GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA LTURAl^ PARKS 8c GARDENS ILLUSTRATED $1.50 The Year JANUARY, 1916 15c. The Copy ■ ■ ■ !■■■! v :li . Beg. D. S. Pat. nir. A Timely Word of Caution About the Use of Humus On Your Garden and Lawn ADMITTEDLY, Humus is the very background of any soil's fertility. Without it the ground is sterile. But most de- posits of Humus found in their watery beds are acid and entirely devoid of the bacteria so essential to fertility. Their use is dangerous. Reports from all over the country tell of harmful effects. The grass on one of the finest golf courses near Philadelphia has been totally killed by its use. Unless the moisture is mechanically driven out, such humus con- tains 85% of water, for which you pay humus rates, making it come rather high. As far as we can learn, Alphano Humus is the only Humus that goes through a process of preparation covering months, and resulting in a sweet, dry, granulated humus, to which has been added concentrated plant food in abundance to make one ton of it worth four to five of ordinary stable manure. In addition to all this, it is also liberally inoculated v/ith Alphano Nocu- lant, making it lively with at least seven different Nitrogen gathering and soil food liberating bacteria. It is free from weed seeds, sanitary and odorless. For your garden, your shrubs, and lawn, it is ideal. But make sure you are sure it is Alphano Humus you buy. The Humus with an established reputation of ten years as your guarantee. Send for the Alphano Book. $12 a Ton in Bags. $10 a Ton by Carload in Bags. $8 a Ton by Carload in Balk. 17-G Battery Place Established 1905 m\ m m m New York Ml THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OE AMERICA. :_L . . 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 ■ II I i .1 Jlli, ilililllnil.i, .n.iniii | mi I II I III! mil until! in; Illlllllllllllll illlllllllllllillllilliillllllllllll Illlllllllllllll ,1111 ■ .1111 mlllmllllllllllNINJ = awiiiiiiiiiin mi i iiiiiiiiiii i i i in iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiii iniiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiimiiiiiiin iiiiiiiiiiiiiiin i,i i in in i iiiniiiniiiiiiiiii NiiiitmiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiinuiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiK = =^> Quality and Reputation ALL of the seeds, plants and bulbs that you purchase are bought on the reputation of the seller. Even the most thoroughly trained seedsman or horticul- turist is unable to give a satisfactory opinion without exhaustive tests, and with this fact in mind it is always desirable to first investigate the reputation of your seeds- man. The business of Peter Henderson & Co. was estab- lished in 1847 and has been built to its present propor- tions by the most careful attention to quality. The third generation of Hendersons are in charge today and there is something more than just a plain busi- ness relationship existing between themselves, their employees and their customers. When you buy Hender- son's seeds you buy 69 years of experience; you buy the prestige and reputation of years of successful seed raising and selling; you buy seeds that have behind them the sentiment brought out by many years of careful, con- scientious attention to our customers and their wants. The very smallest part of the cost is represented by the seeds and it is by far the most impor- tant. Try the Henderson Way this year and see if there isn't a difference. We should be glad to send our 206-page catalogue without charge to anyone mentioning "The Gardeners' Chronicle." Peter Henderson & Company 35-37 Cortlandt St., New York, N. Y. ' ' I""" i ii minimum mi: mi , i u mil urn urn iiiniiiiiuriiiiuiimi iiiiiiiiiuiiimmiiiiiiiiimiiiiimiii, i u mm r i ll iiiiiiiiiimi immliiiiiiimiiiiiiiimmimm 'imiiiiiiiiiimimiiimiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiimi urn i iiiiiiuiiuiimiii uiiiui mi i iiiimiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiinii m " 570G THE V, \\{\)V,\ERS' CHRONICLE OF IMER1CA. -'MiifiiihllllliniriMir lliliiiiuimi n mmimm Ullllll ii.lmmmiimillll mum llul i linn urn im llilmiiniililillllllimi Ilniillllllllin I II milium m < : m.mimimiimii ,11 llilil^ Julius Roehrs Co. p L A N T S M E N The Cleveland Flower Show CLEVELAND, OHIO ovember IO 14, 1915 y/jj for Exhibited by 5 & N U R S E R Y M E N Rutherford, N. J illlllllllillllilliiiiiminilllillimilllmiilri-. e^^ j < 1 1 -' > i h l i r 1 1 1 : 1 1 < ; 1 1 > , ' ii! i ' ^ - m - : 1 i 1 1: 1 1 1 1 1 r ■ .' . r 1 1 1 1 1 , - 1 1 1 : : i j u . J i : . . i n : i r d 1 1 ; ! 1 1 1 : 1 1 ; . . i l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 u : 1 1 1 : : u : j : 1 1 j t ,' u ' ; - - m 1 1 1 ^ < i 1 1 r 1 1 [ i , ; [ i l . r i ■ l l i ■ 1 1 1 r i m My Importation of ORCHIDS SEASON 1916 I am importing the following varieties of Orchids, and call your attention to the many varieties of Oncidium and others, producing spikes that are invaluable to the exhibitor at the flower shows. Cattleya Trianae Oncidium Tigiinum Labiata " Unquiculatum Schroderae " Went wort hianum " Mossiae Splendidum Gigas " Marshallianum " Sanderiana " Crispum Percivalliana " Sarcodes Gaskelliana " Forbesii Dowiana Cavendishii Skinnerii Leucochilum Aurea Kramerii Warner ii Miltonia Candida Citrina Cuneata Laelia Anceps Flavescens White Variety Clowesii Albida Morelliana Flava Dendrobium Nobile Cinnabarina " Formosum Purpurata " Wardianum Perrinii Odontoglossum Grande Grandis Teneb -osa Reichenheimii " Superbiens Phalaen apsis Schilleriana Oncidium Varicosum Rogersii Rimstedliana " Incurvum Lycaste Skinnerii " Concolor Epidenc rum VittelHnum majus " Ornithorrhy nchum Vanda Zoerulea Cattelya Gigas Sanderiana If you are interested in Orchids, write for my special list, and any information you may desire respecting these interesting plants. 1% If Orchid Expert : Seedsman : Florist Joseph Manda west orange, n. j. Sfn niiimiiiiiiiiiii iiimiiimiiMiiiimiiii iiiiimi»;i;i iiiiiimi iimiu numiiiiii iiiiiimiiiiiiiiini minimum immii iiimmiiiiimiiimniii m inn iiiiiiiimiiii, i mil mini ,i ,,i ....... . i mm = THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. = ^IliNIINIilllllinilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllMIIIIINIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIllllll^ BURNETT'S NOVELTIES FOR 1916 ANTIRRHINUM MAJUS GRANDIFLORUM "PINK BEAUTY" A deep rose pink self, enormous spikes. Per pkt., 25c. ANTIRRHINUM MAJUS GRANDIFLORUM "CERISE KING" Cerise pink, white throat and white lip. Per pkt., 25c. ANTIRRHINUM NANUM "SPITFIRE" A very bright orange-scarlet self. Per pkt., 50c. ANTIRRHINUM NANUM GRANDIFLORUM "CAPTIVATION" A charming rich chamois shaded pink. Per pkt., 50c. ANTIRRHINUM NANUM GRANDIFLORUM "ATTRACTION" A beautiful bright carmine with white throat. Per pkt., 25c. ANTIRRHINUM NANUM "MAGPIE" White suffused crimson lake, with large crimson lake blotch. Per pkt., 25c. ANTIRRHINUM NANUM "ELECTRA" A beautiful salmon maize, and orange. Per pkt., 25c. ANTIRRHINUM NANUM GRANDIFLORUM "WILD ROSE" Fine light pink with white throat, yellow center. Per pkt., 50c. ANTIRRHINUM NANUM GRANDIFLORUM "GOLDEN BEAUTY" Fine rich golden yellow, very large flowers. Per pkt., 25c. Collection, 1 pkt. each of the above 9 new varieties Antirrhinums, $2.50 COSMOS NEW GIANT HYBRIDS COSMOS GIANT "BLUSH QUEEN" A very large flowered and early variety of quite a new type. The height of the plant is 3 to 4 feet. The color is a very beautiful blush, flaked with a rosy lilac tint. Per pkt., 25c; 5 pkts. for $1.00. DELPHINIUM "BLUE BUTTERFLY" (Improved) Color charming rich blue. Per pkt., 25c. PRIMULA "MALACOIDES SUPERBA" The color is deep rosy pink, a great improvement. Per pkt., 50c. INULA "GOLDEN BEAUTY" A new and distinct variety of Inula. The flowers are clear golden yellow, 2 or 3 inches in diameter. Per pkt., 50c. NEW ESCHSCHOLTZIA "ORANGE KING" The flower is of a deep orange yellow color. Per pkt., 25c. SUNFLOWER DWARF "SUNLIGHT" A new and distinct variety, growing to a height of about 2 feet. Flowers, golden yellow with dark cen- ter, single cactus flowered. Per pkt., 25c. SCHIZANTHUS GRANDIFLORA HYBRIDS ROSE AND AMBER SHADES Quite a new strain of pink and rose tints. Per pkt., 50c. SCHIZANTHUS WISETONENIS HYBRIDS HURST'S MONARCH STRAIN A new and much improved strain of the early flowering One of the finest strains of large flowered hybrids in ex- Cosmos. Height, 3 to 4 feet. Per pkt., 25c; 5 pkts. istence, embracing a wide range of colors. Per for $1.00. pkt., 50c. SWEET PEA NOVELTIES FOR 1916 SWEET PEA— "BLUE GEM" Hi A beautiful clear mid- blue. Per pkt., 25c. SWEET PEA— "THE LADY EVELINE" (Malcolm) A grand new rosy mauve, for all purposes ideal. Per pkt., 50c. SWEET PEA — "FIERY CROSS" Color a scorching fire-red, or scarlet, without any shad- ing. Awarded Silver Medal, N. S. P. S., 1915. Per pkt., 25c. || SWEET PEA— "LORD FISHER" (Holmes) A rich, red maroon, without a tinge of purple shade in wings or keel. Per pkt., 50c. SWEET PEA— "HILARY CHRISTIE" Beautiful and distinct novelty. Color, standard salmon- SWEET PEA — "THE PRESIDENT" (Dickson) Intensely rich and dazzling orange- scarlet color. Per pkt., 50c. SWEET PEA— "JEAN IRELAND" (Dobbie) The color is creamy buff, the fine broad standard and wings being beautifully edged and shaded with car- mine rose. Per pkt., 25c. SWEET PEA — "CONSTANCE ACOMB" Creamy white, suffused delicate mauve. Per pkt., 25c. SWEET PEA— "MRS. E. A. TANQUERAY" Beautiful salmon cerise, very brilliant color, sunproof and quite distinct. Per pkt., 25c. SWEET PEA — "WHITE PERFECTION" orange, edged with fiery orange-scarlet, wings rosy An extra large white, of good substance, strong grower, salmon. Per pkt. of 20 seeds, 25c. Per pkt., 50c. "The Novelty Collection" of Sweet Peas, containing 1 pkt. each of the above 10 varieties, $3; two collections, $5.50 All 1916 Novelties sent out in original packets For complete description of above Novelties write for our 1916 Novelty List, also our general Spring Catalogue NOTE. — We make a specialty of Grass Seed Mixtures for all situations BURNETT BROTHERS, SEEDSMEN, 98 CHAMBERS STREET, NEW YORK TELEPHONE, BARCLAY 6138 Ne ear Broadway 1 lll!tlllM!ll!!ll!ll!ttllin!lllllllllllll:U[llllll!llli:il!!IHIIIIIIIIIIII!ll!!:lll[lllllllll!lllll!lll!lll[IIIUi;illllllli;llll:l!CII[ll:l Hill 11,1111 Hi 1 HI ■' Il!:;il; II Illllllllllll : III lllll'in " hir 11,1:111; IIIIIIIINIIIIIIIIIIIIIlV. = f:i;!iiii!i!iii:;iiiiiiiii:illiiiiiiiiiiis!iiii;iiii:i:i'ii!:;iiim ^'iiiiiiiiiiiiiuuiiiiiiiiiniliiiiiiiiii^ THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. DREER'S GARDEN BOOK FOR 1916 is more than a catalogue. It is a guide-book of authoritative information on when to plant, how to plant and what to plant in whatever line of gardening you are interested. It contains cultural articles writ- ten by experts and is valuable alike to the amateur with a small plot or the professional with acres. It contains 288 pages, four color and four duotone plates. It lists all the dependable, tested, standard varieties of flowers and vegetables as well as the season's best novelties. The newest Roses, the best Dahlias, and Dreer's Improved Hardy Perennials are given special prom- inence. It features a number of noteworthy specialties in Vegetables, Sweet Peas, Asters and Phlox. What- ever is worth growing you will find in Dreer's Garden Book for 1916, with full instructions how to grow it. Mailed free lo you if you mention this publication. HENRY A. DREER 714-716 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia |,'|.|i||i;i,„r ' M IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIII Illllllllllllllllllll illlinnillllllllllll I IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIH1 a iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimmiiiiMiiiiiiiimmmiiiiiiiiiiilililimiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiimiiiiiiiit I TWO NEW MUMS | FOR THE BACK ROW | Artista. — This we believe is the largest Exhibition variety we have ever raised and doubt if it will be surpassed by any now grown, not excepting fm. Turner, Odessa, etc. Outer petals grooved or channeled, reflex, while the cen- ter ones incurve irregularly, giving a very artistic ap- pearance to the bloom. Dwarf habit, will not attain over 5 ft. from February propagation. White with a slightly creamy tint in the depths. Best bud August 20th, maturing the last days of October. All exhibition growers are bound to accept this as one of the best. Ogontz. — A seedling from Nakota which it greatly resem- bles in foliage, and has the same whirling arrangement of petals, with size equal to its parent. The petals are decidedly grooved or channeled. Color, light primrose, height 6 ft. Would not advise a bud earlier than August 30th as the blooms are double from those se- lected in September. Practically the same as Nakota ex- cept color, maturing first week of November. May also be advantageously grown as a commercial maturing No- vember 20th from buds taken September 20th and after. Price.— $1.50 each; S12.50 per ten; $100.00 per hundred. Delivery on or before Februarv 1st, 1916. Not less than 5 plants of a variety at ten and 25 at hundred rate. ARE BOOKING ORDERS NOW It is difficult lo keep our mailing list of Private Gar- deners revised to date. If you do not receive our catalogue I please ask for it. ELMER D. SMITH & CO. ADRIAN, MICH. m inn hi urn i miiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiinii iiiiiiiniiiiii iiiimi uiun minimi | SEEDS WITH ! A PEDIGREE | For generations James Carter & Co. have used painstak- ing English methods in select- ; ing and testing their seeds. The Carter trial and testing | grounds at Raynes Park have | become celebrated in Great Britain. This explains the remarkable record of Carter's seeds in American Gardens. These "Seeds with a Pedigree" can j now be purchased in this coun- try. A complete stock is car- ried in Boston and prompt service is guaranteed. Send for Carter's "Garden ex Lawn" 1916 Edition (free of charge). A wonderfully illustrated seed catalogue con- taining 1 6 color pages as well as useful directions on plant- ing and cultivating. Write now, for the edition is limited. CARTER'S TESTED SEEDS, INC. Ill Chamber of Commerce Bldg. Boston, Mass. Branch of JAMES CARTER & CO. Raynes Park. London. England. Tested "The Seeds with a Pedigree." 1916 SEE THAT YOU RECEIVE OUR NEW ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE ALSO OUR NURSERY CATA- LOGUE OF SHRUBS, TREES, PLANTS AND OTHER NURSERY STOCK Write for our catalogue which will be mailed free on request W. E.Marshall & Co 166 West 23rd Street NEW YORK THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. ■'INI ■ II III:.!' B O B B I N K & A T K I N "World's Choicest Nursery and Greenhouse Products" GROWN IN AMERICA ROSES SHADE TREES FLOWERING & BERRIED SHRUBS EVERGREENS & RHODODENDRONS HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS FRUIT TREES & VINES HOUSE PLANTS s Visit our Nurseries and see the quality of our products and the completeness of our collection Write for ILLUSTRATED GENERAL CATALOG No. 45, it is complete in every way. "We Plan and Plant Grounds and Gardens Everywhere" NURSERYMEN, FLORISTS AND PLANTERS Rutherford, New Jersey 1 iiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw | Illlllllllllll!lllllll!lllllllllllll!llllllllllll!l!!l!llllinillllllllllllllllHIIIIIIIIIIIII!ll!lllllll!ll IINNIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIilll Illllllllllllllllllll l!lll!!llll!!lfll!lll!IUIIIItllllllll!!l«!IUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!ll!ninfllinijlllllffl ROSES Red Radiance is one of the finest varieties for the private grower. Ophelia should be in every private greenhouse. BEDDING ROSES Strong two-year-old dormant plants budded on English briar. CHRYSANTHEMUMS Elvia Scoville. The pure white sport of Wells' Late Pink which was exhibited by Walter Angus. All the new Pompons and Singles. CARNATIONS All the dependable varieties from sand or from pots. PERENNIALS The best varieties and a complete assort- ment. BEDDING PLANTS Geraniums and other soft-wooded stock. SHRUBS Two new shrubs that will appeal to those who want the best in existence are Deutzia crenata magnifica Philadelphus virginal These shrubs are the two finest of Le- moine's new hybrids. We have heavy two- year field-grown stock in limited quantity. $5.00 each, $60.00 per dozen. OUR CATALOG IS YOURS FOR THE ASKING. OUR SALESMEN WILL CALL IF YOU DESIRE. ANPlEI\SON INC Qdmmll Gardens Cromwell Conn OPHELIA ^^iil!! -i :, iiii:i;:: .'iimiii:: ■ :'ii :i :■ it i: illi- :i : ' 1 1 ■ 1 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 : 1 ■ ■ ;■ ■ :::i .■ ■ Mil '. ; ■!■:!: : :■ ::!'■ :: ■ i: : I mm :: ■■ ■ : . :. .;:..;:,. THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. | i .:;. ■ ,.i Jiiiiiii.ii:::: . ..miiii:ii::': i'i ^iiiiniiii'.' ii'"'.iiiiiiinrii' :i i. ;iiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiiiii- ii,!i:;i!iiiiiiiii!iiiii'r nil.;: !•■ iiiiimiiiii minimi iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinmin iiiiimiiiiiiiiiiinim i ilium imiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiny The MacNiff Horticultural Company | 54 and 56 Vesey Street, New York We would be pleased to mail you a copy of our Seed Catalogue, 1916 edition. I Also copies of our Auction Catalogues, if you will send us your address. W; M r 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 : 1 1 ; : 1 1 1 1 1 < < - ' 1 - : i . , . ' , . E r 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : j i J r [ 1 1 : r 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 IF I ; H 1 1 M I H 1 1 1 j I ■ 1 1 1 p ! i > h ■ ! 1 E 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 . 1 . . : : i . 1 1 ' > > I k : 1 1 1 1 i I > ; 1 1 j H 1 1 N 1 1 ; ; 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i i . . : : 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . . ; L I : L I r |7^ ^ i:,:,iiiiiii:iiii,iiir:r: iii,iii|i|iiiii!'i' : .mimiiiiiiimir miiiiiiiiiiimiimimm I"' :i .',',iii|ii. iiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiniiiiiiiiiiii'i -Jiiiliiiliiir iimmi in iihiiinmiiiiiiiiiiiiiimm iiimimiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiimiiimiimimmiiiilmiilii iiimiiiiiiiimi iiiiiiiiilliniiliillllllig BODDINGTON'S GARDEN GUIDE For 1916 full of useful information for both the professional and amateur gardener NOW READY! Send a postal card for your copy. Arthur T. Boddington Co., Inc., SEEDSMEN 128 Chambers St., New York "EXCELLENTA BULBS" FOR HIGHEST QUALITY JOHN SCHEEPERS & CO., INC. BULB SPECIALISTS NO. 2 STONE ST. NEW YORK f. illinium! limn ..i,i mi ii i i iiiiiiiii i ; mm inn ; ,,. "minimi mini mi i mini iiiimimnin inimiiii i iiiiiiiiniii mi. s ginmiinninnnnilil iiiuilill miiiiinnnnni i minimi i mm minimi iiiiiiimn is gnu nun i iiniuiiimiiiii uiinniiiniumnimiununuuiiiiiini i uiinuuiiiiinniiimii iiiiiiiiiiiuj WANTED — Landscape Gardener One who knows shrubs and their arrangement as to planting and laying out grounds in an artistic manner, and has had the practical experience in this line of work. Also familiar with Herbacious plants, and their arrangement in making and lay- ing out gardens. A man capable of soliciting work, and making estimates and plans for the same. Strictly honest and temperate. Give ref- erences and experience had, also state salary. Permanent position. Address, F. L., Box 290, Madison, N. J. DAHLIAS & GLADIOLI BEGONIAS, HARDY PLANTS AND BULBS FOR SPRING PLANTING WRITE TODAY FOR KRELAGE'S CATALOG | Established 1811 in Haarlem (Holland) J. A. DE VEER, Sole Agent 100 WILLIAM ST. (Woodbridge Bldg.), NEW YORK ) iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiii:i!i!iiiiii:iii!iih;iiiiiiiiiiiiimiiii[ii[u ^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiifiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiii Every Tree Guaranteed KICKS TREES Any That i-'nil l:,i ^.-^V-.~ t„j ^^ TREES That Save 10 Years February is the time to arrange for them. You know they cannot be selected, dug and packed as quickly as small stock and you know the advantage of early planting. There is not much use planting big trees unless they are grown right. We have root-pruned and transplanted these trees as suggested by the most experienced gardeners. OUR SPECIALTIES ARE: Big shade trees 15 ft. wide that save 10 years. Oaks, Pines and Rhododendrons for acid^ sandy land. Big evergreens 15 ft. high with big solid balls of eartll filled with small fibres, the result of root-pruning or trans- planting about once in three years. It is the only sure way to get a vigorous dense growth the first vear. February is the time to move them. Want a car load? White Spruce 5 ft. high planted in squares 3 ft. apart, root-pruned, ideal for hedges around gardens and in moist soil, especially in northern regions, where the California Privet winter-kills. Low prices on several carloads we wish Son Westburu . LonjJ Island THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. pill iiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiuiiini i iiiiiiiiii m: iiiiiiimii iiiii in mi m m inn i iiniiiiiiiii niiiiiiiiiiiuii limn i iinumiiiiii n ,■ m DID YOU KNOW THAT — we are grafting over 100,000 Roses this year, all varieties, and that your order placed at this time will be grown specially for you, and will be satisfactory? THAT — Manetti stock not properly eyed is apt to cause trouble by producing suckers? THA T — we pay a premium over the market price to get selected Manetti of the very finest quality? THA T — Cleveland and Gorgeous, two Dick- son Novelties, for 1916, are un- questionably going to make good? THAT — our Rose stock is the same identical QUALITY that has made our Chrysanthemum slocl( famous all over the world? THAT — our catalogues for 1916 have been sent out and if you haven t re- ceived your copy, a postal-card will bring it to you by return mail if ad- dressed to — CHARLES H. TOTTY MADISON, N. J. -iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiinii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiniiiiiiiiiiininiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiNiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiuniiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiuiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiin iiiiiiihiiiiiiiiu mil m iiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini iiiiiiiiiiiiiiinii iinmirair PALISADES POPULAR PERENNIALS | No grounds are really gardened without a big showing in perennials. We are HEAD- QUARTERS FOR PERENNIALS and assure the widest latitude in choice as well as the most courteous promptitude in correspondence and service. Maximum Quality, Minimum Cost. Write THE PALISADES NURSERY, INC. R. W. CLUCAS SPARKILL, NEW YORK in iiiiiiiiiiiin iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiininiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiM i^MSgg The Man in the Moon Says: THAT after going about Moons' Nur- series on 10 miles of private driveway and inspecting 900 miles of nursery rows, I think every tree and shrub in every size wanted is there. I recommend that all gardeners send their want list to Moons* now for prices, and when possible visit the place, so that they can appreciate the superiority of their stock. He sure to notice that the shapeliness of the plants is due to the abundance of room given in the nursery rows. Catalog will be mailed upon request. THE WM. H. MOON COMPANY Ferry Road yt Morrisville, Pa. PHILADELPHIA OFFICE 21 South Twelfth Street TIIF MOON NURSERY CORPORATION White Plains, N. Y. ^««!»oc^<»^ ifi tfi a. a. saw ¥.*!***»!*.* a. a. 4 CHOICE SWAS-TEEKA CANNAS Why fuss around trying to make our list of over 100 Carinas, when tion, here are four of his best. the ones that walked away with at both the San Francisco and S; CITY OF PORTLAND (3% Feet) Th* color is a beautiful glowing pink, deeper in co'or than its parent. Mrs. Albert F. Conard, and the flowers are produced in greatest profusion on strong, erect, branching stalks. It is an early and continuous bloomer; blooming freely in hot or cold weather. The foliage is an attractive shade of green, thick and leathery in substance. One of its uotahh qualities is the stately, uniform growth of the plant, ('anna experts who were so fortunate as to see this variety bloom on our grounds last, season pronounced it the finest, all around Pink ('anna to date $3.50 $25 GOLDEN GATE (4 Feet) 50c Each The flowers open almost, pure go!d, but soon become richly rayed with orange, crimson and apricot, centering to the throat of deep carmine red. Foliage green $3.50 $25 PANAMA (3 Feet) 50c Each The color is unusual, being au attractive, rich orange red. with a well defined edge of bright golden yellow. The flowers are very large and th? immense spread of the indi- vidual blooms, coupled with the early free-dowering habit and unique coloring, makes this Canna most noteworthy. .$2.00 $15 25c Each WINTZER'S COLOSSAL (5 Feet) (Orchid Flowering) Withoul doubt the largest flowered Canna to date, as the average flowers more than cover a man's hat. The color is a strikingly vivid scarlet that retains its brilliancy. Early and most prolific of its class $3.00 $20 SPECIAL OFFER 40c Each 20, including five each of above, for $4, delivered: or the four, one of each above, for $1.50. delivered. But remember if you try these you must exppct to want more of them, unless you are very different from most people. THE CONARD & JONES CO. Swas-Teeka Brand Cannas w»t Grove, Pa. 10 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. 3V Contents- -ifannanj, 191B Page Page Things and Thoughts of the Garden Among the Gardeners 26 The Onlooker 11 National Flower Show, Philadelphia 26 Garden Clubs and Garden Societies American Association of Park Superintendents IV m. Gray 13 Notes 27 A New Race of Cosmos .... 14 Theodore Wirth Honored 28 Hardy Fuchias ..... 14 Wilkes-Barre's (Pa.) Park Development 30 Repotting the Aspidistra .... 14 Wanted — Folk Names for Flowers . 30 Young Gardeners' Opportunity in America Street Trees for New York City 31 Henry Gibson 15 Moving Large Trees in Winter 31 Schizanthus Wisetonenis Hybrids 16 Frederick's (Md. ) Educational Garden 32 Studying the Seed Catalog 16 Department of Ornithology 33 Use of Native Plants for Ornamental Planting Growing Vincas from Seed 34 L. P. Jensen 17 The Cultivation of Gloxinias 34 Work for the Month of February 19 Overhauling the Ferns 34 Henry Gibson 19 Directory of National Associations 35 The Iceland Poppy .... 20 Directory of Local Societies 35 Points on Acacia Culture 20 Directory of Garden Clubs 36 The Flowers of Japan . E. H. Wilson 21 Horticultural Events 37 The Causation of Variegated Leaves 22 Southampton, N. Y., Horticultural Society 38 Sweet Pea Show for San Francisco 24 Oyster Bay, N. Y., Horticultural Society 38 New York Spring Flower Show 24 Paterson, N. J., Floricultural Society 38 Horticultural Society of New York 24 Newport, R. I., Horticultural Society . 39 Horticultural Society of Western Pennsylvania 24 Tuxedo Park, N. Y., Horticultural Society 39 National Association of Gardeners' Notes 25 The Virtue of Impatience 39 -jiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiii iiiiiiiiiiinii iiniiiiiiiiiiiiii nun !■ mi in- in .n.i ilium: mum urn mimm ii .mmimiiiiiiiiiiiiimiimimiii! immiiiiiimiimiiimiiiii iiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiniimmiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii l- Stumpp & Walter Co.'s Catalog Our 1916 Spring Catalog will be mailed to you on request, if you have not already received a copy. Many New and Exhibition varieties of Flower and Vegetable Seeds are offered. Farm and Grass Seeds are also a feature. Cannas, Dahlias, and Gladioli — the best varieties to date. fiufallmg 30-32 Barclay St. 1ST e w York iiiiiiiiniiimiiiii!! miiiiii mi 11 11 nil iimimi nimiiiiinmii miiiiiu iiiimimiiiii mm 1 minimi mum: nil iinimiiimi minium 1111 mm iinimim immmiiiiinir GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS Devoted to the Science of Floriculture and Horticulture. THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PARK SUPERINTENDENTS. Devoted to Park Development and Recreational Facilities. Vol. XX. JANUARY, 1916. No. 1. Things and Thoughts of the Garden By The Onlooker IF we have not done any trenching" in the autumn we cannot do it now unless we have a garden or gardens in some of the more favored parts of the South. There has always been a difference of opin- ion among good gardeners as to the real advisability of trenching in the fall. With us, of course, it is almost a necessity to get our trenching done before hard freezing occurs in the earlv winter, since the frost lies in the ground so late in the spring that it makes it next to im- possible to get through the work in the two or three weeks between the tenth of April and the time when most of the sowing or planting has to be done. As early as the middle of October one may see trenching undertaken, especially if it is the desire of the grower to make sure that all is ready for some pet crop upon which he is "sweet." The theory — I do not know if it is anything more than a theory — in regard to trenching in the spring rather than in the fall, is that the land remains drier, gets just as well and deeply frosted, and because it is drier is therefore the more quickly fit to be worked. To be able to get on the land to fork it or spade it or rake it, and to find it in that good crumbling condition that is so desirable, is surely a great gain. By trenching in the fall it is contended that the land, being loose, acts like a sponge and holds the water, causing it to be cold and resistive to the genial rays of the sun in the earlier months of the year, just when all the warmth and stimulating in- fluences are most to be desired. At one time there was a keen contest of wits in the Old Country between the fall trenchers and the spring advocates of that job, and very likely the contest will go on until the crack of doom, for as the elders pass away their disciples on either side take up the fight. It is a very significant fact, however, that the best vegetable grower in England today, bar none, to wit. Edwin lleckett, whose soil is a heavy clav, does not hesitate to dig or trench in the fall. Of course there the frosts are lighter than with us, but when all is said and done, most of us will always prefer to see our land turned over at the earliest possible moment after the crops are cleared in October or November. I '.ut whether we dig in the late part of the season or as soon as practicable when the weather opens up. let the digging be deep. It is really painful, it is certainly sur- prising, to observe the slipshod work that passes both in the nurseries, or many of them, in this country. It better deserves the name scratching. There is a great outcry for potash at the present time because the German supply is not available. Yes, but is it not possible to utilize some more of the unexhausted store in the soil by digging for it? We all recall the story of the old man who, feeling the sands of time were running low and that soon he would pass to that bourne from which no traveler returns, called his sons to his bedside and said that in the land he was bequeathing to them they would find a treasure hidden. When their father was gone the sons deter- mined to search for the hidden treasure and dug the land in all parts deep and thoroughly, but never a piece of gold or other quickly realizible object of value did they find. It was not long before they saw the meaning of their parent's words, however, since never previously had such crops rewarded their toil. In this simple tale there is a very valuable moral for all those who shirk deep digging. Possibly an excellent and useful story could be writ- ten on the subject of "balance" in the garden. I am not the one to attempt much of an exposition of the mat- ter. I have sat through a course of lectures on landscape gardening (not landscape "engineering," if you please) and took copious notes of what was said, besides having given some attention to the not inconsiderable literature of the art, but the discussion of what pertains to laying- out a garden is one not to be entered upon lightly. Yet this term "balance" has always had a certain fascination for the present writer. It would be easier to describe the term in a garden, where balance was either in good evi- dence or lacking, than to try to define it in the Gardeners' Chronicle of America. Balance is the opposite of lopsidedness. Balance means supplying something in the lay-out of planting scheme that is necessary to the completion of a good composition. This does not imply that for every tree or group you plant on the right hand you must also plant a tree or similar group on the left. But if you have a thick wood or eminence on the right of your property, and a straggling slope on the left, one that cannot be graded or brought anywhere near level, vet which leads to interesting objects on that side, the place would be "out of balance" if nothing were done to mend matters. In such a case I have seen balance restored by the addi- tion of a large, broad, substantial pergola, supported by a suitable amount of planting. In other instances it might even be necessary to erect something still more imposing than a pergola. Balance is only one of the very many questions that the garden designer has to consider — or which, in some cases, he omits to consider, and one which we can ponder these winter nights. 