTEE.

The By-Laws Committee, consisting of John \V.
Everett, J. F. Johnson and M. C. Ebel, met at ■Madison,
N. I., on Tuesday the 10th inst. The committee will have
its report on the revision of the association's by-laws
readv to submit to the Executive Board at its next
meeting.

NEW MEMBERS.
i'he foUowmg new members have been added to our
roll during the past month : Prof. Arno H. Nehrling, Am-
herst, Mass. ; Duncan Mclntyre, Convent, N. J. ; Joseph
E. Adler, Glen Cove, N. Y. ; Rudolf Heidkamp, River-
dale-on-Hudson. N. Y. ; Thomas O. Schmid, Willough-
by, Ohio ; John W". Cummings, Greenwich, Conn.

ASSOCIATION'S SERVICE BUREAU.

The results of advertising the Service Bureau in
several horticultural papers indicates that there is a de-
mand among estate owners and others requiring the
services of gardeners, for such a service. A number of
positions have been filled through the bureau during the
last month, and at the present time there are a number of
inquiries for first class assistants. The positions offered
are good ones and the bureau will be glad to hear from
applicants for such positions.

There are many applications on file in the bureau at the
present time for superintendent's or head gardener's
positions, but practically none for first class assistants'
positions.

THE SECRETARY'S OFFICE IS NOT IN-
FALLIBLE.

Tn sending out hills to over eight hundred members, it
is to be expected that some errors will occur in an office
that is not thoroughly organized for the work. If any mem-
bers have received bills which are not entirely correct, it
will be appreciated by the secretary's office, if it is so ad-
vised and it will be glad to make corrections, as it has
di3ne in several instances where mistakes have been re-
ported.

ADMITTANCE TO THE INTERNATIONAL
FLOWER SHOW.

Members of the National .Vssociation of Gardeners at-
tending the International Flower Show will not receive
tlie same privileges accorded a year ago, as the show
management has decided on a policy of conducting the
1914 International Flower Show on a strictly business
l)asis. It has limited the free admission only to members
of the societies participating directly in the show, that is,
the Horticultural Society of New York, New York Flor-
ists' Club, American Rose Society, American Sweet Pea
Society, and American Carnation Society.

The National .Association of Gardeners and the So-
ciety of American Florists are not recognized, as the
show is regarded as a local venture and not a national
affair as it was a year ago. The contention of the busi-
ness management, which is composed of the Exposition
Company and management of the Grand Central Palace
operating in conjunction with the Flower Show Com-
mittee, is that no exhibition of any account has ever been
successfully conducted on an over-extended free list.

Exhibitors will be entitled to tiic regular exhibitor's
pass at the show.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

A CARD TO THE EXHIBITORS.

Joseph Manda, who has been appointed manager of
the International Flower Show, appeals to all exhibitors
to have their exhibits at the hall early. He will be at the
Grand Central Palace to receive exhibits Thursday and
Friday before the show and urges that the gardeners will
arrange to have their groups staged by Friday night.
This will greatly facilitate the work of the management
and also aid him' in having the show ready when the doors
are opened to the public on Saturday afternoon.

George P^erguson, formerly of Glen Cove, N. Y., has
accepted a position on the Payne Whitney estate, Man-
hasset, N. Y., as gardener in charge of the greenhouses.

ANOTHER LETTER OF APPRECIATION.

Bronx, New York, February 18, 1914.
M. C. Ebel, Secretary,

National Association of Gardeners,
Madison, N. J.

Dear Sir: — Since we became members of the Na-
tional Association of Gardeners, or rather Mr. Schultz,
we are sorry indeed that we did not belong to it earlier.

We contributed to the for 11 years, but received

no benefit from it whatever.

I have read with much interest the letter, "A Mes-
sage of Appreciation," in the G.xrde.xers' Chroxicle,
from Alice Martineau, Hurst Court, Sagford, Berk-
shire, England. As I have always been interested in
gardening and gardeners, having many of my own
family gardeners in England and horticulturists, I am
anxious, being the wife of a gardener, to help along
the cause to uplift the professional gardener, and hope
to have the privilege of attending the gardeners' meet-
ing in March, and also to bring some friends.

Trusting these few words will not be misunderstood,
it is the only way I can express myself to such a
worthy cause to "uplift the gardener."
Respectfully,

J. M. Schultz.

AMONG THE GARDENERS

D. D. Holes, formerly of Huntington, W. Va., has
accepted the position of superintendent on the Moseley
estate, Gladstone, N. J.

H. J. Smith, formerly superintendent of the Rosemary
Farm, Huntington, N. Y., has resigned his position to
engage in the general florist business at Spring \'alley,
N. Y.

Sidney Whitney has accepted the position of head
dener on the General Miller estate, Franklin, Pa.

Otto Fehrlein, superintendent of the J. P. Morgan
estate at East Island, Glen Cove, N. Y., has resigned his
position to take eiifect March 15. Mr. Fehrlein is con-
templating a vacation trip to Porto Rico.

T. L. Hughes, will enter his new position as head gar-
dener on the Oakleigh Thorne estate, Millbrook, N. Y.,
on April 1.

Murdock McPherson, late superintendent on the H. K.
Knapp estate, Islip, N. Y., has resigned his position to
accept the superintendency on the Seligman estate, Irving-
ton, N. Y.

Arthur Jackson, late of Stamford, Conn., has accepted
a position as head gardener on the estate of Mrs. A. J.
Moulton, Llewellyn Park, A\'est Orange, N. J.

Lachlin Forbes has been appointed superintendent of
the Payne Whitney estate, Manhasset, N. Y.

Geo. Barton, formerly superintendent of the H. W. J.
Buckingham estate. Glen Cove, N. Y., has been appointed
manager of the estate of Emerson AIcMillan, Darlington,
N. Y., assumins: charge on ]\Iarch 1.

Alexander Proctor has been appointed superintendent
on the Tully estate, formerly the Doubleday estate.
Locust Valley, N. Y.

James H. Andrews, for many years superintendent of
the John Magee estate, Mt. Kisco, N. Y., has accepted
a position as manager of the International Nurseries,
Inc., AA'est Farms, New York, N. Y. He began his new
duties on March 1. Mr. Andrews has many friends in
the gardening fraternity and has their good wishes in
his new undertaking.

\\'illiam Milne, formerly of ]\Ionticello, 111., assumed
his new duties as gardener to Mr. John Roberts, Barring-
ton, III, on March 15.

James F. M. Farquhar, who has been quite sick for
some months, has been spending a few weeks in Porto
Rico and is very much improved in health.

A\"illiam Dowes, of Chestnut Hill, Mass., who broke a
tendon in his right leg early in the winter, was just recov-
ering from this when he had the ill luck to sprain his right
ankle and has had a long confinement to the house.

Walter Angus, at the Lyman estate, Waltham, Mass.,
has a splendid house of Camellias, the house is 30 x 100
and the bulk of the plants are ten, twelve and fourteen feet
high and of proportionate width.

APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP

National Association of Gardeners

I hereby apply for Membership in your Association : —

Name in fall

Occupation

Address

Dait

Reference

Forward Application to M. C. EBEL, Secretary, Midison,
N. J., 'with ones, 'which are $2,00 annually, including subscrip-
tion to the official organ of the Association.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

INTERNATIONAL FLOWER SHOW. NEW

GRAND CENTRAL PALACE, NEW

YORK, MARCH 21 TO 28.

Last spring it was clearly demonstrated that New York
could have a flower show, one on a scale proportionate
to the greatness of the city and which should reflect
credit on the dift'erent horticultural organizations stand-
ing behind it. "For education and not for profit was the
slogan," and there is no doubt whatever that horticulture
in America was given a great impetus. The astonish-
ment of the British visitors was great when they realized
that American growers could sadly outdistance them in
the production of flowers under glass. Never before had
they seen such roses — flowers on 6 feet stems, with flower
heads as big as cabbages, and a vase of 200 flowers tak-
ing up a space equal to the area of small haystack. It
was all wonderful to them — and wonderful to many of
our native born, too. And the carnations — never was
the like of them seen before — at least by the Britisliers
and the general public.

In view of the great pleasure afforded to the public,
several prominent horticultural organizations and public-
spirited citizens have co-operated to give a second show,
to open March 21 and close ^larch 28. Over $13,000 has
been contributed toward the prize list, and this generous
offering will be added to, and the list finally outclass even
that of last year.

While many attractions have been arranged for, one
of the chief ones will be a Japanese garden. This will
be staged by a New York horticulturist, whose work in
preparation for it has extended over a year, and whose
attention to every detail has been most absorbing. It is
rarely, indeed, that a true Japanese garden is available
for studv, but the one on exhibition will be absolutely true
to traditions and customs. Not everybody knows that
each stone, rock and tree has a meaning through its po-
sition. This particular garden is really an ingenious
amalgamation of 39 separate and distinct gardens, each
of which may be studied from an individual standpoint,
and ideas obtained covering the layout of such a garden
under all ordinary conditions and in a variety of situa-
tions.

Another important feature it is expected will be an
orange grove, the trees all in full fruit. The trees are all
in immense tubs and will be brought to the show at con-
siderable expense.

The show is inaugurated under the auspices of the
Horticultural Society of New York, the Ne\V York Flor-
ists' Club, the American Rose Society, the American Car-
nation Society, and the American Sweet Pea Society,
and is under the direct patronage of Mrs. John Purroy
Mitchel, Mrs. August r)elmont, Mrs. R. L. Beeckmau.
Miss Beeckman, Mrs. Lloyd I'.ryce, Mrs. Nicholas Mur-
ray Butler, Mrs. Lewis S. Chanler, Mrs. .\lfred M.
Coates, Mrs. Henry Clews, Mrs. Wm. A. Delano, ^[^s.
T. B. Duke, Mrs. Stuvvesant Fish, Mrs. Richard Gam-
brill. Mrs. Wm. E. Glynn, Mrs. F. G. Griswold, Mrs.
Austin Gray, Mrs. Ogdcn Goelet, Mrs. Charles Dana
Gibson. Mrs. J. Borden Harriman. Mrs. .\rchcr Hunting-
ton, Mrs. T. A. Havemeyer, Mrs. Ernest Iselin. Mrs. C.
Oliver Iselin, Mrs. Richard Irwin, Mrs. Edmond Bay-
lies, Mrs. H. Clay Frick. Mrs. Arthur Curtiss James,
■Mrs. D. Willis James. Mrs. H. V. R. Kennedy. Mrs.
W. De Lancey Kountzc. Mrs. De Lancey Kane. Mrs. J.
F. D. Lanier' Mrs. Ogden Mills. Mi^s Newbold. Mrs.
F. K. Polk, Mrs. F. K. Pendleton. Mrs. Edmond Ran-
dolph, Mrs. James Roosevelt, Miss Sands, Mrs. C. F.
Senff. Mrs. James Spever, Mrs. Fred F. Thompson, Mrs.
Cornelius \'anderbilt. 'Mrs. F. W. Vanderbilt. Mrs. M.
Orme Wilson, Mrs. Pavne \\'hitney, Mrs. Whitney War-

ren. Air. Theodore A. Havemeyer and Mr. Frederic R.
Newbold are members of the committee of management.

The social side of the show will be a pleasant feature.
The Horticultural Society of New York, a large propor-
tion of whose members are society people, will have a
handsomely furnished booth in which receptions will be
held ; in fact, as a society attraction the show will be
hardly second in importance to the Horse Show.

The Ladies' Orchestra, which took part in the pro-
ceedings last year, has again been engaged, and will fur-
nish a series of vocal and instrumental concerts.

The exhibition will occupy the main floor of the im-
mense building and the floor above, and the arrangements
this year insure plenty of seating accommodations and
retreats for rest.

GARDENERS' REUNION.

The Gardeners" Reunion which for the past few years
has been held in New York during the fall, but which
was postponed last year until the International Flower
Show this spring, will occur on Tuesday, March 24, at
Thum's Bowling Alleys, Broadway and Thirty-first street.
New York.

This reunion, which is not under the auspices of any
one organization, but is conducted by a committee com-
posed of members of various local societies, will consist
of a bowling tournament throughout the day, to be fol-
lowed by a dinner in the evening.

The chairman of the Arrangements Committee is
James Stuart, of Alamaroneck, N. Y. He reports that
he has already secured many prizes and that the indica-
tions are that there will be a good attendance.

The gardeners and their friends are invited to partici-
pate in this reunion. Tickets, which will include the
bowling and dinner, may be purchased by addressing
James Stuart, Mamaroneck, N. Y., or by applying to him
during the flower show.

INTERNATIONAL
FLOWER SHOW opens
to the Public Saturday,
March 21st, Grand Central
Palace, Lexington Ave. and
46th St., New York City, and
will remain open daily, Morn-
ing-. Afternoon, Evening, un-
til March 28th. Do Not
Miss It.

890

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

THE BOSTON SPRING EXHIBITION.

^ The sping show of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society which opened in Boston on March 12, was one
of the finest the society has ever held. A year ago the
interest in the S. A. F. National Show in New York
caused some large exhibitors to support the latter exhi-
bition, but this year all the prominent growers were
splendidly represented, and all the halls well filled.

The hard wooded plants were never seen in greater
abundance, nor of grander quality. Thomas Roland's
big group in the lecture hall was the finest ever seen
here and was superbly staged. It included numerous
Acacias, such as pubescens, Drummondii, Baileyana,
harpophylla, juncifolias, etc., numerous Ericas, such as
melanthera, codonodes, persoluta, etc., also Boronias,
Camellias, Epacris and other varieties. Dotted on the
floor of the hall were some wonderful specimens of Erica
melanthera eight feet high and five to six feet across, a
veritable mass of flowers.

Duncan Finlayson, gardener to Larz Anderson, had a
fine circular group, including large specimen acacias,
azaleas, rhododendrons. Pink Pearl, Schizanthus and
Imantophyllums. R. & J. Farquhar & Co. had an ex-
tensive group with a background of pyramidal bays ;
]5ractically all the plants were forced shrubs, such as
lilacs in numerous varieties, wisterias, azalea mollis,
rhododendrons, laburnums, spiraeas, prunus and Cratae-
gus. They also had a beautiful batch of Calla Elliot-
tiana.

There were fine orchid groups from F. J. Dolansky.
Edward McMulkin and Duncan Finlayson; the last
named had a beautiful lot of Cymbidiums included. Va-
rieties were insigne Lowianum, eburneum, eburnea,
Lowianum and Baron Schroederae. There were several
other orchid exhibtors.

Cinerarias from Mrs. J. L. Gardener (William
Thatcher, gardener) and William Whitman (Martin
Sullivan, gardener) were superb, so were Schizanthus
from Mr. Thatcher. Dutch bulbous plants made a big-
showing. The leading prize winners were E. A. Clarke
(Alex. McKay, gardener), A. W. Preston (J. L. Smith,
gardener), William Whitman, I\Irs. J. L. Gardener, H.
L. Rand and Miss Margaret Rand.

Cyclamens are always a feature at the Boston Shows,
and the present show proved no exception to this rule.
The exhibits of Mrs. Lester Leland (Eric H. Wetterlow,
gardener), Duncan Finlayson, Fottler-Fiske-Rawson Co.,
and William Thatcher were a whole show in themselves.

W. W. Edgar Company had a fine group of Tau-
sendshon and other roses, also many azaleas, genista,
ericas, etc. E. H. Wetterlow had plants of genistas,
Boronias and Erica melanthera trained as chairs and
tables. The group of genistas and other hard wooded
plants, also hybrid perpetual roses from H. Stewart, gar-
dener to Miss C. Warren, were very fine.

The decorated table class brought out no less than
twelve entries. First place went to F. E. Palmer with
a pleasing centerpiece of yellow daffodils and Acacia
pubescens : second, Sidney Hoffman with azalea mollis
for the centerpiece, and Ward roses for corsages and
boutonnieres.

The Waban Conservatories had superb vases of Kil-
larney Queen, Mrs. Charles Russell, and their new light
pink seedling, Mrs. Moorfield Store, all with six feet
stems. The Montgomery Company showed the new
crimson Scarlet Hadley in splendid form, .\ntirrhinums
from Geo. E. Baxton, Estey Bros, and others were quite
up to the Boston standard.

The principal carnation exhibitors were .\. A. Pem-
broke, S. J. Goddard, A. Roper, J. Leach & Sons, R. D.
Kimball, Patten & Co., lames Wheeler, Gardenias fmni

F. J. Dolansky and E. B. Dane (Donald McKenzie, gar-
dener) were excellent. The Camellias from Walter An-
gus, gardener to G. V. R. Lyman, were splendid, alsa
Cherokee roses. There is a great revived interest being
taken in Camellias here.

The most notable feature in the vegetable classes was
the remarkable display from the Boston Market Gar-
deners' Association, this included over one hundred
bushel boxes of high grade varieties, such as cabbage,
lettuce, endives, cauliflower, radishes, new beets, mint,
rhubarb, etc. Man}' varieties were also laid on tables.
It formed the most comprehensive display of high grade
vegetables ever seen here at a winter show.

W. N. Craig.

VARIOUS BOSTON NOTES.

The S. A. l'. Board of Directors met in Boston on
?ilarch 17 and the full program for the coming con-
vention was discussed and mapped out. The severe
weather which has prevailed uninterruptedly now for
over seven weeks has caused a postponement of prep-
aratory work on the open air garden.

For the first time in years the Boston Spring Show
did not contain a single trade exhibit from New York or
New Jersey. The local growers, however, did so well
that outside exhibits were hardiv missed.

Affiliation with the S. A. F. is not favorably received
here in either trade or professional gardeners' circles.
Co-operation with the N. A. G. for the advancement of
horticulture was unanimously endorsed at a largely at-
tended meeting of the Gardeners' and Florists' Club on
February 17. All horticultural bodies should co-operate
for the same laudable object.

THE COUNTRY LIFE SHOW.

The first flower show of the Country Life permanent
exposition was held in its rooms in the Grand Central
Terminal building. New York, March 2 to 7. F. J. Le
Clair, who is with W. E. Marshall & Co., acted as secre-
tary and assistant manager. The severe storms of the
earl\- part of the week interfered with the exhibits and
the lecturer for the occasion, R. \"incent, Jr., of White
Marsh, Md., was stalled by the storm at Philadelphia on
his way to fulfill his engagement. As the week pro-
gressed the interest and exhibits increased and greater
success in the future of these monthly shows is assured.
The list of prize winners follows :

Twelve white roses — B. Hathaway, gardener for Mrs. Stuyvesant
Fish, Garrison. X. T., first, with White Killarney.

Twelve red roses — B. Hathaway, fii'st. with Rkhmond.

Tivelve pink roses — Rudolf Heidkarap. gardener for Mrs. H. W.
Boettger. Riverdale, N. Y.. first, with Mrs. George Shawyer ; B.
Hathaway, second, with Killarney.

Twelve any other color — B. Hathaway, first, with Sunburst.

Twelve white carnations — Thomas Morris, gardener for Daniel
G. Reid. Irvington. N. Y.. first, with Richmond Terrace : Frank C.
Luckenbacher, gardener for Paul M. Warburg, Hartsdale, N. Y..
second.

Twelve red carnations — Thomas Aitchison. gardener for A. L.
Price. Mamaroneck. X. Y., first ; Thomas Jlorris. second.

Twelve light pink carnations — Thomas Morris, first : .\braham
Wynne, gardener for W. W. Heroy. Stamford. Conn., second.

Twelve dark pink carnations — Rudolph Ilcidkamp. first : Thomas
Morris, second.

Twelve crimson carnations — Frank ('. I,U( kenbacher. first : .\lira-
ham Wynne, second.

Table decorations — Thomas Aitchison. first : A. W. (Jolding,
superintendent for Daniel G. Reid, second.

Bunch of fifty single violets— Henry Gaut. .carcliiiov for II. L.
Pratt, Glen Cove, N. Y.

Bunch of 100 violets— Max Schneider, gardener fur I'.'lr-r ll:uick.
.Jr.. East Orange, N. J., first.

Collection of greenhouse grown vegetables — Henry Gaut. first.

Boui[uet of fiowers— Frank L. Lnckenbacher: first.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

891

DEPARTMENT OF FLORICULTURE. MASSA-
CHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

Aniu 11. Xehrling, who recently resigned his position
as associate in floriculture in the College of Agriculture
at the University of Illinois, to become head of the de-
partment of floriculture in the Massachusetts Agricul-
tural College, at Amherst, IMass., was born July 2b, 1886,
at I'Veistadt, Ohio. His preliminary education was re-
ceived in Alilwaukee, in the public schools and in Con-
cordia College.

In tlie spring of 1905 Mr. Nehrling entered the Mis-
souri Botanical Gardens and Shaw School of Botany at
St. Louis, at that time the only school in the United
States specializing along florictiltural lines, where he had
obtained a scholarship. He was graduated in 1909.
From March, 1909, until July, Mr. Nehrling taught
nature study and school gardening in the public schools
of South Chicago, after which he entered into his duties
in the floricultural division of the department of horti-
culture, University of Illinois.

He comes from a horticultural family, his father and
four brothers being engaged in some phase of horticul-
ture.

.•\K.\0 H. .NEIiHI.KNO. 1'KI)M;SS()U OI'' FI.ORICfLlUKK.
.XMIIKRST, M.'\SS,

Mr. Xehrling has made plans for a general enlarge
nient of the work of his department. For some time past
it has been found that because of the increased enroll-
ment and the progress that has been made in conse-
quence, the present equipment is entirely inadequate.
When the acldition to French Hall is completed, it is
expected that the original part of the building will be
given up entirely to floriculture. Prof. Nehrling is also
planning a complete reorganization of the courses, mak-
ing them more specialized and professional in order tn
fit the men for practical work. This is in accordance
with the example set by the University of Illini)is, which
at its last commencement granted the first college degree
in floriculture ever given in this country.

TWO EXPERIMENTAL ROSE GARDENS.

Tiie -American Rose Society, through their commit-
tee in conjunction w'ith a committee appointed by the
Society of American Florists, now feel ready to launch
the establishment of two experimental rose gardens — -
one in connection with the Department of Agriculture
at Washington, D. C, and one at the College of Agri-
culture, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York — and in
this connection they ask the co-operation of rose grow-
ers throughout America.

In conjunction with this invitation \vill be found
statements from both these institutions, indicating
their readiness to proceed with this proposition.

It is proposed that credit shall be given in each gar-
den to all firms contributing to its success, but it is
not proposed to make public any statement showing
which varieties were contributed by any firm. In tliis
way it is hoped that all rose growers in .\merica may
be placed on the same footing without favoritism being
shown to any one, or any group of growers.

Rose growers everywhere will be quick to see the ad-
vantages likely to spring from these experimental gar-
dens. We are fortunate to have one in a district rep-
resentative of the colder sections, while results in the
other may be taken as a criterion for the warmer sec-
tions of our country.

We are fortunate in each case to have the backing
of institutional care that shall be impartial in its co-
operation and ensure the continuity of eft'ort so essen-
tial to an enterprise in which real success can be
measured only after a term of years. Furthermore,
both institutions are in position to issue bulletins, and
for the benefit of all concerned, spread dependable in-
formation regarding roses.

Alex. CuMMi\r,.s. Jr..
Chairman Committee American Rose -Society,

\\'m. F. Gude,
Chairman Committee Society of -\merican Florists.

UXTTED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
bureau of Plant Industry. Oflicp of Assistant Chief of Bureau.

Washinaton, D. C. February 14. 1914.
Air. Alexander Ciimming. Jr., Cliairman Committee, American

Kose Society.
\V. F. Gude. Cliairnuiii Committee, Society -■Vmerican Florists and
Ornamental Horticulturists.
Ooar Sir.s : With further reference to the letter of the acting sec-
retary to your committee addressed to Mr. W. F. Gude. under date of
.\ufriist 16. 1913, the ground proposed to be devoted to a rose gar-
den at Arlington Farm in conjunction ivith your societies is now
available for that purpose, and the Bureau of Plant Industry
-tai.ds ready to push the work of planting as soon as the stock
nrives and the weather is suitable.

The objects to be gained from the Department's standpoint are
ilii' possibility of researches in the heredity of cultivated roses,
iiid also the adaptability of roses to climatic conditions similar
;.. tliiwe fif Washington.

Very truly yours,

( Signed 1 L. C. CORBETT,
Assistant Chief of Bureau.

NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE.
Department of Floriculture.

Ithaca, N. Y., February 10. 1914.
.Ml'. -Moxauder Cummings, Jr., Chairman Committi'C. .\merican

Rose .Society.
\V. F. Gude. Cliairman Committee. Society of .\mcricaii Florists.
Gentlemen: The rose garden area on the grounds of the De-
lia rtment of Floriculture at Cornell is in excellent condition to
receive the plants this spring. The Department has the facilities
to properly oare for the stock immediately upon arrival and to
plant as .soon as weather conditions permit. The undersigned
will give his personal attention to the details of the rose trials.
.\n investigation of the botany, evolution, breeding, etc.. of the
Hybrid Wichuraiana and Rambler Roses is already in progress.

892

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiliiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiililllin«iuiig ;

Aluinys ^nm^tl|tu5 ^a ^t ©I^aitUful JTor

There's somelhing lo be thanJ(fiil for, no mailer how things go —
In summerliine for fruil and flowers, in winlerliir.e for snow.
There's somelhing sort of pleasant happening lo us everv dap.
And hfe's a perfect picnic if we look "f '' that wav.

There's always sorr.ething prelty for our weary eyes to see —
The glory of the sunset or the blossoms on the tree.
And always sorrething tuneful for our tired ears to hear —
The children's voices chirping or the robin's mMsic clear.

There's always something ready for our willing hands to do —
Some halting steps lo help along, some job to carry through —
No chance to be kicking when our feet are busy going.
No lime for idle growling when we're planting seed and sowing.

There's som.ething lo be thankful for, no matter how things go —

No end to all our blessings if we only count them so.

And even if you're out of sorts, or sick, o^ ^fl<^. '"' poor.

Just thank the Lord you're living if you can't do nothing more.

■ — Selected.

It is proposed to make similar studies as to the adaptability
of all classes of roses suitable to the climate of central New
York. Particular attention will be given hybrid perpetual,
hybrid teas, polyanthas, ruj;osas, and the hardy climbing types.
Yours truly,

(Signed! A. C. BE.-VL,
Professor in charge of Floricultural Investigations.

HISTORY AND CULTURE OF THE DAHLIA.

i Coiitiiiiicd I'roui /'at;c 865. j

CULTIVATION.

This is the most important item in growino- Dahlias.
By cultivation I mean loosening the surface of the soil
regularly ; never allow it to become baked. Use the
pronged hoe or wheel cultivator freely, going from 4 to
6 inches into the ground ; close to the plant use a
small hand cultivator to loosen the soil, so as to avoid
injury to the stem and roots. Keep this up until the
plants commence to bloom, then only stir the soil to
the depth of an inch or two, and do it frequently as the
surface must never be allowed to become hard if the
crop of flowers is to be properly matured.

WATERING.

This is a subject which probably gives the a\erage
cultivator more concern than any other; rightly, too,
as it is of prime importance. It is ever a mooted ques-
tion when and how much water should be given not
only to Dahlias but to all growing plants, whether in
the field or in pots. As a general rule Dahlias should
not be watered. The soil being prepared as advised
herein, and cultivation followed assiduously, enough
moisture will be found in the soil by the roots of the
plants. Watch them in seasons of protracted drought
and if they show unmistakable signs of wanting water
give it freely ; enough to penetrate a foot below the

surface. Superficial waterings are worse than useless
for them, and for other crops as well. There is more
damage done by such watering than if none was given.
The principle of irrigation as carried out in our West-
ern States is a safe guide. Give plenty of water when
needed, then let that suffice until needed again, when
another thorough soaking should be given. As soon
as the surface dries after watering stir it up and pul-
\erize the soil. I repeat this as it is of the utmost
importance.

KEEPING FLOWERS FRESH.

For cut flowers Dahlias should be cut early in the
morning, as they are then fuller of sap than later in
the day when evaporation is more rapid. Strip of? a
portion of the foliage from the bottom of the stem,
6 inches or so, and put the bare stems into water as
hot as can be borne by the hand. Leave them there
until it is cool, then ]nit them in cold water, adding
salt at the rate of about half an ounce per quart. Keep
the flowers in as cool a place as possible and in the
dark. Leave them in it for at least twelve hours be-
fore using. Those who have heretofore put them into
use quickly after cutting will be delighted and sur-
prised to find how much longer the flowers will last
if treated as above described.

The Service Bureau
National Association of Gardeners

Is maintained for the purpose of providing opportunities for efficient
and ambitious men engaged in the profession of gardening.
This department of the Association is at the disposal of those who
may require the services of capable superintendents, gardeners or
assistant gardeners. Address

M. C. EBEL, Sec'y.

Nation.ll .Xssociation of Gardeners.

Madison, N. J.

Horticulture a Feature of Panama-Pacific Exposition

By Waldemar H. F. N. de Bille.

With flowering plants and rare trees and shrubs from
all parts of the world, a wonderful tropical garden is
being created on the site of the Panama-Pacific Interna-
tional Exposition at San Francisco. Where less than one
year ago existed but a half-sunken salt swamp and gen-
eral barren rubbish heap, the 025 acres of the Exposition
are now blooming with exotic i^lants and fragrant with
the scent of beautiful flowers.

That the gardens will be the principal feature of the
Exposition is the belief of many of the world-tourists who
have visited the site and e.xpressed wonderment and ad-
miration at the ambitious plan of landscape engineering
which has been undertaken. While the marvelous palaces
of exceptional beauty will attract great attention and will
impress the casual visitor to a greater extent, to the
student who realizes that similar structures may be viewed
in all parts of the world, the "Garden of Eden," which
forms the setting, will be the center of interest.

For the glory of the living gardens, the flowers, the
plants, the shrubs and great towering trees which will
i)ank the buildings, line the avenues and dot the inter-
spaces will bring one to some true conception of the
wonderful work which has liecu accomplished at the
E.xpositicjn.

.\l'STR.\I.I.\X TREE FERNS TO .XDORN THE GRE.\T COURTS OF
TlIE EXPOSITION.

The Exposition site was formerly a great basin of
water formed by a sea-wall running east and west
along the line of what is now the northern boundary
(if the grounds. When the site was finally accepted
and President C. C. Moore started the machinery oi
the great dredger, "John W. McMullen." on April 12,
l'M2, llu-re were seventv-one acres of water-cfn-cred

land to be filled in and more than 3,100,000 cubic yards
of silt were hydraulicallj- pumped in from the bay.
This filling-in was completed not more than one
year ago.

A combination of sand and salt-laden silt lay out-
stretched before the eyes dt the landscape engineers,

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IirC.E "I..\TII Tin;-SE." .\ REPOSITORY FOR PLANTS AND TREES

FROM .ALL OVER THE WORLD, FROM WHERE THEY ARE

TRANSPLANTED AFTER BECOMING ACCLIMATED.

headed by John McLaren, wdien they were brought to
the site to make plans for planting of flowers and hedges
and trees. Such a combination would not grow even a
blade of grass, and it was for the engineers to devise
some plan by which the sand could be fertilized
properly.

"There is but one solution," said Superintendent
John McLaren, and turning to his companion he con-
tinued: "Let us emulate the example set by Moham-
med and bring the mountain to us."

Thus was conceived the most daring and absolutely
unprecedented plan of bringing 25,000 cubic yards of
soil from a point on the Sacramento River, 70 miles
awav, to the Exposition site. When Superintendent
J^lcLaren determinedly spoke of doing this, and whim-
sically recalled Mohammed's mountain, he was not
far wrong in simile, for 25,000 cubic yards of dirt jiiled
into a cube 100 feet square would rise one-half mile in-
to the air and its top would be far above the clouds.
In all reality, a mount of dirt!

Immediately the engineer corps was called upon for
advice, and a set of plans drawn. Permission was
given by the United States Government to cut away
the banks of the Sacramento River at Collinsville, and
as the huge steam dredges removed the earth in great
bites it was loaded upon barges and towed to the Ex-
position grounds, and there spread by skilled workmen
over the entire site to a depth of from 6 to 8 inches.

^^'hile the engineers were attending to this feature
of the work, Mr. McLaren, who is superintendent of
parks of San Francisco and creator of the famous
fiolden Gate Park, was busily engaged with a large
staff of landscape engineers in planning a veritable
troi)ical paradise.

Horticulturists in all ])arts of the world were com-
municated with and asked to send their choicest speci-

894

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

mens of the flowers and plants and trees indigenuus to
their particular clime, all of which may be grown in
the remarkable climate of San Francisco, where flow-
ers bloom the entire year around and the daintiest of
blossoms may be picked at any time during the
winter.

A map of the site was carefully marked with the
position of each bed of flowers, line of hedge and most
advantageous location for each tree. In the case of
these latter, deep holes were dug and these were filled
to the brim with the precious soil.

Nurseries, greenhouses and lath-houses were con-
structed near the site of the drill-ground upon which
the troops of all nations will pass in review daily, and
in these were planted hundreds of thousands (if cut-
tings and seeds.

M.\KING .\ LAKE OX THE EXPOSITION' (iROLXUS

Then Jules Guerin, director of color for the Exposi-
tion, arrived for consultation with Mr. McLaren and
explained that in selecting the flowers only those
which would harmonize with the general and individ-
ual color schemes of the Exposition and the buildings
must be chosen.

The plans were then revised, and as Mr. Guerin
selected his colors for each palace, the flowers wdiich
would best harmonize with those colors were chosen
from the world's collection.

But most certainly this color scheme would be
spoiled completely if the flowers were not in full bloom
every month during ten months of the Exposition,
including all of the four seasons. Would it be possible
to make them bloom all of the time? Mr. McLaren
was asked.

His master-scheme was then revealed. r>y a series
<5f rotation the gardener has promised that there will
never be a minute during the year of 1915 wdien all
of the flowers in sight of the public will not be in
full bloom.

For every plant gruwing on the I'".xpcisition site there
will be du]jlicates in the greenhouses, lath-houses and
nurseries, and when any one of the plants ceases to
bloom, another, a duplicate from the gardens, will re-
place it.

As immensity is the keynote of the plans of the arch-
itects building the Exposition, so great numbers play
an important part in the "Garden of Eden" plans for
the landscape engineers.

There will be fifty acres of the greenest and most
velvety grass ever seen outside of America, and that
this is not an idle boast, the Exposition directors point
with pride to the eighteen acres now complete.

A great aventie of thousands of date palms, hun-
dreds of which ha\e cost mure Ihan $100 each, will lead

from une great court to another, and a hedge 60 feet
high will protect the gardens from the dust of the ad-
jacent streets, and this hedge itself is a masterpiece of
conception. It will be formed by placing large flower-
boxes one upon another in such a way that beautiful
vines — evergreen — will trail down from them and
form a continuous wall of li\'ing streamers and
festoons.

More than 75,000 geraniums are now growing in the
nurseries and will be planted on the site in December,
1914. They will at that time have attained a growth
of from 2 to 3 feet in height.

Tens of thousands of acacias are now blooming and
being boxed to bank the buildings, and these have been
selected so that the many varieties which bloom at
different times provide an equal number which will be
always in bloom. The acacia will be the only bloom-
ing tree on the grounds.

Space has been allotted to the 25,000 veronicas now
on hand and blooming in Tennessee Hollow on the
Presidio Reservation adjoining the Exposition site, and
8,000 rhododendrons have been ordered from England
and Virginia. An equal number of begonias and
fuschias and hydrangeas and English laurel will de-
light the eye of the visitor.

A great orchard has been despoiled of its orange
trees, and these will bloom for the benefit of the tourist
from the icy regions of the United States, where onh'
the cold-storage orange is known. To the tourist the
great variety and number of olive trees will also add
to the interest, and 6,000 of California's own tree, the
eucalyptus, will rear their gnarled and twisted trunks
-■iO feet above the grounds.

The beautiful Fine Arts Palace will be banked with
massive green plants, and a bank of greenery and vines
will trail down from a pergola high on the top of the
building to the base. All of the palaces will receive an
appropriate "dressing" of flowers and shrubs in order
that the scheme nf the exhibits mav Ije accentuated.

P.\LACE OF HORTICULTURE, IN COURSE OF CONSTRUCTION.

The great labor of assembling these wonderful
plants and great trees together from all parts of the
world cannot be described and only imagined.

To keep them alive afterward is a task in itself which
would daunt many of the foremost garden experts of
the world. Great trees, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 50 feet in
height and weighing up to ten tons, are transplanted to
the Exposition from Cuba, Africa, Nicaragua, Brazil
and the Philippine Islands. To accomplish this trans-
planting with(TUt endangering the life of the tree is a
scientific task.

The Advancement In Floriculture

By H. B.

There is no phase of horticultural work that has ad-
vanced as rapidly as floriculture and become of greater
importance. Not many years ago, floriculture was spoken
of as a trade, but today it is rapidly advancing to the
status of a profession and is being designated as such.
The florist of today must be a skilled man well educated
along the lines of his work.

There is no vocation calling for greater or more varied
ability than floriculture. The successful man of today
must not only know how to produce the wares that he
is selling, but must also know how to arrange them artis-
tically. It is on this latter point that many fail and get
little more than a living out of their business.

The florist must know something about construction
so that he cannot only build to the best advantage but
also can keep up repairs and keep all parts in perfect
working condition. Above all he must know plants and
their requirements in order to keep the output of his
establishment at the maximum in both quantity and
•quality. He must be both painstaking r.nd conscientious,
for it is on the careful handling of small details that his
success depends.

Fifty years ago there were few commercial florist
establishments in the country and the output was quite
small. Today the value of the flower crop is around
S40.C00,000. The number of greenhouse ranges has
increased to over 10,500, and the area covered by this
glass to over 105.000,000 square feet or over 2,400 acres.

This rapid advance has been partly due to the im-
proved methods in construction and heating. The small,
narrow, sash-covered, flue heated house has given place
t(i the large steam or water heated range in which better
and cheaper flowers may be produced. The production
of better and cheaper flowers has done more than any
other one thing to popularize the work and change the
-American people into a flower loving nation. With the
advances along these lines has come the use of large
<|uantities of flowering plants in the decoration of door
yards and estates as well as public parks.

As the demand for flowers increased, the desire for
novelties also increased with the result that a new field
opened up for the florist. Many men today are spend-
ing considerable time and large amounts of money in the
l)roduction of new varieties of plants. This production
of new flowers not only keeps up the interest of the
flower-buyer, but of the florist himself. Every up-to-
<late grower should be continually searching for new
things to please the fancy of his customers. It is to such
men that the florist owes the beautiful flowers that are
grown in the greenhouse of today. Such men can be
nothing less than a source of inspiration. The willing-
ness of such men to impart their hard earned informa-
tion to others has made the American florist essentially
difl^erent from his foreign brethren and has done won-
<lers in the development of the profession.

Methods of culture have also changed considerably.
Pot culture has in many cases given way to bench cul-
ture. Xew crops such as sweet peas. Antirrhinums and
others have been added to the list of greenhouse jilants.
In many cases the size of flowers has been increased, the
form varied and the range of colors enlarged.

The advance of the profession lias also been shown
by the demand for research and instruction in floricul-
ture in our great universities. \\'ork has been taken up

Dorner.

at Cornell, Xew Jersey, Massachusetts and Illinois.
These institutions will, no doubt, rapidly be followed
by others until every State having large floricultural in-
terests will be offering instruction in these lines and
carrying on experimental work for the benefit of the
florist. The latter has been made necessary l^y the fact
that the problems confronting the florist are becoming
more and more complex and require scientific methods
for their solution.

Much money is now being spent by these institutions
in building up glass ranges for floricultural research and
instruction. Illinois heads the list with about 28,000
square feet devoted to these lines. Illinois is also the
only institution oft'ering a course leading to the profes-
sional degree of Bachelor of Science in Floriculture.

Much has been said, at various times, as to the value
of a college training in floriculture, but it will have to be
admitted that the man with a thorough grounding in the
rudiments of the work has much better chances for rapid
advancement than the old-time apprentice. The man
with a knowledge of the structure and requirements of
plants, of soils, of fertilizers and their uses, of business
management and the many other requirements of the suc-
cessful florist, is surely better equipped to make a suc-
cess of his chosen work.

The greatest criticism of college work comes from a
lack of understanding of the aims of the university. Xo
university guarantees to turn out finished florists, but
merely attempts to prepare its graduates to do better
and, in a shorter time, do the work on which the old-
time florist spent half of his life before he reached the
pinnacle of his success. The graduate in floriculture, as
in all other professional lines, must expect to begin at
the bottom and advance only as he proves his worth.

It is logical to suppose that to the florist's son, who
expects to follow his father's profession, the training is
as valuable as an agricultural training would be to the
man who expects to return to the farm. To the student
to whom this is a new line of work there are three types
of positions open.

To the graduate the most tempting openings are those
on commercial places. Here he must expect to begin at
the bottom and gradually work his way up to a position
of trust. He must make his employer's business his own
and work just as hard as if he were the owner himself.

The second group consists of positions in research
and instruction in educational institutions. With the
rapid advance of floricultural education, more and more
men are required to fill the positions. As this is a new
line of work, advancement is likely to be rapid for those
who make good. The third group consists of positions
in public parks and on private estates.

The floricultural profession is no longer in a trial
state. Flowers which were a luxury thirty years ago are
becoming necessities. The American Xation is becoming
a flower-loving nation, and its people are demanding
more in quantity, quality and variety. The florist will
ever be a busy man, for there is no jjrofession where
the duties are more exacting or where the pleasures of
watching development are greater.

The good work of the world is done either in i)ure and
unvexed instinct of duty; or else, and better, it is cheer-
ful and helpful doing of what the hand finds to do, in
surety that at the evening time whatsoever is right the
Master will irive. — Riiskiii.

Private Estate Forestry

At the present time about 82 per cent, of our forests
are under private ownership. The bulk is owned by
lumbermen, and has been acquired purely and simply as
a commercial speculation. Too frequently these owners
have used their control over the destinies of the private
forest lands of the country solely with a view to present
profits, without any regard for the future, whereby mil-
lions of acres of fine timber land have been allowed to go
to such a ruinous condition after logging operations
that it will be almost impossible to reforest them.

P^or the past ten or twelve years considerable agitation
has been almost ceaselessly going on in connection with
the better use of private forest land, as to what should
be done or not be done. One does not question the good
intentions of those carrying on the propaganda, but many
of them have failed to comprehend all the points involved
as connected with those directly interested. Especially
has this been so with regard to lumbermen pure and
simple, and to forest owners in general. One of the prin-
cipal points which have been little appreciated is that of
taxation. The result of the system of taxing woodlands
and land suitable for forestation has been to discourage
scientific methods of both logging and planting. It is
not, however, my intention to pursue all the thousand
and one points connected with forest conservation in
general, but, in response to the editor's request for some
articles upon forestry, I propose to deal with a few mat-
ters pertaining to the above caption which for this pur-
pose does not embrace all the 82 per cent, of privately-
owned forest, but merely in connection with country es-
tates which are the owners' place of abode, kept up for
his recreation and pleasure rather than as an investment.

There are many estates coming under the latter cate-
gory upon which exist more or less opportunities for
forestry work and which would have their intrinsic, as
well as artistic, value increased year by year by a prop-
erly-planned system of sylviculture. Of course, one
realizes that a country estate, however artistically the
house has been designed an<l the grounds laid out. has

By Arthur Smith.

little or no intrinsic value added to it thereby, any more
than a high-class oil painting or piece of sculpture has
such value. Those country homes where the house is
merely a costly monument of ostentatious vulgarity set in
the midst of inartistic surroundings — and there are manv
of them — cannot be said to have any value at all.

