^ mt^ima^mmmmmm^mmm ■ - ' ' d NERS' ICLE ;RICA) ILLUSTRATED HORTICULTURAL $2.00 A YEAR ^iwti 25c A COPY S«'i:i;Miiiin]tmiiiii[ WILSON'S O. K. PLANT SPRAY KILLS PLANT INSECTS, SCALE and MILDEW Used by Leading Gardeners E C WORDCN. Pk C . D Sc- r C a, TELEPHONE CONNECTONS EDWARD C.WORDEN ANALYTICAL AND CONSULTrNG CHEMIST THE CHEMICAL AND MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION CF COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS orriCE NO 2 RECTOR ST. NEW YORK CITY PLEASE ADDRESS REPLY TO LABORATORY, MILBURN. NEW JERSEY Andrew Wilson, Ine., Springfiold, N.-J. January 4 th 1922. D«ar Slr:- This is to oertify that I he.vs ohemioally analysed and am familiar with the ooraposition and properties of Wilson's O.K. Plant Spray, and have made extensive praotical trials of the same covering a period of the past five years for such insects as Red Spider, Mealy Bug, Scale, Aphis and Grape Mildew, and have found the same uniformly efficient €ind entirely innocuous to the most tender plants. It had proven in my hands the most econoraioal and efficient Plant Spray which I have ever used. Very truly your, Edward C. Morion, Fh.C, U.A,, D.So., F.C.S. i-'jnbor of the Chemioal Societies of United States, England, Franoe, Italy and Germany. Fellow of the Irttitute of Prance. Barrels $90, ] Barrels $50, 10 gallons $20, 5 gallons $10 ANDREW WILSON Springfield. New Jersey ""miimii'iiiiNiii iiiifflaiiiiiiiiiiiiimimmiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii K^7yz^/'/W/V/y/y//////////yyy//^^^^ A MESSAGE JUDGE J. T. Aarean's Incomparable Dahlia Creations Produced By Himself in His Private Gardens at Green's Farms, Conn. Intrnductions for 1922. — ALL PRIZE WINNERS HERCULES, decorative: quilled; enormous flower on strong straight stems: lileiiding of tangerine and deep yellow. $10. JUDGE ALTON B. PARKER, decorative: fine golden huff: \ery large flower on strong stiff stem. $10. MABEL THATCHER, decorative; fine large [iale yellinv fl(jwer on strong stem. $10. MRS. JOSIAH T. MAREAN, peony flowered; perfect : extra large flower on strong wiry stem; beautiful old rose with golden shad- ings. $15. MRS. JOHN T. SCHEEPERS, decorative: \-ery beautiful flnwer of a canarj- yellow changing to a soft pink suffusion on outer petals : strong stout stem. $15. OVER THERE, decorative; most attractive large flower on very strong stem ; of a true self deep salmon color. $10. THE BASHFUL GIANT, decorative; the largest flower so far produced ; strong stem, on which the flower turns its head slightlv ; fine apricot with golden shad- ings. $10. THE EMPEROR, decorative; unquestionably the miist aristocratic of them all ; a ma- roon of the finest type ; very large flower, made up of long flat petals ; a magnificent Prize \Vinner of the highest merit. $2i. THE MERRY WIDOW, decorative; enor- mous Idoonis on stiff short stems, held erect; clear yellow, suft'used with a pleas- ing shade of red but so arranged to make a handsomely colored Dahlia. $10. Introductions of 1921, all of which have "made good" and have taken Blue Ribbons at the Shows : AGNES HAVILAND, decorative; fine rose- pink slightly suft'used with yellow. Large flowers on strong stift" stem. $6.00. CHARM, decorative ; burnt orange shading to yellow : strong wiry stem. $7.50. DAKOTA, decorative; shade of flame; enor- uKJUs flowers on stiff' stem. $6. E. T. BEDFORD, Hybrid— decorative ; purple with silvery shading; exhibited of size 12 inches and over. Long strong stems. $10. JUDGE MARFAN, decorative; blending shades of salmon pink, red, orange, yellow and pure gold ; large flower on long strong straight stem. $7.50. LADY BETTY, decorative: lovely creamy- white, pinkish suffusion ; very large, finely formed flower on stiff' stem. S7.50. LA GROSSE BETE, decorative, enormous cerise self color; strong stem. $7.50. LE TOREADOR, decorative; fine lasting ex- hibition flower; finest crimson shade; strong wiry stem. $6.00. MEPHISTOPHELES, Hybrid— decorative; a masterpiece : ruby red, tiny golden points at the xevy ends of some petals. Now $15. MRS. I. DE VER WARNER, decorative; considered the most beautiful in the col- lection : awarded many First Prizes at flower shows ; very large beautifully col- ored flowers, a shade of soft deep mauve pink ; long, strong, wiry stems. $15. STOCK OF ALL LIMITED Prices are for STRONG BULB DIVISIONS ONLY; realizing what is often the result of propa- gation, NO PLANTS will be offered, ONLY Bulbs from clumps out of Judge Marean's private garden of which the plants HAVE PROVEN THEIR MERIT, will be distributed. EACH VARIETY AND EACH ROOT SENT OUT IS ABSOLUTELY GUARANTEED AS TO BEING TRUE TO NAME AND TO PRODUCE A SATISFACTORY PLANT, BUT ONLY IF PURCHASED DIRECT FROM THE ORIGINATOR THROUGH HIS Exclusive Introducer JOHN SCHEEPERS, 522 Fifth Ave., New York City Handsome large book covering these magnificent Dahlias, with three beautiful color plates, full natural size and color, free upon request, if you mention The Gardeners' Chronicle. 1 • Palm House ami Wings Erected for Mrs. A. D. Morse. Qeveland. Ohio. It is our Standard house number four, duplicate of which could be furnished in a surprisingly short time. Send for Booklet Builders of Greenhouses and Conservatories IRVINGTON NEW YORK CHICAGO PHILADELPHIA N. Y. 3C E.ist 42nd St. Continental Bank Bldg. Land Title Bldp. BOSTON-11 CLEVELAND TORONTO Little Bldg. 407 Ulmer Bldg. Royal Bank Bldg. EASTERN FACTORY WESTERN FACTORY CANADIAN FACTORY Irvington. N. Y. Des Plaines, Til. St. Catharines. Ontario I iiiiiiiiiiiiiii:'iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii»iiiiimiiiiiii| Orchids If you contemplate buying eemi-established, | established or imported orchids, consult us first. | We carry in stock about 25,000 species. | A large stock of Laelia Cattleyas, Hybrid Catt- [ leyas, Brasso Cattleyas, Odontiodas, and other | choice hybrids. | We specialize in supplying the private trade. p Let us figure on your requirements — our quality g is second to none. I Orchid peat, live Sphagnum Moss, baskets, pot | hangers, always on hand. § Send lor our price list. | G. E. BALDWIN & COMPANY j Orchid Collectors, Grotoers and lmporter$ | MAMARONECK Box 98 NEW YORK | i iwBMiiniiiiniiiniiiiiiiiMnniiiiiiiiiiaiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiin ' OF INTEREST TO COUNTRY ESTATE OWNERS The National Association of Gardeners takes this opportunity to place its Service Bureau at the disposal of owners of country estates when requir- ing competent gardeners, in the capacities of super- intendents, head gardeners or assistant gardeners — thoroughly qualified in every particular to assume the responsibilities the positions call for — gardeners truly efficient in their profession. The Bureau is maintained entirely at the expense of the association and makes no charge to the em- ployer it may serve or to the member it may benefit. NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS M. C. Ebel, Secretary 286 Fifth Ave. New York This association is in no sense a trade union organization, but includes in its sustaining member- ship owners of some of the foremost country) estates in America. Sim I iiiimiiiiiii iniiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiil I Ill iinniiiii miini " »""> iniiiiniiii^ 'flllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllW I Our Novelties for 1922 I F OR approximately twenty years, we have been endeavoring to | supply the best the w^orld affords in flowers for your gardens. | I We leave it to you to judge, just how^ w^e have succeeded. | I Our Catalogue for 1922, is Better than Ever! | 1 Our new Rose "Souv. de Claudius Fernet," will prove itself the finest | 1 yellow Rose, distributed to date. | 1 "Red Doty," and "Bronze Doty," are the finest introductions in this | I type, since the days of Lillian and White Doty! | 1 Carnation "Happiness," the variegated yellow, is a Novelty in a class | I by itself. | I And don't forget, "Royal Fragrance," Heliotrope! | 1 These are just a few of the "gems" contained in our 1922 catalogue, which you should have received by | ■ this time. If your copy hasn't reached you — drop us a card! | I CHAS. H. TOTTY COMPANY | I MADISON NEW JERSEY | liiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!niiiiii!!iiiiiiiiii!!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii;:iii;ii!iiiiim iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiii^^ '|iii[!i'iiirii!i:ni[iiiiiii i[Uiniii::iiii,im:i!iiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiii[|[i[i[[iiii[i!ii[iii:iiMimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNii^ I Sanders' List of I i Orchid Hybrids | I containing name and parentage of | j every known Orchid Hybrid. | I A book every Orchid lover should j I possess. j ^llllllllKIIillllllllllllllllllilllllll DREER' 1922 PARPEN BOOK 7 / Price $12.00 postage prepaid Muller-Sealey Company, Inc. 145 West 45th Street New York City Is a reliable guide to Vegetable and Flower culture that no amateur or professional gardener can afford to be without. TTie EIGHTY-FOURTH edition is larger and more complete than ever. It shows in eight color plates some of the Dreer Specialties and its 224 large pages give photographic illustrations of many of the varie- ties listed besides complete cultural directions for suc- cessful growing. It offers the best Vegetable and Flower Seeds; Lawn Grass and Agricultural Seeds; Garden Requisites; Plants of all kinds, including the newest Roses, Dahlias, Hardy Perennials, etc. The Garden Book is now ready. A copy mailed free if you mention this publication. HENRY A. DREER 714-716 ChesUiut Street, PHILADELPHIA. PA. I :iiiiiamiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii r QuJiSri^^iadAy The proverbial charm of Eii}!;li>h gardens is ilue to a great extent to the remarkable vigor of English seed and the purity of ihe strains. This outstanding superiority is present to a marked extent in American gardens when planted with Sutton's Seeds. In England we raise the breeding of plants and the selection of seed to the dignity of an art. Superlative quality is our only standard: first in growing flowers and vegetables of unusual excellence, and finally in selecting seed from the perfect speci- mens only. Our catalog, as unusual in its way as Sutton's Seeds, will be sent for 35c. This will be credited on first order of S8.00 or over. Only 28 days required from dale of your order for catalog or seeds to reach you, as we mail promptly. But you should lose no time in ordering the catalog. fijtXtFit4eaii sjieeialists. many of which will outdistance older varieties of their class; also all the worlii while standard varieties. It is the most comiir<-iien>ive list of its kind in ill' lii-lory of the Sweet Pea. "THE WORT-n'S BEST" CHARLES ELLIOTT Grant i'lace Park Ridge, 111. imiiinimniiMninnimnimmniiiiiimiiriinniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiniiiiMiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiniiiim^^^ W. F. McCORD CO. High grade Seeds are necessary for a good Garden VEGETABLE, FLOWER. GRASS and FARM SEEDS of the Highest Standard Send us your order and be convinoed NURSERYMEN and SEEDSMEN TARRYTOWN, NEW YORK Competent Gardeners \ The comforts and products of a country j home are increased by employing a competent | gardener ; if you want to engage one, write us. | Please give particulars regarding place and | say whether married or single man is wanted. j We have been supplying them for years to the best people everywhere. No fee asked. PETER HENDERSON & CO. Seedsmen and Florists 35 an.l 37 Cortlandt St., NEW YORK CITY fliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii I mil iiiiiiiiiiniiiiniininiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiniiu iiiiih iiiiiiiimnnnniuiiiiiiiiwiiiiii i i? |iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiii iiiniiiiiiiiiiiiniiniiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiininimiim iiiiiiii!iiiiiiiimii::miiiiiiiiiimnmnniiiniiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ I Don't Miss the Following | I Sensational Novelties ! , j You Need Them All In Your Garden I = 1 Schling's Wonderful New E i •■•• Snapdragon "INDIAN E SUMMER," the greatest E. achifvcmtiit in S n a p - E dragons to ilnte, introduc- E ing a new and bewitching' E color never before seen in p Snapdragons. — a lovely E rich velvety and glossy = copper color, indescribably ^ beautiful! And as for size, H it is without even a near I rival. Pkt. $1JX). 6 for $5.00. = O The New Bedding Petunia 1 Violet Queen -a tleep violet E blue, entraiicinglv beau- i tifiil. pkt. 5(>c. i O Queen Aime's Blue Lace = Flower of rare and delicate H charm, pkt. 50c. ^ ^ The New Dahlia-Zinnia, = monstrous doulile flowers M v.- i t h broa d , 1 on g o\'e rl a p - E piiip petals, ]>kt, nOc, I All 4 Novelties for $2 M Including (."opy of I "BOOK FOR GARDEN j LOVERS" I Book only 25 cts. ^ A practical guide for gardens i of quality. Full of valuable E pointers that will save >ou from E needless mistakes. I $cKhi\g^ $ccd$ I 28 W. 59th St., New York INSECT PESTS AND FRIENDS IN FEATHERS SNAPDRAGON I INIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII llr- Just Outsiilt the Window. Style No. 42B Complete wit:; Bracket. Et. . PRICE POST PAID in V. S S6.65 pOPULAR Interest in Bird^ is shown in the increasingly definite movement to protect and to concentrate them where they are especially desired. Not onlv those who need their help in fighting insect pests, but others who love to see and hear them, are eager to offer inducements in the way of i:esting sites to invite their presence. Educator Log Cabins for Birds and Household Pets SlCHl.CIOO.OOit is estimated as the annual loss to our forestry and timber interests caused by insects. In the stomach of a single Cedar VVaxwing were found 100 canker worms, while a Scarlet Tananger has been seen to eat 630 gypsy moths inside of eighteen minutes. A Maryland Yellow-throat ate 3,500 plant- lice in forty minutes. Educator Products are Distinctive Every Garden and Bird Lover will find our 3J-page Booklet describing the complete line of Educator Log Cabins full of valuable hints how to attract birds and how to hold them. Show many Cabins "at work" under natural surroundings. A copy of this booklet is gladly sent free on request if you mention G. C. EDUCATOR GIFTS AND PLAY PRODUCTS Mystic, Conn. U. S. A. ^iiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiig i'mall enclosure nestled between two city yards or a wide expanse of land on an estate. It"s your garden just the same. A ou love it. You want to put into it the loveliest flow- ers and arrange its paths, its beds, its shrubbery with utmost artistrv. House & Garden's Book of Gardens Is filled with the most enchanting gardens that ever nodded and flowered in the pages of House & Garden. Articles on flowers, shrubs and bulbs — plans and suggestions for landscape work — a complete gardener's calendar — these are some of its contents. And behind them all is the House & Garden Information Service, ready to answer additional questions on par- ticular pages that interest you. Can you imagine a more delightful S5 worth" Make your cheque payable to The Chronicle Press, Inc. 286 Fifth Avenue New York City Ask for Catalog Visit Nursery ROSES LILACS EVERGREENS RHODODENDRONS TREES AND SHRUBS ROCK GARDEN PLANTS OLD-FASHIONED FLOWERS FRUIT TREES AND BUSHES OUR GIANT-FLOWERING MARSHMALLOW JAPANESE YEW The Hedge Plant of the Future and Evergreen for Everywhere Ask for special pamphlets We grow Nursery Products to complete Plantings of any Magnitude. Nurserymen and Florists RUTHERFORP ^EW JERSEY giiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiMiiiNii Niiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiminiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiniiiiiiiiniiniiiiiiuiiiiniiinniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiim The Contents for January, 1922 Things and Thoughts of the Garden Montague Free 1 Sedum — Stone-crop Richard Rothe 9 Gardens of Annual Flowers in Shades of One Color Florum Amator I 0 Michaelmas Daisies William Follcll 1 1 From Seed to Seedling and Planting Dr. E. Bade 1 2 Beautifying Home Surroundings. .Arthur Smith 14 Desert Vegetation Willard N. Clute 1 6 Telling Time by Flowers Bertha Berbert-H ammond I 7 Bon Sai: Culture of Dwarfted Trees in Japan. Kibosh Sal(amoto 1 8 Leaf Falls Without Frost Bite 20 Work for the Month in the Garden Samuel C aiding 2 I The Greenhouse, Month to Month W. R. Forvkei 22 Garden Pests and Remedies 23 Training Young Men in the Gardening Profes- sion William Gra\) 24 Departments of Foreign Exchange and Book Reviews 25 National Association of Gardeners 27 Local Societies 29 Here and There 31 The CocDiunil Palm Published monthly, the 1 5th of each month. Subscription .... $2.00 a year Canada, $2.15; Foreign $2.65 THE CHKONICLE PRESS. INC. 286 Fifth Avenue, New York. N. Y. j MARTIN C. EBEL. Editor | I Entered at the New York Post OfUce as second class matter under the Act of Congress, March 3, 1879. I '~>iiHiiiii:iiiiiiiiitiiiiiniiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii{iiii!iiiim iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Stumpp & Walter Co.'s Catalog Our 1922 Spring Catalog will be mailed to you, on request, if you are not regularly receiving it. Many New and Exhibition \arieties of Flower and Vegetable Seeds are offered. Farm and Grass Seeds are also a feature. Cannas, Dahlias, and Gladioli — the best varieties to date. 30-32 Barclay St. NJ e w York iniiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiin I f I <- aiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiH GARDENERS' CHRONICLE (OF AMERICA) BitoIina cliaiiuccyparissiis. which pro- vide a grey tint in the [jlanting: Catalpa biaiionoidcs aiirca. a form with yellow leaves, very effective: Bcr- hcris ■:idgaris var. atvopnrpurca. the common purple leaved Barberry: Acer Xe^^undn ■zvricgafa. with silvery variegation; Acer XeLiimdu aurea. with yellow leaves; Corylus uiaxima atru purpurea, an extremely effective form with large leaves and the coloring of Copper Beech ; Diervilla dorida fariegata; Ligustrum ovalifolium vari- cgatum; L'linus eaiupcstris var. Louis van Houttc, a form of the English Elm having its leaves tinged with yellow and many variegated varieties of Ilex Aquifolimn. ^ ^ ^ The hot Summer and abundance of sunshine evidently proved satisfactory to aquatic plants in general and at Kew as at every other garden we visited, where aquatics were a feature, the water lilies were superb. The formal water garden at Kew is indeed beautiful and possesses one or two unusual features. The central part is occupied by a long pool rounded at each end. This is used for the cultivation of hardy water lilies which are planted in baskets of suitable soil. On either side are two rectangular tanks which are filled with soil almost to their brims. In these such plants are grown as require wet soil but which do not need to be submerged. At each corner there are tanks, raised 2'i ft. or sn above the level of the central pool and reaching to the height of the terrace which surrounds the water garden. Here may been seen a collection of miscellaneous aquatics, especially those kinds whose beauty is more apparent when subjected to the close inspection afforded by these raised tanks. On the ter- race and serving to enclose the pools is a beautiful hedge of Berberis stcnophylla which is kept sheared, but this apparently does not prevent it from blooming for it is reputed to be a wonderful sight in the Spring. It is a shrub that stands shearing well and forms such an ad- mirable, impenetrable hedge that one regrets that it is not sufficient hardy to stand our climate. In the back- ground one catches glimpses of an old red brick wall clothed with shrubs and climbers, and, back of this, trees ' of varied habit form an interesting skyline to which em- phasis is given bv the spire-like forms of one or two Lombardy Poplars. An interesting pool in another ])art of the garden re- ceives its water in the form of condensed steam from the pumping station. As a result of this the water never freezes over and it is possible to grow therein a number of plants which are usually looked upon as being tender. At the time of our visit, this pool was made gorgeous by water lilies of many hues : and its banks were at- tractive by reason of manv plants of subtropical appear- ance such as Thalia dealbahi and Zizania aquatic. GARDENERS' CHRONICLE The Holly Walk, or Avenue, consists of a wonderfully complete collection of species and varieties of Ilex, in- cluding over seventy varieties of English holly, planted on either side of a walk extending a distance of eight hundred yards. This collection ati'ords connoisseurs an admirable opportunity of studying the genus and the re- markable diversity of form w'hich Ilex aquifolinm ex- hibits. Probably in no other place would it be possible to find gathered together in one place so many distinct species and varieties. No fewer than ninety-seven are enumerated in the Kew "Handbook of Trees and Shrubs." The majority of these are, of course, evergreen. In ad- dition to the specimens in the general collection there are many superb holly hedges and also many sheared speci- mens to be seen in the vicinity of the formal garden near the great palm house. Probably no evergreen is better adapted to withstand dry conditions than these noble plants, and it was not only at Kew that we noticed the ability of hollv as a drought resistance tree. In Epping Forest, where' most of the trees and shrubs were in a parlous condition, the holly was apparently no bit the worse for the unusual drought. It is also tolerant of shade, and many fine specimens were seen growing al- most entirely overshadowed by large trees. What a pity English holly is not reliably hardy in our northern gardens ! The formal liedding at Kew is characterized by sim- plicit)- but at the same time it is rich and interesting. Carpet bedding is practically taboo. The onions had been dismissed from the parterre in front of the great palm house and it was gay with a variety of plants. The most conspicuous in this bright assemblage, strangely enough, were North American plants ; and yet we seldom see them used as bedding plants in our own country. The large central beds were occupied by tall growing pentstemons in light and dark red varieties and presented a truly magnificent appearance. The garden pentstemons have probably been derived from P. cobcca and P. Hart- ives,i. The 'former occur wild on the prairies from Kansas southwestward, and the latter is found in cool regions of Mexico. The garden forms that have been developed are a great improvement on the wild species and are extremeily valuable for bedding purposes m climates that suit them. Why is it that they are not used in Eastern North America? Are our Summers too hot or is it too much trouble to carry them over the Winter as rooted cuttings? The other North American plant to be seen here was in the form of an exceptionally fine strain of Phlox Drummondii. a native of Texas. This makes an admirable bedding subject if plants are raised from .seeds of a good strain and the long traihng growths pegged to the ground. Other materials used in this series of beds were half- dwarf snapdragons in mixture,— a remarkably fine strain such as we seldom see in this country; the yellow Cal- ccolarui amplcxicaulis, still a favorite in almost all Eng- lish bedding arrangements ; and a double Marguerite that we assumed to be the variety "Mrs. Sander." :■: 5!« sis It is the practice at Kew to make up beds of some particular variety or other that may be new, or one that may be new, or one that may be old. so far as date of prrxluction or introduction is concerned, but whose merits as a plant for bedding purposes are unrecognized. For example there was an immense circular bed filled entirely with a dwarf, double-flowered, pink hollyhock, the name of which we have unfortunately lost, these ])lants. al- though well grown, were not more than three or four feet in height and were wonderfully effective. Then too. there was a lavender colored Erigcron which, when seen massed in a bed about thirty feet by ten, was exception- ally good. W'e were unable to find a label on this plant, presumably someone had stolen it, but we assumed it to be the variety "Asa Gray." ^ :jc :}: When a garden contains something over 20,000 differ- ent species and varieties, as Kew does, it seems foolish to attempt to single out a few for special mention. And yet perhaps it may not be amiss to call attention to twc^ or three that made a special impression on us. Myoporiim pan-ifoliam seemed to possess great pos- sibilities as a decorative plant. It is an evergreen trailer with abundant shoots thickly clothed with small bright green leaves. Its flowers are white, sweet scented, and freely produced. At Kew it was grown in hanging bas- kets about one foot in diameter and from these the shoots, covered with myriads of flowers, depended to a length of at least four feet, completely covering the baskets. It is not by any means a plant new to gardens, and yet it is seldom seen nowadays. Bailey's Cyclopedia, in re- ferring to this plant says: "In 1883 it was stated in the Garden that for 20 years many thousand plants of it had been sold annually in the flower markets of Paris. One grower always had a stock of 30.000 plants." It is a native of Australia and succeeds in a cool house. A gigantic climbing honeysuckle Lonicera Hildc- hrandtiana, was diffusing its fragrance in the Temperate House. Its flowers, seven inches in length, are the largest known in the genus. They are variable in color, those of the plant at Kew being white at the time of opening, changing to yellowish-bufif as they age. This Lonicera coming, as it does, from Upper Burma is of course not hardy, but it is magnificent when grown in a cool house of sufficient size to accomodate it. The gigantic Birthwort. Artstolochia gigas, was ex- haling its disgustingly fetid odor in the water-lily house. It possesses larger flowers than any other plant that is amenable to cultivation and is only exceeded by the jmrasitic Rafflcsia Anwldii. which, so far as is known, has never been cultivated. Flowers have been produced on the .Iristolochia at Kew, 18 inches wide, 22 inches long, witli the stringlike appendage 42 inches in length : making the flower 64 inches from top to bottom ! The shape of the unopened flower buds inspired the common names "Goose Plant" and "Pelican Flower," while its reputed deadly effect when eaten by swine, was doubt- less responsible for the elegant title "Poison Hog-meat." :|; * * Despite unfavorable soil condition.s — Kew is founded on barren sand — there are many fine specimen trees, especially in the section occupied by the old Botanic Garden of 1760 which are far too numerous for even a tithe of them to be mentioned. For example there is a tree of our Persimmon. Drospyros znrginiana, planted in 1762, nearly 70 feet high with a trunk 2 feet in diameter: also a noble siiecimcn of Sophora japonka, 70 feet high, one of the original importation of 1753: and many fine examples of the "Ilex." Qiicrcus Ilex, an evergreen oak from Southern Europe, one of which is 50 feet in height, with a spread of over 70 feet and a trunk 12 feet in circimifercnce. Genius gets the world's praise because its work is a tangible jiroduct, to be bought, or to be had for nothing. It bribes the common voice to praise it by presents of speeches, poems, statues, pictures, or whatever it can please with. Character evolves its best products for home consumption; hut, mind you. it takes a deal more to feed a family for thirty vears than to make a holiday feast for our neighbors once or twice. — -Holmes. For January. 1922 Sedum — Stone-crop RICHARD ROTHE T! II'" number of species of the genus Scdiim — a niem- ])er of the order Cra^ssnlacca- — runs up to about one hundred fifty. A o-Iance over the trade lists from here and abroad shows great divergency in naming- and standard wortcs mention synonyms to an extent betraying ScdiiL tiic present chaotic state of the nomenclature of stone- crops. This, in some instances, renders it imjiossiijle for growers and the trade in general to absolutely guarantee correctness of name. Sedums are divideil in a dwarfy, low and dense grow- ing evergreen class and a more or less succulent, hardy, Si'duiH album herbaceous class of mostly medium height, species of both classes abounding within the temperate and arctic zones of northern hemisphere. The largest assortment in any of the American catalogs I have seen did not e.xceed the two dozen figure. By nature they prefer an open sunny rather dry situation, and when well estab- lished prove exceptionally resistible to hot weather and prolonged drought as well as to the most severe of even our northern Winters. Many of the low creeping ever- green species have frequently served as a most useful material for covering dry and sandy embankments, where grass growth turns brown every Summer. Scdiiiii acre. dasYl^iixHiim, :^!aHCHiti and lyduin glaucniii. on account of their l.iw and dense habit of growth, are the best mediums for tilling up crevices of rough slab stone walks and stairwork in formal gardens. Sedum album. Ezversi, reflexiim, spuriiiiii and stolonifenim are distinguished by creeping and more spreading growth and, for this rea- son^ best adapted for ground covering on a larger scale. The best known representative of the herbaceous class is Sedum sj^ectabile, the garden form of Sedum Fabaria, a lilac-purple flowering native of Central Europe. Of a sturdy erect growth, attaining a height from 15 to 20 inches, the large flowerheads of Sedum spectabile in handsome rosy pink or, if we prefer the new variety spectabile "Brilliant," in bright amaranth red, are a con- spicuous feature in the later Summer and early Fall dis- plays of many of our hardy borders. More recently I have seen this sedum occasionally used for mass effects with surprisingly good results. Sedum kanitschaticmn and Sichnldi. both hailing from the Far East, are special Sec! Kin s/^ccltibile favorites for dr_\- wall planting, while Sedum obtiixi- foliiim and the tallest growing of all, Telephinum piir- piireum. with their large brown or reddish brown leaves, are very interesting subjects for collectors. All the stone-crops have figured prominently in rockgarden plantings. Being late flowering, their red, pink, white, and yellow blossoms very noticably bri,ghten color arrays in gardens of our northern states. South of New Eng- land vividness of hue diminishes perceptibly. According to my observation the spec'es album, kamtschatienin, Sicboldl, spectabile and spitrium. throughout the Middle Atlantic and Southern States, thrive also in light or partial shade. Whoever contemplates using stone-crops for ground cover should enrich and prepare the soil to the same depth as required for a first class lawn. Herbaceous sedums are raised from seed or propa- gated by cuttings or division. Evergreen species are divided and replanted any time during the growing- season. The nations must be behind the statesmen, and that can onlv be if the nations are educated to distinguish between right and wrong in international as well as national affairs. Such capacity to distinguish is the ultimate sanction of law. — Public Opinion. London. England. 10 GARDE^ERS• CHRONICLE Gardens of Annual Flowers in Shades of One Color FLORUM AMATOR T HE majority of peojile. probably, like to have in their gardens flowers of many folors. but a con- siderable minority prefer to have flowers in shades of one color in their garden, making a more pronounced effect, rather than to have a motley of colors. The effect of flower gardens in shades of one color is enhanced, however, by edging all of their beds and bor- ders with low-growing plants whose flowers are of a dift'erent shade of color bringing out more sharply by contrast the main or body color of the garden. We will mention to illustrate our idea what may enter into the composition of one garden of this kind, for examjjle a garden in yellow, the color of the glorious sun which we all love. In the northern border of our yellow flower gardtn in the extreme background we will plant a row of the Chrysanthemum-flowered Sunflowers and in front of these a row each of the cncumcrifoUus varieties of Sun- flowers such as "Stella," "Orion," and "Perkeo." The Chrysanthemum-flowered variety, is tall and bears large double, golden yellow flowers with twisted petals ; the other three are single varieties with smaller flowers those of "Stella" being golden yellow with a black center, "Orion" yellow with twisted petals like those of a Cac- tus Dahlia, and "Perkeo," which is a continual bloomer, grows in bush form not more than 12 to 14 inches high and bears miniature yellow flowers. This northern Sun- flower border we will give an edging of Jgcraliini. "Swanley Blue," which grows about a foot high, and bears bright flowers. In another bed we will i)lant Huniicinaniua fuiiiari(c- folia, sometimes called Giant Tulip Poppy or Bush Eschscholtzia whose Buttercup-yellow, Poppy-like blooms are borne profusely from mid-July till hard frost on bushy plants about two feet high with handsome fern-like foliage. We will edge this bed with Ageratum, "Prin- cess Pauline," which grows about nine inches high, and has sky-blue flowers with white centers. We will have one bed of African, and another of French Marigolds, using those varieties only which bear flowers in shades of yellow and we will edge this bed with Ageratum "Little Blue Star," which grows about five inches high and bears bright blue flowers. Surely there must be one bed in our garden of that old time favorite. Calendula, "Pot Marigold," or "Shakes- peare's Marigold." which during the ]>ast few years has i)€Come very popular as a florist's cut flower. Of this also we will plant only those varieties which bear yellow flowers and we will ])lant as an edging for this bed another old time flower, namely, Myosotis palustris seni- f'crflorens, the true everblooming Forget-me-not. which everybody loves. In order to have every flower in our garden which bears the common name Marigold we may ])lant a small bed of Tagctes signata pumila, a compact dwarf bushy Marigold with fern-like foliage bearing jirofusely bright yellow flowers with brown stripes, and since this is a very iow-growing plant we will use as an edging the very dwarf Lobelia eompaeta, "Crystal Palace," which has dark blue flowers. Our bed of CoUiopsis will cmlnace only the yellow shades, and that of Gaillardkt the same shades of color and as these two kinds of flfjwers resemble each other to a considerable degree, we will use as ;in edging for both beds Bro-K'allia nana coinpacta. a charming little blue-flowered plant. The yellow varieties of Celosia plumosa. the newer, plumed type of the old time "Cock's Comb," particularly what is known as the Tlwmpsonii magniHca strain of the plumed type, will give us a yellow bed of flowers of an entirely different character than the others. This bed we may give an edging of Broivallia speciosa major whose flowers are a beautiful ultramarine-blue. Zinnia plants have not a very graceful form but some- how their very primness makes us like them, and a bed of the yellow-flowered varieties with an edging of Lobelia. "Emperor William," will add both to the variety and the effectiveness of our yellow garden. All of our beds so far have been filled with the well known flowers, but we will now fill a bed with a kind of flower not as commonly seen as its merits deserve, namely, with Bartonia aurea whose very bright golden flowers appear from June to September. This Bartonia grows only about a foot high, and we will edge this becl with Lobelia pumila splendens whose flowers are dark blue with a white eye. Salpiglossis, "Painted Tongue," is becoming popular in our American gardens, and deservedly so, and we will plant a bed of golden yellow Salpiglossis of the orchid- flowered strain, and edge our bed of this with another very prettv but in our country too little seen flower, naniel}-, rinla eornuta using the dark bltie variety, some- times called atropurpurea; if we were planting a blue garden we would have an entire bed of this and of the light blue variety of Viola. One bed in our garden should be planted with low- growing, free-flowering annual, lisehseholtrjia (Cali- fornia Poppy) preferably with the single variety "Golden West" and the double variety "Crocea" and for an edging to this bed, since Eschscholt::m. itself is a rather dwarf plant, we should have a very low-grower, and we will again use Ageratum, "Little Blue Star." We now have a garden of yellow-flowered annuals edged with low-growing blue-flowered annuals which will give us a two-fold result, namely, an abundance of flowers in yellow shades for cutting throughout the season, and a splendid display of yellow to greet the eye on every hand as we walk through our garden paths. One thing is sure, whatever the color of the flowers in our garden mav be. we should reserve one bed or border in it in which to grow sweet-scented greens for our bouquets, namely, a lialf-dozen or more of Rose- Scented and Lemon-.Sccnted Geraniums, of Aloxsia eitriodora (Lemon \"erbena), a dear old plant the fragrance of whose foliage is fit for angels. It will be necessary to buy strong ])lanfs of the Gera- niums and Lemon Verbenas in three- or four-inch pots out of which they can be trans]ilantcd into the garden bed. liesides these we should sow a considerable space with Mignonette using the varieties "Allen's Deliance" and "Machet." It may not be amiss to say in closing that our garden slinuld be dug deeply and the surface soil l>e made as "line .-IS silk" and our flower seeds sown in earlv l\la\- rather thicklv in very shallow drills and when Ihe )ilants are slill small they should be "thinned out" ruthlessly so that those which are left will stand from three inches to a foot apart according to the kind of ])lant whether l.-irire or small. For January. 1922 II Michaelmas Daisies WILLIAM FOLLETT WllKX one cun.siders the many yood qualities pos- sessed by the perennial asters, commonly known as the Michaelmas Daisies or Starworts, no won- der arises that this flower has been for many years and continues to be very popular in western Europe, and that it is fast coming into its own in its cultivated and im- proved forms on this side of the Atlantic. It is every- body's flower, being' easy to grow ; gives quick and good results at a mininnmi outlay; produces in most cases large, graceful sprays of daisy-like flowers; is unsur- passed for house decoration, and for brightening up the herbaceous borders, shrubberies, and other garden spots. In the Michaelmas Daisy we have shades of color enough to satisfy all tastes, ranging from the whites and the palest blues through the varied shades of lavender, deep blues and violet to a rich purple ; and from delicate pink to crimson, including shades of mauve and lilac so often sought. Two other ]TOints in favor of this beautiful flower are its great range of height and the period of its blooming ; varying from the Alpine varieties we so often see in rock gardens blooming in May and June and attaining a height of less than a foot, right on to suhacrulca, the large purple flower with a golden centre, which though borne on its stiiT, upright stem in June when there is an abundance of flowers, cannot fail to attract attention. Then with a short break in July, cer- tain varieties bloom on through the Summer and Fall months and often in November. After a frost which has cut down the blaze of colors sujjplied by dahlias and other more tender perennials and annuals, the Michael- mas Daisy still blooms. No perennial is more entitled to the prefix of hardy than is the aster, and the fact that the parents of most of our much admired varieties of today are natives of North America should not deter anyone from getting together a splendid collection. The fact of helping Na- ture to produce better flowers in the locality for which she intends them, should be a sufficient guarantee of satisfaction to the grower. Although the aster will stand nntch abuse, neglect in its cultivation is not justified. (Jne can often see a large clump which evidently has not been divided for vears, and sometimes the soil itself has passed from the firm stage and become very hard. The Michaelmas Daisy will thrive in almost any soil and situation, but generally does best in a fairly light soil and full sun. The taller varieties benefit by a certain amount of shelter from the wind, but if grown in a wet soil or in too much shade, the flowers are not borne in profusion. The strong growing sorts are better if divided each year ; with the others, every second year will suffice. The best time to divide the clumps is in the Fall as soon as the flowering is over, and when this is done, the beds should receive a good mulching of straw manure and leaves before the severe weather sets in, to prevent the clumps from being loosened and drawn out of the ground by the frost. The litter remaining in the Spring should be removed as soon as the weather opens, the remainder of the mulch being forked into the soil. The clumps can be divided in the Spring, but they would start at a dis- advantage to those moved in the Fall, the latter having made nice roots, so that for really fine blooms it is ad- visable to lift one old shoot of each variety in the Fall and winter it in a cold frame. In earlv Spring break u|j the old shoots and sort out the rhizomes, putting three or four in a four-inch jjol and growing along cool. When ready, plant them where they are desired to bloom with- out breaking the ball of soil. \\'here mass efifect is de- sired the first year, they should be planted closely : how closely must be governed by the number of spikes to the pot and the habit of the particular variety planted. \\'hen dividing a clump of long standing, retain only the outside portions, the centre of the plant, if not al- ready dead, will only produce spindle-like growth. When thinking of propagating, it is well to reiuember that the Michaelmas Daisy can be easily raised from seed. However, as seedlings cannot be relied upon to come true to color, they must be left out of any color scheme. Anyone sowing seed outside, or in a cold frame early in Spring, will undoubtedly derive much pleasure and interest in watching the flowers (often quite distinct from the parent) open in the Autumn, even if he does not secure any decided improvement to add to the al- ready long list of varieties. Though the plants are sheltered from high winds, it pays to stake the asters. This should be done when the stems are about half their mature height, and if a little care is used in placing the supports, within a week the stakes will cease to be an eyesore. Brushwood such as is used for peas is sometimes employed, but the neatest and most convenient when cutting is to ]-)lace straight stakes close to the clump and run about a strong, soft string. Although the Michaelmas Daisy is a native of this country, it w^as in Great Britain that the work of hybridiz- ing and improving it was first carried on to any great extent. About twelve or fourteen years ago. a number of good varieties were raised, including acris. albus, rosrns. cricoidcs, siipcrbits, and many more which still remain in spite of new ones each year. Of the newer varieties, one's mind naturally turns to "Beauty of Colwall" which heralded the double form, and with its mass of lavender blue flowers on stems about four feet in height, opening in September, it certainly is a thing of beauty. For those who prefer pink, there is "St. Egwin" with its lovely shade of pink seldom seen in the asters. It is not quite as tall as the preceding variety but of more bushy habit and is a general favorite. "St. Egwin" is one of the Noi'i-Belgii type as are so man}- of our best asters. Tw-o other types always popular are the Xoi'cc- Anglkc and Amellus of which the majority flower during August and September, notable exceptions being the good old stand-by, "Mrs. J. F. Rayner'' (criiuson), "Baldur." and "King Edward VII" which as a rule open in October. There are so many really excellent varieties it is impos- sible to name them all, but among the favored are Norm AnglUv and its varieties ruber and roseus which often reach six feet high and flower during October and Novem- ber. In contrast comes "Esme" of the N ovcv-B elgii class which attains slightly 'over a foot in height, the com- jiact little plant being covered with large white flowers. Xox'i-RcJgii, "Climax," lavender blue, and "Feltham Blue" are deserving of being in every collection, as does also "Mauve Cushion." a dwarf bushy plant which has large mauve and silver flowers in October and November, varving on the same plant from a few inches high on the outside to nearlv a foot in the centre of the plant, hence the name. (Contiinicd on [yagc 2,i) 12 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE From Seed to Seedling and Planting DR. E. BADE ALOXCi ihf old dirt road which winds itself throu.L^li meadows and fields, a bean has been lustily climli- ing upon the rough rail fence through the Suni- nur months. How it ever came to this lonely spot, for- saken by all its kind, who knows? At any rate it was still here in the Fall sturdily, twining itself about the woodwork, still dowering indefatigably. It ripened its fruits which were tilled with seeds and had no thought for the coming Winter. The first frost of the Fall at- tacked its vital spark of life, bringing it to its death in one night. The moisture was taken from the leaves by the moodv winds. The Autumn sun burned everything brown, even the seed shells and after they were com- pletely dried, thev burst. Loosely and white, like shining teeth,' the full fniit hung: for their production, the entire life of the plant was devoted. Although the old Dlant the seed coat bursts ; the tiny root peeks shyly forth, and as they grow larger, they seek for the easiest and quickest way of disappearing into the soil. It makes no difference in what position the seed may lie, the root always grows downward. If the seed should lie in such an awkw-ard position that the root must grow upward in order to grow out of the seed, then it grows in a semicircle back to the earth as if it were afraid of the sun. The primary roots have the power of growing downward. This is the result of gravity acting on all parts of the plant organism, and this force requires a growth in the direction of the earth's center, growth in a vertical direction. If under any circumstances the root should be placed in a horizontal position, then the Germinating bean sect! bri-aking through the soil. The bean /it'o days later. The gerniiuatinii seed four days after hreakini^ lhlislied ils |)ur- pose in life and the next year will see still more beans twining their green vines about the old fence. It is a ])eculiar thing, such a seed. When taken in the hand and examined, it does not show the least trace of life ; it seems to be a dead thing, no more alive than the frost killed mother plant. In spite of this the seed is not dead : but only awaiting more favorable conditions under which it can unfold itself. For this dormant life in the seed, the mother plant has fully provided and has worked diligently to give the seed everything that the young seedling may require during the first stages of its life. The embryo is the only thing which is tiny but the food cotvledons l>etween which the seedling is placed, are large and rich. This tiny embryo has its root, stem, and a pair of leaves. The cold winds of northern storms and the Winter's icy breath pass the seed uninjured. I'.ut when the air is balmy and warm, when Siting loosens the moist and frozen soil, then is the period for germination. The seed cagerlv absorbs all available moisture : it swells : force of gravity, acting whicli lie just back of the root li]). [iroduce a cnr\alurc in \hv root so that it grows downw.'ird again. The root is afraid of, and always turns away from, the light. Hut that region of the root which perceives the force of gravity is entirely difierenl from that part of the root which resolves the force, or the response of this stimulus into action. Only the youngest cells of the cylindrical root tip are sensitive to gravity as well as chemical and physical stimuli. This section is only a few millimeters in length, and the response is found at a ])lace about one quarter of an inch above the i)lace of stimulation. Here the root is curved so that it points downward, and this is accom- l)lished by an unef|ual growth of tlie upper ;ind kiwer epidermal root cells. The tip of the root is jirotected by a root cap wliich is similar in shajie to the thimble of the dressmaker, and il protects the delicate tissues as it jienetrates (he soil. The roni fulfills a two-fold duty for the plant: b'irst. i\ anchors lo the soil, and second, it absorbs soil moisture For Junuury, 1922 13 containing mineral salts in solution necessary for the life of the plant. I>"or the latter purpose the roots have innumerable tiny hairs just behind the growing tip capa- ble of absorbing moisture through their cell walls. The water, containing mineral salts in solution, is transferred from cell to cell until the conducting tissues of the root are reached. From here they are taken to all parts of the plant, especially to the leaves, where, in the presence of chloro]>hyll, carbon is taken from the air and mixed with the water and salts and thus organic matter is pro- duced in sunlight. Without the chlorophyll found in the leaves, the plant can not utilize the mineral salts in solu- tion of the soil waters. The young seedling which we have jusl left through this necessary digression, as it was about to bore its roots into the ground, can not use the salts absorbed with the moisture for the production of food. But growth is not possible without the assimilation of food. Therefore it utilizes the cotyledons and draws its food from them until the first pair of leaves have been fullv tinishcd organic [jroducls arc led In ihc \ari(iiis parts of the plant. All surphis water evapor;itcs iliniu^h ihe stomata. The entire plant consists of ;i series of carbonaceous jiroducts which it has produced but which do not all consist of carbon dioxide and water alone. In the green chlorophyll containing tissues oi the leaves, carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil produce formic acid, an organic substance, and during its manu- facture free oxygen is given off as a waste product. Further transformation takes place: the formic acid is changed to formaldehyde and more free oxygen is pro- duced. I'inally grape sugar is manuf;ictured. This pro- cedure is dejjendent upon a sufficient quantity of day- light, and does not take ])lace at night, lint Ihe first tangible product produced is starch which is found about the grains of chlorophyll. This starch is the most im- portant product, and from it, the plant does, with the aid of other salts, produce nearly all other plant materials. The most essential are the carbohvdrates, sugar and 10 t A day later the first /ruiv.? bc;^in to unfold. Tlw next day the leaves are unfolded. One day later the new shoot has begun its devejoptnent. developed. Now an uninterrupted stream of water passes through the plant from the roots to the leaves, which is then manufactured into food material with the aid of soil salts. The explanation for the rise of the sap is complicated. It is not dependent upon any one factor but upon many. Some of the more important are the transpiration or evaporation from the leaves which causes the water to rise in the conducting tissues, /. c. it pulls the water up- ward, the osmotic pressure of the roots which forces the water upward, also the diffusion of liquids and the turgidity of the cell which have their effect. Then there is the imbibing and absorption of liquids through the various membranes of the cell, and the capillary at- traction which plays a far greater part than is supposed since the conducting tubes are microscopically thin. There is also the cohesive force of water which, in a very thin tube, as experiments have shown, is excessively large, hundreds of pounds' pull being necessary to force the hairlike column of water apart, etc. The sap, when it arrives in the leaves, is manufactured with the aid of chlorophvll and the carbon dioxide of the air into organic material which is used by the plant for the purpose of reconstructing and building up of new tissues. These cellulose, then the fats, and finally proteids of which asparagine, especially found in asparagus, is the most important. These three groups are sufficient for the production of all plant organisms. The wanderings of the products manufactured in the leaves and in other places to those places where they are either stored or used is most complex as the plants do not have an open circulation and transportation sys- tem. Transportation must proceed through those closed cells which only too often close the conducting tissues. The only place where the translocation of substances can be directly observed is in the leaf and the only substance which can be observed is starch. In order that it may be transported from one place to another it must first be prepared for its journey, which is accomplished through enzymes. These are peculiar substances with only partly known chemical composition and having the property of transforming large quantities of material into a soluble form, that can pass through the well wall. This soluble material is changed back again to starch after it has passed through the wall, thus disturbing the equilib- rium of the surrounding cells which then pass more sugar into this cell. Therefore the starch is not carried {Continued on page 17) GARDEISERS' CHROr^lCLE Beautifying Home Surroundings ARTHUR SMITH IX presenting one or two articles upon tlie above subject, we propose to deal with it briefly from two main aspects, the underlying principles and the practical carrying out of those principles. While the whole practice of Horticulture is undoubtedly an Art, that part of it known as Landscape Gardening calls for the fullest appreciation of, and the carrying out of the highest artistic principles. We use the term Land- scape hardening in preference to that of Landscape x\rch- itecture. for ' the simple reason that Architecture, in its proper sense, as being llie art or science of building, has in itself no direct connection with garden- ing. It is fashionable we know in some quarters to use those calling themselves Landscape Architects to plan home grounds, parks, etc., but the term is really a mis- nomer, as architecture in its true sense deals only with inanimate materials, like wood and stone, and these with other dead things can be combined artistically or the reverse. If one desires a somewhat higher-sounding title than Landscape Gardener there appears to 1>e no objection to that of Landscape Artist, although this may quite as well refer to one cajjable of arranging colors so as to produce a beautiful picture upon canvass, as to one who can create the same thing upon the surface of the ground by using living plants. Landscape is eminently a line art. The enumeration of painting, sculpture and architecture as the only fine arts is seriously deficient, although it has wide currency. A fine art creates organized beauty, unites many dis- similar parts into one harmonic whole. In this respect landscape gardening stands upon a level with other fine arts, and in some respects it even surpasses them. The fact that some who ]>ractice landscape art are absolutely wanting in artistic taste does not affect the question, as the same deficiency is to be found among followers of other arts, although unfortunately the landscape gardener or the landscape architect can get away with and get ])aid for. inartistic work with greater ease than the others. To some people the art of land.scape gardening is only apijlicahle to landed estates and public parks. This, how- ever, is far from being the case, in fact from some points of view, it is more difficult to handle artistically a very small ])iece of ground than it is an extensive area. The fundamental principles of landscape gardening inay be applied to home grounds regardless of their size. No matter how small and modest they may l>e there are rules to observe if vou want your surroumlings cliarming and attractive. Mrs. \'an Kcns-elacr. in her delightful book, .hi out of Doors, which deals with the theory but not with the practice of landscape art. wrote: "If now we ask when and where we need this Fine Art, must not the answer be, whenever and wherever we can touch the surface of the ground and the i)Iants it bears with the wi.sh to pro- duce an organized result that shall ])lease the eye. It does not matter whether we have in mind a great park or a small city square, a large estate or a modest door- yard, we must go about our work in an artistic spirit if we want a good result. Two trees, six shrubs, a sera]) of lawn and a dozen flowering plants may form either a beautiful little picture or a huddled disarray of forms and colors." A s.(>n(] deal is heard from time to lime re.garding varicns "stvles" of gardens. Some large places have their so-called Dutch garden, Italian garden, and so on. To the uninitiated, these names may have a superior sound, but they generally mean nothing, and i have yet to see an Italian garden in this country which has any special or real relation to the typical gardens of Italy. There is of course no particular harm in extensive grounds containing" different gardens entirely separate from each other, laid out in different manners ami giving them any name one desires, so long as the artistic unity of the whole is not impaired; for after all, '"What's in a name?" It does not matter a great deal what kind of designation is given to any particular garden, the main thing to be considered is whether it is artistic and has been laid out with good taste, an harmonious whole, having for its fundamental principle, naturalness ; or on the other hand if it contains numerous discords, has stiff- ness and formality for its basic principles, and is therefore unnatural. Producing a garden of the latter kind is not landscape gardening at all, inasmuch as it has nothing in common with landscape, although such gardens are un- fortunately frequentlv planned by those calling them- selves landscape architects. In this connection a definition of real landscape gardening suggests itself namely that it is the art of making a garden which shall be a landsca])e or picture. There is no reason why we should not have true art in the garden, and no reason why a garden should be ugly, bare or conventional. The word art as used here is "power to see and give form to beautiful things" and this is based on the study of and love for Nature. The work of the artist is always marked by its fidelity to Nature, and all deviation from the truth of Nature, though it niay jiass for a time, is, in the end. classed as drhascd art. ' ' There are people who object to the term "natural gardening" as being ine.xact, inasmuch as no gardening result is absolutely natural, but at the most only natural- istic. While to some extent this may lie true, at the same time the word natural is used in contradistinction to that of mmatural. for behind the contents of a natural garden sits ])rimeval Nature, but Nature "to advantage dressed"; Nature stamped with new qualities, led to new con- clusions by man's skill in selection, and artistic combina- tion. A natural garden i> man's transcript of the wood- land world: it is connnon vegetation ennobled: wild scenery neatly writ in man's small hand, and is .Xature's rustic language made fluent and intelligible. .■\s there is uf) godd |iicture wliich does nut purtray the beaulv of natural things, so no garden from a land- sca])e ])oint of view can be good unless it grou|)s living tilings from a natural way. P.y this it is not meant that we .should reproduce in a garden exact fac-similes of Nature's plantings, but that by adopting the fundamental principles set forth in the wild growth of herbs, shrubs •and trees, we shall be able to see and feel everywhere in our gardens the sjiirit of Nature softened and refined bv .\rt. Whatever the character of a natural landscape, discord is unknown for everything in Nature always liarmonizes. and it is in the avciidance of discords that the landscape gardener shows his skill more tli.in in .'Uiy other way. In creating a honu — b\- llic word hume w c mean a house and its accessories, with the surrounding grounds — it is obvious that some unnatural features nnist be introduced. For Jdiitiary, 1122 15 and naturalness is therefore to a greaitT or lesser extent lost by the erection of buildings, the making of drives, walks, tS;c. In the nature of things in the country these features must form part of the home landscape, and it is important that the house, whatever its size, should har- monize with its environment. Too often one sees resi- dences more or less palatial set in the midst of puny, in- significant surroundings, the house being several times too large for the garden, and quite as frequently an artistic landscape is seen to be spoiled by mansions the reverse of artistic and which are merel_\- examples of vulgar ostentatiousness. A style of architecture suitable for a private house or a public building in a city, or for an institution, where the architectural features of the buildings are the only things to be considered, is quite out of place as part of a land- scape. A country house should not only be in harmony with the country, but its size should not be altogether out of proportion to t1ie grounds in which it is set. and it should be as simple and unobtrusive as possible. It is these latter characters which enable such charmingly artistic eti'ects to be obtained when the house is built on the bungalow style, and it is certainly a source of pleasure to all lovers of the beautiful to see that this kind of house is becoming at the present time more popular; apart from artistic considerations, those who have ever lived in a properlv designed bungalow prefer that kind of house to anv other. The next best style for harmonizing with the country, when a house of more than one story is desired, is that known as the half-timbered. The objec- tion sometimes heard that houses built in this manner are not lasting has no foundation in fact, as we know of many that were Iniilt over three hundred years ago which are toda> perfectly sound. But after all it is the undue prominence that is given to the house which oiTends the artistic eye. A country house may be as roomy as the owner considers necessary for his requirements, but large piles of brick and stone several stories tall are out of place in connection with a country home. AIan\- instances have come within the writer's knowledge, where, after erecting a large resi- dence, the owner has expressd himself as being unable to afford to do much in the way of planting the grounds surrounding it : cases of this kind are unfortunate ex- amples of the want of good taste. In the country the style and size of the house should have some relation to the ground surrounding it, other- wise the creation of an artistic home is impossible. One would not buy a landscape painting in which four-fifths of the canvas was taken up with the portrayal of build- ings, although no artist would be at all likely to paint a picture of that kind. Frequently the landscape possibilities of a home have irreparable harm done to them by the manner in which the house is placed upon the ground, even when such is in itself artistic, and in this connection much good could be done bv the designer of the house and the landscape man getting together before anything is done even when the smallness of lot does not leave much room for choice in position. Then, too, considerable more harm is frequently done to the features of a home as a complete artistic unity by the designer of the house indticing the owner to consent to the erection of more or less numerous detached. heavily constructed pergolas about the grounds, a prac- tice which appears at the present time to be unfortunately upon the increase. Among several new homes I have recently come across with this bad feature connected with them, there is one in which the surroundings have been especiallv spoiled bv this means. The area of tiic place is scarcelv more than half an acre in extent and ahhough the house is really too large for the ground it is an artistic one and constructed in such a manner and of such material as not to present any loud note of dis- cord. But the whole thing has been blemished by four or five pergolas being stuck about. One has been placed in the center of the front lawn and is of heavy timber upon a brick foundation ; altogether an element of un- naturalness has been introduced of a grossly jirimounced and discordant character. These pergolas or trellises are al\\a}s ineconcilable with a tastefully laid out garden and are reallv as bad there as billboards are in connection with natural landscape. When they form part of the house, or are connected with it in creating a covered way over a much frequented walk leading to somewhere they are not so much out of place, especially if so con- structed as to be easily and quickly covered with plant growth. While a summer-house is an unnatural feature it may be so placed and camouflaged as to be a pleasant ■-pot in which one may sit and quietly enjoy the beauties of the garden even on a wet day if the roof is rain-proof. On the other hand a summer-house may be, and often is, a very monster of ugliness. l')Ut any of these features, of whatever character or construction, and wherever placed, are always excres- cences and points at which naturalness is more or less lost, and which, therefore, require careful treatment and thoughtful good taste to adapt them quite to the best interests of the complete unity of the natural composition. If landscape gardeners possessing real artistic tastes were more often called in to advise upon the whole scheme of home creation there would be fewer eyesores about the country. ]\I(}re often than not landscape men are handicapped at the onset of their work by what has been done by other people previously to their seeing the place. It is of comparatively little use creating har- monious effects about one part of the home if loud, dis- cordant notes are always in evidence at other parts. The effect of the want of complete harmony thus produced is frequently felt even when the cause is unknown to the individual having this feeling. An estate owner once said to me : "We feel there is something wrong here, but don't know what it is." So long as a feeling of that kind exists it will be impossible for anyone to .gain the full benefits from a home in the country that would other- wise be the case as it is scarcely possible for exhausted nerves to gain much vigor when continually surrounded with discords. It is therefore of the first importance to realize that something more than a well laid out and cared for garden is necessarv for the creation of a com- liletelv harmonious country home. An Ideal Investrticnt United States Treasury Saving Certificates S25 denomination for $20 $100 denomination for $80 $1,000 denomination for S800 On Sale at Post Offices and Banks 16 GARDENERS' CHROMCLE Desert Vegetation WILLARD N. CLUTE II'" you leave it to the dictionary, n desert is a region alnn)st destitute of moisture and vegetation but this definition does not entirely satisfy the botanist. Me knows of various regions on the earth where, notwith- standing an abundance of water, plants are few and far between, and on the other hand, he is familiar with the fact that many other areas, regarded as deserts, may be veritable flower-gardens for pari of each year. In the Arctic regions and on mountain tops, for instance, there is plenty of water but in a form which plants can- not use. There are other soils in which a considerable amount of salt prevents the growth of plants, just as we ]iut salt on grass to kill it. \'or are all regions in which there is a heavy rainfall regions of luxuriant vege- tation. In many cases the rainfall runs off so ra])idly, or sinks so deeply into the soil, or evaporates so quickly that plants can get little of it. In still other regions the moisture may fall during the colder part of the year instead of in the growing season. iMom these considera- tions we perceive that a desert is not ])rimarily a region of little water, but a region in which little water is avail- able to plants. There are clearly two kinds of dry soils: the physically dry soil that is actually dry and the physio- logically dry soil that may have plenty of water and still be dry to plants. In either case the conditions give rise to desert vegetation. It is usually the physically dry soil that one thinks of when the desert is mentioned. There are many such in the warmer ]>arts of the earth. They are commonly located behind mountain ranges that cut oft the moisture- hearing winds, though sometimes that is due to the fact that the prevailiiig winds blow from regions where there is little moisture to begin with. The extreme type of such an area in the cactus desert in which only the most resistant i)lants like the cacti, yuccas, and agaves can exist. The soil here is never covered with vegetation, partly because of the difficulty new plants find in getting started and jiartly because of the unfavorable conditions for life afterwards. The soil itself is often quite fertile and yields abundant crops when su]iplied with water as we see in the irrigated regions of our Southwest. Left to itself, however, vegetation assumes very curious and interesting forms. The stems are either condensed as in the various sjjecies of cactus, or underground as in the yuccas. Leaves are usuallv small or absent and the work of food-making is carried on by the stems. ^^'hen the leaves are present, they are likely to resemble those of the yucca with a hard thick epidermis that ef- fectually retards evaporation. .\ few species produce thinner leaves during the rainy season and droji them Ijromptlv at the first signs of dessication. ".Switch- plants" with slender leafless stems naturally abound. The roots of desert plants spread widely through the soil ready to absorb any moisture that falls and not fre- quently acting as storage organs for it. In a majoritv of the plants, however, the storage organs are above .ground in stem or leaves which are often greatly thickened for the purpose with special cells for holding the water and a mucilaginous juice to aid in preventing evaporation. Nearly all desert plants have a grayish appearance which may he due to a ])rotecting coating of hairs, scales or waxy matter. The epidermis also may be thickened to form a layer of cuticle and the breathing pores, or stomata, are small and commonly sunk in the tissues of the leaf. When the desert has a distinct rainy season, large numbers of short-lived annuals mav appear. These spring up. ripen their seeds and comj)lete their life cycle before dryness overtakes them. .Such species are usually "rosette-plants" with leaves radiating in all directions from the top of the stem which does not rise above the soil. The dandelion is a good illustration of a rosette- plant in more hospitable regions. Other species with a longer term of life avoid the extreme heat and drouth by casting off their aerial parts during the dry season are retreating under ground, as it were. These are known as "geophilous ]jlants." A few mosses, lichens and fernworts simply dry up until a moi.st season returns when they resume growth again. Some of these are sold as curios under the name of "resurrection plants." Extreme dryness, is not the only noticeable character- istic of the desert. ( hving to the lack of moisture, clouds are few and the insolation great but the heat is not oppressive because of the general dryness. Because of the absence of moisture, also, the air and soil cool very rapidly after sunset and may become decidedly chilly before morning, even in the height of Smnmer. The great differences in temperature that thus develop cause high winds which blow the sand into hillocks and dunes leaving large areas absolutely bare of vegetation. .Sand-storms, that oblige one to suspend all travel until thev pass, frequently occur. The water-courses may be numerous, but thev seldom contain water except im- mediately after a rain. Here and there in the desert, the water comes to the .surface in springs or seeps and the adjacent area takes on some of the aspects of more fertile regions. Elsewhere the plants form low grounded clumps and give the whole landscape a tufted api^ear- ance. In desert regions with a distinct r.ainy period, the cac- tus desert gives place to verv ditTerent forms of plants known as sclcroplivlls. with small hard leaves which may be retained throughout the year. The well-known grease- wood, rabbit-lirusb ;'nd sage-brush, and various species of Atriplcx. form the major part of such vegetation forms though there are survivals from the cactus desert such as the pricklv pear, numerous yuccas, and the ever- present ]\Tormon-tea or joint-fir. In the direction of heavier rainfall this sort of desert merges into the j'jlains and often contains a number of hardier species of other regions such as the thistle, ttniible-weed. evening jirim- rose, milkweed, sunflowers and other composites. The one-seeded juniper and the piiion pine may be foimd in scattered clumps but everywhere the woody vegeta- tion has a stmited and starved appearaijce with an abundance of thorns and prickles. Coming to the deserts of moist regions we find excellent examples in the dunes which the wind often piles uji in sandv places. These are deserts due in part to the sterility of the soil and in part to the fact that the rain- fall soaks into the soil so quickly. The interior of the dune is often, perhaps always, moist and dune plants have long roots adapted to securing the moisture from an extensive area. A pectdiar flora characterizes the dunes. Among tvpical plants are the sand violet, the hoarv pea. the huckleberi-y, wintergreen. sand cherry, bavberry. sweet fern, bear berry, bnlterfly-weed, beach grass and such trees as cottonwood, jack pine and black oak. Rosette plants and switch plants are common and mingled with the other vegetation the prickly pear per- sists. The cliff is another kind of ;\ dc'^ert due to its general For January. 1922 17 impervionsness to moisture. Though often closely as- sociated, the floras of dune and cliiif are usually quite different, thout^h some species may grow in either place. The cliffs support a large number of "crevice plants" which are in reality rosette plants with long slender roots which they send into the crannies in search of moisture. The harebell and various columbines, saxifrages and cresses are typical forms. Here are also found such "cushion plants" as pinks and phloxes in addition to mosses, ferns and lichens. In the cold deserts the mosses and lichens may form the bulk of the vegetation though there are often many cushion plants as well as rosette plants and mat-plants, represented by such forms as the gentians, primroses, phloxes, pinks and the like. In regions where cold puts an end to [jlant growth for a part of each year, we find assemblages of jilants known as tropophytcs or turning plants because for ])erhaps half of the year they have all the aspects of the plants of perennially moist regions while for the other half they appear like desert plants or xerophytes, dropping their leaves, disappearing underground, existing as annuals and in other ways behaving as desert plants do. Even in warm regions may be found certain kinds of tropo- ]>hytes that drop their leaves because dryness stops their growth. There is one group of plants that may be rep- resented in both regions. This is the coniferous group represented by the pines and their allies. The slender leaves with thick epidermis are admirably adapted to retard transpiration whether they be exposed to cold or drouth. They are practically desert plants and we may therefore find them on sand dunes, in the cold north, on rocky cliffs or in dry regions near the equator. Telling Time by Flowers BERTHA BERBERT-HAMMOND III n'cry cupsc and sheltered dcll. Unveiled to the obsenvnt eye, Are faithful monitors who tell HoTV pass the hours and seasons bv. The green-robed children of the Spring Will mark the periods as they pa^s; Mingle with leaves Time's feather d wing And bind with flowers his hour glass. — (T. Smith). AS the natural divisions of time are marked by the lunar month and the true solar day and solar year, so the variations in Flora's calendar are recorded by the change of seasons. Note of time is taken by numbers of blooming plants that possess the striking characteristics of opening and closing their blooms at a certain season or definite time of day. The .Swedish botanist, Linnaeus, observed this peculiarity in over forty varieties of plants, and is said to have utilized this property in forming a unique dial of flowers. Mrs. Hemans com- ments on the beauty of this idea as follows : 'Twas a lovelv thought to mark the hours As they floated in light away, Bv the opening and the folding flmvers That laugh to the Summer's day. Thus had each moment its own rich hue; And its graceful cup or bell. In whose colour'd vase might sleep the dew. Like a pearl in an ocean shell. Yet is not life, in its real flight, Mark'd thu.s — even thus — on earth. By the closing of one hope's delight. And another's gentle birth ? Oh ! let us live, so that flower by flower Shutting in turn, may leave A lingerer still for the sun-set hour, A charm for the shaded eye. Some years ago a gentleman residing in New Orleans who had closely studied this remarkable property of plants, constructed in his garden, which contained inter- esting plants from nearly every clime, a large floral clock in which are massed and carefully arranged in a circular bed twenty-four kinds of plants, each variety being planted opposite to the hour at nr near which its flowers would open. In this dial, the Portnlaea which was chosen to represent twelve o'clock is said to have never varied more than ten minutes of the noon hour in the opening of its flowers. The old-fashioned Four o'Clock, dependable to represent the hour indicated by its common name, was planted in the proper position and the Nyctago was planted at five. The Evening Primrose appeared at seven and the evening hours were assigned to night bloomers, the mid- night hour being graced by the Cactus known as the Night Blooming Cereus. Though not a part of the time-telling scheme, a large pair of vine-covered, wooden clock hands were added to give a more realistic touch to the design. In more recent days, a I'rench botanist is said to have carried out the bright idea of a floral timepiece by laying oiU a circular flower bed of twelve sections, intended to mark only the twelve daylight hours, beginning with the opening, at about seven in the morning, of the water lilv and ending with the opening of the Evening Prim- rose. If desired the idea could be worked out to a greater extent by noting also the span of life enjoyed by the various flowers utilized. By careful observation of the opening and the closing habits of plants, it is thus quite possible to construct a floral dial that will prove a fairly accurate time keeper. FROM SEED TO SEEDLING AND PLANTING (Continued from page 13) in an unbroken stream of sugar but it is deposited and redissolved as it passes from cell to cell. In this way the starch is finally brought either to a place of storage, or to where it is to be used. It is probable that the proteids behave similarly, but they can not be observed. The organic materials necessary for plant nourishment are not used without a change taking place ; through chemical work they are turned into new and manifold products, a few of them being now made synthetically in the laboratory. The plant can not turn starch or sugar directly into proteids with nitrates or sulphates. Without a doubt many intermediate steps are necessary before the final product is reached. But the "how" and the "what" are still problems for the future. 18 GARDE^'ERS' CHROISICLE Bonsai: Culture of Dwarfed Trees in Japan KIYOSH SAKAMOTO TllI'^ Japanese people lo\e to rear llowers and herbs in a i)orcelain or earthen pot. Snch a cuhure is clistinsnished hy the name of "lionsai" ( hterally, pot-cnhivation I. This ddincstic liorticulture is a favor- ite hobby both for hij;h and low throni^honi the length and breadth of the Empire. .\s for the size of the pots, used in this special art, these range from large ones to be carried about by several strong hands to small ones that will roll off at'a slight push with a single finger. A pot portable with two hands is the most general size, as is easily inferred from the nature of the art. The secret of the delight of "bonsai" lies in the repro- duction of a piece of natural scenery in a tiny spot. Seen in such a light, mere rearing will not serve the purpose. A plant must be made to appear in a pot as if it were standing on a hillside. ■'Ijonsai'' embraces many methods with special names respectively, according to kinds of plants and their dif- ferent ways of rearing. For example : (A) Solitary style: a single tree set up straight and towering in a pot. (B) Twin style: a tree parting at or just above the root into two great trunks and looking like the letter "U" or "V" at a little distance. (C) Bristling style: many branches coming up from the same trunk, with the appearance of a brush laid in a pot. (D; Promiscuous style: several trees or plants of the same kind or of ditTerent kinds mixed so that a little piece of ground in a pot may appear like a plain or a hill. (E; "Neagari"' style: a fork-like root peeping high about the ground. (F) Cliff style: the trunk and branches bent downward as will be seen on the surface of a hillside or a cliff. (G) Half-cliff style: this is a mixture of a combination of the solitary style and the cliff style. (H) Embracing style: a tree planted on a piece of rock and the foliage embracing the rock. Pots to be used in "bonsai" should be carefully se- lected, and the choice depends upon contours and colors of plants. The pot and the plant must harmonize with each other. If you fail in this first step, the fintst plant and the costliest pot will avail nothing. Pots are as a rule of porcelain, or earthen. Their shapes are circular, square, oblong, oval, etc. Unfigured pots are in great favor. Dark-brown color is most de- sired. These dark-brown pots originated in China, but recently many imitations have been produced in Japan. (a) The plant which harmonizes with an oval or circular pot must have a round profile, no ins and outs being seen along the lines from the top to the lowest branches. fb) The square-shaped pot wauls tlic plain to be long-branched in its lower part and remarkably shnrt-hranched in its upper part (c) The deep-bottomed pot is used to fit in well with the ''cliff" style plant. (d) RoHea japonica and the orchid arc provcrliially |ilantcd in the pots of genuine Chinese make. (e) Water-plants and sea-weeds are placed in water basins. Judging from the affiresaid statement one might imagine that "bonsai" costs pretty dear, ([tiite beyond the reach of those of moderate means. Vnr from it. .\ pine- tree which you get for a few cents, if planted properly in a jKit, will prove a feast to your eyes. The essence f)f the art lies in cultivation and method of protection. You will become a skilled "bonsai artist" only after many years of close study and experience. The plants to be used in "pot horticulture" had best be reared from young sprouts. I'y this means you can modify them in any way or form von like. Young sprouts can he had on occasion of your rambling in the fields or mountains. If you tend them with care for three years, you will be blessed with a little luxury for your eyes. Two years more, and your favorite plants will be the center of admiration from your friends and neighbors. The sijroui must have a shapely contour and fantastical branches. Its lower branches and the root are expected to be s])ecially strong. The trunk should be as straight as straight can be. According to such a standard selec- tion must be made. The young plant is to be placed first in a rough-lxiked earthen pot. Such a pot makes irrigation easy and sel- dotu spoils the root by the stagnation of water or fer- tilizer in the soil. Yet in Summer watering is indis- pensable at least twice a day. The sprout, fresh from plain or hillside, usually has a straight root. When you transplant this into a pot, you luust not forget, first of all, to cut to a proper length and then put the plant into a deep pot after the remaining root is coiled. The soil in the pot should be a coiupound of 60 per cent of ordinary soil and 40 per cent of decayed leaves ; if the plant is taken from a deep valley among large luountains. If the plant happens to hail from a hillside near a village, 80 per cent of ordinary soil and 20 per cent of horse manure will afford a suitable cul- ture medium. After all, the soil should be kept as near as possible to the natural soil native to the plant. .\ sprout that is one or two years old requires more fer- tilizer than its older brothers. If the sprout grows old enough to be provided with "chief" branches, "small" branches and "bag" branches (these three kinds of l)ranches are indispensable elements in forming a jMece of "bonsai" art), the next step to be taken is to transplant the plant into a larger pot. If you leave your plant in the pot too long, it will have its upper boughs strong and its lower boughs weak. On the other hand, to trans- jjlant it when too young is out of the question. In the process of final transplantation special attention must be paid to the position of the plant. If you fail in this part of the procedure, you will do gross injustice to your pot. however much of a rarity it may be. If the top of the plant tends to the left, you should set it a little to the left side of the pot, and vice z'crsa. To place your plant just in the middle of the pot is the last step you should think of taking. To plant one tree in a i>ot is an easy thing, but to place two trees reqtiires much skill and tact. In such a case you should select a tall tree and a little shorter tree. These two are to l>e iilanti'd, one a little nearer to repre- sent a forest in miniattirc in this small world of a pot. The maxinnim to be used in a pot is ten plants of one genus. The soil in the pot should be so heaped that the part where the plant peeps above the surface is the top of a small mound. The root of the plant appears a little aliove the top. The foot of the motuid is a little lower than the brim of the pot. To cover the surface of the soil with deep green moss largely contributes to the eleganci' of the potted tree. There are mosses and mosses ; for example, the mildew- looking moss which grows on a forest tree among moun- tains, the beard-like silvery moss which is found on the shady side of a trunk, and what not. Whatever kind of moss you may select, the first thing yoit should keep in mind is to rejirndnie .Valine in llic pot. For JiiniKiry. 1''22 19 If you hn;l a group of moss suilcil lo your purpose, shake oft" the cHnging earth and chy it in the sun. The next thing to do is to tease apart the gathered moss easily and scatter it on the surface cif the soil and give it a little watering. A good rain or two will deck the pot with a piece of verdure. It takes not a small quan- tity of time and labor to im])rove the appearance of a plant. In Sluing when the sprout bL-gins to branch, )ou must take away al! leaves except the upper two. In about a month new sprigs will come out, but these again must be got rid of. The remaining twigs will develop enough to bear some minor twigs. The infancy of a plant is the best time to correct or straighten the ill-shaped branches. If you happen to find a sprig growing just where you wish it to come out, see that the sprig be tended w-ith more than usual care, cut- ting oft' all other unwished-for twigs and thus making it easier for the pet twig to become large. Spring is the season when the circulation of the plant- juice is most active: and so this is the best time for transplanting. Every "bonsai-ed" tree, whether it is growing on natural soil or in a pot, requires transplant- ing at least once a year. The following is one way of transplanting : Mrst of all, wash the routs clean. If vtni find any decayed matter among entangled threads on the roots, take that away, together with mould, which you will surely come across when unearthing a plant. The wash- ing done, dry the roots and then set the plant in a pot. Take the pot out of doors in the day and indoors at night. In Sunnncr the scorching sun dries the soil rapidly and frequent watering is necessary. But beware of giv- ing too much water at long intervals. Whenever yo" see the soil dry, don't neglect watering your pet plant. To tell you the truth, water somewhat prevents the plant from wearing ''antiquated" color, but insufficient water soon kills the plant. Transplanting can be done about the time of the autumnal equinox without impairing the beauty of your tree. But the sprouts coming out at this time ought to be nipped or they will mar the graceful appearance of the tree in Winter. Watering should be avoided in .\utunm lest it should rot the roots. Those trees which turn red, such as maple trees and wax trees, are specially lovely in Autumn with their crimson leaves. If you want to retain the gorgeous color on the leaves, take care not to expose the tree to rain or dew after it begins to be tinted. When the dwarfed tree undergoes "hibernation," so to speak, the only care you should take of your pet plant is to keep the soil in the pot from freezing. For this purpose place the pot in the sun on fine days with a little watering before or after the noon. The most eft'ective way of fertilizing is first to make a slight hollow circle, two or three inches in diameter, around the root, and then pour fertilizer into this hollow on fine days. Just before the sprotiting period and the period of propagation is the time when fertilization is more necessary tlian at other periods. When giving fer- tilizer, to your tree, do not apply too much at a time, but give the plant its nourishment little by little. Old plants require more fertilizer than young plants. For w-atering purposes, rain is most suitable : next comes the water drawn from the river. Water fresh from the well is not so welcome to the plant. The olde'- the water, the more nourishing it is. Trees adapted to this special kind of culture can be grouped into three main classes. If we add some shrub's that can be cultivated as pieces of "bonsai" art. we have lour kiii(i> in all, namely, "leaf-cultured trees," "Hower- cultured trees," "dwarfed trees" and "herbs." Space does not permit the giving of detailed description of the dift'erenl methods of culture, according to each of these classes. Therefore I will here epitomize some of the most popular ways resorted to on this side of the Pacific. In "bonsai" art red pines are in high favor, as they can be very tastefully cultured. They like to be planted on the red soil. The shelf on which they are placed should be set up in a well ventilated part of the garden. Beware of exposing them to rain. The soil should be kept as dry as possible and fertilized with powdered oil- cake. Maple trees must be placed in a shallow pot. The soil to be used for them is red soil or mountain soil. They want much water. Therefore frequent watering is neces- sary. Fertilizer should be as thin as possible. If you leave the trees in the scorching sun in Summer, you will get the tips of their leaves brown. After their leaves have all fallen, their bare branches present a most grace- ful aspect. The cedar tree has so many small branches that it is an easy matter to train it as you choose. The use of fertilizer is not necessary, but watering must not be ne- glected, as the tree likes wet soil. \Vhen you plant a cedar tree in a thin pot you have a deep valley in mini- ature before you. The elm tree also branches profusely. Look at the tree after all its leaves have fallen. Even then you will find the thick branches interrupt the view beyond. In course of cultivation the root will become, in too many cases, thicker than the trtmk. Then cut away the root, leaving about three inches from the top of the root, and transplant it in another place. Such a process will have the result of more small trunks coming up from the root, which is exactly what the "bonsai" artist wants the tree to do. — The Caiiadiait Horticulturist. "Truth," said Corot. "is the first thing in art, and the second and the third." But the whole truth cannot be told at once. A selection from the mass of Nature's truths is what the artist shows — a few things at a time, and with sufficient emphasis to make them clearly felt. You cannot paint Summer and Winter on a single can- vas. No two successive hours of a Summer day are just alike, and you cannot paint them both. Nor, as certainly, can you paint everything you see at the chosen moment. Croud in too much and you spoil the picture, weaken the impression, conceal your meaning, falsify everything in the attempt to be too true. Corot managed to paint to interpret life, mood and meaning of what he saw. — Mrs. Schiiylcr I'an Rcn.<:sclacr. A PRAYER Nettie Orcena Wolfley Dear father, tend the garden of my thoughts. Thy dearest care. And nproot every weed and flower Thou hast Not planted there. Give me, to keep mv paths and borders straight. Thy Golden Rule. To fashion tlieni like his who left for men X'o sharper tool. Teach me to know at sight, in any guise, One no.xious weed. The "root of bitterness" which, spring up. Bears evil seed. Warm with the sunshine of Thy love the soil Around each tree That, looking from the earth up toward Thy light. Bears fruit to Thee. — Christian Si'iciicL- Si'iiliiiel. 20 r.ARDE!\lERS' CHRONICLE Leaf Falls Without Frost Bite AJ'TER a night's sharp trost in Auiunm \\ c arc not >urprised when wc take our walk to see the grotnid httered witli fallen leaves from every shade oi yel- low to hues of the deepest red or hrown. In fact, we look expectantly for this sudden spreading of a leafy car])el as a natural sequence to the change of temperature, and quite as a matter of course we attribute it to the work of the nipping frost. Before we take things so absolutely for granted let us take a little closer look into the matter and see what really takes place: for. after all, in their own good time surely the leaves would liave fallen, even though the frost had never been. Again, in tropical coimtries where rain does not occur for several months at a time plants act in an exactly opposite manner to those in our temperate regions, for their leaves fall before the hot, dry season, while in climates where no lengthy and alternating periods of hot and cold occur the "fall of the leaf is a very inconspicu- ous event, as new leaves form and develop at the same time that the older ones are falling away, so that the trees appear, more or less, to be always in full leaf. Ever- greens, in our own climate, present a somewhat similar case, but even these have to shed their leaves sooner or later, although in some cases they may last for several years. It would, therefore, appear that some other potent factor or factors besides cold and frost must he at work at the time of leaf fall. Before we can make any pro- gress toward this end, however, we nuist assimulate one important fact, namely, that the great engine which provides the motive power of all life, both plant and animal, is sunlight. Now- the leaves of plants are organs especially con- structed to intercept rays of sunlight : every leaf of every plant is adapted, so far as circumstances and environ- ment have permitted, to present to the sunlight as much surface as possible, hence we get endless forms of leaves on dififerent species of plants, those t'orms fittest for the environment naturally surviving. Die Before Tropic Dry Season Leaves are continually transpiring watery vapor from the stomata, or openings on their under side ; this trans- piration is, of course, kejit more or less active according to the dr\'ness of the surrounding atmosphere. In very hot weather it is apparent that transpiration would be most active, and this at a time when most inconvenient to the best interests of the plant, for then the soil would be so dry that it could not supply the increased demand made upon it. Hence it obviously follows that if a plant growing in a hot climate could dispose of its leafy raiment before the dry season, and so largely shut in the store of moisture that it then possessed, it would be adopting a most protective measure. Such is the way, then, by which, when the water supply begins to fail, such plants prepare to meet the situation, and, in due course, when the dry season arrives their leaves fall and the so-called "Summer sleep" commences. Later in the sea.son, when moisture again impregnates the soil and the water supply within the plant is naturally very Vnv, the mineral salts in the plant tissues greedily absorb any moisture that comes their way. and so the young roots are incited to seek for greater supplies. If the "fall of the leaf" before hot, dry periods can be so explained, what of our climate, where the exact op- posite, a long, cold and damp period, occurs. We know that the leaves f.all liclnre tlie Winter sct> in. hut that their fall cannot be associated with a lack of moisture is obvious. What, then, is the influence at work in this case ? Let us suppose that we have a delicate, sensitive plant growing as a pot plant and that we water the soil in which it grows for a few times with very cold water. .\lthough the surrounding atmosphere may be most fa- vorable to its development and the temperature of the soil well above zero, yet we find that the leaves of our plant begin to flag and soon the whole plant looks as if it had been nipped b}- the frost. What has happened? The very cold water has lowered the temperature of the soil so much that the activity of the roots has been in- terfered with, and as a natural consequence their absorb- ing powers have decreased. But the leaves in the warmer atmosphere above have gone on transpiring ai|ueous vapor as usual: thence the tissues have lost their water and it has not been replaced. So the jilant shrivels up and dies. At the sanie time also liy dis]iosing uf their leaves trees avoid other serious dangers. Water in the tender tissues of the leaves during the times of frost would be most dangerous to the plant structure, for then it would be- come ice and with the expansion that takes place when water freezes the tissues would be ruptured. How dangerous such an enemy would be to the delicate vege- table cells can be readilv demonstrated by the bursting of a water pipe when the water contained in it expands in the process of freezing. Another danger, overcome by the absence of leaves, is that of heavy falls of snow. Trees covered with foliage during heavy snowstorms get their branches sadly broken by the weight and the pressure of the wind. It should be observed ton. that trees in the lowlands retain their leaves several weeks longer than those of elevated mountain regions, even when of the same species. In the latter situations snow and frost often occur in the Autumn months, and consequently the soil is cooled sooner than that of the lowlands. I'roni this w'C might suppose that these mountain plants would have to put forth their leaves several weeks earlier in the year than their lowland relatives. As a matter of fact, the exact opposite is the case, for the mild temperature of Spring is later in reaching these elevated regions : hence it comes about that in these colder regions those trees survive best which have adapted their season's work to commence a few weeks later and finish a few weeks earlier than the normal period. PiTREi.Y Protfxtive \1f..\sitke \\'e may reasonably assume that the "fall of leaf" is chiefly a protective measure adopted by the jilant against transpiration at times when it would be injurious to its economy and that it is brought aliout by either heat or cold. .At the first indication in late Sunmier of a lowering temperature some iieculiar layers of cells begin to form at tlie base of the leaf stalks and quicklv extend across the tissues, disconnecting thcni. — .Vrrc ]'(>th Sun. Flowers liave an expression of countenance as nuich as men or animals, .'^(lme seem to smile: some have a sad expression : some are |>ensive and diffident : others again are plain, honest, ui>ric;ht, like the br()ad-faccd sun- flower, and the hollvhock. — !Ir)ir\ Ward Bcrcher. For January, 1922 ->iii nwuii nil I imiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiii III! nil III! iiii mi miiiiiii iiiiii 21 IK I I n 1 1 1 liiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiui nil iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii inn i iiiiiinnninnnnn I Work for the Month in the Garden I SAMUEL GOLDING -"""»"'""» "'" i"ii"™™i""i»«i ui»inin"»»iiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiN]iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiniii i iiimii nniiniiHi iiiinumnm „ „„i,iiiiiiiii,iiiiiiiii „ iiiiiniiiiiiiiiii ,mi „|„„ ,„ WK have now crossed the threshold of a new year, and the thoughts of garden lovers go forward in anticipation to the joys and pleasures of achieve- ment during the coming season. The history of horti- culture during recent years has been remarkable for the improvements made in many types of flowers and vege- tables, and the ever increasing- interest displayed by the general public towards home gardening, to which fact the various societies atid garden clubs that are being- formed throughout the country, bear eloquent testimony. They are conducive to that which is good in the advance- ment of horticulture; their e.xhibitions not only promote a wider knowledge of flowers and plants, but are also the "happy hunting ground" for the amateur and pr(j- fessional who is ever seeking for that which marks an improvement. The pleasures of gardening are not confined to a fleet- ing month or two but extend throughout the year, even when our gardens are wrapped in sleep. A retrospective view of the year's efforts and an examination of notes taken at the various shows will now- be in order. At this time the really successful grower will be forming- plans for the coming season's campaign. Notes written last year for future reference will be of the utmost im- portance and w'ill remind us forcibly of any failures of crops, or of any particular vegetables which proved their worth ; of varieties of flowers whose colors niav nut have been of the desired shades, or of others that deserve to be grown increasingly : of other out-standing features noted so as to gain advantage of past experience and apply it during the following season. 'Ilie note book does so much also to simplify the work on the seed order which must now- be attended to. Some varieties of vegetables previously grown may not have found favor with the i)erson in charge of the culinary department. Take for instance, the case of a grower sowing seeds of red, yellow-, and white onions, when \Miite Globe alone are appreciated. This is a conin-ion occurrence, and if a record is kept, it can sometimes be eliminated and the value of the crops increased. It is an excellent plan to make out a complete list of seeds, plants, fertilizers, tools, spraying materials, and anv other supplies which may be needed, and to order them earlv so that they will be on hand when actuallx' required. Delavs often cause disappointrnents, especially so if the stock of some particular variety we have decided ujion. is short and quickly sold out. The beginner will be w-ell advised to commence with those varieties which are known to thrive in his locality. .-\s for novelties, it is right to try them, but not to bank on them. Older and well tried standard varieties can generally be relied upon. Procure your seed from a re])utable seedsman : the initial out-lay may be a trifle more but the high germinating quality more than coiu- pensates. for they can be sown sparingly with greater confidence as to the final results. The stock of vegetables and fruit will need attention, and all specimens showing signs of decay should be re- moved. Manv have to store their crops in cellars where there is the heat of a furnace to contend with, if the space is limited. This causes a too dry atmosphere, which should be avoided. Care in such cases should he exercised and stocks of dahlias and other bulbs should have frequent inspections to prevent shrivelling and con- sequent loss of vitality. Should we have a spell of mild weather, it would make It possible to remove the covering and expose the tops of celery, which is wintering outside. This will allow the moisture to evaporate, but celery must be protected at night in case of a sudden fall of temperature. Continue to bring in a succession of rhubarb, seakale, chicory, and asparagus for forcing. They should be kept in a cool place, and will then respond quickly when brought into heat. Seakale and chicory must lie grown where the light is excluded to be blanched perfectly. Care and attention will be needed regarding the watering that a moist, growing atmosphere may be maintained. Mushroom beds that show that their vitality is becom- ing impaired, may be watered with tepid water in which a handful of con-imon salt has been dissolved. This often has an invigorating effect upon the beds. Use a fine rose can when watering the beds. We can now continue to gather material for new beds, which is an easy matter when there is an abundance of horse-droppings. Collect enough at one time to make beds of the desired dimen- sions, which should be turned over daily to sweeten the mass thoroughly. This can only be accomplished when the violent heat has subsided and the strong traces of ammonia have disappeared. Take care to beat the beds down firmly, and after a few days, they will be ready for spawning. The next step is to cover the beds with some good loam, pressing it down with the back of a spade. Mushrooms can be looked for about six weeks later. Apply winter spray to fruit trees as advised in last month's calendar, and push on with the pruning of the orchard when the weather permits. Evergreens and the flowering shrubs sulTer from the ravages of scale and other pests, if they are not carefully examined and sprayed. Be careful to shake snow from over-weighted conifers and evergreens during heavy falls. February. The growing of early ve.getables under glass demands attention although the early days of February may be regarded as almost too soon for the person who has not the facility that the greenhouse affords. But the length- ening days with increasing sunshine serve to remind us that the growing season is once more rapidly approaching. Therefore we should make all preparations to meet the near demands. Where only pits and frames are avail- able for early work, the preparation of materials for hot beds is the first to occupy our time. This can be done as soon as possible. Collect plenty of fresh, strawy, stable manure and mix it with the same proportion of forest leaves, oak or beech leaves preferred, owing to their lasting qualities. This mixture should be turned over thoroughly to ensure a steady heat. It is. of course, important that the material be in proper condition when used, which can be determined during the time of turning or mixing. If the manure has been allowed to ferment violently before being used for the hot-bed. it is not as good as if it were fresh from the stable. Apply water (Continued on page 23) 22 GARDK\KR:<- ( HROMCLE The Greenhouse, Month to Month W. R. FOWKES JAXLARY and early February is a very interesting period in greenhouse work. Winter's chilly hand has seized all outdoor subjects, but the colors of the indoor blooms are intensified. Hard firing is in progress, bringing in its wake red spider. We must combat this pest, and not allow too arid an atmosphere in any part. The rose house should be dampened down if the floors are of cement. Take care that water permeates the entire bench of roots where the heating pipes are under the benches, or the plants will sulTer severely. Try and keep the rose house at an even temperature of 60 degrees at night, or a lot of foliage will be lost. Day teiuperature can be regulated more than the night, and the sun's rays will be more frequent and powerful now than in the last eight weeks. If kept too cool now. your crops will be short, for the wood will harden and go to sleep. Do not topdress, but give a fair sprinkling of bone meal now. It will carry the plants along their Winter's journey without anything else. Carnation cuttings should be inserted in the sand and will strike now far better than two months later. Re- member the kind of cuttings to make. The nearer the flower vou take them from, the more prolific crop of flowers you will cut next Winter. It is likewise important to avoid the usual method of trimming tops of the cut- tings. Many cases of stem rot have their begiiming through the bruising which is caused by this method. Every one should grow the dark pink carnation, Hope Henshaw. It is the most prolific bloomer I have ever grown. The stem and blooms are of wonderful size, and the blooms are never off color. The early peaches in pots should be brought into a cool house.' Spray well to counteract scale. Keep the temperature for the first week as near 38 degrees as possible, and as the buds swell, increase, but never allow higher than 48 degrees until the fruiting period is at hand. Lilacs for Easter should be started. See that scale is not introduced by bringing these plants indoors, Scaline is the best eradicator of this pest. Among our friends the orchids, Cattlcya Pcrckvliaiia and Triawc are the first to herald in the New Year. They come at the period when orchid blooms demand the highest price. The late Fall weather with its unusual warmth and sunlight has benefitted these plants, and where the shafting was taken off carefully froiu time to time, we find the result in most plants is that they are sending forth a good supply of fine Ijlooms. Caltlcya McndcUi which lilossomcd in May. made quick and successful growth, and with us is giving its second crop of blooms. If any of these plants need repotting, they should be attended to now. Clean pots and make a com- po.st of osmunda fibre ?> parts. 1 i)art sj)haKninu moss and plenty of crocks for drainage. If your orchid house is low, you will need a little shade on the sunny side, or yriur new growths will be ruined. There are a lot of orchids in Itlfjoni and at various sta.ges of growth at this time, and it is not unusual in the United States to cut two crops of blooms ])er annum. Unlike European culture, with restricted sunlight, orchids here, excepting deciduous calanthes and dendrobiums, are practically never at rest. Rest here in this sunny clime is ruin, anrl the person who decries against certain methods and wants special houses in which to grow or- chids is not in sympathy with their natural desires. The skill of the cultivator has more to do with successful culture of orchids than any kind of greenhouse erected. Ferns should be divided in early Februar\-. They then have their period of new growth and can be divided into as many sizes as one requires. Compost is not very important, but drainage is most important. The Farlcy- ciise tribe favor heavy rose soil and red sandstone in- corporated. The usual Nephrolcpsis and Adianium will grow taller if desired, in light soil containing leaf mold. Repot Schizantliiis when necessary and sow a little now of liadger's hybrids. When in the flowering size, five or six inches, be careful not to over water. liring Spircra along gently on a light bench in a cool greenhouse. See that your gardenias are free from mealy bug: also that they have free drainage or the result will be sickly foliage which some people wrongly believe is due to their being grown inland, claiming that this class of plants only thrives on the sea coast. Crotons should be tongued. Take any bushy plant and cut off the lower leaves on a healthy shoot ; make ait upper slanting cut and half way through put a tooth jjick or smaller piece of wood to keep incision open, and inseii: a little moss and sand previously chopjied up fine and moistened, and secure with raffia. Keep in a warm corner gently sprayed away from draughts, and in six weeks you will have a nice lot of voung plants for 2- inch pots. Successful croton culture consists of slight shifts. Never give more than a half inch shift in re- potting and this should be done verv firmly. You can build up plants fully six feet in one year from early struck plants. Chrysanthemums of the large type should be put in the sand in February. The pompoms and others will be early enough for pot use if struck the end nf March. The propagation is simple. They will strike readilv in twenty days time if the sand is 60 degrees and the house between .^0 and 60 degrees. I'inch back any poinsettias left from C'hri>tni:is time and you will (Icvelo]) a nice growth that will lilimni well at h'aster. Sprinkle a little tobacco dust around the roots of cauli- flower jjlants to kill the maggots that infest these oc- casionally. Do not waste valuable space in your houses projiagat- ing ro.ses from cuttings. Order grafted stock from the special rose men who advertise in the (i \iU)i\i i;s' i 'nunx- ici.R, and who will deliver them when tliey are desired next Summer. The coddling which one's own rose roots demands; the wearisome waiting for a cro|> of blooms; tJie continual dropjiing of \ellow leaves if \iinr ,itmos- phere and soil, etc. is not just so. combined with poor substance of petal, ju.sl takes the joy out of indoor rose growing. The grafted plants have a vigorous start which they maintain, and ymi can connuence to cut verv nice blooms eight weeks after |)lanfing. They will continue doing so with a little mani])ulaling of the buds, i hi your present crop take away two buds oft" everv plant cacli week, buds just shnwing color, and you will never be wilhoiU roses, but he sure to secure grafted plants next vear. For Janiinry, 1922 23 Cuttings of lantanas and Jjouvardias sliould be inserted, but use very slender growths and be careful to keep shaded from sunlight. Cut all flowers rather earlier in the day than you did a few weeks ago. There is plenty of ice to be had now for the ice box and if yon have a cool cellar you will not require ice. ISut avoid gas from the furnace. A too frequent cause of carnations going to sleep after being cut is from coal gas. Orchids are very easily injured by it also. Do not be in too great a hurry to force tulips. They detest heat, and the antirrhinums you grow with their long stems are more suitable than stunted tulips. They will come along all right later. Give the freesias a little Clay's fertilizer. Cinerarias and cyclamen will appreciate a little also now that the soil is getting exhausted. It is not how much feeding- plants will stand as amateurs frequently ask. but when the plant requires it, that helps in successful culture. There is not a plant grown that will not benefit by ju- dicious feeding. Soot water once a week for the palni^ is n(jw api)re- ciated. The palms that were not repotted will develop fine foliage if given a dose of Dried Illood, a talile- spoonful to a 10-inch pot. Be careful when watering not to w-ash it away carelessly. Between several batches of palms repotted a year ago and a batch fed in the manner described. I can see no dift'erence, and time and labor is saved in not repotting. Keep all foliage plants in as small ])ots as ])Ossible. They will take more water an fertilizer and be more convenient to handle. WORK FOR THE MONTH IN THE GARDEN ( Continued from page 2\ ) from the hose if it appears too dry. and moisten it throughout. When it is fermenting evenly, make the bed, the depths of which must be determined by the con- ditions under which the particular crops must be grown. It can usually be regarded as false economy to adopt a sparing policy with the hot-bed. \\'hen filling the frame, bring it up as near the glass as possible and tread firmly, so that when it has sunk to the full extent the plants or seedlings will be located where they can enjoy to the fullest extent the sunshine and air. which they require for perfect health. If it is intended to grow only seed- lings in the hot-bed, use a much smaller percentage of leaves ; the heat is stronger. Cover with a good compost to a depth of four to six inches, according to the plants raised. When the heat has subsided to a uniform steadi- ness, sow such crops as early carrots, beets, radishes, and lettuce. Give air whenever possible to plants wintering in cold frames, or they may. during mild spells, start into pre- mature growth. Keep the plants free froiu decayed foliage and water verv carefullv. MICHAELMAS DAISIES (Continued from page 11) The cordifolius type is worth growing, if only for cut- ting. Its small flowers on long, graceful sprays are adapted for vase work. "Sweetheart" is recognized as being one of the best. The Michrelmas Daisy because of its varied height and color can be planted to advantage in many ways. It is ideal for growing between Spring flowering shrubs for it soon fills up any gap caused by pruning the latter and with Summer and .\ulunm flowering shrulis, keeps that l)art of the garden bright until frost comes. Planted in large beds with lielianlhus "Miss Mellish" or Tomcn- tosKs, ])resent a very good effect. Another effective com- bination is obtainetl by planting ]\Iicha?lmas Daisies with the Boltoniie, mixing the pink and blue shades with B. astcroides, and white flowering varieties with B. lat- isquaJiia. (Boltoniie vary in height from nearly four to seven feet. ) This flower also shows up to advantage in front of a wall or trellis covered with English Ivy. Honeysuckle HaUiano. or Pyracantha Lelandi. Planted in a wide border with a tall hedge of Holly or Yew at the back, as is so often done in England, the Mich?elmas Daisy seldom faiis to produce a most striking and artistic effect. In nearly every cottage garden in England, can be seen the Mich;elmas Daisy — hardy aster — and at the Autumn shows special classes both for the amateur and profes- sional are arranged for this flower. Each year new and improved varieties are eagerly sought for and as long as that progressive spirit is retained in horticulture, there will always be flowers worth while and amongst them, the Mich?e1mas Daisv. GARDEN PESTS AND REMEDIES VY/EED.S decrease our crop yields to such an enormous extent, they interfere so seriously with our farming operations, and they cause such tremendous losses in dollars, that concerted eiTort should be directed to their reduction and eradication. Any community, large or small, that sets itself the task of practically eliminating Its weeds and adopts and sticks to a program of action, can work wonders. It is cpiite certain that everyone knows what a "weed" is. Probably no one of us has had the term defined but our conception of its meaning is very clear.. It may be that at one time in our early days we were told to pull the weeds in the corn field or garden ; to mow the weeds along the fence ; and at such a time it is certain that no' words of explanation were needed to indicate which the weeds were. We have come to consider as "weeds" those plants which tend to grow where they are not desired ; plants which tend to resist man's efforts to subdue them ; plants which resist frost, heat, dryness ; which will grow in almost any. kind of soil and under all conditions ; plants which produce seeds in enormous numbers and have other rapid methods of propagation ; plants in themselves sometimes tndy beauti- ful, but that have for us lost their charm; plants useless and troublesome. Emerson said of a weed : "A plant whose virtues have not yet been discovered." A large Purslane plant will produce 1,250,000 seeds; a single Russian Thistle plant will ripen 100.000 to 200,000 seeds; Tumbling IMustard, 1.500.000: Shepherd's Purse, 50,000. The seeds of many weeds are very small and escape notice. A pound of Clover Dodder has 1.841,360 seeds: Common Plantain, 1.814.360 seeds: Lamb's Quarters, 604,786 seeds; Russian Thistle, 266,817 seed7: Wild Mustard. 215.995 seeds; Wild Oats. 25.493 seeds. If 60 pounds of Wheat are planted to the acre, and this \\nieat has 2 per cent of \\'ild iMustard seed, there will be distributed over that acre 388,791 Mustard seeds. Xot only do weeds produce seeds in tremendous num- bers, but seeds with an ability to live a long time. The seeds of some weeds, when buried in the soil, may retain their power to germinate for 15 to 30 years. Such is true of the seeds of Tall Pigweed. Black Mustard, Shep- herd's Purse. Dock. Yellow Foxtail. Chickweed and others. — Garden Club of America Bulletin. 24 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE Training Young Men in the Gardening Profession WILLIAM GRAY CC)XSTRL'CT1\ K criticism is beneficial, fur il is in this way all real progress takes place in the wurld. When we discuss the need of a school for training young" gardeners, we are criticising existing methods of training, for if these were satisfactory there would lie no need to discuss other plans of training. Therefore, if the criticism from practical gardeners is of such an extent as to be erroneously called "everlasting knocking of our colleges." there must be some reason for the criticism, and if such criticism is constructive il should be given consideration. Criticism of the college graduate reflects upon the college and its system of edu- cation, and going to the root of the matter we are led to believe that the reason for such criticism is the big- dose of theory and tlie small dose of practice that is given the young men at our Agricultural Colleges. Let us define practical and theoretical, and see which is of the most im[jortance. Practical — capable of applying kno\\U-dge or theory to practice. Theoretical — depending on theory, nut [)ractical. sjiecu- lative. Practice — dexterity ac(|uired by habit, exercise of a profession. Accepted or iiroven theory is based upon the best known methods of practice, and therefore is not speculative. The speculative quantity is the theoretical trained man who has yet to prove that he is capable of applying knowledge or theory to practice. a' young man with a fairly good education can be- come a thoroughly trained gardener by practice alone, but this can not be [wssible by theoretical study alone. We can therefore assume that practice is of far greater importance than theory, yet there is no doubt that the two combined would turn out more proficient men. and if the importance of i)ractice is greater, the young man should receive more practice than theory. Our .Agricultural Colleges have made progress in remedying this defect in their education, still there is great need for more jjractical training. The criticism of the practical trained gardeners is directed at the as- sum])tion on the part of the college graduate to consider him.self competent to fill the executive i)Osition of super- intendent or head gardener on leaving college, whereas, owing to the lack of much practical training, lie is in no position to direct others or to know w'.iethei- they are doing a thing right or wrong. That the majority of Agricultural College graduates have been unable to hold such positions for any length of time proves that the criticism is just. .\ bond oi sympathy could Ije established between the college and the practical man by the faculty impressing upon the young men the importance of rounding nut their education by serving for a few years in subordinate positions under thoroughly practical gardeners. It is open to question whether or not horticulture should be taught in an .\gricultural College along with agriculture. P.oth subjects are of such a broad nature that it would he almost an impossibility to provide the facilities for practical training for l)oth in one institution. and the fact that .\griciilture is of more economic im- portance would tend to the favoring of that science. Let us consider therefore a proposition to e.stablish a School of Horticulture, the object being to train vnun- men for all the opportunities that Horticulture presents, i. c. landscape gardeners, private gardeners, market gar- deners, fruit growers, florists, nurserymen, foresters, etc. I'Tom the foregoing we will assume that practice and theory are going to work hand in hand to get the most efficient results. The school buildings would be of the usual t\pe. presided over by a head professor and his assistants. S'oimg men would be eligible to enter the school at an early age, a high school education not being required for the students would he educated at the school in all subjects that would l>e helpful to them in their profession and such subjects would be taught oidy from the standpoint of their relation to horticulture. The grounds around the buildings would be of ample size to aft'ord every facility for the application of the prin- ciples of horticulture. A superintendent thoroughly practical would be in charge of the outside departments and under him at the head of each department there should be a jiractical gardener, expert in the work of the de])artnient. A general [ilan of development would be mapped out, the diti'erent departments being arranged as follows: Landscape Department, consisting" of the grounds proper laid oiU in lawns, drives, walks,, flower gardens and borders, planted with trees, shrubbery, and foliage and flowering plants : Vegetable Garden Department, a plot of some extent for the culture of vegetables ; Orchard Department, several acres of ground devoted to fruit ; Xurser}- Department, several acres of ground with propa- gating house and frames for the cultivation of trees, shrubs, and hardy plants: Greenhouse Department, a range of Imu'-es for the cultivation of plants, flowers, fruit and ve.getables imder glass, and plants for the grounds and vegetable garden. All work pertaining to horticulture would be done by the students under the guidance of the ex]jert head gar- dener in each department. Lectures by the professors and cultural talks by the superintendent could be de- livered wherever the students were at work, the subjects of the lectures and talks correlating with the work at which the)- were engaged. Thus on jileasant days during Summer the class room study period would be short and more time given to it in Winter or during inclement weather, when outside work would be at a minimum. The full course would occupy four years. The first two years would be the critical period in the school, for manv of the young men would undoubtedly be without experience, but as they became more proficient and had reached their third aiul fourth year of training many of them could be put in positions of more or less re- sponsibility in the dilYerent departments. The expense of such a proposition would be consider- able, but need nut ])resent unsurniountable difficulties. The school could be started on a modest plan: the dc- velupnuiu extending over several years providing stu- dents practice in its development. .Ml horticultural interests in the country could get behind such a plan. The grounds could he stocked to a great extent through horticultural organizations. Owners of private estates could be interested in it. Government support might be secured as the economic value to the country of sending out trained men of this kind was recognized. \1! this is theory. Ts it practicable? For January, 1922 25 EARLY BULB FORCING OF the maiiy details leading to success in the matter of early bulb-forcing, a timely start and suitable varieties are essen- tial. Early planting is necessary to ensure a healthy root system which will enable the plant to bear the strain presently to he placed upon it, and without which, failure, wholly, or in part, of the crop might be foredoomed from the start. For this there is no sub- stitute; no rushing in at the last moment in the hope of making up for lost time. The bulbous plants I have in mind are Roman Hyacinths, Daffodils and Tulips. Of these three, those last named are invariably the most sparsely rooted, and in their case it may, in a measure, be true to say that other things — c. g., bottom heat and darkness — play an equal part so far as ultimate success is con- cerned. The root system of the bulbs of the other genera named are stronger and more abundantly produced, that of the Daffodils in particular, and in their case, that of healthy bulbs very con- siderable. In this connection, root production in these plants, grown, when taken indoors, under entirely foreign conditions, has an important bearing upon the water supply, hence, to the gardener, the information should be appreciated. Of the bulbous rooted subjects under consideration, the Tulip requires the least root- moisture ; the other two — Hyacinths and Dafifodils — in reason, can hardly be given too much. This, I state with emphasis, having seen the Daffodil ruined in its thousands for lack of moisture alone, or through drought in the soil and an arid atmosphere com- bined. Under the greenhouse stage in proximity to the hot-water pipes, is no place for this crop, yet I have seen bulbs there, and neglected in the matter of watering for weeks on end. To intro- duce the plants from the plunging beds out-of-doors to such condi- tions is ruinous ; rushing the plants into considerable warmth from the open is also another common cause of failure with the Daffodil. This, together with growing the plants for ten days over strong bottom heat and withholding water for a like period, are among the ruinous and unpractical methods that I know have been resorted to by some commercial growers in a rather large way of business. D.^FFODILS. Of the three genera named, the Daffodil is the most impatient of strong heat at the start ; a season of preparation — fourteen days or so — of comparative coobiess, with moisture, is far better. Heat, indeed, too early applied, not infrequently has a retarding effect upon the crop, apart from which, later, there is an absence of uni- form growth and flowering. Hence, from the economic standpoint, seeing the high price of fuel, much might be advanced in favor of the cooler, progressive, and more rational treatment of forcing. In certain instances, when the forcing of such bulbs was in its infancy and all had to be learnt in connection therewith, some experimenting was necessary. This revealed the absolute stub- bornness of certain early and cheap sorts of bulbs, and how they refused to budge when placed in artificial heat. How, too, after two months or so of forcing, when turned outside in disgust in wintry weather to take care of themselves, they flowered at their natural time as though nothing had happened. The value of these experiments lay in finding which were the more responsive ones to forcing and which to-day, so far as I am aware, are still unsur- passed for early work. From the many specimens examined of both Hvacinths and Narcissi, the lack of responsiveness appeared to be no fault of the flower; it was obviously due to the fact that the expansion of the orifice of the neck of the bulbs did not syn- chronize with the growth elsewhere, with the result that a kind of strangulation was set up ; in some instances, the scape was detached from its basal seat with, of course, disastrous results. Cause and efifect being clear the lesson was of untold value. With the season of preparation ended, the house may be closed and a temperature of 45 degrees or 50 degrees maintained. Pro- vided that both fogs and frosts are absent, this may be increased to 55 degrees or so after a space of three weeks. With such deterrents to progress as fog and frost, a lower temperature should be maintained ; to do otherwise, would be extreme folly and a useless expenditure of fuel. From now. onwards, there should be no stint of root moisture for all Dafifodils. .\ moist atmos- phere up to the time of the opening of the flowers is also impor- tant. Given these conditions, the cultivator has at his disposal the essentials to a successful issue. For earliest work NarcissKS obra- laris (the Tenby Daffodil), N. Henry Irving, N. spunus. and the old double-yellow Dafifodil (N. tclamonius phnus) are stdl unsur- passed, their flowering being much in the order given where all are grown under identical conditions. Closely following these m blooming are N. princeps, N. Golden Spur, N. Victoria and .y. Excelsior, which may be regarded as a richer colored Golden Spur. N. ,\rd Righ and Countess of Annesley (Irish Daffodils) have both been put forward as first early-forcing sorts from time to time, and it may be true of the first-named, if the bulbs arc Irish grown and forced, not otherwise. Those first named are the chief source of supply for the late December and Januarv market; of the others. A', princcps is usually the first. Rather than over- force the second earlies, it is better to have a successional batch of the first. Length of stem is thereby secured ; a not unimportant asset in these as in other flowers grown for market. What efifect the heat of this Summer and early maturing will have upon the forcing of these flowers will be interesting to watch. Thus, it will be seen that but the merest handful of the great and ever- increasing host of Narciss-i may be regarded as reliable forcing sorts. Potted or boxed in September, their introduction into the cold house during the early days of November might follow, treating them as already advised. A', pccticus ornatus is something apart, and late November will be soon enough to bring this occa- sionally unamiable variety indoors. Pursue an even medium course with it till the flower scapes are well in view. It were bet- ter to have a full crop by these means than an earlier one with many distorted flowers possessing no market value. Four-inch- deep wooden boxes of uniform size are the best receptacles for the bulbs and occupy the space in the forcing house to a far greater advantage than pots. Hyacinths .\nd Ti-lips. Hyacinths and Tulips require both bottom heat and darkness to force them well, differing in these important particulars from the Daffodils. Length of stem and a refined appearance are promoted thereby, assets of no inconsiderable market value. The earliest liatches are best grown in a frame within the house ; the bottom heat, always under control, being supplied from beneath the bed, consisting of moist cocoanut fiber with a covering, three inches in thickness over all, of the same material. For Roman Hyacinths and \'an Thol Tulips, the depth named is ample. For Tulips of naturally taller growth, a depth of six inches would not be too much. By insuring a uniform heat about the tops of the plants, the good results already noted--stem, length, etc. — follow. By cover- ing the frame with damped sacks or mats, heat is conserved and protection against fogs ensured. Here, it may be noted, that Tulips so grown are most sensitive to fog, hence the cultivator should see that the crop is not removed from the bed and darkness until the stems have attained their maximum and the flower buds fully developed. From experience I am assured that the apparently stunted, green tipped, half-developed flower buds of white-flowered sorts too often seen are a direct result of too early removal from the congenial conditions above noted. Its immediate effect upon the crop is a cessation of all growth, hence, the ills named. Usually it is done with the laudable desire of introducing a second batch, though the keen observer will rarely repeat it. The most ludicrous thing in Tulip forcing I ever saw was the early introduction from frames and plunging beds in the open to the greenhouse stages, where they were fully exposed. It concerned some hundreds of pots of the best bedding sorts. With nothing to promote stem growth, the flowers presently expanded on two-inch or three-inch high stems and. sprawling over the pots, presented a strange sight indeed. .\ bottom heat of 65 degrees at the commencement may be increased to 75 degrees or 80 degrees, in the course of three weeks ; the latter warmth will be ample for ordinary purposes. All bulbs forced in frames must be well watered at the start and given time to become dry before covering them with the fiber. The material below the pots should also be well damped. Subse- quently, tepid water only should be applied to the plants. Damp the frame daily by spraying with the syringe. The introduction of the Hyacinth and Van Thol Tulips into the heated frames will depend upon demand, though early November usually sufifices. For other Tulips, any time during that month or, say, from the middle on- wards is suitable. The best Tulips for early forcing are La Reine, Yellow Prince, White Hawk and King of Yellows. The first named is probably forced by the million annually, a pure white .sort that has also the merit of cheapness. Intelligently forced, this variety and Yellow Prince may be had at Christmas with fair weather, and with foot-long stems. The cultivator would be well advised to grow several successional batches of these two varie- ties.— The Gardiners' Chronicle (British). 26 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE I COLOR ARRANGEMENT IN THE GARDEN X' tlu' c-arlv 'iiiiutiLs, wlicii I \\v>\ Uinu-d my attentimi to .Harden- ing, the only serious consideration given to color schciues was that devoted to the planning of Smnnier beds. But the remem- brance of vivid contrasts produced by masses of red Cieraniums and blue Lobelias serves to indicate that the art of color arrange- ment was not in an advanced state. We may therefore regard the science of color planning as practically non-existent in those days. One certainly saw many pleasing color combinations in the perennial border and shrubbery, but these were more the result of accident than forethought. Nowadays the conception of happy harmonies or striking contrasts in the herbaceous border— and, indeed, in any portion of the garden — is regarded as principal rather than secondary considerations. The wise gardener of to-day selects with the utmost care such plants a.s will most fit- tingly associate with the natural surroundings. This careful plan- ning'of color effects is, of course, the keynote of successful gar- den building. The guiding factors in the creation of pleasing color combinations are naturally the colors of the flowers and the period of their display. Nobody would attempt to form color schemes without accurate knowledge of these characteristics. To some people the gift of blending colors seems to be a natural one. To others the taste is an acquired one. In either case there a tew guiding principles which might with advantage be borne in mind by those who contemplate laying out new gardens. Broadly speaking, there are two methods of forming color pic- tures—namely, by harmonies or by contrasts, llicre are times when either may be successfully employed : on the other hand. harmony may be the only permissible arrangement. Flower-bor- ders which are always more often seen at close range should, as a general rule, Ik? treated with harmony, while distant effects may with safety be made bv striking contrasts. For the most part, I am of the opinion that harmonious effects arc more pleasing to the eye. They arc certainly more restful. It is quite true that con- trasts have a value of their own. They are useful in certain cases in enhancing the color value of many flowers. For instance, the juxtaposition of purple Michaelmas l")aisies and Red Hot Pokers seems to compel special admiration, while emphasizing the rich coloration of each species. But a garden is, after all. a place of rest for most of us, and how can restful peace be more felt than in a garden which is filled with the soothing influence of quietly- blended colors. Whatever scheme be adopted, there should be a sufficient mass of each color to get the true value. The old plan of putting plants about singly is quite inadciiuate in the formation of color pictures. Bold groups of each subject yield an all-compelling beauty which is not easily attained in borders made up of inconspicuous color patches. There is no doubt that the feeling of rest which seems to pervade many gardens is far more due to the harmonious colora- tion than to any other influence. The value of color in house decoration obtains increasing recognition. Few people nowadays select their wall-papers without the most careful regard to the aspect of the room, the furniture and carpetings, and the use to which the room is to be put. Why not extend the same thoughtful observance of color value to our gardens? The best teacher we can have in the matter of color effects is Nature. We have only to look around us to find everyday lessons from which first- hand information may be obtained. The grey clouds floating across an azure sky suggest at once a happy combination of grey-foliagcd plants with' blue Delphiniums or Anchusas. Again, the blending of colors on the wings of certain butterflies or on the feathers of the peacock are quite suggestive of what may be done in the \yay of flower association. There are. indeed, hosts of examples which may be seen in the country-side and aptly repeated on a smaller scale in the garden. — Gardening. Illustrated. unless perhaps it be a mere jet of water rising from the surface of an informal rocky pool. Yet this is, I think, not free from objection. Garden statues, again, when exhibited are frequently admired and it is fortunate, perhaps, that their price prevents more fmding their way into small sulnirban gardens. Greek and Roman statu- ary are quite out of place, unless the mansion and garden sur- rounding are in the classical style. Lastly, one too often sees white w-ood seats placed where their brilliaT'.ce and luster strive to outshine the white flowers near them, and they become the most prominent feature in the whole garden. The beauty of a stone seat is, that if left to itself, it will soon tone down and merge into the garden picture. It will become a beautiful part of it, if the design has been well chosen, but it will not dominate it. It is a safe rule to follow, to allow plants and flowers to pro- vide the chief notes of form and color in our gardens and not rely on brightly painted seats and colored awnings tmless we are deal- ing w'ith a garden plannefl and planted on Japanese lines. — South African Cardeiiliig and Country Life. THE USE AND ABUSE OF GARDEN ORNAMENT 'T'ilKRI-" is certainly this advantage in a pergola made of natural ^ tree trunks and boughs that it will not clash with any style of building near it. aufl it can always be well strengthened by almost invisible metal supports. It must be rcmemljcred also that a pergola camint begin anywhere and end nowhere in particular, but should serve a definite purpose, such as to form a shady ap- proach to the main garden from the dwelling house or the ap- proach to some garden-house. It is difficult to understand why roses and eculiar points of difterence in the production of certain plants can readily be ascertained from common printed sources and even by a little exprimentation. Volume II is of the same general character and quality as the preceding. Under the title Special Glasshouse Crops, it handles specifically, Tomatoes, Cucumbers, Melons, Grapes, Sweet Peas, Forcing Bulbs, Lifted Chrysanthemums and Catch Crops and their Economic Value. The final chapter of the book, which is given up to the subject named last in the preceding list, is particularly valuable for its su.ggestions of how to make the most of whatever space is available. But in the reading of this, as is of course the case with foreign books in general, allowances must be made for dilTerences of climate and national customs and preferences. CouNTRV Life Booklets. Country Life. Ltd., London, and Charles Scribner's Sons, New 'S'ork. The publishers of this series, whose periodical is The Gardeners' Chronicle of London, are in a position to know the leading authorities and successfully to solicit their co-operation. Of tin- three volumes examined the one, S'<'eel I'eas, is the work of Horace J. Wri.ght, F. H. S., First Honorary Secretary of the National Sweet Pea Society: a second I'iolas and l^ansies, has been made by Howard H. Crane, F. L. S.. author of The Book of the Pansy, I'iola and Violet, while the third, .Intir- rhinums and I'entstemons, has been written by A. J. XtacSelf, one of the directors of the Chalk Hill Nurseries, in which the two plants are specialties. The titles of other booklets, selected from the list of three dozen or more, are Storing I'egetatdes and fruits, Bee-Keefiins, IFintcr ligg Production, Home Decorating, The Dog, Milliards, Ihnv to Know the Birds. How to Prune Roses and Pruit Trees, The Greenhouse, Pot Plants. These and the other subjects, confined each one to the average of 30 pages composing one of the little and very inexpensive paiier-covered volumes, have been dealt with eminently well, if conjecture may be made from a reading of the three specimens. The entire .series ought, un(|ueslionably, to be given a place in the library of every country residence and sonic of the booklets would be of more real serviceability in the management of a eily giirdin than many other books of greater cost. For Januiiry. 