12 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. One of the prettiest additions or change for a dinner table decoration is a little fountain. At the recent flower show in Cleveland the officials very thoughtfully pro- vided the means for having such additions to the decora- tions of the retail florists — water pipes, the water itself, and what was as important as anything else under the circumstances : small electric dynamos to pump up the water. By this means a comparatively small amount of water sufficed to keep the fountain alive. These dyna- mos or engines were situated under the tables or else- where out of sight; they are made by a New York firm with whom some readers of these notes may wish to get in touch. * * * * How quickly the Mrs. Peterson Begonia has sprung into prominence. A year ago it was one of the least known of all plants, only then having been exhibited a few times by the raiser. J. A. Peterson, of Cincinnati, Ohio. But some of the plant growers saw in it a subject of very great promise and bought by the thousand, as they are wont to when they think they are "on a good scent." Their expectations have been fully borne out by the results the past Christmas, when tall prices were asked and got for well grown stock. It has been de- scribed in one of the trade papers as "one of the greatest plant acquisitions of the last ten years." This seems very high praise, yet when we consider that it is an im- proved doire de Lorraine, at least in the rich warmth of its deep pink flowers and its ruddy metallic leaves, per- haps the verdict may prove to be justified. It has also proved to be a very free grower, and not in the hands of one person, but by many in various sections and in England. So here's to Mr. Peterson ! * * * * While the interest in big-bloomed Chrysanthemums will not be any the less because of the new interest in the single, pompon, and Anemone varieties, still one feels that fresh life and enthusiasm will be infused into the whole cult owing to the fine introductions of these latter types. They require some skill and patience in their cultivation, but do not bother one the same as the huge fellows that require timing and very liberal feed- ing, staking, tying, and all the rest. It is entirely satis- factory to see a few raisers at work on the Anemones, a tvpe all along, as I thought, that was unwarrantedlv neglected. Now the tables assuredly are turning, and if I might be for once a prophet, would say that the next few vears will bring to light a number of improved kinds. The firm of A. N. Pierson, Cromwell, Conn., growers of the small flowered true pompons, have also had some fine things placed in their hands. Notable among these are Western Beauty, Harvest Home Golden Harvest, Golden West and Golden Climax, while Chas. T. Totty has given us the singles. There are two kinds of "pompon," the large type, which includes Frank Wilcox, Lillian Doty and the new White Doty. Ought a ruling not to be made on this matter? But if memory serves me right the Chrysanthemum Society of America has before it a motion to consider this very point and a committee of judicial men to take it in hand. Just as it seems a pity to spoil the smaller size and characteris- tic form of the primulinus strain of Gladioli, it also seems a pity to overincrease the size of the pompons, although there is no objection to adding a distinct giant section on its own. ^s ^e 2fc ^Je Some of the best new things in the seed line seem to be in the Calceolarias, Begonias, Petunias, Antirrhinums, Sweet Peas (as a matter of course in these days) ; also Aquilegias, the China type of Aster, Zinnias, Marigolds, Cosmos, new red sunflower, including the scarlet Tithonia speciosa, which, by the way, should be started in good time or sown in a warm and sunny place, as it comes rather late into flower otherwise. There are some magnificent strains of Celosias, too, while the showy Nasturtiums are not to be ignored. The smoke colored Shirley Poppies are still new and quaint. Among bien- nials there are excellent improvements in the Sweet Williams, including a scarlet, a carmine, a very fine pink, a large flowered white, and the distinctly marked Auricula-eyed varieties. Other biennials that deserve full attention are the Foxgloves and the Scabious. The latter are valuable when treated as annuals by being sown in January or early in February. These are for the outdoor garden ; but why not try some of the crested tuberous Begonias, which are more interesting than the singles? The latter are too bald to satisfy nice taste. The Nemesias in rich gold and in pink shades are worthy of cultivation in pots, just as the Clarkias are, and which were not treated as pot plants or grown in benches until a year or two ago. The tall branching greenhouse Calceolarias of the Clibrani type, are nota- ble. To these have been added the new Cotswold Hvbrid, Jeffery's Hybrids, the medium growing white flowered Veitchii, as well as choice kinds in the dwarf section (florists' strain). Those who have looked into the genus Calceolaria know how diverse are its species, including the Peru- vian one alba, very dwarf, and having snowy clusters. It is a "tricky" subject and tests one's skill. The pretty annual Mexican Calceolaria ( Mexicana ) can be sown toward the base of the rock garden, or in a cool, partly moist spot in good light, but not where it will be scorched to death. It is a little gem, with cut leaves and bright yellow flowers. The tall Burbidgei and amplexicaulis fill a useful place in bedding schemes of the bolder character. It is a question whether many of us, also, make as much use as we might of the scarlet Alonsoa Warscewicsii (A. incisifolia ), which does re- markably well in a partially shaded border. As a pot or bench plant for winter and spring it is one of the best of the annuals. For woodland effects why not plant some colonies of Polygonum lanigerum, which also does handsomely in the sunniest positions. Its chief charac- teristic is its silvery leaves ; it grows three feet tall. Poly- gonum orientale ( Prince's Feather ) , with red, drooping "panicles," or dependent, nodding spikes, is likewise de- sirable, and in many places has become naturalized. None the less it is a notable decorative plant. The same can be said of Impatiens Roylei at its best. But don't sow this where you don't want it to spread else it may turn out to be as bad a weed as you've got. % S-J ^ ^c This idea of carrying the garden spirit out into the woodland glades and into the parts surrounding the "kept" pleasure grounds or formal flower garden, is gaining headway, and incidentally adding to the work of the poor gardener and his generally too limited staff. But if you find yourself overburdened with work and are sure you are getting the maximum of efficiency from those under you and that your systematization is above reproach, don't begin "wild gardening." It may be wild gardening in name but has its own peculiar diffi- culties ; assuredly it takes time, money and strength to carry out wild gardening properly, tastefully — or accord- ing to what is meet and right — and in such a way as to ensure successional effectiveness. Given the facilities, it is worthy and engrossing phase of decorative out- door horticulture, deserving encouragement wherever possible. Garden Clubs and Gardeners' Societies By William Gray, Rhode Island 'Is co-operation between societies desir- clubs and gardeners has been suggested by the sentiment, NO doubt the question garden able?" tbat exists to some extent, in local horticultural so- cieties, that membership in those societies affords a chan- nel for the activities of people represented in the garden club movement and that there was no need for starting these separate organizations. Local horticultural societies, however, are principally composed of gardeners and amateurs, etc., from among those of moderate circumstances, while in nearly every society there may be found a few of the wealthier class, such as are represented in the garden clubs, but generally membership in gardeners' societies has not appealed to this class for various reasons, and which suggested the need of a separate organization. If we may judge by the way garden clubs have sprung into existence all over the country, an opportunity to be- come more actively interested in horticulture was evi- dently eagerly sought by the wealthier class, and these clubs should receive the support and co-operation of the horticultural societies in view of the fact that the results they are accomplishing could not be attained through the local horticultural societies. The objects of the two or- ganizations being identical — "the promotion of horticul- ture"— there can be no reason why co-operation between the two should not prove a greater force for promoting horticulture than through working separately. Another factor in favor of the garden club movement being separate from the local horticultural society is the greater financial assistance that can be rendered by these clubs for the development of horticulture, the annual dues in the garden clubs being as high in some cases as life membership in the local horticultural societies. It can therefore be readily seen that co-operation could be a great aid to the societies through the financial support of the garden clubs and, as our local horticultural societies as a rule are handicapped in their activities by their low income, such co-operation should be welcome. The question may arise that the garden club being of greater financial strength would, in co-operating in any project, dominate the horticultural society, but this sup- port surely is greatly offset by the practical working power that can be furnished by the horticultural society in carrying out any undertaking entered into by these different organizations. There are other ways in which co-operation should prove of great benefit to many of our horticultural so- cieties, for we would meet with people of different ideas, and the horticultural societies would be lifted out of the rut of doing things in the same old way year after year. With the co-operation of the garden clubs in the exhibi- tions held each year, greater taste would be displayed in the way of exhibiting and arranging of flowers, etc., and with the enthusiasm aroused by the garden clubs among their members much more interest would be manifested by the wealthy people in attending the exhibitions. A great opportunity now presents itself to these or- ganizations, to develop a greater interest in horticulture, by creating an amateur spirit in America similar to that on the other side. With the garden clubs working with this object in view among the wealthy classes, and the local horticultural societies among the classes of more moderate means and both co-operating in this effort, im- measurable results are possible in furthering the interests of horticulture in this countrv. VICTORIA REGIA.- -THE LEAVES OF THESE PLANTS, CROWN IN PHIPPS" CONSERVATORY, WEST PARK, PITTSBURGH, PA, BY JAMES MOORE, ARE OVER 7 FEET IN DIAMETER, WITH RIMS 5 INCHES DEEP. 14 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. A NEW RACE OF COSMOS r^i \'E of the flower novelties of 1916 which is being of- fered by the Stum])]) & Walter Company, New York City, is being introduced by them as an entirely new race of cosmos. The plants are said to be similar in habit to the early flowering cosmos and that a fair per- A DOUBLE-CROWNED AND CRESTED COSMOS. centage have double crowns which gives the flower a dainty appearance. The colors are pure white and a delightful shade of shell pink. Seeds sown in early August have produced blooms by the middle of ( )ctober. I HARDY FUCHSIAS T is not well known that there are a few species of Fuchsias much hardier than others, being capable of enduring a few degrees of frost uninjured, but such is the fact. Fuchsias came in the first place from South America (chiefly). Chili and Peru, also from Mexico. It seems understood that they were first known in England from a plant brought there by a sailor about the year 1800. The hardiest ones are those brought from Chili, from which country other plants more or less hardy have been introduced. The original hardiest one is called Fuchsia macrostema, but this gave rise to a seedling called Fuchsia gracilis and another called F. Riccartoni, and these two seedlings are now known as the hardiest Fuchsias. I '.nt it is only when compared with ordinary Fuchsias that the term hardy may be applied to them, as they endure only about 5 degrees of freezing. If the mercury falls to, say, 2H degrees, the tops would be killed., therefore it is only in States almost frostless that they grow to be large bushes. But that they can be had to live through Winters of zero weather the writer has proved. All that is necessary is to protect them at the base, in >t minding tire tops at all. Place a good covering of forest leaves about their base or even pile up soil a few inches high, covering up snugly an inch or two of the stems, and all will be well. From the covered por- tions new shoots will form when Spring opens, which will flower profusely as growth proceeds, and this bloom- ing continues until frost closes the season. The flowers of these hardy sorts are of a deep red. They have a long. slender tube, of great beauty, their foliage, too, being quite small. When Spring comes the dead tops are cut away and the Winter covering cleared away. The only requisite in order to have this Fuchsia endure the Winter is that an inch or two of the shoots be well protected. It may not be known that ordinary greenhouse Fuch- sias may be carried through the Winter in much the same way, but it is a fact. If heavily covered at the base they have been known to live through very severe Winters, though they are not as hardy as the Chili ones. It is a good way, when planting Fuchsias, to set them deep enough so that the stems are slightly below the sur- face, as this helps to make more protection for an eye or two, so that should all above ground be destroyed by frost, there could still be fresh shoots starting from be- low the surface. Fuchsias are easily rooted from young shoots under glass at any season. — Joseph Mcehan in Florists' Exchange. REPOTTING THE ASPIDISTRA. A MONG the numerous plants grown in pots for in- door decoration, none equals the Aspidistra for dark corners, draughty passages and other positions un- favorable for plant growth in the house. Aspidistra lurida, to give our friend its full botanical name, is said to have been first introduced to this country from China in 1822. and two years later, in 1N24. Though of such inestimable value as a foliage plant, the flowers are insignificant, though very interesting to those who love the quaint and uncommon. The}- ap- pear generally in early Spring, nestling among the stalks of the leaves and quite close to the soil in the pot. Less than an inch across when fully expanded, the blooms are buff outside and rich purple inside. The Aspidistra gets the name of lurida from the poor quality of the flowers, the common name of the Dingy-flowered Aspidistra being also sometimes used. The best time to pot the plants is during March and April, those who are fortunate enough to possess a green- house doing such work in March, while April is soon enough for plants which, when potted, must be kept in a window or room. Aspidistras will grow in most soils, a suitable compost being a mixture of three parts loam, one part leaf mold and one part coarse sand. There is no necessity to put Aspidistras in large pots, though the roots must not be unduly crowded ; the plants will be found to thrive better when the quantity of soil in the pot is not excesive in comparison with the size of the plants. The question of when a plant requires repotting and how often may now be considered. As long as a plant remains healthy, the soil in the pot keeps sweet, and the leaves are not unduly crowded, there is no need for re- potting. For plants growing in a room it is most impor- tant to have ample drainage in the bottom of the pots to allow water to pass away freely. Place one large crock over the hole in the bottom of the pot, next several rather smaller pieces, and on these some still smaller, covering all with a little moss to prevent the soil trickling down and stopping the surplus water from pass- ing out at the bottom. Sometimes when repotting Aspi- distras the soil is in such bad condition that it is neces- sary to wash all the old soil away from the roots ; in others, when the soil is sweet, only the loose soil need be taken off. Aspidistras are such good-natured and hardy plants that repotting checks them little, if at all. While most of what has already been written applies to both the green- leaved and variegated-leaved Aspidistras, those with the (Continued on page 34.) Young Gardeners' Opportunity in America By Henry Gibson, New York MANY of you are more familiar with the rapid progress that has been made in the garden- ing world in this country and are therefore better able to foretell the prospects of the young gar- dener. However being quite a young chap and having made pretty good headway since I have been in America I will endeavor to give you my version of the opportuni- ties of the young gardener. My experience and observations for a number of years past have led me to believe that opportunity for advance- ment in this country is second to none in the world. This may not be a very strong assertion when we take into consideration the devastating war that is being waged between those European countries that have hitherto been the leaders in horticultural thought. Yet even had Europe been at peace it would have been no exaggeration to say that today America offers greater opportunities to young men of ability and experience who possess ener- gy enough to back up these qualifications. Commercially it is claimed that America is but a child, and I contend that horticulturally she is yet an infant, but a vigorous one. Each year new estates are being opened up, and there can be no doubt that many more will be developed in the near future. To manage these estates and maintain them in good condition, young men of experience, ability and untiring energy are in demand. I say young men, be- cause in this country at the present day in almost every line of business there is an unusual demand for young men. It may well be called the age of the young man. for nowhere does history record such large commercial enterprises, being conducted by men so young. Look at some of our superintendents and head gardeners, men who could not have secured such positions for many years to come under the conditions that obtain in most Euro- pean countries. Take Britain, for instance. A man could not reason- ably expect to obtain a desirable position as head gar- dener until he is well over thirty years of age. After serving his apprenticeship he serves for some years as journey man in the different departments until he arrives at the position of general foreman. Here he has to re- main, it may be for years, before an opportunity of se- curing a head place presents itself. In this country it is entirely different ; a young man who has ability and ener- gy to back him up seldom has to wait very long for a po- sition. As soon as his qualifications become known he is in demand. It is idle folly for the proficient young man of todav to sav that he cannot compete favorably with men of older experience. Anyone who observes the trend of the times will notice that the young man is more than holding his own. Only a short time ago the writer heard of a gentle- man who had engaged quite a young man as his gar- dener. On being questioned why he had selected a young man when there were men of older and wider experience obtainable, he replied : "Well, I have a young man at the head of my business office, he is making good, and I see no reason why a young man shouldn't make good at the head of my estate. There exists a good deal of rivalry among gardeners and the young fellows like to vie with the older ones in getting results, and an enterprising young man whose heart is in his work will usually get there." These gentlemen, are the words of a very en- thusiastic estate owner, and are, I believe, a fair expres- sion of the sentiments of estate owners generally. There is, however, one serious rival that the young gardener of today has to compete with in this country, and that is the horticultural and agricultural college graduate. We are being constantly reminded that the college chap is taking the best positions from the garden- ers today, yet a careful survey of our estates will scarcely bear out this contention. The majority of the best posi- tions are still held by men who have graduated from the potting bench, the school of experience, and who extend- ed their studies with the closest application to the fireside universitiy during the long winter evenings. It has, of course, been contended that fear of compe- tition by the college man is not great since his knowledge is more theoretical than practical. If, however, this has been the tendency in the past it must be understood that the mistake has been discovered and practical training is today forming a large part of the curriculum of the college course. Numerous cases are to be found where under graduates are going out to large estates and com- mercial establishments in order to obtain practical expe- rience. This, in conjunction with his higher theoretical and scientific knowledge is bound to make him the more proficient and a most serious competitor. To any young men present I would say, heed this warning, not that I deprecate the college man, on the con- trary I welcome him, not only because he stands for progress but because he proves another incentive to spur us on to further efforts to increase our knowledge of our business, that we may also be progressive and become the more fitted to assume the duties of the position we aspire to, with satisfaction to our employers and dignity both to ourselves and our profession. A year or more ago we heard a great deal about cheap gardeners and why, through the columns of the horticul- tural press. Some contended that the young gardener was to blame, others that the horticultural societies were the delinquents, and still others that the experienced gar- deners themselves were at fault. Of the three it would be hard to place the whole of the fault on the proper shoulders. If the horticultural societies are responsible, then surely the gardeners must be at fault since the so- cieties are composed chiefly of gardeners. Personally I do not think that any of these are responsible for cheap gardeners. My experience of cheap gardeners is that they are men whose ideas were a great deal bigger than their ability and having lost the goal aimed at selling their services at almost any old price to the detriment of their more capable and proficient brother. These men are to be found in all professions. To the young man who is at all discouraged with his prospects, I would say do not lose your grip on life, clouds will gather, yet every one has a silver lining. Get hold of yourself and determine to become as proficient as possible, establish your ability, and you will never lose confidence and have to sell your services for a mere existence. Of course, I realize that to be able to compete favor- ably with others and especially the college graduate, re- quires a good deal of personal effort. All of us cannot have a college training and many are located miles and miles awav from anv source of technical instruction of 16 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. any form. Nevertheless to become a really competent all-round man something more than the daily routine work in the greenhouse or vegetable garden is necessary. Make a point of studying systematically subjects that have a direct bearing upon your work, and if any new development work is being done upon the place where you are employed make it your business to get there as much as possible, even if you have to go in your own time. Ask your superintendent to let you go periodically to inspect the work if it is outside of your department. No reasonable man would refuse you this privilege, if he has the welfare of his profession at heart. Question him about anything that you do not understand, draw dia- grams and make notes for future reference. Another weak point with the young gardener of today in this country is that he will sacrifice a wide field of use- ful experience for the sake of $5 per month more wages. I maintain that every man should get all the wages he can, vet I do think that a young man is foolish who turns down a position which will afford him desirable knowledge and experience because another pays more money. Then again it is looked upon by some as quite a come down to go from under glass to an out door department. This is all wrong and the young man who entertains these views is likely to regret it. In Britain wages with the young gardener is a secondary consideration, and a place where good experience may be acquired is what he looks for. The transfer from under glass to outdoors or vice versa is looked upon as a neces- sity and is such if one wishes to advance. By the time lie has put in two or more years in the various depart- ments he is an all-round man, and then he demands his wages. This attitude, if adopted in this country, would do much to uplift our profession. There are a few young men within the profession who make it their business to visit the dairying, poultry, farm- ing and other departments on the estates where they are employed in order that the)' may be conversant with the duties of the men employed therein. Feeding of stock, poultry, the care of milk and the rotation of crops on the farm, are all matters that these young men give careful attention to, and there can be no doubt that their note books contain some very useful and interesting data. To many this may seem a great deal of unnecessary trouble, and some may say that they are unable to find time to do this kind of thing. Much of this kind of work may be done evenings, week-ends and on holidays. Aspiring voung men would do well to commit to memory those lines from Longfellow, which read: "The heiglits by great men reached and kept Were not attained by sudden flight. But they, while their companions slept. Were toiling upward in the night." Having endeavored to impress upon the young man the necessity of becoming proficient, let us look to see if we cannot afford him some assistance. In Boston, I believe, there are classes in landscape gardening and weekly lectures during the winter months on various phases of horticultural activities. This is an opportunity that every one should avail himself of. Un- fortunately, every locality does not present these privi- leges and it is or should be the duty of the National As- sociation of Gardeners to assist and arouse the interest of the less fortunate young men. Some similar action might be started by the National Association of Gardeners, and it is my opinion that we ought to get busy. The organizers of our national asso- ciation no doubt look to the rising generation of garden- ers to carry on the good work they have started, and they ought to get in touch with these young men in a practical sort of way and arouse their interest. Let the young man see that the association has more than a passing in- terest in him. make him understand that there exists a feeling of good will and fellowship towards him in the National Association of Gardeners, which should be mu- tual, and you will have the pleasure and satisfaction of knowing that the association will be supported by cap- able worthy men who have become such by your aid and their own endeavors. — Paper read before the convention of the National Association, Horticultural Hall, Boston. Mass.. December. I'M 5. A SCHIZANTHUS WISETONENIS HYBRIDS NEW strain of large flowering Schizanthus Wisetonenis hybrids is being offered as the 1916 novelty by Burnett Bros., New York. It is claimed that these hybrids embrace a wide range of colors f V My * i - SCHIZANTHUS WISETONENIS— HYBRID. from almost pure white through delicate shades of pink to bright rose and crimson. Also some exquisite mauve lavender tints. STUDYING THE SEED CATALOG. /")NE of the most pleasant recollections of my bovhood days in the winter part of the year concerns dis- cussions we had over the annual flower and vege- table seed order. Not only did my father ponder the catalogs, but my mother, who was an equally keen gard- ener, expressed her opinion and desires, and together they made out their selections by the fireside while I, as a youngster, helped to mark off the amounts of packages and write the names. There is a fund of amusement as well as a good deal of instruction to be got from scanning seed catalogs. There are the novelties to be noted and the be- havior of some of the things one tried the previous summer to be subjected to criticism. If they were entire failures that was a black eye for them ; but some may have given sufficient promise to merit another trial. It is in discussions like this, between a gardener and his helpmate that add so much to the pleasure of making out the seed order, a task most of us are now engaged upon. Use of Native Plants for Ornamental Planting By L. P. Jensen, Missouri THE native plants of North America have long been appreciated and planted in Europe. Miller in his English "Gardeners Dictionary," edition of 1750, describes" and recommends a large number. Mar- schall, in his "Planting and Rural Ornament," Vol. II, 1796, which volume is devoted entirely to descriptions of' trees and shrubs suitable for ornamental planting in England, includes most of the American native materials, planted in this country today. Hirchfeld, in his "Theorie der Gartenkunst," Vol. 11, published 1780, gives a list of the principal trees and shrubs for ornamental planting in Germanv. which includes a long list of American ma- terials. ' As an introduction to this list, he says : "The trees and shrubs in this list are in part native of Germany, in part introduced from other countries, particularly North America. The latter are particularly adapted to our climate and their rapid growth and great variation make them invaluable in our plantations. How poor we should be if we were deprived of these valuable materials." Poor indeed they would be when we consider that in all of Europe there are only about 85 species of trees, while we have ;n North America more than 400 species. Great Britain has less than a dozen native species of trees. We Americans were very slow in coming to an ap- preciation of our valuable native planting materials, and have depended too much on exotics for our plantations. This, however, is rapidly changing. Andrew Jackson Downing, with all his love of plants, utilized but few native plants in his designs, and these were mostlv trees, judging from his writings in the "Horticulturist," 1846 to 1850, and his "Landscape Gardening and Rural Architecture," published in 1841. The beginning of the appreciation and use of our American native planting materials, may be said to date back to the designing of the Central Park of New York City in 1857, by the'late Frederick Law Olmsted. Pro- fessor F. A. Waugh, in "The Landscape Beautiful," says: "Olmsted discovered the native flora. Though artis- tically less important than other contributions of Olmsted, this was the most revolutionary of his innovations. Downing was a collector of plants, with a fondness for exotics. Gardeners everywhere where planting Japanese magnolias, purple beeches and Camperdown elms. Olm- sted turned boldly, and not without violent opposition, to the commonest roadside shrubs. He adopted the outcast weeds. Peter after his vision could not have been more completely converted to what had previously been thought unclean. "Up to this time, strange as it may seem, American plants had been more used in Europe than here. With the richest indigenous flora of any country in the world, we were still planting the species and varieties of Euro- pean nurseries. We may remark further that this use of the native flora was the one < Mmstedian principle most quickly acclaimed and adopted by others. It has had a tremendous vogue in this country. "The native plants were used in large quantities. Com- mon dogwood and viburnums were put in by carloads. For the first time in the history of landscape art. plants were adequately massed. This principle was not carried to an extreme, however ; and, in fact, it has not vet re- ceived the development which it merits. "Indigenous plants were given their natural environ- ment. Up to this time, along with the preference for exotics, had gone the gardener's pride of growing plants out of their altitude, latitude and longitude. The Alpine garden was the gardener's pet, and Downing" himself nursed his lonely fig-trees through the cold New York winters." To be able to make use of our native planting materials in our plantations we must first of all have a thorough knowledge of the plants, and, secondly, be able to secure them, either personally or through nurserymen or col- lectors. Not so many years ago this was very difficult, but now, owing to a demand created by a few designers who realize the value of our native plants, these plants are to be obtained from men who make a business of growing and collecting. In spite of the large numbers of native plants utilized annually in American landscape work I dare say that there is still a great need of an educative campaign on the use of native materials in ornamental planting, par- ticularly among the gardeners. Comparatively few gar- deners have a wide knowledge of our native plants and their use. Acre after acre of native plants are being ruthlessly destroyed and replaced by exotics, which in most cases are absolutely out of harmony with their surroundings. 