Where forestry possibilities exist and they are taken
advantage of, a crop of timber can be obtained worth up
to $500 per acre in fifty years from the time of planting
upon land which is useless for an}thing else. There will
doubtless always be plenty of uses for lumber, even if
cities are built entirely of steel and concrete, and as the
virgin forests are being rapidly used up, planting young
trees must be a profitable investment, and it would cer-
tainly increase the intrinsic value of any estate. Then
there are conservation of the water supply and distribu-
tion of rainfall, which have a direct connection with the
amount of forest and which it behooves everyone to take
into consideration. Hills denuded of trees cause floods
at one period and drought at another. The value of
windbreaks is too frequently ignored and any amount of
room exists for their use upon numberless country estates.

The general indifference to sylviculture is due to sev-
eral reasons, but principally to the length of time which
must elapse before a crop of trees can be turned into
lumber, and the taxation question above mentioned. In
some States reforestation is encouraged by giving away
voung trees. These, however, can be bought very cheap-
iv from the trade, two-year seedlings costing $2.50 per
thousand, and it does not appear fair to use public money
to handicap the nursery industry. The encouragement
to forest planting might be better given by making land
planted to forest trees free of taxation for a certain num-
ber of years.

There are, however, many owners of country estates
who are far-sighted enough to realize the expediency of
doing all they can in the way of reforestation, and the
writer was glad a few years ago to embrace the oppor-
tunitv of taking a position upon an estate where forestrv

RESIDENCE WITH PART OF WOODLANDS.

THE REFORESTATION IS BEING FIRST DONK OX THE SI-OPE AND ALONG THE
TOP TO THE EAST.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

897

problems were required to be dealt with. In connection
with the object in view it may possibly be of interest if
our methods are briefly set forth.

The area of the estate is about 400 acres in a ring fence
— at least it will be when the fencing is completed —
more than half being woodland and land only capable of
being planted to trees. Fig. 1 shows the residence, etc.,
and a portion of the woods at the back. The aspect is
northwest. The work of reforestation is being first com-
l)leted along the other side of the hill. The highest point
where the observatory tower stands is 800 feet above
sea level and is 400 feet higher than the residence. Wind-
ing through the woods are five miles of well-made boule-
vard of easy grade, 20 feet wide, and the privilege of
using it, which is granted to motorists, is freely taken
advantage of during the summer.

The soil survey map of the district truly characterizes
it as "rough stony land," and the greater part of the hill
is apparently nothing but rocks, and one is inclined to
wonder how the existing stand of hardwoods have been
able to grow, but between the stones is a considerable
amount of humus, and underneath there is some clav.
The rock is principally trap with some outcrops of lime-
.stone and granite; it all contains a considerable portion of
iron.

Twenty-one species of deciduous trees are naturalh'
growing upon the estate, of which sweet chestnut, white,
lilack and chestnut oak form the bulk of them. It is re-
jjorted that the entire hill was cut over about fifty years
ago for charcoal for supplying some iron works which
then existed close by, and the old charcoal hearths still
remain.

The necessity for reforesting the greater part of these
woodlands is by reason of the existence of the fungus
which attacks the sweet chestnut, known as the chestnut
blight, and which has spread very rapidly through the
Eastern States since the first tree was attacked in Central
Park ten years ago. Upon the surface it was creditable
to the State of Pennsylvania to devote $275,000 to the
study of this disease and the money was no doubt use-
ful to those amongst whom it was divided for their
services, but the negative results obtained must have been
a foregone conclusion to anyone having the merest ele-
mentary knowledge of fungus diseases. People of the
latter class w'ell know that there is no cure for an}'
fungus disease, as it is practically onU^ visible in its
fruiting stage when the harm, so far as that particular
spot upon the host plant is concerned, has been done.
In theory all fungus diseases are preventable, the nec-
essary condition being the keeping of the host covered
with a fungicide so that the spores of the fungus can-
not germinate. As, for instance, in seasons when cli-
matic conditions are favorable to the potato blight an
attack can be, with absolutele certainty, prevented by
thoroughly spraying the crop immediately after ever}'
rain. This method, although theoretically sound, is
absolutely impracticable and in many cases impossible
of performance wdien applied to the chestnut blight in
connection with chestnut trees in general, as I know
from personal experience that the cost of one spraying-
is more than the stumpage value of any tree as
lumber. When one has a specimen chestnut in such a
position that its artistic and shade value cannot be
computed in dollars it would be certainly worth while
to keep it sprayed, so that when it dies it will be
of old age.

This chestnut bark disease was undouhledlx- import-
ed from China, where the identical fungus has been
discovered by Mr. Frank X. Myer upon chestnut trees.
In that country the efTect of the fungus is very mild,
and some .species of chestnut trees growing there ap-

pear to be more or less resistant to it. The rapid
spread and destruction wrought by this disease in this
country is another example of the fact that most dis-
eases and parasites when transported to new countries
work a hundred times more harm than in their native
habitat, it must be understood that this fungus is
purely a bark disease and does not harm the timber, the
latter being in no way deteriorated in value if the tree
has not been dead more tlian two years.

The chestnut is also sometimes attacked by a fun-
gus which, causing heart rot, renders the timber
worthless. This disease is fortunately not common ;
in clearing away many thousand trees I have found
only about two per thousand killed by it.

I'^iiling the improbable possibility of this blight nat-
urally dying out, the chestnut as a forestry proposition
is doomed to gradual extinction, and our practice is to
clear them all out of the woods whether diseased or
not, doing first those parts containing the greater num-
ber of diseased ones ; at the same time taking out all
butternuts, as these are attacked by borers, and in any
case are but a short-lived tree in this section, having no
lumber value.

Hitherto the annual cut of lumber has been made use
of upon the estate, principally in the form of fence
posts, of which, when the fencing is completed, will in-
clude an outlying farm recently purchased. About 10,000
will be used. They are peeled and stacked and after-
wards treated with creosote. Boards are often re-
quired for various purposes, and a stock of these is
kept on hand. Cord wood is used for several hearth
fires which are kept going in the mansion during the
fall before heaters are started, the remainder being
sold delivered for $2 and $3 per cord, according to
distance up to five miles, and it is easy to sell it at these
low prices. Our cut of lumber this season will be sold
for mining props. It could be easily sold for this and
other purposes on the stump, but we prefer to do all
the work ourselves, as by this means the staff of hands
can be kept employed all winter, thus obviating the
obno.xiousness of discharging men in the fall and tak-
ing on others in the spring. In any case there is rarely
in the long run much real economy in the practice, as
by keeping a regular staff all the year round, well-
trained men will result and an estate can be run with
fewer hands during the summer half of the year than
is the case when raw, untrained men are taken on
each spring.

The first question to be considered in any scheme of
reforestation is, what to plant. The answer depends
upon several considerations : Soil, its mineral constit-
uents, its mechanical state, whether light or heavy,
rocky or free from stones, wet or dry ; future possibil-
ities as regards sale of lumber locally and whether the
end in view is a purely commercial speculation or
whether the artistic side of the matter is important. If
the quickest-growing trees, irrespective of anything
else, is desired, then a different species woukl be plant-
ed than if the future value of the lumber were the onlv
consideration.

Whh us the artistic features have to be thought of,
owing to the above-mentioned drive. This point has
been first dealt with by making plantations of rhodo-
dendrons, kalmias. azaleas and other ornamental stock
at the bends of the road and at various points along
it ; also groups of white birch have been jjlanled among
the conifers, and the general forest planting has been
in blocks of different species so as to avoid monotony.
In some spots the few hardwoods remaining after tak-
ing out the chestnuts have been filled up with other
deciduous species such as white ash, red and white

ms

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

oaks, beech, blatk walnut, tulip poplar and larch. Hut
the bulk of the planting has been and will be in coni-
fers, as these afford greater prospects of being com-
mercially profitable than hardwoods in a shorter period
of time.

The fastest growing conifer is the Banksian pine,
Pinus divaricata, known as the willow among conifers,
but its commercial value is small. Some 5,000 of these
have been planted, accidentally strangely enough, so
far as species is concerned, the year before the writer
took charge. Scotch pines were ordered from a nurs-
ery and the trees received were planted and paid for as
such. Banks pine, both as nursery stock and as lum-
ber, is worth only half that of Scotch, and is not nearl)'
so ornamental ; in fact it may be said to be almost with-
out artistic features. These, together with some white
pines, planted at the same time, were set out 8 feet
distant, which is too great a distance for forest plant-
ing. In some cases it may be that trees planted at this
distance will have a greater weight of lumber in a
given time than those planted 4 feet, all other things
being equal, but those at the greater distance will be
full of knots, while the others will be practically free
from them ; and, therefore, those standing at 4 feet
would be worth perhaps double per acre. The aim is
to get straight, clean growth by planting, so that the
side branches are naturally pruned uff while young.

IX ri-:aiii\k

l-OR FI.ANT1X(

For the sake of variety a block of 1,200 Douglas spruLC
was planted last fall. This species makes a very pretty
tree, and its lumber is amongst the most valuable, but
our soil conditions are scarcel}" suited for its being-
planted in any quantity. We have in the nursery about
3,000 bull pines, Pinus pondcrosa. Those who have
seen this tree in the Rocky Mountain district and fur-
ther west are aware what a grand pine this becomes.
It has been scarcely planted at all in the East, and no
one can say with any certainty what the results will lie.
It continues to make good growth in suitable soil for a
longer period than any other conifer, excepting the
Sequoia, and it should stand at least 100 years to make
the most of it. White pine does not make enough
growth after the fiftieth year to pay interest upon cap-
ital ; in fact, some people put forty-five years as the
limit that a crop of any other pines should occupy
the ground.

The bulk of our planting has been with white pine,
Pinus strohus, and for the future this species and
Pinus resinosa will be exclusively used, excepting
small groups of other species planted for artistic pur-
poses along the boulevard by which means we hope
to have in the end a few of every species of tiative coni-
fer which will grow in the East.

Why Pinus resinosa has Norway pine for its coni-

mun name is not apparent, as it is unly native of Nortlx
America. Red pine, a name sometimes given to it, is
certainly more suitable. This pine at present is notable
as being immune from insect and fungous attack.
White pine is sometimes subject to weevil, which, by
boring, kills the leaders. The c.mly remedy is to pull
nn nr cut down the tree attacked and burn it imme-

up

PdCKETS MAUK AMONGST THE ROCKS A,\L> FILLED WITH
SOIL, IN WHICH YOUNG TREES ARE PLANTED.

diately it is noticed. We have had trouble the past two
summers with the larvce of a saw fly of the genus
Diprion, which eats the needles, and the tree attacked
is liable to be entirely defoliated. The first season we
sprayed the plantation with arsenate of lead, 4 pounds
to 50 gallons of water, but have found that the only sat-
isfactory method is to kill the larvse by hand. There
are several broods during the summer, commencing
earh' in June and continuing until the middle of Sep-
tember. These larvae have red heads and have so far
attacked the Banks and Scotch pines only, apparently
])referring the former. In 1912 some similar larvae, only
that they had black heads, were discovered upon some
white pines, but the writer personally killed every one.

WHITE PINES, FI\E YEARS OLD, PLANTED AT THE AGE OF

THREE YEARS. THEY ARE SIX FEET APART. PLANTINGS

SINCE THEN HAVE BEEN AT FOUR FEET.

and we have seen no more since. Many of the specimen
pines around the lawn have had their needles covered
by a species of white scale; repeated sprayings during
autumn anrl winter with various mixtures had no ef-

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

899

feet, but we got rid of it by spraying with Scaline in
May and June. Up to the present this scale has not
made its appearance amongst the young forest trees.
In these days it does not appear to matter what one
plants, there is always some pest to fight against.

In connection with the above-mentioned planting at
4 feet, we have in the more recent cases set out Japan
Larch in every third row with the idea that these will
be large enough for fence posts and mining props in
about tw^enty-five years, thereby at that period reliev-
ing the ground of part of the crop, and the remaining
pines will have more space at the latter half of their
life to develop. In some of the future plantings Nor-
way Spruce will be used in a similar manner to the
larch, with a view of using them later on as Christ-
mas trees.

As regards tinte of year to plant, of course deciduous
species can be moved any time when dormant. In re-
spect of evergreens there exists much difference oi
opinion as to the best month. In my opinion the ac-
tual time is of little consequence so far as almanac date
is concerned, as they can be successful!}' moved almost
any month during the year, provided they are properly-
handled and the planter has all the operations under
his direct control throughout the process. The only
month in which I have not moved evergreens is Juh'.
But for the size generally used by the thousand for
forestry work, namely, three-year transplants, April
and May, late August and September are the best
times, especially if one has to get his stock from a
nursery any distance away. The greatest success is
when there is a nursery upon the estate ; in fact, this
should be considered imperative, especially when
planting has to be extended over a series of years.
Stock taken direct from one's own nursery and planted
at once will make 50 per cent, more growth the first
year than that shipped from one outside, all other
things being equal. Further, the planting season is
greatly extended, and it can be made to fit in with the
best weather conditions. Raising one's own trees from
seed is interesting and advantageous, especially when
many millions are required, but seedlings ma}' be ob-
tained from several reliable nurseries where the grow-
ing of trees for forestry work is made a specialty, and
with two-year seedlings at the above price it is hardlv
worth while where comparatively small quantities are
required. I am proposing, however, to sow a pound
each of white and red pine seed this spring which
should produce about 80,000 plants. Our practice has
been to fill our nursery with two and three-year seed-
lings each spring, using some the following fall and the
rest the next spring. The point of first importance is to
have stock with good roots ; the size of the to]) is of
little consequence compared with that of the roots:
root growth must in any case be first made.

.\s an instance of weather conditions being of more
importance than time of year for planting evergreens,
and also of what can be done from a home nursery :
On December 26. 1911, we planted several hundred
four-year-old white pines and about 100 ornamentals,
including mahonias, azaleas (three species), magnolias
and birch. The only losses were three of the white
pines, of which two were killed by mice. There was
no frost in the ground, and it was a moist day with a
minimum temperature of 42 degs. F. It commenced
freezing two days after, and the temperature continued
to decrease withotit a break down to 22 dogs, below
zero, with only 4 inches of snow. In November, 1912,
commencing on the 15th, we planted 16,000 three-vear-
old transplants, consisting of white pine, Douglass
spruce and larch. -At the time of writing it is ton early

to speak of the re^ull. Upon the whole, fall planting
for almost everything is to my mind the best time, and
for the future shall do all that is possible during that
season. During the past fall the Forest Ser\ ice plant-
ed 1,000,000 trees on the National Forest in Idaho.

Numerous Sjjrings issue from the lower part of the
hill, causing patches of swampy ground upon which
we are planting the red alder, Aliins glutinosa, a Eu-
ropean tree growing up to 70 feet tall, but which at
present is not propagated in this country, so we have
to import them from Germany ; two-year-old trees
costing, including all charges, 1 cent each. We have
planted 20,000 of them and have 15,000 on order for
this spring, which will about finish up the swamps.
The idea is that these alders will come into use for
cigar boxes, which are at present made of red cedar,
but the sources of supply of the latter are rapidly be-
coming used up, and as the color of the alder wood is
the same, there is every reason for believing that it
will turn out a profitable crop. They are expected to
reach lumbering size in twenty-five or thirty years.
The cost' of planting these is very small, being slightly
less than two-fifths of 1 cent per tree.

It may be mentioned in passing that cost accounts
are kept in respect of every department upon the es-
tate, and of every o])eration within each department.

Upon the hill, planting cost has naturally been much
greater owing to the amount of rock, which makes it
imperative to haul up soil for the greater part of it, so
that the young trees can get a start. Holes are ex-
cavated with pick and shovel 6 inches deep and 1 foot
wide; each tree has two or three shovels full of soil
placed under and around its roots and covered with
the smaller rocks. Here and there are patches where
no extra soil is required, but we err upon the side of
using too much soil rather than not enough, especially
for spring planting, as the ground dries out very rap-
idly. In some places the large rocks are moved on
one side and pockets made in the rocks large enough
to hold half a bushel of soil, in which the plant is set,
which is something like growing it in a pot; its roots
will find enough food for a year or two while thev are
growing down between the rocks to the soil below.
As an example of cost, on one block of 10,250 trees,
all being three-year-old white pines with the exception
of 400 hardwoods, $349 was expended upon the jilant-
ing, made up by $199 digging holes, $65 hauling and
composting soil, and $85 setting out the trees, being a
little over 3 cents each. This is of course a far higher
cost than is usually the case with forestry planting
upon a large scale, but one can take more pains upon a
smaller estate : and, further, we are planting young
trees in positions where in ordinary forestry practice
they would not be planted at all.

Tlierc is a portion of the estate which, although too
wet for conifers, is not swampy enough for alders : this
we purpose using for oaks, and last fall planted aljout
two acres with white oak acorns, collected ourselves.
A hole 3 inches deep is made with the point of a shovel,
three acorns dropped in and the hole trodden in with
the foot. This is the most certain method of getting a
stand of oaks where there is little or no risk of the
acorns being found by squirrels. The root growth
from the acorn is always made in the fall, but the
shoot never comes up until the spring. Where all
three germinate, two of them will be pulled out. The
white is tlic most ^■aluab!e of the oaks from the point
of view of its timber alone, but its leaves, which re-
main on all winter, do not have the brilliant autumn
coloring of several others of the genus.

The after treatment of reforested land consists in:

900

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

cutting out briars, tall grass, stump sprouts and any
growth which may spring up and be liable to smother
the young trees. The stump sprouts are broken off
with the back of the ax — not cut; by this means a piece
of the bark and of the cambium come awa}- with each
shoot and the sprouts get weaker each year until the
stump dies. This work is done during July and Au-
gust; any growth coming after does not, as a rule,
matter.

In this country the planting of forest trees is, to
some extent, an experiment. For many generations
the virgin forests have been exploited, and it is only
recently that any planting has been done to replace
them. It is practically impossible to point out forests
planted, say, fifty years ago, and to see results, as can

be done in Europe ; therefore, we must plant in faith.
One thing is quite certain: that whatever planting is
done, it is sure to increase the value of the land.

Few of man's acts have greater survival value than
planting trees. The planter has the joy of his work
at the time, and it adds to the value of his real estate
during his life, but the trees will be there after he is
dead, for the benefit of the succeeding generation.

In conclusion, a line or two from a poem by Lucy
Lacrom, entitled "Plant a Tree," may be considered
appropriate :

He zt'lio l^laiits a tree

Plants a hope:

Plant: * * *

Jnd Ills zcork its ozi.'n retvard shall be.

The Pleasure of Water Gardening

By Wm. Tricker.

The planting season i^ near at hand and when con-
sidering the many flowers, native and exotic, that enter
into the list deserving of special merit, why not include
the Nymphaeas, and other water plants? Of course all
aquatic and sub-aquatic plants are not adapted to each
and every garden alike ; there are in many places a pond,
spring or running stream, which is invaluable, as it in-
cludes also wet and moist ground so well adapted for
many plants that could not be grown elsewhere. This is
an ideal spot for a water garden, and no artificial poml
can compare with it; but where such do not exist an
artificial one can and should be constructed that will be
an ornament to the grounds, buildings and architectural
design. In such a pond the choice Nymphaeas can be
grown, both hardy and tender; these judiciously planted
will be the center of attraction and may surpass any-
thing else. But presuming the flower garden, the Rose
garden, the Italian or formal garden each receive their
proper attention, the water garden is a feature by itself
and a part of a well constituted whole. Without the
water gaiden or artificial pond the garden is not com-
plete.

In many places we often see unsightly pools of stagnant
water, offensive and malodorous ; such spots may readily
be made beautiful and attractive. Such places are out-
side the garden proper, but a semi-natural garden is a
valuable adjunct to the garden ; where there is water
there is also wet and moist ground so well adapted for
many trees, shrubs and many other plants that would
not be in place in the garden proper. No better place
can be conceived for such trees as scarlet maples, pin
oaks, sweet and sour gum, tulip tree, willows and several
species of Magnolia, especially M. glauca.

With running water a series of ponds can be con-
strticted, each to be planted with one particular variety ;
the margin of the pond and stream to be planted with
sub-aquatic plants and adjacent to this can be planted in
wild profusion, such plants as Astilbes, Asters, Eupa-
toriums, Heleniums. Hemerocallis, Iris in variety, Lob-
elas, Lythrum, Senecio, Spiraeas. Hibiscus, the noble
Marshmallow and many plants innumerable to mention,
but we must not omit the swamp Azalea and others ; also
Rhododendrons.

Small and even large ponds can be planted with Egyp-
tian Lotus, they to be planted where no water lilies are
grown, as they are very vigorous growers and will
smother Nymphaeas and other such like plants. In other
ponds some varieties of Nymphaeas, too strong for plant-
ing in artificial ponds, can here be naturalized, and noth-

ing lociks Ijetter tlian one or two large clumps of certain
Xymphaeas.

In natural planting do not mix varieties, but do not
consider this a hard and fast rule, as separate varieties
judiciously planted do not clash, but dame nature plants
m groups and masses ; this does not apply to artificial
ponds, where a larger quantity can be planted with grand
effect, and it would be impossible to have a pond for
each separate variety.

No better pond than an artificial one of large dimen-
sions can be utilized to exhibit the many newer multi-
colored varieties of water lilies existing at the present
time; they embrace the most beautiful of all colored
flowers, and with the tender Nymphaeas we have red,
white, blue and vellow and all the intermediate shades
of color not found in any class of flowers.

In many instances artificial ponds, fountain basins, etc.,
are elaborate in design and workmanship ; this is well and
necessary to conform with the architectural design of
buildings, etc., but where flowers are wanted — and they
are now very much in demand at all seasons — an artificial
pond built of concrete will answer the purpose. Select
an open spot where sunshine will be very much in evi-
dence, yet sheltered from high prevailing winds ; size is
not the question, suit yourself according to your wants
and necessary accommodation. A pond 10x50x2 feet
makes a good sized pond ; but it may be desirable to con-
struct a circular or oval-shaped pond. Any desired shape
will do so long as there is size and depth enough, but a
rectangular pond is more simple of construction, as the
forms can he built with straight boards, quite a saving of
labor. In any case use reinforcement; heavy wire netting
or steel rods, in this way you will have a frost proof and
water tight pond. For cut flowers Nelumbiums are very
choice, but they are better when grown near home, thus
avoiding shipment. All Nelumbiums are good for cut-
ting; a pond planted with three, four or more varieties
is picturesque, but if wanted for transplanting it would
be a difificult matter to pick out the different tubers, as
they are all alike, so it is better to keep each variety
separate. The following varieties are amongst the best :
N. album striatum, N. Pekine ensis, N. Speciosum, N.
Shiroman ; the latter is a most magnificent flower, pure
white and very durable.

Amongst the hardy Nymphaeas, strong growers, I
would plant N. Eugene de Land, flowers extra large,
color deep rose pink; N. Helen Fowler, very deep pink;
N. W. B. Shaw, rose pink. These are very fragrant
varieties. N. tuberosa maxima, a very fine, pure white.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

901

cup-shaped, fragrant flower; N. tuberosa Richardsoni,
another large pure white extra large flower.

For artificial ponds the following are to be recom-
mended: N. Paul Ilariot, a large flower, clear yellow
with red shadings at base of petals, a splendid variety;
N. Gloriosa, a very choice variety of a deep carmine-rose
color; N. James Brydon, a superb variety with rosy,
crimson flowers ; N. Marliacea Albida, flowers of spark-
ling whiteness; N. Mar Chromatella, beautiful canary
yellow, extra ; N. Mar rosea, one of the best pink hardy
water lilies; N. Odorata Sulphurea Grandiflora, another
fine yellow variety, the flowers standing above the water ;
N. Vesuve flowers, an amaranth rose, one of the best
dark-colored hardy Nymphaeas ; N. Robinsoni, color
orange red, a distinct and beaut ful flower.

To these must be added the tender day flowering varie-
ties No. Gracilis, white; N. Mrs. C. Ward, the best pink,
tender variety; N. Pennsylvania, very choice blue; N.
Zanzibariensis, violet purple, the darkest of all; N. George
V. Nash, soft violet blue, a viviporous variety, ever
blooming, can be planted outdoors in summer and taken
into the greenhouse for winter flowering.

Amongst the night bloomers are N. Bisseti, deep rose-
pink ; N. dentata superba, a very large white flower; N.
Deaniana, a beautiful pink flower; N. Devoniensis, bright
rosy red, one of the best ; N. Frank Trelease, a rich, dark,
glowing crimson ; N. O'Marana, reddish pink, a very
desirable variety.

Where space permits, by all means grow a Victoria
Trickeri — these plants will succeed where the tender
Nymphaeas do well.

In addition to this list of Nymphaeas for the artificial
pond should be included clumps of Cyperus Papyrus, the
Egyptian paper plant, one of the best ornamental aquatic
grasses ; also Giant Sagittarias, Japanese calamus, etc.
There is improvement all along the line ; we can now have
.summer flowers in the depth of winter, and it is possible
for all who have a greenhouse and can maintain a winter
temperature of 60 to 65 degrees to have water lilies in
flower at Christmas and New Year. We have a strain
of jjerpetual flowering Nymphaeas, whose flowers last
much longer in winter, not infrequently six and seven
days.

One great bugbear to water-lily culture has been the
mosquito pest ; but that no longer exists ; gold fish will
readily devour the mosquito larva in the water and at
the same time afford endless amusement for the younger
members of the household.

WORK NO DULL DUTY.

Do not look on your work as a dull duty. If you choose
you can make it interesting. Throw your heart into it.
master its meaning, trace out the causes and previous
history, consider it in all its bearings, think how many
even the humblest labor may benefit, and there is scarcely
one of our duties which we may not look to with enthu-
siasm. You will get to love your work, and if you do it
with delight you will do it with ease. Even if at first
you find this impossible, if for a time it seems mere
drudgery, this may be just what you require ; it may be
good like mountain air to brace up your character. —
Lord Avebury.

A TEARFUL AFFAIR.

The bride read the recipe over and said,

"I'm really afraid that these onions are strong;

And it says, 'Under water's the best way to peel them,'
But I never can stay under water that long."

PEACHES AND NECTARINES UNDER GLASS.

Bv J. W. Smith.
The first object aimed at in fruit growing should be tQ
build up a sound, vigorous structure, both wood and
roots, capable of producing regular crops of well-finishcJ
fruits. In the peach and nectarine we find a strong
tendency under liberal treatment to develop gross un-
fruitful growth.

More than one method can be followed to counteract
this tendency in the young and vigorous trees. The
usual method is to plant in a compost on border without
the addition of manure. If the trees develop a too gross
growth, which the greater majority do, resort is then
made to root-pruning and the removal of the stronger
growths, an operation which in the writer's opinion is
the cause of numberless troubles in the after life of the
trees. The wound in the structure of root and branch
give the canker and gum germs an opportunity to get es-
stablished in the structure and tissues of the tree before
they heal properly, and there to lurk until the trees be-
gin to carry full crops of fruit, the development of which
reduces the power to resist them. One of the most dis-
couraging things to a fruit grower is to see a tree de-
velop canker and gum when fully grown, and should in
the proper order of things begin to pay for time and
labor expended on them. In the writer's opinion the
box or, rather, bottomless box, system has a great deal
to recommend it, especially where limited head room is
available, the usual conditions under glass.

For first planting, a box resting on supports under
the trees, one extra large, is the best. A box about 2 feet
square will accommodate the roots of the average size
young tree. With a little encouragement the trees will
make all the growth necessary the first year, the amount
of feeding, if any be required, can be regulated by the
appearance of the tree, proving at this stage a large bulk
of soil is absolutely necessary. When the leaves are
about ready to fall, the trees can be given a little more
room. This time the box should be made bottomless
and resting on the drainage of the border ; the roots hav-
ing been confined to a small space will not have de-
veloped grassy tendencies. The ball of the tree, being
easily handled, can be shook free of soil and the roots
spread out when placed in the new box. The end of
the second year will produce a tree well stocked with
fruiting wood and ready to start bearing a limited crop
of fruit. At this stage the permanent border can be
filled in and a still larger bottomless box added. The
trees being in condition to carry a crop of fruit it makes
it possible to use a more liberal compost and place it
at the disposal of the trees when they require it for
developing a good crop of fruit without the danger of
producing rank unfruitful growth.

From the financial standpoint the system has no great
drawback ; the small amount of soil required the first
two years balances the amount of lumber required. Soil
of a suitable nature being almost more difficult to obtain
in most estal)lishments than lumber. From a labor point
of view the box system has its greatest recommendation,
the ease with which the trees can be handled in the first
two or three years saving the difficult and laborious
operation of properly lifting and root pruning the trees
when planted into a large hulk of soil. Also, the average
fruit house border on account of its arrangement makes
it difficult to carry out this lifting operaticjn without
damaging the roots and being the means of raising a
good crop of root suckers, which are practically impos-
sible to get rid of wlien once established.

The Care of Ornamental Trees and Shrubs

We often hear people say "What is the us
bothering about ornamental trees or shrubs ; they pro-
duce nothing and take care of themselves. I take it
for granted that the readers of this article do not share
such an opinion. Life's enjoyments are not limited to
our bread and butter. There are physical wants which
we like to indulge in, and these no doubt help to fill our
cup of happiness.

Ornamental trees and shrubs have their place. Their
presence not only beautifies the surroundings but also
adds value to the real estate. City streets beautified
have the advantage over those without well cared
grounds. As long as human nature craves for the
beautiful, there will always be ornamentals. This
.means that a certain class of people whether gardeners
or superintendents, will be called upon to grow and
to care for them. Let us, therefore, pause and con-
sider what are the care which ornamentals need.
What are the diseases to which they are subject and
how we can best avoid them.

In planting ornamentals whether trees or shrubs,
the first consideration is the soil. It is true that trees
Avill adapt themselves considerably to unnatural soil
conditions. Some moisture loving trees may adapt
themselves to dry regions, but there is a limit to this
adaptation. To obtain the best results, it is no doubt
wise to plant "Caesar" where "Csesar" belongs. It is
far better to have a healthy specimen growing under
natural conditions, than several stunted, puny, sickly
looking trees stuck in where they do not belong.

In planting trees or shrubs in bulk, the selection
should be made to suit the soil, i. e., whether it is
sandy, clay or loam. In planting a single tree or
shrub, the above consideration is of no importance,
since the hole can be easily filled with the kind of soil
the particular tree or shrub prefers. Ornamentals are
no less feeders than trees or shrubs which are culti-
vated for the value of their fruits. As a rule, orna-
mentals, particularly in public parks, or shade trees in
city streets are underfed and starved. In these cases
the shedded leaves are scrupulously raked ofT, and the
application of fertilizers is usually omitted.

In transplanting young trees to their permanent
places the hole should be at least six feet wide and
twenty inches deep. This will allow the tree to get a
good start. In digging up trees or shrubs for trans-
planting the more roots we can preserve and the more
soil that can cling to them the better. All the cut and
bruised roots should be removed. No tree or shrub
should be planted more than two or three inches
deeper than it originally grew. No fresh manure
should be applied directly to the tree, as it is liable to
cause rot of the roots. As the tree is set out, the soil
should be well tamped around the roots. This helps
to preserve the moisture and bring it into close con-
tact with the roots where it is most needed. As the
tree is set, a mulching of straw or hay may also help
to conserve the soil mixture. The limbs of transplanted
trees need to be cut back a little, particularly at the
tender growth. This may check excessive transpira-
tion. In shade trees, symmetry and form are greatly to
be desired. This is obtained by pruning. Many a
tree is being ruined through careless pruning. A great
deal of what is done is nothing short of butchery. If
we desire height, cutting back the lateral branches of a
tree will send all the food and the energies of growth
to the trunk. Topping, or the cutting of the leader

By J- J- Taubenhaus.

the use of will have the opposite eft'ect. When cutting out limbs

branches, the cut should be close to and parallel
with the branch from which it is cut. Horizontal cuts
should not be allowed, as they retain water and open
the way to decay.

Because ornamentals are planted solely for their
beauty, we too often underfeed them. Too often trees
suffer from starvation in places where neatness is
scrupulously observed. In these cases the ornamentals
are often left to their own care, as far as the food
supply is concerned. They may thrive for a while or
even for a period of years. The time, however, comes
sooner or later when these trees or shrubs exhaust all
the plant food of the soil in which they grow. The
result is suffering from actual want. A disease known
as "Stag head," or "Top dry" is nothing more than
starvation. The disease is more common to orna-
mental trees than to shrubs rs the former drain more
heavily the soil of its plant food than shrubs. Starva-
tion or "Stag head" is manifested by a gradual dying
of the top of the tree. The lower branches remain
green, luU make little active growth. As the soil be-

"STAG HE.AD" OR "TOP DRY," A DISE.XSE DUE TO STARVATION.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

903

comes poorer, the lower branches appropnaic must of
the food and the water supply at the expense of the
upper ones. Starvation may also come about front
excessively dry summers. This results in the dying of
many of the upper feeding roots. Proper nutrition of
the tree is interfered with, and starvation begins.
There is but one thing to do to avoid starvation, and
that is to feed the tree judiciously every year. A good
mulch of straw or rotted manure applied below the
outer branches or even a copious watering twice a
week will prevent starvation, which may result from
excessive hot and dry spells.

As a rule, most attention and interest is paid to the
external parts of a tree or shrub. The needs and
wants of the roots are often ignored. It is true that
plants derive their starchy food from the air through
the leaves, yet no tree can live without its roots.
These supply the mineral matter and the water which
are the foundation of all plant life. Little do we real-
ize the work which the roots are accomplishing to
supply the wants of the leaves, stems and fruits. Roots
of plants do not often find the soil congenial in which
they are forced to grow. They must, of course, adapt
themselves to it or die. In this struggle, there is noth-
ing that works so much to their detriment than lack
of air in the soil. Poorly drained lands are not only
sour, but also are void of air, because of the water
which takes its place. Under these conditions, the
roots not only fail to perform their duties, btit they
also suffocate. Suffocation is often a condition peculiar
to shade trees which grow in city streets. There, no
cultivating space is allowed for the tree, which is stuck
in a tiny hole with large pavements on top which pre-
vent the free interchange of air to the soil.

The symptoms of suffocation are cessation of growth,
a languid appearance, yellowing and premature falling
of the leaves, causing slow death. The same trouble
may result where young trees are planted too deep.
The roots rot, the tree remains stunted and dies pre-
maturely.

The condition of drying out is different than stag
head. In dry weather, the trees or shrubs usually
make a rapid growth and produce tender foliage.
When the wet spell is followed by a hot and dry at-
mosphere, particularly when it lasts for any length
of time, there is a great evaporation of water through
the leaves which the roots are unable to supply. The
result is a general drying out of the leaves and some-
times of the entire tree. This condition occurs most
frequently in the West and Southwest. In fact, it
occurs under any condition which causes rapid evapo-
ration and where the roots cannot replace the loss fast
enough.

Drying out also occurs in the winter where many
evergreens are killed. Here drying is caused by dry,
cold winds which may sweep over the country.

Injuries from freezing are akin to those of drying.
Freezing often causes great damage to trees with
smooth bark. The injury is usually confined to the
trunk and branches which have the southwestern ex-
posure. The more succulent and tender growth the
trees or shrubs posses, the more subject are they to
freezing.

Often long continued warm spells may induce sap
activity, swelling of the buds and even slight growth.
When this is followed by freezing weather greater
injury is apt to result.

Today illuminating gas is used more extensive!}'
than formerly. Most cities and towns arc underwoven
with a network of pipes which carry the gas from the
factory to the consumer. Leakage from these pipes

may be uf frequent occurrence. Heavy traffic, tearing
up of roads, or severe freezes, these, separately or
combined, may be the cause of leaky pipes. If the
leakage is weak, slight injury may result. However,
where the leakage is intense, it may mean death of the
tree. The symptoms of gas poisoning are very pro-
nounced in the summer. The first effect is a yellowing
of the foliage followed by an early defoliation, which
varies with the degree of poisoning. The trunk and
limb of the affected tree generally present a darkened
appearance, indicating absence of life.

Trees killed by gas become very brittle and disin-
tegrate, thus becoming a source of danger through its
falling limbs. Undoubtedly trees adapt themselves to
a certain amount of poison in the soil, but the roots
cannot long withstand the effect of gas.

In discussing fungus diseases, w6 are dealing with
a low form of plant growth which ordinarily lives on
decaying vegetable matter, but assumes a parasitic

^

Mi

P

/

m

FUXGI ROT.

PRODUCED BY GNAWING
OF HORSES.

habit whenever wounds or injuries are inflicted to the
tree. Wounds are dangerous to woody plants or trees,
yet they are not always avoided. There are a number
of ways in which trees may be frequently wounded.
The common practice of tying horses to trees growing
in streets or lawns often results in the gnawing and
tearing of the bark. The death of such injured trees
is only a question of time, unless the wound is painted
over with some suitable paint, such as white lead or tar.
Winds al.so inflict their share of injury by breaking of
limbs or by causing abrasions through the rubbing
of branches which cross. Hollow trees are often pro-
duced by Iea\ing long stubs, resulting from poor prun-
ing. Decay starts on these stubs, which gradually
works its way into the trunk, this rotting out the heart
of the tree. If neglected, such trees are broken and
toppled over by winds.

A great variety of trees often suft'er from the South-
ern root rot. The symptoms are sudden wilting of
the leaves with a gradual drj'ing up of the whole tree.
Upon examination, the tap roots are found dead, and
sometimes the entire root system decayed. The
trouble is induced by a fungus known as Ozonuim
Auricomum. This disease does most damage in wet
seasons, and in poorly drained lands. The disease is
confined largelv to the Southern and Southwestern

904

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

States. The fungus spreads in the soil from root to
root by contact. When trees are once afifected with
this disease, there is little that can be done to save
them. Thorough drainage and cultivation to keep the
soil aerated are good preventive measures.

The myceluim of the mushroom is capable of pro-
ducing a root rot, when once it gains an entrance into
its host. Young trees may be killed within a year ;
older ones will withstand the disease longer. In time,
however, all the root system is destroyed and the af-

M"N(,I tAl'SIXl

TRUNK UOI.

fected tree is blown over by winds. The fungus which
produces this disease is known as honey mushroom, or
agaricus melheus. There is no treatment for this dis-
ease. Afifected trees should be dug out in order to pre-
vent the spread of the fungus to other healthy ones.

Proper pruning is an essential part of the welfare of
a tree. No stubs should be tolerated. Two cuts should
be made in pruning heavy limbs. Often the incision
should at first be made on the under side to prevent
pealing. After removing the limb with a saw, the cut
should be smoothed with a mallet and chisel. This
induces quicker healing and formation of callus.

Unprotected wounds afford penetration for all sorts
of rot producing fungi. All wounds, therefore, should
be painted over with some tar paint. Where parts of
a trunk or limbs are already rotted, a surgical opera-
tion may often be necessary to save the life of the tree.
Decayed areas in a trunk if allowed to go unchecked
will spread, and it will only be a question of time when
the tree will be broken. 'To save the tree, all rotted
tissue must be cut cut. no matter how large the wound
may be. T^ir the operation to be successful, the cut-
ting out of the rntted tissue should extend into the
healthy areas. This will insure the removal of all
traces of fungus threads which if left over will continue
the rotting. In case where the rotting and the cutting

PERFORATED TRUNK CAUSED BY ROT PRODUCING FUNGI.

I ait leave large holes in the tree, they should be filled
with cement. Hollow trunks may also be filled in
this way. The treatment, if properly executed, arrests
decay and affords support to the tree.

OUR WILD FLOWERS.

True lovers of nature cannot but view with regret the
rapid disappearance of many of our wild flowers. Un-
aided by the hand of man. nature has given to these prod-
ucts of her art a charm that is all her own. In what more
delightful way could one spend an afternoon than by
strolling through the shady woodland aisles, and in her
perfumed jewels in their mossy settings, see nature at
her best.

Against the onward march of civilization nature has
had to give way. The wild flowers that were once so
splendid are rapidly disappearing. Our woodlands have
become the grazing grounds of cattle or have been turned
into parks. Probably the former practice has been re-
sponsible more than any other for the destruction of the
w^ild flowers. Woodlands are of little or no value as pas-
ture and for the conservation of our forest weaelth, cattle
should not be allowed to graze in wood lots.

In the management of our parks more attention should
be paid to the" preservation of the wild flowers. Every
effort should be made to introduce the once profuse flow-
ers that are now so conspicuous by their absence. Some
varieties are now almost extinct. The Ontario Horticul-
tural Association might well devote attention to their
preservation. — Canadian Horticulturist.

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Establishing An Apple Orchard

By George

The apple is the great standard fruit and is in uni-
versal demand. It is no longer a luxury, but like bread,
has become a necessit}' throughout the months in
which it may now be readily obtained.

It is not only beautiful in appearance and in its
many food-forms luscious in taste, but it contributes
much to the tone and health of the body. There is no
other fruit at the present time that commands such
widespread interest, and that is being so extensively
planted.

\\'hile the apple will grow throughout a large terri-
tory and in a wide diversity of soils and under differ-
ing climatic conditions, good and high-flavored fruit
may be produced only in soils and at ele\-ations that
are well adapted to its requirements.

SELECTION OF SITE.

In establishing an orchard that is to be productive
(as it should be), for more than a century, the eleva-
tion should be in a range of from 400 feet to 2,000 feet
above sea level. The land should be rolling or sloping
in character, while the soil should be a strong, deep
loam of limestone formation.

The elevation is important, for upon this is depend-
ent the health and longevity of the trees. They
thrive best in a pure atmosphere where there is always
a good air circulation and good soil drainage. On high
and sloping land, good natural water-drainage is as-
sured. This is as essential to trees as is pure air.

On elevated sites, furthermore, there is less danger
from late spring frosts, for when the temperature runs
low, cold air moves down to lower levels, just as water
flows from springs, to brooks and streams below,
which in turn run on to still lower levels. A differ-
ence of 50 feet greater elevation will often save blos-
soms from destruction by frosts.

Good water-drainage is very important. The roots
of trees must have good air about them in the soil the
same as do their bodies above the ground. On low-
level land, even with artificial drainage (which is ex-
pensive), the soil often becomes saturated during wet
spells, when fungus troubles will develop and trees be-
come diseased and weakened, and fail to produce fine
fruit — their life at the same time being measurably
shortened.

Soil that will produce sixty bushels of corn to the
acre may be profitably converted into an apple or-
chard. If the field is in sod, it should be broken up and
a crop of corn grown, so that in the year following, the
land will be in proper condition for planting the trees.

PL.VNTIXG THE TREES.

When the trees (which should be two years old)
are received from the nursery, prune the roots by cut-
ting them back one-fourth their length, then prune oft
all branches excepting four, so leaving them that they
are separated from 3 to 4 inches on the body of the
tree. This will avoid crotches, which would later re-
sult in the breaking down of the branches. Prune the
ends of these four remaining branches back one-half,
and the tree is ready to plant. Form the head of the
tree 30 inches from the ground. Trees may be planted
in either spring or fall.

Vigorous one-year-old trees are also desirable for
planting.

If the subsoil is of a somewhat loamy character, ex-
ploding a half-slick of dynamite 2 feet under the soil

T. Powell.

will open and loosen it admirably. Another method,
at less cost, is to plow deep open furrows in line with
the stakes, when with a little shoveling out of the soil
the trees may be planted.

The trees should be set 3 inches deeper than they
stood in the nursery. Roots should be spread, and the
earth pressed \-ery firmly o\er them. Every tree thus
planted should grow.

THE PROPAG.VTIO.N OF TREES THROUGH SELECTION.

It is of the most vital importance to select trees that
have been propagated and grown under scientific prin-
ciples and methods.

In orchards of the past there was great want of uni-
formity in growth, form, vitality and productiveness.
This arose from the fact that in the selection of buds
for the propagation of nursery stock, no regard had
been paid to the individual qualities of the trees from
which the buds were taken, which was usually from
the young and immature trees in the nursery.