1022 27 ^I'lllll 'HlllllllllJIitllfttllllllllllllllllllll N imiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Ill iiiiiiiimimmiimiiimiim iii iii iiiiiitiimimiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiii i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim; miiiiiii ninii National Association of Gardeners Office: 286 FIFTH AVE., NEW YOKK llllllllllllIIIIIIIUIIll'l -miiiiiimii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiniiiti.iiiiiniiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii'iiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiitiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiim [[ili:iilliiiHillllllMliMlliltillillllliiiiri iifiiiiiiiiiiim.iiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiii^ President — Robert Cameron, Ipswich, Mass. Vice-President — Tohii Barnet. Sewickley. Pa. Secretary— M. C. Ehel. 286 Fifth Ave., New York. Treasurer — Montamiu Free, Brooklyn, N, Y. TRUSTEES I For 1<121)— William H. Waite. Arthur Smith. D. L. Mack- intosh. Ncu Tersev ; W. X. Craig, Massachusetts ; H. E. Downer, New York. DIRECTORS (To serve until 1923)— Alexander Michie, Long Island; George F. Stewart, Massachusetts; Theodore Wirth, Minnesota; George W. Hess, District of Columbia; Daniel J. Coughlin, New York; John Barnet, Pennsylvania; Montague Free, New York. (To ser\'e until 1924) — Wilham Gray, Rhode Island; William Her trick, California; Albin Mar- tini, Iowa; Thos. Hat ton, ('onnecticut ; Robert Weeks, Ohio; W. H. Griffiths, Michigan; Thos. W. Head. New Jersey. (To serve until 1925) — George Wilson. Illinois; James Stuart, New York ; William Klein heinz, Pennsylvania; John F. Huss, Connecticut; Edwin Jenkins, Massachusetts; Carl X. Fohn. Colorado; To-;ei h Tin^cv . New ^'nrk. SUSTAINING MEMBERS New York — Mrs. J. J. Albright, George F. Baker, Edwin S. Bayer, Albert Claybtirgh, W. R. Coe, Mrs. F. A. Constable, Paul D. Cravath, Mrs. VV. Bayard Cutting, Mrs. Charles Daniels, Cleveland H. Dodge, Mrs. David Dews, Frank J. Dupignac, Mrs. Coleman du Font, Childs Frick, W. II. Gratwick, Daniel Guggenheitn, Mrs. W. D. Guthrie, Mrs. William P. Hamil- ton, Mrs. John Henry Hammond, T. A, Havemever, Mrs. L. A. Herman, Anton G. Hodenpyl, B. H. Howell, C. O. Iselin, Otto H. Kahn, Mrs. Frank B. Keech, W. Eugene Kimball, L. C. Ledyard, Jr., Adolph Lewisohn, John Magee, Mrs. Julius Mc\'icker, Mortfn H. Meinhard, Mrs. Eugene Meyer, Jr., J. Pierpont Morgan, Mrs. I. Pierpont Morgan, Stanley G. Mortimer, Mrs. Harold I. Pratt, John T. Pratt, E. F. Price, Mrs. William A. Read, H. D, Roosen, Charles A. Sherman, Mrs. Samuel Sloan, Benjamin Stein, Mrs. W Stursberg, Daniel Tatum, Mrs. R. M. Thompson, Mrs. Edwin Thorne, Mrs. Henry M. Tilford, Carll Tucker, Samuel Unterniyer, Mrs. Harold T. White, Mrs. Payne Whitney, E. L. Young. New Jersey — A. Albright, Jr., Charles Bradley, Joseph P. Day, James B. Duke, Mrs. Lewis L. Dunham. Mrs, Frederick Frelinghuysen, Mrs. K. S fiofdrich, Mrs. Gustav F. Kissel. C. Lewis, Mrs. Paul Moore, Hubert T. Parson, Mrs. Manuel Rionda, P. S. Straus, Mrs. John I. Waterbury, Mrs. Ridley Watts, Zanders Wertbeini. Penvsvlvauin — "-aiuuel T. I'.odiiie, (ien. Richard Coulter. Mrs. 1. D. I.v. n R. 11 Mell'-n. Gifford Finchot. Georpe F. Tyler, I'.d^arrj \ W. - I'c '^r'fl r I !■ 11." '' " 11 " r. rf ^ 'o t' n'. ''-"rry O. Haskell. C< nnecticiit — E. Dinan Bird, Dr. Tracy Farnam, Mrs. Tracy Farnam, George M. Hendee, Miss A. B. Jennings, H. F. Schwarz, W. H. Truesdale, William Ziegler, Jr. Rhode Island — Gov. R. Livingston Beeck- man. Massachusetts — Miss M. R. Case, Mrs. William C. Conant, Mrs. Henry C. Frick, Mrs. Louis Frothinsh;'m, Henry S. Hunnewell. A. K. Lawrie, Mrs. C. G. Rice. Prof. C. S. Sargent, Mrs. J. A. Spoor, Mrs. Bayard Tlia}'tr. New Hampshire — F. G. Webster. Ohio — F. F. Drury, H. S. Firestone. Mrs. Francis F. Prentiss. John L. Severance, H. S. Sherman. H. L. Thompson. MUhi^an — J. B. Schlotmann, E. D. Speck. Indiana — Thpodrre F. Thieiiie. Illinois — A. Watson Armour. Harry B. Glow, A. B. Dick. Clavton Mark, Mrs. Julius Rosenwald, Mrs. F. W. Upham. M'vnescta — Mrs Chester A. Congdon, F. H. Stoltze. loiva — Mrs. G. B. i:)ouglas. Miisonri — August A. Busch, Dr. George T. Morre. Virginia — Miss Grace E. Arents. W. I'lrsinia — Mrs. Arthur Lee. Georgia — E. H. Inman. 5. Carolina — Robert S. Mebane. LOCAL BRANCHES Newport, R. I.: Amlriw L. Dorward. chairman; Frt-cKric Carter, ^ccritary. St. Louis, Mo.: ( ni-'ryc H. Prins, cliairinan; Huso M. Schaff, secretary. Nassau County, L. I.: John T. Everitt, Glen Cove, chair- man; John AlcCulIoch. Oyster Bay, L. I., secretary. Boston, Mass.: Robert Cameron, chairman. THE PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE As president of the National Association of Gardeners, I extend the most hearty wishes for a prosperous, successful and happy New Year to all officers, members, sustaining members, and to all lovers of plants and gardens throughout this great country. The past vear has been one of the most successful in the history of our organization. Indeed, we ought to feel grateful con- sidering the condition of business throughout the country. Not only in this country, but throughout Europe, large estates have been changing owners and this has been the cause of many gardeners changing positions, consequently bringing hardships and difficulties to them. However, the outlook for the current year is much more satisfactory. I am surprised at this early date at the number of calls I have had for efficient and capable gardeners. Employers are very exacting and they only ask for thoroughly trained men. We must not forget the fact that many men in this country inadc large fortunes during the World War, and these men, in inany instances, are procuring large estates and will need gardeners to develop their grounds and gardens. Many of these men arc practically ignorant of gardening, con- sequently it !> our duty in such cas-js tn give our very best assistance and encouragenient to develop more gardens through- out the country. Assistant gardeners are still in meagre supply and there is no prospect of getting many from Europe for some time to come. During this year a great effort will be put forth to evolve a scheme to encourage young men to take up gardening as a profession. In fact, there is now under consideration a plan, which, if carried out, will give better training and encourageinent in gardening to young men than they have ever had in this country. The plan is now well under way and members and others interested will in a few weeks be ?iven full details. Our association is quite young and has many weak spots but vyith time, inembers and officers being interested, a great organiza- tion for the real benefit of all gardeners will be built up. I be- lieve in local branches and hope to see many more of them throughout the country. At these conferences wc can discuss subjects that the meinbers are interested in and also subjects that caii be taken up and discussed at the meetings of the aimual convention. Members sliould never forget, when there is an opportunity presented, to say a good word for our association and explain its objects and always be alert for new memliers of the right kind. There are many things which we, as true lovers of Nature and the beautiful, should keep constantly protesting against. The bill board nuisance should he protested against until this disgrace- ful habit IS eliminated. The protection of our native plants ought to be of special interest to us. The finest shrub that we know of in the world, Kalmia latifolla will be extinct very soon if It IS not protected. There are hundreds of other native' plants that also need protection. Digging up our native plants bv those who ought to know better, and exhibiting them at horticultural exhibitions is another thoughtless way of destroying our native flora. Exhibiting the flowers of our native plants 'is quite another thing. I believe if we are to be progressive that the G.ardeners' Chronicle of America should be a weekly magazine. A garden- ing paper that is issued only once a month does not and cannot keep up with the times. More space should be given to subjects that would be of interest to the young gardener. I like a fearless paper that will attack all kinds of wrong doing whether they are the doings of gardeners, seedmen or nurserymen. The owners and managers of our trade and garden magazines are so fond of the almighty dollar that they won't print anything that will injure their advertising. An advertiser can't be ofifended. We hope that the convention of 1922 which is to be held in Boston in the early part of September will bring out the largest number of members that has attended any of our meetings. There are many points of interest to gardeners in and near Boston. The finest collection of horticultural books in the world is^ to be seen in the Massachusetts Horticultural Society's Library — the very oldest and the very newest books are to be seen there. Then there is in the Arnold Arboretum the most wonderful collection of hardy trees and shrubs in the world. There are also many old .gardens and many modern ones, too, in this vicinity. There are the Concord and Lexington battle grounds where many of the English and Scotch gardeners' ancestors lost their lives by the shrewd strategy of the "i'ankee farmers. Harvard University has many unique attractions for the gardener, the Blaschka models of glass flowers ; Robinson Hall, the finest school of landscape architecture, and its library and other equipment, in this country. Then in the near vicinity is the Longfellow House and garden ; the Hunnewell estate • at^ Wellesley where the finest collection of coniferous trees in this country can be seen. Near Boston are the famous Weld Gardens and the Faulkner Farm Gardens where the sculptors' art and the landscape gardeners' work can be seen at their best. To those who are Christian Scientists, the Mother Church which is one of the finest buildings in Boston, and its attractive grounds will be especially interesting. There are hundreds of historical and other interesting things which can only be seen in this vicinity. We are not like the Californians who always talk about the weather and orange groves. We have lots of weather but many other things too numerous to mention in this greeting. I conclude by wishing all gardeners good success with their crops and flowers during the year 1922, and I hope to greet you all in Boston, next September. Robert Camerox. 28 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE PRESIDENT CAMERON'S APPOINTMENTS President Cameron has appointed the following directors whose term expired on January 1st, to succeed themselves for a term of three years : George Wilson, Illinois: John F. Huss, Connectifut ; Carl N. Fohn, Colorado ; James Stuart, New York ; William Klcinhenitz, Pennsylvania; Edwin Jenkins, Massachusetts; Joseph Tansey, New- York;" and George Stewart, Massachusetts, to succeed Robert Cameron, whose term expires January 1st, 1923; Alexander Michie, Long Island, to succeed Robert Williamson, deceased, whose term expires January 1st, 1923. UNPROFESSIONAL ETIQUETTE Complaints have come to the secretary's office recently of prac- tices on the part of some thoughtless gardeners towards brother gardeners, which have caused loss to the latter, and in one in- stance, loss to the gardener's family. In each case it has been based on rumors going around that the gardener is giving up his position, to which there has been no foundation, and resulting in numerous applications to the employer, and in return resig- nations on the part of the gardener. One gardener gave in his resignation on a week's notice, and another for a little more. Before impairing a fellow gardener's position, every means should be taken to verify such rumors. There truly can be little comfort in being responsible for a man losing his position, and thus bringing misery to his whole family. GARDENERS' CONFERENCE AT CLEVELAND .\ gardeners' conference will be liekl under tlie auspices of the members of the association residing in Cleveland and vicinity, at Cleveland during the week of the National Flower Show in that city, March 25 to April 1. The meeting will be held on the second or third day of the show. Full particulars will appear in the next issue of the Gardeners' Chronicij:. A master gardener knows that he receives from his garden no flowers that are unworthy of a place in beauty's bouquet. Weeds are the only flowers that arc not fully understood. Sins are often virtues in disguise. Between heaven and hell there is no l)oundary line. A cartoon clipped from a penny newspaper may do the soul more good than the most learned sermon. A pencil's note or a printed paragraph an inch long may open one's eyes to more knowledge than one often finds between the covers of a pretentious book. To know these truths is to know the pearl that leads to wisdom. — Selected. AMONG THE GARDENERS Does anv member of the association knl. Tnriintn. Canada Old and prosp'Ctive customers are cordially invitfd to call on u^ in the rcmodcird rstablishm. nt for Seed Sffvlce Plot Sililliliiiiillliiililiiniiiii iiuuuii!iiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiihiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin«bii{iiiiullllllllUllllllli'lliili:i|luiilllllliliii:iNiiiiiii iiinimiimiriu 'ii i iiiiiiim»!'. i' '< iMTimiiiKini'iiii 'in TR*OtDKri IN D MARK n PULVERIZED Sheep Manure Wonderful natural fertilizer for amateur or professional growers— unc « list of jiisl a feu of the headings: 1. Ten Annual Flowers for Cutting. 2. Ten Annuals for Dry, Sunny Spots. 3. Ten Perennial Seeds for Spring Sowing. 4. Ten Hardy Phloxes. .1. Ten Plants for Home Deroration. 6. Ten Plants for Paved Walks. 7. Ten Shrubs for Hedges and Boundary Planting. 8. Ten Evergreens for Foundation Planting. 9. Ten Choice Apples. 10. Ten Choice Peaches. Send (or your copy of the Ten-Ten Book now; it is free. Then order early. uliuS* T^eKr5* Ca Ai Thg Si^ of Thg 'E'go Box 2 For Spring Planting Rhododendron Catawbiense Rhododendron Carolinianum Rhodendron Maximum Katmia Latifolia Fruit Trees and Fruit Plants Correspondence solicited. Price lists upon request, THE MORRIS NURSERY CO. n33 Broadway, New York, N. Y. The Garden Wonder No iicitt.T hi.w fertile the soil, plants need some element tlmt is ordinarily lacking, and it sliould be supplied in a ccunlition to be imniediatel.v a\ailable. That's why Stim-U-planT, the complete fertilizer in convenient tablets, makes plants fairly jump and produce more and larger, more brilliant, more fra- grant flowers, more and larger fruits, of better color, iicher flavor and aroma, and so, too, with vege- tables. Goml for everything that grows, including lawns. Use it liberally and be liberally rewarded. Makes excellent liquid manure. Odorless, stainless and clean. Tai-kt'd waterpronf — keeps indeflnitely. Florists. Market Gardeners and I'm if Grou.-rs use it. Price $3.50 per 1000. postpaid Earp-Thomas Cultures Corp. 80 Lafayette St. New York City Makers of FARMOGERM. the "biggest result produc- ing seed inocular.t. HERE'S A WATER LILY j BOOKLET FOR YOU | I Pictures four beautiful Lilies in i I natural colors; tells how to make a | f Water Lily pool and what varieties I I to grow in it. You can succeed | I with these lovely flowers in your | I own garden if you have this booklet | I — send for it now. I I WILLIAM THICKER | I Water Lily Specialist | f 664 Forest St., Arlington, N. J. ARE YOU INTERESTED in Perennial plants, Perennial seeds, Annual seeds, ' Gladioli — 400 varieties, all the best ones. Dahlias, fine list. Ornamentals. Write for lists. RALPH E. HUNTINGTON Painesville, Ohio 32 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiia LA FRANCE The Giant Everbearing Ked Raspberry IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIW^^^^^ lllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllNIIIIINIllNlilNI Illllllllllllll lilllllllllllllllllllllllllUIIIIIIIII nil > FINEST AND BEST RASPBERRY UNDER CULTIVATION TODAY iiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiii 11 1 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuuuiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuuiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiini Order Now for Spring Planting FROM YOUR OWN DEALER liiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin iiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiii iiiii A THOUGHT FOR EVERY DAY It you, my friend, — just you and I, — Should smile instead of worry : If, as the days and moments fly Amid life's stress and hurry, We aim to make our thoughts more kind, Our hearts and words more tender. To be to others' faults more blind. For evil good to render : Then what a change would come about In all this dark world's story, If thus the Christ through us shone out, Revealing there his glory ! — Frederick M. Steele, C. S. Sentinel. JIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII^ The book of nature is always open Win- ter and Summer and is always within reach, and the print is legible if we have eyes to read it. But most persons are too preoc- cupied to have their attention arrested by it. — John Burroughs in "Field and Study." TREES &PLANTS THAT GROW CATALOG FREE Great Balaam^ Standard Varieties, Bci Qy^lity. Low Prices Salisfaction Of money refunded. 60 year* in buaineu proof of our re«pon»ibi!ity Wrile (or catalog now, PETER BOHLENDER & SONS 1 '^2 T.pp'-':anoe City ' Mian.i Cour ty)OI, Situation Wanted "Your Spring Order- Solicited' BURNETT BKOS. Seedsmen 92 Chambers St. New York City QUALITY RED POTS Made of best material by skilled labor, unirormly burned and carefully packed. Famooi ••MoM-Aztee" Ware includefl Azalea Pota. Fern Dlsbes, Hanging Baskets, Lawn Vases, etc. Write for catalogue aod price l\gt The Zane Pottery Company So. 2aneMllle. Ohio ORCHIDS We are Speclallsta In Orchids. We collect, Brow, import export and bpU orchids ex- clusively. If >ou are in the market for Orchlda, we solicit yi.>ur inquiries and orders. Cata- logues and epeclal lists on application. LAGER & HURRELL •rehld Growtrt and Importen Summit. fSl. «l. As superintendent mI' Ofnit-tcrj or private | eHtnte by landnf-upe urchitfct find gardener; = use arp. married. Capable of handling men. | WllUne to work wherever an energetic, | trustworthy man is appreciated and guiiran- | tee results. = Can furnish best of references. Please = state wages and particulars in first letter. ; I,. W. Badger. Box No. 12. Tioga Center, = N. Y. I iilii<>iti<>i-i'iM>i>iiit':* '''''i"''''""IMtl"l'l>lll|>>l'llllllllllllllll«"l""l"<""l^ PLANT NAMES AND THEIR MEANINGS is the title of A scries oi articles now appearinK in Tlie American Botanist where a multitude of other things of interest to the plant lover are also discussed. Quarterly, $1.50 a year; specimen copy, 25 cents. THE AMERICAN BOTANIST Joliet, III. GLADIOLUS BULBLETS Le Marechal Foch per 100 $1.00 White Giant per 100 .90 L'Immaculee per 100 .35 Prince of Wales per 100 .26 Liebesf euer per 100 .60 Loveliness per 100 .60 Hose Glory per 100 2.75 I'.fltor prices t,n iimiiil itii'S, Roger Reynolds Menlo Park, Gal. HARRY BALDWIN Manufacturer ol Greentiouse Stiading l_atri Roller Blinds Vl VMARONECK. IM. V. i- L CUT FLOWER BOXES EDWARDS FOLDING BOX CO MANUFACTURKRS PHILADELPHIA, PA. .V /► Rhododendron Maximum Kalmia Latifolia Northern. Grown Stock in (airload Lots Nursery Grown TSUGA CANADENSIS Buy your stock direct from the grower. Send for price list. The Charles G. Curtis Company CuUicoon Nurseries CALLICOON, N. Y. ^RECOME A .fetAl^JDSCAPE ■^t^SGJiiTECT lOlV IH^nificd, Exclusive Pro- Dfflfl^HiiClT^ ffssion not overrvin with '-' competitors. Crowded with opportunity for money- -^ making and big fees. $5,000 to $10,000 incomes attained by experts. Easy to master under our corresptond- cnce methods. Diploma awarded. We assist students and graduates in Ketting started and fieveloping their businesses. Established 1916. Write for information; it will open your eyes. Do it today. American Landscape School, 12N .N^ewark, N. Y, Joseph Manda Co., Orchids Our Specialty Sfitil for Our CulaloRue 191 Valley Road West OranRe, N. J. llltlMIIMIIimiMtl? Hardy Perennial Plants All I arictics Price U*t Frrc on Application THOMAS WYLIE 5138 Holly Si. Seattle, Wash. s!i|iiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii mil iiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiniiiiiiniiiiiiniiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiii i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiniiiniiiitiiiiiiiiim i mil iiiiiiiiii«iiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiimmuiiii»iiiii| iiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiitiii£ = The Insecticide of Recognized Merit for Greenhouse and Garden A pLJI^P" 13 a concentrated material — mixes readily in water — efficient in its action — easily applied — free of '^ **ll^*-< jj^g disagreeable odors and features of moat insecticides — excellent as a wash for decorative plants. FOR THE GARDEN-A« a pQR THE GREENHOUSE reme- » ■■ . i ■ i , i_ ... ... — Applied at regular intervals (once each dy against all sap sucking insect, infesting ^^^^ ^^ j^„ j^^^j APHINE will keep plant. flowers, fruits and vegetables APHINE ia ;„ the greenhouse and conservatory free of most effective. insect pests. r UINvjlINlli For mildew, rust and other blights affecting flowers, fruits and vegetables. V LKlVlllN 111 For worms and insects infesting the .oil. Sold by dealers in various sizes. APHINE MANUFACTURING COMPANY Manufacturers of Agricultural Chemical. MADISON. N. J. ^llllllMlllilllllllilllllilllllllilliiilliilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllilllllill>llllil!llillll'llli:iilM11llllllllllllllilllllllllllllMlll!lll^ "m^"- Plain Facts About This Ornamental Greenhouse Why talk of tlie obvious — why mention liow attractive this greenhouse is? It isn't tbe self-evident that you want information about. It's about what you can grow in a hoiLse ihis size that interests you. Like- wise what il5 size is; how soon we can ship the materials; how long it will tako to erect to be ready for your flower favorites, and all such likely facts? The answer will be in our letter answer to your inquiry and in a booklet we have just published called "Owning Your Own Greenhouse." Send for the facts and the booklet. General Offices and Factory, Elizabeth, N. J. New York, 101 Park Ave. Boston-9, 254 Wasliingtcn St. " ^W-:^:f^u. > i.iU^3&.^ki.Lai^^ - ■ '■ ■■ I' ;i' ",■ ';:_■ -.:■ '■: w'nc < j: a tnal i> Iil^ .->« the J. D. I.aikiii estate at liuffalo, N. Y. This fholografh shi'Tis fincerely yours, Herbert E. IJelcher. Sujj't. J. D. Larkin estate. E\-erv gardener and estate superintendent has a most im- ]iortant woi'k in the saving of trees under- his care. Davey Tree Surger}- Ijrings to his aid the highest develo])- ment of science plus a generation of experience. A careful examination 'of your trees will l)e made by appointment. The Davey Tree ILxpert Co., inc., ,^11 F.lm .'-^t., Kent, O. lifiiiuii ofKces ivilli Iclrplwnc connections: New York, Aslor Trust Buildiuii, Fifth Avcuuc and A2nd Street; Philadelphia, Land Title BIdg.; Boston, 467 Massacluisetts Trust Bldg.; Baltimore, American Bldg.; Chicago, ircslniinstcr Bldg.; St. Louis, Central National Bank Bldg. Permanent representatives available in districts surround- in,g HostCiu, S])ringfield, Lenox, Newport, Hartford, .Stamford, Albany, Poughkeepsie, White Plains, Jamaica, I.. T., -Montclair, New York, Philadelphia, Harrisburg, Bal- timore, Washington, Richmond, Buffalo, Toronto, Pitts- burgh, Cleveland, Detroit, Cincinnati, Louisville, Indianap- ohs, Cliicago, .Milwaukee. Minneapolis, St. Louis, Kansas City. Canadian address, 2.^2 Laugauchitere West, Montreal. H'orh iloiu- . n n ;....... . ii the I. D. Larkin estate hv fJa'.ey I tee Snrt^ecrns, "I eon.nder this a Z'Crv fine st^ceimcii of xotir work," lurilcs Siifrrintenit,-,'! Il.-rl.,.., I /;,;,■(,■,•, ,/o//\ /..-/( I:t Father of Tree Surgery D A \ E Y T R E E SURGEONS Lvt'w ml iJaicw Ira. S-n^fn >■• m- .'/.. ii-.jloy <>f The Davey rcfreseutinfi thetnfelvcs. A%i atirccmcnt tuaiir with the Dave; I '.rt Co.. Inc., and thr titblic is aiulioncd agiuust those fatsriv ii / not with an i»tli;-i(itifil is rerlaiti evidence of eeiiuincncss ^^^M^ ': $2.00 A YEAR HORTICULTURAL .._ DIGEST 25c A COPY In our catalog are several views of this same general plan. One of them having two right-angle wings, you may find of particular interest. Glad to send you the catalog. Send for Booklet Jofd.^ Burriham^. Builders of Greenhouses and Conservatories IRVINGTON NEW YORK CHICAGO PHIL.-\DEI.l'hIA N. Y. 30 East 42nd St. Continental Bank Bldg. Land Title BIdg. BOSTON-11 CLEVELAND TORONTO Little Bldg. 407 Ulmer Bldg. Royal Bank Bldg. EASTERN FACTORY Irvington, N. Y. WESTERN FACTORY Des riaines. III. CANADIAN FACTORY St. Catharines, Ontario V THROUGHOUT the world, the name of Sut- ton stands for superlative excellence in seeds. We are more than seed merchants; we are seed fanciers. For 115 years, Sutton fathers have handed down to Sutton sons the skill and traditions of leaders in plant breeding and seed selection. The illustrations show the vigor and quality of crops from which Sutton's Seeds— vegetable, flower and grass — are selected. You can secure similar results, under favorable conditions, by planting Sutlcn's Seeds. Send 35c. for Sutton's splendid catalog. It really costs us much more. Credited on first order of $8.00 or over. Only 28 days required from date of your order for catalog or seeds to reach you, as we mail promptly. But you should lose no time sending for your copy of the catalog. Kvgottin Sulttin'a Crt'slvd Single MiMJO-Hyti( otoi Royal Seed Establishment, READING, ENGLAND Till' Srril /l(/.sims\ /) illi II Ki'tonI iij ll.'i ) tars ^;^?^////////////////////////y///^^^^^ A AESSAGE JUDGE J. T. Aarean's Incomparable Dahlia Creations Produced By Himself in His Private Gardens at Green's Farms, Conn. Intr(^ductions for V>22. — ALL PRIZE WINNERS HERCULES, decorative ; quilled ; enormous flower on strong straight stems; blending of tangerine and deej) yellow. $10. JUDGE ALTON B. PARKER, decorative; fine golden bufl:; ver}- large flower on strong stiff stem. $10. MABEL THATCHER, decorative; fine large pale yellow flower on strong stem. $10. MRS. JOSIAH T. MAREAN, peony flowered; perfect : extra large flower on strong wiry stem; beautiful old rose with golden shad- ings. $15. MRS. JOHN T. SCHEEPERS, decorative; very beautiful flower of a canary yellow changing to a soft pink suffusion on outer petals; strong stout stem. $15. OVER THERE, decorative; most attractive large flower on very strong stem ; of a true self deep salmon color. $10. THE BASHFUL GIANT, decorative; the largest flower so far produced ; strong stem, on which the flower turns its head slightly; fine apricot with golden shad- ings. $10. THE EMPEROR, decorative; unquestionably the most aristocratic of them all ; a ma- roon of the finest type ; very large flower, made up of long flat petals ; a magnificent Prize Winner of the higliest merit. $25. THE MERRY WIDOW, decorative; enor- mous blooms on stiff short stems, held erect ; clear yellow, suffused with a pleas- ing shade of red but so arranged to make a handsomelv colored Dahlia. $10. Introductions of 1921, all of which have "made good" and have taken Blue Ribbons at the Shows : AGNES HAVILAND, decorative; fine rose- pink slightly suffu.sed with yellow. Large flowers on strong stiiT stem. $6.00. CHARM, decorative; burnt orange shading to yellow ; strong wiry stem. $7.50. DAKOTA, decorative; shade of flame; enor- mous flowers on stift' stem. $6. E. T. BEDFORD, Hybrid— decorative ; purple with sihery shading; exhibited of size 12 inches and over. Long strong stems. $10. JUDGE MAREAN, decorative; blending shades of salmon pink, red, orange, yellow and pure gold ; large flower on long strong straight stem. $7.50. LADY BETTY, decorative; lovely creamy- white, pinkish suffusion; very large, finely formed flower on stiflf stem. $7.50. LA GROSSE Bete, decorative, enormous cerise self color; strong stem. $7.50. LE TOREADOR, decorative; fine lasting ex- hil.)ition flower; finest crimson shade; strong wiry stem. $6.00. MEPHISTOPHELES, Hybrid— decorative; a masterpiece: ruby red, tiny golden points at the \ery ends of some petals. Now $15. MRS. I. DE VER WARNER, decorative; considered the most beautiful in the col- lection ; awarded many First Prizes at flower shows ; very large beautifulh' col- ored flowers, a shade of soft deep mauve pink; long, strong, wiry stems. $15. STOCK OF ALL LIMITED Prices are for STRONG BULB DIVISIONS ONLY; realizing what is often the result of propa- gation, NO PLANTS will be offered. ONLY Bulbs from clumps out of Judge Marean's private garden of which the plants HAVE PROVEN THEIR MERIT, will be distributed. EACH VARIETY AND EACH ROOT SENT OUT IS ABSOLUTELY GUARANTEED AS TO BEING TRUE TO NAME AND TO PRODUCE A SATISFACTORY PLANT, BUT ONLY IF PURCHASED DIRECT FROM THE ORIGINATOR THROUGH HIS Exclusive Introducer JOHN SCHEEPERS, 322 Fifth Ave., New York Cily Handsome large book covering these magnificent Dahlias, with three beautiful color plates, full natural size and color, free upon request, if you mention The Gardeners' Chronicle. 33 'gniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiii iiiMiiiiiiii'iiiiiniiiiiniiiuiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiir Gardening? It may he a ^mall enclosure nestled between two city yards or a wide expanse of land on an estate. It"s your garden just the same. You love it. ^ on want to put into it the loveliest flow- ers and arrange ils paths, its beds, its shrubbery with utmost artistrv. House & Garden's Book of Gardens Is filled with the most enchanting gardens that ever nodded and flowered in the pages of House & Garden. Articles on flowers, shrubs and bulbs — plans and suggestions for landscape work — a complete gardener's calendar — these are some of its contents. And behind them all is the House & Garden Information Service, ready to answer additional questions on par- ticular pages thai interest you. Can you imagine a more deliglilfid S3 worth'' Muke your cheque payable to The Chronicle Press, Inc. 286 Fifth Avenue New York City All Birds Are NOT Wootl peckers style No. 8WB, Complete with Bracket, etc. Price, Postpaid, in U, S. A., $2.75 SIMPLY becansf some hinls choose the p.Tth of least resistance and dwell in abandoned woodpecker lusts, all ton many Ijirdhouses now offered are built for woodpeckers! To attract the birds yon must provide food, water, and shelter! But unless the shelter is congenial, do not expect to hold your friends in feathers! Educator Log Cabins for Birds and Household Pets pre hiiiit a,Iotig lines l>ased upon intiiiiatf t-xport studies cf iiird and animal requirements. Hoomy, yet warm, easily kept clean because of special construction; they are substantiall.v made to g^ive many years of service to either season's giie>ts or permanent friends. Every Garden and Bird Lover will find our 32-page Booklet describing" the complete line of Educator Log" Cabins full of ' vahiable hints how to attract birds and how to hold them. Shows many ( abins "at work" under natural surroundings. A copy of this booklet is gladly sent free on request it you mention G. C. EDUCATOR GIFTS AND PLAY PRODUCTS Mystic, Conn. U. S. A. gniiiiiiiiiiinHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiliiliiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ Gold Medal Gladioli! THE priva'e gardens of Elmwood Terrace offer i from its magnificent collection of over 400 i varieties of Gladioli a surplus of those v^hich § won the Kunderd Gold Medal at the American Gladioli | Show, Boston, 1920. for the "largest and finest collec- 1 tion of Kunderd originations," and also those ^ varieties which at the American Gladiolus Show, 1 Canada, 1921, "won 24 prizes out of 24 entries," j including the Burpee Silver Trophy cup which latter = was awarded to our exhibit of 1 Kunderd's beautiful "Marshall Foch" | as "the finest variety." 1 The following special offers will be sent post paid. i AH are full sized bulbs gro\v'n for exhibition purposes. M 1. 3 Kunderd's Marshall Foch, $1.50 doz., $5.00 I 2. 2 Each Kunderd's Primulinus Hybrids, Tu- | pelo, Alice Tiplady, Altair, Capella, Argo, i Topaz 2.00 I 3. 2 Each Crimson Glow, Mr. Mark, White | Giant, Le Marechal Foch, Flora 2.50 | 4. 100 Bulbs in ten fine named varieties, each | var. correctly labeled 4.00 1 5. 100 Bulbs in very fine mixture 4.00 | A lumit-^Dnii- (Ivsrriiitivr hookh-t uill he iiKiihd free % upon apj/licalion. | MRS. M. B. HAWKS, | Elmwocd Terrace BENNINGTON - - . VERMONT . ninmiiiiiiniiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiniiiHffliiniiiimnriiinriiniiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiuiw^^^^ uui iiiuiinl 34 WILSON'S O. K. PLANT SPRAY Kills Plant Insects, Scale and Mildew Used by Leading Gardeners Bbls. $90, Vz bbls. $50, 10 gals. $20, 5 gals. $10 "I-'lorh am." I i.nvei t. X. .1 . .1 muary A. 1922. Andrew Wilson Inc.. SprinKfieUl, N J. Dear Sirs: \Vc have use( Wilson's t> K. IM lilt Spray on speci- men bay trees f or seal '. ant irainet n.- live cedar trees for red spider, a Iso under gU ss for scale and mealy bug | on nectarine trees and jfrapc vines d urii tt their dormant ^t:ite. and have found i t iKJth safe and i (Tective in evcrv instance. N onrs truly, K. K. TVSOX. Supt. for Mrs H. M cK. 'I \vonihl> ^ ANDREW WILSON, Inc. I I SPRINGFIELD NEW JERSEY j niiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iNNiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiininiiiiiiiiiiiijijiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim il piiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin^ I GRAFTED ROSES | 1 You have for many years been familiar with the title "Totty's 1 1 Mums," without perhaps realizing that every year we send out con- I 1 siderably over half a million Rose plants. Of this number, a large I 1 proportion is grafted. g 1 We yield to none in the Quality of our Rose plants, as you w^ill | J know if you bought stock from us in years gone by. 1 1 Sometimes you may think us high in price but the Quality M 1 corresponds. 1 i By the way, did you know our 1922 introduction in yellow Roses, I 1 "Claudius Fernet," has all the ear-marks of being a champion forcing 1 ■ Rose, as well as a wonderful garden variety? 1 I CHARLES H. TOTTY GO. | I MADISON NEW JERSEY I liiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiniiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^^^ g iiiinin iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii I iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii II iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiii| giniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii i i nm niiniii iimi | Illlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll DREER" 1922 PARPEN BOOK 7 I Is a reliable guide to Vegetable and Flower culture that no amateur or professional gardener can afford to be without. TTie EIGHTY-FOURTH edition is larger and more complete than ever. It shows in eight color plates some of the Dreer Specialties and its 224 large pages give photographic illustrations of many of the varie- ties listed besides complete cultural directions for suc- cessful growing. It offers the best Vegetable and Flower Seeds; Lawn Grass and Agricultural Seeds; Garden Requisites; Plants of all kinds, including the newest Roses, Dahlias, Hardy Perennials, etc. The Garden Book is now ready. A copy mailed free if you mention this publication. HENRY A. DREER 714-716 Chestnut Street, PHILADELPHIA, PA. Get tKis Valuable Book on Better Lav^n Care T7VERY one inter- ested in the care of large, beautiful lawns should have a copy of this book which tells all about Ideal Power Lawn Mowers. It shows many pliotos of well-known homes, parks, golf clubs, cemeteries, col- leges, etc., where the lawns are cared for the "Ideal Way." It tells about the Ideal Junior, a moderate -priced power mower for medium- sized lawns, the 30- inch Ideal Power Lawn Mower for large lawns and the Ideal Triplex Power Mower for large parks, golf clubs, etc. Write for this book today — learn how to keep your lawn in Iirttt-r condition at k'^ss cost. IDEAL POWER LAWN MOWER CO. R. E. OLDS, Chairman 434 Kaiamazoo Street Lansingr, Mich- World's Largest Builders of lower Lawn Mowers. Dealers in all t^incital cities. The Ideal Junior Power i Lawn Mowers! 91 mum I iiiiiniiuiiiuiuimiiuiw uii i» iiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiniiuiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiliiiiiiMiiiiiiniiiiiiiiii.~ ^iiiiiiiiiiii!i;iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiii^^ 35 I THE GLENSIDE HARDY | I FLOWER GARDENS | 1 Rirhard Rothe, Proprietor, Glenside, Pa, | 1 We are Specialists in Designing and | I Building of Rockgardens. ' j 1 For rates on Consultations and illustrated | I lectures please address j I RICHARD ROTHE, GLENSIDE, PA- | IJMlllll.Milli |.|i iMM'm iilHiiiiniiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiimniiiiiiiniiniiiiiwiiiiiniinniiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini iiiliiiilillilil'iilllilillllillliiiiiiiniiin^ I AGHIMENES | 1 L'si-lul tor hanging baskets and pots. | 1 Galathea. Dark violet-blue. | I Magnifica. Mauve, tall grower. | I Dainty Queen. White with lavender eye. | I Swainsonii. Mauve with white throat. | I Bulbs of anj- of the above: | I Doz., $4.00 100, $30.00 j I W. E. MARSHALL & CO., INC. | I Seeds, Plants, Bulbs I I 166 West 23rd St. NEW YORK | ~' .1iiiniii{iiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiii{iiiiiii«{iiiiiii{Wiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^' I GRASS SEEDS ' I For I I Golf Course;', Lawns. .Shady anil Trr- rarc Situations niixcil by an Knfilisli Kxpprt of years' experience. Vt'orld's I best Lawns madi- from lliis Seed. g I Write for prices. | I W. F. MrCOKU CO., ^ I T.AHHYTOVtN IVKW YORK Illlllliililiiliiliiiiillililliliiiiiillilllilllllilllllllll'lii:'iniiiii^ If voii < oiiicniplatf Imyinij seuii-established, establislied or imported orcbids. consult us first. \^ I- <•arr^ in stork about 2r>.00() species. A bu;;e stock of Laelia Cattleyas. Hybrid Catt- leyas, Brasso Cattleyas. Odontioda-. and otiier choice hybrids. We specialize in supplyiuji the private trade. Let us fii^ure on your rojuiremeuts — our quality is secoiul to none. Orchid peat, live Sphaf;uum Moss, baskets, pot bangers, always on band. SvntI for (Hir price list. G. E. BALDWIN & COMPANY Orchid Collectors. Crotvcrs itnd Importers MAMARONECK Box 98 NEW YORK iiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii»iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii«i:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii«iiiiiiiiiii^ ^iiiHiiiiiiiiiiiii!ii!lliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiiiliiii!liiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiiiniii{iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii'iimiiiii!ii!i!!iiinnii^ Beautify Your Garden j }{> the aiKlilion of our Arbors, | TreIIi>es, Pergolas, Garden | Sfal>. etr. | Our eqiiipniiMit enables us to | niainifac'turi- at low cost a very i larfie line of original designs — j llif atlraiii\e kind. i ll will bf a plrasure to mail you our booklet, "l.anilscape Ueauty 1 .^rbur Willi Scat No. J-1^ Hints." 1 Our Drafting Department will design r^iH-cially for you— E No charge. = If interested in Fences, ask for our liluc Prints showing many § attractive designs. ^ Our Lattice Triniinings fnr \\;iits are in a clas*; hv tht tn-ielvcs. _ ^ Free Catalog. s i GAR[)EN CRAET | I 4 Lake Street Crystal Lake, 111. | 7llll!!llllllllllllllll!ll{llllllll!llllllllllllllllllllllllllllll{llil mil' II nil in llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllMllllllinilllllllllllll yjiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiililiiiiiiiiniiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ j Competent Gardeners | I The comforts and products of a country | I hotne are increased by employing a competent j I gardener; if you want to engage one, write us. | I Please give particulars regarding place and | I say whether married or single man is wanted. | I We have been supplying them for years to the | I best people everywhere. No fee asked. j PHT1:R HENDERSON & CO. I Seedsmen and Florists | 35 and 37 Cortlandt St., NEW YORK CITY | i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiii^ a 36 ODORLESS EFFICIENT ECONOMICAL Potash-Marl CROPS Matures Plant Food UNEXCELLED FOR LAWNS — FLOWERS A Feiv Facts: rotash-Marl-grown potatoes were the lar^'est and Iinest potatoes in tlie Exhibit of the Stamford Horticultural Society, and the best crop in Westchester County in 1921. That Potash-Marl is an Ideal Lawn Dressing is proven by the remarkable results obtained by many Countrx- Estates and Golf Clubs. "The finest flowers I have ever grown," is a typical expression in letters from many Gardeners who have used Potash-Marl in Greenhouses and Gardens. ir, testimojuals to verify the above statements Full particulars and prices given upon application Potash-Marl, Inc. SOLE PRODUCERS Tel. Murray Hill 14^13 15 East 40th Street, NevJ York giiiiiiiiiiimiiiiini|iiiJiiiiiimiiiiiiiii!iiii:iiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiim»i'iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHimimiiiiiiiiiiiiiim^^ I Bobbink &b Atkins I .Ask for Catalog Visit Nursery Ask for ROSES Catalog LILACS EVERGREENS RHODODENDRONS TREES AND SHRUBS ROCK GARDEN PLANTS OLD-FASHIONED FLOWERS FRUIT TREES AND BUSHES OUR GIANT-FLOWERING MARSHMALLOW JAPANESE YEW The Heilse Plan! of the Fiilure and E\ERGREE.\ FOR EVERYWHERE Ask for special list of Stariilard itree) Roses We grow Nursery Products to complete Plantings of any Magnitude. Nurserymen and Florists RUTHERFORD NEW JERSEY £11111111111111 iiii;iiii;iiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiilliililiiiiiiiiililiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ I The Novelties of 1922 1 You Must Have Them in Your Garden! Schling's Wonderful New Snapdragon 'Indian Summer." 1. Schling's Wonderful New Snapdragon • ■ I nd ian Summer. " — A lovely ricb, irelvety copptir color, indescribably beautiful. Pkl. $1.00. 2. The Wonderful Blue Lace Flower. — Fiuelv I.iced flowt-rs of an exquisite light blue shade. Pkt. 50c. 3. New Beddlrg Petunia Violet Queen. — .\ rtal (i^t'p violi't biuo, Blnoms a.s freely as Rosy Morn. Pkt. 50i-. 4. New Bedding Petunia Purple Queen. — ExQui.site riiii clear purple overlaiil with a velvety -hi ou. Pkt. oOe. 5. Adonis Aleppica. — 16 to 18 in. high. From 1 li to 20 main stems with fine dark blond- rt'il flowers. Pkt. 50c. 6. New Giant Dahlia-Zinnia. ^A true giant in size. Pkt. ."iOi". 7. New Lilliput Poppy. — Only 12 in. high, constantly in tdwm. A lovely day- break pink. Pkt. 50c. 8. Nfw .Miniature Dahlia Peter Pan. — Flowers -Viiemone-shapeil with tubular cen- ler. All the pa.stel -badrs. Pkt. 75c. 9. New Sunflower D a22 1 er.— Flowers 4 in. across, of a rich chestnut, lipped orange with dark center. Pkt. 35c. 10. Dianthus Laciniatus Purpureus Fl. Pl.^A purple garnet inclined to ;i claret. Beautifully fringed. Pkt. 50c. 11. Cyno^Iossum Heavenly Blue.^Bril- lianL bhii' for£;et-nie-not flowers from May until fri'st. Pkt. 50c. 12. New Giant Zinnia. Apricot.— Charm- ing new color in Giant Double Zinnias. Pkt. 25c. Above novelties sold separately at the prices named, or the entire tfSC f\f\ volleclion of tuelve at «pO-W 28 W. 59th St., New York ^iiiiiiiinnininiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii mi iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinni iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiniiiiiiiii iiii.- ~inii»ii[iiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiiiiiiii!ii»:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiil«iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiim iiiiiiiiniiiuiu iii.iiiniiiiiiir. 37 ^iiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ The Contents for February, 1922 Things and Thoughts of the Garden Montague Free 39 Funkia — Plantain Lily Richard Rothe 41 The Love of F\owets . Bertha Berhert-Haniinond 42 A Famous Roof Garden George Ceci7 42 The Late Judge Marean John Scheepers 43 The Vital Relation of Trees to Human Life and and Wild Life Hon. Martin L. Dovey 44 The Nephrolepis Chart R. C. Benedict 46 Beautifying Home Surroundings. .Arthur Smitli 47 Orchid Exhibit at the Missouri Botanical Garden George H. Bring 49 God's Best Berry 50 Work for the Month in the Garden Samuel Golding 5 1 The Greenhouse, Month to Month W. R. Forvkes 52 A Garden of Blue Annuals Edged with White Floruu Amalor 53 Plants of the Bible and Biblical Lands 54 Departments of Foreign Exchange and Book Reviews 56 National Association of Gardeners 59 Local Societies 60 Here and There 61 Uneitifloyment and Horticulture — Winter Protection of Evergreens Published monthly, the 15th of each month. Subscription . . . .$2.00 a year Canada, $2.15; Foreign $2.65 THE CHKONICLE PRESS, INC. 286 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. MARTIN C. EBEL, Editor Wintered at tlie Nezv Yorf^ Post Office as second class matter under ttie .Act of Congress, March 3. 1879 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinii nil iiiiiii mil iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimniii iiiiiiii iiiniiiiiiii iiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinniiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiii illlllllllllllllllHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII^ IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIi- Stumpp & Walter Co.'s Catalog If you have not already received our 1922 Spring Catalog, a copy will be mailed to you on request. Many New and Exhibition varieties of Flower and Vegetable Seeds are offered. Farm and Grass Seeds are also a feature. Cannas, Dahlias, and Gladioli — the best varieties to date. e//^^^(m^^^w 30-32 Barcla}? St. Mew York nuiiiiiiiiiiiHiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiimiM^^^^^^^^^^ 38 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ GARDENERS' CHRONICLE (OF AMERICA) Devoted to the Science of Floriculture and Horticulture Vol. XXVI FEBRUAKY. 1922 iiiiiiiiiiii Things and Thoughts of the Garden MONTAGUE FREE No. 2 iiiiiilniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii i I'::" iJJX Vr!'»NK;..U tHAkf-^v* Wi£ started the last la]' of (Utr horticultural pil- grimage in England hy hoarding' a train at Paddington Station for the two hundred mile, non-stop trip to Torqua}'. The journey westward was not so enjoyable as we had anticipated; for too many others had the impulse to travel hy that particular train. and. as most of them got to the station before us we were compelled to spend the greater part of the journey .sitting on an angular and squashy suitcase in the corri- dor. Our anatomy is somewhat elongated and occasioned considerable distress to ourselves, and to exploring pas- sengers in their quest for the dining car. However, bv entering tlie dining car as soon as it was open, and dawdling over luncheon until we were invited to leave to make room for other hi.mgry mortals, a comfortable seat was obtained for part of the trip. Our main object in visiting the west of England was to call on Mr. R. Irwin Lynch, ^I. A., V. M. H., formerly curator of the Cambridge Botanic Garden, who for reasons of health has retired from his charge at Cam- bridge and taken up residence at Torquay. Our first position was under Mr. Lynch and to him, more than to any other, we owe whatever ability we may have as a gardener. The pleasure of talking over old times, and the profit gained from discussing horticultural matters with so dis- tinguished an exponent as Mr. Lynch, can readily be im- agined. His place in the foremost ranks of eminent hor- ticulturists has been recognized by the bestowal of many honors, including the V. M. H., perhaps the highest and most coveted distinction obtainable in the realm of horti- culture. His work in developing the Cambridge garden into one of the foremost botanic gardens of the country caused the University to confer upon him the honorary degree of Master of Arts. All this of course is most gratifying to one of his "old boys.'' ^ ^ ^ It was not until our journeyings brought us to the southwest of England that turf was encountered of a greenness and texture that one associates with the far- famed English lawns. The excellent condition of the lawns m this section was due to the fact that the rainfall of the western part of England is much greater than that in the east and in this year of unparallelled drought the western gardeners were distinctly at an advantage in comparison with those in the east. Doubtless many Americans would be surprised to be told that there is great variety in the climate of such a dinkv httle island as England, but its topography is such that there is a vast difference in the amount of rainfall received in the various districts. For example, in one part of the mountains in the county of Cumberland the rainfall is over 150 inches a year. On the west coast, generally, the average rainfall is from 36 to 66 inches per annum, whereas in the eastern counties it ranges from 20 to 30 inches only. This is due to the fact that the high ground on the west intercepts the moisture-laden winds from the Atlantic. Incidentallv the average annual rainfall in the vicinity of New York is about 45 inches. * * * Torcjuay was our headquarters for gardening explora- tion in this section. In the tovv-n itself are man\' features of interest to the gardener, for here the climate is such that it is possible to grow many sub-tropical plants in the open air all the year round. Many of these are to be found planted out along the slope of a steep hill overlook- uig the bay. Here one may find, 'growing luxuriantly, the I'anary Island date palm, Plurnix canarlensis. The blue gum of Australia, Eucalyptus globulus, also flour- ishes, reaching a height of 40 feet, and blooms profusely. This species has been planted quite extensively in Cali- fornia where it is said to thrive exceedingly well. Cordy- linc ausfralis, the Dracccna indk-isa of seedsmen, which IS widely grown as an ornamental plant for vases in America, is extensively planted, both along the Rock Walk and in the pavilion grounds. The effect that it gives is extremely un-English, and one is reminded of the sub-tropics rather than of so northern a country as Eng- land. At Torquay it attains the stature of a tree, and branches and blossoms freely. One remarkable feature of Torquay- is the plants grow- ing on old walls. The species most commonly met with is the red valerian, Centranthus ruber. Although it was the tail end of the season when we saw it, it was still attractive in many places and the wealth of old flower stalks gave evidence of its jjrofuse blooming earlier in the season. This is a plant worthy of the attention of .Amer- ican gardeners who are confronted with the necessity of finding material that will grow in poor, dry soil. There is a remarkable fruiting specimen of Ficus repcns growing on the walls of St. Matthew's Church at Chelston, a suburb of Torqua\. As is well known, the foliage of the adult and fruiting branches of this plant is eritirely distinct from that possessed by the young plants when they are clambering over a wall or tree trunk. Un- der suitable conditions, when the plant has occupied the 39 40 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE space allotted to it, its tendency is to throw out almost at right angles, strong growths which have leaves much larger than those of the creeping form. A similar phe- nomenon is to be seen in the case of English ivy when growing on walls in England. If neglected it will send out these strong growths which will ultimately flower. The specimen under notice, of Ficiis re pens (or F. pitinlla, to give it its up-to-date title), fills the space between two buttresses of the chiirrb .md attains a height of over 13 feet. ^ :}: :!: The most interesting garden seen in Torquay was that of Air. Eden Plnllpotts, the famous novelist. Here, gathered together in a space not much exceeding an acre, was a collection of interesting plants in such variety as would be almost impossible to find in this country in similar conditions. Not only were the plants interesting themselves, but in many cases their growth was such, favored no doubt by the amiable Torquay climate, as to make one, coming from a section where the ^^'inters are of a more rigorous nature, sigh with envy. For example there were Buddleias fully 25 feet in height, and a splendid specimen of Bcrberidopsis coral- Una 20 feet high. This beautiful climbing evergreen is a native of Chile and is hardy only in favorable sections even in England. The leaves, two or three inches long, are of a beautiful dark green, and somewhat spiny along the margins. Its small, globular, crimson flowers are abundantly produced on long pedicels in leafy racemes. Here, too, the climbing Butcher's broom, Sem-cle an- drogvjw, from the Canary Islands, was thriving vigor- ously out of doors. This is one of the most handsome of vines and imparts a curiously tropical appearance in any garden in which it may be grown. It is usually grown as a greenhouse plant and is valuable for this purpose when room can be afiforded it. Its small, rather incon- spicuous flowers are produced on the margins of the leaf- like branches, m this respect being comparable to the sniilax of the florist. This garden is fully described in a vastly entertaining and whimsical fasiiion in Mr. Phillpott's book "jMy Gar- den." In his introduction he states that he grows over 1000 ditlerent genera and this, be it remarked, in a space of about one acre. It is perhaps this tendency of the amateur gardener in England to grow collections of as many species and varieties of plants as he possibly can that serves much to distinguish him from his confrere in this country. Everywhere throughout the wlmle of Engl.-md one may find small gardens, containing ;i won- derful variety of i)lants lovingly tended, in part at least, by their owners, it is jjarlly made possiijle to grow such a large number because of the hold that rock gardening has on the hearts of the English gardeners. The plants used for this purixise, in many cases, are so diminutive that an eu'irmous number of species may be grown on a relatively small area. In this connection, it may be worth while to again raise the question as to whether more jjleasure is obt.iined from a garden having a great variety of plant material, or from one where the garden picture is all ini]'orlant and made with the use of as fniall a variety of material as possible. Those who look on the garden as a ])urely artistic affair are always pione lo depreciate the use of a large number of species. This ap;;lies in Ivngland as well as in this cojntry. We will admit the fact that it is imixissihle to obtain such truly artistic results when the aim of the gardener is to maintain a large collection of jjlants. Yet, does not a garden made op the latter ])rinciple, assuming of cour.sc that the plants are spaced with as much regard to artistic consideration as possible under the circum- stances, present to tlie ])Iant lover a greater variety of interesting features throughout the year than one de- signed by a landscape artist who ignores the intrinsic interest that plants in themselves possess, and has no other purpose in view than that of creating a beautiful composition ? The inevitable rock garden was of course in evidence in Mr. Phillpott's garden but in this case a distinct de- parture from the usually accepted type was noticed. It might perhaps be described as a "formal"' rock garden — formal in the sense that no attempt whatever is made to simulate natural surroundings. Its top is bounded by the straight line of a terrace and its bottom by a similar straight line, i)arallel to the former, of a gravel walk. 'I'he front of the rock garden is raised about two feet above the level of the walk, extends backwards about eight feet, rising to a height of five feet, and covering what woitld normally be the ordinary terrace slope. The rocks are arranged as naturally as possible .snd the "pockets" are planted with a varied and interesting .collec- tion of alpine and other plants. The dainty wild Cycla- mens were thriving satisfactorily here, and also the rare Hriiiacea piingois. a dwarf shrub with violet-olue papilionaceous flowers. Rcthiispora Sandcri (^Chanuccy- paris obtusa, var. ericoidcs). one of the most charming forms in this valuable genus, here nroved its fitness as a rock garden evergreen. The quaint and column-like Junipcnis coiniinniis liihcriiica. was rejiresented in several ])erfect specimens. A rock garden of this type may contain suggestions for those who are faced with the problem of maintaining a suitable growth of grass on a terraced slope. In those cases where the slope is so steep as to make it difficult to maintain grass in good condition, it might be worth while to consider facing the slope with rocks and ])lanting it with suitable material. This would "be siiecially service- aljle in a small garden where room was unavailable else- where for the growth of alpine and rock plants. If may be nientioned, by the way, that the printed page of "Aly Gard.en"' presents a strange appearance to those accustomed to orthodox gardening publications, as Mr. Phillpotts for the most ])art dispenses with the use of cap- itals for the initial letter of the generic names of the ])lanls. In the case of the specific names, however, he is usuallv (pute orthodox and. in conse(|Ucnce. throughout the book we ccjmc upon names written as follows: ;^eraninm Lancaslririisr. biiinhusa Fortiinci. fritilloria Sc-Mcrzowi. Whether Mr. Phillpotts is estaijlishing a ))recedent of his own in this case, or whether he is simply follcjwing someone else, we do not know. The Zoolo- gists, in their code of nomenclature, !ia\e eliminated the use of capitals in tlie case of specific names, btit we have never heard of anyone dis])ensing with them for the iiiiti.d letter ol generic names. This hurried tri|:i into Devon was sufficient to indicate why this county received the sobriquet "glorious Devon." fhe richness of its agricultural di.stricts, the beauty of its scenery, and the flavor of tlie far-famed Devonshire cream, was sufficient to prove, to us at least, that the native Devonians are not too boastful in using the adjec- tive "glorious" in describing their county. One soul- satisfying trip was made by automol)ile over Hay Tor on Dartmoor. On the moor, usually associated with grey granite rocks, were immense jiatc'ies of golden gorse and purple he.-ilher intermixed which provided a picture that w;is not surjjassed in anv "f llie gardens that we bar; the ])rivilege ol" \isitin'.;. It was inleresling ;i day or iwd lati r to cuiiipare m our mind's eye llie character (if the vegetation that one sees in these upland, ninnvl.ind regions with that to be found on the chalk dnwii- that, in a kir-t- jiart. make up ( ( 'oiiliii'ied (III p<',i:( M I For FehriKiry, 1922 41 Funkia — Plantain Lily RICHARD ROTHE FUNKIA — syns. Hosta, Sausurea — the plantain lily is a hardy herbaceous genus of the large order Liliacccc. Most of the garden species of funkias are well known and easily obtainable, but as to their wide scope for ettoctive employment many of us have only a vague idea. Planted upon a border, sunny throughout the whole day, occupied by strikingly free flowering- perennials and annuals, they are apt to prove disappoint- ing. Their spikes of white and lavender bell-shaped blos- soms, under the given condition, do not conspicuously augment the vividness of color arrays and, throughout the Middle Atlantic and Southern States, the foliage does not always endure the full force of the mid-Summer sun without injury. However, it is usually the reverse in semi-shady situations or in positions with full sunlight limited to morning and evening hours. Then, in well- enriched and deeply dug soil ])lantain lilies are sure to develop a captivating ornamentality in perfect foliage and, during mid-Summer, a very acceptable display of funkia laiiccolata albo viargiuala flowers. Funkias are one of the few dependable items for soivirig the always more or less difficult problem of estab- lishing a permanei!t growth on narrow borders running along northern housefronts. If not neglected in watering, the laiiccolata and orata types even hold out well and look presentable under awnings. When arranging shore- plantations of lake and pond, or, when engaged in iDrookline gardening we find especially the large robust growing species simply indispensable. Growing in the full sunlight near the water line the foliage rarely ever suffers by reason of excessive heat. .Fnnkia subcordata granditlora. a species from Japan, with light green, heart-shaped large foliage and, during mid-Summer, glistening white fragrant flowers, is a uni- versal garden favorite of long standing. The chief at- tractions of Funkia Fortune! are the steel-blue medium sized foliage and light lilac racemes on stems not extend- ing much over the leaves. Funkia laiiccolata, with long- narrow green foliage, is the freest flowering plantain lily, its numerous lavender blue bells being borne on long graceful stems well above the plant. Funkia orata, syn. ca^rulca, distinguished by broad green foliage and pale lilac spikes is one of the best for placing near the water- line. Strikingly beautiful are the variegated forms of ozvta — note\\orthy ozvta albomarginata and aurca varic- i^ata. The latter is also found listed under the name Japan- ica aurca varicgata. Unquestionably the most stately of all is the true Funkia Sicboldiaiia. producing enormous Funkia subconlata graiidiliora Steel-blue leaves of tropical luxurience. For perfect de- ^•eiopn1ent this species needs a rich sandy loam and an open moderately moist situation. Funkia minor alba is a wavy green leaved, smaller growing type, producing long- stemmed white flowers, which, like those of lanccolata, are useful for cutting. Of a number of handsomely varie- gated forms I mention Funkia robnsta clcgans varicgata, lanccolata albo marginata, viridis "Thomas Hogg" and the well known undulata media picta frequently used for edging purposes. funkia uvata, syn. cocndca Funkias are best propagated by division early in Spring. Tliev may be also raised from seeds sown in cold frames. Seedlings of variegated forms come true to only a small percentage. It requires from two to three years" culti- vation of seedlings before obtaining- stock of trade size. Winter protection is required only in northern States. 42 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE The Love of Flowers BERTHA BERBERT-HAMMOND How beaatiful is a flower ! It is like the soul of a child Set free and growing wild In the sunshine and the shower. So fragrant, so fair, so true! Of the spirit's texture spun, It smiles with the smiling sun. And it weeps with the weeping dew. God loves it — and why not we? 'Tis a face with a soul a-shine, 'Tis a thought of the mind Divine, 'Tis a hint of the life to be. AS flowers are one of Nature's choicest and most beautiful gifts to mankind, and appear almost human in some of their characteristics, it is c^uite natural for those who know tiowers to entertain a sort of feeling of friendship and warm affection for them. An admiration for these "stars that on earth's tirmament do shine'' is enshrined in the heart of every lover of the beautiful, and fortunately, it is no longer considered effeminate for our boys and men to display their love and appreciation of flowers. Many of the European nations have been in advance of us in floral appreciation. Concrete evidence of the appre- ciation and love of flowers is found in Japan in the almost universal use of names of flowers in the naming of the daughters of the nation and in the designation of their festivals and of certain parts of the year. The Japanese words for cherry-blossom and for chrysanthemum are commonly used as names for girls, and plum and cherry blossom time are observed in the Spring and maple-leaf and chrysanthemum season in the Autumn. The educational and ethical value of a love of flowers cannot be doubted. The appreciation of the miracle of growing things, and the love of the beautiful instilled into the receptive mind of a child will almost invariably exert ari influence that will tend to develop the finer side of the character. As the love of flowers seems innate in a child, it is necessary only to encourage and stinudate this natural tendency and direct and guide the enthusiasm until an intelligent and permanent interest may be estab- lished, one that will foster the best development of the individual. With a set of garden tools, carefully chosen in regard to their suitability and adajHation to the size and strength of the child, there is no e.xercise that is Hkely to prove more healthful, and fascinating than a moderate amount of digging and delving in the ground. Some persons claim that ihi- nearness to Mother Earth, and the actual contact of the hands with the soil, exerts a sooth- ing efi'ect on the nerves that is almost magical, and that the transmission of vital currents is elifected from the humus in the soil to the human body. John Dryden al- ludes to the jjotentialities of outdoor exercise in the fol- lowing stanza : Better to hunt in fields for health unbought Than fee the doctor for a nauseous draught. The wise for cure on exercise depend ; God never made His work for man to mend. The constant association with the soil and growing things will leave a luark that is not readily elTaced. In her book entitled "Freckles,'' Gene Stratton-Porter says with truth : "Nature can be trusted to work her own miracle in the heart of any man whose daily task keeps him alone among her sights, sounds, and silences." Those outdoor workers who have labored understand- ingly and in harmony with Nature, have come to believe that there is a tangible reciprocity between the skilled gardener, the soil and the plant kingdom that gives ample evidence of a responsive higher power, without which the miracles of field and garden would not be possible. We may dig the soil, plant the seed, but without the co-opera- tion of that great and beneficent power, which pervades the universe, our labors would he in vain. There is something in the composition of normal man- kind that demands communion with the outdoors. For centuries man has taken enjoyment and comfort in "green growing things.'' Dion Clayton Calthrop says : "To garden is part of everv man's philosophy. To sow the seeds, to watch the tender shoots come out and brave the light and rain, to see the buds lift up their heads, and then to catch one's breath as the flowers open and disi)lay their precious colors, living, breathing jewels, is enough to lii e for." Even when grown for pleasure only, flowers have and hold an important place in the economy of life. They exert an uplifting and refining influence that is within reach of thousands of pensons who by circumstances are denied the refinements and the aesthetic joys of good music and fine paintings. That person who has in his heart a:i unaffected love for flowers, has within himself an unfailing source of ])loasure and comfort and a capacity for a keen appreciation of the higher things of life. .Xs F. W. Rurbridge writes: "Devotion to Flora as a queen among us is as yet a living truth, and among or around the hearts of all true ganlcncrs there is woven a thread of twisted oold."' A Famous Roof Garden GEORGE CECIL ALTI1()L'GH a roof-garden is nut an uncnmiiHiU thing, one which includes fruit and vegetables, in addition to the usual shrubs and flowers, is a nov- elty. A garden of this description is to be found in Paris — located on the leaden roof of the Louvre. Seventy-one years ago the chief custodian of the Louvre leads i)incd tor some means whereby hi- might utilize his leisure, and, at the same time, l)c;iutify the large expanse of flat roof in his charge. One fine day the plomhirr en chef was struck by the idea to convert the leads over the Colonnade into a roof garden. "Figure to vonrself," .said he to a .sympathetic friend, "the .space is iiere, the i)lcssed sun shines in .iliinidance, and I have watc)- to spare. Win-, tlu-n, ^linnld 1 not construct a for Februarv, 1922 43 roof garden which besides being the joy and pride of our belle frajtee. will become a monument to French industry for all time?" At first the scheme liung fire, the powers-that-be, from whom permission had to be obtained, objecting strongly to the innova- tion. Xot; in fact, till yards of red tape had been ex- pended upon the tying-up of a voluminous correspond- ence dealing with the subject and covering a lengthy period, did the guardian of the leads receive a favorable reply. But, even then, all sorts of restrictions were imposed upon him, and only when he had undertaken to refrain from laying down earth on the sanctified roof was the desired permission finally accorded. Violets and Cacti Commencmg in a small way, the amateur gardener first turned his attention to shrubs, planting them in tubs. Shrubs, however, afforded little scope, even though much success was obtained with flowering varieties, and the in- dustrious plumber be-thought himself of flowers. A number of long, wide boxes were procured, and in them the proud owner of tlie garden reared Pelargoniums, Violets, Primroses, half a dozen different kinds of Carna- tions, Sweet Peas, Sunflowers, Tiger Lilies, and so forth. Rose bushes also repaid the loving care bestowed upon them, while the Chrysanthennmi, finding the vast depth of the boxes suitable to their particular needs, flourished exceedingly. Even the Carfi, imported from exotic Mediterranean shores, took root, thus adding to the inter- est of the "joli jardiii acrien tout riant'' as George Cain has so aptly described it in his delightful Xomrlles Prom- enades dans Paris. .\n Orchard in the Air Having made the most of shrubs and flowers, the ex- cellent plumber-gardener determined to embark upon a tiny orchard. So, ordering more boxes, he planted in them nurslmg fruit-trees which, alas ! at first refused to bloom. Indeed, not for some seasons could so much as a single modest bud be seen, and the proprietaire of the un- grateful trees was depressed beyond words. But one never-to-be-forgotten Sunday in Spring the saddened plumber-in-chief woke to find the blossoms bursting through their coverings, and in due course the Cherries, Pears and Apples ripened. For the past few years the orchard has done all that could be expected of it. In fact, several kinds of eating and cooking apples are grown upon the roof of the Louvre, each being an admir- able spc-cimen of ;ts kind. A Vinery First the Apple, then the Vine. Experiments were made, and for some time the grower drained the cup of disappointment to -ts dregs. Eventually, however, he hit upon the right sort of Vine, and his table was laden with grapes cultivated on the premises. In moments of con- fidence the present plouibicr-in-chef admits that the fruit lacks flavor : but upon ordinary occasions honest pride reduces their acidity. Of late, attempts have been made to induce Peaches, Apricots, Greengages. Plums and Figs to grow, and with disappointing results. "Legumes a Choix'' After the roof-garden had been in existence for some vears the plumber, prior to retiring from the official position which he had so long adorned, determined to hand down a kitchen-garden to the custodian appointed to succeed him. I-Iaving obtained permission from the authorities to extend the Wope of his activities, he ordered more boxes, and before manv moons had waxed and waned. Black. Red and White Currants. Strawberries and Raspberries, which usually require even more fresh air than a roof-garden affords, greeted the aged gar- dener's enchanted gaze. Lettuces thrive there; Peas al- most sprout for the mere asking : and a miniature Aspara- gus-bed has reixiid the attention bestowed upon it. He.\rt.s of Flint So succulent is the Louvre asparagus that, at the time of his departure, the gardener-plumber petitioned the Government to allow him an additional roof-space in whicli to lay down a second Asparagus-bed or, rather box. But the flinty-hearted authorities declined to oblige their old servant though they consoled him with a wel- come pension. The plumber, however, did not live long to enjoy it. His thoughts ever were of the forbidden Asparagus. THE LATE JUDGE MAREAN ■"THE passing of Supreme Court Justice Josiah T. *■ Marean, while he was sojourning in Winter Park, Florida, has brought to a large number of persons in all parts of the country a keen sense of bereavement. Many who had not come' within the sphere of his gentle and gracious persomlity. vet knew and felt the force of the "'mMM| ' M ^•^1^ 9 ^ *i£^ *^^9^^^^i , 1^ ihHIvJ"(^B k w'jt^T'flB ^^P*^^^! ■gibJb^M ^Bm y^ .. m^M^^m^ - M^ J.'siah T. Marean happy philosophy which ruled his life, feel a keen sense of loss. By his going the horticultural world has lost a com- manding power, for in his chosen field the Judge had no peer. Always a lover of flowers and out-of-doors, the Judge had for the past fifteen years devoted his knowl- edge and skill exclusively to the glorification of the Dahlia. In his lovely private gardens at "Daybreak," Green's Farms, Connecticut, he has worked patiently, ardently, but with sure and discriminating touch to bring forth' every latent beauty of this splendid flower. The triumphant results are known to all the flower- loving world. Almost it has seemed that among his tools in the "green workshop'.' at "Daybreak" there must have Iieen a magician's wand, for surely magic was wrought — miracles of color and form, and such perfection of finish as has never before been even dimly approached in the development of the Dahlia. Each year fresh wonders were accomplished to the astonishment and delight of an evergrowing audience of admirers : each year it seemed possible for the tranquil worker to transcend perfection.- (Continued on page 58) 14 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE The Vital Relation of Trees to Human Life and Wild Life HON. MARTIN L. DAVEY YOU know, we emphasize the word "freedom'' here which means that we do as we please ; "every man for himself and the devil take the hindermost." \\'e started out, then, to cut a pathway for civilization across the land of freedom, and in doing so we have suc- ceeded to a large extent in unbalancing the whole scheme of Nature. The trees, as individuals and in groups, are essential to all other forms of life. The bird life i.-; ab- solutely indispensable for the protection of your trees, and those two things together, linked up with other forms of life, make the essential background for human life. You know the average person does not seem to realize that the tree is a living thing, really alive. Oh, I suppose when you remind a man of the fact that it is alive, he will saj^ "Yes," but he doesn't realize that it is really a living organism. It has a breathing apparatus and diges- tive organs ; it has a circulation ; it has sexual processes. The tree breathes through its leaves, chiefly ; the under side of the leaf is a mass of small openings, myriads of them, into which the air penetrates and gives up its car- bon dioxide to be combined with the other food elements that are already in the leaf, having been brought up from the roots, and the oxygen is thrown off again for the benefit of man. It is true that this breathing process does not follow the principle of the bellows as in the human lungs, but it is just as real breathing as occurs in any other form of life. Then the tree has a circulation, just as truly as you and 1 have. Away down under the ground the little roots gather up mineral elements in solution; that is carried up in the sapwood all the way to the leaves and there under- goes the chemical change which makes it tree food. But in order that you can get this as a picture, I will ask you to imagine you are looking at the top of a stump, the cross-section of a tree. Right in the center you see the pith and around that succeeding layers of wood, each rep- resenting a year's growth. Originally, each of these layers in its turn was sapwood and served the purpose of a sap carrier. As it fulfilled that purpose and more layers were added, it became more and more dormant, so that in a large tree all these cells near the center are I)ractically dormant, and as you go outward toward the bark you find the wood more and more active as a sap carrier. The last few layers just inside the bark are the most active; it is there where most of the sap goes up. The sap is pumped up from down underneath the soil and carried all the way up to the leaves, irrespective of the height of the tree — sometimes one hundred feet, some- times one hundred and fifty feet or more — there it is transformed, digested. The mineral elements that were taken up in solution are comljined by a wonderful process with the carbon that is extracted from the air, and that is all done in the leaf. The leaf is probably the most wonderful factory that ever existed — more wonderful than any factory that man creates. It is there in the leaf that all food is created, food for man and food for vegetatitjn. In the leaf, under the influence of sunlight, this digestive i^rocess takes ])lace which creates the food that makes possible the continuity of all life. Everything we eat, everything we wear, is manufac- tured in the leaves of vegetation. It is impossil)le for man U> take into his system directly any mineral elements other than water and salt, and relatively small quantities of those; all others must first jiass thrr)ngh the leaves of vegetation and be transformed into organic substances. Thus we find that the leaf, speaking of vegetation gene- rally, is the one and only connecting link between the organic and the inorganic worlds. And the great God who created the world and the life that inhabits it, made of the lowly leaf the greatest and most wonderful instrumen- tality of that life. I have told you about the tree's breathing and its cir- culation. I have tried to describe, in a way, its digestive process, and now I want to tell you just a little about its sexual processes. In all life there are two fundamental principles ; one is self-preservation and the other is repro- duction. All living things must follow both of these prin- ciples and be governed by them. This is true of the tree as it is of other forms of life. The tree has its sexual organs in the flowers just as real and just as beautiful as in other living things. The male and the female exist as positive factors, sometimes in the same flower, some- times in different flowers on the same tree. Sometimes you find the flowers of one tree all male or all female. The pollen is created in the male parts, is carried largely by the winds to the female organs, and there the wonder- ful relation takes place which carries the life on from one generation to another — a wonderful and a beautiful pro- cess. And thus we see that although the tree lacks the power of locomotion, though it has no intelligence and no nervous system, in all the other chemical princijiles it is just as truly alive as man himself. Another very important phase of the tree question is reforestation. It is an aspect of the matter that comes, I know, very close to your hearts, as- it does to my own, because it is bound up closely with your particular prob- lems. I must say that anyone who is solid on the idea of reforestation is bound to be solid on the idea of pro- tecting wild life ; and having given some study to the subject I must confess that I am solid on the desirability of the passing of the Public Shooting Ground — Game Refuge Bill. I wish that I were now in Congress so that I might help along this worthy project. In order to make you understand that these statements are not the result of my imagination and that they do not follow the princi})le that "the wish is father to the thought," I am going to read to you just briefly from the report of the United States Forest Service to the Senate, published about the first of June, 1920. This was in re- sponse to a Senate resolution : "The outstanding facts reported by the Forest Service arc : "1. That IJn-ee-fifths of the original timbi-r of the United States is gone and that we are using timber fcnu- times as fast as we are growing it. The forests remain- ing are so localized as greatly to reduce their national utility. The bulk of the population and manufacturing industries of the United States are dependent upon dis- tant supplies of timber as the result of the depletion of the jirincipal forest areas cast of the great jilains. "2. That the depletion of timber is not the sole cause of the recent high ])rices of forest jiroducts. but is an im- portant contributing cause whose ellecls will increase steadily as depletion continues. "3. Tliat tile fundamental problem i- lu increase tlie production of timber by stoi>ping lorest devastation, i'lie virgin ior^.-i^ of the Unite;l States covered 822.000,- 000 acres: that are now shiinik lo one-sixth of that area. .\li classes of forest land, including culled, burned, and For February, 1922 45 cut-over areas, now aggregate 463,000,000 acres, or a little more than one-half of our original forest. Including- everything, good, bad, and indifferent, "Of the forest land remaining- and unutilized for farm- ing- or any other purpose, approximately 81,000,000 acres have been so severely cut and burned as to become an unproductive waste. The area — '' Think of it — this area that is wholly useless, " — is equivalent to the combined forests of Germany, Denmark, Holland, Belgium, France, Switzerland, Spain, and Portugal. Upon an enormous additional area the growth of tiniber is so small in amount or of such inferior character that its economic value is negligible." Some three hundred years ago there came to the east- ern shores of this country a band of pilgrims, and they found what was then the greatest natural wealth, prob- ably, in the world — land covered with a perfectly won- derful growth of trees. Captain John Smith sent back word from Virginia that he had discovered a land of inexhaustible fertility, and so it appeared. But now, less than three hundred years later, we find that thousands of acres in Virginia can be bought almost for a song be- cause that which had been considered inexhaustible is gone — the fertility of the land has been destroyed. On the other rock-bound coast of New England the scene that greeted the eyes of the Pilgrims no longer exists. Three-quarters of the original forest area of New Eng- land is gone; half the remaining timber is in the State of Maine. This great section that was so richly endowed wnh natural wealth, so abundantly provided for, has now reached the point where it imports something like 30 per cent of its consumption, and is rapidly approaching the stage where it will import the major portion of that which it consumes. The great state of New York some fifty years ago be- came the greatest producer of lumber in the Union ; today it produces not more than one-tenth of its consumption, to be exact, thirty broad feet per capita as against a con- sumption of three hundred lioard feet. Then the tide movel to Pennsylvania, and Penn's woods became the greatest producer of lumber following New York. To- day its production is less than enough for the Pittsburgh district alone — about 20 per cent of its consimiption. But that is not all the sad story of Pennsylvania. I wonder how many of you have taken a daylight ride across the Alleghenies. Those who have done so must have been shocked at the sight of miles upon miles of hills which have been absolutely robbed of their foliage. And that is not all. \\'hile the forests cover the lands the rains come down, jjercolate through the loose, porous soil into the subsoil, and from there find their way to the spring's and thence to the little streams and rivers. It is the network of roots of vegetation in the loose, porous, fertile soil that hold the water in check and gives it continuity — and those who have studied this problem know that the question of water suplny is tied u[) in the whole problem of the protection of the forests. Then, the reckless methods of the lumbermen are em- ployed and the trees are swept away — oh, so thoughtlessly. I sat with a gentleman yesterday afternoon who described some of the methods he himself had employed, and it al- most n-iade me heart sick as he told of how the little trees down to four inches in diameter were cut and the branches left I'ehind, causing forest fires which destroy vegetation and also destroy the very means of holding the soil in place. When this has happened and your rains corne down they wash the fertile soil into the streams and into the ocean, soil that it took Nature hundreds of years to pro- duce— all because of the prodigal waste and recklessness of mankind. We find that the tide moved up into the Great Lake States, where thirty or forty years ago there was such a wealth of timber ihat people said it could never be cut away — that it was inexhaustible. The original supply in the Lake States — Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota —was estimated to be 350,000,000,000 board feet. That has now been reduced to 8,000,000,000 board feet — from three hundred and fifty to eight billion. It is almost gone, including the great white pine that made that country famous. And then the tide moved into the South Atlantic and the Gulf States, and that vast expanse of wonderful soft woods, the yellow pine, is three-fourths gone; our govern- ment estimates that it will be exhausted commercially in from fifteen to eighteen years. The section from which I come, Ohio, Indiana and Illiriois, has almost ceased to be a factor in the production of lumber. There still remains a considerable quantity in the south .Appalachian States, but it is estimated by the government that that vast supply of hardwoods will be gone in from lifteen to twenty years. Then, we still have one remain- ing stand in the southern Mississippi valley, including the cypress ; and that, it is estimated, will be gone in about twenty years. There remain, in this great land of freedom and oppor- tunity, the forest areas on the Pacific coast, in Wa,shing- ton, Oregon, California, northern Arizona and New Mex- ico, Colorado, LTtah, Wyoming- and Montana. ^^'hen you consider the immense figures, it looks as though these areas were inexhaustible, but every time you exhaust one territory you lay a heavier burden on the next ; and thus your government has arrived at the conclu- sion that these vast quantities of timber on the west coast will be exhausted in about thirty or forty years. So that we face a problem of forest destraction with all its attendant ills ; and I say to those who are interested in wild life — if you forests go, your game and fish go with it. If wise measures are taken to protect the game, they wilL.- be taken to protect the forest ; and if wise measures are taken to protect the forest they will be taken to protect the game — the two are linked up insejjarably. If I were to offer a solution for the problem, if I had this job to do myself, there are two things I would set about to accomplish. First, I would put all lumbering under government supervision ;and I say that as one who hates the idea of government interference in business prob- ably as much as anyone. But I would take it as the lesser of two evils. I would put all lumbering from now on under the con- trol of the government and under the strictest possible supervision and regulation so that these wasteful methods I have referred to cannot be continued, so that we may be able to protect what we have imtil we can grow more. Then I would do another thing that perhaps would not be quite so popular in these days of taxes ; still, we have so many taxes now that we are used to it. 1 would put a tax of one dollar per thousand feet on all lumber cut from now on and every dollar of that money I would put into reforestation. In other words, we may talk about this question as much as we like, but unless we get down to some concrete proposal, some definite method of procedure, we shall never solve the problem or successfully meet its attendant difficulties. We must get some kind of action, and that without delay. One more thing I want to say, and this in order to em- phasize the importance of the question as bearing upon the future of our country. It was not so many years ago when China had as wonderful a covering of trees as we have now. 46 GARDENERS' CHROMCLE It is not so many years, either, since China cut those trees away and burned over the ground ; and today there are frequent appeals from China for help. Famine stalks over the land ; they have one crop in seven years, and at the other times they are not able to produce it. The de- struction of their forests has carried with it, to a large extent, the destruction of the productivity of their land. Over those vast stretches its fertility is gone ; and it is im- possible for China to reclaim herself until she rebuilds her forests and grows them again to some size. In the meantime, however, China has become ami will continue to be a land of perpetual famine. And the very process that took place in that sad country is going on here ; yet we are doing nothing of anv serious conse- quence to stop it. So my plea to you, as it is to all whom I carry this mes- sage, is that we do something now while yet there is time ; so that we may avert in America the destruction that has overwhelmed that vast country of the East. We in this land of freedom who have boasted so long of our wealth, our inexhaustible resources ; we who have inherited so much from the past, owe a debt to our chil- dren and our children's children. W'e owe it to them so to act that when they come into their own they will not point back to us with the finger of scorn because of our prodigal waste. — Bulletin of American Game Protection Association. The Nephrolepis Chart R. C. BENEDICT TH1£ illustration below shows the Nephrolepis chart which was exhibited at the Boston Fern Show in connection with the Brooklyn Botanic Garden fern collection. The chart represents one of the results of a study of these forms which has been carried on at the Brooklyn Garden for the last six or seven years. GENEALOGY AMERICAN VARIETIES '- BOSTON FERN ! CLflRKI - ' VERONA' «(AGlSlf1CA 3MITHI CRACILLIMA COCDl CRAlCI TRAIUNC EMERALD BARROWSI -WHITM6NI MIUERI ■ WHITMANI COMPACTA FLEECE ELECAHTlSSIMfl CALVESTONl ELMSFOPOl ROBUSTA PIfRSOm SPLENOIPA BAERI MIUSI fERTIllS EI£C0I1T(SSI»» ElEC COUPKIJ COMPACTS GBISTftTA wanam'aher SOPEHIOR DWARF BOSTON • SUPERBiSSWfl MUSCOSA V,R,»1SS,«A ="'^";,,3„,„, ANftA FOSTER 3 M1NNATE-- SCHUBERTI SPORT CXAlTaTA BOSTON FERN " AMERPOMU HARRrSI W K HARRIS ROOSEyELTl i DWARF SPORT ''""''■"' RANDOLPH! R005EVELTI „,,,oiil IMPROUED "'l-SONl WACNERI VICTORY ■, scorn FAICATA SCHOLZEU 3^J.>JN.TE 9CR£TNAI CIATRASI NEW YORK NEW JERSEY QUEEN SOPMlE KING COHSTAMTIHE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Nephrolepis Chart A copy of this chart has recently been installed in house 10 of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden greenhouses. In this house there are two groui>s of cultivated ferns. Accom- panying the chart, and arranged partly according to the relationship as indicated on the chart are numerous varie- ties of Nephrolepis, about 7i different kinds. Practically all the forms represented on the chart will be maintained constantly in this house, together with a collection of English varieties of Boston Fern and other forms of interest. In connection with the chart, there is framed the fol- lowing statement : "The ferns in this Imuse include practically all the best kinds for use as house plants. On th.e left bench are the kinds commonly sold as 'table ferns' because so many are raised and sold to fill fern dishes. JNIany of them are useful also as larger pot plants, and can be grown by any- one who can raise other house plants successfully. Even in ordinary apartment conditions, with dry air, drafts, too -much heat, too little light, fumes from illuminating gas, irregailar or too much water, they may be expected to remain decorative for weeks, sometimes months. "The ferns in the center and at the right are also useful house plants. They are of further interest because they illustrate the evolution of new varieties of Boston Fern, the course oi which has been worked out through studies carried on at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, and is illus- trated bv the chart above. "On the pedestals in the center arc specimens of the wild 'Sword Fern," the 'Boston Fern,' and its seven pri- mary mutations or sports : "Pierson I'ern,' 'Harris I'ern,' 'Scott Fern,' 'Foster Fern,' 'Roosevelt Fern,' 'Giatras Fern', and the 'Gretna Fern.' On the bench at the right — with some overflow in the next house — may be seen practically all the other varieties shown on the chart to- gether with some additional forms from England and elsewhere. "In the chart, the varieties indicated by arrows show some reversion in characteristics toward the Boston Fern. All the rest represent progressive variations away from the Boston Fern. A considerable number of new varie- ties have appeared in the Garden collections.'' A second frame in the same house is being installed containing photograjihs of some of the most connnon table ferns together with text descriptive of their cultural qualities. The aim of the Brooklyn Garden is to make (his fern collection as educative for visitors as possible, both as to proper names of the various forms and as to {Continued on page 64) For February, 1922 47 A Lesson on Beautifying Home Surroundings ARTHUR SMITH FROM what was said last month it will no doubt be gathered that landscape gardennig is very sharply distinguished from gardening. The successful prac- tice of the former depends on the practitioner having an artistic temiierament : an intense love for Nature ; an intimate knowledge n{ plants with their preferred en- vironments, and upon being familiar with all the many necessary preparatory details connected with garden making as a whole. I^andscape gardening is making pic- tures with plants : while gardening is the growing and care of plants without reference to the picture. The en- tire motive of the true landscape gardener is to make a pleasing picture, which picture must have a landscape or natural effect. As compared with the formal or architectural style of laying out grounds, the naturalistic has among other ad- vantages, that of giving an infinite variety of effects extending throug'hout the entire year. As F. Schuyler Mathews wrote, '"Nature puts so much variety into her reality that she is more beautiful than we can imagine." There is no monotony in Nature. Those who have studied and understand Nature's method of grouping plants and who carry out the prin- ciples are not likely to plan the monotonous system of arrangement too often found in gardens. It has been well said that a landscape has three dimen- sions— length, breadth and height. A consideration of the lattter is of the first importance in avoiding monotonv and unnaturalness. Those who have admired wild, sylvan scenery, realize the delightful attractiveness of its com- position. Although it may lack the more conspicuous and strikingly Auriferous species which we ttse in gardens, the effect as a whole shows very clearly what may be ac- complished by good grou])ing. irrespective of the plant material used. What a marked contrast to this is seen in many gar- dens. Plantings consisting entirely of shrubs are made and composed of a few species which grow into more or less long, monotonous looking belts of about the same height, with a flat, inartistic surface. Sometimes, to make such cases ten times worse, the natural beauty of indivi- dual shrubs is frequently extinguished and the production of flowers is to a greater or lesser extent — according to specie.s — prevented, bv shearing ; by this means a uni- form height is maintained, and absolute ugliness created. The fundamental ])rinciple whereby a beautiful and inspiring picture can be made is to have a broken sky line combined with a billowv and wavy mass ; bearing in mind in this connection what the plants will develop into, rather than what they are when planted. Shrubbery should always have some evergreen species intermingled with it for the sake of Winter attractiveness ; evergreens also make for more seclusion which is so desiralile in a garden. While the above should be considered in all groupings, the boundaries of our home scenery should be made, by means of suitable plantings, to assume the irregularity of natural outlines, and at the same time when possible, ad- vantage should be taken of any outside landscape effects as to prevent any limitation of boundaries to appear from the residence ; this can generally be accomplished by having one or more places where the planting is con- fined exclusively to dwarfer species. Another bad arrangement is to make the boundary planting follow the fence line so strictly and to be of such uniform width all along, that the general view is not much, if any, superior to that of a mere hedge. Ac- cording to the area of ground to be dealt with, more or less pronounced bays and promontories must always be a feature of belt-plantings, if for no other reason than that they increase the apparent size of the garden. In following with the eye the salient points of scenery we find it composed of lights and shades. These are produced by undulations, and the undulations again are produced by promontories and bays. While every effect has its outline, it should be so broken that none can tell where the boundary of each particular scene finishes. The various impressions observable from lawn to sky- line should group themselves together as harmoniously as the leaves group themselves into masses, and as these masses again group themselves into the outlines of a fully developed tree. The question of straight avenues of uniform sized trees comes to mind at this point. Unnaturalness of plant- ing anything in straight lines must be obvious to most people who give any thought to the matter. At first sight a long avenue of trees may give pleasure through gran- deur, historic association and age, but the same grand development along natural lines would add incomparably to the permanency of the pleasure to be derived. Walk through the grandest avenue and it will become tiring and monotonous to our sight long before the end is reached, and it will certainly fail to afford continual satis- faction. On the other hand a drive, however long, bounded by naturally arranged and broken groupings will ever satisfy ; never become tiring to the senses ; the ever- varying light and shade will lend new impressions; changes are created by every shift of sunlight and sea- son, and it never fails to charm however frequently it may be seen. The smaller the place the more objectionable do ave- nues and straiglit rows of trees become. Throughout the year the unfolding and waning of plant growth gives forth continually varying and charm- ing effects, not only in connection with one species planted alone, but more so when many species are planted together. To plan successfully the landscape develop- ment of land one must be thoroughly acquainted with all the changes to be observed at different periods of the year, otherwise there is danger of merely having certain effects for a short period in Summer and nothing vi'hich amounts to an\thing for the rest of the year. The aim of the designer should be to create a scene which will be more or less effective all the year around. A great mistake is sometimes made when too many individuals of one species are planted together. It is true that in very extensive plantings upon large estates these individual groups may be larger than upon small ones, but even then the margin of difference is small. We should aim to intensify as much as possible the changes in effect which the seasons bring forth by hav- ing as great a variety as the area will permit, so that in an\- month throughout the year we can discover subjects for pleasure and admiration. W'hen the senses have been gratified by one particular form and color, still others should be found to carry further and higher this sense of gratification : this may be obtained by passing from the ob-ervation of the characters of one species to_ that of others. Too much of one thing at one time — however good that thing may be — creates an unpleasant 48 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE feeling of satiation at one period and a void at another. The effect of Time upon landscape development should have full consideration, although some people appear to forget this altogether, and they fail to understand that each year will see produced many new, delightful and surprising impressions. It is true that one may have moved on to their place trees of ten, twenty or more vears old, and so produce at once effects which would require such number of years to develop if a start were made by planting young ones. Many people, however, find it intensely interesting to watch things grow, and by the use of young stock not only is this pleasure ob- tained, but there is a vast saving in the initial expense. In studying how we may render our grounds beautiful, not only for a few months only, but for years, it will be necessary to have recourse to means adapted to the end. Some things endure but for a season, while others last for whole hundreds of years. Three points re(iuire our closest attention in respect to planting — permanency of effects, future effects, and present effects. In all our operations the various so-termed permanent plants must prove the basis. Ever-bounteous Nature has provided these in sufficiency for every display, the flowers taking precedence in Summer, rich colored foliage and Iruit in the Autumn, and the continuance of fruit with evergreen foliage through the Winter. It is not possible for any one to form a correct opmion upon a landscape planting unles they are thoroughly ac(iuainted with the characters and habits of the material of which it is composed, and are also capable of visualiz- ing the possibilities of its ultimate development. Many, in" fact all, of the best in the way of trees do not show their fullest beauty until touched up by the hand of Time. In arranging all long-lived subjects the after effects must have full room to develop. Too often what may be termed future or prospective effects are not held in suffi- cient account. Sometimes in order to satisfy the owner's impatience for immediate effects landscape men, against their better judgment, plant too closely. Perhaps there would not be so much harm in this were thinning-out done at the proper time, but unfortunately this thinning is deferred until it is too late to prevent the harm being done. Were such matters seen to when reqiiired this might be obviated and quick-growing, short-lived sub- jects would not then be allowed to injure plants of a more permanent description, nor would good plants be allowed to destroy the beauty of each other by having to struggle amongst themselves for life. The duration of plants, to whatever class they happen to belong, holds an imjx'rtant place in our arrangements, for i)lants of the longest endurance are invariably the most worthy of the highest rank in our esteem. is^ot only during time measured 1)_\- years do we jiass from one beautiful effect to another, but each succeeding month throughout the whole course of every year should have some special feature of beauty connected with it. Some people are able to always live under conditions of more or less perjietual Summer ; they may have a resi- dence at Palm I'.each. and another in Maine, with ])er- haps one in lietween these places, but they cannot, how- ever, be said to have a home in its real sense and they kncAV little or nothing of the continuously Ixautiful landscape effects which it is possible to create at one siX)t. With the majority the home landscape is always present and it .should always be attractive. If it is not so, and if at any season there is lack of something interesting it shows lack of forethought in its planning and develo])- ment. As John Burroughs said: "'ibe l!ook of Nature is always open Winter and Summer, and it is always within reach and the pri::! legible to tho.se with eyes to read it." We have emphasized the necessity for having the house harmonize with the country, and the more pro- nounced the discord between the house and its surround- ings the less artistic will be the home. Naturalness is also always lost to a greater or lesser degree by drives and walks. These must be looked upon as necessary evils, and our object should be to minimize as much as possible their effect by reducing their area, and by constructing them of such material as will render the inevitable dis- cord as little pronounced as possible. Naturally the distance of the residence from the pul.ilic highway and the extent of the ornamental surroundings, aft'ect the length and number of the walks and drives. Sometimes the contour of the grounds enables the main entrance drive to run more or less below the natural grade. \\ hen this is so it is advantageous, inasmuch as the drive is to that extent invisible excepting when one is actually upon it. It is of considerable importance that a drive, which practically amounts to a lifeless line of gravel, should not intersect the grounds in front of the house, as it Ihen becomes a disagreeable object, and it should not interfere witli the general artisticness of the landscape plan. As a good aproach doe.- more than anything else to create a favorable first impression, the entrance, which is the first point seen, should be in accordance with the style and size of tl-.e place, and it should be so adequately dealt with as to not only prejudice one in favor of it, but it should also be so arranged as to give a fair index of the general character of what may be expected of the grounds themselves. If the entrance is recessed from the street, the area of such recess must depend somewhat upon the size of the place and the distance to be traversed before the residence is reached. Obviously it would be nut of harmony to have a very impcfsing entrance, deeply recessed, in coiuiection with a small place with the house only a hundred or so feet from it. The amount of, if ah}', architectural work in the form of brick, stone, or iron, connected with the entrance depends entirely upon the conditions. When gates are considered necessary, obviously they nuist have some kind of pillars to support them, hut when such are not required and the entrance is in purely natural surroundings, the less of architectural eff'ects the better. .Again alluding to the above mentioned point that an (.ntrance should be some index to the character of the interior, it is very important to avoid violating what may he termed a fundamental principle of good taste, by anv undue ostcntatiousncss in its treatment, especially if this is combined with a pica\une treatment of the grounds in- side. Cases of this kind become on a par with the biblical whitcd se[)ulchcr, or as one writer ])uts it, like the elaborate, gaudy entrance to a ten cent show. Whatever the subsequent direction taken by it, it is invariably best for the first portion of the drive to be at a right angle to the public highway, although it may some- times happen tliat some niodificalinn of this rule may be advisable. .\s a (lri\c is for the purpose of reaching the house it should proceed there as directly as possible, at the same time graceful curves may be introduced when such are l)crmitted by the conditions. Its course and direction will be chielly modified by the contours of the ground and it should avoid passing through deep depressions or over liigh clevaiions. In principle, no curve in a drive or walk should \)v permitted unless there is an obvious reason for it, and meaningless snake-like turning and twisting are in worst possible taste. .Ml curves should be gentle, and liiey should onl\ be used to avoid something. \\'hen a (Coiil'niucd I'll l^a!;c 55) For February, 1922 49 Orchid Exhibit at the Missouri Botanical Garden GEORGE H. PRING OF recent date the garden orchid collection has been considerably augmented by the donation of the noteworthy Brownhurst collection, by the late D. S. Brown, of Kirkwood, Saint Louis. This splendid private collection combined with the garden botanical orchids, places it as one of the foremost of public col- lections, making it possible to present an exhibition equal to any other botanical garden exhibition. In previous years. the flowering plants have been shown in mass formation ar- ranged in alcoves upon tiers of stages which seem tO; be the adopted method.- Occasionally we find the stages camouflaged with cork bark and then again we find rockeries built in artistic design. These pseudo creations have been used at the gar- den at various times despite the fact that it is misleading to the general public in so far as imparting habit of the growth of the plant and especially where the epiphytes are grown in pots, is it impossible for the layman to understand the ditTerence between epiphytes and terres- trials or the sapro- phytes when they are all shown as one class. Previous years when people have been view- ing the flowering or- chids, one will fre- quently hear remarks as: "Oh, here are the orchids ! Why, 1 thought they grew upon trees!" "Sure," replies the companion. "They're parasites." It is therefore manifested that the public should be enlightened as to the characteristics of the orchid by arranging the plants in a replica of their natural environment. The must familiar flower to the layman is that of the large mauve colored Cattleya and without this flower in quantity, there are no orchids, despite the fact that hundreds of (Jther species and hybrids are shown. In view of these manifestations, the garden has deviated from the average arrangement so that the visitor may study the individuality of both flower and plant. thereJDv familiarizing' himself' with the difl:'erent habits of the orchid and likewise suggesting that there are just as many showy orchids outside the genus Cattleya. The most natural wav lo educate the public is by copying the orchid as grown in the tropics. It was therefore decided to use the floral display house (Banquet hall for the N. A. G. Convention. 1920) so as to reproduce a replica of the Cordilleras of Colombia and Venezuela. During the past \-enr all dead trees were collected from the garden arbore- tum and city parks, the tops being used after they were cut to a height of twenty to twenty-five feet and the side branches cut to a convenient shape. Twenty-five of these trees were brought into the house and arranged in forest formation, in- terspacing with tall growing palms and overcoming the Dare- ness of the branches by the use of Tillandsia iisucoides in festoons. These trees were em- bellished with all the flowering epiphytes as Cattleya, Lcelia, Lcc- hocattlcya, Brassocat- tlcya, Vaiida, Acrides, Epidcndnini, Coryan- thes, Dcnbrobium, etc., and arranged so as each specimen could be read- ily distinguished from the other. The spa- cious brick floor was entirely covered with six inches of partially decomposed leaves, as one would expect to find when travelling through the forest, even the walks received this covering so as to suggest the beaten trail, so much so, that visit- ors at first were afraid to traverse the sug- gested area, thinking that the entire space was reserved for the display. All the ter- restrial orchids were arranged beneath the trees countersunk m this leaf mulch so as to hide the pots and to give the impre-sion as if they were growing natu- rally in the ground. Ferns were used in combination with such terrestrials as Phragniopcdilum {Sclenlpcdium), Paphiopcdllum { Cypyipcdiiiin) , Taiiiia. Habenaria. etc. _ The press has been highly complimentary upon this exhibition, giving it wide publicity. The January attend- ance has been greater than any previous year, live thou- sand visiting the show during the opening afternoon. A iiliiiipsc- 11/ the orchid exhibit at the Missinin Botanical Garden 50 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE God's Best Berry STRA\\'BERRY propagation in a private garden, whetlier the area be big or little, should be regarded as a business of importance. It is in the nature of a casual matter with the field grower. If the runners root, well and good ; if they fail, well, better luck next time. We will leave the latter to his gambling wheel of fortune and consider the subject from the point of view of the gardener who, as far as is humanly possible, turns the wheel himself. Three fundamental points are : 1 . the jilant from which the necessary runners shall be taken ; 2, the type of runner which shall be chosen ; and 3, the manner in which it shall be rooted. As a general rule the private cultivator has entire control over each of these though, in some cir- cumstances, he may be forced to proceed as convenience, not as judgment, directs. The points may most usefully be dealt with as set out. It is accepted that one year old plants will, in normal conditions, produce the finest runners or plantlets, espe- ciallv, perhaps, those which have proved their power of fruiting bv giving blossoms, but which have not been per- mitted to pass beyond that stage. There have been un- numbered controversies to decide whether runners from a barren plant (i. c, one which has never developed a flower truss), will be similarly barren, but the issue has never been authoritatively reached. If there were no risk the question could never have come up for discussion. There is a risk and it is not worth taking. Therefore, the decision must be in favor of the fruitful parent, with the supplemental one of choosing one year old plants, if pos- sible. Should these be, for any uncontrolled reason, un- available, the second choice must be from two year old plants, and the third, and final, choice from three year old plants. Apropos the runners themselves. The strigs are pro- lific in the production of plantlets, and propagation may be, consequently, carried to an intense degree, but this is more than doubt full v wise. Healthy plants in a clean plantation will send "forth so many strigs that the requi- site number of voungsters will be provided by the first or second planllet, or, in the event of necessity, both. Should a desire be felt to split hairs, and decide whether the first or second plantlet is the better, the best advice that one can give is for each grower to please himself, since, judging from the broad basis, there is no perceptible difference in the final results. Now as to manner of layering, which is one of the simplest forms of propagation. The strigs carrying the runners extend in all directions from the parent plants and manv of these will attach themselves securely to the soil so that the species may be perpetuated. This is a natural method of increase and the gardener adopts it as the best, but wisely carries it out under a definite sys- tem. He selects the' best suitable plants and the most promising plantlets and runs the process as in a set of harness. Three modes of procedure are popular, easv, certain, and all are based on the best plants, best runners principle. . . , , . The most common way. probably because it is the least trouble, and, incidentally, the worst, is to cleanse the alleys of weeds, attach tlie plantlets to the soil with small stones or pegs and await results. Undoubtedly better is to supijlement the cleaning by surfacing with good mould. as this conduces to sujierior and quicker rooting. 'I he chief disadvantage occurs when transplantation must be done in hot, dry weather. The soil falls from the roots in lifting and the plants may. consequently, sustam a check to progress. This may not be a substantial dis- ability in general culuire. but those who aspire to achieve the finest results regaril it with suspicion and strive to avoid it. The second and third methods are very closely akin and may be treated of in association. The one is to plunge 3-inch pots filled firmly with light compost in the soil, and the other is to substitute 3-inch squares of turf, grass side downwards, for the pots : plantlets to the nec- essary number are attached to the soil in the pots or to the inverted turves, as the case may be, and water is given as imperative to prevent total dryness. Each is excellent. The roots come rapidly and numerously, they are retained within a circumscribed area and moving to pots or open quarters can be done with the ball of soil and roots intact. There can, then, be no cessation of advance. Turves are preferable to pots for one impor- tant reason. If the move to fruiting pots or rows cannot be carried out at the correct moment — that is to say, when the young roots are working freely round the ball — mat- ting commences against the cool, porous, impenetrable walls, the roots become hard and wiry in texture and growth is arrested after transference. The slight, un- desirable check has been inflicted. With turves this can- not occur. The roots may go beyond the limits specially provided, but, passing into soil, do not change their char- acter and the plants do not cease to advance, even mo- mentarily, after removal. A final word or two of insistence on the necessity of instant work and the subject must be left. Early rooted runners are invariably the best and giving, as they do, the grower power to proceed as he wishes with them, bring supreme satisfaction. Some gardeners have made big strides in the task, others have just started and many are waiting — for the_\- know not what. To one and all it may be said : Proceed instantly, work rapidly and thor- oughly to produce rooted plants ready for their fruiting quarters at the earliest possible moment. THINGS AND THOUGHTS OF THE GARDEN (Contiinicd from page 4U) Salisbury Plain. The moors are made up of a wet peat soil of a distinctly acid type, relatively poor in mineral salts. This of course is practically useless from an agri- cultural standpoint although it may have some value for pasturage and grazing purposes. On soil of this type we find C'a//;(;ia and other Ericaceous plants in abundance associated with Ulcx Europcrits. Many of the downs are also \-alueless from an agricul- tural standpoint, althou.gh some of them provide admir- able pasturage for .sheep. This because of the fact that the soil overlying the chalk is thin— in many cases it is only an inch or two deep — and in consequence is unable to su]>port any strong growth of vegetation. The pre- vailing type of vegetation is distinctly calcicole in charac- ter, tlie flora difYers from that of the moors and includes such plants as Hcliaiitliciiiiiui Chaiiucdsliis, Aspcrula c\')iancliica, and various terrestrial orchids. GARDENERS' CHRONICLE Tlu' Standby of llic profcssioii;il. Tlic .Safe Guide for the amateur. I'ulilislied on the l.Sth of each month. If you are not a snhserilicr, send two dollars for a year's subscription and receive tliis maRazine regu- larly. CARDENEHS' CHRONICLE. 286 Fifth Avr . Nrw York. I1I1IIII1IIIIIIII unlit I liilllilililil iiiiiiiifiMltiiililltltiiiiiiiit Mliiflil lllliMI 1IIIIII1I For February. 1922 51 •MiiiiniMiuuiiiiuiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiimiitiiiiiii iiiimiiiiiimiiitiiiiiiihiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiM Work for the Month in the Garden SAMUEL GOLDING niiiiiiiiuiiitiiiitKiiitiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiitiiiiiiii IIIIIIIIUIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIllUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIlllllllllltlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllinilllimi^ BV this date all plans have been made. Stocks of necessary seeds, tools, fertilizers, spraying materials, and other sundries will soon be ordered ; mowing machines overhauled so that there will be no delay to take advantage of prevailing conditions, when we can, with confidence, resume sowing. Although February may be regarded by many as too early, owing to lack of artificial heating arrangements, yet the longer days and brighter sunshine remind us that the gardening season has opened in earnest. Where abundant facilities are provided for growing early vegetables and flowers, no time should be lost. It is the aim and object of all growers to prolong the season when fresh vegetables can be obtained, and if one can produce them for the table even a few weeks earlier than thev can be had from the open garden, they are always appreciated and are more than worth the extra labor involved. The greenhouse, pits, and frames are the mediums through which we can achieve this desirable end, whether plants are grown in them to maturity, or whether they are merely used to give the plants a start, to be afterwards planted outside to finish their growth, therei)y gaining much valuable time. Where space is limited, some cau- tion is necessary in starting seedlings, unless it is that one particuar crop is specialized in. Where many sub- jects are grown, the question of proper room for develop- ment becomes a vital problem. To insure success, one must always endeavor to keep the plants moving from the seedling stage to maturity, but the grower is governed by the local conditions which confront him. If abundant fermenting materials for the hotbeds have been collected, and the pits filled as advised in the last issue of the Chroxici.e, they should be in perfect state for seeding and planting before February is passed. It is necessary when making up a bed to have in mind its particular function — if it is to raise a crop of beets, car- rots, or cauliflower, which finish their growth where planted. These will require a steady and lasting heat which can be obtained by mixing a larger percentage of oak or beech, leaves with the stable manure, and then cov- ering this with a good compost, a depth of five to six inches. If the hotbed is made up solely for raising plants, then the bed should be covered with enough soil to absorb the rank ammonia fumes, and prevent damage to the tender seedlings from a too violent heat, which induces a rapid germination and possible damping ofif, if not very closely watched. Sow batches of horn carrots, beets, lettuce, spinach, cauliflowers, cabbages, radishes, and small salads. Sow in pans or flats onions, leeks, tomatoes, egg plants, pep- pers, and celery for early work. Continue to bring in successional batches of vegetables for forcing, which quickly respond to the influence of a little heat at this time, their growth is very rapid if a humid, growing atmosphere is maintained. ]\Iake up additional mushroom beds as the old ones show signs of exhaustion. Push on with any outside work whenever the climatic conditions permit. Finish up with all speed the pruning of fruit trees, and the Winter spraying of trees and shrubs. The San Jose scale is very partial to the lilac and it is advisable to keep a sharp look- out for it. Euonymus radican growing on walls is often subject to attacks of this pest and should be sprayed as a preventive measure. Give abundance of air, whenever it is possible, to plants wintering in the cold frames. Remove the sash on mild (lays ; i)ick oft" all decayed foliage ; keep the top soil loose about the planted stock by going over with a small culti- vator. Have on hand a good supply of covering material in case of a spell of severe weather. This is a splendid time to sow sweet pea seed, for the best results can be expected froiii seed sown now. Sow in pots or flats, and place in a frame : after the seed germi- nates, grow on as cool as possible, to develop strong, vig- orous root action and sturdy plants for setting out when the ground is fit for their reception. Use fairly light soil in the flats so they can be easily shaken out with a min- imum injury to the roots when planting season is here. ]\I.\RCH The advent of ^larch means busy da} s for the gardener. All available space under glass will be doing its maximun: amount of service. A full line of vegetables and flowers ma}- be started at once with every confidence of the ulti- mate results. In addition to the above mentioned varie- ties, dwarf peas and potatoes may be planted, and succes- sions of the very early ones sown when necessary, so as to maintain a perfect supply. It is a most unsatisfactory state of affairs to have a glut at one period, to be followed by famine. The raising of plants for Sunmier bedding will demand mimediate attention. Propagate cuttings of geraniums, fuchias, lantana, heliotrope, coleits, ageratum, and other stock on hand. .Sow as early as you can, seeds of Begonia gracilis and scmpcrflorcns. As the seeds are very minute, they require a longer period to develop into good sized jjlants for bedding than the average annuals. Sow Salvia splendcns. S. patens. S. azurca, S. farinacca (while the last two are not really annuals, they thrive well if treated as such), Bro'icallia speciosa, Celosia plu- mosa, in its varied forms. These are a few of the most important popular plants which take a longer period of growth before they can be used for ornamental purposes than do man\- other annuals. The average annual is a fairly rapid growing subject and one must be guided as to sowing by the probable date when their bloom will be desired. If successions are required, they should be started at the earliest opportunity. Many annuals do bet- ter when sown outside on the place where they are to bloom. Seeds of Fall blooming perennials -can be sown now, and they will make fine plants for setting out in the border during j\Iay. Seeds of Delphinium in variety should be sown soon to have bloom during the coming Summer. The seedlings- of the hybrid types should be planted together in blocks as they have a wide range, and varied shades of coloring. When grown together, it is less difficult to select the more desirable ones as to color and type. They can be lifted the following season and planted in the flower garden ; the one year old plants are most vigorous. Their wonderful spikes are one of the glories of the garden during the early Summer days. G.4RDE.\ERS' CHRONICLE The Greenhouse, Month to Month W. R. FOWKES 1. MARCH is a busy montli. The jiow-erful rays of the sun make more demands on ventilation. Seedlings need to be watdied and L-arcfnlly shaded. The pot fruit trees have arrived at an important period ; peaches and nectarines being the leading fruits raised in pots. It is not prudent to try to grow cherries, plums and pears in the same compartment with the nectarines and peaches as they require much syringing to check red spider. The cherries, etc.. rijjcn their fruit much earlier, and if they are syringed when showing color, they will crack and be ruined. \\'ith regard to tlie plums, if they are syringed when the fruit is ripening, much of the fruit will crack and the dense bloom will be destroyed. Hence the reason for separate compartments. The south, or warm end, should be used for the peaches and nectarines ; the cooler partition for the cooler fruits which have been named. .\s the fruit trees come into flower, give as much air as possible, avoiding cutting winds. ,\ir is essential for the setting of their fruits. As there are no bees at hand, take a rabbit's tail, tied to the end of a cane, and at noon when the pollen is open and dry, gently tap each truss, ^\'atch carefullj' the setting of the fruits, but do not try to hurry their progress with heat, as this would prove fatal. Fifty degrees at night must never be exceeded luitil after stoning is passed. When the fruit is set, syringing must be practised : do not use force to injure, and keep a humid atmosphere. If grapes are grown in pots, they must be grown on the alternate system ; by allowing the plants to do one year's work and then to have one year's rest. The fig is one ot the best of fruit trees for pot culture, although the culture of figs is not always attended with the success one might wish for. This often is due to the wrong methods employed. The fig, in the first place, has a tendency to .strong growth. It is also a gross feeder and if unchecked and grown in too rank a soil, will be a barren tree. Grown in an intermediate temperature in the same soil which is used for peaches, it should thrive well. Pruning must be performed with discretion. If a very strong .shoot ap])ears. it is better to cut it clean out than to jjrunc it to two or three eyes. Pinching hardens the wood, thus making the tree more prolific. Therefore grow ill fairly strong soil ; get a medium te.xture of wood ; ])iiicli from the fourth leaf, and you will rarely be disap- ]K)inted by having a useless fig tree. N'aturally a ])roper selection of suitable varieties adapierl for forcing must be adhered to. It must not be imagined that all varieties are especially good for forcing, although most of the best and largest sorts in cultivation are suitable for that purjiose. .Any first class nursery- man whose advertisement appears in the CiiRONiCLr, can su])ply them. Selections can be made from the follow- ing: I'iiigo-de Mel. l-.arly Violet Negro Largo. P.rown Turkey. I'.lriik Marseilles. I'.rown Tschia, X'ifilet Sepor. Overcrowding and growing in too shady a position must be avoided, as well as too much fertilizer, as both hi Ip to encourage an unfruitful growth in fig trees. Caladiums that have nicely started and are wanted for Summer work should be transferred from fiats to pots. U.ic a little choppefl sphagnum moss and sand in the loam, and an inch of crocks. Keep pots close together in a warm, humid, partly shaded place for three weeks until the growth has started oS well. Tuberous begonias and the ne.xt batch of gloxinias should be placed in flats of moss and sand soil, and kept on the dry side. They will provide a succession of bloom- ing plants that are needed v.dien we are through with many of the Winter bulbous stock. Propagate Lorraine llegonia by leaves. Insert healthy leaf stems half their IcnL'ili in the sand, not allowing the foliage to come near the sand. Six weeks' time will complete the operation. As we are crowded for space at this time of the year, some subjects can l>e grown suspended from the roof, without injuring any plants beneath them. We can pro- cure pot hangers from reliable firms, wdiich are light, yet strong enough to hold any kind of plant. E. T. McCar- roll has suspended Farleyense ferns over orchids ; also begonias and man_v other phints in five- to eight-inch pots. There are plants which we cannot always grow in wire baskets, and the pot hangers are certainly excellent for that purpose. Mr. McCarroll kindly informed me that he secured his from Joseph Alanda Company and that they are a decided improvement on anything he had used before. Poses arc in need of more syringing, but as their wants are so generally understood, it is hardly necessary to de- vote more than a passing remark to them. Wallflowers, KczccnsJs, come into their own now and are sweetly scented flowers that give promise of Spring. Immerse the baskets containing Oxalis into a pail of soot water every week. BoiigainvUlca and Clerodendrons, Tlioiii['so)iii, are starting u]^ nicely for Paster. These heat loving subjects ni'.ist be gently syringed. They can be trained to any kind of support. Aristodochia Sturtcvanlii is an interesting plant to adorn the conservatory in Summer, and is easily raised from seed. It rec|uires rather poor soil. Sow a i)acket of GrnnUca robusia and Aralia Sirl'oldi. They both make useful jilants for Summer decoration and as they are biennials, they can be used indefinitely. Sow also a packet of Praiicoa rautosa, known as the llridal wreath. It has an advantage over many other use- ful ])lants in that dust and a certain amount of neglect seem to suit its nature. Calanthes that have bloomed and have rested are start- ing out on their journey and the better method is to mix a light com])osl of peat, s])hagnum moss, sand, a little nuish- rooni manure, and loam that is fibrous. Place in three- inch ])Ots and do not water until growth is active. .\ shelf near the glass in a warm spot. '>r undermalli ihe tomato vines is another ideal |>lace fur tlnni. Now that the tomatoes arc in full \.yn\), in--te.-id of tak- ing otT-sels away cleanly, encourage a few of them to grow. When the crop is perfected, cut out llie old. main stem and the new growths will be tilled with bloom, and a fine cro]) atlained. To succeed the others, grow the new "( lolden .Sunrise." It is ;i no\i'lly. which has proved its worth. If cannas are desired for flower beds this Summer, they should be started the end of March. Mix a light coni- (Cnnliinicil on pai^c M) For February. 1922 53 A Garden of Blue Annuals Edged With White FLORUM AMATOR BLUE, Ihc culur of the sky, and the symbolic hue of hope, is especially deliglitful in a Summer garden, giving-, as it does, a suggestion of grateful coolness in contrast to the Summer's heat. .V garden of blue flowers, edged with white, produces a charming elTect. We have no very tall-growing, annual blue-flowered plants; therefore we will not be perplexed with arranging our beds of plants so that the taller will not shade the lower. However, our garden will be more attractive if w^e arrange to have the taller plants in the northern beds or borders of our garden. Let us, therefore, in one of the northern beds, plant the rich dark-blue, and in an-other the exquisite azure-blue annual Lupines. Their pea-shaped flowers are lovely, and delightfully fragrant, and their foliage is beautiful. They may be planted in the open garden in May and thinned out when small to stand out ten inches apart each way. Lupines grow quickly and their cut blooms are ex- cellent for table use. We may plant as an edging for these beds Agcratmn ("Little Dorrit"), the white variety, sowing the seeds where the plants are to grow and thin- ning them when young to stand about three inches apart. Within the last few years we are beginning to grow a little more freely in our American gardens that beautiful annual Salpiglossis ("Painted Tongue''). We should in- deed have a bed of these of the orchid-flowered type of purple-violet color, and another of the light blue with veins of gold. The funnel-shaped flowers of Salpiglossis face upward and are exquisitely marked with veins of gold or silver. They produce a wealth of flowers, which are highly esteemed for cutting, from early Summer till frost. It is better, if convenient, to sow the seeds in fine soil in shallow wooden boxes, and place these in a sunny window of our dwelling house or in a conservatory or hot bed, and after frost is past to transplant the young plants, when of suitable size, into the garden bed about eight inches apart each way, but the seeds may be sown in May in a bed of finely prepared soil in the garden in very shallow drills eight 'inches apart, and the plants, when lliey are small may be thinned out so that those left will stands about eight inches apart in the rows. There is an- other and a better way of sowing all flower seeds directly in the garden where they are to grow, namely, make drills of such depth as the seeds require at a suitable distance apart ; then make others crossing the first at right angles and at such a distance apart as you would like the plants to stand in the row. Plant two or three seeds at each point of intersection of the drills and when the plants are a few inches high, pull up at each intersection all the plants except the strongest. Suppose we edge our beds of Sulpiglossis with the prett>-, little white Lobelia com- pacia. We may sow the seeds indoors and transplant, or directly in the bed and thin out the plants to stand about three inches apart. I think we would like beds of the two types of double blue annual Larkspurs, one of the Stock-flowered type of sky-blue color, and another of dark blue of this type, one of the Emperor type in either black-blue or violet and another in either light blue or azure blue. The Stock- flowered type bears its blooms in columnar or pyramidal spikes; the Emperor type has its inflorescence in cande- labra form. Larkspur seeds should be sown directly in the garden beds in ]\Iay, and, when large enough, thinned to stand about six to eight inches apart. The plants will begin to bloom in Julv," and continue to furnish an abun- dance of beautiful flowers. v,-hich are excellent for cut- ting till frosts appear. Alyssiiin i^"Litle Gem") sown di- rcctl)- in the garden bed and thinned out to stand alioiit three inches apart will make a very pretty edging for our Larkspur beds. There is a beautiful lavender-blue variety of Scabiosa t Sweet Scabious) whose flowers are borne on long stems, and are very suitable for cutting, and are produced con- tniuously from July until frosts come. Scabiosa seeds may be sown indoors in early Spring and the plants trans- jilanted into the garden later, or in May sow directly iii the garden beds. We will, I think, edge our Scabiosa bed with Alyssum procumbens compactum, commonly called "Carpet of Snow," sowing the seeds directly in the garden bed and thinning out the plants to slaml a few inches apart, when they are small. There is a new and greatly improved variety of that unique plant, Nigella ("Love-in-a-Mist"), named "Miss Jekyll." It grows about three feet high, and has lovely flowers of cornflower-blue nestling amid its pretty, feath- ery, green foliage, the position of the flowers as regards the foliage giving the plant its common name. Nigella is among the hardiest of annuals, and bay be sown directly in the garden in the south in Autumn, and in the north in Larly Spring, or later in May. It should be thinned like otiier plants to stand a suitable distance apart. We never obtain the best blooms either as regards size or quality when t'.ie plants crowd each other. Nigella is especially useful in combination with other flowers in making up bouquets. We would like, I think, an edging of white Lobelia coiupacta for our Nigella bed. Shall we not have a bed of that old time, floriferons, fuzzy flower, blue Ageratum, planning the variety,"Swan- ley Blue." because it grows tall enough for cutting, and edge our Ageratum bed with fragrant white Sweet Alyssum, that dear, old-fashioned variety which blooms till November snows begin to fall? BymvaUia. commonlv called "Amethyst" from the color of the flowers of some of its varieties, is too little grown. I thi)ik you would like a bed of this of the variety spcciosa 'major. The beautiful ultramarine blue of its blooms, one of the rare colors in flowers, will certainly delio-ht you. You will need a very dwarf plant for bor- dering your Browallia bed, and you can again plant Alyssum ("White Carpet")- Let us save the last bed in our flower garden for Mvosofis ("Forget-me-not"'), using the variety seuipcr- ilorens because it is a continuous bloomer, and also some of the much admired, large-flowered, new variety, "Ruth Fischer." Our Forget-me-not bed should have for a bor- der a plant bearing' a verv s.nall flower of somewhat the same form as th.at of the Forget-me-not, and I think we would like for this purpose Alyssum ("Little Gem"). There are a few other flowers which we might grow in our blue garden, such as Centaureas ("Cornflowers"), purple saiidvtuft, purple Verbenas and blue Violas, but. perhaps, what we have arranged for will be sufficient for the first lesson. Of course you will follow the advice of Pliny, the Ro- man, in making your blue garden, namely, "Dig deep, manure well, work often.'' We have mentioned May as the time for planting the seeds of annuals, but they may aho be planted in lune, if the soil is kept moist while the seeds are germinating, and the plants from June seed sowing will bloom in middle or late Summer or in .\iitumn. 54 GARDE^ERS' CHROMCLE Plants of the Bible and Biblical Lands FLOWERS pressed and sent home from time to time during the recent war as well as the sojourning of so many of our soldiers in "the far east" have brought Biblical lands very close to us, and it may be interesting to some to have their memories refreshed in regard to the living things that spring from the sacred soil of such lands as we find mentioned in Holy Writ. Anything connected with Palestine especially, whose hills and valleys Our Saviour trod and whose rocks re-echoed the very words He spoke, must have a vital interest for each one of us, and there is wonderment in the thought that our eyes can behold today the very same kinds of flowers and plants that perhaps He looked upon and drew lessons from in His teaching. For in the Holy Land, conditions have apparently changed very little if at all since Our Lord's time, and we find the same manners and customs prevailing today as those which were in vogue over three thousand years ago. In other countries as time sweeps on, fashions come and go and progress is made in differ- ent directions, but Palestine. Syria and the greater part of Egypt as well as the Sinaitic peninsula remain un- changed, one of the features which strikes the traveler most being the marvelous antiquity and uniformity of the customs. Not only do these remain the same but also the bulk of the language, together with the productions and great natural features of the country. The shepherd mav lead his sheep in A.D. 1919 over the very hillsides frequented by the "Shepherd King." The traveler on his way may still pluck the ears of corn and allow his horse to feed in passing on the unenclosed crops of bar- ley, or "eat his fill of grapes at his own pleasure," as he goes through the numerous vineyards, with the single stipulation that he puts none into a vessel to carry away. In regard to the wheat and barley this practice is easy and natural as these crops are easily cultivated in Syria and Egypt, extending for miles over the country in one unbroken line and in good seasons yielding an astound- ing return. .\s the seed is still sown broadcast, every bit of tlie ground being cultivated, the ideas of trespass and prohibition do not exist, in addition to which there is the instinctive hospitality of the Eastern. The vine- yards are enclosed and carefully protected from the dep- redations of robbers and wild animals, yet this charter of "the stranger and the poor" as given in the law of Moses (Deuteronomy XXIII, 24 and 25) is still respected and observerl. The greetmgs and farewells are identical with those in the time of Abraham, although a little of the significance and spirit may have passed out of them. Going through the country parts particularly, one notices the adherence to the ways and things of the past. From the south of Egypt to the extreme north of Syria, the plough used today is the same as that employed in the earliest times and of the same pattern everywhere. It just serves to scratch the soil to a depth of two or three inches. If harvests were not so plentiful and crops did not respond so readily as they do in those favored re- gions, a little progress might have been made in the con- struction of this and other farm implements. Every- where the excellent cofifee is served out of the same little handlcless cup, imvarying in size and design, and at entertainments the ho.s't still ri.ses and after girding him- self with a towel, washes the feet of his guests. Im- mutability has been well said to be the law of the East. To the Jews and Greeks wc are indehtcrl for the earliest allusions in writing to i^lants and flowers, the former in the books of the Old Testament, the latter through the works of their poet, Homer. The Old Testament gives us the first account of a piece of ground being marked out and set aside for the culture of flowers, in its story of the Garden of Eden, supposed by some authorities tO' have been situated in Palestine. Later on we read of the "promised garden of Mahomet" and the far-famed hanging gardens of Babylon in which King Solomon, an enthusiastic gardener and botanist, took such keen delight. Doubtless the eyes of the Jews of long ago were not closed to the beauty and significance of the lowly things of the earth — David's utterances in the Psalms show that he must have lived very close to them — and they prob- ably had acquired much knowledge of plant life during the period of their wanderings before entering the prom- ised land. They were thus well able to read the book of Nature, hence the constant use made of it in Holy Scripture to illustrate some precept or inculcate some moral truth. Flowers occupied a proininent place on every Jewish festival, when they wished to show honor to distin- guished persons. In the -Apocrypha — Wisdom XI. 6 — we have a reference to this lavish use of wreaths which rims as follows — "Come on therefore : let us enjoy the good things that are present; and let us speedily use the creatures like us in youth. Let us fill ourselves with costly wine and ointments; and let no flower of Spring pass by us : Let us crown ourselves with rosebuds before they are withered." To understand the nature of the vegetation and the Biblical allusions it is necessary to bear in mind the i^hys- ical features. Taking Palestine first, from north to south, we have a narrow tract of country nearly all parts ■of which, in spite of the existing mountains, reap bene- fit from the west,wind which blows from the Mediterra- nean dining the greater part of the year. The .Xrabs very appropriately call this wind "the father of rain," but during Summer and Autumn it only gets as far as making night mists which are soon dissipated by the morning sun. There is great diversity of surface in a small space and consequently a great variety of plant life. Going from west to east we have along the sea- coast a plain extending for about 10 miles inland. This is very fertile with the e.xception of its coastal edge which is marked by the presence of sand dunes. These seem to be encroaching inland and in places are quite wide. Amongst the plants growing on the sand dunes are Artemisia monospcnua, a species of wormwood, with a very strong scent and a bitter taste; .\triplcx porlnla- coides (.Sea Purslane) ; Sea Rocket, a cruciferous plant with fleshy leaves; numerous prickly members of the ubi(|uitous Daisy family. including Cyaiica S\riaca. with its violet colored flowers; Cyiioiiioriiim cocciiiiiiiii .if which the name alone is enough to startle anybody, a curious leafless, red plant covered with scales and jiarasitic on the roots of others, especially those be- longing to the f;nnily of Chcuopodiacrtc : I'otlim weed. a herb clothed with dense grey wool ; Squirting Cucum- lirr, of which some may like the botanical name — /;c/'(i/- linm clalcrium — with its thick prostrate stems, like long arms reaching out over the sand, rough leaves and small greenish gourds, startling the passer-by now and then by its explosive ejection of seeds; Crambc marilima (Sea- k-ale) ; Jasmine officinah. with its white sweet-scented flowers; Reseda orientalis: Salicomia fnilieosa and S. brrbaeea. the latter leafless with spikes of flowers jointed like the stem; different species of tufted Grasses, which help to bind the sand together: Thxmdiva hirsiila. a shrub I For February, 1922 55 with minute fleshy leaves and small yellow flowers borne in clusters noar the tips of the twites : besides i'rgiiica marittnia, the bulbs ol: which are the '"squills" used m medicine, and many others of more or less interest. It will be noticed that all are characterized by some pro- vision having been made for the conservation of water either by a coating of hairs, thick fleshy leaves, or ab- sence of leaves, or in some other way known to tlie plant dweller on the dune. Every bit of the plain is arable and as rain brought from the west falls from .August right through Wmter and Sjjring until the end of Mriich, it i> very suitable for wheal ;m(i siniilar cni|)s. l'!\fr\ inch i-- under cultivation and in ]jlaces like |;iffa, the mudeni Joppa, there are huge orange groves, with a iew almond and tig orchards. 