1 believe that our American ornamental plantations should consist of about ninety per cent, of native ma- terial, and the remaining ten per cent, consist of exotic material carefully selected to fit the climatic and soil con- ditions of the particular part of the country in which they are to be planted. One of the most important factors in the make-up of a designer of American plantations should be a thorough knowledge of the native plants in the region in which he is working. If his work carries him over a wide territory, he must familiarize himself with all of the native materials suitable for his work, which is to be found in all of that territory. Many failures in ornamental planting have resulted from utilizing eastern plants for western plantations ; this is particularly true iin regards to such plants as rhodo- dendrons, kalmias and other broad-leaf evergreens, and also many coniferous trees. To specify the various uses which might be made of our native plants for ornamentation would mean the writ- ing of volumes, as this subject is practically inexhaustible. Consequently, this short article will only be able to touch lightly and superficially on some of the uses which ob- servations, experience and study have shown the writer to be of value. Let us first consider the requirements which will enable us to use these plants properly and artistically. The best teacher on this subject is nature. We must study her first hand, the plant growth along the roadside, along the banks of rivers and streams, on the borders of the lake, the vegetation of the deep shady woods and of the open sunny prairies. We must pick out and store away, for future use any little pleasing vista caused by plant growth, any pleasing combination of plant material which strikes our eye. We must analyze, and, so to say, pick to pieces the various materials of these pleasing com- positions. By studying the nlants in their native environment we learn their habit of growth, their requirements as to soil, moisture and light. 18 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. Places noted for good natural planting should be visited, if possible, and results noted. Among such places may be mentioned : Central Park, New York City ; Prospect Park, Brook- lyn ; Franklin Park, Boston ; The Parks of the Boston Metropolitan Park System; The Arnold Arboretum, Boston ; Professor Sargent's home grounds, and a number of private estates in Brookline, near Boston ; Graceland Cemetery, Chicago, the larger parks of the south and west park commission of Chicago ; Monument Valley Park, Colorado Springs ; Glen Eyrie, near Colorado Springs, some of the parks of Seattle and Point Defiance Park of Tacoma. These are a few notable examples of work worth studying. Travel is a wonderful teacher in the use of native plants. A few examples of my own observations might be worth mentioning. When studying the planting of parkways and boulevards in numerous cities I have often wondered why some of the wide spaces of turf were not utilized for the planting of native shrubby material. In some cities there seems to be a sameness bordering on monotony in the planting of such streets. There may be sufficient variety in the species of trees planted, but imagine the variety which might be produced by the utilization of such material as our native dogwoods, viburnums, roses, sumachs, gooseberries and spiraeas, with an addition of native perennials and native climbing plants softening the harsh outlines of an iron or concrete lamp post. Why should not more elm, tulip-tree, sweet gum, pin oak, hackberry, ash and similar desirable and permanent trees be planted to replace the brittle and short lived soft maple, poplars and box elders. Why are not such beautiful native plants as the white- flowered dogwood, red bud, wild plum, Virginia cherry, Juneberry, native thorns, sassafras, and crab apples oc- casionally used in the wide spaces between the walk and curb along the streets of some of our cities. This ma- terial, used as indicated, would certainly be notable. In the newer settlements of our western states there exists a pressing need for instruction on the use of native planting material : Owing to the rapid growth of the Lom- bardy and Carolina poplars, it seems to be the general opinion, that those are almost the only trees to plant in these sections, whereas, observation has shown, that with proper attention to selection a large number of native trees and shrubs might take their place, thereby relieving the monotonous appearance of these sections of the coun- try, caused by the too numerous poplars. I have seen a railroad embankment covered for miles with the purple cone-flower (Echinacea purpurea). This suggested to me, its extensive use in ornamental planta- tions. The American blue-bell (Campanula Americana) is very beautiful when in bloom, but the effect that might be produced by having hundreds of them in flower against a background of foliage never occurred to me until I saw them growing naturally in this manner along the north Missouri hills. On another occasion I saw railroad embankments covered for long distances with the blazing star (Liatris pycnostachya) produciing a most gorgeous effect with their spikes of purple flowers. The mere fact that the display of native flowering ma- terial is so abundant and glorious as to defy description is often the cause of its non-employment in ornamental plantations, in regions adjacent to its growth. This was forcibly brought to my attention when I visited the Glazier National Park this summer. Stepping off the train the visitor is given no indication of the wonderful masses of bright colored native flowers just beyond his vision. The space between the railroad station' and the hotel, which serves as a sort of entrance to the reservation, is utilized for lawn, with borders of petunias, verbenas and other annuals along the drive. This makes a most unsatisfactory and tame introduction to the natural beauty displayed by millions of native flowering herbs and shrubs which cover the adjacent territory for miles. This fore- ground should have been planted with the native orna- mental material so easily collected in the vicinity, thereby producing an effect which would invite you to stop for further investigation and study. The wonderful effect produced by the native perennials and shrubs at the Glacier National Park suggested to me how we might add interest and beauty to our parks and gardens by a lavish use of our local plants. I pictured in my mind a drive through a park or large estate on the borders of which were planted successive large masses of such herbs as bluets, spring beauty, phlox, larkspurs, purple coneflower, Virginia snakeroot, Oswego tea, both the red and purple, blazing star, violets, butterflyweed, asters, golden rods, compass plant and others for the more open and sunny places, and bloodroot, Jack in the pulpit, wake robins, false Solomon's seal, native ferns and orchids for the more shady and moist places. The steep banks would be covered with native honeysuckles, grapes, roses, blackberries, bittersweet, Indian currant and snow- berry. Along the watercourses near the road would be found masses of native flags, cardinal flower, cat-tail, arrow heads, water lilies and other attractive moisture- loving plants. What wonderful, interesting and instruc- tive scenes might be produced in this way by simply selecting the local native plants particularly adapted to each particular situation. So much for the herbs. These should have a back- ground selected from our long list of beautiful and attrac- tive shrubs and small trees, with large masses of the most conspicuous flowering ones placed in the distance. The larger trees would be disposed of in masses, the ground around them covered with native shrubs and herbs, ex- cept in places where a grove, or a single tree might prove advantageous. There is enough variety in the form and growth of our arboreous plants to serve every conceiv- able purpose, and to suit any soil or situation. We might go a little further into the specific uses of native material for ornamental planting. Suppose we were to select such material for the planting at the base of a build- ing, we would use the downy-leaved arrow-wood ( Vibur- num pubescens), the maple-leaved arrow- wood ( Vibur- num aceifolium), spiraeas, the prairie rase (Rosa siti- gera). the Indian currant, the snowberry, the New Jer- sey tea and the flowering raspberry for low and medium growth, the high-bush cranberry, sumachs, elders, prickly ash, calyanthus, clethra, hazel and witch-hazel for taller plantings. For the covering of porches and arbors we would use Virginia creeper, moon-vine, grapes, honey- suckle, trumpet-vine, bitter-sweet and the Virginia cle- matis. For the designing of small home grounds, we would select our tree material from the many beautiful native medium and small trees, such as red bud, juneberry, flowering dogwood, hawthorns, plums, crab apple aiid winter berry ; these should be used where the space is too limited for the employment of our taller growing trees. Every one is aware of the wonderful variety of colors displayed by our American trees and shrubs in autumn, but I believe very little attention is given to the selection of such plants for autumn efifect in our plantations. This subject is somewhat complex, because of the fact that trees of the same species do not all assume the same (Continued on page 29.) Work for the Month of February Conducted by Henry Gibson, New York. BEDDING- PLANTS. OX places where bedding-out is a feature of the flower garden definite plans must be laid now as to the kind and quality of stock that will be required. Xo really good gardener can afford to be apathetic about this, and think that next May is soon enough to bother about the flower-beds and borders. Do the planning now and save much time and labor in growing plants that you will not need. There are a few gardeners (now greatly in the minority, however) who continue to grow the same subjects and in the same quantity year after year. They muddle through somehow, and no doubt produce a fair quantity of blooms, yet if they would vary their subjects more, they would get more pleasing results with no extra labor beyond that of studying up the lists of available plants. Bedding-out like all other garden operations, if worth doing at all, is worth doing- well, and a little forethought will make a vast differ- ence in the ultimate results. The raising of bedding plants is interesting work, especially where seedlings predominate. By the aid of a small greenhouse or an early hot-bed, a great variety of plants may be raised for bedding-out purposes. In addition many perennial subjects may be raised in this way, and in the majority of instances February is the best month to carry out the work. Among the numerous seeds that may be started at this time we can mention but few of the almost inex- haustible list. Such subjects as Anntirrhinum agera- tum, asters, centaurias, marguerites, petunias. Phlox Drummondii, Stocks, verbenas, etc., can be started in a temperature of about 55 degrees. The more warmer blooded plants, as Begonias, gloxinias celosias, cuphea, vincas, etc., require a tem- perature of about 65 degrees. Sweet-peas may of course be sown now for setting out doors in early spring. Dahlias if sown early will bloom at the usual time. The raising of dahlia seed- lings is very interesting, and not infrequently one is rewarded with something that is of considerable merit. THE VEGETABLE GARDEN. While it may appear somewhat out of place to say that there is much to do in this department, at this time, yet we must not overlook the fact that to have early vegetables means an early start. Manure may be pre- pared for hot-beds, wherein cabbage, carrots, cauli- flower, lettuce, radish, spinach, and any other vegeta- bles may be raised for early use. Those who have a greenhouse may sow Alsia Craig onions and leeks for exhibition purposes. Globe arti- chokes should be sown at once if not already done. One should not be afraid to have too many- of these, as only a very small proportion will bear the first sea- son. The seedlings require fairly liberal treatment to grow into good plants by planting out time in May. Tomatoes, eggplants, and peppers for an early crop should also be sown now. Early celery should not be ( iverlooked. The pruning of fruit trees and spraying should be pushed ahead on all favorable occasions. Late flower- ing shrubs will also need pruning, as time and oppor- tunity permit. GREENHOUSE PLANTS. Preparations should be made for the repotting of greenhouse plants now. An important point is to get a quantity of potting material under cover in good time. If possible, it should be placed in a position where it will get warmed slightly before being re- quired for use. Should this not be practical, or con- venient, we have found that warming a barrowful at a time by putting two or three red-hot bricks into it, a gi ii k1 practice. BOUVARDIAS. Root cuttings of these subjects may be put in the propagating bench this month, or if found more con- venient, flats may be used. The soil should be washed off the roots of the old plants and the cuttings made an inch to an inch and a half in length. These, whether placed in the propagating bench or in flats, only re- quire to be slightly covered with sand, or the young shoots will not be able to come through. Keep them moist and shaded, and within a month you will have nice young plants. When flats are used instead of the regular cutting bench, it is advisable to fill up to within an inch of the top of each with coarse soil, so as to have ample drainage, finishing off with a top layer of sand, on which the cuttings are placed. THE CONSERVATORY OK FLOWERING HOUSE. To keep a regular supply of fresh flowers in the conservatory at all times requires a good deal of care- ful planning and premeditation. At this time of the year it is not so difficult with the bulbs coming in as needed. Then we have the Cinerarias, Schizanthus. and Primulas in variety to help out. but there is a period between late spring and early summer when it is not so easy to maintain a bright, attractive appear- ance. A batch of tuberous begonias and another batch of gloxinias, started now would help considerably oyer that period, in so much as these plants would be about at their best then. Campanulas are useful for the same purpose, and the introduction of a few tastefully filled hanging baskets would greatly improve the appear- ance of this department, when suitable plants are used. There are several varieties of fuchsia which show to advantage when used in this way. Three of the best that we have seen are Scarcity. Mrs. Rundle. and Charming. Numerous species of drooping plants may also be used, French Honeysuckle ( Isolepsis-gracilis). Tradescantia in variety, Xepta Gracilis varigata. and small-leaved coleus are a few that are desirable. Ivy- leaved pelargoniuns do well under this system of cul- tivation, and drooping Campanulas are splendid. The baskets should be filled in good time to allow the plants to become established before their flowering season comes round. DAHLIAS. Dahlias that have been stored away during the win- ter should be brought out this month and placed in boxes of light, sandy soil, or, better still, they ma- be planted in the same medium on the top of a light, sunny bench. They will start freely in a temperature of 55 degrees, and when the young growth is about three to four inches long they should be taken off with a small heel, and either put into the propagating bench 20 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. or potted into small pots. Shade from bright sun for a few days, and maintain a moist atmosphere. When rooted, those in the bench should he potted up, and when the roots of such as are in pots have reached the sides, pot onto the next size pot. Grow on as near the light as possible and gradually harden oft*. MISCEIXANEOUS. Fuchsias that have been resting may be pruned and started into growth. Autumn sown cinerarias need potting as soon as their roots reach the sides of the pots. Bedding geraniums that have been wintered over in flats should be potted off before the end of the month. Canna roots will require to be cleaned off and divided ready for starting into growth. Cyclamen seedlings sown last fall are now ready to prick off. Give them a position near the glass where a maximum of light is available so that thev will de- velop into sturdy plants. THE ICELAND POPPY HPHERE are few more beautiful hardy flowers than those of the Iceland Poppy, Papaver nudicaule, and it would be difficult to find any that are more highly ap- preciated for indoor decorations when cut. Unfortu- nately, thev are not grown nearlv so extensivelv as their A COLONY OF ICELAND POPPIES. charm and usefulness would justify, a fact that is no doubt due to the troublesome habit the plants have of dying off during the Winter. As the plant is a native of the Arctic Circle, this mortality cannot be due to cold, but is undoubtedly brought about by the excessive moist- ure that characterizes our Winters. To get over this difficulty many gardeners, and espe- cially those who have wet, poorly drained soil to deal with, treat these Poppies as annuals, and for that purpose sow seed in boxes or pans of sandy soil in gentle heat early in February, subsequently pricking out and harden- ing off the seedlings so that they are ready for planting out early in May. Plants raised in this way commence to flower in July and continue to do so until well into the Autumn. Another method, and one that answers well in many gardens, is to sow the seed outside, where the plants are to flower, about the second week in April, tak- ing care to thin the seedlings early so that they stand about nine inches apart each way. Naturally, these are later coming into flower than those raised under glass in February, but if the following Winter is at all favorable they will stand a much better chance of surviving than the earlier-sown ones. Where the soil is of a sandy nature and, consequently, well drained, there is no doubt that the best results are obtained by sowing the seed outside, preferably where the plants can be allowed to flower, early in July. The resultant seedlings will not flower the same year, but dur- ing the May following, and thence onwards' well into the Summer, they will give such a profusion of blossom as to repay the cultivator for the trouble entailed. Even in gardens where the soil is none too favorable a few should be tried in this way, the making up of a bed of sandy soil going far towards enabling the pans to withstand the Winter. Those who have natural rocks abounding in the gar- den, or even old retaining walls where a fair amount of soil is available, can scarcely find more suitable flowers for growing there than the Iceland Poppies. These Pop- pies can now be obtained in a number of beautiful shades, ranging from pure white, through yellow to deep cin- namon red. — The Garden (English). T POINTS ON ACACIA CULTURE HE growing of Acacias for conservatory and house decoration is not practised nowadays so frequently as it used to be years ago; but there is much to recom- mend the use of these handsome plants, especially dur- ing the winter and early spring, when it is often diffi- cult to provide variety in suitable decorative plants. In some quarters there exists a totally mistaken idea that Acacias are difficult to cultivate or that they re- quire a lofty house. In such a large genus, numbering altogether some 500 or more stove and greenhouse species, there is tin difficulty in finding plants that can be grown and flowered in small pots, and others that can be utilized for clothing pillars or roofs in large, lofty conservatories. The cultivation of greenhouse Acacias is simple and easy if it is always borne in mind that they are native^ of Australia and Xew Zealand, and do not require any- thing approaching stove-treatment ; in fact, the cooler they are kept without being exposed to frost the better. When grown in pots they should be plunged in ashes out-of-doors in May as soon as all danger of frost is past, and should be supplied with plenty of water while they are growing. Occasional waterings with weak liquid manure are beneficial. The plants should he housed in October and afforded plenty of air on all favorable occasions. The work of pruning should be done as soon as the plants have flowered, and the new growth encouraged to develop as much as possible, the next season's flowers depending on the vigor and health of the young, ripened wood. Acacias are not exacting as to soil, provided it is well drained and porous ; a mixture of equal parts of turfy loam, peat and leaf-mould, with plenty of sharp sand added, forms a suitable compost. — Gardeners' Chronicle (English). The Flowers of Japan By E. H. Wilson,* Massachusetts OXE may safely assert that no garden large or small in the United States of America is with- out its something "japonica." True, not all the plants bearing that name are strictly native of Japan, for the ignorance of botanists and others has re- sulted in many plant names being misnomers, but that is another story. To the horticulturists of this country Japan is of peculiar interest, for not only has it furnished our gardens and our greenhouses with a host of invalu- able plants, but it is the only country of which the first fruits horticulturally speaking came direct to the United States of America. The gardens of this country secured the plants of most lands through Europe and not only exotic plants but a great number of North American native plants also. With Japanese plants the case is dif- ferent thanks to the enthusiasm of Dr. G. R. Hall. It is well that garden-lovers of this country should treasure the name of this gentleman, for the plants he introduced — Lonicera Halleana, Magnolia Stellata, Malus Halliana and others — are indispensables. It was in March, 1862, that Dr. Hall returned from Japan and handed over his rich collection to Samuel Parsons at Flushing, Long Island, for propagation and distribution. But previous to this Francis Parkman, of Jamaica Plain, Boston, had received a consignment of plants from Dr. Hall, through Mr. Gordon Dexter, and among others was the famous Lilium Auratum, which flowered for the first time in America in July, 1862. In the early sixties Thomas Hogg visited Japan in the interest of Samuel Parsons and introduced in 1865 many plants including Magnolia obovata. Another American, Professor W. S. Clark, who went from Amherst College, and developed the Agricultural College at Saporo in Hokkaido in the early seventies of the last century, sent in 1876, seeds of many valuable plants such as Magnolia Kobus, Cercidiphyllum japoni- cum, Syringa japonica. Actinidia polygama, etc., etc. In the Arnold Arboretum and elsewhere many fine speci- mens raised from his seeds are growing today. A few Japanese plants — Rosa rugosa for example — reached Europe toward the end of the eighteenth cen- tury, but it was not until after Commodore Perry's ex- pedition in 1852-54. and the signing of the treaty on March 31, 1854, which resulted in the opening of Japan to foreign commerce, that the plants of that land began to find their way freely to the Occident. Three Englishmen, John Gould Yeitch from early spring to autumn of 1860, Robert Fortune from the autumn of 1860 to the summer of 1861, Charles Maries from 1877 to 1880, collected extensively in Japan, and each added to gardens treasures beyond price. During the same period, and in the early eighties, various for- eign amateurs in Japan sent to their friends in Europe such valuable plants as Vitis Coignitiae, Primus Sargentii, Rosa multiflora, R. Wichuraiana and Rose "Crimson Rambler." The pioneer work was supplemented in a re- markable manner by Professor Charles S. Sargent, director of Arnold Aboretum, who visited Japan in 1892. His predecessors in Japan had enjoyed a virgin field, but as an offset to this Sargent had the advantage which full knowledge of a subject gives. He knew not *From his lecture before Massachusetts Horticultural Society, Boston, Mass. only the Japanese plants already in cultivation in the Occident, but was also fully acquainted with the whole forest flora of Japan, and the result was that a great number of beautiful and hardy trees and shrubbs were added to our gardens. He introduced, among other plants, all the Japanese deciduous oaks, certain horn- beams, birches, alders, Picea Glehnili, Abies sachalinen- sis, Malus zumi, M. Tschonoskii. M. Sargentii, Kalo- panax ricinifolium, Enkianathus campanulatus, Acer ni- koense, A. Miyabei, Rhododendron Kaempferi, one of the most beautiful of all shrubs hardy in New England, and many other valuable plants. In fact, this journey was the most fruitful in results of any undertaken iii Japan. The flora of Japan is very rich in ornamental trees and shrubs and the majority of the deciduous plants and nearly alt the conifers have proved perfectly hardy and amenable to cultivation in the gardens of New England. In Japan the pine, the bamboo and the plum-blossom (prunus murae) are emblematic of long life, strength and happiness and a love of flowers is a dominant char- acteristic of the people. This love is spontaneous and fundamental and is one of the virtues of the race which appeals forcibly to the most casual visitor. The arrange- ment of flowers for house decoration is one of the three essential parts of every lady's education and be it said it is an accomplishment in which the whole people excel in a manner most artistic. Here and there throughout the land are places famous for their plum trees, cherry trees, wistaria, iris, peonies, azaleas, maples, chrysanthemums, pines, cryptomerias and so forth, and in season people flock from far and near to feast on their beauty. With a few exceptions, it is on trees and shrubs that the Japanese lavish their attentions. The iris, chrysan- themum, lotus lily, Rhodes japonica, liriope spicata and the morning glory are the only herbs that they are really fond of. The morning glory ( Ipomoea rubro-cserulea), an exotic of American origin, is extraordinarily popular and boasts societies whose object is the development of this particular flower. The blosoms open at sun-up and devotees will arise before dawn and walk long distances to gardens where this plant is grown to watch the flowers expand. The floral seasons of Japan commence with the Ume (plum-blossom, Prunus mume) in January, and close with the chrysanthemum in November and December. In March and in April, according to climate, the cherry trees blosom and this is the season par excellence. The Japanese recognize a hundred and more varieties of cher- ries with white, yellow, pure pink to deep rose blossoms. Some small shrubs, others large trees, with wide-spread- ing crowns ; some have pendent, others quite erect branches, and all are wondrously beautiful. Cherry trees are wild in the woods and thickets throughout the length and breadth of Japan, and are everywhere planted in vast numbers — in temple and castle grounds, in park and gar- den, in the streets of the cities and alongside the high- ways, and by pond and river side. I never knew the full glory of the wistaria until I saw it in Japan. There it is not only wild in profusion, but is abundantly planted by the sides of the ponds, ditches and streams and it is trained over arbors and {Continued on page 34.) The Causation of Variegated Leaves THE majority of mature plants are dependent en- tirely upon their leaves for the formation of organic matter from inorganic — a function which, with the exception of some of the bacteria. is confined exclusively to the substance called chlo- rophyll, which gives the green color to the leaf. The "1 EUONYMUS JAPOXICUS VAR, REO-VARIEGATUS. AU- GOLDEN CLUB MOSS (SELAGI NELLA KRAUSSIANA). tremendous importance of this ability to convert the simple inorganic substances, carbonic acid and water, into a complicated organic substance readily transformed into a carbohydrate, like starch, makes chlorophyll one of the most "fundamental products of nature. Consequently, any condition which interferes with the normal formation of "leaf green" is of serious import to the plant, and the oc- currence of white or variegated leaves is an interesting phenomenon, worthy of study. It is a well-known fact that, with very few exceptions, sunlight is necessary for the production of chlorophyll, and plants grown in the dark are always yellowish, due to the more or less complete absence of this green substance. It is not this type of bleaching, however, which is to be discussed, but rather the mottling, striping, white edging, etc., so commonly seen in the leaves of cultivated plants growing under normal conditions. Most of these variegated varieties have originated from cuttings made from branches showing this peculiarity, or from plants which have suddenly, for no par- ticular reason, so far as the ordinary observer could detect, produced leaves with white markings. One might very properly ask what has caused "a plant, normally green, to develop conspicuous yellow or white areas, although growing in direct sunlight. Why is it that some plants have branches with green foliage, while other branches bear variegated leaves? Why is a leaf spotted with yellowish or white patches instead of being of one color? While all of these questions cannot be answered with absolute certainty careful study has de- veloped some interesting facts concerning this variega- tion, or chlorosis, as it is technically termed. For instance, we know that iron and magnesium salts are necessary to the formation of chlorophyll, and that without these chemicals plants will become colorless and may eventually die. Again, some types of variegation take place only in the sun- light, and the mere transfer of the plant to a shady place enables the new leaves to lie of the normal green color. Injuries likewise produce chlorosis of different types, and instances of bleaching in cab- bage, parsley, and similar garden crops which have been nipped by an early frost are common. Damage induced by insects or unfavorable conditions of the soil may also cause leaves and tender stems to lose their green color, although yellowing due to injury, lack of food, etc.. is in general very different from what we ordinarily term variegation or true chlorosis. Baur, a German botanist, has obtained some interesting results by grafting scions from certain variegated plants on stocks or normally green varieties of the same species. He demonstrated that in some cases stocks thus grafted would later pro- duce variegated foliage, and he con- sequently believed that the cause of the variegation in the scion is transmitted to the stock. There seem to be two distinct forms of chlorosis, how- ever, the one, infectious, and the other, non-infectious, since with some plants it is impossible to produce any \ VARIEGATED PRIVET (LIGUS- TRUM OVALIFOLIUM VAR \l' REO-MARGINATUM). BOUGAINVILLAEA GLABRA VAR. SAX DERI AX A VARIEGATA. effect on the stock, even though it be grafted with a variegated variety, and one plant ( Euonyiiuts japouiats) was found to possess both the infectious and non-infec- tious forms. It is likewise true that some varieties are immune to the infectious chlorosis which is readily trans- ferred to other closely related forms. Among the plants THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. 