Where buds are used from mature trees that have a
record for hardiness, constitutional vigor, resistance to
disease, and for early bearing, productiveness, and a
large degree of uniformit}' in the character of the fruit,
an orchard of trees propagated with buds thus select-
ed, and combining these necessary characteristics will
yield much greater satisfaction than those not posses-
sing such inherent qualities.

While it is true that soil, cultivation and fertilization
will greatly help all trees, it is nevertheless also true
that trees propagated from specially selected quality
will be superior over a long term of years.

VARIETIES OF APPLES.

The success of an orchard is largel}' dependent upon
the selection of varieties that are suited to the locality,
in its soil, climate and market requirements. Many
of the apples of New England and the Middle States
are not adapted to the Southern ap])le districts. Like-
wise most of the apples of the South are not suited to
Northern sections.

DWARF APPLE TREES.

Except in gardcius, dwarf apple trees have not been
much planted. There are two types — those propagat-
ed on Doucin roots, known as the half-dwarf, and
those on Paradise roots, which is a smaller type of
tree. Paradise trees may be planted 10 x 10 feet, while
Doucin trees are planted 20 x 20 feet.

Dwarf trees require much more labor in every way —
in pruning, fertilizing and in high culture. For the
more complete control of insects, in thinning and pick-
ing the fruit, and the larger number that may be plant-
ed to an acre, they are desirable, especial!}' for small
places and in suburban gardens.

They may be used for ornamental planting in a bor-
der or hedge in landscape work. Nearly all varieties
may be obtained in the dwarfs.

They need to be planted dceiier than standard trees.
The union between the bud (the point where the bud
is inserted in the stock) should be 4 inches under the
soil when planted. Dwarf trees are not generally
planted deep enough, for later, when bearing fruit,
they sometimes break off at the union and frequently
blow over in times of heavy wind, especially when the
soil is wet and soft.

906

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

PRUNING.

After apple trees are properly planted, but little
pruning will be required for about five years. The
trees having been given the right form at the time of
planting, will require only a branch to be taken out
from time to time, that inclines to grow toward or
across the centre. A study of the future form of the
tree will enable one to see when a branch is putting out
in a place where it should not be allowed to grow.

The only pruning tool required for the first five
years after planting is a pocket pruning knife. If, due
to neglect during the early stages, large branches have
to be taken off later, there is not only too much shock
given to the tree, but it is exposed to bacterial troubles
by way of which diseases are introduced, shortening
the life of the tree and reducing its value. When
young trees are continuously pruned they are stimulat-
ed in making growth of wood, and the bearing of fruit
is deferred. Where but little pruning is done, fruit
spurs will begin to form on the lower parts or branches
of the trees, and orchards will come into profitable
bearing several years sooner than where constant an-
nual pruning is done.

Allow practically all of the wood to grow, up to five
years, then begin gradually to take out entire branches
so as to give the right form. Fruit spurs will begin to
form, but a few specimens onlv of fruit should be al-
lowed to remain and mature during the first two or
three years.

Each year more fruit spurs will come out, when the
trees will begin to steadily increase in bearing tend-
ency and capacity. Removing wood in annual prun-
ing stimulates an excessive growth which retards the
bearing period.

Under this system of light pruning during the first
five years after planting, the writer has taken nine
bushel-boxes or three full-barrels of apples from indi-
vidual trees, in the seventh year.

For economy of operating, in spraying, thinning and
picking the fruit, low trees are better than high ones.
The leaders should be cut back once in two or three
years to prevent the trees from growing too high.
Give an outward form to the tree rather than too much
of the upward.

Prune the lower branches to give them an upward
growth — prune back their ends and cut oft' all branches
that incline to grow downward from the under side of
the lower branches. This will give strength to the low
branches near the body of the tree and help to keep
them up from the ground.

Under this system of pruning, there is no more diffi-
culty in cultivating low headed trees than in those
started with high heads, for the branches hold up well
and are made strong and heavy, close to the bodv of
the tree. In pruning, a fine narrow saw should be
used, one that will make a smooth cut. Prune close to
the main branch. Do not leave stubs one or two inches
long. They will not heal and are attacked by bacteria
which produce disease, making short lived trees. Paint
every wound that is over one-half an inch in diameter.
Any kind of paint will answer, although disinfecting
paints may now be procured.

After the trees come into free bearing not much
pruning will be required, as growth of wood will be
checked, and branches will then be carried outward
and downward by the weight of the apples, where the
sun will reach all parts of the tree and give the fruit
good color.

Cut down and make the tops of trees as even and
level as possible. It is on the long shoots in the tops

of the trees that the San Jose scale spreads, and these
are difficult to reach in spraying.

The rest of the tree may be well sprayed but the few
live scales left on the tall shoots, breed and descend,
and by picking time a large number of apples will be
marked by them. Prune the tops down to a level when
this loss will be prevented.

A good pruner needs to be somewhat of an artist or
architect. He must have a sense of form and be able
to keep in mind an ideal of the future shape of the
tree that will result from the pruning to be done in a
period of five or ten years, during which time the tree
is being given proper form, that is to last for a century
or more of time.

In pruning dwarf-trees, start the branches down
within sixteen inches of the ground and keen the tops
down. Allow Paradise trees to reach ten feet in height
only, and Doucin not above eighteen feet. Cut back
the annual growth one-half, and thin out the branches
so as to have the trees well opened, that the stm may
shine on all parts of the foliage and fruit.

Pruning as late as possible — the last of ]\Iay — will
have a tendency to check the growth somewhat and
keep the tree more easih- dwarfed. Pruning when the
trees are dormant — in the winter — will promote
growth, but when done late in the spring even after
the foliage has come out, will check excessive growth
of wood, whicli with dwarf trees is necessary.

SPRAYING.

\^'ith the great increase of insects and of tree and
plant diseases, spraying for their control has become
a necessity and is now a regular part of orchard work.

It becomes quite necessary to understand the object
of spraying — when — with what — and how it should be
done.

There are two purposes for which spraying is done
— one, for the control of insects, the other to eradicate
disease. There are two types of insects, each of which
requires different treatment. One is known as chew-
ing insects — those having cutting jaws and which eat
— the other known as sucking insects — those that pierce
the foliage or bark of trees and suck the sap from them.
As the first type eats, poisons are used in spraying.
For the second type, oil emulsions and caustic prep-
arations are used, which are brought in contact with
the bodies of the insects. The Aphides or plant lice,
which are of the sucking class, breathe through open-
ings upon their bodies, and in spraying oily substances
over them, their breathing places are closed and they
are destroyed. The San Jose scale is one of the most
serious insect pests of the apple, and belongs to the
sucking class.

In these sprayings great thoroughness must be exer-
cised. Every part of the tree must be covered with the
mixtures. The San Jose scale crawls out to the tips
or ends of the branches and if these are not reached,
they will hatch during the season, crawl down upon
the lower parts of the trees, and before picking time
both the branches and fruit will be covered.

There are several generations of the scale that in-
crease in a ten-fold ratio, and one pair in the spring
will be the progenitors of over 3,000,000 in a single
season.

THINNING THE FRUIT.

To maintain an orchard to a high degree of produc-
tivity it is most essential to conserve the productive
forces of the trees. With the soil liberally supplied
with plant food necessary to maintain annual growth
of wood and regular production of fruit, supplemented

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

907

by good culture and right pruning, trees will set more
apples than they can properly mature.

Trees do not produce fruit for the benefit of mankind
but rather for their own perpetuation, and if there were
not a human being on earth, trees would produce fruit
just the same. For the purposes of perpetuation na-
ture is always prodigal, and trees will overload with
fruit that there may be the greatest possible produc-
tion of seeds with w-hich to perpetuate the species.
Therefore when nature is aided by artificial means
through systematic propagation and culture, the pro-
ductive forces of the trees must be conserved by regu-
lar thinning of the fruit.

This should be done first when the apples are one
inch in diameter. All apples should be removed that
are closer than three inches to each other. Frequentl\'
there will be two, three and four apples in a cluster on
one fruit spur — all but one should be taken oiif. Some
skill is required in this operation and great damage
may be done through ignorance, for in breaking off a
fruit spur as is frequently done, no fruit will ever again
be produced in that place.

In thinning, the stem of the apple should be taken
between the thumb and first finger and firmly clasped,
when the 3-oung apple is grasped by the second and
third fingers and by a quick drawing movement is
pulled or snapped ofif the stem. This will save the fruit
spurs from being broken through trying to pull oflf the
apples by main force.

A second thinning should be made in about two
weeks. At this time every imperfect specimen should
be taken oft', and a space of six inches left between all
large varieties that grow to two and one-half inches or
more in diameter, and four to five inches should be left
between medium-sized varieties that reach two and
one-quarter inches in diameter.

This method will give very much more of the high
grade fruit that is most in demand, but most difficult
to obtain. It will save the productive energj' of the
tree, and in time will result with many varieties in an
annual production of apples. \\'hen a tree is allowed
to carry an overload of fruit it cannot perfect the fruit
buds the same year that it is maturing a large quantity
of fruit. The sole purpose of the tree is to produce
seeds. Its beautiful and fragrant blossoms are not put
forth for human admiration and enjoyment btit rather
to attract insects, especially bees, which in going from
flower to flower carry and distribute pollen to the blos-
soms to give vigor through cross-fertilization ; that
there may be greater certainty in the perfection and
development of seeds.

The process of seed-making is exhaustive of the food
elements of the soil, and especially of the phosphoric
acid which is highly essential in the formation of seeds.
If from fifty to sixty per cent, of the apples are taken
ofif, in a full setting of the fruit, a very large saving is
made in jjlant food and in the energy and A-itality of
the tree.

When the advantages and \aluc of thinning are un-
derstood, the cost of the operation is not only justified
but becomes imperative.

.•\nd above all, with a clear understanding — "That
he who plants a tree plants for time" — that with pa-
tience, persistent effort in overcoming difficulties, with
study, good care, and sound judgment, such as must
be brought to any successful line of business — the fu-
ture will bring to those who go seriously into the cul-
ture of apples a large measure of satisfaction, enjo_y-
mcnt and value received.

QUERIES and ANSWERS

catni i

II'V bcl:czc the greatest good can be a
number, by instituting a query column
riences, on practical propositions, by om

You are invited to contribute question

Each question as received will be giv
er's name will not be published, but the source of the answer will
be given unless otherwise requested.

IVe all have something we would like to know more about. Here
is your opportunity to ascertain somebody's experience in just that
matter.

Nothing will tend to better fellowship the

Take advantage of this "Question Box."

ed for the greatest
or an e.vchangc of expe-
readers.
, and answer others.

number, the question'

helping each othe

Thinking a little practical experience might answer G. M.'s
query in February issue, I would say that I myself fell into a
"sma' wee" place with the orders that "more flowers were wanted,
and more flowers, and yet more flowers." This is how I arranged
things. One pothouse, GO x 11 feet, is divided into two by a
partition. The furthest and coolest end is devoted to carnations,
300 plants, and some parsley in flats. The near and warm end
is used in winter for propagating and growing an alternanthera
(until the hot beds are ready) and other budding stuff, for forc-
ing Lily of the Valley, also for early onions, leek, tomatoes, arti-
clioke and sundries. The next house, a three-quarter span, 60 x
20 feet, is run 40 degs. nights, and is arranged thus: Front with
bench 3 feet 6 inches wide, walk 2 feet 6 inches, bench 4 feet 6
inches wide, walk 2 feet 6 inches, back border 3 feet wide, with
shelf over. In back bench are Passifloras, Marchel Neil and La
Marque roses, trained on wires. This latter is a cluster rose
with the sweetest perfume, rather tender for shipping, but fine
for home use, stands the temperature well, being a sheet of blos-
soms last spring. The front bench now contains Cyclamen Wall-
flower Forget-me-nots in bloom, also stocks, all in pots. Along
the cool end there is a tank for rain w-ater. Over this are boxes,
a foot deep, in four sections, containing one of each of the fol-
lowing: Pansies, Mignonette, Stock and Penstemon (not
recommended). The middle bench, under which cannas are stored,
has at each end small solid beds. The warm end one contains
Smilax, which is allowed to flower, when it is very fragrant.
The other end. Sweet Peas. We have been cutting from these
since the middle of December. The raised bench holds Geraniums
and twenty-nine long boxes, 2 feet 6 inches by 10 feet 6 inches:
lialf are filled with Sweet Peas sown October 22. First were cut
February 12. These will follow those in the solid bed which are
beginning to run out. The winter specials, which were bought
from Arthur Boddington of New York, are grand, and llower just
as early as the other winter varieties. The other half of the
boxes contain winter flowering Amtlienimums, w'hich were sown
June 24 (but might be sown earlier), are now throwing up their
spike.s. Both the Sweet Peas and Snapdragons were grown out-
side during the hot weather, and when frost approaches are put
anywhere until the Chrysantliemiims. which occupy the house
summer and winter, are moved into the nectarine house. The
house will lie a pretty sight by the end of March. By the time
the singls Minns are ready for their flowering pots we will have
the wide bench removed, and the pots will have a cool ash bot-
tom to stand on. When they shoAv color they are moved into the
nectarine house, as mentioned above. The shelf holds the flowery
bulbs Narcissus, Freesias, etc. Then we have in this house let-
tuce in flats waiting for the hot beds, early cabbage and cauli-
flower, young Carnation stock. Chrysanthemums just out of the
sand (they are propagated in this house). Wallflower in pots for
early work outside. We are now sowing our flowering annuals,
and as fast as the stuff can be gotten into hotbeds their place
will be occupied bv flats into which the annuals will be pricked
ofl'.

The nectarine house, 50 x 15 feet, already referred to, was for-
merly a vinery, and is a good place to keep stock Chrysanthe-
mums until the cuttings are taken off; also any other stuff that
wants to be kept back. Wallflower will do well here for later
flowering, and when the house is .started we put our Cannas in.
They are placed on the ground, and do not interfere with the
care of tree as a bench woidd. This house is kept a little above
freezing point imtil the 15th of Januar.v. It is started early so
as to get the fruit ripe b,v the end of June, running along to the
end of July.

There is a conservatory besides, but its chief use is for storing
tub plants. There are roses, passifloras, etc., on roof. The La
IVrle gave us last November 1.000 blooms during that month.
But the tangle on the roof is the plague of my life. The blooms
are hard to find, hard to get hold of and impossible to keep clean.
But every rose has its thorn. Ja.me.s MAcF.\ut..\NE.

New York.

Practical Notes On Vegetable Growing

By N. Butterbach.

The essentials for success in vegetable growing are :
proper irrigation, deep culture, heavy manuring and
seed with good germinating power. When you are
provided with these requirements you are well estab-
lished for a productive vegetable garden. In the cul-
tural notes I describe the treatment in growing which
I have found most satisfactory in my territory. Cli-
matic conditions may vary the date of plantings a
little. The North may find our planting time to be a
little early, while the South will find it late, but the
general treatment varies little.

LETTUCE.
For the earliest lettuce sow seed in hotbeds or greenhouse mid-
dle of February, transplant in cold frame or light, airy house,
aud plant outdoors as soon as frost is out of the gi-ound a foot
apart. They want very rich soil and sufficient moisture, as the
quality of lettuce depends on crispness. and this can only be
obtained by quickness of growth. For later crops seed is sown
in rows and thinned out a foot apart. The earliest varieties are
Mignonette, Tennis Ball, Golden Queen and Boston Market, fol-
lowed by Salamander, Iceberg. New York, Big Boston, etc. This
last is the best for late fall planting. For winter lettuce to be
protected or in cold frames middle of September is about the best
time to sow. The transplanted plants always do better except in
warm weather, when it is better the plants remain where sown
and thinned out. The worst enemy of outdoor lettuce is the
green aphides. Rapid growth and change of soil is the best rem-
edy. Also syringe with aphine.

CABBAGE.
Seed can be sown in September and transplanted in cold frames
when the plants are aliout five inches high. They ought to be
aired freely during winter and planted in the open as soon as
the frost is out of the ground. But in a private place where
greenhouses are handy it is hardly worth while to go to this
trouble. Early Jersey Wakefield is generally used for this pur-
pose. If the seed is sown early in February the plants are ready
to be planted the latter part of March or the first part of April.
Cabbage demands heavy manuring and in addition a complete
fertilizer and a high culture. Cabbage likes new soil. The ene-
mies of cabbage are flea, beetle, cabbage worm and club root. For
cabbage worm use salt water or air slacked lime or pyrethrum.
For flea beetle, use aphine or wood ashes, plaster, lime, tobacco
dust, etc. For cabbage maggot use bisulphide of carbon in the
soil, but do not touch the roots. A solution of Vermine can also
be used. But when maggots appear it is time to change the loca-
tion. For club root lime is used or new location needed. For
early varieties use Jersey Wakefield and Charleston Wakefield.
See Early Summer and Succession, late or winter varieties. Au-
tumn King, late Flat Dutch, red variety. Red Dutch and Mam-
moth Rock Red, Savoy varieties. Netted Savoy and Drumhead
Savoy.

CELERY.
Celery seed may be sown in open borders in the latter part
of March or early part of April. Or for early use in February in
greenhouse or frame and transplanted in flats. It is very slow to
germinate and moisture is essential for its germination. Celery
is naturally hardy and likes cool weather. The young plants
must be kept clear of weeds and watered if necessary. If a
growth of 7 to 8 inches has been made, the tops ought to be cut
back a couple of inches to strengtlien the roots and expose the
heart of the plant to the sun. If only a small quantity is needed
it will pay to transplant from the seed bed to an intermediate
bed before planting. The soil can not be made too rich, and a
heavy coat of man\ire should be jilowod under before planting,
also abundant water should be on hand. July is usually tha
month for fall and winter celery. The proper distance between
rows is 3% to 4 feet if the plants are lifted for winter storage,
otherwise they are planted in double rows from 10 to 12 inches
apart with 6 to 8 feet intervals between, so as to have all tha
soil needed for winter covering. Celery can also be planted in
closely set beds, say 6x8 inches. With a very rich soil and
abundant fertilizer and water supply celery can then be blanched
through the dense shade resulting from the rapid growth. Boards
are also used with this method. Celery should be constantly
cultivated. Loose soil ought to be packed around the spreading
leaves to encourage a compact growth. A light furrow thrown
up with a plow will bleach dwarf varieties such as White Plum,
Silver and Golden Self Blanching. For late winter varieties the

spade and shovel ought to be used for banking. Celery is very
hardy, and a little frost won't injure it. Celery that has been
lifted from its place of growth is more liable to decay than that
with roots undisturbed.

MELONS.
Melons need a fertile, warm soil, with plenty of humus. Hot-
bed or compost soil is very suitable. It takes 100 days from the
day of planting until the time of ripening. Watermelons take
30 to 40 days more. Three to four years old seed set earlier and
better than new seed. For early melons seed sown in a hotbed
or greenhouse will advance the plants from two to three weeks.
They are sown in pots or on pieces of sod and transplanted in
the open ground in May. Well rotted manure in the hills is very
beneficial. From 7 to 10 seeds are planted in a hill and later
thinned out to three plants. The hills ought to be not less than
4x6 feet apart. After the plants attain the height of 6 inches
they ought to be cut back to two eyes or leaves, and after the
side branches attain 14 to 16 inches they can be reduced to about
a foot to encourage branching. After the setting of fruit, the
branch is pinched two leaves above the fruit, and continue to
pinch in tlie same way until the fruit is ripe. Pinching will
liasten the maturity and also increase the size of fruit. If the
gi-een or black fly appears, the plants ought to be syringed with
aphine.

CUCUMBERS.
Cucumbers need the same treatment as melons, except for the
pinching, and four plants in a hill instead of three. The striped
beetle is the worst enemy of the cucumber, also green fly. Paris
green is used for beetles and aphine for green fly.

PEPPER.
Peppers are shown in March under glass or in the open ground
in May. They demand warm weather, but they are of easy cul-
ture. If sown under glass they are treated the same as egg
jdants and planted in rows 2x3 feet.

TOMATOES.
Tomatoes may be sown in March in greenhouse or frame and
treated the same as peppers. They may also be sown in open
ground in May for late. Potted plants are planted out in May
4 .\ 4 feet and trellises or stakes provided for them.

PEAS.
Peas ought to be sown as soon as the ground can be worked
in spring in rows 2^^ feet apart for the dwarf varieties and 3 to
4 feet for the taller or brush varieties. They are planted in suc-
cession from March to June and for late crop in August.

BEANS.
Beans are tieatcd similar to peas, only they are not as hardy.
The first planting is made in May, and a planting every two
weeks until September.

RADISH.

To grow good and tender radish depends on high fertile soil,
sufficient moisture and good culture, as they ought to be grown
quickly. They can be grown between rows of lettuce, beets,
onions or any other crop, as they mature in six weeks. Frame
radish are sown 6 inches apart and 9 inches in the open. A
great favorite is French Breakfast. Early white tipped scarlet
Turnip and white tipped Rocket are also in great demand. Others
are Giant Crimson Turnip, round dark Red Scarlet Turnips, etc.
Summer and autumn varieties require from 7 to 8 weeks to
mature, as Giant White. Stuttgart, White Summer Turnips, Char-
tier, etc. Winter varieties ought to be planted in the middle of
August. Such as long Black Spanish, Wliite Chinese, Rose China,
Winter, etc. To protect the leaves from insects, soot, wood ashes
or air slaked lime can be used. Watering will help to stimulate
the growth.

CAULIFLOWER.

Cauliflower like rich soil and a great deal of moisture. The
soil ought not to be warm, but at least a foot of top soil is
required. They need light and sun, but not too strong a sun-
light. A place where it will get the morning sun is very well
adapted. In dry weather they need to be watered frequently
Manure water will be a great help, in fact there is nothing better.
Constant cultivation is necessary to prevent any check dvn-ing
its period of growth. It is a good idea to tie the leaves with
a string over the fleshy flower buds to preserve their ivory white-
ness. For early planting the seed, ought to be sown not later
than the middle of February in a hotbed or greenhouse. The
young plants must be transplanted in an airy house or cold

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

909

frame, and planted in the open in April, or as soon as the weather
permits it. For early use. Snowball, Dwarf Erfurt and Snow-
storm are generally used. Snowball is also used for fall crop,
also large late Algiers. Cauliflowers which are not ready to cut
before frost sets in ought to be trenched in a cold frame and
covered with mats, etc., and they will mature properly.

Broccoli requires the same treatment as cauliflowers. They are
more hardy, and tliey need less fertility to prevent a rank
growth. A light soil ought to be avoided. The seed is sown at
the same time as for winter cabbage. They have to be protected
in winter.

BRUSSELS SPROUTS.

Brussels sprouts are in reality among the best of vegetables.
They like a deep mellow ground, and ought to be sown in April
or May in the open, in rows where the plants remain. Trans-
planting tends to make them leggy. The plants should be ly.,
feet apart and 18 inches in the row. The ground ought to be
manured the previous year. No manure should be plowed under
in time of planting. Sandy soil should be avoided and top
growth should be discouraged, as a stocky plant is desirable.
Sprouts are very hardy, and they can be wintered over with very
little protection.

RUTA-BAGA.

Ruta-baga are sown from the middle of Jul,v to the middle of
August. They are used mostly in every private place for table
use as well as for stock feeding purposes. The plants are thinned
out 6 to 8 inches apart in the rows. They can be grown in
almost any soil, but a light soil suits them best.

Turnips are grown the same as ruta-baga, but for earlj- use
they are sown in early spring.

EGG PLANTS.
Egg plants are sown in hotbeds or greenhouses in March and
transplanted in 3-inch pots. When the pots are filled witli roots
they are repotted in 5-inch pots. They are planted in open
ground when all danger from frost is over. Egg plants won't
make much growth mitil tlie hottest months of midsummer.
They need a good supply of water to make a quick giowth and
without interruption. Planting should be 3 x 3 in a rich mellow
soil and protected from potato beetle.

TOMATOES.

Tomatoes for early planting may be sown in March under
glass, and for later in tlie open in May. If sown under glass
they are treated the same as egg plants and planted in the
open ground in May 4x4. In the vegetable garden some kind
of frame, stake or trellis should be used. For early use Earliana
and Early Freedom are about the best early outdoor varieties.
Crimson Cushion, a shoot from Ponderosa, is one of the best for
second early, a beautiful crimson scarlet of enormous size. Stone.
a very prolific, solid, round and firm tomato should not be
omitted.

SALSIFY.

Salsify, or oyster plants, should be sown in spring in rows in
rich mellow soil and thinned out to about 5 inches. We use the
Mammoth, Sandwich Island type, although some people prefer
the long white. The black salsify or scorzonera are more giown
by private gardeners than any other. Salsify can be left in
the ground all winter.

PARSNIP.

Parsnips should be sown early in spring in a deep soil and
plants thinned out to 5 or 6 inches. The seed is very light, an
it should be placed about one-half inch under ground. The plants
shoidd be well cultivated. Parsnips are hardy, and freezing will
improve them.

CARROTS.

Carrots like good, rich, deep sandy loam and not much manure.
The earliest sorts are sown early in April and the main crop in
May or June. They must be thinned out and constantly culti-
vated. Early Scarlet Horn, Early French Forcing and Carentan
for early. Henderson's Intermediate, half-long Danvers, Coreless,
etc., for intermediate and late use.

KOHL-RABI.
Kohl-rabi is a vegetable generally used in spring and fall. The
seed is sown in February in frames or greenhouse and planted
out in April in rows about a foot apart. The seed may also be
sov n in open groimd in May and thinned out. Earliest Erfurt
and Purple Vieiuia are the varieties.

KALE.
Kale is grown in most of the private places. It is a species
of cabbage whi<h does not tread. Its ctirlet leaves gives them
a very ornamental appearance. Some strains are very hardy and
can remain out all winter. It is sown in May or June the same
as late cabbage. .Siberian is the best and most tender. Others
are German Curlet and Dwarf Green Scotch.

ONIONS.

The best soil for onions is a rich loam. Plowing should be
done in tlie fall, and a heavy coat of manure should be plowed
in. The ground should be well pulverized in the spring with a
disk harrow, and if chicken manure is available a good sprinkling
will be beneficial. The seed should be sown in hotbeds or green-
house the last part of February or first part of March in rows
4 to .5 inches apart and transplanted as soon as they can be
handled. They should be planted in the open in April 6 inches
ai)art and 14 to IG inches between the rows, so that the Planet,
Jr., can be used. Constant cultivation is necessary to keep the
weeds down and the surface loose. A top dressing of nitrate of
soda two weeks after planting will be found very beneficial. The
varieties used for this method of planting are Prizetaker, White
Portugal, Ailsa Craig and Levant. Onions can also be sown out-
doors in April in rows and thinned out.
BEETS.

Beets need a light and very right soil to grow tender roots.
Sow with a drill an inch deep. Tlie plants ought to be thinned
out, for early use 5 inches, and for later 3 inches, as the former
will mature more quickly than the latter, and should be con-
tinued until the latter part of July. They can be sown as soon
as the frost is out of the ground. For early sowing we use
Crosby's Egyptian, Electric Blood Turnip and Eclipse, followed
by Crimson Globe and Detroit Dark Red.

Swiss chard is a beet and should be cultivated the same as
beets.

SPINACH.

Spinach is the easiest cultivated crop. The first sowing should
be made as soon as the frost is out of the ground, and later from
August until October. August sown crop is fit for winter use
when protected, and October sown is for spring use. New Zea-
land Spinach is a good substitute for real spinach, and can be
used all summer when real spinach can't be had.
ARTICHOKE.

The seed of articlioke should be sown in rows and thinned
out a foot apart. It is a perennial and should be planted in
permanent beds the next spring 2x3 feet apart in very rich
deep loam. The plants need winter protection. The French
method is to plant 3 to 5 feet apart, or 3 plants in a hill. Dur-
ing hot summer the plants have a good top dressing of long
manure. They need plenty of water, the more the better.

MOONS

450 acres In Trees and Shrubs — over 2,200 kinds to choose from.
These are grown wide apart, and in consequence develop Into sturdy,
well formed specimens so much desired for estate, street, and park use.

Send for catalog,
THE WM. H. MOON CO., Morrisville. Pa. Philadelphia Office: S. 12th St.

HILL'S EVERGREENS

Send for Price-list. Mention this magazine.

D. HILL NURSERY CO.

Lar^IsT^Grwerr^i^Americ, Bo. 305 Dtindce, 111.

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RHODODENDRON

Carolinianum

New Am=tic«n Sprcif! CIc.r
Pink. Absolulcly Hardy

j Highlands Nursery 1 HARLAN P. KELSEY. Owner |

I Boxford Nursery / Solem - - Mass. |

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= beajn (new rriniuUniis t.vpe); Scbwabon (the Clant Yellow): Chicago s

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THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

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THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

National Association of Gardeners.
M. C. Ebel, secretary, Madison, N. J.

Society of American Florists and Orna-
mental Horticulturists.
John Young, secretary, 54 West 28th street,
New York.

American Carnation Society.
A. F. J. Bauer, secretary, Indianapolis, Ind.

American Gladiolus Society.

L. Merton Gage, secretary. South Natick,

Mass.

American Peony Society.
A. B. Saunders, secretary, Clinton, N. Y.

American Rose Society.
B. Hammond, secretary, Fishkill, N. Y.

American Sweet Pea Society.

H. A. Bunyard, secretary, 342 West 14th

street, New York.

Chrysanthemum Society of America.

Charles W. Johnson, secretary, Morgan

Park, 111.

Lake Geneva Gardeners' aud Foremen's

Association.
W. H. Griffits, secretary. Lake Geneva, Wis.
Meets first and third Saturday every
month, October to April; first Saturday
every month. May to September, Horticul-
tural Hall.

Lenox Horticultural Society.
John Mair, secretary, Lenox, Mass.
Meets first Saturday every month.

Los Angeles County Horticultural Society.
Henry W. Kruckeberg, secretary.
Meets first Tuesday every month.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
William P. Rich, secretary, 300 Massachu-
setts avenue, Boston, Mass.

Moimiouth County Horticultural Society.
Harry Kettle, secretary, Fairhaven, N. J.
Meets fourth Friday every month, Mou-
nioulli Bout Club, Red Bank, N. J.

LOCAL SOCIETIES

Bernardsville Horticultural Society.
W. G. Carter, secretary, Bernardsville, N. J.
Meets first Thursday every mouth. Hor-
ticultural Hall, Bernardsville, N. J.

Boston Gardeners' and Florists' Club.
William N. Craig, secretary, Brookline,
Mass.
I\[eet8 third Tuesday every month. Horti-
cultural Hall, Boston, Mass., 8 p. m.

Connecticut Horticultural Society.

.\lfred Dixon, secretary, Wothersfield. Conn.

Meets second and fourth Fridays every

month. County Building, Hartford, Conn., 8

p. ni.

Dutchess County Horticultural Society.

Herbert G. Cottan, secretary, Wappinger

Falls.

Jleets nt Poughkeepsie, N. T.. second

Wednesday every month except May and

June.

Elberon Horticultural Society.
George Jlasson. secretary, Oakhurst. N. .7.
Meets first Monday every month, Fire
Hall, Elberon, N. J., 8 p. m.

Florists' and Gardeners' Club of Holyoke

and Northampton, Mass.
James ^Vliitinc, secretary, Amherst, Mass.
Meets second Tuesday every month.

The Garden Club of Michigan.
Mrs. Edward H. Parker, secretary. 139 Sey-
burn avenue, Detroit, Mich
The corresponding secretary will notify
members of date and place of meetings.

Montreal Gardeners' and Florists' Club.

\V. H. Horobin. secretary, 283 Marquette

street.

Meets first Monday every month, Mon-
treal Florists Exchange.

Morris County Florists' and Gardeners'

Society.

Edward J. Reagan, secretary, Morristown,

N. J.

Meets at Madison, N. J., second Wednes-
day every month, except July and August,
8 p. m.

Nassau County Horticultural Society.
Ernest Westlake, secretary. Glen Cove, N. Y.

Meets second Wednesday every month,
Pembroke Hall, Glen Cove, N. Y., 6 p. m.

New Bedford Horticultural Society.
Jeremiah M. Taber, secretary.
Meets first IMonday every month.

New Jersey Floricultural Society.

Geo. \^'. Strange, secretary, 216 ]Main street.
Orange, N. J.
Meets first Monday every month, Jr. 0.
W. A. M. Hall, Orange, N. J., 8 p. m.

Gardeners' and Florists' Club of Baltimore.
N. F. Flittin. secretary, Paterson Park,
Baltimore, Md.
Meets second and fourth Monday every
month. Florist Exchange Hall.

The Horticultural Society of New York.

Geo. V. Nash, secretary, Bronx Park, New

York City.

Meets monthly, irregular, May to Octo-
ber, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx
Park, New York. November to April,
American Museum of Natural History, 77th
street and Columbus avenue. New York.

New London Horticultural Society.
John Humphrey, secretary. New London,
Conn.
Meets second Thursda.v every month,
38 Main street. New London, Conn.

Newport Horticultural Society.
Wm. J. Grey, secretary, Xowport, R. I.
Meets second and fourth Tuesday every

month.

New York Florist Club.
John Young, secretary, 54 W. 28th street,
New York.
Meets second Monday every month, Grand

Opera House.

North Shore Horticultural Society.
Jas. Slater, secretary, JIanchester, Mass.
Meets first and "third Fridays every

month.

North Shore Horticultural Society.
E. Bollinger, secretary, Lake Forest. 111.
Meets first Friday every month. City Hall.

North Westchester County Horticultural

and Agricultural Society.
M. J. O'Brien, secretary, Mt. Kisco. N. Y.
^Meets third Thursday every month, ex-
cept June, July and August, at 8 p. m.;
December, January and February, 3 p. m..
Odd Fellows Hall,"Mt. Kisco.

Pacific Coast Horticultural Society.
W. A. Hofinghofl', secretary, 711 Westbank
Bldg.
Meets first Saturday every month. Red-
men's Bldg.

Pasadena Horticultural Society.
Geo. B. Kennedy, secretary, 497 Bradford
street, Pasadena, Cal.
Meets first and fourth Friday every

month.

Paterson Floricultural Society.
Sebastian Hubschmitt, secretary, 61 Seventh
avenue, Paterson, N. J.
Meets first Tuesday every month, Ro-
maine Building, 8 p. m.

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.
David Rust, secretary. Broad and Locust
streets, Philadelphia, Pa.
Meets third Tuesday every month. Horti-
cultural Hall, 8 p. m.

People's Park Cottage Gardeners' Associa-
tion.
John Ainscough, secretary, 4 Chestnut street,
Paterson, N. J.
Meets first and last Friday every month,
Working Man's Institute, Madison avenue,
Paterson, N. J.

Philadelphia Florists' Club.
David Rust, secretary, Broad and Locust
streets, Philadelphia, Pa.
Meets first Tuesday every month. Horti-
cultural Hall, Philadelphia, Pa., 8 p. m.

The Pittsburgh Florists' and Gardeners'
Club.

H. P. Joslin, secretary, Ben Avon, Pa.

Meets first Thursday every month. Fort
Pitt Hotel, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Rhode Island Horticultural Society.
A. C. Miller, secretary, 7 Irving avenue,
Providence, R. I.
Meets third Wednesday every month,
Providence Public Library, 8 p. m.

Shelter Island Horticultural and Agricul-
tural Society.
Fred Kirkham, secretary. Shelter Island,
N. Y.
Meets first and third Thursdays every

month.

Southampton Horticultural Society.
William McLeod, secretary.
Meets first Thursday every month. Me-
morial Hall, Southampton, N. Y.

Tarrytown Horticultural Society.
E. W. Neubrand, secretary, Tarytown, N. Y.
Meets last Tuesday every month, except
December, Corporation Building, Tarrytown,
N. Y., 7:30 p. m. Annual meeting last
Thursday in December.

Tuxedo Horticultural Society.

Thomas Wilson, secretary. Tuxedo Park,
N. Y.
Meets first Wednesday every month. Par-
ish House, Tuxedo Park.

Oyster Bay Horticultural Society.

Fred Kirkham, secretary. Oyster Bay, N. Y.
IMeets fourth Friday every month, Board
of Trade, Oyster Bay! N. Y., 8 p. ra.

Washington, D. C, Florist Club.
J. L. Mayberrv, secretary, Washington.
D. C.
Meets first Monday every month.

Westchester and Fairfield Horticultural

Society.
J. B. McArdle. secretary, Greenwich, Conn.
Meets second Friday every month. Dor-
an's Hall, Greenwich. Conn., 8 p. m.

Yonkcrs Horticultural Society.
Thos. Mahoney, secretary, Yonkers, N. Y.
Meets first Friday every month, Holly-
wood Inn, Yonkers, N. Y., 8 p. m.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

911

GARDENERS DIARY

International Flower Show will be held
under the auspices of the Horticultural So-
ciety of New York and the New Yorls-
Florists' Club, March 21 to 28, 1014, at
Grand Central Palace, New York.

Chicago Spring Flower Show will be held
under the auspices of tlie Horticultural So-
ciety, JIarch 24 to 29, 1914, at Chicago, 111.

Philadelphia Spring Flower Show will be
held under tlie auspices of the Pennsylvania
Horticultural Society, 1914, at llorticul-
tiirai Hall. I'liihulclphia, Pa.. March 21.

American Sweet Pea Society. Sweet Pea
Show, American iluseum of Natural His-
tory, June 2" and 28.

Lenox Horticultural Society, Lenox. Mass.
Summer Show, .lulv 22 and 23. Fall Show.
October 22 :uk1 2;!.'

Monmouth County Horticultural Society.
Fall Slunv, Ked JUuik. X. .T.. ()i-t(iber 2S
and 29.

Newport Horticultural Society, Newport,
P. I. .luue Show, .lune 24 and 2o. Summer
show. .Au.u'ust 12 and T.'i.

Royal Horticultural Society, London.
Enghuid. Sjiring Show. Chelsea. May 19-
21 : Summer l^how, Holland House. June ;30-
July 1-2.

Scranton Florists' Show, Spring' Show.
Town Hall. Seraulou, Pa.. Mareh 31-
April I.

NEW JERSEY FLORICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

The meeting of the New Jersey Flori-
cultural Society at Orange on Monday
evening, Jlarch 2, had a very jjoor attend-
ance on account of the storm. Vice-Presi-
dent Henry Halbig occupied the chair in
the absence of the president. We had quite
an interesting meeting, and proceedings
were taken on the Annual Dahlia. Fruit
and Vegetable Show to be held in October.
A prize of $5 was awarded to Max Schnei-
der for a fine specimen of Begonia Glory of
Cincinnati and $3 to John Hoffman for a
splendid vase of sweet peas.

GEO. W. STRANGE.

Secretary.

OYSTER BAY (N. Y.) HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

The regular meeting of the Oyster Bay
(N. Y.l Horticultural Society was held on
Wednesday. February 2.5. A letter was
read from the Country Life Permanent Ex-
position inviting the members to attend
the flower show, also stating that Friday,
March 6 would be gardeners' day. All
those who were inclined to show were ad-
vised to enter at once. The judges made
awards as follows: .T. Duthie. first for cycla-
men; John Soros ie. first for narcissus:
Frank Petroecia, first for Whitlof chicory.
James Duthie received honorable mention
for a fine exhibit of Primula malacoides, a
great improvement on the ordinary type,
also for a collection of pink freesia. .Tames
Duckham received honorable mention for an
excellent pot of Lilium Harrisii. which
showed skillful growing, and John Sorosie,
for some very fine petunias.

.James Duthie gave a very interesting
talk on cyclamen growing and answered

A Bright New Book of 182 Pages for 1914

Telling the Plain Truth about BURPEE- QUALITY SEEDS, is mailed
Free of Cost to Gardeners everywhere upon Application to
W. ATLEE BURPEE & CO., Burpee Buildings, Philadelphia

several questions in respect to the cyclamen
grub. James Duckham spoke on Lilium
growing, and John Sorosie spoke on nar-
cissus forcing. John Ingi-am and Joseph
Robinson were accorded a hearty vote of
thanks for their work at the dinner. The
secretary was also instructed to write to
Burnett Bros, and thank them for the
unisic thev rendered at the dinner.

F. KURKilAN, Secretary.

NEW BEDFORD HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

The regular monthly meeting of the New
Bedford Horticultural Society was held
Mouday evening, March 2. 'Phe schedules
for the season's shows were completed and
referred to the executive committee. The
couunittee plans to have schedules ready
for intending exhibitors early in April. An
interesting discussion followed concerning
the merits and demerits of the freezing
process for keeping cut flowers. One mem-
ber told of having a bunch of paper white
narcissus frozen solid into a pitcher of
water, and when thawed found they were
alisolutely unharmed, except for the ab-
sence of odor, and the flowers kept in fine
condition for ten days.

H. A. Jahn exhibited a vase of a seedling
carnation from plants which h;vd been ab-
solutely frozen for six days. At the time
of a cold snap in January the roof of his
carnation house Avas blown olT and the
plants exposed to the rigors of a high wind
and a temperature of 2 degrees below zero
for severiil hours. The plants remained in
a frozen condition for six days, and when
finally thawed all were black except this
one variety. Suow was used in the thaw-
ing process. The flowers exhibited were in
fine condition, foliage good and stems rigid.
'WM. F. TURNER.

sinig, and a very enjoyable evening came
to a close.

F. KIRKIIAM, Secretary.

TUXEDO HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The regular monthly meeting was held in
the Parish House on ilarch .5. President
David Mcintosh in the chair. The main fea-
tures of the evening were the rose and car-
nation night and a lecture from Mr. Simon
liilniers on the "Value of Wild Birds as In-
sect Destroyers and Their Protection," which
proved to be of great interest to our pro-
fession as gardeners. The president called
a recess to allow the judges to go over the
exhibits, which were the finest the society
ever held at its monthly mc^eting. Although
there was not nuicL competition, there were
entries in most of the classes. There were
some very fine exhibits from the commercial
glowers. During the recess refreshments
of coffee and cakes were provided by the
president, which were partaken of heartily
by all those present, and music by the Tux-
edo orchestra.

Two new members were elected — Charles
): .Sill :ni<l Einil Helms.

The next meeting will be held in the
Parish House on April 1, when Mr. Maurice
Fuld will lecture on "The Progressive Age
as Applied to Horticulture."

The judges for the evening were for the
commercial exhibits ilessrs. Tansey, Millar
and JIcMachou ; for the private exhibits,
Messrs. Barth, E. Wilson and Sheppard.
THO.MAS WH.SON, Secretary.

LENOX HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

I' 1 lar luoiitlily meeting of the above
society was held in the Town Hall, Lenox, on
Saturday evening, ilarch 7. President Mc-
Connachie occupied the chair, ami the meet-

OYSTER BAY HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

The annual dinner of the above society,
held at the East Norwich Hotel recently.
was a decided success. The Committee of
Arrangements deserve great credit.

Plates were laid for 100, but owing to
the severe weather some of our friends
would not venture out.

The menu was excellent, in accord with
which East Norwich Hotel is noted.

President J. T. Ingram introduced our
"ell-known friend yi. (', Fbel. who acted as
toastmaster in his usual jovial way.

A very ha]>])y incident occurred when ex-
President James Duthie was presented with
a fine fountain pen on behalf of some of
the members as a token of appreciation of
his service while president. Mr. Duthie
responded in a pleasing manner, and as-
sured us of his support in the future.

Among the speakers were John Everett.
B. Wilson. Mr. Johnson, Sam Burnett, of
Burnett Bros.: Mr. Hays, of H. Dreers:
Mr. Disbrow, Oyster Bav: D. Hickman, of
Bobbink & Atkiiis: Jlr. .fohnson, of McNiffs.
and Charles Mazel.

The evening was enlivened with some fine
musicians, among whom were the well-
known sons of George Burnett.

The usual song ".\uld Lang Svne" was

Th e An d qr r/^Way

is to grow, train and frequently
transplant trees and shrubs of
distinctive varieties, so that
specimens are produced which
will make landscape of beauty
in moiubs rather than years.