'Iraveling through the plain in spring it presents a wonderful sight, w ith its large stretches of green wheat patched quite red here and there with anemones and later on with poppies of the most brilliant hue. On the inner edge the hills start and very soon get u]) to 1,000 feet above sea level, the height gradually increasing further inland to about 2,000 feet. They are cut by immense wadis or valleys running inland, which throw of¥ branches, that in turn also branch. In any other country we might e-Xjiect to find rivers speeding their way down these water courses but in the Spring of the year they are absolutely dry. However, the country as a wdiole does not suffer from lack of water owing t(j the existence of numerous springs and conservation liy iiieans of wells and rock cisterns or aqueducts. Water is the most precious thing in the country, and of vital importance in those districts where springs and streams are rare. The bygone inhabitants set us an example by the way in which they recognized this fact, and took advantage of the periodic wet seasons to pre- ser\e as much of the precious licjuid as possible, for use in times of drought. No labor, time, or expense, was spared in the pursuit of this object, and water saving was part of the scheme by which the desert — ever ready to devour — was kept from encroaching on their narrow strip of land. Josephus tells of an aqueduct 25 miles long which was made by f'ontius Pilate, the governor of Judea, in order to bring water to Jerusalem, which had no natural supply in the shape of springs or streams. The engineers of that time must have had some diffi- culties; for the conveying pipes, which consisted of large blocks of stone bored through the centre, traveled in a direct line up and down the slopes of the mountains, and ■ the amount of pressure recjuired nuist have been con- siderable. Aqueducts are and always must have been common and familiar objects in the Holy Land. The pipes were generally made of earthenware laid in thick beds of cement, the latter largely formed of crushed pot- tery, which in course of lime became as hard as stone. Sometimes passages for the water to flow were cut in grooves in the limestone of the hillsides ; and in many places where no springs could be foundj very rich sheiks have chiseled through rocks or drilled to depths of over 200 feet, in their efforts to find an artesian basin. The irrigation systems along the valleys, through which the railway of today passes, are very ancient and date back to the beginning of things. The same streams are now used and the same methods applied for the directing and controlling of the water as prevailed in the time of Abraham. These old builders did their work so well that the pools, cisterns, and wells which they established still stand as monuments to their memory, and will be appreciated as long as that thirsty land exists. The beautiful temple of Solomon, with all its glory of pome- granate wreaths and cedar overlaid with gold, has van- ished: but the three pools which he caused to be con- structed with such care in the vicinity of Jerusalem, and filled with water, still remain, and are in constant use, forming the sole supply of the people of Bethlehem. — ■ South .Ifrican Gardening and Country Life. A LESSON ON BEAUTIFYING HOME SURROUNDINGS (L tr. Kem Hamf shire — F. G. Webster. Ohio — F. F. Drury. H. S. Firestone, Mrs. F'rancis F. Prentiss. John L. Severance, H. S. Sherm.nn, H. L. Thompson. Mi.-lngaii — J. B. Schlotmann, E. D. Speck. Indiana — TlT^odrre F. Thieme. llHncis — A. Watson .Armour. Harry B. Glow, A. B. Dick, Clayton Afark, Mrs. Julius Rosenwald, Mrs. F. W. Uphain. Minnes(ta — Afrs. Chester A. Concdon, F. FI. Stollze. Imva — Mrs. G. B. Douglas. Missouri — August A. Busch, Dr. George T. Moore. Virginia — -Miss Grace E. Arents. IV. Virsivia — Mrs. Arthur Lee. Georgia — E. H. Inman. 5". Carolina — Robert S. Mebane. LOCAL BRANCHES Newport, R. I.: Andrew L. Uorward, chairman; Frederic Carter, secretary. St. Louis, Mo.: George H. T'riiig, cliairmaii; Hugo M. Scliaff, secretary. Nassau County, L. I.: John T. Everitt, Glen Cove, chair- man; John McCiilloch, Oyster Bay, L. I., secretary. Boston, Mass.: Robert Cameron, chairman. CLEVELAND CONFERENCE POSTPONED The proposed gardeners' conference to be held in Cleveland fkiring the Mational b'lcwer Show has been postponed because iif the unfortunate condition of not being able to use the new city huilchn.g on the dates planned, and the necessary removal of the show from Cleveland to another city. Indianapolis has been selected as the city for the show. The sudden change has naturally upset all plans of the garden fraternity, but the hope has been expressed that an opportunity will soon present itself when a gardeners' conference, under the auspices of the members of the association located in and near Cleveland can be held. OPENINGS FOR APPRENTICES The Secretary's office has quite a nuinber of applications from young men in different parts of the country who are eager to take up the work of gardening as apprentices. These young men have had a fairly good education — grammar school and one or two years of high school. Some have had no practical experience in gardening, but others have spent Summers in gaining a little knowledge of gardening. .Ml express a desire to take up this work as their life's profession, and the Secretary would be glad to learn of any one who can accommodate one or more of these young men as apprentices. BOOST YOUR ASSOCIATION Won't you help our association hy talking of it among the gardening fraternity in your locality? From time to time re- cently, the Secretary's office has had more than the usual number of visits from gardeners who remark that while they had lived ni such and such a place for some time they had only iust learned of the existence of the association. In your neighborhood there are surely gardeners who would be interested in the association if some one called their attention to it. When you meet a gardener who is not familiar with the N. A. G. tell him of its purposes, and endeavor to enroll him as a member. Increased membership means increased co- operation among the gardeners in this country, and it is only through co-operation that the association can carry out its aims. JOSIAH TAYLOR MARFAN Horticulture lias sustained a distinct and grevious loss in the passing away at the age of 79, of ex-Supreme Court Justice Josiah T. Marean, of iTrooklyii, .\. V., and Greens b-arms. Con- necticut. He died on Wednesday, February 8th, at Winter Park, Fla. The burial services were conducted from the First Presbyterian Church. Brooklyn, N. Y., on Monday, February 13th. .\ large nuinber of Supreme Court Judges were in attendance as pall bearers including the following: Abel E. Blackmar, Presiding Judge of the Appellate Div. ; William J. Kelley, David F. Man- ning, Edward Lazansky, Nortnan S. Dike, Almet F. Jenks, .'\iigustus Van Wyck, Lester W. Clark, Edward B. Thomas, Martin W. Littleton, James Shevlin, John E. McCooey, James D. Scsscnven, Stephen S. Baldwin. JAMES C. GARDINER The Secretary has been requested to make mention of the death of James C. Gardiner on December 23, last. At the time of his passing away, Mr. Gardiner was superintendent of Mill- crest Farm, Gibsonia. Pa. Mr. Gardiner was well known in Sewickley where he had been employed as head gardener for nine years on the G. H. Singer estate. AMONG THE GARDENERS The Secretary has received a letter from Charles R. 'Waugh of Santa Barbara, Cal., announcing his return from an enjoyable trip to Scotland, and expressing the keen interest he had in the New York convention. Mrs. John Scheepers, after a severe illness of more than two months, is now slowly gaining on the road to recovery. THE ASSOCIATION AT THE NEW YORK SPRING FLOWER SHOW The National Association of Gardeners has again taken space at the New '^'ork Spring Flower Show, which will be held at the Grand Central Palace, March 13 to 19. The publicity which came to the association through its booth at last year's show made it worth while to engage space again, especially .so as the estate owners themselves are actively interested in the success of the International Show for 1922. The same desirable location which the association occupied last year was secured again. Throughout the entire show the booth will be open to receive estate owners and others who are in any way interested in the profession of gardening, and in the activities of its national organi- zation. Those in charge will be glad to give information on any subject rela*^ing to the gardening profession and to the employ- ment of trustworthy, reliable and efficient gardeners. INTERNATIONAL FLOWER SHOW New York, March 13-19 NATIONAL FLOWER SHOW In. Reed, manager of Fruit Farm, Conycrs Manor, Conn., delivered a very instructive ^^a^tt^^ 85th Year I 121st Year o Ellll,thllllll!llll{llllllllllllllilllllllll|[l!lllllllllll!l|l^' !iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim»:^^ SEED SERVICE — PLUS FOR 121 years J. M. Thorburn & Company specialized in high-quality seeds. Their service to the American public, their quality of merchandise, their dependability is well known the country over. For 85 years James Carter & Company of England has been supplying garden lovers everywhere with "tested" seeds under the label of "Carters Tested Seeds" — seeds selected from strong, vigorous plants, true to type and of the best strains. We wish to announce to the American garden loving public the consolidation of these two companies. Over two centuries of seed service-ability are now united into a single organization and we are enabled to give you a service never before obtainable in this country. J. M. THORBURN & COMPANY Founded 1802 JAMES CARTER & COMPANY Ravnes Park, London, En;;lan(l Founded 1836 k The catalog "i tlie consnlidated comijanies is now ready iur distribution. s i You should have a copy of this catalog to plan properly your garden for the coming § § season. i i Write us, mentioning Gardeners' Chronicle, and we will forward our 1922 Garden Book § P with our compliments. 1 Cariers Tesied S^^ds *-INC. =^ $ (]onsnIid(ited tvith § I J. M. THORBURN & CO. I I .inrvnci-A^ siKKET new ^OKK, N. Y, j j I'nd l9-2() S>u h Market Si.. I!ci>tiin. Mass. j 1 Cannilian IJrancli: \:V.i Kin;; .Sirei'l Eii>l. Toronto. Canada | i Old and pfosp'ctlve customers are cordially Invited to call on us In the remodeled estabtishmint fof Seed Service Plul | liiiininiiiiiiiniiiiiwni'iw i m iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinniiiiiini»i!iiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiii'iiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiliiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimnmiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiaiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiii^ TPADlOKri IN D MABU — PULVERIZED Sheep Manure Woiidcrful natiirnl fertilizer for amateur or professional growers— uncqualed for lawn, flowers, vegetables, fruits and shrubs— effectively sterilized— no weeds or chemicals— safe and dependable. Aik vonr «;rcd or R.nrdcn supply man for WrZAUI) niMND or write direct for full infornialidTi. The Pulverized Manure Company No. 18 Union Stock Yards, Clfcago ANCOPM llifili (^radi: Suxk of Or II ;i mental 'I'ri'i's anil Siiiiilis. Catalog on request. ANDORRA NURSERIES w M, w \i;\ I i; 11 \i;pij;. /'r.f. ('hestnvt III' I'll M Mil I riii \ For February, 1922 61 and educational lecture on the spraying, pruning and diseases of fruit trees, and drew additional interest by liaving brought vari- ous specimens of diseased fruit and branches of trees, all of which elicited considerable discussion, and upon conclusion, a rising vote of thanks was tendered Air. Keed. \y. G. Weston, Rep. Sec'y. Illllllllllililillliljlllllllllllllllll UNEMPLOYMENT AND HORTI- CULTURE The reaction of tlie public schools throughout the nation to Mr. Herbert Hoover's request that they do tlieir share towards relieving unemployment was re- markable indeed. The schools were asked to consider the problem of unemployment from two different angles ; lirst, immediate relief, and second, permanent relief. The first could be touched upon by the building programs throughout the country; increased building of schools would employ thousands more men. The second is a matter of edu- cation ; it means that courses dealing with current events, economic and social prob- lems will have to bring special light to bear upon the problems of employment. Li this connection it is somewhat hearten- ing to feel that the nature of some of the courses given in Cleveland schools lends it- self to the solution of the unemployment problem. Horticulture is a profession which has drawn upon Europe for its supply of trained men for some time. The field is calling for a great number of .■\merican young men and women. They must be trained in the public schools if a high stand- ard, dignity and esprit dc corps are to be maintained. Greenhouses — school green- houses— is a ver\' definite answer to Mr. Hoover's request. This means immediate relief for some in the construction of new and much-needed greenhouses. Then, too, as they become acquainted with greenhouse work, they are guaranteed pay for out-of- school time, thus helpin.g out the family budget. It means a st^p in the direction of permanent relief in that students are trained in school greenhouses to cope with economic and social conditions through actual experi- ences in labor-cost problems, food produc- tion, home beautification. — Nature Garden H'ceklx. WINTER PROTECTION OF EVER- GREENS The recent snowfall — the lirst rif ihc sea- son— weighing down as it did many ever- greens, should serve as a reminder to tie up and protect such specimens as require this treatment against breakage which may occur any time throughout the Winter when the elements may be less lenient than during Ihe past storm. Snow alone may not cause serious injury, but when accompanied by sleet, followed by continued cold weather, as was the case two years ago, more or less breakage to plants is bound to happen. Take Hybrid Rhododendrons, for in- stance, where every six inches in height count and in which weak growths abound, it pays to have these reinforced with raffia or light rope or possilily sheltered lightly with corn fodder. Such plants as the Biota oriciitalis. some Junipers and Cedars, which are inclined to develop double or triple lead- ers, should be tied in loosely to keep their together, especially if plants are large and their disfigurement would mean a real loss. This tying in is also beneficial from a cul- tural standpoint for it encourages a more compact growth. The Retinisporas will catch and hold more snow than the Spruce, Fir and Pine class and so should be protected, if large or I Some Interesting I Novelties in I Trees, Shrubs, ^ Small Fruits, etc. I through the I Arnold Arboretum m from China and Japan M Elscholtzia Stauntoni. Heather Mint. In Si-ptt-'inlx-r a mass of jiiile p laveiiiKr f1t.\UTs all buzzing ttiih Iwes. Mint family, 2' high, $1.00 each. = EvjQdia hupchense. A linden-like tree from China. 3-4' high, $1.50 ^ each; $10.00 ptr 10. ^ Halesia Carolina monticola. Grows as a straight tree 80' high, iiol ^ a many sleninied lui^h-shaped tree like the others. 3-4' high, $3.00 ^ each. M Juniperus littoralis. Tscd by the Japants^ for holding sand diiri.-s. ^ $1.00 eai-h. $7.r.O per 10. M Malus Arnoldiana. White flowers; deep red t-herrj' sized fruit tlial ^ tastis as u'xid as cider when frozen and decayed. 4-5' high, $1.50 ^ each; $10-00 per 10. ^ Morus acidosa. A bird feeding plant. Most people consider the ninl- = berries too .sweet. This one may suit. 3-4' high, $1.00 each; $.".00 M P*?r 10. M Philadelphus magdalcns. One of Ihe new Philadelplius. 3-4' high. p S;i.(li.) cacli; $7.:.0 pT ID. M Rosa Hugonis, Father Hugo's Rose. A welcome addition to tlie shnilt^. ^ Big, round bush of healthy foliage with bright yellow ^ flowers similar to, but earlier than, the Persian Yellow. ^ $2..'>0 each; $22.50 i>er 10. M Sorharia arborea glabrata. Vigorous shrub with white = panirics in niid-sunimLT, almost as showy as Hydrangea p panicniata grandillura. 3-4' high. $1.50 each. ^ Styrax obassia. Cha^s. A. Dana's Arboretum has the = only large specimen we know of. It is an old tree = 14' high with circular leaves; racemes of orange- = blo'som-like flowers in May and coffee-like fruit. 2' M high, $1.00 each. ^ Cotoneasters. Rare and beautiful group. Some suit- = able as low plants for tlie rock garden; others as taller ^ shrubs in the background. You can show off a coUec- = tion of these all winter. Some cling to the rocks with ^ graceful sprays of evergreen foliage and coral berries. = C. Zabelii. 2' high. $1.50 each; $10.00 per 10. p C. divaricata. 2-3' high. $1.00 each; $7.50 per 10. = C. Dielsiana. 2-;r high. $1.00 each; $7.50 per 10. ^ C. floribanda bullata. 2-3' high. $1.00 each. C. = ro:undifolia. 1' high, $.75 each. C. Salicifolia. = 4" PMt-s. $1.00 each. = Crataegus (Hawthorn). We have 10 species of the ^ best from Highland Park. Rochester. Welcome in your = shmbhery as hedges or as little trees. Crataegus p Genensnenis. 2' high. $1.00 each; $7.50 per 10. ^ Crataegus Dunbari. 2' high. $1.00 each: $7.50 = per 111. ^ Cornus llorida rubra. Red flowering dogwood, 5' ^ high, 50 to 100 fliiwer buds, $6.00 each. M Cornus kousa. Beautiful Japanese tree. Month p later than the above. 8' high, $tj,00 each; $50.00 = per 10. 'V .r. EJschoUzia Stauntoni \ hybrid of Japanese and Amer- small growing tree, having hand- in July. The branches are red. Cornus Dunbarj. ican Dos^ood^. A some white flowers 5-G', $3.50 each. Cornus paucinervis. Low growing cornel from China. White (IiHvers. black l)erries. $1.00 each. Viburnum Wright ii. Described and named for the botanist of tin- Perry ^■xp^■(Htion. 2' high, $2.00 each. Viburnum opulus var. xanthocarpa. Yellow fruited liiubbu^h cranbt-riy. $1.50 each, Xanthoxyllum schinifolJum. Chinese relative of the T(Kjth;irbe Trev. May nial;c a good hedge. Foliage glossy Willi fragrance of jiar^goric. 2-3' high. $1.50 each; $10.00 per 10. , Syringa reflexa. A new lilac from China with hang- ing raccnies. 2-3' high, $1,50 each. Picea Korymi. New sp:cies from China. lS-24" high. $5. no each. Photinia viMosa, Chinese Christmas B:rry. Red iR'rries in .Novendier. Flowers like Shadbush. 3' high, $.50 each. Symplocus paniculata. Turquoise Berry. Very rare. B'-rries ;nv robins-egg blue. 3'. $300. Ilex crenata. Japanese Holly. Boxwood-like foli- age. Just right for woods or foundation planting. 3', $5,00. Vaccinium corymbosum. fruit. Oak-like branches. 3' high. $3.00 each. Swamp Blueberry. Delicious red bark in winter. 3' x Ilex opaca. .\merican Holly. 2' high. $4.00 each. = TIME-SAVING TREES 1 Thirty years ago we started to grow time-saving trees; uith roots to guarantee them to grow satisfactorily. ^ Now they are ready. ^ Write to us about the rare plants you want. Come to the nuisery and see Ihe rock garden. Send for ^ "Home Landscapes" and "Home Landscapes," Commuters' Edition. = Henry Hicks = HICKS NURSERIES Dept. G WESTBURY. LONG ISLAND. N. Y. B Siiuniiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiwiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ ' Plants That Keep Faith" Rea/ Success A dependable stock of supenor small fruit plants selected from the famous collection of the country's foremost specialist in berry culture. Supremely tasteful strawberries: large, luscious raspberries; giant, mieaty blackberries; gooseberries and currants of rare flavor; splenidid, heavily rooted grapes. These and a complete stock of garden roots, fruit trees, roses, hardy perennials and other ornamental plants are listed in a fine new cata- logue. No. 104, which is sent for the asking-. Free advice by a berry expert to all who are interested. j ,j, lqyj-jt. Box 204, LITTLE SILVER, N. J. For 44 Years a Specialist in Berry Culture. 62 GARDE^ERS' CHROMCI.E The 1922 Ten-Ten Book Is Ready for You This new Ten-Ten Book has 1 You can make your selections all the good points of last without a lot of fussin^; throuo:h arm-long lists. Both common and botanical names are given, with just the description and prices you want to know about. year's with a lot of new ones beside. Again we've listed the ten best of everything for garden use. Here is a list of just n few of the headings: considered valuable enough to warrant the expense of protecting. With small plants an inexpensive and satisfactory method is to have a man beat the snow off before it becomes frozen on or weighs down the plants. Large Box Bushes are too valuable to permit being disligured by heavy snow or sleet and bracing the branches from within with rope is recommended. In very large specimens, where the character of the branching is too weak to depend upon each other for support, it may be necessary to use poles — Cedar or otherwise — placed eitlier within the bush or four placed around the outside and connected by rope. — Florists' Exchange. ^ te Ten .\nnual Flowers for Cutting. Ten Annuals for Dry, Sunny Spots. Ten Perennial Seeds for Spring Sowing. 4. Ten Hardy Phloxes. 5. Ten Plants for Home Decoration. 6. Ten Plants for Paved Walks. 7. Ten Shrubs for Hedges and Boundary Planting. 8. Ten Evergreens for Foundation Planting. 9. Ten Choice Apples. 10. Ten Choice Peaches. Send for your copy of the Ten-Ten Book now; it is free. Then order early. fuliuS' T^eKrS* Ccj I „^ Ai TKg Sjfr of Thg Tree i Box 20 Rutkvrford N.J. The lettuce to me is a most interesting study. Lettuce is like conversation; it must be fresh and crisp; so sparkling that you scarcely notice the bitter in it. For Spring Planting Lettuce, like most talkers, however, is i apt to run rapidly to seed. Blessed is I that sort which comes to a head, and so I remains, like a few people I know, grow- | ing more solid and satisfactory and ten- i der at the satne time, and white at the | center, and crisp in their maturity. | You can put anything (and the more I things the better) into salad, as into a conversation, but everything depends upon the skill of mixing. I feel that I am in the best society when 1 am with lettuce. It is in the select circle of vegetables. — Contributed. Lettuce, like conversation, requires a great deal of oil to avoid friction and keep the company smooth; a pinch of attic | salt, a dash of pepper, a quantity of mus- | tard and vinegar by all means, but so I mixed that you will notice no sharp I contrasts, and a trifle of sugar. |, Rhododendron Catawbiense Rhododendron Carolinianum Rhodendron Maximum Kalmia Latifolia Fruit Trees and Fruit Plants Correspondence solicited. Price lists upon request. THE MORRIS NURSERY CO 1133 Broadway, New York, N. Y. Rhododendron Maximum Kalmia LatifoHa Northern down Stock III ( .iih.;i»l I..'(s Nursery Grown TSUGA CANADENSIS Buy yovir stock direct from the grower. Sc-iiil (or iiri.c li~l. The Charles G. Curtis Company Ciillicoon Nurseries CALLICOON, N. Y. ?s.RECOME A ' LANDSCAPE JpSflTECT DiK^nifKHl. Exclusive ]*ro- fessioii not overrun with ^- coinju'titor.'i. C r o w li f li __ , " with opportunity for moiicy- L** V"- making am! big fees. $5.iH.)0 to $1().(H)*) incomes attained by experts. Easy to master under our correspond- ence methods. Diploma awarded. \V> assist '-indents and (graduates in pcttinR' startesortnunt <■( GENERAL NURSERY STOCK in large sizes of Hemlock, Biotas, Pines, Retinosporas, Blue and White Spruces. W'e have the best stock in the United States. yiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinii I iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiii.iiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiinniiiii i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiniiniinniniinniiiiininiiiiiiiiiiiiiinnniiiininniiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiim INTERNATIONAL FLOWER SHOW Grand Central Palace, New York March 13-19 Nursery desires to get in touch with Seedsmen, Florists , Fores ters , Gardeners or Botanists in Northern States who deal ill or can collect tree, shrub, evergreen and perennial seeds true to variety. Parties interested please send replies to S. S., care National Gardeners, 286 Fifth Ave., New York City. SPECIAL GLADIOLI OFFER FOR $1.00 we will send post paid 12 large ex- hibition Gladioli bulbs. ^11 different (separately lal)eled, true-to-nanie). Also packet of 50 varietie.c of choie* flower seeds and packet of the great new red Aster, "The Heart of France." together with eatalogne of Flowei-s. ILstiiig choice, rare Gladioli. l)ahlias. Ro^es. Perennials, flower ;.n(I VHgelal)le seeds. ROSE SIDE GARDENS Warwick. Pa. HUMUS for the price, is tlie best and cheapest FERTILITY MAKER Price and Sample upon application. H. B. PRINDLE, 70 E. 45th St., New Yoik Hardy Perennial Plants All Varieties Price List Free on Application THOMAS WYLIE 5138 Holly St. Seattle, Wash. HARRY BALDWIN Uaoufaoturer ot Greenhouse Shading Lath Roller Blinds M-VMAROISJECK. N. Y. PLANT NAMES AND THEIR MEANINGS is the title of a series of articles now appearing in The American Botanist where a multitude of other things of interest to the plant lover are also discussed. Quarterly, $1.50 a year; specimen copy, 25 cents. THE AMERICAN BOTANIST Joliet, 111. POWER I to push your Mower and | Hoe your Garden | The BOllNS POWER HOE I & LAWN MOWER TRACTOR | Snap Hitches enable operator to instantly | change from lawn mowing to seeding or cul- ^ tivating. Does the work faster and better. ^ Gives you time for pleasure gardening. A boy h can run it. Write 1 GILSON m. CO., in PARK ST., I PORT WASHINGTON, WIS. | :iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiif "/4 Garden for Everv Home." MULLER-SEALEY CO., INC. 145 West 45th St. New York City Joseph Manda Co., Orchids Our Specialty Send for Our Catalogue 191 Vallev Road West Orange, N. J. "Your Spring Orders-Solicited BURNETT BROS. Seedsmen 92 Chambers St. New York City ORCHIDS We are Specialists In Orchids. We collect, Rfow. import exiHjrt and bpU orchids ex- clusively. If .>uu are in the market for Orchlda, we solicit your intjuiriea and orders. Cata- logues and spi-clal lists on application. LAGER & HURRELL 6rchl(t Growers and Importeri Summits, (V. «J. ^iiiiiiiii!ii!iiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiti[iiiiiiiiiiiiii]iiiiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiii:iiii:iiii:iiii:iiii:iiiiiiiii;iiii:iiiiiiii^ ! Landscape Gardening | I S-5 and Expense Per Visit or Day ^ I I originate and design plans for ^ I the development of estates. large or | I small, with a know/ledge of what to t i plant, how^ to plant and when to | = plant, and will cheerfully submit | I designs and estimates. i I Wm. V. Nieuwkert, P. O. Box 200, " E Passaic, N. J. -< / \ t CUT FLOWER BOXES EDWARDS FOLDING BOX CO MANUFACTURERS PHILADELPHIA. PA. -J^ . / Ik r\ This * Nozzle Won't Clog Here's a nozzle that saves your time and your temper. The patent screen strains out all the sediment. There's no bothersome clogging, no wasted solution when you use You need onlygruide the nozzle and tbe Auto-Spray puts on a fine mist or Solid stream. A slight pressure of the thumb starts and shuts off the flow of solution. Every farmer, gardener and home makershould haveone. Nearly 40 other styles, big and little. Our Spraymg Calendar will keep you one move ahead of the bugs and blights. If3 free. Send for it today and ask for Catalog. The E. C. Brown Co. 894 Maple St Rochester, N. Y. NURSERY IN CENTRAL WEST HAVING A FEW POSITIONS OPEN ttill Ik- i.lt iised to rta-ive for consideration apptica- linns from Propagators. Perennial Growers or men txiJiTit-'ncL'd in Field. Packing House. Sales or Land- ^caiit* work with wholesale or retail iiurser>- business. .\|l|)ll<',l||t.S will please state if now employed, past '■\|i''iii>rii'e. state parliciilars and salary asked. Refer :illsMcTS to A-200. National Gardeners, 286 Fifth .\\i-.. SC\Y York, \. Y. CATALOG FREE Great Baigains, Standaid Varieties. Best Quality. Low Prices Satisfaction or money refunded fcO years in business proof of our responsibiljiy. Write for catalog now, PETER 80HLENDER & SONS S-piing H.n Nur«ric. Tippecanoe City ( Miami C 122 OlALITY RED POTS Made of best material hy skilled labor, uniformly burned and carefully packed. Famoaj "Mosi-Aztee" Ware Includes Azalea Pots, Fern Dishes. Banging Ba^ketA, Lawn Vases, etc Writ* for catalogue anc price lint The Zone Pottery Compaoy So. Zanenllle, Ohio 64 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE THE GREENHOUSE MONTH TO MONTH {Coutinnrd from page 51 ) post of mushroom bed ni;imirc, a little sand and moss; divide the rhizomes into moderate sizes and phice in flats. Cover them with the compost but do not water ; the moisture 'n the rose house will ^ive them a good start. This is far better th.an starting them by the usual method m dry pots. The next batch of achimenes can be started in baskets. Clean olt the sour soil of carnation beds, gently stirring the surface, and give a fair sprinkling of bone flour. Top dress with one inch of tine loam and well rotted horse manure, and you will realize the benefit to the plants as the days lengthen and the sun strenglhens. Repot into three-inch ])ots any 'mums that recpiire a shift. Do not allow any check or the buds will be devel- oped from stunted plants and their season interrupted. Keep them very cool. 40 degrees at night and day, if pos- sible, is desirable. If other plants are grown in the house, they nmst be subservient to the "mums, or the latter will be ruined. The last batch of cuttings should be in- serted this month and the old stock thrown out to make room for the new. Fumigate regularly to keep clear of aphis. Cclosia spicafa is a subject useful for house decoration. easily raised .ind will withstand draught and dust better than ordinar\- kinds. Lantanas and Bouvardias that are rooted in sand should lie potted and grown along in gentle heat. The weeping Lantana is a fine specimen for han.ging baskets or pans. The sweet peas should have a good mulch of sheep ma- nure and loam, equal parts. Remember the best sweet peas or rather the earliest are better if sown in pots in .March in a temperature of 55 to 60 degrees. They will germinate in ten daj's. Grow them along gently in the same temperature until weather conditions are suitable for their removal to cold frames. Give the last batch of cauliflowers a dose of nitrate of soda, a very li.ght sprinkling, or a watering of a tea- spoonful to a gallon of water will do nicelv. THE NEPHROLEPSIS CHART {Cciifiiiucd from page 4(i) tlieir cuiti\ation. b'or exaiuple in the labels of the vari- ous Neijhrolepis lornis. the fcillowing general method is used : Boston Fern Mutation of Ncphrolcpis exalt a ta Horticultural Pierson Fern Mutation of Boston Fern F. R. Pierson Scott Fern Mutation of Boston Fern John Scott Roosevelt Fern Mutation of P)OSton I'^ern Am. Rose & Plant Co. Whitman Fern Mutation of Pierson Fern Henry Barrows In connection with the collection of Nephrolepic forms tilt study is still being carried on and the writer will very niucli appreciate any information as to new forms or facts ahciiit old forms which mav hr contributed. 'IT IS THE SACRED OBLIGATION nf t'trry ritizfii ta ilo his part tlav hv day thai the iintioii may profiler and that con- ti'iitntent find haitpiness may come to all." Rotary Club Members fi|ii:iiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini;i:iiiiininniiiii{niiiiiiiiiiiNiiii!iiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iii:iiiiiiiiiii| giuLuiiiiiiiiiiiiiijiiiiiiiiiiiiiinJiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiJiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiinniijijijiiiiiiiiiiiiin Sweet Peas MY 1922 catalofiue features all the new varieties offered by the various American and European specialists, many of which will outdistance older varieties of their class; also all the worth while standard varieties. It is the most comprehensive list of its kind in the history of the Sweet Pea. "THE WORLD'S BEST" CHARLES ELLIOTT Grant Place Park Ridge, 111. 3iiMiiniiiiiiiiimittriiniiiiiniunmiinmioiiiMiifliiiiiiiiniiiiiii!n;iiiiiiii«iiii:iiiiiiiuiiii>!!iiii!!iiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiii^ pllillllllllln«llll!lllllll|IIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIF»"""l''Ni!liiii '!>ii t;,i iiiitiiiiiiiii I r 'IIIIIIMIIIIIIWIIIIIIII Illlllllllll!llllll| I IF YOU ARE ENGAGED IN THE PUR- j I SUIT OF HORTICULTURE WHETHER | I FOR PLEASURE OR FOR PROFIT i you cannot fail to be interested in the Gar- deners' Chronicle of America, for, as you will observe by studying its columns, it is devoted exclusively to the science of flori- culture and horticulture. n n n iiin n OF INTEREST TO COUNTRY ESTATE OWNERS The National Association of Gardeners takes lliis opportunity to place its Service Bureau at the disposal of owners of country estates when requir- ing competent gardeners, in the capacities of super- intendents, head gardeners or assistant gardeners — llioroughiy qualified in every particular to assume the responsibilities the positions call for — gardeners truly efficient in their profession. The Bureau is maintained entirely at the expense (if the association and makes no charge to the em- ployer it may serve or to the member it may benefit. NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS M. C. Ehel, Secretary 286 Fifth Ave. New York TItis association is in no sense a trade union organization, but includes in its sustaining member- ship owners of some of the foremost country) estates in America. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiii ^imiiiiiitiiiniii[iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiii[[iiiiiiiiiiiii[iiii[iiiiiiiiiii]ii]iiniK The Insecticide of Recognized Merit for Greenhouse and Garden A PHINF '' ^ concentrated material — mixes readily in water — efficient in its action — easily applied — free o( the disagreeable odors and features of most insecticides — excellent as a wash for decorative plant« FOR THE GARDEN-^" « reme- dy against all sap sucking insects infesting flowers, fruits and vegetables APHINE is most effective. FOR THE GREENHOUSE — Applied at regular intervals (once each week or ten days) APHINE will keep plants in the greenhouse and conservatory free of insect pests. r" Ul^ vjllNll) For mildew, rust and other blights affecting flowers, fruits and vegetables. V IliIvlVlllNlli For worms and insects infesting the soil. Sold fey dealers in various sizes. APHINE MANUFACTURING COMPANY Manufacturers of Agricultural Chemicals MADISON. N. J. ;iliilliiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiniiiiiiniiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiN :iiii:ii{iiiiiiiiiii»nii»iiiiiniimiiniiiiiiii»iiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin^^ iiiiiiiiiiiiiiinuiiiiiiiiiiii iniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim^ Davey Tree Surgeons at zvon; on onr of the magiMcenl poplars at the Hanoum Camps One of tlie giant poplars which Tver entrusted to the scientific skill < Davey Tree Surgeons A viczv of the Hanoum Camps, conducted by Dr. and Mrs. Charles H. Farnsu'orlh and Miss Louise Green at Thctford, Vt. ^*The work awakened the admiration of every one'^ The Hanoum Camps, Thctford, Vermont. The Davey Tree Expert Co.. Inc. Kent, Ohio. ( icntlenien : It gives nie pleasure to state how pleased we are with tlie work done on the poplar tree in our home at Thetford, Vt. The work was done with a thorough- ness that awakened admiration from everyone who saw it, and included devices that must go a great ways toward making the work last. Let me add that we .ippreciated very much the courteous and gentlemanly young men who did the work. While they were working in the midst of a girls' camp they fell in with the camp spirit and so adapted themselves to its life that we regretted to have them leave. Hoping that it will lie possible for us to afiford further work done on our trees at some future time, I am Very sincerely, JOHN G. GOGAL, Business .Man.u/rr. Every gardener and estate superintendent has a most important work in the saving of trees under his care. Davey Tree Surgery brings to his aid the highest development of science plus a generation of experience. A careful examination of your trees will be made by appointment. THE D.\\i;V TREE EXPERT CO., Inc., 302 Elm Street, Kent, Ohio. Branch oKccs -.nth telephonic connections : Nnv York, Aslor Trust Buililing, Fifth A-.c. and A2nd Street. Philmlclphia, Land Title Building. Boston. 467 Massachusetts Trust BIdg. Balliniore, .Amcricc.n Building. Chicago, Westminster Building. St. Louis, Central National Bank Building. Pf^riiinnont rcpresentntives nvjilljtlilf in ,^\ci-;il varictit^ in color, tells how to prepare the pool atul plant the tubers, and plainly indicates the best varieties for tub or pool. Write t.,(lri\ (or n r.-py. WILLIAM THICKER ^'"^^'^ 664 Forest Street Specialist Arlington, New Jersey (56 The Dreer Dozen Hardy Ever- Blooming Hybrid-Tea Koses THIS colleclion of well tried standard varieties is known to every Rose fancier as a most satisfactory selection of varieties, either for garden decoration or to supply an abundance of extra choice flowers to cut throughout the summer and fall months. All are extra strong, two-year-old plants, prepared to give im- mediate results. CAROLINE TESTOUT— This is the Rose that has given Portland, Oregon, the name "The Rose City." It will be found equally valuable in any garden. A large, full globular flower of a bright satiny-rose; very free and fragrant. DUCHESS OF WELLINGTON Intense saflron-yellow. stained u^ith deep crimson, fairly full flowers and par- ticularly beautiful in bud form. Delightfully fragrant. HOOSIER BEAUTY Beautiful, well shaped long buds and large full flowers of an intense, rich, dazzling crimson-scarlet. Very sweet scented. JONKHEER J. L. MOCK — Very free on long stiff stems. Large size and of perfect form. Deep imperial pink, the outside of the petals silvery rose-white. KAISERIN AUGUSTA VICTORIA— Splendidly formed flowers and buds on long stems. Soft pearly -white with just enough lemon in the center to relieve the white. Very fragrant. KILLARNEY BRILLIANT— An improvement on Killar- ney, being larger and more double, also more intense in color, which is a rich glowing shade of rosy-car- mine; fragrant. LADY ALICE STANLEY — A gem and greatly admired by everyone. Perfect in form, color, size, freedom of bloom and fragrance. Color a beautiful shade of coral-rose, center shading to ffesh-pinlc with deeper flushes. LADY URSULA — Of vigorous erect growth, a remark- ably healthy grower under all conditions. Flowers large and of good form, with high center produced on every shoot. Color a distinct shade of flesh-pink; tea scented. LOS ANGELES — This is by all odds one of the finest Roses ever introduced. The growth is very vigorous and it produces a continuous succession of long- stemmed flowers, of a luminous flame-pink, toned with coral and shaded with translucent gold at the base of the petals. In richness of fragrance it equals in inten- sity the finest Marechal Neil. The buds are long and pointed and expand into a flower of mammoth propor- tions, while the beauty of form and ever-increasing wealth of color is maintained from the incipient bud until the last petal drops. $1.50 each. MME, EDOUARD HERRIOT "The Daily Mail Rose." Winner of the Gold Cup offered by the London Daily Mail for the best new Rose exhibited at the Interna- Hybrid Tea Rose Los Angeles tional Exhibition, London, May, 1912. A most dis- tinct and novel Rose. The buds are coral-red, shaded with yellow at base. The medium sized open flowers are semi-double and of a superb coral-red, shaded with yellow and bright rosy-scarlet, passing to shrimp-red. RADIANCE An ideal American bedding variety. A clean healthy grower, producing its flowers freely even under the most adverse weather conditions. In color, a brilliant carmine-pink and of good form. Truly a Rose for every garden. REID RADIANCE — A counterpart of Radiance, except in color, which is a clear cerise-red. Price: Any of the above except where noted, in strong, two-year-old plants, $1.00 each; $12.00 per dozen; $90.00 per 100 — 25 or more supplied at 100 rate. I We will supply one of each of the Dreer Dozen Roses as named above for $12.00. I B HRFFR'S P.ARDFN ROOIC FOR IQ?? <:on'ains beautiful colored plates of new Roses and offers many new ■ I US\tLtLt\ D Vj/Ar\WILlN DWWIS. ryn. IVZZ a„d standard varieties. Among them the greatest achievement of I g Pernef Dueller's, the New Yellow Rose, bouveiur de Qaudius Pemet. It also offers Plants of all kinds, including Cannas, Dahlias, Hardy 1 E Perennials. Water Lilies, etc.. Flower and Vegetable Seeds. Lawn Grass and Agricultural Seeds, Garden Requisites of all kinds, etc. 1 s Illustrated with eight color plates and hundreds of photo-engravings, this book makes an interesting volume which shoiild be in the g i hands of everyone interested in gardening. A copy will be sent free if you mention this publication. WRITE TODAY. p I HENRY A. DREER, 714^716 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. | iiiiiniiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iitiiiiiiiiininnniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiniiiii'nin iiiNiiiiniinniiiniiiiinniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiinniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinnniiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiinniiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiil 67 '':illi;l!!i:ill!l!!lllillllllllllUKIIIIlllllllllllllllllllllllli:illi:illlllllllllllllll«ll»HIM (if lii-ld-grown rose pluiit.'^ in many liniidreds of varieties. They are described in our Kose Catalofj. Ask /or Sfivcidl List ol !>liin(Iiinl (Tree) Roses Our Niirsrry Pri)(lucls will crculo any artistic garden effect desired. 'Siirsf'rytticn and Florists RUTHEHFOKI) NEW JERSEY 68 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII)IIJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIN^ Burpee's Asters THE Burpee Beauty Asters are of inestimable value for cut flowers. The individual blooms measure 4 to 5 inches across and are carried on long strong stems. This distinct type of Asters was first introduced by Burpee. Tliey bloom after the Late Branching Asters have finished blooming and before the early Chrysanthemums have come into the market. The early kinds come into bloom almost as soon as the Royal Asters and produce flowers for a long time. American Beauty. The large flowers are a bright rosy carmine, the shade of the world-famous American Beauty Rose. Pkt. 10 cts.; li oz. 45 cts.; oz. $1.60; 14 lb. $4.80. Purple Beauty. Wonder.^ul rich purple flowers of unusual size and graceful form. Pkt. 10 cts.; % oz. 43 cts.; oz. $1.60; '/i lb. $4.80. Lavender Beauty. The large, well-displayed flowers are a clear lavender. Pkt. 15 cts.; % oz. 60 cts.; oz. $2.20; "4 lb. $6.60. September Beauty. Delicate, soft shell-pink. A beautiful and rare color. Pkt. 15 cts.; 14 oz. 60 cts.; oz. $2.20; V4 lb. $6.60. Crimson Beauty. A very bright rich crimson. Fully double and extremely large. Pkt. 25 cts.; '/i oz. $1.25; oz. $4.00. White Beauty. The flowers are fully double and of magnificent size. A pure white in color. Pkt. 25 cts.; '74 oz. $1.25; oz. $4.00. Early Carmine-Rose. Rich carmine-rose. Flowers very double, and lasting well in water. Pkt. 25 cts.; Y4 oz. $1.25; oz. $4.00. Early Shell-Pink. A delicate yet rich shade of shell-pink. Pkt. 25 cts.; 14 oz. $1.25; oz. $4.00. Elarly Purple. A rich and impressive color which goes well with the massiveness of the large flowers. Pkt. 25 cts.; '/^ oz. $1.25; oz. $4.00. W rite or ivire for prices on all other varieties of flower seeds. Burpee's AnJlU^ll is The Leading American Seed Catalog" which fully describes the Burpee Quality Seeds. Every grower should have Burpee's Annual as a reference book. It will be mailed to you free. Write for your Annual today. W. Atlee Burpee Co. :: Seed Growers :: Philadelphia k'. --- BuJ-pec ' > A /Iter u aa Beauty Aster _WA' I.- ■i^ Siiiiiiiiiiiiiniinminiiimiimimniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiifm iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiia IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIINIIIIIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIi Get this ValuaDie Book on Better Lax^n Care ■pVERY one inter- ested in the care of large, beautiful lawns 4I» should have a copy of this book which tells all about Ideal Power Lawn Mowers. It shows many photos of well-known homes, parks, golf clubs, cemeteries, col- leges, etc., where the lawns are cared for the "Ideal Way." It tells about the Ideal Junior, a moderate-priced power mower for medium-sized lawns, the 30-inch Ideal Power Lawn Mower for large lawns and the Ideal Triplex Power Mower for large parks, golf clubs, etc. Write for this book today— learn how to keep your lawn in better condition at less cost. IDEAL POWER LAWN MOWER CO. R. E. OLDS, Chairman | 434 Kalamazoo Street i Lansing^, Mich. i World's Largest Builders of § Power Lavfn Mowers. § Dealers in all principal cities. E J"^lawn Mowers j liiuiiinmii I n; iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiijiiii iiiiii iiiiiiiii niiiiiinn iiiiniiiniiiiiiiuiiiiiill iiiiiiniiiii 'fiiiiiii iininiiniiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiijihiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiikiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiu^^^^^^ I WHY Raise Roses to Feed Bugs! j iMELKOSINEl 1 i//^- IT KILLS ROSE BUGS The Definite Death to Rose Bugs The Universal Contact Insecticide Pint, $1.00; Quart, $1.75; Half Gallon, $3.25; Gallon $6.00 p Order from your seedsman, nurseryman or supply ^ 1 house, or trial can postpaid on receipt of 60c. g I THE GARDEN CHEMICAL COMPANY | 1 Sole Manufacturers i I PARK AVE. and 146th ST NEW YOFkK CITY | fii[|iii[|iliiiiiiiiiiiliiiiii!iiii:iiiiaiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiiiiiiiiii[ii[iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!niitniiiii!i:itiiNiiiiiiiiiiiMi[iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ 69 I The Season's | I Sensational Rose J I '"^Souvenir dc Claudius Pernet" | THIS is a name you will | P become very well ac- I I quainted with in the next z I year or so. The most won- | I derful yellow so far devel- | I oped for either indoor or j I outdoor growing. | I Gorwing Plants: ^2.50 each; ^25.00 per dozen | I CHARLES H. TOTTY CO. | I Madison New Jersey j llllllJIIIIIIIIJIIIIIIIIIIIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIUUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII^ giiiiiJiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiliJiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ I AGHIMENES | i Useful for hanging baskets and pots. I I Galathea. Dark violet-blue. 1 1 Magnifica. Mauve, tall grower. j I Dainty Queen. White with lavender eye. i I Swainsonii. Mauve with white throat. | I Bulbs of any of the above: | I Doz., $4.00 100, $30.00 | I W. E. MARSHALL & CO., INC. | j Soeds, Plants, Bulbs | I 166 West 23rd St. WEW YORK I WILSON'S O.K. PLANT SPRAY Kills Plant Insects, Scale and Mildew Used by Leading Gardeners Bbls. $90, '/2 bbls. $50, 10 gals. $20, 5 gals. $ 1 0 Convent Station, N. J., February 14, 1922. ANDREW WILSON, Inc., Springfield, N. J. Dear Sirs: I have used your O. K. Plant Spray on Antirrhinums for both rust and leaf curl, of which I found not only a check for it but a cure. It destroys all spores and puts the plants in a healthy condition to withstand all other diseases, and it is also a sure cure for red spider on evergreens. Yours truly, FREDERICK PARKER. Head Hardener to George Marshall Allen, Esq. ANDREW WILSON, Inc. SPRINGFIELD NEW JERSEY ■^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiipiiiiiijiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii I GRASS SEEDS | I For j j Golf Courses, Lawns, Sliady and Tor- | j race Situations mixed by an English | I Expert of years' oxporioiicc. World's | I best Lawns made from this Seed. | I Write for prices. | I W. F. McCORD CO., I I TAKRYTOWN NEW YORK | a u I I ui I I I- I Sweet Peas | I IV^ Y 1922 catalogue features all the new | I ItA varieties offered by the various American | I and European ■i|)crialists, many of which will | I outdistance oltlrT varieties of tiieir class; also | I all the worth wiiile standard variclii-s. It is the most comprfjien-'ive list of its kind in the history of the Sweet Pea. i "THE WORLD'S BEST" i CHARLES ELLIOTT ? Grant Place Park Ridge, 111. i g 11. .i:iiiiiiiiiinnimiiiiiiiiimiMiiiiiiitiiri»iiimitiiriiirinniittiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniintiiiiiiimiiii»iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ I —SELLING OUT- | j THE FAMOUS ROSE HILL NURSERIES | i Wc have slill -.(iiiH' firt'al liar^iiiiis in lini". Jarci" spocimen g i Trees, holli l>i< iiluim.s ami Evvrureen. A Kr<'al cdIKm'- 1 i tioii of littx in IS iti all ■.i/.rs. >liai)i> ami i''orMl^ -not ;li«- J 1 tender variotlcs. Iml liardv and >lurdv types. j KoshT lUiio Spnirv; Ri'tiiiosimriis; Colorado Spruce; S Itimtiltis l-'ir: It rrpiiifi nntl C.niiiirr firrrh : Hhiulinlfii- i ilrons. both Inbiid and nali\r \arii'lie>. 3 AI«o n liiTKO cdllcrlioii itf iliiiililr (iiiil hiiiKip LiUus, rioH'pring Shritiia, 3 /{oflc*. unlioiild bo Hern lo lir fully iipprtvialrd. = North Avenue. New Rochelle, N. Y. I .Near Wykagyl Slalion ou N. Y,, WottcheHler & Uotlon R. R. 1 ^niiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiliilliiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiniliiiiiiininiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiM^ I 70 LoAver Prices on Greenhouses The same week that $900 was lopped off the price of Cadillacs and $1,200 or so on Marmons, and othi^r cars in proportion, we made a drastic cut on greenhouse prices. This cut was made on the top of several others, which now brings our houses down as near as possible to their pre-war prices. These prices, you will be quick to appreciate, can only last so long as steel, cypress and glass go no higher. The chances of their being lower are not encouraging. We sincerely believe this is an advantageous time for your greenhouse building. The pride of possession of one of our houses, and the perpetual pleasure they so abundantly give, is out of all proportion to whatever they may cost. For over half a century we have been builders of greenhouses. Representative will call at your invitation. Printed matter you are welcome to. Builders of Greenhouses and Conservatories IRVIXGTON XEVV YORK CHICAGO PHILADELPHIA N. Y. 30 E. 42nd St. Continental Bank Bldg. Land Title Bldg CLEVELAND TORONTO 407 timer Bldg. Royal Bank Bldg. giiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiniiiiiiii, iiiiiimiiniiiiiiiiimniiiiniiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiniiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii i iiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiinniiiiiiniiii iiniiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiug The Contents for March, 1922 Things and Thoughts of the Garden Montague Free 73 Hardy Iberis — Candytuft Richard Rothe 75 My Indian Rose Garden George Cecil 76 Irises Grace Siurlevant 77 Cultural Suggestions for the Gladiolus A. E. KimderJ 78 The Tropical Rain Forest . . Willard N. Clute 79 The Progress of the Rose in America Edrvard A. White 80 Late Rose Introductions 83 Potash-Marl E. N. Cleveland 84 The Dahlia Thomas Proctor 85 Roses and the Rose Garden Arthur Smith 86 Some of the Earlier Spring Wild Flowers .... Florum Amator 88 Work for the Month in the Garden Samuel Gelding 89 The Greenhouse, Month to Month IV. R. Forvkes 90 Departments of Foreign Exchange and Book Reviews 92 National Association of Gardeners 93 Local Societies 95 Here and There 96 Raspberries and Blackberries — Salute to the Trees — Fine Limestone is the Best. Published Monthly by = THE CHKONICLE PRESS, INC. , , . . ,. „ i Vol. XXVI, No. 3 oo^ cri A M N/ , NT x/ Subscription $2.00 a year | I Issued 15th of each month. 286 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. Canada, $2.15, Foreign $2.65 I I MARTIN C. EBEL. Editor | I Entered at the .\'cw York Post OfK'-e us second cluss matter, Xoz-. 3, 1914. iiiidcr lite .4ct cf Ccngrcss, Me.rcli 3, 1879. | viiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimi iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii niiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinniiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiN lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllinilllllllllllllllllllllllllillilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllliy Stumpp & Walter Co.'s Catalog If you have not alread} received our 1922 Spring Catalog, a copy will be mailed to you on request. Many New and Exhibition varieties of Flower and Vegetable Seeds are offered. Farm and Grass Seeds are also a feature. Cannas, Dahlias, and Gladioli — the best varieties to date. ^^^^^(m^^^ 30-32 Barclay St. New York I Spuiii llllllllllll IIIIIIIIIUIIIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 72 iiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ GARDENERS' CHRONICLE (OF AMERICA) Devoted to the Science of Floriculture and Horticulture I Vol. XXVI iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii MARCH. 1922 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiaiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiii No. 3 I il Things and Thoughts of the Garden MONTAGUE FREE "Akcays be merry if thou may, But i^'astc i;of the good ahcay, Have Iiatte of flozccrs fresh as May, Chapelet of Roses on Whit Sunday. For siieh arraie lie costeth but lite." CHAUCER, "The father of English poetry,"' was perhaps the first to make mention of the rose in the written English language. Long before his time, of course, the rose occurs in literature. We read of an Arab writer of the 12th century, B. C, who tells of the Magi's Rose being "entrusted to the guardianship of a special angel." Theophrastus and Pliny made observa- tions on roses as they knew them, and, continuing down to our own time, there has been a constant stream of in- formation and misinformation, comment, and eulogy on the Queen of flowers. Poets have sung of the rose, gar- deners and others have written reams of practical, but not necessarily prosaic, information concerning its cultiva- tion ; and, to all seeming, this will continue so long as time endures and roses blow. In spite of widespread interest evidenced by many ref- erences to the rose in the literature of the ancients it was not until the close of the 18th century that it was honored by a book to itself. According to Miss Will- mott in "The Genus Rosa": "The first illustrated book exclusively on roses is Miss Lawrance's folio volume, with ninety beautiful plates, published in 1799." Since that time the production of books on the rose has been enormous, one might almost say appalling. There are books from nearly every conceivable angle^ scientific works dealing with the description and classifi- cation of Rosa, practical books telling us how to grow them, and talky. talky books designed presumably to while away an idle hour. Of scientific books. John Lindley's "Rosarum ^lono- graphia," published in 1820. is perhaps the most impor- tant of the older works. Coming to the modern times. Ellen \\'illmott's "The Genus Rosa" in two weighty vol- umes, splendidly illustrated, takes its place as the most sumptuous descriptive work on the rose that has ever been published. One of the most readable books is "A Book About Roses," by the late S. Reynolds Hole. The genial Dean is always' interesting, but especially so when writing about his favorite flower, and in this book there is much sound information agreeably spiced with witty anecdote. "Roses for English Gardens," by Gertrude Jekyll and Edward l\Iawlev"is another extremely valuable English publication, not only for the text, but also fo.r the excel- lent photographic illustrations. When writing of books on roses, it is difficult to knovjr when to stop as the subject is so broad. Therefore we thought to pass on to other matters at this point, before getting any farther involved, but it would not do to omit all reference to the excellent American rose literature which, after all, so far as cultural directions are con- cerned, is more applicable to American conditions. We think the most informative and valuable publication on the rose is "The American Rose Annual," a serial pub- lished by the American Rose Society. This should be in the hands of all rose lovers. "Commercial Rose Cul- ture," by Eben Holmes, treats admirably of this side of the subject. Amongst the older books, "The Rose, Its History and Culture," by S. B. Parsons, published in 1847, is interesting, as also is "The Rose," by H. B. Ellwanger. The rose is England's national flower and England has long been famous for the excellence of its roses, whether growing in opulent ducal gardens or clambering over humble thatch-roofed cottages. Although 1921 was not a favorable year for roses in England, because of the drought, a few notes inspired by the editor and by our recent visit may not be amiss in this "Rose Number" of The Chronicle. Although Kew does not specialize to any great extent in roses, its representation of the genus is more than ade- quate and there is much of interest to the rose lover practically throughout the whole year. For, although there may not be blooms to see in the large collection of rose species there is always something of interest, even during the Winter, either in the form of brilliant colored fruits such as we get in Rosa pomifera, R. Helencc, and R. setipoda. or in strange and conspicuous spines as in R. omeiensis var. pteracantha. The garden roses, hybrid perpetuals and teas, are planted in a series of beds in the vicinity of the great palm house. In almost every case only one variety is grown in a bed and these, give a stunning display when at their best. Here are many groups of standard roses, or, as they are called in this country, "tree roses," and, for a ground cover in these beds, the bedding violas are largely used. Much could be said in favor of planting a ground cover beneath those roses whose habit of growth admits of this treatment. Those who advocate it claim that these low growing plants serve to shade the ground and thus help 74 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE keep the roots of the roses cool during the hot Summer months. Furthermore, if suitable plants are chosen their flowers will contrast pleasantly with those of the roses, provide beauty and interest when the roses are out of bloom and hide the bare ground. Of course careful se- lection of plants must be made for this purpose and only those kinds used which have a shallow root system, otherwise they will compete with their neighbors for moisture and food and the roses will sufifer in conse- quence. It is advisable, also, to use those that may be cleared out annually, thus affording unhampered oppor- tunity to fertilize and till the soil about the roses. Plants that have been recommended are the bedding Violas in variety; Viola papilio ; Myosotis for Spring eiifect ; and that charming Southern California annual, Phacclia cam- panitlaria. In the Cambridge Botanic Garden, it was customary to plant the bed containing the hybrid perpet- ual roses with mignonette. If the roses and mignonette should happen to be in bloom at the same time, one might imagine that the conflicting perfumes would be objec- tionable, but, as a rule, mignonette when sown out-of- doors, does not come into bloom until the main crop of roses is over. A feature at Kew is the beds of hybrid perpetuals of strong growing kinds such as "Frau Karl Druschki," ■'Clio,'' and "Gustave Regis," grown under the "pegging down" system. Instead of pruning back the long strong growths, almost as vigorous as those produced by the ramblers, the tips are bent over and pegged down to the ground. This system insures such a profuse display of bloom and the beds present the appearance of billowy mounds of blossom and give an acceptable variant to the usual rose bed. The climbing roses at Kew are cared for on a simple, inexpensive, and yet effective pergola made of iron pipe with the uprights linked lengthwise and across by means of chains, thus forming a continuous line of garlands. This pergola extends for a distance of two or three hun- dred yards and is a ravishing sight in June when the roses are in full bloom. It is the practice to plant a strong grower and a weaker grower opposite each other with the intention that the strong grower should furnish the upright on one side and the transverse support, while the weaker kind covers the upright on the opposite side. There are many who claim that roses sufifer when their branches are fastened to metal, as in this case, because of the great fluctuation in its temperature, but experience at Kew has shown that no ill effects are discernible from this cause. The methods of displaying the ro.ses at Kew are not stereotyped and the rose dell offers a suggestion that might be cojjied to advantage in many gardens. This is formed in an extensive hollow, the site of an old gravel r|uarrv. The hanks of the excavation were shaped to pro- vide pleasing contours, and suitable soil introduced which was held in ])lace. in a series of irregular terraces, by enor- mous tree stum])s. The whole area, with the exception of a winding grass walk down the center, was then jjlanted witli rambler roses of various kinds, the tree stumps forming su])ports over which they clambered. Many of the roses have now found their way into trees which surround the site, greatly adding to the beauty of this valley. For this is indeed a valley of roses, growing in a most pleasing and natural way. with no trace of arti- ficiality, and it presents a most attractive picture through- out the whole of the year. There is a rose at Kew, raised from a bush that grows on the grave of r)mar Khayyam, that is of great interest to lovers of the Persian poet, and calls to mind his quat- rain: "/ sometimes tliink that )icirr blows so red The Nose as where soDie buried Caesar bled ; That every Hyaeiiith the Cardeii iK'ears Dropf ill ;7.v Lap from some oiiec lovely Head." Whatever this rose may. do in its native country, it refttses to thrive very .satisfactorily at Kew, and, as we remember, it was always infested with green lice. A ■bush propagated from the one at Kew has been planted on the grave of Edward Fitzgerald, the first to translate the Rubaiyat into English. This interesting rose is R. dam-aseena, a variety of which is used largely in the Balkans in the production of attar of roses, probably the most expensive perfume known. From this species many of our favorite garden roses have been developed. ;■: :!: ^ The Cambridge Botanic (iarden contains a representa- tive collection of rose species and some of these are note- worthy, either for the size that they have obtained, or for their adaptability to some form or other of ornamental planting. In the latter group comes the Scotch rose, Rosa s'piiiosissivia. This, as its name implies, is tremendously spiny and it is well to wear stout leather gloves when working amongst its branches. At Cambridge a large bed was planted with this rose and many of its varieties. Although they did not present an especially striking dis- play, yet they were interesting and possessed a quiet beauty all their own. This rose is found in the wild state in Europe, Western Asia, and China. It is per- fectly hardy and is well worth growing by those who are interested in wild roses. One of the most striking features when in bloom is an enormous specimen of Rosa moschata, or 7?. Briiiwnii. This clambers all over an Austrian pine and reaches a height of about 50 ft. with a diamet,er of almost 40 ft. It iDlooms quite freely in June, its flowers are white, and have the fragrance of musk. This species is found wild in Southern Asia and Abyssinia; but tmfortunately is not hardy in the north. According to some authorities, it is also found wild in Europe and India, which gives it an extensive range in the wild state. Incidentally, planting some of these strong growing roses so that they mav clamber over old trees, is an ad- mirable way of displaying their beauty. In Miss Jekyll's book, "Roses for English Gardens," there are many illus- trations showing roses clambering over trees. For ex- ample, there is a photograph of a splendid specimen of climbing "Aimee Vibert," i5 ft. high and about 10 ft. in diameter, literally smothered in blooms : and the blush- white .\vrshire rose, the "(^larland," provides a charming effect supported by an old Catalpa. And then there is a picture of the famous P.anksian rose, taken on the Riviera, which shows it ^igxjrously doing its best to smother olive trees and cypresses. One may readily imagine the glorious effect of its pale yellow flowers seen against the somber background. In most gardens there are trees, living or dead, that could be spared for the jnirpose of sujiporting climbing roses and nothing could be more beautiful than a pic- tures(|uc old tree when garlanded with sprays of fragrant rose blossoms. There is another remarkable ro^e in this garden, a liusli rose this time, R. maerophylla. It is notable mainly on ;iccount of its size, fjir it is over IS ft. high and more than 2.T ft. in diameter. This rose has one feature that commends it to gardeners in that it is ])ractically si)ine- less and docs not ])rcsent such a thorny problem to the |)runer as do most of the roses. This is another .Asiatic plant, cnming from the llimalayas and China, and is a ]irofnsc ;incl c^n^lanl lilndiiirr. for March, 1922 75 Hardy Iberis — Candytuft RICHARD ROTHE BOTH the annual and perennial garden species of Iberis — a genus of the order Cnicifcnv — on account of their usefulness for edging purposes, enjoy world-wide popularity. As natives of South Europe and Western Asia, taking kindly to our climate and condi- tions, they proved of easy culture and in the jiroduction llhTis stylosa, syn. Tlilaspi stylosiim. (Courtesy of Alpinuui Kymphctihiirg.) of flowers they are as abundantly free as we see them abroad. Closely related to the hardy evergreen class of Iberis, and for this reason in European catalogs some- times listed as such, are the two alpines : JEthioncma and Thlaspi. Though hardly known on our hemisphere they have in common with the Iberis a wonderful adaptability for dry wall and rockgarden plantings. Of the hardy candytufts the well known species Iberis scmpcri'irens leads in hardiness and dense bushy growth of the pure white ones. The varieties Garrcxiana, Per- fection. Snowflake and siiperba, as improved types of scivt^rr:iynis. arc claimed to he more nr le^= larger flnw- Ibcris sciii['Lrzirt'ns. ering. Little Gem, identical with Weisser Zwerg. a dwarfy compact growing variety, is the ideal thing for sunny rockeries of diminutive sizes. All the hitherto mentioned begin to bloom in April, continuing according to latitude throughout ]\Iay and part of June. Iberis cnrrccfolia. seniperfiorens and the purplish-suf- fused Tcnorcaiia are more adapted for the South. The same may be said of Iberis Gibrultariea, a stately growing species, with, at the base, woody branches and large corymbose heads of white flowers beautifully suffused with pinkish and reddish hues. Throughout the Middle Atlantic and Northern States those species need careful A\"inter protection and more or less sheltered positions. Iiiieris Jiicunda. syn. SEthioiiema cordifolinm, a pink- flowering species from the Lebanon and Tlilaspi alpcstre, white ; rotundifoliitm, light violet and Thlaspi stylosmn, .syn. Iberis stylosa, with pink corymbose heads are low- growing Alpines found in botanical gardens and in the collections of European amateurs. Hardy candytufts are best raised from seeds planted early in Spring under glass. When of sufficient size transplant out in the open ground in garden soil, prefer- ably sandy loam deeply dug. For enrichment use old well decomposed barnyard manure or some leafmold. Move established stock on permanent place of flowering Iberis corractoliu. 1)efore October 1st or early in April. JEtliioncnia and Thlaspi appreciate slight addition of crushed or ground limestone to soil. Hardy candytufts may be also propa- gated by cuttings during Spring and early Summer. Ileing evergreens hardy Iberis require Winter protection, |ireferably leaf covering, thickness according to latitude 'jf location. Success in life may be nearly always measured by the imount of initiative shown in doing one's work. This onquering and elevating force must come from within, and is the development of a genuine desire to keep from becoming lost in the crowd ; a will to do those things in hand as though the whole future depended upon the result. Difficult tasks become easier to the individual showing initiative, because he or she leaves the beaten path and finds a better solution, gaining at the end of the day a reward of sheer personal happiness at having accomplished something worth while in spite of all ob- stacles.— N. C. R. Progress. 76 -iARDENERS' CHRONICLE My Indian Rose Garden GEORGE CECIL INDIA essentially is the land of roses. They may not be the choicest blooms ; the petals have an irri- tating habit of parting company with the calyx: and though, in the main, they resemble the European variety, the gorgeous richness, or delicacy of coloring, as the case may be, is lacking. Still, a rose is a rose — whether it be a good or a bad specimen of its kind, and there is no gainsaying the fact that in India, from Cape Comorin to the borders of Afghanistan, they grow in profusion all the year round. And both the European and the native population glory in the pos- session of rose gardens. When "stationed"' in the upper part of India, where roses are almost as common as daisies are "at home," I was the happy possessor of a perfect rose garden. With its row- upon row of flowering trees and bushes, its trim gravelled pathways and deep green turf, which, elastically yielding to the footfall, made walk- ing on the most appallingly hot day a joy, it was the envy of my neighbors. But Fate, .alas ! conspired to ruin my agreeable "scheme of things entire," and one evening during the "rains," when the languorous air was heavy with the scent of a certain indigenous per- fume which a recent tropical shower had brought to perfection, I received a "semi-official" letter and was transferred to a frontier town. The thought of the roses, however, consoled me, for I had been told that the North was the Paradise of the rose-fancier. Upon reaching my destination, I was driven past garden after garden gay with roses of every conceiv- able variety. The trees were thick with them ; great bushes grew high enough to hide the stooping bent "bhistis" (native water carriers) as they manipulated the goat skins containing the water which brought life to the roses ; and many of the picturesque bunga- lows were half-hidden by the clustering crimson ram- bler. As I neared the end of the journey I had visions of the rose garden which awaited me — for I made certain that my house, like all those I had seen, would be provided with so pre-eminently desirable an ap- pendage. Judge, then, of the sorrow wdiich filled a too confiding heart when T found myself relegated to an ugly, bare bungalow far from the outskirts of the "station," perched on a rock, and without the slightest vestige of a garden. However. I was deter- mined to have one. even if it was only an apology for a garden ; and before twenty-four hours had flown I arranged with a local "mali" to lay down innumer- able cart-loads of earth and to transplant the required number of trees. In fact, the same evening all was in train ; and when I awoke the next morning the rocky space round the little bungalow was several feet deep in earth — abstracted probably from the "compounds" (enclosed ground) oi other "Sahibs." By the time 1 had been a week in the new abode. roses galore met my grateful eye. At first, everything went well. The roses flourished like green bay trees in the wilderness, while the "mali" (gardener) anrl the "bhisti" between them made the little garden a thing of joy. But trouble, alas, was brewing ; a cloud no larger than a pin's point ap- peared on the horizon of my happiness, and soon de- veloped to its full extent. For some unaccountable reason the roses drooped, the leaves turned a dull myrtle green, and each tree and bush withered and died. The occurrence was inexplicable, for gallons of water were daily expended on the garden, and the "mali" was unremitting in his attentions. Eventually the murder was out. It appeared that the "bearer" (colored valet) had a cousin, a ne'er-do-well, who, when not actually doing time, was active engaged in burglarious pursuits, and that, the thieving business being slack, he was anxious to find his relative em- ployment— as my "mali." To that end he plotted and schemed as only a native can ; and when the villain found that a desperate eiTort had to be made, stealing out in the dead of night, he calmly severed the roots of each tree. There was nothing to do but to order a fresh supply — and to pray that they would take kindlv to their new surroundings. What with the exasperating delay of the natives employed in searching for rose trees and the unneces- sary time taken by the railway company in delivering a consignment from a "station" some miles away, I had to possess my soul in patience for what seemed an eternity. Most things, however, come to him who philosophically waits, and a month after the disaster I awoke one sultry day to find my garden blooming once more, wdiile a crimson rambler gave promise of rambling along the verandah railings. But I w-as once again doomed to disappointment. On returning to the flowery little fortress after putting in a week at a distant race-meeting, I discovered that the rose- garden again wore the dejected look which I had such good reason to dread ; and a glance sufficed to show that the cause was want of water. Subsequent en- quiry elicited the fact that, taking advantage of my absence, the trusted "mali" and "bhisti," sallying forth to the "bazaar," had spent the time in drinking deep i)f the wine which is so strictly forbidden by the prophet, with the restilt that when the rose-trees most needed iheir attention no water was forthcoming. Nor was this all, for when, after infinite care and coaxing, the garden was once more got into order, one by one, each tree manifested signs of diminished vitality. It appeared that the "district" was infested by ])orcupines, and that when these most unnecessary animals grew tired of the varieties usually forming their repast, they were wont to make a raid on some "sahib's" garden, and to feast themselves, for choice, upon the roots of the rose-trees. In my case the mis- chievous brutes had, in this manner, killed every tree and shrub to lie found on ni\- little (|uarter acre of land. Tired of battling against destiny, I left the garden to its own devices. And wdien, a month later, I found myself back in Lucknow, and in my old bungalow, I once more enjoyed the pleasures which had been mine before 1 left for the "station" where rose gardens can be both a joj' and a snare. Thus was destiny fulfilled. .^ Rue des T'yramides, T\'iri'^. \'T. How easy it is for one henevolenl being to diffuse pleasure around him, and how truly is a kind heart a fountain of gladness, making everything within its \icinity tri freshen into >miles. — Washington Irving. For March. 1922 77 Irises GRACE STURTEVANT THK year 1922 marks an epoch in garden irises. In- ternational Iris Conferences are scheduled by the Societe Nationale d'Horticulture de France in Paris and by the Royal Horticultural Society in London during the blooming season, and the six hundred and fifty members of The American Iris Society plan to be well represented in the discussion preceding the acceptance of standards of nomenclature, classification, and descrip- tion/'' If you are not already an iris enthusiast you do not yet realize what visions of delight the word "Iris" con- jures, what wonderful col- or etifects are possible when tlie modem irises are planted in masses with your other garden flowers. This is the month for planning and I hope that all of you have marked a generous number of spaces on your garden maps with the magic word 'Iris'' and that al- readv you have dreamed over the tantilizing descrip- tions in the catalogs of the speciahst. The iris is best planted after the flowers are past, so reserve the space, not only by marking it on your plan, but also by placing a corresponding stake in the garden itself. Tliis late planting also per- mits you to visit exhibits and nurseries (the New York Botanical Garden has an official Test Garden and this year an exhibit on June 3rd), to select from the blooming plants not only the color, but the very height, or habit, that will perfect your pictured sclieme. I do not want a garden of irises onlv (a collection is another proposition altogether) but rather one where other perennials in contrast may enhance their delicate beauty of form and color; early bulbs, Arabis and Mat pinks with the Korolkonn- and Pnmila hybrids. Phlox dnmri- cata and tulips with the Intermediates, Sweet Rocket and Lupins in pink and purple and white, with the later irises with here and there yellow roses, Hugonis, Han-isoiii. and Persian. Sometimes the peonies and raml.iler roses flower before the irises are gone and then, as is the case with some of the flaming oriental poppies, we must restrict our iris colors in the interests of har- mony. A garden of irises alone should be in a secluded spot, a fairy land where one can visit in its glory and then leave to the gardener until another Spring. For distant and mass effect clear self tones in various colors are the best, markings on the falls reduce the ap- parent size and blended tones become a mere blur in the distance. Varieties with short, high branches that bring the blooms nearly on a level form a more solid sheet of 'iarrclane. *For further inforniatinn write R. S. Sturtevant, Sec'y. Wellesley Farms, Mass. color. But in the garden where the flowers are within reach and generally below the level of the eye, plant those with some outstanding quality of delicate color or unique marking, of form, substance, or satiny or velvety texture. There are varieties of blended tones where thin layers of lavender and pink and yellow in varying inten- sities seem laid one upon another, others where two sap colors seem actually comliined in the cellular structure, and many whose beauty changes with every change of light. Some are most fragrant, redolent with the odors of grape or walerlily. Select a few, too, among the whites, or plicatas, that are cream, or white delicately penciled with mauve and violet, for their airy grace when you brave the dew on a moonlight night. And lastly put the rich, sombre purple and maroon varie- ties and others with colors that do not carry well into the garden where they will add character as accents. All these points and many more will add immeasur- ably to your pleasure as you become intimately ac- quainted with the charm of each individual iris. The early Pnmila hybrids make excellent informal borders next the path, and and in drifts now running to the back, or reaching to the front, can be arranged the majority of the varieties that range from 15-36 inches in height; while be- hind and in selected spots can come the five foot stalks. These giants are mostly of recent* introduc- tion and I call them of the garden "decorative type" as they seem best suited to planting in clumps that will reveal the branching habit and the poise of tiie immense flowers. In England they are often staked as a precaution against wind and rain. The effect of light and shade on the different iris colors, or on even the same tone in dift'erent varieties, is a study in itself. In some the beauty is intensified by the flick- ering shadows from nearby trees : others reveal a vivid vitality in the sun of noondav which thev lose when brought indoors : while an ethereal beautv envelopes my planting of Pallida Dalmatica "Princess Beatrice" when the level rays of the setting sun make translucent the flaring falls. And to an even greater degree are iris colors modified by artificial lighting. For cutting, use the pale colors, whites and near-whites tinted with blue, lavender or pink, mere touches of color that suggest com- binations with darker tones. Do not neglect the deco- rative value of the foliage either within or out-of-doors. An iris leaf seems one of Nature's bequests that cannot be bettered by man or art as an accompaniment to the iris flower : the contrast of the strength and simplicity of its upright, sword-shaped blade with the delicate tissue of rounded segments grouped in threes, the subdued decorative type" of Iris. 78 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE frosted green with brilliant colors delicately lined in char- acter with the whole bloom, form perfect counterparts. For color in masses I should choose from a list con- taining Florcntina alba. Ingeborg, Mrs. Horace Darwin, and Fairy; for white or pearl — Mrs. G. Reuthe. Glori de Hillegoni. Pallida Daliiiatica. Juniata, and Pare de Neuitly in increasing depth from white to violet ; Flav- ascens and Aiirea, yellow selfs; Mrs. Alan Gray, Her Majesty, and Wyomissing for delicate pinks; Caprice for claret, and Loreley, Mithras, or Princess Victoria Luise, and the Blue and white Rhein Nixe for bicolors. For the garden beds I will tell you what I consider superfine, but I want you to remember that there are hun- dreds of good ones, much less expensive ones in fact, but as we" become more critical our appreciation of the following novelties grows; Ma Mie, Parisiana. Milky Way, Damozel, Cygnet, Mme. Chobaut, Delight ; White Knight, Myth Avalon, Mile. Schwartz, Queen Caterina, Balboa, Halo, Neptune, Mme. Cheri, Moa, Opera, De Guesclin, B. Y. I^Iorrison, Prince Lohengrin, Reverie, Dominion. Tyrian, Wild Rose, Crusader, Rose Madder, I\Ime. de Gaudichau, Shekinah, Prospero, Asia, and Am- bassadeur. All these are of the best, among their varied colors each should be able to select his or her ideal. Somehow we never think of the iris as a florist's flower and yet last year some of the finest window displays in San Francisco were of irises, bearded irises. My corre- spondent writes that the light tones were in fine demand and that, if cut in bud and delivered by hand the results were extremely good. Let us hope that in time the iris will become as familiar to the city dweller as it now is to all who have a bit of garden. Given plenty of sun and good drainage they will thrive for the most careless of growers. Their beauty is within the reach of all. Cultural Suggestions for the Gladiolus A. E. KUNDERD WHILE the Gladiolus gives satisfaction with or- dinary care and culture in average soils, the super'ior blooms which are produced by special attention more than justify the extra care. If possible, each season a new location, or a new soil at least, should be used so that bulbs are not planted more than every third year in the same soil. As far better results are obtained from rich soil, it is advisable to spade in a good covering of manure late in the Fall preceding the plantings, and in Spring to spade deep and to pulverize thoroughly as soon as the soil is in proper condition. To have a long blooming season one should plant at intervals of about two weeks from the time when the garden is started until the middle or latter part of June. Bulbs can be planted four inches deep and over in mellow soils, and from four to eight inches apart in the row; deep planting prevents, to some degree, the plants from falling over in their blooming period. The blooms will have greater resistance against the sun and more lasting cjualities if the soil in the beds are frequenth" and thoroughly watered at evening. Do not allow a soil crust to form in rows among the plants, but cultivate well, especially early in the fore- noon following a watering the previous evening. When the blooming spikes begin to appear, cultiva- tion should only be about two inches deep. Once everv week or ten days liquid fertilizer or prepared sheep manure can he a])])lied to the soil near the rows, but one must be careful in not making the application too strong. To intensify deep shades, apply Scotch soot when the plants are about half grown ; and it is said that the delicate shades can be clarified by applying weak lime water just before the blooms begin to open. Nitrate of soda, about a tablespoonful to two gallons of water for each dozen plants, is very beneficial and may be applied to the soil once every week or ten days after the buds show color. If one prefers the pulverized nitrate of soda, this may be sprinkled over the soil, raked in and watered. Slender stakes of wood or bamboo, painted light green to make them less conspicuous, serve as fine supports to the spikes during their blooming season. Where horizontal lines are used, fasten them to the end posts firmh^ set and stretch the wires tightly. A few- more stakes should also be placed at intervals along the lines. Instead of using cord to tie the spikes to the supports, tie them carefully with strips of cloth. When the first flowers open, one should cut the spikes, and allow them to bloom in the house in order to secure the best results. Every morning the stems should be cut a little with a long slope and not squarely rtcross ; rinsed and given fresh water, and the wilted blossoms removed. The blooms are refreshed and improved by being placed in a cool cellar during the night. If good bulbs are desired for the following year, four to five strong leaves should be left on the plants when cutting the spikes. In the Fall, dig the bulbs before the plants are too ripe, and cut off the tops. Dry well in the air and sun- shine, cure thoroughly indoors for a few weeks, then store in a cool, dry cellar. A covering of sand while in storage (after bulbs are well cured) is a protection against frost or dampness, which tends to develop disease. Keep as near 40 degrees as possible. Should bulbs become affected with disease or scab, they ma}' be benefited by one of the three following remedies; Soak bulbs in a bichloride of mercury (cor- rosive sublimate) solution of fifteen grains to each gallon of water for twenty minutes. Or; Use two ounces of corrosive sublimate dissolved in fifteen gallons of water and soak for two hours (for smaller amounts in proportion). Or ; Use one ounce of 40 per cent for- maldehyde to each four gallons of water and immerse bulbs for twenty minutes to one hour. I have left l)ulbs immersed for longer periods in even stronger solutions, but care must be exercised not to make the treatment too severe for fear of injury. Sometimes it is best to remove the peel before bulbs are treated. These treatments are generally employed just before planting. GARDENERS' CHRONICLE The Standby of the profi-ssional. The Safe Guide for the amntcur. Puldished on the 15th of each nioiUh. If you are not a siiliscriher, send two dollars for a year's suhscription and receive this magazine regu- larly. GARDENERS' CHRONICLE, 286 Fifth Ave, Ntw York. For March, 1922 79 The Tropical Rain Forest WILLARD N. CLUTE BACK and forth across the equator moves the sun on its annual journey from the tropic of Cancer to the Tropic of Capricorn, carrying with it a beh of rainfall that makes the so-called Torrid Zone perennially green. There are. to be sure, many places in the tropics where desert conditions prevail ; in fact, most of the great deserts of the world lie fairly close to the equator, but such regions are always caused by unusual conditions such as a mountain range intercepting the moisture-bear- ing winds. In other parts of the tropics the moisture is not only abundant, it is superabundant. Just how abun- dant it is may be realized when it is known that if all the water that falls on the Eastern United States were col- lected for a year, it would not equal the amount that has fallen in a single day in the tropics ! In some unusually wet spots there is more than six hundred inches of rain- fall a year — more than fifty feet ! Under such condi- tions rivers rise with great rapidity, sometimes thirty feet in an hour. A body of water that behaves in this way may give peculiar ideas to the natives. In Jamaica they often speak of the river as a separate entity. They say it is "down"' when it is running bank full and "up" when it is in the clouds overhead and preparing to come "down." The effect upon vegetation of this enormous rainfall, coupled with the maximum heat and light can scarcely be imagined by one who has not seen the tropical rain forest. So luxuriantly do all sorts of vegetation grow- that one must literally chop his way through it if he leaves the beaten track. Everywhere the forest is a dim, shaggy, dripping, wilderness of plants. One of the first differences to be noted between the rain forest and the forests of temperate regions is the way in which each species is scattered through the wood- lands. There is seldom a grouping of single species to form colonies such as we find in our forests of oak. pine, beech, maple, and the like. The number of dift'erent species is, of course, infinitely greater and they usually attain a larger size. A new form of trees is also noticed ■ — a columnar form with unbranched stem, and ample leaves springing from a single bud at the summit. Of this type are the various palms, tree-ferns, dracasnas and numerous others. The excurrent type, represented by our pines and spruces, with a central stem from which smaller branches are regularly given off is usually rare. Most of the forest trees, however, are of the solvent type, such as is found in our elms and oaks and at a little distance the tropical forest could not be distinguished from a temperate region forest unless it happened to have an unusual number of palms in it. In the desert the most interesting forms of plants have been evolved by adaptations for securing and conserving the scanty supply of moisture, but in the rain forest may be found many devices for avoiding excess moisture. Often the leaves have long slender tips for throwing off the water away from the roots. With an abundant and perennial supply of water and unvar>'ing warmth, a new phase is given to the struggle for existence. Com- petition is now for sufficient light. On the forest floor are great numbers of mosses, ferns, and creepers which have learned to exist in the semi-twilight cast by the tall tree.s — shade plants, we call them — but plants which need more light have moved to the branches of the forest canopy. Thousands may be found on a single tree. Among the plants with this epiphytic habit one notes a large number of orchids, bromeliads, ferns, club-mosses and the like. Cireat lianas, or woody vines, often with stems as large as a middle-sized tree, loop from tree to tree and bind the vegetation into a solid mat of verdure. Where the forest is more open, for any cause, giant herbs appear. Some of these are so large as to pass for trees as in the case of the banana. This plant, how- ever, as can easily be seen in the usual greenhouse, is really an herb equivalent to the iris, day-lily or peony of more boreal regions. Other great herbs are the gin- ger, arrow-root, canna, taro, and many ferns. After botanizing in the tropical rain forest for a time the student discovers that many of the plant families which are characteristically herbaceous in regions nearer the poles are here prevailingly woody. This is especially true of the Lcgiiiiiiiiositha, R. involuta, continuity of bloom, are of the highest importance and and R. Jiiiidzillii of the Old World and native R. every effort is made to develop these perfections in' Maconnii and R. nntkana, and the most northern forms hybrid progeny. There are already too many weak of R. nitida. R. pratiitcola and R. Iitcida or R. znrginiana. .^s-^s^rlV-y Rosa i I y of Aiiu'iutui A'l varieties that produce a few exquisite blooms under ex- There is considerable diversity in garden adaptability ceptional conditions of culture but new varieties that among these extremely hardy wild roses and crossings do not require incessant coddling are needed for Ameri- with the several attractive new Chinese species, and with 82 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE highly developed florists" varieties may open up new features of value in the offspring. Seeds of most of the northern species are of slow germination and prob- ably several seasons will be needed to bring out their possibilities." Rosa miiltiflora has been the parent of many climbing varieties which have left an indelible impression on the mind of rose lovers. The more trailing or prostrate, evergreen species IVichnraiana has played an important part in the development of the so-called "Pillar Roses." Such men as Jackson Dawson, Dr. Van Fleet, ]\I. H. Walsh, W. A. Manda. Hoopes Bros, and Thomas and others, saw the possibilities for improvement in the desirable characters of each, through hybridization, and crosses were made between these two species ; also be- tween these and R. setigcra and the Hybrid Teas and Hybrid Perpetuals. Among the best of the present day varieties which have resulted from such crosses are Dawson {R. miiltiflora X General Jacqueminot, H. P.), Farquahar (R. U'ichuraiava X Crimson Rambler, H. AF), Dr. Van Fleet (R. IVichnraiana X Mme. Gabriel Luizet, H. P.); Gardenia (R. Wichuraiana X P^tIs des Jardins, H. T.), American Pillar (R. JVicluiraiaiia X R- setigcra) ; and Christine Wright (an unnamed Wichu- raiana seedling X Caroline Testout, FL T.). Rosa multitlora crossed with Teas and Hybrid Teas has also given a type of the so-called "Polyantha Pom- pons" like George Elgar and Cecile Brunner, varieties now so popular. There have also been produced from similar crosses the dwarf polyanthas so useful as bed- ding roses. Varieties of these like Echo, Triomphe Orleanais, Mainan Turbat, and Mine. Jules Goiicliaiilf are also much used by florists in forcing for Spring bloom. The Tea Roses became popular in America during the middle of the nineteenth century. Rosa odorata, or the original Tea Rose with double blush flowers, was intro- duced into England from Western China in 1810, and in 1824 a form with pale yellow flowers was introduced. From the crossing of this species with Rosa chinensis, the Bengal Rose, and other Chinese species, the present day Tea Roses have been produced. Among the older varieties of Tea Roses still grown to a considerable ex- tent for commercial purposes, particularly for corsage bouquets in retail stores is Bon Silene. This was orig- mated by Hardy in 1835 and is one of the few varieties which has stood the long-time test. Catherine Mermet originated by Pierre Guillot in 1869 was the parent through bud variation, in 1885, of the Bride. This was the principal white variety grown in greenhouses until the advent of the Hybrid Tea, White Killarney, in 1909. P.ridesmaid, the pink Tea Rose popular as a greenhouse variety, was also produced by a bud variation on Catherine Mermet in 1892. The species of roses which have been chiefly responsible for increasing the vigor of garden varieties are Rosa gallica, the Provence Rose, R. horbonica, the Bourbon Rose, and R. damascena, the Damask Rose, Hybrids of. these species with R. chinensis and R. ndorata have given the present day type known as Hybrid Perpetuals or Remontants. This race became popular from 1860 to 1890. Many Hybrid Perpetuals are now grown, but their more limited blooming period makes them less in demand than are the more constant blooming but less hardy varieties of Hybrid Teas. Fran Karl Druschki, General Jacqueminot, Paul Neyron, and Hugh Dickson are still found in the majority of American Rose gardens. Near the middle of the nineteenth century European rose breeders began to search for some method of in- creasing the hardiness of Tea Roses. As a result existing varieties were crossed with Hybrid Perpetuals. One of the first results of such a cross was achieved by Pierre Guillot of Lyons, France, when he originated La France. This was, however, not recognized as a new type until 1890. The first product of the hardier type which was classified as a Hybrid Tea rose is said to have been Cheshunt Hybrid, introduced by George Paul in 1873. The writer had the pleasure of a day with George Paul shortly before his death last September. I\Ir. Paul then showed him with great pride, two of his most recent hybrids, "Paul's Perpetual-flowering Lemon Pillar" and "The Premier," a hybrid of Rasa hitcsccus. Hybrid Tea roses of European origin have played an important part in American rose breeding. They have furnished the parents for many of our best varieties. Honor must be given Alex. Dickson for Killarney, Will- iam Paul for Ophelia, Pernet-Ducher for Mrs. Aaron Ward, Sunburst, Souvenir du Claudius Pernet, and to many others for varieties which have been and are to be such important factors in American rose production. However, our American breeders have been doing most excellent work and no finer results have been achieved anywhere than those of American rosarians. John Cook, Baltimore, Md., has given us the following which have been foremost among commercial varieties : Mv Marvland, 1908 ; Radiance, 1908 : Francis Scott Kev. 1913; :\rrs. John Cook. 1919; Glorified La France, 1919. F. G. Hil!, Richmond, Indiana: Richmond, 1905: Rhea. Reid, 1908; Columbia, 1916; Premier, 1918; Mme. But- terfly, 1918; Hill's .\merica, 1921. Alexander Mont- gomerv, Fladlev, Mass. ; Wellesley, 1905 ; Crimson Queen, 1912; Mrs. Chas. Russell, 1912; Hadley, 1914: Crusader, 1919 ; Pilgrim, 1919. Frederick Dorner & Sons Co., Lafayette, Indiana: Hoosier Beauty, 1915. In distinctly garden varieties of Hybrid Teas, Captain George C. Thomas has recently produced Bloomfield Abundance and Bloomfield Progress, 1920; Howard and Smith ; Los Angeles, 1916, and Miss Lolita Armour, 1920. These are but a few of the recent valuable acquisitions- to American varieties by American rose breeders. The field of rose breeding is a broad one and it is safe to say that the work our Americans have thus far done is but a beginning ; the future holds much of promise. Other agencies are at work in America which stand pre-eminently for rose progress. "The American Rose Society" is carrying the rose far to the front as a flower for all classes of people. The work of the or- ganization is governed by a body of men who are gen- erously donating their money, time and thought to those subjects which stand for j)rogress in every phase of rose growing in .America. The test-gardens in various sec- tions of the United States which are under the direction of the A. R. S. have been valuable agents in demon- strating the adaptation of various species and varieties to different soils and climates. The .\merican Rose An- nual, which the organization publishes for its members, is full of valuable rose literature. The volumes con- stitute a rose library and no one interested in any phase of garden work can afford to be without them. \\'ilh the increasing interest shown by our .\mericait peojile in rose growing, with the literature which is ac- cunnilating year by year, and best of all with the in- troduction of the hardier varieties, which are eliminating the discouraging element of Winter killing in the north- ern section, rose progress in the United States is certain. There arc two things necessary for the enrichment of life, mentally, physically, socially, and sjiiritually. They are very simple and are known to all men. C)ni' is hard work and the other is a determination to do right. — Calvin Cdolidgc. For Mutch. ]'J22 83 Late Rose Introductions SOUVENIR de Claudius Pernet, a Pernet'mna seed- ling, is a rose that has been long waited for. It IS a golden yellow rose which will stand our vigor- ous requirements and will not turn white around the edges as does most every yellow rose. The orange yellow shade so prominent in such sorts as Mrs. Ward or Sunburst is entirely ab- .sent here, and Souvenir de Claudius Pernet with its clear shining yellow color has created a ver- itable sensation among all visitors to the numerous exhibitions where it has been shown. Max Graf has at- tractive, single, bright pink flowers, with petals even more crimped than the pink form of Ru- gosa. While an excel- lent climber, or pillar rose, it is even more ap- pealing as a ground cover, surpassing, in this respect, any of the Wi- churaiana varieties. It is especially attractive when planted on a steep bank, wall. Mrs. William C. Egan, a new or trailing over a stone hybrid tea rose, is named in honor of the wife of William C. Egan, well known and appreciated for his love of horticul- ture. It is an extremely vigorous, healthy grow- er, and popular for indi- vidual plantings m small gardens as well as for massed effect in large gardens. The reverse of the petals is of a pleasing shade of light pink, the interior a deep flesh color with a golden line at base of petals. Its long pointed buds are of perfect form, de- veloping into flowers of good shape. Souvenir dc Chind'ms Pcnict. {Courtesy of Charles H. Totty Co.) Why Not Subscribe to the G.\RDENERS' CHRONICLE? Yearly Subscription $2.00 Max Graf. (Courtesy of Henry A. Dreer, Inc.) Mrs: William C Egan (Courtesy of Henry .1. Dreer, Inc.) 84 GARDENERS' CHRONICLl Potash-Marl E. N. CLEVELAND POTASH-MARL is a natural fertilizer and as its name indicates is a marl containing a high per- centage of potash, as distinguished from Calcar- eous or Lime-Marl. The use of marl was fully understood at the beginning of the century. Since the time of the Roman concjuest, and probably before, the marl beds of northern France and southern Belgium have been constantly exploited. Great hollows are found in many of the fields of northern France made by the excavation of marl many centuries ago. The true function of marl, however, was but little understood, and even its chemical composition was prac- tically unknown by those using it. Potash-Marl is a consolidated mass of sandy particles of emerald green color composed of potash, iron and phosphoric acid minerals, together with the decomposed and crystallized remains of whales, sharks' teeth, mol- lusks, fishes and other nitrogenous materials. The following is an extract from a scientific report made by Dr. Hal Trueman Beans, Ph.D., of Columbia University, New York : "Glauconite, the principal mineral constituent of green- sand, is essentially a hydrated silicate of iron and potas- sium, associated with minerals containing aluminum, cal- cium, magnesium and phosphorus. Owing to the fact that it is a hydrated silicate, it is easily decomposed by the most varied chemical reagents, including even weak organic acids. Silicates of this class are to be sharply distinguished from non-hydrated silicates such as the feldspars, which are extremely difficult to decompose. Furthermore, hydrated silicates absorb additional water in large quantity and are, therefore, further distinguished from the feldspars and similar silicates which show no tendency to retain water. "The analvsis of Potash-^Iarl gave this result: IMo'isture 'i 4.05% Loss on Ignition 4.83 Iron & Aluminum oxides 28.52 Insoluble IMatter 50.79 Phosphorus (P,0,) L14 Calcium Oxide (CaO) 2.14 Potash (K^O) 6.50 "In order to determine the relation between the potash and phosphorus in the available form as determined above, and the total potash and phosphorus contained in the greensand, separate determinations of the total quan- tities were made, with the following result : Total Phosphorus (P.OJ 1.84% Total Pota.sh (K,0) 7.24 "It thus appears that approximately 90 per cent of the total potash is in a form which will ultimately be available to plant assimilation. It appears therefore from the alxjve analysis and from the well-known chemical characteristics of glauconite, that these samples of green- sand contain in a reasonably readily available condition all of those inorganic mineral substances which are es- sential to plant growth. While it is true that practically none of this material is in a water-soluble condition, nevertheless, glauconite is so easily decomposed that the above figures may properly be taken to represent that portion of the material which will actually become avail- able to the plant." Potash-Marl is both a direct and indirect fertilizer, as it improves both the chemical and physical properties of the soil. It acts in conjunction with the elements at all times to assist in unlocking plant food fnmi llic nat- ural soil as well as from the life elements contained in itself; correcting acidity and prompting nitrification. The New Jersey State Geologist's last report, ending June 30, 1920, just published, makes the following state- ment as to the solubility of Potash in greensand : "In spite of its low solubility, recent experiments show that plants in their early growing stage will assimilate potash from greensands as effectively as from the usual soluble commercial potassium salts." The phosphoric acid contained in the Potash-Marl is acted upon the same as the potash, it becomes slowly soluble through chemical action and weathering. The iron and aluminum oxides in Marl produced quantities of nitrogen, although in the analysis of the Marl no credit is given for it producing any nitrogen which is of great value as a fertilizer. Quoting from "Agricultural Chemistry," by Justus Liebig, Ph. D., F. R. S., one of the greatest chemists in the world. Page 103, "The o.xides of iron and aluminum are distinguished from all other metallic oxides by their power of forming solid com- pounds with ammonia. Minerals containing oxide of iron also possess in an eminent degree that remarkable property of attracting ammonia from the atmosphere and retaining it." Dr. Edmund Ruffin, of A'irginia, began his experiments with marl in February, 1818. From land thus treated he obtained an increase of 40 per cent over the crop oti similar land untreated. Encouraged by this result, he planned more extensive experiments for future years. Without entering into the details of these trials, the re- sult may be stated as overwhelmingly -in favor of the use of marled fields. The yield was more than twice as great as from the same fields before marling. The experiments were continued for a long series of years, accurate records being kept of the history of each plot of ground, frequent comparisons being made be- tween the measured yields of marled and unmarled fields. Marl was tried with and without manure and manure was tried with and without marl. The greater the number of experiments and the more numerous the results obtained the greater proof was given that the use of marl was of great advantage. The careful manner in which the experiments were carried on show him to rank as one of the most intelli- gent experimenters of his time. He searched the litera- ture of every age for mention of the occurrence of marl and the history of its publication to the purpose of agri- culture. Fie was familiar with foreign publications on the subject. United States Government Rejiort, Published in 1910, Page 761 states : "New Jersey Marl has been of incal- culable value to the region in which it is found. It has raised this region from the lowest stage of agricultural exhaustion to a high state of improvement. "Lands which in the old style of cultivation had to lie fallow, by the use of marl produce heavy crops of clover and grow rich while resting. Lands which had been worn out and left in common arc now by the use of this fertilizer yielding large crops of the finest quality. Everywhere in the marl district may be seen farms which in former years would not support a family, but which are now making their owners rich through jiroductive- ness. Extract from "The Grapes of New York," by Prof. U. P. Hedrick. Subject; Grapes Suffering from 'Yellow (Continued on pai^c 91) For March, 1922 85 The Dahlia THOMAS PROCTOR THE Dahlia, now prominently identified as one of our most beautiful Autumn flowering plants, has rapidly advanced in popular favor during the last few years. No doubt, the many new and gorgeous va- rieties introduced by the hybridizers have in no small measure contributed' greatly to the popularity of this plant. There is now a vast contrast between the flowers of the Dahlia we have today, from what they were twenty or thirty years ago when we had but a few indifferent varieties to adorn our homes with. Now we have hun- dreds of rare and beautiful varieties to choose from, rep- resented by all the colors of the rainbow. Cultivation The cultivation of the Dahlia is by no means difficult, providing their wants are carefully attended to during the growing season. One should bear in mind, for in- stance, that the Dahlia is a moisture-loving subject, and therefore, should never be allowed to suffer for the want of water at any stage of its growth. While we all know that this plant will grow and pro- duce flowers in almost any kind of soil and situation, one who is ambitious to win the silver cup with his blooms will endeavor to select the most promising loca- tion he can find in order to make a success of his efforts. I have found that a level sunny position facing south, and well protected from stormy winds, gives the best results. If the grower has time at his disposal to trench the ground for the reception of his plants the results will be all the better for the extra labor involved. If that is not feasible, digging or plowing will suffice ; in either case, however, the ground should be incorporated with well rotted cow manure with a small sprinkling of bone meal included. Staking and Planting When the preparation of the ground is accomplished, strong stakes should be provided and firmly placed in position, four feet apart each way, and near the top of each stake a six inch label tacked on for the name of the variety to be planted. Around the bottom of the stakes a little pulverized sheep manure forked in is of much benefit in giving the young plants a start. It makes little difference whether tubers or rooted cut- tings are used for planting. The varieties that are in- tended for the production of exhibition blooms should in no case be planted too early. June 5 to 10. or even a little later will be quite soon enough for the latitude of Long Island. If set out much in advance of the dates mentioned, the plants will become exhausted, and con- sequently will not produce exhibition blooms. When the plants are six inches in height, the points are pinched out in order to induce the plant to send up more growths. As soon as conditions will permit, the young shoots should be carefully tied to the stakes as they extend in length. With varieties that are intended for the produc- tion of exhibition blooms, one bud only should be left on each shoot to develop ; otherwise, several buds may be left on, as desired by the cultivator. Feeding The Dahlia, like the Chrysanthemum, responds well to generous treatment, and there is nothing better in my opinion, than liquid cow and sheep manure for that pur- pose, applied alternately twice or three times a week according to conditions. Scotch soot also in liquid form and used once a week when the buds are well advanced, plays a very important part in the development and color of the blooms, as well as the foliage. Nitrate of soda is also considered beneficial if used with discretion. Feeding should commence when the plants have become well established, lightly at first, then gradually increasing the strength until the maximum is reached, that is, when the buds are well advanced. When the latter begin to show color, feed lightly again until the blooms are three- quarters developed ; then stop using the cow and sheep manure, and finish off the blooms with a weak solution of the Scotch soot. Insects Insects are troublesome in most sections of the country and will do considerable damage to the foliage if not checked in time. I find that Ivory soap, dissolved in water and applied to the foliage with a spray pump once a week will invariably prevent the ravages of all kinds of insects and keep the foliage in healthy condition. Winter Storage As the Dahlia is a very tender subject, the first good frost generally ends its usefulness as a cut flower pro- ducer. When that takes place, the stems should be cut back to within eight or ten inches from the ground; the labels with the names of the varieties taken from the stakes and securely fastened to the stem that remains. If the weather is dry and conditions otherwise favor- able, the plants should be lifted — the dirt partly shaken oft' — and transferred to a frost-proof cellar, where the light is partially excluded, and be left there for the Win- ter. Care must be taken to see that the tubers do not shrivel, generally the result of a, too hot and dry atmos- phere, if that condition should occur, sand or dirt, scattered over the tubers, will in most cases remedy it. To get the best result from the plants it is essential that the ground be constantly cultivated, not only to keep down the weeds, but also to retain the moisture. This should be particularly attended to when the weather is dry and hot. Never allow the plants to wilt for want of water or the result will be disastrous if exhibition blooms are looked for. Be prepared at all times for the sudden approach of destructive wind storms, or the plants may be ruined, if not - protected and carefully tied to the stakes. Remove all weak and useless growths ; also flower buds that are in excess of those required for devel- opment. The fewer the buds left, the better will be the blooms. Keep a sharp lookout for insects, and before they commence their depredations, apply the remedy as advised for prevention. Study carefully the plant's re- quirements at every stage of its career, and success should be the reward. Ijiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiilillllliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiininiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiu I Competent Gardeners | I The comforts and products of a country | I home are increased by employing a competent | I gardener ; if you want to engage one, write us. | j Please give particulars regarding place and | j say whether married or single man is wanted. | I We have been supplying them for years to the | I best people everywhere. No fee asked. I PETER HENDERSON & CO. i Seedsmen and Florists I 35 and 37 Cortlandt St., NEW YORK CITY liiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiniiiiiiiii^ 86 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE Roses and the Rose Garden ARTHUR SMITH WF. ha\e jircviouslv alluded to separate gardens de- voted to special purposes, as being possibilities in connection with home surrovmdings, and cer- tainl}' where there is room a good Rose Garden is one of the most desirable features. The genus Rosa is a very large one. and perhaps in no other is there so much dispute among botanists re- garding the number of species contained in it. While a French botanist has listed and described some four thousand as being distinct species, the majority of bot- anists confine the number to about one hundred. WhUe some knowledge of roses from a botanical standpoint is interesting in connection with the parentage of the rose of today as known in our gardens, from a purely horti- cultural point of view botani- cal classifica- tion is of mi- nor importance as, with one or two exceptions to be noted later, all culti- vated roses are hybrids, al- though the leading gar- den-groups fol- low to some extent specific lines. At the same time it is impossible to trace back all of the hy- brids to their original species with accuracy. We know that from the earliest times when any at- tempt at gar- dening was made at all, great dependence was laid u])on the ro.se. We have a race of roses which have come down from the ancient gardens of Persia: the medieval gardens have given us others, and down to the present time gardeners have always vied with each other to produce new and wonderful varieties of this classic plant which has been known for ages as the Queen of Flowers. Consefjuently we have now a rose for every situation and, where the climate is genial enough, roses in bloom every month of the year. The results of domesticating the rose are marvellous, yet, so far as being at the end of possibilities in the way of producing kinds more suitable for the extremes of climates found in this country arc concerned, the real breeding of roses has little more than begun and a rich field for the future is indicated. In this direction the passing away of Dr. Van Fleet is a tremendous loss to horticulture as the success of his work as far as the time alloted to him permitted, proved that he was working along the right lines. Leaving out botanical considerations entirely, horticul- tural roses may be divided into three groups: "garden'' roses, a term confined to tea roses, hybrid teas and hybrid perpetuals or remontant; climbing roses; and shrubbery roses. Those contained in the first group are the result of hybridizing about a dozen species, and selections and seedlings from the resulting hybrids. These roses do not lend themselves to landscape effects because they have comparatively little foliage and lack strong shrubby char- acteristics. These highly improved roses are essentially flower-garden subjects — hence the term given them. To produce anything like good results from them they must be grown by themselves so that they can receive the special care in the way of soil treatment, pruning, water- ing, feeding, which could not be con\-enientl\- given else- where. It is worth while to state some of the distinctions be- tween the three classes of w h i c h this group is com- posed. The tea roses are admired the world over for their deli- cious frag- rance, the ex- quisite form and rich tints of their flowers and value for cutting. They are the least hardy of the group and re- q u i r e special methods for protecting them in cli- mates of se- vere Winters. A good way, where they cannot be wintered in the open, is to place cold frames over them, the size of bed and position- of the plants being previously arranged with this idea in view. The slope of the frame shouUl be to the east. It is important to remove the sash when the temperature is at thirty degrees or above, and air should be given when the thermometer is at twenty. The hybrid tea varieties have some of the characters of the teas, especially their constant blooming qualities, and most of them have some of the hardiness of the liybrid perpetuals. but thev require to be well protected during Winter with strawy mani're or leaves in climates where the tcm])erature reaches zero. This class has been I)roduced by crossing the teas with hybrid perpetuals, l)Ut there is considerable variation among them, especially as to hardiness, as well as in flower production, and the most satisfactory are those partaking of the good qualities of both. The hybriil perpetuals are hardier than the preceding, and more vigorous and robust in habit, their flowers being larger, some of them of immense size and generally of more substance than either of the others. They (niiiit-it. (iiii(ili-sy of liol'biiik I'r AlL-iiis.) for March, 1922 87 flower as a rule only early in the Summer, but as an offset we are rewarded at that time with a greater abun- dance of larger and longer keeping blossoms. Many va- rieties, not only produce a wealth of flowers during June and part of July, but do so at intervals all the season with an increase towards the Autumn. This is especially the case if, after the first blooms are over, the bushes are cut back to encourage new growth of wood, for, with these, as with almost all others, it is only upon new wood that flowers are produced. A rose garden is practically only a garden for the pro- duction of roses of the highest quality in the greatest quantity, in the same way as a vegetable garden is for the production of vegetables, therefore everything should be subservient to these ends. For convenience as much as for anything else a rose garden should be rectangular in shape and its beds laid out along formal lines. Fancy beds of intricate patterns are not only entirely out of place but at the same time create considerable inconvenience and cause waste of room. In addition to the fact that these roses are not themselves any addition to the appearance of a landscape, the formalness of a garden of this kind renders it objec- tionable as a part of a harmonious natural planting, there- fore some means must be taken to prevent it producing a discordant note in home surniundings. A rose garden or rose border should be in an open spot away from high buildings and tall trees so that the plants can obtain plenty- of sun and air, and the ground may have a little slope in any direction, but all other conditions being equal, a gentle slope to the southeast is preferable. Having chosen the situation and decided upon the ex- tent of ground to be devoted to this purpose, some method of planting the surroundings must be devised so as to avoid making the rose beds part of the landscape. I have known rose gardens to be merely surrounded by a closely clipped privet hedge, which neither from a lands- cape point of view nor from any other, does anything to relieve the situation ; in fact it would be better to have a rose garden entirel_v exposed and part of the landscape than to surround it by a formal unsightly hedge. It is better to screen a rose garden and any other special gar- den by some natural planting arranged so as to har- monize with the general landscape plan, so that, as far as one can know from looking towards it, it might be the boundarv planting of a lawn witli nothing but the street on the other side. It is important that the con- nection between the screen of the special garden and the other planting be invisible and that the entrance or en- trances be arranged with this idea in mind. It is of course impossible to make hard and fast rules regarding whether this garden should be screened all round or not, .generallv speaking one side at least may be open without bad effect. At all events, considering the rose garden from the inside — whatever may be planted around it — a space all along the inside of the boundary should be left to the width of about eight feet, which can be devoted to a border of five feet and a walk of three feet. It is very effective to have this border devoted to the roses comprised in the shrubbery group combined with herba- ceous pereimials. The rest of the area can be divided into beds three feet wide leaving two main walks three feet in width at right angles across the center, with such subsidiarv walks two feet wide as may be necessary to the area.' These walks are for the purpose of enabling everything connected with the culture and care of the roses to be done without stepping off a walk. While thorough preparation of the soil is important for all plants it" is especially so for roses as they are gross feeders and it is practically impossible to make the soil too rich, provided all other conditions are right. The first step is to see that the soil is properly drained. If it is not so, then drainage must be provided, as roses are always injured and frequently killed by stagnant water remaining around their roots for any length of time. In the case of a single rose bed only, draining can generally be accomplished by taking out the soil to a depth of three feet, (keeping the raw subsoil by itself so that the surplus can be removed away) and placing a foot of broken stone, bricks, or coarse cinders at the bottom and filling up with the best of the soil. If this method is not found sufficient to remove surplus water, then resource must be had to tile drainage. In any case the latter is always necessary when any sized area re- quires draining. The ideal soil for roses is a deep loam ; if the soil is very clayey a foot of the clay subsoil should be removed and some sandy top-soil substituted. Clay soils should be made lighter, and sandy ones made heavier, according to the class of roses to be planted. The hybrid perpetuals thrive best in a clayey loam, while teas and their hybrids must have a soil which is lighter and warmer. It is therefore well when all these three classes are grown, to plant them in beds to themselves so that the soil may be so regulated as to suit the special likes of each. In preparing the ground for roses it should be spaded and thoroughly broken up to a depth of not less than two feet where the subsoil is sandy : when the latter is clayey one may go a foot deeper with great benefit ; at the same time six inches of half decayed stable, or cow manure for preference, should be incorporated with it. The best and in fact the only practicable method of carrying out this operation is by trenching. Top soil, to the depth of a foot, is taken out of a trench eighteen inches wide across the bed and placed on one side. As rose beds, and in fact all flower beds, should be two or three inches below the surface of the walks or surround- ing ground when the plants are in position and the soil has settled, it is necessary to take out three or four inches of the subsoil which should be thrown out on one side to be subsequently carried away. The manure should then be thoroughly mixed with the soil at the bottom of the trench ; it is not enough merely to turn this bottom soil over in lumps but it must be thoroughly broken up and mixed with the manure. After this the top soil from the ne.xt trench should be turned over into the first trench and the work proceeded with as before. When the end of the bed is reached the top soil from the first trench is used to fill up the last one. After this trenching is com- pleted hydrated lime, or what is better, sulphate of lime or gypsum, together with pure ground bones should be applied to the surface at the rate of half a pound of each to the square yard and worked in with a rake or hoe. This soil preparation should be done as long before plant- ing time as possible, but the surface work should not be done when the ground is sticky. Autumn trenching is best for Spring planting, especially when the soil is at all heavy, in which case the surface work is better left until Spring, except that the lime may be spread over it at the time of spading ; lime should never be spaded under. Excepting in climates where the Winters are mild, Spring is the best time for planting, the actual date de- pending first upon the earliness. or otherwise, of the season ; one can plant earlier in a sandy soil than in a clayey one. Dormant roses may be generally set out by the middle of April in the latitude of New York, pro- vided conditions are suitable, but those which are not dormant and which have been wintered in pots under such conditions of temperature that their foliage has re- 88 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE mained green are best left until May, or even June, if the soil is late warming up. In planting dormant roses with roots which have not been confined in pots, holes should be wide enough to allow the roots to spread out and deep enough, if "grafted stock is used, to allow the junction of the rose proper with the stock to be two or three inches below the surface. This depth may be greater in sandy soils than in clayey ones. The soil should be well firmed around the roots. Some years ago a story went the rounds of the trade to the eflfect that a woman who had bought a dozen or so roses from a grower, complained that they had all died but one, and this particular one her husband, whom the woman was particular to describe as a very heavv man. accidentally stepped upon. The moral of this story is that if this heavy husband had accidently stepped upon all the roses the chances are that they would have all lived. After making the soil firm around the roots, if it is at all dry, the holes should be left open to a depth of about three inches and filled up with water; subsequently they can be filled in and the bed finished off. The distance apart to plant depends upon the kind ; tens and their hybrids may be as close as eighteen inches, while hybrid perpetuals should not be less than two feet apart. At planting time dormant roses should have the weak growth removed and the remainder shortened to about three buds : the cut should be made closely above an outside bud. ITsually roses out of four- or five-inch pots that are in a growing condition require nothing more in the way of pruning than the removal of weak shoots. For planting out of doors roses should not be more nor less than two years old. Never plant roses discarded from a forcing house, however low in price. Up to recent A'ears these worn-out roses were thrown on to the dump, but they are now being sold for bedding purposes for which they invariably prove unsatisfactory. (Concluded in April issue) Some of the Earlier Spring Wild Flowers FLORUM AMATOR N( )\\' the Spring equinox is close at hand when we have days and nights of equal length: the birds are returning from the southlands, where they have been wintering; on the southern slopes of the hill- sides the green blades of grass are beginning to appear. On these slopes, in the woodlands along the banks of the full-flowing brooks, in the protected glens, and amid the rocky ravines, the pretty wild flowers are beginning to bloom. On this bank where the soil is so thin and poor that the grass never grows luxuriantly or in this thin unfertile soil covering a flat ledge, if we get down close to the ground and look sharply enough, we may find in mid- February or early ^March a tiny speck, as it were, of a white flower on a little plant one to three inches high and soon succeeded by a diminutive flat oblong to lan- ceolate seed pod. This is the Draba verna, Whitlow- Grass. The flowers are really too small to pluck for a nosegay, but we sometimes gather just a few to show our friends as specimens of one of the smallest flowers which grows and that, too, on one of the smallest plants. Nevertheless this tiny plant usually unseen and down- trodden came sometime, somehow, over the stormy .\t- lantic from Europe. Let us betake ourselves down into this swamjj land, sparsely furnished with trees and bushes. Here we find one of the earliest, strangest looking, homeliest and most ill-smelling, yet withal one of the most interesting of the Spring flowers. This ugly flower is the Symplocar- pus fcclidus. A thick, fleshy spathe spotted and striped with yellow and purple and green encloses a large oval, fleshy spadix thickly set with small greenish-yellow and purplish flowers. The common name of this plant is ."^kunk Cabbage. Its odor makes it well deserve the first part of its name, and the great cabbage-like leaves which appear later than the flowers make its last name a fitting one. This is our earliest Spring flower, blooming in February and March. Its flowers by their odor even at this early date attract on warm days small flies and bees. Thorcau writing in April, 18.^.3, speaks of seeing the bees entering the >pathes of the Skunk Cabbage and later coming out with "little yellow pellets of pollen on their thighs." Up out of the muddy swamp land let us climb onto the rocky and thinly wooded hill side. Here we may find with its foliage half-hidden by the fallen tree leaves another March and April flower, one .of the prettiest of all of them, the Hepatica triloba, Liverwort. The downy scapes rising out of the evergreen three-lobed leaves of the previous season are surmounted by charm- ing flowers varying in color from blue, lavender, and pale pink to white. Of this lovely child of the early Spring the poet Lowell wrote in "The Biglow Papers" : 'T. cotmtry born and bred, know where to find Some blooms that make the season suit the mind. An' seem to metch the doubtin' bluebird's notes, — Half vent'rin' liverworts in furry coats." Growing in the same location as the Hepatica and blooming in the same month, we find, bearing flowers of pearly white and of great beauty, the Sangiiinaria cana- densis, whose common name is Bloodroot. From the rootstock of this plant, when broken there exudes an orange-red, astringent, acrid juice from whose color this plant has received its name. .'V pretty and interesting feature of Ibis flower which is borne on scapes is that the flower buds arc enfolded in its leaves. On the same rocky, wooded hillside we lind two other March and April flowers. The one is Atmnone ncmo- rosa. variety quinqiicfoUa. the Windflower. whose slender stems bearing pretty white flowers with ptuple-tinted edges move with every breeze. Of this flower Hryant wrote: "Gay circles of Ancnomes dance on their stalks." The other is the Aneinonclla llialictroidcs. Meadow Rue .Vnenomc. often growing not far away from the Wind- flower. This ))lant has a leafy stem from whose top spring three to six white flowers much like those of the \\'indflower. Growing on the exposed hillsides around this wooded slope, aufl soiuetimes within it, there is another March flower, the V.nrW .Saxifrage, Saxifrai^a ^iri^iniensis. whose (Continued on pa,s:e 91) for March. 1922 89 Work for the Month in the Garden | SAMUEL GOLDING I III™ Ill"" "I" ""Iimill Illllllllllll I I""l™ Ill IIIIIIINIINNIIIIIIinill Ilillll«« I I |||,|„„|, I ||,|,„,| |,|||„„||„||||„|||„ „||||| I So silently but simft. Above the ivintry drift, The long days gain and gain: — AND altliough we may still have wintry weather, there is something in the air that whispers, "The year's at the spring-." Already those welcome har- bingers, the Snowdrop, Crocus, and Scillas are flaunting their colors in the garden ; the buds of the Forsythias are swelling, soon to break forth into gold cascades of bloom. There are signs on every side that Mother Earth is once more waking from her Winter sleep. This forcibly reminds us that the time of gardening with pencil and paper is past, and must now be super- seded by the spade and hoe, if we are to live up to resolutions formed to have the best gardens ever during the season of 1922. The rapidly growing seedlings and vegetables in greenhouse and frames will need the most careful at- tention. Those from last month's sowing should be transplanted as soon as they can be conveniently handled. Flats are the best receptacles for most subjects, though egg plants and tomatoes may be exceptions, for which pots are preferable. The frames should be kept closed for a few days and shaded from bright sunshine until root action has commenced. Cultivate between the rows of growing crops and thin just enough to allow room for development. Sow more seed as often as a perfect succession demands. Regard must be paid to careful ventilation, especiallv during this month when we are liable to very sudden changes of temperature. Cold draughts are to be avoided as they are most detrimental to young plant life. Conserve the sun heat as much as possible by early closing during the afternoon. IMain- tain a nice growing atmosphere and keep all plants as near the glass as convenient to give them the benefit of light and sunshine to develop and maintain a sturdy growth and robust habit. As soon as the frost is out of the ground and con- ditions will permit, no time should be lost before dig- ging or ploughing for the earliest crops. If this was done in the Fall when one has more time to carry out any deep digging or trenching, so much the better. As I have previouslv remarked, this brings its own reward for the soil receives the benefit of the purifying influence of the frost. This deep digging is the mainspring of future success in growing vegetables in quantity and of quality. The light sandy soils are the best for raising early crops. They do not retain the moisture to the same degree as the heavier loam or the still more retentive clays, and therefore they are in a fit condition at an earlier date. When ground is fit, and that will be when the soil is easily broken up with a rake, and when trodflen or rolled, does not pack into a stiffs or sticky mass, sow first early peas, spinach, parsnips and plant onion sets. For first peas it is advisable to sow the round seeded varieties as they are more reliable and will germinate under condi- tions where the marrowfats would probably not. This especially applies to heavy soils. Give early attention to the asparagus beds and fork in a good dressing of farmvard manure, if it was not done in" the Fall. If you contemplate planting asparagus choose well prepared ground; place them in trenches about eight inches deep and two feet apart, and from three to four feet between the rows ; cover with about two inches of soil. Secure two year old crowns which are generally regarded as the most satisfactory. Rernove the protecting material from strawberry beds and give a good dressing of bone meal. Tie up rasp- berry canes, thinning out all useless ones. Finish pruning all small bush fruit trees. Place some strawy litter over rhubarb crowns which will help it to start into growth and protect it from late frost. Toward the end of the month, remove wind breaks and protecting materials from around rhododendron beds and other more tender subjects; also from spring flow- ering plants, otherwise tulips and other bulbous stock will become drawn as do early shoots of herbaceous plants if protection is afiforded too long. Go over the rambler roses, removing all useless wood, Tie up the strongest of last year's growths, and do not overcrowd. Cut back late flowering shrubs, or those that bloom on the wood made during the current year: Hydrangea paniculata is one of the most common of this class of shrubs. Spring blooming shrubs must be cut back after flowering. To cut them back at this time would mean the loss of the season's bloom. Ornamental climbers will need care and should be thinned and tied up where they are required. April During the early days of April all is activity in the vegetable garden. Arrears of digging and preparation for the reception of the crops should receive first atten- tion. Such vegetable plants in the frames as cabbages, cauliflowers, onions, leeks, should be thoroughly hardened oflf before planting into their final quarters. Remove the sash on all favorable days. Give an abundance of water to crops that are growing under glass. Protect the hearts of cauliflowers from direct sunshine bv breaking some leaves over the center of the plant. Keep egg plants, peppers and tomatoes moving, and allow them plenty of room in which to develop. Make a sowing in pots of early sweet corn, lima beans, squash, and cucumbers to be planted out when the ground is warm enough. This method generally ensures a gathering of these vegetables a week or two in ad- vance of those sown outside. Transplant annuals from last month's sowing, using a good light compost into which plenty of leaf soil has been incorporated. Sow further batches of annuals for succession. This is a good time to Sow the main plantings' of Asters, Zinnias, Phlox Drummondii. Scabious, etc. Plant out Pansies. Sweet Williams, Foxgloves, Canter- bury Bells, or other early blooming subjects that have wintered in the cold frame, as soon as favorable weather permits. Get in a succession of peas ; marrowfat varieties are generallv preferred. This is one of the most important crops of the season and every effort should be made to extend its duration. Sow the main crop of onions and some early carrots and beets on a warm border. ]\Iake a planting of parsley, radishes and lettuce. 90 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE The Greenhouse, Month to Month W. R. FOWKES K MARCH and early April are exacting periods in plant growth. Nature has aroused from her slumbers and all is active. The sunshine and extra daylight demand more attention to details. The vinery, where the most luscious fruit is to be garnened next November, has gained new vigor. The new growths must be disbudded, but one must be careful to leave sufficient lateral growths with good eyes. Allow a little air on the top of the house all night, and avoid scalding the tender shoots. The bor- der must be watered thoroughly and a moist atmos- phere maintained inside. Check the fires early in the day, although on dull days it is policy to give brisk heat and air. Peach and nectarines in pots that have set a good crop must be carefully disbudded. There is no mys- terv about this. Take away with thumb and finger every third growth, leaving enough to form next year's plant. Keep the roots well supplied with water, and the drainage should be kept clean. Give for a foliage stimulant one ounce of sulphate of iron in one gallon of water, twice a week. It will tone up the plants' systems. Syringe these plants every afternoon at three o'clock, standard time, thoroughly wetting the paths and closing the house entirely. At six o'clock open the top ventilator one or two inches, but no more. The warm afternoon treatment is conducive to rapid growth and development of the small fruits, as the June sunshine is to outdoor fruits. The open ventilators at night are the means of solidifying and resting the plant. Growth and rest are necessary in plant as well as in human life. Palms need sufficient shading to maintain their health and vigor. They must not be allowed lo be- come dry at the roots, and in regard to food, they like more rich fertilizer than any plant grown. Spray with ivorv soap at least once a fortnight, and thus keep the i)lants clean of scaly pests that so disfigure the young growths and leave their hideous mark. Bo- tanicallv speaking, palms together with bananas and most tufted plants are drained by the centripetal sys- tem, that is, the slope of the leaves and stems is such that the water, when applied overhead is led towards the trunk, so that syringing is not only useful but necessary. Give more air along with extra heat. Keep young crotons clean. .Avoid stimulants to get a quick growth. Wlu-n the final pot is reached, jjlcnty of plant food will benefit, but if you kill young roots now, the leaves will fall. The last batch of strawberries in pots will re(|uire a little Clay's fertilizer to fini.sh off their fruit. Give plenty of air and water. .\ shelf is a good place for them. Pot up the earl)' Summer batch of tuberoses. Place four bulbs in a six-inch pot, using humus and cow man- ure. They will succeed better in this compost than in anything else. In the orchid houses, more shade is necessary; also a little change of plants to different parts. Lcclia an- ceps. having blossomed, should be hung up near the ventilators. It does not require so much water now as it will in six weeks. Renantheras are jnishing out their spikes. Keep them near the glass. Give the vandas a cool position, especially the cccrulca. which is not often seen in good flowering condition. Too much heat and dryness is the frequent reason. Place them over a bed of oak leaves and fill the nodules with rain water every day. These plants need it more than many orchid plants. Rain water is the proper food for orchids. No stimu- lant is needed, as the rain has captured all the nitrogen and sulphur these plants require. Miltonia I'cxUlaria, commonly called odontoglos- siiiii: or the ])ansy orchid, is making rapid strides to- wards blooming, by strong growths that will send forth some fine spikes of bloom in May. Watch that aphis does not disfigure these beautiful plants. Cvmbidiums are easilv iirown. thrivin"' best if left , - . - '^ -s ^ alone m a corner. Chrysanthemum plants are on their way, and the exhibition kinds are now in four-inch pots. They can be kept cool as possible in a house or a cool frame; 40 degrees at night is high enough. Keep free from aphis. Spray your carnations more than usual to keep clear of red spider. Carnation plants should be placed in cold frames ready for planting outdoors. Tulips are now coming into their own and are ar- rayed in all their glory. Abundance of water and liquid manure is necessary for perfect growth. Calla Elliottiana is a useful Summer blossomer. Its lovely yellow blooms and variegated leaves are greatly admired. Liliiini laiuifoliinii should be started in six-inch l)()ts. Do not use retarded bulbs of this varietv as they have not proved useful, in fact, they are of no use. The same applies to gladioli. Do not use cold storage bulbs as thev do not pay. Lily of the valley is, of course, all right. Fill all emptv wire hanging baskets with . Isparat^iis Sprengerii. Achimcncs are also useful and make a great dis])lav. The}- demand much water twice daily. Acacias arc noble, liard wooded plants, liking ])eat soil to grow in, and the avoidance of artificial fer- tilizer. Their culture is (|uite simple. After their blooming ]jeriod is ].)ast. keep cool ; cut back .straggly growths and syringe gently. .Xt the end of May they can be ])hmgcd outdoors in coal ashes to the rim of the pots. Azaleas should be given cool treatment. Soot water is a safe stinnilant. 