23 which show what is supposed to be non-infectious variega- tion are Bougainvillaea glabra Samderiana, Fittonia argyroncura, the silver-banded geranium (Pelargonium hortorum var. albo-marginatum) , varieties of elephant's ears (Caladium), which show some of the most remark- able instances of absence of chlorophyll, as well as the numerous striped and banded grasses. An interesting example of what is apparently an infec- tious chlorosis may be seen in the whitened tips of the club moss (Sclaginella Kraussiana). Such variegated forms are always propagated by cuttings, but are never inherited through the seeds. This is not true, however, of the variegation due to non-infectious chlorosis, which is perpetuated through the seed. If the juice of a plant, like tobacco, having an infectious chlorosis comes in con- first in the very young leaves and when once started is practically incurable. The first apparent symptom is a mottling of the leaf, due to the partial disappearance of the chlorophyll, in irregular blotches. At these points the tissue does not develop normally, and the unequal growth causes a crinkling of the leaf as shown in the ac- companying plate. Still later there may be produced long, narrow leaves which ultimately may develop into nothing more than thin string-like strands, this latter condition occurring most frequently in the tomato. All plants thus affected are, of course, stunted because of the malnutrition induced by the absence of chlorophyll. Various theories have been advanced as to the cause of the mosaic disease of tobacco and tomato. While some have held that the elimination of the chlorophyll is due I. MOSAIC DISEASE HI' TOBACCO. -'. FITTONIA ARGYRONEURA SHOWING WHITE VEINATION. 3. PELAR- GONIUM HORTORUM VAR. U.BO-MARGINATUM, SHOWING CHLOROSIS. 4. MOSAIC DISEASE OF TOMATO. tact with a wound on any part of a normal plant of the same kind, the latter may show symptoms of the disease within a week or two. From the point of infection the disorder spreads rapidly to various parts, since the juice of the diseased tissue is extremely virulent. One part of this substance in 10,000 parts of water has been shown to be capable of producing a serious attack of the disease, and dried plants are known to retain their ability for reproducing the disease in other plants for at least two years. It will readily be seen how easy it is to com- municate such an infection from plant to plant, and the loss due to "chlorosis" diseases of such crops as tobacco, tomatoes, peaches, beets, etc., is very serious. Perhaps the so-called "mosaic disease" of the tobacco, due to an infectious chlorosis, has been most carefully studied. This disorder may appear in the seed beds while the plants are still small, but more often it occurs in the mature plant in the field. The mosaic usually develops to a micro-organism so small that it cannot be detected with the miscroscope, others believe that the disease is due to a local disturbance of the ferments of the cell or the production of toxins, and that these substances trans- ferred from an affected plant, are capable of creating the diseased condition in the young tissues of the other plants. (Editor's Note: We are indebted to tin' Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin for this contribution and accompanying illus- trations. ) THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE IS A JOURNAL OF USEFUL TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE FOR THE PROFESSIONAL AND ADVANCED AMATEUR GARDENER. SUBSCRIPTION, $1.50 A YEAR. 24 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. Published by THE CHRONICLE PRESS, Inc. Office of Publication 286 FIFTH AVE., NEW YORK MARTIN C. EBEL, Editor EDITORIAL OFFICES— MADISON, N. J. Subscription Price. 12 Months, $1.50 Foreign, $2.00 Entered as second class matter Nov. 3, 1914, at the Post Office at New York, N". V., under the Act of March 3. 1879. Published on the 10th of each month. Advertising forms close on the 1st preceding publication. For advertising rates apply to 286 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y. All edi- torial matter should be addressed to M. C. Ebel, Editor, Madison, N. J. OFFICIAL ORGAN OF NATLONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS President, Vice-President , Treasurer, W. N. CRAIG, THEO. WIRTH, JAMES STUART, Brookline, Mass. Minneapolis, Minn. Mamaroneck. N. Y. Secretary, MARTIN C. EBEL, Madison, X. T. TRUSTEES FOR 1916. Peter Duff, Orange N. J.; William H. Duckham, Madison, N. J.; William Turner, Bernardsville, N. J.; William Kleinheinz, Ogontz, Pa.; John F. Huss, Hartford, Conn. DIRECTORS. To serve until 1917 — Wm. Hertrick, San Gabriel, Cal. ; Robert Angu Tarrytown, N. V.; Robert Bottomley, New Canaan, Conn.; Alex. Fraser, _ _ l xjuLLuuitcy, ix cw i_dii. 1909— Lighting; Plantations; Weed Killing; Park Signs; Surfacing Playgrounds; Gardeners; Cinder Walks. No. 6, 1910— Street Trees; Policing. No. 7, 1911 — Organization of a Park Commission; The Duties of a Park Superintendent: Park Music; Park Statistics. No. 8, 1912 — Park Seats: Park Rules; Drinking Fountains; Garbage Collection ; Parks East and West. No. 9, 1912 — Lawn Mowers; Crosscutting on Lawns; Destruc- tion of Lawn Weeds; Lake Weeds. No. 11, 1914— Insects Injurious to Shade and Ornamental Trees. No. 12. 1915 — Concessions and Privileges. These pamphlets are made up of comments on the subjects mentioned and other sundry subjects by members from all differ- ent points of the country anil are interesting side lights on the questions discussed. Members at the time of publication were supplied, but new members who desire copies may secure such as they desire from the secretary without cost, simply remitting sufficient postage on the basis of two cents per pamphlet. The secretary has on hand a liberal supply of Nos. 5, 6, 7. 8 and 9 with a limited number of the others. The secretary also has on hand a large supply of copies of the following convention proceedings which might be of service to members who have joined since; Minneapolis. 1908; Seattle, 1909; Harrisburg. 1910; Kansas City. 1911; Denver, 1913, and New- burgh. 1914. These booklets contain many valuable papers and discussions. which are of real practical value. Members desiring copies of any or all of these can secure the same by simply remitting postage at two cents per copy. PERSONAL AND OTHERWISE. Vice-president L. P. Jenson. of St. Louis, has come forward with a suggestion that the officers will probably act upon. It is to the effect that a booklet be gotten out containing all of the papers ami addresses that have been read or presented at the various conventions of the Association. This would undoubtedly be a handy document for our mem- bers, much more convenient than looking up old convention reports, and if possible such a publication will be issued later in the year. Win. H. Dunn, formerly superintendent at Kansas City and a past president and active worker of the Association, is still con- nected with park work in the capacity of consulting landscape architect with offices at Kansas City. Mr. Dunn is directing development work at St. Joseph, Mo., and has made plans for a number of the young cities of Florida, Oklahoma and Texas. Members who are interested can write to Judd Wright, secre- tary, Paris, Texas, and secure a copy of '"A City Plan for Paris, Texas." which is a sample of the class of work Mr. Dunn is doing. The many years of practical experience which Mr. Dunn had at Kansas City during the period when that city expended millions for improvements, has eminently lifted him for consulta- tion work. Wm, H. Manning, of Baltimore, sends his regrets at being unable to attend the San Francisco convention, the reason being that at the time he was in a hospital undergoing an operation for hernia, which has caused him much suffering during recent years. He has entirely recovered, however, and is now enjoying the best of health, which will be good new'S to the members who have known him in Association work for so many years. Henry W. Busch, superintendent at Detroit, attained quite a reputation as a speech-maker on the homeward-bound trip of the San Francisco convention, and after his first effort was selected as the official spokesman of the party at the luncheons, etc., at different cities. Mr. Busch and his charming wife and daughter were very popular members of the convention party, and we all hope that he will continue to take an active interest in the Association. Edwin B. DeGroot. of San Francisco, has been designated by the Playground Commission of that city as consulting and advisory superintendent in connection with the reorganization of that body, and in the future all of its active work will be under his direction. Mr. DeGroot will continue to act as director of physical education for the school board, but in his dual capacity will be the directing head of all playground and recreation work in San Francisco. A reorganization of playground workers is now taking place, and several playgrounds are to be treated in accordance with comprehensive plans by Mr. DeGroot. Under his direction the use of public school buildings as social centers is progressing rapidly, four such centers being in operation. San Francisco is to be congratulated upon having placed its play- ground work in the hands of America's foremost playground executive. Ralph T. Stevens, one of our new members, wdio is Professor of Landscape Gardening at the University of California, has recently delivered a series of public lectures in Los Angeles, San Diego and other California cities, his subject being, "Civic Better- ment Along Horticultural Lines." The following members of our Association were speakers at the recent annual convention of the New England Park Institute, held at Lowell: Fred C. Green, of Providence; .Tames B. Shea anil William E. Fisher, of Boston; George II. lbdlister, George A. Barker ami K. L. Parker, of Hartford; W. W. Colton. of West Newton: Henry Frost, of Haverhill; Isaac Kelly, of Lawrence; A. V. Parker and Harold J. Neale, of Worcester. The "stay at homes" who have been reading Mrs. McEwen's most interesting articles on the trip of the San Francisco con- vention party, are unanimous in their comment that they made the mistake of their lives in passing up this trip. It was really a wonderful trip in every respect, and those who were fortunate enough to make it now have an entirely different idea of the West and its people. We are all indebted to Mrs. McEwen for the most delightful series of articles describing this great trans- continental trip. OUR COVER ILLUSTRATION. The illustration appearing on our cover page is a reproduction of a photograph, taken when the thermometer was 15 degrees below zero, and shortly after a severe snow storm, of the green- house erected by the Pierson U-Bar Company for Mr. B. C. How- ard, Sherbrooke, P. Q„ Canada. The greenhouse is 125 feet long and 22 feet wide, and is divided into three compartments, in which are grown roses, gen- eral plants and grapes. It is connected by a passage house to the gardener's cottage. 28 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. REVIEW OF PARK REPORTS. Vancouver for the Year ig.14. Vancouver, B. 0. — Vancouver's 1914 park report indicates that its park expenditures, for all purposes, from the date of the in- ception of the system to the present, has been $1,812,223.20, and a funded balance of $410,031. 71 still available. 1914 expenditures were $139,887.33. Work accomplished during the year is recited in detail of which the following is of general interest: 2,500 cubic yards of rock were utilized in the construction of another groyne upon English Bay Beach, the property comprising a southerly extension of the slime of Stanley Park and containing one of Vancouver's two bathing facilities. Another groyne was con- structed of timber for a length of 172 feet on the same beach. Groynes, utilizing the action of the elements and the sea, are built to transform a gravelly beach into a pleasant bathing area agreeable to the use of bathers with bare feet, by causing sand to wash over the groynes and become deposited over the gravel surface of the beach. Upon the Flanders shore in Europe from whence the idea was taken, they rely entirely upon the groynes to accomplish their purpose, but Vancouver had an opportunity to secure 150,000 yards of sand removed in the process of some nearby dredging operations under way and availed itself of it and had it deposited upon the shore, thereby materially hastening the time limit wherein the beach would become more satisfactory and serviceable. The annual gross expenditure upon the property was $5,407.80. Upon Kitsilane Beach, a continuation of the English Bay Beach interrupted by an indulation formed by False Creek, a similar treatment was started, but lack of sand fill prevented its execu- tion. $9,899.76 was expended upon this property. Development of a new Zoo site is under way at Stanley Park and the installation of a water system composed of six and eight inch pipes, has progressed to the extent of almost a mile. A novel idea, the laying of water pipe to protect a thousand acre forest, though the water will be used in part for drinking purposes, comfort station and requirements of administration yards, etc. New Greenhouses at an estimated cost of $0,440.00 were started. A very serious attack of insects lias appeared in the forests, with trees two and three hundred feet high and the difficulty of combatting the pests by the present type of power machines and high tension hose, the trouble assumed alarming propor- tions and caused the Dominion and Provincial governments ex- perts to be called into consultation. The report states that the infected trees were dealt with in the manner required and ap- proved by these specialists, without describing the manner or requirements. This matter is so vital in Woodlands and of such general in- terest, it is hoped a subsequent report will recite the operation in the detail its importance demands. 131,339 persons made use of the bathing facilities during the season extending from June to September, Work undertaken for the relief of the unemployed, a task confronting all of the coast cities annually, consumed $4,000, engaging 100 men. The interesting part is that the sale of cordwood and shingle bolts equalled the labor cost, an experience not duplicated by any of the other cities. Portland for instance, expending $7,500 in this line of work with a probability of being enabled to recover not over half of it. other cities seem to have had Portland's experience. E. F. M. Note: Seattle tried the woodcutting plan during the holiday season, paid out $793.75 to woodcutters, sold wood for $820 and had 205 cords of wood over sales, for departmental use. R. W. C. Calgary, for the Year, 1914. With an appropriation of $80,000 Calgary is continuing its park development . Located far north, where the winter's cold specially favors ice formation, it is noted that ice skating, curling on the ice and like sports are very popular. Seventeen hundred trees, 4,000 shrubs ami 3.000 perennials and annuals were planted. It would be interesting to know what sort of hardy materials were used in that bleak, wind-swept prairie region, where conifers, poplars, birch and willows form the pre- dominating portion of the native woods. Of 40 miles in the city. 71 ., miles of "boulevard" (street parkings) were constructed at a cost of 45 cents per lineal foot. Would that dimensions in widths, areas and depths had been given, how deep topsoil was emplaced and how many trees were planted. In Canada, this street tree work is usually done by the munici- pality and assessed on the abutting property. Parkings are graded, topsoiled, drained, water pipes laid, trees planted, grass or shrubbery provided, plantations watered, cut. pinned, weeded, sprayed and generally cared for. Xo wonder that the Canadian cities have so pleasing appear- ance in contrast to so many of our own. where weeds are allowed to grow on parkings and lots, and a general neglect and lack of interest is so manifest. THEODORE WIRTH HONORED "HPO meet the demand for neighborhood parks and playgrounds is the great part of the work of the park commission of Minneapolis ; we have now nearly all the land required," was the summary of the park sit- uation delivered by Theodore Wirth, superintendent of parks, at a dinner given in his honor by 200 citizens of Minneapolis recently at the Minneapolis Club. The occa- sion was to mark the tenth anniversary of assuming his position in January, 1906. Mr. Wirth's achievements as park superintendent in bringing the city of Minneapolis to the foremost place in the world in the beauty and art of its park system, were detailed in the addresses. Following the toasts a silver service was presented to Mr. Wirth. In reviewing the work of Mr. Wirth one of the speak- ers said: "In Theodore Wirth's education as a horti- culturist and landscape gardener within the view of the mountains of his native Switzerland, he was uncon- sciously fitted for his work in developing the latent beau- ties of cities of America. When he came to Minneapolis from Hartford 10 years ago, our parks extended over 1,800 acres and the annual expenditure for maintenance was $141,000; now the system covers 3,800 acres and has a current appropriation of $520,000. The cost of the system is $7,500,000, compared with $3,500,000." Illness prevented the -presence of Charles M. Loring, who was to have spoken. Mr. Loring was styled the father of the Minneapolis park system. In a letter con- veying his regrets at not being able to attend he wrote : "Mr. Wirth has builded the superstructure on the foun- dation laid bv William M. Berry, our first superintend- ent," the letter stated. "His accomplishments here have merited well this indorsement of the leader of his pro- fession. He has put our outdoor attractions in the front rank of cities." That $200,000 a year for ten years be expended to finish the improvement of parks was recommended in the communication. In his response, Mr. Wirth showered praise on the founders of the park system and on his fellow workers, and detailed the history of the park system. "Three main features of our parks appealing to us." Mr. Wirth said, "are the strong support of the citizens in the unbuilding of the recreation grounds, the har- monious spirit of our executive boards, and the complete- ness of the plan and its execution. Our parks are not detached, but connected in a chain of drives, lakes, gar- dens and groves. That is largely because few changes have been made in the personnel of the board of commis- sioners and the officers, and because of the absence of politics in the work. "We will need but little more land, and our main work is to provide for play spaces. We must lie willing to pay as we go, by assessments, for we can get little more by bond issues." THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. 29 NATIVE PLANTS FOR ORNAMENTAL PLANTING. (Continued from page 18.) colors at the same time. The degree of moisture, the soil condition and nature of the season tend to modify this. The following quotation from "Garden and Forest," 1888, page 410, is interesting in this connection: "Everyone has noticed, in the case of the sugar maple, that on some individuals the leaves are golden, while on others a portion are scarlet, or that sometimes the leaves of a single branch turn scarlet while the re- mainder of the tree is still green. Individuals of the scarlet maple differ even more than the sugar maples in this respect. On some the leaves are pale yellow, on others they are green with scarlet margins ; others are brilliantly "scarlet. In western Massachusetts there is one tree of this species, now known from one end of this commonwealth to the other, whose leaves turn from green, first to deep, dark purple, and then to the most bril- liant scarlet. The leaves upon some trees of the white ash turn to a deep, bronzy purple, while in others they turn pale yellow. If the leaves of a particular branch of a maple tree assume a particular color one year, they will continue to do so year after year as long as the branch exists. If the leaves of a certain oak are more brilliant than those of any of its associates, they will continue to be so year after year. Planters, therefore, can well select and perpetuate those individuals as the purple beech and pyramidal oak have been propagated. The nurseryman who will propagate, by grafting, maples or oaks or elms, selected with reference to autumnal tints of their foliage, will open the way to more effective plantations than have vet been made in this country, and will reap the reward of his intelligence and enterprise. The field, so far as we know, is entirely a new one." The following are a few of the native plants which might be planted for color effect in autumn : Brownish foliage — White ash, wild red cherry, white oak and red oak. Yellow and orange foliage — Sugar maple, black maple, juneberry, paper birch, hazel, witch hazel, beech, tama- rack, poplar and bitter-sweet. Scarlet, crimson and red foliage — Red maple, mountain maple, sour-gum, sweet-gum. scarlet oak, sassafras, sumachs, dewberry, blackberry and Virginia creeper. Not only are our native plants valuable for their effect of flowers and foliage, but many of them add beauty of color to our plantations by their fruit, which in some cases are very abundant and bright, and many of the more per- sistent and bright colored ones are particularly valuable when we are selecting planting material for winter color. Among those who retain their berries in winter might be mentioned: Winterberry (Ilex dicidua), bitter-sweet (Celastrus scandens), species of ouonymus, snowberry, Indian currant and roses. Other plants valuable for the ornamental effect of their fruit are the flowering dogwood, native thorns, cherries, honeysuckles, sassafras, mountain ash, the common and the red-berried elder, sumachs and species of virburnum. Some plants have particularly bright colored bark which makes them valuable planting material for winter effect. Among these might be mentioned the red maple, twigs red ; striped maple, bark brown or dull green striped white : white and paper birch, bark white ; species of dog- wood with red and green twigs ; sycamore, bark whitish : bleckberry, twigs brownish-red ; box elder, twigs bright green, and various species of willows with yellow, bright green and brown twigs. Plants with numerous small twigs are very effective in winter when covered with ice or snow, the Indian current. spiraeas, gooseberries and blackberries are examples among the shrubs, and the birches, elms, hackberries and willows among the trees. For the relief of winter monotony in ornamental plantations our native coniferous and evergreen plants are of course invaluable, and won- derful effects may be produced by a proper selection of these materials. But they are not only useful for winter effects in our plantations, but for many other purposes and other seasons as well. For shelter plantations, for the planting out of unsightly objects and for contrast with each other and with deciduous material, these plants are of great value. We have a large number of native ever- green plants, growing over a wide territory. They vary considerably in form and size and in the color of their leaves. Among the most valuable for this section (Mis- souri ) are : The pines, the spruces, the arborvitaea, the cedars and the hemlock among the conifers, and the ever- green hollies and barberry among the broad-leaf ever- greens. In the east and north, where the climatic condi- tions are less severe, a much larger number of species may be utilized. 1 have now, in a very disconnected and very superficial way, called your attention to some of the many uses to which our native plants lend themselves in ornamental planting, but have by no means exhausted the subject. All gardeners, and many persons not proficient in the art of gardening, are more or less familiar with exotic plants, but have but little knowledge of the effects that may be produced and the uses made of our native plants in ornamental planting. This, in most cases is very in- jurious to the cause now before us, hence the wholesale destruction of native plants all over this country. Let us first clean out the underbrush, in the slogan, so we can see what must be done in ornamental planting, whereas, in numerous cases, the very existence of the native growth should mean preservation, not destruction. DETERMINATION To respect my work, my associates and myself; to be honest and fair with them, as I expect them to be honest and fair with me; to be a man whose word carries weight; to be a booster and not a knocker; a pusher, not a kicker; a motor, not a clog; to base my expectations of reward on the solid foundation of service rendered; to be willing to pay the price of success and honor; to look upon my work as an opportunity to be greeted with joy and made the most of, and not a painful drudgery to be reluctantly endured. To remember that success lies within myself, my own brain, my own ambition, my own courage and determina- tion; to turn hard experience into capital for future strug- gles; to interest my heart and soul in the achievement of results; to be patiently receptive of just criticism and to profit by its teachings; to treat equals and superiors with respect and subordinates with kindly encouragement; to make a study of my business duties; to know my work from the ground up; to mix brains with my efforts; to use system and method in all I undertake; to find time to do everything needful by never letting time find me or my subordinates doing nothing; to hoard days as a miser does dollars; to make every hour bring me dividends in specific results accomplished; to steer clear of dissipation; to guard my health of body and peace of mind as my most precious stock in trade. Finally, to take a good grip on the joy of life; to play the game like a gentleman; to fight nothing so hard as my own weakness and to endeavor to grow in business capacity and as a man, with the passage of every day of time. — From Harrison Emerson's Personal Efficiency. 30 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. WILKES-BARRE'S (PA.) PARK DEVELOP- MENT.