Sec .\ndorra! See the robust
Lindens, the quick growing Pin
Oaks, the Norway Maples, the
splendid shrubs that are here in
transplanted large sizes.

Sec Andorra! Write if you
cannot come. Our experience
and unmatched stock are at
your coininand. Spring cata-
Irirr,ie now ready.

Andorra Nurseries i

^iiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiniiiiinniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii;'iiiiiiiii!![iiiini>miniiiiiiiiiimimiiimimiriiini]iiiiiiiia

912

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

ing was the largest that has been held for
some time. Henry Sears was elected a
member of the society. A letter was read
from Mr. J. Everitt, Glen Cove, L. I., offer-
ing $5 as a prize at the fall show for the
largest chrysanthemum bloom in the show.
Mr. Thomas Proctor, superintendent at
Blantyre, exhibited three vases of carna-
tions, one a beautiful pink seedling, a cross
between Pink Enchantress and Winsor,
which was awarded a certificate of merit,
and a certificate of cultural commendation
each for a vase of White Wonder and Mr.
C. W. Ward. Mr. S. H. Reed, of Brookfield,
Mass., gave a very interesting lecture on
ensilage. He mentioned in his talk the best
crops to grow for ensilage, the best kind of
silo pits, how much to give the cattle, etc.
At the finish numerous questions were
asked Mr. Reed, which he seemed only too
pleased to answer. JOHN MAIR,

Assistant Secretarv.

ELBERON HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Elberon Horticultural Society held
its regular monthly meeting February 2.
This being carnation night, the carnation
glowers of the Elberon section of Long
Branch, New Jersey, turned out strong and
made a very creditable exhibition.

Mr. C. H. Totty, of Madison, N. J., was a
welcome visitor, acting as one of the judges.
He complimented the growers on the quality
of the flowers and especially White Wonder
as giown by Mr. George Masson, and Bea-
con by Mr. Thomas Hambleton. They were
superb.

ir. -;p(MliiiL'. of the Stumpp & Walter Co..
was also in attendance and complimented
the growers on their skill.

The society is in a very flourishing con-
dition, thanks to our worthy treasurer,
Anton Bauer.

Following is a list of the awards:

Best 12 white White Wonder, first,
George Masson.

Best 12 white White Perfection, second,
D. C. Kelly.

Best 12 light p'lk Pink Enchantress, first,
George Masson ; second, Thomas Hambleton ;
third, D. C. Kelly.

Best 12 dark pink C. W. Ward, first, D. C.
Kelly; second, Anthony Bauer.

Best 12 dark pink Northport, third, John
Clunes.

Best 12 red Beacon, first, Thomas Hamble-
ton; second, John Clunes.

Sweepstakes in all classes White Won-
der, first, George Masson.

Sweepstakes in all classes Pink En-
chantress, first, George Masson.

Vase of Mignonette, Cultural Certificate,
D. 0. Kelly.

Vase of Roses, Radiance, Cultural Certifi-
cate. D. C. Kelly.

Plant of Phalenopsis Schilleriana, Cultural
Certificate, .lohu Clunes.

Vase of Coelogyne Cristata, Cultural Cer-
tificate, George Masson.

Vase of Sweet Peas, Honorable Mention,
C. 0. Duncan.

Plant of Amarvllis, vote of thanks.

WILLIAM BRYAN,
As-;istant Secretarv.

NASSAU COUNTY HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

The March meeting of the Nassau County
Horticultural Soeietv was held Wednesdav,
Marcli II. at iVmbroke Hall, Glen Cove,
with President H. Gaut in the chair.

The judges for the monthly exhibits were
Messrs. G. Ashworth, J. Elmslie ant T.
Twigg. and awards as follows:

Twelve spikes Antirrhinum (mixed), F.
Honeyman, first; 50 single Violets, F.
Honeyman, first.

!Mr. Herman Gold, Roslj'n, was elected to
active membership. Petitions for member-
ship: Edward Rorke, Locust Valley, and
Leon Mampoy, Roslyn.

Mr. Wilkinson, New Y'ork State Depart-
ment of Agriculture, will lecture on "Home
tiardens'' at the April meeting of the so-
ciety, after which the members will hold a
smoker and social evening.

Mr. Redstone, of the Hitchings Green-
house Construction Company, was a visitor
ana spoke a few words to the membere.

Exhibits for next meeting:

Twelve Narcissus (large trumpet).

Twelve early flowering Tulips.

One pot or pan Hyacinths.

The next meeting w-ill be held at Pem-
broke Hall, Glen Cove, on Wednesday, April
S, at (i p. m. (Members l<indlv note change
of time.) HARRY JONES,

Corresponding Secretary.

The eighth annual dinner of the Nassau
County Horticultural Society was held on
n"lit recently at the Oriental
Hotel, Glen Cove, and proved to be one of
the most successful affairs that this society
has held. Notwithstanding the inclemency
of the weather, about seventy members and
friends, including a number from New
York and New Jersey, sat down to an en-
joyable repast. In the absence of Presi-
dent H. Gaut, the chair was ably filled by
our old friend, e.x-President J. W. Everitt,
or ''JacK," as he is known by his many
friends, who, after giving everyone a co.-
dial welcome, asked the Rev. J. W. Gam-
mack to say "Grace," after which everyone
settled down to the business of the even-
ing, that of having a right good time.

-Vfter the dinner Mr. Everitt called upon
Treasurer E. J. Brown and presented him
with a diamond scarf pin as a mark of ap-
preciation of the manner in which he filled
the office of president during the past year.
Mr. Brown in a few words suitably re-
sponded and thanked them for their loyal
support during his term of office.

Then Mr. Everitt presented the toast-
master of the evening, Mr. Frank Brown,
Glen Cove, who kept things lively for the
rest of the evening with his quaint dry
humor and witty remarks.

Letters of regret were read from A.
Mackenzie, A. F. Faulkener and several
others.

■ I. W. Everitt was presented with the
"Wells-Totty" gold medal won by him for
I'lirysanthciiiunis at the society's last fall
'uiw. Mr. Everitt suitably responded and
took the opportunity to thank the members
for their kindness in keeping back the date
of the dinner until he returned from his trip
to England.

The silver medal was won by A.
Mackenzie and was forwarded on to him.

The speakers' list included the following
gentlement : J. A. Shaw. J. H. Sperry, H.
lUinyard. W. Sperling and J. !McTaggart. all

2nd Hand PI P E for

TRUCK FARMS AND GARDENS

nd drilled (or Irrigation and healing purposes,
ot lengths and up. Perfect condition with
breads and couplings. Aiso pipe and tubes

cut to sketch for fences building supports.

Guaranteed Satisfaction.

PfaK and Kendall, 107 Foundry St., Newarl. N. J.

of New York; Rev. J. W. Gammack, J. H.

Bocks, J. F. Underbill, J. F. Johnson, J. W.

Everitt, W. R. Kinnear, Chas. T. McCarthy,
.1. Luitnelley and Mr. Partridge, all of Glen
'ovp: A. Herrington, L. E. Ortiz. A. Wilson,

of New Jersey; James Duthie, Oyster Bay;

J. Stewart, of Westchester, and Eobt.

Angus, Tarrytown.

Songs were rendered by T. Twigg and C.

Plumb, of Glen Cove, and A. Wilson, New

Jersey. The singing of "Auld Lang Syne"

brought to a close a most successful and

enjovable evening.

HARRY JONES,
Corresponding Secretary.

CONNECTICUT HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

Our first ilarch meeting was held in the
County Building. Hartford, at 8 o'clock on
the evening of the 13th, President Huss
presiding. Four new members were voted
into the society. President Huss aii-
notmced that the society woidd be favored
with a lecture, accompanied by stereopticon
views by ilr. Theodore Wirth, Superinten-
dent of Parks at Minneapolis, Minn., for-
merly Superintendent of Parks at Hartford,
on the park system of ^Minneapolis. This
lecture is to be given at Saengerbund Hall,
76 Wells street, at 8 o'clock on the evening
of March 20.

This was Cineraria Night on our pro-
gram, and President Huss exhibited six
plants of as many different colors. Some
of the colors were magenta, mauve, deep
violet, carmine and lilac lavender. Mr.
Alfred Cebelius exhibited three plants of
Ceneraria Stellata, one measuring over three
feet in height, having pink blooms with a
very dark center, the other two bearing
red and crimson blooms. President Huss
also exhibited six plants of primroses and
one plant of Stocks. Mr. Hugo Kuehl ex-
hibited a vase of Snapdragon. They mea-
sured when first cut four feet. The blooms
were red mixed with yellow, crimson, white
and delicate pink. They were the product
of seed sown last May, making the plants
ten months old. The effect of the combina-
tion of color was very pleasing and made
a fine sight. President Huss requested the
secretary to read an article from the
GARDf;NERs" Chronicle of AxiEKiCi^ entitled
"The ^^^lys in Plant Disease Control by J.
J. Taubenhaus." The meeting was thor-
jugltlv eitjoved bv all ])rpsent.

■ ALFRED DIXON. Secretarv.

One Barrel o/"Sce.lecide'

"Will Spray as many Trees a.& Three Barrels o^

/7^'^a^ 'y-,4 , ^ ' J^-r-;— ■ — .^__ LI me Sulfur _ '^'.. sL^is

"Scalecide" has
greater inviEOratiDg effect
your orchard — kills more scale, eggs
and larvae of insects with half tlie labor to
apply. We can back up this statement with facts
concerning the Good Resiills from Using

"SCALECIDE"

.0kIet-"Prt.of oi '

vice Department can fi

the orclutrd at prices wliicti save yo
World Distributors tor VREELAND'S "ELECTRO
"I Lead Powder (H i)er cenii. «hich. used wet or do-, lias
PHATT CO.. M'fit rhemlats Dept. 4

' SPRAY CHEMICALS and Ar
50 Chnrch SIi

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

913

INTERNATIONAL

FLOWER SHOW

'j|!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiniiiiiii[iiiiiini!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

Greetings

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

WE will be glad to greet Gar-
deners and their friends at our
display booth, number 36, on
the Depew Place side of the Grand
Central Palace.

Make our booth your headquar-
ters. It will be in charge of James H.
Andrews, our Nursery Manager, an
old time gardener, w^ho will be glad to
meet you.

INTERNATIONAL
NURSERIES, Inc.

p. HAMILTON GOODSELL, Pres.

W. E. MAYNARD, Sec.

1905 WEST FARMS ROAD
NEW YORK CITY

Phoie 4028 Tremont

UIUUIIIII llr

914

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiii

iiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Ill iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiliiiiiH

WATER LILIES |

NO garden is complete without Water Lilies. They are indispensable f

and so well adapted for garden embellishment. There is no class of 1

flowers with such beautiful, rich and varied colors, consisting of red, §

white, blue and yellow and all intermediate shades and possessing ex- i

quisite, rich and spicy fragrance. They are also perpetual flowering, com- i

mcncing to blossom the latter end of April and continuing until cut down |

l)y frost. If you do not possess a natural or artificial pond construct one of 1

concrete, simple in construction, waterproof and frostproof. The plants i

are of easy and simple culture as any garden flowers. Why be without g

them? My descriptive Catalogue contains a selection of the newest and i

best water lilies in cultivation also Nelumbiums Victorias and a choice selec- I

tion of Hardy Perennial Plants. Hybrid Tea Roses sent free on application. I

W. Trick er, Water Lily Specialist, |

Arlington, N. J. |

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Plants and Irees from Horida

For Southern planting outdoors and for
house decorations in the North

WE have made a special study of this
matter for 30 years and hare
achieved a success in growing
beautiful plants and in delivering them in
like beautiful condition to the most dis-
tant purchasers.

and preparation to properly pack delicate
jnd a trip of thousands of miles, but we do
'hile, but a good many times every workday.
We issue a large catalog covering all our stock, having 17 special
Departments, and send it free.

WE HAVE THE STOCK in immense variety, from all over the
tropics, and ar>' constantly adding to our variety.

Royal-Palm Nurseries REASONER BROS.. Proprietors Oneco, Florida

TBALiiS MARK

It takes specii
palms, ferns, etc
it — not just once

ORCHIDS

We are specialists in this kind of plants. We
collect, import and grow orchids from all parts of
the world where orchids grow.

We will be glad to fill your order for one plant
or a thousand according to your requirements.

Our beautiful Catalogue and special lists on
application.

LAGER & HURRELL

Orchid-Growers and Importers

SUMMIT, N. J.

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We were the PIONEERS in "LILIES" |

First imported by us in 1877 in San Francisco, Cal. B

WE ARE STILL IN THE FIELD with the BEST i

We catalogue flft.v sorts ot LILIES fi-.im all |

poiuts of the earth. B

We send ONLY I'LU.MP, STRONG bulbs flow- g

ering FIRST SEASON. f

We list here a FEW of the varieti

L. AURATUM GOLDEN, Queen of Japan

L. RUBRUM. white and blood red

L. ALBUM, pure white, very fragrant

L. WASHINGTGNIANTIM, the rosy lily of high

Each.
. 20

30

> offer.

Doz.

$2.00
2.00
2.60

3.00

L. HUMBOLDTI. a royal lily orange with purple S

spots. 6 X 7 ft. tall 25 2.50 B

L. GLORIOSA SUPERBA, the ONLY climbing lily B

known. Flowers, golden yellow with scarlet =

tips. Well worth your trial 25 2.S0 g

Prices given are fi-r LARGE bulbs, delivery included, B

LIBER.\L DISCOl'XrS to hir;:er buyers. Write for prices. Send B

I LISTS for ESTIM.\TES. Ii(i NOT fan to send tor our Spring Garden B

I book of 120 |M.;.> ,|. -riil.iug fully all Floiverseed Novelties, Vegetable g

and Flowors.i.l-, I'.iill-. shrubs, etc. « 1

Address H. H. BERGER & CO., 70 Warren Street, New York* |

'I' tiiiii I <:„» „„<i<;i .iiiiiiiiiJiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiniiiim^^^^^^

Competent Gardeners

q The comforts and products of a country home ore
increased by empioying a competent gardener; If you
want 10 engage one, write lo us.

q Please give particulars regarding place and say
whether married or single man is wanted. We have
been supplying ihem lor years lo Ihe best peopfe
everywhere. No lee asked.

PETER HENDERSON & CO.

Seedsmen und Florists
33 and 37 Cortlandl St. NEW YORK CITY

SET YOUR MIND AT REST ABOUT YOUR TREES

Expert examinations without charge. If your trees
need no attention, you want to know it; if they do, you
ought to know it. Winter storms may have started serious

trouble.

Davcy Tree Surgeons Only Are Good fnough for

U. S. Government

JOHN DAVEY

iFatherof Tree Soracryl

If you want real Tree Surgery it must be Davey Tree
Surgery. Representatives carrying credentials available
everywhere.

Write lodav for beautiful free hool(.
THE DAVEY TREE EXPERT CO., Inc.

343 ELM STREET - - KENT. OHIO

Telephone Connections:

Montreal, San Franci

Davey Tree
Expert
Examine
your trees

now

OOPVRICHT i*ta

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. 915

We Design and Furnish

Plans for the Finest
Landscape Work

THERE is a great advantage in buying nursery stock
near by, when plants can be delivered by motor truck
or vv^agon, as they can be transplanted the same day
they are dug, thus ensuring satisfactory results; and a
great saving can also be made in cost of transportation and
expensive packing, w^hich are a necessary expense v^hen
plants are procured from a distant nursery.

Our Nursery Is Located at Scarborough, N. Y., near
the railroad station, comprising over fifty acres, and con-
tains one of the choicest and rarest collections of shrubs
and trees in the country. We have been aw^arded for the
last three years, by the Horticultural Society of Nevv^ York,

FIRST PRIZE FOR THE FINEST AND LARGEST

COLLECTION OF HARDY SHRUBS

AND TREES

We will take pleasure in sending our catalogue on request, or will be glad to com-
municate, personally, with any one who is developing a new estate, where extensive
plantings are contemplated.

F. R. PIERSON COMPANY

Main Office and Post Office

TARRYTOWN, N. Y.

Telephone, Tarrytown 48

916

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

The Guide To Nature

EDWARD F. BIGELOW, Managing Editor

A Profusely Illustrated Monthly Maga-
zine Devoted to Commonplace Nature
with Uncommon Interest.

Subscription, $1.00 per Year
Single or Sample Copy, 10c.

Canadian Postage, 24c.: Foreign Postage. 36c.

Published by The Agassiz Association, ArcAdiA

SOUND BEACH, CONN.

Make all Checks and Money Orders payable to The Agassiz Association.

J. B. McArdle

Seeds, Bulbs, Plants, Insecti-
cides— Fertilizers and all
Horticultural Supplies.

Greenwich, Conn.

SPECIAL GREENHOUSE
FERTILIZERS

FOR FLORISTS AND GARDENERS

Formulated and Manufactured by men who have made a lite study of

FLOWERS-FR V ITS— VEGETABLES

Under Glass

in this Country and Abroad

Proper fertilization under glass is more important than
fertilization out of doors — and

Fertilization is our Specialty

Why pay ocean freight and dealers' commissions on
Imported General Fertilizers when you can buy Fertilizer
Direct from the Manufacturer Especially prepared to
meet your Individual rtquirernenls ?

We are also manufacturers of MAK-GRO Odor-
less Plant Food, put up in one pound tins and five
pound bags — a splendid side line for Florists op-
erating their own stores.

IVe are at ijour service on all maliers relating to Green-
house Fertilization. Write us for further particulars.

CONSUMERS FERTILIZER CO.

Long Acre Building New York City

Factory and Laboratory, Experimental Groenhousos, Exp. Farms,

Farmingdale, N. J. CantonsvilU. Md. Farmin^dale, K. J.

A -.I'dl kcf-t lav

near Rve, N. Y.

The Making of a Park

CHE United States Gov-
ernment on its parks
and reservations, Golf and
Countrv Clubs, and owners
of Private Estates all over
the country are using the

COLDWELL

Combination Roller and Motor
Lawn Mower

They find it the best and most
economical equipment for caring
for large stretches of lawn.

The Coldwell both mows and
rolls at the same time. It does
the work of three men and three
horse mowers on less than a gal-
lon of gasoline an hour. It climbs
25% grades easily. It is simply
designed and easy to operate.

The Coldwell line includes horse mow-
ers with the new demountable cutter
feature. .\lso hand mowers in 150 dif-
ferent styles and sizes. Write for cata-
logs and an interesting booklet, "The
Care of Lawns."

COLDWELL LAWN MOWER COMPANY

NEWBURGH, N. Y.
Philadelphia Chicago

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

How to Make Your Garden Thrive and Mature Early

The kind of plant food required in your soil depends on the kind of a crop you are to raise.
In order to make your garden produce its maximum yield at the lowest cost for fertilizer you
should supply only' those elements which are immediately available and which will be absorbed
by the plant.

For Gardeners, Fruit Growers,
Florists and General Use

)cl elements for vetjetables, small fruits,
They supply only the constituents your
pie, our

Special Parcel Post
Offer

Our Mak-dro Odorless Plant
Food is a clean, high grade
granular fertilizer for indoor
and outdoor use on potted
plants, flower beds, small fruits,
lawns and small gardens. It is
made especially for the amateur
and is pleasant to apply. We
will mail a five pound bag to
any address for $1.00. Write
lrida\- for special circular.
We Sell Only Direct to the
Consumer

Comprise special distinct compositions of plant im
root crops, flowers, greenhouses, lawns and tree-crops,
particular soil needs for some special crop. For exam

Early-Crop Odorless
Fertilizer

supplies your soil with the four
plant food elements in immedi-
ately available form needed by
vegetables and small fruits for
quick growth and early ma-
turity. It is the most elTective
and convenient fertilizer you
can apply for such crops and in
the end — the most economical.

Write today for our FREE Fertilizer Booklet
— it is full of valuable information and is as
valuable as a test-book on soil fertility.

CONSUMERS FERTILIZER COMPANY, 319 Longacre Building, New York

Bobbink & Atkins Heart Cypress Tubs

W'c take pleasure in directing the attention of our patrons to our Plant Tub De-
partment. This has now been in existence for several years dtu"iny which time we have
manufactured and sold manv thousands.

In addition to these we make many other de-
signs and if customers will submit to us sketch
showing styles and dimensions wanted we shall
be pleased to quote prices.

WINDOW BOXES AND ENGLISH GAR-
DEN FURNITURE. We manufacture Window
Boxes, and Garden Furniture to order. We shall
be pleased to give prices on sketches submitted
showing dimensions of Window Boxes and Gar-
den Furniture, stating color and style.

ARTISTIC RUSTIC WORK. Summcr-
Houses, Pergolas, Tables. Chairs, Settees, Circu-
lar Seats for trees, Tennis-Court Shelters, Grape
and Rose Arbors, Bridges, Fences, Gates, Ter-
race Steps, Rustic Wells and Bird-Houses. We
build everything that can be built of natural wood.
(Jur Woodwork represents the highest perfec-
tion of woodworker's art. Estimates furnished
for Special Work.

Ask for our Il-
lustrated General ^
Catalog No. 45.

Nurserymen, Flo-
rists and Planters.

Rutherford

New Jersey ^m

rubs

No. 1.

No. 2.

SI. CO

1.50

2.00
3.00

!t.50

4.C0

4.50

5.00

5.50

6.50

7. 50

8.60

10.00

12.50

B. & A. Square Tubs

No. 1. No. 2.

1012
13-14
15-16
17-18
19-20
21-22
23-24
25-26
27-28
29-30
31-32
33-34
35-36
37-38

diam. inside

$3.00
4.00
5.00
5.50
6.00
6.50
7.50

$5.50

6.50

7.50

8.50
10.00
11.50 8.50
13.00 9.50
15.00 10.00
16.50 11.50
17.50 12.50
18.00 14.00
19.00 15.50

yis

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

BON ARBOR

Awarded Diploma and Silver Medal at 1912
Royal International Exhibition, London, Eng.

BON ARBOR NO. 1 will keep your Tennis Courts
and Lawns green in the hottest weather. Will grow
Lettuce, Celery, Cauliflower, and anything that matures
above the ground to the finest perfection. We can
prove it.

Bon Arbor No. 1 is put up as follows:

Package making 15 gallons, by mall $0.30

Package making 30 gallons, by mail 55

5 lb. package making 150 gallons.

exp. extra 1.80
25 lb. package making 750 gallons.

exp. extra 6.25
50 lb. package making 1,500 gallons,

exp. extra 12.50
100 lb. package making 3.000 gallons.

exp. extra 20.00
Barrels from 250 to 300 lbs.. 18c. per lb.

RADIX WORM ERADICATOR removes worms
instantly from your Tennis Courts, Golf Greens,
Flower Pots, etc.

2 gallons, making 200 gallons, $2.00 per gallon.

154 gallons sufficient for Tennis Court 78 x 36 feet.

ANT DESTROYER. Rid your garden and lawn
of ants. It can be done in less than a week. Per lb.
65c.; 10 lbs., 60c. per lb.; 25 lbs., 50c. per lb.

BON ARBOR CHEMICAL CO.

Paterson, N. J., U. S. A.

Write for descriptive catalogue, new 1912 edition. We manufac-
ture also Radix Worm Eradicator, Insecticides, Weed Killer and all
agricultural chemicals. Special prices on large quantities.

MR. GARDENER;

Let That Tree Die, and

You Will iNever See

It Replaced

YOU KNOW how long it has taken that tree to
attain those stately proportions.

YOU KNOW how irreparable the loss should it die.

YOU KNOW how imminent is the danger from in-
sects and fungi.

YOU KNOW how devitalising, how unsightly, and
how difficult to reach is that dead
wood.

YOU KNOW how surely fatal are those neglected
cavities — neglected decaying stumps,
neglected wounds, neglected borer
holes are the causes:

Then Why Wait Longer? Time Is Precious.

CALL US IN

WE HAVE the KNOWLEDGE, the EXPERI-
ENCE, the MEN, the TOOLS.

JOHN T. WITHERS Inc.

1 Montgomery St.

nd Forester

Jersey City, N. J.

ORNAMENTAL IRON WORK

For Lawns and Gardens

Rose Trellises and Garden Arches for Climbing Roses and ^Vines

MANUFACTURED BY

CHAS. C. FORCE & SON

Madison Iron Works Madison, N. J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

919

deaf

Foun^l'en

920

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

BEAUTIFY YOUR GROUNDS

THIS SPRING

WITH

SPECIMEN TREES

THAT WILL MAKE
IMMEDIATE EFFECTS

We have over 50,000 selected trees and
shrubs to offer at right prices. Let us
have your order for estimate. You can
save time and money and get results.

We Have the Knowledge and Experience.

Spring Will Soon Be Here, Let's

Get Acquainted.

W. F. McCORD COMPANY

Nurserymen and Seedsmen

TARRYTOWN, N. Y.

\17E put "GLAD"

^^ in GLADIOLI

and "FLOWER" in

FLOWERFIELD

and eventually
you will insist on
having CHILD'S
Bulbs to plant.

John Lewis Childs

FLOWERFIELD
LONG ISLAND. NEW YORK

Rustic Construction

that gives the touch of a magic wand to country estates

N(30KS and siiaily spuls, lawns and tennis CDUrls, knolls and streams, se-
questered glens, \v(i(id\- dingles, bahhlini;^' brooks, flower yemnied ponds,
towering- cliffs, giving an alniosDhere of resttulness and charm, with an
artistic and inA-iting eft'ect. that onl_\- the pen of a Ruskin or (loldsmith could
de])ict.

Rustic Bungalows, Log Cabins, Play Houses, Bath and Boat Houses, Chinese,
Japanese, Tea and Summer Houses, Swiss Chalets. Pergola Trays, Rose Arches,
Trenches, Tennis Court Back Stops, Umbrellas, Pergolas, quickly constructed.

In stock large quantities of Benches, Chairs, Tables, Canopy Settees, Bird
Houses, Flower Stands, Vases, Tubs, Athenian and Spartan Furniture, Decora-
tions and Ornaments :: :: :: :: :: :: '■'■ '■'■

John Jay Howe

Rustic Architect and Builder — Landscape Gardener

Distinctive, Artistic and Permanent Structures — Ornaments and Furniture made from Trees, Branches
and Roots in their Natural State. Exposition Construction and Interior Decorations for

All Celebrations.

MAIN OFFICES BR.\NCH OFFICE:

232-4 Front St. XI/j-o/ YriT'k Grand Central Terminal

2-4-6 Burling St. INOV I OFK ^2d St. and Vanderbilt Ave.

Phone: John .S056 rimnc: Murray Hill 7720

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

921

By an Unusual Arrangement with the Publishers
We Offer to Our Readers on Special Easy Terms

BAILEY'S

NEW

Everything
Newly Written
Up To Date
Beautifully
Illustrated

Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture

THE new Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture has been freshly written in the light of the most recent
research and experience. It is not merely an ordinary revision or corrected edition of the old Cyclo-
pedia, but it is a new work from start to finish with enlarged boundaries geographically and practic-
ally ; it supersedes and displaces all previous editions or reprints of every kind whatsoever.

It is the fullest, the newest, the most authoritative of all works of its kind and constitutes the most
conscientious attempt that has ever been made to compress the whole story of our horticultural
thought, learning and achievement into one set of books. The owner of the Standard Cyclopedia of
Horticulture will ha\e at hand in this work a means of quickly satisfying his need for authoritative in-
formation. It is both an Enc3'clopedia and a Manual, for with the aid of its Synopsis and Key, amateur
and professional alike may quickly identify any plant, shruli or fruit ccmtained witiiin the set, and then
receive expert instructions for its cultivation.

A Few of the New Features

to

Identification
of Plants

KeV to This is a device to en-

^ able one to find the name

plant. The name
thus found is quickly re-
ferred to under its alpha-
betical location, where
full information will be found in regard to
it. The key is so simple that it is equally
as useful to the veriest amateur as to the
botanist or commercial expert.

Synopsis This is one of the i
portant features of

most im-
portant features of the new
of Plant edition. It constitutes a gen-
y-. , era! running account of the

ivingdom classes, orders and groups of
plants, with a brief sketch or
characterization of 215 of the leading fam-
ilies comprising those that yield practically
all the cultivated plants. These family de-
scriptions give the l)olanical characters:
the number of genera and species and the
ranges; a list of the important genera; brief
statements in regard to the useful plants;
and diagrammatic illustrations.

Illustrations ^'lere are 24 colored
plates; 96 full page sepia
halftones; and more than
4.000 engravings which serve as guides in
the te.xt. These color plates constitute the
best possible combination of expert horti-
cultural color photography and color print-
ing, with a mastery in selection such as only
Dr. Bailey's knowledge can supply.

VOL. I.

lUST PUBLISHED

Ihe Monarch of

Horticultural

Literature

Six large quarto
volumes. More
than 3,600 pages.
24 full page ex-
quisite color
plates. 96 beauti-
ful full page sepia
halftones. More
than 4,000 text en-
gravings. 500 Col-
laborators. A p -
proximately 4,000
genera, 15,000
species and
40,000 plant
names.

This is an analysis of all 'Plig GloSSarV
technical terms that arc

used in the work and in similar works. It
comprises botanical and horticultural terms
with brief definitions.

In Volume: is in- Translation

serted a list of be- , t-. . .

tween 2,000 and and Pronunciation
3,000 Latin words of Latin Names

used as species —

names of plants, giving the English equiva-
lent or translation and the pronunciation.

Special effort has been made to Class
secure tlie best cultural advices , . .
for the plants requiring peculiar Articles
or particular handling. Here are some of
the titles of these articles: Alpine Garden-
ing; Ants; .Autumn Gardening; Bedding;
Diseases; Drainage; Floral Designs; For-
mal Gardening; Hotbeds and Coldframes;
Insects; Landscape-gardening; Lawn-plant-
ing; Orchards; Railroad-gardening; Rock-
gardening; Spring Gardening; Storage;
.Subtropical Gardening; Tools and Imple-
inonts; \'illage Improvements; Water-
uiardening; Window-Boxes.

The final volume will contain a General
complete index to the entire - ,
work, enabling the reader to lo- index
cate volume and page of any subject he has
in mind. With the Index, Key, Synopsis
and alphabetical arrangement of the Cyclo-
pedia, any reasonable question asked by
the consultant will receive a ready answer.

Write for 16 Page Prospectus
Containing Complete Descrip-
tion and our offer : : : :

To

Subscription Department,

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Madison, N. J.

922

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Gardeners All Over the World Use

FUNGINE, to control mildew,
rust or bench rot in the greenhouse,
a spraying material; an infallible
remedy. It does not stain foliage
as Bordeaux or lime and sulphur,
but cleanses it.

VERMINE, to rid the green-
house soil of eel worm, root mag-
gots and other soil vermin, w^ill be
found most effective. Used ac-
cording to directions it is not in-
jurious to vegetation.

APHINE, for spraying against
all sap-sucking insects, such as
aphis, red spider, thrips, mealy bug
and soft scale; and for cleansing
palms and decorative stock gener-
ally.

NIKOTIANA, for fumigating,
a nicotine solution w^hich does not
till the house with smoke as does
tobacco paper or dust. It is va-
porized in pans over small lamps,
or by painting the steam pipes.

For Out Door Spraying of Trees, Shrubs and Hardy Plants

SCALINE, an oil and sulphur composition — three in one — an in-
secticide, fungicide and scalicide combined, destroys San Jose, Oyster
Shell and other scale, red spider, larva of the aphis and locust borer.
Now is the time to spray to protect your trees and shrubs against the
ravages of the various insect pests.

YOUR QUERY. — On what do you 1)ase your claims that the "Aphine" pmducts are the
best on the market?

OUR ANSWER. — On the satisfaction all i>ur products, "Aphine," "Fungine," "Scaline,"
"Vermine," and "Nil^-itiana," are giving to the users — the leaders among private and commer-
cial growers, who have thoroughly tested all of them, and who have not found any of them
wanting in any particular.

Advertising will produce business, but it requires merit behind it to retain
it. We are not only retaining, but w^e are constantly increasing

our business.

"THERE IS A REASON!"

THE RECOGNIZED STANDARD INSECTICIDE.

W. N. Craig writes in Florists"
Review (March 5th. 1914): "Scale en
greenhouse plants is not easy to get
rid of, as doses which are sufficieni'v
strong to kill the scale will usiia'ly
disfigure the plants at the same limp.
I have found APHINE a first-class
remedy for scale, and if you will ap-
ply it according to directions you wi!)
kill and loosen the scales, although
they will not fall off, as will some
other pest:i. " It will only requii o
the hose to wash off dead scale.

^ rUM/GAJ^

A TWELVE PEH CENT. NICOTINE.

OUR PRODUCTS ARE FOR SALE BY ALL UP-TO-DATE SEEDSMEN

Aphine Manufacturing Company

Manufacturers of Agricultural Chemicals

BRITISH DISTRIBUTORS: MAniSON IM I CANADIAN AGENTS:

British and American Fertilising Company, MAUloUlN, IN. J. Dupuy & Ferguson, Montreal, Que

Leith Offices — Liverpool, England.

MADISON, N. J.

Steele, Briggs Seed Co., Ltd., To

Inspect Our Products at the International Flower Show

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

The Alphnno being in pciwderod
•yiu^' jilnng uHich of its worth.
Thn>o days before this iihotogrj

entuiilly lia.l to be rafcod off.

ALPHANO HUMUS

Is Going To Be

At the National Flov/er Show

To you who already know a little about Alphano
Humus as a soil builder and fertilizer condiined,
and want to know a little more, as well as those of you
who know and want to know still more — we extend to
you a cordial inv'itation to come to our exhibit and
meet Alphano Humus face to face.

You will iind us on the main aisle of the mezzanine
floor at the right of the elevator. Right then and there
you can see exactly what Alphano is.

You can convince yourself of what it will do for you,
by the convincing convincement we have to show you,
of what it has done for others.

You can get just the informalitui }()u want as to its
use either indoors or out. We will gladly give you some
sample bags to make tests with. If you are "from
Missouri and have to be shown." you are tloubly
welcome.

ALPHANO HUMUS CO.

934 Whitehall Bldg., New York

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

A FEW SPECIALS

TO BE EXHIBITED AT

New York Flower Show

FOR PRICES, SEE OUR 1914 CATALOG

GLADIOLUS

America — A splendid
light pink.

Attraction — Crimson white
throat.

Baron Hulot — A good
blue, planted or staged
with Sulphur King, the
color harmony is very
effective.

Blanche — One of the best
large flowered white va-
rieties with faint marks.

Contrast — Scarlet white
throat; well named.

Dawn (Groffs) — A peach
blossom pink with
creamy yellow blotch in
the throat: one of the
best newer varieties.

I. S. Hendrickson — Large
flowered pink and white
variegated.

Mrs. Francis King — A
brilliant flamingo pink
blazed with vermilion
red, large flowers, borne
on long spikes.

Mrs. Frank Pendleton, Jr.

— One of the most ex-
quisitely colored and
formed gladiolus; deli-
cate flush salmon pink,
three lower petals
blotched rich maroon.

Peace — A white variety
with pleasing lilac feath-
ering: large size.

Sulphur King — One of the
best pale yellows.

War — Flowers of gigantic
proportions; rich ox-
blood red, shaded crim-
son black.

LILIUMS

(Hardy)

Speciosum Magnificum —

This Speciosum Lily is
an improvement on the
varieties Rubrum, Ro-
seum, or Melpomene. A
few bulbs planted in
your garden this Spring
will give you a splendid
Summer display, or pot-
ted up from Cold Stor-
age in August will flow-
er during November and
December in your con-
servatory or green-
house.

Speciosum Album — A
Wiiite counterpart to
the beautiful Speciosum
Magnificum, and may be
used in a similar man-
ner.

A u r a t u m — The Golden
Rayed Lily of Japan.
Flowers pure white,
thickly studded with
Crimson spots, while
through the centre of
each petal runs a golden
liand. May be used in
similar manner to the
two preceding liliums.

MONTBRETIAS

Fire King — A splendid
scarlet red. compares
favorably with the newer
and more expensive
soi"ts.

George Davidson — A pale
orange yellow, very free
flowering; among the
first to flower.

Germania — A rich glow-
ing orange scarlet, with
a red throat.

Golden West — One of the
best rich pure golden
yellows, without least
spot or shade.

Martagon — Flowers re-
flexed, similar to the
Martagon Lily.

Prometheus — A very large
flowered sort, color deep
orange with a crimson
ring around the edge.

GLADIOLUS. MHS. FRANK PENDLETON. JR.

Don't Fail to Visit Our Exhibits on First and Second Floors.

^tmw^(JlJ!ij^f^^

30-32 BARCLAY ST.
NEW YORK CITY

^)S^^

'^K,,

GARDENERS'
CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

ROSES

HARDY EVERBLOOMING :: STRONG BUSHES TRUE TO NAME

We Offer the Following Splendid Collections ;

Coll. No. 1

the folio-

;.:r-)

Coll. No. 2('

aol, -v
S )

CAKOLINE TESTOUT
KAISERINE AUGUSTA VICTORIA
ALFRED COLOMB
FISHER HOLMES
CELINE FORESTIER
PAUL NEYRON

following
FRAU KARL DRUSCHKI
GENERAL JACCIUEMINOT
MAGNA CHARTA
PIERRE NOTIING
GLOIRE LYONNAISE
MRS. R. C. SHERMAN CRAWFORD

Coll.No.3('

Containing one each >
of the following >
GENERAL WASHINGTON
GLOIRE DE DIJON
ULRICH BRUNNER
CLIO

PERSIAN YELLOW
COaUETTE DES BLANCHES

Coll.No.4('

.ining one ea<
the following

JESSIE

FELLEMBURGH

PRINCE DE BULGARIE

COUNTESS OF GOSFOED

MRS. CUTBUSH

M

ach-

KILLARNEY

GENERAL MAC ARTHUR

HARRY KIRK

LIBERTY

LTNNOCENCE

LA FRANCE

We also offer the following Varieties of Ramblers and Moss Roses

HIAWATHA MME. PLANTIER

We Make a Specialty of Lawn Grass Seed Mixtures

FOR ALL SITUATIONS

BURNETT BROS., Seedsmen

Telephone 6138 Barclay

98 Chambers Street, New York

(Between Broadway

id Church Street!

reeled for F. Coit Jolinson, Mill Neek, L. I. John Hutton is the rardener.

We Do The Job Complete

From The First Spadeful of Dirt
to The Last Touch of The Paint Brush

WHliX ymi learn that we will, it ymi wish,
take the complete contract tor your
greenhouse from the turninif of tlie sod
to the turnini; on of the heat, yon will appreciate
how free yon can he from vexations and trying
hoUhips. so incident to other hniUiing.

We have hcen doing this sort of thin.a: for con-
siderably over half a century, whicli argues well

for our abilit\' and facility to build your house for
you as your house shoidd lie Iniilt.

V<ni are welcome to our catalog, or we will.
at your suggestion, gladly arrange to come and
talU things over with you.

To expedite matters we suggest your writing to
our nearest ol'lice.

LORD AND BURNHAM CO.

SALES OFFICES:
PHILADELPHIA CHICAGO ROCHESTER CLEVELAND

lanklin Bank Bldg. Rookery Bldg. Granite Bldg, Swetland Bldg.

FACTOKILS Irvwii;',on. N, Y, D.s Plaincs, 111.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

927

IT won't be long be-
fore our salesmen
are out talking Bulbs.
For the Fall season is
not so very far away.
Probably one will call
on you. Watch for
him.

Our men are a jolly,
good-natured lot — wil-
ling to give and take
— and always ready to
do your bidding.

And behind the joviality
of each lies the Thorburn
reputation for fair dealing
• — the Thorburn knowledge
of what's what in seeds
and bulbs.

The Gladiolus

by its stateliness and
unusual beauty has en-
deared itself to garden
lovers. There is a spot
for its delicately formed
flowers in Everyman's
garden.

Now is when you should
plant your Gladioli to add
their brilliant color to this
summer's garden. Surely
you want them — there is not
;i prettier flower.

J. M. Thorburn & Co.

(Established 1802)

53 Barclay St. New York

Boddington's

Quality
Sweet Peas

For the forthcoming 1914 Summer
Exhibition of the American Sw^eet
Pea Society, to be held in the
American Museum of Natural His-
tory, New York City, June 27th
and 28th, w^e take pleasure in again
offering our

Challenge Silver Cup

Value, $30

For a Collection of Sw^eet Peas, 25
varieties, not less than 25 stems to
a vase, to be shown w^ith Sw^eet Pea
Foliage only. To be w^on tw^ice by
the same exhibitor.

We will also aw^ard to the winner
of this cup (each time w^on) a cash
prize of $25; $15 second, and $10
third prize.

If collections are w^anted for ex-
hibition purposes, w^e shall be glad
to make suggestions.

Arthur T. Boddington

Seedsman
342 West I 4th Street, New York Citv

928

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

A HIGHWAY OF PERENNIALS

THE HIGHWAY TO PERENNIALS

Lead, straight to the PAT .IS APRS NURSERIES

THERE you will find all kinds and you can take your
pick from tlie best that grow. Perennials add a feeling
of permanency to your home surroundings. They change
their plumage but not their face, and keep reflecting the seasons
all the year around.

No grounds are really gardened without a big showing in
perennials. We are headquarters for perennials and assure
the widest latitude in choice as well as the most courteous
promptitude in correspondence and service. Our motto — Maxi-
mum Quality at Minimum Cost. Write R.W. CLUCAS, Manager.

THE PALISADES NURSERY, SparkiU, N. Y.

Gladiolus for Forcing

AMERICA AND PRINCEPS

An exceptional offer of well
ripened extra large high crown
bulbs, 7 inches and over in cir-
cumference.

America, 50c. doz. ; $3.50 per 100
Princeps, 75c. doz.; $5.00 per 100

WEEBER and^^DON

Seed Merchants and Growers

1 14 Chambers Street NEW YORK

JAPANESE ANEMONE

I'lant tbfse pprfin-tcd peren-
nials this spring if ytiu w.Tnt a
profusion of beautiful flowers,
suitable for cutting, next Sep-
tember to November — when the
ixarden is ordinarilv bare.
Strong, healthy plants at ,$10.00
luT hundred.

Our SPECIALTY PLANT
CATALOG, free for the asking.
is full of surh helpful sugges-
tions, llcserihes l»>tter quail
ties of w.-U-kiiiiwri plants: or
newer vari.-li..^ ,.f prnveu merit
and the STANDARD OR TEEE-
FORM WISTAKIA- ideal for

Thomas Meehan & Sons

Germantown. Phila

DREErS WATER LILIES

Hardy and Tropical

Largest collection in America, embracing
many wonderful hybrids especially suited
for growing in fountains, pools and ponds.

DREER'S GARDEN BOOK FOR 1914

contains the largest list of Aquatic plants offered, also beauti-
ful illustrations of many varieties and cultural notes written
by experts. Sent free if you mention this publication.

We also offer the advice of our expert concerning plans
for ponds and selection of varieties.

HENRY A. DREER
714-16 Chestnut St., Philadelphia

I

Kennedy Z^ Hunter

SEEDSMEN

Incorporated 1911

Andrew K. Kennedy

PRESIDENT AND TREASURER

Our new Musk Melon "CAROLINE CLARK"
the best melon in the w^orld — 25 seeds 25 cents

156 West 34th Street

"ONLY THE BEST'

NEW YORK

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

929

M. H. WALSH

25 YEARS IN ROSE GROWING

WOODS HOLE, MASS.

/^NLY the best in Hybrid
Teas, Hybrid Perpet-
uals, and my own Wichurai-
ana Hybrids. American
Grown. Send for my special
catalogue, w^hich w^ill be
mailed free to you on appli-
cation.