'S'ou can time them for Easter blooming, anennet, of Norwalk, Conn. Two rows of Gladiolus beside of two rows of same planted at the same time using the same amount of commercial fertilizer and compost and Potash- Marl and compost. The two rows planted with commer- cial fertilizer came up with a yellow tint. The Potash- Marl treated with a darker green foliage and the spikes or foliage was a much darker green. The flowers were more brilliant and larger. It has been found that in using Potash-Marl that the best results have been obtained by placing it directly in contact with the seed which can be safely done as there is no danger of burning. In addition to the advantages of being odorless, and free from weed seeds, Potash-Marl does not leach away. Any of the elements necessary to plant growth which have not been consumed by the plant remain in the ground upbuilding the soil for future crops. It has been demonstrated in many experiments made from the year 1818 to the present time that Potash- Marl as a fertilizer for crops, lawns and flowers is de- serving of consideration even by the most critical. SOME OF THE EARLIER SPRING FLOWERS ( Continued from page 88) naked stem arising from a rosette of root leaves is sur- mounted by a cluster of numerous, small white flowers. On the warm hill slopes in April there are Pussy-Toes, Antciinaria planfaginifolia. with downy stems and woolly leaves and silky, silvery white heads of small but ex- tremely interesting flowers. This flower was one of the earliest loves of our early childhood, and our affection for it has never grown dim. Near the Pussy-Toes we find another of our childhood flowers, the low-growing type of the blue Violet, Viola cueidlata. Other Violets too are found in bloom in this .fickle month of April ; Viola hlanda. the Sweet ^^'hite Violet, growing in the moist meadows and swamps ; Viola r at undi folia, the Round-Leaved Yellow Violet, which wc first saw years ago growing on the clayey bank of a brook and which we have seen in bloom only once since in a like location ; Viola lanceolata, the Lance- Leaved Violet, growing in damp ground, having white flowers whose lower petals are penciled with purple ; Viola pu-bescens, the Downy Yellow Violet, whose bright yellow flowers veined with purple we have sometimes seen in open rocky woodlands in late March : Viola canina variety Muhlcnhergii, Dog-Violet, which blooms shyly in late March but in profusion in April in moist, grassy, ojien woodlands, and whose flowers vary in color from very light to dark blue. On the dry, sandy, sunny hill- sides where the grass can barely exist there grows a \'iolet quite different in both flowers and foliage from the others. This is Viola pedata, the Bird's-Foot Violet, whose leaves are divided into many sections, and these sections again parted, and whose flowers vary in color from lilac to blue and sometimes to white. In the pretty variety of this named hicolor, which is much rarer than the species, the two upper petals are quite deep violet. In the rocky, mossy, sandy soil on hill and mountain side : sometimes well down to the foot of these elevations ; on the river banks or in the edges of the meadows : often in the shade of trees or shrubs, and not infrequentlv partly covered with the brown leaves which have fallen from the trees, we find prostrate and trailing along on the ground a little evergreen shrub which bears the sweetest scented and brightest pink flower of April. This is the Trailing Arbutus, Epigcea repcns. which the Pilgrims called Mayflower, under which name our Whittier im- mortalized it in verse. The flower buds of the Trailing Arbutus are fully formed in Autumn and, protected by leaves and by snow during the Winter, burst into bloom in early Spring. Close up to a ledge or boulder in the open country, or in a sparsely wooded ravine we find two plants whose flowers are quite different from most of those which bloom in April. The one is Dicrntm ciicullaria, Dutch- man's I-ireeches, so called from the form of its flower, whose dainty heart-shaped white blooms tipped with yel- low are borne on a scape and whose grayish green, thrice compound leaves are delicate and unusually pretty. The other is Dicentra canadensis. Squirrel-Corn, so called be- cause its underground shoots bear yellow grain-like tubers. The heart-shaped blooms of this Dieentra are white and tipped with rose color, and its foliage closely resembles that of D. cncullaria. In this same month of April in moist woodlands, grow- ing in the clefts of the cliffs, there is another plant in flower belonging to the same order as the Dicentras, CorydaUs glatica. the Pink Corydalis. The delicate pink and white flowers of this plant are borne in loose racemes ind tipped with yellow, and its grayish green leaves are made up of deeply cleft leaflets with scalloped edges. This CorydaUs continues to bloom throughout the season. Going away from the rocky ravines and out of the woodlands into grassy places we find a dear little flower which the children all like to gather with their Violets, a flower with many commcjn names some of which are "Innocents,'' "Bluets" and "Blue-Eyed Babies," but whose botanical name is Houstonia ccvrulca. The flowers range in color from lilac to pale blue and sometimes to cream and have a yellow eye. They are borne on slender stems rising out of a tuft of root leaves. Every one of these early Spring flowers and many others we have gathered in the Spring days of the years which are gone, looked upon them as objects of beauty and studied them botanically. ^^'e may not be permitted to do this again Init with us the memory of these flowers ever remains. 92 GARDEyERS' CHRONICLE Departments of Foreign Exchange and Book Reviews ROSE MAReCHAL NIEL IN the Spring of 1870, when quite a small boy, the writer remem- bers going with his father one night to visit a friend who had in his greenhouse a wonderful rose in blo.s.si i.i. a variety which had only been "out" a few years, and was creating something of a sensation. As the night was cold we were told to make our way to the greenhouse while the owner went for a light. On opening the door we were immediately conscious of a most delicious per- fume, and when tlie lamp was brought it revealed a room simply crowded with glorious yellow roses amid tender green foliage. Fifty years after that lirst introduction to Marechal Niel no other rose has quite taken the place of this old favorite as a climber for the greenhouse. It soon achieved a reputation as an indoor rose, and there were very few greenhouses indeed in which in the early 'seventies one was not to he found. Its productiveness, its beautiful color and form, and its delightful fragrance earned for it many admirers, and when it made its di'but in the year 1864 it marked an epoch in the rose world, crowds flocking to see it wherever it was exhibited. People who owned a greenhouse, on beholding it for the first time, were fascinated by its beauty. To see was to desire, and so it came about that for a long time Marechal Niel held sway among roses. From the commercial standpoint it must have proved a most remunerative sort to the distributors of tliose days ; a brisk busi- ness in the blossoms were certainly done about Easter time among nurserymen, for it was no uncommon thing to see house after house with the roofs covered with flowers. It had not long been introduced before it began to be whispered that it was subject to canker; that it was a mistake to keep it in the house all the year, and so it came about that after it had flour- ished, been cut back and the new growths made, one saw this prince among roses turned out of doors for its annual airing, much the same as Azaleas and Camellias and other hard-wooded plaiits. That Marechal Niel was, and is, liable to canker is a point vvhich few who grow it to-day would dispute, but in the writer's judg- ment at any rate, it is largely caused through limited root-space and through over-feeding, especially where highly stimulating ar- tificial manures are employed. In its early days many people grew it on its own root, and it was not long before the flowers were observed to be paler in color than those on the plants origi- nally set out. About this time some friends of ours who had sufifered loss of plants through canker, obtained fresh ones, which were set in an outside border and the shoots taken through the wall and under the rafters, Vine fashion. This was followed by a larger output of blooms, and also involved more rigorous pruning after the flower- ing season. Another difflculty sometimes presented itself, in the debiUtated state of the plant through inability to turn them oiit of doors for open air treatment. It w-as generally believed that if plants were procured on briar stocks much deeper colored flowers would result, but this could never be relied upon, although in some instances blossoms were certainly deeper in tint. It cannot be said that Marechal Niel was ever very popular for outdoor growing, although in certain sheltered districts to-day it is to be found growing on south walls. Its true sphere, however, is that of an indoor climber either in a house where little fire is kept or in a cold house. Outside, its flowers are not, as a rule, very freely produced or very good in size, form or color ; it is when given the shelter of a roof than one sees it at its best. Splen- did examples arc often seen in cold houses, particularly where there is convenience for drawing the lights down on the roof or for affording abundance of air in the Summer. In a house where the conditions tend to dryness it not infrequently leads to shoots dying off, but this can be obviated to a large extent by syringing those newly planted. Another disease to which Marechal Niel is prone is mildew ; this often appears near the flowering period and is chiefly caused through ill-judged ventilation. Possibly to-day we do not set so great a value upon this sterling sort as did gardeners of fifty years ago, and this may be accounted for by the introduction of many other climbing subjects, but if we could imagine that Marechal Niel had to make its entrance into the rose world now would it not cause an even greater sensation than it did in the 'sixties? .\fter all, it is unique, and one still often hears it said: "There is nothing quite like Marechal Niel." For indoor cultivation it stands alone and has never been super- seded. When well grown its half-opened buds are beautiful, its fully developed deep yellow blooms magnificent, and its foliage is a perfect setting for both, leaving nothing to be desired. To crown all, it possesses the greatest charm which any rose can have- delicious fragrance — so sadly lacking in many more recent intro- ductions. It is seldom seen to-day in quite the form it displayed even twenty years ago, but it is to be hoped that it will be many seasons yet before all that remains of this grand old rose is a fragrant memory. — The Garden. SOME WILD ROSES DURING the last twenty years a number of roses have been introduced from China, anl although they do not command the attention bestowed on the various Hybrid Teas, they never- theless deserve a place in every garden where space can be found for them. Wild Roses appeal to me, short though their flowering season be, for in Autumn the numerous highly colored hips pro- duced by some species render them conspicuous and exceedingly bright at the time when most other plants are past their best. The first eff'ect is brought about by grouping the various spices in the shrubbery border, on the fringe of the wild garden, or wherever they can be allowed to ramble without much pruning. Thinning out the old growths is all the pruning they need. One of the most noteworthy is R. Hugonis, introduced from China by the French missionary, Peter Hugo, some twenty years ago. The single sulphur-yellow flowers, about two inches across, appear towards the end of Ma}-, the graceful arching growths being more or less clothed with blooms. The habit of the plant is semi-erect and certainly not stifT, and will attain a height of six to eight feet. It is suitable for covering large stones on the rock garden or as isolated specimens near the lawn, while it should be useful for making a hedge around a formal Rose garden. The foliage is pleasing at all times, and the flowers are followed by hips of a tlark crimson color. No pruning is needed except cutting out a few of the old growths when they become crowded. R. U''i!Imoti(F. — This pretty and very distinct species was named after the well known amateur, Miss Willmott of Warley Place, and it was discovered in Western China by Messrs. Veitch's col- lector, Wilson, some fifteen years ago. The single rosy-carmine flowers, which are about one inch across, are freely produced during June. They are borne singly on short stems on vifood of the previous year's growth. The fruits are orange-red, and the elegant foliage and arching growths add greatly to the value of a species which is quite distinct from the majority of Roses in cultivation. A'. Moyesii. — No species of hybrid of recent introduction has attracted so much attention as this delightful plant. It is quite distinct in habit, and no other Rose produces just that shade of color — it stands alone. It was first collected by Mr. A. E. Pratt about 1890 in the mountains of Szechuan at an elevation from 7,000 feet to 9,000 feet, and it was named in honor of the Rev. J. Moyes, a missionary in China. Introduced to cultivation by Messrs. Veitch in 1903, it was, when shown by them on June 9th, 1908, given an award of merit by the R.H.S. When it was ex- hibited by Mr. J. C. Allgrove on June 30th, 1916, it gained the coveted first-class certificate, an award thoroughly well deserved. A'. Moyesii is quite hardy, a free grower, and will form a bush six feet to ten feet high. The flowers are about two inches across, dark red, the younger blooms being a shade of cardinal rod, while an additional charm is the large cluster of tawny yellow stamens. The erect grow-ths are covered with stout prickles, the leaves are small, and the pear-shaped orange-red hips are a « rrford N.J, TRAOtBKri In DmARK — PULVERIZED Sheep Manure Wonderful natural fertilizer for amateur or professional growers — unequaled for lawn, flowers, vegetables, fruits and shrubs — effectively sterilized — no weeds or chemicals — safe and dependable. Ask vour seed or garden supply man for WIZARD BKAND or write direct for full iiili>rnialii The Pulverized Manure Company No. 18 Union Stock Yards, Ckicago Joseph Manda Co., Orchids Our Specialty Send for Our Catalogue 191 Valley Road West Orange, N. ]. »!ldi-flJfiVI<>td!F:VfcJ:M.'J. CATALOG FREE m S, I, ,(.„,„, I (.11 yr .,l,ll,ly U r.lr f, rclundcJ. toai of our c.lalof t IllllllllltllllllOl"""'"""'"""""" OUAIITY RED POTS Mfldf of hcflt matprlal by BklllMl InUif, iinlffirmly buniwl and riinfiilly [fiirki-d. FamoDi "Mou- Artec" Wart Inrludi^ A7Jil.ft Pot*. Fi'TO DiHticM, IlRnKl"" BiukeU. I^ami VnwK. Ptf Write for caUiloguc »nri prirp llrt. The Zane Poltcrr CompanT So. Zanesville, Ohio PETER BOHLENDER & SONS ''iSi»& >. .UN—" --"f* [jio« 1 22 Tippfcnnoc Cily ' Mtnnu Covinty) 0\uoJ^ CLO F ]C IS GLADIOLI Send fnr t.ur h>.t .>| n ()M)f^:!0,000 are in use by Experiment Station worl{ers, farmers, gardeners and iiome owiiprs, Other Auto-Spray outfits for every ,-Iir;iying purpose. Our Spraying Calendar Bhould haoK in ytmr wnrk rouni. iL tells when anil IioW tospniy It's f il'i?. Send today and ask too tor Ca tulog. Tbe E. C. Brown Co. efr94 Maple St. Rochester, N. Y. ??;^^^#i^^^^^^^!:fe■^^>i^^^ 2^^C^-3 CONINE NURSERY CO. East Main St. Stratford, Conn. Established 1895. Kcfcrciice Dun. We have a good assortment of GENERAL NURSERY STOCK ill l.irui' sizes of Hemlock, Biotas, Pines, Retinosporas, Blue and White Spruces. \Vc have llic bi-st stock in tin- I'liitccl .Sl;i(cs. SPRAYING THE HOME GARDEN"-o 28-p.iie l>n..k It.in'-il iipiin iS y.Tfs' cxprricnrc — tells in simple wiiy how tt> ptnl, , t Ir'cs, s)irul>s, vinrs, flowers, vcBctnhlcs, IfominseitsjinddiM-n^es. 1 r.u lies the l^ecplnft uvllanii mali- (ft/;[iie//i)f plmils. Sent prepaid for 4c in iHiMaae. A{l,■ THE GLENSIDE HARDY FLOWER GARDENS Richard Rothe, Proprietor, Clenside, Pa. We are Specialists in Designing and Building of Rockgardens. For rates on Consultations and illustrated lectures please address RICHARD ROTHE, GLEMSIDE. PA- iff ■ iiimim m wf Good Pi'ofitsandSatisfiictioii in Selling the Naodtivafor Real Selling Features Light-(;o(-s anywhtTL- a man cun walk. Strong -cultivates under any conditions. Air-Cooled Motor— won't h-.at in hottest wfathtr. ;fJerfect Balance— holds the ground without tipping. Cultivates Perfectly — works close to smallL-st plants without injury. Easy to Operate — undi?r full control of ustr at all times. Saves— docs the work of five men, and does it betttr. Farm or market gara'eners, truck growers, nurserymen, small fruit growers, estate owners, appreciate the advan- tages of motive power on the farm. The MOTOR MACULTIVATOR is not an experiment, but a thorougli, practical power plant on wheels. Tested out by actual practical use in the fields before putting it on the market. It is a big opportu- nity fordealers. Has strong selling features. Our advertis- ing campaign and large circularizing program is increasing the demand for you. It is a dependable, easily operated motor cultivator that will do the work satisfactorily under all soil conditions. Age-ncies are now being asfigned. Get our liberal di'aUr proposition and Sf llina plans. THE MOTOR MACULTIVATOR CO 1312 Dorr Street, Toledo, Ohio J--...... ■■"■■■■■" miiiimiiiniiiinninTr iiiiiiiiilililliiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiim iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiviiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiilllliiliiuiillilllllilllllllllllllllll!; Gardening? It may be a small enclosure nestled between two city yards or a wide expanse of land on an estate. It's your garden just the same. You love it. \ou want to put into it the loveliest flow- ers and arrange its paths, its beds, its shrubbery with utmost artistry. House & Garden's | Book of Gardens | Is filled with the most enchanting gardens that | ever nodded and flowered in the pages of House | & Garden. Articles on flowers, shrubs and | bulbs— plans and suggestions for landscape | work — a complete gardener's calendar — these i are some of its contents. And behind them all | is the House & (Jarden Information Service, | ready to answer additional questions on par- j tirular pages that interest you. Can you imagine | a more (Iclighlfid SS worth" j Make your cheque payable to j The Chronicle Press, Inc. j 286 Fifth Avenue New York City | Siiiiiimu:inimimmiiii:.iiiii:iniiiiimnaiii)iiiiimmi'iiiiii»iiiiiiiMwmiiiniiiiiw^^^^^^ iiiiiiiiikiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiii.'iiii Iliiiiil aiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii ii i mil lililii niiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiii i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiin; 100 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiniii!iiiiiiiiiii!iii!i!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iii!iiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini^ ODORLESS EFFICIENT ECONOMICAL Potash-Marl Nature's Plant Food UNEXCELLED FOR CROPS — LAWNS — FLOWERS A Few Facts: I'otash-Marl-grown potatoes were the largest and finest potatoes in the Exhibit of the Stamford Horticultural Society, and the best crop in Westchester County in 1921. That Potash-Marl is an Ideal Lawn Dressing is proven by the remarkable results obtained by many Country Estates and Golf Clubs. "The finest flowers I have ever grown," is a typical expression in letters from many Gardeners who have used Potash-Marl in Greenhouses and Gardens. We have testimonials to verify the above statements Tel. Murray Hill 1433 Full particulars and prices given upon application Potash-Marl, Ikic. SOLE PRODUCERS 15 East 4otK Street, Nev5 York niiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiipiiiiiiiiim^^^^^^^^^^^ iiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiii /?. /. Eland, Gardener, and C . F. Christianson. .Assistant Gardenc} , on the Mrs. L. M. Sargent estate The beautiful estate of Mrs. L. M. Savg,enl ai I'ndes Crossiiii;. Mass. "Trees have shown a Avonderful response" -fhe tribute of Sargent Estate Gardeners to Davey Tree Surgery Prides Crossing. M;i The Dave}' Tree Expert Co., Inc., Kent, Ohio. An example of sectional filling work done by Davey Trie Sifr^cons on the Mrs. L. A/. Sargent estate JOHX DAVEY Father of Tree Surgery Gentlemen : The trees on Mrs. Sargent's estate have been well taken care of during the past four years by experts furnished by The Davey Tree Expert Co., and we heartily recommend the Davey Co. to any one desiring honest, conscientious tree service. The trees on this estate liave shown a wonderful response to the treatment rendered liy Davey's skilled experts, and we have every reason to believe that numbers of years have been added to the lives of some of our trees which under less skillful care would ha\e liecn lost. Sincerely yours, Raymond J. Klaud. Gardener. Carl F. Christianson, Ass't Gardener. Every gardener and estate superintendent has a most important work in the saving of trees under his care. Davey Tree Surgery brings to his aid the highest development of science plus a generation of experience. A careful examination of j'our trees will be made by appointment. THE DAVEY TREE EXPERT CO., Inc., 303 Elm St., Kent, Ohio. Branch offices with telephone connections: New York. Astor Trust Biiildiuff, Fifth Ave. and Alnd Street; Philadelphia. Land Titlr Building; Bosti7u. 467 Massachusetts Trust BuildiuR; Chicago, IVesttninster Building; St. Louis, Central National Bank Building. Pfirninnnnt ropresontntlvos iivaHnMp in liin. HnrriHNiirg. Haiti more. Wnshinu'toii, Ui<'hinnnil, HiilTnlo, Toronto. riltshnrk'h, Clevclnnd, Detroit, f'incinnntl. I.ouisvillc, In(liiunip()lis. riiiciit'o. Mllwiinki'f, Minm-npoliB. St. Lonis, KnnKiiH City, ranntlian aildre«R. 252 I.anKftnrhitore West. Montreal. DAVEY trb:e surgeons r.rcr\ real Pavex Tree Surgeon is in the employ of The Davey Tree Expert Co.. Inr.. and the public is cautioned against those falsely ../....■ 11 '..■.' //,■..,»,/- r« I •' '< 1 - -'Dj.irf it!, 111. 7t<:tli tlir /'n: * v Ci-tniuinv and not rv th an indi:^iducl is certain ci'tf/rrur of gmuiueness h. 25c A COPY The Most Greenhouse For The Least Money tr Here is what we ■■all mir I'lartii.'al I'ur- pose House. It will grow exactly a>. yuuil ^luck as can be grown in any house, regardless of price. It is just as free from repairs ami will last absolutely as long as the most ex- pensive house we build. It differs from our regular iron frame l)rivate house construction, in having a straight eave instead of a curved one, and an angle Iron Eave Plate instead of a gutter. The posts extend 2^4 feet in the ground and are cnil)edc. I'laincs, 111. Si CothcrlllM, Ont. -i:yj. jiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiuniiiiiiiiiiiMiiii I I I Ill iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiomiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiririiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ ^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuuiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiu Bobbink &^ Atkins Ask for Catalog CKoiccbV [jrseo &Grc roductrf Visit Nursery Americau Grown Roses We grow many thousands of field-grown rose plants in many hundreds of varieties. They are described in our Rose Catalog. Ask for Special List of Standard (Tree) Roses Our Nursery Products will create any artistic garden effect desired. ISurserymen and Florists RUTHERFORD NEW JERSEY afimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiailllililiiiliiiiiiiiuiiiiiniiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiillililiN iiiiiiin im Solves Your Grass Cutting Problem Write us today for big FREE illustrated book *'LAWNS BEAUTI- FUL." This book is authority on grass cutting. It tells how- to keep your lawn more beautiful— how to reduce your grass cut- ting expense to less than one- quarter the cost of hand cutting with our "4-ACRE POWER LAWN MOWER" The Pinnacle of Perfection in Power Mowers. A Sturdy. Powerful Grass Cutter. Built Uke a Tractor. Low in cost. Easiest of all to operate. Performs its work day in and day out, without expense. The only Power Lawn Mower that displaces hand mower work entirely. Particularly Adapted to Private Estates, Park Systems, Cemeteries, Goif-Links. Guaranteed to do more and better work at less cost and to outlast any other walking power motter of equal size. But get all of the facts and par- ticulars. Write today for FREE catalog "Lawns Beautiful." It's tbe best book on grass cut- ting ever published. Price reducfd to only 527000 F. 0- B. here, dealer's oprortuntty. Write quick. JACOBSEN MANUFACTURING CO. Dept. B. Racine, Wisconsin, U. S. A. Judge Marean'^s Incomparable Dahlia Creations Our stock of the follotving varieties is com- pletely sold out: E. T. Bedford La Grosise Bete Lady Betty The Bashful Giant Hercules Judge Marean Over There Judge Alton B. Parker Mrs. John T. Scheepers Venus Mrs. Josiah T. Marean Mrs. L De Ver Warner | We recommend that those who wish to secure | roots of Judge Marean"s other Dahlia creations | place their orders at once so that we may be I able to fill them from the limited stock which | now remains. | JOHN SCHEEPERS | 522 Fifth Avenue New York | illlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIll 101 auiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiJUiiiiiiciiiiiiiiKiuiiuiiuuuui IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIUIl' iiiiiifii(iiiuiii]iniiiii»ibiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiii.. Pergolas, Garden j >rals. etr. j (Mir ei|iii|iinrnl enables us to | iiiainifacUire at low cost a very | hiri:e line of original designs — 1 llie attractive kind. | It will be a ])Iea?ure to mail you | our booklet, "Landscape Beauty | I Arbor with Seat No. :4i Hints." | j Our Drafting Department will design especially for you— | = No charge. = I If interested in Fences, ask for our Blue Prints showing many | s attractive designs. l i. i = 1 Our Lattice Trimmings for wails arc in a class by themselves. ^ 1 Free Catalog. 1 I GARDEN CRAFT | I 4 Lake Street Crystal Lake, 111. j iiiii!iiiiiiimiiiiiiiii!iii3iii':ni:iiiiiiticiiii:iiiiililiiiliiiiiniiiiiiiiMiui'i. ii.i:iKiii.iii.iiiiuiiiiiii{iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)iuiiiuuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimi aimiimnmiii»iininmrnunnraiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiii;iiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniitiiiiiiMiii^ iiiiiiiiini iiiiiiiiiinii;iiiiiiiiu>ii»iriiiuiii<'j I WILSON'S I O. K. PLANT SPRAY Kills Plant Insects, Scale and Mildew Used by Leading Gardeners Bbls. $90, 1/2 bbls. $50, 10 gals. $20, 5 gals. $10 W hen you Spray — Spray Right Use WILSON'S PLANT SPRAY ANDREW WILSON, Inc. SPRINGFIELD •NEW JERSEY ^iiniiiimiiiiiiii)iiiiiiiiiiiiiiim!iiiiiiiunuiiii>«iiii!iiNiiii!n!iii!iniiiiiiiiiiiiiiii»niiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiii^ ^miiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiinmiii!»iiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiininiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiniiiuiiiiniiiiiiiiiiu^ I GRASS SEEDS I For I Golf Courses, Lawns, Shady and Ter- j race Situations mixed by an English I Expert of years' experience. World's I best Lawns made from this Seed. I Write for prices. I W. F. McCORD CO., I TARRYTOWN NEW YORK Competent Gardeners The comforts and products of a country home are increased by employing a competent gardener ; if you want to engage one, write us. Please give particulars regarding place and say whether married or single man is wanted. We have been supplying them for years to the best people everywhere. No fee asked. PETER HENDERSON & CO. Seedsmen and FloritU 35 and 37 Cortlandt St., NEW YORK CITY ■BiiiiiiwiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiMiwiiiiwwiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiwiiiiniintmiiiiiiiMiwimmiimiiimnriniiiin^ The Leucothoe | •yHE finest of hardy low border | Everfrreens for the "Rhodo- g (lerulron Bed" and mass plantations. ^ Thick shining leaves in graceful § -r-i-Tirved sprays, with dense ra- h ■H-s of white bell-shaped flowers. 1 I sprays turn rich bronze tints § Autumn. . Thousands of speci- i II clumps at B'oxford-Hiffhlands ^ - iTst-ry. Also the rare Carolina ^ M< mlock- our most beautiful Amer- § ican Everg^rL-en, and a full coUec- = tioii of Hardy American Azaleas, h U'h.tilodendrons, Kalmias and Speci- § iiiLii Evergreens. 1 Illustrated Catalog-. = HARLAN P. KELSEY | Salem, Massachusetts P iiijilliiilliiiiiiiiliilllliiilllililiillllilllllilliuiiiniuiuiilliniililllllilllllilllilllllilliuilllliillllililiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiliiii umiim iiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiii^ 'g. I iiiiiiiiiiii nil iiiiiiiiii iiliiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii mil iiiiiiiiiii ii>iiiii| I AGHIMENES | Useful for hanging baskets and pots. I Galathea. Dark violet-blue. 1 Magnifica. Mauve, tall grower. | Dainty Queen. White with lavender eye. | Swainsonii. Mauve with white throat. | Bulbs of any of the above: | Doz., $4.00 100, $30.00 j W. E. MARSHALL & CO., INC. | Seeds, Plants, Bulbs | 166 West 23rd St. NEW YORK I ^mimiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiNNiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiniiuiiuiiiniHiiiiiiiiiiiimiinmiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiu^ i.t. guuuiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiwiiMimittiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinimiiiiiiiiinimiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiniiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ uiiiiii I OF INTEREST TO COUNTRY I ESTATE OWNERS The National Association of Gardeners takes this opportunity to place its Service Bureau at the disposal of owners of country estates when requir- ing competent gardeners, in the capacities of super- intendents, head gardeners or assistant gardeners — - tlioroughly qualified in every particular to assume llie responsibilities the positions call for — gardeners truly efficient in their profession. The Bureau is maintained entirely at the expense of the association and makes no charge to the em- ployer it may serve or to the member it may benefit. NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS M. C. Ehel, Secretary 286 Fifth Ave. New York 7 Vi/'s associal'wn is in no sense a trade union organization, hut includes in its sustaining lueiuber- sliip otvners of some of the foremost country estates in America. iiiiiiimiimiiiimiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiml 102 i"i'"i I ''«'■'' iii:iii™«i« I I iiiiiimiNi iiiiiiiiiiiraiiniiiiiniiiiiiin i iiiiiiiiiiiiinuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiir i^iiiiiiii i mii im,: iiikiiiiiiiiiiiiikiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiih nm n i himiimi iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii|i|i m (.<, LAST CALL!" Cariialioiis— 2'/2 " Pot Plants Thos. Joy The Lark Pink Benora Laddie $25.00 Per Hundred White Enchantress Happy Day Belle Washburn $12.00 Per Hundred La Miracle and Merveille Francaise, $2.00 Per Plant— $20.00 Per Dozen CHARLES H. TOTTY CO. MADISON NEW JERSEY BURNETT BROS. The House Famous FOR LAWN GRASS SEED We make a specialty of Larvn Grass Seed and Separate Grasses for all soils and situations, in- cluding Golf Courses, Putting Greens, Tennis Courts, etc. U'rit<^ for our General Flower and Vegetable Seed Catalogue, also Novelty list — Mailed Free Upon Request. BURNETT BROTHERS SEEDSMEN 92 CHAMBERS STREET, NEW YORK TELEPHONE, BARCLAY 6138 I iii:iiii;iiii : i iiittiiniiiiiiiiiiiniiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiniininiini i iiiiiiiiNiiiiiniitininii ^liiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiin mi iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii i iiiniiiiiiiiniiiiiittiin i mi iiiiiiiimimiiniiiimiil amiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiuiiiiiiiiaiii iniiiiiiimii mil i imuiiiuin ill iiiim i immmmig i' ' ' ' ' ' i""""""" iimiiniiiiiiiiiiiiii fl i \ji Gardening? \ \ DREER^ It may be a small enclosure nestled between two city yards or a wide expanse of land on an estate. It's your garden just the same. You love it. You want to put into it the loveliest flow- ers and arrange its paths, its beds, its shrubbery with utmost artistry. House & Garden's Book of Gardens Is filled with ihe most enchanting gardens that ever nodded and flowered in the pages of House & Garden. Articles on flowers, shrubs and bulbs — plans and suggestions for landscape work — a complete gardener's calendar — these are some of its contents. And behind them all is the House & Garden Information Service, ready to answer additional questions on par- ticular pages that interest you. Can you imagine a more delightful S5 worth' Make your cheque payable to The Chronicle Press, Inc. 286 Fifth Avenue New York City 1922 <;arpen BOOK T / Is a reliable guide to Vegetable and Flower culture that no amateur or professional gardener can afford to be without. Tlie EIGHTY-FOURTH edition is larger and more complete than ever. It shows in eight color plates sonie of the Dreer Specialties and its 224 large pages give photographic illustrations of many of the varie- ties listed besides complete cultural directions for suc- cessful growing. It offers the best Vegetable and Flower Seeds; Lawn Crass and Agricultural Seeds; Garden Requisites; Plants of all kinds, including the newest Roses, Dahlias, Hardy Perennials, etc. The Garden Book is now ready. A copy mailed free if you mention this publication. HENRY A. DREER 714-716 Chestnut Street, PHILADELPHIA, PA. siiiiiiiiiiitntmimmimmmiiiiiiiiii iNimiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiimmiiiiiimmin; TimmnniiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiminiiiiiiiwuiuiiumiwiiiiMuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiNuniiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin^ 103 miiiNiiiiiimtiiiiiiiiitinMimmirHmiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ The Contents for April, 1922 Things and Thoughts of the Garden Montague Free 105 Trollius — Globe Flower Richard Rollie 107 Growing Strawberries Flonim Amator 108 Factors to Be Considered in Breeding Water Lilies George H. Pring 1 09 The Peony Berlrand H. Farr 1 1 1 A Marechal Niel Rose Story Richard I'lnccnt, Jr. 112 Roses and the Rose Garden Arthur Smith 1 1 3 Easter Lilies Bertha Berbert-Hammond 1 1 5 1 he International Flower Show 116 The Fruit Garden Howard N. Scarff 120 Arctic and Alpine Vegetation . IVillard N. C'uite 1 2 1 Work for the Month in the Garden Sanmel Colding 1 22 The Greenhouse, Month to Month George F. Slelpart 123 Department of Foreign Exchange and Book Reviews 125 National Association of Gardeners 127 Local Societies 129 Published Monthly by THE CHRONICLE PRESS. INC. 286 Fifth Avenue, New York. N. Y. MARTIN C. EBEL, Editor Entered at the New York fast OfHee as sceond class matter. No-:: S. 1914. under the ."tct of Caiii^rcss, March 3, 1S79, Vol. XXVI, No. 4 Issued 15th of each month. Subscription .... $2.00 a year Canada, $2.15; Foreign $2.65 jiiiimiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii[iiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiii niiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiimii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiillllliiiillillliiilliiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii»iiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiii!iiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii IIIIIIIIIIIllllllll!llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll[IIIIIIIIlll1inilllllltlHHIIIillll~ iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiHiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiniiii iiiniiiuiiiiiiii ffiumi Stumpp & Walter Co.'s Catalog If you have not already received our 1922 Spring Catalog, a copy will be mailed to you on request. Many New and Exhibition varieties of Flower and Vegetable Seeds are offered. Farm and Grass Seeds are also a feature. Cannas, Dahlias, and Gladioli — the best \'arieties to date. ^j^^^ume/^ 30-32 Barcla}? St. New York uiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiii 104 llllllll Jllllll sniiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii IIIIIIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIIHIIIIllllllllllllllllll GARDENERS' CHRONICLE (OF AMERICA) Devoted to the Science of Floriculture and Horticulture I Vol. XXVI III APRIL. 1922 NEW YORK No. 4 I ml Things and Thoughts of the Garden MONTAGUE FREE THOSE who are interested in alpine plants may be expected to be considerably intrigued over the pos- sibility of new tloral treasures being introduced to cultivation as a result of the Mount Everest expedition. We have not seen any reference to the matter in any horti- cultural paper, but an item in the N. Y. Tribune, culled from the London Westminster Gazette, would indicate that the botanical side was not neglected by the expedition. According to the Tribune — "The Botanical specimens in- cluded a plant belonging to the pink family from a height of 20,400 feet above sea level, several kinds of Primula — pale yellow, blue and dark purple — and one with big hanging bells, many gentians, a remarkable yellow ped- icularis, delphinium', and some beautiful dwarf rhododen- drons. "There were 116 packets of seeds — of which 18 packets are of rhododendrons, 12 of primulas, 18 of meconopsis, and four gentians." This is sufficient to make a con- noisseur's mouth water especially when reminded of the many valuable plants from the Himalayas that now enrich our rock gardens. Primula dentieulata, Gypsopliila ce- rastioidcs, Androsaee LeicJitlina, A. sarinentosa and many other interesting alpincs all come from that region. Then there is the remarkable Primula U'interi that created such a furore when it was shown at the R. H. S. Hall in Lon- don ten or eleven years ago. Its large blue flowers emerg- ing from a rosette of handsome foliage covered with vv-hite farina were something entirely distinct from those of any other Primula. It was raised by Messrs. R. Gill & Son of Penryn, Corn- wall, from seeds sent them from India by a Mr. Winter. As we remember it, this species was first exhibited to the public gaze in a specially constructed wire cage in the alpine house at Kew. The plants were the property of Alessrs. Gill and the Kew authorities naturally did not like the i4ea of having such a rarity purloined — hence the cage. A most effective display was made by the raisers at the R. H. S. fortnightly show in February, 1911, when a group of magnificent specimens, many of them a foot across, were shown emerging from a background of black velvet. In spite of its beaut\- one hears nothing of P. Jl'infcri now — in all probal>ility, as with many others, because its constitution is such as can be best described by that word of the gardener that expresses so much — ''miffv.'' * * ;!= \\'e have recently been perusing a small book published in 1842 by N. B. Ward, F. L. S.,''entitled "On the Growth of Plants in Closely Glazed Cases." The horticultural world owes a debt of gratitude to Mr. Ward, for, from his experiments in growing plants under close conditions, the use of "Wardian" cases for the transportation of plants over great distances was initiated. If it were not for this invention it is reasonably sure that the introduction to cultivation of many of the plants that now grace our gardens and greenhouses would have been long deferred. Wardian cases have also plaved a great part in the successful introduction of economic plants from one country to another — for example, in the trans- portation of Para rubber, Hevea brasiliensis, from the western hemisphere to the east. In these days of easy and rapid transportation it is somewhat difficult to visualize tne difficulties attendant on the importation of plants in the days when ships were dependent upon the wind for their propulsion. Voyages of six or eight months' duration were by no means un- common. Then there was the great fluctuation in temper- atures experienced during the vo3'age, sometimes amount- ing to as much as a hundred degrees, that had to be taken into consideration. Even when it was possible to ship plants in a dormant condition they would be sub- jected to a tremendous ordeal, and it does not occasion surprise to learn that frequently shipments of plants col- lected at great trouble and expense were found to be dead on arrival at their destination. Menzies, to whom the botanical and horticultural world owes so much, was un- fortunate in this respect. It is recorded of ^lenzies' last trip around the world with \'ancouver, that all of his living plant collections were lost, due to the exclusion of light from them when in transit. It was customary some- times to have someone travel with the plants in order to care for them as far as facilities would permit, and \\^ard makes mention of the devotion to his charge on the part of a M, de Clieux, that is most inspiring. He says : . . . "if the voyage lasts longer than usual and the water runs short, it is not every one who has the care of plants that will imitate the example of the patriotic M. de Clieux, who, in 1717, took charge of several plants of coffee that were sent to Martinico, and approved himself worthy of the trust. The voyage being long and the weather un- favorable, they all died but one ; and the whole ship's com- pany being at length reduced to short allowance of water, this zealous patriot divided his own share between himself and the plant committed to his care, and happily succeeded in carrying it safe to Martinico, where it flourished, and was the parent stock whence the neighboring islands were supplied." 105 106 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE By planting- the material to be shipped in moist soil (cocoanut fiber refuse is sometimes successfully used now- adaysj in wooden boxes glazed with glass, well protected against possible breakage — in effect a miniature green- house— the hazards of shipping plants long distances were to a large extent eliminated. Ward records the success- ful transportation of a case of plants from Sydney, Aus- tralia, to England, "and on their arrival at the docks they were in the most healthy and vigorous condition." This, in spite of the fact that the voyage lasted eight months and that the temperatures experienced on the voyage ranged from 20 degrees when rounding Cape 1 lorn to 120 degrees when crossing the equator. A modern instance of plants successfully enduring a long voyage was experienced at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden on the occasion of importing a shipment of rare Cycads from Australia. These plants were shipped from Australia July 29, 1914, and received at the Garden on February 16. 1915 — a period of about six and a half months. The delay in this case was not due to the causes that operated in the old days but to the exigencies of war. The ship on which they were loaded at Australia was commandeered by the Federal government for the trans- portation of troops and the Cycads had to wait. They were reshipped and reached Port Said, when the ship was taken over by the government and the poor Cycads again dum];ed. They finallv reached London and after another transhipment were forwarded to New York. These plants were not packed in Wardian cases but in boxes covered with stout burlap. The fact that they were in fair condi- tion on arrival was due not so much to the method of packing as to the tenacity of life possessed by Cycads in general. The reason that plants in Wardian cases are enabled to thrive for long jieriods without attention is due, of course, to the fact that there is practically no loss of water by evaporation. That which is transpired by the plants condenses on the glass and returns again and again to the soil. The great danger to guard against in Wardian cases, whether used for transportation purposes or for ornament in the home, is that of associating rampant growers with slow growing subjects, when there is the possibility of the less ag.gressive jilants being smothered. It seems that it was entirely by accident that IMr. W'ard hit upon the principle of growing plants under close con- ditions. It so happened tliat he had placed the chr>'salis of a Sphinx in moist soil in a wide-mouthed glass liottle which was covered with a tin lid. In course of time a sporeling fern (Mr. Ward consistently speaks of scrclliiis; ferns and fern seeds) and a plant of Poa annua developed from the surface of the soil. These flourished in the same bottle for nearlv four years without any additional water. At the end of that time they died in consecjuence of the lid rusting, admitting rain which presumably caused them to rot. It was ai)parently no trick at all to keej) various species of filmv ferns alive. (It should be rememlK-red that Mr. '\\'ard's exiieriments were conducted in smoky London.) lie records that HymenophyUum and some mosses were planted in a lx)tt1e and that after nine vears, without anv additional moisture Ix-ing applied, the plants were as fre.sh as on the day they were enclosed. These successes evidently inspired more ambitious un- dertakings and a house abf)Ut 8 ft. srjuare was built oiil- side one of the windows facin^^ north. This was nlanted Avith various ferns and flowering plants such as l.'nuucn hnreali<:. Primula vidvaris, Dh^UnVw purpurea, Mrrniitif'sis caiuhrica. Linara rvnihalaria and ni;inv others, all of which succeeded well. This house was built with ;i jirrforated pipe around the top of it by means of which the plants could be watered. Evidently when the size of the case progresses beyond a certain limit [)rovision innsi iie made for watering. The' "drawing room case" was interesting, containing a.'^ it did. pahiis, ferns, lycopodiums, cacti and aloes. One would think that it would be rather difficult to grow in one container, plants requiring such varied conditions as these, but the difficulty was overcome by planting the moisture-loving plants in the Ixjttom of the case and sus- jjending the succulents from a bar in the roof and com- ])elling them to obtain all their moisture in the form of vapor. He tells of a bottle containing Maniiiiillaria tenuis and two or three fleshy species of Euphorbia; "The plants have been enclosed four years, the mold consisting of a very sandy loam. No water has been given since the}- were planted and ail are in a state of perfect health although now outgrowing their narrow bounds." Roses were grown by ])lanting small growing varieties ii-i tubs and covering them with 1x41 glasses, which were somewhat smaller in diameter than the tubs. 44iese were placed out-of-doors and they received most of their water from the rain which seeped in between the jar and the edge of the tub. These continued for three years and Mr. Ward states that they required no attention other than an occasional pruning. These experiments led to a house being constructed, heated by hot water, which approximates very closely the greenhouse as we know it today, but presumably no pro- vision was made for ventilating the house. The range of temjierature recorded in this house in the lower part is between 45 and 90 degrees and at the top between 30 and 1.30 degrees. A varied collection of plants was grown, such as palms, ferns, Calafhea, Caladiuni. succulents of various Icinds , orchids, and flowering plants such as Begonia, FiieJisia, and Passion Flower.. * ■■-.: ■•:■ It is rather amazing that \\'ardian cases are not used to a larger extent in growing plants in dwelling houses. There is no doubt that they achieve their ])urpose. if in- telligence is used in the selection of plants to fill them. There is similarly no doubt that they aftord an ojiportu- nitv of enjoying the beantv of the plants, and the interest of growing them, to people who would othci-\\-ise be en- tirely deprivcfl of this pleasure. It would seem that there are possibilities for progressive gardeners and florists in this system of growing plants. So far the only extensive use made of it is to be seen in the Fall, when fish globes, furnished with berried jilants of Mitehella repens. the Partridge lierry, and covered tightly with glass, are sold in the stores. W'ard evidently had great expectations concerning ihc value ;ind wide a|;])licabilitv of his invention, some of which unfortm-iately have never been realized, i-'or ex- ample in the chapter "On the application of the closed plan in improving the condition of the poor." he suggests that there are numbers of people in hnniblr circumstances in crowded cities with a ])assionate love for llowers that could be gratitied by making use of a Wardian case. He jioinls out that a case can be made very cheaply ruid that it cm be furnished still more cheaply by gathering wild plants from the woods sm"rounding- London. l'"vi(lently he cares nothing for the feelings of tlie "W'ild I'lowcr Pre.servation .Societx" — if such existed in his da\-. He ,"-oes on to admonish the iioor and chide iIkwc re- sponsible for the creation of "fanc\" or "llori>l>-" llow- ers in i)hr;iseoloi.'\- that sounds ratliei- c|n,-iint in these days. He will he.-ir (|uoling a.yain at this jioint : "But I must here caution the poor agru'nst induluing a t.'i^tc for what are called f;ini-\- llowrs — things which ( Cciiiimiril on h""r \07 ) For April, 1122 107 Trollius — Globe-Flower RICHARD ROTHE rROLLIUS is a hardy herbaceous genus of the order Ranunculacccc with garden forms of erect medium tall growth, distinguished by dark green, paimately lobed and dissected foliage and clear yellow or orange colored, globular or semi-globular flowers. Though gen- erally known and easy obtainable globe flowers apparently enjoy favored and liberal space only in gardens through- out the north. Being by nature denizens of the moun- tainous sections and frigid regions of the northern hemi- sphere, they are able to endure long inclement Winters well. The rich yellow and urange hues of flowering plan- TrulliKs Jal'tiiiuiis. "h.vtclsior" tations conspicuously add in giving warmth to the bril- liant northern color tonality, while garden owners in Alid- dle Atlantic and Southern States reveling in a much great variety of blossoms are prone to overlook the singu- lar charm of Trollius. A strong single specimen, especially of the tall growing mixed hybrids, is strikingly beautiful. In Europe we find TroU'ms quite freely employed as choice bedding plants in formal gardens. They are also considered a highly effective material for hardy borders when grouped togeth- er in clumps of from 6 to 12 plants. Thriving best in a rich, sandy loam, they require an open sunny situation in the north. South of New England semi-shade is prefer- able. Xot averse to moderate moisture, globe flowers are well adapted for brookside gardening and plantings along the shore lines of pond and lake. Trollius ciiropccHs producing medium sized loose globu- lar flowers of clear yellow shade is the most widely known species. The fact that it is alDounding within the middle and lower regions of the Alps suggests occasional em- ployment for the rock. garden as being appropriate. For the northern climate shape and color of the flowers proves ideal for radiant mass eft'ects. Trollius asiaticiis and Japunicus ""Excelsior" produce flowers of a vivid deep orange, while those of the variety Caucasians "Orange Globe" are recognizable liy their golden orange color. European firms list various distinct new hvl:>rids of which the large deep yellow flowering ""Gold Uuelle" is obtain- able in America. TruUins used cffccliixly in ,) border Trollius are mostly raised from seed which is best plant- ed right after ripening. I'.eing very slow in germinating seeds procured by the trade should be always sown in flats during Fall. Exposed to frost and snow during Winter successful germination usually takes place the following Spring. For propagation of valuable hybrids, growers must rely on the slow process of division of old stock. 'Trollius require Winter protection in the north, leaf- covering to be preferred. THINGS AND THOUGHTS OF THE GARDEN {ContiiiHcd from page 106) this year are rewarded with gold medals, and the next are thrown upon the dunghill. Believing that all human pur- suits ought to be estimated in exact proportion as thev tend to promote the glory of God, or the good of man, let us for a moment compare the empty chase after fancy flowers with the legitimate pursuits of horticulture and floriculture. So far from the love of God, and the good of his fellow creatures, being the end and aim of the fancy florist, he values everything in proportion as it is removed from Nature, and unattainable by the rest of mankind. 'A long time must elapse ere the world can hope to see a perfect Pansy,' says one of these fancy writers. How the world is to benefit by this Phoenix when it does arrive he will of course inform us in his next publication. Let me entreat the poor to remember that their single talent should be well employed ; let them learn to estimate things according to their true value, and devote their time and attention to the legitimate pursuits of horticulture and floriculture." It is interesting to remember, in connection with this book, that present day plant ecologists are paying great attention in their investigations to evaporation, and con- sider it an im]>ortant factor in determining the character of the vegetation. 108 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE Growing Strawberries FLORUM AMATOR THE soil which will grow a good crop of corn or pota- toes will produce a fair crop of strawberries, but the strawberry prefers a rich and somewhat moist soil, and a sandy loam, rather than a heavy clay, though under proper culture it gives excellent results on clay land. Though the strawberry delights in a moist soil, never- theless it should be planted on well drained land only. It prefers a cool location. The Strawberry bed should he away from large trees, as they rob the soil of moisture, and fertility. A southern slope with buildings on the north, is favorable, when early berries are desired ; otherwise a northern or western slope is to be preferred. If early varieties are planted on a southern slope, and the mulch, of which we will speak later, is removed early, and late varieties are planted on a Northern slope, and the mulch left on late, the berry bearing period will extend over a longer season. Land on which grass or strawberries have been grown within a year or two, should not be used, be- cause the former is frequently infested with white grubs, and the latter with strawberry diseases and insects injur- ious to strawberries. Stable manure is excellent, when properly used. If it cannot be obtained, sheep manure in a pulverized state, and bone meal may be used, and to these may be added a moderate amount of wood ashes. If the strawberries are to be set out in .\ugust or Sep- tember, it is a good plan to manure the land very heavily in early Spring and plant on it a hoed crop which can be harvested in July to make room for the berry plants, after the land is spaded or plowed again, in August. If the plants are to be set out in early Spring, the same method of very heavv fertilizing and Raising a hoed crop the previous season should be followed. Fresh stable manure should not be used on the land just before the jjlants are set. If, however, the land has not been sufficiently enriched for the previous crop, the other manures previously men- tioned may be applied a i)art on the land before it is plowed or spaded, and a part alongside of the rows of plants later. Fresh stable manure may be spread on the land in Autunm and ])lowcd in, the land being left rough ( in the furrow), so thai the frost may destroy injurious grulis, etc., and the land replowed, and the plants set in Spring. If this method is followed, the land may be plowed or spaded deep. The roots of a strawberry prefer a firm rather than a loose soil ; therefore, plow or spade shallow soil about six inches and deep soil about eight inches deej). Make it fine by rejjeated harrowings or rakings. and then make it firm with a roller or drag so that the surface may be smooth and no hollow ])laces beneath. The stravvl>erry propagates itself by means of runners. which take root, and produce plants after the blooming season. The.se new plants will l)ear fruit the next season, whether they are allowed to remain in the bed or are trans- planted. These rooted runners may l)e transplrmled in early .'Xutumn, or far lietter in the north in early Spring to your new beds. Potted plants are obtained by plunging small pots under the new runners in June and July. These pots are filled with the roots by August or Scpteml>er, and are detached from the old plants. These pot plants are excellent for Fall settling in the home garden. Tlie cost is greater than for rooted-nmner plants taken from the beds without i>nts, but they are well worth the difference in cost, and are mostly used by amateur gardeners for Summer and .Au- tumn planting. In the .Spring amateurs as well as com- mercial strawberry growers usually set out rooted runners, but of late years sometimes potted plants, which have been wintered by strawberry plant growers in cold frames, can be bought by amateur gardeners for Spring planting also. The rows should be 30 to 36 inches apart, and the plants 18 to 24 inches apart in the row. To raise the very larg- est and finest berries, keep the plants strictly in hills, so that they can be cultivated on all sides, by cutting off all the runners, and allowing no young plants to form until the plants have borne one crop at least. It is more cus- tomary, however, whether potted plants are planted in .\utunm or rooted runners in Spring, to allow about four to six runners to remain on each plant, and each uf these to form one new plant only and to train these, as they are forming, so that they will be arranged about the parent plant like the spokes about the hub of a wheel. .■\nother method is to train these runners along the sides of the row instead of training them in wheel form. \\'hich- ever method is used, the work is done as follows: When a young ]3lant forms on the runners '"bed it in," that is, without detaching it from the nmner ; plant it where you would like it to grow, and allow no more plants to form on that ruiuier beyond the first plant, as they will if not checked. A bed of four rows with a wider space each side of it than the space between the rows to be used as a path in ])icking the berries and in cultivating is convenient in garden culture. Strawberry plants should always be set out very firmly. When rooted runners are used, select such as have formed the previous Sumiuer and which have not borne fruit ; for example, rooted runners which formed in the Summer of 1916 should be used for setting out that Fall or in the Spring of 1917. They will have long whitish roots from which it is usually better to cut off with a sharp knife an inch or so. Strawberries are divided into two classes, nanu-ly. per- fect and iiuperfect. The flowers of the perfect have both pistils, and stamens. The flowers of these perfect vari- eties will produce fruit, when grown alone or with the imperfect. The flowers of the imperfect varieties have onh' pistils, and will not produce fruit unless they are grown with jierfect varieties. In planting imperfect vari- eties, a perfect variety should be planted every third row or the imperfect will not bear fruit. The reason for grow- ing imperfect varieties is that many of these bear truit of su]>erior size and quality. Strawberry ])lant catalogs always mark the varieties as ]ierfcct and iiujierfect. Strawberries should be mulched in late .Autumn after the ground is frozen, to protect theiu in Winter and ]ire- vent them from being raised out of the soil by alternate freezing and thawing of the ground. If the mulch is al- lowed to remain late in S])ring on the plants, it will retard the crop. In regions where the snow is usually light, the mulch is most neces.sary, becau.se deep snows remaining long (in the ground are a good mulch. .Straw or salt hay ;dong the co.-ist from the tidal marshes, make the best nuilcli. Thi> mulch should be raked nff the |il;uits as soon as they begin to start in Spring, and either left between the rows to keep the berries dean, or better still removed altogetlur, and ]inl liaok between the rows and plants, after they have been cultivated once or more and before the berries apjiear. Strawberry plants will continue to bear berries for five nr six years, but they are usually renewed after they have borne one to three cro|)s. and the rirhev the land the oftener thev arc renewed. For April, 1922 109 Factors to Be Considered in Breeding Water Lilies GEORGE H. PRING BEFORE attempting the systematic breeding of water lilies the gardener should familiarize himself with the many species and present day hybrids. The tax- onomy should likewise be studied so as to be able to dis- tinguish the main groups with their respective sub- groups. If a careful study has been given the breeder will at once be able to place the species under its distinctive section by either stamens, carpellars- styles or leaf char- acters. In most cases the gardener overlooks the botan- ical characteristics as unimportant for the reason that it is too theoretical. Une frequently hears men discredit- ing the use of botany ; however, it is plainly manifested that the present day student in the profession realizes the necessity of the elements of botany in the curriculum of his studies. In studving the tax- onomy of the Nymphcra, we find two main groups, Apocarp'uc and Syncarpicc referring to the arrange- ment of the carpels or divi- sion of the seed pod. The first group Apocarphc has the carpels separating one from the other within the ovary, being fused only from the central axis. This fact is easily observed in N. gigantca by making a cross section of the ovary, the walls dividing the ovules can readily be sep- arated. All the species under this main group are of diurnal tiowering habit ranging in color from white, pink to blue. This group is again subdivided into two sections (A) Anccphya which includes but one species, A', gigan- tca. native of Australia and one of the most showy of water lilies and by far the hardest to flower, where tropical Summers are lack- ing. The distinguishing features of this sub-s^roup . is the absence of carpellary styles, which with otlier species from the innermost corona of the flower indicating the division of the ovary. (B) Brachyceras embracing upwards of fifteen swcies of world-wide dis- tribution 'in the tropics. This sub-group gives us the ma- jority of the dav bloomers frequently met with m aquatic collections as c'apcnsis. Zanziharicnsis. cwniica and hy- brids Whitaker, Pershing, Wilson gigantca. Panania la- cific Castalitioni. Tennsvlvania. Stella Gurney, t. V\ . Ward and William Stone. The distinctive characters are the prominent carpellarv styles of triangular shape form- ing a circle upon the top of the pistil which indicates the number of seed chambers within. The anthers are long, supported upon oval filaments grading down m size to where they resemble the styles. Group (2) Syncarpin- is the larger of the main di- visions, including both tropical and temperate species of diurnal and nocturnal flowering habit. The separation Mrs. Edzcanls H'hitakt'r. var. ma ofcr one foot in diameter. {N from the first is owing to the complete fusion of the car- pels on all sides, whereas the Apocarpice carpels were sep- arated along the side walls. The color of the flowers vary from white, rose to purple or yellow, but no blue. The group is subdivided into three. (A) Castalia in which all the hardy varieties are included ; this, in itself is sufficient for the la\man to be able to place in its respective section. The botanical characters are the petaloid stamens, being strap-shaped, terminating with short anthers, flowers usually floating. Rhizomes, somewdiat dififerent from all other species in not being protected against drought but lying dormant throughout the Winter. There are seven species found in all of the North Temperate Zone, except the Pacific Slope of North America. (B) Lotos, this familiar group presents the beautiful night bloomers of our gardens. Conrad rec- ognizes four species, lotos, rubra, Zcnkcri and piibcs- cciis. The latter two I have not seen in cultivation. All the present day hybrids, including many forms, are derived from the original parentage lotcs and rubra. This section is easily rec- ognized by the vegetative characters as the prominent venation on the underside and prominently toothed edges of the leaves. In the seedling stage it is pos- sible to place them by the elongated saggitate sub- merged leaves. Other fac- tors are the large cari^ellary styles w h i c h are strap- shaped and bend over the pistil, the stamens are linear, wedge-shaped and rounded at the apex, not pointed as with other types. (C) Hydrocallis like the previous group have noc- turnal flowers but instead of being supported upon stout peduncles they are floating. The notable fea- tures of this section are the nmisually large club-shaped styles and the long hairs attached to the seeds. I have not seen any species under cultivation, but I understand one species N. Rudgiana was formally under cultivation in the Oaks Ames collec- tion. Seeds of the group are used as food by the South Americans. It is manifested by these varied descrintions that there are several parts of the floral envelope, either of which may be used to classify the group or sub-group. The stamens are the easiest to use for placing the respec- tive sections. After studying the genus so as to become acquainted with the type material to-work with, the hybridist will de- cide to exert his energies in crossing night and day bloomers, with the object in mind of a perpetual blooming water lily. In reviewing the work of former hybridists the amateur will probably be somewhat enthused by Mar- liac's assertion that the red color in his noteworthy hybrids of hardy lilies was obtained from the lotos group iV. nnorata, presenting; four ttoii'ers . A. G. gold medal zvater lily.) 110 GARDE^ERS' CHRONICLE rubra. After a season spent in trying to intercross the day and night bloomers one will be rewarded with his notes indicating the pollinations, but alas: no seeds. .My experiments have satisfied me that it is impossible to in- tercross between groups and likewise, so far, sub-groups. This is attested by many hundred crosses made at various times during the day and even at night. If we examine the hybrids to date we tind all tloral characters of one sub- group, whether it be under that of Apocarpuv or Syn- carpiing to crawl out of its involuntary bath caused by the concave nectar-filled jiistil preventing it from flying. The stamens are so arranged as to form a series of sjirings built in series and grading down in size toward the center. l']joii the oi)cning of the flower all the stamens are perpendicular, making it pos- sible for the insect to get a foothold of the small interior whorls. 1 lowever, they only act as springs for the ex- [jress ])Ur])ose of repeatedly dum])ing the exhausted insect liack into its involuntary bath until death. It is a com- mon occurrence to find as many as half a dozen dead in- sects within the fertilized jMstil. .Vevertheless the flower is pollinated for the perpetuation of the species as Nature provided. ("cci/iPz/f. A ^AKirpii^ji. /. 9!>v^i*i lyui'^yam of longitudinal scclions of seed fods ivitli attached slamcns. shelving how the distineliTC lypes may lie reeogniccd by either stamen or carpellary styles. It is therefore very jilain that the hyliridist must lie on his guard against the insect invasion of his selected flow- ers, and, in addition, self-])ollination. To overcome the latter the seed-bearing flower should be emasculated in the bud stage by removing all stamens and attached anthers. The best time to accomplish this is at the time of flower expansion; the anthers very rarely dehisce pol- len at this time. The pistil is always receptive before the shedding of pollen to prevent inbreeding. I'oth staminate and pistillate flowers must be covered either with water- proof bags or by the use of elastic bands to kee]i out pol- linating insects. One cannot be too careful in litis res])ect. I have even had insects fly into the concave ])istil during llie act of applying the selected pollen, immediately sjioil- in the cross. OFFICIAL CATALOG OF STANDARDIZED PLANT NAMES l'"XTi;.\Sln.\ 111 TlMI', "Till'', ]>re-i)ublication jirice of $3..^0 ($3.7^ west of the Mississippi River, in Canada and abroad), is good on all Millers accompanied In ea-li and n'Ciived lis Ma\ 1. l')_'l. This extension of time w.is m;iile necessarv as it was fiiund im])ossible to get out the l'ros])ectuses to organi- zaliiins in lime for their members to avail of the sjiecial prc-puli!ic;ition price. AMi-.KiiAx loixT t().\iMriri:i-: ox IIOKTK I 1 TUR.'M, NOMICNCl-.-XTURK, \. Horace Mcl*nrlnnfl, Chairman, Hiulitn r, KcUcy. Si\rciary. For April, 1922 111 The Peony BERTRAND H. FARR Its Cl'ltuaiion TIIlv cultivation of peonies is so simple and their re- (|uirenients so little, that, it seems to me, their very simplicity is the most difficult point to make clearly understood. People who wish to raise extra choice ex- hibition blooms, often make the mistake of cuddling and overfeeding, to the extent of actual injury, instead of betterment of the plants. 1 know of no class of plants that will give such great returns, for so little care and labor expended on them, as peonies. Absolutelv hardy evervwhere, without pro- tection, they have only to be planted in congenial soil, where they will start of¥ for an annual circle of bloom, increasing in beauty for many years, with no further attention than an occasional cultivation of the ground around the clumps, and a to]) dressing of well-rotted manure applied in the late Fall, which should be raked ofl: of the crowns in Spring, and worked into the adjacent soil. This top dressing is not necessary as a matter of Winter protection, but the peony is a gross feeder and rtell repays careful feeding by increased size and abun- dance of bloom. It must be borne in mind, however, that manure or strong fertilizer of any kind should never be allowed to come into direct contact with the roots. The best fer- tilizers are well-rotted cow manure or bone meal. Hard- wood ashes used as a top dressing are also beneficial, but it is far better that no fertilizer at all be used than that it be overdone. Any good soil, where you would reasonably expect to grow a good tomato, corn or potato plant, will grow peonies. This you would not expect to do in the vicinity I if large trees or shrubs whose roots permeate and appro- priate all of the moisture and nourishment of the soil. We make it a rule never to replant peonies in the .same ground where they have been previously grown, unless after an interval of several years. For nursery planting, an old pasture or grass field plowed down makes an ideal location, provided there is drainage sufficient to carry ofif surplus water, high land being preferable to low or me- dium land. In a heavv clay loam the roots take a longer time to reach full maturity, but the blooms are larger, colors brighter and endure longer than in a verv light, sandy or shale soil, in which the blooms come earlier, fade earlier and colors are not so intense. Proi^\g.'\tion The only practical way of propagating varieties of peonies is by division of the roots, ' separating the individual roots from the crov\n of the clump with a strong, sharp knife, being careful to cut so that each division has from two to three strong eyes, with two or three roots, three or four inches long, large enough to sup- port the growth of the eyes, until a system of new roots is formed. Plant so that the eyes are two or three inches below the surface (too deep planting is injurious). Any time in the year when the ground is not frozen, peonies may be moved successfully, except from the time the buds begin to form until the foliage is matured and the new- roots complete their growth, about the middle of August. The very best time is in .September and early October. The growth then is fully completed, and the roots are in a dormant state. Planted then, the new feeding roots soon begin to form, and strong roots almost invariably bloom the following June. Xovember and De- cember planting is perfectly safe, but bloom must not be expected the first year, and early Spring is as good a time to plant as very laie l''all. If one cannot plant in -SejJtember or October, it becomes merely a matter of convenience whether to plant in Fall or Spring, When once planted, let them alone for as many years as they seem tn thrive, only dividing and replanting when the plants show indications of deterioration : unless for the purpose of increasing the stock which is another mat- ter. For the jntrpose of propagating, they should be divided every third year, but for garden effect peonies usually reach perfection the fourth year, continuing in good condition several years longer, and in man\' in- stances old clumps fifteen to twenty years of age continue to thrive. -\s a general rule, however, eight years is about the limit. When the chimps begin to show the necessity for re- planting, it is best to start a.gain at the beginning with small divisions of clean, smooth roots with three or four eyes, forcing the plant to begin again, and form an en- tirely new root system. Divisions consisting of large chunks of old crowns simply lie inactive in the ground and sometimes decay entirely. It is a common mistake to purchase old, heavy clumps, with the expectation of getting immediate effect and better results. For the first year probably one may, but never thereafter. DlSE.\SES The peony has always been considered singidarly free from diseases or insect pests, and to all intents and pur- poses, as far as the amateur is concerned, this is still true. There are two troubles, however, which within the last few years have given rise to a great deal of dis- cussion, most of wdiich I believe has been misleading, and since scientists at a number of experiment stations where investigations have been undertaken, do not fully agree upon the nautre or the cause of the trouble, and do not suggest a remedy, I will simply state my own experiences and conclusions, which I feel sure will tend to allav anv needless apprehension on the part of the amateur gardener. In certain seasons under favorable conditions peonies are subject to fungous attacks manifested first by black spots on the leaves ; second, by a blighting of the buds when half-opened, or the decaying of the half-opened buds at the base of the petals, deforming the flower; third, the extension of the fungous growth down the stem, sometimes its entire length, causing what is com- monly called "stem rot," which in severe cases e.xtends down into the roots. Sometimes the stem is first affected, causing it to "damp off" and wilt. The conditions favor- able to the spread of fungus seem to be moist, humid weather, wnth frequent showers, followed bv hot sun- shine. It may be quite severe one season and disapjiear entirely the following season, and unless the roots ihcm-. selves are affected, there seems to be no permanent in- jury, and it is only in a few sections where serious barm has been done, and where I believe the same soil condition and overfeeding, which I have previously explained, have something to do wnth it.. Spraying with Bordeaux mix- ture as a preventative has been recommended. Where roots are badly affected it is best to replant them in per- fectly fresh, sweet soil, free from manure, cutting away all affected parts. The other trouble is variously known as "Nematodes or Eel worms," "Club roots," "Lemoine Disease," etc. There has been much discussion and difference- of opin- 112 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE ion regardingf these so-cailed diseased roots. I believe it to be more a condition than a disease; a condition brought on usually, as previously stated, by the excessive use of -manure \vhen the roots are newly planted and before they can properly assimilate the overdose. It is manifested by distorted, undeveloped roots, covered with lumpy knots' and nodules. An unusual number of eyes are formed, sending up many stems of weak growth, which do not mature flower buds. This condition can also be produced by too deep planting, the use of large divisions of old worn-out roots, or by planting in a sour, pasty soil, or anything which seems to check a healthy action of the roots. My remedy is to cut the infected roots into very small divisions of one or two eyes, shorten the roots to two to three inches, and replant in perfectly fresh soil without any manure. This forces an entirely new system of root growth, and so treated, the trouble usually disap- pears in a year or two. Some varieties appear to be more susceptible than others, and occasionally the trouble persists for a number of years. If these happen to be cheap kinds, it is usually better to discard them and start new with clean roots ; with expensive varieties, however, it pays to have a little patience with them. Practically all the novelties from Europe that have come to us from very old gardens, are affected when we first get them, and if we are to reject them on this account, we would have to forego such wonderful varieties as Le Cygne, La France, Mont Blanc, etc. In fact, nearly all the fine new I'^rench varieties are more or less affected when first received, but after coming from old, worn out soil, soon outgrow this trouble when planted in new ground here. Remember, you can take the smoothest, healthiest roots from one place, plant them in a sour soil over-saturated with fresh manure, and get the most beautiful specimen of club root the following year. Fortunately it is not contagious as many have claimed, for you can plant aiifccted roots in good soil side by side with healthy ones and I have never known a single case where the healthy roots were affected by them, which convinces me that the sick plants are simply suffering from a cause similar to what we would describe as an inactive liver or a bad case of biliousness in our own system. To sum up, fungous attacks are local, due to weather conditions, and only occasionally seriously destructive. Clubroots are due to overfeeding, improper soil or plant- ing, and are not contagious. Cut off and burn dead foliage in the Fall and use hardwood ashes or lime as a fertilizer for acid soil, applying manure as a top dressing only until plants are in active growth. Succession of IJi.oom By including the various early-flowering species, hy- brids and tree peonies in one's collection, the blooming .season may be extended over a period of fully two months. The tree peonies bloom (|uite a month ahead of the CliiiicnsU, beginning early in May. As they do not die to the ground each year, they form in time woody shrubs four to five feet in height, their inmiense. strik- ingly beautiful blooms sometimes a foot in diameter; They are a wonderful sight. There are color schemes among them never found in the herbaceous section, bril- liant scarlets, dark maroons and rich wine colors, delicate blush, pure pink, and art shades of mauve and violet. Most of the varieties introduced by the iuiroiiean growers are full-double, while a large number of tlt£ Japanese sorts are semi-double and single, with a large cushion of thick golden stamens in the center, which produces a beautiful effect. Peony Lutca, a deep golden yellow single tree peony was discovered a few years ago in the Mountains of Yunnan by the Abbe Delavay. Crosses from this were made by Lemoine with other tree peonies. One of them, La Lorraine, was exhibited by me at the American Peony Show in Philadelphia in June, 1917, and was given a spe- cial Award of Merit. Its blooms, six inches in diameter, are fully dotible and are a deep yellow. A new Lutea hybrid now introduced to the trade is Souvenir du Maxime Cornu. a dee])er color with a shading similar to that in the Mnie. Edward Herriot Rose. Lutea and its hvbrids bloom later than the other tree peonies. The dainty femiel-leafed Peony, P. tcnuifoUa, follows the tree peonies, and its dazzlingly brilliant scarlet flow- ers always attract attention. It required careful cultiva- tion and only grows about a foot high. Next in point of interest and season of bloom are Lemoine's Wittman- niana hybrids, produced by crossing the pale yellow Peony W'ittmanniana, itself a rather difficult species to grow, with P. Chinensis, resulting in types of strong, vigorous growths, with handsome decorative foliage and large single flowers. There are four of them : Avante Garde, pale rose ; Le Printemps, creamy yellow ; Mai Meuri, white shaded salmon : and Messagere, sulphur white. The officinalis types begin to bloom almost invarialily ten days before the Chinensis varieties. Officinalis rubra, the brilliant early red of our grandmothers' gardens be- longs to this species ; which is a native of Europe. There is a white one. Officinalis alba plena, and a very beautiful large flowered pink one. Rosea siiperba, besides a number of named single and double ones not commonly seen." Sabina, L'Oriflamme. Ourika, and La Brilliant are very attractive. Most of the. other species are of little interest to the average grower, but I have cut blooms of Tritcrnata and Arictina in April, and of Rubra supcrba the 27tli of June, a season of quite two months. A MARECHAL NIEL ROSE STORY RICHARD VINCENT, JR. I N the Spring of 'iiS the writer happened in a florist's store where the proprietor was unpacking a small box of Alarechal Niel roses received that morning from a grower. This rose being something wonderful at that time, the receiver of the box was wonderfully pleased at being able to obtain them for a special piece of work he had on hand. In unpacking, one of the roses was broken oft" at the stem, which with the others was very short and they all required stemming previous to being used ; it, of course, was not lost, as it could be wired and used. The florist having no use for the particular stem or piece of wood the writer asked and received it for use, and it was duly wrapped up and carried home. As the wood was rather hard the store-keeper smiled somewhat at the writer's request, saying, "you cannot get the stem to grow," but he guessed w^rong. And why.-' Simply that the writer had a source that he knew not of :ind that was a healthy La Mar<|ue ])laiit with a vigorous young shoot on it, two or three oi the small buds were cjuickly inserted into it and one of them grew. Then the whole l)lant was planted out in the centre of a 60 x 30 foot greenhouse into solid bed of good soil. The way that rose grew was astonishing. In a very short tinic the entire roof was covered with well trained wood and it was astonishing the amount of flowers cut from same. There was scarcely any time when it w;is growin- but that a few blooms couhl be cut. We generally checked its Summer growth about the time of the first hard frost by leaving the sash ojien .so that the frost would .stop the growth and then trim and start u|i for a Winter croj), which was always a good ( Conlinuril on pai^c 124) For April, 1922 113 Roses and the Rose Garden ARTHUR SMITH (Continued from March Issue) CONSIDERABLE difference of opinion exists as to which are better for outdoor planting: roses on their own roots, that is raised from cuttings, or those which have been grafted or budded, or as it is termed, "worked." \\'orked roses give more or less trou- ble by throwing up suckers from the stock upon which the rose has been worked, and some people do not dis- tinguish the difference between the rose and the suckers, with the result that the latter frequently prevent the growth of. or kill outright, the rose. The classes of roses we are considering have only live leaflets, while the growth from the stock has seven or more leaflets and has also generally more numerous thorns. If this is borne in mind there need be no difficulty in knowing which is which. The principal reasons for deep planting are that when the junction of the rose with the stock is well covered, the latter is not so liable to send up suckers and the stem of the rose itself will often send out roots which is a decided advantage to it. Sometimes roses are worked high, that is several inches above the roots of the stock. When this is the case and the plant is set deep enough to cover the junction, the depth of the roots is greater than it should be and the death of the plant frequently results, especiallv with the more tender varieties upon clayey soils. On the other hand when the junction is above the ground a heavy wind may break the rose away from the stock and the same thing may occur from being knocked by a hoe or rake. Also the union may not be perfect all round and a crack between the rose and the stock will admit air and moisture which will cause decay and the ultimate death of the plant. \Mien a rose is upon its own roots it is less liable to ^^'inter kill, for if it should be killed to the ground, it will invariably send up new growth from below. Apart from any of the afiove reasons roses on their own roots are always more permanent than grafted ones. While there is not the slightest doubt that all the more vigorous roses do thoroughly well when grown on their own roots, there are some weak varieties which give better results the first year or tn'o when grafted. As there is. however, such an abundance of good roses which are satisfactory upon their own roots, why trouble about the others, especially as there is always more dying out among grafted or budded roses in connection with the Teas and their hybrids, than own root ones? Grafting roses is no doubt the quickest method of obtaining a presentable growth by the trade for sale, and in those cases where strong growth and large blooms are wanted for one year only this way is probably better. Rut the lover of roses in the garden wants something more than this, and while the now more usually used multitlora stock is not as bad as the manetti, there is no doubt that for garden purposes where permanency is required, own root roses are in every way the best. It is one thing for a commercial rose grower to want a rose plant which will produce strong blooms for a year, after which he discards the plant entirelv in which ]iiace the plant's length of life is of no consequence, and quite another in connection with the owner of a rose garden who wants his roses to live and produce flowers for many years. Another important point, especially in relation to teas and hybrid teas, is that when garden roses are on their own roots it is not necessary to plant them so deeply as is generallv the case when the junction of the roses with the stock is placed several inches below the surface of the ground. This very deep planting puts the roots into soil which in the more northern states remains at a lower temperature during the growing season, at least for a more or less extensive period, than is good for the roses, and there is no doubt that a number of the least hardy roses make poor growth and ultimately die from this cause. The making of all the beautiful roses with tea blood in them to grow on a wild stock no doubt has had as much bad eft'ecl: as has been the case With the grafting of all the valuable hybrid Rhododendrons upon the wretched pouticum stock. The general climatic conditions upon which these re- marks are based are those prevalent in the more northern states. In the south, however, especially in Florida, the average garden roses, and notably the teas, do better when grafted, or at least grafting does not appear to produce harm. The soil there is always warm and in sandy dis- tricts the deeper rooting habits of the manetti stock is some advantage in dry hot districts. Having planted the roses in well prepared soil, success is still further assured by continually giving proper atten- tion to cultivation, watering, pruning, and feeding. When the soil has been deeply worked and is kept culti- vated watering is rarely necessary. If it should be re- quired, mere surface sprinkling by holding a hose in the hand is practically waste of time. So long as the soil around the roots is moist no artificial watering is re- quired, but when this soil is dry watering must be suffi- cient to make it moist at least to the depth of the roots, as it is only through their roots that any plants can drink. At about the end of July the beds should have a dressing of pulverized cattle or sheep manure worked into the surface. Roses produce their flowers upon young wood : it is therefore desirable to encourage new growth as much as possible throughout the season. As far as pruning is concerned, this encouragement can be given by keeping all the dead flowers cut off and in doing so the stalk should be cut low enough ; it is sufficient to leave one bud, although very strong growers may have two buds left. As the season draws to a close, and there is no longer time enough for young growth to produce flowers, this pruning may be discontinued, or merely confined to removal of seed vessels. The time for pruning established roses in the Spring' depends upon the season and the climate. It is better done a little late than too early, and it is best to wait until danger from killing frost has passed. Hybrid perpetuals may be pruned earlier than the others and in the latitude of Xew York these may be operated upon about the end of March. The amount of pruning is regulated by the requirements. If the object is to obtain roses of the largest possible size, irrespective of the quantity pro- duced, they should be cut back to two or three buds, but if a mass effect and a large number of flowers are required the last year's wood may be left as long as eighteen inches or two feet, removing weak and old wood that has no strong wood growing from it. This latter system, how- ever, will produce flowers on weak stalks and afford few flowers worth cutting, although when viewed as a mass the effect will be good. Teas and their hybrids should have all their good strong shoots left without shortening more than one-third of their length, and any side branches cut to two eyes, re- moving entirely any weak growth from the center. These 114 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE should not be pruned until the huds begin to grow. While it is especially necessary that the above three classes of roses should be grown in special beds or in a rose garden separated from other features of the ground, there are many others which are very useful for general planting and for other purposes. At the same time if one has room enough he can have his rose garden sufficiently large to grow a selection of these latter kinds as well, and along these lines a rose garden can he made into an ex- tremely interesting museum of roses. The shrubbery roses can be grown in the outside border and the climbers at the intersections of, or along the main walks. Among these other classes the freest bloomers are the Polyantha or Baby Rambler class. These form dwarf spreading bushes suitable for use in the foreground of shrubbery, or in groups as part of a herbaceous perennial border. They produce their flowers in large sprays which are upon long enough stalks for cutting if soil is good and well prepared. As with all ever-bloomers they pro- duce more flowers when flower stalks are kept removed. Part of the shrubbery itself may well be devoted to roses. Some of the single wild ones are exquisite, and thev are ornamental in Winter by reason of their red hips. Among the shrubbery roses the Rugosa kinds are per- haps the best known as they are very good for the pur- pose, being always handsome even when not in flower as their dark green leathery foliage is ever fresh-looking and their extra large fruit is extremely decorative. They make new upright growth from the roots and pruning is generally confined to removing old wood and shorten- ing the tips of the new. to make them branch freely. -Among others, the Sweet Briar, Rosa rubiginosa. should always have a place found for it if possible on ac- count of the delicious fragrance from its foliage, which is especially noticeable just after a shower. This has been hvbridized with other species, and while the process has increased the size of the flowers, the fragrance from the leaves has been reduced. Most of these hybrids are. however, worth growing, as they have abundant foliage which is both vigorous and healthy. They should have plenty of room as they form large spreading bushes ; pruning is confined to cutting out old wood down to the ground. The Prairie Rose, Rosa sctigera, produces a great pro- fusion of single pink flowers, and is very valuable for covering dry banks, trailing over rocks, etc. The Scotch Ro.se. Rosa sf'iiiosissiiiia, is a low shrubby kind with spreading branches : the type has pink, white and yellow flowers, and some of its numerous varieties are some- times classed as distinct species. A very handsome free- flowering species. /?. Hiigonis, a native of western China, has yellow flowers and very ornamental deep scarlet fruit. It is extremely hardy and deserves to be more widely grown. A very hardy kind for mixed planting is the .Austrian briar, Rosa fartida (named for the somewhat unpleasant odor from its flowers). It is not api)arcnt why tlie com- mon name of Austrian has been given it, as it is a native of China. It does best in a dry soil where it can get plenty of air. This stands very little pruning as its flowers, which vary from yellow to coppery, are borne on the ends of the old w'ood. This is more interesting for distinctiveness than showiness. There are other native and exotic roses of shrvibby characters which, together with those mentioned, should be made more use of in general land>ca])e i)lanting as tending to lift the usual shrublxTV from the region of commonplace, in which much of it lies. It is a pity that so many old-time roses which used to take such an inijiorlant ])art in bcatUifying the home sur- roundings of the early settlers, roses which they brought with them from the gardens of the old country, have been practically lost from the gardens of today. Perhaps the sweetest of all in its perfume was the old Cabbage Rose, Rosa ccniifolita, of which a woman writer said : "Its ordor is perfection, it is the standard by which I compare all other fragrances.'' The petals of this rose were the principal base of the also lost pot poiirri. An- other old-time rose extremely rare today is the mottled York and Lancaster. It is at least as old as the si.x- teenth century, and Shakespeare wrote in the Sonnets: "The Roses fearfully in thorns did stand One blushing shame, another white despair, A third, nor red, nor white, had stol'n of both." This York and Lancaster rose, also delightful in its perfume, was known as Rosa mtindi — the rose of the world. A plant of it is, I believe, still growing in Haw- thorne's old garden at Salem, and there is another reputed to be nearly one hundred and fifty years old in the old garden at \'an Cortlandt Alanor. Then there was the cheerful Cinnamon Rose with its unique perfume. There were others some of which formed small bushes, and known as Fairy Roses, all of delightful ])erfume, and the Sweet Briar was of course never absent. But most of these are practically vanished Roses — entirely out of cultivation. In the evolutionary process through which roses have passed certain things have been gained in roses as flowers, while other things such as perfume, beauty of plant form itself, and permanency, have been lost. Certainly our gardens, and through them, ourselves would benefit much by the restoration of the Roses of Yesterday. "Each morn a thousand Roses brings, you say? Yes, but where leaves the Rose of Yesterday?" Ouiay Khayyam. \'arieties of Roses — apart from species — are so numer- ous, especially in the garden group, that it is quite im- possible to enumerate all the good ones, the few men- tioned being those which the writer considers the best in each class and they are with one or two exceptions, all comparatively old and well-tried kinds. New varieties are continually being" produced, some of them doomed to be soon forgotten ; others which may do well in one district are of little account in others ; some mildew more in one locality than they do in another a few miles away, and so on. iMitbusiasts naturally desire to try out and to grow new kinds, and it is interesting to have a trial bed for this ])urpose. If a particular variety mildews badly it is better to discard it for one less subject to this pest, as in the worst season for mildew some are more immune than others, although it may be kepi in check more or less by the use of flowers of sul])hur. In the latitude of New ^'ork anil higher, it seems scarcely worth while to take up nuich sjiace with Tea Roses, but when they are desired the hardiest are Etoile de Lyon, yellow; Maman Cochet, silvery rose: Maman Cochet, white, and Duchess de Ih-abant. pink. Hybrid teas are the most numerous and every year brings forth new varieties. The best for bedding is un- doubtedly Gruss and Teplitz. It is the hardiest and strongest growing variety of this class, .sometimes attain- ing a height of five feet. It ])roduces great masses of crimson flowers throughout the season. ( )ther good ones are Mrs. .Aaron Ward, dark yellow: Killarney Brilliant, deep ])ink ; I.;idy llillington. yellow; Jonkeer Mock, bright ])ink : Radiinice, lirilli;mt rose: Mme. Jules ( Irolez, satiny i>ink ; General Mc.Arihur, bright crimson; Rich- mond, scarlet; Mary. Countess of llchestir, crimson: Presiflent Taft, shell ])ink : Ophelia, salmon pink, .-uid Kaiserin Augusta \'ictorin. white. For April, 1922 115 If 1 had space for only one hybrid perpetual, my choice would be Paul Neyron. Its Howers are the largest of all ruses, they are bright shining pink, borne in great num- bers and delightfully scented. The advent of hybrid teas caused many good ones of this class to go out of cultiva- tion by the trade, but among others, the following may .still be obtained and are certainly worth growing : Cap- tain Christy, flesh color ; Frau Karl Druschki, white, much beloved of rose bugs : Ceneral Jacqueminot, velvety crim- son, very fragrant ; Magna Charta. rosy pink : Prince Camille de Rohan, dark velvety crimson, probably the darkest color among roses, although nearly equaled l)v another of its class. Black Prince, which has somewhat larger flowers but not so fragrant; and George Arends, Avhich in all respects runs a good second to Paul Neyron. Among climbing roses no iDne chooses Crimson Ram- bler as there are plenty of others which are in every way better, and none are as nuich subject to mildew. If there is only room for one it might be a toss up between Amer- ican Pillar and Dr. \"an Fleet, both having jiink flowers and are good growers, the latter being practically mildew- proof. Among the yellows, .\viateitr Bleriot is the best, closely followed by Gardenia. Today the best white is no doubt Mary Lovett : the most fragrant is probably Bess Lovett, a clear bright red : both these latter were pro- duced by the late Dr. \'an P^leet. The nearest approach to ever-blooming among the climbers hardy in the more northern states, is \'on(lel. which has small, apple-blos- .■-om-pink flowers. As before stated the baby ramblers and polyanthas form quite a di.stinct class among hybrids. Their dwarf, compact habit, with the clustered masses of bloom give them a distinction all their own, and they make very showy subjects for general garden use. The four best are. Echo, light pink ; Marie Pavie, flesh pink, fragrant and lasting : Catherine Zeimet. white, and Geo. Elger, yellow. We cannot leave untnentioned the comparatively little known Bourbon class. They re(|uire the same treatment as hybrid teas and as a rule flower more freely the lat- ter half of the season than earlier. The two best of those generally satisfactory for shrub- bery purposes, Rugosas, are, apart from the original species, the hybrids, Conrad V. Alyer, bright pink, and Sir Thomas Lipton, white. Both these are more contin- uous bloomers than the type, but they are not quite so hardy in the districts of most severe weather without good Winter mulching. As a matter of fact all roses should be well nmlched with jjlenty of strawy manure in Winter. Easter Lilies BERTHA BERBERT-HAMMOND Tiili decorating of the home and the church with flowers is a popular observance in the celebration of the joyful festival of the resurrection on Easter Srmday, and while many kinds of blooming plants and fresh greenery are used, lilies are by far the flowers most favored for this purpose. The name "Easter lily" was at one time used in con- nection w^th the lovely Madonna Lily, Liliitm candidiiin. Later a lily from the islands off the coast of Japan, Lil- iiiiii longiflorum formosum, was the type of Easter lily, but at the present time, the term is by general accord used to designate Lilhiiii Harrisii. the Bermuda lily, and the most desirable of white lilies which can be obtained in bloom at the proper time for the Easter celebration. In the mild climate and the peculiar soil of the Bermuda Islands, the lilies reach perfection out-doors, and millions of potted plants are annually sent to the LTnited States in the Spring. As the voyage is only about forty hours, cut stalks in bud packed with great care antl skill can readilv arrive in good condition. When promptly placed in water, they will open their handsome trumpet-shaped Wooms of snowy whiteness. Undoubtedly the Bermuda lily deserves to be called the true Easter Lily. It is probably the most exquisitely beautiful and delicately perfumed of all white lilies, and ty its chaste beauty and manner of growth, peculiarly fitted to awaken reverential thoughts, not only of the revival of Nature but of the spiritual sentiment and sig- nificance underlying the celebration of Easter, the "Sun- day of lov" or the "Dominica gaudi"' of ancient times. Surely it mav be said that "We behold their tender buds expand: Emblems of our 07(.'n !:;reaf resurrection. Emblems of the brii:;ht and better land." — Lon!j;fellow. Liliuni Harrisii. named after but not discovered by H. K. Harris of Philadelphia, who introduced this Ber- muda lily, is considered one of our most important floral acquisitions. It is the best of all lilies for Winter forcing and for certainty and freedom of bloom, even compara- tively small bulbs sending up flowers of good size and quality, though the large sized bulbs, generally preferred for growing specimen plants for decoration or e.xhibition, usually produce from six to eighteen flowers three to five inches long. These large, white, trumpet-shaped flowers are fragrant and retain their Ijeauty for days. Another delightful thing is the fact that this superb lily can readily be forced to bloom at a desired time, so that it is possible to have beautiful flowering specimens not merely at Easter, but also for Christmas, New Year, or other special occasions during the Wititer, by begin- ning the culture four or five months before the time when the flowers are desired. This culture consists in potting very firmly a large sized bulb in rich, friable soil and covering the bulb with at least two inches of compost. A layer of charcoal should be used at the bottom of the pot to assure perfect drainage. The potted bulb should be then well watered and set in a cool place until after four or five weeks have passed, and good roots have been established. Then the potted plants, which may or may not show evidence of top growth, should gradually be exposed to sunlight. As the growth of the green sprout advances, the plant should be given as much sunlight as possible until the buds are about to open. To secure flowers that will have lasting quality, the plant should be removed from direct sunlight and copiously watered. At no time during the forcing period should the soil be al- lowed to become too dry. the atmosphere of the room should also be kept moist and cool. A plant forced too rapidly in a place that- is too dry and hot will become spindlv in growth, a good subject for insect pests, and if it develo]5s buds at all, they are liable to blight. The rapidity with which L. Harrisii may be forced into bloom is one of the points made in its favor. However, all things considered, slow development in a cool tempera- ture is more likely to produce stronger plants and abun- dant flowers of fine quality. 116 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE The International Flower Show T1I1{ Xintli International Mower Show staged at the Grand Central Palace, New York, ^larch 13 to 19, has passed into horticultural history as one of the most wonderful flower shows ever held. Abetted by bright and clear, in fact almost Spring-like weather, the Flower Show attracted unusual nunil>ers of visitors each day, breaking all previous attendance records on Wednesday, when more than 9,500 people, not including ticket holders, passed through the gates. The features of the Show were naturally the garden exhibits. Two private exhibits, each covering five hun- dred square feet, were located at the head of the main stairway. William Boyce Thompson, Vonkers, N. Y. ; Andrew Strachan, gardener, was the winner of the first prize, with a charming garden display, the background of which was formed by tall cedars. In the center a stone figure stood above a small pool surrounded by yellow planted with Cypripcdiuin spcctahih-, primroses, phlox, crocus, etc. Bobbink & .\tkins' garden was indeed attractive ; paths divided the lawn, and led to a charming structure on the left, trimmed with rambler roses, where a small fountain played continually, .\zaleas, rhododendrons, crabs, etc., formed an enormous border in the rear, in front of which were Ijeds of azaleas to the right and left of the paths. A splendid display of roses was made bv .A,. M. Pierson, Inc. In the center in front of a border of conifers, rhododendrons and other flowering shrubs, stood a sum- mer house, over which trailed rambling roses. On both sides of the path leading to the summer house were beds of roses of various varieties, Ophelia, Mme. Butterfly, Sunburst, with several beds of polyanthus roses. A beautiful lawn bordered by various kinds of flowering shrubs was one of the most noticeable points of the F. R. Bobbink iiml .llkins' :^aidcii ilispLiy. ai^iirdctl n ■;i)hl iiicila!. pansies, and to which a grass path led. .\ mass of bloom- ing jjlants, of beautiful and widely varied colors, acacias, azaleas, rambler roses, sweet peas, hyacinths, dafi'odils, tulips, etc., comprised the rest of the exhibit. This gar- den is illustrated on our cover. The other delightful garden display was that of Mrs. Payne Whitney, Manhasset, L. I.; Cleorge I'erguson, gar- dener. In the foreground was a while fence and gate, from which a path led to a sun dial. Massed on both sides of the jiath were lui)ines, daffodils, hyacinths, tulips: edging the sides were Primnht mulacoidcs and towards the back azaleas, lilacs, etc. In the comjjetitive garden di.spla\s, covering one thou- sand square feet each, Julius Roehrs Co. carried off first honors, w^inning not only a gold medal, but the Carden Club of America Sweepstake ])rizc. Tall cedars before which were rhododendrons, lilacs, forsythias, etc., formed the l)ackground. .'\ flag-stone path led around the rock mound, which rose in the center and upon which were planted several dwarf taxus. I'erns were |)lanted along the pool that was crossed by an artistic bridge. In the foreground and on the left side were other rock Ix-rls Pierson exhiliit. .\ grouji of azaleas and s])ir;eas was planted along the edge of the lawn and a pond of water lilies placed in one corner. .At the rc;ir ;i i>ath led into a bulb garden where tuli|)s, daffodils ;inil by;irinths were observed. Tliis garden \\;is ]);K'ked bv an unusual stone wall. Two other exhibits, a|'ari Inim tlu' tour cumpetitive gardens, attracted wide altentiou: llobbink \- .\tkins rock garden, which was awarded a gold meilal, and the \\';ullev & Smythe dis|)lay. In llic former, a pathwav led from the front of the garden to a summer house covered with ivy. The rocks were planted with favorite ])lanls, i)rimroses, crocuses, lilies-of-the-valley. violas, lui)ines, dafl'odils, etc. Ill the W^adley & Smylhe dis])lay, grass paths separated the various beds which were com])osed of rbudodendrons. kenlias, geraniums, lanljuias, fuchsias, etc. .Among ihe ni;niy |il;mt exbibiis on the main floor ihe groups staged b\ William I'.oyce Tlu)mpson, .Andrew Strachan, gardener, and li\ S;uinicl I'ntermyer. .Albert Millard, su],erinlendenl, were well worthy of admir;ition. These grou]>s comprised a collection of foliage plants, oc- cupying a space of 200 sfpiare feet, among which were For April, 1922 117 included orchids. \Vorth_v of admiration also were the group of cyclamen, remarkably fine specimens, which were shown by Mrs. F. A. Constable, James Stuart, gardener, and the group of lilies, bearing enormous blooms, which were shown by Mrs. Percy Chubb, Peter Smith, gardener. The commercial plant exhibits deserving special mention were the Henry A. Dreer collection of Kurume azaleas with their wealth of bloom and range of gorgeous colors, and the Bobbink & Atkins group of Acalca iiidica, which was given a special award. Particularly noticeable among the orchid collections were those staged by James B. Duke, Somerville, N. J., A. Miles, gardener, showing splendid specimens of cat- tleyas, oncidiums, cypripediums, etc., and the collection of cut orchids of cymbidiums, cattleyas, etc., by A. N. Cooley, Pittsfield, ^lass.. Oliver Lines, gardener, and that of J. E. Widener, Elkins Park, Pa., William Kleinheinz, gardener. The commercial orchid exhibits were e.xcel- lent, too. In the large class, Joseph Manda Company had a marvelous selection of cut blooms of cymbidium hybrids, cattleyas, cypripediums, which was awarded first prize. Both George E. Baldwin & Company, and Lager & Hur- rell exhibited interesting groups of cattleyas, cypripediuniii and cymbidiums, the former winning the honors of this class. Julius Roehrs Companv was awarded first prize for its collection of orchid plants in variety, which were arranged in a most pleasing manner. On Monday, cut flowers were not in evidence to any great degree, either in the private or commercial classes, the garden displays being the chief attraction of the open- ing day of the Flower Show. Charles H. Totty Company showed the new French rose. Souvenir de Claudius Pernet, in color a beautiful yellow, which created quite a sensation, as did the carnations, staged by H. B. Marinelli, which were of unusually large blooms in colors of pink, rose, blush and deep mauve. The sweet peas of W. Atlee Bur- pee Company, varying from shades of white, pink, laven- der to salmon and crimson, also attracted much attention. While on Tuesday there was not the keen competition in the rose classes, either private or commercial, that had been anticii>ated, still there was an abundance of wonder- ful roses to draw forth words of admiration from the many visitors to the show on that day. In the five private classes, which Mrs. McK. Twombley, Convent. N. J., Robert Tyson, gardener, entered, Mrs. Twombley was awarded first prize, showing excellent blooms of Ophelia, Columbia, Premier, etc. In the commercial exhibits su- perb blooms of the rose, Francis Scott Key, was shown hx F. R. Pierson. and their vase of Columbia was also very good. \Vonderful blooms of Premier and of Ophelia were staged by the Duckham-Pierson Company. Two roses in particular were the center of attraction. Souvenir de Claudius Pernet. for which Charles H. Totty Company received a gold metal, and Dark Pink Columbia, for wdiich A. X. Pierson, Inc., received a similar award. I'hc rock garden, exhibited by Julius Roehrs and aziarded the sweepstake price of the Garden Club of America 118 GARDEiSERS' CHRONICLE The classes on Wednesday were again devoted to roses. Keen competition was displayed in the table decorations, where yellow appeared to be the predominant color. In practically every entry the exhibitor used the tall vase in the center of the table with smaller vases containing the same flowers. The first prize went to Mrs. li. .McK. Twombley, who decorated with Golden Ophelia : the sec- ond to T. Aitchison, who made use of Mrs. Aaron Ward, and the third to Mrs. Payne \\'hitney, who used the pale yellow Ophelia. Traendly & Schenck won first honors in the commercial class with a most artistic display covering three hundred square feet. Trellises covered with ivy were used for the background ; the [pillars supporting the baskets and vases were banked with ferns and ivy. No- ticeable among the roses shown were vases of Francis Scott Key, Crusader, Premier, White Killarney, etc. The roses staged by A. X. Pierson in their attractive display, winning second honors, were Dark Pink Columbia, Ophelia, Premier, White Killarney, Crusader, etc. The stands were set oil by groups of ferns to soften the ar- rangement. Huge bunches of Francis Scott Key, Butter- flv, (Jphelia, Columbia, Crusader, etc., arranged grace- fully in lovely Japanese vases, formed the F. R. Pierson rose exhibit, which was given third honors. P>eneath the vases. Maidenhair and Xcphrolepis ferns were placed, pro- ducing a charming effect. Keen contest existed on Thursday in the carnation class- es for private growers. Of the ten entries for the variety "Laddie,"' the judges finally selected G. G. Mason. Tuxe- do Park, X. Y., D. AlacGregor, gardener, as the winner of the first prize. J. E. \\'idener, Elkins Park, Pa., William Kleinheinz, gardener, secured first honors over his competitors with a vase of one hundred fifty blooms of Laddie. Yellow was the favored color in the carnation table decorations as with the rose on the previous day, and in this class, T. Aitchison, !\Iamaroneck, X. Y., held first place, using the Charles H. Totty Company "Happiness." A. C. Bedford, Glen Cove, L. L, William Milstead, gar- dener, won second place over Mrs. Ridley W^atts, who gave him a close contest. His decorations were "Enchantress Supreme" with asparagus and ilaidenhair fern. Samuel Goddard, Framingham, Mass., led in the commercial class with a vase of one hundred blooms of Laddie, followed closely by Thomas Proctor, Topsfield, Mass., whose grou]) was given a special award. In sev- eral c]as.ses the Springfield Floral Comjjany scored first ])lace, and among the varieties which they staged "Hope Henshaw" was prominent. This company was the only contestant in the large class, occupying one hundred fifty square feet, and their display was especially delightful with baskets and vases of "Laddie," "Enchantress Su- jjreme," "Hope Henshaw," "Matchless," etc. Friday witnessed a more lively contest in the sweet pea classes than last year. I'nusually fine flowers, noticeable for their gorgeous colors, the strength of the stems and the size of the blooms, were shown by ^Trs. W. Redmond Cross, Moxristown, X. J., .\. Sailer, gardener, to whom first prize was awarded. Mrs. W. D. Guthrie, Locust \'alley, L. L, J. W'insock, gardener, who won second prize, showed excellent blooms of "Rose Queen," "IMrs. Kerr," etc. Of the seven competitors for the table decorations, Mrs. Ridley Watts, Morristown, X. J.. Sanniel Golding. garrlener. won first honors, using "Mrs. Kerr" to excellent advantage in the charming arrangements of her table. \ large and attractively staged exhibit of sweet peas by W. .'\tlee P>ur])ee Co.. won first jirize in the commer- cial class. Herman Mamitsch. Tenafly, X. J., winning second honors. .Among the prominent varieties used in the I'.urpee exhibit were Mrs. Kerr, Mrs. Warren G. Harding, I-"laniinf;i). Robin Hood, Milkmaid, the latter two being awarded si>ecial certificates of merit. A table class of miscellaneous flowers was scheduled for Saturday. William Poyce Thompson gaining first prize with scarlet nasturtiums, jjansies and genistras. A bowl of iris, pussy willows, daisies and jonquils won sec- ond honors for Mrs. Ridley W'atts, certainly a delightful combination. Following are the list of awards f(jr the IHower Show : Plants in Flower, Private Growers .Acacia, 3 plants, one or more varieties. — 1, Mrs. F. A. Constable (James Stuart, gdr.), Mamaroneck, N. Y. .\cacia, specimen, any variety. — 1, Mrs. F. E. Lewis {J. W. Smith, gdr.), Ridgefield. Conn. Amaryllis, 12 plants. — 1, Mrs. F. .\. Constable, Mamaroneck, N. v.; 2, 1). Guggenheim (Thos. Leydcn, gdr.), Hempstead House, Port Washing- ton. N. Y. _, ,. .\maryllis, 6 plants.— 1, IJ. Guggenheim, Port Washington, N. \.; 2. Mrs. F.' -A. Constable, Mamaroneck, N. V. Azaiea, specimen, anv color, not less than 3 ft. in diameter. — 1, Jas. .A. MacDcnald (K. Uughe's, gdr.). Flushing, L. I.; 2, Mrs. Payne Whitney {Geo. l-'erguson, gdr.), Manhasset, I.. I. Azalea, 3 plants, any color. — I, Jas. A. MacDonald, Flushing, L. I.; 2, Mrs. E. 1-". 1-uckenbach (Thos. Twigg, gdr.). Port Washington. N. V. Bougainvillea, specimen. — 1, Mrs. 13. G. Work (Robt. Honeynian, gdr.). Oak Knoll, Oyster Hay, L. I.; 2, Miss .\. De Lamar, Pembroke Place, Glen Cove, N. V. Buddleia, 3 specimens. — 1, D. Guggenheim, Port Washington, N. V.; 2, Mrs. E. F. Luckenbach. Port Washington, N. V. Cineraria, hybrid, 6 plants. — 1, Mrs. Wnj; D. (juthrie (J^^ A. Wins9ck, gdr.), Lccust \"alley, N. " ~ " ^ ^ , ton. N. Y. 2, Mrs. E. F. Luckenbach. Port Washing- Cineraria stellata, 6 plants. — 1, W. B. Thompson (Andrew Strachan, gdr.), Yonkers. N. Y. Cineraria stellata. specimen, any type. — 1. Mrs. E. F. Luckenbach. Port Washington. X. Y.; 2, W. ISoyce Thompson. Yonkers, N. V. Prizes Offered by the Secretary of the Garden Club of America Cyclamen, 25 plants, arranged for effect, decorative plants permitted. — 1, Airs'. 1^. .A. Constable, Mamaroneck, N. Y.; 2, D. Guggenheim, Port Wash- ington. N. Y. Cyclamen. 6 plants. — 1, Mrs. F. A. Constable. Mamaroneck. N. V.; 2. D. Guggenheim. Port Washington. N. A'. Chorizema, specimen, — 1, Miss .A. De Lamar, Pembroke Place, Glen Cove, X. A'. Cytisus, specimen, any variety. — 1. Mrs. Chas. Mallory (W. J. Sealy. supt.). Port Chester, N. Y. ; 2, Mrs. F. A. ConstablcAlamaroneck. N. Y. Fuchsia, 1 standard, specimen. — 1, Mrs. Payne Whitney, Manhasset, L. I.; 2, Miss -A. De Lamar. Pembroke Place. Glen Cove. N. Y. Geraniums, 3 specimens. — 1, Miss A. De Lamar, Pembroke Place, Gleii Cove, N. Y. : 2, Mrs. Walter C. Teagle (Jas. Linane, gdr.), Glen Airlic, Port Chester, N. Y. Geranium, 1 standard, specimen.— 1, N. F. & G. G. Brady Est. (Frank Ileid, gdr.), Manhasset, L. I.; 2, Mrs. Walter C. Teagle, Glen Airlie, Port Chester, N. A*. Heliotrope, 3 standard, specimens. — 1, Mrs. Chas. Mallory (W. J. Scalcy, gdr.), Port Chester. N. A'. Heliotrope, 1 standard, specimen. — 1, N. F. & G. G. Brady Est.. Man- hasset,' L. L; 2, Mrs. Chas. .Mallory, Port Chester, N. A'. Hvdrangea, 3 plants, not less than S-in. pots. — 1, Airs. E. F. Luckenbach, Port' Washington, N. A'. ; 2, W. B. Thompson, \'onkcr.s, N. V. liydrangea, specimen, not less than ,S-iu. pot. — 1, W. Boyce I'hompson. A'onicers, N. A'.; 2, Mrs. Payne Whitney, Manhasset, L. I. Lilac, 6 plants. — 1, Miss A.' De Lamar, Pembroke Place, Glen Cove, N. A'. Marguerite, specimen. — 1, Miss A. De Lamar, Glen Cove. N. A'.; 2. Mrs, Payne W'hitney, Manhasset, L. I. Primula malacoides, 12 plants.---!, Mrs E. Iselin (Duncan Mclntvre, gdr.). New Rochelle, N. A'.; 2, Mrs. E. F. Luckenbach, Port Washing- ton, N. A'. Prinnda obconica, 12 plants. — 1. Mrs. K. F. I.uckenbach, Pert Wash- ington. X. A'., 2, Mrs. Wm. D. Gutlirie. Li cust N'ailey, .N'. V. Primulas. 6 plants in variety. — 1, Miss .\. De Lamar, Glen C'ove, L .1.; 2, Mrs. E. F. Luckenbach, Port Washington. N. V. Rhododendron, specimen, not less than 4 ft. in diameter. — L Mrs. Harold T. Pratt (F. O. Johnsnn. gdr.). Glen Cove, L. L; 2. Mrs. Walter C. Teagle, ("ilen Airlie, Port Chester, N. ^'. Prizes Offered by the President of the Garden Club of America Schizanthus. 3 plants. — 1, .Mhcrt Millard, supt. Gieyslouc Estate, Yunkeis. N. A'.; 2, .Mrs. ]■'. A. Constable, Mamaroneck, N'. Y. Schizanthus, specimen. — 1. Mrs. E. 1'. Luckenbach. Port Washington, N, A'.; 2, Mrs. Ricliard C. Colt, Garrison-ou-Hudson, X, V. Splr.^-a or .Astilbe, 6 plants. — 1. W. Boyce Thomnlon. VnnUers. N. Y.; 2, Mrs. E. F. Luckenbach, Port Washington, X. Y. Wistaria, specimen. — 1, D. Guggenheim. Port Washinptcn. X. Y. .Any other specimen flowering i)lant. — 1. Miss A. De l.amar. Glen Cove. N. v.: 2. Mrs. B. G. Work (R. Ilineyman, gilr.). Oak Knoll, Oyster Bay, L. L flowering plants covering 5O0 .si|. ft., arranged for effect (orcliids ex- cluded), suitable accessories i)crmitted. — L W- ^- Thompson. Yonkers. X. A'. I 2, Mrs. Payne Whitney. Manhasset, L. I. Palms and Foliage Plants, Private Growers .\reca lutescens. sucinxti. 1, Ml^. 1''. .\. Const.ihle. Mam:u<.iH-ck. X. Y. Bay Trees. 2 plants, specimens.— 1 . X. I'. \- G. 11. Iliailv Est., Man- hasset. L. L; 2, Mrs. E. F. Luckenbach, Port Washington, N. A'. Croton, 12 pLints, broad-leaved varieties.— 1, Miss .A. De Lamar, Glen Cove. N. A*. Drae.-cna, 3 plants.— 1. Mrs. E. F. Luckenbach. Port Washington, N. Y.; 2, W. Bovce Thompson, A'onkers. N. A'.; 3, .Miss A. De Lamar, Glen C'ove, N. V. , , , . Kenlia Forsteriana, specimen, single or bushy. — X, D. duggenheim. Port Washington, N. Y. ; 2, Mrs. F. A. Constable, Mamaroneck, N. V. Kentia lielmoreana, specimen, sintilc or bushy. — 1, Mrs. F. A, Conslable, Mamaroneck, N. A'. Phrcnix Roebelenii, specimen. — L Sterling Postlcy (James H. Andrews, gdr.). Oyster Bay, I.. T.: 2, Mrs. F. A. Constable, Maniarr.neck. N. A". Palm, other than alKivc .specimen, single cr bushy. — 1, Mrs. F. A. Con- s able, Mamaroneck, N. \. For April. 1922 119 Any specimen foliage plant, Tiot less than 10-in. pot or tub. — 1, W. Boyce TIiompsLn. Vonkers, N. V.; 2. Mis. E. 1-. Luckeiibach, Port Washing- rtoii, N. V. Clruuii of foliage plants, with orchids permitted, collection covering 200 sq. ft., arranged for effect. — 1, W. Boyce Thompson, Yonkers, N. Y. ; 2, Albert M illard, supt.. Greystoiie, Yonkers. N. Y. Ferns, Private Growers Asparagus, specimen, any variety. — 1, E. E. Smatliers (W. D. Robertson, _g(li-. ), Port Chester, N. Y. ; 2. JV'Iiss A. De Lamar, (Hen Cove, L. I. Adiantum Farleyense, or Farleyense type, specimen. — 1, Mrs. E. F. Luckenbach (Thos. Twigg, gdr.), Port Washington, N. Y.; 2, James B. Duke (A. E. Miles, gdr.), Somerville, N. J. Adiantum any other variety, specimen. — 1, E. E. Smatliers; 2, Jas. A. !Ma^Donald (R. Hughes, gdr.), Flushing, L. I. Cibotium Scheidei. specimen. — 1, D. Guggenheim (Thos. A. Leyden, gdr.), Hempstead House Estate, Port Chester, N. Y.; 2, E. E. Smathers. Goniophlebium sub-auriculatum specimen. — 1, Albei t ^liUard, Grey stone Estate, Yonkers. N. Y. Stag's Horn Pern, specimen.— 1, iliss A. De Lamar, Glen Cove, N. Y.; 2, Jas. A. Macdonald. Fern, any other variety, not otherwise specified. — 1, Miss .\. De Lamar* 2, E. E. Smathers. Bulbous Plants, Private Growers Freesias. white, 12, puts or pans. — 1, Bertram 11. lloiden (Wm. Turner, gdr.), Rumson, N. J.; 2, Mrs. Percv Chubb (Peter Smith, gdr.), Glen Cove, N. Y. Freesias, colored, 6 pots or jians. — 1. Mrs. Harold I. Pratt (Frank O. Johnson, supt.). Glen Cove, L. L; 2. Mrs. Payne Whitney (Geo. Ferguson, gdr.), Manhasset, L. I. Hvacinths, white, three lO-in. pots or pans. — 1, Mrs. Payne Whitney; 2, Mrs. Percy Chubb. Hyacinths, pink or red, three 10-in. pots or pans. — 1, Jas. A. Macdonald; 2, Mrs. Payne Whitney. Hyacinths, light Idue, three 10-in. po»s i. r pans. — 1, Jas. A. MacdLnald; 2, Mrs. Payne Whitney. Hyancinths, dark blue or ijurple, three lOin. pots or pans. — 1, Bertrai.i H. Borden; 2, D. Guggenheim. Hyacinths, yellow, three 10-in. pots or pans. — 1. Jas. A. Macdonald; 2. Mrs. Payne Whitney. Lilies, 12 pots, any varieties. — 1, Mrs. Percy Chubb; 2, Mrs. Harold I. Pratt. Lilv of the Valley, three 10-in. puts or pans. — 1, Mrs. Payne Whitney; 2. Bertram H. Borden. Narcissus, 6 varieties, six 10-in. jtots ur pan?..^!. Bertram H. Bordea; 2. Mrs. Harold I. Pratt. Tulips, single early, 6 distinct varieties, six 10-in. pots or pans. — 1, D. Guggenlieim; 2, Mrs. Payne \A'liitn^y. Tulips, double, in variety, six 10-in. jiots or ]»ans. — 1, Mrs. Payne Whitney ; 2, D. Guggenlieim. Tulii'S, May-riow ering. ir j 'ar'.- in. or In .ill. distinct varieties, twelve 10-in. pots or pans. — 1. Bertram II. Borden ; 2, 1 '. ( luggenhcini. Prizes Offered by Zandbergen Bros.. Valkenburg, near Leiden, Holland, and Oyster Bay, N. Y. Tulips. Darwin, variety IHiclies.s of Iluhenburg, 10-in. pot or pan. — 1, Mrs. Payne Whitney; 2, Jas. A. Macdonald. Hyacinths. 10-in. pots or pans, 8 distinct varieties, one pr.t or pan of each!—!, Jas. A. Macdonald; 2. Mrs. Payne Whitney. Orchid Plants, Private Growers Twelve plants in variety, decorative plants perm it led. — 1, Arthur N. Cooley (Oliver Lines, gdr.), Pittsfield, Mass. Prizes Offered by Mrs. N. F. Brady Six plants in varietv, decorative plants permitted. — 1. Arthur X. Cooley; 2, Mrs. Harold L Pratt. Orchids in variety. 3 plants.— 1. Arthur X. Cooley; 2, Mrs. Walter C. Teagle (James Linane. gdr.), E. Port Chester. Brasso-Cattleya, or Brasso-Lxlia, 1 plant. — 1, .\. N. Cooley; 2, Bertram H. Borden. Cattleva, Lselia, or Laelia-Cattleva Hybrid. 1 plant. — 1, A. N. Cooley; 2 Mrs. Harold T. Pratt. Specimen plant, any variety. ^1, A. X. C. oley; 2, Mrs. Walter C. Teagle. Special Classes These classes are open to growers who market a portion of their product, but are not engaged exclusively in the orchid business. Exhibilcrs in these classes are not eligible to compete in other orchid classes. Group of plants in variety covering lOO sq. ft., decorative plants per- mitted for effect. — 1 , James B. Duke. Collection of Hvbrid^, 25 plants, decorative plants permitted. — 1, James B. Duke. Cut Orchids, Private Growers Collection of Cut Orchiils. covering 50 sq. ft., decorative greens per- mitted.— 1, Arthur N. Cooley. Roses in Pots and Tubs, Private Growers Collection of Roses in variety, covering 100 sq. ft., arranged for effect.— 1. W. B. Thompson (Andrew Strachan. cdr.). Yonkers. X. Y. Roses. 6 Ramblers, any varieties. — L W. B. Thompson. Yonkers. N. Y. Cut Roses, Private Growers Prizes Offered by Somerset Hills Garden Club of New Jersey 18 Columbia. — 1, Mrs. II. McK. Twombly (R. Tyson, supt.). Convent Sta , X. L; 2, Wm. D. Guthrie (Tas. A. Wincock, gdr.). Locust Val- ley, X. r. IS Premier.— 1. Mrs. H. :McK. Twombly. 18 Sunburst.— 1, Mrs. Wm. D. Guthrie; 2, Mrs. E. F. Luckenbach. 18 Mrs. Aaron Ward. — 1, Countess Mildred Hohenstein (C. T. McCor- mick, gdr.). Edge Hill. Pa. 18 Ophelia, or any of its sports. — 1. Mrs. H. Mcl\. Twombly. 18 Any white variety. — 1, Howard Cole (W. R. Fowkes, gdr.), Madison. N. J.; 2, Mrs. Percy Chubb. 18 Any other disseminated variety, pink. — 1, Jas. A. Macdonald. 18 Any other disseminated variety, yellow. — 1, Mrs. H. McK. Twombly; 2. Howard Cole. 25 One or more varieties, to be shown in one vase. Open to all Varieties, Seedlings and Sports.— 1. Mrs. H. McK. Twombly; 2, Mrs. Wm. D Guthrie. Plants in Flower, Commercial Growers Genista, 1 plant, specimen. ^Madbtn ^ Christensen, Woud Ridge, N. J. Genista^ 3 standard, specimens.— 1, Madsen & Christensen, Wood Ridge, X. J.; 2, A. L. Miller, Jamaica, X. Y. Hydrangea, 12 plants. — 1, Julius Roehrs Co., Rutherford, N. J. (iroup of Azaleas, any types, covering 150 sq. ft., arranged for effect. — 1, Bobbink & Atkins, Rutherford, X. J. Special— Open Class. An exhibit covering l.OOO sq. ft. This exhibit may include lawns, Hower beds, gardens, shrubbery borders. Rose beds, bulb beds, or any exhibit that the artistic ability of the exhibitor may suggest, as the widest latitude will be allowed in this class. Special gold medals will also be awarded for special merit in this class. Palms and Foliage Plants, Commercial Growers Bay Trees, pyramidal, 2 plants. — 1, Yonkers X'ur^cries, Inc., Yonkers, N. V. Bay Trees, standard, 2 plants. — 1, Ycnkers Nurseries, Inc.; 2, Julius Roehrs Co. Bay Trees, columnar, .: plants. — 1, Julius Roehrs Co. Box Trees, pyramidal, 2 plants. — 1, Bcbbink & Atkins. Box Trees, bush, 2 plants. — 1, Bobbink & Atkins. Kentia Forsteriana, specimen, single or bushy.— 1, Yonkers Xurser- ies, Inc. Palm, other than above, specimen, single or bushy. — 1, Yonkers Xur- series, Inc. ; 2, Bobbink & Atkins. Ferns, Commercial Grow^ers Adiantum Farleyense cr its types, six plants, not less than 8-in. pots or pans. — 1, A. X, Pierson, Inc., Cromwell, Conn. Xephrolepis, specimen, any variety. — 1, F. R. Pierson, Tarrytown, N. Y. Cibotium Scheidei, specimen, not less than l2-in. pot or tub. — 1, Bobldnk & Atkins. Ferns, collection, not less than 50 plants. — 1. F. R. Pierson. Fern, specimen, any other variet\'. — 1, F. R. Pierson. Bulbous Plants, Commercial Growers Prizes Offered by the Rye Garden Club, G. C. A. Lilium, 25 pots, one or more varieties.- — 1, F. R. Pierson; 2, .\. L. Miller. Orchid Plants, Commercial Growers (iroup of plants in \ariety, cm\- ering 30O sq. ft. ( dircorative plants per- mitted ). arranged for effect. — 1. Julius Roehrs Co. Group of 25 plants in variety, arranged for effect, greens permitted. — I, G. E. Baldwin & Co., Mamarcneck. N. Y.; 2, Lager & Hurrell, Sum- mit, X. J. Cut Orchids, Commercial Grow^ers Collections of cut (.)rchids covering IGO s q. ft. I»ecorative preens per- mitted.— 1. Joseph Manda Co., W. Orc^nge. X. J. Roses in Pots and Tubs, Commercial Growers Climbing, red, specinien. — 1, Louis Dupuy, Whitest! ne, N. Y. Climbing, pink, specimen. — 1, A. N. Pierson, Inc. Climbing, yellow, specimen. — 1, A. X. Pierson, Inc. Any single variety, specimen. — 1, Louis Dupuy. Cut Roses, Commercial Growers 50 .\merican Beauty.— 1. (uide Bros. Co.. 1214 F st., Washt^-gton, D. C. 100 Columbia. — 1, F. R. Pierson, Tarrytown, X. Y.; 2, L. " B. Codding- lon. Murray Hill. X. J. lOO Francis Scott Kev. — 1. F. R. Pierson. 100 Hadley.— 1, L. B. Coddington. 100 Ophelia, or anv of its sports. — 1, Duckham-Pierson Co., Madison, X. J.; 2, F. R. Pierson. 100 Premier. — 1, IHickham-Pierscn Co.: 2, F. R. Pierson. 100 White Killarney, or any white sport of same. — 1, L. B. Coddington. 50 Crusader.— 1, Duckham-Pierson Co.; 2, F. R. Pierscn. 50 Mrs. Aaron Ward. — 1, Traendly & Schenck. 50 Pilgrim.- 1, Traendly & Schenck; 2, F. R, Pierson. 50 Sunburst.— 1, W. W. Vert, Madison, X'. J. 50 Any other disseminated variety, yellow. — 1, F. R. Pierson; 2, Traendly iv- Schenck. 25 Any undisseminated variety. Silver Medal. A Gcid Medal will also be awarded for anv new varietv judged worthy of the same. — 1, A. N. Pierson. Inc., Gold Medal; 2, C. 11. Totty. Inc., Gold Medal. Display Cut Roses, Commercial Growers Display of Cut Roses, covering 300 sq. ft. and containing not less than 500 nor more than 1,000 blooms. Decorative green of any kind, including plants, permitted. Quality of bloom, artistic arrangement and general etfect and variety to be considered in making award. — 1, Traendly & Schenck, Rowayton, Conn. ; 2. A. N. Pierson, Inc., Cromwell, Conn. ; 3, F. R. Pier- son, Tarrytown. X. Y. Dinner-table Decorations, Private Growers Table and accessories to be furnished by Flower Show Management. Table to be set for ei^ht. Roses the only flower to be used in this decora- li,3n. — 1, Mrs. H. McK. Twombly. Convent Sia.. X. J.; 2, Thomas Atchi- son. Mamarcneck, X. Y. ; 3. Mrs. Payne Whitney, Manhasset, L, I. Special Awards for Notable Exhibits Thomas C. Proctor. Topsfield, Mass.— 100 Carnation Laddie. Silver Medal. ^ .^ Miss Ida E. Bliss, Great Neck, L. I. — Salmon Salvia splendens. Certifi- cate of Merit. J. B. Duke, Somerville, X. J. — Cattleya Enid var. Mrs. Warren G. Harding. Silver Medal. Joseph Manda Co., West Orange, X. J. — Cymbidium hybrid. Gola Medal. Mrs. W. C. Teagle, Port Chester, N. Y. — Pyramid Box trees. Cultured certificate. X. F. & G. G. Brady Estate, Manhasset, L. I. — Carnations Merveillc Francai^e and Le Miracle. Cultural Certificates. Countess Mildred Hohenstein, Edge Hill, Pa. — Yellow seedling Rose. Silver Medal. A. L. Miller, Jamaica, L. I. — Group of pot plants. Gold Medal. B. H. Borden, Rumson, N. J. — Three spikes Cymbidium hybrids. Silver Medal. Miss Marshall. Coe Estate, Oyster Bay, L. I. — Collection of cut Camel- lias. Silver Medal. C. H. Mackay, Roslyn, N. Y. — New white Snapdragon. Certificate of Merit. A. X. Cooley. Pittsfield, Mass. — Cattleya Cissie. Gold Medal. (Continued on page 128) 120 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE The Fruit Garden HOWARD N. SCARFF OF YOU who are fortunate enough to possess your own garden, wlio has not felt tlie thrill of joy and satisfaction in the height of strawberry season to find your own vines loaded with this luscious fruit? You picked a basketful and served them with cream, or perhaps in a shortcake, for dinner, and truly you never tasted berries of such delightful freshness and such deli- cious flavor. They did not have that soggy, sluggish taste as those from the market which were picked several days before and which have lost their fine delicate flavor and texture from exposure to the hot sultry atmosphere. But the greatest satisfaction is not derived from this almost super-flavor of the fruit. It is the fact that you have planted the patch with the utmost care, guarded it through its infancy, keeping the soil well cultivated, and whenever spare time would permit, dealing the death blow to every weed that came into view. You have seen the plants respond to this care ; you have watched the growth start with increased vigor on the addition of a little fertilizer. Then through the cold bleak months, as these little plants nestled snugl\- under their Winter mulch, thcv kept you in mild anxiety and anticipation as to what joy they might bring you for your efl:'ort spent. Now as you stand in the midst of this little garden, whose every breath is filled with the delicate aroma of the ripen- ing fruit hanging in the clusters on the vines at your feet, you feel the fascination and joy that comes to all who have secured good results from their fruit garden. Bl'sii Fruits Strawberries are just one of the delicacies such a gar- den will produce. Where space permits you will usually find a row or more of raspberries, the blackcaps with their clusters of pearly black fruit conspicuous among the green and grey of the foliage or the Reds showing dull amber in the simlight. ]\Iany of us are staunch friends of the sturdy blackberry. Their late bearing brings them at a time when most of the other bush fruits are gone. The sweet juicy flavor of these is never so good as when just picked from the bush. Perhaps none other of the so called small fruits attracts the birds as does the black- berry ; although I believe that all garden lovers are bird lovers even if the birds do steal a few of the cherished fruits. The trailing vines of the dewlierry produce large juicy fruit similar to the blackl)erry. yet larger and sweeter and with but little core. Tliey make an excellent sweet wine besides their fine dessert qualities, and are gaining in popularity in some sections. Currants and gooseberries were always found in the older gardens until a troublesome little worm infested tlie bushes stripping them of tlicir leaves and thus resulting in an inferior cro]) of fruit. Xow this pest can be so easily controlled with insecticides that we need never omit them from our plantings. Their culinary value for making pies and jellies cannot be overestimated. TlIK EVERBE-ARERS The Fall-bearing varieties of strawberries and rasp- berries lengthen the productive ])eriod of our gardens even until checked in the .\utunin by frost. The suiK-rb and progressive strawberries seem to give the greatest satisfaction of this cla.ss and will bear both a Spring and a Fall crop, although the latter will be much better if the .Spring blossoms are i)inched off. Of the ras])berrics. St. Regis has been the standard everbcarer. It produces a ."Spring crop ripening nearly a week before the other va- rieties, continuing to bear more or less until Fall. Ers- kine Park, a newer variety, will produce perhaps the heaviest Autumn crop of all. The LaFrance is coming into prominence because of its strong canes and large fruit. All of these everbearing sorts are greatly im- proved by a little irrigation during the hot, dry, Summer months. Grapes .^nd Log.\nberries Trained to the fence around the garden what could be more fitting and also more economical than a few grape vines. Most of us know grapes only from the "Concords" we buy on market, whicli are greatly inferior to some of the better varieties we may grow at home, such as the Worden, a large blue variety ; Caco, an exceptionally good and new red, large and fine flavored ; Diamond and Niagara are both fine white grapes. I do not believe any fruit is so relished when taken directly from the vine as the grape, and I will assure you they will taste doubly good to those of you who can pluck a bunch frcjm a vine you yourself have planted and cared for. If you are forttmate enough to live in the tropical climate of the Pacific Coast you may enjoy the Loganberry of which so much has been said during the past few years, and the Himalaya berry, the finest of all bush fruits, as one grower claims. I do not believe that either of these has been grown successfully out of doors in the ]\Iiddle West or in the East. Blueberries The U. S. Dept. of Agriculture is' improving the blue- berry with such success that it will only be a matter of a short time until we can have plants from these choice new varieties for our gardens. The extra large berries of almost melting sweetness are a very marked improve- ment over the common wild sorts. Tree Fruits Let us not overlook the tree fruits. It takes a little longer to grow this class but the reward is much greater. Tlie apple is king of all fruits and we are learning more and more of its value in our every day diet. With just a little care we can grow them just as fine as our Western boxed apples, and who would not be proud to own a half dozen or more of these trees that were loaded with per- fect fruit, the result of our efforts at just odd times? Xow there are the cherries, peaches, ])lunis. jicars. quinces, apricots and many others. We hardly know the value and fascination of these fruits until we have grown them ourselves, solved the sometimes ])er[)lexing problems they have presented to us, combatted all of their enemies and then see these faithful trees start bearing and more than sur])ass our greatest exjiectations. There is perhaps no other fruit whose quality is lowered to such a great de- gree by its commercial handling as is the peach. In the first ])lace, the commercial varieties grown must be of firm flesh to stand u|) imdcr trans])ortation without undue injury, and it li.-qipens tiiat most of these particular va- rieties are far from being our finest flavored [leacbes. l-^econdly, they nuist be picked when still imm;iture to l)revent them from becoming o\ i r lipc before being sold to tlie consumer, and thus .giving them a flat lifeless taste. In liiir gardens we may jilant the sweeter, juicier varieties and ,-iliow them to soften to mellow riiK-ness before jiick- ing and thus get one lumdred jier cent of the flavor. (CoiilUinrd on pai;c 124) For April, 1922 121 Arctic and Alpine Vegetation WILLARD N. CLUTE THE tilt given to the axis of our planet when it began its everlasting spin about the sun is responsible for a great deal of that variety with which life is said to be spiced. Among other things it gave us our sea- sons and incidentally that succession of storms and calms that we call the weather. On a globe with its axis per- pendicular to the plane of its orbit, every place on its surface would receive the same length of daylight in the twenty-four hours, but the greatest intensity of light and heat would be at the equator from whence it would de- crease regularly to the poles. Tlit- inclined axis of our own globe, however, makes the sun appear to travel north and south with the seasons over a region forty-seven degrees wide, at one time carrying Summer conditions far northward and at another leaving a vast region about the pole in cold and darkness while it advances Summer toward the opposite pole. Under these conditions the vegetation near the equator enjoys perpetual Summer, interrupted only by wet and dry seasons as the sun passes with its belt of clouds, while the plants nearer the poles must adjust themselves to great changes, now exposed to the terrible cold and dark- ness of the long arctic night and now bathed in sunlight for weeks at a time. In latitude 70° the sun in Summer is above the horizon continuously for sixty-five davs and in latitude 80^ it shines iminterruptedly for one hundred and thirty-four days. The decrease in the heat and light intensity in high latitudes is compensated for, in some degree, by the greater length of daylight. At mid-Sum- mer more heat falls on the polar regions in twenty-four hours than falls on the equator in the same time, but in spite of this the lower layers" of the soil remain in the condition they were left in after the last glaciation and have never thawed out. Much of the heat that reaches the earth is used in thawing the upper layers of soil, in melting the ice and snow and in evaporating the water, so that the soil is never really warm. Evaporation, how- ever, is not rapid and in spite of a reduced rainfall the soil over vast areas is wet or boggy. Where drainage is poor, the water stands in puddles between peaty hillocks on which the scanty vegetation grows. A broad belt of this nature forms the northern limit of vegetation in both hemispheres and is known as tundra. In its more favorable sections it may support a plant cov- ering of grasses and flowering plants, but elsewhere it is covered with mosses, especially peat mosses, and lichens like the "reindeer moss" (Cladonia) which afTords food for musk oxen, reindeers and other herbivores. The most noticeable eiifect that cold produces on plants is a reduction in size. The plants that inhabit cold re- gions are always small and compact in comparison with the same species from more hospitable lands. Great numbers of "cushion-plants" with minute leaves and short stems denselv matted together are found and these, grow- ing in close little communities, form the bloom mats so frequently mentioned in descriptions of northern coun- tries. The flowers for the most part are large, brilliantlv colored and abundant, and stem and leaves often have considerable color also. Many forms are in demand for the rock garden in milder regions. Most of the species whose common names begin with "arctic" belong to this class. Owing to the shortness of the Summer season in high latitudes there is no succession of bloom such as we see in milder regions. When Spring comes all vegetation Irishes forth with astonishing rapidity and is soon in full leaf and flower. A remarkably small amount of heat is able to induce growth, a few degrees above the freezing point being sufficient. Frosts may occur at any time dur- ing the Summer and the plants be frozen up again and again, but such hardy specimens thaw out again and con- tinue growth unharmed. The woody plants find it ex- tremely difficult to survive such conditions and usually drop out long before the limits of vegetation are reached. Last to give up the struggle are the aspens, birches, alders, and willows. Reduced in stature to the size of small shrubs or undershrubs they make a brave stand but finally only the willows are left and these literally digging themselves in, with trunks under the surface, send up tiny branches with two or three leaves and a few minute flowers. In more favorable conditions large areas are covered with shrubs of the heath family, notably the Labrador tea and huckleberry as well as the heath- like crowberry. There are no plant families that are distinctly arctic. All the species belong to families whose centers of distri- bution are farther south. Large deposits of coal in lands now covered with ice and snow, however, indicate that at some distant day the climate must have been very nuich warmer. In milder regions mountain tops of sufficient elevation provide conditions for growth somewhat like those that prevail in the arctic lowlands and when the mountain ranges extend roughly north and south they may pro- vide a highway over which northern plants can spread far toward the equator. In many cases the identical species that grow beyond the arctic circle may thus reach nearly or quite to the Alexican boundary. Although comparable to arctic regions as regards temperature, there are various other features of elevated regions that combine to make conditions quite difl:'erent from those near the poles, and this has resulted in a number of forms that resemble northern forms but are better classed as alpine than arctic. Contrasted with arctic regions the mountain tops have a regular succession of day and night and a greater amount of light during the day. Owing to the elevation there is greatly reduced air pressure and less carbon dioxide as well as a marked change of tem- perature daily. The rainfall is often scanty and the ab- sence of cliiuds allows a greater amount of ultra-violet light to penetrate to the earth. In spite of these dififer- ences, however, the mountain summits have much the same general features as the arctic regions. At the highest points are found mosses and lichens similar to those of the tundra and below them are the grasses, cushion-plants and bloom-mats which form the mountain meadows. Still lower come the dwarf shrubs and stunted trees known as the elfin wood close to what is called the "timber line." Near the upper limits of tree growth the vegetation consists of needle-leaved evergreen trees but lower down deciduous broad-leaved trees are found and, if in the tropics, these may merse into the broad-leaved evergreens of the rain forest. Recalling the vegetation of the earth as a whole we discover that it has manv indications of zoning that .sucgest those of the mountains. The principal diiTerence is that a thousand miles in lati- tude corresponds to a few thousand feet in altitude. Be- ginning with the broad-leaved forest at the equator we pass through a zone of deciduous forest to a needle-leaved evergreen belt from which we emerge into a grassland that vanishes far nothward in the arctic tundra. 122 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE ^IIIIinilUlUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllUlllllllllllllllllllllMlllUltlllltlllllllllllllttlllllllllM Work for the Month in the Garden | SAMUEL GOLDING I aiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiimiiiiuiiJiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiwiiuJimniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiniiiiiiiii^ Wrril the opening days of Spring, much work con- fronts the gardener on every side. Alake another successional sowing of pens, which should be fol- lowed at intervals of about two weeks. Sow the main crop of onions and parsnips, salsify, some turnips, Swiss chard, more spinach and lettuce, kohlrabi, celery, cab- bage, etc. Plant out from frames after they have been thoroughly hardened. All brassicas, lettuce and onions which were sown early inside may be planted into their final quarters. Some care is necessary when carrying out this operation to prevent unnecessary injur)- to the roots. Use a long trowel to get the roots down as far as possible, and make the soil around them quite firm. Plant out early leeks in well manured trenches. They are gross feeders, and will repay generous treatment. Some of the earliest celery can be planted out, but do not force or unduly hurry these plants as sometimes the very early sow-n is prone to bolt or run to seed. Plant early potatoes. It is always advisable to change the ground for this important crop, and new seed is also an important factor in securing good yields of the tuber. Tomatoes, egg plant, peppers and other tender vegeta- ble plants that are growing on in the frames, should be allowed plenty of room to develop. Keep them near the glass to encourage and maintain a sturdy growth. Give abimdance of water to crops growing under glass and pay attention to pro])er ventilation, as the more ten- der seedlings are very susceptible to the sudden changes of temperature which oftimes occur at this season. Con- tinue to cover the sash at night until danger of frost is past. Lose no time in finishing up new work on lawns. Grass .seed sown during this month quickly germinates, and if the weather is favorable, will be well established before the hot days are here. Any alterations, dividing and transplanting to be done in the perennial borders should be taken in hand now. This alludes to the late Smnnier and I""all blooming sub- jects. It is good practice to divide and transplant Spring blooming plants during September so that they will be- come established before Winter comes. Cuttings of ])crennials will root freely now, and the jilants will blmini well later on. They are most useful for filling any va- cant spaces in the borders. The herbaceous ])lants are gross feeders and api>rcciaU' generous treatment. Fork in a good mulch of good farm manure. PJant out all biennials thai have winicrnl in llic cnld frames. Prune outdoor roses: hybrid ijcrpc-tuals i-ci|iiirc a uinrv severe Druning than the teas and hxbrid teas. These ni;iy have all weak and useless wood removed and shoidd be cut back to a gorid eve. Plant new beds as early as pos- sible, and ])rei)are their (|uarters very deep and dig in plenty of good cow manure, making them firm after planting, and cutting them well back. Continue to plant decifiuous trees and shrubs, fruit trees, and evergreens. Cut ofif anv damaged root with a sharp knife and cut the head well back after planting to maintain a balance between the roots and lo])s. See that thev rlo not suffer from flroutrht until thev are es- labli.slied, thai is. when root ay days because he hasn't sense enough to lose him- self in thinking about the problems of other jieople. Tie nasn't learned the scientific truth of the statement "lie thai losetli his life shall find it.'' If vou want hapi)iness get it by forgetting .