* f HAVE observed with much pleasure and satisfaction that the general public is practically unanimous in their praise and support of the parks, playgrounds and park extensions, and many heretofore opposed to parks have since come out as the strongest advocates in their favor. The old Park Commission, with Major I. A. Stearns as president, together with the present city commis- sioners, the Chamber of Commerce, through Presi- dent A. C. Campbell, with officers and committees, and last but not least our daily papers, are all alive to the great opportunities of the City of Wilkes-Barre's parks, playgrounds and tree work, all knowing that with comparatively small effort and outlay we can create one of the finest park systems in the country. We are at the threshhold of a campaign for civic improvements. The department with the general public are not only anxious and eager, but very en- thusiastic for park extensions, and there are excep- tionally fine park sites in every section of the city, both within and without its boundary lines. A movement should be started among property holders that are owners of unsightly lots in the city to remove old fences and board shanties, of which we have so many on valuable corner lots and in conspicu- ous sections of the city. These lots should be plowed up and put in grass seed, if nothing else. On these lots the obnoxious weeds have been a great source of complaint, spreading hay fever and other diseases, es- pecially during the months of August, September and October. It is to be hoped that a larger and more com- mensurate appropriation will be made for street and park tree planting. We have but $1,000 per annum for this purpose, hardly sufficient to repair storm dam- ages. The sick trees will not cure themselves, so it is necessary in order to provide spraying, cleaning, re- moving and planting to have not less than $2,000 per year. It may be interesting to note that the new green- house contains many specimen show plants, with thou- sands of others which will be used for planting beds and borders. Our palmhouse collection, and our trees and shrubs of the nursery have attracted many visi- tors to the North River Common. We also note that many botanically-inclined citizens and visitors alike have asked for information pertaining to trees and plants. The shade tree nursery contains many thousands of valuable specimens of trees, shrubs and plants. These have cost the city practically nothing. During the past few years only $625 have been expended for trees and shrubs ; the rest has been donated. The total value of our stock of plants and trees on hand is approximately $8,500. For neighborhood parks in different sections of the city our future aims should be to acquire a sufficient area for each to make them a combined park and play- ground, embracing all necessary facilities for comfort, convenience and enjoyment, such as a field house with spacious sheltering porches, lockers and shower baths, pergolas, sand bins, wading pool and tennis courts. If space permits it, a baseball ground, running track and an out-door iron frame gymnasia apparatus should be included. Such a park would be in harmony with the latest modern ideas for recreation and welfare work. The City of Wilkes-Barre fortunately began its work for parks in time to establish improvements within the city, rather than being forced to begin out- side ; therefore large areas that might otherwise have been used for indifferent purposes have been saved for beautiful residential sections and parks. Therefore, our citizens owe a debt of gratitude to the donors of park lands and park commissioners, who, through wise foresight, have made a park system possible. In conclusion I would state that the work of beauti- fying home grounds should receive more attention than it does. Some years ago I wrote a series of ar- ticles for prominent newspapers, when I was told by florists and landscape gardeners that I was giving away the secrets of a business, but I have invariably replied that there should be no secrets in attaining the beautiful and, to paraphrase my old friend Admiral Schley's memorable epigram : "There is beauty enough for us all." To foster the good and true and the beautiful is every person's duty, and I have been only too glad to offer suggestions to the readers of my ar- ticles, through which we may make suburban homes and farmsteads lovely, and even improve the small yard of the city homes. For the artistic planting of home grounds, shrubs and perennials are indispensable. Equally indispens- able is it that care should be taken to arrange them as to size and general effect ; for instance, irregular bor- ders for screening objectionable features should be planted with low-growing kinds in the foreground, medium size in the centre, and the taller ones in the rear, with color effect and blooming season thought- fully considered. The first cost is the only cost in planting shrubbery. This is worth remembering. The shrubs increase in size and beauty each year, and it is a delight to ob- serve the development as they do grow and bloom. Being a lover of nature, I must say that my percep- tions and feelings are somewhat jarred when I look upon opportunities that people could take advantage of to beautify their homes, and will not attempt to do anything besides grass seeding. Those who have the best chances to make their homes beautiful either will not do it, or they do not know how to do it ; or, if they know how, keep putting off the performance from time to time and let val- uable years slip away from them without embellishing their home grounds. Extracts from an address before the Civic League of Wilkes-Barre, Pa., by C. L. Seybold, Superintendent of Parks of that city. WANTED— FOLK NAMES FOR FLOWERS P. JENSEN, in a talk before the Park Superintend- ents in San Francisco, last August, advocated "folk names" for flowers, saying that "we must have more common names, more folk names for the multitude of flowering plants in our national parks. By a folk name I mean a name that has been given to the plant by the folk, bv the people who have lived amongst the plants and know them from their point of view. "Of course, the botanist has named all of the plants in the parks of which he has knowledge. He has for accu- racy given them scientific names, but these very rarely make an appeal to the people at large. When once you have folk names, then the interest of travelers in the mountain flower fields will be very much greater. Take 'mountain misery,' for example, the name of a plant which is found in the Yosemite Park, and the Sequoi Park. That name at once gives the 'flavor of the soil'; so does Steer's Head, Buck Brush, Mahala Mats and Mustang Clover There are a few such names, but many THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. 31 more must be invented, either by us or by the people who live in the mountains, or live in the parks. All that is necessary for a good common name is that people feel that the name is happy and accept it. A telling name will stick, even if it cannot give a satisfying account of its origin. "Some years since I was coming down out of the mountains on a trip. I had been studying what we bo- tanists call Calendrinia Caulescens var. Men ziesii, and I met some children who had in their hands a bunch of the flowers. I stopped and asked them what they called the flowers. After some hesitation they said, 'Kisses.' I asked them why they called them 'Kisses,' and they either would not, or could not tell. But as I went on I heard the elder child say : 'That is the botany man, and he is always asking why.' But you cannot always tell why. Sometimes you just do things. Perhaps no one can tell why the name kisses was first applied to the plant. But the name caught on, as we say, and people use it. "A mountaineer's name, like Mountain Misery, at once makes a strong appeal to the people. Common names in- dicate the way in which the plants have affected the peo- ple who live where the plants live, whether thev are con- scious of it or not. "Of course, the beauty of our Alpine flowers is a great asset irrespective of the names, but the names help. Imagine the thoughts of a person traveling in the high mountain meadows and seeing for the first time mountain grass filled with Shooting Stars. T have seen as mam1 as half a million Shooting Stars in one rather small Sierra meadow. Now, when that plant becomes known to our people, it will become as famous as the Edelweiss of the Swiss Alps." — The Pacific Garden. STREET TREES FOR NEW YORK CITY. pR< >I-T.SS< )R LAURIE D. COX, landscape engineer of the State College of Forestry at Syracuse, is bringing to a close an exhaustive study of the trees of New York City, and will shortly present a report to Cabot Ward, Commissioner of Parks. This report will include the first comprehensive census of the trees of Manhattan and Richmond and will be the basis for future ac- tivities by which Commissioner Ward hopes to in- crease greatly the number of trees in the city and prevent it from becoming treeless, a condition that rapidly approaches unless drastic measures are taken. Professor Cox was employed through a fund given by John D. Rockefeller. When Mr. Ward became commissioner he found the city losing thousands of trees each year through lack of system as to plant- ing the proper species of trees and their proper care after they were planted. He realized that to correct these evils would require more money than the Board of Estimate would give at once, so he decided to show what could be clone with a small outlay and scientific and systematic work. There was no money to engage a forester, so the commissioner approached Mr. Rockefeller. Commissioner Ward gave Professor Cox a squad of department men and for three months they have been accumulating the data on which the forester will base his report. The tree census will include the history of every tree in Manhattan and Richmond — the date of planting, conditions of soil, and environment and the life of the tree whose place it took. Professor Cox is also gathering data as to the kinds of trees suitable for various parts of the city. The depth of soil, the street traffic, the congestion and height of buildings, proximity of gas mains, pressure of vaults and con- duits, and scant tree openings are some of the diffi- culties that exist in various zones. Another feature of the report will be a map show- ing the location of the city's trees. This will be di- vided into zones according to conditions. Thus the downtown district where underground and traffic con- ditions make the growing of trees a practical impos- sibility would comprise one zone, while a district a little further removed in which the hardiest kind of tree might grow would constitute another. In an article on the tree situation in New York, pub- lished in the current Bulletin of the New York State Forestry Association, Commissioner Ward discusses the problems that confront his department in stopping the denuding of the city of trees. "It is my belief that as long as the property owner is alone" relied upon to plant city trees," the article says, "New York City will never have a sufficient number of shade trees. In the whole of New York City, and particularly Manhattan, it has been the ex- perience of this department that the property owner will not plant trees even on his own property when such property is leased to tenants. It naturally fol- lows that tenants will not often plant trees on prop- erty belonging to another person. "The landscape architect of the city has estimated that under the Manhattan conditions the average minimum cost of properly planting a tree in a paved sidewalk and providing a suitable cast-iron grating and wrought-iron guard would have to be $50, in case a general planting effort were made here as in Brook- lyn. At the present time very few people are willing to pay that amount, and I am hoping that, as the result of further studies by the landscape architect and other officials of this department whom I have directed to look into the matter, this estimate of aver- age cost may be substantially reduced." — Exchange. MOVING LARGE TREES IN WINTER. M ANY people are unwilling to wait for trees to grow to large size in these days of immediate results, and are willing to pay for them ready made, if of good height, habit and shape. There is as much diversity in trees as there is in white folks. The planter of small trees cannot tell how they will develop in later years, and if an avenue or parkway is to be planted, and look well in the time to come, uniformity is essential. E. O. Orpet. in the American Florist, refers to a very fine park system in an eastern city, where all the elms used are of the English type, and it was always thought that trimming or pruning brought the uni- formity always seen there. It was a revelation, there- fore, some few years ago to find that for manv years this city has bought all the trees, grafted annually by an English grower from one fine specimen tree. These were nursed along for years until needed in the park nursery, and then planted along newly created boule- vards and streets. This is now being done in Illinois, perhaps for the first time, and the prominent planters buy the elms as fast as they can be grown. All are grafted on seeding elms, below the level of the ground, and in two years trees the size of a broom handle can be supplied, all warranted to grow alike in time to come, and be uniform in habit. It may be said in pass- ing that to plant the English or Scotch types of elm in the middle west is a mistake ; they grow for a few years, and when valuable specimens might be expected, decadence begins. There is no elm like the American variety, ready to hand, vigorous, hardy and having the added advantage of being at home. 32 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. When a tree attains the age of perhaps 20 years its contour can be easily seen and specimens can be select- ed that will match and make uniform lines in time to come. These can be moved in winter with surety of their living, and this is being done by many with a guarantee. It is often advised that the tree should be trenched round a year before, and good soil be placed around it to induce the formation of young fibrous roots. There could not be a greater fallacy and more losses will ensue from this treatment than when they are dug, frozen up sufficiently to hold the ball of soil, and then moved to the new location at once, putting good soil around about them, in a hole already made large enough to receive both. There is then only one operation, a major one, it is true, but not so severe a check as the digging up the second time, and the con- sequent injury to the young roots already made when these should be becoming established in the new soil of the new location. As to the freezing, enough is sufficient. A maple can be easily killed, as we found to our sorrow one severe winter, when the frost went down through the ball of soil containing the tree. An elm, however, will stand more without injury, but does not enjoy it, so when a tree is frozen sufficiently to hold the soil at the roots, if it is not possible to move same at once, put plenty of snow over all, or lacking in this, as in some years, put on straw manure to hold it as it was until ready to move. All evergreens can be moved safely this way, choosing a day when the branches are not frozen, without loss of many roots. Only surface root- ing trees can be moved, such as elm, maple, ash, or such as make to tap-roots. An oak is difficult unless nursery grown. In digging trees for removal, it is only necessary to go to the depth of the roots, eighteen inches being usually enough. Then, when frozen enough, cover up to keep from more frost than is necessary, or it will be very hard to pull the tree over with blocks and tackle, and when pulled over, the surplus frozen soil will have to be cut off with axes before loading. This, as before said, will be fatal to a maple, and not good for an elm. FREDERICK'S (MD.) EDUCATIONAL GARDEN. PHE influence for good that can be produced in a community through the introduction of the love for plants and flowers is exemplified by what has been accomplished in the little town of Frederick, Md., through the efforts of Frank C. Hargett, a garden enthusiast. For a number of years Mr. Hargett cultivated his garden for the pleasure of all who cared to enjoy it, writes the Baltimore Sun, and at the annual opening visitors to Frederick and neighboring towns paid their respects to his amateur genius. Two years ago among his visitors were government officials, who immediately realized that this one man was contributing substantially to the development of floriculture, without being on the national subsidy list. They promptly designated it as an educational garden, in line with the Government's work, and the affair was formally organized, with an executive com- mittee composed of Mayor Fraley and Messrs. Wil- liam F. Gude and George W. Hess, of Washington, and Richard Vincent, Jr., of White Marsh. Since then the Government has contributed both materials and expert advice until this year, on September 2, the little back yard with the big garden in it was opened with more formality than ever before, and now the city of Frederick is planning to set aside a large area for a public park to contain the exhibit. This year's opening was an event of importance for many reasons, chiefly because so much progress had been made in the initial intentions. The purpose of the garden has grown to be just what the name in- dicates, and in line with that program, high school and other children are invited and given botanical lectures, while the general public gets its inspiration, from visits, to beautify around the home place a bit. The net result will be, of course, an awakening of en- thusiasm that will make many spots in Frederick beautiful. The educational garden plan, it is expected, will spread to other towns, and visitors to Frederick have said that Baltimore might well have such a gar- den in both of its leading parks, and perhaps one or two of the squares, with stated lecture periods. One of the distinguished visitors at this year's open- ing in Frederick was Baron Chinda, the Japanese Am- bassador, who said that Mr. Hargett was doing things that would teach Japan, the country of flowers. He was most enthusiastic over the unexpected showing in Frederick's back yard. The yard was, as it will be until winter forces the tropical plants into shelter, crowded and packed with innumerable varieties of plants and flowers. Lining the walk through the gar- den are donations of prominent individuals and a few institutions, all with their presentation cards attached. A magnificent palm from President Wilson and an- other from Governor Goldsborough are conspicuous among the exhibits. Vice-President Thomas R. Marshall, Cardinal Gib- bons, Viscount Chinda, Japanese Ambassador; Mayor Preston of Baltimore, Blair Lee, John Walter Smith, David J. Lewis, Mrs. Nellie Blessing Eyster, Cali- fornia ; Mayor Mitchel of New York ; Mayor Blanken- burg of Philadelphia, Commissioner John E. Weier, New York ; Marion Wright, Florida ; John Maclaren, California ; the Baltimore Sun, United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, United States Botanical Gardens, Maryland Agricultural College and New York Botan- ical Gardens, are among the other contributors. Since the opening, dozens of contributors have been added, but on account of the relatively small space available it was necessary to decline contributions which in variety and quantity of plants would have filled several times the whole space now given to the garden. It is to accommodate the growth of the idea that Frederick will make an effort to set aside sufficient ground next year, and the town is thoroughly aroused to the possibilities of the project. The opening of this beauty spot in Frederick was followed by an interest that has grown steadily since. Automobile parties from Baltimore, Washington, Philadelphia, Annapolis, New York, Wilmington, Read- ing, Pittsburgh and tourists from all parts of the country have seen the dream of Frank C. Hargett and marveled at the way in which he managed to pack every inch of his ground and still get in somehow or other to pull the weeds. "Frederick's Educational Botanical Garden," said Mayor Fraley, who is a warm supporter of the project, "is one of the best things Frederick has ever done, in line with city beautifying and the education of the growing generation, and it is the natural outgrowth of Mr. Hargett's persistent work. He is a man with an idea, and that idea a splendid one. It was no surprise, nothing unexpected, that a man so wholly devoted to his purpose should win out in the end, and in Frederick we are proud of what he has accomplished, and will heip him to do more." Department of Orthnithology Under the Direction of the Committees on Bird Preservation and Propagation. National Association of Gardeners, L. H. Jensen, St. Louis, Mo., Chairman. American Association of Park Superintendents, Hermann Merkel, New York, Chairman. STUDYING THE BIRDS IN WINTER.* WINTER makes bird study an easy matter. The perplexities of the autumn migration with the scores of species passing through from the north, the young birds in their peculiar attire, the old ones in the drabs and browns that some affect for winter wear in place of their vivid summer plumage, are gone on. The good old stand-bys, all-year friends, remain and are recognized without much diffi- culty. Moreover, the cold and snow tend to make them more friendly and familiar than in summer. The chickadee may have refused our proffered nest- ing-box in May and taken his bride to the birches of the wood-margin and there fed and educated the family. But in December he is pretty sure to bring them to the gar- den, foraging among the sunflower and chicory planted there for him. The family will explore the trees for in- sect larvae and eggs and remembered store of suet hung there last winter. With them will, no doubt, appear the white-breasted nuthatches, curious acrobats of the bird world, the downy woodpeckers and the brown creepers. They seek similar food on the same trees, and often one may note the distinct and invariable characteristics of the different birds at the same time. The chickadees flit from twig to twig, head up or head down as the need occurs, careless of attitude. Not so the woodpeckers. They may be capricious of movement, but their perch is always in the most correct form, upright, head back, tail down. Most methodical of all is the prim little brown creeper. He alights at the foot of the tree, works primly upward and swings a swift parabola from near the top to the base of the next one. And then comes along the nuthatch, and reverses the brown creeper's action. He alights near the top of the tree and "yank yanks" himself downward. The chick- adee does not object to being upside down, but the nuthatch insists on it. If a limb is to be explored he goes to the tip of it and works toward the trunk. But when he finds a chestnut, then is the time he shows this characteristic most prominently. The nuthatch deserves his name. Hatch is early English for chop, and he knows how to chop nuts open. When the crop is good, chest- nuts may be found on the ground beneath the trees all winter. It is fun to watch a nuthatch at work on one of these. He will eye the ground from his upside-down perch on the tree trunk much as a squirrel does and run down in quite the same way to pick up the big brown nut in his slender bill. Then he goes back to the tree and finds a V-shaped corrugation in the bark which will hold the nut — his chopping-block. Then he proceeds to "hatch" it. You might not think that slender bill had much chopping edge, or the little gray-blue, black and white bird much chopping power, but there is no chestnut that can with- stand the nuthatch. The nut may leap from the block a dozen times. He'll run down and get it again, placing it in the same groove, and in the end he'll split his way through the tough rind and get at the delicious meat within. ( )ne winter day I watched one do this. It took him •Winthrop Packard, IHnuli Animals." secretary Massachusetts Audubon Society, in "Our half an hour to get at his luncheon. Then he feasted royally. And then he turned a joyous handspring to the topmost twig of the tall tree and went to bed. The nuthatch, like most hole-nesting birds, seeks a hole in a tree or a nesting-box for shelter through the long bitter winter nights. But this was merely an after-dinner nap and the bird took it in the most curious way. He hung himself head downward by one claw, fluffed out his feathers till he looked not at all like a bird and hung there for thirty minutes. So far as I could make out with the bird glass he was fast asleep. His curious atti- tude probably made for safety, for he looked far more like a brown-tail moth nest or a tangled fluff of plant- down than like a bird. By and by he waked up, tasted the remnant of his feast, turned up his nose at it, and went hand-springing off to another tree. The nuthatch is the goblin acrobat of the winter woods and his ways are a constant source of joy to the watcher. The blue jay and crow are free-booters, none too well liked by the smaller birds and for good reason. The crow thrives in the midst of civilization, but long remem- bers man's enmity and keeps well out of gunshot in most times and places. But the jay — saucy rascal — comes to the house and jeers at us. He may build a nest on a bough near your window edge and repay your tolerance by eating the eggs of the song-sparrow in the nest in the shrubbery by the front door. The jay is a bold bird and ought to be kept in the depths of the wood where he be- longs and where he has his uses. But in winter the small birds are safe and we are apt to admire his saucy ways and his handsome plumage and welcome him to the feed- ing-station. He will come to the window itself if you encourage him. In return you will do well to keep the suet well tied down or he will fly away with the whole lump. You may not know the goldfinches when they come for the hemp and sunflower seeds which most people put out for them, at least not at first glimpse, for the gold- finch has lost much of his gold with the passing of sum- mer. The black is still conspicuous on his cap, wings and tail, but only a little of the yellow glows through the drab and brown of his lesser feathers. He is the same sprightly chap, however, and twitters merrily as he feeds, showing the way to the siskins which often flock with his clan. The goldfinches love chicory seeds, and a garden plot full of these blue-eyed perennials will be golden with goldfinch.es as long as the seed lasts. Yet, whatever the changes of plumage and habits are, our all-year birds are quite easily recognized and witli them the amateur bird student soon becomes familiar. When the cold has come to stay and the real winter is upon us he who hunts with an opera-glass may yet find bird wonders waiting for him in field and wood, for the cold and diminishing food supply often send birds of the far north to us. The snowy owl and the white gyrfalcon may sweep on broad pinions over the snowy wastes, bringing a touch of arctic weirdness to the scene. The northern shrike may hang a meadow mouse in his im- provised larder in the thorn hedge, for all these are oc- casional winter visitants. More likely to be seen, however, and indeed more wel- come, are the pine grosbeaks. Something of the aurora (Continued on pa^c 40.) 34 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. THE FLOWERS OF JAPAN. (Continued from page 21.) trellises. There are numerous varieties and on one 1 measured racemes of flowers sixty-four and a half inches long, and they were not mere individual examples but there were thousands upon thousands of them equally long. About wistaria time, too, the mountain paeonies, the iris and the azaleas make wonderful displays of color. Japanese maples with colored leaves of varied shape and form are well known in western lands, but only a few of the varieties thrive with us. Japanese gardeners who specialize in maples recognize over three hundred varie- ties, and Tokyo boasts its Maple Club; there everything from the tea-cups and the carved screens to the waiting- maids' dresses are marked with maple leaves. REPOTTING ASPIDISTRA. (Continued from page 14.) beautifully marked white and green leaves require more care and attention to grow them succesfully. As much light as possible must be given them, as in dark corners the leaves are inclined to gradually revert to green, from which in the first instance they have been selected as sports. There is nothing better than a little lukewarm soft water and soft soap for sponging the leaves of Aspi- distras. On warm, showery days, it is very beneficial to stand the plants outside for a few hours. — Exchange. GROWING VINCAS FROM SEED. f~)l' all summer flowering plants, vincas are perhaps ^J^ the most desirable. They will thrive and produce a display of bloom all through a long, hot, dry summer when other flowering plants have ceased to flower at all. De- spile these qualifications, vincas have one great shortcom- ing, in that thev are difficult to raise from seed. Unless the greatest care is exercised when the seed has germi- nated they damp off wholesale. To have plants of flowering size by bedding out time it is necessarv to sow the seed as early as it can be pro- cured. If it is to be had in December so much the bet- ter. Sow the seeds in flats of nice sandy soil taking care not to cover too deeply. Set the flats in a temperature of 60 to 65 degrees at night and cover with sheets of glass and newspapers, until the seed germinates. When this occurs remove the glass and paper and set the flats in a light position close up to the glass in a house where there is not too much moisture or you will lose most of them by damping off. Watering should be done by holding the flats in a tank and allowing the water to soak through. Never run the risk of watering over head with a can at this stage. As soon as the seedlings are large enough to handle they should be pricked off into other flats, using a good compost. We have found that it greatly reduces the losses by damping to put a layer of sand en top of the flats before pricking- the young plants into the soil. Even when quite large, vincas will damp off at the point of contact between the stem and soil. A moderate degree of moisture and heat with extreme care in water- ing are, we believe, the essentials in raising vincas. They appear to grow rapidly in heat, but as this cannot be maintained for any length of time without moisture, the happy medium is what to aim at. Fimgine we have found useful for controlling the damping off fungus. THE CULTIVATION OF GLOXINIAS TICKING the last ten years gloxinias have been won- derfully developed by various growers. Flowers now range from pure white, pink, and pale blue to deep red and purple. The newer French, spotted hybrids, though less robust in habit and with more delicate flow- ers, are a valuable addition to the older types. These are marked and spotted with colors varying from pink and mauve to dark blue, red, and even chocolate. The cultivation of gloxinias is not so simple as that of calceolarias, but anyone with a warm greenhouse or even a hot bed at their disposal, by selecting good seed and following the hints given below should be able to produce a brilliant display of blooms within seven or eight months after sowing the seed. It is best to sow the seed in mid- winter in deep, well-drained pans filled with a mixture of rich soil and sand. The pans should be kept at a tem- perature of about 70 degrees F., and may be covered with glass until the seedlings appear. Great care should be taken to turn the glass night and morning as gloxinias are especially liable to "damp off" in too moist an atmos- phere. As soon as the first leaves develop, the plants should be pricked off into shallow pans or pots, and when the seedlings are established they may be removed from the hot bed into a fairly moist atmosphere at 65=70 de- grees F. When large enough to handle easily, the seed- lings must again be transplanted into a soil as fibrous and porous as possible ; peat, sand and leaf mold making a good combination. Careful watering is most important at this stage. If possible, the water should be slightly warmer than the air of the house, and moreover should never be applied unless really necessary. The atmos- phere, however, should always be moist, and the leaves may be lightly sprayed night and morning. In the final potting — this time into six or eight-inch pots — a good mixture of equal parts of peat, leaf mold, clay, and sand should be used, and the soil ought not to be colder than the house atmosphere. The plants should be kept at a temperature of from 65 degrees to 70 de- grees F., never less than 60 degrees, and given all the light possible without exposure to the direct rays of the sun. Further feeding is not necessary during the first sea- son. Plants started in January or February should bloom in July or August. When the flowers appear, a little weak manure water may be of benefit, but its use can easily be carried too far. It is sometimes advisable dur- ing the blooming period to remove some of the center leaves which may otherwise cramp and smother the opening flowers. After flowering, water should be gradually withheld, and as soon as the leaves have ripened, the plants should be stored at a temperature of about 45 degrees F. < )nly enough water should be given to prevent the tubers from withering. In February the tubers should be cleaned and placed in small pots filled with the soil mixture re- ferred to above. Until active root growth begins but little water should be given, and as soon as the pots are filled with roots, it is necessary to transfer the plants into six-inch pots. Plants from last year's tubers should bloom in about five months, and the same tuber may be grown for several years. To sum up : gloxinias require plenty of heat and moist- ure, protection from direct sunshine, a rich, open, light soil, and above all, unremitting and intelligent attention to watering and ventilation. To one who can give all these, the joy of growing them from seed to flower will be ample compensation for the time and labor expended. — From Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin. THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. 