BEAUTIFY YOUR GROUNDS

THIS SPRING

WITH

SPECIMEN TREES

THAT WILL MAKE
IMMEDIATE EFFECTS

We have over 50,000 selected trees and
shrubs to offer at right prices. Let us
have your order for estimate. You can
save time and money and get results.

We Have the Knowledge and Experience.

Spring Will Soon Be Here, Let's

Get Acquainted.

W. F. McCORD COMPANY

Nurserymen and Seedsmen

TARRYTOWN, N. Y.

in

THE ONE BEST
PINK CANNA

IS

Mrs. Alfred F. Conard

Tl'S

womlrmis
cm pink that
into beautiful
K's. It blooms

salni-
fadcs
pink
earlv

ami kccl^s at it. When
■~pt'nt. the blooms free
ihcmselves from the
stalk. Its height is av-
irage. We originated
this Canna. It has all
the stamina and back-
liniie in it that are char-
acteristic of the Cannas
Mr. Wintzer develops.
We have an exceptionally
line lot of fat clumps,
such as will look good to
the most critical cus-
tomers. Vou can defend
oil our not sending you
any culls.

If you want Conard,

PRICES ,,, ,,„,

MRS. A. F. CONARD, 4 feet, Sului"li

riMk Fl.,w.Ts $2.50 $12.00

METEOR (Wintzers). .i ci-.-t: tin. B.-st

It.d .v.-t 3.00

For full list and prices of Swastika Cannae

Book. If you haveu'i oue. send for one. This

has the Canna Color Charl which you "need in your busi

The Conard & Jones Co., West Grove,

SWASTIKA BRAND CANNAS

Humbert, Meteor,
Blanche Wintzer, or
whatever kinds; if we
should be sold out on
our fine Swastika stand-
ard stock we won't send
anything. That's the
way we do business.

We ship our Cannas
in any quantities, direct
from our storage shelves
and not in already
packed, boxed lots.

1(1 llHl 11100

20,00 176,00

the book tha

Pa.

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fiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHHiiiiiiiniiiiiiiii^

I Imported Orchids I
I for 1914 I

I Cattleya Trianae |

Mossiae |

labata |

Percivalliana |

Schroderae |

Gigas I

Gaskelliana j

Laelia purpurata |
Oncidium Varicosum Rogersii

.inil maii\' (illicr.s.
Write for Special List.

JOSEPH MANDA

Orchid Expert

WEST ORANGE, N. J.

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ii:iiii]iiujiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiiiiiiM.iiiiiiiiiiiiiijiiiiiiii|[iiiiinuiiiiiiiiiiiHiitiiiii[iiiimiiiiiitiiw^

930

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

^iintiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii[iiiiiiiiiiii»iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinniiinniiiiniiiniiiiiiiiiiiuniuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^^

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WATER LILIES

NO garden is complete without Water Lilies. They are indispensable
and so well adapted for garden embellishment. There is no class of
flowers with such beautiful, rich and varied colors, consisting of red,
white, blue and yellow and all intermediate shades and possessing ex-
quisite, rich and spicy fragrance. They are also perpetual flowering, com-
mencing to blossom the latter end of April and continuing until cut down
by frost. If you do not possess a natural or artificial pond construct one of
concrete, simple in construction, waterproof and frostproof. The plants
are of easy and simple culture as any garden flowers. Why be without
tliem? My descriptive Catalogue contains a selection of the newest and
best water lilies in cultivation also Nelumbiums Victorias and a choice selec-
tion of Hardy Perennial Plants and Hybrid Tea Roses. Sent free on appli-
cation.

W. Tricker, Water Lily Specialist,
Arlington, N J.

Before Placing Your Orders

for ROSE BUSHES, EVERGREENS,
RHODODENDRONS, AZALEAS,
ETC., pay us a visit and let us figure
with you on your wants. We carry a
complete line of all kinds of nursery
stock.

Our Seed Department

is fully equipped to quote you on the
highest grade tested seeds. If you want
the best, we supply it.

Let MS send you a copy of our 1914 catalogue.

The Mac Niff Horticultural Co. '';i::'\:T'

IlilNIIINIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

ORCHIDS

We are specialists in this kind of plants. We
collect, import and grow orchids from all parts of
tfie world where orchids grow.

We will be glad to fill your order for one plant
or a thousand according to your requirements.

Our beautiful Catalogue and special lists on
application.

LAGER & HURRELL

Orchid-Growers and Importers

SUMMIT, N. J.

Julius Roehrs Company

Nurserymen and Florists

Headquarters for Orchids, Palms, Stove and

Greenhouse Plants, Bay Trees and Box

Trees, Laurus Cerasus, Aucubas,

Cyclamen, Begonia Lorraine

and Cincinnati, Evergreens,

Decideous Trees and

Shrubs.

RUTHERFORD, NEW JERSEY

Competent Gardeners

^ The comfons and products of a country home are
increased by employing a competent gardener; if you
want to engage one, write lo us.

q Please give particulars regarding place and say
whether married or single man is wanted. We hove
been supplying Ihem for years (o the best people
everywhere. No fee asked.

PETER HENDERSON & CO.

Seedsmen sind Florists
33 and 37 Corllandl St. NEW YORK CITY

SET YOUR MIND AT REST ABOUT YOUR TREES

Expert examinations without charge. If your trees
need no attention, you want to know it; if they do, you
ought to know it. Winter storms may have started serious
trouble.

Davey Tree Surgetms Ofily Arc Gocd fnough for Ihe U. S. Governincfit

If you want real Tree Surgery it must be Davey Tree
Surgery. Representatives carrying credentials available
everywhere.

Write today for beautiful free bool(.

THE DAVEY TREE EXPERT CO., Inc.
343 ELM STREET - - KENT, OHIO

Montreal. S>'n Francisco

Davey Tree
Expert
Examine
your trees

now

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

931

^lllll]||illlllllll|i|i|!ll||||||;!IHI!li

LaAvn Grass and
Pasture Grasses

^LA7E have made a life study of
' ^ Grasses and Seeds of same
for all conditions.

Before placing your order for Grass
Seed you would do well to consult us.
We are in a position to prescribe a mix-
ture for your Lawn that will keep green
under the most trying conditions.

Give us the location and condition of
soil and we will make up a formula for
Lawns or Pasture that will give you
entire satisfaction.

A Memory Jogger
on Begonias

All lU'ji'Hiias will lit* shipped in pnptT pots.

GLORY OF riNCINNATI. Strong grower, large, heavy f"li-

ag'\ FInwers a beautiful pink, carried well aUive the foliage.

May jHi.l later delivery.

2»4-inch: $4.00 per doz.. $25.00 per 100.

3 -inch: $5.00 per doz.. $35. CO per 100.

OT.OIUE DI-: I.ORKAINE. Beautiful clear pink in color and
a very profuse Idocmer. It is similar in color to the Cincinnati,
but it flowers in jri't'nter profusion; the foliage and flowers.

FLOUKNCE DAVENPORT. A new Begonia of the l^rraine
type, an improvement on l)oth Lorraine and Cincinnati. Com-
pact in habit of growth and produces more flowers than Cin-
cinnati. In color it is a brigliter shade and individual blooms
are larger. Fuliaj;e is smaller than Cincinnati and not as
brittle. One of the finest plant novelties of the year.
June delivery.
2V2-inch: $5. CO per doz., $40.00 per 100.
3 -inch: $7.30 per doz.. $50.00 per 100.

Is just to jog
as headquarters
Muius. and lose sigh
bsortmint of Howerini

ely

your nieniury lest yon miiciiilH
for Sntisfuctiuu Ro.ws, Cai-nat
of tho fiKt that \vi- also Kr.

W. E. Marshall &. Co.

SEEDS— BULBS— PLANTS

166 West 23rd St. New York

AN PlEF^SON INC.

CEpMWELL GM^ENS

CFpMWELL Conn

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iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiniiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiliiiiiiili

A Growing Tendency

M' tKE and more owners are desirous of
having their greenhouse garden either
handy by the residence or attached
directly to it.

Some gardeners discourage this — for purely
personal reasons.

This has always seemed a mistake to u>.
because the more intimate interest an em-
ployer takes in the greenhouse, the more op-
portunity has the gardener to keep up the
owner's interest in him and his work.

We say this by way of suggestion. In any
event, when it comes to greenhouses, come to
Hitchings. Catalog yours for the asking.

HITCHINGS & CO.

-Elizabeth. N. J.

BOBBINK & ATKINS

WORLD'S CHOICEST NURSERY
AND GREENHOUSE PRODUCTS

SPRING PLANTING

our :!00 Acres of hlgUly cultiv
5pry iTodiicts for everyltoily am
\Vc shaU be slart to have iut
inspect tbe (luality of stock
ts for Sprlns I'lanliiiK.

ated Nursery Land we are growing
i suitable for all parts of the couu-
endiu^ purchasers visit our Nursery
\vc grow, or submit their lists of

THE FOLLOWING PLANTS FOR OUTDOOR PLANTING, INTERIOR
AND EXTERIOR DECORATIONS ARE AMONG OUR SPECIALTIES,
ave several bun-

ROSES.

nil th.iu
ill bl.x.M

KALMIAS
eaved Ever,
lug In large

HARDY OLD - FASHIONED
FLOWERS, PEONIES and IRIS.
Several acres of our Nursery are
exclusively devoted to their cul-

HEDGE PLANTS.

et, Iterln

aud

We grow a

California

Jther Hedge

EVERGREENS. CONIFERS and

PINES. Many acres of our Nur
sery are planted with them. All
are balled and hurlapped and have
a splendid ro..l system.

RHODODENRONS,
and other Large I
greens. We are grov
.liiiiutities.

BOXWOOD. We grow thou-
sands of plants in many shapes

HARDY TRAILING and
CLIMBING VINES, We grow
tliem for every place and purpose.
BAYTREES, PALMS and other
Idaut.- for couservatorlcs. In-
terl<.r and Exterior decorations.

TRAINED, DWARF and OR-
DINARY FRUIT TREES and
SMALL FRUITS. «-,■ -.-row these
l.r Itiiit llar.l.Ti- an, I Orchards.
LANT TUBS, WINDOW

ENGLISH GARDEN
d RUSTIC
lifacture all

BOXES
FURNITURE
WORK. w,

s|,„p,

s OUR WONDERFUL NEW HYBRID GIANT FLOWERING MAHSH- s

i MALLOW. I.>,.>l«..ly should lie interested in this hardv umv oS- !

I fiishi..ucd ri..«.i It is p.rlctly hardy and will grow evervwhere, 1

^ OUR NEW ILLUSTRATED GENERAL CATALOG No, 45 describes =

- the above. VISITORS take Ene Railroad to Carlton Hill, second stoD ^

:; on Main Line, 3 minutes' walk to Nursery, |

= WE PLANT GROUNDS AND GARDENS EVERYWHERE WITH OUR I

S •WOKLDS CHOICEST NURSERY PRODUCTS." i

5 NURSERYMEN. FLORISTS D iL _£ J M I ^

AND PLANTERS Kutheriord, N. J.

'•i> iiiiuniiuiniiNiiiHijiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuniiii iiiinuiiniiiiiiinniiiriiiiiiiiiiiiuiiNumiuiiiniiiiiiniiiiriininmmiimiiiiniiiiiiiininiiib

932

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

a:i^^ ©ont^ntB— JVpril, 1914

The New York Flower Show

By Wm. H. Wahe 933

Orchids at New York Flower Show .

By W. N. Craig 938

American and English Flower Shows

By J. Harmon Dick 939

Advertising a Flower Show .939

Recent Progress in Hardy Garden Roses

By A. Herringlon 941

Superintendent of Horticulture, Panama-
Pacific Exposition .... 942
Carnation Culture By W. R. Fowlfes 943

Editorials 944

Lost Cares 944

Need Each Other's Help .... 944

National Association Notes . . 945

Among the Gardeners .... 946

We Have Him at Last .... 947

Newport Flower Show Schedule . . . 948

Sweet Pea Culture . By Ceo. W. Kerr 949

Denwabium Wardianum By Wm. H. Waiie 952

Ripening Chrysanthemum Wood . 952

Soil Improvement . By Wm. Craham 953

April . . By David O. Miller 95 3

Primula Malacoides ..... 954

Growing Mushrooms Outdoors . . . 954

Queries and Answers .... 955

National Associations .... 956

Local Societies ..... 956
Gardeners' Diary . . . . .957

Tuxedo Horticultural Society . . . 959

Westchester and Fairfield Horticultural Society 957

Nassau County Horticultural Society . . 958

New Jersey Floricultural Society . . . 958

Oyster Bay Horticultural Society . . 958

Elberon, N. J., Horticultural Society . . 958

Bernardsville, N. J. Horticultural Society . 958

Gladiolus Liliums Montbretias

GLADIOLUS

TO PLANT NONV

LILIUMS

(Hardy)

SPECIOSUM MAGNIFICUM— This Sin-ciosum Lily is an iuipr..vL-iiu.uI
nil the vari.-tii-s Itiiliriiiii. Unsi-um, .ir .Melpomene. .V few bull.s
lihirited in v..iir uiii.l'ii lliis .Si.riiii; will sive yi.u a spleniiid Sumniev
(lisl>lav. 8 to 9 inch bulbs, $1.00 per dcz. ; $8.00 per 100; 9 to 11
inch bulbs, $2,26 per doz. : $15.00 per 100; 11 to 13 inch bulbs,
$3.50 per doz,: $25.00 per 100.

SPECIOSUM ALBUM--.\ while einiiUc ri.art to the beautiful Speeiosum
Mau-inti. iini. ;iim1 iii.iy he iiseil in a siinilor manner. 8 to 9 inch
bulbs, $2,25 per doz,; $15,00 per 100; 9 to 11 inch bulbs, $3.50 per
doz, ; $25.00 per 100.

AURATUM— The Golden Ilayed Lily of Japan. Flowers pure white,
tliiekly studded with erluison spots, while through the centre of
each [letal runs a solden band. May he used in similar manner to
the two preredinu- liliums, 8 to 9 inch bulbs, $1,00 per doz,; $8,00
per 100; 9 to 11 inch bulbs. $2.25 per doz,; $15.00 per 100; 11 to 13
inch bulbs, $3.50 per doz, ; $25.00 per ICO,

MONTBRETIAS

with the
ng; among
$3.50

efe^<l^^^^^

FIRE KING— .\ sld.ii.lid s.ail.-l r. .1. . ..io|,:ir.s fa

newer and lu.iiv exi.enslv. sorls. $2.50 per 100.
GEORGE DAVIDSON— A pale orange yellow, very fret

th. first to ilower. $3,50 per 100.
GERMANIA— A rieh .slowing orange scarlet, with a red throat

per 100,
GOLDEN WEST- One of the bi'st rieh pure golden yellows, without

h isi so.it or shad.-. $22.50 per 100.
MARTAGON— Fl.iwers reflcxed, similar to Ihe Martagon lilv. $3.50

per 100,
PROMETHEUS— A v. rv large lloweled sort, color deep orange with a

(riii.son ring ai id the e.lge. $60.00 per 100.

30-32 BARCLAY ST.
NEW YORK CITY

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA

DEVOTED TO THE SCIENCE OF FLORICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE

ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF
THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

Vol. XVII.

Al'RIL, 1914.

X.J. (J.

Impressions of the New York Flower Show

By William H. Waite.

The New York Spring Flower Show is again a mailer
of lii.story, and the committee of management is to be
congratulated on its splendid success. It is to be ho]jed
that it will be such a financial success that it will be cer-
tain to be an annual event.

There was a decided difference in the arrangement of
the show from that of a year ago, but 1 think that there
is still rijom for improvement. The proper arrangement
of a show of this magnitude should be very carefully con-
sidered and planned. 1 would suggest that all entries for
a show of this kind should lie closed a week before the
day of opening, thus allowing the manager proper time
to lav out his plans, and with .some really high-^lass land-
scape architect on the advi.sory hoard to consult with a
view to enhance the beauty of ihe layout, much could be
accomplished.

Personally I did not like the arrangement of the orchid
displays .so well this year as last : although the_\' were
too crowded then, yet one could get nearer to them for a
closer inspection. As they were arranged this year, only
the names of those on the lower rows could be read.

Looking down from the mezzanine floor the brilliant
colors represented by the tlowering jilants were practic-

allv all on one-half of the floor space, whilst the other
half was sombre and devoid of color.

We were at a loss to understand why such a large
space, in one of the best parts of the main floor, should
have been devoted to a non-competitive display as the
model Japanese garden, a very interesting exhibit, but
one which would have been just as attractive at the ends
or sides of the building. Had this space been devoted to
ihe orchids or some other flowering jilants. much of the
monotony of tiiis end of the main floor would have been
relieved.

The ro.se groups were much more attractive last year
than in the present show, but a new class was introduced
in the jirivate gro\v'ers' class, for a group of flowering
;'.nd foliage jilants which, unfortunately, only brought out
I, lie entry, but a charming one at that and one that would
have been very hard to beat. This was from W. B.
Thompson, Yonkers, and staged by Mr. Candler, super-
ir.tendent, and Robert Johnstone, head gardener.

This grou]) was a most beautiful feature, but was
crowded too close at either side to show it up at its best.
The groups of roses in the commercial class calling for
300 feet of sjjace arranged for effect, brought out two

K.xrirniTS .m.xdk i:v the n. wir.i.is j.\mes .wn w.\.v.\m.\kkr f.st.vtf.s.

934

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

entries ; this was for the largest cash prize in the premium
list and a very attractive one, being $250, and well de-
served a more elaborate display that what was shown.

This class ought to bring out some more good groups,
artistically arranged, which would be a feature of the
show. Why is it that the growers near New York have
never even attempted to arrange a group such as was
seen in Boston some years ago?

The specimen climbing roses in pots and tubs were
splendid. I do not think they were ever shown finer.
They were really, in my opinion, one of the finest things
in the show, but here again I must resort to criticism. It
was a pity more room could not have been given to them,
for during the day they were in bad light and were en-
tirely too crowded to show off their individuality.

hi the class for Six Schizanthus there were four com-

IIIKCTION" OF 35 \'.\RIETIES

XKPIIROI.EPIS.

petitors all showing huge plants. In this class I thought
the judges were a little in error in their decision, for in
those that were placed first the plants were past their
best, the foliage being poor and yellow ; and whilst the
second lot lacked in variety and color of flowers, the
plants were so superior in every other way that the\
should easily have scored the full total of 35 points for
cultural perfection. Had the judges gone by the scale
of points, as it was printed in the schedule, I tliink their
decision would have been different.

The class for twenty-five Cyclamen plants brought out
two splendid exhibits. 1 used to think James Stewart
invincible as a cyclamen grower, but he had to take sec-
ond place to J. Canning this year. Both exhibits were
excellent, and no doubt were difficult for the judges.

In the bulb classes there were some splendid displays.
W. Duckham had a Ijeautifullv arranged table in liis first

prize lot. This renowned grower showed liis wonderful
Amaryllis again in splendid shape.

The Darwin tulips were good, R. Hughes being the
principal winner. This good grower informed me that
he only grew one extra pan more than what he exhibited.
He took chances and evidently knows how to get them on
time. The beauty of these plants were spoiled somewhat
by staking. If it is possible to show them without stakes
it certainly should be done.

W. D. Robertson had a pyramid specimen of Sella-
genella denticulata, which was finished to perfection. I
should very much like to see a larger and more varied
collection of these interesting plants shown.

In the class for six foliage plants, W. Duckham car-
ried oft' the first honors with six magnificent specimens.
The day before the show was exceedingly cold and might
have debarred the faint-hearted from exhibiting, but the
keen e.xhibitors responded like a war horse to the bugle
call, some having to beg, borrow or steal heaters for the

A FIXE GROUP OF ACACIAS.

wagons to keep the plants from freezing. The exhibitors
who brought their plants through in such fine condition
in such trying weather are to be lauded. The first two
nights of the show the building felt rather chilly and was
esjjeciallv trying for the exotics. This should have been
avoided. It takes many years to grow some of these
plants, but it takes a very short time to cripple them.

Mr. Bieschke's Hydrangeas were superb. I heard a
lady remark that they looked good enough to eat ; they
certainlv were finished to perfection, and reflected great
credit < m Mr. Bieschke'^ skill a-^ a grower.

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TWO FIN'E UOSI-: CUOUPS nV a. N. PIERSOX, inc. iFIRS'n. AND F. R. riFRSOX (SKCOXDl.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

935

Specimen ferns were shown in great numbers, and
the collection of Nepliroplepsis shown b}- F. R. Pierson
were an education in themselves.

I noticed a splendid specimen of the old favorite with
the big name — Gonophlebium subauriculatum — exhibited
by Mr. Xichols, superintendent for Mrs. Trevor, Yonkers.

Space will not permit to review all the classes. Suffice
it to say that in nearly every class the high quality of
the exhibits were noticeable.

Cinerarias, especially the stellata types, were magnifi-
cent, likewise the Begonia Glore de Seaux, with its large
bronze leaves towering some 6 or 7 feet.

Special mention should be made of the Orchids ; they
were a show in themselves, and much more could have
been made of them, with a more original display.

Whilst the Acacias and Ericas were not so numerous
this year, they were of high quality and were pleasing
features.

The exhibit of Gloriosa was a notable one, but could
have been more impressively displayed. The individual
plants were perfect and show's its possibilities as a pot
plant.

The Sweet Tea display was a truly remarkable one,
and one that I do not think has ever been surpassed at
this time of the year ; yet it was a pity to see some that
could have been most beautiful exhibits, spoiled by poor
arrangement ; close, tight bunches mounted on a wire
stand is no way to show up this beautiful and popular
dower.

The table decorations proved an interesting and an
attractive feature, and brought out some keen competi-
tion, T. Aitchison and J. Canning each winning a first,
there lieing two classes. T. Aitchison had a dainty pink-
and-white decoration in his first prize Sweet Pea table.
J. Canning's table, w'hich was first in the other class, was
of a superior nature, and more elaborate than what is
usually attempted. He used a branching epergne rising
from a glass basin filled with water in which some gold
fish were gliding. The flowers used in the epergne were
Phalaenopsis amabile, and Lady Hillingdon roses, loosely
and gracefully arranged, whilst at the sides of the aqua-
rium were artistic sprays composed of lavender Schizan-
thus Primula Malacoides and Hillingdon roses, with one
or two pale lavender water lilies reposing on the surface

.\ r,ENER.-\L VIEW OF SHOW FROM .\ .SECTION OF M.MN H.ALL.

In the cut flower classes the quality was of a superior
degree. The roses were a feast, Hadley, Mrs. Russel,
Lady .Mice Stanley, Killarney Brilliant and Double
White Killarney, etc., all vieing with each other. Double
White Killarney, as shown by A. N. Pierson, I do not
think was ever shown finer. '\Vhilst the whole exhibit of
roses was a remarkable one and a popular one, as evi-
denced by the throngs surrounding them, this particular
vase of White Killarney was the cynosure of all.

The display of cut roses, arranged for effect, brought
out two splendid groups, staged by A. N. Pierson and
F. R. Pierson, respectively. This w-as another great
drawing card, and one had only to pause near them to
hear on every side nothing but appreciation and com-
mendation from the ])ublic on the skill of these veteran
Rosarians.

The Carnation classes were keenly contested, and the
flowers were excellent. The display arranged by the
Cottage Gardens was the finest thing ever seen in the
wav of exhibiting this po|)ular (lower.

of the water. .Altogether it was a well-conceived and
ably-e.xecuted decoration and well deserved the much-
coveted silver cup.

In conclusion I think tiie late show has been an in-
spiration to many of us. We made many new friends
and renewed acquaintances, and listened to wi.se coimcil
and comments, and have gone home with renewed vigor
and determination to win in whatever we have heretofore
failed. Viva la Neiv York Floicer Sliou-.'

The list of awards among private growers follows:
SECTION A.
Plants in Flower — Private Growers.

Three Acacias, ono or more varieties. Lord & Biirnliam prize:
1, Berton H. and Howard Howdon (gardener. Kzra E. Hicks),
Oceanic, N. J.

Specimen Acacia, any variety, Knight & Struck Co.'s prize;
1. Mrs. F. A. Constable (gardener, James Stuart), Mamaroncck,
N. Y.

Twenty-five Amaryllis plants in 25 varieties, silver cnp and .*25:

936

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

•]aim'> II

\X ATTRACTIXK EXHIBIT OI" FOI.lAl
KM. William Diu-ldiami. M;uliMiii.

.uictics: I, .Mrs. 1). Willis .Jame.s.
1. -Mis. i;. Diu-Uci-. Xongatnck, Conn.:
r.lciiiT. (ha-. Wcbci-i. Fort Wa.sliinfjtoii

laclv

Vciiiki'i-

1, Mis. Willi
N. J.

Twelve Aniaiyllis. 12
Specimen Antluniiim

2. Mrs. J. II. \Vri,L>lit i:
avenue. New York (';t\

Six Beyonias: 1. \V. 11. Tliomi liKil NO. 1

N. Y.

Cineraria liyliriiis. (i |ilants: 1. C. K. (;. Hillings (gardener.
James Ball). Fort Wasliington avenue; 2, Tliomas Aiteliison.
Mamaroneek. N. \'.

Cineraria stellata. (J |)lants: 1. W. 1'.. 'riioni|ison : 2. Henjamin
Stern. Roslvn. L. I.. X. >i .

Cineraria, specimen, any variety : I. W'. I!. 'I'liompson: 2. II. 1..
Pratt. Glen Cove. ].. 1.. X". Y.

Cyclamens. 2.i) plants, silver cup. xalnc $7'-i. offered by Louis
Sherrv. won bv A. T.ewisolin (iiardeuer. .lames .1. Canningl. Ossin-
ing. N. Y.: 2, "Mrs. F. A. Cou.stable.

'Cyrlamcus. 12 I'lnnt^. -ilver c-p. vil-c ^21. ..IVered bv .1. M.

,K I'l. \.\ l> l:Y JCl.irS ROKIIR CO.

Thorbnrn iSc Co.. won bv Fcrcv Cliubli (gardener. F. Ilonevnian).
(ilen Cove, L. I., N. Y.

Cliorizema, specimen, prize oll'ered l)y Kuiglit & Struck Co.,
won by .Mrs. V. A. Constable.

(Jenista. specimen: I. Mi-s Hlandie I'ottcr (gardener, f^eorge
Wittinger), Ossinin-. X. Y. ' '

Hydrangea. 0 plants, (i varieties. :i2.'i otiered by tlie Lord &
Huridiam Co.. won li\- W ni. ZieL;ler (gardener. A. Bieschke),
Xoroten. Conn.; 2. .lolin W an;iniakcr (liardciier. .lobn H. Dodd.s),
W'vncote. Pa.

Hydrangea. :', plants. ;; v:uieti.'s: 1. W. Ziegler. .Ir.: 2. .Inlin
Wanamaker.

Ilyilrangea, specimen: 1. Win. Ziegler. .Ir.; 2. Jolin Wanamaker

l>ilacs, 12 jilants. not less than 4 varieties: 1. John Wanamaker:
2. r. M. Warburg (ganlener, F. C. Luckenbacker). Hartsdale, X. Y.

^Marguerite. s])ecin!en plant: no first: 2, Mrs. J. B. Trevoi
isuiierintendent. Howard Xicliols). (Jlenview. Vonkers. N. Y.

Primula. 12 plants, not less than ti varieties: 1. Percy Chubb.

Prumrbi. li pknits. not less tlnin ;i varieties: 1. Percy Cluibb.

THK F.XiniilT OF FLOWERING PLANTS I!V J. M. THORBCRN (v CO.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA

plant-: 1. IVny Lliubb; >, .John Waiia

937

Primula oljconic-a. 1
maker.

Rhododendron, 3 plants, 3 varieties: 1. W. ii. Thompson.

Schizanthus, 6 plants: 1. \V. B. Thompson; 2. A. Lewisohn.

Schizanthus, specimen: I. C. K. (i. Billings (•jardoner, .lanu-
Bell), Fort Washington avenue. City: 2. A. Lewisohn.

Flowering plants, any variety: 1, F. K. Lewis (gardener, .lann-
Ballantyn), Ridgelield, Conn.; 2, W. H. Thompson.

Flowering and foliage, stove and greenhouse ]>lants, ananged
for effect. 100 square feet: first prize. $10(1. otlVred li.\ Mrs H.
Willis James; 1. W. B. Thompson.

SECTION C.
Palms and Foliage Plants — Private Growers.

Areea lutesoens. specinuMi: 1. Mr-. I'. A. Constalile: 2, .Mrs. .1.
Hood Wright.

Cyeas, specimen: 1. W. B. Tlionqjson.

Croton, 12 plants. 12 varieties not less than .S-iucli i>ots: I.
Mrs. .J. B. Trevor (superiutiMident, llowaid Nichols), '■tilenview."
Yonkers, N. Y.

Croton, specimen: 1. .lolm Wananiakcr.

Draciena, 6 plants: 1. .hdui Wananiaker.

Specimen Draca>na: 1, ilrs. !•', A. Constable.

Kentia Forsteriana. specimen: 1, Mrs. J. Hood Wright.

Three Nepenthes plants: 1. B. Stern, Roslyii, L. 1.. N. V.

Phoenix Roebelenii, 2 plants: 1, Mrs. .J. Hood Wright. I'hoeni-\.
any other variety: 1, Mrs. M. L. Cockcroft (gardener, A. Patter-
son), Saugatuck. Conn.: 2, .John Wanamaker.

Si.x foliage plants, exclusive of palms, in not less than S-incli
pot^: 1, Mrs. D. Willis James; 2. W. B. Thompson.

Specimen foliage plants: 1. .Tnlin Wanamaker: 2. W. II. Fishii.

SECTION F.

Ferns — Private Growers.

Adiantum cuneatum, specimen; 1. W. 1!. 'I'lKinipsdn.

Adiantum, any other variety. -piM iincii : I. .Mrs. I). Willis
James; 2, B. Stern.

Cibotium Schiedei. specimen: I. .lolui Wananiaker; 2, II. W.
Boettgers Estate (gardener, nudolf Ilciderkamp). l!iverdale-on-
Hudson, N. Y.

Goniophlebiuni subauriculatuni. -p(i linen : I. Mrs. .1. B. Trevor:
2, Mrs. J. Hood Wright.

Fern, anv other varictv net otliciuis,. s|ic(ilicd; I. B. Stern;
2, \V. B. Thompson.

Selaginella, specimen |ilant. any Mirictv: 1. I!. Stern.
SECTION H.
Bulbous Plants — Private Growers.

Hyacinths, three lll-ni.h p.ni-. white: l.(. K. C. liillings (gar-
dener, .lames Belli. Fort Washington ;nenuc. New ^'ork Citv ;
2, Mrs. D. Willis Janus.

llvacinths. three Kl-incli pans, pink or red; 1. .Mrs. I). Willis
James; 2. .John T. Pratt. (Ihn ( ovc. I,. 1.. N. V.

Hyacinths, three lO-incb p;ins. lii;|,t blue: 1. C. K. Ii Billings:
2, iirs. D. Willis James.

Hyacinths, three Ill-inch pans, dark blue: 1. Mrs. I). Willis
James; 2, .John T. Pratt.

Lilies, 12 pots; 1. W. B. ■riionipsori.

Lily of the Valley, three lll-incli p;iris; I. Ilcnrv (luiiM lijar-
dener, Wm. Vert), Port Washington. I.. I.. X. V.

Narcissus short or inciliuni liinii[>ct. si\ lll-iiicli pans, Ii vari-

^^L .MPl

llli.i 1.

eties: 1, .John T. Pratt; 2. 1-:. Faidell (gardener. J. Everitt), Booth
Estate. Great Neck. L. 1.

Narcissus. Glorv of Leiden, threi' Ill-inch pans; 1. E. Fardell;
2. Jolin T. Pratt. ■■

Narcissus Victoria, three 111 incli pans; 1. C. K. G. Billings;
2, John T. Pratt.

Narcissus. Empress. tiir;'e Ill-inch pans: I, .John T. Pratt;
2. r. K. (;. Hillings.

Narcissus. Emperor, three lO-iiuli pans: 1, John T. I'ratt : 2,
lames A. McDonald gardener, U. Hughes), Flushing. L. L. X. Y.

Narcissus, (iolden Spur, three 10-inch pans: 1. H. L. Pratt;
2. C. K. <;. Billings.

Narcissus. Double \'oii Sion. tlucc 10-iiich pans: I. II. L. Pratt:
2. E. Fardell.

Tulips. e;nlv siiiL'lc. 12 lll-iiuh pans, distinct varieties: I, E.
Fardell.

Tulips, carh single, six lll-iiiih pans, distinct varieties: 1. E.
F;iidcll.

I'lilips. Darwin, 12 ln-iiich p;ins. 12 varieties: 1. .lames E. Mc-
Dnnahl; 2, Ii. L. I'ratt.

Bulbs, best group for effect, rare varieties, in 100 square feet
or more, prize .$7.) bv Knight & Struck Co.. w'oii by E. Fardell,
Booth Estate, (Jreat Neck, L. I.

Bulbs, in pots or pans, for ell'ect. with foliage plants, in oO
-ipiare feet, prize .$2.') Ii\ W. E. .Marsholl & Co., won bv Mrs. D.
Willis James.

If l'inWFi;iN(

•icMi'i' ,>v \v.\i.ti-;r CO., iNci.cmNc, .\i.\nv <ii-

TCI IP.'< .WD X.VRCISSrS

mill isr \.\Kii;rii-,

i|- in AlINTIIS,

938

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

SECTION J.
Orchid Plants — Private Growers.

Collection 50 plants in variety, arranged for effect, palms anil
ferns permitted: 1, Clement Moore (gardener, J. P. Mossman),
Hackensack, N. J.

Three plants, distinct species: 1, Clement Moore.

Brasso-cattleya or Brasso-la;lia : 1, plants, Clement Moore.

Cattleya Mossise, specimen: 1, Clement Moore.

Cattleya Sohroderae, specimen: 1, Clement Moore.

Cattleya, specimen: 1, Clement Moore.

Dendrobium, 6 plants, not less than three varieties: 1, Clement
Moore.

Dendrobium Wardlanum, specimen: 1, Miss M. L. Cockcroft
(gardener, A. Patterson); 2, F. V. Burton (gardener, W. Cordes),
Newburgh, N. Y.

Dendrobium, specimen, any other variety: 1, Mrs. F. Constable.

Cattleya, Laelia, or Lselio-cattleya hybrid, specimen: 1, Clement
Moore.

Lselia, specimen, any variety: 1, Arthur N. Cooley, Pittsfield,
Mass.

Vanda, specimen any variety: 1, Albert J. Manda, West Orange,
N. J.

Specimen plant, any variety other tlian the above: 1, Arthur
N. Cooley; 2, Duncan Finlayson.

SECTION L.
Cut Orchids — Private Growers.

Best display 25 vases for effect, silver cup, value $75, offered
by the Eitz-Carlton Hotel, won by Clement Moore.

Flowering stem of Cattleya, any variety: 1, Wm. Ziegler, Jr.;
2, H. W. Boettgers Estate.

Flowering stem of Laelia, any variety: 1. Arthur N. Cooley,
Pittsfield, Mass.

Flowering stem of Lielio-cattleya or hybrid Cattleya, any
variety: I, Clement Moore; 2, Arthur N. Ck)oIey.

Flowering stem of Dendrobium, any variety: 1, C. E. Chap-
man (gardener. Frank Black), Oakland, Bergen County, N. J.

Flowering spray of Odontoglossum, any variety: I, C. E. Chap-
man; 2, Arthur N. Cooley.

Flowering spray of Phalsenopsis, any variety: 1, Arthur K.
Cooley; 2, Mrs. 15. Bluttle (gardener, M. J. Pope), Naugatuck,
Conn.

Flowering spray of Vanda, any variety: 1, Arthur N. Cooley.

Flowering spray of any other orchid, other than above; I,
Clement Moore ; 2, F. Stern.

SECTION P.
Cut Roses — Private Growers.

Vase 12 blooms American Beauty: 1, James B. Duke. Somer-
ville, N. J. , '

Vase 12 blooms Milady: 1, Mrs. F. A. Constable.

Vase 12 blooms, Mrs. George Shawyer: 1, P. B. Widener,
Ogontz, Pa.: 2, H. W. Boettger, Riverdale-on-the-Hudson, N. Y.

Vase 12 blooms Mrs. Charles Russell: 1, Mrs. M. K. Jessop.
Lenox, Mass.; Mrs. F. A. Constable, Mamaroneck, N. Y.

Vase 12 blooms White Killarney or Double White Killarnev:
1, James B. Duke.

Vase 12 blooms Richmond: 1, P. A. B. Widener.

Vase 12 blooms Radiance: 1, M. K. Jessop.

Vase 12 blooms Lady Hillingdon: 1, P. A. B. Widener.

Vase 12 blooms Sunburst: 1, Mrs. F. A. Constable.

Vase 12 blooms My Maryland: 1, John Wanamaker.

Vase 12 blooms any other disseminated variety, white: 1.
P. A. B. Widener.

Vase 12 blooms any other disseminated variety, pink: 1, P. A. B.
Widener.

Vase 12 blooms any other disseminated variety, red: 1, P. A. B.
Widener.

For the best 25 blooms, one or more varieticis, to be shown in
one vase. Competition open only to private gardeners who are
members of the American Rose Society, offered by Wallace R.
Pierson: 1, P. A. B. Widener.

SECTION S.
Carnations — Private Growers — 25 Blooms.

White: Geo. Mason, Tuxedo Park, N. Y. : 2, Wintlirop Sargent.
Fishkill-on-Hndson, N. Y.

Flesh pink: 1, D. G. Reid, Irvington-on-Hudson, N. Y.; 2, Miss
C. A. Bliss, New Canaan, Conn.

Light pink: 1, Miss C. A. Bliss; 2. Peter Hauck, East Orange,
N. J.

Dark pink: 1, Georae Mason; 2. John Wanamaker. Jenkintown.
Pa.

Red or scarlet: 1, D. G. Reid; 2, John Wanamaker.

Crimson: I, George Mason.

Variegated: 1, Geo. Mason; 2. Miss C. A. Bliss.

Collection of six varieties, 12 of each: 1, H. M. Tilford Tuxedo
Park. N. Y.: 2. John WananiakiT.

SECTION W.
Miscellaneous Cut Flowers — Private Growers.

Amaryllis, 25 spikes: 1, Mrs. D. Willis James.

Antirrhinum, 25 spikes, pink; 1, E. W. Tilford (gardener, Jas.
Tassey), Tuxedo Park, N. Y.

Antirrhinum. 25 spikes, white: 1, Mrs. W. E. S. Griswold
(gardener, A. J. Loveless), Lenox, Mass.; 2, John Wanamaker.

Ajitirrhinum, 25 spikes, yellow: 1, Percy Chubb.

Antirrhinum, 25 spikes, any other color: 1, Percy Chubb; 2,
Mrs. Wm. E. S. Griswold.

Freesias, 25 sprays: 1, W. E. Kimball (gardener, James Mc-
Carthy), Glen Cove, L. I., N. Y. ; 2, Peter Hauck (gardener, Max
Schneider), E. Orange, N. J.

Pansies, display of cut flowers, covering 10 square feet: 1,
Adolph Lewisohn.

Stocks, 12 spikes, white: 1, H. M. Tilford: 2. Mrs. Wm. E. E.
Griswold.

Stocks, 12 spikes, pink: 1, W. W. Heroy (gardener, Abraham
Wynne), Stamford. Conn.; 2, James Linane. Rye, N. Y.

Stocks, 12 spikes, any other color: 1. Henry Goldman (gar-
dener, Anton Bader), Deal Beach, N. J.; 2, John Wanamaker.

Violets, double, 200 blooms: I, Richard Lengle, White Plains,
N. Y.

Violets, single, 200 blooms: 1, Percy Cliubb: 2, Mrs. D. Willis
James.

Six vases of cut flowers in six varieties, not already provided
for in schedule: 1, Percy Chubb; 2. Henry Goldman.

Special Prizes.

Geo. Schlegel, Bay Ridge (gardener. S. G. Milesv). for 50 Callas
in pots, and ferns, a silver medal.

A. Bieschke, Noroton, Conn., six pots Hydrangeas, one-year-old,
in variety, a silver medal, and for Hybrid Freesias in many colors,
C. of M.

Peter Hauck. East Orange (gardener. Max Schneider), for one
bunch Violets, C. of M.

Mrs. Oliver Hoyt, Stamford, Conn, (gardener. James Foster),
for Asparagus Sprengeri, special, a silver medal.

Mrs. B. B. Tuttler, Nanlistuck. Conn., for new hybrid Laelio-
cattleya, a C. of M.

Mrs. Bradshaw, Hartford, Conn, (superintendent, John Huss),
for new Geum, a C. of M.

Clement ^loore, Hackensack, N. J., for groups of orchids, a gold
medal, also silver medal and a C. of M.

A. U. Cooley, Pittsfield, Mass., for Sophrocattleya Thwaitsae,
a gold medal (awarded by the Horticultural Society of New
York). '

ORCHIDS AT NEW YORK FLOWER SHOW.

By W. N. Cr.mg.

Excellent as were all departments of the New York's
big spring exhibition, the orchids were splendid. They
were well arranged, and contained a better and more
varied lot of plants than in 1913. Large specimens of
Cattleyas were missing, but in their stead were quantities
of nice plants carrying up to fifteen and eighteen flowers
each, in fact, all the orchid plants shown were of medium
size, no specimen plant of any of the genera being forth-
coming which could be called more than ordinary, so far
as mere size goes ; but new, rare and unique flowers were
very ntunerous. I hope another season to see more plants
of real specimen size, particularly of Cattleyas, Cypripe-
diums, Dendrobituns, Cymbidiums and Coelogyne. It
was pleasing and refreshing to note some very fine spikes
of Odontoglossums and I wondered if these plants had
spent a summer in America. The Renantheras and Odon-
tiodas were very good and gave a touch of airiness to the
groups, but Phalaenopsis were poorer in number than I
had hoped to see.

I am not going to describe the plants shown in each
of the various classes, but merely mention some that
struck me as being particularly good in the several groups.
Taking the beautiful collection of Julius Roehrs Com-
pany first, some of the more noteworthy plants were :
Odontiodas, Bradshawiae and Charlesworthi : Cypripe-
dium, Maudiae magnificum and Rothschildeanum : Platy-
clinis glumacea, by no means new but decidedly dainty;
Dendrobium Fortelis Jamesianum and nobile nobilius ;
Phalaenopsis Schilleriana ; Miltonia St. Andre and Roezlii
alba : Cattleyas Lawrenceana, Schroederae alba — a fine

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

939

central batch of this variety; labiata The (.icm {a. beauti-
ful dark form); Enid and Callistoglossa x Leemanni ;
Oncidiunis concolar and juscatam; Brasso-Cattleyas
Sedeni and Langleyensis ; Laelia harpophylla ; Renan-
thera Imschootiana ; Laelia-Cattleya Dominiana, and
Henry Greenwood ; Odontoglossums Ardentissinium, car-
rying a grand branched spike of seventy flowers, Arden-
tissimuni pescatorei Thwaitonie, Queen of Gatton, and
Jaspar ; X'anda amesiana, a deliciously fragrant varietx .
and Cymbidiuni insigne.

In the group from \V. A. Manda were excellent plants
of Odontoglossum Pescatorei, Cattleya Law'renceana and
some unique forms of C. Trianae, Phalaenipsis Amabilis,
Dendrobium Chrysotoxum and Lycaste Skinneri.