-ibout yourself in being useful to others. — h"oi(i!i:s. For April, 1922 123 The Greenhouse, Month to Month GEORGE F. STEWART TllK month of April is one of the husiest months of the whole year in the greenhouse, a great deal of time lieing used in transferring many plants, that are to be planted outdoors, to cold frames for hardening off. It is so easy to forget details, which, if neglected, will prove detrimental to fruits and plants later on. The greenhouse man should work out a daily system, as far as possible, so that daily duties may be done at certain stated periods of each day. System is a great time saver, especially when, as at the present time on ac- count of business depression in so many lines, many places are short handed. This month the cool greenhouse hard wood plants that have been used during March for house decora- tion and flower show purposes should be repotted, if they are heavily ro(ited in their receptacles. Some of the lighter rooting species will go a second year with a light top dressing and weekly applications of Clay's Fertilizer, while they are making their growth. I would include under this heading such plants as aca- cias, Bancra, corncUa. choricciiia, criostcmon, heaths, and other Spring flowering hardwood plants, known by many as "New Holland hardwood plants." A good compost for potting these plants is upland loam, for the stronger rooting sorts, w'ith about a third of good sharp sand added. To those that have more delicate roots give equal parts of loam and peat, adding the same amount of sand, with some fine charcoal. Pot firmly and do not over-pot. Personally I never give a hardwood plant more than an inch of shift, unless it is a very coarse rooter. It shows culture to have a large plant in a small receptacle. Defer pruning, and shaping the plants until they have begun to root into the new compost. I think that they break more evenly and heal over the cuts more quickly. Cool bulbous plants should be watched carefully to have a succession when required. \\''e are now likely to have occasional hot days, forcing them a little faster than last month. They can be held for a long time after be- ginning to show color in a cool frost proof jiit with a cement floor. Specimen fuchsias and geraniums should now be grow- ing vigorously in their flowering pots. Stimulate occa- sionally with fertilizer and manure water. Water at least three times with clean water between applications. Pinch the points out of the fuchias to keep them in shape, espe- cially on the strong growths. Allow eight weeks from the last stopping to the date they are wanted in flower. Geraniums break naturally, if the flower buds are picked ofi^. The same length of time as stated above is required to bring them into full flower after the removal of flower buds. These notes also ajjply to fuchsia baskets, and ivy- leaved pelargoniums that are used for hanging in any position for decorative effect. Single stem chrysanthemums, if large blooms are re- quired, must be attended to, moving them along to their flowering pots as quickly as possible. Hush plants, as regards potting, should be treated as above. There must be careful stopping to keep them symmetrical, cutting any shoot that is taking the lead faster than the others. Towards the end of April sow seeds of "herbaceous calceolaria,'' if one desires large specimens the following vear for exhibition. One can have a nice sturcK- little lilant liefnre the hot months of Summer. It stands heat much lietter than those of later sowings, and when the cool Fall nights arrive, if given the proper compost, will grow like a weed. Chinese primroses. Primula stcllata, Kcwensis. Obcoii- ica, should be sown this month, but malacoidcs will be better left until later. Do not forget the young carnations and roses intended for benching by the end of June. Better success with the carnations, I think, can be had by pot growing until planted out on the benches. I"rom observation and prac- tice, the plants are more easily controlled than when planted out in the field. Insect pests may be never seen if reasonable precautions are taken, and finer and better stemmed flowers may be had when the short day arrives. Nice plants in four-inch pots are about right to plant in the carnation and rose house, about the above-men- tioned period. Move them along with that end in view in a nice, airy temperature, avoiding draughts by careful ventilation. Tropical plants such as Allamandas, Ixora. clcrodcn- dron, cucharis, anthuriums, flowering and foliage varieties, crotons, marantas, etc., are now growing vig- orously. Allow- each specimen plenty of space as it is then much easier to combat insects than when over- crowded on the benches. In my experience, over-crowd- ing of plants in a humid atmosphere is ideal for the breeding of red spider. Syringe freely on all bright days ; admit air freely on all davs when the temperature allows it. I do not believe in the sweat box idea for these plants, as experience has proved that they will grow as well in a lower temperature than was practised in our earlier days of gardening. To keep insects in check dur- ing the rest of the season I have found that a thorough spraying with Imperial Soap Spray, according to direc- tions, adding a wine glass of kerosene to every three gallons of the water-diluted mixture, kept well agitated during the application every two weeks, is efi^ective. There will then be very little trouble with the usual JDreeds of insects. Choose a cloudy day for the operation, and even during the hot months, have a little heat in the pipes. The early fruit houses will soon be ripening their fruit. Never syringe after the fruit begins to show color. Keep the houses good and airy. Nectarines, in my opin- ion, are better for forcing than peaches, as they are not so commonly grown out doors, and many people prefer the flavor of this fruit. Keep a sharp lookout for any unnecessarv shoot that will not be required for next vear's fruiting on any of the trees. Do not overcrowd the trellis. Grape vines will now all be starting into growth. Dis- budding must be strictly attended to. Several buds are always to be found at the end of the spur. Select the bud nearest the rod if it is stronger. Never be in a hurry to tie the shoots down to the wires as a jar of a door will often snap the shoot. One grower, I knew, main- tains that nearly every grape house he has seen is wired too near the glass. His idea is that each shoot should have plenty of head room to develop until the weight of the bunch naturally brings it down to the desired position. Modern wide glass structures certainlv need more air 124 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE space between the glass and the leaves than is generally seen. Scorched leaves are too commonly observed in these modern grape houses. Pinch the shoots two joints ahead of the Ijunch and every lateral one leaf from the shoot. Give the late grapes plenty of top air, and let the temperature rise naturally with the season. On warm days ripening fruit will take top and bottom venti- lation to develop the bloom. Avoid extreme in tempera- ture as much as possible. Melons may be had in succession if one has ample room and time at his command ; also strawberries brought in in batches every two weeks until such time as they may be had out doors. These notes are simply reminders. Every one should have an up-to-date .\merican book on fruit culture for indoors ; also another on vegetable forcing, as every year more and more demand is made for fruit and vegetables the year round. Pot any of the Spring flowering orchids which may require it, just before the next year's growth begins to break. However, always remember. that the less an or- chid of the evergreen type is disturbed, the better it will thrive, providing the compost is fresh. Avoid extremely high temperature, even for phakcnopsis, for it can be grown in a much more airy house than was believed pos- sible in years gone by. Cattlcya Schrodcrcc I have grown in a carnation house up between the ridge ventilators where at night it was often 4.^°, very successfully for years, never changing its position Summer or Winter. Much depends on watering; and high temperature has more to do with the deterioration of these plants than anything else, especially during the Winter months. Odontoglossums are now flowering, and it is a pity that this most beautiful orchid dislikes our hot Summer so much. Heavily shaded with blinds raised from the glass to allow air to circulate freely, and with water running over the glass from the ridge down on all hot days, is the most successful method so far. This should be ac- companied by plenty of ventilation, top and bottom. Wage a continued warfare on all insect pests on orchid plants at all times. Love your plants. Read all you can about ihem, espe- cially how they are found growing naturallv. \'isit your neighboring .gardeners in a friendly way to compare ex- periences. Confess how little we really know about plants, after all our experience. Confession of ignorance is good for gardening as well as for the soul. THE FRUIT GARDEN ( Colli iiiucil froni page liO) Let Voir T.\.sie I'.k Your Pl.\nting Guide Xow it is not sui)i)Osed that everyone wIkj makes an attempt at fruit gardening, either purely for pleasm-e or as a source of fresh fruit for the home, should try to grow all of these kinds or even a half of them, l-'veryone has a particular likin.g for some one or more of these fruits, so let this l)e your planting guide. Select a good rich plot of well drained soil. Then secure all the available infor- ination on these fruits and ajjply it accordingly. I am sure that the interest and enthusiasm that a "good start " creates will help you to overcome any ])roblenis in the care of them that may develop later. C.XKEFUi. .'\tte\tio.\ Must He Given The fruit crop will not produce itself more than any other kind of a crop. Tn fact, I believe the fruits will respond to a little extra care more rearlily than others. They must receive careful cultivatir)n, training, fertiliz- ing and spraymg when necessary. The true gardener does all these almost bv instinct, while the amateur soon learns them by actual experience. An old apple tree, standing unproductive for years, with a little proper fertilizing, etc., will usually produce a surprising amount of fruit in a couple of year.s. As stated before one can expect to en- counter a few difficult problems, a troublesome insect or disease may cause havoc, or the vines or trees may not grow as you expected and many other things, for all of which there is a cause. It is the finding and the conquering of these that lends interest to the game, and finally, when the splendid crop is matured, it is this feel- ing of victory over adversities that produces an added sense of joy aui^ satisfaction. Every Home Should H.ue Its Fruit G.\rde.\ I have always maintained that where space permits every home should have its fruit as well as its vegetable garden. If we have the luscious fruit right at our own doors we are going to eat plenty of it and enjoy it very much more than the half-par products of the market. \\'e are going to can, preserve and make jelliet and jams out of the surplus and thus reap the benefits throughout the year. Where the hand labor is available dwarf trees may be used and the other fruits so arranged as to give a fine formal scheme. The floral efifect at blooming time, followed by the conspicuously colored fruits, could fur- nish nothing more pleasing or effective in the planting arrangement. Make the Garden Your Hobby It is unfortunate that many people are confined indoors with their nusiness duties most of the day. To keep in tiie best of health and vigor it is certainly necessary fo> them to .spend an hour or more of each day m the open air and sunshine. Then, to furnish this outdoor recrea- tion, a plea.sant diversion, and lots of fresh fruit, why cannot they develo)) the fruit garden as a hobby and add both years and pleasure to their lives. A MARECHAL NIEL ROSE STORY (Continued from pa^e 112) pacing crop. The writer had cut as high as five hundred at a cutting. The floor space was used for Calla lilies, which though a little taller from being shaded were never- theless good. W'hen the fame of this rose productiveness got abroad a number of others undertook to grow the Marechal Niel the same way, but although they got a good surface cov- ered with wood their crop of blooms never equaled ours. My idea always was that their being on their own roots they got the growth, etc., but the influence of the La Alarque stock was what gave us the enormous quan- tity of blooms. I may be wrong in this, as location and treatment might have had some influence, as I have found similar action in cillicr lliin"-. L'nclo Sam offrrs YOU POSTAL SAVINGS fdr the aeeiiniulation of small savings and TKKASrRY SAVINGS CERTIFICATKS f<»r tlifir investment Sppiik to your I'oatniaster For April, 1922 125 CLOTHING THE GROUND BENEATH TREES IN' gardens where large trees are growing the ground beneath them is too often regarded as useless, and in the consequent neglect it is frequently allowed to become more or less an eye- sore. It is certainly not always easy to beautify these shady spots, especially in the case of ground beneath old Yew-trees, or similar subjects where the numerous roots occupy the whole of the surface- soil. But with proper treatment, accompanied by the necessary patience, even these unpromising places may, to a certain extent, be beautified by a suitable selection of plants. The first steps to be taken are to fork over the ground, and where the mat roots are particularly abundant put a layer of soil. To this may be added some decomposed manure or leaf-mold. Any old dis- carded soil from the potting-shed or elsewhere will serve the pur- pose quite well. It should, of course, be remembered that the innumerable tree roots are always greedily absorliing nourishment from the freshly-added compost, so that it is advisable to renew the top-dressing every twelve months, or even oftener if the oc- casion shall demand it. The Butcher's Broom, when once established, is an excellent dwarf shrub for growing in hungry soils. It will stand the drip well, it does not object to shade, and it will fiourish exceedingly well in time of drought. Ivy, of course, makes an ideal evergreen clothing for ground under trees, neither is it at all difficult to establish. The gold and silver variegated forms of Euonyinus radicans may also be relied upon for the purpose under consider- ation. They are beautiful trailing plants, and look most attractive at anv season of the year. Then there is the handsome Bcrbcris (Mahonia) aquijoVmin. It is worth while taking special care in planting this shrub. Give it a good rooting medium to start with, and water it well in. .Afterwards it will take care of itself and well repay any pains taken with it. Whether in the Spring, when the bright golden blossoms are showily asserting themselves, or in the Autumn and Winter during the period of rich leaf-coloration, this charming plant always has some special attraction. Peri- winkles and St. John's Worts, too, may be freely employed to beautify the ground beneath trees, and they will both flourish in the poorest of soils without any sunshine. Among bulbous subjects there are a few which will give a good account of themselves in the position indicated. Snowdrops and Scillas, Ornithogalums, and Eraiithis Itxcmails will all do well under trees. Special mention might be made of the lovely hardy Cyclamens. These are easily established even among the active roots of trees, and they luxuriate abundantly in the shade which the branches afford. The foliage of these little woodland gems is quite effective, while the dainty flowers last for a con- siderable time. The tubers should be put in just below the soil surface. These, together with the other bulbs mentioned, should be planted in bold, irregular groups, and they will multiply and spread in their own fashion and duly gladden the earth with their gay blossoms. Then, of course, there are Primroses and Polyan- thuses, while even Foxgloves may be coaxed into bloom in certain localities. This list is not by any means a complete one, but a careful planting of those sorts mentioned will, at any rate, do much towards beautifying those spots which neglect has previously allowed to remain bare and unsightly. — Gardiviing Illustrated. PLANTS THAT ARE PESTS IT must, I suppose, be admitted that a plant which behaves as a pest in one soil or climate may be quite orderly and charming in another; also that a plant which is a nuisance in the rock garden may be a most desirable subject somewhere else. That be- ing so, there must inevitably exist a number of opinions as to the moral character of various plants whose reputations have at one time or another been called in question. Notwithstanding, it is always permissible to make observations on subjects of which one personally has had painful e-xperience : this so that those who are planting may at least take due warning. One of the earliest of my errors in this respect was the chance planting of a root or two of the Welsh Poppy (Mccoiiopsis caiii- brica) in some steps. This pretty thing, so admirable for wood- land, has not yet been extirpated, and I doubt if it ever will, so firmly is it entrenched in the masonry, so grimly holding ground that might be occupied by something better. I am assured, how- ever, that the beautiful bronze (single) form does not ofifend like the type. Oxails spcctabilis (?), lovely in flower and foliage is even a worse pest than the Poppy, i. e., in the wrong place. It spreads by underground runners, probably by seed and by begetting legions of little bulbs which, on lifting a plant, scatter all over the place and are small enough to be carried on one's boots and tools from place to place. O.ralis spcctabilis. once you get it in a soil that it likes, is a very murrain, and on the knees of repent- ance have I besought it these many years to take its spawn else- where. As for the creeping Linarias, I have yet to meet the one I can contemplate without distrust. L. cy)nbalaria (Kenilworth Ivy) has never had much opportunity of doing its worst here. The admirable pallida was put in a few years ago on the assumption that it was not a rampant colonizer, but it, alas ! is also branded with the same family curse. Even pretty little hcpaticwfolia is displaying symptoms of energy which arouse suspicion, and I am not unduly fidgety in regard to these things. Helxinc Solicroli will swarm over anything witli the rapidity of a fungus, but one can here rejoice in its wonderful glossy green and flowers like gold dust, knowing that a sharp frost or two will clip its wings and bring it back to moderation before another Spring. Not so Epihlnuin numinnlarifolium, w^hich, though hardly so difficult to weed out, is too lively and prolific for the rock garden. Nor can I suffer gladly another of its genus, called, I think, E. glabclliim, despite its more attractive appearance. But, whereas these only creep on the surface and sow the parish with their feathered seed, what shall one say of Convok'utus attlucioides (properly C. tciiiiissiinus) of most catalogs? No more beauti- ful plant lives than this one. with its big rose-satin trumpets and finely cut, pale gray foliage. (The true leaves are green and almost exactly like those of a young Ragwort.) Yet it is the most rampaging, fighting, overwhelming weed that ever burrowed into forbidden ground. The couch-like roots know no obstacle, recognize no limitation. They will push under a gravel path or flight of steps without showing a sign until, 4 ft. or 5 ft. away, you will one day observe a little rosette of green, crinkly leaves and realize in sackcloth and ashes that C. althmoides has not only "got there," hut fully secured his lines of communication. Still, one cannot be too severe on a plant so lovely and one so generous with its flowers. O.ralis corniculata nibra, I am ready to believe, may be a pleas- ing object where one can afford to let it have its own way, but I know nothing so diflicult to get out once it is established, nothing that spreads so rampantly. It has no compensations to offer me in return for the depths of woe into which I have been cast by its unwelcome persistence. The exquisitely beautiful Cardamine prtrtcusis fl.-pl. can be troublesome too, in some places, for, in forfeiting the usual means of procreation by adopting the double form, it has ingeniously devised another means of increase, i. e., by layering its leaves. Thus, every lower leaf that rests on moist soil sends down a tiny rootlet from its midrib and a new plant is born. This youngster immediately follows suit, with the result that a single plant of C. prcctcnsis will soon swarm over a square yard. But, again, one cannot be too hard on a plant so attractive, and its surplus offspring are easily uprooted. Some of the Cotulas, squalida to wit, will give trouble if allowed too much license, and Accciui Nozrx Zcalandia is not only too boisterous for a rock garden of moderate size, but its burrs are an intolerable nuisance. For these reasons the latter has been banished, and the old Red Valerian (C cntmnthus rubra) has also had to go. even the one clump which for long was spared and suffered for the sake of the butterflies. With Crucianella stylosa one must also be careful, for it is often much too vigorous for the rock garden and a plant that cannot be dislodged without remov- ing the stones which it enmeshes. The old St. John's Wort (Hypcriciiin calycinum) would hardly be planted in the rock garden by the simplest of tyros, but as there are doubtless some who may be tempted to put it in as a carpet- ing for shrubs, I can advise them to make sure that it is kept at a safe distance. An average- path, for example, will not keep this pushful plant within bounds, nor will a stone wall. Its hydra-headed root-stems are more diflicult to stop than those of any other plant with which I am acquainted, the wild white Con- z'olvulus not excepted, and for having given it too much quarter in the past we are being punished by H. calycinum no less con- dignly than the indiscreet deserve. — The Garden. To read without reflecting is like eating without . digesting. — Edmund Burke. 126 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE FRAGRANT ROSES WERE one asked to name the most striking characteristic of the newer Roses, the answer ninst be in one word— •■color." Since M. Pcrnet-Ducher introduced Madame Edouard Herriot (the so-called Daily Mail Rose; in 1912, Rose lovers have enjoyed a wonderful period of progress in this respect. So much so that our French friends appear to have relegated form and everything else to the background in order to worship color exclusively. In our own countries the long-established English standard of form in flowers has saved us from this extreme : however one may admire, for example, the saw-edged flowers of the American carnation, it must be admitted that the smooth-petalled flower by the British florist has an un- equalled charm and beauty. The maintenance of too close an adherence to any particular convention of the kind would, however, be a bar to progress. Twenty years ago no rose hybridiser would have dreamt of retaining the Padres, Red Letter Days. K. of Ks., Isobels or other semi-single or single-flowered roses found amongst his seedlings in the flowering season. Such are disappointing to those who cannot appreciate a rose which is not full, but what would our gardens be without the numerous modern "decorative" hybrid teas which flower almost without cessation from June till Autumn, producing a profusion of bloom quite unknown to nineteenth-century gardeners? It would be interesting to hear what that great rosarian, the '.ate Dean Hole, would say were he to pay a visit to one of our present-day National Rose Shows. I5ut perhaps he is now gardening with roses beyond our ken in form and color and in fragrance. Ah ! there's the sting, for too many of our new roses lack perfume, and in fancy one imagines the Dean sorrowful as he goes round the Show. But our rose raisers are keenly aware of the dericiency, and at no distant date there is little doubt that the ranks of sweet roses will be considerably strengthened. The .sense of smell, nevertheless, appears to have been dealt out in somewhat unequal proportions, and the writer is afraid that raisers of new roses at times And in their own bantlings a fragrance, the detection of which is denied to ordinary tnortals. In any case, it is difficult to obtain information of a fully satisfactory char- acter as to scented varieties ; even the list of fragrant roses given in the National Rose Society's handbook does not to the present writer appear to be infallible, and. as a guide to himself, and as a possible help to others, notes have been taken in successive recent Summers respecting the fragrance of some seven hundred varieties of hybrid roses. Amongst the sweetest twenty-four hybrid roses should be placed Mrs. Bryce Allen, Hugh Dickson, General MacArthur, George Dickson, Crimson Emblem. Edgar M. Burnett, Hadley (one of the best of dark roses), H. E. Richardson, Madame Abel Chat- enay, Madame Maurice de Luze. Mary Countess of Ilchester, Mrs. A. E. Coxhead, Lady Greenall, \V. E. Lippiatt, Mrs. Maud Daw- son, Zephyrine Drouhin, Duchess of Wellington, Ulrich Brunner, Mrs. Richard Draper, Commandant L. Bartre, Alfred Colomb, Mrs. J. Laing, Beauty of W'altham, and the old favorite La France. Of these. Duchess of Wellington possesses so strong and sweet a tea fragrance as to resemljle closely the scent of freesias ;' flowers of Lady Greenall will scent an entire room with delightful perfume, as also will Madame Abel Chatenay.* In degree of sweetness the above set of roses is closely followed in fragrance by Admiral Ward, Chas. J. Graham, Captain F, Bald, Chateau de Clos Vougeot, Cheerful, Colleen, Duchess of Westminster, Edward Mawley, Florence W. Veitch (one of our grandest crim- son roses, whether as a climber or large bush), Gustav Grunner- wald, Gruss an Teplitz, Hoosier Beauty, Jonkeer J. L. Mock, Laurent C:arle, Lieut. Chaure, Madame Meha, Sabatier, Molly Hli.gh (a fine, large new pink rose). Mrs. Forde, Mrs. Geo. Nor- wood, Ophelia (soon to be in every .garden), Walter C. Clark; and, of course, quite an extensive list could be named of roses which possess tea perfume in varying degree. It will be observed that most of our sweetest hybrid roses are of red or pink shades. Probably the sweetest white rose is the rugosa Blanc Double de Coubert, which reminds one that the large pmk flowers of the hybrid rugosa Conrad F. Mcver are also powerfully sweet. — Irish Gardening. '(;T^^ nicksoii, I'lrich Rninner aii.l Mrs. J. I.-.inB ^h.,lTl,l In- d.issilUrl i's HvhriM Pcri>ftu:ils. -Editor. AUTUMN CARE OF FRUIT TREES I AM now firmly convinced „l the value of Winter spraying as a 1 preventative of fungous diseases. Last year there was 'little dis- ease of any kind, and one could not be quite sure of the results i)t spraying. This year .\pplr scab and brown rot arc prevalent and spraying has a chance to show its value. The contrast be- tween sprayed and unsprayed trees is so striking that I no longer feel any doubt By far the best crops of Apples and Plums are in two orchards that were sprayed last Winter, and the foliage is much stronger and healthier. There are blocks of Worcester Pearmain in four orchards. In one that was Winter-sprayed the crop is a picture, the fruit being well developed and practically free from scab. In the other orchards fruits of this variety are badly scabbed, and there is a large proportion of small fruit, in spite of Summer spraying with lime-sulphur. In Plums there is much less brown rot in the orchard that was winter-sprayed. This has given me such a lesson that I shall go in strongly for spraying next Winter, and shall rely on this entirely as a pre- ventive of fungous diseases, concentrating on insect pests in the Summer. It would, of course, be foolish to deny that the normal summer spraying against fungous diseases does good ; but it is often disappointing, and I doubt if it is worth while when winter spraying is so successful. The wash used during the past two winters was a combination of copper sulphate and caustic soda, but lime-sulphur will be substituted in the coming Winter. Caus- tic soda should not be used repeatedly, as it has a hardening effect on the bark. Moreover, it is so unpleasant for the men who have to apply it that a change will be welcome. Caustic soda was used only because the trees were rather heavily coated with moss, due to neglect of Winter spraying during the war. Lime- sulphur is an excellent cleanser if the trees are not too mossy. Fruit-growing becomes more and more scientific. Hitherto the manuring of orchards has been done on more or less haphazard lines. Most growers restrict their manuring to Winter dressings, either at regular intervals or when the frees seem to need help. There is always an extra amount of manuring done after a heavy crop because it is recognized that the trees have undergone a strain and want feeding if they are to continue cropping. Those who have given the matter much thought, however, must have realized that manuring in the Winter is too late to help the yield of the following year, since the fruit buds are formed during the year previous to that in 'which they open. Moreover, they burst in Spring before the roots have started into action and become capable of utilizing the manure and feeding the tree. For the pro- duction of strong bloom and the setting of fruit the tree must, therefore, depend on assimilated plant food which it has been able to store during the previous season. A special soluble organic manure is applied in early August. This time is chosen because the swelling and development of the crop are then nearing completion. The food material given will not, therefore, pass into the fruit. It will go instead into the leaves, where it will be fabricated ; and, not being wanted for immediate needs, must be stored by the tree for the next year, both in its fruit-buds and its system generally. This August dressing is followed by Winter manuring with some lasting organic material, such as hoof or meat meal. This insures that the trees shall be able to support the lilossoms by a vigorous .growth, so that the fruit may be held and the work carried on. These two dressings are given annually, and it is considered important that there should be no break. As a result it is hoped that the dis- tressing habit of alternate year bearing, common to many late varieties of .Apples, has been overcome. .Although I have some trees in grass which have so far proved quite successful, I do not welcome the idea of extending the sys- tem, as it gives less scope for manuring and involves a lot of mowing. — Tlir Gardeners' Chronicle (British). DEPARTMENT OF BOOK REVIEWS AMERICAN ROSE SOCIETY 1922 .linericau Noie Annual ( .Xmerican Rose Society). This book includes 192 pages of text plus 16 inserted sepia plates and two color plates, the frontispiece being a double-size plate of a rose not yet introduced. Inasmuch as the members of the society make the .-Vmerican Rose .Annual l)y their contributions and ex- l)eriencc, it closely reflects the growing rose spirit of .America, in 1922, there are some outstanding features. Three articles on back yard rose gardens tell the story of success under unfavorable conditions. .A syin])osiuni, participated in by all the important rose hybridizers of .America, and by many amateurs, tries to answer the question "What New Roses Does .America Need?" Resiiond- ing to many requests, there is presented a most complete com- lieiidinm of information concerning insects and diseases that bother ro.ses, |)robably the best and most useful information of tlie sort ever provided in .America. Reports of the society's Test Gardens, observations concerning roses abroad, an accurate list of all the new roses of all the world, an intelligent account of the new En.glish ro.ses by the secretary of the N.itional Rose So- ciety of England, and a thoughtful survey of the rose cut flower situation, carry on the breadth of the book. There are as well many interesting rose notes provided by members of the society ,^iiid a (lo/en an-. pro ten:. NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS' BOOTH AT THE FLOWER SHOW The booth at the International Flower Show this year again demonstrated the fact that it is a worth while source of bringing publicity to the association. Estate owners from all parts of the country called for information regarding problems arising on their places, and to discuss the possibility of engaging efficient men. -\ number of people called at the booth to inquire just what the association was, as they had vague and often incorrect ideas as to its aims and purposes. Satisfactory explanations were given to them by those in charge. Attractive pamphlets, setting forth the aims of the association were distributed in large quan- tities from the booth. These pamphlets can be had from the office of the association if any member desires to obtain some for distribution among his gardening" friends in an endeavor to interest them to become members. SIGN BOARDS Froiu one of the association's niembers located in St. Louis, the following interesting news items regarding the abolishment of sign boards along the Missouri highways, has been forwarded : "The State Highway Commission today adopted a resolution to enforce a provision of the new highway law, under which advertising matter cannot be posted along the state highways. .'\11 the numerous highway associations, automobile clubs and old trail associations, for the time being and until otherwise ordered by the commission, are authorized to remove all advertising matter on the right-of-way of the state highways and to substitute finger- boards showing the direction and distances to various cities. Later the commission will make some designations relative to imparting information to travelers on the highways regarding distances to cities, direction, etc., of a more peniianent nature than it is an- ticipated the various associations will make. The prime object at this tiiTie is to get rid of the advertising matter now so gen- erously displayed on trees, fence posts and billboards along the highways." The attention of the Secretary's office was also called to a story which appeared in one of the New England newspapers, which tells of the stand taken by the Cape Cod Chamber of Commerce to rid the Cape of unsightly billboards and advertising signs which disfigure the highways. "The first step in this campaign was the preparation of a petition addressed to certain conspicuous ad- vertisers and advertising" companies using these billboards. This petition, which was very largely signed through the Cape, was based on a plea to protect the picturesque landscape of the Cape." OPENINGS FOR APPRENTICES In answer to the appeal made by the Secretary's office for opportunities for young men who are desirous of locating on private estates as apprentices, several superintendents and garden- ers notified the Secretary that there were such opportunities on places of which they are in charge, and young men were sent out by the Secretary's office to fill these vacancies. The Secre- tary still knows of several desirable young men who would like to become apprentices on private estates, and if any member can provide for one or two young men, the Secretary will be glad to hear from him. 128 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AMONG THE GARDENERS Philip Bovington is now located at Redwood City, Calif., as head gardener to A. D. McBryde. Mr. Bovington was formerly head gardener on the A. R. Erskine estate, South Bend, Ind. Edgar Osborne secured the position of gardener to John D, Horst, Sheerlund, Reading, Pa. William Whelan, for many years gardener on the du Barry estate, Madison, N. J., and later to Leland H. Ross, present owner of the estate, has entered into business for himself at Johnson, X. Y. William Lund has succeeded Mr. Whelan as gardener to Mr. Ross. Roy E. Mickelson, who was connected for several years with the Hibbing, Minnesota, Park Board, is now engaged in land- scape w'ork, serving the northern part of Minnesota. Thomas H. Rogers accepted the position of gardener to Robert L. Bacon, Wcstbury, L. I. Peter Stobie, formerly on the Charles de Rham estate. Cold Springs, N. Y., has accepted the position of gardener on the W. E. Kimball estate. Glen Cove, L. I., succeeding Jesse H. Framp- ton, who recently resigned. John G. Walker accepted the position of gardener to H. E. Manville, Pleasantville, N. V. Thomas J. Roberts secured the position of gardener on the estate of Thomas Hunt, Tivoli, X. Y. Herman Hover has accepted the position of gardener to Henry W. Sackett, Mamaroneck, X. Y. James Warr, who just returned from a trip to England, has accepted the position of gardener to Mrs. B. .A. Haggin, Tanners- ville, N. Y. Ross Gault accepted the position of gardener to S. C. Piric, Sea Cliff, L. I. Donald MacGillivray accepted the position of gardener to J. K. White, Harrisburg, Pa. Thomas Davies secured the position of gardener to James Bowen, Cold Spring Harbor, L. I. The many friends of Donald McXaughton, superintendent of the E. S. Moore estate. Lake Forest, 111., e.xtend their deep svmpathy to him in the loss of Iiis wife on March 17. NORTH SHORE, MASS., HORT. SOCIETY. A regular meeting of this wide awake society was held in Horticultural Hall, Manchester, on the evening of .\pril 5. Fully one hundred members and friends were in attendance. Prof. John S. Carver of the Esse.x County Agricultural School gave an in- teresting lecture on poultry which was followed with keen interest, the lecturer answering many questions at the close. Robert Cameron of Castle Hill Farm, Ipswich, President of the Xational Association of Gardeners, was present and addressed the meeting on the aims and principles of the organization, and referred to the coming Boston convention, September 12 to IS. He asked the co-operation of the Xorth Shore gardeners to make the convention a great success. W. N. Craig of Brookline followed Mr. Cameron and spoke at some length on what the X. A. G. stood for and asked those who were not members to join. George F. Stewart of Waltham. the third speaker, added his voice in support of the national associa- tion and said that it appealed to him more than any other organi- zation he belonged to. P. C. Veinot, a charter member of the X. A. G. at Manchester, .\Ifred E. Parsons, and Eric H. Wetter- low, all commended the work being done for the gardening pro- fession by the X. A. G. and pledged the whole hearted support of the Xorth Shore Horticultural Society in helping to make the coming convention a pleasant and profitable one. Several present expressed a desire to become members. -\Ifred 1'-. Parsons exhibited a superb group of Xemesias in five and six-inch pots from seed sown .\ugust 10, 1921, and grown cool. The flowers were of remarkable size and the plants showed splendid culture. They were worthily awarded the society's silver ttiedal. INTERNATIONAL FLOWER SHOW {Continued from [fagc W)) Samuel Untcrmcyer, Grcystonc, Yonkers, L. I. — Pelia muscosa. Hon- orable Mention. Epicca cuprcata. Cultural Certificate. J. B. Duke. — Cymbidium hybrid, Honorable Mention; Odontioda Vuys- tekiar, Gold Medal; Odontioda, Royal Gem, Certificate of Merit. W. Atlec Burpee & Co., Philadelphia. — Sweet Pea display. Silver Medal. Certificates of Merit to Milkmaid, white; Spokane, orange; Robin Hood, crimson; Quakcrmaid, lilac; Chevalier, rose; I^dy Fair, cream pnik. Bobbink & Atkins. Rutherford. X. j. — Rock earden. Gold .Medal. .\ndrew Wils(jn, Springfield, N. J.— Garden lawn sprinkler. Certificate of Merit. Stirling Postley. Oyster Bay, L. I. — Phrcnix Rocbclinii. Certificate of Mrrit. .Mr'.. R. M.illory, Port Chester, L. I.— 30 Carnation Pocahontas. Silver Medal. n. .Sehwarz, Central Park, L. I.— Seedling pink Carnation. Certificate of .Merit. T. T. Blair, Tuxedo Park, \. y. — .Seedling red Carnation. Certificate of Merit. Carnations, Commercial Growers 100 White.— 1, Springfield Floral Co., Springfield, N. J.; 2, Le Cluse & Le Quse. too Light pink. — 1, Le Cluse & Le Cluse; 2, Springfield Floral Co. 100 Dark pink. — 1, Springfield Floral Co.; 2, Harry O. May, Summit, X. J. 100 red or scarlet, to cover all shades generally included in those colors. — 1. Springfield Floral Co.; 2, Harry O. May. 100 White variegated. — 1, Scott Bros., Elmsford, N. Y. 100 Yellow or yellow variegated. — 1, Strout Inc., Biddeford, Me. 100 Laddie. — 1, P. J. Goddard, Framinghara, Mass.; 2, Springfield Floral Co. .^0 .\iiy new variety not in commerce — Silver Medal. — 1, Wm. C. Haas, Irvington, N. J. Display of Carnations, covering 150 sq. ft. of space and containing not less tlian 1,000 nor more than 1,500 blooms. Decorative green of any kind, including plants, perniitted. Quality of bloom, artistic arrangement and general elTect to be considered in making award. — 1, Springtield Floral Co. Carnations, Private Growers 25 White.— I, Mrs. Arnold Schlaet (E. Lawrence, gdr.), Saugatuck, Conn.; 2, Mrs. F. K. Lewis CJ. Smith, gdr.), Ridgefield, Conn. 25 Light pink. — Mrs. Wm. D. Guthrie; 2, Mrs. Arnold Schlaet. 25 Dark pink. — 1, Mrs. Payne Whitnev. 25 Red or scarlet. — 1, Mrs. L. L. Dunham, Madison, \. ].; 2, Mrs. Payne Whitnev. 25 Crimson. — 1, Mrs. Robert Mallory (Wm. Smith, gdr.), Port Oiester, N. Y. ; 2. Mrs. Payne Whitney. 25 White variegated. — 1, Mrs. F. E. Lewis; 2, Jas. A. Macdonald (R. Hughes, gdr.). Flushing, L. L 25 Yellow or yellow variegated. — 1, Mrs. Payne Whitney. 25 Laddie. — 1, George G. Mason (D. McGregor, gdr.). Tuxedo Park, X. Y.; 2, Mrs. F. A. Constable. \'ase of Carnations, not to exceed 150 blooms. One or more varieties may be used. Decorative green of any kind, ribbon and any other acces- sories may be used, as long as Carnations are the predominant feature. It is intended to give the exhibitor the widest latitude in making this display. \^ase to be supplied by the exhibitor. Quality of bloom, artistic :"rrangcment and general effect to be considered in making award. — 1, Jos. E. Widener (Wm. Kleinheinz, gdr.), Elkins Park, Pa.; 2, Mrs. F. E. Lewis; 3. Mrs. Wm. ]1. Guthrie. Sweet Peas, Commercial Growers 100 Sprays bicolor. — 1, Herman Mamitsch & Son, Tenafly, N. J. 100 Sprays white.--l. Herman Mamitsch &' Son; 2, John M. Barker, Morristown. N. J. 100 Sprays red or crimson. — John M. Barker. 100 .Sprays light and lavender. — 1, John M. Marker. lOO Sprays pink or salmon. — 1, Herman Mamitsch & Son; 2, E. P. Hostetter, Manheim, Pa. 100 Sprays orange. — 1, Herman Mamitsch & Son; 2. John M. Barker, .Morristown, N. J. 100 Sprays any other color. — 1, John M. Barker. Display of Sweet Peas covering 100 sq. ft., arranged for effect. — 1, W. .\tlee Rurpee Co., Philadelphia, Pa.; 2, ITennan Mamitsch & Son. Sweet Peas, Private Growers Display of Sweet Peas, covering 25 sq. ft. Quality of bloom, artistic arrangement and general effect to be consitlered in making award. — 1, Mrs. W. Redmond Cross (.\nthony Sailer, gdr.). Morristown, N. J.; 2, .Mrs. Wm. D. Guthrie; Stuyvesant Fish, Garriscnun-Hudson. Collection of six varieties, 25 sprays of each. — 1, Mrs. F. E. Lewis; 2, !Mrs. W. Redmond Cross. 100 Spravs, one or more varieties, arranged for effect, greens permitted. — 1. Mrs. Wm. D. Guthrie; 2, D. Guggenheim tT. A. Leyden, gdr.). Port Washington. Dinner Table Decoration Sweet Peas exclusively. Other foliage than Sweet Peas may be used.— 1, Mrs. Ridley Watts; 2, Mrs. W. Redmond Cross; 3, Mrs. Percy Chubb. Cut Roses, Commercial Growers 100 Columliia. — 1. L. U. Coddington; J, .\. X. I'ierson. Inc. 100 .\nv disseminated varietv, white. — 1. .\. .\. I'iirsnn, Inc.; 2. Bed- ford Flower Co., Bedford Hills, N. Y. 100 Ophelia. — 1. .\. N. Pierson, Inc.; 2, F. U. Pierson. lOO Premier. — F. R. Pierson; 2, A. N. Pierson. Inc. 100 .^nv red varietv. — 1, L. B. Coddington; 2, F. R. Pierson; 3, Briar- cliff Grceiihouses (Silver Medal), Scarborough, N. Y. 50 frusadcr. — 1. DuckhamPierson Co.; 2, Traendly & Schenck. 50 .Mrs. .\aron Ward. — 1, A. N. Pierson, Inc. 50 Sunburst, — 1, W. W. Vert. 50 .-\nv other disseminated pink. — 1, Bedford Flower Co., Bedford Hills, -V. Y.; 2, Traendly S: Schenck. 50 .Any other (lisscmiiinted yellow. — I, F. R. Piers n. BOOK REVIEW DEPARTMENT [Continued from f>oiir \Z(>) )'(i)i/.-iV Bird Namcr and The Wild Flon'cr Namcr. bv Horace Taylor. Doulilcday, Page & Co., Garden City, X. Y. these two little devices, each for identifying sixty specimens, are nicely contrived and easily manipulated in a way that should prove to be quite fascinating to children ; but they miglit be serviceable to an older tyro also in entering fields in which no one ought to be a stranger. In either set each of the four working cards contains upon its margins broad classifications into one of which the specimen in question can be placed witliout difliculty. After this first card has been properly turned and laid upon the foumLitioii card with all of the sixly names it shows, through tiny windows, a limited number of names one of which must be correct. The super- imposing upon this of a second classificatory card still further re- duces the number of possibilities. The correct name is shown alone when the last of the four cards has been ;ipi)lied. For April, 1922 129 ijjiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiinnuiiiiniiiiiuiiiiiiiinniiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiuniiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiii!^ LOCAL SOCIETIES WESTCHESTER AND FAIRFIELD HORT. SOCIETY The monthly meeting of the above society was held in the American Legion Hall, Portchester, on Tuesday, March 14. Owing to the illness of the President tlie chair was taken by James Linane, the Vice-President. There was an unusual number of exhibits, and all were of good quality. 1st prize was won by Pres. J. Tough for 3 pots Lilium formosum for which a Cultural Certificate was also given ; 2nd prize also received a Cultural Certificate, being a superb vase of carnation Laddie, shown by \V. Smith ; 3rd prize was also for carnation Laddie, and won by E. Beckett. Other exhibits in- cluded roses, mignonette, antirrhinums, vio- lets and sweet peas. Five new members were elected and three applications were received. The special coimnittee appointed for the Flower Show to be held by this societj' and the local branches of the ladies' Garden Clubs of America, reported progress. It was decided to hold the show in Sep- tember and the proceeds to be divided be- tween the Greenwich and Portchester Hos- pitals. Announcements will be made later from time to time as reports are received from the conuuittce. H.\RRv JoxES, Cor. Secy. THE CLEVELAND HORT. SOCIETY The regular monthly meeting of this society was held on March 9, with Mr. Brydon in the chair. It was decided to hold a small exhibit among members the evening of March 30. with an entertainment com- bined. Ralph Huntington of Painesville, Ohio, was the speaker of the evening and conducted a questionnaire on gladioli, peren- nials, and annuals. Mr. Huntington was well able to answer all questions put to him. The members gained a good deal of knowledge as to new and rare varieties ; also what was most suitable to grow in this section. A rising vote of thanks was given Mr. Pluntington in which all the members present joined. R. P. Brydon exhibited a plant of Begonia Lorraine which was awarded a certificate of merit, Mr. ^Bry- don explained how the plant had been in bloom at Christmas and had been exhibited then at the Florists' Club. He then pinched it back ; grew it on ; with the result that it was more floriferous than at its first blooming. \V. J. Bruce. Secy. THE AMERICAN IRIS SOCIETY A meeting of the Xevv York Exhibition Committee was held on March 15. Ar- rangements were made to hold the New York Iris Show in the Museum Building, New York Botanical Gardens. New York, on Saturday and Sunday, Tune 3 and 4, from 9 a. m. to 5 p. m. The program for the .\nnual Meeting of the Society is as follows : Morning, June 3 — Inspect Iris Show : 12 :30 p. m. Lunch- eon at Mansion House. Afternoon, June 3 — 2 p. m. Annual Meeting, Reports of Offi- cers and Committees, Flection of Officers, Discussion : 2-7 p. m. Official Inspection of Iris Test Gardens. The schedule for the Show is now being prepared and can be secured after .-\pril 15 from R. S. Sturtevant, Wellesley Farm, Mass.. or Mrs. G. V. Nash. New Y'ork Botanical Gardens, Bronx Park, New York. m 85th Year i 121st Year of giiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiijijiiijiiiiiiiiiijiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiig iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii::iiiiriiiiiiniiN Flower and Vegetable Seeds GRASS SEED Fertilizers and Insecticides of the highest quality. I Write us, and we will forward gladly our 1922 Garden Book. i j We extend to you a cordial invitation to visit our model establishment. | I Prompt and courteous attention assured. j Cariers Tesied Seeds * INC. *"^ —— i Consolidated with 1 I J. M. THORBURN & CO. I I 53 BARCLAY STTiEET NEW YORK, N. Y. | I and 19-20 South Market St„ Boston, Mass. | I Canadian Branch: 133 King Street East, Toronto, Canada | ^,iiiiinmiiiimiiiinniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiDiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuijiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiaiiiiiH^ niiiiiiiii imr luiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiJiiiiuiiiuiiimimiiiioiiniitiinminriiiui High Grade Stock of Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. Catalog on request. ANDORRA NURSERIES W-M. \V.\RXER H.ARPER, Prof. Chestnut Hill Phil.\delphi-\ Beeman Reduced $100.22 Buy a Beeman and be independent of hired help and horses. Plon. cultivate, harrow, seed, trim your lawn — handle every one-horse job with a Beeman quicker, cheaper and better. Beeman works ynder low limbs and around the trunks of trees. Turns in small space. Supplies 4 H.P. for stationary work. Get The Facts! New reduced price $2.40.00. Send todav for complete in- formatim,. Beeman Tractor Co. Minneapolis, Minn. 130 GARDEI^ERS' CHRONICLE CKINNER Oystem of """"""'""""ig P" RRIGATION RAIN AT A TURN Waters unirornily e\ri\ inch of your flower ai I vegetable giirdens. Kails gently. Does not Jiaek eiirtli or injure teinler l.lanls. Portalile or Used linis. Si nil for booklet. SKINNER IRRIGATION 229 Water Street JdllllllNillllilllllllllllillllllllElMllPii!llllilllll!llllllllllll^^ For Spring Planting Rhododendron Catawbiense Rhododendron Carolinianum Rhodendron Maximum Kalmia Latifolia Fruit Trees and Fruit Plants Correspondence solicited. Price lists upon request. THE MORRIS NURSERY CO. II33 Broadway, New York, N. Y. Prizes of upwards of $200 have been do- nated by Xew York Botanical Gardens and the Horticultural Society of New York. .-Ml flowers will be staged on Friday. June 2. Judging will begin at 3 p. m. For the Committee, R. S. Sturtevant, Secv. ST. LOUIS ASSOCIATION OF GAR- DENERS The .Association met at the Forest Park Greenhouses on the evening of March the first. After the usual business session the evening was given over to an illustrated lec- ture on "The Building of Rock Gardens." delivered by Mr. D. .Miller of the Missouri I'litanieal (iarden. Mr. Miller related his experiences with rock gardens in England anti the Eastern United States, and called attention to various methods of construction. These gardens were planted witli various alpine plants, which of course will not stand the climatic conditions of the mid-western United States, and this fact led to a very interesting discussion about the plants suit- able for planting in rock gardens in this section. It was finally concluded that a study of the native material of this or any other section of the country would yield sufficient subjects for the making of attrac- tive rock gardens even in sections where alpine jilants will not succeel', -F tc I" tc. .i.Mir t-rii.. II. .IV If yoM il.-«lr.- A GREEN, VELVETY LAWN nfxt Miinilni-r. 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Write for information; it will opcti your eyes. Do it toilay. American Landscape School, 16N Newark. N. Y. For April, 1922 131 E:iiliiiiil!lllililillii!ilii)llllill{ii{iii:[|i>:iiiiiiiiiiiiiifny. Show or Single, »1. Mixed, unlubelid, 12 for $1. Hybrid Dalilia Seed. $1 pkt. Any six #L offers (5, all prepaid. "Dictionary of the Dahlia" FREE upon rpr/ucst. f ALT. F. CLARK. "The Dahliast" Netcong. N.J. ORCHIDS We are Specialists in Orchids. We collect, grow. Import, export and sell orchids ex- clusively. If you are in the market for Orchidt, we solicit your inquiries and orders. Cata- logues and special lists on application. LAGER & HURRELL Srehld Growers and Importen Summit, N. *J. SPRAYING THE HOME GARDEN"— a 28;page book based upon 33 years' experience — tells in simple way how to protect trees, shrubs, vines, flowers, vegetables, from insectsaod diseases. Teaches the keeping u'e//and mak- ing welloi plants. Sent prepaid for 4c in postage. Address: Dep't 37, B. G. Pratt Co.. 50 Church St., New York WOLCOTT NrRSERlES Dcsig}icrs & Builders Alpine Gardens, Herbaceous Borders, Landscapes Clinton Road Jackson, Michigan HARRY BALDWIIM Manufacturer of Greentiouse Sliading Latti Roller Blinds IVIA.MARONECK. N- Y. FOR SALE Two year ASPARAGUS roots variety P-ilmetto. full ot iibrous roots. I have had twenty years' experience in handling^ these rctots and supply a num- ber nf seedsmen. I also carry rhubarb and horseradish ront?. WARREN SHINN. Root Specialist Woodbury, New Jersey Joseph Manda Co., Orchids Our Specialty Send for Our Catalogue 191 Valley Road West Orange, N. J. "A Garden for Everv Home." MULLER-SEALEY CO., INC. 145 West 45th St. New Y<5rk City QUALITY RED POTS Made of best material by skilled labor, uniformly burned and carefully packed. FamoBs "Most-Aztec" War« Includes Azalea Pots, Kem Oisbes, Baatfiri" Baskets, Lawn Vases, etc. Write for catalogue and price ll«t The Zone Pottery Compaoy So. Zanesvllle. Oblo i ^ \ f CUT FLOWER BOXES EDWARDS FOLDING BOX CO MANUFACTURERS PHILADELPHIA. PA. 4 \ / V ^iiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiii[ii[iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:!iiM Orchids I If you contemplate buying semi-established, i I established or imported orchids, consult us first. | 1 We carry in stock about 25,000 species. | l A large stock of Laelia Cattleyas, Hybrid Catt- | j leyas, Brasso Cattleyas, Odontiodas, and other | j choice hybrids. | I We specialize in supplying the private trade. | I Let us figure on your requirements — our quality | I is second to none. 1 3 I I Orchid peat, live Sphagnum Moss, baskets, pot | I hangers, always on hand. j i Send for our price list. 1 I G. E. BALDWIN & COMPANY | I Orchid Collectors, Growers and Importers | I MAMARONECK Box 98 NEW YORK | ^iiiiiiriiiiniaiiiiiiiiiiiijiiiiiiiiiiiiiimmnriiiiiiiMiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!ii:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiui^ iiir^ gimiiiiiiinniniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiii^ A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK OF TREES, SHRUBS, VINES and I HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS | By JOHN KIRKEGAARD 1 Formerly Assistant to Director of the Royal Botanical Girdens, 1 Ccpenhagen, Denmark. Latterly Twenty Years § in American Forestry and Botanical Work i Illustrations in Sepia. Planting Plans. 410 pages. | 8vo. Beautifully bound in cloth. Price $2.50 net. | Mailing price $2.71. | This practical reference book is the logical result | of years of Practical work in the author's career. He | has sought, and successfully, the simplest form ot | explanation and instruction in the message which he | conveys from each plant and growing thing to the 1 amateur or gardener who seeks to l^e tree-wise, | shrub-wise and vine-wise. No book of recent years | is so comprehensive and so practical as this volume. 1 Exhaustive descriptions, variations from type and | more technical matter must be sought in the Horti 1 cultural ICncyclopedias, for in these pages the author ■ | stands as the interpreter of the plant to tlie planter. 1 The character of information may l)e summed up in i the sub-title of the book— THE HARDY AN'D OR- I NAM!':.\TAL VARI P:TIRS: THIIIR CHARAC- I TKRISTICS: USES: and TREATMENT. | Adequate space is given to articles upon injurious | insect pests, the adaptaliility of plants for certain pur- | poses, planting, pruning, spraying and cultivation. In I short, the author has endeavored to include whatever | information the householder needs with which to i secure the proper selection, care and treatiuent of S such trees and plants as are best adapted for his pur- I pose, then to airl him in projxTly rririii!,' for them. | THE CHRONICLE PRESS, INC. I 286 FIFTH AVE. NEW YORK. N. Y. | SPRAYING IS as Essential as Fertilizing Successful cultivation demands a knowledge of the habits of plant insects and diseases, and the proper remedies for their control. APHINE, an effective remedy against all sap sucking insects infesting flov^ers, fruits and vegetables, is free of the dis- agreeable odors and features of most in- secticides. It invigorates plant life and is unexcelled as a w^ash for decorative plants. Aphine will not injure the most tender flower or foliage. FUNGINE is an excellent remedy for mildew^, rust, and other blights. It is read- ily soluble in water and contains no sedi- ment. Fungine does not stain the foliage but cleanses it. VERMINE is a soil sterilizer and vermi- cide. It destroys cut, wire, eel and grub worms, maggots, root lice and ants, and will protect your gardens and lawns from ravages under the soil. TTiere is but one convincing way for you to become familiar with the merits of these products and that is to try them out for yourself. It will prove worth while. IIIIIMtliilillllllllllllllllMIIIMIillllllllititiiiiiilii Sold by dealers in various sizes. " iiiiiiiiiiiiinjiiiniiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiinmiiiiiiiiniiiuriii, l his aid the highest development of science plus a generation of experience. A careful ex- amination of your trees will be made by appiiintmcnt. THE DAVEY TREE EXPERT CO., Inc. 304 Elm Street, Kent, Ohio Branch offices with telephone connections: Nejv York, Astor Trust P'-'^'ng, Fiith Arte, and A2nd Street; Philadelphui. Land Title Build' ' oston, AC? Massachusetts Trust BuiltUns: Chicago, Westminster '^i:g; St. Louis f Central National Bank Building, I'l-riiiuiM-nt rejirfsentatlvnH flvallahle in (list riots surroiincling Boston, SprinKn*-'!'!. I-cnox, Newport, Hartford, Stnmford, AUmny. I*oii|^hkeep8io v\tn I.. I'lulun, .lanialca. I*. 1.. Montclalr, New York, I'hiladelpbia, I uri;, Ilnltimore. WaHhinuton, UlcliinODd, Buffalo, Toronto, Pitta ricvolond, Detroit, ClnclDnatl. J^nifiville, IndtaDapoUs, Clil ..... Milwaukee, MlDneapoltn. St. l^uis. Kansas City. Canadian a(lilre*iB. 251.' Laugauchltere West, Montreal. An interesting cut of an exceptional filling fob performed by Davey Trci- Surgeons m the Mrs. IV. C. Proctor estate. Notf the sectional jons I' ;icrninil mn.le mtl, ilu- li.i^-rv Cnm'T-- ... .• ' -..'; ;, I,..) ., rl.ii,, cliJcno: of genuineness GARDENERS' CHRONICLE (OF AMERICA) ILLUSTRATED HORTICULTURAL $2.00 A YEAR ^iwci 25cAC0PY Il certainly is a sootl looking' job. Of course, wu builii it in IS and J5 feet witUhs, and any lengths to suit. More About the General Purpose Greenhouse for Private Places Institutions and Cemeteries Vou iniglit say it was stripped for the run- ning. A house that has all the lastingness, all the lightness and all the growing advan- tages of our most expensive house, only that it is not so ornamental. It lacks the grace and beauty of the cur\ed eave, and the cornice effect that the moulded face gutter gives. The construction of this dencral i'uriio>e House makes it possible to cut down on the masonry cost without in any way afYecting its staunchness and lastingness. It's a clean cut practical purpose house, at a price most attractive. \\'e'll gladly write you fullest particulars, or whv not get together and talk it over?" Builders of Greenhouses and Conservatories IKVI.XGTOX -XEW VOKK N. Y. 30 E. 42nd St BOSTON" -n Little Bldg. EASTERN FACTORY Irvington, N. Y. (■[.EVELAND 407 rimer Blilg. rmLADKI.FHl.V ClllCAGO Land Title Bldg. Continental Bank liK.jc. ATLANTA TORONTO Atlanta Trust Co. Bldg. Ilarlinr Commission Bldg. WESTERN TACTORY CANADIAN FACTORY Des I'laines, III. St. Calharines, flntario The same house in another location just after a snow. The photo was taken from this end to show you the standard work room, which is so made at the factor.v that it rocs up in sections, making erection riuick and satisfaction sure. KELSEY'S HARDY AMERICAN Rhododendrons and Azaleas, Kalmias and Leucothoes 1 We grow them by thousands and an Illus- | I trated Catalog tells about them. j I The following beautiful American Erica- | I ceae were introduced to American Horticulture | I by me. Azalea vaseyi, Rhododendron caro- | I linianum, R. catawbiense compacta, Shortia | I galacifoHa, Menziesia pilosa, Leucothoe | I recurva and others. | I HARLAN P. KELSEY | I SALEM - ' MASSACHUSETTS | linniiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinMiiiiiiniiiiiiuiniiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiu^ ^uiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiwHiiiiiiiiiin^ iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiig I Bobbink &b Atkins I Ask for Catalog r Visit Nursery r ROSES I EVERGREENS I RHODODENDRONS I TREES AND SHRUBS I ROCK GARDEN PLANTS I OLD-FASHIONED FLOWERS I FRUIT TREES AND BUSHES I Our Nursery Products will create any artistic I garden effect desired. I Nurserymen and Florists I RUTHERFORD NEW JERSEY Inn iiiiiiiiiii I I III! I iiiniiinniiiiii niiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiii > m iimi i mrnw ii; JOHN SCHEEPERS INCORPORATED iiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii High Class Flowek Bulbs ^^UR catalogue of rare ^"^ and unusual varieties of bulbs for fall planting is now ready, and will be mailed to you on request. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 522 Fifth Ave. New York City | ^iiiiiiiinnininiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiNiiiiNiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim^^^^^^ 1922(5ARPEN B®K' answers all necessary questions about Vegetables and | Flowers and contains eight beautiful color plates, be- | sides hundreds of photo-engravings. | I DREER'S HARDY PERENNIALS | A choice selection of these oM-fashioned plants. All i pot-grown and may be planted at any season. § DREER'S WATER LILIES | The finest collection in America, embracing the best J hardy and tender varieties of Nymphaeas, including i day and night blooming kinds, also Victoria Trickeri. | Write today for a copy of tliis valu- | ! able book, nhich will be sent by mail | I free if you mention this Magazine. j HENRY A. DREER | I 714-716 Chestnut Street, PHILADELPHIA. PA. | f,iiiiiiiiiiiniiiii I iiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiH iiiiiiiniiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiii I iiiiiiiiiiiii iiininiinl 133 "Do it right, or not at all" The following letter was written by "Father John" Davey to the })ieu in the Davey organization. It is reproduced here to give yon an idea of the spirit behind these master Tree Surgeons DEAR "BOYS" : -DO IT RIGHT. OR NOT AT ALL." It was my father's and has been my slogan for seventy-two years. Here is its history, as I know it: I was nearly four years old. My father was planting potatoes, in front of our neat little cottage, on a tine ]\Iay evening. I asked him if I could plant some. He opened up a trench at the end near- est the house. Then took a potato and said: "If I let you plant it will you do it RIGHT?" "I will do what you tell me.'" Then, looking at me ten- derly, he said, with a firm voice :""YOU MUST DO IT RIGHT, or NOT AT ALL." He then went into the house and brought out a big iron spoon, and remarked: "Here is your shovel; keep it clean." He then cut the potato in two, and made a mark for each piece, telling me I must put the cut side down, and went on to his work. I carefully laid the two halves in place, then took my shovel and looked at (what appeared to me) a big Jifr/i that I had to fill. Well, by sundown I had this huge hole filled, and father showed me where I could improve on the level, or grade. After saying my little prayers I retired, but father's voice was heard: "Do it RIGHT, or not at all." In the morning I awoke, and still that voice was ringing, "Do it RIGHT, or not at all." Then came those long days of waiting. "Will they NEVER come up?" A heavy rain packed the ground. Then I was presented with a new garden implement, a steel table fork; but it must be kept clean. With it I must keep the soil stirred. Finally a gentle rain came and, next morn- ing, the ground was cracking and mother told me, "two little baby plants will be born." And the next day; what a miracle! It was not two plants, but two groups of triplets, six new-born plants! Then came the instruc- tions, "never let the ground pack, keep it loose, and give the plants water — in hot weather." I was shown how to push the fork into the soil and keep the ground loose, and, in hot weather, I would hear mother calling: "Johnnie, your plants are thirsty; come and give them a drink." Then she would give me a little pail with water, and a little tin cup, and oh! how my plants would drink! And they gretc and went away ahead of any of dad's ; and when the crop was dug. he had nothing that could compare with mine! I did it RIGHT! Dear "Boys:"' Here is something you never had known, namely: THE SEED of The I )avey Institute of Tree Surgery was sown 72 years ago, in front of ilu' little cottage where I was born. That seed was: "Do'it right, fir not at all." That kindl_\- but nianl}' voice went with me through box- hood's days, and particular!}- through young manhood. As a result, I have never known what it was to be OLT OI' \\'()R1\, but have l"re- f|Uent1y been in dire need of procuring others to lu'lp me execnti' what has JOHN DAVEY I \*- Fmher of Tree Surgery John Davey, founder of the Davcy Tree Expert Cotnpany, as he is today at nearly 77 years of age, at home before the fireplace he built with his aim hands been forced Upon me. Notably was this true, 21 }ears ago, when I pub- lished the first issue of "The Tree Doctor." It bewildered my brain to find ways to procure efficient help to do the work I was called on to perform on "Sick Trees." Hundreds of young men wanted a "job," l)ut n^t one in ten knew HOW TO WORK; and worse vet thev showed nn inclination to LEARN. Finally, after my son left college, and joined me, we decided to organize and form a training school; and we have been able to pick out the one-in- ten, or whatever proportion it has been, and under the management of this same son and his associates, to build up the wonderful organization to which you belong, and in which you, apparently, feel an honest pride, because vou seem to have ini])i])e(l the s|)irit, "r)o it RIGHT or not at all." I may here say that, in practicing this slogan from childhood, it has be- come an almost unconscious habit with me, in any and everything, to first learn the DO IT RIGHT, then add the speed. There are but few things more nauseating and disgusting than to see a young man shiftless and careless in his work. Personally, I would be unwilling to tolerate ANY one of such a character within our Organization. Such an one is a dis grace to himself and a positive damage to any concern that might keej) him. But it gives me special pleasure to know that within our ranks there are very few. if any, of the class whose motto is, "GOOD ENOUGH!" Your "Father John." THE DAVEY TREE ENPERT CO., Inc. 305 Elm Street, Kent, Ohio Branch oMccs zvitli telel^lwtte connections- New York^ Astor Trust Building, Fifth Ave. and 'ilnd Street; Phila- delphia, Land Title Buililing; Baltimore, American Build- ing; Detroit, General Motors Building; Bisttn, Massa- chusetts Trust Buihling: Chicago, Westminster Building; St. Louis, Central National Bank Building. Permanent represent.^tives available in districts surround- in? Toston. .Springfield, Lcncx. Xew'iwrt, Hartford, Stam- ford, Albany, Poughkeepsie, White Plains, Jamaica. L. I.: Mrntclair. New York, Philadelphia, Ilarrisburi;, Baltimore, Washington. Richm:nd. Buffalo, Toronto, ' Pitts'jurgh. Cleveland, Cincinnati, Louisville, Indianapolis. Chicaeo! Milwaukee, Minneapolis, St. Louis. Kansas City, CanadKin address. 252 Laugauchitere West, Montreal. Everv real Darey Tiee Surgeon is in the employ of The Da-,-ev Tree Expert Co., Inc., and the public is cautioned representing tlicmsclrcs. .4n agreement made -.i'itli the Da-.'ey Cuii' ;.v'y and nnt -.i-ith an indi-'idiial is certain cz'i 'ned against those falsely idence of genttineness DAVEY TREE SURGEONS 135 ijiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiniiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ 111111111111119 ROSE ANGELUS iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiig LARGE LANDSCAPE BOOK FREE F you are looking for a good white forcing Rose, we would once more call your attention before the season closes to "Angelus," the Novelty white for 1922. This variety has won numerous medals and we believe is going to make a place for itself as the standard white. We offer a few thousand grafted plants for immediate delivery at $60.00 per hundred. CHARLES H. MADISON TOTTY CO. NEW JERSEY POT GROWN 1 I Strawberry Plants J I Ready iur delivery in June and July. | I Send for Special List of Xew and Stand- j I ard varieties. | I W. E. MARSHALL & CO., Inc. | I SEEDS, PLANTS and BULBS j I 166 West 23rd St. New York j ailllllllllllimlllllimillllllllllllinillllllllllllNIIINIIIIIIIlNlll 1 lllimimiliiiiimraiiiil I iilil lllllliinn 1 in i Klllif guinuiiiiiiinniiliriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiililiiMiiiiMiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniinnimiiiiiiiiiiNiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiN GRASS SEEDS For Golf Courses, Lawns, Shady and Ter- race Situations mixed hy an English Expert of years' experience. World's best Lawns made from this Seed. Write for prices. W. F. McCORD CO., TARRYTOWN NEW YORK to supermtendents and gardeners. We are glad to pay for information about large evergreens and special decidu- ous stock that IS for sale on private estates in your vicinity, including Boxwood, Bay Trees, fine Cedars, Rhododendrons, etc. ; also private nurseries that are for sale. LEWIS & VALENTINE COMPANY 47 West 34th St., New York ROSLYN, L. I. Valley Stream, L. I. Rye, N. Y. Ardmore, Pa. I South Orange, N. J. | ailllllllllllllllllllllNlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllillllllllli^^ §iiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii I A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK OF | I Trees, Shrubs, Vines and | j Herbaceous Perennials | I By JOHN KIRKEGAARD | B Formerly Assistant to Director of the Royal Botanical Gardens, § = Copenhagen, Denmark. Latterly Twenty Years ^ ^ in American Forestry and Botanical Work 1 I Illustrations in Sepia. Planting Plans. 410 pages. = i 8vo. Beautifully bound in cloth. Price $2.50 net. i Mailing price $2.71. | Ttiu tli.iractcr ul infornritinn niav ]>c suninicd itp in the sub- E title cf the hook— THE HARDY AND ORNAMENTAL VA- I RIETIES: THEIR rHARArTKRI.VrirS: Uses; and TREAT- 1 MENT. I THE CHRONICLE PRESS, INC. | 286 FIFTH AVE. NEW YORK, N. Y. | ^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii;ii!i:iiiiii{iniiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiliiiliim^^^ ni< »iiii iiniiimiiiiiiiiiif iiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiililililllilillliiiliiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiNiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ Competent Gardeners | The comforts and products of a country | home are increased by employing a competent | gardener; if you want to engage one, write us. | Please give particulars regarding place and | say whether married or single man is wanted. | We have been supplying them for years to the | best people everywhere. No fee asked. j PETER HENDERSON & CO. | Seedsmen and Florists | 35 and 37 Cortlandt St., NEW YORK CITY | BBI!" 136 Tender Water Lilies for artificial pools should be selected this month, although the actual planting may be delayed until early June. Tender Lilies are remarkably free bloomers, one plant often having six flowers open in a single day. To my comprehensive list of tender varieties I have added a quartette of novelties originated at the Missouri Botanical Gardens, which are of exceptional merit. My 1922 Booklet of Water Liiies and Water Plants ik-scriliis tliesc iirw Lilies .ts well as others that are ex- tremely popular. Hardy varieties of natural pools, border plants and aquanum plants are also included in this edition. A copy will be sent on request. WILLIAM T R I C K E R ^pncIafTs'.'^ 664 Forest Street Arlington, New Jersey Safe Economy IN A POWER MOWER Strength is not sacrificed to lightness, nor durability to price in ihis mower, yet it is the handiest and most economical power mower on the market. Not built to meet a price but to fulfill a iited in a highly satisfactory way. Compare the new low price of liie Jacobsen 4- Acre Mower with tht work it performs, look at its Iniishod, sturdy construction, and you niu-^t admit it Is a rare value. THE "4-ACRE" POWER MOWER The Pinnacle of Perfection in Power Lawn Mowers Here are just a few of the outstanding advantages of the '*4-Acre." Motor specially designed, air-cooled, forced draft, magneto igui- tion. tlirottle control, powerful and reliable. Will cut on 35° _ incline. Gear Drive encio-serl. Transmission and clutches run in bath of oil. Entirely dirt, dast and fool proof. Independent Control of Power on Cutting I'nit and Traction WheeLs so oi>tTator may travel over stony roadways, up and down ciirbings. etc.. wilhout revolv- ing culling unit. Differential in Wheel gives iwrer on both HheeJs. yet al- lows easy steering for tumint; in and out ol" flower bed?, bnshes, paths, etc. Capacity — four to five acres a ilay at fuel cost of less than 4 0 cents. Beautiful Catalogue Sent Free A Dealer's Opportunity. Write Today, """^ JACOBSEN MANUFACTURING CO. Dept. B. Racine, Wisconsin, U. S. A. i!!llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll!lllllllllllll!IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIINIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!lllllllllllim^ Illllllllllllllliailllllllllllllllllllllll'^ giiiniiiiiiiiijiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ WILSON'S O. K. PLANT SPRAY Kills Plant Insects, Scale and Mildew Used by Leading Gardeners Bbls. $90, Vz bbls. $50, 10 gals. $20, 5 gals. $10 BURNETT BROS. ANNUAL LIST of Strawberry Plants POT GROWN The River La Ills. Oceanic N. J.. April n. 1917. Tin s is to certify th at the W 'ilson Plant Spray is one of th e best remedies for all msect pests on pi ant life from tlie most tender Orchid up to trees, shrubs, etc. | After one application the effect is par excellence. I take pleasure in recommending same. \\M. TURNER, Supt- B. H. Borden Est. Cl^u/r€^^)^^JL SPRINGFIELD NEW JERSEY Containing the leading Standard varieties. Also the latest new introductions. Amongst the varieties suitable for Forcing will be found the Famous Royal Sovereign A COPY OF THIS LIST WILL BE MAILED FREE UPON APPLICATION BURNETT BROTHERS "The House Famous for Lawn Grass Seeds" 92 CHAMBERS STREET, NEW YORK lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllinUIJIIIiUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIINIIIIIINIIinilllllllNIIIIIIIIIIINIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIinilll^ ^SlIIIIIIIINIIIIINIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIINIIIIIIIIIIIIIIEIIIIIIIIIIIIIinillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll 137 . .wnnmiiijiiiiiiiiirHiiiiiii im > u i iimiiu iiniiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiuiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ The Contents for May, 1922 Things and Thoughts of the Garden Montague Free 1 39 Hardy Perennials for the Garden . John Johmon 1 4 I A Banana Plant John S. Dvig 143 Sweet Scented Flowers Florun Amatcr 144 Flowers as Teachers .Bertha Berbert-Haiunond 145 Rhododendrons and Azaleas in the Garden Frank B. Mejjer 1 46 Great Exhibition of Wild Flowers and Ferns W. N. Craig 1 50 Beaver Lodge 151 Beautifying Home Surroundings. .Arthur Smith 152 Loyalty to the American Trade 153 Budded versus Own Root Roses. . W. N. Craig 1 54 Work for the Month in the Garden Sa'ruel Cohling 1 55 The Greenhouse, Month to Month George F. Stewart 156 Departments of Foreign Exchange and Book Reviews 158 National Association of Gardeners 160 Local Societies 161 Vol. XXVI, No. 5 Issued 15th of each month. Published Monthly by THE CHKONICLE PRESS, INC. 286 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. MARTIN C. EBEL, Ed.ior Subscription .... $2.00 a year Canada, $2.15; Foreign $2.65 Entered at the New York Post OM^e as second class matter, Nov. 3, 1914, under the Act of Congress, March 3, 1879. iiiiiiiiiiiniiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinmiiiiiimniiiiiiiiiiiiii iUIWIIIIIIillllllllllllllllllllllKilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllin^ iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiug Stumpp & Walter Co.'s Catalog If you have not already received our 1922 Spring Catalog, a copy will be mailed to you on request. Many New and Exhibition varieties of Flower and Vegetable Seeds are offered. Farm and Grass Seeds are also a feature. Cannas, Dahlias, and Gladioli — the best varieties to date. &Jm^§(Im^ aiRHiiiiniiiiMiiininiiiiiiiiiiH^ iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 1.38 30-32 Barclay St. New York iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiuin^ NRW YORK BOTaNJCAL piiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin^ ' GARDENERS' CHRONICLE (OF AMERICA) Devoted to the Science of Floriculture and Horticulture I Vol. XXVI iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin MAY. 1922 No. 5 I iiiiiniiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiM Things and Thoughts of the Garden MONTAGUE FREE AT last a little controversy has been started liecause of opinions expressed on this page. The following note has been received from ^Ir. Edwin Beckett of Aldenham House Gardens : "I had pleasure in reading your notes in, I believe, the G.-VRDEXERs' Mag.xzine, regarding Aldenham. [May I say, whilst writing, that you could have used the phrase as to our Trees and Shrubs numbering anything between 'Seven and ten thousand species and varieties" without fear of contradiction, for the statement made to you was quite accurate, especially as you will no doubt recall that your guide explained that such figure included plants of recent introduction that were still luider collectors' num- bers, and which for the time being were rightly classed as at any rate distinct varieties until determined by the leading botanists. Comparison of this figure with the Kew Hand List was rather out of the question, inasmuch as such work was last published in 1902. when their varieties were then numbered as about 4,500. That was nearly twenty years ago, since when wondrous strides in the direction of new introductions, and newly raised hybrids, have been made, and I think you will now agree that our figure is quite a probable one. "Perhaps you will be able to call attention to these facts in the jnurnal in question, as thev certainlv deserve this." In the first place the statement made by our guide and quoted in the article referred to, was, if our memory is correct, that "the number of species and varieties was around ten thousand.'" This we understood to mean a few more, or a few less, than ten thousand — not possibly three thousand less. We do not doubt for a moment that there are trees and shrubs at Aldenham under ten thousand or even more different names and numbers, but we are still doubtful whether these names and numbers represent well marked species and varieties, according to our conception of what constitutes a distinct species or variety. .Some taxono- mists, as is well known, are inclined to split up genera into • innumerable species and varieties which many botanists and horticulturists would not recognize as such. In connection with Mr. Beckett"s contention that "Com- parison of this figure with the Kew Hand List was rather out of the question * * *,"' we point out that our state- ment was: "In the 'Kew Hand List of Trees and Shrubs' published in 1902, the number of species of trees and shrubs cultivated there is given as three thousand.'" The number of varieties was not mentioned as at the time that information was not available. The fact that the Kew Hand List was published twenty years ago and that a large number of new trees and shrubs were introduced during the last twenty years was recognized in the fol- lowing sentence which iMr. Beckett perhaps overlooked — ■'It is scarcely possible, even allowing for the numerous new species of trees and shrubs introduced by Wilson and others during the past two decades, that the num- ber of woody plants capable of cultivation outdoors in England has been increased to the extent of six or seven thousand." \\'e assume that Mr. Beckett means that the number of species and varieties cultivated at Kew numbered 4,500 in 1902, and not 4,500 varieties plus 3,C00 species, in which case the above sentence should be amended to read : It is doubtful if the number of woodv plants capable of cultivation outdoors in England has been in- creased in twenty years by about five thousand species and varieties. ^Ir. Beckett is a great authority on trees and shrubs, the collection at Aldenham affords splendid facilities to enable him to form an opinion on this question and so it is quite possible that he is correct, but, personally we are not yet quite convinced. ::: ;}; ^ Some time ago, on this page, attention was directed to some unusual common names for plants, and "Welcome- home-husband-be-you-ever-so-drunk" was cited as being the acme of unusualness. At that time the scientific name of the plant was unknown and the wish was expressed that someone might be able to enlighten the writer. Our trip to England indirectly led to the discovery of the cor- rect name of this mysterious plant. On our return we found a book by W. H. Hudson, "A Shepherd's Life," which is concerned largely with the natural history of Salisbury Plain and the Wiltshire downs. It was, of course, read with intensified interest because of our visit to the region with which it deals. Great was our aston- ishment and delight on coming across a paragraph in which reference is made to the name, slightlv different it is true, that had excited considerable speculation con- cerning the plant to which it could rightly be applied. The sentence in which it occurs may we'll be quoted. Hudson is referring to the roofs of the cottages on Salisbury Plain: "They are grown over with yellow stooecrop, that bright, cheerful flower that smiles down at you from the lowly roof above the door, with such an inviting expression, so delighted to see you no matter how poor and worthless a person you may be or what mischief you may have been at, that- you begin to un- 139 140 GARDENERS' CHROMCLE derstand tlie significance of a strange vernacular name of this plant — '\\'elcome-home-husband-though-never-so- drunk.' " Presumably the yellow stonecrop is none other than our old friend Scdiim acre. It was mentioned in a preceding article that this queer name was used in some districts in -Maine (we think it was in Maine), and here we have it cropping up again in \\'iltshire. Its use is probably strictly local, for although we have spoken to many re- garding it no one had had ever heard it before. It raises interesting speculations as to whether some inhabitants of Wiltshire County in times past emigrated to America and carried this vernacular name with them. ^^'hile on the subject of common plant names, it may be remembered that Polygoiiidii oriciitalc is some- times called '■kiss-me-over-the-garden-gate." Hudson in this book refers to " 'kiss-me-down-at-the-garden-gate.' sometimes called pansy" I Another folk name that he uses is "Old Women's Nightcap" which so far we have been unable to identify with any plant. * :■ * It should be most gratifying to the gardener and to plant lovers in general tu notice that, according to the daily press, the use of living plants in the decorations of the recently refitted ".Mauretania" was considered a cheer- ful "innovation'' by her passengers. The report states that "Her permanent floral equipment includes 82 ]«lms. 30 bay trees. 100 ferns, and .^00 potted plants, blooming in a great variety of color." It is doubtful if this can be regarded as an innovation, however, for we seem to re- member reading some time ago that the ships in the Kngland-Brazil service were supplied with greenhouses so that fresh flowers might be had on the dining saloon tables every day. One can imagine the amazement of the old-time seafarer if he could come to life and see how the products of the garden are kept in a state of health upon the Ijillowy ocean. The report concerning the "Mauretania" unfortunately omits to give information on a point likely to be of great interest to gardeners, namely : it says nothing whatever about the methods by which the plants are cared for, whether a gardener or gardeners are carried, whether the plants have to be renewed every trij). or if thev maintain themselves in good health indefiniteh- on the ocean. On our recent trip to luigland on board the "( )rbita," we were struck by the healthy appearance of the plants used on the dining saloon tables and in the various en- trance halls. Much to our amazement, inquiry of the chief steward elicited the fact that these plants had not been renewed but had been placed in the ship at the commencement of trans-. \tlantic service about three months before. He state and a half feet deep, and ten feet long. The compost consists of good friable loam, cow manure, and bone meal. The temperature ranges from sixty-five to seventy-five degrees at night, and is of a moist nature. The glass is slightly shaded during the hot months, but after the fruits are fairly well developed, the shading is removed. These plants have been a source of great satis- faction and interest to the owner, and of much interest and wonderment to manv visitors. DEVOTED American business men are devoting so much time to golf they may soon get to the stage suggested by the following Scottish story : "It's graund weather for golf we're hae'ing th' noo." remarked Sandy to Jock. "I'll go ye a run im the links in th' mornin'.'' 'Tn th' mornin'. ye say?" replied Jock. "Aye in th' mornin'." replied Sandy. "Ah, weel," .said Jock, "I canna miss a game o' golf. I'll go ye." Then after a long pause he added: "Rut I had intended tae get married in th' mornin'.'' 144 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE Sweet-Scented Flowers FLORUM AMATOR WE are accustomed to speak of llowers as pretty, dainty, beautiful, handsome, and sweet-scented. While the application of the other adjectives is somewhat a matter of taste there are in fact compara- tively few flowers to which the word sweet-scented can be fittingly applied. SVVEET-SCENTED ANNUALS Of the fragrant annual flowers which we raise from Spring planted seeds. Sweet Peas are deliciously sweet- scented even beyond the degree which the simple word "sweet" conveys to us. Some varieties seem to give forth a healthier and more agreeable perfume than others. If we plant the varieties separately and label each, 'it is indeed interesting to compare the fragrance of the flowers when freshlv picked, and to note wliich exhales the most agree- able and which the heaviest perfume, and again to make the same comparison after the flowers are several hours old. The Sweet Pea is one of the flowers in which unusual beauty of form and color and a delightful odor are combined. Mignonette has a peculiar fragrance which is pleas- ing to manv, but which has always seemed to us to be too highly praised. The old time variety, odorata, has a more pronounced and pleasanter fragrance than many of the modern larger flowered varieties, though some of them are quite sweet and their flowers much larger and prettier than those of odorata: in this class are such varieties as Machet and Goliath. We may note here that the Latin word, odorata, meaning sweet-scented, is used as the specific name of many kinds of flov\ers, for ex- ample the Sweet Pea is Lathy nis odorata; the Mignonette, Reseda odorata; the Pond Lily, Nyiiipluc odorata. Were it not for its fragrance we are inclined to Ihink that Mignonette would be a little noticed flower, but because of this quality it is an old favorite. Tennyson who in his poems mentions more flowers than any other English speaking poet, except Shakespeare, says in "The Miller's Daughter" : "For yon rcinciiiln-r you liad .set, That morning, on the- casement's edge A long green box nf mignonette, .\nd you were leaning from the ledge And when I raised my eyes above They met with two so full and bright. Such eyes ! I swear to you, my love, That these have never lost their light." Stocks are an annual easily raised from seeds. These produce long spikes of flowers, some double and rose- shaped, others single in several i)leasing colors, and having a delightful clover-scented perfume. Stocks produce their best flowers in the cool Spring or Au- tumn days, not in Summer's scorching heat. There is, we think, no f)ther flower which combines stateliness. beauty of color in the rose, jiink and purjilc shades, and entrancing sweetness in a greater degree. The Heliotrope, a flower whose well-known and e\- c^uisite i)erfume needs no defining, as the meaning of its name indicates, unlike stocks, loves the long, hot Summer days and luxuriates in the full light of the sun. This flower with its varying shades of pur])le is a favorite not only with mankind, Init we have often no- ticed when walking in our flower garden, has for lovers the bees, butterflies and bumming birds as well. Strictly classed, the Heliotrope is a tender perenni.il. l>nt |il:mts from seeds will bloom the first season. The perfume of Wallflowers, though not as jjro- nounced as that uf Slocks, is uniciue and so pleasant that it has made that flower both an old-time and pres- ent-day favorite not only in England but also in the United States. Wallflowers resemble single-flowered Stocks in form but not in color, but like Stocks are at their best in Spring and Autumn. The botanical name of Wallflower is Clieirantlins Clieiri. Strictly speaking". Wallflowers are perennials but early Winter-sown seeds will give plants which will bloom the following Christmas under glass. The botanical name of Stocks is Matthiola incana, variety annua, hut Stocks and Wallflowers are closely related. In flower from mid-Spring till the snows of Novem- ber whiten the ground. .-J/y.winn maritimuin, because of its delicate and delightful fragrance well deserves its common name. Sweet Alyssum. The white flowers oi this Alyssum are indeed small but very abundant. For liordering flower beds, for window and porch boxes, and hanging baskets. Sweet Alyssum is excellent. Sweet Sultans. Centaurea imperlalis, have several quali- ties recommending them strongly to the favor of flower lovers besides their delightful fragrance. The exquis- itely fringed flowers in lilac, pure white, rose-color, and purple are carried high above the foliage on long, stiff stems and if cut when partly open, will last longer than almost any other flower in water, not infrequently from eight to ten days. Sweet Sultans too, like Stocks and Wallflowers, give us their finest blooms in the cool days of Spring and .\utumn, and we should sow the seeds either very early indoors to produce plants for setting out in the garden early for .Spring flowering or sow in mid- Summer for jilants for Autumn flowering or both. No one of our annual flowers, perhaps, has been more improved in its range of colors than that old-fashioned flower. Sweet Scabious, Scabiosa ma.viina plena. One of its old-time common names was Alourning llride given to it obviously for the reason that its flowers were then of one color mostly, and that color such an intense, deep crimson as to look almost black. The modern Sweet Scabious, however, is not confined in color to a nearly "melancholy black," but bears blooms of white, light-blue, cerise and golden-yellow. Sweet Scabious has a fragrance which is not only ]ileasing. but also "that is dift'erent" and like Sweet S'ullan carries its flowers on long stems, which makes it valuable for cutting. When a rather large bushy plant reaching a height of two or three feet can be used to advantage in our garden Ijeds or borders, among those whose flowers have a i^ro- nounced I)ut pleasing smell, Xieotiana affinis is a candidate for the jiosiiion. Xieotiana is a ])rofuse bloonu'r through- out Summer and Autunm. The species, affinis. bears white flowers, but the hybrids of affinis give us blooms in shades of purple, red. violet and ])ink as well as white. The common name of .Xieotiana is "{•'"lowering Tobacco." .Miniiiliis inoseliatos is llii' .Musk l'l;inl. Miniitliis is really a half-hardy perennial rather than annual, but will bloom the iirst year from seeds sown early. This plant prefers a moist, shady situation, as can be dearly seen from where f)ur native species, Miniiilns rini:^ens, is found growing. The nuisk-like .scent of Miiniilits moscliatos lies in its foliage rather than in its small yellow flowers. This is an excellent plant for banging baskets. Marguerite Carnations, like the "I'erpetual-nowering" Carnations so nuich grown mider glass, have a remark- able range nf be.iiuiful sli;ides of Cdlnr and of variegations For May, 1922 145 and an exquisite fragrance. This type of garden Carna- tion lias the merit of coming into bloom in about three months' time from seed sowing — that is, seeds sown in April or May will give flowers in July and August. There is another type of garden Carnation known as Chabaud's Carnations, marvelous for size and colors and the sweet scent of their blooms. Seeds of this Carna- tion, however, must be sown indoors in February to pro- duce plants which will bloom in our garden in Autumn, but they are worth waiting for, and when open their flowers rival the finest blooms of the Perpetual-flowering Carnations. Sweet-Scented Perexni.als Some perennials are tender, others hardy. To the former class belongs Aloysia citriodora, whose flowers are indeed insignificant, but the lavish citrus-perfume of the foliage is very refreshing and gives to this plant its specific name, citriodora, meaning citrus-scented, and its common name Lemon Verbena. Sprays of Lemon Ver- bena even when the leaves are dry retain in a notable measure their agreeable perfume, especially when confined in chests of clothing. The dry foliage of this plant is used in potpourri. Lemon \'erbenas can be raised from seeds planted indoors in \\"inter and, if planted out in the garden after Spring frosts are over, will make plants of considerable size the first season. The double-flowered, hardy-. Grass or Spice Pink, Diantlius pliniiariiis tiainis flore plena, the highest and most pleasing evolution from the dear old-fashioned Clove Pink, has a marvelously pleasing clove-like perfume of which we never tire. The colors and markings of this Diantlius are as — amcencc the Romans used to say — pleas- ant to the eye, as the perfume is — suaz'is, the Romans said — agreeable to our nostrils. There is another Diaittluts. resembling to some e.xtent, but yet quite dift'erent in its inflorescence from the Crass Pink, but like it is an old-time favorite much improved by modern culture. This every flower garden should contain. This plant is the Diantlius barbatus, commonly called Sweet William, some William indeed was greatly honored when his name was given to this sweet-scented flower, whose blooms vary in color from white to deep- est crimson, and revel in pretty combinations of colors. There are now. thanks to our flnricuUurists, annual as well as perennial or strictly speaking biennial. Sweet Williams. There is an okl-time sweet-scenttd perennial, little seen now in flower gardens, Faleriana officinalis, commonly called \'alerian, and also Hardv Garden Heliotrope. The showy heads of rose-tinted white flowers of this plant appearing in mid-Summer have a pronounced and de- licious heliotrope smell. There are several sweet-scented perennials, bulbous or semi-bulbous mostly, which we will not describe in de- tail, namely, some of the hardy lilies, especially Liliwm candidum (Annunciation Lily). Hcmcrocallis flava) (Yel- low Day Lily), Convallaria majalis (Lily of the Valley) and Fiinkia cordata i:;randidora (Plantain Lily). Suppose, if you please, that we had all of these sweet- scented annual and perennial plants growing in one gar- den, and they were all in leaf and in bloom on the same day, and pad and pencil in hand we should, as we tested the smell of each one with our olfactory nerve, try to describe it, do you think we would succeed? Another question of interest to us and perhaps to others is this : Do we remember and can we recall a smell ? For example, can we recall the smell of a Heliotrope flower, which we smelled a year ago just as we can recall the line- aments of the face of a friend we met last year? Apropos of this question, Owen Meredith says in "Aux Italiens" : "And I swear as I thought of her thus in that hour. And how after all old things are the best, That I smelled the smell of that Jasmine flower. That ^he used tn wear in her breast." Flowers as Teachers BERTHA BERBERT-HAMMOND Were I, O God, in cJmrchless lands remaining Far from all voice of teachers or divines, ^■. My soul zcould find in fioivcrs, Thy ordaining 'f Priests, sermons, shrines. — Horace Smith. IN an unmistakable manner do flowers, those silent but persuasive teachers, bring home to us in their own sweet, convincing ways, many lessons and truths. In most instances these lessons are so plainly indicated that there is not the slightest difficulty in observing and com- prehending the tru"ths to be learned. In the language of another : There are the little hooks of bloom Whose pages printed in perfume Hold lyrics in a language knoirn. The shy violet, hiding from view, teaches sweetness and humilitv : the wild "^columbine, growing on a rocky ledge with barely enough earth for a foothold, shedding fragrance and beauty, speaks of courage. The dainty snowdrop at:d other harbingers of Spring breathe of resurrection, and evergreen leaves typify everlastmg life. Because, suggested by some prominent characteristic, certain plants "have become associated in the minds of people in general with human virtues. The stately white lily is universallv acknowledged to be a symbol of purity, the orange blossom of chastity, the forget-me-not of love, the ivy of fidelity, the nettle of cruelty, the weeping willow of melancholy, and the trembling leaves of the aspen for lamentation. There is an old legend to the eft'ect that when God walked in the Garden of Eden, viewing the beauty He had created, all the flowers and trees, with the one excep- tion of the Aspen, bowed in homage and love, and that now in penitence, wherever the Aspen tree is found, its leaves tremble and sigh all the time. That in olden days meanings were attached to "green things growing'' is evident from the custom of crowning heroes with wreaths of laurel (glory), patriots with oak- leaves and beauty with myrtle. The olive branch is an ancient emblem of peace and the passion flower for "faith." Innocence is expressed by the white daisy, tlie "day's eye," and pansy faces we know induce thoughts. As for the golden buttercups that so lavishly spangle our fields, they bring recollections of childish ways and We fancy a grassy meadozn'. Where tzvo little girls in blue Are testing the rule and and saying, "I like butter; do you?" (Continued on page 154) ; 146 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE Rhododendrons and Azaleas in die Garden FRANK B. MEYER OF rliorodendrons there are more thnn two hun- dred species. Most of these have heen found upon the Ihnialayas and the mountains of southwest- ern and western China, where have recently been dis- covered very many new species, some of superior loveh- ness. One or two species are native to northern China. two to central Japan, one to the Pacific states of North Azalea hilca. Flame Acalea. (Courtesy of Harlan P. Kclsey) America and five to the Atlantic, two to the mountains of centra! Europe and four to the Caucasus. The ordinary reference to rhododendrons means some of the hybrids, the "handsomest of all broad-leaved flowering evergreens," so desirable because of their hand- someness, but in the eastern and northern parts of the United States generally not permanent or at least not satisfactory in their behavior. The explanation of this can be made most conveniently by cjuot- ing from Ernest H. Wilson's remarkalile article that appeared in the Garden Magazine about five vears ago. Centering largely around the Arnold Arboretum and written with New England con- ditions in view it contains mention of difficulties that can be discounted somewhat in a climate not so rigorous. "The present day race of evergreen rhododen- drons is essentially an English product and to better understand the subject let us brietly in- ve.=itigate its early history. No rhododendron is native of the I'.ritish Isles and the first of the evergreen section to be introduced was R. maxi- mum, indigenous to eastern Xorth .Xnurica, which flowered for the first time in London in 1756. A few years later (1763) R. ponticum was introduced and was followed in 180.3 by A'. caucasictim. The .American A', rata^chinisr was introduced by John Eraser aliout ISW, and was common in gardens in 1838. 1 lere are the beginnings of the rhododendron cult in England. Of these four species only two (R. ponliniiit and R. catinvhiense) have played a major part. "As a breeder R. ponticum has been the great- est asset and although its color is not good it has proved cxtraor >. tdi :h. ^t^\i W^ ^ ■ ■*!;.. .v< ■*#•' 'M J ^ y h'hiulinlnulrnii calau'bictise. Catawba Rhododendron. {Courtesy of Harlan P. Kelsey) For May. 1922 147 Lindenhurst, the estate of Air. John ^^'ananlaker, whose capable superintendent, Mr. John H. Dodds, is authority for much that is contained in this article, the hardiest of all has been found to lie one not in Mr. Wilson's list, namely Kettledrum. In addition to this one the book. The Complete Garden, names eleven others as hardy in northern Ohio. Such then are the present limitalion^ to increasing the variety of broad-leaved evergreen rhodendrons in our gardens. Of evergreen rhododendrons with small or compara- tively small leaves, to quote Mr. Wilson again, "only a limited number have proved to be hardy and amenable to cultivation in this country. Many of them may be rooted from cuttings : but it has been found difficult to hybridize them with members of other groups. As a garden plant for this country R. earoliniainun is by far the best species of this group and is one of the very finest of all broad-leaved evergreens hardy in Massachusetts. R. tniniis. better known as R. punctafiiin, which grows in the same region but at a lower level, is an old denizen of gardens : it has smaller leaves and tlowers and a nn ire open habit than R. carolinianinn:" In northern ( ieorgia is a form of it (variety liarbisonii ) with larger leaves and flowers in larger clusters, which may be expected to make a handsome garden plant. Ac- cording to a recent bulletin of the Arnold Arboretum it is not yet in cultivation. "The two dwarf rhododendrons R. ferntgineuiii and R. hivsHtiim, natives of the mountains of central Europe,'" Mr. Wilson goes on to state, "are unsatisfactory in New England ; but three hybrids between them and the R. uiiiius are valuable garden plants in this climate. One of these hybrids, R. myrtifolinm, is a very compact round-topped shrub, from two to four feet in height, and as much through, with neat foliage and small pretty pink flowers. Another, R. arbutifoliuui. is a shrub of open spreading habit and forms low wide masses. The chief value of the plant is in its ability to cover either sunny or shady banks and for this it is admirably adapted. The third hybrid is known in gardens as R. i^'ilsonl. It also spreads over sunny and shady banks which it covers in June with beautiful lavender blooms. From the cold re- gions of Manchuria and Korea come R. dahuriciim and R. mucronidatnm, which have deciduous leaves. Other early-flowering rhodendrons are R. prcvco.r and its variety Early Gem. Both are evergreen bushes, much branched in habit and have pale to deep pink fiowers. In favor- able seasons, when the flowers escape the late frosts, these plants are very beautiful in Spring ; but unfortunately this rarely happens. "A'aluable for the rockery and partial to sunshine are R. raeeniusum, R. davidum and R. i>itricattim, three new comers from China. They are twiggy plants, growing from four to six feet high, and may be rooted from cut- tings. These species are very floriferous Alpine plants, with small leaves and of neat and charming habit. "The only other species of this group that need be mentioned is R. luicraiithiiiii. also from China, which has clusters of minute Ledum-like white flowers and small leaves." Jiut according to a recent bulletin of the Arnold .\rl)oretum the Japanese hrachycarpiim is stiperior. The original plant of it, presented to the .\rboretum by Mr. Francis Parkman, was lost in transplanting ; but Mr. Wil- son has sent large quantities of seed from Japan and soon its large pale pink or pale straw-colored flowers may become common here." The usefulness and the charms of even these species as garden plants are not yet sufficiently appreciated by us. Our English cousins are more fortunate. A writer in a recent number of The Gardeners' Chronicle in fact exclaims that if his choice were confined to six varieties of the rhododendron they would be none of the popular hybrids, but (1) the pale yellow campylocarpmn, (2) the best lavender-blue form of augustinii. (3) the brilliant scarlet iieriidorum, (4) roylei or cinnabariniim, { 5 ) the lovely pink seven-lobed fargesii and (6) Thomp- sonii with its wa.xy crimson bells. These are worth recording here because, although they are not hardy in a climate like ours it is possible that from them may be developed hybrids to which may be imparted some of the ruggedness of constitution possessed by American natives with which they may be crossed. They are undoubtedly adapted, according to Professor Sargent of the Arbore- tum, to our Puget Sotind region. There we may ex- pect to find established in time examples of the widest range in variation of size, form, habit and color. There are some that are tall and tree-like, other that are epiphytic and some, like R. prostratiiin, that are carpet plants. To widen the range even in our vicinity, one may enter among the azaleas, which are now regarded as merely a section of the rhododendron genus, and among which two species, canadense and vaseyi, both good garden plants, thrive best in a rather moist soil and in the neighborhood of open water. The former is the well known dwarf shrub that from Newfoundland to Pennsylvania and New Jersey covers large areas of swampy land with a sheet of rose-purple bloom, while the latter, also dwarf and of a more open habit, has pure pink flowers of perfect tint. To a dift'erent section of the azaleoid rhododendrons belong thirteen species of which eight are native to the Rhododendron ccitaivbicnsc growing ■n'ild at 5,U0Q /rrf elevation, n'cstcrn \orlh Carolina. (Courtesy of Harlan P. Kelsey) 148 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE Atlantic seaboard of the L'nited States. Five of these, yir. Wilson notes, are "all good garden plants which take kindl}- to cultivation and thrive in ordinary soil, in either open or shady situations, and no group of plants adapted to our climate surpasses them in beauty. The first to open their flowers are R. canescens and K. iiiidi- florum. Both have fragrant pale rose or pink flowers, of various shades, which appear before the leaves or just as they begin to unfold. The ne.xt to blossom is R. calen- dulaccuin, the yellow azalea of the Appalachian mountain slopes, which opens its flowers early in June. The color varies from bright yellow to orange or shades of red and the beauty is heightened by contrast with the dark green leaves which are well grown before the flowers open. It is a rather slow growing but long lived plant, from eight to ten feet tall, and the beauty of its brilliant colored flowers is not surpassed by those of any other azalea. The yellow azalea is followed by R. arborcsccns, another inhabitant of the glades of the Appalachian mountains from Pennsylvania to Georgia, which blooms about mid- June. This is a tall shrub, growing from ten to fifteen feet high, with large pure white, very fragrant flowers, the beauty of which is increased by the bright scarlet color of the long exserted stamen-filaments and styles. The leaves are pale-colored and are full-grown before the flowers open. The last to flower is R. viscosuni, the Clammy azalea or Swamp Honeysuckle, a common in- habitant of the swamps near the .\tlantic seaboard, which does not open its flowers till July. It is a shrub of medium size, with small, very fragrant, pure white blossoms cov- ered with sticky hairs and the leaves are often pale bluish especially on the lower surface. The plant is valuable for the lateness of its flowers, which continued to oj^en for weeks when those of most shrubs are past." The Arboretum bulletin of May 9, 1921, adds roscnm. "an even handsomer plant than I'aseyi. Although first dis- tinguished and named in France as early as 1912. it has always been confused with other species till quite recent years, and has never received the attention which it de- serves. It is a shrub from three to fifteen feet tall with rose-colored flowers which open after the leaves begin to unfold and are more fragrant even than those of vMcosum. This azalea is common in southern New England and southward to \'irginia ; it grows in western New York, northeastern Ohio, southeastern Illinois and the adjacent part of Missouri, that is in regions of limestone soil, and the fact that it can grow in lime makes it possible to cul- tivate it in parts of the country where other rhododen- drons do not grow." A still later bulletin adds anndiescc, probably a chance hybrid of arborescens and calen- dula^cnm, more fragrant than the latter, of orange-red and clear yellow and valuable because it flowers later. One east .Vsiatic species, japonicuiii, is perfectly hardy and its large flame-colored flowers are very hand- some. It and R. schlippcnbachii, pronounced by the I'-ng- ]ish writer referred to before as "peerless," broad in limb, pale clear pink and delicately spotted with green, are included among the eighteen best new shrubs at the Arnold Arboretum by the bulletin of July 15, 1920. Japomcurn mated with R. sinensc at the Hunnewell es- tate has become the parent of R. kosterianum I\liss Louisa Hunnewell, of which the following judgment has been made at the Arnold Arboretum: "If anyone in the United States has raised a handsomer shrub it is un- known to the Arboretum. Its large clusters of orange- colored flowers open as the leaves unfold." .Xnother, luteum, incorrectly sometimes named flainim but com- monly known as Azalea pontica, is not hardy in the east- ern part of the United States. It is imjiortant because it has been used so much as a stock for grafting and in hybridizing. The American species. Mr. Wilson thinks, should be used much more generally in the gardens of eastern North .Vnierica: but it is ditificult to procure them because very few nurserymen are willing to devote the time and the trouble necessary to raise them from seed, the only satis- factory way to propagate them. In the. absence of these plants and in ignorance of their value and beauty have been employed the so-called Ghent azaleas, a race of enchanting hybrids, but short-lived, in- difterently hardy and not suited to the climate of New England, good for forcing purposes but not for the garden in the colder parts of the country. They are the hybrids of pontica, which bears bright yellow and fra- grant flowers, and nndifiora, z-iscosa and calcndiilacca introduced from the United States into England and grown in large numbers at Ghent, Belgium. A some- what hardier oflfspring resulted from crossing R. sinense and R. japonicuin with the various Ghent azaleas. These mollis azaleas, not hardier in New England than the Cjhents, can be grown in the vicinity of Philadelphia out of doors very well if they are given a little shelter. They are grown in dwelling houses in the winter and are very beautiful. -V third section of the azaleoids consists of the Japanese and the Korean. The most important is the scarlet- flowered Kccmpfcri, introduced by Professor Sargent in 1892 and, according to Mr. Wilson, one of the most valuable shrubs that the gardens of eastern North Amer- ica have received from Japan. Like all the other azaleas mentioned before it is deciduous. It grows to a height of three to eight feet and is a blaze of color for one or two weeks in May, brightest in partial shade. It deserves a good place sheltered by trees, but not too near them, with favorable soil. An offspring from it and aiiia-iiHin, raised by Jackson Dawson, is called Arnol- diaiia. Its flowers vary in color. Being a dwarf it is good for the edges of beds and for. rock gardens. A large Japanese species is R. rhombicum, which bears rich red-purple blooms. The Korean poukhanciise is a very compact round-headed shrub, the rosy mauve or red- violet blossoins of which are delightfully fragrant. Of Japanese azaleas the Kurume varieties, from the highlands of that Island Empire, have recently been at- tracting much attention that is richly deserved by their wonderful beauty and diversity of coloring. The Arnold Arboretum has exhibited remarkable specimens at the shows in Boston ; but it is still too early to declare that any of them are for our gardens. Near Philadelphia Mr. A. E. Wohlert, of Narberth, who has paid much atten- tion to the newer Japanese flowering trees and shrubs, has this past Winter been trying out of doors several thousand dollars worth of these handsome shrulis. .'\t the middle of March his report was that the great major- ity were not promising well.* Of evergreen azaleas the aiiuviia or indica. which flowers early, with bright rosy-purple blossoms, is hardy as far north as New York City. The finest form of it is known as hinode<;iri, of beautifully symmetrical shape and which bears its bright scarlet blooms in great pro- fusion. Ilinaiiiayo. resembling it in form, has larger leaves and its flowers are of a wonderfully clear shade of pink. It is almost evergreen. Arrangemicnt According to Color .•\s with tulips and peonies there is not nuich chance • Since lliis was writlcii lllc frcczinK during the ni^lit of .Vpi il twenty- first lias blasted ttiosc fluwer luuls that were fairly well advanced and killed liack the leafy tips; lint, though the plants had been prcitccted only by a slight natural growth of weeds, the bark of the stems has not been cracked nor tlie plants injured in any other way. In frames and glass they are now rapidly recovering and will continue to bloom. cracked nor the plants injured in any other way. In frames and under ;)idly recovering and will continue to bloom. The damage to the plants would have been less if they h,td been well sprinkled. early in the morning after the frost, with cold water. For May, 1922 149 that rhododendrons will clash if proper precaution is taken in placing the impure and glaring reds. For nice arrangement the hybrid rhododendrons may be divided into four large or main groups within any one of which the different varieties will harmonize fairly well, (1) the red, (2) the pink, (3) the white or substantially white, (4) the lavender and purple. Almost any of the whites may be inserted into one of the other groups, if that should be desired, or can be used in effecting a transition from one group to another. The chief point is that out of any one of the groups should be kept the jnirple-reds like Caractacus and Abraham Lincoln, the magenta-pink of rosciim clcgans, the dark magenta of catazi'biensc grandiflonim and the reddish plum of Presi- dent Roosevelt or H. \\'. Sargent. Each one of these "dangerous" colors should be kept by itself or marked off b)'- white. With azaleas more care is sometimes necessary. P oukhanense s color does not harmonize with that of any other azalea blooming at the same time and so it should be kept away from all others to avoid a chance overlapping of blooms. Hinodegiri is of a shade so in- tense that it clashes frightfully with the a)n(Viia and the mollis varieties ; it can be used with white to make a very charming contrast. Where to Plant and in What Soil The answ-er to this cjuestion also has been framed very well by Mr. Wilson. "Evergreen rhododendrons are mainly woodland and in a measure also Alpine plants and they must never he allowed to get dry at the roots. A situation screened from the morning sun and sheltered from cold cutting winds and where the roots may be kept cool is essential to success. The strong sun in March, which draws moisture from the leaves when the ground is frozen and the roots perforce incapable of making good the loss, is a potent cause of death. This in conjunction with the tender strain in the present day race and the fact that the majority are grafted on the not hardy R. ponticuin very thoroughly explains the disappointment experienced by American lovers of these plants, and especially those whose gardens are in New England. "If practicable it is best to plant rhododendrons in as- sociation with trees, for by so doing they receive a meas- ure of protection from the sun's direct rays. In thin woods or on the margins of such woods are good sites and if the situation is open and exposed a screen of conifers — Hemlock, White or Red Pine — should be af- forded them. If the situation be such that the roots are kept cool by a thorough water supply the nature of the soil (always provided it does not contain lime) is of less importance than is often claimed. Where the White and Red Pine, Birch, Chestnut and White Oak thrive rho- dodendrons will grow. A soil free of lime, sweet, moist and porous and fairly rich in leaf soil is the ideal. A de- composed granitic soil rich in humus is excellent. In the absence of lime rhododendrons will grow in good loamy soil ; but it should ever be remembered that they are humus-loving plants and require to be mulched with leaves and the soil enriched with leaf soil or sandy peat. It is usually assumed that peat is necessary in order to grow these "plants; but as a matter of fact a far greater number of the species find a home on the humus-clad rocks and cliffs than in peat swamps. "In regions where the seasons are milder than in New England these rhododendrons will thrive in positions more or less fully exposed to the sun; but no matter where they are planted tTiey must never be allowed to suffer from drought. The root system of all rhododen- drons is fibrous and scarcely descends more than a foot below the surface. Obviously a mass of fine hair-like roots near the surface of the ground can not withstand drought and the need of a mulch of leaves is clearly shown. On account of their fibrous root system rhodo- dendrons are easy subjects to transplant, provided this be done with a large ball of earth and due attention be paid to kee])ing them properly supplied with water after- ward. "The hardy members of the azalea section are all vir- tually deciduous and a majority will stand more exposure to sun and drier conditions than will their evergreen relatives ; but drought has very evil eft'ects upon these also. It is advisable to place these azaleas fairly close together and as a ground cover to plant different vari- eties of heather {Colluna vulgaris) and hardy heaths {Erica carnea, E. Z'agaiis), which are not only pretty in themselves but mask the ground from the sun's rays." To grow rhododendrons and azaleas in limestone areas it is recommended there be made mounds of specially prepared soil. The lime will thus not be so apt to impreg- nate the site. But in such a situation particular care must be exercised to prevent the plants from drying out. In agreement with Mr. Wilson's declaration that peat is not indispensable is the English writer quoted twice before : in heavy soils, if the right sort of peat be not obtained it may be absolutely deadly. Particularly if a plant has been grown by a nurseryman in peat is it apt to die when it is moved into a heavy soil where the cli- mate is at all moist. But at Lindenhurst it has been found that grown in the native soil alone the vigor is less, as is proven by the shortening of the stems. It has there been found best to prepare a bed for permanency by digging in in the Fall, to a depth of three feet, peat at the rate of one barrow-load to fifty square feet and one-half wagon-load of leafmold. The peat, however, should be that con- taining silver sand ; the mucky peat from New Jersey serves well for orchids, but not for the plants here being written about. .'Mphano also has proven to be quite satis- factory ; but it is not put so deep down. For the ordi- nary border there is dug in in the Fall, to the depth of a foot and a half or two feet, cow manure, well rotted, at the rate of thirty tons to the acre, and in the Spring a layer of leafmold two inches thick. A good dressing of decayed cow manure is applied every third year. Humus in the form of old sod or of any vegetation not sour im- proves the general conditions greatly. To provide a mulch of leafmold it is not well to allow dry leaves in the Autumn to remain around the plants ; the danger from fire is too real, as the superintendent of Lindenhurst has experienced upon an estate the owner of which declined his advice. Carted away to a pile and held down with a little manure, which is later forked into the mass, the leaves are within less than a year in condi- tion to make an ideal mulch. For the Summer mulch- ing of young stock Mr. Koster, of Bridgeton, New Jer- sey, advocates the use of cornstalks chopped fine ; it provides coolness, retains the moisture and admits the air. {Continued in the June issue) You think that one hour buries another, but it is not so. You think that you have parted forever from the things that have passed by you. No, you have not. That which you have done is with you today ; and that which you are doing will be with you tomorrow. When the mason carries up the wall, the course of the brick which he laid yesterday is the foundation on which he is laying another course today ; and all that you do today on the structure which you are building, will remain as a basis for that which you do tomorrow. — Bcecher. 150 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE Great Exhibition of Wild Flowers and Ferns in Boston W. N. CRAIG AN exhibition of native orchids coni])leiel_v tilhni;' the main hall of the Massachusetts Horticultural Soci- ety and staged by Albert C. Barrage, president of that society, attracted 23,0CO visitors in .May, 1921, and it was felt that many years must elapse before such an at- tendance would again be reached in Boston, but the great show of native ferns and flowers which opened on May 3 and closed May 14 so far surpassed last year's show in attendance that the 30,000 mark was passed on the fourth day and as many people viewed it as at such extensive and extended expositions as the Home Beautiful, auto- mobile and food fairs. The setting for the show was an ideal one. L'rilicisnis have often been heard of Horticultural Hall for exhibi- tion purposes, some of which are true, but when all walls are hidden as on this occasion, the height of the hall and the cool temperature, many degrees lower than the open air, and the freshness of the exhibits, a week after the opening, all go to prove that some credit is still due the design of the hall and the oft criticised building com- mittee. The visitor enters the hall via the loggia through a wide avenue of spruce trees reaching the ceiling, below his feet are soft sand, gravel and pine needles, and at once a "woody" odor assails his olfactoi-j' organs, tliat '■piney smell" which so many tired city folks long to in- hale for a week or two each Summer. At the entrance end of the hall and facing the loggia is a delightful waterfall, not a tiny miniature affair, but one of at least six feet breadth in the center of a rocky promontory where sixty tons of rocks are effectively placed, and over that from a height of some twenty- four feet the water comes tumbling in a series of short dips at first and a final drop of fifteen feet. Three hun- dred gallons of water per minute pass over the falls, which at night are especially beautiful with a greenish light thrown fr')m overhead on them. The water falls into a large pool and is carried by a stream to nearly the opposite end of the hall when it disapjicars in a pipe, flows back behind the rocks and is again jjumped over the falls by an electric motor. The wooden floor of the hall was removed to allow for the construction of the show and concrete beds were laid for the streams and pools over which a neat rustic bridge crosses near the falls. Bordering the stream are irregular borders resembling swamps covered with green spagnum moss, and planted here are large vacciniums in flower, andromedas, osmunda and other ferns, Cypri- pedium spectabile, habenarias, jiogonias and other or- chids, Sarracenias, droseras, calthas and numbers of moisture loving flowering plants, naturally planted. Around the sides of the hall and rising fifty feet in height are mountains heavily clad with pines, hemlocks. cedars, spruces and other evergreens, scattered through which are found ihe white dogwood (cornus florida), the shadbush fAmclanchier canadensis), the great laurel (Rhododendron maximum), mountain laurel (Kalniia latifolia), the sheep laurel (Kalmia angustifolia), Vibur- num dentatum and other native shrubs and trees in flower, while at lower elevations among crannies and crevices, or on the sheer face of the moss covered rocks are masses of all the ferns native to Massachusetts, forty- seven in number, and near the base irregularly and taste- fully placed are cypripediuins, mayflowers (l^jjigaca). violas, asters, bluets, trilliums, hejjaticas, ranunculus, anemones, bloodroots and numerous other wild flowers, some eighty-three varieties in all. I failed to see an omnipresent friend, the dandelion and some others, prob- ably because they are classed as aliens and not native, albeit they make themselves very much at home here. The exit from the hall is through a dense avenue of spruces and so great is the attendance that except in the earliest morning hours a one way passage only is pos- sible, and progress is naturally very slow. It is ])articu- larly pleasing to note the i^reat delight of the thousands of city children over the delightful show, and it is worth a whole lot to watch their pleased faces, just as it is to see and hear the remarks of older people, once country dwellers, whose memories went back to the old country farms where their early years were spent. At this show they met many old familiar friends. The plants used in this show were all forced in the greenhouses of Albert C. Burrage, of Beverly Farms, and much credit is due his able superintendent, Douglas Eccleston, and his corps of assistants for the skill in timing the exhibits and the good taste shown on the con- struction of the many charming features of the exhi- bition. Illustrated lectures were given on New England wild flowers, their cultivation and protection as follows by the IMassaclnisetts Tiorticultural Society and at each there was an attendance of between 400 and 500. Thursday, May 4. Some reasons why wild flowers are rare, by Prof. Merritt L. Fernald. Howard University. Friday, May 5. The conservation of our wild flowers, l>y Herbert W. Faulkner, Washington, Conn. Saturday, May 6. The cultivation of. native plants, by Dr. R. T. Jackson, Petersborough, N. H. Monday. May 8. The naturalization of wild flowers, hv Norman Tavlor, Brooklvn Botanic Gardens, Brook- lyn. N. Y. At a meeting of the board of trustees of the Massachu- setts Horticultural Society held May 8, the George Robert White gold medal of honor for distinguished service ^ rendered to horticulture in the vear 1922 was awarded to Albert C. r)Urrage. ]Mr. Burrage is serving his second term as president of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society and also of the American Orchid Society. In 1920 he made a magnificent monthly exhibit of orchids at Horticultural Hall, in 192! he staged the great show of native orchids in Mav and was an extensive exhibitor of ferns, Selaginellas and orchids at the great troi)ical fern and orchid show in September, and last but not least the present notable show nf wild flowers and ferns. Mr. Burra.ge is a very aniialile niid democratic gentleman, keenly interested in the ailvancciiieiil of horticulture and the award is well merited. \t the meetin-..;- of the .\nierican ( )rchid .S(iciet\- held in lioston on Mav 6, it ivas voted to hold a great national orchid show in Boston in 1924. The Orchid Societv will offer on this occasion special gold, silver and bronze medais, and similar medals will also be offered through other societies who carry orchid classes on their schedules. GARDENER'S CHRONICLE The Standby of the Professional The Safe Guide for the Amateur If you ;irc not silhscription. ■iulistrilicr, sojul twn (l"ll;ir'i fur .1 year's GARDENERS' CHRONICLE 286 Fifth Ave., New York For May. 1922 151 Beaver Lodge The Country Estate of H. E. Partridge Shell Lake, Wisconsin THIS place was originally a spring in- vested swamp ; much tiling and fill- ing had to be done in order to gain a foothold. By taking advantage of the beautiful spring lake and its outlet several artificial pools were formed. As the soil below the surface is extremely cold, every specimen planted had to be care- fully selected in order to be a success. JMostly native conifers from six to twenty feet high were used which were dug and transplanted with a frost ball, together with such conifers as will stand the trying conditions of twenty to forty degrees below zero. Rocks and boulders played an im- fronl lici^' of BaH'cr Lodg portant part in this semi-Japanese landscape. Placing them in a natural position, creating an aged appearance bv sinking them nearlv two-thirds and not omitting the iczv of Beaver Lodge. harmonious coloring of the rocks, a very unique effect was obtained. Alugho Swiss Mountain pines, the different sa- binas, rock plants and hardy perennials were liberally employed. The Japanese garden is not the only delightful feature of Beaver Lodge, but Mr. Partridge has followed the style now becoming very popular on American es- tates, of combining the vegetable and flower gardens which takes away the monotonous appearance of the straight rows of vegetables,' and if properly ar- 1 anged according to height, flowermg season and color, adds attractiveness to the entire layout. Theodore \\'irth, the well known au- thority on landscape architecture, played a prominent part in the planning and laying out of the landscape and in 1914 turned it over to Charles Schrall, the present superintendent, w'ho together with his genial and Xature-loving employer still plan further improvements now that labor is more easilv available. Swaiiil^x and bugs Juive gkrii Tx'ny to velvety !aurn<: and specimen conifers. The wooden bridge has given way to a beautiful scrolled concrete bridge. Paths surround the entire semi-Japanese plantation. The same scene taken earlier in the season. Here the "stepping stones" across the creek are wore distinct, which is a typical Japanese feature, as well as the arrangement of the rocks. 152 GARDE^ERS' CHROMCLE Beautifying Home Surroundings ARTHUR SMITH AFTER the completion of a house, the grading around it comes up for consideration. Very fre- quently a good deal of money is spent unneces- sarily in this direction, and which could be put to a bet- ter use in making a garden, as in many instances the money is used in ways which do not increase nor create beauty. This waste is especially noticable in the matter of terraces. Under no circumstances does a terrace in itself create anything but discord in the landscape. We have never been able to get the point of view of those — unfortunately numerous — people who find something pleasing in the idea of a terrace. Many, whose lawns were, or might have been made, the most beautiful of gardens, have spoiled them by terraces. For some un- explainable reason some persons are possessed with the idea that every house, no matter what its position should have a terrace, and they spend large sums form- ing terraces even upon level ground. Elaborate ter- raced gardens in the wTong place prevent the forma- tion of beautiful lawns, although a good lawn is one of the most pleasing things in a garden. An insignificant looking house with a fine, unbroken lawn gives invariably a better effect than a fine house w-ith terraces in front of it. When a house is erected upon ground considerably higher than its immediate surroundings, some terracing may be necessary to alTord a sufficiently level space for a drive to approach it and to turn round, and in these cases a terrace becomes a necessary evil ; as it is also when required for the formation of playing lawns. When such circumstances call for the existence of a terrace there still is no reason for the sharply graded slopes like a railway embankment. Sharp, green angles thus formed are the very height of unnaturalness. After we have settled the essential approaches and levels in close proximity to the house, the natural form and lines of the earth itself are invariably the best to follow, and in cases where bad planning has been the reverse of this, it is often well to face any labor to get the ground back to its natural grade where it has been disfigured by ugly or needless banks, lines or angles. The next thought is generally given to providing the house with some shade. Frequently this is overdone, and the house ultimately becomes so shut in that the neces- sary circulation of air is prevented and in the early I'^all before the leaves drop the house is rendered dark and damp. This is more especially the case when such trees as the Norway and Silver Maples are used for the purpose. The dense shade these produce combined with their roots also create conditions which prevent any- thing else growing or thriving under or near them. From all points of view these two species should be discarded from home surroundings, as there arc so many other kinds which not only give all necessary shade but which also possess many prominent features of beauty which these Maples do not have. In providing shade trees several points should have consideration, especially with those who use their homes all the year round. There is of course the shade ; then there are species conspicuous for their floral effects, fol- lowed in the Mountain Ash, as one instance, by brilliant berries; then there are the beautiful color effects pro- duced by the Autumn foliage. Autunui color affords us opportunity to have a land- scape as spectacular and as gorgeous as in any other season, and this point should be rememl)ered also in con- nection with shrubs. The number of good shade trees without any ob- jectionable features is large and wdiile it is obviously impossible to mention all of them, we would like to call attention to the merits of a few of the least used kinds. \\'e have always thought that the Oaks should have a more prominent position among trees for this pur- pose. The fact that they have not is to a great extent the fault of nurserymen whose horizon is bounded only by the commercial side of the question, and it is un- douljtedly a truism that when commercialism comes into competition with art, art always suffers. Grass and other plants will grow under Oaks when they will not under Maples, and their shade is sufficient for all purposes without creating darkness. The two best are the Pin Oak {Qucrcns palustris) with its graceful outlines and the Red Oak {Oucrcus rubra), the fastest growing, with broader leaves and more spreading branches: both are a brilliant spectacle in the Autumn. The Lindens are good, especially for large lawns, and their flowers give oft' a delightful perfume and are much loved by bees. The ruddy grown bark of the Lindens gives a very cheerful Winter note to the landscape. From all the points of view by which one measures the all round beauty of a shade tree we know of none which comes up to the Sweet Gum (Liqiiidaiiibcr styra-' cMua). Its star shaped leaves afford a unique feature, and these in the Fall give wonderful kaleidoscope colors of bronze, orange, lemon and scarlet. Among flowering trees there are the Horse Chestnut and Yellow Wood (Cladastris virgilUa). Catalpa speciosa is another one conspicuous for its floral effects, but the drojiping of its seed pods makes it a dirty lawn tree. In connection with places of somewhat small area, the question of using fruit trees, apples, pears and cherries, for shade purposes should be considered. Not only are there no reasons against their use for this pur- pose, but several may be advanced in their favor. They may be grown to give as much shade as any other tree of the same age; no trees are more beautiful when in flower, and it is scarcely necessary to emphasize their beauty and usefulness when in fruit. Considered as a whole the judicious plaiUing of shade and ornamental trees not only afl'ords an abundance of comfort and pleasure, btU it enhances the value of real estate more than an equal amount of money spent in any other manner. Persons looking for investments irt homes are not attracted, but repelled, by barren home- surroundings. There is always something charming in the smallest cottage having a good selection of trees j)rf)|)erly placed about it. Trees, as apart from shrubs and herbaceous plants, should be the first things placed in position. They should not, however, be scattered about the entire grounds, planted in rows, orchard, or checker-board fashion. Alt grounds, no matter how large or small, should have an open space for lawn, and trees should be located, placing the frees, in addition to those near the house for shade, along the outer lines of the property, with groups for any necessary back-ground or screen. In all cases it is important to avoid planting too many trees, and in fact too much of anything lends sooner or later to spoil home For May, 1922 153 surroundings. In this, as in all other connections, cH- matic and soil conditions frequently place some limita- tions upon the kind of things which one should plant, and it always pays to engage the services of an expert rather than a salesman, pure and simple. A good deal of careful consideration .should be given to the planting around the house foundation. A beauti- ful house in a fair landscape is the most delightful scene of the cultivated earth. The union between the house and the ground near it — a happy marriage it should be — is worthy of more thought than is generally given to it. If one does not care to carry out the landscape develop- ment of his entire property all at once, the first thing he should do is to tie the house to the grounds by suitable foundation planting. For all the year round elfects such plants should invariably have evergreen foliage, and pro- duce flowers and ornamental berries. While it is not absolutely necessary it is desirable that each species should be capable of exhibiting during the year all three of these features. It is extremely rare to find foundation plantings combining these characteristics, and far too many of them consist almost entirely of the most un- suitable subjects, such as Pine, Spruce, Fir, and other cheaper fast growing things which in a few years will have to be removed. It is in every way preferable to use dwarfer, slow growing plants of high quality which are less commonplace. ^^'ithout enumerating all of the better class plants which may be used in creating a perennially pleasing foundation ])lanting, we would like to mention a few of the better and in some cases, the least known sub- jects. For the background the upright Cotoncastcr siiuiitoitsii is good, as it gives evergreen foliage, prettv flowers and bright red berries. Ilex crciiata. Japanese Holly, is no- table for its rich, glossy foliage and lilue-black fruit. Another interesting plant for the back, but not so com- pact as the above, is Vibunumi rhytido[renticeship system which prevails across the water and which keeps a new supply of gardeners coming on every year, the course at the col- lege and the pi^actical traiiung under the supervision of the Na- tional .\ssiieialiiin of Gardeners will step itUo the breach and remedy this diflienlty. The .issociation is largely held responsible lor this movement. For May. I9g2 161 It's Never Too Late! Your most cherished wishes for an old-fashioned Hardy Garden or Rock- erj' may be gratified. You can start any time with our well-estabhshed, ready-to-bloom plants. I*ulisaretty little rock gai'den. Take your choice of these, according to your space and garden situation: 12 Hardy Rock Plants for Sunny or Shady Border or Kockery in 1- Varieties for $2.00 25 Hardy Rock Plants for Sunny nr Shady Border or Rockery in IJ Varieties for $4.00 50 Hardy Rock Plants lor Sunny or Shady Border or Kockery in -'t Varieties for $7.50 Let Our Neiv Catalogue Help! Vou will find it to ahound with offers of plant material particularly suitable for hardy borders, rock gardens and old-fashioned gardens. Our special endeavors are to provide a complete assortment, hence, whether you want the old stan JnUiirifl" friiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii;iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiir Flower and Vegetable Seeds GRASS SEED Fertilizers and Insecticides of the highest quality. LOCAL SOCIETIES THE CLEVELAND HORT. SOCIETY The regular montlily meeting was held April 9, with Mr. Bryd'on in the chair. The usual business was trnasacted, three new members being elected. The exhibits of the evening were excep- tionally fine, Mr. Francis being awarded a certificate of merit on eight vases of sweet peas which he had grown for W. A. Burpee & Co. The colors ranged in white, pinks, and lavenders, with stems on an average of twenty inches, carrying three and four large and beautiful flowers, far superior to the old Winter flowering varieties. The varie- ties exhibited were Early Lemon Beauty, Early Fire King, Mrs. Kerr, Early Pink Beauty, Early Loveliness, Early Fairy Queen, Early Exquisite, Early Rosebud, Early Bluejacket, and Early Daintiness. Mr. Francis explained his manner of cul- tivation to the members, informing them the beds were dug about eighteen inches deep and mixed with well-rotted manure and bone meal. The plants were thinned to six inches apart and run to single stems, all lateral growths being pinched out. The seed was sown in October, 1921, and grown cool. Mr. Broadfield exhibited Antirrhinum. White Giant, and was awarded a certificate of merit. He explained that the antirrhi- nums run six-foot stems, with about eigh- teen-inch spikes. They were grown very cool, with plenty of air and little feeding in the usual depth of benches. The clarkias, exhibited by Mr. Broadfield and receiving honorable mention, cut four-foot stems. They were grown cool in six-inch pots. A. D. Taylor, landscape architect, gave a very interesting talk on the problems of = Write us, and we will forward gladly our 1922 Garden Book. 1 We extend to you a cordial invitation to visit our model establishment. I Prompt and courteous attention assured. Careers Tesied Seeds * INC. ^^ i Consolidated ivith I J. M. THORBURN & CO. I 53 BARCLAY STREET NEW YORK, N. Y. I and 19-20 South Market St.. Boston, Mass. | I Canadian Branch: 133 King Street East, Toronto, Canada i ^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ High Grade Stock of Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. Catalog on request. ANDORRA NURSERIES WM. W.\RNER HARPER, Prop. Chestnut Hill Philadelphia Beeman Reduced $100.22 Buy a Beeman and be independent of hired help and horses. Plow, cultivate, harrow, seed, trim your lawn — handle every one-horse job with a Beeman quicker, cheaper and better. Beeman works tinder low limbs and around the trunks of trees. Turns in small space. Supplies 4 H,P, for stationary work. Get The Facts ! New reduced price 2-JO.oO. Send today for complete in- ffirniylidii. Beeman Tractor Co.. 3812 5th St. N. E., Minneap. 162 GARDE^ERS' CHROMCLE ACME JR. Power Cultivator m Is a big factor in reducing gardening g = cost. i 1 Compact, easily handled and as i 1 ALL MOVING PARTS ARE DUST | 1 PROOF and RUN IN OIL it brings | 1 satisfaction, unusual value and econ- f 1 omy. It makes work pleasure, and 1 i makes pleasure pay dollars. It has j 1 extra wide wheels for loose or nam- i 1 mock soils. i 1 Write to-day for description, etc. j I The Acme Cultivator Co. j I Salem, Ohio | illlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllUIIIIIIUIIIIIUIIIIUUIIIUIUUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIli^ the landscape gardener. His talk, which was enjoyed by all, brought a closer insight into the problems and difficulties of that branch of the gardening profession. W. J. Bruce, Sec'y. THE NORTH SHORE, ILL., HORT. SOCIETY The regular monthly mcctuig of the above society was held on A\ni\ 10 at .Anderson Hall, and was well attended. President J. R. Clark occupied the chair. There was a lively discussion of the chrysanthemum schedule for 1922. Chairman F. R. Kuchne. of the entertainment committee, made a final report of the recent smoker and a vote of thanks was e.xtended to Mr. Kuchne for his efforts to make the entertainment a suc- cess. A splendid exhibit of cut flowers and pot plants was shown. R. E. KuEHNE. Cor. Sec'y. WESTCHESTER AND FAIRFIELD HORT. SOCIETY The .