35 NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS National Association of Gardeners. M. C. Ebel, secretary, Madison, N. J. Society of American Florists and Orna- mental Horticulturists. John Young, secretary, 54 West 28th st., N. Y. American Carnation Society. A. F. J. Bauer, secretary, Indianapolis, Ind. American Dahlia Society. Joseph J. Lane, secretary, 11 West 32d st., N. Y. American Gladiolus Society. Henry Yonell, secretary, Syracuse, N. Y. American Peony Society. A. B. Saunders, secretary, Clinton, N. Y. American Rose Society. B. Hammond, secretary, Fishkill, N. Y. American Sweet Pea Society. H. A. Bunyard, secretary, 40 West 28th st., N. Y. Chrysanthemum Society of America. Charles W. Johnson, secretary, Morgan Park, 111. Women's National Agricultural and Horti- cultural Association. Miss Margaret Jackson, secretary, Engle- wood, N. J. LOCAL SOCIETIES Bernardsville Horticultural Society. W. G. Carter, secretary, Bernardsville, N. J. First Monday every month, Horticul- tural Hall, 7:30 p. m., Bernardsville, N. J. Boston Gardeners' and Florists' Club. William N. Craig, secretary, Brookline, Mass. Third Tuesday every month, Horticultur- al Hall, Boston, Mass., 8 p. in. Cleveland Florists' Club. Frank A. Friedley, secretary, 95 Shaw ave- nue, East Cleveland, Ohio. Second Monday every month, Hollenden Hotel, Cleveland, Ohio. Cincinnati Florists' Society. Alex. Ostendorp, secretary. Cincinnati, Ohio. Second Wednesday every month, Jabez Elliott Flower Market. Connecticut Horticultural Society. Alfred Dixon, secretary, Wethersfield, Conn. Second and fourth Fridays every month, County Building. Hartford, Conn., 8 p. m. Detroit Florists' Club. R. H. Wells, secretary, 827 Canfield avenue, Detroit, Mich. Third Monday every month, Bemb Floral Hall. Dobbs Ferry Gardeners' Association. B. Harms, secretary, Dobbs Ferry, N. Y. Last Saturday every month. Dutchess County Horticultural Society. Herbert G. Cottan, secretary. Wappinger Falls, N. Y. Second Wednesday every month except May and Juno. Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Elberon Horticultural Society. George Masson, secretary, Oakhurst, N. J. First Monday every month, Fire Hall, El- beron, N. J., 8 p. m. Essex County Florists' Club. John Crossley, secretary, 37 Belleville ave- nue, Newark, N. J. Third Thursday every month, Kreuger Auditorium. Florists' and Gardeners' Club of Holyoke and Northampton, Mass. James Whiting, secretary, Amherst, Mass. Second Tuesday every month. Florists' and Gardeners' Club of Rhode Island. William E. Chapell, secretary, 333 Branch avenue, Providence, R. I. Fourth Monday each month, Swartz Hall. Gardeners' and Florists' Club of Baltimore. N. F. Flittin, secretary, Gwynn Falls Park, Sta. F, Baltimore, Md. Second and fourth Monday every month. Florist Exchange Hall. Gardeners and Florists of Ontario. Geo. Douglas, secretary, 189 Merton street, Toronto, Canada. Third Tuesday every month, St. George's Hall. The Horticultural Society of New York. Geo. V. Nash, secretary, Bronx Park, New York City. Monthly, irregular, May to October, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York. November to April, American Mu- seum of Natural History, 77th st. and Co- lumbus ave., New York. Houston Florists' Club. A. L. Perring, secretary, 4301 Fannin street, Houston, Texas. Meets first and third Monday, Chamber of Commerce Rooms. Lake Geneva Gardeners' and Foremen's Association. Raymond Niles, secretary, Lake Geneva, Wis. First and third Tuesday every month, Oct. to April; first Tuesday every month, May to Sept., Horticultural Hall. Lenox Horticultural Society. John Carman, secretary, Lenox, Mass. Second Wednesday every month. Los Angeles County Horticultural Society. Hal. S. Kruckeberg, secretary, Los Angeles, Cal. First Tuesday every month. Massachusetts Horticultural Society. William P. Rich, secretary, 300 Massachu- setts avenue, Boston, Mass. Menlo Park Horticultural Society. Percy Ellings, secretary, Menlo Park, Cal. Second Thursday each month. Minnesota State Florists' Association. Gust. Malmquist, secretary, Fair Oaks. Minneapolis. Minn. Third Tuesday every month. Monmouth County Horticultural Society. Harry Kettle, secretary, Fairhaven, N. J. Fourth Friday every month. Red Bank. N. J. Montreal Gardeners' and Florists' Club. W. H. Hnrobin, secretary, 283 Marquette st. First Monday every month. Morris County Florists' and Gardeners' Society. Edward J. Reagan, secretary, Morristown, N. J. Second Wednesday every month, except July and August, 8 p. m., Madison, N. J. Nassau County Horticultural Society. Harry Jones, secretary, Glen Cove, N. Y. Second Wednesday every month, Pem- broke Hall, 7 p. m. New Bedford Horticultural Society. Jeremiah M. Taber, secretary, New Bedford, Mass. First Monday every month. New Jersey Floricultural Society. Geo. W. Strange, secretary, 216 Main street. Orange, N. J. Third Monday every month, Jr. O. W. A. M. Hall., 8 p. m. New London Horticultural Society. John Humphrey, secretary, New London, Conn. Second Thursday every month, Municipal Bldg. New Orleans Horticultural Society. C. R. Panter, secretary, 2320 Calhoun street, New Orleans, La. Third Thursday every month, Association of Commerce Bldg. Newport Horticultural Society. Fred P. Webber, secretary, .Melville Station, R. I.' Second and fourth Tuesday every month New York Florist Club. John Young, secretary, 54 W. 28th street. New York. Second Monday every month, Grand Opera House. North Shore Horticultural Society. Leon W. Carter, secretary, Manchester, Mass. First and third Fridays every month. North Shore Horticultural Society. E. Bollinger, secretary, Lake Forest, 111. First Friday every month, City Hall. North Westchester County Horticultural and Agricultural Society. Albert F. Simms, secretary, North View. Mt. Kisco, R. F. D'., N. Y. Third Thursday every month, except June to August, at 8 p. m. Oyster Bay Horticultural Society. A. R. Kennedy, secretary, Westbury, L. 1. Fourth Wednesday every month, Oyster Bay, N. Y., 7:30 p. m. Pacific Coast Horticultural Society. W. A. Hofinghoff, secretary, 432 Phelan Bldg., San Francisco, Cal. First Saturday every month, Redmen's Bldg. Pasadena Horticultural Society. Geo. B. Kennedy, secretary, Pasadena, Cal. First and fourth Friday every month. Paterson Floricultural Society. Richard Buys, secretary. 2H7 17th ave., Paterson. X. .7. First Tuesday every month, Y. M. C. A. Bldg., 8 p. m. Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. David Rust, secretary, Broad and Locust sts.. Philadelphia, Pa. Third Tuesday every month. 36 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. People's Park Cottage Gardeners' Associa- tion. John Ainscough, secretary, 4 Chestnut St., Paterson, N. J. First and last Friday every month, Work- ing Man's Institute, Paterson, N. J. Philadelphia Florists' Club. David Rust, secretary, Broad and Locust sts., Philadelphia, Pa. First Tuesday every month. Horticultural Hall, 8 p. m. The Pittsburgh Florists' and Gardeners' Club. H. P. Joslin, secretary, Ben Avon, Pa. First Tuesday every month, Fort Pitt Hotel. Redlanrs (Cal.) Gardeners' Association. Jas. McLaren, secretary, Box 31 R. F. D. No. 2, Redlands, Cal. Rhode Island Horticultural Society. E. K. Thomas, secretary, Box 180, Kingston, R. I. Third Wednesday every month, Public Library, Providence, R. I. Rochester Florists' Association. H. R. Stringer, secretary, 47 Stone street, Rochester, N. Y. Second Monday every month, 95 Main street, East. Shelter Island Horticultural and Agricul- tural Society. First and third Thursdays every month. Southampton Horticultural Society. Julius W. King, secretary, Southampton, N. Y. First Thursday every month. Oddfellows Hall. Tacoma Florists' Association. F. H. Atchison, secretary, South 50th and East F street, Tacoma, Wash. Third Thursday, Maccabee Hall, 11th and C streets. Tarrytown Horticultural Society. E. W. Neubrand, secretary, Tarrvtown, N. Y. Last Tuesday every month, 7:30 p. m. Texas State Horticultural Society. G. H. Blackman, assistant secretary, College Station, Texas. Tuxedo Horticultural Society. Thomas Wilson, secretary, Tuxedo Park, N. Y. First Wednesday every month. Washington, D. C, Florist Club. J. L. Mayberry, secretary, Washington, D. C. First Monday every month. Westchester and Fairfield Horticultural Society. J. B. McArdle, secretary, Greenwich. Conn. Second Friday every month, Doran's Hall, Greenwich. 8 p. m. GARDEN CLUBS International Garden Club. Mrs. Charles Frederick Hoffman. President. Club House. Bartow Mansion. Pelham Bay Park, New York City. (Address all communications to Mrs. F Hammett, Asst. Sec'y. Bartow Mansion.) The Garden Club of America. Mrs. J. Willis Martin, president, 1721 Locust street, Philadelphia, Pa. The Garden Club of Alma, Mich. Mrs. E. J. Lamb, secretary, 803 State street. Twice a month at members' residences. The Garden Club of Alleghany County, Pa. Mrs. F. H. Denny, president, Sewickley, Pa. Amateur Garden Club of Baltimore, Md. Miss Sarah S. Manly, secretary, The Walbert. The Garden Club of Ann Arbor, Mich. Miss Annie Condon, secretary, 920 Uni- versity avenue. The Garden Club of Somerset Hills, N. J. Mrs. Geo. R. Mosle, secretary, Gladstone, N. J. Second and fourth Thursdays, middle of April to November. August excepted. The Garden Club of Cleveland, Ohio. Mrs. Geo. Scoville, secretary, 1453 E. Boulevard. Garden Club of East Hampton, L. I. Mrs. F. K. Holister, secretary, East Hamp- ton, N. Y. The Park Garden Club, of Flushing, N. Y. Mrs. John W. Paris, president, Flushing, N. Y. Second and fourth Mondays, members' homes. The Garden Club of Greenwich, Conn. Mrs. Frederick Gotthold, secretary, Cos Cob, Conn. At members' residences. The Garden Club of Harford County, Pa. Mrs. Martin E. Ridgley, secretary, Benson P. O., Md. First and third Thursdays, April to December at members' residences. The Gardeners of Mont, and Dela. Counties, Pa. Miss Elizabeth D. Williams, secretary, Haverford, Pa. At members' residences. The Weeders' Club, Pa. Miss Ellen Winsor, secretary, Haverford, Pa. First and third Wednesday at members' residences. The Garden Club of Lake Forest, 111. Mrs. Tiffany Blake, president, Lake Forest, HI. The Laxchmont Garden Club, N. Y. Mrs. Edgar Park, secretary, Larchmont, N. Y. First Thursdays. The Garden Club of Lawrence, L. I. Mrs. Thomas Lawrence, secretary, Law- rence, L. I. The Garden Club of Lenox, Mass. Mrs. Francis C. Barlow, secretary, 47 E. 64th street, New York. First and third Mondays, June to Octo- ber at Lenox. Lewiston and Auburn Gardeners' Union. Mrs. George A. Whitnev. secretary, Auburn, Me. The Garden Club of Litchfield, Conn Mrs. Henry S. Munroe. secretary, 501 W. 120th street, New York. Second Friday, June to October at Litch- field. The Garden Club of Michigan. Miss Sarah W. Hendrie, secretary, Grosse Pointe Farms, Mich. At members' homes. Two Spring and one Fall Shows. The Millbrook Garden Club, N. Y. Mrs. Keyes Winter, secretary, 125 E. 78th street, New York. Meet at Millbrook, Dutchess County, N. Y. The Bedford Garden Club, N. Y. Mrs. Benjamin W. Morris, secretary, Mt. Kisco, N. Y. The Garden Club of New Canaan, Conn. Mrs. Francis H. Adriance, secretary, New Canaan, Conn. Second Wednesday each month. The Newport Garden Association, R. I. Miss Dorothea G. Watts, secretary, New- port, R. I. Annual Meeting, August. Others when called. Five monthly summer shows. The Newport Garden Club. Mrs. Chas. F. Hoffman, president, 620 Fifth avenue, New York. The Garden Club of New Rochelle, N. Y. Mrs. Lucius W. Hitchcock, corresponding secretary, Premma Point Park. Members residences and Public Library. Shows monthly, May to November. The Garden Club of Norfolk, Conn. Philemon W. Johnson, secretary, Norfolk, Conn. Second Wednesday each month at Public Library. North Country Garden Club of Long Island. Mrs. Edward Townsend, secretary, Oyster Bay, L. I. Garden Club of Philadelphia, Pa. Miss Ernestine A. Goodman, secretary, Chestnut Hill. The Garden Club. Mrs. Aubrey Pearre, Jr.. secretary, Pikes- ville, Md. The Garden Club of Princeton, N. J. Mrs. Junius Spencer Morgan, secretary, Constitution Hill, Princeton. X. J. The Garden Club of Ridgefield, Conn. Mrs. Cass Gilbert, secretary, 42 E. 64th street. New York. Twice monthly at Ridgefield. Also ex- hibitions. The Ridgewood Garden Club, N. J. E. T. Sowter, secretary, Ridgewood, N. J Rumsen (N. J.) Garden Club. Miss Alice Kneeland, secretarv Rumson, N. J. The Hardy Garden Club of Ruxton, Md. Mrs. R. E. L. George, secretary, Ruxton, Md. The Garden Club of Rye, N. Y. Mrs. Samuel Fuller, secretary, Rye, N. Y. First Tuesdays, April to October. Also special meetings and Flower Shows. The Shedowa Garden Club, New York. Miss Mary Young, secretarv, Garden City, N. Y. Second Wednesday each month at mem- bers' residences. Vegetable and flower shows. June and September. Correspondence with other clubs invited. THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. 37 iimiii'i!! .mum i i . - 1 . : i . , . . : I i I i I - . _ 19 1© *™Vi THORBURN'S SEEDS U yourcopyri lVJLi^ ]| T"\7"E have one aim al- ways in view when [ preparing our beautiful catalog of flower and | vegetable seeds each | year, — to make it of the j utmost value to you in j the selection, planting | and care of your garden, j This year's copy ex- | ceeds all previous ef- I forts. It contains aj wealth of good advice, J of careful description, I of beautiful pictures and I of clear, simple cultural directions which you will find invaluable. Your copy is waiting for you. Ask for it and it will he mailed you free. J. M. Thorburn & Co. Established 1802 53U Barclay St., through to 54 Park Place, New York .iiiHiiinin mil iiiiiiniiiiiii iiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiir Mrs. C. H. Stout, secretary, Short Hills, N. J. Monthly at Short Hills Club House dur- ing January and February. The Southampton Garden Club, New York. Mrs. Albert Boardman, president, 40 W. 33rd street, New York. Twice a month in summer at Southamp- ton, L. I. The Staten Island Garden Club, N. Y. Mrs. J. Harry Alexander, secretary, Rose- bank, S. I. Twice a month. At members' homes. Winnetka, 111. The Garden Club of Trenton, N. J. Miss Anne Macllvaine, secretary, Trenton, N. J. Bi-monthly meetings at members' resi- dences. The Garden Club of Illinois. Mrs. William G. Hibbard, Jr., secretary, Winnetke, 111. The Garden Club of Orange and Dutchess County, New York. Mrs. Morris Rutherford, secretary, Warrick, Orange County, N. Y. Warrenton Garden Club, Virginia. Mrs. C. Shirley Carter, secretary, Warren- ton, Va. Garden Club, Webster Groves, Mo. Caroline Chamberlin, sec'y., 106 Plant Ave. HORTICULTURAL EVENTS Fourth National Flower Show, under the auspices of the Society of American Flor- ists and Ornamental Horticulturists, Phila- delphia, Pa., March 25 to April 2, 1916. International Flower Show. Grand Cen- tral Palace, New York, April 5-12, 1916. NOTICE. Please inform us of any change of offi- cers or meeting dates of your society, so that we may keep our directory of societies and clubs accurate. Send us the notes of the proceedings of your meetings regularly. EDITOR. yiiiniiiii uiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiii.iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiii^ I ROSE AND 1 I CARNATION 1 | SHOW | Country Life Permanent Exposition Grand Central Terminal, New York City Feb. 10-11-12, 1916 An invitation is extended to all in- terested in country life to attend | this show for which there is no I admission charge. For schedule of classes, prizes and all particulars, address ROBERT SEXTON, Manager, | Country Life Permanent Expo- | sition, Grand Central Terminal, New York. f,\ minimi huh huh inumimmi I YOUR BEST "HELP" IN ALL SEASONS To obtain the maximum results from your garden, use the Continuous Seed and Plant Forcer. Catches and stores the sunbeams, affords perfect protection against damage by cold winds, rains, frost. Forces your plants to grow rap- idly and sturdily, putting you weeks ahead of your neighbors. Send for illus- trated price-list or for sample forcer. Try it! You will be astonished with the results. Address THE CLOCHE COMPANY 131 Hudson Street (Dept. B), New York CALLAHAN GEM SECTIONAL GREENHOUSES ■With the Famous Duo-Glazed Sash DUO-GLAZED SASH FOR HOTBEDS Always SAFE Require no Covering or Shutters GREENHOUSE MATERIALS Rafters, Bars, Gutters and Ventilators of Heart Cypress. For small work or la r e:e installa- tions. jVi-ky Cypress and Common Cypress for bencli material* Single Glass Hotbed Sash BSgMEtS! ons are made extra large and then saturated in creosote— the long-life wood preservative. A round oak crossbar securely fastened to center and outside bars makes bettersash. Try a lew of these sash, compare them with others, and you will want more. Better quality— low price. The standard of excellence in under-glass growing Is found in Callahan products. Write for catalogue of complete line. It's a money-saver. CALLAHAN DUO-GLAZED SASH CO. 2613 Wyandot Street DAYTON, OHIO 38 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. SOUTHAMPTON HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The Southampton Horticultural Society held its annual and general election on Janu- ary 6 in the Village Hall, Southampton. There was a large attendance, and the presi- dent was in the chair. The following officers were elected: President -Mr. M. McLoughlin. Vice-president- -Mr. J. Malcolm. Recording secretary — Mr. Wells. Financial secretary— Mr. .lames Dickson. Treasurer— Mr. John Johnson. Press secretary— Mr. S. R. Candler. It was voted to hold the annual banquet in Southampton during the last week ot January, when it is hoped there will lie a large attendance. The next regular meeting will be held on January 20. All Horticulturists in Southampton on that date are welcomed. S. R. CANDLER, Press Sec. OYSTER BAY (N. Y.) HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The regular monthly meeting of the Oyster Bay Horticultural Society was held recently in the truck house. There was a large attendance of members present and the exhibition tallies wer well filled. After the secretary's and treasurer's reports for the year were read ex-President James Duth'ri took the chair and conducted the election of officers for 1916, which resulted in the following: President — Alfred Walker. Vice-president — John Sorosick. Secretary — John T. Ingram. Financial secretary — John Devine Treasurer— H. G. Vail. Executive committee — frank Gale, James Hell. Wm. Richie, Duncan Beaton, Henry Gibson. Fred Philips. David Hepersall, Frank Kyle. Exhibits for January 'Jli : Carnations, 12 pink. 12 white, 12 any color. JOHX T. INGRAM, Secretary. PATERSON FLORICULTURAL SOCIETY. At the regular monthly meeting of thi Paterson Floricultural Society it was de- cided that a booklet of names of best varieties of flowers be prepared by the fol lowing members for the benefit of our new members : Chrysanthemums by Francis Milne, roses by Sebastian Hubschmitt. gladiolus by Richard Buys, dahlias. Francis Bredder. flowers in general by Robert Petrie. Mr. Petrie won the monthly point prize with 75 points on carnations and points on chrysanthemums. The following officers were elected for 1916: President. Jos. M. Ackerman ; vice- president, Francis Bredder: treasurer. An- drew P.arduer; secretary. Richard Buys Gnancial scretary, Harold Schofield : as- sistant secretary, Charles Walker: trustees. Marion T. Probert, John Hall. Albert Franek. Arbitration committee: S. Hubschmitt, F. Milne, Robert Petrie. George Atkinson, John Hardy. Executive committee: F. Milne. S. Hub- schmitt, A. II. Smith. Robert Petrie. Rich- ard Buys. II. Schofield. ( '. Walker. Thomas Moore, Hugh Clark. Auditing committee: William Blair, Al- bert Franek. William Pierce. Essay committee: A. H. Smith. Richard Buys. J. S. Leslie. Press committee: A. II. Smith, Charles Walker. City beautiful committee: William Blair. John Hall, Albert Franek. Rooms committee : II. Schofield. A. H. Smitt, William Vandereliffe. IWior Immediate Effect = Not for Future, Cxeneraiiortsr CTART with the larg- est stock that can be secured! It takes over twenty years to grow many of the Trees and Shrubs we offer. We do the long waiting — thus enabling you to secure trees and shrubs that give immediate re- sults. Price List now ready. >biDORRAlli >ORRA 1 lURSERIES V/m-Warner Harper Proprietor Chestnut Hill. Phila. BoxO, Pa. Burpee's Seeds Grow and are supplied every year direct to more American planters than are the seeds of any other growers. Burpee's Annual for 1916 The Leading American Seed Catalog, is a bright book of 1 82 pages, beautifully illustrated, and a safe guide to success in the garden. It is mailed free. Write today. A postcard will do. W. Atlee Burpee & Co. Seed Growers, Burpee Buildings Philadelphia, Pa U-Bar greenhouses of J. S. Blackton at Oyster Bay, L. I. The Cost Of U-Bar Greenhouses THEY cost somewhat more than other con- structions, because they cost more to construct. They cost more to con- struct, because they are of superior construction. A Pierce-Arrow auto costs more than an Overland. Both are good cars. But no one questions which is actually the best car. The U-Bar house, if you want to put it that way, is in the Pierce-Arrow class. There are a lot of people who always want the best there is, and are always willing to pay for it. For such the U-Bar house exactly meets their requirements as no other house can. If you want us to send our catalog to your employer, we will be glad to follow your suggestions. Of course you are also welcome to one. If you want to see us — say so — we will drop around. UBAR GREENHOUSES P1ERSON U-BAR CO ONE MADfSON AVE. NEWTORK. THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. 39 NEWPORT HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The election of officers of the Newport Horticultural Society took place on Decem- ber 14. tlic following members being elected President, John If. Urquhart : first vice- president, James Bond ; second vice-presi- dent, Frederic Carter; secretary, Fred P. Webber; financial secretary, William Gray; treasurer, Andrew K. McMahon; sergeant- at-arms, William F. Smith. The executive committee is composed of the above officers and Bruce Butterton, James Robertson. An- drew S. Meikle, William MaeKay, Arthur W. Potter Jr., Daniel liny. Andrew Dor- ward mid Alexander McLellan. Auditing committee: Bruce Butterton, Herbert I'liss and Richard Gardner. \v;is fittingly decorated and the menu and service were excellent. The speakers, of which there were quite a number, were men prominent in horticulture and in imlilir life. THE VIRTUE OF IMPATIENCE. <;<■. sini; the praise of patience if it suits your taste and voice, Cor patience is the virtue first in many people's choice. They laud the man who sits for hours serenly by the brook in patient waiting for a fish to nibble at his honk: but often is his waiting and his patience all in vain because the fish were lifted by a fellow with a seine. Go, eulogize tie' farmer as lie sits amouf his crops and reverently wails fur heaven's- kind, refreshing- drops: who prays in patience for the breeze cloud-freighted from the south. io come along when it may please and break the blasted drouth ; hut while he thus awaits for helpful moisture from his Maker, the man who irrigates produces twice as much per acre. Go, boost the merit of the man whose goods are highest grade, whose quality of merchandise is building up his trade: who patiently awaits the slow approval of the throng, in confidence that patronage is sure t aic along. // set nix tu mr impatience is immeasurably wiser; it's copiously proved lm the successful advertiser. -Printers' Ink. TUXEDO HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The al business meeting of the Tux edo Horticultural Society was held in tin Firei 's Club mi Wednesday, January a, ] a large attendance of members being pres- ent. President Fred Rake in the chair. The treasurer and secretary read their re- ports for the past year, which showed the society had a successful year. The election of officers lor 1916 resulted as follows: President, .Mr. ( '. Davidson; vice-president, Mr. 1'. Cassidy; treasurer, Mr. S. Eilmers; secretary, Mr. Thus. Wilson. The Execu- tive Committee were Messrs. .1. Davidson, d. Tansey, E. liarth. E. Wilson and I). Mc- Gregor. After the usual business was fin- ished we adjourned to the bowling alleys and held our annual bowling match which has been customary at this i ting, whim a very enjoyable time was spent. Aftei the match was finished we all sat down to a very enjoyable supper, which was par- taken of heartily. Mr. Mcintosh, being loastinastei. excelled himself with his funny stories. Several speeches and songs were in good keeping with our evening's enjoy- ment. Several members expressed the de- sire to have another howling match in the near future, which speaks well for the way they enjoyed themselves. TITOS. WfLSON. Secretary. TARRYTOWN (N. Y.) HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The animal dinner of the Tarrytown Horticultural Society was held on Tuesday evening. January 11. at the Florence Inn. Tarrytown, X. V. The affair, which was the lcth anniversary of the annual di r. was well attended 1 was a pronounced success in every respect. Th,. dining r Healthy ^. Trees Perfect Apples when you spray with "3CALECIDE" -the spray that's endorsed the country over as 'The one great dormant spray." Mixed 1 to IS, it kills every scale it reaches or you get your money back. Guarantee with every pack- age. It's easily prepared, non-corrosive and non-clogging, lbbl. equals 3bbls. lime sul- phur. Destroys eggs, larvae and fungi ir dormant state. Simple, safe, economual. Send for free bnok i, t. •'Scafecide. tli<* Tree Saver." Write today, to Dept. ij B. G. PRATT CO. 50 Church St., New York Ci:y "•'1 \bu too, can have an Old Eno'lish Garden MANY a visitor to England has re- turned with a mingled feeling of despair and envy, when re- membering the charming floral profu- sion of the English Gardens. High and low, rich or poor, these beauty spots are everywhere. Upon the right seeds, largely depends their surpassing success. For over one hundred years Sut- ton & Sons have been the most noted seed house in England, their custom- ers ranging from England's Kings and Queens, down to the smallest cottager. There certainly are plenty of reasons why this is so ; for instance : not only are Sutton's Seeds grown and bred with a care equal to that of pedigree horses, but they are continually tested by actual growth in our own seed test grounds, many miles in extent. All seeds, in addition, pass through an nnequa'led system of cleaning and pack- ing. In buying them you can absolutely depend on their being true to na.ne and of highest germinating power. Our Catalog — One of the finest published — will be sent for 35c; which will be refunded on orders of $5 or over. You who are gardeners, if you will send us your name and name of employer. — The catalog will be sent free. MMtrnt^i GlLo Royal Seed Establishment Reading, England Winter, Son & Company 66-C Wall Street, New York Sole Agents East of Rocky Mountains The Sherman T. Blake Co., Pacific Coast Agents 429 Sacramento St., San Francisco, Cal. 40 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. STUDYING THE BIRDS IN WINTER. (Continued from page 33.) has touched these sleek birds of the north and they slip along the snow suffused with tints of dawn. Sleek and demure as kittens they are and often without fear of man, almost allowing him to pick them up. Evening gros- beaks— chance visitors from the far northwest — may come, and siskins, redpolls, juncos and tree-sparrows are to be expected. The best way to study these birds is to tramp the fields and find them. The hunting spirit is strong in us all and it is a far greater joy to stalk wild creatures when we may bag them with opera-glass and note-book, yet leave them wild and free as ever. The zest of exercise in the keen winter air is payment enough even if the bag is small. But, one may go still-hunting as well. It is a fine charity to put out constant supplies of food for the wintering birds and one may attract them to the door li\ doing it and observe and photograph them from the warmth and comfort of the house. To feed the birds in winter is a simple matter. To feed them well is a fine art. Crumbs from the table, scraps of meat or suet from the larder, chaff from the havmow, all will serve, vet certain special foods are espe- cially attractive. The chickadees love sunflower seed as well as suet and the nuthatches will hatch them on angled bark chopping-blocks as readily as they will chestnuts. The juncos and tree-sparrows love hemp-seed, and nut meats attract them all. When the snow is deep, "chicken grit" is eagerly sought. All birds must have gravel for their crop's sake, and the ice and snow give them scant opportunity to get it. These, with wheat, buckwheat, milo-maize and kaffir corn mixed in the right proportions make a very attractive food for the winter birds, and the pleasure of watching them eat it is well worth the ex- pense and trouble of providing it. 'iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimmmiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiimiiimiiiiiiimiiiimiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimii iiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiin niimiiiiii % P)OriCkO\I Feeding Shelters and Bird Houses Save 1 ■1-*v-'*-r'^v-rl^' Birds and Win Birds to Live Near You j Put out bird shelters now. Many birds stay north all winter; you can attract them. Give shelter, food and water — save the i birds — by getting the genuine Dodson Shelters and Houses. Catch Sparrows Now The Dodson Sparrow Trap — no other trap like this— will catch sparrows for you. Now is a good time to remove this enemy of = native birds. Price, $6 I", o. b. Chicago. ■- \/* SB /C A t(iT«tVKt FufinEL B-StCOfloFun/iEL X "Nature Neighbors" A set of beautiful books about birds, written by authorities, illus- trated in color. John Burroughs says — "Aston- ishingly good." Free folder showing bird in natural colors. Write for this and | for the beautiful book telling how to win birds — both free. [ JOSEPH H. DODSON, 732 South Harrison Ave., K.nkakee, 111. | Mr. Dodson is a Director of the Illinois Audubon Society rillllllllllllllllllllimiilliiJiiliiiiiiN KNOCK-DOWN BIRD HOUSES Most complete, artistic line ever offered. 