The collection from John P. AIossn\an, gardener to
Clement Moore, contained some of the gems of the entire
exhibition ; amongst others were Brasso-Cattleya, Impe-
rative de Russie with its immense fine white flowers, B. C.
Sedeni, B. C. Maroni ; Cattleyas Empress Frederick,
Zephyr, a fine seedling raised at Hackensack ; Alfre Dim-
mock and Schroederae alba ; Laelia-Cattleyas Tuttleoe,
and Warnhamensis ; Dendrobium nobile nobilius, Renan-
thera Imschootiana, Odontiodas, Casscope and Dora ;
Odontoglossum Ainsworth, Jascinator, Loochristiense
Jasper, Gladys and Dendrobiums nobile nobilius.

A. N. Cooley, Pittsfield, Mass.. showed Odontioda
Zephyr and Odontoglossum Crispum very well grown.
Healso exhibited Sophro-Cattleya Thw'aitiae, a very
striking novelty. The rich rnby-like coloring of the petals
and lip were accentuated by the yellow throat. This
plant secured the gold medal offered by the Horticultural
Society of New York.

Lager & Hurrell had a pretty and tastefully arranged
stand somewhat apart from the other orchid collections.
They had a scene at Rio Bache. in the southern part of
Colombia, representing a river on which a raft loaded
with cases of cattleyas were being transported ; a painting
in the background showed the home of Cattleya Trianae.
A few good plants in this group were : Lycaste Skinneri
alba, Miltonia Roezlii alba, Loelia-Cattleya Bella, Miltonia
vexillaria, Phalaenopsis amabilis, Dendrobium thrysi-
flofum and Renanthera Imschootiana.

James Stuart, gardener to Mrs. F. A. Constable, had a
well flowered Dendrobium nobile albiflorum. . Donald
McKenzie, gardener to G. I!. Dane, had a splendid plain
of Odontioda Bradsliawiae carrying a pair of strong
spikes. Duncan Finlayson, gardener to Larz .Vnderson.
had a plant of Cybidiuni iusigue carrying five spikes

which, in common with other orchids, showed signs of
having been chilled.

The group of Cattleya speciosissima from Geo. B.
Schlegel, deserves a special word of commendation. It
contained some remarkably fine forms. M. J. Pope, gar-
dener to Mrs. B. B. Tuttle; William Ziegler, Jr.; A.
Bieschke, gardener, and C. G. Chapman (Frank Black's
gardener) each had plants or cut flow^ers which attested
their skill.

J. P. Mossman's collection of cut orchids won the silver
cup for Clement Moore.

Joseph Manda in the commercial class calling for fifty
vases, staged a splendid lot. The first prize vase of
orchids from Max Schling arranged for effect which won
the Lord & Burnham prize, contained a very fine assort-
ment, but if only one- fourth the flowers bad been used it
would have looked vastly better.

Any idea that orchids are waning in popularity would
have been rudely dissipated if pessimists who enunciate
such ideas could have seen the admiring crowds around
the orchid groups and noted the unusual number who had
note books and pencils to jot down the names of such
varieties as especially attracted them. W. N. Cr.mg.

The orchid group, illustrated on uur cover page, is
exhibit staged by Julius Roehrs Co. •

AMERICAN AND ENGLISH FLOWER SHOWS.

Bv J. TI.\KRiso\ Dick.

When friend Eliel button-holed me and made me
promise to let him have a short summary of my views in
regard to the general position of the New York Flower
Show, recently held at the Grand Central Palace, with
those that I have witnessed in London and elsewhere in
England during the last fifteen or twenty years, I scarcely
realized the difficulty of the task. For it should be under-
stood that there are diflferences not only of season and
climate, buf also that the larger spring shows in Eng-
land, with which alone comparison with the New York
show can be made, are held generally in large marquees,
si> that the .American shows, in this respect, have an
architectural advantage over those in England. I was
verv nuich struck with the beautiful draping of the pil-
l.irs and walls of the ( irand Central Palace, and this was
certainly a very eftective feature.

Three things would stand out more at an English show,
and these are the groujjs of orchids, the outdoor ex-

.\DVF.RTISING THK NKW YORK FLOWKR SHOW IN THE WINOOW OF TIIF. INTKKN VTION.M. Sll VKR ( O.

940

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

liibits of trees and shrubs, both evergreen and tlovvering,
and thirdly, the very elegant and extensive rock gardens.
It is also a curious fact, but true, that thuugh the carna-
tions grown in England today are mainly the outcome
of varieties received from America, yet in regard to
quality they are the equal of any I see here, and to my
mind at least they are much more beautifully arranged.
'Of course, a start ha^ to be made in Xew 'N'ork tnward

iiii-: II. II. cii.xRi.K.s cur.

For Colletlii.il of lU.lbdUs l-'lowc-riiig I'l.ii.ts. Win l,y .\nl..ii Scluilllieis.

tdisplaying these graceful flowers as they ought to be, as
was shown in the decorative exhil)its that were staged on
the Friday of the show. We can still improve upon our
efforts of this year, but it is a matter of satisfaction to
know that this new development has occurred.

Then again, at this season in England there are
numerous disjjlays of all classes of bulbous jjlant.^, and
particularh' of the finer varieties of tulijis and narcissus.
Parterres with beds of flowering bulbs, laid out in grass,
are a feature of the spring exhibitions. The English
shows also contain exhibits of indoor-grown fruit trees,
and generally one or more magnificent exhibits of forced
vegetables. In .■\merica, however, we can easily beat
our English brethren in regard to specimen Acacias,
roses, specimen ferns and foliage ]>lants, while of course
the hydrangeas were finer than anything I have seen
at the spring shows in Eondon or elsewhere. Then again
the introduction of the retailers' bootlu furnish a show in
itself, and this is a side that is entirely neglected across
the water. In tliis they certainly evince a curious
attitude.

We, here, are quite on the right lines and need not
fear but that in a very few years our spring exhibitions
will equal, if they do nut surpass, the finest horticultural
shows that are to be fi.iund anywhere in the world. We
have started well and witli enthusiasm, and it is scarcely
likely that, having put nur hand to the plow, we shall
halt or look back.

ADVERTISING A FLOWER SHOW.

To make a flower show a success in a large city re-
(juires eftective advertising, just the same as is required
liv an\' "big show" that may come to town. In New York
L'itv a week before the flower show opened, you could
find big posters announcing the show, staring at you
nearly everywhere that ]josters were displayed. Smaller
])lacar(ls were displayed in store windows. Suburban
towns outside of Xew York were all "billed" and the
Xew York dailies carried attractive advertisements which
caught the eye. •

Special floral displays in department stores during
Mower Show week and attractively arranged windows
among many of the city's retail florist shops e.xploiting
tbe show proved eiTective advertising.

The large display window of the International .Silver
Company on 34th street, just off Broadway, attracted
much attention and produced profitable results for the
Mower Show. This window, an illustration of which ap-
pears in these columns, contained many of the prizes
awarded at the show with neat cards in silver frames ex-
plaining what they were to be competed for. Twice a
da}- fresh displaxs of flowers were placed in large glass
.and silver vases and few passed who did not stop to ad-
mire the display and incidentally learned that a big flower
show was in progress at the Grand Central Palace. Good
adverti.?ing backed up by a good show spells success.

Alan\ novel features were introduced both in advertis-
ing and in the show itself, this year. New York will be
prepared with new features to again arouse public in-
terest toward the show next year, and will introduce
new sensations at the show to enthuse the public interest
when it gets there.

.Sunshine is delicious, rain is refreshing, wind braces
up, snow is exhilarating: there is really no such thing
as bad weather — only ditiferent kinds of good weather.

• — John Ruskin.

THE SEED CATALOGUE.

\\\- W.M.TKR G. DOTV.

The red rtunbler rose like a gas bill grows,

.\nd the fleecy white clematis looks like a fog ;

While trailing vines race all over the place —
I speak of the seed catalogue.

I dug up the sward, ami I planted my yard —

First pulling the weeds lest the flowers they clog —

With roses and stocks and sweet four-o'clocks
That were shown in the seed catalogue.

I Jut the dahlias went dead, and the gay asters fed
Great ])oison-proof beetles as big as a dog:

.\nd, thanks to mildew, the roses were few —
How dirt'rent that seed catalogue!

My lack of success was owing, I guess,

To the fact that I ke]3t things as wet as a bog :

PiUt it must be confessed that all blossoms lilnom best
In tbe ga\-C(>loreil seed catalogue!

Recent Progress In Hardy Garden

By Arthur Herrington.

We are li\ing in an era of great proi^ressive achiexe-
ment. with such a concentration of aims and purposes
that we may be pardoned yerhaps if we un(kily exalt
the accomplishments of our time and masjjnify the
measure of attained success to exaggerated degree.
And among the many flowers that we cultivate, if I
should assert that the Rose in all its types and forms
as we grow them today, has been brought to a higher
degree of perfection than has ever existed, ])rol)ahly
no voice will be raised to argue the ciuestiiui nor to
deny the fact.

Its development has been a long ;intl gradual iinicess
but always upward to varying and divergent degrees
of perfection.

Probably no flower of the present day has such a
distinguished lineage nor such an ancient history as
the Rose. The Sacred Scriptures contain many men-
tions of the true Rose, even if we ignore such refer-
ences as to the Rose of Jericho or the Rose of Shart)n,
these not applying to species or varieties of the genus
Rosa. In the Book of Wisdom a reference to what
undoubtedly is the true Rose says, "Let us crown our-
.selves with Rose buds before they be withered." A
month ago when Mr. Totty addressed us upon the
Carnation his statement that 300 years B. C. Theo-
phrastus wrote about the Carnation was received with
levity if not with incredulity, but Theophrastus was
a great man in his da\-. He wrote a History of Plants
extended to nine volumes, and he knew the Carnation,
and he knew Roses, too, for he says in volume 6 :
There are many varieties of Roses. Most of them
consist of only five leaves, but some have twelve, and
some have as many as 100 leaves. These are refer-
ences to wild species, but there were double Roses in
his day, too, for he says of some of them, "For the
fashion in which the flowers put out their petals is
that some form the outer rows and some the
inner ones, but they have not much smell, nor are
they of any great size, and those with only five leaves
are the most fragrant, and their lower parts are ver\-
thorny."

This is enough of ancient Rose history, but it suf-
fices to prove and establish that the Rose, as a flower.
has had a continuous existence from time immemorial.

While, therefore, we may point with jjardonable
pride to the record of Rose develo])ment accomplished
in our day and time, some praise must be accorded
those whose earlier efforts made possible the later
achievements we glory in.

Within recent times some noteworthy occurrences
have had an important bearing upon Rose histt)ry.
and have given rise to developments that have ma-
terially enhanced the garden value of the Rose, that
have given a new impetus to the Rose and its lltness
as an open sir garden flower.

Until comparatively recent times the only relial)le
hardy large flowered garden Roses were of that type
or class erroneously but persistently called H}brid
Perpetuals. The popular name June Roses best char-
acterizes them. It is not my purpose to decry them
even now, for some of the largest, brightest and
sweetest of Roses ever raised are found in this group,
but you cannot deny the family as a whole is a ten
days' wonder. A rose garden filled with these varieties
alone is something to admire for about one month
and apologize for the other eleven, and so the rose

garden was often planned to occupy an inconspicuous
spot so that it was not too obtrtisive after its all too
brief glory had departed.

All this has been changed and there is a new class
of Roses that are hardy and truly j)erpetual flowering,
and with a suitable selection of varieties from this
class one may plant a Rose border or design and plant
an extensive Rose garden that will not only be a joy
in June, but will have flowers in succession till the
last buds are frozen stiff upon the bushes by Novem-
ber frosts.

How and when was this most welcome change
wrought and by whom? It started gradually; it de-
veloped slowly, but within the past ten years it has
progressed so amazingly as to have made the Rose
many times more \aluable as a summer garden flower.
This class of Rose probably had its inception in that
old but still beautiful \ariety La h'rance, which was
raised by a noted French Rose grower in 1867. It
was first classed with the Hybrid Perpetuals, but the
National Rose Society of England pronounced it a
Hyljrid Tea, and at the time aroused a great discussion
among the Piritish Rose growers.

In the "Book of the Rose," published twenty years
ago, the author says regarding its being pronounced
a Hybrid Tea, "There does not appear to be sufficient
evidence or authority for this distinction, and opin-
ions on the matter are divided." but he conceded, "it
seemed likely to be the founder of a new race and in
freedom of bloom, and as an autumnal Rose it is of
the very highest class." Later on Bennett gave us
Grace Darling, Viscountess Folkestone, Lady Mary
P'itzwilliam and Peronet and Uucher gave us Caroline
Testout and a class of Hybrid Teas become firmly es-
tablished, but the additions of the past ten years to
the Hybrid Teas have raised the status of this class
to a sujireme position, and the yearly additions to it
by far outnumber the aggregate of the additions to
all oilier classes of Rose combined. One catalogue
at hand from a noted British Rose grower enumerates
and describes over 200 distinct varieties of Hyl)rid
Tea Roses alone. A selection of 20. the very best at
the present, is emljraced in the following:

Caroline Testout

Dean Hole

Gruss an Teplits

Kaiserin Auguste I'iflorin

Konigin Carola

La I'osca

Laurent Carle

Madame Jules Groles

Madame Melanie Soupert

Marquise de Sinety

Another important epoch in modern Rt)se develop-
ment starts with the introduction of a climbing Rose
that has probably been more geueralh' planted than
any other known modern Rose, namely, the variety
Crimson Rambler, and the almost contemporoneous
introduction of a single flowered species from Japan,
Rosa Wichuriana. The exact origin of Crimson Ram-
bler is, 1 believe, still an open question. It is a
hybrid that has Rosa multiflora for one of its parents,
and from this species it acquired a hardiness herettv-
fore non-existent in the many climiiing Roses that
were perfectly satisfactory in countries where the
winter is much less severe than with us in the Eastern
.States. The species Rose Wichuriana. in itself one of
the sweetest, hardiest, and fastest growing of all Roses,

Mrs. Theodore Roosevelt

Mrs. 11'. Christie Miller

William .^hean

.Sunburst

Kayon d'Or

Mrs. (/". Shaii.'yer

Kadianee

My Maryland

Killarney

942

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

was the proyenitur of a family of extraordinary garden
value. I'hey unfortunately are not perpetual bloom-
ers, but for covering pergolas, pillars arches or fences
or permitted to ramble at will over banks, these
hybrids of Wichuriana, such as Dorothy Perkins, Lady
Gay, Hiawatha, Excelsa and others, are a great joy in
their season, and a valuable addition to gardens.

Then there are miniature types of these popularly
known as Baby Ramblers, because they make little
bushes and flower in clusters. These, too, are worthy
of the best attention, especially so because they have
the additional merit of perpetual flowering, and with
recent additions to the family they can be had in all
coliirs fr(_)m white to crimson.

I am ni>t going to enter into details of culture nut
of doors, for you are all practical men, and you all
know that Roses must be planted in beds or borders
where the soil has been deeply dug and well enriched
to a depth of certainl\- 18 inches, but better still if it
be 24 inches deep.

You know also that they cannot compete with
shade trees or vigorous shrubs, and must therefore be
outside the zone of such root robbery of soil fertility,
and that with conditions right as to soil and plants
eternal vigilance must prevail against pests and dis-
eases.

In conclusion, I submit that by reason of recent
improvements along the lines indicated, Roses today
more than at any time in their existence, are adapt-
able to extensive use in the various schemes of garden
decoration. — Read before Morris CoHnt\ Gardeners' and
Florists' Club.

SEASONABLE SUGGESTIONS ON GARDEN
; SEEDS.

' For one to have a good garden, it is important to
have good seeds. We can afford to investigate the
parentage of our seeds very carefully. Peter Hender-
son, himself a very practical gardener and the head of
a seed-tirm which at his death was probably the largest
in the United States, once said: "If there is one thing
of paramount importance in vegetable gardening, it is
purity of seed," writes Leroy Cady in the Agricultural
Magazine. Nearly all gardeners realize this and are
careful to get only the best grade of seeds, even though
they are more expensive than others. The cheapest
seed is often the most expensive in the long run, since
it costs as much to plant and care for and yet does not
give the best results.

The Pennsylvania Experiment Station has carried
on some experiments with cabbage for a number of
years. There was a diiTerence of from 3 to 12 tons weight
per acre in the yield of some of the strains tried.

It does not matter where we purchase our seed, so
long as we are able to get good seed and the kind and
quality we pay for. Seed should be purchased from
firms of established reputation. Nearly all firms have
certain lines of seeds with which they take particular
pains ; in other words, they are specialists in those
seeds. It is often best to buy special seeds from such
firms. Seed guarantees are usually so worded as not
to place much responsibility on the seed-firm, and are
of little value. The seed-firm's good reputation is of
much more value.

Many firms put out seeds of varieties that arc more
or less new each year. While it is true that all our
standard sorts were first novelties, so many of these
new things are of no great value that it is always safer
to stick to the tried sorts for the main crop, purchas-
ing only small packages of novelties for trial in a
small way.

SUPERINTENDENT OF HORTICULTURE.
PANAMA-PACIFIC EXPOSITION.

"W'illiain I'lumb. wiiu was appointed Superintendent of
Horticulture of the Panama Pacific Exposition, is well
and favorably known in the horticultural world. Air.
Plumb served his apprenticeship on some of the well
known estates in England, and since he has been in this
country has been in charge of some of the noted places in
the vicinity of New York or Boston. The show business
is not a new experience for Mr. Pkunb, for he was man-
ager of the two successful flower shows held in Madison
Square Garden, New York, some years ago under the
auspices of the New York Florist Club, of which club he
was one of the organizers and president for two terms.
Mr. Plumb is a member of the National Association of
Gardeners, and anticipates meeting many of its members
at the exposition on N. A. G. da\'.

MR. WILLIAM PLUMB.

At this time of the year almost every publication is
carrying advertisements of seed and nursery cata-
logues. Send for a number of these and look them
through carefully. Many have been made up at con-
siderable cost to the publishers, and contain many
interesting photographs and much valuable informa-
tion about the garden and fruit plantation.

In selecting seed or plants from these, choose only
those in which the write-up is reasonable, not over-
drawn, and which is illustrated with plain natural
photographs. Let the gaudy sensational catalogue
alone, should one find the way to your home. It is
much easier to make lithographs than to develop new
and worthy varieties. The man who allows a cata-
logue to go from him that is at all misleading in state-
ment or illustration is apt to be none too careful in
iiutting ui) the customer's order.

Carnation Culture

By W. R. Fowkes.

The Aiuencaii canialiun today stands pre-eminent as
an indispensable flowering plant both for private grow-
ers and commercial florists. The development of the plant
from the once insignificant Dianthiis Caryophyllus to the
present glorious long stems, large majestic, as well as
fragrant blossoms, its freedom of flowering and almost
freedom from disease attacks places it as secnnd to none;
even the rose cannot at present outrival its splendor.

The carnation is easily propagated from cuttings. 1
will here state that my remarks appertain more to the
private grower, who has to grow fine blooms, whether to
adorn his employer's home or to wear. This in itself is
an incentive to a gardener to try to outrival his neighbor
in the producing of extra fine blooms.

Propagation may be commenced in January, and if
good cuttings can be had, even in December. It is an
advantage, because the plants have not by this date been
highly fed. Select cuttings with great care, as future
success depends on the start in the first stage. The best
and earliest blooms can be had from cuttings taken from
the flower stems and the nearer the bud the cutting is
taken, the earlier it will flower.

The usual house will do for propagating, that is, the
north side of a rose or other house, as they are usually
built, and there is no necessity for a special structure, for
if a position of a bench in the carnation house is utilized,
provided the cuttings are watered daily for the first week
and shaded with a strip of cheese cloth from the sun for
two days, they will he all right.

As soon as rooted, pot in 2j4 inch pots, using a compost
screened through an ^ inch sieve of loam, sand and leaf
soil and no manure.

As they advance, pot again into threes, using a compost
with a little old cow manure in, and keep near the glass
to induce a sturdy growth. They can again be potted
into four-inch pots and placed in a cold frame in March,
being careful to protect from frost or cutting winds.
Xow in order to obtain early blooms, and most of us are
expected and like to exhibit in the fall, a start should be
made in May with the house for the reception of plants
for their summer quarters. I am not mentioning field
culture for early crops, because that part is best suited
to the commercial grower who cannot afford to grow
his plants inside all summer. He has his bedding plants
and others to grow to turn an honest dollar in to help
pay his expenses, but with a private grower on a first
class place, expense in competition with pleasure antici-
pated is a ilifferent proposition.

The soil can be cut the first week in April, and the
best fiberous sod to be obtained is not too good but is
more in order than any artificial feeding afterwards.
One-fourth cow manure mixed with the soil and carried
on to the benches, which should receive previously a coat
of lime wash and sulphtuv

Turn the soil over once daily, and when it is in proper
condition level off with a rake and spread a fine coating
of wood ashes on top. which can be forked in and after-
wards the bench can be pressed fairly hard, ])ut not like
a mushroom bed.

f'lanting can be commenced any date after ^^ay 1.^.
and the space required is according to the strength of the
varieties being grown. When planted, give a good water-
ing, and it should not be necessary to shade at all when
turned out of pots in the manner described. All that is
required during the next three and a half months is
careful watering and light cultivation of the surface soil.

Watering, we are all agreed un, must be done, but
syringing is with many a different matter. Scientists
claim that as the carnation comes from Dianthus, which
was formerly a rock weed growing on a high altitude
where the air was rather dry, does not require water on
its foliage ; also that it is noticed in dull weather that the
bloom on the plant's growth is more pronounced than in
liright weather, which seems to be an indicator of pro-
tection from damp.

Xow the idea as applied to the primitive carnation is
all right, but to apply the safme dry treatment in our long
hot, dry summers when evaporation is rapid would only
court disaster and the plants would become infested with
red spider. A few sprayings lightly applied with a hose
with a man who knows how is not only important, but
necessary; also damp the floors well if of cement or drv
boards.

The plants require several pinchings to induce a bushy
growth, but eight weeks must be given generally for the
last stop for a certain flower to be cut. When the stems
commence to push up, the plants require a light feed,
and dried bone manure rubbed through an inch screen is
a grand food to commence with in addition to a fair
sprinkling of bone flour. Potash is a necessity and can
be applied in wood ashes, sulphate of potash or Scotch
soot, which also has a number of high fertilizing proper-
ties.

The temperature during summer cannot be regulated,
only cooled oft' by the spraying and damping, but when
fall commences and the befauty looked for begins to show,
then the best temperature is fifty degrees nights, rising to
seventy degrees during the day of course. All the air
must be given cautiously and with all sense, the small
things, namely watering and ventilating carefully being
the most necessary and important ones. Never over-
water, and in cold weather syringing must be dispensed
with.

I slated in my first lines that the carnation is almost
immune from disease, and in comparison with the rose
and certain other favorites it is almost immune. Rust
and stem rot are the worst the grower has to combat.

The writer a short time ago had the misfortune to ob-
tain his soil from underneath trees, and the manure was
from a barn where the cattle were bedded on wood shav-
ings, and although fine plants when first put in the bench,
a number of them (10 per cent, of all) succumbed to
stem rot, but, with the remedies tried, Bordeaux mixture,
sulphur, charcoal, du.st, etc., not any were successful, so
Fungine was tried with marvellous success, and after-
wards the plants were sprayed once every two weeks.
It is a grand fungicide, and if used from the early start
will keep away rust and stem rot.

The varieties now evolved make one think the limit has
been reached, but year after year brings out some grand
novelties which have not come without much care and
pains. Dailledouze. I believe, were the first to intro-
duce the carnation in America, and they dese^^^e great
credit for all their efforts, the new Enchantress Supreme
being one of their latest grand achievements. C. W.
Ward, who has raised so many good ones, has now
given to the world another grand white, the variety
Matchless. Fisher and others are all deserving of their
grand efforts to glorify and bring to perfection the most
useful and one of nature's most lovely gifts — the .Ameri-
can carnation.

944

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

THE

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

OP AMERICA.

MARTIN C. EBEL, Managing Editor,

Published by

CHRONICLE PRESS

M. E. MAYNARD, President. A. A. FAY, Sec'y.

Office of Publication

1 MontRomery Street, Jersey City, N. J.

New York Office

236 WILLIAM STREET, NEW YORK CITY.

Subscriptio

Price, 12 Months, $1.00

Foreign, $1.50

Single Copies. 10 Cent

Entered as second class matter February 18, 1905, at the Post Office at
Jersey City. N. J., under Act of Congress of March 3. 1879.

Published on the 15th of each month.

Advertising forms close on the 10th preceding publication.
For information regarding advertising rates, etc., address Advertising
Department, Gasdkners' Chronicle, Madison, N. J.

ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

President, Vice-President. Treasurer,

VVM H. WAITE. T. W. EVERETT, JAMES STUART.

Yonkers. N. Y. Glen Cove. N. Y. Mamaroneck. N. Y.

Secretary, MARTIN C. EBEL. Madison, N. J.

TRUSTEES FOR 1914.
ge, N. J.; William Kleinhe

Peter Duff, O

Duckham, Madison, N. T.; Alexand'
John H. Dodds, Wyncote, Pa.

, Ogonti. Pa.: William
Highland Falls. N. Y.:

DIRECTORS.

To serve until 1915— John Shore. Harrison, N. Y.: Thomas Proctor.
Lenox, Mass.; William N. Craig. Brookline, Mass.; Frank E. Witney.
Fishkill, N. Y.; Robert Williamson, Greenwich, Conn.; F. Kirk, Bar
Harbor, Me.; James Bell, New York, N. Y.

To serve until 1916 — Thomas W. Logan, Jenkintown, Pa.; John F. Huss,
Hartford, Conn.: las. MacMachan. TuNcdo Park, N. Y.; A. Bauer, Deal
Beach, N. J.; Joiin W. Jones, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Alexander McPherson.
Washington. D. C: James C. Shield, Monticello, III.

To serve until 1917 — A. J. Smith. Lake Geneva. Wis.; Theodore Wirth,
Minneapolis, Minn.; Wm. Hetrick, San Gabriel, Cal.; Robert Angus,
Tarrytown, N. Y. ; Robert Bottomley, New Canaan, Conn.; Alex. Eraser,
Newport, R. I.; Arthur Smith, Reading, Pa.

Vol. XVII.

APRIL. 1914.

Xo. 6.

ousies antl personal gain made it possible to simplify
operations, distribute responsibilities and enforce econo-
mies, all of which aided to the success of the management.
The usual confusion attendent the larger Bower show
was entirely removed. It must not be overlooked how-
ever that the 1914 Flower Show Committee possessed a
most valuable asset in the experience gained by some of
its members serving on the committee of a year ago.

As usual, trade support, in which wholesalers and
retailers and the various allied trades participated most
liberally made the financial success possible.

The private interest in horticulture probably did more
for the show of 1914 than it has ever done for a flower
sliow before and no more energetic workers were to
be found in the management of the show than Messrs.
Havermeyer and Xewbold. They have established a
new diversion for societv. \\'atch l''l.~.

.\gain Xew "i'ork has demonstrated that its people are
sufficiently interested in horticulture to loyally support a
flower show. While opinions were divided among the
visiting public at the 1914 show, as to its comparison
with the show of a year ago — due to the absence of the
more massive groups which were a feature of the former
show — there was no conflict of opinion, iiowever, among
the "experts." It was conceded by them all that the
quality of the exhibits this year was even better than
that of a year ago and that from all points of view the
show must be pronounced a grand success.

Much of its success, so far as attendance was con-
cerned, was due to the interest Xew \'ork society mani-
fested in it this year. A movement is already afoot to
have an annual spring flower show in New York, to be
financed by some of New York's wealthy residents.

We have always been firm believers that a flower show
in New York could be made as popular among society
as the horse show, but when expressing such convictions
we were usually told to "wake up." W'e are not given
to proj)hesying but we will venture the prediction that
Dl.^ will see our dream realized.

What co-operation will do was shown in the successful
management of the recent flower show in Xew York.
Many interests were identified with it. but good team
work with the elimination of self ambitions, pettv jeal-

Elsewhere in these columns we print the resolution
adopted bv the executive board of the National Associa-
tion of Gardeners, at a recent meeting. It proposes to
inaugurate a co-operative movement between it and the
local horticultural societies which may be interested in
such action. The proposed movement is an excellent one
and, so far as outlined, should prove helpful to all local
societies which will adopt the plan. Individual efifort is
materially aided, divided efifort becomes more available,
and united efifort is made most eiifective through co-
operation. Organization is he!]iful in developing a cause,
but it requires co-operation to thoroughly establish one.

LOST CARES.

'i"hc little cares that fretted me.

1 lost them yesterday
Among the fields above the sea,

.Among the winds at play.
Among the lowing of the herds.

The rustling of the trees,
.\mong the singing of the birds,

The humming of the bees ;
The foolish fears of wdiat might come,

I cast them all away
Among the clover-scented grass.

Among the new-mown hay,
Among the hushing of the corn

Where drowsy poppies nod.
Where ill thoughts die and good are born,

( )ut in the fields with God.

Anon.

Flowers are the sweetest things that God ever made and
forgot to put a soul into. Henkv Ward Beecher.

The Field Studies and De-
NEED EACH nion-tration idea is not com-

OTHER'S HELP. plete without the idea of ac-
tive and mutually helpful co-
oi)erati(in between the farmers themselves and all of the
public agencies intended to promote agriculture and
agricultural education. The farmer needs the facts and
the explanations which the scientists can furnish, and the
scientists and teachers are no less in need of the facts
and the point of view of the farmers: thev need to learn
the superscience which farmers call common sense, that
wholesome wisdom that is the essence of the thought and
experience of generations of men who have made good
through work and thought and thrift and unconscious
adai)tation to circumstances. — Department of Ag^ricitlture.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

45

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION NOTES

M. C. EBEL, Secretary, MADISON, N. J.

CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS.

Ruised by rommiltic appoinlnl at thr tiiiniiiil ronVLiition in
A'eic York, Ntfvcmber 3rf, 1913, and adopted by the Executive
Hoard at the Philadelphia meeting. April 1th. V.Wi, ax authorized
by the liUH eonvention.

ARTICLE I.

Name and object.
Sec. 1. The name of the association is tlic National .\ssoiia-
tion of Gardeners.

See. 2. The object of the association is:
To develop greater interest in horticulture and floriculture
and thereby create better opportunities for those engaged in the
profession of gardening.

To uplift the profession of gardening by endeavoring to im-
prove conditions within it.

To cement a closer bondship among all engaged in, and in-
terested in, gardening.

ARTICLE II.
Membership.
See. 1. The association shall be composed of four classes of
members, active, associate, life and honorary.

Sec. 2. Active members shall be composed of those actually
engaged in the profession of gardening and shall include superin-
tendents of private estates, parks and cemeteries. The active
members shall have exclusive control of the management of the
affairs of the association and shall alone have voting power.

Sec. 3. Associate meml)ers shall be composed of persons di-
rectly interested, or actively engaged, in any business pertaining
to gardening. The}' shall have no voting power or voice in the
management of the association.

Sec. 4. Life members shall be composed of actfve and asso-
ciate members, retairiing their privileges as active or associate
members.

See. .5. Honorary members shall be composed of owners of
private estates and any person who may have gained recognition
for special services rendered to horticulture. They shall have no
voting power.

ARTICLE III.

Dues.

.Sec. 1. The annual dues for active and associate members shall
be .$2 per year, payable on .lanuaiy 1st of each year. Members
in arrears of dues to the extent of over $4 shall be suspended and
cannot be re-instated to good standing in the association until
their debt to it i.s paid.

Sec. 2. Dues for life members shall be twenty-five dollars, and
such members shall be exempt from further assessments.

Sec. 3. Honorary members are exempt from all dues.

ARTICLE IV.
Officers.

Sec. 1. The ofllcers of this association shall consist of presi-
dent, vice-president, secretary, treasurer, five trustees and twen-
ty-one directors. Three of the trustees must be residents of the
State of New Jersey.

Sec. 2. The president, vice-president, secretary, treasurer, and
five trustees shall be elected at the annual convention each year.
Their term of ofliie shall begin the first day of .lanuary follow-
ing the election, and shall continue for one year, or until their
successors are elected.

Sec. 3. Nominations for officers and trustees shall be made
from the floor of the convention and the election shall be by bal-
lot. The president shall appoint at least three tellers who shall
count the ballots and the candidates receiving the largest num-
ber of votes shall be declared elected.

.Sec. 4. On the first day of .January of each j'ear the president
shall appoint seven directors to serve for a term of three years.

Sec. 5. Only active members whose dues have been paid for
the current year shall be entitled to vote at the election.

Sec. 6. Any vacancies occurring among the ofllcers of the as-
sociation shall be filled by aiipointment by the president, subject
to the approval of the executive board.

ARTICLE V.
Duties of Officers.
Sec. I. The president shall preside at all uu'elings of the asso-
ciation, and shall I'Xercise a general control of its affairs. He

-liall appoint all committees, not otherwise provided for. and
.-inintersign all orders on the treasurer issued bv the secretary
lor moneys paid out by the association. He sha'll sign all con-
tracts ana agreements made by the association. He shall have
general supervision of the interests and welfare of the associa-
tion as its chief officer.

Sec. 2. The vice-president shall preside in the absence of the
president. In the event of the disability of the president the
vice-president shall act with all authority and power exercised
by the president.

Sec. .3. The secretary shall keep an accurate record of all
ineetings, attend to the correspondence of the association and
have charge of its papers, reports, seal, etc. He shall collect all
dues and monies for the association and shall pay the same to
the treasurer, taking receipt for same. He shall notify those
luembers in arrears and promptly report delinquents to "the ex-
eiutive board. He shall audit all bills, secure the president's en-
■ lorsement to the same and present them to the treasurer for
payment. He shall attest all contracts and agreements made bv
the association. He shall prepare an annual report of the busi-
ness of his oflSce and submit it to the annual convention.

Sec. 4. The treasurer shall have charge of all the funds of the
association. He shall receive the monies collected for dues by
the secretary. He shall pay all bills presented to him by the
secretary, countersigned by the president. He shall keep a cor-
rect record of all receipts and disbursements and render a report
of his accounts at the annual convention. He shall give bonds in
such sum as the executive board may deem sufficient, the expense
to be assumed by the association.

Sec. .5. The trustees and directors which, with the president,
vice-president, secretary and treasurer, constitute the executive
board, shall have general supervision of the executive business of
the association. They shall have power to make appropriations
for specifie purposes, and all acts of the board, wliich in its judg-
nient are for the welfare of the association, shall lie considered
bindiiiL'. The board may adopt such rules and regulations for
the conduct of its meetings and management of the afTairs of the
association as it may deem proper, providing they do not conflict
with the Hy-I,aws of the association. It shall appoint an audit-
ing committee at its fall meeting, previous to the convention, to
aiulif the accounts .of the secretary and treasurer and report the
limlings at the convention. Five memlwrs of the board shall con-
-titnte n i|nonim.

ARTICLE VL

Meetings.
Sec. 1. The annual convention shall be held each year during
the first week of December, if practical. The exact date of the
convention and the meeting place shall be decided by ballot at
the summer meeting of the executive hoard. Twenty-five mem-
bers shall constitute a quorum at the annual convention.

The order of business at the convention shall be as follows: —

President's address.

Heading of minutes of last convention.

.\iiiiual report of secretary.

.\iiiiual report of treasurer.

Reports of standing coininitteos.

Heports of special committees.

Kesolutioiis.

('omiuuuications.

Unfinished business.

Xuminations and ele.tiim <i| ..tri-.i~

New business.

Essays.

fieiieral disciission.

.Adjournment.

Sec. 2. The executive board (composing the ofiicers, trustees
and directors), shall hold quarterly meetings to transact such
business as may come before it. The date ami place of the suc-
ceeding meeting shall be decided at each regular meeting of the
lioard.

Sec. 3. Special meetings of the executive board may be called
by the president, or on request of five members of the board, on
two weeks' written notice to the secretary.

Sec. 4. Special meetings of the association may lie called on
a majority vote at an executive meeting.

946

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

ARTICLE VII.
Reserve fund.

Sec. 1. All monies collected from life membership dues shall
be placed in the reserve fund, created for that purpose. The
executive board shall have power to add any surplus of the gen-
eral fund to the reserve fund.

ARTICLE VIII.
Amendments.

See. 1. Amendments to this Constitution and By-Laws may
be made at the regular meeting of the association or at a special
meeting called for that purpose, providing that a written notice
of the proposed amendment shall have been given to the secre-
tary. Such notice is to be published in the official organ of the
association at least ten days before the meeting.

MEETING OF EXECUTIVE BOARD.

The spring meeting of the e.xecutive board of the Na-
tional Association of Gardeners was held in Horticul-
tural Hall, Philadelphia, Pa., on Tuesday, April 7. There
were present: John W. Everett, Glen Cove, N. Y. ;
James MacMachan, Tuxedo Park, N. Y. ; Robert Bot-
tomley. New Canaan, Conn. ; Arthur Smith, Reading,
Pa.; M. C. Ebel, Madison, N. J.; Thomas Logan, Jen-
kintown, Pa.; William Kleinheins, Ogontz, Pa.; John
Dodds, Wyncote, Pa. In the absence of President
Waite, Vice-President Everett occupied the chair.

The revised by-laws of the association, submitted by
the by-laws committee, consisting of J. W. Everett, M. C.
Ebel and J. F. Johnston, appointed at the 1913 conven-
tion, were adopted by the e.xecutive board and ordered
printed in book form immediately aifH distrilnited among
the members.

The many letters received from local horticultural
societies from all over the country favoring co-operation
with the National Association, resulted in the following
resolution being adopted :

"The response to the coinniunication on co-operation
recently addressed to the local horticultural societies by
the National Association of Gardeners has been so favoi--
able, it is the sense of the members of the executive board
present that definite action should be taken to inaugurate
the co-operative movement betzveen the national associa-
tion and the I'arious local horticultural societies, zcho may
desire to unite -with it to advance the interest of horti-
culture and the profession of gardening.

I'herefore, be it resok'ed that the secretary be instruct-
ed to address the various local societies, inviting those
interested in our endeavor to appoint committees of three,
to be known as the Co-operative Committee of the local
society of vhich they are appointed. These committees
icill act with the Co-operative Committee of the National
Association of Gardeners, to be composed of the presi-
dent, vice-president, treasurer and secretary of the Na-
tional Association and to be known as the .\ational Co-
operative Committee.

"The National Committee shall inform itself through
the local co-operative committee of the workings and do-
ings of the different local organizations and gather such
information as may be of interest and value to local hor-
ticultural bodies in their operations, and shall disseminate
such information as it may acquire among the societies
co-operating with it. Through such an interchange of
I'iews and experiences the successful efforts of local so-
cieties, in their various undertakings, zcill be imparted to
sister societies, by which they can benefit, and their scope
of effective work be increased.

"The National Committee is further empowered to
enter into co-operation zn'ith local horticultural societies,
in the broadest sense that the word 'co-operation' max
imply, to spread the interest in horticulture, and to devise
ways and mewns by zvhich the various local societies shall

have actual representation at the annual conventions of
the National Association of Gardeners luhere they may
come together and work out the problems which confront
the profession of ga/rdening,"

A report of the work done by the Service Bureau dur-
ing the past three months was submitted, and it was de-
cided to continue its efforts. Plans to bring the bureau
to the direct attention of estate owners and others requir-
ing the services of capable gardeners, advising them how
they can obtain efficient men in the profession, through
the bureau, are now under consideration.

By carrying out such a campaign the association hopes
to gradually eliminate the class of so-called gardeners
entirely unqualified by experience or knowledge to man-
age positions they apply for, and which class is proving
so detrimental to the profession as a whole.

In order that members of the executive board who,
owing to distance, cannot always attend the meetings,
may have an opportunity to participate in them, the fol-
lowing resolution was also adopted ;

"In vietv of the national character of our association,
our president has rightly appointed to the executive board
members residing in all parts of the country. At the
same time it is obvious that the attendance of all tnem-
bers at z\:hatez'er place meetings may be held is praetically
an impossibility. As it is essential that every member of
the executive board should take an active interest in the
zi'elfare of the association and should harje opportunity
of doing so afforded him to make suggestions in connec-
tion with, and offer opinions upon the policy of, the as-
sociation, therefore, be it resolved that an inzntation be
extended to members of the board, tliat zvhen they can-
not attend a meeting they submit any suggestion they
may have to offer in zi'riting that can properly be brought
before the meeting, and, that it shall be given the same
consideration as though the member offering it zvere
present in person."

The secretary's financial report showed the association
to be in fine financial condition with a substantial sur-
plus in the bank.

Messrs. T. A. Havemeyer and F. R. Newbold, of New
York, were elected to honorary membership in the as-
sociation in recognition of their valuable services ren-
dered in the management of the recent successful New
York Flower Show.

Following a general discussion, the board adjourned
to meet in Boston during the month of August. Before
adjournment a vote of thanks was tendered the Pennsyl-
vania Horticultural Society for the use of its offices. The
visiting members later became the guests of the local
members of the board at one of the hotels where, while
enjoying a wholesome repast, they were entertained by
the relating of reminiscences of bothy experiences.

NEW MEMBERS.

Peter Morrison, Mt. Kisco, N. Y. ; Thos. Brownell,
Reading, Pa. ; Frank Swenson, Tenafly, N. J. ; A. T.
.\tkinson, Saugatuck, Conn. ; Arthur E. Griffin, Marion,
Mass. ; Thomas Morgan, Garrison, N. Y. ; Frank E.
Gregg, Plymouth, Mass. ; Harold F. Winter, New York.
N. Y. : Alfred H. Pike, Villa Nova, Pa.; E. E. Ridout.
Purchase, N. Y. ; Herbert W. Brown, Princeton, N. T- :
Robert B. Allen, Elberon, N. J. ; Earle I. Wilde, State
College, Pa. ; John V. Horin, West Orange, N. J. ; Rich-
ard Brett, Islip, N. Y. ; Wm. Edward Brett, Somerville.
N. J. ; Wm. F. Ross, Locust Valley, N. Y. ; Oias. Hurn
Elberon, N. J.; J. Harrison Dick, New York, N. Y. ;
Frank J. Kyle, Oyster Bay, N. Y. ; Chas. Russell, Tarry-
town, N. Y. ; D. A. P. Sorenson, Essex Fells, N. J. :

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

947

Daniel I lay, Newport. K. 1.; Alex. While, .Ardsley, X.V. :
Jas. H. Mulholland, Deal lleaeh, N. J.; John Alcock,
East Burke, Vt. ; C. Holken, Huntington, N. Y. ; Warren
S. Mason, Farmington, Conn. : Henry Postal, Elberon,
N. J. ; James Horn, Rumson, X. J. ; Chas. T. Beasley,
Rosland, N. J.; Joseph Lee, Somerville, N. J.; F. Fal-
coner, Cedarhurst, N. Y. ; George Palmer, Purchase,
N. Y. ; Norman Bruce, Monticello, 111. ; Alexander Suther-
land, Riverdale-on-Hudson, N. Y. ; David Anderson,
Throggs Neck, N. Y. William Anderson, Chappinville,
Conn. : Chas. Ernest Carman, Springfield Centre, N. Y.
John VV. Everett, Glen Cove, N. Y., active member,
has subscribed for life membership.

AMONG THE GARDENERS

James Watt, lurinerly at the Walker estate. .Man-
chester, Mass., has succeeded Paul Yolguohard-on as head
gardener to Mrs. W. S. Weld, Newport, R. I.

James Brown, formerly superintendent at .Smith Ci
lege Botanical Bardens, Northampton, has taken char
of tile W. S. Sayles estate, Pawtucket, R. I.

Angus McCiregor is the new superintendent nn tin.
J. P. Morgan estate. East Island, X. Y., assuming chargi
the last of March.

John M. McQueen, formerly gardener on the, Gibbs
estate. Glen Cove, N. Y., has left that place to accept a
similar position on the Bliss estate, Bernardsville, X. J.