\pril meeting of the above society was held at the American legion Hall. Port Chester, N. Y., on .Vpril 11. The F^lowcr Show Committee reported progress and the monthly exhibits were fine. Awards were as follows : VV. J. Sealey, first, for vase of roses; William Smith, second, for a vase of carnations, a good sport from the well- known Laddie; Alex Grieg, third, for vase of lupines. Other exhibits were II. h". Bul- pitt, colored frcesias ; Alex .Smith, lupines : George Hewitt, llunncttuinnia and yellow rallas; \V. J. Sealey. tub of hydrangciv Tohn II. Troy, of New Rodielle, received .i certificate of merit for Kurume .\zalcas. Mr. Troy gave the members an inter^^l- ing talk on the trees, flowers, and ferns which he saw on his recent visit to .\us- tralia and New Zealand. His talk was very much appreciated by the members atid be was given a hearty rising vote of thanks. Harry Jones, Cor. .Sec'y. ^.-a^£^ ^4A«^ ti.-^^-:--Ti _ L Now — A Power Mower for Medium Sized Lawns For years Ideal Power Lawn Mowers have been used for taking care of large lawns. The thousands of Ideal Mowers in use have definitely demonstrated their labor saving, money making qualifications. tj However, there are thousands of lawns hardly large enough to warrant the purchase of a larpe power mower, yet with so much grass to cut that proper care be- comes a big problem— and an ex- pensive problem. It was for this vast number of medium sized lawns tliat the Ideal Junior Power Mower was designed. It is moderate in price, dependable, easy to handle, anoes the work of 5 to 7 men with hand mowers. Costs about 50 cents a day to operate and soon pays for itself in labor saved. Furnished with or without rid- ing trailer. For large parks, golf courses, etc., we bflild the Ideal Power Triplex Mower. Write today and get our large pictorial catalog. If orld's Largest Builders of Poller Lawn Mo ChicaRo, 111. II E. Harrison St. New (Irlcans. La w York. N. Y. 270 West St. riltshurEh, Pa. .Mas.t. 52 N. Market St. Clevelanii. Ohio Pliilaflolphia, Pa. 709 Arch St. neiivor, Colo. I,oy Angeles. Cal. st. Louis. Mo, 222 N. Los .\ngeles St. Toronto. Caiiailn 130 Camp St. lOS West Parkway 1500 Lakeside .^ve. ISth anii Wazcc Sis. 412-414 N. 4th St. 17 Tomperancc St. Power Lawn Mowers 'I lie Ideal Rolls as it etits - Ueefi the sod smooth and linn. Wiz^Rb TR*Df DKH IN U MARK — PULVERIZED Sheep Manure Wonderful natural fertilizer for amateur or professional growers — un equaled for lawn, flowers, vegetables, fruits and shrubs— cfTectivcly atcrilircd— no weeds or chemicals- safe and dependable. Ask your seed or garden supply man for WIZAKD Rl^ND or write direct for full inforni.ition. The Pulverized Manure Company No. 18 Union Stock Yards, Cliiica(0 Joseph Manda Co.» Orchitis Our Specialty Scnil for Our Catalogue 191 Valley Road West Orange, N. J. "A Garden for Every Home." MULLF.R-SEALEY CO.. INC. 145 Wcit 45th St. New York City 50 Foot Line Costs Only $19.75 Comes in sections that p;o together with Quick Acting Couplings. One man can set it up in 20 minutes. Or take it down, move aiul set up again in 30 minutes. Waters every inch of 2500 square feet uniformly. Xothing to get out of repair. Attaches to hose. Pressure 20 lbs. or more. Usually set on m" or 1" pipe posts, 3 to 4 feet above groun.i. Send for Booklet Ihe Sninnpr Irri^afion Co. 229 Water St. Troy, Ohio THE F. & "F. & I." is a tuhiicco product. Its nicotiue content gives it a deciLicd value as an inserticide. Its potash. nitrogen and phosphoric acid, makes it an ideal fertilizer for lawns, for shnibljery. for flower or vegetable Eardens. Wrilc fur iMiolilt-t and sample. $3.00 per 100 lbs. $50.00 per ton. TOBACCO PRODUCTS CO. Siwressors to The Lanca'iter Tohnno Proditcls Co, Dept. O Lancaster, Fa. STATEMENT OF THE OWNERSHIP, MAN- AGEMENT, CIRCULATION. ETC.. required by the Act f f Congress of August 24. 1912. of "Gardeners' Chronicle of America," published monthly at New York, N. Y., for April 1, 1922. State of New York 1 ^^ County of New York J" Before me, a notary public in and for the State and county aforesaid, personally appeared D. Ebel, who, having been duly sworn according to law, de- poses and savs that he is the business manager of the "Gardeners' Chronicle of America" and that the fclluwing is to the best of his knowledge and be- lief a true statement of the ownership, management fand, if a daily paper, the circulation), etc., of the aforesaid publication for the date shown in the above caption, required by the Act of August 24. 1912. embodied in section 443, Postal Laws and Regulations, printed on the reverse of this form, to wit : 1. That the names and addresses of the pub- lisher, manacinc; editor, and business manager are: Publisher, the Chronicle Press, Inc., 286 Fifth Ave., New York. N. Y. Editor. M. C. Ebel. 286 Fifth Ave.. New York. Managing Editor, M. C. Ebel, 286 Fifth Ave., New York. Business Man- ager, D. EI)el. 286 Fifth Ave.. New York. 2. That the owners are fgive^ names and ad- dresses of individual owners, or, if a corporation, give its name and the names and addresses of stockholders owning or holding 1 per cent, or more of the total rvmnunt of stock.) The Chronicle Press. Inc., 286 Fifth Ave., New York. N. Y. M. C. Ebel, Summit. N. J. M. E. Burniston and T. A. Burniston, both cf Summit, N. J. S. Warendorff, 325 Fifth Ave.. N. Y. Chas. H. Totty. Madison. N. J. A. Bauer, Deal, N. J. J. Barnett. Sewickley. Pa. 3. that the known bondholders, mortgagees, and other security holders owning or holding 1 per cent, or more of total amount of bonds, mort- gages, cr other securities, are: (If there are none, so state.) There are no bondholders, mortgagees or other security holders. 4. That the two paragraphs next above, giving the names of the owners, stockholders, and se- curity holders, if any, contain not only the owners. Some First Hand Facts On Owning Your Own Greenhouse We made our greenhouse catalogue witli a determination to get away from the usual cut-and-dried treatments, and make it a real help to those who would know the genuine joys and advantages of greenhouse possession. It tells interestingly of our every type of greenhouse and shows even more than it sells. It contains plenty of plans of practical layouts and is replete with vital information about greenhouses and conservatories. The text is told in a chatty kind of a way that makes pleasurable reading. You are heartily welcome to a copy. The name is "Own- ing Your Own Greenhouse." Home Offices and Factory: Elizabeth, N. J. New York. 101 Park Avenue Boston-9. 294 Washington Street Philadelphia, 133 South 12th Street stockholders and security holders as they appear upon the bocks of the company, but also, in cases where the stockholder or security holder appears upon the books of the company as trustee or in any other fiduciary relation, the name of tiie per- son or corporation for whom such trustee is acting, is given; also that the said two paragraphs contain statements embracing affiant's knowledge and belief as to the circumstances and conditions under which stockholders and security holders who do not ap- pear upon the books of the company as trustees, 163 hold stock and securities in a capacity other than that of a bona fide owner; and this aJfiant has no reason to believe that any other persons, associa- tion, or corporation has any interest, direct cr in- direct, in the said stock, bonds, or otb.er securities, than as so stated by him. Sworn to and subscribed before me this 5th day of April, 1922. D. EBEL, Business Manager. [Seall . E. H. GARDNER. (My commission expires March 30, 1923) This Shut-off Saves Solution Just a grip of your thumb— as ea^^v as pulling a trigger — and the Auto-Spray starts or stops instantly. There is no dripping— no wasteof expensive solution. h,L5 lift-n standard spraying ei|uipment t'T IK years. Over 750.000 are in ' ii-^i' liy Experiment Station workers, farmers, gardeners and home owners. Other Auto-Spray outfits for every sprajing purpose. Our Spraying Calentlar should hang in your work room. It tells when and how to spray. It's free. Send today audask toofor Catalog. Tbe E. C. Brown Co. &9<^ Maple St. Rochester, N. Y. h^i^s>^ll^rk^^!:^^i^S}:f^^ PLANT NAMES AND THEIR MEANINGS is the title of a series of articles now appearing in The American Botanist where a multitude of other things of interest to the plant lover arc also discussed. Quarterly, $1.50 a year; specimen copy, 25 cents. THE AMERICAN BOTANIST Joliet, III. QUALITY RED POTS Made of best material by skilled labor, uniformly burned and carefully packed. Famofls "Mou-Aztee" War* includes Azalea Pots, Fern DlBbes, Ban^n- BaaketB. Lawn VasM, etc Write for catalogue and price llFt Tbc Zone Pottery Company So. Zanenllle. Ohio HARRV BALDWIINJ Manufaoturer ol Greenhouse Shading Lath Roller Blinds TS/l VIVIAROINJECK, N- V- ORCHIDS We are HpprlnllMia in Orcblds. We collect, srrow. Import ex[>ort and »fU orchids ex- clusively. If jou are In the market for Orchldt, we solicit your lnr)iilrieH and orders. Tata- logaes and rp'cIhI INtH on npttllrntlrtn. LAGER Sc HURRELL •rebid Grown and laiptrtan Summit. N. «J. Continuous Interest in Gardening The t)Lst gardens and the most mutually satisfactory all around relations are where owner, gardener and landscape architect can he continually improving the country place. With garden enthusiasts, the pleasure of discovering, planning, ordering and planting is as great as the pleasure realized from the results six months or six years later. The gardener knows that "if you love a plant, you can make it live anytime" is usually true. Owners as a rule do not know it. I asked Arthur Herrington at the Flower Show "Why do people think of planting in the spring only?" He anwered, "Tradition." Hicks Nurseries will help you out hy planting and guaranteeing all summer. There are perennials in pots and things that can be dug up with a clump of earth which will decorate the flower garden immediately. There are some good varieties of perennials here and the colors can be selected in full bloom to carry out a color scheme. After the first week, the plants will take hold and give satisfac- tion this year, and next year be like an old garden. Shrubberies often need revising, and gardeners tell us the time to i}rune is just after flowering. Old shrubs can be safely moved in July and new better colored, or mure up-to-date varieties added. We have many of the new and rare varieties introduced through the Arnold Arboretum and Highland Park, Rochester ready for planting all summer. Shade trees were once considered movable with safety only in early spring or late fall. You can obtain from Hicks Nurseries hundreds and thousands of lindens, maples, oaks, beeches, tulip trees, hornbeams and cucumber magnolia six to thirty feet high in full leaf in June, July and August. Lifted and moved by our careful, common- sense system, trees keep right on growing better than if transplanted in the old way. A few may drop some of their leaves and look wilty and yellow for a month. They will recover. Evergreens are delivered with a ball of earth. With our system of root pruning and transplanting they produce a lot of fibrous roots close to the ball. With coarse long-rooted species like Pinus Austrica and Abies Concolor the old method of waiting vmtil August is no longer necessary. Such fibrous rooted evergreens as Thuya, Retinospora and Rhododendron, can be safely transplanted when the growth is soft in May and June. Fruit trees, berry bushes, grape vines, rose bushes and vines are available in pots and tubs for immediate hearing. Gardeners are in a position of authority to encourage summer planting. We will do our part and thank you for suggestions on how to do it better. HENRY HICKS HICKS NURSERIES Box K, Westbury, Long Island, New York SOLD BY SEEDMEN IN CANADA FOR OVER THIRTY YEARS 'JSya'm^monc^»(i Jurk.ori, Mirhi i^ f CUT FLOWER BOXES EDWARDS FOLDING BOX CO MANUFACTURERS PHILADELPHIA. PA. ^-^ k irimMiiiiiitMiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiirmiintiiiiiititt •fItlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIllKlllllllllllIllllllllllllHIIIIIIIIII ROSES, ROSES MJ I Everblixiiiiiiij; in ') vurinic varieties of 7'ree Hosts I'lTfrctly Dormiiul Lai'^<- ]{liii(lo(l<-ii(li-(>ii!4 CONINE NURSERY CO., Stratford, Conn. iiiiiiiiiKiihiiiiitiiit %-RECOME A 4fiCtANDSCAPE .^. ARCHITECT ■.^W Dignilied. Kxclnsive Pro- ^'yCt tension not overrun wilh ■''' competitors. Crowded , , with opportunity for moncy- C*-^./ making and big fees. $5.01)0 "to * fli),(ll«» incomes attaineil by exiterts. I'-.isy to m.ister under our correspond- ence mctliods. Diploma awarded. We assist students and gradii.iles in getting started and developing their hiisinesscs. Established 1916. Write for information; it will open your eyes. Do it today. American Landscape School, '7N NVmrark, N. Y. 164 IIIIIIIIMIIU ^Ulflll!i:illimi[lllllllllll!ll[!lllllllllllllllllll'lllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllll!lll!lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll^^ Orchids j If you foiiteuiplate buying semi-established, | I establislied or imported orchids, consult ns first, j I We carry in stock about 25,000 species. | i A large stock of Laelia Cattleyas, Hybrid Catt- | I leyas, Brasso Cattleyas, Odontioda*, and other j I choice hybrids. | I V( c specialize in supplying the private trade. | I Let us figure on your requirements — our quality | I is second to none. | I Orchid peat, live Sphagnum Moss, baskets, pot | I hangers, always on hand. | I Send for our price list. i I G. E. BALDWIN & COMPANY | I Orchid Collectors, Growers and Importers | I MAMARONECK Box 98 NEW YORK I OF INTEREST TO COUNTRY ESTATE OWNERS The National Association of Gardeners takes (Ills opportunity to place its Service Bureau at the disposal of owners of country estates when requir- ing competent gardeners, in the capacities of super- intendents, head gardeners or assistant gardeners — thoroughly qualified in every particular to assume the responsibilities the positions call for — gardeners truly efficient in their profession. The Bureau is maintained entirely at the expense of the association and makes no charge to the em- ployer it may serve or to the member it may benefit. NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS M. C. Ebel, Secretary 286 Fifth Ave. New York This association is in no sense a trade union organization, but includes in its sustaining member- ship owners of some of the foremost countr]) estates in America. n H n m n n n mnnn m m SPRAYING IS as Essential as Fertilizing Successful cultivation demands a knowledge of the habits of plant insects and diseases, and the proper remedies for their control. APHINE, an effective remedy against all sap sucking insects infesting flowfers, fruits and vegetables, is free of the dis- agreeable odors and features of most in- secticides. It invigorates plant life and is unexcelled as a wash for decorative plants. Aphine w^ill not injure the most tender flow^er or foliage. FUNGINE is an excellent remedy for mildew, rust, and other blights. It is read- ily soluble in water and contains no sedi- ment. Fungine does not stain the foliage but cleanses it. VERMINE is a soil sterilizer and vermi- cide. It destroys cut, wire, eel and grub worms, maggots, root lice and ants, and will protect your gardens and lawns from ravages under the soil. There is but one convincing way for you to become familiar with the merits of these products and that is to try them out for yourself. It will prove worth while. I Sold by dealers in various sizes. | I APHINE MANUFACTURING COMPANY I I Manufacturers of Agricultural Chemicals | I MADISON, N. J. I "'"'" iiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiniiii iiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiii!niiii'!i::ii»ia:iii;i:iiiiiii!iiii!i!n^^^^^^^^^^^ EFFICIENT ECONOMICAL Potash-Marl I CROPS Matures Plant Food i UNEXCELLED FOR | LAWNS — FLOWERS I A Few Facts: Potash-Marl-grown potatoes were the largest and finest potatoes in the Exhibit of the Stamford Horticultural Society, and the best crop in Westchester County in 1921. That Potash-Marl is an Ideal Lawn Dressing is proven by the remarkable results obtained by many Country Estates and Golf Clubs. "The finest flowers I have ever grown," is a typical expression in letters from many Gardeners who have used Potash-Marl in Greenhouses and Gardens. We have testimonials to verify the above statements Full particulars and prices given upon application Potash-Marl, Inc. SOLE PRODUCERS I Tel. Murray Hill 1433 15 East 4otK Street, NevJ York | Iniiwiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiii^ giiiiiiinii »« 'inniiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiillliiiiiiiu I SOME ACT ON FIRST THOUGHT, Others on Secoiul | I Thought, and SOME only after very mature reflection | I If yon hcldii^' tn llu' lirst twn .^Toiips Vdu ])i'iil)al)l\' by this linic own iIk' .';ix | I \v'-ll-kno\\n, beaiuifnll}- illiisiralcd xnhmK-s nl" | Bailey's Cyclopedia of Horticulture f If not, now is an excellent at lower manufacturing prices horticultural iield, and illustv making an $S.OO saving now- delivery, $3.00 for 12 montlis- to own this authoritative set. amateur or ijrofessional — or a the coupon below. A FEW OUTSTANDING FEATURES OF THIS WELL KNOWN WORK ^ Bailey's NEW .STANFJ.VKD CVCI.O- PEDIA OF HORTICfLTLKE cont.iins about 40U0 genera, 20,000 species, AO,IX)0 plant names. H There are 24 colored plates— 96 full-page half-tones — More than 4^100 engravinKS which serve as guides in the texts. ' The original color phoioirr.-tTih'* rriHf.eiit many mites of travel. jmumwii'' winmiiimimMiii time to change reflection to action, for the publisliers have reprinted and we are able to offer this set of six volumes covering the whole ated with original color photographs and half-tones for $40.00 — -if you prefer you can get it on a .subscription l)asis (if $4.00 on -having thus the choice of the "cash way" or the "subscription way," Whether you are a superintendent of an estate, a horticulturist — country gentleman we suggest you get in touch with us as per '"-----------■ Coupon Tear ( Wl ;iiul .'^cinl in ---------------- (,.\Kf)KNKKS' CHROXICLE: 286 I-iflii Ave, New ^'ork City. (ieiitlemcn: Yes. I want to purchase Bailey's Cyclopedia of Horticul- | ture ill six volumes now and enclose herewith check or money order j for $40.00 or (if on suhscription basis) check or money order for $4.00 1 and would request subscription form. 1 .\aiiic j .•\ddrcss I City, State iii:iiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiittiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiii§ GARDENERS' CHRONICLE (OF AMERICA) ILLUSTRATED HORTICULTURAL $2.00 A YEAR •irci 25c A COPY IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMI :'l||llllllllllll»llllllllllllllllllllllllllll:l iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii j Make Your Garden | I Serve You All Summer J I and also produce a sufficient supply for j I winter use. | I DREER'S MID^SUMMER I I . CATALOGUE | I contains a list of many things which may be planted | I during the summer months. You will find listed all | j that is best for late planting in Vegetables, Winter | I and Spring Flowering Bulbs. Also the dependable j I strains of Farm seeds for Summer and Fall Plantmg. | I Pol-grown Strawberry Plants of the leading sorts and j j Celery Plants of best varieties. | I Also up-to-date Garden Tools, Insecticides, Fertilizers | 1 and all the helps that make gardening a pleasure. 1 I Write for a free copy and kindly mention this publi- | I cation. | I HENRY A. DREER I I 714-716 Chestnut Street Philadelphia, Pa. | iiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniii»ii!nii:iiiiiiiininiiiii:iiiiniii:iiii:iiiitiiii:ini:iiii:iiniiin!iiii:iiiniiiiiiiiNiiini^ BURNETT BROS. QAtng GREENHOUSES This simiilt. digniticd King Greenhouse is situated in a small public park. It illustrates how every King is designed to both fit its surroundings and suit the purpose for which it is intended. Catalogues, estimates and designs for greenhouses, contervatories and class enclosures for all uses. Ktng Construction Company general offices, north tonawanda, n. y. NEW YORK rrrv i'iiii,.\iji;i.i'iii.\ I WEST ^TTH ST. HARRISON Bl.DO. BOSTO.X, MASS. SCUANTON, PA. BOARD OF TRADE VLDC. 307 N, IRVING AVE. I ANNUAL LIST I Strawberry Plants I POT GROWN I Containing the leading Standard varieties. 1 Also the latest new introductions. Amongst I the varieties suitable for Forcing will I he found the Famous Royal Sovereign I A COPY OF THIS LIST WILL BE MAILED FREE I UPON APPLICATION j Our Fall Bulb Catalogue will be ready in July I BURNETT BROTHERS I "The House Famous for Laivn Grass Seeds'" I 92 CHAMBERS STREET, NEW YORK ^iiiiniiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiu^ ,jiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ ! Bobbink &. Atkins Vorlds Choicest^ /i^urserySGree iProducts ■'"ovvnlnAmcri" Ask for »— Catalogs / Visit Nursery PEONIES AND IRIS ROSES EVERGREENS RllODODENDHONS TKKES AM) SlIRliBS ROCK G.\RDEN PLANTS OLD-FASHIONED FLOWERS FRUIT TREES AND Bl SHES Afk for our special list of Peonies hikI Iris. Our fields of Roses are interesling al llii> lime. ]\urserynien ami Florists RUTH I ;H I OKI) NKW JKKSEY I iiiniiiiniiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiHiiiii:iiiimiiiiiiiiiniiiiliinniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiijiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiimiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiii^ .Miiiiiimiiniiiiininiiiiiiii iiiiiiiii/iiiiiimniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiintiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinii?' 121st Year 85th Year DfviAj Come lii» Otnitl/ng FLOWER AND VEGETABLE SEEDS GRASS SEED FERTILIZERS AND INSECTICIDES of the highest quality Write us, and we will forward gladly our 1922 Garden Book. We extend to you a cordial invitation to visit our model estab- lishment. Prompt and courteous attenticn assured. CariersTesied ■* I iSSC. solidateil 7iitli J. M. THORBURN & CO. S3 BARCLAY STREET NEW YORK. N. Y. and \f) Soillh Market St.. Boston, Mass. CaraJian liranrh ; 133 Kin^ 5trffel East, Toronto, Canada |iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiniiiiiiniii»iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiii]iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:in I WILSON'S I I O. K. PLANT SPRAY | j Kills Plant Insects, Scale and Mildew | I Used by Leading Gardeners j Bbls. $90. 1/2 bbls. $50, 10 gals. $20, 5 gals. $10 WE receive letters daily from customers telling us of a new- use for Wilson's Plant Spray. Try it on something w^here other remedies have failed. ^iiiiiiiiiniiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin^ JOHN SCHEEPERS INCORPOKATED High Class Flowek Bulbs ^^UR catalogue of rare and unusual varieties of bulbs for fall planting is now ready, and will be mailed to you on request. 'miniiiiiiiiininiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii SPRINGFIELD NEW JERSEY Tiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiijuiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinnin^^^^^^^ 522 Fifth Ave. New York City | riiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ giiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^^ I A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK OF I I TREES, SHRUBS, VINES and I I HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS | I By JOHN KIRKEGAARD | = Formerly Assistant to Director of the Royal Botanical Gardens, M p Copenhagen, Denmark. Latterly Twenty Years p = in American Forestry end Botanical Work p i Illustrations in Sepia. Planting Plans. 410 pages. = I 8vo. Beautifully bound in cloth. Price $2.50 net. | I Mailing price $2.71. | I This practical reference book is the logical result | j of years of Practical work in the author's career. He | I has sought, and successfully, the simplest form of | i explanation and instruction in the message which he 1 I conveys from each plant and growing thing to the 1 I amateur or gardener who seeks to be tree-wise, 1 j shrub-wise and vine-wise. No book of recent years | j is so comprehensive and so practical as this volume. | 1 Exhaustive descriptions, variations from type and j I more technical matter must be sought in the Horti- | j cultural Encyclopedias, for in these pages the author | i stands as the interpreter of the plant to the planter. 1 i The character of information mav be summed up in 1 1 the sub-title of the book— THE H.ARDY AND OR- I 1 NAMENTAL VARIETIES: THEIR CHARAC- l" I TERISTICS: USES: and TREATMENT. | I Adequate space is given to articles upon injurious I j insect pests, the adaptability of plants for certain pur- | I poses, planting, pruning, spraying and cultivation. In | j short, the author has endeavored to include whatever 1 I information the householder needs with which to i i secure the proper selection, care and treatment of | I such trees and plants as are best adapted for his pur- | I pose, then to aid him in properly caring for them. | I THE CHRONICLE PRESS, INC. j I 286 FIFTH AVE. NEW YORK, N. Y. | i II iiiiiiiiiiiiii niiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii mm [ii i iiiii iiiinnmi niiiiiiiiiiu iiniiiiiiiiiiiiin || 165 The Contents for June, 1922 Things and Thoughts of the Garden Montague Free 167 Fall Bulbs George H. Penson 1 69 What is a Garden? Sori'e Random Thoughts Henry J. Ecl(stein I 7 I Rhododendrons and Azaleas in the Garden. . . Frank B. Me]}er 1 73 The Cultivation of Bromeliaceae . .Dr. E. Bade 175 7^/ie FloTVers of June Floruit Air.ator 176 Beauiij'sing Home Surroundings. .Arthur Smith 178 Report of the Conference of Quarantine No. 37 1 79 Worl( for the Month in the Garden Samuel Golding 180 The Greenhouse, Month to Month George F. Stewart 181 The Plants of Marsh and Moor Willard N. Clute 1 83 More About Budded I'ersus Orvn Root Roses Arthur Snith 184 Another Reader Comments. . . .T. A. Weston 184 Departnents of Foreign Exchange and Book Revien^s 1 85 National Association of Gardeners 187 Local Societies 1 88 Pubbshcd Monthly by THE CHKONICLE PRESS. INC. ,^ .. Vol. XXVI, No. 6 „g, r:r.u A M V I M V Subscription .... $2.00 a year Issuea 15th of each month. 286 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. Canada, $2.15; Foreign $2.65 MARTIN C. EBEL. Editor Entered at the AVzf York Post Office as second class matter, Xoi\ 3, iyi4, under the Act of Congress, .March 3, 1S79. iiiniiiiiniiiiiniiiiiiHiiiniiiiJiiiiiiiiiJiMiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii ^■linillinilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllinilllllllllH iiiiiiiiniinniiiiniiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiinmifiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiwiiN STUMPP & WALTER CO.'S AaK)ance Offering HIGH QUALITY BULBS For Autumn Planting If you Kave not alreaa)) received our 1922 Acl\)ance Offering of HigK Quality) Bulbs for Autumn Plant- ing we -will De pleased to mail you a copy on request. efew^w^^^ 30-32 Barclay St. New York f UIHIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIliiiuilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll^ 166 Illlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllg GARDENERS' CHRONICLE LltSKAKT (OF AMERICA) new yokk BOTANICAL Devoted to the Science of Floriculture artd'^'HSrticulture Vol. XXVI iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii JUNE, 1922 No. 6 ■ Things and Thoughts of the Garden MONTAGUE FREE THE appearance of a fine show of bloom on Clcrodcndnni Thoiiipsoucr (C. Balfoiiri) at this time (Max) is a reminder of what a splendid greenhouse climber we have in this species. In spite of the fact that greenhouse climbers in general seem to have fallen upon evil days and are less in public favor than formerly, the Glory Vine, giving it its Eng- lish appellation, is still fairly commonly grown. Those who are unfamiliar with it niav perhaps obtain some idea of its beauty from the following description: It is a strong growing shrub, climbing by means of slightl\' twining stems, with rich dark green foliage which pro- vides a pleasing foil for its flowers. These are pro- duced in loose cymes from the tips of short lateral branches. The calyx which persists for a considerable time after the corolla has fallen, is creamy white in color, strongly five-angled rnid'in general outline pear shaped. From its narrow end the brightly colored corolla emerges with its three upper petals reflexed. The protruding stamens and pistil serve to still further en- hance the distinctive character of the inflorescence. The color of the corolla is described in Bailey's "Cyclopedia" as light crimson, which is probably accurate enough for all practical purposes. An attemjit to match its color in Ridgway met with partial failure and the nearest approach found to it in that valuable book was "carmine." The true color appears to be between "car- mine" and "spectrum red." One satisfactory feature of this Clcrodcndron is its good temper under cultivation — it may be greatly neglected but it still continues to produce its crops of bloom from ]May onwards throughout the Summer, year after year. If abundant flowers are desired, it is good to allow it to become somewhat pot bound once the desired size is attained, as this tends to curb its rampant vegetative growth and promotes the formation of the short laterals on which the flowers are produced. It is not especially ornamental when trained along the green- house rafters as the inflorescences are erect and almost invisible to anyone standing below because of the dense mat of foliage. It is seen to best advantage when grown in a pot or tub and trained upon a wire frame or a supporting pillar. It is native to W. Africa, but thrives even if subjected to a mininnnn Winter temperature of 50 to 55 degrees, when it is more or less dormant. Another indoor Clcrodcndron that is quite showy is C. fallax. Tliis is a shrub that produces its terminal c\mes of scarlet flowers throughciut the Summer. Like the preceding it is noteworthy because of the lengthy period that it remains in bloom. Although a shrubby plant it is perhaps best treated as an annual, as it ap- 'pears to better advantage, with a larger inflorescence, when grown to a single stem. Old plants that have been cut back tend towards irregular branching and an ungainly shape. This species is indigenous to Java and does best in a warm house. Incidentally the genus has a fairly wide geographic distribution as representatives are found in Africa, Australia, East Indies. India and Japan. There is at least one member of the genus that is comijaratively hardy, namely. C. Irichotomum from Japan. This is an extremely attractive shrub and valuable in its late blooming habit. It forms a bush with a rounded head and is conspicuous when covered with white flowers backed by the reddish brovvn calyces. It remains in bloom for a long time and, after the flowers have fallen, the bright, dark blue fruits seen against the per- sistent red calyces provide another attractive display. The fact that the leaves are held until well into the Fall is another recommendation for this little known shrub. With regard to hardiness, here in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden it comes through most Winters unscathed. Last Winter, for example, the tips of the branches were killed back from three to six inches, which is only to be expected wdien growth is maintained until late into the Fall. In very severe Winters it may be killed back to the ground, but this does not necessarily mean the loss of a crop of flowers, as these are produced on growth of the current season. * * ■:: ^Icntion of Clcrodcndron Thouipsoncr as a greenhouse climber calls to mind other plants, suitable for this pur- pose, some of which are all too seldom seen. The Calico Flower, Aristolochia elci^ans. from lirazil. is extremely decorative and interesting, and is most valu- able when a not too rampant climber is desired. Al- though its flowers are not so spectacular as those of A. gigas, for example, they are quite showy, and, as another redeeming feature are devoid of the intolerable stench' that makes those of A. gigas and many others of the genus so objectionable in a closed greenhouse. It is a free bloomer and the flowers, pendent in slender pedicels are about three inches in. diameter. The ground color is white, with curious purple markings, and a velvetv blotch of rich purple at the throat. Another interesting stove climber is the Granadilla — one of the Pas.'^ion Flowers — PassiHora quadrangularis. The Cambridge (England) Botanic Garden is the only 167 168 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE establishment where we have seen it growing vigorously, and blossoming and fruiting freely. There it was planted out in the "stove" and its long strong shoots were trained along the roof. In the Summer when its fruits ripened there were many delectable feasts in the potting shed, at which the juicy pulp of the Granadilla was the piece dc resistance. These fruits are quite sizable, 5 to 6 inches long, greenish yellow when ripe and present an attractive appearance when hanging on the vine. The flowers, 3-5 mches across, are sweet smelling and amongst the most showy in the genus. The prominent part is the five-fold corona of white filaments variegated with violet, which is backed by the petals, white without and red within. This species comes from Nicaragua, and enjoys a warm Sum- mer temperature. The "Purple Wreath" Petrea voluhUis, which grows wild from Cuba to Brazil, when seen at its best, is one of the most striking of our ornamental climbers. The flow- ers are produced in long racemes and the color scheme is one of lavender and violet. The five-lobed calyx is laven- der in color and persists after the violet corolla, which is much smaller than the calyx, has fallen. The plant grows vigorously with us here but is rather shy so far as blooming is concerned. Possibly a little starvation, or per- haps Summer pruning when growth is rampant, will help matters in this respect. * * ;f: The Scotch Broom, Cytisus scoparius, was very satis- factory with us here this year and a large bush smothered in yellow flowers tinged with orange was one of the prominent features in the rock garden. According to Gray's ''Manual" it has become naturalized from Nova Scotia ; S. E. Mass. to Virginia, and southward. It seems somewhat surprising that it should have become established so far North when its behavior in Brooklyn is considered, for here it is not infrequently killed by the Winter. To the best of our recollection last year was the first time in eight years that it bloomed at all ade- quately. It often happens that although the plants may not be entirely destroyed, their branches are killed to the ground, and, as the flowers are produced on wood of the preceding season, it proves a disappointment to those expecting a great May display. Its lack of hardiness in some gardens may possibly be due to its being planted in soil that is too good for it. The Broom grows naturally on barren sandy soil and when introduced to the rich soil of gardens is inclined to make sappy growth f|uite unsuited to withstand our rig- orous W'inter climate. y\nother possible explanation is that the plants that so readily winter-kill originated from stock obtained from the warmer parts of its range. It seems reasonable to suppose that plants raised from seeds obtained from, for example, a station in the mountains of Scotland, would have a better chance to succeed in our climate than those obtained from Southern France. Apparently at one time the Broom was of considerable economic importance being used in medicine ; as forage (mainlv for sheep) ; as a condiment, the flower buds being pickled and used in the same way as capers : for thatching, for making brooms and divers other purposes. There are several garden forms of Cytisus scoparius, which are reputed to be less hardy than the species. One of the best of these is C. scoparius var. Andreamis which has flowers of yellow and crimson. * * * The Labuinmn, too, this year delighted us with a dis- play of its long, yellow racemes. This of course is a sort of cousin to the Broom and in Europe is sometimes used as a stock on which to graft varieties of Cytisus scoparius when standards are desired. One would do well to hesitate before using flower buds of the Laburnum as a substitute for capers, as is done with the Broom, for it is quite poisonous and, in Eng- land, the demise of the children from eating the seeds is occasionally reported in the newspapers. Apart from this bad trait it is a glorious tree for garden purposes in sections where it thrives. We remember a fine speci- men in the garden of Childerley Hall in Cambridgeshire, England, that appeared as though it might be a grand- mother (or grandfather) of all Laburnums so gnarled and ancient did it appear. Although so aged, it had not lost its powers of blossoming as a photograph taken a year or two ago showing it laden with bloom, testified. In our climate the young branches are sometimes Win- ter killed, and, as it is from these that the flowers are produced, an annual crop of bloom cannot always be re- lied upon. Laburnum alpinum is reputed to be the hardiest of the genus and our gardens would be greatly enriched if someone would take this species in hand and develop a strain capable of withstanding our Winters unscathed. There is ample room for a tree with yellow flowers, blooming in May. * * * Here is another quotation from W. H. Hudson's "A Shepherd's Life." "But let us look at the true cottages. There are, I imagine, few places in England where the humble homes of the people have so great a charm. Undoubtedly they are darker inside, and not so convenient to live in as the modern box-shaped, red-brick, slate-roofed cottages which have spread a wave of ugliness over the country — lint they do not offend — they please the eye. They are smaller than the modern-built habitations. They are weathered and colored by sun and wind and rain and many lowly vegetable forms to a harmony with Nature. They appear related to the trees amid which they stand, to the river and meadows, to the sloping downs at the side, and to the .sky and clouds over all. And, most delightful feature, they stand among, and are wrapped in, flowers as in a garment — rose and vine and creeper and clematis. They are mostly thatched, but some have tiled roofs, their deep, dark red clouded and stained with lichen and moss; and these roofs, too, have their flowers in Summer "But its garden flowers, clustering and nestling round it, amid which its feet are set — they are to mc the best of all flowers. These are the flowers we know and re- member forever. The old, homely, cottage-garden blooms, so old that they have entered the soul. The big house garden, or gardener's garden, with everything growing in it, I hate; but these I love — fragrant gilly- flower and pink and clove-smelling carnation ; wallflower, abundant periwinkle, sweet-william, larkspur, love-in-a- mist, and love-lies-bleeding, old-woman's-nightcap, and kiss-me-John-al-the-garden-gate, sometimes called pansy. And best of all and in greatest profusion, that flower of flowers, the marigold." Gardeners can appreciate the beauty of Hudson's de- scription of the humble English cottages and their gar- dens, and enthusiastically .sympathize with his love for the old cottagc-gankn blooms, but most of us will simply fail to understand how he can hate the "garclener's gar- den" with everything growing in it. The objection of a Nature lover to the prim formality to be found in some gardens, his scorn for some of the highly developed mon- strosities that arc cataloged as "improved" varieties can be understood, but not such wholesale condemnation of everything that grows in the gardener's garden. For Jiiitp. 1922 169 Fall Bulbs GEORGE H. PENSON NOW that the Spring rush is over and the majority of planting done, the exception possibly being some successions of vegetables, our thoughts are ahead, a.s ever they must be to the requirements of next Fall, Winter and the Spring of 1923. One of the main things to be thought of on many places are bulbs for Fall plant- ing and also for forcing in the green house during the early Spring months, which will herald once again the approach of another Spring. The many varied fonns and colors uf forced bulbs are ever suggestive of youth and Springtime even though the weather on the outside may be part of a dreary Winter or a boisterous windy or stormy day of March. The Pa])er White Narcissi and Roman Hyacinths will be the first to show us Spring flowers, even though Christmas is only days past. These will be followed by narcissi of many varieties, hyacinths, tulips, crocuses, and later, probably one of the last, irises, .] disj>lay ilitriii^ May of Daricin, Drccdcr, and t i-'luf^c TiiUps on Onnston, Glen Cove, L. I. {Courtesy of Stuiiipp & both Spanish and Dutch. Not only do we have to think of greenhouse requirements but on an ever increasing- number of estates do we find an extensive planting of bulbs made for a gorgeous display of color from earliest Spring when the snowdrop and crocus will herald the way for others of nobler birth, with a continuation of flowery wealth until the last tulip has dropped its petals when the month of May is on the wane. These plantings may be an entire formal garden having a Dutch eiTect when the bulbs are in bloom or massed in the herbaceous border, the wild garden, or edging for shrubbery. The later flowering tulips are not very adaptable for the latter, the other subjects can be planted vo better advantage, ac- cording to the season it is desired to have them in flower. The Soil A medium heavy soil with plenty of depth having an abundance of available plant food produces the best re- sults, but tlo not forget a poor bulb cannot produce a good flower no matter what the soil and conditions are. \\'here the beds have Ijeen planted all Summer to other flowering subjects it is advisable to spade under well rotted farm yard manure when preparing for bulbs. This should be decayed so that it will easily pulverize and readily mix with the soil. With plenty of available plant food we often see good flowers produced on lighter soils, but, as nearly all bulbs like an abundance of moisture a heavier soil is more conducive to this end. Planting. — When planting fruit trees and otlier like subjects we study the depth of the roots in relation to the air and food to be api)lied at the needed season. This does not enter into the growing of bulbs to any great extent but the depth of planting is just as important. Another thing to be borne in mind is that tlie bulbs we plant in the Fall have to go through the Winter and while freezing at a good depth will not hurt them it would not be advisable to have them near the surface. I like to see from four to six inches of soil on the top of the bulbs when the bed is finished off. Darwin tulips particularly want to be planted deep. Cro- cuses will be an exception to this rule, one inch being sufficiently deep enough for them, especially if the soil is heavy. They have a tendency to rot if planted deep. When planting, the most satis- factory way that I know of is to make up a rough sketch of the beds at the time of ordering the bulbs ; lay out on this exactly where each variety is intended to be placed and be governed by this at planting time. When the beds are ready to receive the bulbs mark them of? and place each bulb exactly where ii is to be planted as they are removed from the bag or box. Lay your whole bed or beds out in this way before any are planted and this will eliminate much con- fusion. When so placed do not attempt to change or alter them in any way or tlie chances are you will see changes when they flower. Take each bulb and plant it where its im- pression is on the soil. I like to press them into the hole made with an ordinary garden trowel. When planting Spanish or Dutch iris it will be beneficial to drop an inch of sand in the bottom of the hole placing' the bulb on this and covering with soil. Where we find a Dutch garden laid out in a number of small beds forming a formal design it will often be the most effective to use one color to a bed, the exception perhaps being an outside edging. A nobler effect will be secured by having a larger block of one color than trying to get too many in a small space. And while speaking of color we have the proverbial "all colors of the rainbow" when we think of tulips' and hyacinths, but narcissi are more limited. The latter are not extensively used for formal bedding. They have a- more natural effect when planted in the wild garden, edging of shrubbery, or even tlie estate of J. E. Aldred, Walter Co.) 170 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE a portion i)f the lawn not seen from the mansion, a vista Hanked with narcissi makes a \ery pretty sis^ht. Take the ohl roeliciis ornatus. or a.ny of the larger llowering varietie,s and they will add beauty during the early Spring- months. The narcissi and crocuses seem to be in their natural home in these places but not so wit!^ the hyacinths. The tidips and irises are in a utility class. Should it be intended to leave bulbs so planted more than one season care must be taken to insure a tinisliing of the bulbs by letting them make their natural growth of foliage. This must not be removed b} cutting until it shows signs of relaxing- and decay, typifying- a finished growth. The longer this remains intact with the bulb the better the flower will be the next season. In fact if it can be left to decay away on the bulb it is benelicial to it. When ]>lanling- in forn-ial beds, particularly tulips, due consid- eration must be given to the height at llowering time. .All varieties listed will show the height and if followed will be of great assistance in getting- the required effect. This is not so particular with other things as with the tulips, but a thirty-five inch Darwiii will certainly look out of place on the edge of a herbaceous border. Placed further in tlie rear they will have a very jileasing effect. The Season Snowdrops are the first of the bulbs to n-iake their appearance and also their flowers. \\'hen a boy, I searched for the tiny tips of the snowdrop's growth amongst the melting snow in sheltered places on the edge of many evergreei-is. I'his to me w-as the first sign of Spring. Following- the snowdrops come the crocuses with their many brilliant colors. Following these we have early flowering tulips and hyacinths, narcissi and late flowering tulips which will cover a flowering period to the end of i^lay. Varieties and colors. — When we look throtig"h any bulb catalog and note the different classes of tulijjs, early flowering, both single and double, Darwins, Cottage, Dutch Breeders with the maze of color they represent we have quite a study before us to i-i-iake a selection of such varieties which are best adapted to our particular purpose. The color scheme and season of flowering will have to be the chief factors in determining what varieties to order. 1 lyacinths give us an abuncbnce of color but the season is not so extended nor do we have so many classes to select from. The Roman hyacinths are not adapted to outside culture. Narcissi give us a wider range of type but not so much in color as the tulips. We have the hardy Na)-cissiis poetac in several varieties and Narcissus poclictts likewise in four or five varieties. These are a very distinct class as the petals are white forming the major portion of the flower, the trumpet being negligible. The jonciuils are the smallest of the truni])et varieties and are only used for niass planting in the wild garden or shrubl)ery. The most n-iagnificent things to be found among narcissi are the giant trumjjets: ['Impress, iCmperor. (iolden Spur, and the newer King Alfred is always gorgeous. Then we have the medium trumpet class, signifying as it does that the trunipet por- tion of the flower is smaller than the giants. This is oftentimes made up by a variation in color of the peri- anth. These are now classed under three groups, viz.: Ilarrii, Lccclsii and fiicoiitpainhilis. which denotes the length of crown or trumjK^l and color of ])etals. Doiflilc narcissi can be liarl in such v;irieties as Von Sion and Albo plcno, the latter being nicely scented. Dutch or Spanish Irises are Ijest used for cutting ])ur])oses, planted in such positions as will allolted up as soon as possible, using a good rich, fairly heavy soil, if same is easily ob- tainable or any good sweet .soil. While it is not possible to put them as ctee]3 in the ])ot, pan or flat as can be done in the open ground they should have the bulb covered with soil. When ])otted plunge the pot, jian or flat, whichever is used, into six or eight inches of sand or sifted coal ashes. I believe it is better to plunge the earliest patches deeper than this as they will not feel the heat so mucii. The plunging or complete covering of the bulbs is to retard top growth and prot-note root action by keeping them cool and moist. Here is the .secret of forcing bulbs : Get the root first and the top will come without any difficulty. If you try to force any kind of bulb only half-rooted the result will be verj' disappointing. When rooted they can be taken out of the sand and if they are not all needed soi-ne can be held in a cool house for several weeks. There is a limit to the time that they can be left in the .^^and, as they will try to push up when the roots reach a certain stage. They, ought to be ix- amined periodically and taken out as soon as any toj) growth is noted. .\t no time does it pay to give bulbs a great heat as they are all cool subjects. At night 55 de- grees will give the best flowers. Where quality has to be sacrificed for earliness this can be increased. Romans and Paper Whites will stand more heat for a time bui should be allowed time to harden up in a cooler housi' to stiffen the stems before they are cut. Hyacinths if subjected to excessive heat will have a very wesik stem and fall over without the support of a stake. Darwin tulips and irises should be the last to be brought intn flower, preceding those grown outside by a few weeks. During the whole growing .season all bulbs like an abund- ance of water, .\lanv are grown in special glass jars or vases by amater.rs in water alone. ( )tliers are grown in bowls filled with pebbles and water, the roots working in among them. Tlie l;irge flowerii-ig h\-acintlis and nar- cissi are best adajitcd to this work. I'or those growing in the soil. lif|uid manure a])i)lied when the flowers are raising will hclji thcni along, but it is not advisable to use fertilizer oi any kind. Li(|uid cow or sheej) manure is best ad.npted to them. Keep a moist atmos]>here around them and ;i good bulb will ]ini(hue ihe be^l in flowers. When .-lUN one wishes to ^ei the nia^iniuni in llowers from -niv bifllis the best bull)> that i-;iu be bought will be none too good. ( )rder early which will be api>reciated bv the seedman and von will not be disappointed vour- self. Nothing is easier than fault-finding. .\o talent, nut them. They chose the very conur end of the border, against the vine clad arbor, with its heavy profusion of Dorothy Perkins. There they rose, six, eight, ten feet, from the midst of some ])hlox. alongside some Tlirrniolwis liiat had finished blooming, and gracefuliy. ;dtliiiugh unin- vited tiiok their place. To me they were the loveliest bits in the garden this year, especially as they chose to come in lovely delicate shades of ])ink, white and yellow • — and of course single varieties. Lantlscape architects {Continued on page \77) For June, 1922 173 Rhododendrons and Azaleas in the Garden FRANK B. MEYER {Continued from May issue) Arrangement i.\ Tin-: Landscape AT Lindenhurst conditions such as Mr. Wilson de- scril)es for the ideal have been given nearly perfect form. Running- down the gleni of gentle slope are paths bordered by rhododendrons and azaleas that are all along' backed by dogwoods, red and crimson oaks, pines, hanlocks and cedars. .\t certain points taller- growing native azaleas help to shield the hybrid rhododendrons, which, all obtained directly from Eng- land from seven to twelve years ago, include several varieties not found hardy at Boston. These plants, all tnider eighteen inches in height, were spaced suital)ly iov their size. As they have grown there has been thinning out from year to year. The plants removed have been used to border other aisles and to flank new vistas opened up. These vistas, all successful, as must be admitted by all whose good fortune it has been to inspect them, are delightful at all seasons of the year: but they are most charming when the rich coloration of the azaleas and rhododendrons, with here an.i there a cloud of white in- volucres of the dogwood and large flecks of the pink, are seen against the foil of verdure held up by the lusty pines and oaks. And even before Nature lifts the curtain to reveal this lovely maze of color in such masses some of the sloping paths invite one with their edges brightened by stately Cottage, Darwin and Breeder tulips whose rich shades are given increased luster by their standing against the dark gloss of the broad-leaved evergreen shrubs. Spots of relief in the midst of the banks and masses of the rhododendrons have been formed by placing into natural pockets or nests Catesby's Lcncothoe, wdiose graceful racemes, so fragrant, are followed by a rich bronzing of leaf in the Autumn. The mountain laurel also, admittedly the most valuable broad-leaved evergreen native of America, and Andromeda or Pieris floribunda are employed, perhaps not qtiite so much as they deserve. The Andromeda presents the one objection of looking bad when going out of flower. During the Summer the masses of green are enlivened by the blossoms of lilies, many of them native, dotted among the rhododendrons wherever there is even the tin- iest clearing through which they may lift their belts. In the large rock garden can be seen how well suited to such surroundings are some of the dwar rhododen- drons and many of the azaleas. These all appear well at the water's edge also, the brilliant Hinodegiri as well as any, in groups or in clumps. They make lovelv pictures in combination with plants like the bamboo and the tamarisks. The Method of Management The method by which all this has been achieved is worthy of emulation. .Since the rhododendrons were bought at the small initial cost none have been purchased for the enlargement of the plantings. They have now increased to a value of over $100,000, many times the original cost. The dogwoods, more than one thousand in number, were obtained for little more than the cost of hauling them. Today Lindenhurst has acres of the finest naturalistic growth as the result of proper planting, han- dling and judicious thinning. At no other place in the country, perhaps, can there be found so successful a development. But there are other magnificent collections of rhodo- dendrons and azaleas. At the Widener estate, not far away, the broad-leaved evergreens are used to help out, in splendid style, the massive formal design. Here are some of the best specimens of Rhododendron ponticum in the country. At the Xeubold estate, also, not far away from Lindenhurst, excellent plants of R. maximum can be seen. The largest plants, however, are probably those in Clift'ord Park, off Wissahickon Drive, recently made a part of the Philadelphia Park system. Here are speci- mens of the Kalmia also fifteen feet tall, very shapely and profuse in bloom. An atten^pt to use among rhododendrons ground cover plants may be inadvisable in situations at all exposed and needing pretty heavy mulching". It may be interjected that in general it is not good practice to attempt to use around roses or other plants requiring careful cultivation anv ground cover or filler that, in addition to hampering ctiltivation, may conduce to the breeding of insects or fungous gro\\ths. The flowering is made much more profuse by picking oft', in the Summer, all old blossoms and seed pods. The Winter Protection Concerning the protection of rhododendrons in Winter nearly enough has been said or implied already. A point to be emphasized it that, as with all evergreen plants, the functioning of the roots must continue, at least to a con- siderable degree, during the Winter. In the case of rho- dodendrons, because their roots remain so near the surface, it is necessary to keep the ground from becoming dry for a period long enough to exhaust the life juices. Shading helps of course to retard transpiration and evap- oration. Another object of shading is to prevent the rays of the sun from penetrating beneath the coating of mois- ture under which the "converted"' heat will become im- prisoned, or from burning the surface of the leaf by shining through the globules of water or ice that act as burning glasses. In the case of deciduous azaleas protec- tion against the sun is, of course, unnecessary. On Long Island, upon the magnificent estate of W. R. Coe, the writer has been greatly pleased to find this Spring that R. schlippcnhacliii. with its exquisitely beairtiful flesh- pink blooms, and several of the Kurume azaleas have wintered out-of-doors perfectly with very simple protec- tion. Leaves and long grass were merely piled around the shrubs high enough to cover them. In this way it has been found feasible to protect sufficiently even such treasures as two p'ants of R. schlippenbachii nearly three feet tall ; and they were most delightful to look upon. Herein is encourag"ement great indeed and the promise of beauty in gardens quite ravishing. Diseases The diseases of the rhododendron are not many nor are they hard to combat. "On the leaves and even some- times on the small branches, can often be seen swellings on which a kind of gall forms. These galls are caused by a fungus, called E.vobasidium Rliododendri, which lives in the attacked part of the plant and causes it to swell considerably. After the gall has formed a small layer of white, waxy mold covers it wdiich can be rubbed off easily. In this waxy substance the spores of the fun- gus are found, and when these come in contact with rho- dodendron leaves or branches a new area of infection is produced. 174 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE "The only way to overcome this pest successfully is to pick oil these galls and burn them. It is possible that other leaves and branches may have been affected by the disease : but it is impossible to be sure till later. So it is advisable to inspect your plants occasionally to see if the disease is reappearing'. ()n azaleas a similar fungus can sometimes be found which also forms galls. This disease is destroyed in the same way as that on rhododendrons.'' A new pest, the lace-wing fly, must now be contended with. It has been brought upon plants of /\. iiia.vimiim from some of the southern states. Into the vicinity of Philadelphia it seems to have been introduced by plants obtained from England soon after the outbreak of the great war at a lime when the British growers were obliged to omit the usual precautions. It is an insect scarcely more than the sixteenth of an inch long, not larger than a midge. There should be .spraying, in May, June and September, with five pounds of whale-oil soap, half a pint of nicotine and fifty gallons of water. Azaleas sometimes have leafspot — scptoria azaldc. cured by spraying with lime-sulphur or paris green. Small crowded orange spore dots on the under side of the leaves do not much affect the plant's health. Prop.^gation Concerning the raising of kalmias, rhododendrons and azaleas from seed there appeared, nine years ago, an ar- ticle from the pen of William Anderson, superintendent of the Dayard Thayer estate at South Lancaster, Mass., the gist of which it would be worth while to give here. He has raised several hundred thousand without diffi- culty. The seed should be gathered in November and sown in February or March in a house, in four parts of the leaf-soil, two of chopped sphagnum moss, and one of sand, all put through a fine sieve. Clean six or eight- inch pans should be filled one-third full of crock or rough material of other kind and tamped with moderate firm- ness. Sow the seed rather thickly and do not cover. Set upon a well shaded bench in a temperature of 55-60 de- grees. In most houses little or no watering will be needed, after the preliminary drenching, for three or four weeks. Then, whenever the pans become fairly dry, water tlioroughly with a very fine rose. Do not permit water to stand or to be excessive at any time. Pure moss can be used ; but the seedlings then can not be transplanted so early nor so safely nor so easily. When three or four leaves have formed, in about three months from the time of sowing, transplant into small flats, with drainage, of soil made from eight parts of leaf-soil, three of loam and two of sand, and firmed moderately. For kalmias avoid the black peat, which is fairly good for rhododendrons and azaleas. The first Summer keep the flats in the greenhouse, for careful watering, and shade with frames of lath. If any indication of dampening off appears in- crease the ventilation and sprinkle the affected parts with hot sand. If a cold frame is used sow around .Mav 15 and let grow on in seedpans the first season, protected from se- vere frost the first Winter. They would be kept best in a cold cellar. The following ?klay transplant into flats, using small tweezers with which to take hold of them. Place them into frames under glass, with a screen of lath above them, but with plenty of light and air admitlcd during the day. Remove the shades toward evening, but keep on the glass to protect against heavy showers. In April, or before the young plants make growth for the third season, transplant into frames, with soil only slight- ly firmed. Use light loam, into which fork three inches of leafsoil. Set the plants four inches ai)art and shade with lath till September 1. when remove the shade and expose to the full sunshine during the Fall months in order to ripen the wood. At the end of October mulch with thick leafy covering and later cover with evergreen boughs also. Rhododendrons and azaleas grow more quicklv than kalmias and need less care. At Lindenhurst Air. Dodds has found that the seed of various rhododendrons, both native and some of the hybrids, germinates very freely when sown in chopped sphagnum moss or in moss or leafsoil, in pans, in Janu- ary. He will prick the plants off into boxes filled with two-thirds peat and one-third fibers- loam. When large enough they will be planted out into frames and kept thinned out as they grow. In two years, it is expected, they will be large enough for the nursery row. Of the azalea, both the native and the foreign, Mr. Dodds has had excellent success with cuttings. In 1920 he put the cuttings in in September in sand in the house. They took nearly four months to root. Last year he put them in in August and they rooted in four weeks, ninety- five per cent of them. Mr. Koster thinks that June cut- tings are still belter. Cuttings of the growing wood of rhododendrons are sometimes employed ; but the percent- age of those that strike, in the case of the tall-growing, both of the species and of the hybrids is small. The cut- ting should be of half-ripe wood, preferably cut to a heel, about three inches long, inserted in peat and sand, per- haps better under a bell glass, in August, and kept at a temperature of 45-50 degrees, increasing later to 69 degrees. The best way to propagate rhododendrons, however, is by means of layers. The layers should be put down in Spring, preferably in March or April, according to one authority, or in early Autumn. Peat with a (|uantity of sand added is the best soil for the purpose. 1 f the branch can not readily be brought down to the grcnnid a notch may be cut half way through the branch so that it will bend but not break wholly away. Last season's growths make the best layers. Strip oft" a few of the lower leaves, then make a cut about one and a half inches in length with a sharp knife up the center of the shoot. This is technically called tonguing the shoot. Bend the prepared shoot very gently and fix it into the soil with .some wood- en or wire pegs in such a manner that the tongue formed by the cut points downward. See that it rests upon the soil at the bottom of the opening made to receive it and then press the soil firmly around the layer. It is advised by some that the starting of the root growth can be advanced l)y merely twisting the branch a little, instead of tonguing the shoot, or 1>\- remnving a bit of the bark. Grafting upon seedlings should be performed in lul\'. after the potting has been done in the preceding .Spring. The ]>lants are either kept growing in the house or car- ried through the \^'inter in cold frames. P.ut to handle them in frames one needs two sashes, the one several inches below the other, and extreme care must be taken to protect against the sun. For the first week or so the jjlants are not disturbed in any way. They are left lying on their sides, partly covered with moss, .\fter this first week and daily for the next three weeks the water ding- ing to the under surface of the lower glass must be al- lowed lo run off by a slight tipping up of the sash. .'\t the end of another week, during wliich the plants have been aired a lillle every day, some of the wild stock may be cut away. ,\fter the scion is well grown into the stock the wild stem is cut ofl' completely. The lower sash is now lemoved and the ])lanls stood upright. They can he put out in the nursery in the Spring at the same time as those that have been growing in the house. Instead of the f'onlicitui should be used seedlings of the Ma.viininn or cala^i'bioku', for hariliness and ]iermanencv. For Jurip, V>22 175 The Cultivation of Bromeliaceae DR. E. BADE BY far the greater part of the Brotncjacc.c, fuund in the warnit-r parts of America where the air is satu- rated with moisture, are epiphytes. They do not taJ-ce their food from the soil Hke other plants but indi- rectly from the tree upon which they live. Nourishing salts, etc., are washed down to the plant from the tree upon which they have built their home. The green stalk- less leaves which form, tightly joined rosettes with spoon shaped elongations collect and store rain water. Moisture is taken from these reservoirs which often contain soluble salts necessary for plant life, through scalelike hairs found at the base of the leaves. The roots of Guzmannia mo- siaca are pruned. A small pot is placed upside dozmi in a larger pot in order to produce rapid drainage. The majority of the Broincliacca- can i:)nly be kept suc- cessfully in greenhouses where the ideal conditions of their habitat can best be imitated, although a few can be kept in the living room. In the Summer these should be placed in the garden where they will be well shaded. Some varieties do well in flat pots or latticed boxes, others again can be attached to the bark of some tree with wire. All pots containing these plants should receive a good foundation of broken potsherds so that the water will run quickly through the root balls. Sand, turf, and charcoal is added to the pots of those plants placed in moss or fern roots. After transplanting, which should take place late in Spring, they should be placed where the temperature ranges aitywhere from 60 to 70 degrees F. These plants should be well watered during the period of their most rapid growth, but toward the Fall, this quantity should be gradually lessened in order to give them a period of comparative rest. In Winter they re- ceive but very little moisture. .A.11 varieties of .■Echmca are placed in a soil of partly decayed wood or leaf mould mixed with a little sand or moss. These plants should be watered with tepid water. Propagation takes place when shoots appear at the side of the plant. Species of J 'risia are distinguished by their very at- tractive and decorative variegated foliage. But in order to keep these leaves in good condition they must often be sprayed and washed with a sponge. These plants do well in small llower ijots which have received a good founda- tion of potsherds. The ideal soil for them is a mixture of coarse held soil, turfmoss, and decayed wood mold. In the Summer the soil should never become dry, and they must be watered with tepid water. The large striped Rillbcrgia are cultivated in moder- ately large pots which have been supplied with good drainage. The soil, which should not be too light, con- sists of a mixture of top soil, hotbed soil, decaying wood mold, and sand. They are to be transplanted either in the Spring, or after they have produced their beautiful but short lived flowers. In Summer they must be pro- tected from the intense rays of the sttn, should receive a sufficient c|uantity of water, much heat, and be placed in well circulated air. They multiply either by division of the roots, or by seeds. In the latter case especially then, when the flowers appear on trailing stalks. Species of Hohenbcrgii are similarly cultivated but they 'lo not recjuire so much heat. The varieties of Tillandsia are nearly all epiphytic. These plants, in the tropical forests where they occur, Lttach themselves to the trunks and branches of trees. The most peculiar species of this genus of epiphytes is Tillandsia usncoidcs which closely resembles an herpetic eruption. Roots and leaves are absent, but the epidermis of the long trailing shoots are covered with innumerable minute sca'elike hairs which can absorb both the dew and the rain thus supplying the plant with the necessary mois- ture. Since this plant lacks root it can attach itself to any convenient limb, branch or twig. Even those parts or fragments of this plant which may be torn by the wind and carried away are able to grow and develop into new plants. Under cultivation these plants require an atmosphere saturated with moisture which can only be given them in a greenhottse or under bell jars similar to those used for the propagation of orchids. Placed in dry air these plants soon wilt. The larger Tillandsia can be placed in a soil similar to that used for the Billbergia. Cultivation proceeds as in the last mentioned plant with this addition that the leaves TIte plant is imbedded in Spagnum. This moss is then, ..pressed iiito place with a small stick. 176 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE must be sprayed and the plant itself placed in a cool place. After blossoming it should receive less water. JMany species of Tillandsia can be attached, together with moss and fern roots, to some rough barked branch or they can be hung in lattice framed boxes which should be surrounded with a glass cage in order to give them a moisture laden atmosphere. They propagate through side shoots which should be left on the plant as long as pos- sible since these are colony forming species. These young shoots should only be removed from the larger plants. True sons of the soil are the species of Pitcainiia which thrive in a mixture of wood mold, leaf mold, hotbed soil, and lawn soil to which a little sand should be added to allow the water to drain otf freely. The plants should be placed in diffused light, the direct rays of the sun are injurious. Shoots, which serve to increase this species. should be renuned as soon as they have developed since these only prevent the plant from producing flowers. All species of Pitcainiia should be well watered during the Summer months, in Winter they recpiire but little moisture and should be watered accordingly. Many lovers of plants enjoy placing the tops of pine- apples in flower pots where they can easily be cultivated. But before the leafy crown of the pineapple is planted, it should be thoroughly dried to prevent the decay of the leaves. If the top is now ]:)lanted, the roots will develop with exceeding rapidity. The older plants often produce shoots which are used to propagate this species. If the pineapple is cultivated like other soil BroincUacecc, it is likely to produce its fruit in the livingroom where its development, before it ripens, can be observed from day to day. The Flowers of June FLORUM AMATOR ((' I ■'HE flowers that bloom in the Spring, tra-la-la'' have I cast ofl:" their pretty gowns and within their ovaries are growing for the perpetuation of their species. June is now here and June weather, June whose thirty days are the loveliest of all the year, so beautiful indeed as to make us wish there were thirty-one, June of which Lowell says in "The Vision of Sir Launfal" : "And what is so rare as a day in June? Then, if ever come perfect days ; Then Heaven tries the earth if it be in tune. And over it softly her warm ear lays ; ^^'hether we look or whether we listen. We hear life mumier, or see it glisten; Every clod feels a stir of might, An instinct within it that reaches and towers. And groping blindly above it for light, Climbs to a .soul m grass and flowers." Lowell was "country born and bred'" and he knew well that the soul of June is grass and flowers and leafy trees, a blue sky and a balmy air and singing birds. June flowers display a riot of colors and appear in many exquisite forms and exhale delicious odors. We hardly need to remind that June in the Xorth is the month of roses. The Hybrid- Perpetuals this month bloom so pro- fusely that they seem to say to us: "We are .going to make such an imjvression on you by onr numbers and beauty that you will remember us till we come again next June." We do remember them — both their beauty and their fragrance; we have not smelled of a Jac(|ueminot rose for a year, but we can recall its delicious scent now as we are writing. The cliilibing roses resting on trellises and pergolas are offering to us their thousands of blooms. The Moss, the Periietiana, the Polyantlia, the iirier, the Riii;osa, and the IVicliuriaiana roses are contributing tlieir wealth of flowers. The more modest but no less beautiful Tea and Hybrid-Tea are giving their lovely and dclicious- ly scented blooms for June's I'cstival of Roses. Not in a solitary sjilendor, however, reigns the rose in June; there are other flowers which enter into the lists against her for the prize of the "golden a])ple," which a god once offered as the prize for beauty, and ui)on which, therefore, he caused to l)e inscribed the word "pulcher- rimje." Not all these rivals of the rf)se can we metxtion : tlure are so many. Here are the lilies: "I-'.ven Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these:" Liliiiui can- didum, variously called JMadonna, Annunciation and St. Joseph's Lily, whose sweetly scented flowers are of purest white ; Lilium Canadcnsc. var. rubruin and flamim, the red and the yellow Canada Lilies: Liliitiu macnlatnm, Hanson's Lily, a stately and handsome species with pur- ple spotted orange flowers; Lilium pubcrulum. the grace- ful and tall Humboldt's Lily, whose large golden-yellow flowers are dotted with pale purple ; Lilium Parryi. con- sidered by some the best of the yellow flowered species, whose flowers are marked with brown. These are some of the Lilies which June offers us. The many species and varieties of Campanula, the "Bell Flowers,'' the "Canterbury Bells" and the Hare Bells hold aloft on their flower stalks bells of blue and white and pink "for verger bees to swing"' for June weddings. The Peonies are a dominant feature in Hora's kingdom from early to mid-June. This is a glorious flow'er ; no other in its season makes a handsomer or more command- ing show in our gardens. In form they present many types, the "Rose,'' the "Half-Rose,"' the "Japanese," and so on, and in color they embrace all shades except blue. For dazzling brilliancy of color no flower in June sur- passes the Oriental Poppy, Fapai'cr oricntalc. whose im- mense orange-scarlet flowers with purple stamens and dark purple eyes are he'd well up above the foliage on long strong stems for our ardent admiration. There are horticultural varieties of this poppy embracing other col- ors, Init we like the lyiie the best. Like the Peony this poppy is one of the hardiest of all our herbaceous peren- ni;ds. but is unlike the pc'ony in its habits in tliat its foliage disappears after its season of bloom, ,inil. being renewed in .Autumn, is evergreen through the Winter. In mid-June the Japanese Iris, Iris fta-i^^ala, the most beautiful of all Irises, begins to unfold its large showy tlowers, sf)me sinijle, others double, in shades of color ranging from while to dee]) jnirple, and sometimes beauti- fully veined riiid mottled. This Iris continues to bloom till mid-July. .M.issed bi'side a water course or ])(inil or m the ek;e of >hrubi)ery, it makes a si)lendi(l show anil its flowers borne on long erect stalks are excellent for cutting. .Some of the Columbines. .\i|nilegias. are in bloom this month. l)oth the wild species. C anadcnsis. and the culti- v.iied. We wonder why I larlequin called his love Co- lumlime: wa^ il because shf was as unii|nelv preltv in For June, 1922 177 form, feature and complexion among women as the Co- lumbine is in form and color among flowers? What is the form of the Columbine blossom, do you ask? We suggest that you get a Columbine bloom and study its form carefully, and then take your pencil and paper and try to describe it for yourself. We ourselves despair of giving such a description of its form as to bring it clearly before the mind's e}'e of one who has never seen it. Aqui- Icgia cccriilca, the long-spurred Columbine, has large sky- blue flowers ; alba, a variety of this, has white and florc plow, another variety, double blooms. Aquilegia chrys- anfha. the Golden-Spurred Columbine, bears clear yellow, delicatelv fragrant flowers. There are several varieties of A. chrysa)itlia. some having nearly white and others yel- low flowers with red spurs. A. chrysantha' has a long season of bloom beginning in May and continuing till August. A. riilgaris has white flowers, whose incurved spurs are knobbed at their ends ; there are varieties of this whose flowers are in several shades of blue and pink. The nc tins ultra blue flower of June is the Delphinium, the I'erennial Larkspur, of which there are several spe- cies and many hybrids. Delphinium flowers are borne on long stalks and are excellent for cutting. For massing against shrubbery and in the border Delphiniums are very effective. D. Bellodonna has sky-blue flowers with white centers; D. formosum flowers of deep blue with white centers and violet spurs ; D. sincnse flowers of gentian- blue and its variety, album pure white flowers. The Eng- lish hybrid Delphiniums show a range of color from lightest blue to dark purple with white, gray, black and blue centers. The flowers of these hybrids are borne on very tall, branching, erect stems. Digitalis, whose most common English name is Fox Glove — originally Folk's Glove, that is the "fairy folk" — but which actually has eighteen other common names is an effective June-flowering plant in the border and against shrubbery. Its specific name is purpurea, and that of its variety gloxiniicflora its varietal name being given it as its flowers resemble in form those of Gloxinia. Digitalis is a biennial rather than a perennial generally, and the best way to treat it is to sow seeds of it everj' year or to allow some floavers to go to seed and self-sow. The pure white-flowered variety is the most desirable, but purple and pink-flowered blooms also are attractive. Two species of HcinevocaUis bloom in Jime, H. Mid- dcudorfii, the Yellow Day Lily, whose lily-like flowers are bright yellow and are borne in clusters of two to four on tall erect stalks ; H. flava, the Lemon Lily, whose fragrant lemon-yellow lily-shaped blooms are carried in clusters of six to eight on upright stalks two feet or more tall. The butterflies and the humming birds call frequently on this Lemon Lily. Lychnis chalccdouica, a plant with at least a dozen common names, some of which are Scarlet Cross, Jeru- salem Cross and Scarlet Lightning, opens in June its ter- minal clusters of extremely brilliant scarlet flowers borne on hairy stems two or three feet tall. There is a double form, florc plcno. fttlly as handsome as the species. This Lychnis, the petals of whose flowers form a ^Maltese cross, is perfectly hardy and thrives alike in sun and shade in any good soil. There is another species, L. ziscosa, var. splrndcns, whose small rosy-red flowers are bonie in clusters on stems a foot high. This is called Catchfly, because it has sticky spots on its stems. This resists drought well and is suitable for a rock garden. Of the June-flowering plants which have daisy-shaped blooms the Gaillardia is the most desirable of all. The petals of its large flowers, which are borne on stout stems about two feet high, are at their tips a brilliant yellow, but at their base maroon or red. These flowers are ex- cellent for cutting. Gaillardias require free air and full sunlight and a well-drained soil. They bloom not only through June but continue till heavy frosts come. Pyrcthruui hybridum also has flowers of a daisy-like form, some single, others double with a range of color from pure white to rich crimson ; the centers of the single are yellow. The blooms are fine for cutting. Pyrethrum recjuires a well-dramed sandy loam, and the full sunlight. How long, U Flowers of June, would you keep us, if we should speak even briefly of you all? We have men- tioned a few of you which we consider most excellent and which we most admire, but we are not unmindful or un- appreciative of the more than one hundred others of you which hold up your pretty faces to us, as we walk through garden or field, and fill the air with your sweet odors and contribute your part to June's floral supremacy. WHAT IS A GARDEN? {Continued from page 172) and gardeners call this "accidental" but to me it is the generous gratitude of the garden. Needless to say I shall always try to have them there and probably either fail entirely, or get them glaring red, double varieties. And so it is. We plan and struggle, we care and tend,, but Nature comes along and once destroys, another time- assists and teaches us. We put our force and individu- ality into the garden, and then it asserts its own vigor, and stamps us out. These are the things that make a garden and put to rout our designs and blueprints. We cannot give our gardens over to chance, and wait for such accidental successes, but we can allow these things a little play. They are always easily enough remedied '\i they go amiss. They are part of the game and half of the fuii. It is the garden's own assertion, its very spirit. Give it a chance. HOW EVERYONE CAN HELP THE WILD-FLOWERS The adequate protection of our wild-flowers so that a sufficient supply will be preserved for the enjovment of future generations depends today on co-operation by everybody. There must be developed a general under- standing of what the needs are. Local organizations, where they exist, can answer questions about local needs. Where they do not yet exist, friends of the wild-flowers should combine to organize them. But there are some general rules which should be universally followed. Never gather too many flowers of one kind in" the same locality, however common it may appear. Another rule is to pick the rarer perennials with care. If the roots come' up easily when you pull them, like those of the blue bells, always use a knife or scissors, so that the plant may come up another year even if you have taken away the source of the seeds. Flowers not perennial, like the fringed gentian, should be picked very sparingly, if at all, because the supply of seeds is the only hope of the colony for the future. i3e willing to use occasional complete restraint in the case of especially rare flowers, such as the orchids and the arbutus. Write for general information to the Society for the Preseev.vtion of Native New Exgl.\nd Pl.^xts, Horticultural Hall, Boston, Mass. OUR COVER ILLUSTRATION This month's cover illustration is a view of the Wild Flower and Fern Exhibition which was staged at Hor- ticultural Hall, Boston, during ]\Iay. It shows clearly the artistic and natural arrangement of the unique ex- hibition which was described in detail in the May Gardeners' Chronicle. 178 GARDEISERS' CHRONICLE Beautifying Home Surroundings ARTHUR SMITH THE next important feature is the lawn, which is in a double sense the groundwork of the gartlen pic- ture, and a good, open lawn is the natural founda- tion of a natural landscape. We emphasize the necessitj- that the lawn should be a good one. otherwise it will always remain a blot upon the picture, however beautiful the other features may be. A properly made lawn, suitably cared for. will continue a good lawn for all time. It is therefore worth wdiile to construct it right at the outset, as this is the only w'ay to ensure success. \^'e are aware, however, that there are in this country climatic conditions existing which entirely prevent the formation of perennial lawns, and tliat they have to be sown or otherwise remade, every season. Speaking generally, with due regard to the fact that Bvery rule has its exceptions, all the center and interior of any constructed landscape should be devoted to open lawn, and in all cases a lawn should be as large and as little interrupted as conditions will permit, with plant- ings confined to the boundaries. The actual surface of a lawn should of course be smooth, but it is unnecessary to alter the grade to an absolute level : in fact an undulating or sloping contour is a distinct advantage because it is more natural. Some- times, to obtain this natural effect, undulations are made, but this requires considerable care so as to avoid tlie slightest appearance of artificiality. In connection with lawns of considerable extent, it is permissible to have a few really good trees growing away from the boundary plantings, mainly towards the sides, with one or more about two-tliirds of the length of the lawn distant from the house. Trees used for this purpose should be something really worth while and not common-place, and they should have sufficient room not only for the spread of their branches, such spread being invariably equal to the height of the tree, but also to always aft'ord a vista between them. Trees on lawns should not be placed closer than fifty or sixty feet from each other. It appears, to say the least, somewhat in bad taste to desecrate a lawn with what we term "horticultural mon- strosities" like weeping trees, plants trimmed into grotesque or other unnatural .shapes, or anything com- ing under the head of toi)iary work. We recently saw in the center of a lawn a planting of Privet which is kept trimmed in the form of a couch and two chairs. It is imi)ossible to imagine what beauty can be discovered in this kind of thing; it does not even have the excuse claimed for some garden discords, that it is useful for the purpose which the articles of furniture are made for. Topiary work may be clever and require skill, but those liking it should relegate their collection of furniture, zoological specimens, and other freaks, ci instructed from living plants, to a place by themselves, entirely shut off from the landscape, as features of this character can never become part of a landscape but only excrescences upon it. Having the lawn entirely open to the street prevents a garden in its real sense existing at all, as the word garden means "enclosed space.'' Seclusion and privacy are certainly desirable if only for the purpose of checking the entrance of flust. noise and the smell of combusted gasoline. Deciduous flowering shrubs are the most important element in boundary plantings, although unfortimately too many of them contain nothing else. In selecting plants for this purpose, effects for all the year should be provided for. To this end interplanting with some evergreens is conducive, as it will not only increase the color and texture in the Winter, but will also give that feeling of seclusion which is as important at that season as in Summer. Then there are the important points of •Autumn colored foliage and berried effects to be pro- vided for during wdiat is sometimes erroneously called the dead season; the latter not only for beauty but to feed the birds. We have previously called attention to the desirability of lifting our shrubberies out of the region of the com- monplace. One may pass many gardens in succession in each of which the planting is confined to the same four or five species of siirubs, such as lilacs, forsythia, snowball, mock orange and deutzia. These are of course all beau- tiful, and one would not care for a garden entirely with- out them, at the same time endeavor should be made to do away with the monotony by having something differ- ent and making use of some of the less common and rarer subjects. It is of course impossible, without copying a nursery catalog, to mention all the shrubs which are worth while planting, we therefore confine ourselves to calling attention to a few of those deserving of greater recog- nition and of more extensive use. We have always considered that greater ap[>reciation should be accorded to our native plants, more especially wh.en we have to deal with difficult situations in which shrubs and trees indigenous to the locality are certain to be successful. Those members of the Rhododendron genus known as .\zaleas fit in well with other shrubs. All the native Azaleas are deciduous and are more or less sweet scented and afford a succession of flowers from April to June. Interesting and instructive articles by Frank Meyer upon Rhododendrons are now appearing in this journal which readers will do well to study. The native \'iburnums are all good and have the advantage over those known as .Snowballs in that they produce beautiful fruit. Others of this genus such as the Japan- ese dilatafuni and Sieboldii are valuable for the same reason. Another rare shrub, Syniplociis paniculata, has berries of the exceptional color of lovelx' tnrc|uoise blue. The Cotoncasters appear to be little known, but they are all pleasing for their flowers and fruit; those which are evergreen arc additionally valuable for that reason. Some species of this are less hardy than others. .\ val- uable shrub for its edible fruit is Elcagiuts longifcs. It is also worth planting for the distinct silvery hue of its foliage. There is no genus of shrubs which gives a longer ]>eriod of beauty in some form or another than Bcrhcris, several species of which have .some attractive feature in every month of the year. The sjiecies best known in the more northern -ilates is thunhcrgii: this is absolutely hardy and should \iv mure used for Iiedgc pur- poses instead of the more tender .nnd less beautiful Privet. The most beautiful of this genus is dan^'inii. but this unfortunalely is not hardy in the north. .Among others which are hardy in the latitude of N'cw A'ork mav be mentioned, arislnia with red flowers in June: ainurcnsis and diaphana, the l.itter being c|uite dwarf. Bcrhcris tuI- gari.\ and its varieties may be left out of consideration, as thev are the intcrmedinto hosts to a rust attacking wheat. For }une. It22 179 In planning for ilowers from snow to snow the earliest are given by the native Benzoin odorifernm, which adds a second period of brightness in September by its red berries. At the other end of the season in September and October, and sometimes even in November, Dcsmodium and Vitcx are ir. evid.ence: both of these, however, die to the ground during Winter in the more northern states. AbeUa riipcstris has been previously mentioned. Where it is hardy no shrub of medium height is more valuable from the standpomt of flowers only, as it is in bloom from June until killing frost. The native Hamamelis virgin- iaiia is interesting on account of its flowering stage com- mencing late in October. Some other desirable subjects too often conspicuous by their absence are found among CratiCgus. Mains, and Pvracantha genera, all rif which are desirable both for their flowers and their fruit. .\nother native shrub deserving a place in our gardens is the Beach Plum, Pniniis maritlma, well known in some districts along the seacoast. It is especially suitable for dry, sandv places, and is valuable not only for the masses of white flowers in Spring, but also for its fruit, from which the most delicious preserve and jelly can be made. Another native suitable for like conditions is the Ray- berry. Myrica ccrifera, which forms a dense dome, with- standing the salt spray better than anything else. Its berries, from which candles are made, are a pleasing feature of the \\'inter. This is the plant which one of the speakers at the recent Washington conference upon the Pederal Quarantine Law confused with Barberry. Obviously there is scarcely a garden large enough to plant everything worth while, and in any case, one should make their selection with due regard to the climatic and soil conditions. There are so many perfectly hardy shrubs, able to withstand everything that comes, that the planting of those which require a lot of coddling appears to make for unnecessary labor, especially when the house is occupied all the year round. In the case where the place is only a Summer home, boxing and covering with straw envelopes which always give a suggestion of un- naturalness to the place, and point out that the plants are foreign to the situation, may be carried out for the sake of Summer effects. While the creation of gardens by the seashore along the more northern Atlantic States presents problems of perhaps more difficulty than any other places, they are not impossible of solution. The first thing one must make up then* mind to in this connection is to be content with what will live under the conditions, as failures are invariably brought about by the object lessons plainly set forth by Nature being totally disregarded not only as to the species planted but in the manner of planting and after care. In situations e.xposed to strong winds and a salt laden atmosphere the getting of evergreens to live is a matter of some trouble and sometimes said to be impossible. But the trouble will disappear if one will be content with species suitable to the situation and not attempt the im- possible with those that are doomed from the outset to fail. As regards evergreens. Nature plants nothing but Pines along the shore and we cannot do better than fol- low her e.xample. The most reliable are Finns rigida, tliiimhcrgii, aiisfriacc. and syhrsfris. Picca pungcns withstands these conditions fairly well but it is waste of time to plant any others of the Spruces. WHiere the area of ground will permit the necessity for creating a barrier against persistent salt winds indi- cates the advisability of first planting a screen of pines. Plant as closely as possible, not only to stop the wind, but so that they mav afford each other nnitual protection. It is well to place Finns rigida on the outside towards the sea, with the others towards the interior of the garden. .\fter creating a living wall of this kind around the gar- den it will then be time enough to consider the use of other subjects in the interior. As regards shrubs for the .seashore, we have mentioned the Bayberry and the Beach Plum. Rosa rugosa is also excellent for the situation although it is generally advis- able to prune it severely every Spring. Under conditions where the impact of cutting winds upon them is prevent- ed most shrubs hardy in the district will do w-ell around the coast. The soil cou'Htions bv the seashore are invariably dry and sand\', and want of success is frequently entirely caused by the neglect of watering and mulching. The ground between trees and shrubs should always be kept covered with leaves, grass, coarse manure, seaweed, or other similar material, so that the roots may be kept cool and moist during Summer. Nature always mulches. It is always worth while to have one's garden planned bv some ;-)ne who both knows plants and is acquainted with the conditions under which they are expected to grow, so that only those suitable to tire environment ma-v be used. A Brief Report of the Conference on Quarantine 37 Held in Washington, May 15, 1922, dealing especially with the amateur and scientific case, and with the present situation and outlook, TTHE committee was represented at Washington by ■'• the chairman, the secretary, Mrs. F. B. Crownin- shield as proxy for Mrs. Turnure and as representative of The Garden Club of America, Mr. A. C. Burrage, and Mr. Elisha Hanson, who for some weeks previous had been co-operating with the committee as Washingtoii representative. There were also present in behalf of re- lated interests ^Ir. Leonard Barron, Editor of The Garden Magazine; Mr. Richardson, editor, and Mr. J. J. Lane, manager of House and Garden, and Professor E. A. \\'hite of the New York State College of Agriculture. There is much cause for gratification in the fact that Secretary Wallace presided in person throughout almost the entire conference, and that the conference was thrown wide open for the discussion of any phase of the quar- antine situation. This made is possible to directly inform the secretary regarding the attitude and objectives of those who criticize Quarantine 37 — something that we feel had not been accomplished theretofore. As a result of Mr. McFarland's presentation of the formal brief (which was essentially that left wnth Sec- retar}- Wallace on January 20, but to which no reply had been received), of two brief but vigorous statements by Mr. Burrage, one of which dealt specifically with the importation of hybrid orchids, and of Mrs. Crownin- shield's plea for greater latitude with respect to the im- portation of small bulbs it appears that any existing misconceptions have been cleared up, and that the way has been paved for logical and legitimate modification of present obnoxious and unnecessarily severe restrictions, provided Dr. Marlatt's distorted point of view does not dominate the secretary. Of large significance is the fact that the committee had secured, on the very eve of the conference, from a lawyer who has specialized in the analysis of departmental law and practice, a formal brief or report on the legal status of Quarantine 37 in its relation to the Act of August 20, 1912, under which it was imposed. This brief declares unequivocally that Quarantine ^J is illegal in that it exceeds the authority conveyed by the (Continued on page 182) 180 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE anniniuiniaiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiniiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiim^ iiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim Work for the Month in the Garden SAMUEL GOLDING iiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii'MiniiiMiinniiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^^ iiiiiii iiiiiiini iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinniiiiil AS soon as the first crops are over in the vegetable garden it is of the utmost importance, in the car- rying out of any plan of intensive cropping, that they be removed and the space again filled with a suc- cessional crop that will mature for Fall or Winter use. It is contrary to good practice to keep on the land any- thing after it has ceased to be useful, as it tends to im- poverish the soil which is detrimental to the succeeding crops, and with our short growing season we cannot afford to lose time if we expect the best from the garden. It is the aim of good growers to maiiatain a perfect sup- ply of fresh and tender ^■egetables throughout the season. This can onlv be accomplished by frequent sowing from now on. Constant vigilance must be exercised to keej) the jilants growing freely, and to ward oft' the attacks of enemies, both insect and fungoid. Persistent cultivation with ade- quate irrigation is necessary. The improved tools for cultivation and the various systems for watering which are now on the market are labor saving devices well worth the attention of even the small grower whose space is limited. State the late peas; if the tall varieties are grown such as the Alderman type, and brush is difiicult to procure ; coarse chicken wire can be used. This should be fastened up securely to a stout post to prevent sagging and conse- quent damage by winds or heavy rain when the growth is heavy. If the soil is of a light and sandy texture it will benefit from a good mulch of stable manure. This helps to conserve the moisttire and keeps the ground cool, a condition necessary for the perfect growth of peas. If green fly appears spray the vines' with Aphine. As soon as the early peas are over remove them and prepare the ground for celery, sweet corn, string beans or small root crops. Plant out celery and give an abundance of water to the earlier jjlanted celery which is now growing apace. (jive leeks and onions an occasional soaking of manure water; a little nitrate of soda is an excellent stimulant for them. Tie up romaine and endive to secure fine blanched hearts ; fasten securely the leading shoots of lima beans to the ])oles, as they are easily broken by wind or rain and plant out late cabbage, caulillower, etc. Thin out New Zealanrl sjiinach, allowirig it jjlenty of room, as it is a rampant grower. Spray the melons, cucumbers, s(|uash and egg plant with Bordeau.x mi.xture to ])revent fun- goid diseases, and spray the potatoes with Paris green to destroy the bug, and with Hordeaux to ]>revent blight. Cease cutting asparagus by the end of the month and spray with arsenate of lead to kee]) the larvre of the as- j)aragus beetle under control. Sow more endive and soiue lettuce early in July; also ruta-liaga for Winter, and make the last planting of corn around the 12th to the 18th, for if it is sown later it seldom comes in. r'live the sweet peas a dressing of fertilizer : nitrate and Scotch soot are good, and they should have copious wa- terings in the evenings during the hot weather. If one grows the bright orange and salmon col()rs it is neces- sary to shade them with cheese cloth or other light material if we would have these grand colors at their best, for otherwise they are disai)])ointing as the sun bleaches or scalds them badly. Keep the llowers picked daily. The newly planted Summer bedding will need plenty of water until it has become well established. The tying and staking of plants in the borders will require attention, as this is an important detail which pays to do well. L'nsightly staking will spoil the effect of the best arranged borders. The plants should be tied so that they have a graceful and natural appearance. \\'here the seed was sown in the borders to bloom in that position they will need thinning, for if this is neg- lected only a short time, the quality of the bloom suft'ers. Room should be allowed for reasonable development. Plant the last batch of gladioli about the end of June, although in some localities they bloom if planted in July. Finish the planting of dahlias. These do best when grown on a single stem, as they give better bloom and arc more easily handled. Before planting, divide the old clump, retaining the tubers wliich have the most promis- ing eye or growth. All the more tender and subtropical plants can now be put outdoors without delay. Sow the seed of biennials such as Foxgloves, Sweet Williams, Canterbury Hells for next Spring's display, and some of the smaller growing species can be sown in July. If seeds of the Aquilegia are sown now they will niake nice plants for blooming next May. The long spurred hybrids have a w'onderful range of color and their deco- rative, dainty blooms make them one of the most attrac- tive plants in the garden. Propagate now the various early phloxes ; the jjink and white forms of P. subiilafa are very beautiful and showy in the rock garden or borders in early Spring. If cut- tings of the lovely blue P. dk'aricata LapJuimii are taken as soon as they are fit to propagate, are grown on and wintered in a cold frame, and planted out in the Spring as a groundwork for the vellow Cottage or P)reeder tulips it has a very charming effect. This phlox is perfectly hardy but when wintered in a frame as suggested it makes an earlier growth and blooms right for associating with the tulips. The hardy cand\tuft, Ibcnx semper jlorcns, Ccrasthim tomcntosnm, Aubrictia. Ncpcia, .Irabis, Alyssum saxatile are all well known and worthy Spring ]>lants to be in- creased now. Remove all seed ])iids from rhodiidendrdns and lilacs. This will help and encourage llie plant> I" lUrni strong new growth. After the mar\ellous beauty of the iris ;uid the ex- quisite jjeony comes the t|ueen of the year, the ro.se, and now its legions of lovers will be anticipating many hapi)y lif)urs with them during the next few fleeting weeks when they are at their best. If we are to have unalloyed pleas- ure in ;ni abundance and perfection of bloom, constant w;itching and attention is essential or that arch enemy, the rose bug. will bring ruin to the most choice blooms over night. Se\eral antidotes are recommended to co])e with this ravenous pest. Sjiray with Wilson's O. K. Plant Spray or Melrosine, as these are ea.sy to use. but it is a diflicidt niatter to banish him from the garden. .\noihcr source of ;ninoyance is the rose slug worm which seems more abundant than usual this year. This (Continued on page 183) for June, 1922 181 The Greenhouse, Month to Month GEORGE F. STEWART THE greenhouse man must ahvavs tliink aliead. No sooner does Summer arrive than we think of next Winter's flowers and plants, and how a suc- cession can be kept up. The last of June young roses must be planted on the benches, so that when frost comes, a good crop may be had indoors. A good strong loam is what they require to grow in. Add about a third of well- decayed cow manure, and to about twenty shovelsful of the mixture, one shovelful of bone meal, also a sprink- ling of lime. This ought to carry them well through the hot weather. After the benches have been thoroughly cleaned and washed on the inside with hot lime, about four inches of the compost mav be packed firmlv all over. The rest of the space should be reserved for future top dressings. The young plants should he planted firm- ly in the compost and all wires for tying put into place. Keep well watered and syringe on all bright days. Full top ventilation is necessary except when it rains, and then it may be lowered enough to shed the water freely. Old rose plants may be carried over successfully longer than many believe. \Ve have a fine bench of "(Jphelia'' in its seventh year, and this year we have as good a crop as ever we have had. However, we never dry them off severely, only enough to dry out the soil well, so that it may be released quite easily from the roots. We leave a nice ball around each plant and clear the rest down to the boards. The leaves are quite green on them, and we cut them back from a foot to fifteen inches high. They always seem to break well all over the plant. We give the same compost to them as to the young plants. They are on their own roots and always throw up well from below to build up the plant. I have come to the con- clusion that it is unnecessary to plant young plants often if the old ones are healthy and doing well. We are only going to change this year as we want to try "^Mme. But- terfly" instead of "'Ophelia." Young carnations. I believe, are Ijetter if planted in- doors about the last week in June. They may not appear to make much top during the hot days, but they are making root, and wdien the cool nights come, they will grow rapidly and will not give short stems in the Fall. My experience has proved that there is little stem rot under the indoor treatment and that insect pests are more easily controlled, in fact, if due care is taken, thev may never be seen. A good loam, to which has been added a third of manure, may be lightened with the addition of sand if it is too heavy. I do not like bone meal for carnations but I think they like lime and respond to a good fertilizer, especially when the cool nights come on during the Fall. Let the bud show before they are pinched, as I am sure that they break much better Give plenty of air. top and bottom, all Summer and moisten the floors and under the benches on all bright days. They should have a good syringing when they require water but let the foliage be dry before night. Keep begonias growing along into larger pots as they need it. Good loam, decayed cow manure and flaky leaves in equal parts is what they enjoy growing in. A little charcoal is beneficial to keep the soil sweet. A night temperature around 65 degrees should be main- tained. Every gardener should try the tuberous rooted Locotrana hybrids, if he has a decent greenhouse to grow them in. There is a wide range of colors among them and they make excellent plants — I saw one last Fall four feet in diameter, which was the finest grown begonia of any kind I had even seen. It was a leaf cutting about one year old. The Lorraine type has been so much grown commercially that manv private families are tired of it. Keep an eye on the young cyclamen plants and do not allow iheni to get pot bound. They will now do well in a cold frame if bench room in the greenhouse has to be used for something else. Fumigate once a week to make sure that insects are held in check. The mite is \ery troublesome. An excellent grower told me he kept clear of it by going over his plants every two weeks, washing out the crowns with a nozzle and a gentle spray of water. He said that it was the only sure remedy he had found. Feed Amaryllis plants that have flowered regularly with liquid manure and Clay's fertilizer. A good de- velopment of leaves is essential to ensure good flowers next season. Gloxinias will also take a liberal amount of food to make them flower well. Do not wet the foliage as it is likely to make it spotty. This applies also to Achimincs. Chrysanthemum bush plants should now be in their flowering pots and kept well up to the glass to encourage a sturdy growth. See that they are pinched regularly and evenly. Syringe them regularly as red spider is likely to gain a foothold. It is advisable to place a few stakes around them to prevent the shoots from splitting. It is now time to get a batch of poinsettia cuttings in. Take them off with a heel and pot singlv in two-inch pots in equal parts of sand and sphagnum moss. Place them in a tight case and water them everv bright day until they show signs of rooting. Air the case out two or three times a day by opening it for a few minutes. By this treatment we hardly ever lose a cutting. Euphorbia Jacquinmflora is also a useful plant around December and January and can now be rooted in an ordinarily warm cutting bed. Water it well when it is put in the sand, but allow the sand to become fairlv dry between waterings. Early sown calceolarias, cinerarias, and primulas will now be ready to pot off into small pots. Equal parts of loam, leaf mold, sand, and dried cow manure make a nice compost for first potting. A greenhouse facing north is an ideal place to grow them in all Summer and failing that, a cold frame. Give plenty of air and shade from strong sunlight. Watch carefully for green fly and thrip. Fumigate with Nicofume once a week as a preventative. All hard wood plants can be plunged outdoors in ashes about July first. On no account let them get too dry at the roots. Syringe them once or twice a day on all bright days and weekly applications of Clay's fertilizer until they set their flower buds will do wonders in keep- ing them with a nice healthy color, if they are well rooted. Any extra strong shoot which may be outgrow- ing the others should be pinched to preserve the sym- metry of the plant. Fuchias and specimen geraniums thrive better outdoors 182 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE or on a veranda for the Siininicr. ("jeraniunis if placed in a sunny position and well ted, will flower all Sum- mer. Fuchias will stand a little shade and tliey require stimulants to keep them flowering. We have a plant of Kalosaiitlnis cuccinca in flower just at this time. It is a plant that is not seen very often and yet, when in flower, it is one of the most showy. It keeps in good condition when blooming for three weeks. After it has finished flowering, we cut it back about six inches above the pot and do not over water until it breaks, which it does all over the old stem. After it has started well, we repot it in a pot about two inches larger, in equal parts of Osmunda fern root, fibery loam, and sand and add a little sheep manure. It is potted firmly and placed in a sunny position outdoors for the Summer. Cuttings may he secured from the old flower stems, which will soon root in sand. Cut them into pieces about an inch and a half long. Another evergreen shrub flowering now is Mackiiyii Bella with pale blue spotted flowers. It is a handsome evergreen bush and to have it flower successfully, must be subjected to a drying process during the Winter months, when it should show signs of wilting before being watered. It grows vigorously in a strong loam from the time it finishes flowering until Fall, but it re- quires shading throughout the Summer. .After Septem- ber it stands full sunshine. Calanthus that is rooting well should be fed with manure water^ and nothing is better than cow manure. We use a good handful to a three gallon watering pot once a week. The house they are growing in should be kept rather close and humid with a little fire heat in damp weather. Cattleyas which are making their growth will demand plenty of water. We find that the best method is to give them a thorough drenching and then allow them to dry out well before repeating. They also respond to soft coal soot water and a light liquid made of hen manure. It should, however, be weak and done with a careful hand. It is quite foolish to think that orchids do not like stimulants ; for instance, ask the question : What is the analysis of the compost they are potted in and of the water they are watered with? Do they not secure a great deal of decayed vegetable matter in their native habitat, and manure from wnnged animals? Phakenopsis are growing nicely. Watch out for snails which may be in the compost, for they soon destroy the vounsT growths. .A little stinudant as advised for catt- ' 1 1 • 1 leyas we find they respond to, but it has to be applied with care. Scale is somewhat troublesome if the spong- ing of the leaves is neglected. Odontoglossums which have flowered and need re- jxjtting are better ofl^ if one waits to do this until the young growth appears. Water them thoroughly when- ever they rec|uire it. Do not disturb them at the root unless the compost is in a sour condition and there is not room for the young growth to develop. The same applies to Miltonias, except that they require an in- termediate temperature. In the grape houses fruit will be rijiening in the earlier houses. Give plenty of top and bottom air to develop the bloom. The later houses will be setting, and some of them will be ready for thinning out. It is essential that the berries have plenty of room for development. Too manv bunches should not be left on one vine. After thinning out, an application of Clay's fertilizer or Thom- son vine manure will assist in developing the fruit. Point over the borders with a fork occasionally to .give the roots a chance to breath air. A succession of melons should be kej)! up. Pinch side growths so that they will not overcrowd. Lonlinue to tliink ahead, and try to improve on last vear's methods. A BRIEF REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON QUARANTINE (Continued jroin page 179) Act. The rejiort made by the Congressional Conmiittee when the act was passed is quoted in obvious supjxjrt of this contention. When at the opening of the conference the legal ques- tion thus raised w.-is introduced by Mr. AIcFarlantl, Sec- retary Wallace, agreeing that it was not a matter for discussion at a general meeting, also agreed that it ought to be definitely settled, and that opportunity would be given to have it reviewed at a conference at which both sides could be present with counsel. Such a conference was held on May 31 and the Solicitor of the Department now has the matter under consideration. iJbviously if the quarantine is found to be illegal there is no object in working for modifications of its regulations until it and they are brought into thorough accord with the law. On the other hand, pending the settlement of the legal question the secretary has authorized, and the Federal Horticultural Board has agreed to hold, conferences with groups interested in specific modifications. There ap- pears reason to believe that the reasonableness of the demands for at least some of the recommendations made can be proved to- the satisfaction of the Federal Horticul- tural Board. The board having left for California im- mediately after the conference, further discussion of modifications will be delayed for a few weeks. This committee will keep you informed of important developments as they occur, or of any need of further active co-operation that may arise. On the whole it feels that from the amateur standpoint tiie Washington con- ference was a distinct success in that it — ( 1 ) Gave all the facts full publicity and brought them to the personal attention of the Secretary of .Agriculture; (2) Elicited acknowledgment by the Federal Horti- cultural Board that certain of its rulings have been arbi- trary and might suitably be subjected to examination : (3) Raised the fundamental question of the legality of Quarantine 37, thus bringing about a definite study of the situation : (4) Assured the discussion of such matters as the admission of more kinds of bulbs and other plants, the more general issuance of permits to amateurs and other specific recommendations made on May 15 ; (5) Gave opportunity for official delegates from Eng- land, Belgium and Holland to present admirable argu- ments in behalf of a liro.-ider policy as regards international horticultural trade and reciprocity in inter- national control of plant i)ests and diseases. The calm and clear statement of Air. W. G. Lobjoit, head of the government service which protects England ade(|uately again.st the introduction of plant diseases and insect pests without any of the discriminations, annoyances and hard- ships of the American i)ractice, was most im]>ressive. A^ery truly yours, I'".. 1.. D. Sicv.Mocu. Secrelarv Committee on I lorticultural (Quarantine, lune ^, 1922. GARDENER'S CHRONICLE The Standby of the Professional The Safe Guide for the Amateur If > OU snlisririitinn. iiiliscrilicT. sctul two tifi lis fo GARDENKRS' CHRONICLE 286 Fifth Ave., New York For June, 1922 183 The Plants of Marsh and Moor WILLARD N. CLUTE PLANTS, like people, are most interesting when they have done something out of the ordinary. The common plants of our fields and woods lead a some- what prosaic existence and do not attract particular at- tention, but when a species has adopted some unusual device to conserve its water supply, to get up to the light, to distribute its seeds, to avoid too much water, or what not. it at once becomes distinguished from its fel- lows and an object of curiosity. So important is water in influencing plant growth that those species which have to contend with conditions in which there is too much or too little moisture have unusually strong claims to our attention. The desert plants are of perennial in- terest but many species at the other end of the list, which are rooted in mud or immersed in water, are scarcely less attractive. When we examine the water plants, however, we find that they are by no means alike in their structure or physical requirements ; in fact, there is probably no other large assemblage of plants in which the lines defining the component groups are more sharply drawn. As a good illustration, take the case of the pitcher plant. Everybody knows that this plant grows in wet places, but with no more information than this as a guide, one might search for months without finding a specimen. The plant grows only in a certain kind of wet place and it is useless to look for it elsewhere. For this reason it is often entirely absent from large areas. But when the pitcher plant is once found, there is certain to be found with it a number of other peculiar plants which are its constant companions. Together they make up an asso- ciation which is always characteristic of certain soils. The plant groups that inhabit our wet lands are so conspicuous that the common people, without any special knowledge of botany, have distinguished and named the principal forms. The words bog, fen, moor, swamp, and marsh carry with them definite ideas of vegetation and each suggests a difl:"erent phase of it. The marsh may be said to be the progenitor of all the others. It might be defined as an area that is covered with water for the greater part of the year. Naturally it has fewer species than drier regions, but such forms as find it habitable often occur in immense numbers. Among familiar examples are cat-tails, bulrushes, water arums, pickerel weed, arrow-heads, and coarse sedges. Little iDy little the marshes fill up, partly with their own plant remains and partly by particles of soil brought in by the rains or blown in by the wind. They then become swamps and ultimately meadows, but not without several changes of plants by the way, in which may be found lilies, orchids, iris^ skunk's-'cabbage, marsh-marigold, boneset, Joe pye-weed, asters and a host of sedges and grasses. The marsh, however, does not always become a swamp. Sometimes the vegetation it produces accumulates beneath the water and slowly turns to a brownish mass known as peat. LTnder such circumstances we are likely to call it a peat-bog, but there are various types of peat-bog as the plant covering of such areas readily shows. If the soil water happens to be alkaline or neutral, the vegetation will resemble that of the ordinary swamp. In this coun- try we do not have a distinctive word for such an area, but in England it is known as a fen. The fen is most frequentlv found near the mouths of rivers where for any reason the flow of water is obstructed. When cleared and drained the fens are among the most productive of soils. When the soil water in the bog happens to be acid, a very different, and in many respects remarkable, flora appears. The acid in the water renders absorption diffi- cult and we have what is essentially a desert flora in the midst of water. This is the home of the pitcher-plant, the sundew, the bladderwort, the butterwort and other insect-catching plants. Cranberry vines cover large areas, the buck-bean, the cotton grass, the bog ferns, and the marsh cinquefoil grow in the standing water, lady-slip- pers, calopogons, arethusas, and other rare orchids rise from the mossy hummocks and the huckleberry, marsh rosemary, leather-leaf and numerous other heaths form dense thickets. In the more open places the character- istic bog-moss, known as Sphagnum or peat moss, cover the surface for long distances to the exclusion of everything else. For this reason, such places in Scotland are often known as "mosses." The moss is the most important of the peat-forming plants since it has the ability to grow at the tip though decaying below. The leaf structure is of such a character as to allow it to ab- sorb much water, several times more, in fact, than the best absorbent cotton can take up. Sphagnum, because of its absorbent properties, was largely used for surgical dressings during the war and it is the material so com- monly used by florists for packing. In Europe the acid type of bog is often called a moor to distinguish it from the alkaline fen. The moor so fre- quently mentioned in English literature, however, does not always indicate a peat bog. There are drier areas also underlaid with a kind of peat known as "upland peat" which is acid in reaction and in which may be found a number of the bog plants or their near relations. These are also known as moors. Occasionally they are called high moors to distinguish them from the real or low moors. The high moors are densely populated with species of heath and these long ago gave the name of heath to the region and the name of heathen to the people who inhabited it. WORK FOR THE MONTH IN THE GARDEN (Continued from page 180) attacks the foliage of the plants causing them to burn brown and shrivel. If left alone the slug worm will de- nude the bushes, and in any case it is very disfiguring and becomes a severe check on the growth. It is often active before preventive measures are taken as it is at first difficult to detect mitil the foliage shows the w^ork of the pest. Arsenate of lead, O. K. Spray, or a nicotine wash will check it. and these also take care of green fly at the same time. Keep the privet hedges well sheared and edge up gar- den and lawn paths and drives. Give cobble gutters and weedv drives a dressing of weed killer. This is best ap- plied after some rain as it is then more effective than when applied in dry sunny weather for it evaporates quicklv and does not then penetrate the roots so well and therefore the effects are not so lasting. The man who thinks he has done everything he can do. has merely stopped thinking. He is what might be called "up and out," and excepting that he has more money, his case is not really very different from that of the man who is "down and out." — American Magazine. 184 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE More About Budded Versus Own Root Roses ARTHUR SMITH I CAN say with absolute sincerit\- that it was a pleasure to read Mr. Craig's criticisnis because I kuow full well how valuable and worth while his opinions are ; because it has always been a matter of regret to me that there is so little discussion in the Chronicle connected wuh the theory and practice of our profession as we can always learn something from each other, and also, as far as I am personally concerned, criticism, however adverse, is always welcome, even if for no other reason than that It shows the critic has done me the honor of reading the article. Regarding the question at issue, it appears to be that Mr. Craig to some extent misses the main point connected with my statement that, "When a rose is upon its own roots it is less liable to Winter-kill, for if it should be killed to the ground it zi'ill invariably send up nczv growtlh from belo2V." The main jjoint I wished to make is cov- ered by the words in italics as, while I fully admit that some varieties, especially among Hybrid Teas, do better when grafted, at least for the first year or two, it seems to me that in the case of roses upon their own roots a more or less considerable portion of the rose is under the ground and therefore protected. As :Mr. Craig states, bur\ing roses (entirely) gives them protection (in severe climates), therefore he will doubtless admit that when only a portion is buried, as in the cases of roses on their own roots, that portion will receive so much additional protection. Having practiced gardening for two years in the Berk- shire Hills district of Massachusetts, I know something about the New England climate. While I never at- tempted to grow Hybrid Teas there, I had some Hybrid Pcrpetuals upon their own roots and wintered them out of cloors without loss. As Mr. Craig says, far too many roses are planted too shallow. I believe that when roses on their own roots do die out it is invariably caused by want of drainage, and in this connection am prepared to admit that the manetti stock will live in a badly drained soil when an own root rose will die, but neither in this country nor in Britain have I ever known an own root rose to die when the soil has been ]:>roperlv drained. T know that many thousands of grafted ro.ses are dis- tributed in this country every year, but at the same time there is one old-established nursery firm in my state that, for the reasons I have stated, has for some time ceased sending out grafted Hybrid Teas, and makes a special point in its catalog that all these roses are upon their ozvn roots. Naturally [ endorse what .Mr. Craig says about roses doing so well in Great Britain, and, while grafting is ex- tensively practised there, "own root enthusiasts'" are very prevalent, and William Robinson of that couniry. whom I venture to think Mr. Craig will admit is no mean authority, in his '"English Elower Garden.'' writes some very .severe strictures upon the practice of grafting roses. I fully agree with Mr. Craig that I ignored a large number of good roses in all classes, principally by reason of the fact that they are too numerous to mention. My prejudice in favor of Paul Neyron is mainly on account of its perfume, as .scented roses have during recent years becf>me scarcer in our gardens, and also jierhaps because there were .so many of this variety in the garden in I'.ng- land where I spent my childhood flays. Damage from mice nesting in strawy manure is in- variably caused by its being placed in ])osition too early. This important point was unfortunately fimilted from my article, although I had emphasized it in a previous article on Winter Protection of Hardy Plants. It is not neces- sary for the good of the roses to put on this mulch until after the ground has become frozen to the depth of an inch, at which time the mice will have taken up their Winter quarters elsewhere. ANOTHER READER COMMENTS T, A. Weston I X( )TE that "Florum .\nmtor'' in his interesting notes ^ on ".Sweet-Scented Flowers" includes the musk, Miinu- Ins uioschatos. He would confer a favor on many, es- pecially in England, if he coiild say where there is a strain of seed that will produce scented plants. For the past 20 years or so, scented musk has been a rarity. One may buy nuisk seed or plants in England, but scented, no ; the chance is one in a million and, as a result, the old time demand for musk has vanished. No one can explain why the scent has disappeared. I was interested, too, in Air. Craig"s remarks on roses. Own root roses with but few exceptions, are utterly use- less in England and I venture to believe that the slow development of rose gardens in America in past years was largely due to the policy of selling tiny rooted cut- tings. Fifteen or more years ago these tiny scraps were almost the only class offered ; good enough perhaps for California, Florida or under glass where growing con- ditions are regular. But even in such places the budded or grafted plant is the thing in these days ; a few finns prior to Quarantine 37 realized tliis,'and made a point of importing English and Irish grown roses. If there was any question as to the uselessness of tiny own root roses, it has been dispelled in recent years. People will far sooner pay $1 for one good plant than accept 12 rooted scraps. It is all a question of education. The so-called hustlers who in past years thought Eu- ropean commercial methods were too slow have been confounded and it is now a case of supplying strong open ground bushes that will flower freely the season of plant- ing. As people become more educated to what quality in plants means, the less opportunit)- will there be for the speed of merchants to make a living. It is idle to assume that one can get by the customs that have stood the te.st of time in Ein'ope just because we happen to he in .\mer- ica. Now that perennials have come into their own. the flooding of the country with mediocre stocks of seedlings is not going to satisfy the enlhtisiast. Named subjects frtjm re])utable raisers are what the people of iuu-ope want, and when one sees the goods it is easy lo under- stand. No, sir! real plant lovers want plants that have individuality and c|uality and are not going to be content with "flo])doo(lle" jjansies, pyrcthrums, dcli)hiniums and the rest. Oualily plants whether seedlings or ])rop;igated by other means, arc not obtained by f.-u'toi-y methods. You have to start oft' with the real goods and then follow the rules that older folk than we found neces.sary. \\ liich reminds me that the N. Y. .\gricultural ."^lation has nf>w, after persistent experiments, announced lli.it small potatoes planted whole, are equal or even belter than large tubers cut in pieces. While the British and |)restunably the German have for .scores of vears fol- lowed this jjraclice, we preferred to cut our salable i)ota- toes for ])lanling, desjjile the knowledge that the average per acre in America and Canada is only half that of iiritain ;uid ( lerman\'. For June, 1922 185 ARTIFICIAL FERTILIZERS Their Use in Spring and Suiiiiner. THERE are still many gardeners who are almost afraid to use artificial fertilizers, and who, in consequence are finding them- selves in difficulties owing to the high cost and genuine scarcity of dung, on account of the rapid supersession of horses by machinery- It is'for such gardeners that the present article is written, not for the man who has used artificial fertilizers for the last twenty years. for he, of course, w-ill "know all about it." From this tim.e forward until about the middle of September artificial fertilizers should be in full use. It is often the early and the late applications tliat count most. Crops can be rushed through a danger period or pushed on to be ready for a certain date. One cannot do this with liquid animal manure whatever anyone may say to the contrary, and one certainly cannot get the beauty of color in either flowers or vegetables without "artificials" that one can with them. Like almost everything else, artificial fertilizers have been class- ified and, if I may say so, over-classilied. Nearly every garden writer has some pet classification of his own. He either class- ifies them as regards to the crops that they benefit most, or as re- gards their solubility in water, or. again, as to the metals of which they are compounds. The present writer would like to abolish all this over-classification, which makes the subject confusing and so often leads to disaster in the case of the inexperienced. Let them be divided into four great groups and stick to that. The most important group is that of which the principal in- gredient is nitrogen. Nitrogenous artificial fertilizers comprise nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, nitrate of ammonia, nitrate of lime and a few others. All are very soluble in water and re- markably quick in action. They produce leafage and nothing else, therefore they should not be used for flowers or vegetables where undue quantities of foliage are tmdesirable. If, however, crops are wanted to make leaf growth, they should be given nitrogen in one of the forms named above, using it at a rate not greater than one ounce to the gallon of water or half an ounce to the square yard. The second group is that of potash manures. Potash itself is a metal which few gardeners have seen and none need want to see. Its salts, however, are exceedingly useful : in fact, such crops as potatoes and. indeed, many roots can hardly be grown to perfec- tion without them. Being a metal, potassium combines readily with acids, and one of its compounds, saltpetre, is often used as a nitrogenous manure. In reality, however, it can be used for supplying both potash and nitrogen to the soil, and it will be noticed that it does not make plants "run to leaf" to the same ex- tent as a purely nitrogenous fertilizer. Phosphate of potash is an- other of its combined salts, but this will be treated in the next section. Beyond these are two salts of potash for use namely, sulphate of potash and wood ashes, which contain a percentage of carbonate of potash. I need hardly give particulars of the value or use of wood ashes since even the veriest amateur understands it. Sulphate of potash is a valuable fertilizer for application throughout Spring and Summer. It may either be used dry at the rate of one ounce to the square yard or in, solution at the rate of 1 ounce per gallon of water. The third group of artificial fertilizers consists of those supply- ing phosphates to the land. I have already mentioned phosphate of potash in this coimection, but it is not recommendable for general use owing to the difficulty of storing it. It has a disagreeable habit of deliquescing, and must therefore be kept in a damp-proof tin if it is to be stored at all. About a quarter of a pound of phosphate of potash is ample for a ten-gallon cask of water. Among other phosphatic fertilizers superphosphate of lime is probably the best known, and an efifort should be made to obtain a sample with the highest possible percentage of solubility. There is always a considerable amount of superphosphate which will not dissolve, and it is therefore a good plan to make up a stock solu- tion and allow the sediment to settle. If a pound of superphos- phate of lime is dissolved in a tub of water holding about eight gallons and then one part of this stock solution used with every two parts of water, a liquid fertilizer quite strong enough for ordinary purposes will be the result. It does not pay to give superphosphate too strong on account of its being a very acid manure. While potash fertilizers increase quality, phosphates induce earliness. The last group consists of general artificial fertilizers. One of these, which deserves carefully experimenting with, is sulphate of iron, as it intensifies the color of both flowers and foliage. In large doses it is very poisonous, but I have successfully used it up to about half an ounce to the gallon of water. — The Garden. CLIMBING PLANTS IN HOUSES THERE arc differences of opinion regarding the employr.aent of climbing plants in the greenhouse or the stove, more especially, it must be said, when these climbers are planted w'ith a view to covering, partially or wholly, the roof of the house. Many good plantsmen object to such plants, giving as their reason the fact that climbing plants interfere with the light and make the objects grown beneath them drawn, weakly, and unsatisfac- tory. Other equally good plantsmen maintain that (especially in lofty houses) the use of climbing plants is effective, and that by the employment of suitable plants for growing beneath them no great difference can be noted between plants grown in partial shade and others grown in a house the roof of which is entirely unob- scured. Both schools of thought obtain adherents, but it may be said, as in most cases, that there is a middle way, by following which climbing plants may be cultivated with but little detriment to others grown beneath them. The middle course, naturally, is to plant such things as are not too rampant in growth, and to thin these rather freely when occasion requires. Two plants, for- merly popular, may be mentioned as examples of climbers to avoid. These are Cobara scandens and the Tacsonias generally. The commoner Passifloras, too, might also be classed as objection- able, while, however useful it may be. Acacia dealbata might very well be added to the black list. Apart from these, other climbing plants, if judiciously used, need not be tabooed. It is, of course, difficult to decide at w'hat time thinning ought to be done — more especially in early Spring, when some climbers will be coming into bloom, while others are only starting into growth. The most ought to be made of the former, while the latter should receive attention early, so that the young shoots may not be entangled. In training it ought to be remembered that formality is objection- able and not only from a natural point of view, but it is irrational as well. Loose ties and. in some cases, festooning the growths are very much more satisfactory in every other way. When thin- ning becomes imperative let it be done freely and in anticipation. Above all, and especially in Spring, a close watch should be main- tained on climbing plants, so that outbreaks of aphis may be promptly dealt with. Light fumigations are better given on alter- nate evenings than a heavy dose in one evening. A few plants may be suggested which are not of too rampant growth. For the stove Passiflora qiiadrangidaris. Clerodcndron Balfourianwm, and Thunhergialaurifolm; for the greenhouse Lapagerias, AbutUon Boule de Xeige, A. Golden Fleece, and A. Sanglant, Plumbago capensis and its white foam, and Habrothamus (Cestnitn) ele- gans. — Gardening Illustrated. SOME WEEPING TREES WEEPING TREES have conciderable decorative value, and for many positions in the garden, where an upright, tall- growing specimen would be out of place, they might with advantage be planted. It is as isolated specimens that trees of pendulous habit look their best, since any overcrowding does not permit of the development of a well-balanced head. Where space has not to be considered, the weeping forms of the Ash. Beech. Lime, Elm. and Birch are worth considering. But the object in view is to point out a few trees for gardens of moderate size. They are mostly flowering trees, suitable for either lawn or shrubbery. Foremost are the flowering Cherries. These are quite hardy, free flowering, and are among the striking features of the month of May. One of the best varieties for the purpose under notice is Ccrasus rosea pendula, with single rose-colored flowers. Quite as good in every respect is the white-flowered C. Mahaleb pendulct. Another gorgeous face of Spring-flowering trees is the flowering Crabs. No pen picture can adequately describe the beauty of these, for they are all blossom, and May is the month they are at their best. The best weeping variety is P\rus Mains pendula. _ "Elise Rathke," and the color of the blossom is pink, P. salicifolia is another of unusual charm, owing to the silvery hue of the Willow-like leaves. The Snowdrop tree. Halcsia tetrap- tera. with drooping fascicles of white flowers resembling Snow- drops, is also pretty in the shrubbery. For a similar purpose Cytisns scoparius Andreanus may be included, the bright golden- j-ellow flowers, with a reddish-chesnut tinge in the centre, being 186 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE conspicuous in June. As a lawn specimen Sophora japonica peii- dula, with g.ossy, Acacia-Iikc foliage, and creamy-white flowers, which appear at the end of the shtK)ts, is worthy ot note. Labur- nums are tnne-honored favorites, and tiK>ugli there is a weeping form, L. riilsarc pendulum, the variety L. I ossi is quite as attrac- tive, ownig to the length of the bright yellow racemes. In conclusion, a word in favor of weeping Roses may, perhaps, be permitted, for of all ornamerital flowering trees they are the handsomest. Budded on tall Briars, they soon make massive heads, and no system of training displays the beautiful trusses of bloom to more advantage. Suitab.e Ramblers for the purpose include the well-known Hiawatha. Dorothy Perkins, Excclsa. and Mrs. F. W. Flight.— (;ii;inan Bird, Dr. Tracy Farnam, Mrs. Tracy Farnam, George M. Hendee, Miss A. B. Jennings, H. F. Schwarz, W. H. Tniesdale, Edward L. Wemple, William Ziegler. Jr. Rhode Island — Gov. K. Livingston Bceckman. Massachusetts — Miss M. R. Case, Mrs. William C. Conant^ Cieorge P. Dike, Mrs. Henry C. Frick, Mrs. Louis Frothinghani, Henry S. llunnewell. E. K. Lawrie, Henry Penn. Mrs. C. G'. Rice. Prof. C. S. Sargent, Mrs. J. A. Spoor, Mrs. Bayard Thayer. New Hampshire — F. G. Webster. Ohio — F. F. Drury, H. S. Firestone, Mrs. Francis F. Prentiss. John L. .Severance, H. S. Sherman, H. L. Thompson. Michigan — J. B. Schlotinann. E. D. Speck. Indiana — Theodore F. Thieme. Illinois — .-\. Watson Armour, Harry B. Glow. A. B. Dick, Clayton Mark, Mrs. Julius Rosenwald, Mrs. F. W. LFphara. Minnesota — Mrs. CThester A. Congdon, F. H. Stoltze. Iowa — Mrs. G. B. Douglas. Missouri — August A. Busch, Dr. George T. Motre. Virginia — Miss Grace E. Arents. W. I'irginia — Mrs. Artlnir Lee. Georgia — E. H. Inman. S. Carolina — Robert S. Mebane. LOCAL BRANCHES Newport, R. I.: Andrew L. Dorward, chairman; Frederic Carter, secretary. St. Louis, Mo.: George H. Pring, chairman; Hugo M. Schaff, secretary. Nassau County, L. I.: John T. Everett, Glen Cove, chair- man; John McCulIoch, Oyster Bay, L. L, secretary. Boston, Mass.: Robert Cameron, chairman. THE ANNUAL CONVENTION The local committees for the convention to be held at Boston, September 12 to IS, are busy laying out an interesting program for the members at large who anticipate attending the 1922 con- vention in that city. A joint meeting of the convention commit- tee,^ under W. N. Craig, who is the general chairman, will be held this month and a definite program will be agreed upon which will l)e announced in the July issue of The G.^rdeners' Chronicle, together with the hotel that has been selected as the headquarters of the association at the convention, hotel rates, etc.. and to whom to apply to for reservations. The members of the association in and around Boston are most enthusiastic to make the 1922 convention, which will be the second N. .\. G. convention held in that city, a rousing success to show how the association has progressed since the first Boston conven- tion was held there. Interesting and instructive trips to inspect the many fine estates and historic landinarks of that part of Xew England where the convention will lie held are being arranged, as well as lively busi- ness sessions for the discussion of problems of vital interest to the members of the gardening profession. N. A. G. ADOPTS GARDENING COURSE The Board of Trustees and Directors have endorsed the pro- IKised course for training men in the gardening profession to be established at the Massachusetts Agricultural College, .\mherst, Alass.. under the supervision of a committee of the National .\s- sociation of Gardeners and the college authorities. It is antici- pated that this course will commence with the terms opening this coming September. In accepting this plan the Board of Trustees and Directors was unanimous, as it felt that the National Asso- ciation of Gardeners was taking a step in the right direction to give men interested in making gardening their life profession an opportunity to gain both a theoretical and practical knowledge of gardening under proper supervision. The course as proposed is briefly outlined as follows: Piirfose. — The basic iaea o£ this plan is to combine the benefits of scientific college training with practical apprenticeship m gardening under the joint supervision of the Massachusetts Agricultural College and the National Association of Gardeners. Qualifications. — PUi>ils must have common school education, reasonable com- mand of the English language, some practical e-xperience in the field ot horticulture and show a distinct aptitude for horticuhural pursuits. First term of theoretical instruction comprises 12 weeks beginning late in September. Second term of theoretical instruction comprises 12 weeks beginning Tann- ary I. Summer season is from April 1 to September 20 and will be spent at a good horticultural establishment where the student will gain practical experience under the joint .supervision of the College and Committee ..f the watiimal Association of Gardeners. Third term of theoretical instruction comprises 12 weeks and begins kite in September. Fourth term of theoretical instruction comprises 12 weeks beginning Tanu- ary 1. o b j Fifth term of theoretical instruction begins about the middle of March and covers 12 weeks. Apprentice year.