46 differ- ent styles and sizes, from 35c up to $25. Ready- built houses already seasoned. Birds dislike brand new things. We give you the best results for the least money. Build notv! Write today for Illus- trated Folder. E. E. EDMANSON & CO. 625 S. NORTON ST. CHICAGO, ILL. am iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiniiii mini iiliiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiilli iiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiii mum; NATIVE PLANTS AND TREES In Car Load Lots. Rhododendron Maximum a Specialty Send for Price List. THE CHARLES G. CURTIS COMPANY, ; COLLECTORS AND GROWERS, CALLICOON. N. Y. j 7iiiiiiiiiimimimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimmmiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiimmmiiiiiimiiiiiii llllllllllllllllllllllllllli illiiliiiliiilliiiiiiiiiiiiiilllllllllllllllic ORCHIDS We are Specialists in Orchids, we collect, grow, import, export and = sell orchids exclusively. If you are in the market for Orchids we solicit your inquiries and orders. Catalogues and special lists on = application. | Lager & HuiTell, Orchid Growers and Importers, SUMMIT, N J. "ii iiiiiiiiii iiiii]iiiniiiHiiiiiiiii)taiuiiitnitiiiiiTif(tirtrEriirririiii]iiiJCifti]iuiiiii]iiiiiiiiiiiirirrriirjrjNijijijiijjjiiiiiii(iiiiiiiiiiiiia»i»iftftfritniiji iiuiiiiiiiiil aiiiiiiiiiniiii! ii mi ,:; ;i.:i:iiiiiim; . .!i„.i,.:.M.... ■ .i..ui,ii1iin.iii.;'i 'I,. ...'i.niiiiin;!.. . . :- THE MODERN GLADIOLUS GROWER = Published monthly in the interests of both amateur and professional ^ = flower growers. s 50c. per year— 3 years for $1.00 = = The Gladiolus as a flower has been wonderfully improved and is = rapidly becoming the fashion. Important developments are looked for = = in the immediate future. Madison Cooper, Publisher, Calcium, N. Y. = ' illlillllllllillllllllliinilllli imiiiuiiiiii! niiimiiiNiiNiiii iimiiiiiiiiiiini iiiiiiiiiiinii 1 1 : hm 1 1 1 1 ■ i u i : . 1 1 1 : i irr ...I- : 1 1 1 . . i i m . i : i : r.. -. 1 1 1 1 ; 1 1 1 1 . ; . ; .,.: 1 1 1 1 : ■ i . i _ 1 1 1 1 . m . : n: .1.1 . . .:.i.:ii i iiii.jj:: : 1 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 > -^^ I HILL'S EVERGREENS Send for Price-list. Mention this magazine. D. HILL NURSERY CO. | Evergreen Specialists. | Largest Growers in America, "0I 305 ^ V.lllimimmmmmmmmimi^llimmilimilimmmmmmillii: mmmmmmmmnitllllliliimiimmmmmmillllllimillllimmmmi'lllimmmiili^ Dundee, 111. ^ ::iiii:iiiii: i.:'||MM|||:iii::.: ! ■ :ill: -■ i.i!!iiil:iiii I i !iiii:ii-: ■ -. ,!:.l: :ii:: 11^: . . ::i:i:i. iiii.iii, .■ ^ I IMPORTED ORCHIDS | If you contemplate buying imported stock this year write to me. I JOSEPH M ANDA, Orchid Expert, Seedsman and Florist ] WEVT ORANGE, N. J. 7,i'liiiiiiiiiim:iiiriiiiiiin iiinniiiiiiiiiiii i mm mini iiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiimimmm i ..1,111111 niiiiiiiiimimiii 17 . . ..il.l.i.il.u.: : :..,il,;i,; :i:'l:' milllll. i III :.l:lll,,,llll!:. l::!ll;!:iiii,,l,,i. 1 ill.lilllliniii.: .1..!:'^ WILSON'S SEEDS I CAREFULLY SELECTED AND TESTED j Send for Catalog Ready Dec. 26th j J. J. WILSON SEED CO., INC., Newark, N. J. ?fr ' 1 1 1 1 ; 1 1 1 1 r r 1 1 r r > 1 ■ 1 r 1 1 : i u 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 11 1 1 s 1 1 f 1 i d 1 ■ : r 1 1 r ! 1 11 1 1 1 : 1 1 '1 p r r 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ■ 1 : m p n r r M 1 u 1 n 1 < 1 1 1 1 1 j 1 1 ) 1 1 1 1 r iTr ^iiiiiiiiiiiiimimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimmiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiimmmiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimmiiiiiiiiiim I Chrysanthemums - Carnations— Roses j NOVELTIES FOR 1915 | If you did not receive our 1915 price list write us I Elmsford Nurseries— Scott Bros., Elmsford, N. Y. | iiiiiiiiiimiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimimimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiimiiniiiiiii iiimiimiiiiiiiimimiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimimimmiiiinii piiiilllllllliiliiiiillliiiiiliiliiiiiiiiliilllilillliiiiim H/\RRY BALDWIN Manufacturer of GREENHOUSE SHADING LATH ROLLER BLINDS MAMARONECK, N. Y. T.illllllllllllllllllllllllimilimil iiiiiiiiii hi', mi, i 7111:1111 i. mum. .. 1 11111 1 1 ii;i:iimillliliim7 THE GIIWEKERS- CHRONICLE OF tMERICA. -II This greenhouse which is being used for Sweet Pea growing was a repeat order. The first Metropolitan greenhouse erected for Mr. T. F. Pol- bos, of Sea Cliff, Long Island, had demonstrated to his com plete satisfaction the thoroughness of our style of construction. THOROUGHNESS is the keynote of Metropolitan work- manship, not merely the thoroughness of our force right on the job, but the thoroughness of our entire organization — the work of many units whose knowledge and experience enable our field forces to carry their work of erection to a successful completion, with the least expenditure of the owner's time and money. PUT YOUR GREENHOUSE PROBLEMS UP TO US We go anywhere in the U. S. to submit plans and prices. METROPOLITAN MATERIAL CO. 1396-1412 Metropolitan Ave. Brooklyn, New York Bon Arbor Chemical Co. PATERSON, N. J. Manufacturers of BON ARBOR No. 1. Soluble Plant Life. A most wonderful and invigorating food for all plants, indoor and outdoor. BON ARBOR No. 2. Best dressing for your lawns. RADIX WORM ERADICATOR. Instant- ly removes worms from your Tennis Courts, Putting greens, etc. ANT DESTROYER. Will remove all ants outside or indoors in a week's time. Be sure and try it. NATURAL HUMUS. Is the best for mak- ing new lawns, gardens, etc. Write for descripive catalogue and prices g)lllllllfllllll|l'l|!|||||||l||||||[l|||j|l|||||||!l|!|||||||||t[it|jl]||||||||||||||||t|||!|||||!|!!||||||||||||[|! Illlll!li|lll!llllllllill!l[>llllllll!llllll!lli;ill!!l!illlll{llllllllll!!ll[llllil^ Tree Owners and Tree Lovers Will find much to interest and instruct H in the NEW ILLUSTRATED MAGAZINE 1 "TREE TALK" | Devoted to Arboriculture and Forestry. All about the planting, care and treatment of trees and ihrubs. Accurate information about pruning, spraying and tree surgery. Send Fifty cents for a full year's subscription to "Tree Talk." Sample copies free on receipt of 2 cent stamp to oover postage. Published quarterly by THE FROST & B ARTLETT COMPANY 26 Cortlandt St. (Suite 212) NEW YORK . : : i ■ 1 1 1 1 : ■ ! " ■ : ^ . ■ i : ! : " 1 1 . ■ ; ! I ! ! .1 ■ ! . 1 " ■ : ; : 1 1 . . - ] . ; i 1 1 1 1 : ■ 1 . : ■ . ■ 1 ■ 1 ■ 1 1 1 1 ■ , § 1 Illllllllllllllll Illllllllllllllllllllllllllil iiiiiiiiiiiiiiimimiimmiii Illllllllllllllllllimiilllllilliuillllllmlllllllilllillllllllllllllllllllll^ I Competent Gardeners ' j ^ The comforts and products ol a country home are | I increased by employing a competent gardener ; if you | I want to engage one, write to us. I *& Please give particulars regarding place and say | I whether married or single man is wanted. We have 1 I been supplying them for years to the best people 1 1 everywhere. No fee asked. i PETER HENDERSON & CO. Seedsmen and Florists ! 33 and 37 Cortlandt St. NEW YORK CITY X ^jiiiiiii!inii!!iiimi!iiiimi!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiii]!i]]iiiii!imimiiiiiiimiiiM A Weak Crotch — Hidden De- cay—a Winter Storm— RUIN! and yet this tree seemed perfect How many of your trees, which look per- fect to you, are in danger of destruction Liy the next winter storm, because of weak crotches and hidden decay? Only the trained eye "t" a real tree surgeon can determine. Onlv real ire. surgery as practiced by Davev Tree Surgeons can remedy perma- nently tiie defects that make them easy victims «d" winter storms Win. Kleinheinta, Supt. of the famous P. A. B. Wideuer Es- tate. Ourontz, Pa„ writes: "In a most severe ice storm recently our trees were only very slightly damaged, thanks to the excellent reinforcements you gave them." In our files are hundreds of similarly en- thusiastic letters. Tin- U. S. Government, after exhaustive investigation, officially chose Davey experts as beat. r>avey Tree Surgery is mechanically perfect and scien- tifically accurate. Everj year of neglect from H", t«> L'.v, 1.. tire cost of sav- ing trees. Have your trees examined now. Write today I'M- free exa ininatinn and book- let illustrating Davey Ti Surgery. #f< Davey Tree Surgeons THE DAVEY TREE EXPERT CO. 210 Elm St., Kent. Ohio (Operating the Davey Institute of Tree Surgery) Ac- credited representatives able between Kan- sas City and Boston MM1 - HAVE YOUR TREES EXAMINED/VOtV/ . afctr ' 1 — ~t. .^ .,.—— — - 5fl£T*.i 42 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. f(fo m rtft m 'When it comes to Greenhouses Come to General Offices and Factory— ELIZABETH. N. J. NEW YORK 1170 Broadway BOSTON 49 Federal St. PHILADELPHIA 40 S. 15th St. 0 w m 1 W w M m Nothing adds more to the beauty and attractive- ness of your grounds than a good, substantial fence. Permanency is of prime importance, too. Select the fence that defies rust and withstands all weather conditions. fences are made of big, strong wires with clamped joints which prevent slipping, sagging or twisting. This exclusive feature assures unusual rigidity under the most severe strain. Excelsior Fences are dipped in molten zinc which makes them practically indestructible. Write for Catalog J from which to select the style best suited to your needs. Ask your hardware dealer for Excelsior " Rust Proof " Trellises, Flower and Tree Guards. WRIGHT WIRE COMPANY, Worcester, Mass. iiiiinitmiinnnniiiiiiiniiininninninmiiiiiiii imiiiii i imiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiui miiiiiiiiiiiii rtuririri n iiiiiiiiiiiiiniii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiii iiiiiniiiuniiiu i minimi iiiinnniuim| Science is teaching that it is as essential to | PROTECT PLANT LIFE | I from insect pests and the various fungi with which it is afflicted as it is to properly fertilize it. a concentrated liquid spraying material, read- ily soluble in water, is used at various strengths, according to directions on cans. Aphine is equally ef- f< ctive in the house and garden; free from dis- agreeable odors of most insecticides, :ind prac- tical for professional ami amateur growers. It is effective against green, black and white fly, red spider, thrips, mealy bug, soft scale, rose, cabbage ami cur- rant slugs, and other soft bodied and sap-sucking insects. It can be applied to the tenderest foliage, flowers, fruits ami vegetables. Aphine will keep your plants (sweet pea vines, rose bushes, etc.. etc.) in the garden free from inserts Gill, 25c,; half pint, 40c; pint, 65c; quart, $1.00; gallon. $2.50. SCALINE As a summer spray for hardy trees, shrubs and plants it is an effec- tive remedy against green, black and white fly, red spider, thrips, woolly aphis, cottony maple scale, tulip scale, mealy bug, and all soft scale. TTse one purr Scaline to forty to fifty parts water. Scaline will rid your evergreens and shrubs of the red spider pest, which has done so much havoc to them recently. For summer spraying, Scaline is recognized as a marked improve- ment over the old-fashioned kerosene emulsion; more effective and more economical. It mixes readily with water, contains no sediment, and can be applied with the finest spray nozzle. Quart, 75c; gallon, $1.50; 10 gallons, $10.00. FUNGINE is a concentrated sulphur composition, used as a spraying material, readily sol n hie in water, containing no sediment, and, unlike Bordeaux mixture, and lime and sulphur, does not stain -the foliage, but cleanses it. It is an infallible remedy for mildew, rust and wilt, affecting flowers, fruits and vegetables, and is used with much success by lead- ing growers on young stock as a preventive against various blights. One gallon makes 50 gallons spraying material. Half pint, 30c; pint, 50c; quart, 75c; gallon, $2.00. VERMINE is a soil sterilizer and vermicide. Destroys cut, wire, eel and grub worms, maggots, root lice and ants. Used one part to four hundred parts water, thoroughly soaking the ground, it will protect your plants and lawns against ravages under the soil. Gill, 25c; half pint, 40c; pints, 65c; quart, $1.00; gallon, $3.00. These products have the endorsement of leading commercial and private growers, and are generally recognised as standard remedies for the control of the insects and plant diseases for which they are recom- mended For sale by the leading seedsmen throughout the country. If not obtainable in your community, send us your order direct and we will have it shipped to you from our nearest agency. Aphine Manufacturing Co. MANUFACTURERS OF AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS Madison, N. J. Miiiiiiiiiiiii minimi minimum in mini i iniiini mi mini mini iniini i iniunnnuu nnnnnnm iiiimnnnn i nun I urn in tin iiinnnni mini uuiinininnum,- mm ma Mil Are You Going to Let This Woman Beat You in Business? SHE lives in Southboro, Mass. Her father died, leav- ing her a home, two or three thousand dollars, and an acre of land. Did she start taking boarders or be- come the village seamstress? Not a bit of it. She promptly made up her mind to make that acre yield her a liberal living; and each year tuck away a snug sum in the bank. She promptly got in touch with our Boston office; and in quick order had plans, specifications, and an estimate for two of our greenhouses, each 30 x 1 5 I feet. Then, she went to one of the "Old money bags" of the town and told him what she proposed to do, and asked for a loan equal to her heritage. She had every detail of the scheme so carefully thought out, and so logically presented, that the money was promptly forthcoming. In two months, the houses were up, a good responsible grower employed; carnation plants bought and planted, and the business in full swing. Her first year yielded a most convincing profit. Today her Carnations bring a premium in the Boston market. To line up her success would be to say: She does what- ever she does just a little better than the other fellow. And that, after all, is the keynote of any success. Don't this woman's results start your thoughts green- houseward? Want facts and figures? Don't hesitate to ask us any and all the questions you want. Interior of A. A. Pembroke's Iron Frame Carnation House at Beverly. Mass. Mr. Pembroke was one of the big prize winners of 1915 with his carnations. Tord.o'fiurnhamCo. SALES OFFICES CHICAGO ROCHESTER BOSTON CLEVELAND Rookery Bldg. Granite Bldg. Tremont Bldg. Swetland Bldg TORONTO MONTREAL Royal Bank Bldg. Transportation Bldg. FACTORIES NEW YORK 42nd Street Bldg. PHILADELPHIA Franklin Bank Bldg. Irvington, N. Y. Des Plaines, 111. St. Catharines, Canada 5 ,»i r x~U°- &K* r-7 3lW fh-i -y W **A .;■"> ->.T- Pi Double-Disc THE finest silver thread of music spun by the wizard bow of Ysaye — the tears and feeling in the tender depths of Fremstads noble voice — the sheer magnificence of a thrilling orchestral finale — all these elusive tonal beauties are caught and expressed in Columbia Records, from the faintest whisper to the vastest tidal wave of sound. Volume — TONE — feeling — the most delicate shading of a theme are perfectly preserved and supremely present in every Columbia Record, an exquisite tone-perfection that does nt>t vanish with use. You can test these exclusive qualities in a series of home recitals such as no concert audience is ever privi- leged to hear. See the nearest Columbia dealer today and arrange your first recital. /Vein Columbia records go on sale the 20th of even month Not<^ COLUMBIA GRAPHOPHONE COMPANY Woolworth Building, New York GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA 'LTURAIj PARKS & GARDENS ILLUSTRATED &1.5Q The Year FEBRUARY. 1916 15c. The Codv Dark patch is the odorless Alphano, all ready to be raked in the grass out of sight. For lawns, it is a wonder worker. Dig it early around all your shrubs. It quickens their vitality and multiplies the bloom. Three Big Soil Builders In Alpkano 1 . The richest of soil humus. 2. The best available mineral plant foods. 3. All the essential nitrogen gather ing soil bacteria. Here at last is a per- fectly balanced soil raiion that unfailing- ly produces both immediate and long enduring fertility. No odor. No weed seeds. No conta- gious disease germs. None of which can be said of manures. Number One, gives the proper tilth to the soil. It loosens up compact ones; and binds together loose ones. Acts as a dry weather defying, soil moisture sponge. Prevents soluble plant foods from leaching away before ben- efiting the roots. Number Two, contains all $12 a ton in bags $10 a ton in bags by carload 8 a ten in bulk by car or barge load the soluble mineral plant foods, all of which are so prohibitively high. The potash alone would cost you several aollars, to say nothing of its phosphates and nitrogen. Number Three. It is liberally inocu- lated with Alphano Noculant, filling it with teeming billions of all the nitro- gen gathering and fixing bacteria for the legumes, such as Alfalfa, Clovers, Peas, Beans, and the like. Alphano is cheap to buy, easy to use, gives quick results first season ; and continues its benefits next. It is sweet, dry and finely granulated. Don't confuse it with the unprepared, often sour, water logged humus sold under various names. F. O. B. Alphano, N. J. Send " X ^ me your ^ Alphano Book, telling about your "all in one" soil builder. Na Addr AtpKgtfio n. ULtTVULS -o. Established K505 17-G Battery Place, New York w. ;■■■■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ mm mmw, m THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. 47 giiiiiininiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiii mi mill lllllllll niiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinii iiiiiiiiiiiiniii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiini iniiiiiii i n nun uiuiiiiiiiiiii iniiiiiiuunii iiiiiin inn iiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiii iiimiimiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiig | "The King of American Evergreens'— WHITE PINE | The Very Foundation of Ornamental and Commercial Tree Planting Plant White Pine for Beauty Use White Pine for screens, borders, avenue planting and otherwise beautifying an estate. Plant groves of White Pine for restfulness. There is nothing more soothing on a lint summer day than to relax in the cool, refreshing seclusion of a Pine grove with its soft carpet of needles. Twice Transplanted White Pine Hirdy, Sturdy, Vigorous No. 1 Quality 2 to 3 feet high 1000 trees for $200 100 trees for $24 10 trees for $4.50 This picture shows our 2 to 3-foot grade. These prices are f.o. b. Framingham. Moss. Send today for our new 1916 Illustrated Tree Cata- logue in which are listed twenty million forest, shade and ornamental trees. All grown at our nurseries from hardy seed, the very best at the lowest prices. Evergreens, hardwoods and shrubs in all desirable species. Each order is dug fresh upon receipt, carefully packed and promptly shipped. tf ■*jr FjMljj 2a f ' fjn\ ■ ' t Plant White Pine for Profit Use White Pine for cut-over lands, for sandy soils and other bare, un- productive, unsightly places, for worn-out pas- tures, for lands useless for other purposes. Use White Pine to increase the value of country build- ing sites, for underplanting in shady places. In woods where chestnut trees have died out. Once Transplanted White Pine Lighter Grade 2 to 3 feet high 1000 trees for $95 100 trees for $12 10 trees for $3 For best and quickest results use twice transplanted trees. Let our men plant your trees for you. Many of our foremen and men have been with us for ten or twelve years and with their scientific training and years of valuable experience are versed in all matters pertaining to trees and tree planting. These men are at your service and we should be pleased to not only furnish you with trees, but also to plant them for you. Write for "Service Bulletin No. 3," sent free, which tells all about the kinds of work we do. The Great Firm? of Little frees of Ljrge Values and Small Prices The Home of American-born, American-grown trees — the best for America Ctttte 3Tr££ 3?arms nf America Near Boston <& NURSERIES OF AMERICAN FORESTRY COMPANY, Dept. H, IS Beacon St., Boston, Mass. & -, iiiiniiiiimi i iniiiiiii ii iiiiiiiiiiiii iniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiihiii inn iiiii mmi iiiimi mil , urn riiiiin in iiiiiiimimiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiii i mini i iiuiiiinniiiiiiiiiitim^ wmmm Three Mammoth Warehouses For the Retail and Wholesale Departments of The MacNiff Horticultural Co. 52-54 and 56 Vesey Street, New York When alterations are completed in March, we will have the Largest Seed and Plant Salesrooms in America Our Retail Seed Catalogues now ready for delivery. Copy mailed on application. If you wish copies of our Auction Catalogues mailed to you weekly during the Spring and Fall Seasons, please send us your address. THE MACNIFF HORTICULTURAL CO. 52-54 & 56 Vesey Street, New York > I i Il»ll < mum II mm , hi mum mi in mini .minim ttnii Illinium c inillll!llUIIIIIIIIIIII!lllllll!UIIIU!llllllllll!!ll!llll!IIIIU!llllllllllll!l^ 48 THE GARDENERS7 CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. >••-.••-";> i en en E ^ ^^ CO CJ CO L p**^^ 2 < O o < X in < U Q H < en H en « Q Z D a J-H O f— I J) ^ -a Old u ^ t Q £ I— H 05 CD - W -a a | P- * o ■§ O X on 3 UJ H ■*3 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. 49 !l|'^^Vll,lllllllllll!'!!:::J!lillllililLil: . -iiiiiiiihiii,..!!:.:!!-!;...!. iiiiiiiii,.!:....!!'!. iiiiiiiiiiililiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiH^ B OBBINK & ATKIN "World's Choicest Nursery and Greenhouse Products" s GROWN IN AMERICA Our wide and complete collection enables us to execute your orders thoroughly, for inside as well as outside dec- orations. You are invited to inspect this material at our Nurseries. ROSES EVERGREENS SHADE TREES RHODODENDRONS FLOWERING SHRUBS HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS PALMS AND HOUSE PLANTS. OUR HYBRID GIANT FLOWERING MARSHMALLOW OUR ILLUSTRATED GENERAL CATALOG No. 45, mailed on request, describes these products fully. We Plan and Plant Grounds and Gardens Everywhere Bobbink & Atkins Heart Cypress Tubs We take pleasure in directing the attention of our patrons to our Plant Tub De- partment. This has now been in existence for several years. In addition to these we make many other de- signs and if customers will submit to us sketch showing styles and dimensions wanted we shall be pleased to quote prices. WINDOW BOXES AND ENGLISH GAR- DEN FURNITURE. We manufacture Window Boxes, and Garden Furniture to order. We shall be pleased to give prices on sketches submitted showing dimensions of Window Boxes and Gar- den Furniture, stating color and style. ARTISTIC RUSTIC WORK. Summer- Houses, Pergolas, Tables, Chairs, Settees, Circu- lar Seats for Trees, Tennis-Court Shelters, Grape and Rose Arbors, Bridges, Fences. Gates, Ter- race Steps, Rustic Wells and Bird-Houses. We build everything that can be built of natural wood. Our Wood- work represents the highest per- fection of wood- worker's art. Es- timates furnished for Special Work. Round Tubs. No. 1. No. 2. 10-11 in. diam. inside $1.00 12-13 ' 1.50 14-15 " • 2.00 16-17 ' 3.00 18-19 " ' 3.50 20-21 " ' 4.00 22-23 " ' 4.50 24-25 " ' 5.00 26-27 " ' 5.50 28-29 " ' 6.50 30-31 " • 7.50 32-33 " ' 8.50 34-35 " ' 10.00 36-37 " ' 12.50 B. & A. Square Tubs 10-12 in 13-14 " 15-16 " 17-18 " 19-20 " 21-22 " 23-24 " 25-26 " 27-28 " 29-30 " 31-32 " 33-34 " 35-36 " 37-38 " 39-40 " diam. inside No. 1. $5.50 6.50 7.50 8.50 10.00 11.50 13.00 15.00 16.50 17.50 18.00 19.00 20.00 No. 2. $3.00 4.00 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.50 8.50 9.50 10.00 11.50 12.50 14.00 15.50 OUR NURSERIES. Ask for our Plant Tub Catalog. NURSERYMEN, FLORISTS AND PLANTERS, Rutherford, New Jersey iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuniiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiHiu^ so THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. NOVELTIES IN SINGLE 'MUMS that are worth general growing. Va- rieties that as sprays are superior to existing sorts. We have selected from the Johnson seedlings six of the finest that we offer as the "Mount Greenwood Novelty Set." One plant each of the six varieties for $1.50. The "Cromwell Gardens Novelty Set" is made up of seedlings of our own raising, with the exception of Margaret Waite, the deep pink sport of Mrs. E. D. Godfrey. Price, $1.50 for the set — one plant each of the six varieties. These will help the collections of 'mums for the shows in the fall, and Ramona and Fascination will be in many of the winning collections. ANPlEI\SON mc Cromwell Gardens Cj^PMwell Conn DREER'S GARDEN BOOK FOR 1916 is more than a catalogue. It is a guide-book of authoritative information on when to plant, how to plant and what to plant in whatever line of gardening you are interested. It contains cultural articles writ- ten by experts and is valuable alike to the amateur with a small plot or the professional with acres. It contains 288 pages, four color and four duotone plates. It lists all the dependable, tested, standard varieties of flowers and vegetables as well as the season's best novelties. The newest Roses, the best Dahlias, and Dreer's Improved Hardy Perennials are given special prom- inence. It features a number of noteworthy specialties in Vegetables, Sweet Peas, Asters and Phlox. What- ever is worth growing you will find in Dreer's Garden Book for 191 6, with full instructions how to grow it. Mailed free to vou if pou mention this publication. HENRY A. DREER 714-716 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia -fi> O. The Man in the Moon Says "Horse Chestnuts like those I saw at Moons' Nursery are worth taking ad- vantage of. Fine, well-shaped trees about 10 to 12 feet high. They have Japanese Maples down there, too, in as great a variety as I ever saw. Truly there is some 'Hardy Tree or Plant for Every Place and Purpose' in that nursery." Write now for catalog and prices THE WM. H. MOON COMPANY Ferry Road, Morrisville, Pa. PHILADELPHIA OFFICE 21 S. Twelfth Street THE MOON NURSERY CORP. White Plains. N. Y. HIS ;.l iiiiiiiiiiiniii iiiiiiniiiiiiiii.nl iiiiiini i iimiimiiiiimim iiiiiini iiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiii |iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiillliiiiiiillliiiiiii i inn iiiiiiiiwiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini iiiiiiiiiiiinii i iiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiii | Flower Aristocracy I The aristocrats among flowers spring from "Seeds with a Lineage" — Carters Tested | Seeds. | Carters Seeds rank highest in purity and germination due to | expert testing, selecting and | improving their variations at | Raynes Park, England, for | generations and generations. | Since introduced in America, | Carters Seeds have been the | logical choice for the grounds | and gardens of people who j wish for flowers and plants | which are above the ordinary. g Send for Carters "Garden and § Lawn," 1916 Edition (free of | charge). A wonderfully illus- H trated seed catalogue contain- ^ ing 16 color pages as well as p useful directions on planting H and cultivating. Write now for j§ the edition is limited. | CARTERS TESTED SEEDS, INC. 1 111 Chamber of Commerce Bide. Boston. Mass. | Branch of JAMES CARTES & CO. Raynes Park, London, England. „S MAjijn "'..•- CCORCC , Tested 'The Seeds with a Lineage" Tiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiii i I nil in iiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiii illinium ilium illllim mil I mil minimis THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. 51 1IIIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIIHH Marshall's Matchless Seeds and Bulbs The Standard of Merit which MATCHLESS means has been the factor in the rapid growth of our business during the past twelve years. Our 1916 Catalogue of MATCHLESS Seeds and Bulbs may not be as elaborate as others, but it contains all the varieties required for the Professional or Amateur Gardener, with the MATCHLESS reputation behind them. If you have not received a copy, a postal will bring it to you. SOMETHING NEW FOR FORCING Witloof Chicory or French Endive Roots. They will force in 3 to 4 weeks in any cellar. Price, 25 for $1 .25. 1 00 for $4.00. W. E. MARSHALL & CO. Seeds, Plants and Bulbs 166 WEST 23d STREET NEW YORK niiiiiiiiii;iiiiiiiiiii>ii!ii!iii!iiiiiiiiii>inuiii!iiiiiiiiiiiin»i IN that new Catalog of ours, you will find many good things that you know to be good; and a goodly lot we know are so good, you can't afford not to afford them. Send for one and see if we are not both right. The Cleveland Flower Show CLE\ I LAM). OHIO November IO IA, 1915 pur 3-/o * C^Lte £t*x ffi^* J*&&f Exhibited by - /MfUot* ~&o ■ o Julius* T^gekr5* Cor ** Box 20 Rutherford N.J. 52 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. £^ -Q^ gL Every Tree Guaranteed HICKS TUXES Any That Fail Replaced Time and Money Saved For that dry, sandy hill you know it is necessary to cart top soil before you can plant the usual kinds of trees and shrubs. Perhaps the soil or the money is not available. Try little Oaks and Pines, native to dry situations. Make an under planting of Bayberry, Hazelnut and Sumach. That is what nature would do. Little trees at $25.00 per thousand can be quickly planted and take care of themselves. In two or three years they will cover the ground and look cheerful and beautiful even in the severest drought when a planting of Forsythia, Deutzia, Silver Maple and Spruce would look yellow and unattractive. Trees that save 10 years guaranteed to grow satisfactorily or replaced. In S years 600 shade trees 6 to 12 in. diameter have been sold from Hicks Nurseries and 40 replaced. The skillful care which you would give them would greatly reduce this 40. Big evergreens 10 to 25 feet high recently rootpruned and transplanted may be just the thing needed to form a background to your flower garden, make a windbreak or shut out an undesirable view. Evergreens 2 to 6 ft. high in large variety and best possible quality, grown wide apart, trans- planted more than usual ; dug with big balls of earth, clamped solidly ; and guaranteed to grow satisfactorily or replaced. flicks ire^5 Isaac Hicks &> Son Weslburu . Lon<; Island SWEET PEAS UP TO DATE For full information see Our Garden Guide, now ready Send a postal card for your copy Arthur T. Boddington Co., Inc. SEEDSMEN 128 Chambers St. New York giiiiiiiiniuiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw "EXCELLENT A BULBS" FOR HIGHEST QUALITY JOHN SCHEEPERS & CO., INC. BULB SPECIALISTS NO. 2 STONE ST. NEW YORK I A First-Class English Novelty 1 CALCEOLARIAS COTSWOLD HYBRID This is one of the finest greenhouse Calceolarias 1 | and one of the most useful gains of the year 1915. | It is easily grown, is of fine free branching, upright | character, growing fully 2 ft. tall, with attractive | | yellow inflorescences. Sow now. Retail, per packet 65 cents I | To be obtained of all leading seedsmen throughout | j the U. S. A., or from the raisers | J. JEFFERIES & SON, Cirencester, England 1 Miiiiiiiiiiiinilillllliiniiliiiii milium imiliii mimiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiimmiiiiiim in iiiiiiimiiiiiiimiiiiiiiinimm iniiimi 1 ^jtmiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiittiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiitiiiiMiiiiiiiimiNN i miiii iiiiini imimii iiiNiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiu iiuiiii nn_y| I DAHLIAS & GLADIOLI 1 BEGONIAS, HARDY PLANTS AND BULBS FOR SPRING PLANTING Orchids WRITE TODAY FOR KRELAGE'S CATALOG Established 1811 in Haarlem (Holland) J. A. DE VEER, Sole Agent 100 WILLIAM ST. (Woodbridge Bldg.), NEW YORK If you contemplate buying semi-es- tablished, established or imported Orchids, consult us first. We carry in stock about 25,000 plants and from April to July we shall receive large consignments of imported Orchids. We specialize in supplying the pri- vate trade. Let us figure on your requirements — our quality is second to none. Orchid Peat, Live Sphagnum Moss, Baskets, Pot Hangers, always on hand. Send for our price list. G. E. Baldwin &■ Company Orchid Collectors, Growers and Importers Mamaroneck Box 98 New York THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. 