William Allan, for the last twenty years in charge '
the H. B. Jacobs' place at Newport, R. I., recently ri
signed his position. John McGowan, formerly gardens
on the r>rugniere estate, succeeds .Mr. .\llan on the Jacoli
■ place.

John .\. (iraiit. for sometime foreman under Tho>
Page, Brooksitle Conservatories, Great Barrington, Mass.
has been appointed head gardener on the Thos. Luke
estate, Tarrvtown. X. Y.

l-'rederick Lislon, recently of I'hilailelphia, Pa., has
taken the position of head gardener at Mill Pond Planta-
tion. Thomasville, Ga.

I{. Mct'arroll, formerly head gardener at Westminster
School, Simsbury, Conn., has been appointed superin-
tendent on the E. D. Morgan estate, Wheatley Hills, X. V.

-A. number of friends gave a surprise party to .Mr. and
Mrs. John J. Duquid, of W^ellesley, on April 3. Mr.
Duquid is the genial superintendent of the H. S. Iluiuie-
well estate. Mrs. Duquid was presented with a handsome
chest of silver by W. J. Kennedy on behalf of those
present. Mr. Duquid was also well remembered. Danc-
ing was engaged in during the evening and there were
solos from James Singer, the noted Scotch baritone. Miss
Alice Duquid and Master Duquid furnished the dancing
music. Some of those present, all of whom were well
known particularly in Boston, were: Mr. and Mrs. P. M.
Miller, Mr. and Mrs. Geo. Melvin, Mr. and Mrs. Donald
McKenzie, Joshua Lawson, B. McPhee, W. J. Kennedy,
Mr. and Mrs. W. R. Thornhill, Mr. and Mrs. Frank
.Mlison. and Mr. and Mrs. Tohn Barr.

The Mas.sachusetts Horticultural Society will hold an
exhibition of late tuli])s, calcedarias, pelargoniumes, and
other seasonable plants, flowers and vegetables on May
16 and 17. The rhododendron show will come on June 6
and 7, the peony show on June 13 and 14, and the rose
and strawberry exhibition on June 20 and 21.

The trustees of the .Massachusetts Horticultural Society
at their meeting on .\i)ril 4 voted $6,000 for prizes during
191. S. The idea of having a S[)ring exhibition on a big
scale in 191.S also met with great favor. The sum of S.SOO
was voted towards the S. .\. F. Convention fund.

'he

WE HAVE HIM AT LAST.

ccompanying illustration portrays John W

liverett, and his favorite "terrier," snapped by a friend
at an unexpected moment to Mr. Everett. He manifests a
decided aversion to posing for jjublication, and efforts in
the past have failed to induce him to pose even for the
Chronicli-:. But we have caught him at last. Mr.
Everett, who is the vice-president of the National .Asso-

lollN W. i;\T.RKTT, WTTTI UIS |-.\\OI?ITK T1-:RRIF.R.

ciation of ( iardeners, requires no introduction to tiie
gardening fraternity. He is one of the well-known gar-
deners of this country and numbers a host of friends
within the profession. There is no more active or en-
thusiastic worker in the interest of the profession than
"Jack" F.verett.

GARDENERS' REUNION.

There were about seventy-five jiresent at the tourna-
ment and dinner held at Thuiu's P>owliiig .\lleys, Broad-

948

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

way and Thirty-first street, New York, Tuesday, March
24. Some fine prizes were contributed in general. Chas.
H. Totty, toastmaster, was in usual good fettle. W'ni.
Anderson, Lancaster, Mass., responded to the toast of
the private gardener. M. C. Ebel, secretary National
Association of Gardeners, reviewed its wonderful prog-
ress and his remarks were to the effect that its co-opera-
tive plan with local societies is already assured of suc-
cess. Richard \'incent, Jr., "the oldest gardener," took
occasion to speak glowingly of that noble gardener, Wil-
liam R. Smith, urging the private gardener to do his
share so that a suitable memorial may be erected. Wil-
liam H. Duckham, of the New York Florists' Club, spoke
of the flower show and said he believed that hereafter
New Y'ork would have annual spring shows. James
Stuart, of the New Wirk Horticultural Society, declared
that that organization had placed itself in the front rank
of horticultural activities. Arthur Herrington, the land-
scape gardener, urged a closer bond between all branches
of horticulture. John W. Everett, on "good fellowship,"
said there was none better to be found than among the
gardeners. The trade was well represented and respond-
ed freely to the call of the toastmaster.

THE BOW'LIXG.

1st. :
E. .MacKenzie . . . 157

(). Addor 125

C. Adcock 150

J. Aitchison 84

J. Roy 158

S. Redstone 145

A. Michie 110

Miller 149

T. Aitchison .... 161

J. Everitt 119

Brown 180

Westlake 152

Dodd 149

Marshall 140

Robertson 146

Williamson 105

Ingram 132

A. McKenzie .... 157
Gladstone 122

:nd. Total.

149

30C

152

277

127

277

90

174

116

274

141

286

88

198

181

280

173

334

134

253

144

.324

175

327

152

301

116

256

1.53

299

107

212

149

281

1st.

McLeod 91

Seybold 182

Zerk 143

Boetther 176

Jones 83

Diithie 114

.7. McDonald 96

Hambleton 127

.loe Kennedy. . . .137

E. Palmer 122

A. Wilde 130

W. Sea ley 108

Duncan 136

.Tim Kennedy .... 142

.MacDonaia 176

C. \V. ('alley 202

V. Benlley 122

E. Bartb 222

T. Murray 124

2nd. Total.

132 223

146 .328
183 226
118 294

88 171

141 1.55

102 198

112 239

149 286

111 233

148 278

134 242

139 275

173 315

130 .SOt;

192 394

147 269
173 .395
151 275

JUNE EXHIBITION OF NEWPORT GARDEN
ASSOCIATION AND NEWPORT HORTI-
CULTURAL SOCIETY— JUNE 24-25.

Regular Classes — Plants. Prizes.

1st. 2nd. ,3rd.

Class 1. For the best bed of Delphiniums. . .>(;!1.00 $6.00

Class 2. For the best bed of Canterbury Bells 0.00 6.00

Class 3. For the best bed of Sweet William. 6.00 4.00

Class 4. For the best bed of Stocks 6.00 4.00

Class 5. For the best bed of Snapdragon... 0.00 4.00

Class 0. For the best bed of Dianthus 6.00 4.00

Class 7. For the best bed of Salpiglossis. . . (i.OO 4.00

(lass 8. For the best bed of Bulbous Plants. H.OO 6.00

Class 9. For the best Herbaceous Border... 20.00 10.00

Class 10. For the best tub of Qimbing Roses. 12.(K) 8.00 $5.00

Class 11. For the best tub of Sweet Peas 12.00 S.OO 5.00

Class 12. For the best bed of Annunciation
Lilies (Lilium Candidum) in com-
bination with any pink flower at

the choice of exhibitor 12.00 S.OO

Note. — Beds to be not larger than S .\ 4 feet
and not smaller than 6 .\ 3 feet.

Special Classes — Plants,

1st. 2nd. 3rd.

Class 13. For the best collection of Rock and

Alpine plants $20.00 $10.00

('lass 14. For the best two beds of \'iolas
clear blue and clear yellow, bed
not over 8 .\ 4 feet or less than
6x3 feet , 1 5.00 1 0.00

Class 15. For the best display of Sehizanthus.
all colors, plants to conform in
size, at least 24 plants 15.00 10.(10

Class 16. For tlie best bed of Hydrangeas ar-
ranged as to size and color, bed to
lie not less than 10 feet in diam-
eter 25.00 15.00 $10.00

t las^ 17. For the best trained plant of pyra-
mid shaped Retinospora obtusa
nana. Training to be done by
exhibitor '. 15.00 10.00

Class 18. For the best bed of growing Roses. 30,00

Class 10. For the best flowering fragrant yel-
low Jasmine .'. . . 1.5.00 10.00

Class 20. For the best display of topiary

plants '. 25.00 15.00

Class 21. For the best 12 plants of Gloxinias
not less than 4 varieties, taste-
fully arranged. Ferns or other
foliage 'may be used 15.00 10.00

Class 22. For the best 12 plants of Calceo-
larias not less than 3 colors 15.00 10.00

( lass 23. For the best bed of Petunias, bed
to be not over 8x4 feet nor less
than 6x3 feet 15.00 10.00

Class 24. Best bed of Standard Roses shown

in pots in bed 8x4 feet 20.00 10.00

Note. — Entries in all classes for plants in l)eds
to be made to the Secretary 10 days before
the opening day of the exhibition.

Special Classes — Cut Flowers.

1st. 2nd. .3rd.

Class 25. For the best exhibit of W'hite Roses

other than White Killarney $15.00 $10.00

Class 26. For the best Yellow Carnation.
Open to local growers and mem-
bers of Newport Horticultural So.
ciety only 15.00

Class 27. For the best 24 .lacfpieminot Roses

in a vase 15.00 10.00

NEWPORT HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Regular Classes — Plants.

1st. 2nd. 3rd.
Class 28. For the best group of Palms, Ferns

and foliage plants to cover a .space

of 100 square feet $20.00 $15.00

Class 29. For the best group of Ferns, in

space of 50 square feet 15.00 10.00

Class 30. For the best table of decorative

foliage plants, each plant to be

serviceable for a table, pots not

to exceed 6 inches. Exhibit table

to be 3 X 0 feet 12.00 S.OO $5.00

(lass 31. For the best display of Orchid

plants in bloom. Ferns and other

foliage can be used 10.00 5.00

Class ,32. For the best specimen Areca in

pot not exceeding 12 inches 5.00 3.00 2.00

Class 33. For the best specimen Kentea in

pot not exceeding 12 inches 5.00 3.00 2.00

Class .34. For the best specimen Phoenix Roe-

belinii in pot not exceeding 12

inches \ 5.00 3.00 2.00

Class 3.5. For the best specimen any other

species Palm in pot or tub not

exceeding 12 inches 5.00 3.00 2.00

Class 36. For the best specimen Palm 7.00 5.00

Class 37. For best specimen Fern 5.00 3.00 2.00

Special Classes — Plants.

Nl. 2nd. 3rd.
Class 38. For the best group of Palms, Ferns,
foliage and flowering plants to
cover a space of 100 square feet. .Silver Cup
Note. — A second prize of $20 and a third prize
of $15 is offered by the society in the above
class.
Class 39. For the best 3 plants of Cattleya

Gaskelliana in bloom '..$10.00 $.5.00

Class 40. For the best 6 plants of Tuberous

Begonias 6.00 4.00

Class 41. For the best 24 plants of Gloxinias. 12.00 8.00
Class 42. For the best 12 pots of annuals in

bloom 6.0O 1.00

Cut Flower Sclu'dtilc in'// n/'pcar in May issue. Omitted for
ivant of sfxice.

Sweet Pea Culture— Their Usage

By George W. Kerr.

"The Sweet Pea has a keel that zcas meant to seek all
shores; it has zcinj^s that were meant to fly across all con-
tinents; it has a standard -which is friendly to all nations:
it has a frasirance like the unii'ersal Gospel: yea. a S7>.'ect
prophecy of -welcome everyivherc that has been abun-
dantly fulfilled."

So said the Rev. W. '1". Hiitchin.s, the well-known
Sweet Pea enthusiast, when attending; the Sweet Pea
Bi-centenary Celebration in London in 1900; and his
words sound almost like a prophecy — a prophecy that
has indeed been abundantly fulfilled.

As far as we can learn the Sweet Pea is a native of
Sicily, and we read that in 1699 Franciscus Cupani, an
Italian monk, sent seeds to ICn^land, and so was bet^un
the culture of Sweet Peas.

SOIL AND PREI'-\K.\TIO.\.

Any ordinary garden soil will suit Sweet Peas, pro-
vided the following points are observed :

First — The ground should be drained or the soil be
of such a nature that in a season of excessive rains the
water will not lie and so cause the roots to rot, or
start mildew among the plants.

Second — The seeds should be planted in such a
position that no excessive shade shall interfere with
the sturdy growth of the vines, as too nnich shade
encourages a spindly and weak vine, with few, if any,
flowers. You should choose, therefore, a spot in your
garden right in the open, where your plants may have
all the available light and air, though a little shade
from the scorching mid-day suns of June and |ul\' will
be found most beneficial.

Soils cultivated and prepared as for your vegetable
plot will give fair results, but for this, the Queen of
all our annual plants, a little e.xtra care and selection
of soil will be well repaid by the additional size of
flower, longer stems, better color, and prolonged period
of blooming.

Whatever may be the composition of your soil.
a start should be made in the fall of the year b\' trench-
ing it to a depth of from two to three feet. Should
the subsoil be poor, it would be absurd to bring it to the
surface, but it should be broken up, turned over,
and mi.xed with any old garden refuse or stable litter.
Thoroughly mix with the second spit a liberal quantity
of half decayed stable or cow manure — the latter for
preference if the soil is light — adding a good dressing
3f bone meal as the work proceeds. The top spit should
be filled in as rough as possible (at the same time mix-
ing with the soil thoroughly rotted manure) and left so
all Winter, that the frost, snow, and rain may have a
better chance of exerting their mellowing influence^;
upon the soil. Should the under s])its be very light
I would recommend that it should be taken out of the
trench and rejilaced with soil of heavier substance.

If the land is very heavy, with a clay subsoil, long
stable litter and rough material from the garden rub-
bish heap should he incorporated with the subsoil which
is broken up, as this will help materially to drain and
sweeten the trench, and farm-yard manure, road
sweepings, and wood ashes will help to lighten the
top spits, adding bone meal as recommended aboxe.

While on the subject of trenching, we ought to ex-
plain that where the Sweet Peas are to be planted in
rows the trench should be taken out at least twti feet
wide and the rows should be live feet apart.

.^s soon as the frost is out of the ground in earb

s])ring and tiie s<iil is in a nice, dry condition, the rows
should have a fairly heavy coating of superphosphate
of lime (acid ])hosphate), which can' be forked or raked
into the soil and all made ready for planting. Care
should be taken that the soil is not too loose, as in this
condition it would be apt to dry up quickly during the
summer; therefore, if it is loose and open, get it con-
solidated by forking and treading, but do not attempt
tt) work the trench until it is quite dry.

Soils deficient in lime will be greatlx- benefited by a
good dusting of fresh lime put on in the Fall or Winter,
using it as soon as slaked. On ground that has been
heavily manured for some years this application will
be found most beneficial, as it combines with the or-
ganic matter contained therein, thereby setting free
much ]:)lant food that was not previously available to
the cnjps.

Where it has been found impossible to trench the
ground in the Fall, this operation should be com-
menced as early as possible in the spring, but in this
case only old, well-decomposed manure should be util-
ized, using bone meal and superphosphate of lime (acid
phosphate) as recommended above.

-SOWIXC. .\XD I'L.VXTI.VG.

To those who want the very best results we say
plant your Sweet Pea seeds in pots. This should be
done in January or February, according to location,
using pots of three and one-half or four inches diame-
ter. A suitable compost for this consists of turfy loam,
leaf soil, and a little sand, all thoroughly mixed. .\
little of the roughest of the turf should be placed on
U>p of the cr<5cks to insure perfect drainage, afterwards
filling the pot to within an inch and a half of the top.
Then put an inch layer of sharp sand into which the
seed should be sunk half an inch when planting, the
use of the sand being to prevent the seed rotting ere
germinating, as many seeds so often do when planted
in heavier soil. Four seeds will be quite sufticient for
each pot, making all firm and labeling each variety as
it is sown. The pots should be then placed in a frame
or cool greenhouse as near the light as possible, so that
the growth will be kept sturdy and dwarf. The frame
or greenhouse bench on which the jjots are to stand
should be thoroughly cleaned and afterwards given a
thorough dusting of soot or lime to kill all insects, or
keej) them at bay. When the young vines are two or
three inches tall, insert a few twigs in the ])ots to keej)
them in an upright position.

•After the first thorough soaking to settle soil and
seeds, great care should be taken not to overdo the
subsequent waterings, as in the event of sharp frosts,
should the Peas be in an unheated structure, there
^s always the danger of the young plants getting
frosted. In severe weather the careful grower will al-
ways see that the frame is covered and protected from
night frosts.

When the young plants are well through the .soil,
air should be given on all favorable occasions, and if
the plants have been started in heat they should be
now removed to a cold frame. .As Spring advances
the sashes should be entirely removed during the
brightest part of the day, keeping them off night and
day as "planting out time" approaches. .According
to locality- and weather conditions jjrevailing at the
time, the young plants should be put out from earlv
March to earh- Mav.

950

THE GARDENERS" CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

One pot will be found sufficient to form a good
clump, and some growers favor this method of grow-
ing Sweet Peas^-the ground for the clump having been
prepared by taking out the soil to a depth of about
three feet by three feet and preparing it as before
explained for the row system.

When planting in rows each potful should be planted
about eighteen inches apart in the row. Place the
entire ball of soil with plants and twigs — taking care
to keep all intact with the exception of loosening the
mass of roots at the base — in the hole previously pre-
pared for its reception. If the plants are well watered
the day before planting, the ball of soil will be more
likely to remain entire when knocked out of the pot.
Should the weather be very dry at the time of plantmg,
it may be found advisable to give the newly trans-
planted vines a thorough watering, and this will like-
wise help to settle the soil about the roots.

A good ring of soot (which should be collected dur-
ing the season from the stove-pipe) put on the soil
round the plants will now be of the greatest possible
benefit in warding off insects, and even a slight dust-
ing of the same material over the }(iung vines has
been used also to advantage.

SOWING OUT OF DOORS.

Those who have not the conxeniences — or, per-
chance, think it too much trouble — for the pot method
of Sweet Pea culture, should plant the seeds as early
in the spring as soil and weather conditions will allow.
Whether the ground has been prepared as advised, or
simply dug over one spit deep, the pnicedure is the
same.

A small trench or furrow alnnit four inches deep
should be taken out and the seed sown evenh% using
about one ounce of seed to a fifteen-foot row — covering
with two inches of soil. After covering make the sur-
face soil fairly firm and finish all by putting a good
dusting of soot along the row, as this will keep away
birds and insects.

When the seedlings are about two inches high, thin
out the young plants, leaving one to every six inches,
as this will be found quite sufficient to give you a good,
thrifty row, allowing the air and light to circulate
freely among the growing vines, giving more room to
the gross feeding and deep searching roots, the natural
results being larger flowers, longer stems, better color,
and more flowers. As the young vines grow, the soil
should be hoed up to them on either side, thus
strengthening the plants and keeping them in an up-
right position, while the slight trench thus made on
either side of the row is of great benefit when watering
the plants during a dry spell, or. on the other hand, it
acts as a natural drain in carrying off the superfluous
moisture during a \ery wet period.

STAKING AND TRELLISING.

A great diversity of opinion prevails over the ques-
tion of the most suitable material for staking Sweet
Pea vines. My own opinion on the matter is strongly
in favor of good twiggy boughs cut in the late Winter
or early Spring, that they may be on the green side and
so tough enough to last the season. If boughs are
used, they ought to be inserted at least one fiH't in the
soil with the tops inclining, if anything, a little out-
wards: i. e., the tops of the l)oughs should not meet,
as it is at this part that so much space is wanted when
the Peas are in full growth, therefore b}' inclining your
sticks outwards it leaves room for all top growth and
tends to keep your vines in an upright position.
Should your sticks not 1)C twiggy at the bottom, it
will be found desirable to insert a few short boughs

between the taller sticks wherever found necessary.
Now although we might all wish to stake our Sweet
Peas with boughs, in the majority of cases this is an
impossibility through our inability to procure them;
therefore, the question of the next best substitute arises,
and this is to be found in wire netting of 4 or 6-inch
mesh. The initial cost of this material is certainly a
drawback where a large area of Sweet Peas is grown,
but it will be found the cheapest in the long run, lasting
as it does for many years. Netting 4 to 6 feet wide will
be found sufficient for this locality, btit in cooler sec-
tions where the Sweet Pea vines flourish as they do in
our extreme Northern States, Canada, and England, this
width may have to be doubled. Stakes to support the
wire netting will have to be used, driving these 12 or 18
inches into the ground. Some growers ttse only one row
of wire netting, but we believe in the double row, say 12
inches apart. Another method is the use of soft, light
jute twine. In this case stout stakes are used, driving
one into the ground every five feet down the rows on
either side of the Peas, then running the twine from stake
to stake, commencing a few inches from the ground with
6 inches between each length. This will be found a most
economical method of staking your peas, though not so
satisfactory as boughs or wire netting.

CULTIVATING, MANURING AND WATERING.

The liberal use of the hoe between the rows and plants
will be found of great service in conserving moisture and,
of course, at the same time keeping down the weeds.
Should the weather set in very dry and hot, a liberal
mulching of manure or grass should be given, extending
quite 12 inches on either side of the plants, and a thor-
ough watering two or three times a week will keep your
seedlings on the move. No liquid manure should be ap-
plied, however, until the first blossoms appear, and then
only sparingly — or rather in a weak state — at first, al-
ternating the waterings with clear water. As the plants
come into full flower the manure may be made much
stronger.

Now, as to the kind of manure to apply. We know
that growers of experience have their own pet manures
and mixtures, but the following may all be relied upon.
One of the least expensive, and one which at the same
time almost serves a double purpose by both feeding the
plant and acting as an insecticide, is soot. Place about
a peck of soot in a bag and let it dissolve for a few hours
in an old tub or barrel filled with water. Guano may be
used in the proportion of one pound to 20 gallons of wa-
ter: or sulphate of potash, one ounce to one gallon of
water. Farmyard liquid manure, used about the color
of weak tea, is also of service, and nitrate of soda might
be used occasionally at the rate of, say. one-quarter ounce
to a gallon of water. When using liquid manure, it is
well to let it follow a thorough soaking with clear water,
that the fertilizing material may penetrate to the lowest
roots, and if possible all watering should be done after
the sun has gone down, as this will to a great extent save
the cracking of the soil and allow the plants to get the
full benefit of the moisture. Spraying the vines over-
head in the cool of the evening will be found to benefit
the plants during a hot, dry spell.

BUDS DROPPING.

Wliere the plants have been well cultivated and heavily
manured and the vines consequently are growing vigor-
ously, it sometimes happens that a' large proportion of
the iirst buds drop from the flower stem before opening,
and it often follows a period of wet and cool weather.
But the grower need not be alarmed at this, as the vines
will soon assume their natural mode of procedure, all
buds subsequently opening and remaining on the stem as

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

951

they should do. Bud dropping is most frequently met
with in a wet season.

GROWING FOR EXHIBITION.

Where the main object of the planter is flowers for
the exhibition table, more intensive methods of culture
are usually carried- out. For instance, if the rows of
peas are grown in a block, instead of trenching the
ground for each individual row only, the entire piece of
ground should be deeply dug and thoroughly manured,
as described on page 10 and the growths thinned out con-
siderably ; in fact, only taking up two to four stems on
each plant. All other branches or laterals being care-
fully pulled out, not cut out, as by adopting the latter
methods new laterals would again be emitted in the course
of a few days.

Plant in double rows, allowing 12 inches between the
rows, and in transplanting set each plant at least 6 inches
apart in the row. If the seed has been sown four or five
in a pot, or in bo.xes, care must be taken not to break or
injure the roots in any way when separating them, and
in planting do not cramp the roots. Spread them out
carefully and see that the hole is of a sufficient depth to
allow for the main root without any doubling. As the
growth is concentrated in a limited number of stems the
vines will, therefore, be much taller than when allowed
to grow naturally, and provision must be made for this
when staking.

The best method is to drive stout posts at the end of
each double row', to which nail two or three cross pieces,
the first 18 inches wide, attached about 9 inches from
the ground, the center pieces 12 inches wide, and the top
cross piece 9 inches. Stout wires are then strained hori-
zontally along both sides of the row from the cross
pieces. Long stakes or bamboos are now put flat against
the wires, to which they must be securely tied. The
height of all will naturalU' depend on what section of
the country the grower resides in. For instance, in our
Northern States and Canada the vines may be expected
to run from 10 to 12 or more feet in height, while further
south 6 to 8 feet may be sufficient, and much will of
course depend on the season.

It will be observed that by the above arrangement the
tops slope inward, the reason being that when grown by
this intensive method, each stem is ultimately brought
to the outside of the stakes, to which they must be care-
fully tied as growth proceeds.

Do not thin out the stems until the plants are at least
12 inches high, but be careful that they are kept upright
during all stages of growth, as when they are allowed
to sprawl along the ground they run the risk of being
trampled upon or twisted and injured by wind, and it is
in the earlier days that the welfare of the plants must
be most carefully guarded if success is to be obtained.

In training the shoots they should be at least 4 inches
apart, according to the space at disposal.

On the approach of warm weather do not omit to give
the plants a good mulch of strawy farmyard manure, and
follow immediately with a thorough soaking of water.

In applying water throughout the season the grower
will be guided by weather and soil conditions, but the
plants must not be allowed to suflfer for lack of moisture.
On no account give water in driblets — either a thorough
soaking or none at all. On light porous soils water may
safely be given during a dry spell at least twice a week,
and on heavier and more retentive soils once a week.
When flowers appear liquid manures should also be used,
but given rather weak to begin with. Sheep or
cow manure, made by steeping it in a tub or barrel or
taken from the farm cesspool and well diluted, will be
found excellent, and this may be changed occasionally

for artificials. Superphosphate (_acid phosi)hate), 1
ounce to a gallon of water. Sulphate of potash, nitrate
of potash, half an ounce to a gallon of water. Nitrate of
soda should be given only if the plants require a special
"pick me up" towards the end of the season.

To give flowers extra fine color I believe there is noth-
ing to surpass soot (the real Scotch imported soot may
now be obtained from many establishments).

In showery weather it may be dusted along the soil
on both sides of tiie plants, or used as a liquid manure
as advised on page 20.

EXHIBITING SWEET PE..\S.

Intending exhibitors must keep the blooms hard cut
from the vmes until, say, four days previous to the date
of the show, and all varieties that are likely to scald with
the sun should be shaded with cheese-cloth or otiier light
material, as in close competition a single scorched flower
might make all the difterence between a first or second
prize. Do not erect the shading until three days previous
to the date the flowers are required, and remove it im-
mediately after cutting, as continued shading rapidly
weakens the plant.

Varieties that have orange in their colorings (such as
Stirling Stent, Thomas Stevenson. Helen Lewis), the
scarlets and the blues, should all be protected. The blooms
should be cut at the last possible minute, choosing when-
ever practicable the early morning or the evening, put-
ting the flowers immediately into water and placing in a
cool room or cellar until packed. Pick only young, fresh
blooms with the last flower just open or in the opening
stage, as should you be cutting the day previous to the
show, it will be fully expanded by the time the judges
come around. Cut with as long stems as possible. The
ideal spray should have a stem of 12 to 18 inches long,
with four good flowers on it. Therefore, aim at the
ideal. If the flowers are wet when cut they must be put
very thinly in vases and placed in a room where there is
a little heat, but through which a current of air is play-
ing that they may dry ofT ere being packed, for if they
are at all moist when packed for traveling, the flowers
will, when unpacked, he found to be discolored and spot-
ted and many of the blooms will drop from the stems.

In staging the flowers never crowd them. Let every
flower "speak for itself." Twenty sprays make a nice
vase, and the best method of arranging them is to start
bv putting some stiff grass or reeds (cut 2 inches long)
in the mouth of the vase, as this helps to keep the stems
in position. Each stem must be put in separately. Let
every flower be seen as far as possible and all face one
way, with the exception of such varieties as have the
back of the standards tinted in coloring other than the
ground color of the flower, when the position of such
might be judiciously varied. One or two pieces of foliage
— a little Gypsophila — or light grass, such as .Xgrostis
Nebulosa, might with advantage be used. But this should
not be overdone, and only if the rules allow of it.

In staging a collection of twelve varieties, they should
be stood in three rows, the back rows being tiered 8 or 9
inches above the other, and arrange the colors so that
they do not clash. Even if the show schedule does not
ask for it, name each variety with a neat card placed at
the base of each vase. _

During very hot or stormy weather, some exhibitors
cut their flowers in the bud stage or partly open and
allow them to fully expand in water, adding about a
quarter of an oimce of sulphate of iron to three gallons
of water. Some colors, such as the light blues, mauves
and lavenders improve very much in color by this meth-
od, but the salmon orange and crimson-colored varieties
lose much of their beauty when cut for long before they
are required.

952

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

SWEET PEAS FOR TABLE AXD OTHER DECORATION'S.

Few flowers lend themselves so readily to the deco-
rator's art as does the fragrant Sweet Pea. They re-
quire no wiring or stiffening of the stem — once they are
cut, they are ready for the deft fingers to create charm-
ing effects for any purpose.

Pretty effects may be had by associating two colors
that harmonize, though perhaps nothing is daintier than
a table decorated with one variety only — say, the beauti-
ful Countess Spencer. A lovely combination may be
obtained by using Barbara or Stirling Stent with Queen
X'ictoria Spencer or Primrose Spencer, or a crimson and
a yellow, and Orchid in conjunction with a rich cream
pink, and Illuminator with a rich primrose variety — all
form most charming color harmonies. Lavender and
blue Sweet Peas look dull under artificial light, though
very pleasing at other times. CJr, again, various shades
of pink, from light to dark, form a lieautiful color
scheme.

In arranging the flowers let all Ix- as light and airy
looking as possible; never jam the sprays closely to-
gether; strive to let every flower be seen. .-Xllow a few
flowers to stand well above the others, which tends to
'give all a natural appearance. A few sprays of colored
lycopodium allowed to trail over the sides of the recep-
tacles and arranged on the table, or sprays of asparagus,
sniilax or other light greenery, all help the general ef-
fect, while light grasses and a little of their own foliage
inserted among the flowers will lend grace and elegance
to the arrangement — if not oi'crdonc.

specimens can produce such gay flowers. The accom-
panying illustration is a oart of one of our orchid houses
showing a few of these dendrobes at their best.

DENDROBIUM WARDIANUM.

i'.V W. II. \\•AIII^^

There are many beautiful species among the dendro-
biums, and the subject of this note and illustration is
one of the best. It is a native of -Vssam, and was first
flowered in England in 1858. It is not very e.xacting in
its requirements and may be grown in almost any green-
house. During the growing season, which begins about
the time the flowers open, it enjoys a high tem]3erature
with an abundant supply of water. When the growth^
are complete the ])lants should be moved to a cooler
temperature and the water gradually withheld, until the
flowers begin to appear. Hung up close to the glass.
allowing the full benefit of the fall sunshine to reach
them, ripen the long pseudo bulbs up well at this stage.
The plants are anything but decorative, and the wonder
(if the lavman is that such cimtorted. dried-up looking

nKXIlKomi'M WARDIANl^M .\T CREVSTONK. VONKERS. \. V.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS.

The perfect ripening of the wood of Chrysanthemums
which is to produce exhibition blooms is a subject little
understood by those who are taking up the culture of
these plants for the first time. Without maturation of
the stems perfect blooms cannot be obtained. The in-
curved section is more influenced by the proper or im-
proper maturation of the growth than any other section
of the whole family, owing to the different construction
of the blooms. There is a great difference between
blooms which are the result of properly-matured plants
and those not so. The object of all beginners should be
to aim at obtaining these two points. Many people con-
sider that if the plants throughout the summer season of
growth are exceptionally stout in the stems, having also
large, gross, green-looking leaves, they are certain to suc-
ceed in obtaining blooms of the highest possible quality.
There never was a greater mistake. Plants of this class
often produce only an apology for a bloom, which is sure
to bring disappointment. When exhibition is the main
object the cultivator has in view, the test of production is
more difficult, as there are many points which are neces-
sary in order to gain a leading position. The form the
flower has, the breadth of its petals, the color of the same,
the depth of the blooms, the size and smoothness which
each bloom develojj^, and lastl}-, the freshness, or the
want of it, are important matters. Many disappointments
have been incurred by over-estimation of the flowers at
home. Exhibiting teaches lessons to learners in cultivat-
ing Chrysanthemums which cannot be taught so perfectly
in any other manner. Disappointment in one's own
blooms often does, or ought to, set the cultivator thinking
how to remedy the evil and imjirove the prospects of
future combat.

An erroneous idea prevails in some quarters as to the
correct meaning of ripening wood. Wood-ripening does
not consist in merelv hardening the wood, but al.so in
storing it with nutriment for the lilooms. If the ripening
or maturation is forced, so to speak, by drought or in
other ways, such treatment unduly contracts the sap ves-
sels, impeding a free flow of nourishment for the blooms
at a critical time. This is what may be termed over-
ripening. The wood must be matured by natural means.
Sun heat is the most essential point to consider in the
proper ripening of the wood, and without its aid it is not
]5ossible to achieve the object named. In some seasons
and localities there may be too much of it, and in others
not enough. The main point, then, is to know how to
benefit bv what we do get, and reduce as much as possible
the injurious effects of having too much. There are two
kinds of localities which have their seasons, so to speak.
Pioth are favorable to success in certain seasons, but in
opposite directions. First of these are the low-lying dis-
tricts, which are especially favorable to successful results
during a dry a'nd hot season. Heavy night dews greatly
assist the cultivator who resides in a low-lying locality.
CiTrvsantheniums are moisture-loving plants, both at the
roots and also about the foliage. But when the season is
I wet one, and there is an absence of solar warmth, then
ihe grower who resides in a low-lying district is at a dis-
advantage. Blooms produced in such localities as that
described are remarkable for the breadth of the petals,
and prove that a somewhat damp atmosphere is favorable
to this end. But it is not necessarv that the district should
be one attended with a heavy rainfall, so lonsr as there is
humiditv in the air. The other class of cultivator is he

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

953

who resides in liij;h-lying-, and consequcntl}- dry disliicls,
and who is lieavily handicaijpcd in a (h-y, scorching sum-
mer. High and <lr_\- locaHties predispose to rather small
but narrow petals. One of the greatest troubles a grower
in a high-lying district has to contend with in a ilry
season is premature bud-formation. Where the locality
is high, the air, although much rain may be registered, is
drier than in the lowlands ; it is this dry air which causes
early bud-formation, about which growers in the north of
England know nothing of as comijared to the difficulties
experienced by their brethren in the southern counties.
This premature bud-formation renders the "taking" of
the buds a hazardous matter. The proper time to "take"
some varieties is altogether upset under such conditions.
They form either too early or too late for producing the
finest blooms. — Gardcitiiig Illnstrateii.

SOIL IMPROVEMENT AND MORE PROFIT-
ABLE FARMING.

15v Wii.i.i.\M Graham.

.\ number of essential [)rinciples nuist be adopted to
raise profitable crops, the physical condition of the soil
mu>t be improved, in nearly all cases where soil impover-
ishment is the direct cause of unsuccessful farming it can
be shown that fertilization and the rotation of crojjs have
been neglected : many farmers do not give close atten-
tion to soil conservation or proper methods of tillage.
The liberation of plant food from the .soil is directly de-
pendent upon the supply of organic matter: soils deficient
in organic matter hold less moisture than those well
supplied with humus : it is then very evident that the
more humus a soil contains the greater is its water hold-
ing capacitv. This organic matter can be supplied by
plowing under leguminous crops stable manure, straw.
etc. The nitrogen contained in the grain crops is about
7^ in the .grain, y^ in the stalk and roots, while that of
clover the roots contain half as much as the top. The
hunnis restored to the soil through these agencies will
enable us to use commercial fertilizer more ])rofitably
because the moisture contained in the organic decay dis-
solves the fertilizer.

The liberation of plant food from the soil is dependent
upon the supply of organic matter. In clay soils where
a good rotation is practiced and humus making material
maintained, potash will seldom have to be used if lime is
used sparingly, for legumes will supjjl)- nitrogen and the
lime and organic decay will release the potash. Dififerent
means are practiced to restore worn out land to fertility ,
one way is to sow rye in September, plow under in s])ring
and disk harrow thoroughly. Then sow cow peas, harvest
the peas and turn down a.gain to rye ; both of these cro])s
will .grow on poor land, and three seasons of such treat-
ment will restore a worn out field ; and again stable
manure when proper!}- handled is the best remedy for im-
poverished soil : when stable manure is not available we
must plant crops and turn them under : clover is consid-
ered the best if left down three years: in this time the
roots will have i)enetrated the soil, thus leaving channels
to absorb the rains and also aid to sweeten the soil. This
crop stores up a .great amount of nitro.gen anfl is there-
fore a good crop for soilin.s; purposes.

Phosphorus is a strong factor in soil bm'lding and no
soil can be considered fertile unless it contains a surplus
of this clement. This can be supplierl in the form of raw
ground ])hosphate rock anfl is the most economical wav
and should be applied one ton to the ncre. l-"or (|uick
results it may he applied in the form of basic -la" nbos-
phate. Plants in their growth make use of 1.^ diflercnt
chemical elements, nine of which they secure from the
soil.

-Modern farming requires varied information. To at-
tain success in agriculture we must keep abreast with
changing conditions, we must follow good business meth-
ods and a])])ly commercial ideas, we must know how to
produce good crops and know how to sell them to best
advantage. \ iewed as a financial proposition, farming
is more attractive today than ever before. A few years
a.go garden truck was so cheap that farmers could not
al'ford to give their lime to it. Their efforts were tlirected
to dairying and beef and pork raising. l!ut with improve-
ment in trans])ortation facilities and modern conveniences
there is now greater diversity in agriculture which is a
large factor in making farming jMofitable.

Truck farming and fruit raising is profitable when we
aim to have our produce above the average in quality and
])r(jduction, and unless our efforts are directed bevond a
comuKjn level we need not look for nnich more than a
living. Crops should be diversified so that low prices or
tailure of one crop would still leave other products to fall
liack on, and also with a combination of crops we will
insure an even distribution of labor and regular cash in-
come. .Students of agriculture who are observant of
climatic conditions must conclude that it is best policy to
have their farming diversified. I'rofits in fruits are many
times greater than grain farming if an intelli.gent system
is maintained.

This can be made one of the 1)est features of mixed
farming; the market advanta.ges for fruit in our thickly
settled comnnmities and cities are too important to be dis-
re.garded. However, we must .give more attention to se-
cure fruit of high quality and the demand will be enor-
mously increased. The easiest way to increase our income
without raising cost of ])roduction is to raise the margin of
l^rofit by producin.g products of high quality and market-
ing them at the right time in the right market and in the
most attractive manner. Good selling is an important
factor; business ability is re(|uired: we nuist be posted on
values ; we must make every customer a friend, give full
value on every order; make a reputation for doing just
what we promise to do and of selling what we offer to
•sell. ■

Co-operation of the .American farmer is slowlv comin.g
lo be recognized, and prosperous farmers will have good
sense to organize, to control the supply of their products,
to market them intelligentl\- and at the time when prices
are normal and demand is fair. .And when this is adopted
and its power exercised the .American farmer will be
more ])ros])erous.

A

APRIL.

ROXTXG lad, with heart of love.
Time's youn.gcst .goes merrily on ;

le knows the earth, and the stars move.
l!ut he's puzzled about the moon.

pF,RIT.\PS. he said, she rules tli^

When she is young it's lime in -I'w
Lettuce, onions, cabba.ge and peas —

Things that fruit above ground. \ou knn

p XDDISII. l;ccts an.l "tatoi-.
^^ of course,

IT'S the mot)n that controls returns;

The gardener knows this rule is bosh :
( lets busy and the soil he turns with maijure
The moon takes it's course.

I-".\\' or full, man's work she
' ne'er s|)urns.

-Ihizid S. Miller.

954

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

PRIMULA MALACOIDES.

The accompanying illustration is simply a specimen of
a large group of Primula malacoides seen growing at
the Oaks, Morris Plains, N. J., where E. Yeandle is gar-
dener.

Seed should be planted in a good mixture of loam
leaf mould and lots of good sharp sand. From the time
the plants come up they are kept growing as steady as
possible and as cool as the weather will allow. It is es-
sential to keep pots clean as Primulas are more apt to die
from dirty pots than from any other cause. Do not

A SPECIMEN PL.\NT OF PK1MUL.\ M.M-.MJOIDES.

permit any drip to fall on the leaves, as this will stunt the
growth.

Seed was sown May 20, and tjie jjliotograph was taken
January 5.

GROWING MUSHROOMS OUT OF DOORS.

Mushrooms can be grown successfully out of doors
as they can in houses or under the protection of sheets :
but it is a crop that the grower must take special pains
in preparing for, or failure will be the result. Mush-
rooms may be grown in meadows by inserting pieces
of the spawn in the turf at distances of about 6 to 7
feet apart. The proper way to do this is to cut a hole
about 1 foot deep and 1 foot wide in the turf, taking
care to save the top sod to place down again, says John
Gall in Canadian Horticulturist.

Fill up the hole with fresh horse manure and the
short, littery straw which accompanies it in equal
quantities. The manure should be exposed to the
weather for a fortnight for the purpose of drying, and
must be protected from rain. .'\t the end of this period

put it up in a good-sized heap to ferment. Open it out
in about eight days to let out foul steam, then put up
again for eight days, and open afterwards in the same
manner in another eight days. The manure then will
be ready to place in the holes and the spawn can be
inserted in it.

When filling the holes with manure, bear in mind
that room must be left for the sod to be placed back at
the same level as it was before. Press the manure into
the holes as hard as it is possible to do so, and always
bear in mind it must be in a fairly dry condition.

Break each cake of spawn with the hands into about
a dozen equal parts, burying one piece in the manure
in each hole, using also the fragments which may hap-
pen to fall from the pieces. Plant deep enough to al-
low a quarter of an inch of manure to cover the spawn ;
then place over the manure half an inch of the soil
which came out of the hole, pressing it hard down,
and finishing by placing the sod of earth with the grass
on back in its place, treading it firmly down. The best
time to do this is in the month of July.

For mushroom beds out of doors the manure is pre-
pared in the same manner, but it must be from corn-
fed horses. The beds should be placed in some well-
sheltered, shady position, as mushrooms are difScult
to produce during the summer months on account of
the heat then usually prevailing: therefore, have the
beds placed where they can be kept shady and cool.
They should be built in round-topped ridges 2j^ feet
wide and the same in height.

In building, tread down as firmly as possible. In-
sert a thermometer in the bed about 8 inches deep as
soon as it is completed. The heat will probably rise to
about 90 degs. F. in the course of about nine days,
after which it will begin to fall. Immediately it falls
to 75 degs. it will be time to spawn the bed.

The spawn should be prepared in the same way as
for the turf, and the pieces inserted 10 inches apart all
over the surface of the bed. The beds must be pro-
tected from rain by covering with straw, mats or some
such material. In the course of a week after the spawn
has been inserted it will start to run, meaning that tiny
white threads will radiate from it into the manure, and
a sort of mildewy mould appear round it. It will now
be time to apply a coating of loamy soil to the surface
of the bed to the depth of about half an inch when
well beaten down hard with the back of the spade.
The work is now completed, excepting that the bed
must be kept dark and protected from rain by being
covered over.

I have found it a good plan to place a thermometer
on the surface of the bed under the covering. An ef-
fort should be made to keep the temperature as nearly
as possible to about 60 degs. F. If it is found below
this figure, more covering must be added ; if above
this, some must be removed. The beds should be un-
covered in about five weeks' time, brushing away any
mould or dirt which may have gathered on the sur-
face. If the soil should at any time appear dry, give
the bed a watering with tepid water (not cold), and
cover up again as before. In about ten days' time
mushooms will make their appearance in good num-
bers.

When gathering mushrooms, do not cut the stalks,
but give each one a gentle twist with the fingers, pull-
ing up with it the whole of its stalk and the small
pieces of roots usually attached to it. If a constant
supply of mushrooms be desired a new bed should be
made up about every six weeks. Your first bed should
be readv for spawning early in July.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

955

QUERIES and ANSWERS

IVe believe tlie greatest good can be accomplished for the greatest
number, by instituting a query column; or an exch^inge of expe-
riences, on practical propositions, by our readers.