~At the conclusion of the above program the students showing zeal, innustry and merit will be placed in a horticultural es- tablishment to gam varied and effective exiierience under the supervision of the College administration and the National Association of Gardeners Ihe api-renticeship year will not be less than 12 months. txammatwn of students— Al the end ci the apprenticeship period an ex- amination in practical and theoretical horticulture will he given Students' certihcatcs.—Studems who satisfactorily pass the examination will receive suitable certificates from tie National Association of Gardeners and the M.issachusetts Agricultural College THOMAS HATTON The association deeply regrets that it must announce the sudden death on June 8 of one of its directors, Thomas Hatton, following an operation at the Presbyterian Hospital in New York City Mr. Hatton had not been in the best of health for the past year but complained of feeling considerably worse three weeks pre- vious to his operation. His death came as a shock to the many tnends he had in the gardening profession who regarded him as being in the best of health. For the last seven vears Mr. Hatton was superintendent of Sea Acre, New London,' Conn., the beau- tiful estate of Dr. and Mrs. Tracy Farnam. which position he accepted after resigning as superintendent of Greystone, the estate of Mr. Samuel LIntermyer, Yonkers, N. Y. He is survived by Mrs. Hatton, one son and two daughters. Mrs. Hatton and her children have the heartfelt sympathy of the members of' the association in their bereavement. AMONG THE GARDENERS Word has just reached the Secretary's office that D. L. Mackin- tosh, of Alpine, N. J., a trustee of the association, met with a serious accident the first part of May when he was run over liy an autoinobile. Mr. Mackintosh was confined to his bed for more than four weeks and is only now able to move about on crutches, and it will be some time before he will be able to go about again! The Secretary's office is sure all the members of the association will indeed l>e sorry to learn of Mr. Mackintosh's misfortune. Roderick M. Crocket, who just recently started in business for himself, came to this country in 1908 after serving his apprentice- ship in England and was employed by R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Boston, until 1917, when he went with Cadweli & Jones, of Hart- ford, Cotm., for three years. Mr. Crocket returned to Farquhar & Co. in 1920 at the call of the late Mr. John Farquhar to under- take some work, but which did not materiali;?e because of the death of Mr. Farquhar. In May of this year Mr. Crocket resigned his position to engage in business in- the horticultural field for himself at Cranford. N. J. 188 LOCAL SOCIETIES I WESTCHESTER AND FAIRFIELD HORT. SOCIETY The monthly meeting of the above society was held at Port Chester, May 9. There was a good attendance and a line lot of ex- hibits, and the awards were made as follows ; 1st prize, James Stuart, 3 pots of calceo- larias, also awarded a Culture Certificate ; 2nd prize, George tiewitt, pot ot Schiccin- thus ; 3rd prize, Wm. Smith, vase of an- tirrhinums. Other exhibits were made by Thos. Ryan, vase of carnations ; James Tough, sweet peas ; H. F. Bulpitt, tulips ; Alex. Smith and Alex. Greig, larkspurs ; Thos. Ryan, 3 pots hydrangeas. Vegetables, 1st prize, Thos. R% an : 2nd prize, James Tough; 3rd prize, H. F. Bulpitt. Special committees were appointed for the coming flower show to be held in Sep- tember. Mr. Read of the E. C. Converse Fruit Farms, of Greenwich, Conn., gave an interesting talk on the spraying and pruning of fruits from the commerjial grower s point of view, which was well received by those present. Mr. McGregor of the Salare- cene Co., Stamford, Conn., and Mr. Morri- son of Wilson Plant Oil Co., both gave a short talk to the members. Four petitions for membership were received. H.\RRY JoxES, Cor. Secy. SEWICKLEY, PA., DAHLIA SHOW The Second Annual Dahlia Show to be held under the auspices of the Garden Club of .-Mlegheny County and the Sewickley Horticultural Society will be held Septem- ber 27-8-9. Last year's show met with such generous support from the public that it has been decided to hold the snow for three days instead of two, as last year. The preliminary schedules have just been issued, and w hile the number of classes have been considerably reduced, larger displays are called for ; in fact the schedule is an ambitious one, and if everything goes well the show will eclipse anything of the kind ever seen in the Pittsburgh district. The Sewickley dahlia growers did themselves great credit last year and certainly intend to go one better this year. Groups of 100 square feet are called for and one class calls for 50 blooms of 50 varieties, four types and not less than six of a type. Some strong competition is looked for in these classes. Table decora- tions and other special classes will be pro- vided for in the final schedule. There are classes for amateurs and the local papers are carrying periodical notes on the culture of dahlias which undoubtedly will stimulate interest among many who hitherto have not thought seriously of grow- ing exhibition flowers. The planting season is now on and en- thusiasm is keen. Manus Curran, president of the Sewickley Horticultural Society, is chairman of the Show Committee, and John Carman is secretary-treasurer, who together with the various committees, representing the Gar- den Club of .Mlegheny County and the Sewickley Horticultural Society are work- ing hard to make the show the success it deserves to be. Winifred N. Jones. Chairman Pub. Com. CLEVELAND HORT. SOCIETY The regular monthly meeting was held in the Church of Incarnation, May H, with R. P. Brydon in the chair. It was decided that the society have a field trip once a month for the next four months to visit thr- surrounding estates and nurseries. GARDENS ERS CHRONICLE ftiliiliiii^ --Ja^ The Most Greenhouse For the Least Money Here is what we call our Practi- cal Purpose House. It will grow exactly as good stock as can be grown in any house, regardless of price. It is just as free from repairs and will last absolutely as long as the most expensive house we build. It differs from our regular iron frame private house cosntruction, in having a straight eave instead of a curved one, and an angle Iron Eave Plate instead of a gutter. The posts extend Zyi feet in tlie ground and are embedded firmly in concrete instead of being bolted to a cast-iron sill. This is exactly the way it's done in our largest houses built for the florists where solidity and strength are of greatest im- portance. .\s the posts and not the foun- dation wall carry the weight, the concrete wall itself extends only six inches instead' of 2^ feet be- low the ground, which consider- ably reduces reasoning costs. In short, this Practical Purpose House is the most house that's practical for the least money. Glad to send you full particulars. Builders of Greenhouses and Conservatories Eastern Factory Irvington, N. Y. Western Factory Dcs Flaines, III. Irvington, New York New York 30 E. 42iid St. Boston-11 Cleveland Atlanta Little lildg. *)7 Vlnicr Bldg. Atlanta Trust Co I'liiladelpliia Land Tille liUlg Bldg. Canadian F.T.ctory St. Catherines, Onl. Chicago Cont. Bk. Kldg Toronto Harbor Commission Bl Ulilfoiml)- ivirv ''^■^■^^.'■4 , II I li of your flnttiT ami fc^J^^--— ;*» it:'lablo Kunli'"'*- '■*'i"« • nlly. Iiws not pack iMli or liijiirv' tcitiirr ti, I'ortnhl" or llxnl I, .Smil for liKikli'l .SKINNER IRRIGATION CO. W.ifrr .street Troy, For June, 1922 189 The exhibits of the evening were Darwin tulips grown by F. McXicoU and Fred Heyl. They were exceptionally well grown and caused a good deal of discussion. A motion to the effect that the June Flower Show should be passed up this year and to hold a chrysanthemum show in the Fall was carried. Two new members were elected. W. J. Bruce, Secy. ST. LOUIS ASSOCIATION OF GAR- DENERS The St. Louis Association of Gardeners held its last indoor meeting of the season, in the Forest Park Greenhouses May 3d. This meeting was in memory of Charles Muhlendorfer, a charter member of the association, who died a year ago. Mr. Muhlendorfer in his "last will" donated $20 to the Gardeners of St. Louis, and this sum was expended for refreshments during the evening. Air. Muhlendorfer was one of the old-time school of gardeners, having served his apprenticeship in various noted establish- ments in Germany and France. He was well known among the local craft, and one who never missed a meeting of the association. He was connected with the Park Depart- ment of St. Louis for more than fifteen years. Ernest Strehle and the writer re- lated incidents of Mr. Muhlendorfcr's life. The evening was pleasantly spent in retro- spect and reminiscences. During the short business session pre- ceding the memorial and social part of the evening the following resolution Vv'as passed unanimously : Whereas, The St. Louis Association of Gardeners are opposed to the wholesale destruction of Redbud {Cercis camidensis), and Flowering dogwood (Cornus Aoridd). by automobilists and other visitors of the woods, who break the plants to pieces for the sake of the flowers, without considering that by so doin.g, these charming plants will rapidly disappear from the woodlands near the roadsides throughout the State of Missouri. Be it therefore Resolved, That the cor- responding secretary be instructed to have our protest made public through the press. L. P. Tensen, Cor. Secy. TARRYTOWN HORT. SOCIETY The Jilay meeting of the above society was held in the Alasonic Hall, May 17th. Presi- dent Wilson presiding, and a large gathering of members present, also a delagation from \Yestchester and Fairfield Society. Wm. Scott's prize for best vase of out- door flowers was won by A. Anderson with a fine display of Iris. Very noticeable amongst the other exhibits were several fine plants of Calceolaria Stea'arti, a fine vase of Codetta, also a splendid vase of Antirrhinidn "Nelrose Pink." A Dahlia show was unani- mously decided upon, to be held for the benefit of the Tarrytown Hospital. A com- mittee was appointed to co-operate with Westchester and Fairfield Society to make arrangements for Annual Field Day. James Scott delivered a very interesting talk on the Progressive Age of Horticulture. Mr. Scott laid particular emphasis on the fact that, while great strides have been made with a certain number of plants and flowers, yet there was a great field open, both for new creations and improvement in a great number of flowers, a study which Mr. Scott believes could and should be taken up more by gardeners on private estates. A vote of thanks was extended Mr. Scott upon con- clusion. W. G. Weston, Reporting Secretary. ■r k ir Tnr' 9^ Now — A Power Mower for Medium Sized Lawns For years Ideal Power Lawn Mowers have been used for taking care of large lawns. The thousands of Ideal Mowers in use have definitely demonstrated their labor saving, money making qualifications. However, there are thousands of lawns hardly large enough to warrant the purchase of a large power mower, yet with so much grass to cut that proper care be- comes a big problem — and an ex. pensive problem. It was for this vast number of medium sized lawns that the Ideal Junior Power Mower was designed. It is moderate in price, dependable, easy to handle, and costs little to operate. The Ideal Junior is exactly the right machine for homes with lawns too large to conveniently care ^ for with hand mowers— for mowing the putting greens on golf courses— and for parks and cemeteries as an auxiliary unit IDEAL POWER LAWN MOWER COMPANY R. E. Olds, Chairman 434 Kalamazoo St., Lansing, Mich. Id's Largest Builders of Power Lawn Mowers H for trimming' up and cutting in close quarters. For Larger Lawns the 30" I deal Power Lawn M o wer For large estates, municipal parks, cemeteries. golf clubs, schools, colleges, etc., the well known 30" Ideal Power Lawn Mower has no equal. Does the work of 5 to 7 men with hand mowers. Costs about 50 cents a day to operate and soon pays for itself in labor saved. Furnished with or without rid- ing trailer. For large parks, golf courses, etc., we buJd the Ideal Power Triplex Mower. Write today and get our large pictcwial catalog'. Chicago, III. H E. Harrison St. New Orleans, La \ew York, N. Y. 270 West St. Pittsburgh. Pa. I^js!r,n. Mass. 52 N. Market St. CleTeland. Ohio Philadelphia, Pa. 709 Arch St. Denver, Colo. Los Angeles. Cal. St. Louis. Mo. 222 N. Los Angeles St. Toronto. Canada 130 Camp St. 108 West Parkway 1500 Lakeside Ave. 18th and Wazee Sts. 412-414 N. 4th St. 17 Temperance St. Power Lawn Mowers The Ideal Rolls as it cuts — keep the sod smooth and firm.. .BRflND, " TRAOeUrVri 1^ LJ HARK PU LVER IZED Sheep Manure Wonderful natural fertilizer for amateur or professional growers — unequaled for lawn, flowers, vegetables, fruits and shrubs — effectively sterilized — no weeds or chemicals — safe and dependable. Ask your seed or garden supply man for WIZARD BRAND or write direct for fuU information. The Pulverized Manure Company No. 18 Union Stock Yards, Ckicaco RECOME A MilTECT •x5v Digiiiried. Exclusive Pro- [^ fession not overrun with --' competitors. Crowded with opportunity for raoney- making and big fees. $5,000 to $10,000 incomes attained by experts. E^sy to master under our correspond- ence methods. Diploma awarded. Wc assist students and graduates in getting" started and developing- their businesses. Established 1916. Write for information; it will open your eyes. Do it today. American Landscape School^ I8N .Newrark, N. Y. 190 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE I I iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinii^ lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll ACME JR. Power Cultivator E Is a big factor in reducing gardening = ^ § cost. n M 1 Compact, easily handled and as | M I ALL MOVING PARTS ARE DUST 1 m I PROOF and RUN IN OIL it brings | | i satisfaction, unusual value and econ- § p i omy. It makes work pleasure, and = g i makes pleasure pay dollars. It has i ^ 1 extra wide w^heels for loose or ham- | M i mock soils. 1 M I Write to-day- for des-ription, etc. | M I The Acme Cultivator Co. | § I Salem, Ohio [ M ^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiii^^ M M-indta HUMUS I For the Price is the Best and Cheapest m 'S^'Qvtilitx/ "TTJaAiGr* ■ Sample and price upon application m H. B. PRINDLE | 70-C E. 45tli St. New York | GREATER NEWARK DAHLIA AND 1 FLOWER SHOW | Tlie Greater Newark Dahlia and Mower B Show will be held at the Robert Treat B Hotel, Newark, N. J., September 13, 14. 15. | There have already been many entries made B from New York, Long Island, Pennsylvania, m Connecticut and New Jersey for the com- M mercial, professional and amateur classes. M Many garden clubs have taken space, also B dahlia societies and commercial dahlia grow- M ers. This is the first large dahlia show ever m to be held in Newark and it is expected that m there will be approximately SO.CKX) blooms M on exhibition. Besides the dahlia exhibits m there will be aster, gladiolus, basket effect m of roses and little garden exhibits. Schcd- g ules are to be had on application from Fred g Sachs, who is promoting this enterprize for m the welfare of Newark, at the Robert Treat M Hotel. 1 INQUIRY FROM U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY The United States Bureau of Plant In- dustry, Washington, D. C. (Laboratory of Plant Pathology;, which is now working on Delphinium leaf-spot will be glad to re- ceive material on it from any part of the country. Fresh specimens, addressed to this laboratory, .should be sent dry and wrapped in newspapers. F.rwin F. Smith. Pathologist in Charge. RHODE ISLAND HORT. SOCIETY | The June exhibition of the Rhode Island | Horticultural Society will be lj<^ld in the g ball room of the Narragansct Hotel, Provi- J dence, R, I., Friday, June 23. S ome Interesting Facts On Owning Your Own Greenhouse Every mail brought us such a number of requests concerning m the countless things about owning your own greenhouse, M that we finally prepared a booklet on just that subject. Fur- J thermore it is called, "Owning ^ our Own Greenhouse." B In it are a goodly number of the less large houses. Many B of them are considerably smaller than this one even. Ones m that will come well within the means of many who never 1 suspected it. g What is four or five thousand to spend for something that B will give you endless satisfaction and untold pleasurements 1 all vour life! 1 Don't lose sight of the fact that although the flowers are = abloom outside now, frost frowns are only a few short B months away. B So it's none to soon to start buildmg your greenhouse if B you want to have a perpetual summer land of flowers next B winter. J Send for the booket, "Owning Your Own Greenhouse." 1 HiicKinsrs"^;^ Company | ' ^rmhi ^ ^^ ' I Home Offices and Factory: Elizabeth, N. J. B NEW YORK 101 Park Ave. PHILADELPHIA 133 So. 12th St. BOSTON 294 Washington St. piiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii NETHERLANDS HORT. & BOTANIC SOCIETY The Netherb[iwN llnrliitiltur.il and Bo- tanic Society (.\ederlandsclu- .Maalscliappy voor Tuinbouw en I'lantkunde) under the high patronage of H. M. the Ouccn- Mother, have decided to hold an inleniatiimal horti- cultural congress at Amsterdam on the oc- iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiy casion of its liftieth anniversary, .September 27, 1923. I'apers will be read about various subjects of scientific research, of practical breeding, horticultural education and land- scape architecture, etc. Trips are |)laiiMed to the most im|)iirtaiU centres of hdrlirnlture ill lliillaiul. in the same days the Seclidii .\msterdain of tlic Society intends to or- For June, 1922 191 Lovely Water Lilies can be grown easily by anyone who has room for a half-barrel or a pool of water. No trouble to plant the tubers, and no care needed after planting. Tricker's Lily Booklet tells how to make a pool, wiiat Lilies to plant, and pictures many lovely kinds. Send for a copy — free. WILLIAM TRICKER Water Lily Specialist 66-1 Forest Street, Arlington, New Jersey PLANT NAMES AND THEIR MEANINGS is the title of a series of articles now appearing in The American Botanist where a multitude of other things of interest to the plant lover are also discussed. Quarterly, $1.50 a year; specimen copy, 25 cents. THE AMERICAN BOTANIST Joliet, 111. WoLCOTT Nurseries Designers &• Builders Alpine Gardens, Herbaceous Borders, Landscapes Clinton Road Jackson, Michigan "F. & I." is a tohacco product. lis nicotine content gives it a tiecided lalue as an insecticide. Its potash. nitrogen and phosphoric acid, makes it an ideal fertilizer for lawns, for shriiblwry. fur flower or vegetable gardens. Write for booklet and sample, S3. 00 per 100 lbs. $50.00 per ton. THE F. & I. TOBACCO PRODUCTS CO. Successors to The Lancaste Depl. O Toh ,n I'rmluUs Co. Lancaster, Pa. ganize a great horticultural exhibition. Further information may be found in future. For the organizing committee, Jhr. G. F. van Tets, President. Dr. M. J. SiRKS, Hon. Secretary. Bergweg 55, Wageningen, Holland. THE AMERICAN ROSE SOCIETY At the executive committee meeting of the American Rose Society it was decided to ac- cept the invitation extended by the Syracuse Rose Society to hold the annual meeting of the -American Rose Society in that city, in recognition of Dr. Mills' efforts in estab- lishing rose societies throughout New York State. Upon Mr. J. Horace McFarland's request that he be released as chairman of the membership committee, Mr. Joseph J. Lane, of House & Garden, was appointed in his place. The membership now numbers 2,487. President Pvle reported that his hrm had propagated 1.700 plants of the Mary \\'allace rose for the Department of Agri- culture. It was decided to plant out the stock of the Mary Wallace rose thus far propa.gated so that the dormant plants in two year sizes might be distributed to the firms who will have made application by Decem- ber 1. 1922. It was further voted that a re- quest should be addressed to the Department of Agriculture to allow the American Rose_ Society to cooperate in the introduction of other Van Fleet novelties. Office of the Secretary. Prepare Now for the Hot Dry Days No need to worry about the long, liot, rainless days if you have a Dayton Rotary Oscillating Sprinkler ready. It makes rain when you want it. It sprinkles every foot of ground in a circle, or halt circle, nf 6 feet to S'l feet. It is better for your lawn and plants and more saving of water than sprinkling with a licse. The Dayton operates on any water pressure from 15 pounds up. If your la-. al dealer cannot supply you, order from \is diiect. ?S f. o. h. Xew V.-'rk. H. A. Robinson & Company, 128 Water Street, New York SOLD BY SEEDMEN IN CANADA FOR OVER THIRTY YEARS JS^a^n^f^TOTic^ofAc^ ofAiT^ • (C HAMMOND'S SLUG SHOT" Used from Ocean to Ocean .\ lislit. romposite. fine powder, easily distributed either 1>V duster, bellows, or in water by spraying. ThorotiElhly reliable in kill inK Currant Worms. Pot.-uo Bugs. Cabbage Worms. Lire. .Slugs. Sow Bugs, ete., and it is also strongly impregnated witli fungicides. ilCg^Put u|j in Popular Packages at Popular Prices. Sold by Seed Dealers and Merchants. HAMMOND'S PAINT AND SLUG SHOT WORKS, DEACON. NEW YORK. Joseph Manda Co., Orchids Our Specialty Send for Our Catalogue 191 Valley Road West Orange, N, J. LA BARS RHODODENDRON Collectors and Grotcers NURSERY ^.\TIVE .\ZAI.EA. MOIMAI.N LAUREL and RHODODENDRON Request opi>ortunily to send catalogue. STROUDSBURG, PA. "A Garden for Ever}) Home." MULLER-SEALEY CO., INC. 1 45 West 45th St. New York City ORCHIDS We are .Specialists in Orchids. We collect, frow. Import export and sell orchids ex- clusively. If .*ou are in the market for Orchids, we solicit your inquiries and orders. Cata- logues and special lists on application. LAGER & HURRELL •rthltf Gnnnn and Importers Summit. INI. J. WANTED — YOUNG MAN to learn or one accustomed to make soft wood cuttings, also men expe- rienced in greenhouse and nursery work. THE ELIZABETH NURSERY CO. EL1ZABE.TH, N.J. HARRY BALDWIPM MaD tif aoturer ot Greentiouse Sliadlng Latti Roller Blinds M VIUAROIVJECK. N. Y. CIT FLOWER BOXES EDWARDS FOLDING BOX CO MANUFACTURERS PHILADELPHIA, PA. QIALITY RED POTS Made of best material by skilled labor, uDiformly burned and carefully packed. FamoM "Moss-Aztec" Wan Includes Azalea Pot«, Fern Dishes, BaDgln- Baskets, Lawn Vases, etc Write for catalogue aod price llrt Tbe ZaDe Pottery Company So. Zanenille, Ohio ■uiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiioiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiijiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiuiiuiiiiiiwiiuuijiiiiiiuiunimiuniuuiiiuijiiiijiijnuiiimw Orchids If you contemplate buying semi-established, established or imported orchids, consult us first. We carry in stock about 25,000 species. A large stock of Laelia Cattleyas, Hybrid Catt- leyas, Brasso Cattleyas, Odontiodas, and other choice hybrids. We specialize in supplying the private trade. Let us figure on your requirements — our quality is second to none. Orchid peat, live Sphagnum Moss, baskets, pot hangers, always on hand. Send for our price list. I G. E. BALDWIN & COMPANY | I Orchid Collectors, Growers and Importers | I MAMARONECK Box 98 NEW YORK | f.uiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinjiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiniiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiniiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ ^iiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ I POT GROWN I I Strawberry Plants J I Ready for delivery in June and July. | j Send for Special List of New and Stand- | I ard varieties. j I W. E. MARSHALL & CO., Inc. | I SEEDS, PLANTS and BULBS | I 166 West 23rd St. New York | iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^^ gi iiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ Competent Gardeners | The comforts and products of a country | home are increased by employing a competent | gardener; if you want to engage one, write us. | Please give particulars regarding place and | say whether married or single man is wanted, j We have been supplying them for years to the | best people everywhere. No fee asked. | PETER HENDERSON & CO. | Seedsmen and Florists | 35 and 37 Cortlandt St., NEW YORK CITY | gllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllillllW iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiwiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!^ SOME ACT ON FIRST THOUGHT, Others on Second Thonght, and SOME only after very matnre reflection If you belong to the first two groups you probably by this time own the six vvU-known, beautifully illustrated volumes of Bailey's Cyclopedia of Horticulture If not, now is an excellent time to change reflection to action, for the publishers have reprinted at lower manufacturing prices and we are able to oiTer this set of six volumes covering the whole horticultural field, and illustrated with original color photographs and half-tones for .'t;40.00 — making an $8.00 saving now — if you prefer you can get it on a subscription basis of $4.00 on delivery, $3.00 for 12 months — having thus the choice of the "cash way" or the "subscription way," to own this authoritative set. Whether you are a superintendent of an estate, a horticulturist — amateur or professional — or a country gentleman we suggest you get in tmich with us as per tile coupon below. Coupon Tear Off and Scn(: GARDENERS' CHRONICLE: 286 Fifth Ave., New York City. Gentlemen: Yes, I want to purchase Bailey's Cyclopedia of Horticul- ture in six volumes now and enclose herewith check or money order for $40.00 or (if on subscription liasis) check or money order for $4.00 and would request subscription form. I Name I Address I City, State finwiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiininiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiihii i:aiii:iiiililiiiliiiiiiliiiiriiiliiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 192 I A FEW OUTSTANDING FEATURES f ' OF THIS WELL KNOWN WORK 2 [ H B.iilcy's NEW STAND.\RI) CVrLO- | I PEDIA OF HORTICULTURE contains | I alinut 40O0 gcncr.T, 20,000 species, 40,000 j I pl.int tl.inics. i ■ H Tlicre arc 24 colored plates— 96 full -page ^- I half- tones— More than 4000 engravings | I wliicli serve as guides in the texts. i I H The original color photographs represent g I many miles of travel. p I 5 ■ I iiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiililiiliiliiililllllililliillllillliiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiniiiiiiiiiH^ k'UiiiiiillllllllllliilniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiKiiiiiiiiiii POT GROWN STRAWBERRY PLANTS Ready for delivery in June and July. Send for Special List of New and Standard varieties. W. F. McCORD COMPANY TARRYTOWN, NEW YORK POT GROWN Strawberry Plants ALL THE BEST SORTS FROM A MOST RELIABLE GROWER Prices Range From $6.00 Per 100 Up. June to August Delivery. RODERICK M. CROCKET Phone, 446 J. CRANFORD, N. J. Formerly with R. & J. Farquhar Co., Boston, Mass. iiimniiiiiiiniiiiiiiiini iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiijiiiuNiiiiitiiiiiiiiiJiiiiiiiiiisi OF INTEREST TO COUNTRY ESTATE OWNERS The National Association of Gardeners takes this opportunity to place its Service Bureau at the disposal of owners of country estates when requir- ing competent gardeners, in the capacities of super- intendents, head gardeners or assistant gardeners — thoroughly qualified in every particular to assume the responsibilities the positions call for — gardeners truly efficient in their profession. The Bureau is maintained entirely at the expense of the association and makes no charge to the em- ployer it may serve or to the member it may benefit. NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS M. C. Ebel, Secretary 286 Fifth Ave. New York This association is in no sense a trade union organization, but includes in its sustaining membeT- ship owners of some of the foremost counir'^ estates in America. iiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiniiiiuiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiKiiminimiMitiiiiiiMitmiiHiHiii SPRAYING is as Essential as Fertilizing Successful cultivation demands a knowledge of the habits of plant insects and diseases, and the proper remedies for their control. APHINE, an effective remedy against all sap sucking insects infesting flovs^ers, fruits and vegetables, is free of the dis- agreeable odors and features of most in- secticides. It invigorates plant life and is unexcelled as a wash for decorative plants. Aphine will not injure the most tender flower or foliage. FUNGINE is an excellent remedy for mildew, rust, and other blights. It is read- ily soluble in water and contains no sedi- ment. Fungine does not stain the foliage but cleanses it. VERMINE is a soil sterilizer and vermi- cide. It destroys cut, wire, eel and grub worms, maggots, root lice and ants, and will protect your gardens and lawns from ravages under the soil. There is but one convincing way for you to become familiar with the merits of these products and that is to try them out for yourself. It will prove worth while. Sold by dealers in various sizes. I APHINE MANUFACTURING COMPANY I Manufacturers of Agricultural Chemicals I MADISON, N. J. ^iiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiii I II iiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiijiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiHiiiimiiiii i |iii\- Dazcv Tree Surgeons on a large tree on the F. 0. Lowden estate at Oregon. III. The cavity e.rtcnds nearlv the entire length of the Irunh, JOHM DAVE}' Father of Tree Surgery DAVEY TREE SURGEONS F.vcry real Davey Tree Surgeon is ttt the employ of The Davey Tree Expert Co., Inc.. and the public is cautioned against those JaUcly representing themselves. An' agreement made «i'f/i the Pavey Company and not :(■///» an individual is certain evidence of gcnutncness CHRONICLE (OF AMERICA) ILLUSTRATED II II HORTICULTURAL $2.00 A YEAR 25c A COPY aniiniiiJi Jiiiiiiiiiiiii nniuii m iini,iiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiuiiiniiiinili»iii>liiiiiiiiii>iiiHiiiiilllilililluillliiUllllllg ?nniiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiii!iiii[iniiiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiiii)i»iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiii!iiniiiiniiiiiiii»iiiiii»iiii!iiiiiiitiiiitiiin!niini!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin I Make Your Garden j I ServeYou All Summer | j and also produce a sufficient supply for | j winter use. j I DREER'S MID^SUMMER I I CATALOGUE | I contains a list of many things which may be planted | I during the summer months, ^'ou will find listed all | I that is best for late planting in Vegetables, Winter | i and Spring Flowering Bulbs. Also the dependable | I strains of Farm seeds for Summer and Fall Planting. | I Pot-grown Strawberry Plants of the leading sorts and | i Celery Plants of best varieties. | I Also up-to-date Garden Tools, Insecticides, Fertilizers | I and all the helps that make gardening a pleasure. | I Write for a free copy and kindly mention this publi- j j cation. 1 I HENRY A. DREER | I 714-716 Chestnut Street Philadelphia. Pa. | iiiiiiiiijiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiluiuiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiimuuiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw pniiniininKiiiiniiimmriiiniiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiililliiiiiliiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiin^ I WILSON'S I I O. K. PLANT SPRAY | I Kills Plant Insects, Scale and Mildew | I Used by Leading Gardeners | I BbU. $90. V,_ bbls. $50. 10 eaU. $20, j I 5 eaU. $10 I Bobbink &^ Atkins .Mniclt Hall, Deal, N. J. July 3, 1922 Andrew w Ison, Inc. Springfit Id, N. J (jentlcnien: Kindl> send me 50 gallons o E your O. K. Plant Spray. I use W ilson* s O. K. Plant Spraj both outside and in tht h olh uuscs and find that it is tl c best Plant Spray thai 1 )..- ve ever used. Very truly yours. Fred Bocpplc, Sui t W ■. I'. AhncH Kstatc. Deal. .N. .1. CX^iul/nw(ukm SPRINGFIELD 1NEW JERSEY Ask for Catalog^ ^ Visit Nursery PEU-Mhs Ai\U IRIS ROSES EVERGREENS RHODODENDRONS TREES AND SHRUBS ROCK GARDEN PLANTS OLD-FASHIONED FLOWERS FRUIT TREES AND BUSHES Ask for our special list of Peonies and Iris. Our fields of Roses are interesting at this lime. Nurserymen and Florists RUTHERFORD NEW JERSEY iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin^ DON'T DELAY— ORDER NOW BULBS FOR EARLY FORCING FREESIA— Purity, Monster Bulbs HYACINTHS— White Roman, Mammoth Bulbs NARCISSUS Paper White Grandiflora, Monster Bulbs, Grand Soleil d'or. Yellow, Trumpet Major, French Grown, Golden Spur, French Grown. LILIUMS Harrisii, the true Bermuda Easter Lily. Longiflorum Formosum and Giganteum Candidum (Northern French Grown) I'or Prices and Drscrif^liou of ohoir, also for complete list of Bulbs, etc., for Inside and Out- door plontinf;, write for our 1''22 /-'all Bulb Cata- loi^uc, mailed free. BURNETT BROTHERS SEEDSMEN 92 Chambers Street New York The House Famous for Lawn Grass Seed ^■.» milinillllllHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIItlltMIIIMllltlllllllNIIIIIIIIJJJNIIIIinillNnilJIIIJIIINIIIIIIIINIIIIIIIfliniilllllll^ Orchids If you contemplate buying semi-established, | established or imported orchids, consult us first. | We carry in stock about 25,000 species. | A large stock of Laelia Cattleyas, Hybrid Catt- | leyas, Brasso Cattleyas, Odontiodas, and other | choice hybrids. I We specialize in supplying the private trade. | Let us figure on your requirements — our quality | is second to none. | Orchid peat, live Sphagnum Moss, baskets, pot | hangers, always on hand. | Send for our price list. i G. E. BALDWIN & COMPANY | Orchid Collectors, Growers and Importers | MAMARONECK Box 98 NEW YORK I Aniumuiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiitiiiiiniiiiiin iuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii«iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii.~ Discriminating Buyers of High Quality Bulbs Please allow us to urge you to place your Orders at once, be they for forcing or for planting outside. All bulbs of High Quality are extremely scarce. There is a greater demand for the finer bulbs than there has ever been before Our prices for this select stock are lower than they have ever been before Progressive Gardeners want the very best that they can get Owners of fine estates want the finest for their gardens There is a good natured but keen rivalry amongst Garden Owners and Gardeners to produce better plants, finer flowers than others to carry off the Blue Ribbons at meetings and shows. We can help you with our Select Quality stock if you will cooperate by placing orders early LAST CALL FOR IMPORT ORDERS OF FINEST QUALITY BULBS JOHN SCHEEPERS, INC. Flower bulb specialists for Iwenty-fouT years 522 Fifth Ave., New York City 193 Class of iy:!S. Duvcy Institute of Tree Surgery. Thoroui;h scii-ntiiic cducalion, /■/».? practical skill trained into them, makes these young athletes master Tree Surgeo)is A Million Dollar Business in Saving Trees By Martin L. Davey, General Manager THE business of The I)ave\ Tree Expert Company is now running at the rate of one tnillion dollars for 1922. It has taken more than twenty years of steady building to reach this volume. The Davey Company sells nothing but service — the service of carefully selected, highly trained, scientifi- cally educated Tree Surgeons, who save trees without guessing or experiment, when they can be saved. This service is available almost everywhere in the eastern half of the Unitcil States. Nearly 6fteen thousand clients have been served up to this time, many of them regularly. Lieut. Colonel Frank K. Hyatt, treasurer of the Pennsylvania Military Academy, in a letter ■written to The Davey Tree Expert Company, December 2. 1921, said: "Three of your men are performing tree surgery at the college and while I had only engaged them for two days, their work was of such character that I was compelled to hold them longer. In fact, they will prob- - ably we with us four or five days. "They seem to have thorough knowledge of their work and the foreman in charge is a very unusual man. It gives me pleasure to congratulate you en the character of work which your employees are doing." This letter is typical of many hundreds of voluntary letters of commendation received by the Davey Company from its clients. They come regularly from every section served by Davey Tree .Surgeons. It is significant that nearly every letter emphasizes the high-type men, their apparent skill and ability to do their work with accuracy and thoroughness and speed, but more particularly the fact that they are diliycnl and zealous worker*^. The evolution of Davey Tree Surgery compared to the automobile T do not presume to say that every last clieit is 100% satisfied. That would be tco much to expect from a human organization. But more than 95% of the clients are fully pleased with both the work and the service. Nor would I claim that the Davey organization has always been as good as it is today, nor that the meth- ods empbyed have always been as remarkably good and successful as they are now. Davey Tree Surgery has been before the pub- lic nearly as long as the automobile, and its de- velopment has been almost jiarallcl. You will easily recall the auloniobilc of fifteen f)r twenty years ago. You recall hrw often it broke down, iow many times it was laid up by the roadside? You remember its imperfect mechanism, its poor lighting, the hard job of cranking? Well, the fundamental principles of the automobile were the same then as now. The wonderful advance has been made in the refinements and the me- chanical improvements. Then think of the really marvelous piece of machinery that ycu buy in the mcdern automobile! Just so with Davey Tree Surgery. Tiie fundamental principles were the same fifteen or twenty years ago as today. It was then rela- tively crude and imperfect. But honest effort and a determined purpose have produced refine- ments and mechanical improvements and scien- tific accuracy that are both marvelous and in- spiring. Only two or three men out of a hundred applicants are finally accepted However, it is the human element of the Davey organization that I wish to describe. The high-type men, their surprising efficiency, their zeal and skill and knowledge are the result of something back behind. That something is a policy that could produce no other result. From time to time we need additional men. We run advertisements in the cities within a reasonal.'le distance of our headquarters, giving our specifications. Many replies are received. An information blank is sent to each applic.tnt, in which he must give his life history. If a hundred information blanks are returned, our experience has shown that not more than fifty seem to meet our raiuirements. The others are cast aside. We then .send our representatives to these cities and notify the fifty to report at a certain hotel for personal interviews. Out of the fifty men thus interviewed, we select not more than five who seem to be the right kind. A regular training field where practical training is given to every man These five are brought into Kent (Ohio) for practical training, where we maintain a regular training field. These five are put through a llurough course of |ir.ictical training for sev- eral weeks, at the end of which we sek-ct not m-rc than two or three as ii"alified and made of the right stuff. Thus, nut of an original hundred definite ap- plicants, wc get not more than two or three. The process of selection. th( ugh it is severe, works wonders and gives us unusual men for Ihc very important work which we do. Those who finally pass are sent out into the field, always under the directi.m of master Tree 194 Surgfcns. They simply grtw into the work and acquire almost intuitive skill. A chief expert travels regularly from squad to squad Then, we have a chief expert who spends all of his time traveling from squad to squad to check up on all the details of the work and the merit of each individual — to see that our hi,:h standard is consistently maintained. Occasion- ally he tells us that a certain man is not our kind and should not be in the Davey organiza- tion. That man is promptly dismissed. Very often he tells us that .certain men are doing especially fine work and recommends advance- ment. Such men are promptly advanced. So the really good men remain with us — and they like their jobs mighty well. Naturally enough, they give superior service. Constant supervision by local representatives In addition to this, a number of squads are under the constant supervision of each local representative, of whom we have nearly thirty whose highest self-interest requires watchful care of the interests of each client, to see that be gets the maximum service. More tb,aii this, we require periodic reports en every man in our field force. Our local repre- sentatives give detaHed monthly reports on the foremen under their supervision. Each foreman gives a monthly report in great detail concern- ing each man in his squad. Every bit of infor- mation from every source about each individual goes into his personal service record. And everyone knows that his service record is com- plete and strives to keep it good. The only place in the world where the science of Tree Surgery is taught When a man in the field fi.rce has reachcil a proper state of develoimient, he is brought into Kent to attend our resident school. This course covers two years — four inonlbs each year. We maintain a regular schoc 1 with complete library and laboratory equiitment and a corps of in- structors with fine scientific training from va- rious colleges and universities, plus .special training in the Davey organization. There is no other school in the world that traclics Tree Surgery, so we maintain the Davey In- stitute of Tree Surgery as a matter of prac- tical necessity. In this school we teach only those things re- quired to make re.il Tree Surgeons— nothing superfluous or unnecessary. The course includes Botany and Dendrology, Pathology and Eulo- mnlogy. Soils and the Feeding of Trees, Spray- \ i*\ f iS / L ri'^ .«; .? .i!».f» 1 13 V C")p ei «v ,5?. -51- . II '? ;i "Do it right or not at all"— JOHN DAVEY ing and Fruit-growing, and above all tlie Thcrry and Practice of Tree Surgery. Every naan in the Davey org^anization is a trained man — Davey trained When a man has been with us long enough, has had the necessary amount of complete train- ing, and has demonstrated to us his ability and (lualifications, he is entrusted with the handling of operations — then and only then. Every man in the Davey organization is a trained man — Davey trained. If a man should apply to us for employment and say that he is an expert and understands all phases of the w^ork^recom mends himself highly — we say lu him, if we should happen to need men, "All right, you may start in at the bottom and show ns." Very few of them ever come and we are just as well satisfied. Our experience has shown us that not more than one in ten of these so- called tree men from the outside is the right kind of man. None of them are real experts when they come to us. All of them have many things to unlearn. The Davey Research Department does the experimenting — the client's trees are never experimented upon In addition to all these other things, we main- tain a Research Department in charge of scien- tists of practical experience. It is their duty to work out every scientific and practical problem of Tree Surgery, as fast as possible. They have done wonderful work. They gather data from every available source, particularly from the experience of the Davey organization, in addition to original experiments. Every ex- periment is conducted in Kent by our Researcli Department and never on the trees of a client. For instance, our Research Department has worked out a list of "forbidden trees," those which experience has demonstrated are not worth complete treatment or do not respond properly to treatment. On these trees our ex- perts are permitted to do only first-aid work. A national organization that carries with it an assured protection to tree owners There is no other national organization in our field. There are, of course, many local imita- tors. It is an unfortunate fact that there are mighty few good ones among them. We would be happy if they were all good and well quali- fied. But who will supervise them? Who will train them? Who will provide the discipline that will hold them to high-quality service W^ho will pass judgment on the results of their work? There are quite a number, who have never had any contract with the Davey organization, who claim falsely that they are Davey men. There are some, unfortunately, whom we have been obliged to let go for obvious faults, who attempt to capitalize on the prestig:e of the Havey name, to our detriment and to that of the profession we have built up and have en- deavored to honor. The unseen things that make quality are only possible because of large volume In the Davey organization it is the imseen things (rigid selection of men, practical and thorough training, supervision of chief expert and local representative, resident school, re- search department, standardization of methods and organization discipline) that make real quality and lasting merit. On a business of nearly three-quarters of a million dollars in 1 920, we speiU three times as much on these unseen things which make quality as we mad^ Every fund; product of provement ; out in the into being contribution the world, lar form tb hieathinsr n JOHN DAVEY Father of Tree Surgery .Tohn Davey gave to the world the sci- ence of Tree Sur- gery. Before the publication of his first book the orig- inal "Tree Doctor," not even the idea of the scientific treat- ment of trees ex- isted. John Davey created the term "Tree Surgery." amental principle of it was the his genius and love. Every im- and refinement has been worked organization which he brought and inspired. But the greatest which John Davey has maile to has been to translate into popu- faet that the tree is a living, riranism. MARTIN L. DAVEY General Manager, who made of a father's dream a business reality and built the Davey or- ganization. ■ Aiui yet the tree lives — it breathes. It has a real circu- lation. The tree di- gests its food and assimilates it. It has sexual processes that are just as real and beautiful as in a ny other form of life. It has th e power to adapt itself to its environment. To be sure, it lacks intelligence and a nervous system and the power of locomotion. But in all the other elemental processes the tree functions just as truly as man himself." •■This question of refiucstation is of niDnn- mental importance. America can not continue to exist as a virile, forward-moving Nation unless we protect what we have and start to build up that which we have so ruth- lessly destroyed. We can not afford to be a Nation of vandals much longer. America must reforest, or America must drink the bitter dregs of national decline and impot- '■ncy." — Excerpts from a speech in Congress, March 3. 1021, by Martin L. Davey. of Ohio. in i>rofit. In spite of the depression, we did a business of almost six hundred thousand in 1921 and spent four times as much on these hidden things that make quality as our profit amounted to. The business of the Davey Com- pany is now running at the rate of one million dollars for 1922. Davey methods have been standardized. Davey work is the same in Boston as it is in Chicago, the same in New York as in Kansas City, the same in Montreal as in New Orleans. Davey experts are of uniformly high type, all thoroughly trained, all carefully selected and developed. And best of all is organization discipline that requires and maintains a con- sta»it high standard down to the smallest details of work and service. A tree- man may fool the public but he cannot fool us It has seemed to me that the greatest thing the Davey organization does for its clients, over and above all these other things, is that of re- lieving the client of all worry and responsibility in the selection of the men who are to treat his priceless trees. A tree-man may fool the pub- lic, most of whom know little about trees. But he cannot fool us, A man must be right in every sense of the word or he cannot go very far in the Davey organization. \\'e. who know Tree Surgery values, select the men to whom this work of very great im- p( rtancc is to be entrusted. We know they are right and worthy of' your confidence and our contidence or we would not send them to you. Thev come to you with our seal of approval. They carry with them the most priceless pos- session we have — our reputation. We are as jealous of that reputation as a good woman is of her good name. Business and professional success are merely results. The causes are behind the scenes. And that is the reason for this little story of the Davey organization. THE DAVEY TREE EXPERT CO., Inc., 307 Elm Street, Kent, O. Branch cfBces tinth telephone connections: Nezv York, Astor Trust Bldg.. Fifth Ave. and 42d St.; Boston. Massachusetts Trust Building.; Philadelphia Land Title Bldg.; Baltimore, Amer- ican Bldg.; Pittsburgh, 331 Fourth Ave., Buf- falo. 1 1 0 Franklin St. ; Clez'eland, Hippodrome Bldg.; Detroit, General Motors Bldg.; Cincin- nati. Mercantile Library Bldg.; Chicago. IVest- niinster Bldg. : St. Louis, Central National Bank Bldg.; Ka}isas City, Scarritt Bldg.; Mon- treal, 252 Lauganchitere West. Davey Tree Surgeons are near you — if you live between Boston and Kansas City. They are easily available and handle operations of any size, large or small. Write or wire Kent, Ohio, or" nearest office. DAVEY TREE SURGEONS Every real Davey Tree Snrseon is in the employ of the Davey Tree Expert Co.. Inc., and the public is cautioned against those falsely representing them- selves. An agreement made with the Davey Company and not with an individual is certain evidence of ge-nuineness. Protect ycnirself from impostors. If a7iyone solicits the care of your trees zuho is not directly in our employ, and claim? to be a Davey man, write Headquarters for his record. Save yourself from loss and your trees from harm. 195 :'mMiritiriiiimrimmMiiiitrmiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim^^ iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!IIIIiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiin The Contents for July, 1922 The California Garden Allison M. Woodman 197 Bark and Its Uses Willard N. Clute 199 Opuntia — Indian Fig Richard Rolhe 200 Scented Mimulus Moschatos . .Floru-n Amalor -200 Budded Versus Own Root Roses T. A. Weston 200 Better Sweet Peas Charles Elliott 20 1 Hardy Perennials Arthur Smith 204 Annual Meeting of American Rose Society . . 207 That Botanical Chap Calls Again Floruu Aiuator 208 The Training of Gardeners 209 Some Worth While Climbers Bertha Berbert-Hann ond 2!0 The Greenhouse, Month to Month Cecrgt" F. Stewart 2 1 I Specimen Poinsettias John S. Doig 2 1 2 Work for the Month in the Garden Sar.uel Colding 2 1 J Budding and Layering Roses 214 Departments of Foreign Exchange and Book Reviews 215 National Association of Gardeners. 217 Local Societies 218 Vol. XXV!, No. 7 Issued 1 5th of each month. Published Monthly by THE CHKONICLE PRESS, INC. ^ ^ . ,. Subscription .... $2.00 a year 286 Fifth Avenue, New York. N. Y. Canada, $2.15; Foreign $2.65 MARTIN C. EBEL, Editor Entered at the A'uw York Post Office as sceond class iiialU-r, Ai'v. 3, 1914. under the .-Icl of Congress, March 3, 1879. Ilillllllllllllllll iiniiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii.iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiM iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiim^^ 5TUMPP & WALTER CO.'S AaA)ance Offering HIGH QUALITY BULBS For Autumn Planting If you Kave not alreaa>) received our 1922 Aa\)ance Offering of HigK Qualit}) Bulbs for Autumn Plant- ing we will be pleased to mail you a copy on request. eJ^^^ft^^^ 30-32 Barcla}? St. New York mm IIBIUIIIIIililllllllBlllllllllMlllllliyililSlllilllilllilllllllllliliH 1% iiiiiiyiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiioiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin^ GARDENERS' CHRONICLE (OF AMERICA) Devoted to the Science of Floriculture and Horticulture I Vol. XXVI iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiii JULY. 1922 No. 7 i iiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiijiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiu^ mi The California Garden ALLISON M. WOODMAN CALl I'l )RX1A has been called the "land of fruits and fli)\\ers,"' and well may she be given that term, for, traverse the length and breadth of the state, every- where, verdant plains, meadows, and hillsides will greet one, and orchards filled with blossoming fruit trees will presage future yields of rosy tinted, richly flavored fruits. California lias long been the Mecca for thousands of world tourists who come to visit the beautiful natural parks, to sojourn awhile in her lovely cities, and to enjoy the delightful climate for which the state is so justly cele- brated. Many Easterners, enthusi- astic over the possibilities of Cali- fornia, decide to dispose of their holdings and to come out to the Coast. Later, after becoming set- tled, these new residents write back to friends ut bordered by gigantic clififs that seem to be artifici.-dlv wrought out of stone, it teems with natural bits of landscape, park-like in character, and possesses water-falls wdiich for sheer beauty and power have no peer in all the world. In close proximity to Yosemite Valley, and scattered throughout the state, are groves of gigantic Redwoods and Sequoias which are iuii(|ue among trees. Wonderful in its setting in Southern California, with Los .Angeles as the keystone. The ■ picture presented here is that of snow-capped mountains, bordering a valley, varying in fertility, but made rich and productive through artificial means, oiifering groves of citrus trees, bearing golden fruits. The flat interior regions merge gradually into the foothills, and from thence into the Sierra Nevada Alountains. In Central California the cities of San I'rancisco, f^Jakland and Berk- eley are unique in their command- ing outlook over the spacious San I'rancisco Pay, and in the back- ground- of mountains and trees. The moderating influences induced by close proximity to the Pacific Ocean make it jjossible to produce fine gar- dens, witii flowers blooming the year rotmd. Northern California presents every varietv of landscape from, the flat valley of the Sacramento River, and the undulating countn,- border- ing the valley, to the densely wooded Sierras on the East, and the Coast Range on the West. In the extreme north Mt. Shasta forms the key to the Sierra Nevada Alountains and the Cascade Range. This sublime mountain, approached by a series of smaller mountains, is almost terrify- ing in its extreme isolation. Lake Tahoe, near the Nevada state line, vies with the Yosemite \'alle}- in popularity. Coupled with th-'s diversified landscape is the fact that California possesses every variety of climate, although the climate usually associated with California is that of ;i mild equable nature, with no marked seasonal changes, but with a distinct period of rainfall. The Summer .season ('/ rock plants find a haven on rock stairway. this 197 198 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE merges into Autumn wiih scarcely a perceptible break: tbe Winter season may or may not be severe ; the change from Winter to Spring is gradual ; in regions along the coast there is little clitTerence between Spring and Sum- mer tenrperatures. The interest aroused in the East by the everchanging seasons is compensated for in California by the wealth of flora that persists in the green state all the year. Two factors c(Mitri])Uting to such favorable climatic Tills pcri^ola stands al one end of n knoll overlooking, San Fravj- clsco Bay and the Golden Gale. conditions, and afTecting a considerable percentage of the jjopulation of California, are these: Close proxinuty to the Pacific Ocean, giving a good part of the state some- what of an insular climate ; mountain barriers on the east- ern and western borders, deflecting cold polar winds. Many new residents from the East find it difficult to become accustomed to the flora, radically different in many respects from the flora of tbe East. The dry turf during the Summer season is also distressing to some, but, whereas a green turf is characteristic of the East, California can revel in the golden brown turf, which fur- nishes an effective contrast to the dark green of the Ever- greens. The true Californian revels in the brown Summer cov- ering of the hills, which may be destitute of trees, or with a few oaks clustered in a narrow ravine ( )n the other hand, the Easterner is transported in the sight of mag- nificent elms, ma])les, oaks, arid other deciduous trees, which could find no other suitable setting than a green turf. California has been sjjiiken of ;'.s "one vast llowcr gar- den." This is true in one sense, for there are thousands of native species scattered throughout the state, but it is untrue that the whole of California is ablaze with color. I'"re(|uently, the most settled parts are deficient in native flora, and must rely on the imjwrtations of exotic tree> or shrubs, or the utilization of native stuff from other ])arts of the state. Due to the benign climate of mosi of California, il is ])ossible to grow every kind of flower outfioors. It is of primary imiX)rtance, before jilanting a garden, to investigate the flora of a particular region or of the immediate vicinity, and let that form the basis for any future ];lantings. I'ailing this, introduced types of trees anfl shr'.ibs, harmonizing with the native flora, and adapt- ing themselves to local conditions, may be used. (U all oi:r native trees the oak, and particularly the Live C'ak, known botanically as Quercus agrifolia, is held in almost a spirit of veneration in the hearts of Californians. There is something so distinctive in the form of the Live Oak, and something so attractive in the contour of its branches, which distinguishes it from all other members of the same genus and from unrelated types. The rich, dense, olive-green foliage affords a wonderful contrast to the golden turf beneath in Sunmier, while the eye is bewildered by the intricate and graceful curving of the trunk and branches. The I^ive Oak loves to nestle in glens and ravines, but feels somewhat out of place in broad, open valleys. It forms a delightful setting for a home, and is often tised as a basis for laying out estates, especially in hilly regions of cities and towns. Xative trees and shrubs which will harmonize with the Live Oak arc: the California Bay Laurel, the California Cherry, the Catalina Cherry, the 3\Iadrone, Alanzanita, the Toyon or Christmas lierry with its crimson berries, the Catalina Ironwood, and the Santa liarbara or jMatilija I'l.'Ppy. Some of these are often found growing with the Live Oak. The Redwood, too, a species of Sequoia, posseses cer- tain characteristics which distinguish it from all other trees. ( loing through a redwood forest one experiences a sort of ethereal feeling as a shaft of light pierces through the delicate, arabesque-like tracery of leaves and branches, and break into myriads of blotches of light and shade. Its near relative, the California Big Tree is also distinctive. What constitutes the California garden as distinguished from the I'^astern tyjae of garden? There is a distinct charm about the old New England garden, full of trim little paths laid out in regailar fashion, seats, trellises, arches and arbors in set ]>laces, garden plots filled with sweet-scented, old-fashioned flowers v^hicli is not difficult // hit of clKinnlciislic Califoinla .\tinery. For July, 1922 199 to feel. So is the beauty of the formal garden felt, so prevalerit in certain parts of the East. It is freedom from conventionality, rather than freedom from restraint, that characterizes all tnie Californians. It is this spirit which is reflected in California gardens. In the extreme East the spirit which prevails is that of "yon must do this and you mustn't do that ; observe all of the proprieties ; do not deviate an inch from the ac- cepted line of traditional conduct." Here in the West we are tempted to go to the other extreme — to break away entirely from established precedent and custom. But there is an obvious danger in this attitude, which must be guarded against in matters of gardening. In California, therefore, the trend is towards a distinct informality in most of the plantings. And yet, even in informality there must be some semblance of unity of purpose and conception — in fact, it is really much more difficult to form an inforn.ial or naturalistic garden, than it is to construct a formal garden. Sometimes the wisest l.)rocedure seems to be to strike a happy medium between the two — to include the best features of the formal gar- den, giving them an intimate setting. In other words, we remove the austerity of too fonnal a treatment, by adding a touch here and there of informality. It is conceivable that California will some day develop a style of landscape gardening peculiarly her own. In the California garden will be revealed the spirit of the California landscape, coupled with an expression of the feelings and sentiment of the true Calif ornian. Ideas borrowed from styles of gardening in vogue in other regions, which can be utilized to advantage, will be in- corporated in the garden, but certain features of the garden will breathe the atmosphere of California. The illustration on the front cover shows the century- old live oaks (Onerous agrifolia) on the campus of the University of California, Berkeley. Bark and Its Uses WILLARD N. CLUTE A Ll, plants, save the very simplest, are protected from the external world by a resistent covering commonly known a; bark. This might he truth- fully described as the plant s skin for like the skin of ani- mals, it is renewed from a softer underlying tissue and is constantly thrown off or worn away from the surface. In both animals and plants the outermost layer is known as the epidermis, but the deeper layers, especially in plants, have diti'erent names. Bark is commonly formed by two different layers of growing cells known as cambium cells. The activities of the outer layer produce the corky bark w'hile a deeper layer gives rise to the other tissues associated with the cork cells. This latter layer has a second important func- tion for. in addition to building up the bark, it annually adds a new layer to the woody cylinder. The patterns of the bark, which alone are often sufficient to identify the species, are due to peculiarities in the growth of the cork cambium, but it is the ever-increasing pressure from the growing cyliu'ler of wood that causes the bark to crack along the lines marked out by the cork cambium. Thus is produced the papery bark of the birch, the splin- tery back of the hickory, the flaky bark of the sycamore and the furrowed bark of walnut and oak. In most woody plants the layer of cork is spread rather uniformly over the stem, but in the sweet gum and in some species of the elm and cuonymus, certain regions of the cork cambium are more active than others and this results in a number of cork ridges or wing's running lengthwise of the stem. In the cork oak, the corky bark is so well developed that it forms a layer several inches thick. If this is carefullv removed, the cork cambium will produce a new layer of cork in a few seasons. All our bottle corks are derived from this source. The dark streaks seen in the corks are openings through which the living cells transpire. On young twigs these open- ings appear as tiny specks or lenticels. The cork cells not only protect the plant from me- chanical injury and the attacks of fungi, but owing to the minute air spaces they contain, they also modifv the effects of sudden changes of temperature w^hich are so tryin.g to plants. The inner layers of bark are composed of strong fibers, known as phloem or bast. From these fibers is sprung most of the thread, twine and cordage used for a multitude of purposes in the commercial world. It is well known that if a ring of bark is removed from I stem the stem dies, but this is not due, as so many as- sume, to shutting off the water supply of the plant. It is true that there are a series of small tubes in the bark, luit these do not carry water and food materials upward. Instead th.'^y carry the food elaborated in the leaves to all parts of the plant. Removing a ring of bark from the stem, therefore, stops the supply of food to the roots and the plant slowly starves to death. That food is carried downward in the bark is apparent when one notices how greatly the stem is swelled above any constriction about it. In plants like the grape where the fruiting branches are renewed annually, the branches are sometimes ringed to prevent the escape of the manufactured food which thus remains to increase the size of the fruit. Although we commonly give more thought to the wood of plants than to the bark, the latter is of such great im- portance that it may be questioned which is the more valuable. The bark seems to be a favorite place for stor- ing elaborated materials by the plant. In many cases these are in the nature of waste products so far as vege- tation is concerned, but they find a wide use in human economy. From the milky juice or latex in the bark of numerous tropical trees and vines most of the rubber and gutta-percha is obtained. A still larger number in all parts of the world yield the tannins so useful in turning hides into leather. Fixed oils are rarely obtained from barks, but there is a long list of essential oils derived from this tissue, familiar instances of which are the oils of cinna- mon, sassafras and birch. A large number of the alka- loids and related substances used in medicine are also taken from barks, quinine, is possibly the best known of these substances. In addition there are produced from barks, numerous dyes. gums, varnishes and other sub- stances that are found useful wherever the arts of man flourish. Think about yourselves, about what you want, what you like, what respect people ought to pay to you, what people think of you. and then to you nothing will be pure. May God keep our hearts pure from that selfish- ness which is the root of all sin ! — Charles Kingsley. 200 GARDEI\ERS' CHRONICLE Opuntia — Indian Fig RICHARD ROTHE OF the hardy Cacti knuwn to endure the severest of our Middle Athmtic Winters by far the most are natives of our rountrv. Of the genus Opuntia the species: arciiaria, cainaiicliica, fragilis, vicsacantha, ph nut necessarily mean rooting above the union. I have always made it a practice to lift dwarf m.'^es every two or three years, but rarely h;i\T T found roots above the bud 1 might add thai last Winter m_v 11. 'I'.'s had no pru- tection whatever, not even earthed up: only cme died and that becrmse it was w:ilkcd upnn when under snow. For July. 1022 201 Better Sweet Peas CHARLES ELLIOTT IT is my intention to confine my remarks to up-to-date exhibition culture as I believe that, whether a person wishes to exhibit or to have flowers for table decora- tion, the highest form of culture gives the best returns. I contend that it is better to have a few good long-stemmed flowers than a wheelbarrow full of poor, short-stemmed stuf?. I am sometimes asked what is the best soil to grow sweet peas in. If I could answer, it would not benefit anyone, but I will try in as brief a space as possible to tell you how to prepare the soil you have, in order to grow sweet peas to perfection. To grow sweet peas, or for that matter any other crop, good drainage must be secured and I believe most of our gardens are improved by tile draining or some other form of drainage that will carry surplus water away freely. The site on which you wish to plant should be chosen the previous Fall and spading operations commenced as early as possible. If you have a light soil with good drainage, spade the soil not less than two feet, three will do better, and work into the soil plenty of well-decayed manure, cow manure may be the best, but horse or pig manure will do very well, providing it is well rotted, and in this case you would do well to mix the manure through the soil so that when the roots descend they will find a steady form of diet, and are not. gorging one week and starving the next. Always be careful not to have fresh manure nearer the surface than ten inches, and if the soil is not too wet tramp it back into place as the work pro- ceeds. Right here I want to emphasize the value of firm soil, for the firmer the soil, other things being equal, the better the results. Sweet peas cannot be grown to per- fection in a loose soil. A good dusting of bonemeal mav be added, and the ground should be left rough at the sur- face. A heavy clay, as many of us have to contend with, is a difficult proposition, but it will grow fine peas if handled right. It calls for more labor and good judgment, but I believe we like it better in the end. We have a very heavy soil at Park Ridge and prepare it in this manner : As early as possible we haul onto the site a good dressing of rotten manure and gather all we possibly can in the way of partly decayed leaves and rough garden refuse, and commence to thoroughly trench the whole breadth of the plot which we intend to plant to sweet peas. At the bottom of the trench we place a thick layer of coarse material, such as the decayed leaves, or refuse of some kind, and then, after putting on a layer of soil, spread in a layer of manure, taking care to keep the manure well down, and then some good soil on top, in which to plant when the time comes. We add a good dose of bone, but I do not believe in overdoing the manuring as it may easily cause trouble, and neither do I believe in dig- ging a trench two or three feet wide and as manv deeo and filling it up with rich earth and manure. I admit good peas are sometimes grown that way, but it is inviting defeat, for such a trench provides a catchpit for a heavy downpour of rain in the hot months, and when this mass gets saturated, it results in the failure of a good crop of sweet peas. Such a trench is also continually sinking dur- ing the Summer, the cracks from the sides breaking the feeding roots and causing the whole thing to collapse. This work of preparing the ground should be done earlv in the Fall in order to give the soil a good chance to be- come settled before ^^"inter. If any old mortar rubbish is to be had, we work this in the ground and spread some on top, but failing this we give a sprinkling of some form of lime, and before the ground freezes, if it is not too wet, we arrange the surface into ridges resembling small potato ridges and leave them that way through the Win- ter. Any time during the Winter months that we have any light material to dispose of, it is spread over the ridges. These ridges break down in fine shape in Spring, • and about the end of ^larch we usually have an oppor- tunity to work over the surface, but before doing so, we give the groimd a good dusting of superphosphate and a preparation known as Lime Fertile. These are worked into the surface, which is left level and not raked. Care must be exercised when the ground is finally finished off not to have a low spot or basin left, otherwise this will prove a catch-basin in times of rain and the rich soil will sour and cause the plants to sicken. Selection of varieties and raising plants. Generallv speaking, growers buy too many varieties and not enough of one variety to assure success. I have noticed that the most successful exhibitors order a large quantity of not too many varieties and stake all on having plenty of plants of each. The exhibitors also generally, secure enough plants so that they can select the best for their purpose, and discard the poorest. The logic of this should be plain to everyone. I believe that fifteen to eighteen proved varieties are sufficient for. a grower to meet all demands, and to these varieties may be added the cream of the nov- elties. There are two methods in common practice regarding sowing seeds and raising plants : Sowing in the Fall, and sowing in the early Spring, in both cases under glass. Fall-sown plants are Wintered in cold frames, the early Spring sowing is raised in heated structures. For many seasons we have been raising a large number of varieties, some of them choice seedlings worth their weight in gold, and we have found that the method out- lined as follows gives the best results in 9'ermination and at least as good results in sturdy plants : \\'e take ordinary flats and fill with fairly good soil to the level, with a good dash of sand, and press this well along the edges with the fingers. The surface is then leveled and the seeds placed an inch or two apart over it. If we have a few seeds of some varieties, we draw a drill With finger tip and sow in it, and when sown cover the seeds well with light soil. By covering I do not mean a half inch, but that the seeds are hidden, which is enough. We then press the whole down very firmly, putting all our weight on the board used for this purpose. The flats are then piled one on the other in a corner of the greenhouse away from the sun and heat of the pipes. The soil should be of about the same degree of moisture as used for pot- ting, wet enough to form a loose ball, dry enough to break apart when touched. Under good management the flats do not require water until after germination commences. After a few days the flats in the pile are looked over, the top flat being i)laced at the bottom and water being given if there is lack of moisture. Sowing in regular seed pans answers the same purpose, but the center of a three-inch pot is about the worst place I know of to place a sweet pea seed, and I know seedsmen who are looking, club in hand, for the man who discovered the sowing-in-sand idea. It is generally conceded that the white-seeded varieties give poor results, but I myself find no difficulty, the most difficult varieties being the pink and rose colored. They germinate slowly, but the difficulty is well overcome by chipping a small piece of the hard skin in order to allow 202 GARDEyERS- CHROMCLE the moisture access. I have had men tell me that life is too short in which to do such things, but I am willing: to demonstrate to anyone that these seeds can be chipped at the rate of more than 500 an hour, and I could recite many instances in which it has paid well to take the trouble. Fall sowing is done around October 15. and when the seedlings are well up the Bats are transferred to a cold frame. Spring sowing is done from January 15 to Feb- ruary 15 and the grower must be guided regarding the time, in accordance to the accommodation he has to take care of the ])lants. It is poor policy to sow early and to have to keep the plants for weeks in a high temperature. but if a cool house is available for the plants, an early sowing gives the best results. The plants are jiotted on into pots or transplanted into deep flats of good soil, kept near the glass, and given such treatment as will produce sturdy stock. I want to especially recommend the Fall sowing, and especially to those who have no glass at their disposal. Anyone with a few old sashes, or new ones for that mat- ter, can have as good, and in some cases better, flowers than his neighbor with glass. Seeds are" sown after the middle of October as before described and the plants are given as much air as possible in the Fall months in order to make them strong and sturdv. and when Winter approaches they are placed in a good pit 12 inches below the glass and boards. Straw or" leaves should be handy for their protection. They should not be left to become badly frozen, but should be afforded ventilation on all possible occasions, taking care that ihev are not exposed to a cold wind or to bright sun- shine if they have been frozen. Some time during Febru- ary the plants are transplanted into fresh soil, either in pots or deep flats. I mention the flats because as good or better plants can be raised in flats. The sweet pea is much more adaptable to difl:"erent methods than many ex- perts would have us believe, and the finest plants and flowers I ever had were raised just as I have described, and anyone possessing the "go ahead" enough to use this method will be well repaid. If pots are used, the plants usually need a four-inch pot toward Spring, as they grow like weeds when the weather becomes warm, and consequently they must be given all the air and light possible in mild weather. The sash should be removed when the weather ])ermits in order to keep the [)lants sturdy. Spring-sown plants must also be hardened olT in the same manner before being planted out. Some kind of support is usually needed for the plants while in pots or flats, and for large plants in pots and flats twigs are the best to use, but for small pots we use a wire coil. Planting out takes place the middle ()f April or as early afterwards as weather and soil conditions permit. We always have a double row, or, in other words, two rows fifteen to eighteen inches apart, with an intervening space of not less than six feet from the next double row. We try to have the trellis in place before j)lanting if possible. We also trv to have on hand some dry material from the comf)Ost i)iie or old hotbed in order to get the surface of the ground in condition to plant. The plants are i)Iante(l six. nine, twelve or eighteen inches a])art in the row. according to the vigor of the variety or the strength of the plants. The plants from pots should have the roots loosened around the ball, and a hole large enough to have the roots spread out nnist be made. In planting from flats we first loosen the whole mass by jarring the end of the flat on the ground, then pry off one side and slide the whole out on the ground. The plants are then separated, an effort l)eing made to preserve the long roots rather than to try to retain the soil on them. A very good plan is to open a small trench, in the manner that some gardeners plant potatoes, ar- ranging the plants along this trench, spreading out the roots, about half filling the trench with soil, trampling firm, giving a little water, and then raking the trench full. It is a good plan to provide a wide board to walk on during the planting operation, and to stand the board on edge along the side of the row for a few days to break the wind. At this time the plants must have some support, otherwise the wind will twirl them around on the ground and they will suflfer considerably. The finest exhibition flowers are grown on what is called the cordon system, and the best supports to use in this instance are cane stakes six to eight feet long. I will now try to explain the way we arrange these stakes to the best advantage. A long stout post is placed at each end of the row, securely braced, and two No. 9 wires are run, five feet above the ground, from post to post and drawn tight and held 10 or 12 inches apart by means of short pieces of 1x2; the stakes are then inserted in the soil a few inches deep, and six inches apart, along each side of the double row. They are then tied to the over- head wire six inches apart. At the bottom of the stakes the rows are 18 inches apart, but the overhead wires, being only 10 or 12 inches, cause the stakes when tied to it to lean in at the top from either side. The advantages of this arrangement I will enumerate to you. From the beginning a single stem is taken up each stake and, because each stake leans inwardly, the growths natur- ally come to the outside of the trellis, and thus it is easier to tie the growths to the stakes, and they present a nnich better appearance as the outside of the stakes are covered. But what is still more advantageous is the fact that the flower stems when they appear, instead of following the course of the vine, stand directly up and out away from the vines, thus having a better chance to develop, and there is less chance for the stems to become damaged through whipping against the trellis. Another thing, it is a very easy matter to gather the flower stems. You all remem- ber how the best flowers always get entangled in the vines when they are grown on any other trellis. Some growers use two by four posts and nail 1x2 overhead to which the stakes are tied, but I think the wires look better, and it is also more safe with the cordon system. The advan- tage of having the stakes so wide apart at the base is that a man can take a hoe or hand cultivator and. by walking backwards, cultivate the space between the stakes with ease. Some gardeners grow tluir ])lants on single stems, oth- ers allow two stems to each plant. The vigor of each particular variety is the best guide. The strongest leaders are selected and the remainder cut away, and, as the growth proceeds, all the laterals, and for that matter, all the tendrils are pinched off. Tendrils are not needed with the cordon system : they have a bad habit of reaching over and taking a strangle hold on the head of a near shoot or flower stem. Some gardeners complain that it is not natural to grow sweet peas in this way ; quite so, neither is it natural to grow mums on one stem and on crown buds, or to trellis tomatoes, or to thin a bunch of grapes, but all are better for not being grown quite natur.illy, .So it is with sweet jieas. .\part from thinning ami txing, all that is left lip be ilciuc during the early stages is regular cultivation. I f the plants make a good start, nothing else is rer|uired. If, for some unexplained reason, the plants do not make good headway, a light dose of nitrate of soda may be .given, but keep off the stinnflants unless it is necessary. One thing 1 slmiiM mcntinn rci;;irding the rcmo\';d of laterals, and that is. dd nut cli--liu(l loo dosclv. .Some va- for July, 1922 203 rieties have a mean habit of going bhnd when in a high state of cultivation, and if the laterals are all removed, there is an end of the plant. This often happens after a hot spell. When the plants are well in flower, it is good to start feeding, the condition of the plants being the best guide. The first sign of smaller leaf or flower is the feeding sign. Liquid made from cow or sheep manure and applied in a weak state is very beneficial. I apply it by making a shallow trench six inches away from the plants and one along the center of the double row. This trench is filled with the solution and when it has disappeared, the earth is returned to its place. Once a week for an application is often enough at the beginning, but if the"*vines are grow-ing fast, twice a week is permissible after the feed- ing has become regular. The diet may be changed to advantage, using some good standard fertilizer, such as Clay's, Mackereth's, etc. A good drink of superphosphate is always of benefit, but do not let your enthusiasm get the better of you in the way of feeding, especially if the vines are not over strong. Good strong, thrifty vines can stand a lot of feeding in favorable weather, provid- ing the same is applied with common sense. When the hot weather arrives, a mulch of coarse ma- terial is very beneficial. Decayed leaves or very old manure answers the purpose ; at any rate, the mulch must be some medium that will not mat down and close the pores of the soil and cut olif the air. Ever)- catalog describes the latest varieties of sweet peas as all producing four flovi^ers to a stem, sometimes more. Sometimes they do : sometimes they don't. There are times when well- grown plants are full of four-flowered sprays, and often five and six, and there are other times when the same plants are full of t h r e e-fl o w e r e d sprays and often two. The cause of this is that the plants have been overtaxed from bearing flowers or intense heat. An exhibitor who finds himself in the predica- ment of having only two or three flowers on a stem on the morning of the exhibition would be ver)' fortunate if he gained a place in the first three. This condi- tion can be overcome partly in normal wea- ther by careful feeding, and partly by the method I shall now explain. Some ten or fourteen days before we require a lot of good flowers. we remove from the vines all the flower stems that are more than an inch long. If the flower stems that appear next grow so rapidly that they will be over before the day of the show we also remove these, the object being, of course, to have a new crop of fresh flowers just on time. In very warm weather a flower stem will advance from one inch long to full flower in five days. In cool weather they take twice as long. This is a trick that calls for good judg- ment founded on keen observation. The worst enemies that we have to contend with are aphis and mildew. At Park Ridge the sparrows keep our vines quite free from the aphis, and we allow them to take a few flower buds in return for their service. If you must kill off the sparrows, then you must also kill ofl: the aphis, or the aphis will kill the vines. A good nicotine preparation is the best aphis killer. Mildew often follows a bad change in tanperature, and at its first appearance, I get a quart of ammonia (--% strength) and one ounce of carbonate copper. W'hen the copper is dissolved, we dilute nine gallons and spray thor- oughly. This solution is also good for culinary peas. Flow-ers for exhibition should be cut when they are dry. If it is necessary to cut while wet, shake the moisture olif and arrange loosely in vases in a cool, airy room. The white, picotee and pale pinks are best if cut twenty-four hours before the time of showing, but the reds, purples and deep pinks are most fresh when cut on the morning of the show and stood a few hours in water. In arrang- ing a stand, always avoid strong contrasts in colors, and place the taller flowers to the rear. A vase or two of the dark varieties in purple and maroon always add to the appearance of an exhibit, as these colors seem to add weight, especiallv if they are placed at the back corners. Standing on the rustic bridge, in front of the -watcrlalls at the Great Exhibition of Ferns and Wild Flo'vers, held during May at Horticultural Half. Boston, are (left to right) Mr. A. C. Burrage, Pres. Mass. Horticultural Society; Mrs. Richard Saltonslall. Mrs. Bayard Thayer and Prof. C. S. Sargent, of the Arnold Arboretum. 204 GARDENERS- CHRONICLE Hardy Perennials By ARTHUR SMITH IX a gardening book published about bait a century ago it was stated tbat: "Deciduous shrubs are beyond all question the most ini]X)rtant element in iilanting grounds, especially small ones." At that period there were comparatively few species of flowering shrubs in use. and outside these, flower gar- dening was almost entirely confined to the bedding-out system, lawns being cut up into beds of all sizes and shapes, and gardening with hardy plants was practically unknown, \\hile since then a great change for the better has generally taken place it is still possible to see those deplorable excrescences upon the landscape in the form of beds upon a lawn filled with tropical and sub-tropical rubbish for two or three luonths, and the rest of the year nothing but bare earth. There is nothing artistic in a garden cut up into geo- metrical beds filled with bedding plants in which the na- tural beauties of ihe flowers are lowered to the level of being used in mere color design withtout any reference to the habits and idios\ncrasies of the plants themselves ; clipping — especially in the case of car])et bedding — l>eing alwavs resorted to for the purpose of keeping the pattern geometrical. No true artist who is a lover of flowers and who is capable of seeing the beauty that exists in Na- ture would attempt to desecrate a garden or park with this tracery work which is degrading to the true art of landscape gardening. William Morris, in his Hopes and Fears fur Art, wrote thus in connection with this style: "Another thing also much too commonly seen is an aber- ration of the human mind which otherwise I should have been ashamed to warn you. It is technically known as 'carpet-bedding.' Need I explain further? J blush with shame at the thought. This style of decoration seems to have been mtroduced and kept up as a manifestation of a gorgeous and highly elaborated style of gardening, a style which suggests the thought of enormous cost and labor to produce nothing but vulgar ostentation." To the majority of people the great incentive in causing them to have a country home is to have a house sur- rounded by a garden and a place for rest and recuperation. I'.ut what is there restful to the eye or brain in a garden laid out in a stiff, formal manner, containing nothing but harsh glaring colors? What does a garden amount to which depends more or less entirely u])on bedding ])lants? In the first ])lace the lawn is spoiled by having beds cut into it ; then it is unsafe to bed out before the end of May or early in June ; July is well advanced before there is much effect and before Septeml^er is finished frost gen- erally does away with it all. So barely three months of flowers, where there are flowers at all, is the total which is obtained for the trouble and expense, and dining the whole of that short j)eriod there is no more change in the appearance of the beds than in the patterns of the floor coverings of the house and they are both similarly inter- esting. The efifects produced by carpet bedding and the bedding out system trenerally could be just as well ob- tained by artificial flowers, or by painting the ci>lors uixm wood and laying it ujjon the grass. If there is one thing more than another which has marred much of the orna- mental surroundings of country hrimes it is this system with its comparatively enormous annual expenditure jiro- ducing only ephemeral results and leaving the ground with nothing but beds of bare earth for the rest of the year. But do the majority of people using the bedding nut system really prefer it?' The present trend of ide.-is jjoints somew hat to the contrary. The change in viewpoint has been long and slow in coming. For this there have been manv reasons. In the past there have been too many gardeners wdio appear to have known of nothing but bed- ding plants wherewith to create a floral display, and in manv sections today there is little or nothing else seen. The movement towards gardening with hardy jjlants has come more from owners than from professional gardai- ers. Estate owners have for years been complaining of the difficulty in obtaining men capable of planting and maintaining a garden of herbaceous perennials. Too manv look upon greenhouse plants as the only ones worth much trouble and have been in the habit of despising hardy j)erennials, stigmatizing them as weeds. Another reason why flower gardening with hardy perennials has been for so long conspicuous by its ab- sence is due to the fact that so many landscape architects possess such a meager knowledge of them that they are apparentlv unable to grasp the many ways in wdiich these subjects can be used. Plantings of trees and shrubs are arranged for by the acre, while at the same time herbace- ous perennials are upon the smallest possible scale or are not provided for at all in their landscape plans. In this connection, as well as in others, the object les- sons seen in public parks are the reverse of what they should be. The introduction of politics into appointments for almost every public office is the more ridiculous when looked at from the point of view taken by a lover of natural beauty ; ridiculousness which becomes a glaring farce when some ap]3 pointees look upon their position as a means of making as much money as possible before the other party comes into power : they have no sympathy or knowdedge of their work and none of that love of it for its own sake which all true gardeners ijosscss. I'ulilic [larks should be places where the people can see the best and highest embodiment of garden art. and the most advanced methods of plant culture. Unfortunately, howe\cr. it is too often the case that the only lessons to be learned is how not to do things. In those instances where herbaceous perennials are used in public gardens the plantings are generally insignificant, upon too small a scale and entirely out of projiortion with other things. The use of merely a dozen or so s]5ecies of ]5erennials in some out of the way corner w hen there are acres of trees, shrubs and huge beds of gaudy bedding plants is not calculated to cause people to realize the wide possibilities of gardening with hardy plants. Nature teaches differently by its masses of Asters, (iolden Rod, etc., etc.. which every one having the opportunity of see- ing is delighted with. Why not create such-like features in city ])arks. and bring natural beauties into the heart of densely i)o])ulated districts, the inhabitants of which rarely see the real country? ( )f course dealing with these h.irdy |H'reinii;ils requires a much wider horticultural knowdedge and experience than that necessary for handling ordinary ephemerid bid- ding plants. The miivenient in the direction of using hardy plinits ;inil less glass w'hich has lieen gradually increasing in in- tensity, has undoubtedly come to stay; for the reason that il is more economical when comjiared with results; more attractive the year through to all garden lovers and en- for July, 1922 205 thusiasts, and it affords greater space for greater variety. This movement has during the past few years been greatly accelerated by the formation of Women's Garden Club!-, and there is every rer^son for believing that owners of gardens, large and small, are gradually becoming better educated in garden matters — which is what Garden Clubs presumably are for — and the more a person's education is extended along this line the more artistic and interesting will gardening with hardy plants appear. The production of natural effects, refined by Art, should always be striven for in planning home surround- mgs. The characters of hardy perennials causes them to be the only plants suited to the natural style of flower gardening", however small or large a garden may be. Species can be found adapted to every situation in which a plant of any kind will grow at all. Bare ground under trees where grass fails ; a dry sunny bank ; a swamp or bog ; woodland walks ; in fact any situation may be made permanently beautiful by tliem. The situation from which these plants are barred — and anv others — is in beds cut in the lawn. There is always a trevhness in connection with peren- nials. A walk about a garden in which, they have been planted invariably reveals something new. some flower which was not there a few days before; the monotonous feeling inseparable from bedding plants is out of the question, and durmg the whole year there is a never end- ing interest which lends to invigorate the brain and drive away ennui. The charm of association can exist in a garden of hardy flowers, and one can there form lasting friendships such as never can exist in a garden devoted to ephemeral bedding plants. If a hardy garden is given intelligent ap- preciation it will soon grow to have almost a human atmosphere. We meet old friends each year with added interest. How we watch for the blooming of some favor- ite ! If it is late in appearing, how frequently we visit the spot day after day. until at last it arrives in all its fresh new-born beauty, but still the same old friend ; not like the human friendships made upon a vacation tour to be forgotten before we reach home, but one which we can depend upon to visit and to cheer us with periodical faithfulness, and a-^ "vear after year the same dear things lift up the same fair faces," we would like to become perennial ourselves in order to the longer enjoy our hardy flower friends. It must not be forgotten that all the charm and beauty of perennials, as well as with other permanent features of a g"arden. can not be obtained the first season after planting : patience must be exercised. The lack of patience may answer the question as to why the best fea- tures of the old-time gardens have been so lacking in America where there are so many homes without gardens in the real sense of the word. Lawns with a number of round, square, or other shaped beds dotted about them bedded out each Summer and open to the world in all their ugliness, are not gardens. As previously stated, the word garden meaiT^ enclosed space, and it is the feeling of being shut in with Xature in all its beauty — grass, trees, flowers and sky — that causes the old-time garden to have its perennial charm. A garden should be nothing more — a real garden cannot be less — than an outdoor room of the house, sweet with memories, and associated with the hopes, fears and secrets of our lives. Many of the old gardens were walled in, and the same idea is used in connection with the sunken garden, and provided it can be properly carried out is a garden feature worthy of more extended use. A garden of this character can sometimes be made to form a special feature of country home surroundings. It is not of course always the case that the existing con- ditions will permit this to be accomplished. Where it can be the following points — frequently ignored — are im- perative. It should be so placed that one can step from the house or porch directly into it. It should be rectangu- lar in outline and being walled in, it is practically part of the building. It must on no account form part of the general landscape, that is, the sunken garden must not De seen from any part of the place excepting from the side of the house on which it abuts. The excavated earth should be spread to a natural contour on the three sides and planted with shrubs and evergreens in harmony with, and in connection with, the general lay-out of the grounds. This planting will not only mask any portion of the wall appearing above the surface but will also act as a background to the inside picture. The beds inside should be rectangular, not, as is sometimes seen, radi- ating to a common center. Where the climate is suitable, the Ijeds may be edged with dv.'arf Box, this should be kept to a height of about five inches. It goes without saying that hardy perennials are the only things admis- sable for planting the beds, as old-fashioned flowers are the only plants suitable for an old-fashioned garden. In some cases where the outlines of these old-fashioned gardens have been reproduced, the gardens have been spoiled by being devoted to carpet bedding and to other such like ephemeral features. But where those enclosed flower gardens have been laid out upon a generous scale, properly set out with hardy plants, the effect is such that no one with the smallest amount of artistic perception would ever wish for the other method. These walled-in gardens, being laid out upon rectangu- lar lines, are by some termed formal; but the planting is absolutely informal, and it is only where the plants are rigidly arranged in formal designs that the term formal is strictly applicable. The straight lines of this garden are, however, so far unnatural, and it is this fact which renders it absolutely necessar}- that these special gardens should not form part of the landscape. It is astonishing how many calling themselves land- scape architects appear to be incapable of grasping this fundamental principle. Not long ago I saw two plans for new estates made by a landscape firm of some repute, in wdiich what they termed formal gardens had been de- signed. In each case the garden was planned to be placed at some distnce from the house, and was entirely open to the landscape. It is impossible to imagine anything more incongruous and wanting in good taste. Fortunately neither of the owners carried the plans out. In connection with a garden of this kind a word about its walks appears necessary, because in such, one should be able to walk around it in the thinnest of shoes imme- diately after rain. In any case providing perfect drainage goes without saying, and from all points of view the hard red brick which is made for the purpose is the most satis- factory material to pave them wath. Cement should never be considered for use in any garden walks. Xo doubt the most artistic walk is that paved with irregular shaped pieces of flag-stone with the interstices planted with dwarf subjects such as Thyme which emits its pleasant perfume ' when walked over. Oralis cornicitlata. Seditui acre, and such like. Care must be taken to keep grass and other weeds from these walks,, but if they entail somewhat more annual labor than those of brick, the additional old-world charm given to the garden will repay for the trouble. The above old-fashioned garden has been alluded to because of late there has grown up a desire, on the part of those having room enough in their grounds, to possess one, and also because hardy perennials are the onlv plants suitable to use in it. But it must not be understood that 206 GARDENERS' CHROMCLE thev cannot be planted elsewhere. On the contrary these plants lend themselves artistically to the general land- scape scheme. More often than not the use of shrubs is overdone, that is comparatively, as the quantity planted is too large in proportion to otlier things, and there is frequently there- b}- caused a general want of balance in country home sur- roundings as well as in public parks. However good the selection of shrubs has been so as to obtain the longest possible flowering season from them, the majority bloom more or less early in the season, and the more northern the latitude the fewer late flowering ones there are which can be used. In any case a border of shrubs always presents a flowerless condition in some of its parts for a considerable period. Therefore the psychological position for herbaceous pereimials is along the foreground of the shrubbery so as to illuminate the existence of a flowerless condition from any part during any period of the floral year : at the same time the shrubs aftord the best possible background for the perennials. One would suppose that this idea would present itself to every one giving any thoughts to the subject, and espe- cially to those who practice garden planning as a profes- sion. It is, however, extremely rare to find this idea car- ried out in any landscajie architect's plans. For house decoration, no class of plants are so valuable for cut flowers as these. The artist in arranging flowers is glad when outdoor ones are available as they lack the stiffness and continual sameness of the stereotyped hot- bouse products. Informal gardening with hardy plants is beyond dis- pute more economical in every way, especially when we take results into consideration. Not only is this the case as regards the actual amount of attention needed, but the annual cost of bedding-out plants and the work connected with them is saved. The sacrifice of the flower garden to plants which so far as the garden is concerned, perish every year, even sujx^rficially considered, appears an ob- surdity, without taking into account the hothouses ; the propagation of plants by the thousand; the planting out at the busiest time of the year ; the digging and storing in Autumn, and the care in Winter. Practically speaking there are nine months' care under glass for three months' eft'ect out of doors in connection with bedding plants. It would be better in every way if, so far as the flower garden is concerned, gardeners would see what can be done without the aid of the hot house. Some owners have reduced their glass with this end in view, and in one case within my own kno\\ledge, the entire range of green- houses was removed as the owner des])aired of ever being able to get proi)er attention to gardening with hardy plants so long as the glass existed. Before the advent of greenhouses onr ancestors had their beautiful flower gardens, although the number of species they had to draw upon was small compared with the wealth of hardy flowers we have to our hands today, and there are still a large number of beautiful plants, native of this country, which are unknown in our gar- dens. For instance the native flora of our Rocky Moun- tain districts, especially the Western side, has been prac- tically untouched. Therefore gardening with hardv ])lants presents unlimited possibilities without going to the trouble and expense of handling tropical species. The recent Hardy Flower Show at P>oston must have been an eye-opener to those who have hitherto looked with contcmi)t upon, or who have been ignor.inl of the unsur- pas.sed beauty of our native plants. A further sign of the times is .seen in the fact that many flower shows now give a prominent position to classes for hardy flowers, this is especially noteworthy in the case of a locality where up to recently nothing else was thought of but the greenhouses which has this year placed hardy flowers in the premier position. As a rule, a man who has been "bedding-out" all his life will made a lamentable failure in planting herbaceous perennials, and a thorough knowledge of their character is necessary before one can arrange a hardy border satis- factorily. The three most important things to know about one of these plants are, the height it will attain to. period and duration of blooming, and color of its flowers. It is a great help to make a planting plan and have the arrangement of plants first ]nit upon paper. By this means plants can be properly grouped and the color scheme made as artistically perfect as possible. More- over, an opportunity is thus afforded to thoroughly think the matter out, and of knowing beforehand the actual number of plants of each species which will be required. These plants .should be set out in irregularly shaped groups ; circles, squares, and rows should be avoided, so as to accomplish as far as possible the effects of Nature's planting. Although the taller species should generally be placed at the back of the border, yet the groups of these should run toward the front : at the same time the dwarfer kinds should run toward the back to some extent between the groups of tlie taller ones. By these means a liroken. wavy, and plea-ing surface is obtained, and naturalness and informality secured. No method of arranging these plants can possibly be worse than that which is some- times seen, of having a row of the tallest growing species along the back ; then a row of those not quite so tall, and so on down to the dwarf est in front. One does not, of course, plant groups of dwarf species behind, and sur- rounded by groups of tall ones, but partially in front and partly between them. There is no harm, however, in fin- ishing off a border, at its junction with the lawn, with an edging of quite dwarf subjects, such as Phlox subii- lata, Sednm sieboldii, and things of a similar character. The number of species of herbaceous perennials is so large that it appears useless to attempt the mention of species. What to plant depends upon the conditions and one's individual taste, and gardens of hardy plants always reflect more or less the personality of the planter. The first aim should l>e to have a constant succession of flowers of varying forms and colors throughout the sea- son appearing from all parts of the border. The fact that this is easily obtained is wh.at constitutes one of the charms of gardening with hardy plants : every week, al- most every day, gives a totally different impression from the days which have passed. Many of them will continue in flower for five months if not allowed to form seed, in- stances of the fact the more flowers which are cut the more flowers we have. Others give more than one dis- tinct jieriod of bloom : while others which onlv have one period of blooming leave a j)lcasing mass of foli;ige which rests the eye while passing from one group of llowers to another. In connection with those kinds which only bloom f)nce, it is possible to have two distinct species combined in one group so that it will give two distinct periods of flowers. .\s examples. Peonies flower rather early, and onlv once; if Lilies are ]ilanted among them they grow above the peony foliage and produce a beautiful efl'ecl. .\notlier combination is that of Japan Iris and TTardy C'hrysantlu'- mums. The former flowering in June and July ;ind the lafter in the Autumn. .\nother point to be considered is the size of llic border ;ind of ihe garden, as well as the distance of the border from the principal ])oint of view. For instance as regards the latter, a large border with a background of shrubbery al the far side of an extensive lawn may h.ive mucla bolder masses of color at a time in one place than a small border in a suburban lot. In the latter case one plant of For July, 1922 207 the scarlet Oriental Poppy would be as effective as a dozen in the other. Then in a small border plants of a strong, rampant growing nature like Bocconia, Polygonum cnsp-idatuin, Hdianthus, and such like, are better avoided as they would soon smother everything else near them. The period during which a particular species is in flower and the duration of that period must be given due weight in making a selection and arrangement. Some will push iheir way through the snow in ]\Iarch, while others will bravely wave their blossoms after snow has fallen in November. Between these two extremes flowers can always be in evidence. Bearing this in mind it is also obvious that a garden can be arranged so as to give its maximum effects at any special period; you can have a garden of Spring- flowers ; one devoted to species which are at their best at mid-Summer, or one containing nothing but Autumn flowering kinds. Thus, if a country house is only occu- pied for a month or two in the season, a selection may be made which will give the greatest possible quantity of flowers during those particular months ; this is only pos- sible, however, when the period of occupancy is the same every year. Recently, for instance, I was called in to design a hardy border for a client who did not occupy the house betwen the end of May until the middle of Augtist, and who wanted as many flowers as possible during Spring and Autumn, and of course there was no trouble in .giving effect to his desires. The following extract from a news item which ap- peared in the Nctv York Sun and Herald early this June speaks for itself : "Vineland, N. J., May 27. — The Mothers" Garden of Remembrance here is bright with flowers for iNIemorial Day. So far as is known this is the only garden of its kind in America dedicated to the mothers of the soldiers and sailors in recognition of their patriotism and sacrifice. The JMothers' Garden is a little gem of the landscape gardener's art. Perennial flowers and evergreens, em- blematic of the mother's everlasting love and remembrance grow within the garden. Extending from the central set- ting of the pool and bridge are wings of flower beds within which are planted those perennials so dear to the heart of the home lo\-ing mother. They are of many different varieties and always during the season some of them, are in bloom." ANNUAL MEETING OF AMERICAN ROSE SOCIETY DECAUSE of the notable work done by Dr. E. 'SI. Mills in organizing a string of Rose Societies across the State of New York, and because of the interest among amateurs in Central New York State, the Annual Meeting of The American Rose Society was this year held in Syracuse, N. Y. The officers of the .Syracuse Rose Society planned and carried out a series of events which resulted in a day which will long remain memorable to the officers of the National Society and others who were fortunate enough to enjoy this privilege. The day began with the judging of the Syracuse Rose Show, staged in the Auditorium of the Y. M. C. A., and except that the number of exhibits were reduced after the ruinous rain storm of four days previous, this show re- flected a standard mass creditable from the piewpoint of quality as well as quantity. Frederick L. Atkins of Ruth- erford, N. J., and John H. Dunlop of Richmond Hill, Ont., were the judges. The Park Department staged an extensive exhibit in the non-competitive class. H. P. Dennison extended to the invited guests a cordial welcome, responded to, on behalf of the American Rose Society, b_v President Pyle, Leonard Barron, editor of the Garden Magacinc: John T. Roberts, Lawyer, Granger and b^armer ; A. L. Shepard, Secretary of the Rochester Rose Society ; I'. L. .Atkins, and Prof. E. A White, each in turn regaled the guests with wit and wisdom rosewise at luncheon. Another twenty miles run brought us to the magnifi- cent home of Mr. and JNIrs. Hiscock, the former presiding judge of the court of appeals of the State of New York. Ilere was found a rose garden of lu.xurious appointment, exquisite taste and excellent culture. Complete beds of twenty roses of a kind such as La Tosca, \\'illomere and others. In this notable garden was held the business meeting with the usual reports showing the treasury in a more healthy condition than for many years past, and resulting in the re-election of the former officers whose terms had expired in 1922, Robert. Pyle, President; F. L. .\tkins, X'lce-President ; John C. ^^'ister, Secretary; Charles H. Totty, Trea.-^urer for the ensuing year. The following Directors, whose terms expired in 1922, were re-elected for a term of three years : James Boyd, Dr. E, H. Mills, George H. Peterson. The evening meeting was held in the Auditorium of the Y. M. C. A. and was attended by probably three hundred people and was in charge of the visiting rosarians with the floor of the Auditorium entirely devoted to the rose ex- hibits. The audience, after inspecting the roses, arranged themselves in the gallery and after the opening address by Dr. Mills, fifteen minute speeches were made by Presi- dent Pyle, on The American Rose Society, Samuel E. Hillger. President of the Auburn Rose Society, on the Ijuilding of a Local Rose Society; Mr. F. L. Atkins, on the Use of Roses in Public places; Mr. Fred C. Wallace, of Canandaigua. N. Y., on Help for the Amateur; and Mr. J. Horace ^IcFarland on Climbing Roses and Climb- ing Memberships, in which he clearly pointed out that the success of a Rose Society either local or national de- pends absolutely upon the activities of the members them- selves. In Auburn on June 16th, 1922, we were met by Mr. Hillger, P'lesident of the Auburn Rose Society and Mr. Adams, Secretary, and by Mr. David M. Dunning, patron of the rose, long an eminent rose grower of Auburn. The officers of the American Rose Society were taken on a tour of Auburn beginning with the famous Prison in which have been developed separate rose gardens for the men and for the women, not to mention" the green- houses. Then to the gardens of the .\.uburn Theological Seminary, Dr. Stewart presiding. We visited also the gardens surrounding the residence of the famous General MacDougal, George Pierson and Mrs. C. W. Ross. This series of visits found their cul- mination in the garden of David M. Dunning, whose suc- cess in growing outdoor roses has for many years made his home a Mecca for rose lovers. A specimen of Frau Karl Druschki in veritable billows of bloom with wrist sized trunk of ten feet high was only one of the outstand- ing varieties which included among others most promi- nently. Mrs. Weymyss Ouinn, Glorie Chedane Guinnois- seau, Maman Turbat, Lady Pirrie, Gustav Grunerwald, G. Amade Hammond, Avoca, a plant in full bloom six feet high. Cissie Easlea, one of the richest yellows, though not quite such a favorite with Mr. Dunning as is Daily Mail. ^ Mr. Ferrin was the next one to welcome to his home some 75 guests who came, saw and were filled with de- light upon seeing the display in full bloom of some three hundred rose plants including not only climbers, the best of which was Paul's Scarlet Climber, 'Polyanthas, among (Continued on page 214)" 208 GARDEISERS' CHRONICLE That Botanical Chap Calls Again FLORUM AMATOR "W 'ELL, almost a year has passed since 1 was in your office. I called last year in August and I saw the editor then. \Ve had a delightful time with each other and studied Ijotany together. I brought plant specimens with me and played the part of teacher and he of pupil. He at first argued with us a little about taking his part, but proved a good pupil after he wanned up under instructions, and, I presume, has remembered his lesson; is he in today?" We looked up rather reluctantly from the work before us on our desk, as we heard these words uttered at our elbow, ;uid recognized at once '"That Botanical Chap" who called on us last year. He had a large box under his arm, and we knew what was in store for us. "The editor is not in today," we answered. "What can we do for you?" "Perhaps you are the assistant editress," he .said. "We are one of his assistants," we replied. ''Good," said he. '"you may be the chief editress some day ; women are making such rapid advances in many occupations ami professions." As he di]:)lomatically uttered this bit of flattery, he drew a chair up near our desk in response to our invitation to him to take a seat, and, placing the big box across his knees, began deliberately to untie the string which held the paper wrapping on the box, saying, as he proceeded with his work : "I have some specimens of plants here w^hich I am going to show }ou. You have no doubt some knowledge of botariy, the most interesting of all the natu- ral sciences, and nearest home : not away ofT like astron- omy. I had to gather these specimens in the rain ; no balmy June this year; it has rained almost every day; Perhaps July will be sunny." He took out of his box a plant. "This," said he, "is an ideal specimen : it has the roots, stem, leaves, flowers, and seed pods, and you are able to obser\-e everv part of the plant. \'ou cannot always have a complete plant like this, but for botanical puqioses you should always obtain as nearly an entire plant as possible ; if that is not feasible on account of its large size, then gather portions repre- senting the different parts of the plant, for example both radical and stem leaves, a section of the stem of sufficient length to show the manner of growth, another section to show the mode of inflorescence, flowers, seeds, and root. \\'hen you cannot obtain all of these, gather as many as you can. In the case of trees and shrubs, rei^resentative branches having leaves, flowers, and if possible fruit or seed ix)ds will have to suffice. I hope you will never do such a stupid thing as many peojjle do. namely, .send a botanist a leaf or two or a single flower of a plant, and request him to give you its name. He may even from such a .scanty data be able to identify the ])lant if he is fannliar with ii. luit if not, he stands a small chance of learning its name through a systematic botanical analysis. You say that you have not a working knowledge of systeinatic botany sufficient to enable you to analyze a flower unknown to you and so learn its name. It would be a valuable ac(|uisition. but never mind, recall what you can of what you learned of botany in school or college, none too mucli, pn,I)ably. and make use of it. and we will, no doubt, get along well looking the.se plants over to- gether, and you will enjoy the hour's study.'' We almost jumped from our chair as he said the word "hour," but he appeared not to notice it, and we became resigned to spend what in the end iiroved a profitable and pleasurable hour with "That liotanical Chap." "We will not," .said he, "attempt a strict analysis of these si^ecimens 1 have brought with me, though that would be a profitable w'ay to spend our time if we had a botanical micro.scope. and needles and a sharp knife and a strong natural light at our command, but we will ob- serve some of the ])ronounced features of each and note the derivation of both the generic and specific name, and learn what uses the plant has. if any. and so weave a little story, as it were, about the plant, which will enable you to recall its name whenever you see it, for you, of course, know it is far easier to remember and recall a name when it is associated with other names or facts. "This specimen, as I said before, is an ideal one, be- cause it represents every part of this rather pretty, native yellow-flowered plant. This is Lysi)iuicliia qiiadrifolia, whose common name is Loo.sestrife. It was named in honor of Lysimachus, a general of Alexander the Cireat, and later King of Thrace. The name is connwsed of two ( ireek words, Insis. a loosing from, luacliia. strife. Its specific name is quadrifoHa; Latin, qiiodri, four, ^nd folia, leaves, because its leaves are arranged on its stem for the most part in whorls of four. Now look at this plant and as you look, fix in your memory whom it was named after and w-hat the name is derived from and what each part means, and what the specific name was derived from and what it means, and you will always be able on sight to recall the name of this jilant. ■'This white-flowered plant, which 1 also jiulled up en- tire, is also a complete specimen. The name of this plant is Achillea millcfoliinn. Its common name is Yarrow or Milfoil. It was named in honor of" Achilles the Greek, who fought in the Trojan War in 1184 B. C. and whom the (ireek poet. Homer, immortalized in his Iliad. Achil- les is said to have been the first to discover the medicinal virtues of this plant. The specific name, inillrfoliniii, is from the Latin millc, tliousand, and foliuiu. a leaf, the leaves of this plant being so finely dissected as to make the divisions appear almost innumerable. This gives it one of its common names. Milfoil ; the other Yarrow is of doubtful derivation but is perhai>s from the old Eng- lish. Yare. meaning prompt, effective, perhaps referring to tlie medicinal virtue which Achilles discovered. Now smell of this plant and note and remember that it is strong-scented and ]5Ut with it the fact that its leaves sometimes have been used for smoking. See. vou and I have woven another little story around .Icliillca millc- foliiiiii, which will enable us to always recall its name when we see it. Why, it is just as easy to remember the name of this ])lanl. which we have examined, as to re- member the name .^an h'rancisco. which you. ]ierhaps, ha\'e never seen, is it not? "This is a marsh, or sometimes a<|nalic ])l;ini. .Vquatic plants, as you probably know, grow in tlir water: the name aquatic is derived from the Laiin tu;iui. water. .\ knowledge of Latin and Greek is a great help to anyone studying the natural sciences. \otc that the leaves of ibis plant are ;hc shajJC of an Indian arrow-head. This fact gives this ]ilant its generic Ixitanical name. Sas^itlaria, derived from the Latin S'ai^itta. an arrow, and also its comnion name, .\rni\\ ILad. XHw. tluTc is another specimen of this same pl;ml, and lu-re is a thii'd. Though the leaves are of the same general arrow-head iDrm. those of s]iecinien number one are bmad and obiu^e. those of mnnher two broad and acute, and of number three ii;irrow. This gives this plant its specific n;ime -rariahilis. which is For July. 1922 209 a Latin word and mc-ans. variable. The varietal name of one is obtuse, a Latin word meaning, obtuse; of two, latifolia, Latin word meaning broad-leaved ; of three a«- giistifoliii, a Latin word meaning narrow-leaved. Now hereafter when in your country- walks you see this plant you certainly will easily recall its name, as you note the form of its leaves, and how plants near each other vary in foliage, and say this is Sagittaria ivriabilis. "This plant is a true aquatic, but always grows in shal- low water. I had to wade to gather this specimen and I had to reach down to the bottom to obtain this piece of creeping rootstock from which the heart-shaped leaves and the one-lea\ed stem of this plant spring. This is the only specimen we have with us which grows up from a subterranean stem, which is called a rhizome, or root- stock. Note how roots put forth from tlie nodes of this rhizome, but the leaves and flower stem from its apex. Other commonly seen plants which spring up from root- stocks are Aconis calaniiis, Sweet Flag, and Iris versicol- or, Flower-De-I.nce. The violet-blue flowers of this plant have wilted already ; that is because they are ephemeral, that is last onlv for a day, Greek again, cpi for, Jicmera a day. Not a few plants have been named in honor of some scientist, usually a botanist. The generical name of this is Pontederia, named after Ponte- dera, a professor at Padua in the beginning of the last century, and its specific name is cordata, from the Latin, cor, heart, so called on account of its leaves, some of which YOU note are heart-shaped. Its common name is Pickerel- Weed, so called because that fish in hot summer days likes to lie under the shade of its leaves. When next you visit the shallow-watered cove of some pond or river look for this rather pretty aquatic, Pontederia cordata, the upper lobe of whose violet-blue perianth is marked with two yellow spots, a feature which you will easily note in the fresh flower." At this point "That IJotanical Chap" suddenly looked at his watch and immediately began to repack his speci- mens, saying as he so did : "Next time I call I will bring along with me some specimens, my botany, a botanical microscope et cetera, and we will analyze together some plants unknown to you and in this way learn their names." THE TRAINING OF GARDENERS 'T'HE Massachusetts Agricultural College takes pleasure in announcing a co-operative arrangement with the National Association of Gardeners whereby a special course of training for gardeners is to be established. Tentative plans for this course are set forth below, and it is expected that the first pupils under this arrange- ment will l)e admitted to Massachusetts Agricultural Col- lege with the opening of the Fall term Sept. 27, 1922. PfRrCSE The traditional training of gardeners in Europe has been conducted (hrough a well-established apprentice sys- tem. This training requires several years of practical work in various branches of the art. The American sys- tem, by contrast, has developed extended courses in school and college giving scientific and thenretical training, with a minimum of practical experience. In the present plan the attempt is made to combine these two systems with the hope of securing the benefits of both. The Massachusetts Agricultural College will conduct the theoretical instruc- tion, while the National Association of Gardeners will take the responsibility of directing a prescribed appren- ticeship. These two lines of work will be carefully co- ordinated and pupils will be held to a strict accountability in both. This course of training is planned with the expectation of fitting men for practical gardening, either as commer- cial gardeners, florists or nurserymen conducting produc- tive business enterprises of their own, or as gardeners on estates, foremen and superintendents in parks or ceme- teries, or as gardeners, florists or nurserymen in the em- ploy of commercial establisliments. Pl.\n The general plan of instruction is based upon the two- year course already in successful operation at Massachu- setts Agricultural College. Students fitted to take the course will be admitted each year in September, and will remain in residence at the College for six months. During this time they will pursue general studies in fruit growing, rto^ver growing, vegetable growing, forestry, general hor- ticulture and such elementary subjects as may be neces- sary. These classes will close the last week in Alarch and students will be sent to various commercial establishments and private estates for a Summer of practical work. Every effort will be made to see that pupils are advan- tageously placed so as to secure the best possible experi- ence; and this Summer's apprenticeship will be supervised by a committee representing jointly the Massachusetts Agricultural College and the National Association of Gardeners. .A.t the end of the Summer students will return to the College for an additional period of nine months' study. They will thus complete this part of the course in the fol- lowing June, and if successful will receive a certificate from the College. From this point they will enter upon an apprenticeship of two years, to be arranged and super- vised by the National Association of Gardeners. .\t the end of this time they will be examined by a special board and if successful will receive the diploma of the National -Association of Gardeners. AoillSSION Students must be 17 years of age or over at the time of admission and must have completed an elementary school course or its equivalent, and must be able to use the Eng- lish language with reasonable facility. Lnder the plan proposed special consideration will be given to- pupils coming upon the recommendation of the National Asso- ciation of Gardeners. Expenses Tuition at the Massachusetts Agricultural College is free to citizens of the state. Pupils from outside the state are ,-harged $60 a term. This will make the tuition charge for the first year $120 and for the second year $180. There are small laboratory fees charged in certain courses and other fees for incidentals, but these will not average above $10 a term. Hoard and room in Amherst cost from $8 to $12 a week. IXF0RM.\TJ0N This work will all be under the co-operative manage- ment of the ^lassachusetts Agricultural College and the National Association of Gardeners. This association is represented for the present by the following members of its Executive Committee : ^Ir. Robert Cameron, Ipswich, Mass.; Mr. William N. Craig, Brookline, iNIass., and Mr. AI. C. Ebel, New York. The immediate direction of in- struction will be in the hands of Professor Frank A. Waugh, Amherst, Mass., to whom may be addressed all correspondence regarding these matters. "W'hatever the weather may be," says he, "^\"hateyer the weather may be, It's the song ye sing, and the smiles ye wear, That's a-makin' the sun shine everywhere.'' James Whitcomb Riley 210 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE Some Worth While Climbers BERTHA BERBERT HAMMOND THE magic taucli of a fairy wand could scarcely do more to transform a commonplace building, porch or other object than the graceful festoons of a luxuri- ant, well chosen \-ine. Nature is prodigal in her use of vines and drapes them around trees and shrubs and over stones and fences h^ a wonderfully effective manner, making beauty spots of places that would otherwise mar the landscape. Well may we copy this pecuharity in Na- ture and by making free use of vines add to the beauty and comfort of our surroundings in a natural and simple manner. There is something very inviting and cozy on a porch that is screened, shaded and cooled by some ornamental climber and the humblest of dwellings appears charming and home-like when beautiiied by an attractive vine. There are a large number of handsome vines, some are suitable for the purpose of growing on buildings and others are at their best wlien grown on lower structures such as trellis, pergola or fence. Some are hardy and others are easily grown from seed to maturity in one season. \\'ith such a wide range of choice, care should be exercised in selecting vines that will prove the most satisfacton- in the location and for the purpose that they are desired. The Boston or Japan ivy (Anipelopsis vcitchii) a hardy, rapid grower which clings to stone, brick and wood with a tenacious hold, is one of the best of climbers, and in the Autumn its foliage, with its rich crimson and orange coloring is unsurpassed in gorgeousness. The well-known \'irginia creeper (Ampclopsis qumqucfolia) sometimes called American Ivy, also assumes a vivid autumnal color- ing that is very decorative. This beautiful native vine without any spc-cial care, will in a comparatively short time beautify any object over which it may climb. The .sweet scented honeysuckles are especially esteemed for use on a porch where their delicious fragrance may be fully enjoyed. They grow and bloom freely and are quite lasting and ornamental. Hall's honeysuckle (Halliana), a Japanese variety, is evergreen in its nature, the leaves retaining their color long after heavy frosts. In the Spring when our Wistaria is covered with its graceful drooping clusters of lavender tinted blooms, this vine seems the most beautiful and desirable of hardy climbers, even though on acount of its tendency to pry under shingles w-e thought it wise to train it from porch to tree instead of allowing it to climb over the roof at its own sweet will. The different varieties of clematis are attractive and jiopular. They are hardy, rapid in growth and profuse in bloom. Clematis Jaclmiani which bears in great profusion large flowers of a royal ]nn-]>le color is the most showy of its kind and the smaller-nowercularity. Clematis Vir,i^ini(via. a native \ari- ety. with somewhat coarser foliagt and flowers than Clematis paniciilata is loved alike for its hardihood and wild l)eauty and is tenderly known in many localities as ^'Traveler'.s Joy." Sir Walter Scott alludes to the clem- atis as That favored flower That bears the name of Virgin's Bower. Dutchman's Pipe ( Aristolochia siplin) which attains a height of twenty to thirty feet is valuable for training on the veranda or against the side of the house. Its broad tropical-looking leaves and odd pipe-shaped, brownish- yellow flowers make it a floral curiosity. The trumpet vine {Bignoiiiai) with its brilliant flowers deserves hon- orable mention as one of the desirable ornamental climb- ers that is valuable for the covering of walls or houses. Among the roses there are a number of charming hardy climbers that are so especially meritorious that a choice is often difficult. The crimson rambler has prob- ablv been the most widel\' cultivated and may be found climbing on thousands of houses and arbors. It is a very hardy variety and though its season of bloom is none too long, it makes a brilliant display while its numerous clusters of bright flowers last. Of late its popularity has waned somewhat due to newer, finer introductions and to the return to favor of some of the old-feshioned sorts dear to the heart for sentimental reasons usually, as the modern climbing roses are for the most part superior. Take for instance the "Tausendschon" which lives up to the translation of its name "Thousand Beauties" in that it bears a multitude of clustered bouquets of attractive flowers. The pink climber Dorothy Perkins is a free- blooming, fragrant rose with lasting qualities, and Silver Moon with its large nearly double flowers with silver)' white petals is a rose of considerable distinction. The double-flowered rose Source d'or is a good climber of a pleasing yellow color. .\nnual vines will fulfill their mission to the utmost where a quick covering of foliage is desired, but in order to avoid keen regrets and endless grubbing it is wise to keep at a distance such persistent spreaders as the wild cucumber, common morning glory and the widely adver- tied Japanese Kudzu that is the modern rival of the magic vine in "Jack and the Bean Stalk." These vines cer- tainly grow with incrediljle rapidity Ijut they continue to spread and grow long after the temporary need of a vine covering is past and become a real pest to the hapless gardener. The annual hop ( Hiiiniilus) introduced from Japan is a rapid climber attaining in almost a month's time a height of twenty feet or more and covering veranda or arl)or with a dense shade-giving foliage that seems drought and insect proof. There are a number of vari- eties of Ipoiinra that are especially delicate and beautiful, the Cypress Vine {Ipoimva qumnoclit) a semi-hardy sort with dainty ferny foliage and handsome flowers, being ]5robably the most used. |iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiu^ I Competent Gardeners j The comforts and products of a country I home are increased by employing a competent I gardener; if you want to engage one, write ui. I Please give particulars regarding place and I say whether married or single man is wanted. I We have been supplying them for years to the I best people everywhere. No fee asked. PETER HENDERSON & CO. Seedsmen and Florist* 35 and 37 Cortlandt St., NEW YORK CITY SiMmmiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiittiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiimiiniimuim^ For July, 1922 211 The Greenhouse, Month to Month GEORGE F. STEWART THE last half of July and the first part of August keep the greenhouse man on the move continually, Plants that are getting- well rooted require a great amount of water and moisture to counteract the strong sunshine. Keep all the paths and under the benches well damped until far in the afternoon on all bright days. Keep ail plants that are Hkely to burn shaded until well towards the end of September. \\'atch a chance for any wet or cloudy days for fumi- gating as greenfly breeds fast in the hot we^ither. Do not wait until it is seen on the plants — use prevention rather than cure. Mealy bug and scale will need to be con- tinually hunted for, as, when they get a hold, they are not easily driven off. Dtist under the benches every now and then with air-slaked lime which helps to keep the at- mosphere sweet and destroys any snails that may be about. Any repairs that need to be made in the greenhouse should now be attended to. as many plants may be placed out doors which will allow more room to move around. See also that the heating plants and pipes are in good shape as it is no joke to have a breakdown on a frosty night in Winter. Chrysanthemums will be well rooted in their flowering pots and must be generously fed to keep up the strength of the wood and to give a healthy color to the foliage. Syringe the leaves occasionally with soft coal soot water which lends a nice glossy appearance to the foliage, and insects prefer not to be near it. Side growths will now begin to be troublesome and should be removed as soon as they can be taken hold of. The bush plants should be held in shape by pinching up to the first of August. Some of the varieties will come blind if stopped after that date. See that they are well supported by a few stakes set around them to which is tied a piece of string, as they are easily broken down when being syringed. 1 find it a good plan to put in a batch of cuttings about August first of such varieties as E. D. Godfrey, Gaza, Miss Isabelle. Jane Inglis. 'Mrs. Buckingham, November Glow, ^largaret ^^'aite. ^^'ilIiam Lincoln. After they are rooted we put a dozen cuttings into an eight-inch pan in a fairly rich sandy loam and set them on a shelf near the glass. By Christmas they have become nice plants, about a foot high, and come in very useful for decorative work at that season. No doubt there are other varieties which would answer for that purpose but these mentioned we find most reliable : they set bud. Several others we have tried but thev come blind struck at that date and, of course, are useless. Hard wood plants will be plunged outdoors. Syringe them regularly and stimulate with Clay's fertilizer and soot water, also a little weak cow manure water until they set bud. An application once a week alternately will be sufficient to keep the foliage in good color, and will also build up strong wood. Look well after the cyclamen plants and shift them along before they get pot bound. L^se a good fibrous loam wnth some nice fljiky oak leaves, adding a third of dried cow manure, also a little lime, arid, of course, sand and charcoal to keep the compost porous. Very few in this country bother with left-over cyclamen plants nowa- days, but the largest plant we have ever seen was a two- year-old plant. They are better if not dried off. A firm crown should be selected if they are to be grown the sec- ond year. Corms that have a scattered appearance should be discarded. Secure cyclamen seeds in August for next year, being sure to get fresh seeds as old seeds take a long time to germinate W'c sowed in August one year and they did not come up until the following February. Space the seeds equally in a good leafy loam and let them remain in the seed liox until they have a nice little tuft of leaves. Seeds of such annuals as are wanted for next Winter flowering are better if sown early in August. Calendula, dimorphotheca. lupine Hartiwgii, stocks, etc., are all very useful for cutting in \\'inter. Those who want nice specimens of fuchias for next Summer should put in their cuttings about the last week in July. Select nice soft points of the shoots, about two inches long, and put them in sand. Space them well and water every bright day until they show signs of rooting. Arabella Improved, Gracilis, Monarch, Rollinsoniana, Rose of Castile, Speciosa, Wiliam Bond, all make good plants if properly trained by pinching. Those who wish freezias for Christmas better get them potted by the last of July. We use bulbs that have been on the place many years and find that they force early, much better than those one can buy. They start away more evenly in the pots. We use ten bulbs to a five-inch pot and leave them outdoors until there is danger of frost. Plants that flower at this time of the year are always acceptable. The Kalanchoes were once well-know-n but now they are never seen, although they certainly deserve a place in the greenhouse. Their culture is the same as Kalosanthus. Kalanchoe fiammca is a good variety as is also carnea and keiy'cnsis. Many of these old plants ought to be revived. Chironia llnoides is another useful plant at this season. Steplwnofis Horibunda is just coming into flower : it makes a h.andsome specimen \\-hen trained on a trellis. The Allamandas are also beginning to flower, and who could wish a better bush plant than AUamanda JVilliamsii when in flower? Later on Lapas;erias will bloom. Some of us can remember seeing trained pot plants of them with three hundred open flowers. Ixora Fraseri is flowering with us now. It is one of the best of the ixoras. As the achimenes pass out of bloom, put them outside in a frame and gradually let them ripen off. These remarks apply also to gloxinias and caladiums. In the Fall remove them to warmer quarters. Manv of the bulbous plants die from too cold treatment while they are resting. In August shake out the Lachenahas and put them in fresh soil. Loam, leaf mold and about a third of dried cow manure is a good compost to pot them in. Twelve bulbs to an eight-inch pan makes a nice plant, but pwts as small as three inches -with, a few bulbs in them, are very attractive plants for- Winter use. Allow them to stav outdoors until there is danger of frost. If possible, bulbs for early forcing should be secured in August. Paper ^^^1ites and Roman hyacinths, if they are desired early, should be well rooted by the time frost comes. In tulips. Due J~an Thol is forced for very early. Tropical plants such as crotons, marantas, anthuriums, etc., are now growing freely 'and should have plenty of 212 GARDENERS' CHROMCLE space for developing their foliage. Top dressings with dustings of Clay's fertilizer and soft coal soot alternately will give rich color to the foliage and stimulate growth. See that they are shaded from the sun. Crotons, how- ever, will take a very light shade. Adiantum ferns should be gone over and all weak fronds removed to admit a free circulation of air through the foliage. Keep a sharp lookout for slugs as in no time they will raiii a plant. Dust between the pots with air- slaked lime occasionally, and this will take care of them. Sprinkle the top of the soil with soft coal soot which will take care of any that may have gone into the pot. Have a good l>atch of Boston ferns for Fall and Winter use, also some of the better sports. The best way to keep up stock of them is to plant a few out on a bench in a light leafy soil. Many of the other ferns such as Daval- lias are very decorative. D. fijiciisis and Moorcana make noble specimens. The elegant little variety Tycnnamiii is also worth a place in any collection. Gleichenias make handsome specimens and also Cibotiums and polypodiums. These plants all grow well in compost of good fibrous loam and flaky leaves with sand enough to keep porous. Keep propagating poinsettia cuttings up to the end of August in dwarf pans for Christmas. Dipladenias are now flowering freely and to keep them in good condition will take stimulating with manure water. We find that cow manure, Cky's fertilizer and soft coal soot alternately once a week agrees well with them. Pinch the shoots immediately ahead of the flower stems. We find that by so doing, it will make any shoot that seems to be standing still start away and catch up to flowering along with the others. The vigor is apt to run to the shoots near the top of the plant unless they are pinched. Keep plenty of moisture around the benches and floors where the orchids are grown and look out for slugs. In- sect pests nuist also be hunted for all the time. Thrips are liable to get a foothold on miltonias and odontoglos- sums unless they are dipped or sponged occasionally. Keep plenty of moisture at the roots of the cattleyas until they have finished their growths. Dendrobiums are also growing freely. They need only a very lig;ht shade and must alsf) have plenty of water and stimulating with weak hen manure water. Give calanthes plenty of heat and water until the new bulb is finished, and feed them freely. Always keep a crack of air on, as I think it prevents leaf spot. Grape thinning should be finished, and the work will now be largely routine, pinching laterals and attend- ing to watering and airing, .'