5i II NEW ORCHID COLORED SWAINSONIA II II "MRS. JOSEPH MANDA" j| 1| AWARDED II First-Class Certificate — New Jersey Floricultural Society. Certificate of Merit — Horticultural Society of New York. Certificate of Merit — New York Florist Club. Certificate of Merit — Morris County Gardeners' and Florists' Society. This new variety of Swainsonia is a great improvement over the old alba and rosea, producing larger spikes of flowers. It can be most effectively used as a bedding plant. 75c. each. $7.50 a dozen. $50.00 a hundred. All the Novelties and Standard Varieties in Roses, Carnations and Chrysanthemums. Give me a trial order ■ I JOSEPH MANDA, Orchid Expert, Seedsman and Florist || |I WEST ORANGE, N. J. || | iiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!!ii'iiiiiiiiiiniiininiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii>ii mm iimnn iiiimiimimimimiiiii mmmmiiii m 1 1 1 1 n n u 1 11 1 1 1 m n iiiiiiini in in i n i n miitririi iuiii mttiitiiui muni | ^iiiiiiuimiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii(iii;iiiii»iiiiiini: mini! iiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiil iiiiiiiiiiiilliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin iiiiiiiini i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin iiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiii. mssJl ' !fi Let out OF course, there are several that have such a reputation for goodness that you surely know you want them. Then again. there may be some you think are just the thing for some particular purpose ; that Mr. Wintzer can sug- gest substituting for some better ones. Ones that may flower longer ; stand the wind better ; or be a little better in color. He has asked me to tell you not to hesitate to call on him. Busy a man as he is, he nevertheless does take a lot of interest and pleas- ure in being of any assistance he can to you and your friends. Our com- plete list of all our Cannas you are welcome to. GOLD MEDAL SET SAN DIEGO: 4 feet. Described is Chinese orange or Persian yellow in color. The crimped petals are re- markable for substance, which enables them to withstand the hot summer sun without wilting, and another charm is in the buds, which are a dark bronze, harmonizing with the go'den brouz? foliage. Grand i'l i \ iv v. in- Strong Plants 75c. each. 10 for $6. SPECIAL OFFER: 1 each of 3. GOLDEN GATE: 4 feet. The (lowers open almost pure gold, but soon be- come richly rayed with orange crimson anil apricot : throat deep carmine red. Foliage green. Strong Plants 50c. each. 10 for $3.50 CITY OF PORTLAND: 3\'2 feet. The color is a beautiful glowing pink. deeper in color than its parent Mrs. Alfred F. Conard, aud the flowers are produced in greatest profusion on strong, erect, branching stalks. It is an early and continuous hloomer. blooming freely in hot or cold w ather. ('anna experts (lie last sea- son pronounced it the "finest all- ri und pink ('anna to date " Strong Plants 50c. each. 10 for $3.50 for $1. lost paid each of 3. 15 for $5. delivered free. SIX BEST FOR ONE-COLOR BEDS Per 10 Per 100 ' Rotten Bate, ::'■■ ft. yellow $3.50 $25.00 1 .Mrs. Airr il F. Conard, 4 ft. pink 12.50 Venus, 4 ft. pink 3.00 Per 10 Per inn 1 Wabash, B. 4 ft. pink 7.50 1 Win Saunders, B. 4 ft. red. . . , 4.00 1 Wintzcr's Colossal, 5 to 0 ft. red 2.50 20.00 THE CONARD & JONES CO. Swastika Brand Cannas WEST GROVE, PA. ^Satf!fiSa^S^SSS!fia^^tf;!fiSffiffi^ 54 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. W^t Contents- -Stebrnanj, 1916 Page Page Things and Thoughts of the Garden Fcurth National Flower Show, Philadelphia 70 The Onlooker 55 New York Spring Flower Show 70 Planning the Home Garden W . N. Craig 57 Offer to American Growers of Nephrolepis 70 The Rose Garden of Europe 59 National Association of Gardeners' Notes 71 The Naturalist in His Garden 60 Among the Gardeners 71 The Amateur's Garden Plotting — And Reali- Fruit Bearing Plants for the Birds and zation . . Robert Welles Richie 61 Ornamentation . . L. P. Jensen 72 A Quickly Developed Rock Garden 63 American Association of Park Superintendents Dry Wall Gardens ..... 63 Notes 73 Work for the Month of February The Prairie Spirit in Landscape Gardening 73 Henrp Gibson 64 Tree Surgery a Patented Device . 75 Tomatoes Under Glass .... 65 Fragrant Roses for the Garden 77 Hotbeds for Early Vegetables 66 National Association Directory 79 Mulching ...... 66 Local Society Directory 79 Herbaceous Phloxes .... 67 Garden Club Directory 80 Is "Landscape Forestry" a Misnomer? Horticultural Events 81 Arthur Sr.ith 68 Reports of Local Society Meetings 81-87 iiiiiimiiiiii]iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiraiiiiiiiiiiii|]iiiiii»iiiiiiiiNiNiini:ii : ;m l:llll:l!ll!l!IU!!!lllllll!ll«lll[lllll .1 .11.. .ml in ::. in. !.■ ; ■. - - :: i.im: i lllllimjlllllllllliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiii; Stumpp & Walter Co.'s Catalog Our 1916 Spring Catalog will be mailed to you on request, if you have not already received a copy. Many New and Exhibition varieties of Flower and Vegetable Seeds are offered. Farm and Grass Seeds are also a feature. Cannas, Dahlias, and Gladioli — the best varieties to date. ^tmm^(lJhti€f& 30-32 Barclay St. KT e w York 11111 1 in 11111:1111 1111111111111 i'iiiiiiiiiiiiihiiiiiiiii 11 lis GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS Devoted to the Science of Floriculture and Horticulture. THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PARK SUPERINTENDENTS. Devoted to Park Development and Recreational Facilities. Vol. XX. FEBRUARY, 1916 No. 2. Things and Thoughts of the Garden By The Onlooker. AT this time of year many of us find a difficulty in yetting Sweet Pea seeds to germinate. As last year was wet and cool there ought not to be the same difficulty, yet there will assuredly be some hard- shelled seeds that will lie dormant unless the skins are chipped or filed prior to sowing. It has been found that to steep or immerse these seeds in pure sulphuric acid for a period not exceeding half an hour, allows them to germinate freely and regularly, and they grow away strongly. Try this with at least a few and mark the result. I would not take the most expensive varieties for the experiment, since this sort of test is new and may contain risks we have not so far experienced, but where tried all has been well. One thing in which improvement has been made is the Freesia. Fletcher's Improved Purity marks the high water mark so far attained in size, solidity, whiteness, and with it all fragrance has not been lost. There is not such distinctive scent as in the old F. refracta alba, but it is still the fragrant Freesia. In a year or two we may hope to see some of the new pink and yellow varieties on the market — I mean as cut flowers, as some of the Boston growers, I hear, have the idea of taking them up for that purpose. Yet as there have been a pink and a yellow Freesia in existence and known to cultivation for many years, it is remarkable that they have not taken a front place ere now. Those who grow the old Christmas Rose (Helle- borus niger) have a treasure. A cold frame over the plants as they stand in the border is all they call for, and the Christmas Rose generously supplies its chaste white blooms in midwinter. Following it, toward the spring, are the Lent Lilies, varieties of H. orientalis, which comprise atrorubens, punctatus and rubissimus. They are not gaudy or very brilliant, and unless their flowers are at once thrown into water on being cut they close up and never open properly again. But if this precaution is taken you have one of the most wonderful and beautiful cut flower exhibits possible. Mr. Fardell, of Great Neck, L. I., has taken up the hy- bridizing of these. They also were favorites of such good old florists as Dr. Robert Hogg and Peter Barr, the former best remembered as a pomologist, and as author of "The Fruit Manual," the latter as the ■"Daffodil King." It may be said that the blooms of the hybrids are in purple, plum, pink, rose, greenish primrose shades, and some are prettily spotted and speckled. They like a cool spot in the garden in just a little shade, deep soil, and are best transplanted soon after the flowering is over. The Fuchsias are too much neglected. They are exceedingly easy to grow and are grand plants. In a few places one sees them used for bedding and they do splendidly, while for the greenhouse there is noth- ing we can grow that looks any better. Red spider won't trouble them if you do your part. Now is the time to start taking cuttings or to start the old plants into new growth. First they should be pruned, and this may be done hard or light. Usually it is pretty hard. Then a repotting or at the least top-dressing may be given. A temperature of 50° will do to start the old plants, raising this when growth has begun to 55° or 60°. Keeping the plants free of greenfly is about all that demands attention, with watering and a little regulating of the growth. They do not re- quire stopping or pinching. Cuttings of the young growth can be got when this is 2 inches to 3 inches long, taking pieces with a firm base if possible, al- though this is not essential. Strike these as you would your Chrysanthemums or Carnations, and indeed they can be treated almost exactly similarly to 'Mums. They will want pretty regular potting on and will flower in 5-inch or 6-inch pots in July, August and later. Among the best for pot work are the triphylla hybrids, and of the larger kinds the best are Earl" of Beaconsfield, Mrs. Marshall, Rose of Castille, Ballet Girl, Phenomenal. Why not put out a few of the hardy Fuchsias, too? They are as easy to winter as Hydrangea Japonica, which gives very little trouble in many sections. In the latitude of New York we carry these over quite well. The species are Riccar- toni — the hardiest, which will send up young shoots from the root_ stock every spring, especially if it is in a dryish place, for I have found it to fail in heavy wet soil in winter — macrostemma and gracilis. Each of these is a capital bedding plant and deserves to be grown largely for that purpose alone. ****** What are the twelve best dwarf or medium growing hardy border flowers, taking into consideration length of flowering period, easy culture and brightness? Here is something that will raise a discussion surely! Any- way, here's my list : Arnebia echioides, Chrysogonum THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. virginianum, Dicentra eximia, Betonica grandiflora, Polemonium Richardsoni, Nepeta Mussoni (unwar- rantedly neglected), Dianthus plumarius, Corydalis cheilanthfolia, Geum Heldreichi, Phlox amoena, Helenium pumila, and lastly, Oenothera Youngi. Now for criticisms. Must of the greenhouses one sees are not adapted for the planting out in a permanent way of the plants in them. Even the big conservatories mostly have benches. This is not an unmixed blessing, although it allows the grower more readily to alter the aspect of things. For the sake of the plants, however, the planting out is perhaps best : albeit there are draw- backs. The watering is a difficulty, especially if un- skilled or careless men are left in charge. But does this not also apply in the case of benches? It cer- tainly does. With moderately vigorous plants, such as most of the palms and many ferns, also such flower- ing subjects as Brunfelsias, Lagerstroemias, the taller Begonias, particularly manicata, and others, planting out is all right. The Acacias likewise flourish, as do the more tender Rhododendrons, Strelitzia, Liliums, Eriostemons, the ever-flowering Impatiens Oliveri, and a goodly lot of climbing plants which can be employed on the pillars or walls. Those I have mentioned thus indiscriminately each and all do well in an intermediate temperature : the Rhododendrons alone might be ex- cepted. And just as we move our shrubbery plants about, so can the indoor plants be moved. There is much in favor of permanent setting out, especially in the large conservatories. It is a natural way of grow- ing the plants. H= * * * * * I At this winter season of the year we appreciate the smaller cacti and succulents more than when there are objects to interest us in the open air. Beds of cacti are a common enough sight in summer, but the Old Man Cactus (Pilocereus senilis), the Rat's-tail Cactus (Cereus flagelliformis), the cone-shaped green and pinkish tinted Haworthia, the Mistletoe-like Rhip- salis, the geometrically proportioned Mamillarias and many another, are all welcome, and no good garden should be without at least a small assortment of the more remarkable of them since they represent such a distinctive type of world vegetation. Among the cacti, too, there are some of the best of our showy flower- ing plants, as for instance the Epiphyllums, Phyllo- cactus, and the georgeous but fugacious Cereus, of which grandiflora, called Queen of the Night, and C. triangularis may be mentioned. Epiphyllum Gaert- neri is very popular with florists, commonly called Christmas Cactus. Tike ferns, cacti have their special devotees who spend endless days studying and ad- miring them. They are easy to cultivate but are not all cast iron. The more one knows about them and their ways the better they are liked, which is what is to be expected, and what happens in the case of most studies and hobbies. The amateur who is the proud possessor of a Night Flowering Cactus that is showing patent signs of coming into bloom is very much in the same state of mind as the poor woman who found the coin she had lost, as mentioned in the Scriptures, and who called her friends together to rejoice with her. What would the newspaper reporter do, too, without the Century Plant whose ineradicable tendency, according to him, to flower only once in a hundred years is so often brought to the notice of his readers? Opuntias furnish us with about the only truly hardy members of the family. The finest indoor collection of these interesting plants in the world is, curiously enough, at Alexandra Park, in smoky, rainy Manchester, England. If there is a better, more com- plete, or more skilfully arranged collection anywhere, I would be very glad to hear of it. In this case a whole range of large and lofty modern houses is de- voted to the plants, which are planted out in beds amid sandstone rocks and boulders, the climbing kinds being finely used for sprawling over these and for training to the pillars and rafters. No description would do justice to the planting and arrangement, the whole collection being a revelation as to the possi- bilities of these plants when put to the best use. It is no exaggeration to say that this cactus collection is artistic, while over a large part of the year there are plants in bloom. The collection was gathered from all sources during his lifetime by Charles Darrah, a Man- chester merchant, and at his death presented to the city, which then built the present noble range of glass to shelter them. They are well worthy of a visit by anyone travelling in England. ^ H* * ^ * # After having read the papers that were delivered at the Boston conference of our societv in Decem- ber, I am more convinced than ever that before we can accomplish much for the advancement of our- selves as gardeners we must devise a scheme whereby bona-fide gardeners, men who have been carefully and broadly trained, shall be protected from the interloper, the untrained fellow. I know quite well what the difficulties are and some of the arguments advanced against trying to regulate the supply of gardeners. It is said that many good men have entered the calling long after the age of apprenticeship, that intelligent laborers once in a while "go up," and that in the pres- ent state of gardening as a profession many employers would and could get along without the certificated professional. Before the present war broke out the Royal Horticultural Society in England had instituted an examination by which all who passed received a diploma, which was to be the sign of a well-educated, scientific and practical gardener. Demonstrations of the practical ability of the candidates was a special feature of the test for the diploma. At our own col- leges here, the young men, of course, qualify on the theoretical side of the business and, as was pointed out at the conference, their practical training is better than it was and is improving. * * * * * * There is a disposition to belittle the college man, and certainly he does not always compare favorably with the horney-handed chap. All the same, we who had to get our theoretical knowdedge without the as- sistance of a regular course are the very ones who envy him that part of his training. One of the most successful practical men I knew, now dead, recog- nizing his skill on the practical side, expressed his strong desire for a far better knowledge of "theory." He felt handicapped and believed that his success, great as it was, would have been more unqualified still had he had a deeper insight into the science of garden- ing. But the knowledge acquired in learning botany, chemistry, geology, entomology, surveying, physics and what-not, is surely good in itself. It gives us new eyes to see with ; it opens up hidden things ; it shows us the inner working of the plants, comprehension of soils and strata, etc., and surely that ought to be desirable. Whether it is an actual fact or not I cannot say, but I was told by one who worked under him, (Continued on page 75) Planning the Home Garden By William N. Craig, Massachusetts. S( )IL. location, area, environment, are a few things to consider when we discuss the home flower garden. I am addressing these remarks more particularly to those who belong to the ever increasing army of ama- teur horticulturists, many of whom have but limited facilities for flower growing, and who are not in a financial position to spend any considerable sum annu- ally on their garden, but who at the same time are anxious to get as much pleasure as they can, over as large a season as possible, from it. For the encouragement of small growers, I want to say that while New York and New England are popularly classed as boreal regions of ice and snow for one-fourth of the year, my experience for a quar- tet of a century has proved that in some favored years we can have flowers outdoors from January until De- cember, and even under the most adverse climatic conditions, there are never more than two months when we are really without some outdoor flowers. In January, on warm southern slopes we usually have some Snowdrops open ; one month later, Winter Aconites, Crocus, and some Chionodoas open their flowers. March gives us these, and Siberian Scillas, the early Tulip Kauffmanniana, the little Narcissus minimus. April yields a wealth of flowers, including early Tulips, many Narcissi, Fritillarias, early Iris such as histrioides and cristata, English Primroses, and quite a few perennials and shrubs. The late Narcissi, cottage and Darwin Tulips, German Iris, Pyrethrum roseum, Moutan Peonies, Hemerocallis flava, Lily-of- the-valley, dwarf Phloxes, and many other interesting herbaceous plants. Alpines, trees, and shrubs bloom in May. During the leafy month of June, the regal Japanese Iris follows the German, Spanish and English types — Columbines, Phloxes, Peonies, early Larkspurs, Dictamnus (gas plants), Lupinus, Canterbury Bells, Lychnis, Lilium candidum, and many other herbs, not to mention Azaleas, Rhododendrons, Roses, and a wealth of other trees and shrubs are with us. In July come the Larkspurs, Foxgloves, Hollyhocks, Hemero- callis, Phloxes, such Liliums as Hansoni, regale, Sar- gentioe, and excelsum, and many annuals. August charms us with Gladioli, Monthretias, speciosum and Henrv, Liliums, Monkshoods, Sunflowers, Beltonias, and the early Asters, Kniphofias, and Japanese Ane- mones. During September, the Japanese Anemones fully assert themselves ; the Michaelmas Daisies are in the heyday of their glory ; Dahlias are at their best ; so are the majority of annuals and tender bedding plants. October gives us late Sunflowers and Asters, Anemones, Pompone Chrysanthemums, Colchicums, Buddleias still a mass of flowers, and a second crop of bloom on many deciduous shrubs. When November's surly blasts come to make fields and forests bare, we can still find Roses, Anemones, Chrysanthemums ; in some years, Dahlias, Witch-hazels, and various an- nuals— last November we even had Fuchias, Gera- niums, and Salvias flowering at Thanksgiving. You will say: "How about December?" On December 2 last, during a ramble, I found ten varieties of native flowers still blooming. We had quantities of Viola cornuta, also Primroses, Pansies, and some Dianthus in flower. I say, therefore, that we have much to be thankful for in the fact that, even in our cold latitudes, some flowers are possible in practically each month, and that if we consider berry-bearing shrubs which every garden should contain, not only for beauty, but because they attract our best friends the birds to our gardens, we have a continuous panorama of beauty the year through. All space about the home should not be devoted to flower or vegetable growing. A good lawn is an indispensable adjunct ; but, too often, alas ! all we see is lawn and no flowers. The importance of a well kept lawn can scarcely be overestimated; it is no easy matter to keep such in condition when we consider the droughts we have and the hordes of noxious weeds which infest our lawns. The numbers of weeds would be materially minimized if garden owners would stop the too common practise of spreading barnyard manure on their lawns in winter or early spring. This habit is a disgusting one ; it is unsanitary and fills the lawns full of noxious weeds. Use chemical fertilizers, wood ashes, fine bone, or pulverized manures for this top dressing. A flower garden is, or ought to be, a place devoted to the cultivation of trees, shrubs, and flowers of an ornamental nature, planted carefully, in order to give pleasure over a long season. It should always be of very convenient access ; in fact, the true home garden should be a veritable part of the home itself, which many elaborate American gardens of today certainly are NOT. Suitable planting round the boundaries to afford all possible seclusion should be very carefully done. Plant with some definite object, and allow cer- tain plants to develop, using others merely as tem- porary fillers. With a good depth of loam to support lawns, flower borders, or shrubberies, we can reasonably look for satisfactory results, as during droughty periods the plants will suffer less than those in thinner soil, and their growth will be far more luxuriant. Well-rotted cow manure, when obtainable, is the best fertilizer ; stable manure comes next in value. When these are not procurable, pulverized animal manures, humus, and well concentrated chemical fertilizers must be utilized. One of the great faults on both large and small estates is overplanting. In many cases, the usual habit is to crowd as many trees, shrubs or plants as possible into a given space without much regard to their eventual development. Shrubs naturally grow- ing 10 to 15 feet across will be found planted 24 inches apart each way, in order, we are told, to make an immediate effect ! In such cases, unless the owner or whoever manages his place uses some judgment, a tangled mass of shrubbery will grow up where there should be a few well developed specimens, each show- ing their individuality. In the way of flowering shrubs we have a rather painful repetition of variety in too many places. If a particular plant like Hydrangea paniculata grandiflora happens to be an easy doer, everyone feels they must needs plant it. Because one man plants a Blue Spruce, his neighbors think they should go and do likewise, oblivious of the fact that our native spruces with green foliage are just as beautiful ; and so on through the list. We see the Japanese Hydrangeas everywhere, yet we have a variety equally beautiful, just as hardy, and flowering over a far longer season, in our ever- blooming Hydrangea. Hydrangea arborescens grandi- flora, which flowers from June until October, and car- 58 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. ries immense circular beads of pure white flowers. We all admire the well known Mock Orange (Philodel- phus coronarius), yet how few are growing the beauti- ful Lemoinei varieties, which bloom when very small, with single, semi-double or double flowers deliriously scented. Take again the Lilac family, the most beautiful and valuable of the entire family of flowering shrubs. By planting even six or eight kinds, commencing with Syringa oblata, which blooms about the last of April, and including some of the many beautiful hybrids in- troduced by M. Lemoine of Nancy, France (the great- est hybridizer in the world and the one who has given us more fine shrubs, herbs and other plants than any other firm), and following with the Pekin, Reuen and villosa Lilacs, and lastly, the Japanese tree varieties, S. Pekinensis and S. Japonica, we can have fully two months of lilac flowers. The Chinese Buddleias, more especially such forms as B. variabilis magnifica and superba flowering for several months, earning racemes 6 to 18 inches long, of mauve or lavender flowers, deliriously scented, should be in every garden. Young plants from 3-inch pots will in good soil grow five or six feet high the first season. They are best cut down to the ground each spring, when they will break away with vigor. Then again we see practically everyone planting Spiraea van Houltei, a heavily overdone if handsome shrub. I consider S. Arguta far more beautiful and graceful : the new and tall-growing S. Wilsoni with pale pink flowers, and S. Henryi with pure white flow- ers are varieties I would command to your notice. Lonicera Morrowi and L. Tatarica are two beauti- ful bush honeysuckles. I would ask you, however, to plant I. Maackii podocarpa with pure white flowers, followed by glorious scarlet berries, carried very late in the season. Azalea mollis is well known, but any- one wdio has seen the brilliant A. Keempferi will want to plant it. Then again the Exechorda grandiflora Wilsoni is a great improvement over the type. In the way of smaller sized shrubs, Ecscholzia Stauntoni treated as an herbaceous plant, makes a fine border subject ; its rosy purple flowers are carried on terminal erect racomes. Hypericum Moserianum, the lar^e- flowered St. John's wort, has a splendid companion in the new Hypericum patulum Heuryii. The forego- ing names are merely given as suggestions, and must not be considered as more than a very partial list of flowering shrubs. Where space will permit, one or two flowering trees should be admitted, and given a chance to show their form and individuality. Suggestions are Malus, Schvdackeri, Augustifolia Bechteli, floribunds and spectabilis, Cornus Florida and its pink form rubra, various Magnolias, Cratoegus, and the Judas tree, Cercis Canadensis. It is well to remember that flowering shrubs, with few exceptions, should be pruned NOT in winter, but directly after flowering. Herbaceous, annual and bulbous flowers must always form the salient feature in any home garden, but ere mentioning them, roses should have a few words. They cannot well be omitted from any well considered garden. On large estates, special rose gar- dens are possible, but in the average home garden a bed or border may be allotted to them. By planting sav a dozen varieties, we can secure flowers from June until November. In the way of hybrid perpetuals, a few of the really desirable ones which are perpetual bloomers are: Mrs. John Laing. Mrs. R. G. Sharman Crawford, Frau Karl Druschki, Ulrich Brunner, Prince Camille de Rohan, and Alfred Colomb. This section is hardier than the hybrid teas, and at pruning time must be headed back severely. Hybrid teas are more tender than the hybrid perpetuals, and need light pruning. A useful half-dozen consists of Mme. Caro- line Testout, Gruss an Teplitz, Sunburst, Viscountess Folkestone, Konigin Carola, Dorothy Page Roberts and Mme. Leon Pain. In the way of polyantha roses we have some use- ful sorts, such as Mrs. Cutbush, Catherine Zeimet, Or- leans. Clotilde, Seupert, Hermosa. and Mme. Cecile I'.runner, all good bedders and fairly persistent bloom- ers. Rambler roses for piazza, pillar or arch cannot be omitted. The pioneer of this family. Crimson Ram- bler, is not desirable — the flowers fade a bad color and foliage becomes unsightly after the blooming season. Very good climbers are Dorothy Perkins, Lady Gay, Farquhar, Excelsa, Tausendschon, American Pillar, Alberic Barbier, Hiawatha and the good old buff-color- ed Gloire de Dijon. Referring to hardy herbaceous perennials, don't use too many varieties, but select those which will give a lengthy flowering season. Remove seeds from plants when flowers have faded ; in some cases this will cause additional flowers to appear, but it will always benefit the plants. Many varieties are very easily raised from seed in a cold frame, which every garden should pos- sess. In this, Pansies, Violas, Double Daisies, Forget- me-nots, Canterbury Bells, and other early flowering plants of questionable hardiness can be wintered. Let these plants freeze stiff, then fill over them with per- fectly dry leaves, and place on the sashes. Such plants will winter perfectly. The four best families of hardy perennials are Phloxes, which including the dwarf Subulata type, flower from April until October, unquestionably the most valuable hardy perennials we have: Iris, com- mencing with the early bulbous sorts, flower from early April until July; Larkspurs, from June 20 until October, by cutting down the first crop of flowers when faded and by utilizing the seedlings ; Peonies give us but little more than a month of bloom ; they have the advantage of carrying handsome foliage, however, right through the season, and Liliums, faltonias or Gladioli dotted amongst them all will give flowers in late summer. With the Larkspurs plant the Madonna Lily, Lilium candidum ; the immaculate flowers of the lilies and the glorious blue shades of the Larkspurs make a most exquisite combination. The following I would select as a dozen really first- class perennials, probably there are others equally good, but these are hardy, free-flowering, and give a long season of bloom in the aggregate. Dictamnus fraxinella, Anemone Japoniac alba, Lupinus polyphyl- lus, Phlox Miss Lingard, Delphinium belladonna. Peony Festive maxima, Aquilegia chrysantha. Aster Perry's Pink, Iris pallida Dalmatica, Geum coccineum Mrs. Bradshaw, Viola cornuta atro-purpurea, and Chrysanthemum maximum. As a dozen for cutting purposes, I would plant Lily- of-the-valley, Campanulas Gypsophila paniculata fl. pleno. Aquilegias, Phloxes, Larkspurs. Asters, Peonies, Iris, Euphorbia corellata. Hemerocallis, Chrysanthe- mums. Monkshoods and Anemones. For those wanting to try a dozen really good peren- nials, of more recent introduction, I would suggest : Gypsophila paniculata fl. pleno: Chrysanthemum Autumn Glory: Heuchera Nancy Perry: Achillea ptarmica, Perry's White ; Geum coccineum Mrs. Brad- shaw ; Delphinium Persimmon ; Phlox Elizabeth Camp- (Continued on page 76) The Rose Garden of Europe ONE summer's evening a party of three — two friends and myself — were seated in the courtyard of an orphanage in Sofia. At this juncture a carriage drove into the courtyard and pulled up before the entrance to the orphanage. To our surprise it came from the Royal Palace. A messenger alighted and in perfect English told us how King Ferdinand, having heard of the arrival of three plant collectors in Sofia, would like to see us on' the morrow. And so it came about that next day, after passing through some of the squalid streets of Sofia, we found our- selves in audience with the King at the Royal Palace. That he is a clever, interesting and cultured man, no urfk ■B ■■■ f ^H '-■■\^H| * X ■ .-;.'" ■:■ ■ jk^i4^hii^