You are invited to contribute questions, and answer others.

Each question as received will be given a number, the question-
er's name will not be published, but the source of the answer mill
be gii'en unless otherunse requested.

We all have something we would like to know more about. Here
is your opportunity to ascertain somebody's experience in just that
matter.

Nothing will tend to better fellowship than helping each other.

Take advantage of this "Question Box."

Can Antirrhinums be successfully raised and used
as cut flowers in Winter? What temperature is best,
and what is the best time to plant? — R. B.

Antirrhinums can be successfully raised and used
as cut flowers in Winter. Young, healthy plants grown
from cuttings taken in June or from seed sown in June
and pricked off as soon as able to handle, should make
good plants by August, when they should be planted in the
benches, with a temperature of 50 to 55, with a rise to 60
with sun heat.

They will soon get into active growth and throw up
long spikes of bloom. After the plants get well estab-
lished they are greatly benefited by liberal applications
of liquid manure and slight top dressings with any
good fertilizer, but do not get the soil too wet or the
plants are liable to make too much growth at the ex-
pense of the bloom. To increase good spikes of flow-
ers, pinch out all side shoots, take care not to break
the leaves when doing this, as they are easily snapped
off. One important thing to bear in mind is not to
let green fly get a foothold or the spikes will' quickly
be ruined. Frequent sprayings will keep the plants
clean, or they can be fumigated, but do it moderately,
as a heavy smoking will burn the foliage. — D. M.

Can anyone tell me the cause of Adiantum Farley-
ense fronds turning brown? — J. A.

The cause of J. A.'s Farleyense fronds turning
brown is probably from a low temperature and a cold
draft. Keep the atmosphere moist and the tempera-
ture 68 to 70 degs. at night, and avoid direct drafts
With proper care in watering you should have little
trouble from that again. Do not sprav overhead.
— W. B.

^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinmiiniiiimHimniiiniiiniiimniiiiiiiiniiiiiimmnmiiiiininitiitiiniiiniimnmmiinmiimiiiimnminium^^

I Cedar Acres Gladioli

I " Bulbs That Bloom "

I GL.A.DIOLI of merit for the private

I grower especially. BOOKLET full of

j practical information free.

About what time should Sweet William seed be
sown to grow plants to be set out in September?
Should they be sown in a hot-bed, in the open ground,
or in a spent hot-bed for best results? — C. T. B.

Sweet William seed sown early in June in a cool
frame, and the seedlings pricked ofT as soon as they
are large enough to handle, will make nice plants for
transplanting by September. Good results can also be
had by sowing in the open border in May or June
and transplanting in the fall. It is well to give the
plants a good mulching for /protection during the
Winter months. — E. W. F., Morristown.

In places my lawns are covered with moss. Could
you tell me how to get rid of it? — D. H.

l'"irst give the turf a good raking with an iron rake
so as to get rid of as much moss as possible. Get
this done thoroughly, working up and down as well
as across. You can then sweep the turf and then
apply superphosphate at the rate of 2 ounces to the
square yard. Green vitriol is effective at the rate of
1^ to 2 cwt. to the acre. It may be necessary to re-
peat dose. — C. W.

B. HAMMOND TRACY

BOX J

CladioU Specialist

WENHAM, MASS.

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I ORNAMENTAL IRON WORK |

I For Lawns and Gardens. |

I l.Kl I'S KSIIMAIK OX VOUK \V.\.\TS. |

I Chas. C. Force & Son, j

j Madison Iron Works, Madison, N. J. |

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Absolutely

YOU CAN HAVE FALL
COSMOS IN JULY

from ten lo fifteen weeks of the finest blossoms, bip ones, from
July till frost, on plants ol medium height. Nothing like them.
Belttr tUan all others. Write for circular.

EDWARD LEWIS, Derby, Conn.

MOONS

450 acres In Trees and SUrubs — over 2,200 kinds to choose from.
These are grown wide apart, and lu consequence develop Into sturdy,
well formed siieclmens so much desired for estate, street, and park use.

Send fo
THE WM. H. MOON CO.. Morrisvill

catalog.
. Pa. Philadolphii

Office: S. 12th St.

HILL'S EVERGREENS

i-list, Uention this mag^axine.

D. HILL NURSERY CO.

305 Dundee, 111.

liiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiii;:;

RHODODENDRON

Carollni mum

New American Specie* Clc.
Pink. Al»olulelr H«rdy

I Highlands Nursery \ HARLAN P. KELSEY. Owner

Boxforii !S'iirser\

Salem

Moss.

GLADIOLUS BULBS

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■Buy direct from tha Introducers." Our =
.«l»cl!il Illustrated List of 1914 Novelties g
Hydo Park i an early Shatespeare) ; Sun- |
; Schwaben (the Giant Yellow); Chicago §
ivenderl. ami our noted Introduc- g
Princcps, Margaret, Mrs. Francis King anil Jessie. ITie bullm g
3 hnrvoslod on niir MIclilKan farms are [iluuip and healthy. VAUOHAN'S g
I SEED STORE, 31-33 W. Randolph St.. Chicago, and 43 Barclay St.. |
I New York. Cull on us. S

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and Standard Sort:
beam (new Primu
White (
tlon

Iris (the

Plants and Irccs From Florida

For Southern planting outdoors and for
house decorations in the North

TRADS MARK

lik

matter
achieved
utiful plants :
beautiful cc

tant purcha

de a special study of thii
or JO years and hare
a success in rrowinf
nd in deliTerinK them lo
ndition to the most di»-

care and preparation to properly pack delicate
to stand a trip of thousands of miles, but we do
1 a while, but a good many tiroes every workday,
catalog covering all our stock, haTtng 17 speciml
send it free.

It takes speciai
palms, ferns, etc.,
It — not just once i
Wc issue a large
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WE HAVE THE STOCK in immense variety, fr
tropics, and ar*' const.intly adding to our variety.

Royal-Palm Nurseries REASONER BROS., Prophfton

all over the

Oneco. Florida

956

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

National Association of Gardeners.
M. C. Ebel, secretary, Madison, N. J.

Society of American Florists and Orna-
mental Horticulturists.
John Young, secretary, 54 West 28th street.
New York.

American Carnation Society.
A. F. J. Bauer, secretary, Indianapolis, Ind.

American Gladiolus Society.

L. Merton Gage, secretary. South Natick,

Mass.

American Peony Society.
A. B. Saunders, secretary, Clinton, N. Y.

American Rose Society.
B. Hammond, secretary, Fishkill, N. Y.

American Sweet Pea Society.

FT. A. Bunyard, secretary, 342 West 14th

street, New York.

Chrysanthemum Society of America.

Charles W. Johnson, secretary, Morgan

Park, 111.

LOCAL SOCIETIES

Bernardsville Horticultural Society.
W. G. Carter, secretary, Bernardsville, N. J.
Meets first Tlmrsday every nionili. Hor-
ticultural Hall, Bernardsville, N. J.

Boston Gardeners' and Florists' Club.

William N. Craig, secretary, Brookline,
Mass.
Meets third Tuesday every month, Horti-
cultural Hall, Boston, Mass., 8 p. m.

Connecticut Horticultural Society.
Alfred Dixon, secretary, Wcthersfield, Conn.
Meets second and fourth Fridays every
month. County Building, Hartford, Conn., 8

p. m.

Dutchess County Horticultural Society.

Herbert G. Cottan. sorretarv. Wappinspr

Falls.

Meets at Poughkeepsie, X. Y.. second

Wednesday every month except May and

June. — - —

Elberon Horticultural Society.
George Masson, secretary, Onkluirst, N. J.
Meets first Monday every month. Fire
Hall, Elberon, N. J., 8 p. m.

Florists' and Gardeners' Club of Holyoke

and Northampton, Mass.
James Whiting, secretary, Amherst, Mass.
Meets second Tuesday every month.

The Garden Club of Michigan.
Mrs. Edward H. Parker, secretary. 139 Sey-
burn avenue. Detroit, Mich.
The corresponding secretary will notify
members of date and place of meetings.

Gardeners' and Florists' Club of Baltimore.

N. F. Flittin, secretary, Paterson Park,

Baltimore, Md.

Meets second and fourth Monday every

month. Florist Exchange Hall.

The Horticultural Society of New York.

Geo. V. Nash, secretary. Bronx Park, New

York City

Meets monthly, irregular. May to Octo-
ber, New York Botanical Garden. Bronx
Park, New York. November to Ajiril,
American Museum of Natural History. 77th
street and Columbus avenue. New York.

Lake Geneva Gardeners' aud Foremen's
Association.

W. H. Griffits, secretary, Lake Geneva, Wis.
Meets first and third Saturday every
month, October to April; first Saturday
every month. May to September, Horticul-
tural Hall.

Lenox Horticultural Society.
G. H. fnstone. secretary, Lenox, JIass.
Meets first Saturday every month.

Los Angeles County Horticultural Society.
Henry W. Kruckeberg, secretary.
Meets first Tuesday every month.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
William P. Rich, secretary, 300 Massachu-
setts avenue, Boston, Mass.

Monmouth County Horticultural Society.
Harry Kettle, secretary, Fairhaven, N. J.
Meets fourth Friday every month, Mon-
mouth Boat aub. Red Bank, N. J.

Montreal Gardeners' and Florists' Club.

W. H. Horobin, secretary, 283 JIarquette
street.
Meets first Monday every month, Mon-
treal Florists Exchange.

Morris County Florists' and Gardeners'

Society.

Edward J. Reagan, secretary, Morristown,

N. J.

Meets at Madison. N. J., second Wednes-
day every month, except July and August,
8 p. m.

Nassau County Horticultural Society.
Ernest Westlake, secretary. Glen Cove, N. Y.

Meets second Wednesday every month.
Pembroke Hall, Glen Cove, N. Y., C> p. m.

New Bedford Horiicultural Society.
•Jeremiah M. Taber, secretary.
Meets first Monday every month.

New Jersey Floricultural Society.
Geo. W. Strange, secretary, 216 Main street.
Orange, N. J.
Meets first Monday every month, Jr. 0.
W. A. M. Hall, Orange, N. J., 8 p. m.

New London Horticultural Society,
John Humphrey, secretary, New London,
Conn.
Meets second Thursday every month.
38 Main street, New London, Conn

Newport Horticultural Society.
Wm. J. Grey, secretary, Newport, R. I.
Meets second and fourth Tuesday every

month.

New York Florist Club.

John Y(mng, spi'retary. .54 W. 2Sth street,

New York.

licets second Monday every month. Grand

Opera House.

North Shore Horticultural Society.
.Jas. Slater, secretary, Manchester. Mass.
Meets first and third Fridays ' every

month.

North Shore Horticultural Society.
E. Bollinger, secretary. Lake Forest. 111.
Meets first Friday every month, City Hall.

North Westchester County Horticultural

and Agricultural Society.
M. .T. O'Brien, secretary. Mt. Kisco. N. Y.
Meets third Thursday every month, ex-
cept .Tune, July and .August, at 8 p. m.:
December, January and Februarv, 3 p m..
Odd Fellows Hall.'Mt. Kisco.

Oyster Bay Horticultural .'^orietv
Frrd Kirklinni. sccrclarv. Glen Head. X. Y.
'Meets fourth Friday every month. Board
..f Trridp Oyster Bay," N. Y.. 8 p. m.

Pacific Coast Horticultural Society.

W. A. HofinghofT, secretary, 711 Westbank

Bldg.

Meets first Saturday every month, Red-
men's Bldg.

Pasadena Horticultural Society.
Geo. B. Kennedy, secretary, 497 Bradford
street, Pasadena, Cal.
Meets first and fourth Friday every

month.

Paterson Floricultural Society.
Sebastian Hubschmitt, secretary, 61 Seventh
avenue, Paterson, N. J.
Meets first Tuesday every month, Ro-
maine Building, 8 p. m.

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.
David Rust, secretary. Broad and Locust
streets, Philadelphia, Pa.
Meets third Tuesday every month, Horti-
cultural Hall, 8 p. m.

People's Park Cottage Gardeners' Associa-
tion.
John Ainscough, secretary, 4 Chestnut street,
Paterson, N. J.
Meets first and last Friday every month.
Working Man's Institute, Madison avenue,
Paterson, N. J.

Philadelphia Florists' Club.
David Rust, secretary. Broad and Locust
streets, Philadelphia, Pa.
Meets first Tuesday every month. Horti-
cultural Hall, Philadelphia, Pa., 8 p. m.

The Pittsburgh Florists' and Gardeners'
Club.

H. P. Joslin, secretary, Ben Avon, Pa.

Meets first Thursday every month. Fort
Pitt Hotel, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Rhode Island Horticultural Society.
A. C. Miller, secretary, 7 Irving avenue,
Providence, R. I.
Meets third Wednesday every month,
Providence Public Library, 8 p. m.

Shelter Island Horticultural and Agricul-
tural Society.
Fred Kirkham, secretary. Shelter Island,
N. Y.
Meets first and third Thursdays every

month.

Southampton Horticultural Society.
William McLeod, secretary.
Meets first Thursday every month. Me-
morial Hall, Southampton, N. Y.

Tarrytown Horticultural Society.
E. W. Neubrand, secretary. Tarytown. N. Y.
Meets last Tuesday every month, except
December, Corporation Building, Tarrytown,
N. Y., 7:30 p. m. Annual meeting last
Thursday in December.

Tuxedo Horticultural Society.
Thomas Wilson, secretary, Tuxedo Park.
N. Y.
Meets first Wednesday every month. Par-
ish House, Tuxedo Park.

Washington, D. C, Florist Club.
J. L. JIayberry, secretary, Washington.
' D. C.
Meets first Monday every month.

Westchester and Fairfield Horticultural

Society.
J. R. Me.\rdle, secretary, Greenwich. Conn.
Meets second Friday every month, Dor-
an's Hall, Greenwich. Conn.. S p. m.

Yonkers Horticultural Society.
Thos. Mahoney, secretary, Yonkers, N. Y.

Meets first Friday every month, Holly-
wood Inn. Yonkers, N. Y.. 8 p. m.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

y57

GARDENERS DIARY

American Sweet Pea Society. Sweet Pea
■Show, Ameiiian .\luM-uni of .Natural Miis-
tdiv. .hiiie 27 ami 2S.

Elberon Horticultural Society. Cliry-
s uitlieiiiuin show. Asliuiy Park, N. ■]., No-
vember :!. 4, ;").

Lenox Horticultural Society, Lenox. Mass.
Summer Show, .liilv '22 ami 2:). hall Show,
October 22 and 2:i.

Monmouth County Horticultural Society.
Fall Show, Ked liaidv. N. ,)., O.toher 2.S
and 29.

Morris County Gardeners' and Florists'
Club. Full show. Madi-.„n. N. .1.. (letolier
2S, 2n.

New Jersey Floricultural Society. Sweet
Pea Show, Oranj^e, X. .!,, .iulv Dahlia

ami fruit show, Oetoher — ,

Newport Horticultural Society, Newport,
1!. I. -June Show, .June 24 ami 2."). Summer
Show, .\uj.'n-t 12 and Ki,

Royal Horticultural Society, London,
Kn^land, Spring- Show. Chelsea. May 1!)-
21 ; Summer Show. Holland House, June 30-
July 1-2.

Scranton Florists' Show, Spring; Show,
Town Hall, Scranton, Pa., Mareh 31-
.\\nil 1.

Society of American Florists. Out -door
■xliilMtioiK Boston. .Mass., An<.'st lS-21.

Westchester and Fairfield Horticultural
Society. Summer show, I'ortchester. X, V.,
.lune 19-20. Fall show. New Koehelle, N. V.

TUXEDO HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The regular monthly meeting of the Tux-
edo Horticultural Society was held in the
Parish House on April 1, President David
.Mcintosh in the chair. The nuest of the
society that evening was Mr. Maurice I'uld,
who gave a very instructive and interesting
lecture on the "Progressive Age as Applied
to Horticulture." The 1st of .\pril being a
very disagreeable day here with rain no
doubt prevented .some of the boys from at-
tending, but those who did attend were well
rewarded with what they heard. We hope
to have Mr. Puld on some future occasion.
He also staged from Knight. Struck & Co.
a vase of 15 varieties of Iris Krillsfela or
Dutch Iris, and advised the members as to
their qualities as a forcing bulb. The presi-
dent appointed .Messrs, McMachan, Tansey
and Davidson to look over the exiiibit. which
they had pleasure in awarding a certificate
of merit. The Executive Committee report-
ed the schedule of the fall show in prog-
ress, also the Kntertainnu-nt Committee re-
ported that the arrangements for the ladies'
evening, which is to be held on April 16.
This is the first evening of its kind the so-
ciety has ever held, and every one is more
anxious than the other to make it a rip-
ping good time for the ladies. Charles W,
Spreckley and C, S, Paterson were admitted
to membership.

THOS. WILSON, Secr.'tary,

A Bright New Book of 182 Pages for 1914

Telling the Plain Truth about BURPEE- QUALITY SEEDS, is mailed
Free of Cost to Gardeners everywhere upon Application to

W. ATLEE BURPEE & CO., Burpee Buildings, Philadelphia

THE WESTCHESTER AND FAIRFIELD
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The members of The Westchester and
Fairfield Horticultural Society, the "live
wire" society, turned out In force Friday
eveuins. .Vpril 10. lo attend the regular
monthly meeting held in Doran's Hall,
(Jreenwich, <'onn. President Williamson
called the meetiuK to order promptly at S
o'clock. Three new meml>ers were elected and
five propositions for membership were re-
ceived. Reports of the committees appointed
for sunnner and fall shows were read, and
good progress was reported. Letters from
business firms and other friends of the soci-
ety were read offering cash and other prizes
for the Premium lists of the two exhibitions
scheduled for this year. The schedules when
ready will be very complete and attractive
for both exhibitions. The summer show
will be held on the grounds of the Port-
chester (N, Y.) Hospital, June V.) and 20:
the fall show will be held at New Koehelle,
.N. Y„ this year. The location of the hall
and dates of the exhibitions to be announced
later.

A letter was read from Mr. John K. .M.
L. Farquhar, of Boston, stating that he
would he pleased to deliver a lecture on
"(Jardens" before the society at the next
meeting, Mr, Farqidiar's lectures are al-
wa.vs entertaining and interesting and he
will be assured of a large and appreciative
audience. The date will be Friday evening,
.May S.

The members of the society were honored
by a visit of our oldest young member, Mr.
.lohn Shore, who also favored us with a
brief speech, complimenting the society on
its enthusiastic membership and referring to
other dajs when horticultural societies were
not so numerous in the land as at present.
.Mr. .Maurice Fuld, of the Knight & Struck
Company, and John .M. Bmwn, of Stamford,
were also i)reseiil an each responded lo an
invitation to address the members. Mr.
F\ild referred to the benefits to be derived by
co-operation of the local horticultural so-
cieties with the Garden Club movement,
which is growing steadily. Mr, Fuld gave
some interesting facts and statistics regard-
ing these Garden Clubs, and his remarks
were listened to («th keen interest. Co-
operation seems to be the keynote of success
in every ILbp. and we think that the hearty
co-operation of an employer interested in
horticulture will place the real ganleners on
a higher plane and less likelihood lo at-
tribute good results to luck instead of
knowledge and painstaking effort. Mr,
Hrown coni|)limented the society on ili'-
splendid showing made by the exhibitors
the Westchister and Fairfield. It is w<iri!
of note that the boys of Westchester ai .
Fairfield were represented in nil of Hi.
principal classes al the big show in ili.
(Jraud Central Palace last month, our nicin
bers won IS first prizes. 8 second pri/.4's. l»
silver medals and two Cerlilicntes of Mcrh
This is a fine showing and if the memb. i
of other local societies would try to do ■•
well the spring show in New York iiml
be an assured anninil event.

Mr. Oscar .\ddor then read an original

and very clever piece of imaginative writing
of which he was also the author. The ar-
li<-le was replete with humor and satire, and
was greatl.v enjoyed. Briefly it was a review
of various events throughout the year, refer-
ring to the good natured rivalry of the
members from both counties for supremacy
at their outings, etc. The thanks of the
society were extended to the speakers for
their remarks.

The exhibition tables were loaded down
with some choice and varied stock. Two
Cultural Certificates were awarded, one to
Tho.s, .\itcheson for a specimen plant of
Dendrobium Chrysotoxem and the other to
Owen A. Ilunwiek for a fine vase of assorted
colors of Antirrhinums of 0-foot stems. The
judges also made the following awards :
Carnations Alma Ward and Northport from
Jas. Linane. \'ote of Thanks : White
Enchantress from A. Kirkpatrick. Vote of
Thanks ; Salmon Beauty from W. H. Water-
moneki, \'ote of Thanks : double Tulips Kl
Toreador from P, W. Popp. Vote of Thanks;
vase of .Antirrhinum Silver Pink from A.
Kirkpatrick. Honorable Mention: specimen
Marguerite Daisy plant from O.scar Addor
was very highly commended.

The exhibits were discussed and the replies
to question brought out some helpful cultural
hints that were appreciated.

The June meeting will be set apart as
assistants' night. The competition to consist
of center pieces for table, to be arrangi-d
in the hall, composed of out-of-door flowers
and foliage. The H. F. Mitchell Company
have kindly donated their silver and bronze
medals for the use of the society to rewanl
the winners of the first and second prizes.
We anticipate an interesting display.

P. W, POPP,
Correspond ill-' S r, t , r\

^lilll!IHI;llllllllllli;i:l

Th E An D ORRA Way

is to grow, train and frequently
transplant trees and shrubs of
distinctive varieties, so that
specimens are produced which
will make landscape of beauty
in months rather than years.

See .Andorra! Sec the robust
Lindens, the quick growing Pin
Oaks, the Norway Maples, the
splendid shrubs that arc here in
transplanted large sizes.

Sec .Andorra! Write if you
cannot conic. Our experience
and unmatched stock are at
your command Spriiitr rntn-
iocue now ready

It'^^it'.':^-. . Andorra Nurseries

'•*■ '-• V^-V' ' % Wm. W.ni<-r H»rp«

t "• .f - ■•'jV Propnctof

" : >( ^fi' ■ '^ BoK O. ChMlnul Hill,

958

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

NASSAU COUNTY HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

The Jiujutlily meeting of the >>'assau
County Iloriicultnral Society was held April

5 at Pembroke Hall, Glen Cove, with Presi-
dent PI. Gaut in the chair.

Special prizes for the society's fall shows
were received from the following seed and
nursery firms : Shimp & Walter. Burnett
Bros., Peter Henderson & Co.. A. T. Bod-
dington, W. E. Marshall & Co., Vaughau's
Seed Store, Julius Roehers, F. E. Conine
and M. Stapelton.

A letter was read from the National As-
sociation of Gardeners on the subject of co-
operation, inviting all societies interested in
the movement to form a committee of three,
to be known as the Local Co-operative Com-
mittee, to work hand in hand with the similar
committee of the N. A. G.

New members : Mr. Edw. Rorke, Locust
Valley, L. I. ; Leon Mamfroy, Roslyn, L. I.
Mrs. W. A. Rossiter, Glen Cove, to honorary
membership.

Judges for the monthly exhibits: S. J.
Trepess, Jas. Duthie, Geo. Ashworth. Awards
as follows : 12 large trumpet Narcissus —
First, J. W. Everitt. 12 early single Tulips
— First, H. Gattt. 1 pan Hyacinths — First.
F. Honeyman. H. Gaut was awarded
Cultural Certificate for a very fine specimen
of greenhouse grown vegetables and herbs in
12 varieties. P. Honeyman was awarded
Cultural Certificate for a fine specimen
Schizanthus. H. Gaut, Cultural Certificate.
2 pans Holland Iris. Jas. McCarthy, vase
Carnations, and Jas. Macdonald, vase double
Tulips, both Hon. Mention.

Mr. Wilkinson, of New York State De-
partment of Agriculture, gave an interesting
and instructive address on "Home Gardens,"
which was heartily applauded at the close.
Mr. P. E. Conine also addressed the meeting
on request.

Mr. J. J. Levesson, of the Brooklyn Parks.
will give an illustrated lecture on "The Trees
of Long Island" on Thursday afternoon.
May 7, at the Glen Theatre, Glen Cove.

Jas. Duthie, Oyster Bay, brought up for
discussion the subject of the quality of
vegetables shown at the New York State
Fair, held at Syracuse, N. Y., mentioned by
Mr. Wilkinson in his lecture, said vegetables
being usually a table loaded with a collection
of monstrosities of the vegetable kingdom,
instead of a quality Al exhibit, such as is
staged by the average private gardener at
our local shows. "Let quality and not size
be the watchword."

Dates of this society's shows for 1914 :
Rose Show, June 9 ; Dahlia Show, October

6 : Chrysanthemum Show ; October 29 and 30.

Exhibits for next meeting. Wednesday.
May 13, at 7 p. m. : 12 (mixed) Darwin
Tulips, 1 vase flowering Shrub and 3 heads
Lettuce.

HARRY JONES.

Corresponding Secretary.

NEW JERSEY FLORICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

The regular monthly meeting of the New
.Jersey Floricultural Society was held in the
Jr. O. U. A. M. Hall. Main and Park
streets. Orange, N. J., on April fi. 1914.
President Edwin Thomas in the chair and
23 members present. It was decided to hold
the Annual Fruit, Vegetable. Dahlia and
Gladiolus Show in October, and to make
same the event of the season. The society
will also hold a Sweet Pea Show in July.

A prize of $5 was awarded to Sidney and
A. M. Colgate for Trisopelia Suavis, also $3
to Mrs. Henry Graves for a fine Cattleya
SchrodersR, and $2 to Peter Hauck, Jr.. for
a fine speci.xien of Genista.

The society wishes to thank the vnriou

seed houses that so kindlv uonated to th(
October Show, 1914.

GEO. W. STRANGE,

Secretary.

OYSTER BAY HORTICULTURAL SO-
CIETY.

The regular meeting of the Oyster Bay
Horticultural Society was held on March
2G, with President John T. Ingram in the
chair.

A letter was read from the N. A. G. with
reference to co-operation . It was received
favorably, but with the wish for further
information.

W. Robertson received the Society Prize
for Cineraria, and Frank Petroccia for
Violets. John Devine received Cultural
Certificate for a very fine exhibit of
Antirrhinums, also Honorable Mention for
a fine vase of stocks.

Joseph Robertson received Honorable
-Mention for a vase of well grown Carna-
tions. W. Robertson Cultural Certificate for
three specimen plants of Cineraria.

Wm. James Duthie put up a fine oO-foot
group of Flowering plants, which very
deservingly received a Cultural Certificate.

W. Robertson spoke on the growing of
Cineraria and Antirrhinums, and Joseph
Robinson spoke on Carnation growing.
James Duthie spoke on growing Schizanthus
and A. Pattern on Antirrhenums.

The Silver Medals kindly donated to the
society by Fottler, Friske and Rawson Co..
Boston, were presented to .Tames Duthie and
.John Sorosick. The date of the summer
show was set for June 18. The Dahlia
Show. September 30 and October 1, and the
Chrysanthemum Show for October 30.

A very interesting essay was read by
James Duthie on Dahlia growing and was
greatly enjoyed, as Mr. Duthie is a past
master with that flower.

An invitation was extended the members
by the Nassau County Horticultural Society
to attend a lecture on "Home Gardens" on
April 8.

W. Robertson will read an essa.v on
"Mushrooms" at the next meeting, April 22.
F. KIRKHAM.

Secretary.

ELBERON (N. J.) HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

The regular monthly meeting of the El-
beron Horticultural Society was held on
Monday evening, April 6, with a large at-
tendance. A cultural certificate was
awarded to Robert Allen for a trained
specimen of Rose Hiawatha, also a cultural
certificate to John Chinas for a plant of
Cattleya. The schedule of the Chrysanthe-
mum show, to be held November 3, 4 and 5
at Asbury Park, was adopted and ordered
to be sent to the printer for early distribu-
tion. Several applications for membership
were received and acted upon.

WILLIAM BRYAN.

BERNARDSVILLE (N. J.) HORTICUL-
TURAL AND AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

The above society held its regular
monthly meeting in the Horticultural Hall,
Monday. April 6, President J. F. Anderson
in the chair. It was well attended. Messrs.
D. Neal, Khuen and Olivette were appointed
to judge the numerous exhibits staged by
the members in the point competition. The
preliminary schedule for the annual Summer
show was read and approved of by the meet-
ing. There were three elections to active
uunnbership and the following nominations
were made: J. Dunn, D. Morpis, A. Reed,
A. R. Quimby, J. Nissen and TranbuU. The

"MANUAL OF

SUCCESSFULPOTATO CULTURE"

is a book which should be in the hands of
everyone interested in potato srowing- begin-
ner or extensive grower. Latest tested methods
= r„ i^ ,„ '^ °-fi?- "u""?' .spraying, digging, etc..
are shown. This book is free if vou mention
this paper ^Wnte for it todav.

B. G. PRATT CO., 50 Charch St., New York Cit,

society has decided to meet at 7:30 p. m. for
the summer months instead of 2:30 p. m.
W. G. CARTER.
Corresponding Secretary.

NARCISSUS BIFLORUS.

Two peculiarities distinguish Narcissus
biflorus from all other members of the Nar-
cissus family. First, it blooms in June ;
never in the spring. All spring-flowering
bulbs have bloomed and passed away before
X. hiflorus sends up its flower stalks. The
second peculiarity is that its flowers appear
in pairs ; never one, never three or more, but
just two, invariably two blooms. They bud
and expand simultaneously. Though not so
pronounced, it has another characteristic of
its own, in the odor which is distinctly bal-
samic. It suggests bruised balsam leaves or
crushed resinous pine needles with an es-
sence of spice intermingled.

The flowers are cup-and-saucer form. The
cup is deep chrome yellow, the saucer or
perianth flake white. The flower stems are
straight, clean and about six inches tall. I
have known J\'. biflorus since my earliest
days, but not by the name here given. It
was one of the components of all gardens
of the old South, and yet one of the com-
monest of bulbous flowers, known as the
".June Narcissus." For some unaccountable
reason, it either never had a place in cata-
logues of popular bulbs, or has been dis-
carded for such a length of time that in no
catalogues, either of past date or current,
can I find it. I wanted to order the bulbs
for ray city garden, but could not find a
dealer that understood my order. They all
substituted N. poeticus and other well-known
kinds. I finally sent to the old plantation
and had them dug up from where they had
grown and naturalized themselves for so
many years that the bulbs were crowded to-
gether in layers. This crowding of starved
and neglected bulbs is the only thing I ever
knew to make A", biflorus barren of blooms.

The plant is one of the hardiest and most
prolific of all the narcissi, multiplying and
blooming with unfailing regularity for years
and years with almost no culture. T\Tien
the roses, pinks and poppies make the June
garden brilliant, this pure white narcissus
adds the charm of sweet simplicit.v.

E. A. LIPPMAN c"r-e^hous'e

M^m J-l« M^KM. A lTl.f-&ll SHADING

No. 6 High Street. Morristown, N. J.

AFTER manv years' experience in Green-
liouse work, witb Lord & Btirnham Com-
pany, in the glazing and painting depart-
ment. I am convinced that what is most needed
in this line is a good shading, and I am pleased
to advise you that I have the rail thinj:, which
I am sure you will find to be just what you are
looking: for.

This shading is beneficial to the painted wood,
OS it does not contain any gasoline or naphtha
which would destroy the paint. In addition, it
is beneficial to the glass also, for you will find
that when the shading is removed the glass re-
tains its former brilliancy.

As to its application, this is a very easy
matter. It can be either sprayed on or put on
with a soft brush. For real good work, however,
I would recommend the use of a soft brush.

Another advantage of this shading is that when
it is no longer needed, it can be removed without
any difficulty, leaving the glass, as before stated,
with its original brilliancy.

I am making this up in gallon cans, in three
shades — light green, light bine and pure white.
When ordering", kindly mention the color desired.

I trust that you will kindly favor me with a
trial order to prove its worth, after which I have
no doubt whatever but that you will continue Its

Mention the Gardeners* Chronicle whe

write.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

959

By an Unusual Arrangement with the Publishers
We Offer to Our Readers on Special Easy Terms

BAILEY'S

NEW

Everything
Newly Written
Up To Date
Beautifully
Illustrated

Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture

THE new Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture has been freshly written in the light of the most recent
research and experience. It is not merely an ordinary revision or corrected edition of the old Cyclo-
pedia, but it is a new work from start to finish with enlarged boundaries geographically and practic-
ally; it supersedes and displaces all previous editions or reprints of every kind whatsoever.

It is the fullest, the newest, the most authoritative of all works of its kind and constitutes the most
conscientious attempt that has ever been made to compress the whole story of our horticultural
thought, learning and achievement into one set of books. The owner of the Standard Cyclopedia of
Horticulture will have at hand in this work a means of quickly satisfying his need for authoritative in-
formation. It is both an Encyclopedia and a Manual, for with the aid of its Synopsis and Key, amateur
and professional alike may quickly identify any plant, shrub or fruit contained within the set, and then
receive expert instructions for its cultivation.

A Few of the New Features

Key to

This is a device to en-
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Identification of a plant. The name
r y-j, thus found is quickly re-

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full information will be found in regard to
it. The key is so simple that it is equally
as useful to 'the veriest amateur as to the
botanist or commercial expert.

Synopsis
of Plant
Kingdom

This is one of the most im-
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edition. It constitutes a gen-
eral running account of the
classes, orders and groups of
plants, with a brief sketch or
characterization of 215 of the leading fam-
ilies comprising those that yield practically
all the cultivated plants. These family de-
scriptions give the botanical characters;
the number of genera and species and the
ranges; a list of the important genera; brief
statements in regard to the useful plants;
and diagrammatic illustrations.

Illustrations ^'lere are 24 colored
plates; vo full page sepia
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The Monarch of

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Literature

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genera, 15.000
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names.

This is an analysis of all The GloSSarv
technical terms that are •'

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with brief definitions.

In Volume I is in- Translation

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tween 2,000 and and Pronunciation
3,000 Latin words of Latin Names

used as species-
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Special effort has been made to ClaSS
secure the liest cultural advices . • ,
for the plants requiring peculiar Articles
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The final volume will contain a General
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GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA,

Madison. N. J.

960

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

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BR.W'CH OFFICE:

Grand Central Terminal

42d St. and Vanderbilt Ave.

Phone: Murray Hill 7720

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

961

BON ARBOR

Awarded Diploma and Silver Medal at 1912
Royal laternational Exhibition, London, Eng.

BON ARBOR NO. 1 will keep your Tennis Courts
and Lawns green in the hottest weather. Will grow
Lettuce, Celery, Cauliflower, and anything that matures
above the ground to the finest perfection. We can
prove it.

Bon Arbor Ko, 1 is put up as follows:

»0.30

Package making 15 gallons, by malt

Package making 30 gallons, by mall 53

5 lb. package making 150 gallons.

eip. extra 1.80
25 lb. package making 750 gallons.

eip. eitra 6.25
50 lb. package making 1,500 gallons,

esp. extra 12.50
100 lb. package making 3.000 gallons.

ezp. extra 20.00
Barrels from 250 to 30O lbs.. 18c. per lb.

RADIX WORM ERADICATOR removes worms
instantly from your Tennis Courts, Golf Greens,
Flower Pots, etc.

2 gallons, making 200 gallons, $2.00 per gallon.

IJ'^ gallons sufficient for Tennis Court 78 x 36 feet.

ANT DESTROYER. Rid your garden and lawn
of ants. It can be done in less than a week. Per lb.
6Sc.; 10 lbs., 60c. per lb.; 25 lbs., 50c. per lb.

BON ARBOR CHEMICAL CO.

Paterson, N. J., U. S. A.

Write for descriptive catalogue, new 1912 edition. We manufac-
ture also Radix Worm Eradicator. Insecticides, Weed Killer and all
agricultural chemicals. Special prices on large quantities.

MR. GARDENER:

Let That Tree Die, and

You Will Never See

It Replaced

YOU KNOW how long it has taken that tree to
attain those stately proportions.

YOU KNOW how irreparable the loss should it die.

YOU KNOW how imminent is the danger from in-
sects and fungi.

YOU KNOW how devitalising, how unsightly, and
how difficult to reach is that dead
wood.

YOU KNOW how surely fatal are those neglected
cavities — neglected decaying stumps,
neglected wounds, neglected borer
holes are the causes.

Then Why Wait Longer? Time Is Precious.

CALL US IN

WE HAVE the KNOWLEDGE, the EXPERI-
ENCE, the MEN, the TOOLS.

JOHN T. WITHERS Inc.

Landscape Architect and Forester

1 Montgomery St. Jersey City, N. J.

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WE ship more RHODODENDRON MAXIMUM
than any nursery in America. Why, we have
them on nursery, grown any size you want up to 8 feet.
We have HYBRID RHODODENDRONS in all sizes up
to 5 feet, growing on our nursery grounds in West Farms,
New York City. We have NORWAY MAPLES up to
5 inches in diameter, and a Specially selected assortment
of Hardy, well grown nursery stock.

LET US FIGURE ON YOUR WANTS.

International Nurseries, Inc.

1905 West Farms Road, New York City

PHONE WM TREMONT.

962

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Gardeners AH Over the World Use

APHINE, fcir spraying against all sap-suck-
ing insects, such as aphis, red spider, thrips,
mealy bug and soft scale ; and for cleansing
palms and decorative stock generally.

NIKOTIANA, for fumigating, a nicotine so-
lution which does not fill the house with smoke
as does tobacco paper or dust. It is vaporized
in pans over small lamps, or by painting the
steam pipes.

FUNGINE, to control mildew, rust or bench
rdt in the greenhouse, a spraying material; an
infallible remedy. It does not stain foliage as
Bordeaux or lime and sulphur, but cleanses it.

VERMINE, to rid the greenhouse soil of eel
worm, root maggots and other soil vermin, will
lie found most effective. Used according to di-
rections it is not injurious to vegetation.

For Out Door Spraying of Trees, Shrubs and Hardy Plants

SCALINE, an oil and sulphur composition — three, in one — an insecticide, fungicide and
scalicide combined, destroys San Jose, Oyster Shell and other scale, red spider, larva of the
aphis and locust borer. Now is the time to spray to protect your trees and shrubs against the
ravages of the various insect pests.

Get in the habit of using our products and you will use no other

For Sale by all Seed»men

Aphine Manufacturing Company

Manufacturers of Agricultural Chemicals

MADISON, N. J.

BRITISH DISTRIBUTORS:
British and American Fertilizer Co.
Leith Offices — Liverpool, England.

Send for This Unusual Greenhouse Catalog

the

gene

'ing of

al treatment

:omplete is tl
each subject consi

One thing we think is decided-
ly in its favor, is that by far
the greater number of subjects
shown, are of modest size — say,
from 33 feet long up to 100 feet.
There are inst enough of the

larger subjects to give you an
idea of the scope of our work.

The te.xt is free from any
technical description, and reads
along just like you and I would
chat about it, if we we
fortably seated together talk

things

Jf you ar'
a greenho

nterested :

you already ha

U-BAR GREENHOUSES

PIER50N U-BAR CO

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THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

>.... .c new lease of life by using Alphauo Htinuts. Name of est.i-.
ta itiUing of the wonderful results obljiined by the use of Alphaiiu
ntliusiastic endorsers of it.

Why Alphano Humus is a Superior Soil
Builder and More Lasting Than Others

Alphano Humus is a soil builder and plant food combined. It makes light soils heavier
and heavy soils lighter. It is nature's balanced ration. Read on and prove it to yourself.

AL P 1 1 A X () HI' M L'S c o iii c s
from nature's own factory
established thousands of
years ago. Rich deposits of this
1-lunnis are found at .\lphano, Xew
Jersey. There it is tliat we prepare
it in powdered form for your use.

This preparation is no secret
process, it being simply the driving
out of its excessive moisture and
adding further enriching properties.
It is then in a pow-dered, odorless
form, already for easy mi.xing with
the soil.

To bring .Alphano Humus to the
desired high marketable fertilizing
value, we received from various parts
of the world samples of the richest
soils obtainable — notably the black
alluvial deposits of Russia. The
humus and plant foods contained in
these soils we carefully analyzed and
found .Alphano Humus to be corre-
spondingly rich in all of them save
two. We promptly added sufficient
of each to bring the .Alphano up to
ihe analysis. "This then is the .Al-
phano Humus we are asking you to
buy. That's the whole story.
There's no mj'stery about Alphano
Humus. No special process. No
secret formula. No anything but
just following along the lines laid
out by Dame Nature herself. Al-
phano Humus as it is now sold to
you. cither in bags or bulk, is a soil
builder and fertilizing stimulant
possessing both great strength and
Iring endurance.

It has a distinct advantage over
animal manures in being perfectly
sanitary and entirely odorless. It is
much the richest in nitrogen and the
several other elements so essential
for vigorous plant growth. Being
in powdered form it can be easily
and thoroughly mi.\ed with the soil.
No lugging and tugging with a fork
— no task breaking up chunks and

luni]is a.-> with animal manure^. X'
lalxn-ious spreading on and then in
variably raking part off.

.Alphano can lie spread on e\enl>
and ea.-ily. All of it can be left on

Think of the advaiua:.;e of ii> n-i.

A mulch of Alpliano Humus, dug in. pro-
duced in one season that top story of roots.
Nature built where buildinj was best.

on your lawn where manures are
both offensive and unsightly, and
eventually have to be raked off. tak-
ing much, of their fertilizing value
with them.

Manures are laden with weed
seeds. Alphano is guaranteed to be
free from them.

Top soil taken from the woods,
everybody knows is particularly
valuable for building up old soils or
making new ones.

Wood soil is simply soil rich with
humus, but such humus is apt to be
acid and inert. The difference be-
tween it and Alphano Humus is:
.Al]iIiano is richer, extremely active

$12 a ton in bags
B8 by the carload in bulk
F. O. B. Alphano, N. J.

and tlorouglily decomposed ami
more readily available tl;an wood
soil.

\Vood- bmnus is nii.xed with a
large iiroporiion of soil, but .\1-
pliano Humus is practically all
humus — every part of it contributes
to the upbuilding of the soil it is
mi.xed with.

In one season you can convert a
practically worthless soil to one of
surprising productivity. Being so
reasonable in price you can use it
freely. Spread it on your lawn and
rake in (not off).

I'ut it on your garden and spade
in. Sow it in your garden seed drills
or trenches. Dig it around your
shrubs and trees. L'se it as a mulch
for your Khododendrons. Boost
along your Howers with it. I-Vom
start to liiiish garden this spring
with .\lphaiu).

Send for our Humus Book. It
tells about humus in general and
.Mphanu llumus in particular

ALPHANO HUMUS CO. 934 Whitehall Bldg., New York City

FORCING ROSES

The question of where to
buy your Rose stock and what
sorts to buy is an important
one. There are no finer plants
in the world than the grafted
stock that I am now sending
out to the private growers in
all the best Novelties.

KILLARNEY BRILLIANT OPHELIA

PRINCE De ARENBERG

and ALL STANDARD SORTS

OUTDOOR ROSES

By special contract with
Hugh Dickson, Ltd., I am sole
distributor of his Novelties in
America and the 1914 set will
be sent out this spring. The
GOLD MEDAL list is as
follows :

MRS. JAS. LYNAS BRILLIANT

COUNTESS CLANWILLIAM
MRS. ARCHIE GRAY WILLIAM COOPER

Send for Special Hardy Hose List !

MRS. GEORt.l-, SHAWVER

CHRYSANTHEMUMS

I carry over 500 kinds and
send out more plants than any
house in the world. This de-
partment is in charge of a
staff of experts who know
their business thoroughly. If
you are a customer you know
this, if not, isn't it time we got
acquainted ?

Send for my Catalogue !
It's Free!

Mahl5im, 5C. 3I.

3 5185 00253 5076

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