-^top syringing as soon as signs of coloring are detected: also see that thev have enough water to carry them over the ripening period, as too much water is liable to give cracked berries. -Melons niav still be j)lanted for a succession cro]) where room is available. Pot fruit that has fruited can now be repotted. Try and get them into the same size of pot or tub if ])ossible. The roots may be reduced by loosening around the ball and any of the strong ones cut back. L'se a good strong loam and pot firmly. Syringe frequently to keep the shoots from flagging. The object is to get good root action before the leaves fall. Runners of .strawberries should be secured as early as possible by those who intend to force them during the Winter. Pot them in 2^-inch ix)ts as soon as good strong crowns can be secured with a few roots on theiu. Keep them fairly close in a frame until they get estab- lished. A light shade will be necessary to |)revent wilt- ing. Gradually give more air as they establish them- selves. In two weeks they ought to be fit to pot along into 3^-inch pots, and then as quickly as i)ossible into their fruiting pots. Marshall, Wni. Pelt and Nick Ohmer iire excellent forcing varieties. The ijest ad\ice for the hot months is look out for watering and shading and insect pests and stimulate plants that are root bound'^ until they show signs of flowering. SPECIMEN POINSETTIAS John S. Doig 'T'HE illustration is of two specimen poinsettias which are six feet, nine inches in height. The heads measure seventeen inches across from tip to tip of bracts. These plants were grown on from last year, 1920 stock, and were started up in the usual manner ; first shaken out of ihe old soil ;md repotted in five-inch pots with a Tivo sl^ecinicn poinsettias. mixture of good fibrous loam, cow manure, and bone meal. After having become well rooted in the five-inch pots, they were then repotted into seven-inch pots, from which they developed into the specimens as pictured. They kept their foliage well, five of them making a hand- some showing when cut and ])laced in a large vase, with lliipliorbia .hicqitinuctlora which kept in good shape for ten days in a room with a temperature ranging from sixty-five to seventy-five degrees. The ])lants held their shape very well in the same room for three weeks, after which they u ere cut and used as cut flowers. ^wiiiiioiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin^^ I A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK OF | I Trees, Shrubs. Vines and | I Herbaceous Perennials | I By JOHN KIRKEGAARD j f Formerly Assistant to Director of tho Royal Botanical Gardens. i g Copenhagen, Denmark. Latterly Twenty Years ii § in American Forestry and Botanical Work ^ i Illustrations in Sepia. Planting Plans. 410 page*. | 8vo. Beautifully bound in cloth. Price $2.50 net. | J Mailing price $2.71. | ^- Tin- ( iKiriirtci 111' iiiforiiritinn m.-iv l)c suninicd up in the sub- i 3 title (,l th.' I k rill'; I1AKI3Y AND ORNAMENT.M, VA- a j KIICTIK.S: Till IK ( IIAKACTKRISTICS: Uses: .mil rUKAT- 5 J M E.MT. I ? THE CHRONICLE PRESS, INC. I 286 FIFTH AVE. NEW YORK, N. Y. ,.iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiKiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii(iiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiii»^ For July, 1922 213 j Work tor the Month in the Garden I SAMUEL GOLDING ^ ' """"' 1 ™ "Ill*"" miiiiimiiimiiiii i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinui iiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiu , nm i, THE recent and often too abundant rains have had in many cases a somewhat discouraging effect on the vegetable grower, especially so where the planter has a heavy and retentive soil to contend with. On light and saidy soils, the growth of many subjects is most ram- pant and it has been a continuous struggle to keep the weeds m checi<. The frequent rains make effective culti- vation a r,;atter of some diiificulty and the soft growth makes for fungoid diseases. However, the remarkable growth of trees and shrubs and the thrifty appearance of most subjects in the flower garden ami borders augers well for fine displays in the Fall, to say nothing of what we may expect next Spring, providing that the wood will be well ripened before Win- ter comes. The lawns are most verdant and restful to the eye, looking like early Spring instead of July, but at this time the Summer grass is oftentimes much in evidence and must lie combatted with rake and mowing machine. Reports of the pea crop in this locality have been gen- erally unfavorable for this season, the climatic conditions being adverse to fine growth during May and early June when peas usually make their best growth, and very light crops are the result. Tlie short supply of this most im- portant and popular vegetable has made the perfect sup- ply and sucession of vegetables difficult to maintain. However, a bounteous Providence provides that the con- dition which may be unfavorable to some subjects is that which others revel in. String beans came in early with bumper crops. When the peas have been removed, there is good space for celery, new strawberry plantations, late sweet corn or late cabbage. If celery is grown, some rapid maturing small crop can be planted between the rows, such as beets, horn carrots, lettuce, etc. AFake the last planting of corn about the middle of July (that of course means where the latitude is similar to that of Xew York) using any of the popular early varieties. Golden Bantam is very good for this purpose. Remove all basal growth from the growing corn and keep them well cultivated between the rows. Plant out late celery and keep it well supplied with water. Spray the early plants with Pordeaux Alixture to prevent, or check rust. Continue to sow string beans and other small crops ; pIso lettuce for b'all use. Tie up endive when large enough. Continue to spray late potatoes for bugs and blights. The early varieties of potatoes will be fit to use now. Take up enough at one time for daily use as they will continue to grow until ripe. Plant out new strawberry beds as soon as well rooted runners are available and can be lifted with a nice ball of earth. It is good practice to layer them into pots so that they can be removed as soon as they are well rooted, and the old plants removed tO' make sjmce for cauliflower or cabbage. The pot grown strawberries are easier to handle in the event that the land for the new plantation is not at once available. Before planting make the ground firm ; do not plant too deep, and give the young plants every encouragement to help them form fine crowns by the Fall. KecD off' all surplus runners from the old plants that are retained for another season and fork in a dressing of bonemeal. ii»« iiiiiiiHiNiiniiiiniiiniinniiniiiinnnniiiniiniiinniiiiiiinirniiiiiiiiiiiii keep an eye on asparagus as at this season it often times suft'crs from the attack of the larva; of the aspara- gus beetle, and spray with .\rsenate of Lead, or dust over when the dew is on in the morning. Keepthe tomato vines thinned to admit light and air to the fruits. .-\ most satisfactory way is to grow them upon racks or trellises as they are easier to handle. A dressing of some approved fertilizer will be of great I)enefit to most of the growing crops at this time, even (hough a liberal supply of manure was dug in in the Spring, for where intensive cultivation is carried out, the soil becomes somewhat exhausted after one crop and it is therefore good practice to add some plant food from time to time if we would get the best out of the land. During wet periods it is advisable to raise the fruit of melons oft' the ground, pieces of wood, tile, slate or small inverted pots answering the purpose. Spray tiie currant and gooseberry bushes as soon as they are cleared of fruit to keep the foliage free from pests. The work among fruit trees, known as Summer piiimng can now be done. This is necessary where trained and dwart trees are grown. The growths should be pinched back to about five leaves (except the leaders), but this is like most other gardening operations, no hard and fastrule can be made, and so some judoment must be exercised. W'htre the growths are extra vigorous and Iruitless the tree should be root-pruned in the Fall. This will check excessi\-e wood growth and makes for the for- mation of fruit buds. When apples or pears are thick and fine specimens are wanted, thev should be thinned early. This attention well repays the time spent. At this time the work in the flower garden consists of staking and tying, and keeping the insect pests away. Keep dahhas securely tied as thev are easilv broken or damaged during storms, and spray with Apliine to ward off' attacks of aphis and other insect pests. Transplant the seedlings of biennials and allow them plenty of room to derelop into sturdv plants by the Fall, lake the cuttings of any stock jiropagated fast month out of the sand when well rooted and plant out in well ]5repared ground. Sow the seed of pansies, double daisies and myosotis next Spring bedding. Some of the early blooming annuals may yet be sown for late cut flowers. Pick off all seed pods from continuous blooming plants as they cannot be expected to carry a crop of seed and then bloom again later. Pyrethrums. gaillardias, and salTia prafcnsis are^the type fo plants alluded to. Cut out much of th.e old wood from rambler roses and tie up tlie new growths, allowing them plenty of room to grow and to get well ripened if we are to expect a fine show of bloom next year, \^'atch for the appearance of mildew and take early measures to combat it. Give the teas and hybrids a good dressing of fertilizer as th-'s will encourage strong growth for Fall blooming: keep the beds free from weeds by frequent cultivation anci spray with Fungine for mildew. Watch the evergreens, rhododendrons and azalea plan- tations for red spider which is their most persistent enemy especially during hot dry spells. Wilson's O. K. Spray is eft'ective in dealing with it. for 214 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE R- BUDDING AND LAYERING ROSES OSE budding- used to he an important item in the routine of a gardener's life and work. Then, as now, the most successful practitioner had no fixed and definite dates for his various operations. He left rigid calendarical gardening to others, for he reahzed full well that weather plays an important part in gar- dening. Successes and failures, particularly the latter, soon teach that it is the season and weather and not the calendar that must be studied if the best results are to attend our efl^orts. The time for outdoor rose budding is when the sap runs freely, so that the bark may be easily separated from the stem, and when the selected bud may be cleanly detached in its entirety. These two must coincide. It does not matter how beautifully clean the bark may be lifted on the stock if a perfect bud mav not be taken to fit on it. Then the weather immediately fol- lowing the budding has to be considered. Should it be unusually hot and dry, the bud is more than likely to shrivel before a union can be formed with the stock. On the other hand, cold and wet weather is equally fatal ir that under these conditions the bud lies in danger of de- composition. So, as in most affairs, it is the happy mean in the weather that is needed for successful budding. These combinations of circumstances are generally found during July. As to which method of budding is favored, it does not seem to matter whether it is the T-shaped incision, the inverted T, the square shield or the circular so long as, like the laying of a foundation stone, it is done "truly and well" ; though the T-shaped incision has the sanction of fairly long and general usage. With this method it is easiest to make a perfect union between scion and stock. The selection of the bud repays for consideration. It is the bud from a flowering shoot that is most satisfactory, and as will be seen from the .illustration on this page, the best bud is found towards the basal end of such a shoot, for it is just there that they are the most perfect for the purpose. Lower on the shoot the buds are too dormant and too hard, while on the upper portion they are soft and not sufficiently developed. In the same illustration will be seen the hud prepared for insertion, and in this respect care should be taken to retain the little piece of leaf stalk with the bud. While preparing the bud it must always be remembered that the core, root, or base, as the emb.ryo on the inside is variously termed, is the vital part, and must be treated with the greael'^t respect. Any injury to this part results in failure. While care is needed to ensure as perfect fitting as ma\' be, and the tie sufficiently tight, but not so as to cause constriction, it is the skilled buddcr, who can do the work quickly, who succeeds in getting the highest percentage of "takes." On a dull day speed in working is not so essen- tial, but during dry weather the buds and the exposed portion of the stocks both dry quickly, a condition not to be desired. TuF. Briar .Stock Is Best. — No longer can the gar- dener go out and get good stout briars from the highways and byways. During the past we have reaped, but we did not sow, and now are paying the inevitable penalty. This scarcity of briars is widespread, and in the endeavor to overcome it, various stocks, other than Rosa canina. have been tried with more or less success. The stock difficidty is more serious with standards. The Manctt'i stock answers very well for busli roses and is readily propagated by cuttings. But for standards none equals our English briar. Latterly Rosa ru,!;osa has been used a great deal. From the garden point of view the cl ief objection to it is its slenderness and also that the head often becomes top heavy. Both of these faults could doubtless be removed if the nurseryman would grow the stocks a year longer before budding them, but I suppose this is asking too much ! j\Iore recently a Japanese form of the Siberian Rosa laxa has met with favor from the growers. A great point IS that it is in a suitable condition for budding much earlier in the season than any other, so that budding is often commenced as early as May — the buds are taken from pot plants — which gives the nurseryman a much longer season than otherwise. This early budding nearly always results in the buds bursting into growth the same season, while one prefers the bud to remain dormant until the following Spring. Though if the laxa stock results in sufficient growth of the bud to be properly ripened be- fore Winter sets in, well and good, otherwise serious losses will occur. Layering Roses. — Many prefer dwarf roses to be on their own roots and insert cuttings later in the year. But there are certain varieties which do not root readily. With these the difficulty can nearly always be overcome by lay- ering, a method which has a deal to recommend it for the garden where only a limited number of fresh plants are required. The layering is carried out much in the same way as with carnations, except that to get the required branch in position a stouter peg is ref|uired. For both budding and layering the knife should always be kept as sharp as possible because so much depends on the cuts being cleanly made. The best time for layering is about the last half of July, though, as with other shrubs, it can l:)e successfully performed later. — The Garden. ANNUAL MEETING OF AMERICAN ROSE SOCIETY (Continued from pat^c 207) which (Ireta Kluis, Marie Pavie, were outstanding sorts, the latter a most inveterate bloomer but probably most distinguished among the roses in this new garden were tree roses planted only a year ago last Autumn but with heads of generous spread and 12 to 18 blooms to a plant. In this little two-day journey the officers of The Ameri- can Rose Society were fortunate in being able to visit the Rochester Rose Show. For more than one generation has Rochester been known as the flower city but it re- mained for the young blood of the present day of floral enterprises to put Rochester on the map again rosewise through capable career of this organization started by a master hand within the last two years and stinuilated into active service bv the rose i)atron of these parts, Dr. F. M. .Mills. They have grown until the Rose Show of this year marks a trimn]ih for scope, extent and quality, ( )thcr ])e()]jle have much to learn as do nearly all amateurs with reference to staging roses, but when you can get close to 1,000 people to come out of a night and study your roses (to say nothing of the arduous labors of stag- ing such sliows on the part of many of the busy business men and hustling housewives), you have certainly made great progress, and as far as appeared to some of the visitors it would seem as though Rochester would soon take the lead, indeed, if not already there. John Dunbar of the Park Department with his assistant Mr. Dukelow. usecl two entire l.-ihlcs tn dis])lay climbers and species of Inish ro«es in extensive varieties clearly labeled, and outstanding among the exhibits by the .Ama- teur was a huge l)owl of ( )ld rmld, a first prize winner. .\ stately display of Paul's Scarlet Ciiniber and a charm- ing vase of .Souv. de Claudius Pernet. RoiiiiRT I'vi.E, President. Know thy work, and do it like Hercules. One monster there is in the world, the idle man. — Carlyle. For July, 1922 215 Departments of Foreign Exchange and Book Reviews AN AMERICAN'S IMPRESSIONS OF THE CHELSEA SHOW FOR ail American gardener a visit to the Chelsea Show is a rare and happy privilege, an inspiring lesson in the possibilities of making a flower show not only instructive, but beautiful, and also, alas ! a source of despair in seeing so many exquisite plants which will not survive our cold Winters and hot Summers. In recent years we have had in the Eastern United States many fine flower shows of which we are very proud, but even the large size of our biggest national shows had left me unprepared for any show on such a gigantic scale as the 1922 Chelsea Ex- hibition. We hope that the rapid growing interest in horticulture may make such shows possible with us in the not far distant future. The show impressed me on account of its great size, its artistic arrangement, the high quality of the exhibits, and the tremendous variety of the plant material used. I liked it all so much that it is difficult for me to try to pick out the best things to comment on, for, with the possible exception of the big Carter clock and the garden surrounded by bright pink dwarf Rhododendrons, I liked everything. .As ray greatest interest is in the Iris, I naturally spent much time in .Messrs. R. Wallace and Co.'s garden, which received such high honors. This garden was a gem of design and color ar- rangement, and contained two of the newest Irises of English origin, Asia and Prospero, side by side with the French -Am- bassador and Souv. de Mme. Gaudichau and the American Lent A. Williamson. Lady Foster, Crusader, and Neptune also ap- peared to good advantage here, but Dominion had suffered from too hard forcing, and the flower was not characteristic. The Lilies, .Azaleas and Regolio Cyclus Iris blended well with the Iris, and made a perfect whole. The Bunyard Iris garden was also a source of delight to me, and here Ambassadeur, Lord or June, Magnifica and Isolene stood out as giants among some of the older sorts. In the Perry and Whitelegg exhibits, Regelio-Cyclus Iris were the feature. Perhaps even inore fascinating than the Iris gardens were the rock gardens, something we hardly know in America. I liked Mr. Wood's conception best, because it was so very simple that it reminded me of some exquisite bits of wild landscape in some of our New Hampshire or \'ermont hills. Messrs. R. Tucker and Sons' garden contained a greater variety of plant material, and was also very beautiful ; in fact, nearly all the rock gardens struck me as being wonderfully artistic, as well as showing many exquisite little plants, and I spent more time with them than I did in some of the formal gardens. The Rhododendrons were finer than any I bad ever seen, the big bushes, in one of the big tents and in Messrs. R. Wallace and Co.'s natural garden being the most striking. To Rhododen- dron experts the cut flowers were probably equally interesting. Another group of plants that I admired particularly were the Clematis hybrids exhibited by Messrs. G. Jackman and Co. and one or two others. European gardeners are used to these, but to an American all but one or two varieties are totally new. I do not know how they would grow under our conditions. We are used to fine displays of Roses in our American shows, and perhaps for this reason the Roses did not impress me so much as some of the other flowers. They were of splendid qualitv on the first day, and I was glad to see some of the triumphs of two or America's greatest Rose breeders. Dr. Van Fleet and Mr. H. Walsh, Ixith of whom have died within the past few months. The varieties noted were American Pillar, Hiawa- tha. Paradise. Excelsa and Minnehaha. W'e are very glad that these are appreciated in England, where so many fine Roses have originated. The Atnerican Rose Los Angeles, which won a gold medal at Bagatelle in 1918, was also noted in good condition, as were several other American varieties. The nurnber of vari- eties exhibited was much greater than in inost American shows. Paul's Scarlet Climber was seen in wonderful form, but I did not think the flowers of the beautiful new Souv. de Claudius Pernet were quite as fine as those staged in our New York show last March. There was so many new Roses to attract attention that I can comment on only a few. I liked Padre the best, but admired also Rev. F. Page Roberts, the singles Mrs. Oakley Fisher and Pink Delight and the Polyanthas Queen W'ilhelmina and La Reine Elizabeth. The Tulips were gorgeous. I have never seen a display as fine as Messrs. Dobbie and Co.'s, although I have seen as fine flowers in small ciuantities in our shows at home. As usual, I liked La Tulip Noire the best of all, and Dom Pedro, Fans and Louis XIV were noted in fine condition in many exhibits. Carnations surprised me, because I had always supposed the American Carnation was far superior to those grown in Europe. True, there was a liberal sprinkling of American varieties like Enchantress Supreme, Beacon, Benora and White Wonder, all of excellent quality, and also a few of Laddie, which were not nearly so big as with us, but the British varieties seemed equally good. I made no notes on varieties, but Thor impressed me the most. We have no commercially important Carnation of the color of Marion Wilson, which I liked very much. I was also im- pressed with the fact that at least one breeder was emphasizing the fragrance of his new varieties — a point forgotten by many American breeders in the race after size and productiveness. The Sweet Peas were as fine as those shown by Burpee in New York, and were shown in greater quantity. The display of Orchids was larger than usually seen with us, with the ex- ception of the recent special Orchid exhibitions put on by Mr. Burrage, president of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. These swtes have already grown longer than 1 intended, be- cause I do not know where to stop. I cannot close without men- tioning how hungry I got every time I passed Laxton's wonderful strawberries, the like of which I have never seen. We are used to seeing fine vegetable and fruit displays at home, but for this season of the year the Hon. Vicary Gibbs' collection of vegetables was remarkable, and so was Messrs. Bungard and Co.'s collection of Apple varieties, which interested me as showing me many Apples I had read about in your columns in previous years. No American varieties were shown, and they are probably as un- suited to your climate as your varieties are to ours. I am sorry that you had to treat us to some real American Summer weather during the show week, for it was not only hard on people but on the flowers, many of which were not in good condition on the last day, but my surprise was to see how remarkably they stood up under such adverse conditions. _ All praise is due to the skillful growers and to the able exhibitors and managers of the show who put on these wonderful shows year after year. I hope I may be able to attend many more of them.— JOHM C. Wister in The Gardners' Chronicle (British). Manu.^l of the Trees of North America, by Charles Sprague Sargent. Houghton, Mifflin Company, Boston and New York. It might seem superfluous to mention in an American journal this work, the transcendent merits of which have already been recognized in Europe. An English reviewer, a no mean authority, refers to it as "no doulit the finest work on trees ever published." He declares that "for the lover of trees in North America this work must be indispensable; and in the British Isles, where (gardens owe so much to the arboreal vegeta,ition of North America, its value is almost as great." The first edition, published in 1905 as a revision and conden- sation into one volume of the author's Silva of North America, a magnificent monumental work of fourteen quarto volumes and containing seven hundred and four handsome plates, has since its appearance held complete dominance in its field. This new edition, as an example of the book-making art — a volume that with all its astounding mass of content is of size and structure that actually makes it a practicable manual for field work, — and in composition so sane in se'ecting and in omitting— is beyond praise. It is absolutely unique in being the well-ripened fruit of most extraordinary genius and powers of work possessed by a man who for forty' years has indefatigably studied and worked long hours as the Director of the Arnold .Arboretum, by far the best place for a systematic study of the subject. But it may not be known generally that this institutional study and research rest upon a foundation laid in many arduous explorations, such as could be made only by a person of tremendous physical strength and energy, of all the widely sca-ttered portions of the enormous field. The author shows the advantage of thorough acquaintance with the Silva of Japan also, which is so closely related to that of temperate North .America, and about which he once published an authoritative work. When reference to a genus existing in other parts of the world also seems to be desirable for contrast such reference is made, as for example, in the case of Ficus, The work is profound in its scholarship. The few changes made from classifications in the former edition must meet with universal acceptation. There is commendable insistency upon 216 G.iRDEM.liS' (:ilK<)!\ICl.h: strict adherence to the rules of nomenclature adoi>tctl by the In- ternational Congress of Botanists. Carefulness in tlie use of common or popular names is inculcatetl by omiltins from the Index such hybrid terms as '"Concolor Fir;" hut "White b'ir" and ilbifs concolor are listed. As a result of the few changes in classitication and the ad- dition of four families and sixteen genera this new edition con- tains an account of seven hundred and seventeen species of trees in one hundred and eighty-five genera. They are illustrated by seven hundred and eighty-three drawn figures, which, as really good drawings made by experts can do, show more clearly than can reproductions of photographs the details of form, structure and functioning parts. They reveal, as do other evidences of hard work, the felicity with which Professor Sargent has attached to himself capable and devoted helpers. The book has of course not been intended primarily for the nurseryman or the landscape designer. But a careful use of it by them would often be well rewarded. Exotic trees, with the exception of the few that have become naturalized as "escapes" and such important "introduced" trees as the White Mulberry and the Black Mullierry, are not given place. Distinct species of great importance to the nurseryman, like the Bcchtel Crab and the so-called Bartram Oak are given appropriate mention; while sporting forms like Teas' Weeping Mulberry and the Weeping Hemlock and cultivated seminal varieties of the Hemlock, as well as sports in coloring like Roster's Blue Spruce are not given space ; but the author has seen fit to refer to Dogwoods with rose-colored or pink involucres which have come to be admitted as now constituting a variety by themselves, and to two other varieties, pcndiila and xaiUhocarpa. The planter of trees is told of the important difference between the northern form and tlie southern form of Magiwliu glaiica and between Aiiwlanchicr cana- densis and A. hcvis, the latter being the more desirable of tlie two Service Berries. The European planter is informed that the Red Oak is generally more successful in his continent. Much other information has been barred by limitations of space, evi- dently much against the author's will, lie has contented himself with calling attention only in the most prominent instances, with- out the extravagance of the catalogs, to especial beauty. He does give the origin of the name where that helps to know l«;tter the subject, as it often docs. The commercial uses of the various genera and species are wisely set forth, succinctly but thoroughly, as is notable, exemplified by the eight lines treatin.g of this to[iic under Tilia. Minor matters that might be missed by the inquirer for information in making use of certain trees for planting, such as the unwisdom of placing a Soft Maple or a Bo.x Elder into a certain site, have had to be left to books of landscape .gardening. l)Ut the book is almost incomprehcnsively complete and thorough. Perhaps the mo.st wonderful part of it consists of the one hun- dred and fifty-two very compact pages describing, with exact botanical detail, one hun. -M. G.\RDF.NING With Br.mns by Henry T. Finck, Harjier an^ ".Musical and Epicurean Editor" and has published a book named l-'ood (Did I-Uivor. It is the resultant of a very lively inixture of almost rollicking humor, uniquely keen powers of mental and physical enjoyment, intimate friendship w-ith such persons a> Luther Hurbank, John Burroughs. lulith Simouds and well-known and originating seedmen and horticulturists, — all persons through whoM- arteries pulsates intense love of Xature, — and experience in gardening in one of the least favored regions of the country. Northern Maine. .So it was sf'irit as well as with brains that were written these entertaining pages that treat of seeds and tillage, of the most savory vegetables and the im|Kirtance of their rapid transit to the table, of what are the flowers must worth while and how to rescue them and the vegetables and the fruits frf)m their enemies, of what are the most luscious and most wholesome fruits already available and of what may be hoped f(ir in the way of obtaining fruits still more luscious and wholesome. It is in this last phase of the general subject that the most ardent iiiKrest is shown. Green manuring and intensive cultivation have full appreciation, the "fragrant sniil of fltjwers" is descanlid upon most elo(|uently and a slight attem])t is made to show- re- snect for creative design and pictorial beauty in the garden, — not altogether successful, to be sure, for the author's taste in this matter is a trifle bizarre, as is witnessed by his fondness for "rain- bow corn" and blue poppies, lint for Lutlur liurbank his eii- llinsiasm is so great as to make one ahiiosl believe that this "plant wizard's" work is nearly as great, if not quite as great, as it is made to appear in his own books and in the many eulngistic books that other per.sons have written about him. The chapters, The Joys of Creative (jardening, l-.ducated Strawberries and Burbank I'liims, and Commercial Value of lUirbaiik's New Creations, are powerful. They defend with a convincing array of facts and with reasoning, all set forth feelingly, in the conclusion of this verv entertaining, instructive and handsomelv made book. — I'. B. M. ■ Opportunities Out-of-Door.s, by Edward Owen Dean. Harper and Brothers, New York. This is one of a series of little books that seem to be all worth while. Others are Opportunities in Engineering, Opportunities in .Vviation, Opportunities in l'"arming. This particular voluine con- siders oppcjrtunities in Construction, in Forestry, in the Lumber Industry, in Tree Surgery, in Rural Motor Express, in Collecting and (irowiiig Medicinal Plants and in Landscape (jardening. It it accordingly a work that should be of interest to many readers IIIIIIIII> GARDENER'S CHRONICLE The Standby of the Professional The Safe Guide for the Amateur If .vou ,-irf not a sulfstrilit-r. sciul twn (l(»Il.iis fi>r ,t yc.ir*s suli.srription. GARDENERS' CHRONICLE 286 Fifth Ave., New York For Jh/v. 1922 217 ^iimiiiiiiiiiiiiijiiiit iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiM National Association of Gardeners Office: 286 FIFTH AVE., NEW YOKK Illlllltlllllll1ll(ltlllllllllllllllllllllllllllltlllllllllllllllll!lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll!lillllltlllllllllllllllllllllll[lllllllllllllllll llillllllllllllllllIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII[tt[||||||]||||||||1llll!lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll1llllllllllllllllllllMllllllllllllllllllllllllllllltllHltllllllll^ President — Robert Cameron, Ipswich, Mass. Vice-President — John Barnet, Sewickley, Pa. Secretary— M. C. Ebel. 286 Fifth Ave., New York. Treasurer — Montague Free, Brooklyn, N. Y. TRUSTEES (For 1921)— William H. Waite. Arthur Smith. D. L. Mack- intosh, New Jersey; W. N. Craig, Massachusetts; H. E. Downer, New Vork. DIRECTORS (To serve until 1923)— Alexander Michie, Long Island; George F. Stewart, Massachusetts; Tlieodore Wirth, Minnesota; George W. Hess. District of Columbia; Daniel J. Coughlin, New York; John Barnet, Pennsylvania: Montague Free, New York. (To serve u_ntil 1924) — William tiray, Rhode Island; William Hertrick. California; George H. I'ring, Missouii: Thos. Ilattcn. Connecticut: Rolieit Weeks, Ohio; W. II. Griffiths, Michigan; Thos. W. Head, New Jersey. {To serve until 1925)— George Wilson, Illinois; James Stuart, New York; William Kleinheinz, Pennsylvania; John F. Huss, Connecticut; Edwin Jenkins, Massachusetts; Cari N. Fohn, Colorado; Joseph Taiisey, New York. SUSTAINING MEMBERS New York — Mrs. J. J. Albright, George F. Baker, Edwin S. Bayer, Henri Bendel, Albert Clayburgh. W. R. Coe, iMrs. F. A. Constable, Paul D. Cravath, Mrs. W. Bayard Cutting. Mrs. Charles Daniels, Cleveland H. Dodge. Mrs David Dows. Frank T. Dupienac, Mrs. Coleman du Pont, Childs Frick, W. H. Gratwick, Daniel Guggenheim, Mrs. W. D. Guthrie, Mrs. B. A. Haggin, Mrs. William P. Hamilton, Mrs. John Henry Hammond, T. A. Havemeyer, Mrs. L. A. Herman, Anton G. Hodenpyl, B. H. Howell, C. O. Iselin, Otto H. Kahn, Mrs. Frank B. Keech. W. Eugene Kimball, L. C. Ledyard, Jr., Adolph Lewisohn. John Magee, Mrs. Julius Mc- Vicker, Jlorton H. Meinhard, Mrs. Eugene Meyer, Jr., J. Pierpont Morgan, Mrs. J. Pierpont Morgan, Stanley G. Mortimer, Mrs. Harold I. Pratt, John T. Pratt, E. F. Price, Mrs. William A. Read. H. D, Roosen, Chas. A. Sherman. j\Irs. Sam. Sloan, Benj. Stern, Mrs. W. Sturs- herg, Dan. Tatuni, Mrs, R. M. Thompson, Wm. Boyce Thompson. Mrs. Edw. Thorne, Mrs. Henry M. Tilford, Carll Tucker, Samuel Untermyer, Mrs. Harold T. White, Mrs. Payne Whitney, E. L. Young. New Jersey — A. Albright, Jr.. Charles Bradley, Joseph P. Day, James B. Duke, Mrs. Lewis L. Dunham, Mrs. Frederick Frelinghuysen, Mrs. K. S. Goodrich, Mrs. Gustav E. Kissel. C. Lewis, Mrs. Paul Moore, Wubert T. Parson, Mrs. Manuel Rionda. Leland H. Ross. P. S. Straus, Mrs. John I. Waterbury, Mrs. Ridley Watts, Sanders Wertheim. Pennsylvania — Samuel T. Bodine, Gen. Richard Coulter, Mrs. J. D. Lyon, R. B. Mellen, Giflord Pinchot, George F. Tyler, Edward A. Woods. Delaware — Irenee du Pont, Pierre S. du Pont, Harry G. Haskell. Connecticut — E. Dinan Bird, Dr. Tracy Farnam, Mrs. Tracy Farnam, George M. Hendee, Miss A. E. Jennings, H. F. Schwarz, W. H. Truesdale, Edward L. Wemple, William Ziegler. Jr. Rhode Island — Gov. R. Livingston Beeckman. Massachusetts — Miss M. R. Case, Mrs. William C. Conant. George P. Dike, Mrs. Henry C. Frick, Mrs. Louis Frothingham, Henry S. Hunneuell, E. K. Lawrie. Henry Penn. Mrs. C. O. Rice_. Prof. C. S. Sargent, Mrs. J. A. Spoor, Mrs. Bayard Thayer. New Hampshire — F. G. Webster. Ohio — F. F. Drury, H. S. Firestone, Mrs. Francis F. Prentiss, John L. Severance, If. S. Sherman. H. L. Thompson. Michigan — J. B. Schlotmann. E. D. Speck. Indiana — Theodore F. Thieme. Illinois— A. Watson Armour, Harry B. Glow. A. B. Dick, Clayton Mark, Mrs. Julius Rosenwald, Mrs. F. W. Upham. Minnesota — Mrs. Chester A. Congdon, F. H. Stoltze. Iowa — Mrs. G. B. Douglas. Missouri — August A. Busch. Dr. George T. Moore. Virginia — Miss Grace E. Arents. IV. Virginia — Mrs. Arthur Lee. Georgia — E. H. Inman. S. Carolina — Robert S. Mcbane. LOCAL BRANCHES Newport, R. I.: Andrew L. Dorward, chairman; Frederic Carter, secretary. St. Louis, Mo.: George H. Pring, chairman; Hugo M. Schaff, secretary. Nassau County, L. I.: John T. Everett, Glen Cove, chair- man; John McCulloch, Oyster Bay, L. I., secretary. Boston, Mass.: Robert Cameron, chairman. PLANS FOR BOSTON CONVENTION, SEPTEMBER 12, 13, 14, 15 A MEETING of the Boston branch of the National Association of Gardeners was held at Horticultural Hall. Boston, on Fri- day evening. June 30, about 35 members present, including a number from Manchester. Prides Crossing, Ipswicli and other North Shore resorts. Robert Cameron, president of the N. A. G., presided and called the meeting to order. W. N. Craig, general chairman of the convention committees, spoke of the duties which would fall on each committee, and the inembers expressed a willingness to see the same carried through. Meetings will be held at Horticultural Hall, at the corner of Huntin.gton and Massachusetts .\ves., which is a short car ride from the Back Bav Station of the N. Y., N. H. and H. R. R., and the Trinity Place Station of the Boston & .\lbany R. R. A constant stream of cars pass the hall as the heart of Boston is only a few minutes distant. In very close proximity to Horti- rultural Hall are such notable buildings as Symphony Hall, the Xcw England Conservatory of Music, the Christian Science Temple, Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Y. M. C. A., etc. Our hotel headquarters will be only a few minutes' walk from Horti- cultural Hall. The first two days of the convention will be devoted to business, and none will be transacted on the two closing days. For the opening day speakers will include the Mayor of Boston, the president of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society and one or two others of horticultural prominence. The annual ban- quet will be held on the second evening and some very unique features will be arranged for this occasion. On the morning of the third day a large number of automobiles will start early for the famed North Shore of Massachusetts and several of the finest gardens in Beverly Farms, Manchester, West Manchester, Prides Crossing, etc., will be visited, and passing on to Ipswich, the convention party will be the guests of Mr. and Mrs. R. T. Crane at a real New England clambake. Later, the extensive gardens at Castle Hill Farm, the 2,500 acre estate over which Robert Cameron presides, with its five miles of coast line and rolling dunes of white sand, will be inspected. On the return journey to Boston the Cedar Acre gladioli and dahlia gardens of B. Hammond Tracy will be visited, and Mr. and Mrs. Tracy will entertain the visitors ; places of historic interest will be passed en route to Boston. On the last day of the convention the noted Arnold .\rboretum with its matchless collections of trees and shrubs, and part of Boston's parkways will be inspected. Later, visitors will be taken to Cambridge where under the shadow of Harvard College the world-famed collection of glass flowers in the .\|gassiz Museum, will be seen. Leaving Cambridge, historic Lexington and Concord will be visited, and later the famous Walter and Henry S. Hunnewell estates in Wellesley with their wondei-ful specii'uens of trees and shrulis. will be inspected. Other points of interest will be taken in to lill out a most interesting and well varied day. It was voted to send a letter of sympathy to Mrs, Thomas Hatton of New London, Conn. Mr. Hatton was a well known and much esteemed member of the N. A. G. A set of By-Laws for the use of local branches was discussed and adopted ; also amendments relative to the reserve fund of the N. A. G. An- other meeting will be held on Friday evening, July 28 at Horti- cultural Hall. NEW DIRECTOR President Robert Cameron has appointed George H. Pring, Horticulturist. Missouri P>otanical Garden, St. Louis, to serve as director until 1924. to fill the unexpired term of Albin Martini, formerlv of Cedar Rapids. Iowa. COURSE FOR TRAINING GARDENERS The attention of the members of the association is called to page 209 of this moiUb's issue of the G.\rdeners' Chronicle on which the announcement of the course for training gardeners, adopted by the association, in cooperation with the Massachusetts Agricultural College, is made. NEW YORK PARTY TO CONVENTION It is planned that members in and around the locality of New York who are going to attend the Boston convention will leave as a party Monday evening, September 11. by the Boston outside line, and will arrive in Boston on the following morning, the opening day of the convention. Tuesday, September 12. The final convention program and complete details regarding hotel headquarters, and to whom to apply for hotel reservations, will be made in the .August issue of the G.^rdeners' Chronicle. NEW MEMBERS The following new members have been recently added to the membership roll of the associa'tion : Richard Rogers, Stamford, Conn. : Charles Linek. New York. N. Y. ; Eric H. Wetterlow, Manchester. Mass. ; Einar Schacht. Westbury, L. I. : James Mor- ton. Beverly. ^Mass. ; P. S. Van Baarda, Boston, Mass.; Wm. Williams, Elberon, N. J. ; .-Mexander P. Dewar. Boston, Mass. ; Victor E. Nelson, Boston. Mass. : Thomas W. Carr, New York, N. Y. ; Thomas Whyte. Topsfield, Mass,: Allen Rainsford, .'Vr- monk, N. Y. : Gaston Gaberel. New York, N. Y. ; Thomas H. McNamara. Kennett Sq., Pa. ; Samuel Scott, New Haven, Conn. ; Tohn I. McLane, New York, N. Y. ; James Finnic, Boston, Mass. 218 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE 50 Foot Line Costs Only $19.75 Comes in sections that go tog-etlicr willi Quick Acting Couplings. One man can set it up in 20 minutes. Or take it down, move and set up again in 30 minutes. Waters every inch of 2500 square feet uniformly. Nothing to get out of repair. .\ttaches to hose. Pressure 20 Ihs. or more. Usually set on 44" or 1" pipe posts, 3 to 4 feet above ground. Send for Booklet The Skinnor 229 Water St. ST. LOUIS ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS CAMPBELL Wednesday nite mach 19 .. The first outdoor meeting of the season was held at the Estate of S. Plant, at Clay- ton, Mo., June 4th. After a short business session the members were conducted over the ,!»rounds by Mr. Plant and Wm. Schoen- hofcr, his gardener. It was explained that ten years ago this estate was practically treeless and the soil of such a tenacious clay nature that it seemed a rather hopeless proposition for its development into a coun- try estate. It is now, however, one of the finest es- tates in the vicinity of St. Louis. The luxurient growth of the trees are largely due to the use of dynamite previous to plant- ing and sub.sequent cultivating, mulcliing and care. This place is an object lesson to those who believe that it takes a lifetime to gro^v trees of sufficient size for shade and comfort. After the inspection of the premises a luncheon was served. The July meeting was held at the estab- lishment of C. E. DeWever, Olivette, Mo. Mr, DeWcvcr is a commercial grower, specializing in French hydranges and gladi- olus. .'\ special demonstration of his prac- tice of cultivating with a small tractor and method of irrigation was given for tlie lu-nc- fit of the gardeners, which proved both in- teresting and instructive. Before departing a lunch was served. L. P. Jenskn, Cor. Secretary, THE CLEVELAND HORT. SOCIETY The above society held its first monthly field trip of the year on June 22. The weather conditions were ideal, and about fifty of the members turned out. The trip Siiperiiiteiicleiits and Gardeners This Specially Interests You It specially interests you, because it gets right down to brass tacks on the five standard size greenhouses which most of you mostly want. Each subject is complete in its exterior and interior photos with section, plan and right-to-the-point description. Altlio so decidedly practical, it is, never- theless, so beautifully printed and at- tractive that it will surely appeal to your employers. Here are some of the subjects treated. 1. The Three Bench House 18 feet wide. 2. Four Bench House 25 feet wide. 3. (I'eneral Purpose Four Bench House Giving You l-'our Compartments. A. Plant House and \\'inss with Four Compartments. 5. The Sectional Construction Its Ease of Enlargement. 6. The Construction Fully Described. 7. A Rose House 130 Years Old. 8. The Most Greenhouse For the Least Money. Having prepared it all with you particu- larly in mind, we want to make sure you surely get a copy. Likewise if you wish, your employer also. Send us your and their name and address and we'll promptly mail it. |ofd.co For July, 1922 219 JLuscious n Strawberries Fresh from the Picking THEY add the crowning glory to the home garden plot— the final satisfaction to the perfect meal. Their culture is a pleasure — their flavor a delight. Plant Them Now and Pick Your Own from LOVETT S POT-GROWN STRAWBERRY PLANTS Each taken from an individual pot an^. shipped direct to you ready for settnig out in vour own garden. Selected from the superior stock of America's foremost berry culturists. An attractive little book, ^o. 105, tells about the varieties, preparation of the ground and their culture. Mailed with pleasure on request. J. T. LOVETT 533 Sycamore Road, Little Silver, N. J. zvcrs most Half a tury High Grade Stock of Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. Catalog on request. ANDORRA NURSERIES WM. WARNER HARPER, Prof. Chestnut Hill Philadelphia was made in autos. commencing from the estate of F. F. Prentice, Maylield Road, at ten o'clock. R. P. Brydon, superintendent to Mr. Prentice, welcomed the guests and showed them over the extensively devoleped grounds. The wonderful masses of Japa- nese iris were greatly admired, as were also the formal gardens. The greenhouses were gone through where everything was found growing in perfect condition. The French hydrangeas and liliums in bloom were a source of much admiration. The estate of J. L. Severance was next visited, where A. Brown, the superintendent, led the members through the greenhouses and some beautiful specimen ferns were seen. The Fall crops were all growing splendidly. The other gardens on the estate were inspected with much interest. The evergreen plantings here are most artistically arranged and cau.sed considerable comment. The C. C. Bolton estate was the next stop, and Mr. Knapp, superintendent, showed the men the rose and formal gardens, which were much admired. F. E. Drury's estate at Gates Mill was the next one taken in, where J. H. Francis. Rapid Popularity ( distributors Wanted The simple, practical, inex- pensive, diversified use of the MULTITOOL is causing many of the cities and private estates to use them almost exclusively on their roads, gardens, and lawns. Gardeners find them invaluable. Try it — You'll be convinced. WRITE AT ONCE to MiiltifDolSalese 518 Wilson Building Laoisin^, Michi^'aji '/JK d"^/! 220 GARDENERS' CHROMCLE CONINE NURSERY CO. East Main St. Established 1895 Stratford, Conn. Reference Dun IN LARGE SIZES OF Hemlock, Biotas, Pines, Retinos- poras, Blue and White Spruce. We have the BEST stock in the UNITED STATES. We also have a §:ood assortment of General Nursery Stock WoLcoTT Nurseries I Designers & Builders i Alpine Gardens. Herbaceous Borders, = Landscapes i Clinton Road Jackson, Michigan "F. & 1." is a tobacco product. Its nicotine content gives it a decided value as an insecticide. Its potash, nitrogen and phosphoric acid, makes it an ideal fertilizer for lawns, for shrulilH?ry, for flower or vegetable triirdnis. Write for booklet and sample. $3.00 per 100 lbs. $30.00 per ton. TOBACCO PRODUCTS CO. e Lancaster Tobacco Products Co. Lancaster. Pa. ffi THE F. & I. Surressors to Th Dept. O FOR AUTUMN AND SPRING PLANTING I FRUIT TREES AND FRUIT PLANTS. I EVERGREEN TREES AND SHRUBS. DF- I CIDUOUS TREES AND SHRUBS. HERBA- i CEOUS PERENNIAL PLANTS. RHODO- 1 DENDRONS AND KALMIA LATIFOLIA. I Thi- stock «.• iilT.i- is the liest quality. If = I intcri-stril wi-iti- liir (_'ata!ii^'iii? and Price List. \ I THE MORRIS NURSERY CO. I 1133 BroadwEy New York, N. Y. superintendent, conducted the delegation through the range of glass. Everything was found to be in splendid form ; the ripe melons in the houses drew a lot of atten- tion, but it was too hot to remain there long. A walk through the new vegetable garden edged by perennial borders and ter- raced up to the rose garden by cobble stone walls was of great interest, and then back through the barns where the thorouglibred Guerii.sey cattle were visited which received etjually as much interest as the horticultural departments had. Chagrin I^'alls was the next point, the autos driving along the beautiful river road to the estate of E. S. lUirke, Jr., where Mr. Fisher, superintendent, gave the men a real welcome. .-Vfter hmch the new range of glass was inspected where everything was coming along in fine shape. A walk up the winding drive which follows through a valley was very beautiful ; the natural planting which has been done during the past two or three years looks as if it has always been there. .\ drive in the autos along the private driveways which are almost t'lve miles in length was indeed interesting, stops being made at different points along the way. Mr. l-'isher explained the development of the estate, the coliblcstone rockwork used most- ly as retaining walls and covered with low growing plants and shrubs, appeared as though they had always been a part of the place. The last stop was made at the estate of W. T. White where the formal gardens were most favorably commented on. The members then dist)ersed, each one going in his own direction, well satisfied with what he had seen and heard during the day. W. J. Bruce, Secy. Prepare Now for the Hot Dry Days No need to worry about the long, hot, rainless days if you have a Dayton Rotary Oscillating Sprinkler ready. It makes rain when you want it. It sprinkles every foot of ground in a circle, or half circle, of 6 feet tn SO feet. It is better for your lawn and plants and more saving of water than sprinkling with a h&se. The Dayton operates on any water pressure from 15 pounds up. If your local dealer cannot supply you, order from u? tlircct. $8 f. <>. 1). New York. H. A. Robinson & Company, 128 Water Street, Neiv York SOLD BY SEEDMEN IN CANADA FOR OVER THIRTY YEARS '^.a^n/7nom:^QfJcuy sj:4<7f!^ cc HAMMOND'S SLUG SHOT' Used from Ocean to Ocean A liplit. roriipoiu"''''jmiiiiiiii iiiNiiiiiiiii»niimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiimmiiiiiuiiinijiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiismuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiti£ ^qillllllllllllll The Burpee Early Flowering Sweet Peas are recognized as leaders in their various colors and they are grown extensively by all florists who demand the very best. The careful hybridization work carried on at Burpee's Fordhook Farms in Pennsylvania, the growing of the seed crops on Burpee's Floradalc Farms in California, and our extensive indoor and outdoor trials give us a unique opportunity to supply the florists with the very best that can be had in Sweet Peas. Everything possible is done to insure the quality of Burpee's Sweet Peas. NOVELTIES BURPEE'S ORANGE. In every way a beautiful variety of true glowing orange self witli standard and wings of immense size. Awarded Certificate of Merit at the International Flower Show, New York, Marcli, 1921. Trade packet. $1.00; oz., $5.00; JkJ lb., $15.00; lb., $50.00, postpaid. CHEERFUL. The large pinkish cerise flowers are an entirely new shade in the Early or Winter Flowering Sweet Peas. Awarded Certificate of Merit at tlie Intcrnalional l'"lower Show, New York, March, 1921. Trade packet, $1.00: oz., $5.00; ,'4 lb., $15.00; lb., $50.00, postpaid. SUNBURST IMPROVED. The color is a pleasing and attractive shade of rich salmon-pink. The large flowers which are borne on long stems grow vigorously and blooin freely. Oz., $1.00; H lb., $3.00; lb., $10.00, postpaid. MRS. WARREN G. HARDING. "The Harding Blue." A deep shade of silvery blue, pure throughout with no suspicion of mauve or rose. The flowers are immense in size with a broad and much frilled standard. Trade packet, 50 cents; oz., $2.50; ^ lb., $7..S0; lb., $25.00, postpaid. MRS. KERR. "The Best Early Flowering Salmon." Mrs. Kerr has created a sensation whenever exhibited as it is a flower of wonderful size in a most popular shade of clear and rich salmon. Trade packet, 50 cents; oz., $2.00; ■4 lb., $6.00; lb., $18.00, postpaid. WHITE STAR. A first-class black-seeded white without any suspicion of pink or other coloring. Trade packet, 50 cents; oz., $2.00; ;4 lb., $6.00: lb., $18.00, postpaid. WHITE SNOWSTORM IMPROVED. Tlie flowers are ver\ large; ol excellent form, and pure wliite. Oz. SO cts.; Yi lb. $2.40; lb. $8.00, postpaid. Early Sankey. A black-seeded white which was awarded a Special Silver Medal. Oz. 60 cts.; Vi lb. $1.80; lb. $6.00, postpaid. CREAM Lemon Beauty. A pale lemon-colored variety with standard and wings softlv tinted am- l.er. Oz. $1.00; V^ lb. $3.00; lb. $10.00, post- paid. Canary Bird. A splendid rich deep cream with flowers ot great size. Oz. SO cts.; !■! lb. J1.S0; lb. $S.0O, postpaid. PICOTEE Daintiness. Pure white edged with rose. Oz. 60 cts.; V4 lb. $1.80; lb. $6.00, postpaid. Exquisite. The ground color is a soft shade 'f primrose picoteed with deep rose-pink. Oz. SO cts.; >4 lb. $1.S0; lb. $S.0O, postpaid. CREAM-PINK DAYBREAK. A pleading shade of rich rose- pink on cream ground. Oz. 60 cts.; Vi lb. SIJO; lb. $6.00, postpaid. LIGHT PINK Loveliness. Tlie large llowers have a white ground, suffused soft pink and distinctly pi- coteed with rose-pink. Oz. 60 cts.; % lb. $1.80; lb. $6.00, postpaid. Peach Blossom. A new and distinct shade oi p.ile amaranth-pink. Oz. $1.00; Vi lb. $3.00; lb. $10.00, iiostjiaid. DEEP PINK CHEERFUL. The very hr.-^t pink. De- scribed under Novelties. Trade packet $1.00; oz. $5.00; Vi lb. $15.00; lb. $50.00, iostpaid. ENCHANTRESS. A hrighl r..sepink. hc- coiring deeper toward the edges of standard ;.nd wings. Oz. 60 cU.; '/, lb. $1.80; lb. $6.00, l-'j^tpaid. Pink Beauty. The color is a soft rose-pink ..n whit>- ground. Oz. SO cts.; Vi lb. $1.50; lb. $5.00, postpaid. ROSE QUEEN. A pleasing shade of rich pink with a suffusion of rr>se. Oz. 60 cts.; '/t lb. $1.80; lb. $6.00, po.stpaid. ROSE Fordhook Rose, Improved. A cli.irming^ shade of ro!;v r;irniiiic with flowers of larg- est size. Oz. SO cts.; >^ lb. $150; lb. $5.00, postpaid. Rosebud. Heautllul larj^e flowers of a I) right shilling rose with :i suffusion ot bronze. Oz. 50 cts.; H lb. $1.50; ib. $5.00, postpaid. ZVOLANEK'S ROSE. This is a widely known variety with large flowers and bold stems. Color a rich rose. Oz. 80 cts.; 14 lb. $2.40; lb. $8.00, postpaid. CRIMSON EARLY KING. The finest early llowering crimson with flowers of great size and per- fect form. Oz. 60 cts.; 'i lb. $1.80; lb. $6.00, postpaid. ORANGE-SCARLET GLITTERS. No variety we know of ap- proaches Glitters in richness, brightness and live- lire etfect. The large hold flowers are a rich orange-scarlet. Oz. $1.00; V4 lb. $3.00; lb. $10.00, postpaid. ORANGE BURPEE'S ORANGE. A glistening pure orange. De.-^cribed uiuier Novelties. Trade packet $1.00; oz. $5.00; Vi lb. $15.00; lb. $50.00, jiostpaid. FLAMINGO. A particularly attractive and pleasing shade of light orange. Oz. $1.00; Vi lb. $3.00; Ib. $10.00, postpaid. SALMON MRS. KERR. ••The Best Karly lowering .Salmon." Descrihed under Novelties. Trade packet SO cts.; oz. $Z.OO; V4 lb. $6.00; lb. $18.00, postpaid. Apricot. Glowing deep salmon self with a faint suffusion of orange. . Oz. 80 cts.; Vi lb. $2.<0; Ib. $8.00. posip;ii.I. CERISE Fire King. Sr.ncliiiii: cerise- scarlet. Oz. 70 cts.; '/i lb. $2.10; Ib. $7.00, postpaid. Gorgeous. A charming soft salmon-cerise sell. Oz. 60 cts.; Vi lb. $1.M; lb. $6.00, postpaid. ILLUMINATION. Glowing salmon-cerise with a suspicion of orange. Oz. 80 cts.; Vi lb. $2.40; Ib. $8.00, postpaid. LAVENDER Lavender King. .\ rich true clcep lavender of large size and hc.nitiful form. Oz. 60 cts.; Vt Ib. $1.80; lb. $6.00, postpaid. BLUE MRS. WARREN G. HARDING. ' The Harding Blue." Descril.ed nndi-r Novelties. Trade packet SO cts.; oz. $2.50; 1/4 Ib. $7.50; Ib. $25.00, postpaid BLUE-BIRD. .\ true sell blue of large size carried on long stems. Oz. 60 cts.; V4 lb. $1.80; lb. $6.00, postpaid. True Blue. .'X charming -^liade of true blue. Oz. 80 cts.; '4 lb. $2.40; lb. $8.00, postpaid. Blue Jacket. A rich navy-blue self with Howers borne on long stems. Oz. 80 cts.; >4 Ib. $2.40; lb- $8.00, postpaid. MAUVE Mauve Beauty. The color is a pleasing sliadc of rosy mauve. Oz. 60 cts.; Vi lb. $1.80; lb. $6.00, postpaid. PURPLE Glorious. An carl\' tl"\\crnig Roval Purple. Oz. 50 cts.; Vi lb- 51-50; lb. $5.00, postpaid. ART SHADES Fairy Queen. Blush -pink with pale salmon suffusion and dark veinings of rose. Oz. 60 cts.; >i Ib. $1.80'. Ib. $6.00, jxistpaid. BICOLOR Yarrawa. Briftht rose-pink with clear cuMin base. Oz. SO ct».; Vi lb. $1.50; lb. $5.00. postpaid. FORDHOOK PINK AND WHITE. Rright rosy pink standard: creamy white wings suffused rose. Oz. SO cts.; >4 lb. Sl.SO; Ib. $5.00, postpaid. Columbia The standard is a hriffht rose- pink ;iih1 t lie wings are faintlv tinted rose. Oz. 80 cts.; >4 Ib. $2.40; lb. $8.00, postpaid. STRIPED Aurora. Kich oraii^'' ^r;irlrt flakes on a white ground. Oz. 80 cts.; 'i lb. $2.40; Ib. $8.00, postpaid. Write or wire for prices on Swoct Peas and other Flower Seeds. I I I i i SEED GROWERS W. ATLEE BURPEE CO. iiiipiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim PHILADELPHIA | ii GARDENERS' CHRONICLE (OF AMERICA) ILLUSTRATED HORTICl $2.00 A YEAR URAL 25cAC0PY iiqiiiiiiiiiiyiiiii::iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ ANNOUNCEMENT CHARLES H. TOTTY COMPANY MADISON, NEW JERSEY announce the opening of their New York Flower Shop on October 1 at 4 EAST 53rd STREET and extend to you a cordial invitation to visit them when you are in the city iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniii: ii;iiiii:iiniii:iiiii:iiiii:iiiii:iiiii:iiiii:ii DON^T DELAY— ORDER NOW BULBS FOR EARLY FORCING FREESIA— Purity, Monster Bulbs HYACINTHS— White Roman, Mammoth Bulbs NARCISSUS Paper White Grandiflora, Monster Bulbs, Grand Soleil d'or, Yellow, Trumpet Major, French Grown, Golden Spur, French Grown. LILIUMS Harrisii, the true Bermuda Easter Lily. Longiflorum Formosum and Giganteum. Candidum (Northern French Grown) For Prices and Description of above, also for complete list of Bulbs, etc., for Inside and Out- door planting, write for our 1922 Fall Bulb Cata- logue, mailed free. BURNETT BROTHERS SEEDSMEN 92 Chambers Street New York The House Famous for Lawn Grass Seed ..■; :x > LiiiiillBaa; If you want to know anything about greenhouses, ask us. TIIIiRE are times when questions arise in the minds of your employer and your- self concerning greenhouses for dif- ferent purposes. Those are the times that we want you to feel free to call upon us for information. Or better yet, a booklet illustrating and de- scribing King greenhouses can be bad for the asking. Send for that booklet to-day so that you will have it at your finger lips when ques- tions arise. When you lliinl,- of imod firrenliouses, tlUnIc oj King. KING CONSTRUCTION COMPANY CiENtRAL OFFICES: North Tonawanda, N. Y, Nrw York Bnilnn. Mass. Phlladrlphli. Pa. 56 West ISth St. Board ol Trade BIdo. Harrison Bldo. Tclrtihorift Trlerihonc Telopliono Murray Hill 10050 Main -1309 Sprocc 6521 Scranton. Pa. 307 N. Irving Avr. Trloplionr '1136 g''i niiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiii mil iniiiiniiniinimiiinniininniiiiiiiiiii i iiiiiii iiiiiiiijig I Bobbink &^ Atkins I iiiiii Visit Nursery f vurserv iProdiicts Ask for Catalogs John Scheepers INC. PEONIES EVERGREENS JAPANESE YEW IRIS The Lawn and Hedge Evergreen of the Future. The hardiest anil greenest of all evergreens. It will grow everywhere. It is most attractive for lawn speci- mens. Ask for pamphlet. Evergreens should be planted in early autumn, in order to have the best results. Described and priced in our Illustrated General Catalog. Si>eciiil Lists, pot-grown \ ine> and Climbers, Straw- berries, Rock Garden plants; Peonies and Iris. Nurserrinen and Florists RUTHERFORD NEW JERSEY nlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll|llll|||l|l|l|||||[||N||||[|||||!|||||||||l||||N|l1l1ittimil!llllllll!lllllllllllllllllllllllll!ll^ glNllllllllllllllllllllllllllllillllllllllllllllllllIlllllillJiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiii^ I Make Your Garden j I Serve You All Summer | I and also produce a sufficient supply for | I winter use. | I DREER'S MID^SUMMER I I CATALOGUE | I contains a list of many things which may be planted | I during the summer months. You will find listed all | I that is best for late planting in Vegetables, Winter | j and Spring Flowering Bulbs. Also the dependable | I strains of Farm seeds for Summer and Fall Planting. | I Pot-grown Strawberry Plants of the leading sorts and | I Celery Plants of best varieties. | I Also up-to-date Garden Tools, Insecticides, Fertilizers | I and all the helps that make gardening a pleasure. j 1 Write for a free copy and kindly mention this publi- | I cation. I HENRY A. 714-716 Chestnut Street DREER Philadelphia, Pa. HIGH CLASS FLOWER BULBS RARE AND UNUSUAL VARIETIES OF PROVEN MERIT 522 FiftK Avenue (cor. 44tK St.) ^Je^v York Cit)) 221 ^illllNJIIIN)linilllMHItllllllllltl1|l111tllllMt[tl{]tllllllllllllllllltirillllllllllllllllllllllllNlllllirillllllllllllllllllM The Contents for August, 1922 Things and Thoughts of the Garden W. N. Craig Plants with Subterranean Stems Flofum AmaloT Ornamental Flowering Trees and Shrubs .... Camillo Schneider The Iris Among the Ancients The Rock Garden Arthur Smith Gardening in South Carolina 223 225 226 229 230 Andrew Andersen 233 The Nasturtium Bertha Berberl-Hammond Scented Musk T. A. Waton 234 234 The Greenhouse, Month to Month George F. Stewart Cerastium and Sempervivum. . . Richard Rothe Early Spring Pansies Work for the Month in the Garden Samuel Golding Depailments of Foreign Exchange and Book Reviews National Association cf Gardeners Local Societies Here and There ll'ild Floicers Being Exterminated — A Transformation On a Modern Steamship — A Mind Reader. 235 236 237 238 239 242 244 246 Published Monthly by THE CHKONICLE PRESS, INC. 286 Fifth Avenue, New York. N. Y. MARTIN C. EBEL, Editor Entered at tlic Nc7i< York Post Office as second class mailer. Nor. 3, 191-1. under Ihc .4cl of Congress, .Marcli 3, 1879 Vol. XXVI. No. 8 Issued 15th of each month. Subscription .... $2.00 a year Canada, $2.15; Foreign $2.65 ^wiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii miiniiiiimiiiiinii iiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii»iniiniiiiiiiiiiiiiii[iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 5TUMPP & WALTER CO.'S Acl\)ance Offering HIGH QUALITY BULBS For Autumn Planting If you Kave not alreaa5^ received our 1922 Aa\)ance Offering of HigK Qualit)) Bulbs for Autumn Plant- ing we will be pleased to mail you a copy on request. ^ff^^uSa^lerW 30-32 Barcla}? St. Kf e w York nmiiuiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii IIIIIIIIIHMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllUIIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIII iiiiiyiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiuiiiiaiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiie iiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiis GARDENERS' CHRONICLE (OF AMERICA) Devoted to the Science of Floriculture and Horticulture I Vol. XXVI AUGUST 1922 IIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII^^ No. 8 I iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Things and Thoughts of the Garden WILLIAM N. CRAIG LMWART NEW YORK BOTANICAL aAKUBN M ANY moisture loviiii^ plants, coninionly regarded as semi-aquatic, do reniarkalily well in the average perennial bonier, especially where they have a generous soil and can have an occasional watering in times of drought. A few of these [jlants are Scnccio dk'tiriim. Lobelia cardiualis, Lytliniin ro.uiiiii snpcrbum, Ins Kcempfcri, and thalictrunis in variety. Scnccio clivorum is a very robust subject and while its real home is on the margin of ponds, it succeeds well in the herbaceous border. It is somewhat coarse but flowers at a time when there is no great variety in the hardy garden, excepting phloxes of the paniciilatai type. The spikes of Lobelia canliiialis grown in drv land I have found keep much better in water than those from boggy locations. Lobelia syphilitica also makes an excellent border plant and the Chelones, usually associated with swamps, also succeed extremely well. Even the so-called water forget-me-not, Myosotis paliis- Iris, will flower all Summer in a border if it can enjoy a little shade. * * =:: * Flowering shrubs in August are not abundant and the Buddleias are very welcome. They have so far proved immune from both insect pests and diseases and are of such easy culture that everyone should try a few plants. They should not be pruned until Spring, and then if cut down near the ground, they will do their best. If pruned back in late Fall, I find that they Winter poorly. Plants have withstood a Winter minimum of 20 degrees below zero without injury even when unprotected. C)i the various forms of B. variabilis in commerce, I consider magnifica by far the best. Its racemes are much more freely produced than on Veitchiam- and the plant has a better habit. B. Eva Dudley, a hybrid between Asiatica and magnifica, blooms in October out-doors. It is inter- mediate in color but does not flower as abundantly as either parent. It is useful in the flower garden in Fall when flowers are becoming scarce. ^ H^ ^ -!' The various bush honeysuckles are always very attrac- tive while in fruit. The bulk carry scarlet fruit but some are golden and one carries berries similar to blueberries in color : these latter, however, are somewhat short lived. The scarlet fruited forms are much the most striking and if one could only have them for the holidays, how effec- tively they could be utilized ! I consider Morro-an much the finest of the red-fruited section, and it always carries a greater wealth of fruit than any other Loniccra. Many people purchase what purports to be Morrozm, raised from seed. These plants generally run up as tall as tatarica. The true Morrowi rarely exceeds six feet in height, but will spread fifteen to twenty-five feet across if allowed s])ace. If given room to show its individuality, there is no more beautiful shrub either in tlower or fruit. Propa- gation by cuttings in Summer is very easy. * * * ::= How long will i)otatoes succeed in the same soil? It is generally considered suicidal to plant two successive seasons, and we are told of the absolute necessity of crop rotations if we want a satisfactory yield. I have in mind a good sized plot which has just produced its seventh crop of potatoes without change, and the last crop was far the heaviest and cleanest of the lot. After harvesting each year Winter rye has been sown on the plot and allowed to make considerable growth in Spring before being plowed in. A commercial potato fertilizer has been used at planting time, while a top-dressing of nitrate of soda has been given when the plants were four to five inches high. No manure whatever has been used for seven years. The plants have had three sprayings each season. The varieties grown have been Spaulding Rose, Irish Colibler, and Green Mountain. Those who want potatoes but have only limited land and cannot give rota- tions, conimonlv advocated, may gain comfort from this experience. :}: ^ :;; ;:; Much has been published about the waning popularity of the lialdwin apple of late. Some growers class it as too tender : others that it only crops in alternate years, and we are further told, that its color and flavor are in- ferior to some other varieties. In so far as cropping is concerned, I find Baldwin still a top notcher, and while it lacks the brilliancy of Macintosh Red and Wealthy, it is less easily bruised than these varieties, far less sus- ceptible to skin fungus and a vastly better keeper. Macintosh is a beautiful apple but its season is Fall and very early Winter, while Baldwins may be kept in good condition until the end of June. Both Macintosh and Wealthy need several - sprayings after the fruits set if freedom from fungus is wanted, and in this connection dust spraying is proving more effective than liquid spray- ing at a great saving in time and labor. I think the time is not far distant when aeroplanes can be sent over orchards and shade trees to send clouds of dust over them as a cure for both insect pests and diseases, as was demon- strated in England the past season. 223 224 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE Speaking of insect pests, it is interesting tn note that near Boston, where the gypsy moth got its start in America and where milhons of doHars have been spent in combating it, that tliis major pest is scarcer than ever before, this being thie to the prevalence of the wilt disease, the work of parasitic foes and unfavorable climatic con- ditions, for all of which we are profoundly grateful. The brown tail moth is extinct except in a few scattered locali- ties. The elm leaf beetle, which came as a plague in l^'OO, threatened to wipe out all our elms and tinall\- disappeared, has come back in i)laces, but is not numerous. The oak leaf roller threatened to destroy all our oaks six or eight years ago, but is now rarely met with. The San Jose scale, which was to clean out all our orchards, is still with us but is gradually dwindling. It taught us the necessity of dormant spraying and. as a result, we have much better orchards. The European corn borer is destructive now but it will, before long, be controlled by parasites. Other pests there are in Massachusetts but where tons of arsen- ate of lead were used a decade ago, 100 i>ounds suffices for protection now, and if we only had more birds, our insect fights would be still more lightened. The latest document from the h'ederal Horticultural Board is pitifully weak when examined. The eminent array of Government and State ofificials dare hardly criticize the hand that feeds them, knowing full well that if they did so. they would speedily suffer decajjitation, and the various nurserymen who applaud the beneficent (to them) (Juarantine 37 do so, not because they are terrified at the possible introduction of a few more bugs but because the F. H. B. functioning as a tariff board accords them almost complete protection from foreigii sources, and that means much higher prices for home raised plants to the ultimate consumer, and of course this is the only legitimate way to build up "a more truly .American PTorticulture !'' Dr Marlatt's s])ecial conuuittee has given the F. H. B. the generous coat of whitewash desired, but their latest ex- ploits will only tend to strengthen opposition to the board as at present constituted, and further camouflaging on their part will be necessary if they hope to hoodwink those who remain unconvinced that a board of scientific theor- ists api)ointed to jjrotect us from plant j^ests and diseases should ajjpoint themselves a tariff' legislative body. * * ■:■■ * Some years ago when JFalsiniia .Irdcniei was first introduced from .^oulh .\frica it attained some popularity as a greenhouse plant. Of lale it is rarely seen. In l-'lorida, California and other warm States these beautiful bulbous ]>lants are very po])ular as garden plants and flower over a long season. My friend, F. W. Fletcher of Orlando, Fla., sent me some bulbs last Fall. These were I)ot-grown and flowered beautifull}-, the colors being mainly peach ])ink and pure white. The spikes are well branched anfl carry as many as 50 or more flowers each. They grow somewhat taller than gladioli, want similar culture and are fine for cutting. l'"or use in groups of flowering ])lants at our Spring shows they would be ex- cellent. I do not remember to have seen anv at recent shov\s. Bulbs are obtainable in abundance in both Florida and California. Watsonias might also prove a jirofitable liench crop for conunercial growers to try in a moderate way. cutting them when the first two or three flowers open. * * * * The old Scarborough lily (Vallola piirpnycn) is rarel\ seen on jirivate estates. It is one of those subjects which is usually belter grown and flowered by small amateurs than by professional gardeners, and quite commonly at agri- cultural fairs in Massachusetts in September or early ( )ctober, splendidly rt(j\\ered i)lants in large pots or tubs are exhibited, carrying anywhere from two dozen spikes u])wards. Those who flower them so successfully usually Winter them in a light cellar, and a point to remember is that while they are closely allied to Amaryllis, they are evergreen leaved and must never be dried ofT. Further- more, they resent disturbance at the roots and flower most [irofusely when bulbs are crowded and receptacles matted with roots. In this resjject they are not dissimilar from Nerines. There is a ])ure white form of Vallota in cul- tixation and several varieties of the scarlet type, the finest being called inagnifica. T. purpurea was introduced from South Africa in 1774 and the plant is named after M. J'ierre Valot, a French botanist who wrote a description of the royal gardens as long ago as 1623. For the suc- cessful culture of Vallota. it is necessary to cover bulbs several inches deep and bed them well in sand. It will take a year or two for them to thoroughly establish them- selves. Well grown and bloomed ]>Iants, carrying numer- ous spikes two to three feet in height, are most attractive. (Ireenliouse tomatoes have this season been more troubled with mildew than for many years owing to the prolonged sjjell of hot, rainy weather in June, with many dark days with an atmosphere reeking with humidity. A great many florists grow tomatoes as late Spring and .Summer crops and nearly all private estates wliere there are greenhouses plant quite a number. The \-ahie of dust over liquid S])raying has been clearly pro\'ed this season. 1 have used 80 per cent sulphur and 20 per cent lime, and this has controlled mildew much belter than Bordeau.x mixture or sprays containing sulphur. At the Lexington Field Station, managed conjointly by the Boston Market Gardeners' Association and the Massachusetts Agricul- tural College, a large number of varieties, mostly of British origin, are being tested unde'r glass this season, and the one which seemed to me to be the best all round sort was Lister's Fxcelsior, a 1917 introduction. Comet also showed up well, but the crop was not. owing to mildew attacks, a normal one. What is the best producing and most disease-proof .isparagus? This is a question fre(juently asked and it is ;m important one. There has been a steady improvement in varieties and t\pes of late years and nuich has been .iccomiilished b_\- selection. Not many years ago Palmetto, ( liant Argenteuil and Conover's Colossal were the stand- bys. These varieties are still largely grown but Reading Giant has forged to the front rapidly of late years. Now it in turn seems destined to play second fiddle to Martha Washington. There arc several Washingtons on the m;irket, which is unfortunate, as the average amateur or l>rivatc gardener does not know whether to buy Mary Washington, Martha W.ashington or Washington. At present Martha seems to fill the centre of the stage. LTsually seedsmen carry what are termcfl two-year- old roots of as])aragns which average no larger in size than yearlings. .\n excellent way to save time is to sow seeds under glass about C'hristmas. pot olT singly into 2'/jS and later into 4s, gradually h.ardening oil" and plant- ing out as soon as weather |)ermits. There will l)e no loss from plant" <^hus raised and they will grow five or more feet high the same season, and with me have ])roved 'ar more satisfactory than either two or one-year-old dormanl roots. The auioimt of pleasure that there is in this world can never Ix- measured. The philosophy ol lile i^ rrcipidcit\ and a man gets what he gives. — Ch.auucey .M . I )(pew. Fnr Aujiiist. 1922 225 Plants With Subterranean Stems FLORUM AMATOR WIIA'I' is ;i plant stem? it is tliu axis of tlic plant on wliich all other ort^ans of the ])lant are borne. I tranches are secondary stems, that is stems grow- ing- out of the main stem. Stems at the very beginning produce roots. The stem is an ascending axis, except those subterranean stems which are in the form of a rhizome, and the root is the descending axis. There are two general classes of stems, namely, alcove- ground and subterranean or underground stems. The pronounced characteristic of above-ground stems is that they bear leaves. Underground stems do not bear true leaves, but the rudiments of leaves or what answers to the leaves of above-ground stems. Abovc-Gronnd Stems. — These stems are of several dif- ferent forms, which are usuallv classified as follows : Herbaceous stems which die down to the ground each season after flowering; siiffrutesceiif. wdiich are slightly woody below, but herbaceous above ; fntticose, woody and living through the years, but growing however not more than four times a man's height ; arborescent, in appearance and manner of growth tree-like, and in size ajiproaching a tree; arboreous, forming a proper tree trunk. These dif- ferent forms of above-ground stems are found everywhere and ma\' be readily observed, but subterranean or under- ground stems are not easily observed, and few conse- quently have any knowledge of these. It is of these, therefore, we purpose to speak. Subterranean or Underi^round Stems. — "These," says the late Prof. Asa Gray in his excellent botany, "are very numerous and various, but they are commonly overlooked or else are confounded with roots. From their situation they are out of ordinar\- sight : but they will well repay e.xamination, for the vegetation that is carried on under- ground is liardlv less varied ean — .Ipios tulyeinsa. All of these tubers, which have been mentioned, are edible. The scalelike growth, which is seen at intervals on rhizomes and the eyes which are seen on both rhizomes and tubers correspond respectively to the leaves which are seen on the above-ground stems and the buds seen in the axils of these stems. I he Corni or Solid Bulb. — A corm is a thick and ex- tremely short and fleshy underground stem, not unfre- quently of greater breadth than height. From the upper end of the corm arise stalks and leaves and from the lower the roots descend or spread out. .Among cultivated plants, the Crocus, Gladiolus and Cyclamen are well known examples of plants growing up from corms, and the Indian Turnip^ — ArisavnO' triphyllum — among wild plants. The first two and the last are reproduced annually, the new corms forming on the sides and summit of the old, but the corms of the cyclamen enlarge and go on produc- ing leaves and flowers through the years. A corm re- sembles a tuber in its habit of budding on its sides, that is from the axils of its leaves but these leaves are not scales as in the case of rhizomes and tubers but are the bases of the foliage leaves which cover the surface of the corm. The corm resembles the true bulb in having these sheathes or wide scales, but the solid part of the stem makes up most of the bulk which is not the case in the true bulb. The Bulb. — A bidb is an underground stem whose solid centre is like a reduced corm, but whose major part is made u\i of thickened scales which are leaves or the bases of leaves and which cover the central corm-like part. In fact a bulb is a bud on an extremely short stem and sur- rounded with fleshy scales. In the bases of these thick, fleshy, overlapping scales is stored the food for the most ])art for the future growth of the central corm-like bud, surrounded by these scales but in the case of rhizomes, tubers, and corms the store of food for future use is in these subterranean stems. In lilies we see examples of bulbs with thick narrow scales. In Hyacinths and Onions we have examples of coated or truncated bulbs, that is bulbs whose scales enwrap each other in concentric layers. The small bulbs which grow out of the large ones underground or in some cases above ground in the axils of the leaves are called bulblets. The bulblets which grow in the axils of the leaves of some kinds of Lilies or in the flower clusters of the Onions never grow into branches since they are buds with thick- ened scales, but when mature, dro]) to the ground and take root there and form new plants. A proper and effective method of studying underground or subterranean stems is to procure a rhizome, for ex- ample, of an Iris, a tuber of a potato, a corm of a Cyclamen and a Gladiolus, a bulb of a Lily and a Hyacinth, and note first their forms ; secondly their bud scales, and buds; thirdly their true roots, and from what point these roots spring, and from what point the new plant grows annually. We will readily understand the importance of under- ground stems upon considering the fact that the majority of our most used edible vegetables and many of our beauti- ful flowering ]ilants have stems which are wholly or partly subterranean. 226 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE Ornamental Flowering Trees and Shrubs CAMILLO SCHNEIDER /;; Gartciischofiiliril. translated bv F. B. Meyer w 1 1 !•: X the 1) 1 a c k t horn awakens from its \\'inter's rest we know that the full- ness of Spring has iMine. Its branches. so nionrnfully dark 'H Winter, froth axuv. ,'s it were, in white liillows of blossoms, and at its feet in the L'.rcen grass the vio- lets exhale fragrance. Sh(ntl\- thereafter, like white ribbons, the rows of cherry trees band the sunny landscape through which thrill the war- lilings ol larks. In the fruit g.-inkn. the ap|iks are already budding f(jr'ih rosy- red and with the pear trees thev close in May the 'blossoming period that had been ushered in during March by the peaches and apricots in bright pink, lui- tire regions are famed for their fruit blossoms, in almost all large fertile river valleys and especially in the grape- cultivating regions on the Rhine and the Danube. In every ]jlace, where the cultivation of fruit is at all pos- sible, the landscape is enriched. I!ut all that they oft'er is greatly augmented and refined by those peaches, plums, apples, pears and allied trees which we raise only for the sake of ornament, without thinking of their gifts of good tasting fruit. I'rom all parts of the north temjierate zone have these ornamenial small trees come to accentuate and pmlong the .Sjirijig Jiipaiii' dultblc Kofu'icu HolVflillg Zdkura. clierrv. in our gardens. Ja- pan and China have sent their ornamental cherries, and North America an abun- dance of splendidly flowering a p p 1 e s . iM-oni eastern Asi;i the most beautiful apricots, cherries, and pears have been ob- tained. Ihit the Near East, too, has given us very hands: ime pears and ajiples. Their near relatives, the crab apples, .Iro- iiia, and the Rock- sprays, Amclancliicr, come for the most part from the L'nited States. They are all counted among the most beautiful small trees and shrubs ol Spring, which often in Sunmier and Au- tumn r e w a r d us doubly fur the slight pains of i>ur care with their splendid loads of fruit and their foliage gay in its coloring. The ar- tistic plasticity of the petals, their sn.iall forms, the charming and rliythmic confusion of the stamens with the anthers, wdiich in life are colored now ])urple. now gold, and all the niceties of the fruit capsules and styles, are generally Mxcrlooked when we stand admiringly before the wealth I if the trees' blossoms. Like the bee searching for nectar, our eyes must follow friim bliissnm to blossom and gaze deep down into e;icli uf these miracles. t'iii:Kkii;s, I 'i,i!.\is, .\\M) TH i:ii; 1\:;l\ii\i;s \ ryiiiius ) When in the last days of November. 1914, I was ascend- ing from the hot valle\- of the .Sihveen to I'aszhoehe toward the Irrawaddi in the remote southwestern i)art of C'liina, lint fidin the darkness uf the interwoven canopy of Japaiu-sc tloitblc Hoiwriiig pyra)iiidal cherry, .linaiiogawa cakura: Irans- liilcd, Hcavrn's River or Milky ll'tiw trees o greetei Sjiring ertions irnnitive lie iinugbs of in ih s slrimge m\ ciinip.'iniiin /'. Miitiii Schcidi-Lkcri. jnnk , slinhlly jratirunl. The l>hiilii}:,nil'hs I'mdutrd lici lire through the courtesy of A. E. IVohlerl. All) ;ul)-lnipical forest there smilingly pink, .-ninouncing the bursting of w(irld. After long continued ex- and I succeeded in bringing ilown specimens ol tliese blossoms. It was riiiiiiii I'/Tir.fo/V/iw, or I'udilum, an ornament.d cherrv. which i> spread tln'oughiiut the llim;d;i\an rt'gion and as far a-; western I. hina. It meant an experience to me. It recalled all the vern.'d s]ilcnd(ir nl m\ n;iti\i' Imme — how often 1 had enjuxrd it in the time of cherrv blossnni> ;nul (in the high bank of the llantibe ;il X'ii'nn.i oi on the mountain road. For August, 1922 227 How a whole nation is raised to ecstasy is iuul.>trntecl by the case of Japan. When the Spring Cherry, Pnuiiis subhirtcUa blooms there in its characteristically weeping- form variety, pciidula, a folk festival is observed. Pniinis ycdociisis or paraccrasiis. which is lacking in scarcely any park or temple garden, and at the height of whose bloom- ing the Mikado ordains a holiday, rivals it for the people's favor. In time of flowering there follows upon this tlie numerous wild and cultivated forms of P. scrrulata and of P. Lanncsiaiia, both of which often pass aiuong us incorrectly under the name P. psciidoccrasiis. To be sure I was not able to observe the Japanese ornamental cherries in my native home, but I learned thoroughly to know them and to prize them during the four Spring seasons I passed in the Arnold Arboretum at Boston. Here since 1890 the wild forms of P. serrulata. the variety sachalinensis, better known as P. Sargentii (Sargent's Cherry), has been suc- cessfully naturalized and every year its magnificent pink blossoms expand, along with the bronze-colored young foliage, to the delight of thousands who stream into the Arboretum at cherry blossom time. The following garden forms of P. serrulata, which belong to the variety sachali- nensis, are quite wonderful : alba rosea ( Shiro-fugen) pink buds, open flowers with two carpels, shaped like leaves, in the center: Fugenzo (James Veitch or Vcitchiana of the gardens) like the preceding but rose-white blossoms; Hisakura Kirin. very large, compactly double, pink, late blooming ; Seckiyama, bright pink, large, double and, according to E. H. Wilson, who has studied these forms in detail, perhaps the most lovely double ornamental cherry. To P. Lainicsiana belong, according to ^Ir. Wilson, the following magnificent forms: Sumizone. single, white with pink-blush, fragrant, very large : Fukwokuju, first light pink, then white, double: Hata- zakura, white with pink, serai-double, somewhat like an apple; Jonior, pure white, rather loose, strongly fragrant ; Oyon, semi-double light pink; Ojochin, semi-double, light pink, very large. Not without mention should remain P. Sieboldii, which in the gardens passes as P. pscudo- cerasiis var. Sieboldii or var. Il'ateri, as well as under its natal name, Naden. The blossoms are pink, quite double (■r s-jmi-(loul>le, the last being the case with the kind called Vohiki. With this, of course, the number nf Japanese ornamental cherries is not exhausted. Their history is highly interesting and is treated in a discourse written in Cerman by M. Miyoshi, which appeared in 1916 in a Japanese scientific journal at the same time that Mr. Wilson published his work on Japanese cherries in the Arnold Arboretum. According to Miyoshi the kind Fugenzo has been known in cultivation for more than four hmidred years while a work of the year 1681 already takes Japanese zivefing clicn-ii:s. pink, single, Shidare-Higan-Zakura, a) know on my travels in Yunnan : it is distinct from genuine maluses. These brief references may pass for an indication of how rich is the Chinese plant world in ])eculiar forms, deserving of cultivation. From Japan are to be mentioned for the smaller gardens, M. Sargenti and M. Sicboldi var. calocarpa, as M. Zuini also. M. Anwldimta. belonging in the form cycle to .1/. floribunda is worthy of the same note. M. iocnsis plena, the double form of the prairie apple, from North .\merica. is unsurpassed. Its large, fragrant and compact flowers remind one of small roses. \'ery deco- rative is one from the Caucasus, related to our wild apple, M. Niedzzixtzkyana, which on account of its magnificent red colored foliage and blossoms truly deserve a better name. Its large purple apples are also .striking, though its habit imfortunately is very sparse and unlovely, so that its decorative value is impaired. In spite of the fact that apples and pears are in every way quite distinct they are often still classed under the name Pyrus. Real pears, however, are very easily dis- tinguished from apples in leaf, blossom, and fruit. They are in general not as ornamental as the apple but they also ix)ssess their charms in the bloonu'ng season. Even the common wild pear, Pyrus coiinnunis. attracts our gaze when blooming. From it for the most ]iart are derived our cultivated forms, in the origin of which, how- ever, the snow pear, P. nivalis, has had a part. This is still fround occasionally wild in old country gardens. Old trees of it have a very picturesque appearance and with their large white blossoms are charming. The west .•\siatic willow-leaved pear, P. salicifolia. like the olive- leaved pear. P. ckragrifolia also from the Caucasus and .southern Russia, is very charming in spite of its rather small blossoms. From China and Japan we possess imw a whole series which, as stocks and even on account of their fruits, play a role. Even though the fruits of the Chinese kinds by no means have the melting juiciness of onr cultivated i>ears, but rather, in spite of their often considerable size, are quite stony, one learns to ])rizc them for their kee])ing qualities, for when stewed they make an excellent preserve. {Continued in the September number. ) The flowerin.g cherry is effective in landscajie conqwsi- tions. Observe how profuse is the flowering of the tree, illustrated on the front cover, in front of the little build- ing and of the one at the rear. The cover illustration, and the other illustrations nf ornamental flowering sinubs are jiroduced, in connection with this artirlr. thidugli the courtesv of .\. I".. Mnhlerl. For August, 1922 229 The Iris Among the Ancients IN the remote tiivie of Greek mythology the Iris was a gracious goddess, messenger of the gods, who by spreading out her scarf produced the rainbow. The ancient Greeks, struck by the diversity of colors in the perianth of the flowers of the plant which forms the sub- ject of this article, gave to it the name of die charming goddess who personified the rainbow. The Greek physician Dioscorides. of the first century of the Christian era, declares moreover that the word Iris signifies "rainbow"' ; the plant bearing this name, he adds, owes it to the varied colors of its petals. At that period the Greeks and the Romans employed the dried rhizomes of the Iris in perfumery and in medi- cine. They made use of it to comixit coughs and colics, against the bites of serpents, as a purgative, etc. Pliny and Dioscorides point out that the rhizomes most esteemed came from Illyria (/. ^crmaiiica) : in the second rank were placed those from Macedonia (7. Horenthm), and finally, in the last place, those from Lybia. Macedonia and Corinth were then celebrated for their perfumed un- guents. According to Pliny the better oil of Iris came from Pamphilia : that from Cilicia also was very highly esteemed. The German botanist, Sprengel, sees, in the Iris of Dioscorides. the species gcriiiamca and iiorentina. If in the first century the rhizomes of the Iris were im- ported into Italy the plant was already known there and had a place m the gardens. Pliny states that it did not enter into the making of garlands, probably because of the fragility of the petals. He describes minutely the ceremonial pulling up of the rhizomes, which were lifted up toward the sky immediately they were taken from the earth. On the contrary the Egyptians, in the Greco-Roman period, who cultiv.ated the Iris sibirica, used it to make garlands. What were the Irises cultivated by the Greeks and the Romans? They cultivated, beyond doubt, the /. gernuin- ka, native to central Europe, which grows in abundance in a wild state in Dalmatia (ancient Illyria). It is evi- dentlv this species, of which the colors recall the rainbow, that brought to the genus its name. Acording to Pluckiger and Hanbury /. florcntiiia and pallida (from the south-eastern parts of Europe) must have been introduced into Italy in the Middle Ages. The Italian agriculturist Crescenzi (T3th century) actually treated of the white Iris and of the purple, and indicates the maner of preserving the rhizomes. His contempo- rary, the celebrated poet, Dante, author of the Diinnc Comedy, reports that upon the ancient arms of the city of Florence was a representation of a zdiitc Iris upon a red escutcheon, which was, after the civil wars, changed into red Iris upon a white escutcheon. The culture of the /. iiorentina spread rapidly to such an extent that Valerius Cordus complained, at the end of the sixteenth century, that the Illyrian drug had been replaced by that from Florence. A.ccording to the statement of Mattioli the plant must have been naturalized in Tuscany in the middle of the sixteenth century. Clusius claims that it was rare in the gardens of the other countries. In the twelfth century, in Spain, the Arabian agricul- turist Ibn-al-Awam described the culture of the Iris (Lit- tle Violet-colored Lily), which multiplies from the roots in May : the translator wrote in a note that this Iris, of small stature, was probably the /. pmnila. The Arabian physician Ibn-el-Beithar ( 13th Century) says that the Irissa is the violet-colored Lily, and he points out its me- dicinal properties. In France the culture of the Iris goes back certainly to a remote period : the beauty and the oddness of its flow- ers, the perfume of its dried rhizomes, employed since time immemorial in domestic economy ( lixiviation, her- aldry ) must have caused it to be admitted into gardens. In the eighteenth century, under the name of Gladiolus (in 1600) Olivier of Serres still wrote Gladiolus or Iris. The emperor Charlemagne enjoined the cultivation of the Iris upon his attendants. The flower is found represented upon the scroll work of monuments of the Roman period and of the end of the (]Iothic period. The flower of "Lys'' figured upon the coats of arms of the kings of France, from the time of Louis \TI in 1180 (it had been adopted by other royal houses of Europe also and by a great number of families belonging to the French nobility), does not reseinble a fleur-de-lis. Modern authors see rather, in the golden Lily of coats of arms, the yellow flower of the Iris pseii- dacorus. It is then not rash to affirm that by the Middle Ages the culture of the Iris had already been widely spread in France In the sixteenth century the species known were sufficiently nimierous. By consulting the works of bota- nists of the time, up to G. Bauhin (Pinax 1623), we have found, described or figured, the following Irises : I. — Iris rhizomatous : (a) Apogon: /. fatidissima L., /. pseudaconts L. ; /. graminea L. ; /. sibirica L. ; /. spuria L. (b) Oncocyclus: /. Siisiana L. (c) Pogoniris : L. ; /. aphylla L. ; I. germanica L. ; /. iiorentina L. ; /. pallida Lam. ; /. pmnila L. ; /. sqmdens L. ; /. sainbitcina L. ; /. variegata L. II. — Iris bulbous : /. alata Poir ; /. Xipliium L. ; /. xiph- ioides, Ehr. ; /. Sisyrineliinin L. ; /. jimeea L. III. — Iris tuberous: /. tuberosa L. This is the total of twenty species. Thus, as witness the works of Clusius and of G. Bauhin, where Lamark found described several varieties of /. germanica and of pnmila, the cultivation of these two species must be an- cient. The Mourning Iris or /. susiana, so curious be- cause of its form and its sombre coloring, native to Per- sia, of which we reproduce the figure acocrding to Clusius, was sent from Constantinople to Vienna in 1573 to this botanist. The Iris from Persia (/. persica L.), bulbous, is cited in 1629 by Parkinson. It is from the end of the sixteenth or from the begin- ning of the seventeenth century that the culture of bul- bous irises has been developed in Holland. Clusius, whom Olivier of Serres (the Father of French Agriculture) sur- named in 160O, the Father of Flowers, must have intro- duced and propagated nmnerous species when he was in Leyden. The attention of Dutch, English and Belgian horticulturists was directed principally to the bulbous species (/. xipliium and /. xiphioides) of which they ob- tained, by sowing, numerous varieties. De Grace an- nounced (Bon Jardinier, 1802) that in the eighteenth century the Dutch were selling, by names and colors, vari- eties of /. xipliium. In France, in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, were cultivated, in the gardens, rhizomatous irises (/. germanica, I. pumila, I. florentina. I. Susiana, etc.) and bulbous irises (/. xipliium, tmder the name of Spanish Iris, /. xiphioides, under the name of English Iris and the Persian Iris). Irises with rhizomes were multiplied from seed or, more often, by cutting up the rhizomes. A (Continued on page 232) 230 GARDENERS- CHROMCLE The Rock Garden ARTHUR SMITH WHEN people begin to realize the results which are to be obtained by gardening- exclusively with hardy plants, the ever-changing variety of beauti- ful effects produced for the greater part of the year, and the boundless possibilities connected with the system com- pared with that of using tender bedding plants, they desire to bring into their gardens some of the many enchanting subjects which find a congenial home among rocks, espe- cially those inhabiting alpine situations. Hence a rockery is made with the idea of accommodating them. A rockery may cover only a few square yards, or one can form a rock garden of any extent in which may be created all kinds of .situations, variations in soil, aspect, etc.. suited to the needs of plants growing in mountainous districts, which needs distinctly differ in dift'erent species, whether from arid Arizona or from mountains above the tree line close to perpetual snow. \\'hatever the extent of rock-work we propose to under- take, the underlying principles of construction are the same. That these principles have not always been realized accounts perhaps for the fact that there are few matters connected with horticulture wherein there have been more failures and ridiculous results than in the formation of rockeries. The use of rocks in connection with growing plants is, as far as possible, to create conditions similar to their native habitat, and also to counteract to some extent the adverse conditions brought about bv a distinct change in that habitat. One of the most important points connected with the naturalization of plants is to produce as far as possible the environment in which the plants have been in the habit of living. The fact that a plant has been growing under certain conditions for thousands of years and is found in no other, is evidence that those conditions are the best for its constitution. Therefore if we wish to grow the many beautiful subjects which are to be found upon the mountains we must give them a home which reproduces to the greatest possible extent that from which they have been removed, and at the same time protect them from the adverse effects which may arise from the differences in their new environment. The mistake is often made in thinking that these jilants grow iif>0)i rocks. It is true that a mere passing glance might lead one to suppose such to be the case, but if closely examined it will be found that their roots go down deeply into the fissures of the rocks, and in cases where these fissures have been opened up roots have been traced down many feet and are thus safe from cold and drought. This jjrevailing idea that rock plants grow ujwn rocks and that therefore they require little or no soil no doubt accounts for the method frequently employed in making rockeries, which is to dump a few loads of stones ujion the tO]) of hard ground, form them into a sort of pyramid, poke a few spoonsful of earth between the stones and ram in the plant with a stick. It is true there are one or two species which will more or less survive this treat- ment, such as Sednm acre, and Scmficrvivum tcctorum, but one does not go to the trouble and exi)ense of con- structing rockeries merely for subjects like these which will grow in any poor, droughty situation, although they may rightfully have a place there. The first pc^int to be considered is the site. This should not be near trees because their roots will inevitably find their way into the soil of the rock .garden and rob the plants of food and water: the (hip I'nim trees is also very detrimental. The situation should l>e an open one away from tall buildings. The realization of the advantages of having the rock garden in an open situation has perhai)s led some people to construct them on a lawn, fully exposed and therefore part of the landscape. However ideal may have been the construction and planting of a rock garden, having a rockery or a rock garden standing out upon a lawn is a fundamental mistake, inasmuch as a condition is created which cannot possibly harmonize with any other feature of the garden and a discordant note is thereby established. Of course, one has to make the best of the conditions udiich they possess, but if possible a garden of this kind should be so enclosed by natural planting that from the outside it will harmonize with, and appear part of, the general landscape scheme — provided the latter is upon naturalistic lines — and it is possible so to arrange matters that it will ap])ear to be nothing but a somewhat more pronounced promontory of a boundary ])lanting, and the rock garden itself will not be seen until one is actually in it, \\ ith the latter idea in mind — although it is only one of many possibilities — such promontory may take an irregu- lar pear shape in outline with the narrowest portion in connection with the other ])lanting. This narrow con- necting neck should gradually widen out to anv width, and extend to any length, the room at disposal or the desires of the owner may require. As soon as the neck widens out the formation of banks should commence, bifurcating to any. Avidth desired and meeting again at the other end. The banks should be irregular, obtuse slopes, but the out line of the exterior can be smoother than the interior. The planting on the outside of the banks should be of a shrubbery, evergreen nature, conforming to that with which it is connected. The species used may be, however, of the dwarfer kinds, esjjecially on the higher parts of the bank, so as to avoid any sudden elevation of the sky line, so that from the outside it should have no conspicu- ous difference from the other iilanting in its vicinity. The selection and placing of the material used should be considered from the point of view of the height reached by the dift'erent species, and u]X)n the bank itself nothing of a coarse growing nature with far reaching roots is advisable. If a border of herbaceous ])erennials is in front of the [ilanting to which this is connected such border should continue. I'roijerly masked entrances may be made at each end, or only one entrance may be pro- vided for. The interior will jiresent a more nr less irregular sha]ied oval surface surrounded by the banks. Water effect can be provided for by means of having it issue from between rocks in the form of a spring at one end, continuecl along the center in the form of a winding ri\ulet, or enlarging into a ixinl. and disa]>pearing into a drain at the other end. As regards soil, most ])lants will <1'> well in a sweet, fibrous loam, and for rock ])lants, esjiecially alpincs, one composed of one part fibrous loam, one ])art leaf mold and one ])art sharp grit is advisable. The grit should not be rruind smooth pebbles but riddled broken stone and should \arv from the size of cabbage seed to that of ])igeon eggs. .\s regards the kind of rock to use, th;it nattu-al to the district ancl nearest at hand — jjrovided it has no objection- For Ausust. n22 231 able features — is the best on economical yrounds. Rock which crumbles when exposed to the weather should not be used, nor should very rounded, smooth rocks, as the latter are difficult to make and keep firm. The use of pieces of concrete, clinkers, brick, broken columns, or any kind of artificial stone should not be thought of. A more or less soft stone is not suitable however well it may look at first, because frost will cause it to break into chips and even crumble into powder. It is necessary to be particularly careful with limestone on this account. No stone varies more than this ; some kinds go in a year or two. while others are quite durable. If it has a dull, powderv appearance it should be rejected, if bright and sparkling it may be used, but even the hardest limestone had better be left gut of gardens near towns, especially in smoky manufacturing districts, as it is readily afifected by sulphuric and other acids. In some parts limestone is abundant and there is a natural temptation to use it if quarried nearby, as the cost is low. One great thing in its favor is that the majority of rock plants like it and in this case their roots cling to it with an intimacv which suggests active favors. Alpines are more markedly lime lovers than others, but there are some, however, which dislike it. Sandstone is good, suits everything, has an excellent appearance, and is durable. While places are to be found for rocks of all sizes and shapes, they should generally be somewhat rectangular and longer than wide, so that they can be bedded securely with little trouble, and stones of more or less flatness fit in more readily with the scheme of work than those tend- ing to roundness. It is not suggested that the paving- stone form is ideal, and dressed stone would look too stifT. When arranging the rocks they should be placed in as natural a manner as possible. Start from the bottom and build upwards, fixing the rocks firmly so that one can stand upon them when planting, weeding, etc. They should slant so that the exposed portion is at a higher elevation than that which is buried, this will cause the rain to run back to the roots instead of dripping over and spoiling the plants below. It is very important to take care and fill up the soil well behind each rock as well as under it as it is laid in position. ^lake all quite firm as the work proceeds, for if this is not done the result will be that after heavy storms either the rocks or soil, or both, will sink, and by so doing cause a great deal of mischief. Placing the soil in position and then putting the rocks more or less on the top is the least desirable method of building a rockery. There is nothing in mountainous districts where alpine conditions prevail so likely to mislead as the arrangement, or want of arrangement, of the rocks. Some of the ugliest and most desolate rock gardens are the result of attempts to imitate the savage chaos of alpine boulders, which is supposed to be favorable to plant life because some alpines are found to be thriving among them at elevations of ten thousand or more feet. Now we can in our gardens provide an absurd and insignificant imita- tion of" this chaos, but we cannot provide the elevation with the pure mountain air, the sustained \\'inter frost with its constant snow mantle, and the continuous Sum- mer moisture. The strewing of boulders at random upon the surface will enable a few stone crops to flourish among them, but most other plants worth while going to any trouble for will take the first opportunity of dying, and a chaos in a garden devoid of vegetation is scarcely less ugly than a rubbish heap. In studying the rock work of Nature in its relationship to plants we should know the actual function which rocks should perform in a garden, and particularly we should bear in mind the frequently ignored point that in making a rock garden we are not constructing a garden for the purpose of exhibiting rocks, but for the purpose of grow- ing rare and beautiful plants. If this is kept in mind one can gain many valuable hints from alpine districts. The first of these is that all rocks should be so placed that the roots of plants near will be able to run under them and so get protection from drought in Summer and cold and wet in Winter. Some ambitious rock gardens may be seen with the rocks driven down perpendicularly into the earth, in which position they are practically useless. Those who have been in alpine districts will have noticed that the fine specimens of plants are to be found — often in conditions not otherwise favorable — at the edge of a great boulder which slants into the ground, so that the roots can run under it and get coolness and shelter as far as they are likely to penetrate, which is usually many feet ; and it is in the slanting fissures of rocks that many of the more difficult plants grow best and most abundantly. Therefore we should never place a rock without thinking of the plant which is to profit by it, nor should we con- sider rocks apart from roots, for the sole function of rocks in a rock garden is to protect roots and not merely to look rugged and picturesque : although the gaining of pic- turesqueness need not be overlooked. According to the size of the rock garden, ridges and bays may be formed, and the larger the area available, the deeper the bays ; and the deeper the bays the longer the ridges. Looking into a bay gives a pleasing illusion of distance, also this method gives more space for plants upon a given area of flat surface. Further, this arrange- ment affords more varied aspects in relationship to the sun, and therefore provides positions suitable to the vary- ing likes and dislikes of plants as to shade or the reverse. Arranging the rocks so as to form pockets is advan- tageous because we can then make such additions to the soil as will suit the plants placed in any particular pocket. For instance, some like plenty of lime, which can be given them in their own compartment : others are to be found which like a soil composed of three parts leaf mold or peat, and so on. When lime is added it should be in the form of broken lime mortar, or lime rock ; ground, burnt, or slaked lime should never be used for this pur- pose. When placing the plants in their positions one must have a clear idea of their characters, not only as to their soil requirements, but if they like or dislike full sun ; if they are vigorous and comparatively rampant or other- wise. Disregard of the latter point has frequently caused dense, low-growing little plants to be soon killed by those of a taller and spreading character. It is best to give the most vigorous species a section by themselves, or plant them at the lower levels and the weaker ones above. If there is only room for a small rockery it would be pref- erable to confine the selection to the smaller, choicer kinds and leave the more rampant ones out altogether. After planting, the plants should be surrounded by small stones or broken rock, this keeps the soil cool and also minimizes the adverse effects of wet in the Winter. Growing alpines require perhaps even more of that patience which one must have in all horticultural matters. Some species may take several years to become estab- lished, so we must not throw a plant out because it does not thrive immediately, for so long as there is life there is hope. While there are some species of alpines which have defied all attempts at growing them in captivity, the majority of them can be successfully made to thrive. The greatest trouble is with the wet in Winter. In their native homes the seasons create two distinct conditions : a Sum- mer of about three months and a dormant period for the remainder of the year, during which they are continuously ^32 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE covered with a iiianile of dry snow. Alj)iiies are never killed by cold \\inters but by wet ones. The ill effects of wet in Winter may be prevented by covering them with sheets of glass. Some have erected glass houses over their more delicate alpines, so constructed that they can be taken apart and stored away during the Summer. One of the secrets of success with many species is to give them an annual top>-dressing or "earthing up'' of • gritty compost. Some of them are constantly being sub- jected to the same kind of treatment by Nature, for in Spring the melting snow carries down earth, grit and stones on to them. Species like Dapluic. .'llyssitiii saxatile and Ibcris, to mention well known ])lant.s — whicli are true alpines, although not generally known as such, especially require this treatment. It is within the experience of most people that these plants become in a few years "leggy," if they do not actually die out. This is caused by their habit of growing out of the soil, which habit they have no doubt acquired in consequence of having been accustomed to the natural top-dressing given tliem by the melting of their own mountain snows. They have learned that if they did not rise up they would be buried under the annual deposit, and they have not yet been long- enough in cultivation to learn to adapt themselves to the change in environment. Perhaps the most interesting and instructive method of working up a collection of alpines is to go to the mountauis and collect them, as there would be in this course the distinct advantage of seeing them in their natural habitat. Seed should be collected as well, for there are many species which do not take kindly to re- moval. One important point which will be realized by anyone taking a mountain trip is that various distinct situations exist where some plants do better than they do in others, and also that some species grow under certain conditions and in no others. For these reasons, in form- ing a rock garden, it should be so laid out as to present varying situations, and if water be available it will be a distinct advantage to cause it to emerge from a position on a bank in the form of a natural spring and trickle over the rocks so as to create bogg)' places like those which frefiuently exist in the mountains and by this means the range of plants which may be successfully grown is greatly extended. It must be borne in mind that the word "alpine'' is not confined to plants native of "The Alps,'' as alpine con- ditions exist all over the world, from mountains which arise out of tropical plains, on towards regions of per- petual ice ; before the latter is reached alpine plants will be found at the sea level. I->om New luigland to the Pacific coast this country has many ali)ine situations and the Mt. Rainier district is especially rich in alpine flora, and most of the .\merican alpines are untouched, and for the most part unknown, by American gardeners. A num- ber of American rock plants have been used for years by British rock gardeners, and seeds of these and other species can be obtained from specialists in that countrx . While, as before stated, a rock garden may be caused to afford conditions which distinctly differ so that the garden can accommodate a wide range of species, we mu.-.t not think of jjlanting in it low and herbaceous sub- jects which have their proper place in a border of herba- ceous perennials, as plants of the latter kind are not appropriate to a rock garden. The fact that an al])ine plant is sometimes grown in a herbaceous border, nnist not blind us to another fact that the herbaceous border and the rockery rejjresent two distinct i)hases of hardy flower gardening anfl attempts to combine the two always end in failure. P.esides a rock garden proper, there are many oilier situations which can be beautified by the use of true rock plants, among which may be mentioned, steps, uncemented walls, embankments which are faced with loose stone, and such like i)ositions. \\'here possible it is always well to have a good thickness of suitable soil at the back of stones in the above situations, and it is better to have the placing of the stones and of the plants go on simultaneously. {Continued in the September nitiiiber.) IRIS AMONG THE ANCIENTS (Continued from Page 229) number of varieties must have been produced in cultiva- tion. If Holland and England have played a preponderant role in perfecting bulbous Irises French horticulture can claim the honor of having been the first to effect upon a large scale the creation of numenais and magnificent varieties of "Garden Irises." In l'J22 De Kure, who died in 1842, inaugurated the era of raising rhizomatous Irises from seed. Fle made his experiments at that time out in the country and in his garden at 13 Hautefeuille St., Paris. He obtained a beautiful collection of new varieties of which one, more remarkable than the others and much appreciated at the time, was called Iris buriensis Toward 1839 Jacques, of Neuilly (Seine), also sowed seed of the Iris and possessed an important collection of new varieties of his originating. From 1836 Lemon the Younger, a professional horti- culturist, 3 Denoyez St., Belleville, commenced to make sowings, continued them during following. years and had. in 1839, 150 varieties, of which 100 were choice. Then P'ele, horticulturist, Paris, after he had united the most beautiful known varieties, effected in his turn some soivings and augmented the number of beautiful varieties to which preceding horticulturists had accus- tomed the public. ( )n the other hand Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, in his garden, by consequence of natural sowings of the seed of /. sqnalens and Z'ariegata, had obtained some beautiful varieties. The names of De Bure, Jacques, Lemon and Pele ought to be remembered ; they are the first great French growers of Iris from seed. To obtain new varieties the horticulturists of the first jiart of the nineteenth century sowed seed from species that jjroduced it with sufficient regularity. Their "Gar- den Irises" descended from /. ivriegata ( See the illus- tration), plieata, sambueina, sqnalens, szcertii, pallida, flatrseens. urida. etc., all of the pogoniris section or the rSearded Iris. It is in error that toward 1837 or 1838 there was attributed a jxirt to /. gcrnuDiira in the pro- duction of new varieties. This species fruits rarely and in 1840 Lemim declared that he had not been able to ob- tain seed from it since he had been handling Iris seed. Isole, /. germaniea, almost never gives seed ; it has since ben observed to form seed when it is associated with other species. The numerous varieties obtained, remarkable for the delicacy of their shades and the richness of their colnr- ing. have come from the seed of different species; more- over, so far as we have been able to judge, it seems that the first men who sowed the seed of the Iris did not give themselves to hybridizing, at least not in the greater part of their career. — Tr. from Rei'iic Hortieole b\- 1'". 1'.. M. ] would rather atteni|ii .•ind fail a ihdusand times at something in which 1 li:id ]iul my heart than to win with a single bound at .something that held only sdiue triii- jHirarv thrill. I'.ig, Ixild things! They are the only i;i- spiriis. In them may we delve and sweat and thrive, for though we may tempiir;ii ily f;iil — we can never lose. — George Matthew .Xdanis. For August. 1922 233 Gardening in South Carolina ANDREW ANDERSEN Wht-n I was called upon to go to South Carolina to plan and plant an estate for the owner of a cotton mill town, little did 1 know of what was ahead of me in the way of climatic conditions and the labor situation in gener- al. It was my first attemjjt in the South and amusing indeed is it — to say the least — to see the native negro go about his work. Slow and lazy as he is. he, of course. A i'ic7C of tlic rose i^ardcu on the Mchanc estate. Great Falls, S. C. knows more or less how to grow cotton, or can at least jilow and apply the fertilizer to the fields. Most of the plowing I have seen, however, consists mainly of scraping the surface which is not exactly one of the best methods for successful farming. Cotton is the watchword, though one may see a good stand of corn or wheat occasionally. As yet I have not seen a good pasture. I want particularly to tell you a little about the garden- ing end of it : I'or certain reasons it was not practicable to import white e.xperienced garden laborers, so the very first thing to do was to get a gang of Africans interested in the pro- fession of gardening, and this training was the most diffi- cult task I have ever been up against. Sucli raw material has been a steady handicap to proper plantings and the The stviinining pool shozvin;:; the /'lantiiii^ of nat'iTe cedars. preparations for such. December, January and February form the iilanting season, but occasional hot and dry spells through this period even necessitate great care and a well established planting before hot weather sets in, is a neces- sity to success ; otherwise failure is sure to come. Hot Summer weather begins in May and continues into No- vember. .\fter all, roses are doing splendidly, better than any- thing else. The rose bug is an unknown pest here. 1 am growing hybrid teas and a few teas only, and such climbers as Marechal Niel, Gloire de Dijon, the Van Flet, Tausend- schon, American Beauty, and Silver Moon, the greatest of them all. A snapshop of a rose garden planted in No- vember and taken the following year in May is shown on this page. I^'lowering shrubs such as magnolias, lilacs, spireas, weigelas, deutzias, and a score of others are practically llowering at the same time, but doing fine as they flower in March or April. Ahead of these come the forsythias, bush honeysuckles, azaleas, and not uncommon is it to see these ])Oor harbingers of Spring being destroyed by a February .~leet storm, magnolias included. It is not unusual to see wonderful specimeii gardenias, and they, by the way, flower twice a year. Envonymous jap, with its beautiful foliage and red berries is another wonderful lawn specimen in this locality. The orlanders are attractive for the same purpose and spread immensely in a few years time, and last but not least I want to men- lion the crape myrtle, another decoration for the lawn and just coming in when flowering shrubs are scarce. Shade trees such as Norway maple. European linden^ A speeiinen tree for S'oiilheni lan'iis. Ligustruin iiepaleiise. elm and plane are quite at home, and right here I want to call attention to one beautiful native tree, the willow oak, an evergreen oak so to say, with foliage resembling the laurel willow, slightly narrower, a very graceful and desirable tree for all purposes (Oiierctis phellos). The woods are full of red cedars, hollies (large leaf) and the most beautiful dogwood I have ever seen. With this material we have made some very beautiful plantings with an occasional sprinkling of a corkbark elm and red oak. The long leaf pine is a wonderful looking tree, but does not want to be moved, at least this is my experience with this variety of pine, and I am sorry to say that I have failed utterly ! For the plantings at the main entrances and for lawn sjiecimens and driveways we bought nursery stock from the North. The plantings at the swimming pool are native cedars. The large tree or bush in circle of one of the pictures is a Ligustrum nepalense, a beautiful large leafed evergreen with its large blue berries in big clusters remaining on the tree all winter, a good specimen tree for a Southern lawn. The spruces, particularly so, pungens and pungens i^^laitca Kostcriana, are looking very well and making fine (Continued on page 237) 234 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE The Nasturtium BERTHA BERBERT HAMMOND The nasturtium or Tropccolnm, an introduction from South America, has long been a favorite in the gardens of our country, where it is cultivated as an ornament and also for its edible qualities. (The young tender leaves of Tropcroiitiii majus, better known as Indian Cress, are highly esteemed for use in salads : the um'ipe >eeds are used in relishes. ) As an ornamental garden plant the nasturtiinii holds a high rank. Even when not in bloom, the odd-shaped leaves, the coloring which according to variety may be light or dark green, purplish green or variegated, make It quite decorative, and when covered with profusion of exquisitely formed flowers, which in variety of coloring run the gamut in all shades from creamy white through the yellow, crimson to pnrplish-violet shades, then these plants form a dense mass of harmonizing color that can- not be excelled. Indeed, the flowers of the nasturtium are so wonderfullv and strikingly colored, striped, spotted, mottled and variegated in such a charming medley that one is ready to think like ISessie Johnson-]'>ellman who says: When Flora had finished her labors And all the flowers were made She still had left on her palette Many a brilliant shade. So she gathered them all together And added a drop of dew And a lireeze from sunny spice-land And then the Xasturtium grew. The twining sorts of nasturtiums classed among the best of annual climbers with their luxuriant growth are well adapted for covering fences, trellises or unsightly objects. For trailing over rough ground they are especial- ly fine, as a planting of rows of entwining vines will soon produce wonderfulfy attractive carpeting. With us some long rows on a hillside where other flowers have seemed ill at ease, in a short time transformed the slojie into an attractive si)Ot and yielded besides the gorgeous display of bloom, plenty of tender cress and quantities of seeds for culinary purposes. This Spring, seeds tucked away into earthy beds in the crevices in an old stone wall, and here and there along the over-hanging borders of a brooklet and in other odd and unexpected places furnished a most interesting i>lanting full of happy surprises. As a trailing vine in wintlow boxes, hanging baskets or in ornamental lawn vases the showy, graceful, twining nasturtiums are excellent, and the improved drainage secured by the raised position, tends to increase the number of flowers ancl adds to the grace of the long hanging branches. This variety is also well adai)ted for use in covering rockeries, tree stumps or other similar objects with a trailing jewelled mantle, that cannot fail to beautify the surroundings. .\nv number of other equally effective ways of utilizing the various kinds of nasturtiums are possible. The dwarf varieties which grow in a low brush-like form are ef- fective as border plants or for bedding jiurposes. They are especially useful where space is too limited to allow for planting of the sjjreading sort. Even a small bed will furnish an abun'an- kee'' lull It over because it seeded more freei\ r .At all events, I'll just ascertain from my esteemed fricnil, J. M. lirideford of \\\ &• .'^. where bis true sweet scented musk seed comes from. 1 might add that I have yet to see a plant of .1/. luas- rluilDS on ibis sirle of the water, either cultivated or wild. — 1". .\. Wksto.n. For August, 1<)22 23S The Greenhouse, Month to Month GEORGE F. STEWART IX late August and early Septeniljer. we are likely to have hot humid days and cool nights. The green- house man needs to be as wide-awake as ever, as at this season fungous diseases of all kinds are likely to get a foothold, and prevention is better than cure. Along the Atlantic seaboard heavy fogs are bothersome, making the atinosphere during the night quite damp. Every pre- caution should be taken to have all foliage in the greenhouse as dry as possible over night. Chrysanthemums on single stems will have to be care- fully looked after as regards feeding, and keeping insects in check. A careful study should be made of the proper dates to take the best bud. Chrysanthemum specialists, in their lists, generally give reliable information when the_\' send out a new variety, and until one has his own experience with the variety, their advice should be fol- lowed. In the evening of the day after syringing, it is a good plan to take the powder duster and put some air- slacked lime in it to dust lightly under the foliage. In dull or wet days, give a light dusting of flowers of sulphur which will help to prevent mildew. Give the specimen plants plenty of room and disbud as soon as the bud can be handled. Stake or train them into position as soon after setting as possible. Feed carefully ; we find the old standard fertilizer, "Clay's," as safe any any, with water- ings of cow manure water. Herbaceous calceolarias, as soon as the cool nights of September arrive, will begin to grow vigorously. Move them along into larger pots as they require them. A compost of fibrous loam, leaf mold rather flaky, osmunda fern root, well decayed barnyard manure and sand, in equal parts with a sprinkling of charcoal, we find agrees well with them. \Mien potted, keep them close up to the glass and give all ventilation possible. Keep a light shade over them until the end of September. Stock plants oi the Stezvarlii type of Calceolaria should be overhauled about the first of September. Remove all dead leaves and shoots, and pot them in a compost as advised for the herbaceous type. When a good soft growth is attained, cuttings may be removed and inserted in sand. Hard cuttings take a long time to root, while soft ones will root in three weeks. The old stools will make fine large speci- mens if potted along, and pinched several times during the Winter. Never allow the cinerarias to become pot bound until the desired size of flowering pot is reached. Pot them in a fibrous loam, adding about a third of flaky leaves and rotted manure, and a sprinkling of bone meal. We have nice bushy plants by pinching out the -heart when they are about six inches high. Move along Primula cliincnsis, obconica and stellata, also malacoides. A late sowing of the last may be made around the last of August. Primulas do very well in loam similar to that applied for cinerarias. Do not neglect the carnations wdiich were planted early. See that they are wired, tied, and kept clean. A dusting of air-slaked lime over the surface of the bench will be beneficial. Do not think, however, of applying any plant food to them until the days are cooler. Stop all pinching of the flower stems by the end of August. Shake out and pot up Calla lily bulbs in a rich soil to which bone meal has been added. Leave them outdoors until there is danger of frost. Three to four bulbs to an eight- or nine-inch pot is about the right number. Of course, if bench space is available, better flowers are ob- tained by bench culture. The finest flowers I have ever seen were grown by a friend of mine on a solid bed. Bouvardias that have been planted out should be lifted the last of August, or earl\- in September. Place them in tne shade until they have become established. Sprav overhead lightly two or three times a day. They should be placed under cover by September 10. A fairly rich loam in which plenty of flaky leaves have been incor- porated, adding sand enough to keep porous, is excellent. A few of the late flowering cosmos may be lifted and potted for flowering indoors. They make handsome plants if they have been pinched one or twice. Choose a day for lifting them when they are quite drv at the roots so that they will transplant readily. Early in September pot up whatever Canterbury Bells, Campanula medium, are required for early Spring flower- ing. Give them a slight freezing before housing them. Buddlcia asiatica may be potted into eight-inch pots and will make useful decorative plants during the Winter months. If one has a cold pit, batches of this useful plant may be had as late as the end of March. Continue to plant batches of freezias for succession. The beautifully colored ones are best for late use. By keeping them just above freezing point all Winter, we can cut them as late as June. Tritonia are very useful also for Winter flowering. About ten bulbs to a five-inch pot make nice plants. A good sandy loam is what they enjoy. The varietv crocata is the most common one to be had. Cut back show pelargoniums and when thev begin to b/eak, shake part of the old soil ofl: and pot in a good rich loam in smaller pots, .giving them a shift later on. Sow seeds of a good strain of mignonette for Winter flowering ; also Calendula, Lupin Hartivegii varieties, alba, Ceclestinus. ni'^rcsccHs, which make handsome spikes for cutting" in Winter. Dimorphotheca aurantiaca and the new hybrids are also attractive annuals for Winter flower- ing and may be sown now. A sowing of stocks for Winter flowering should also be made at this time ; also ^^'inter flowering sweet peas in small pots. A place may be found for them after the chrysanthemums are gone. All tender plants that are outdoors should be in a position to be housed hurriedly if a frost threatens about September 10 to 15, which is very likely to occur, about that lime of the month. Geranium cuttings, also coleus and other bedding plants should be secured by the last of August or early in September. Get as firm a cutting as possible. Give them a good watering when they are set in the sand, but do not water again until the sand gets quite dry. More geranium cuttings are lost by over-watering than by any other means. Acacias and azaleas will be setting their flower buds, also camellias. It is better to stop feeding' them with any- thing other than a watering of soft coal soot water oc- casionally to keep a healthy color on the foliage. Stimu- lating hardwood plants after they have set their flower 236 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE buds often causes them to drop the buds and start another growth. Look over the begonias and where large specimens are wanted, give the larger and more vigorous looking ones another shift. .Allow them plenty of room antl keep well up to the light. Continue to put in poinsettia cuttings, as late struck ones make beautiful low pans. .\ little heat at night in the tropical house will not be amiss by the end of August. If it grows too cool and damp at nights, fungous spots quite often appear on the foliage. It is also safer to have a little heat in the rose house at night with plenty of top air. Dusl air-slacked lime under the foliage at night after syringing. Light dusting of flowers of sulphur over the bench occasionally acts not only as a preventative for mildew and other fungotis diseases, but we have now found that there are fertilizing qualities in sulphur if not over done. A little scattering of bone meal on the benches will be beneficial and a little later on, a nuilching of cow manure, providing that the plants are growing vigorously. Give plenty of air and water well when the manure is applied, which prevents the foliage from burning. Plants in flower just now are allamandas, Adainia versicolor, anthuriums, dipladenias, McdiniUa Curtissii. Stcl^ltanotis tloribunda. lucmantbus. They will finish their flowers within a short time and require drying off gradually. Milfoiiia vcxiUaria will now need looking over and if any require ]x>tting, it should be attended to at this time. Fill the pots at least a third with drainage, as they are shallow rooters. An intermediate temperature is what they should be given. Keep them at the closest end of the house after potting. Have them raised close to the glass and a moist atmosphere maintained. I'ern root and sphangum moss make an e.xcellent potting compost. Some people have great success by adding a little partlv decayed oak leaves. Take care not to over water after potting. Some of the odontoglossums and odontiodas also need looking over for repotting, but as they flower over a long ])eriod, they cannot all be potted at once. Get them just as they are starting into growth. L'se a compost as for vexilariums and treat similarly regarding watering and moisture. The temjierature, of course, needs to be lower. Some of the early flowering cattleyas are finishing up their growth. Give all the light possible without scorching the leaves. Keep C gigas up close to the glass and near the ventilators, as they ripen their bulbs better in that way. Pot vines that will be forced earlv will now be ripening their wood and need to be gradually dried off, but do not o\-erdo it. Keep the wood firm. Tlie gra|)es are well advanced towards ripening and should have plenty of air. In the earlier stages of color- ing a good idea is, about the hottest part of the day, to close the house down for about half an hour and lightly miii>ten the floor, and sweat the house slightly. This helps to bring on that rich bloom which all cultivators of the grape love so well to see. Great care luust be e.xercised not til overdo by leaving the house shut too long, as it will do damage very quickly. These little tricks are all right if done by a careful luan. Cerastium and Sempervivum RICHARD ROTHE B FLONGING to the order Cayyophyllca, cerastiuius are low growing, creeping .\lpine plants, dis- or trravish white foliaee of tinguished by silvery small ovate lanceolate form The handsomest of the gar- den species are Ce^rastimn tomentosum, a native of the mountainous districts of Southern Europe, and Cerastium Hirherstcini't. hailing from Caucasia. In gardens abroad both have been freely used for edging and for car])et bed- ding. We class both among the indis]K'nsables when lilanting ojien sunny rockgardens and dry walls. In vivid color arrays, vernal, pure white is a strong note. The blossoms of rockcress, hardy candytuft and Phlox subu- lata alba, vanishing away by the middle of May, those of the Cerastiums take their place. Light, fluffy, ])layfully moving in a gentle breeze, the glistening white masses of flowers of cerastiums for near and distant eflect are im- excelled. Thriving best in rather liyht sandy soil and being very resistii)le as to prolonged droughts and mid-Suiumer heat, cerastiums are useful as ground cover on arid, sunny slopes. Collectors may be interested in the following species: Cerastriiin alpiimm, identical with Cerastium rillnsum ; Cerastium Boissieri and C. grandillorum, the latter a silverv white, large flowering type of strong growth and about six inches in height. ( Continued on pui^e 2.v ) S(')///'rr.- ;,■'(/>;; iirlant parsley into cold frames for Winter use. Give the green cro])s a dressing of nitrate of soda. Thi.s is an excellent stimulant but .should be used with caution. In many localities good farm yard manure is becoming more and more difficult to obtain and each succeeding year finds it less ])lentiful, with a corresponding increase in price. Consef|uently the value of a cover cro]) is 1)eing more ajjpreciated and is proving a good substitute. Wlun the land is cleared of croi)s sow a mixture of rye and "Hairy Vetch." This will soon make good growth and if dug or i>loughed in next Spring, will ensure a good supply of organic matter and nitrogen to the soil. Cut out all old wood from raspberry jilantations. From now on and throughout the Fall until the first killing frost, the flower garden will be ablaze with a galaxv of color. The dahlia will be at luimc now ,ind should have every encouragement if we would have the best. Dahlias should have an abundance of moisture with some li(|uid manural waterings at intervals; if the weather is dry, disbud early, tie and stake securely. See that gladioli are ]>roperly staked, otherwise the spikes are easilv ruined. Late asters, scabiosas and other annuals, will repay attention of good staking where it may be needed. This may be done early so that by the date of blooming the stakes are quite hidden by the growths. See that the beds and borders do not suft'er from drought during August so thev will be carried on in good con- dition throughout Sei^tember. Prepare the propagating liench to recei\-e cuttings of stock for next year's bedding, including coleus, fuchsias, heliotrope, hmtanas, alternantheras, and other soft stock. .Sow pansies, English daisies for Spring bedding, and also a full line of perennials in the cold frames for use in the borders next Summer. Keep the rose beds free from weeds and spray with Fungine if mildew is prevalent. Tie the ramblers in position so they can have the full benefit of sun and air, and that the wood may ])e thoroughly ripened as it will then be in a better contiition to withstand the rigors of a severe Winter. Any alteration in the peony garden should be done carlv in September in order that the places can be pre- l^ared now for the reception of the new .varieties, which were probably ordered during peony time last May. The chaste Madonna Lily should be planted as soon as possible for the best results. ]\Iany other varieties of lilies are incomjiarable for garden decoration at this time. They compel attention in almost any situation and are easy to grow if the land is fairly well drained. They are partial to leaf soil but impatient of strong manures. The bulbs also should be planted as soon as they are received from the dealers, as they shrivel if ex{X)sed to the air and their vitality becomes impaired. Order now the bulbs from voiu- dealer for next Spring's display. If notes were taken (Uu'ing the flowering time they will be found of much value when .going over the lists, as mis- takes of the past can be avoided if varieties and quantities were noted. Early in September is a good time to move and replant evergreens. The climatic conditions will necessarily have some influence wlieii this shoulil lie ilorlunily lo germinate and are then easily killed by going over with the cultivator, (irade and level the surface, raking it over to make it friable for the reception of the .seeds. Choose a calm day f(n- sowing as it is then easier to .get an even stand. 1 f w c have showery weather germination is very ra])id, but if the weather is dr\. ,irtifici;d watering should be resorted to so that the lawn will be est;dilished before Winter comes. For August, 1922 2i9 Departments of Foreign Exchange and Book Reviews I WISTARIAS AMONGST vigorous climbing plants there is notliing more beautiful than a well developed Wistaria in full blossom, particularly when it has been allowed a good deal of freedom, and has rambled over a tree or large building practically un- checked. Wistarias are easily grown and hardy enough for wall cultivation throughout the greater part of the British Isles, while in the warmer parts they succeed admirably in the open, given a large bush or tree over which they may ramble. The genus contains but a few species, and of these two are so superior to the others in general worth that they are almost exclusively chosen. They are amongst the most popular of all climbers for planting on verandas and pergolas, for in these positions the long, drooping racemes of fragrant flowers are seen to the best advantage, whilst they are also suitable for many other positions. Given moderately good and well-drained, loamy soil, their cultivation offers no serious problems, for they grow well from the time they are planted. Soil of a very rich nature may result in too lux- uriant growth and moderate flower production; therefore, it is unwise to manure the ground heavily in which Wistarias are to be planted. Moreover, in places where the root-run is restricted flowers are usually produced more freely than where there is an unlimited area of good soil. Free-growing plants against walls have to be pruned to keep them within bounds, and in such cases it is wise to encourage a system of short, sturdy, spur-like growth, such as may be seen on stunted plants grown in pots for green- house decoration in Spring. Constant cutting back of secondary branches may be expected to result in growth of this description. The same remarks apply to plants grown on pergolas, but when growing freely over trees or large bushes pruning may be left entirely alone. There are several means of propagation. Branches may be layered into sandy soil. Cuttings of ripe shoots a foot long may be inserted out of doors in Autumn, or shoots may be grafted indoors in Spring upon sections of root. W. chinensis is the most familiar plant. It is a native of Northern China, and was originally grown in this country about a century ago. It is capable of reaching the top of very high buildings or covering large trees, but by a system of root re- striction it can be grown for many years as a bush a few feet high, and be expected to flower freely each Spring. The flowers are mauve in color, very fragrant, and borne in racemes each 8 inches to 12 inches long. IV. muttijuga. — Although not so well known as IV. clunciisis. this is an equally desirable plant, and is particularly well adapted for planting on pergolas and other supports, where its recemes can be displayed to the greatest advantage. It is very popular in Japanese gardens, and is introduced in works of art by Japanese artists. It is said to have been introduced to European gardens by way of Belgium soon after the middle of last century, but it has only attained popularity in the British Isles within the last thirty years. It grows almost as large as ff. chiuciisis, and is ratiier similar in leafage, but has much longer and less dense racemes of fragrant mauve flowers. The racemes are often between 3 feet and 4 feet in length, and are produced with the greatest freedom. IV. hmchyhotrys, W. frutcsccns. and )'V . Japonica are other species that have been described and are occasionally cultivated. They, however, are quite overshadowed by W . chinensis and W. multijuga for general purposes, and can only be recommended for gardens where a collection of species is desired. Early in July the shoots produced by the main or leading stems should be pinched back to within a foot or little more of the main stem, in order to check the rampant growth. These shoots will again break into growth from the buds behind where the shoot was stopped, and after these shoots have grown a few inches they should also be stopped. The result of this will be the pro- duction of flower-buds at the formation of the shoots first stopped. Early in the following Spring these shoots should be cut back to within five or six eyes of the main stem, the young growths from these eyes to be treated as those of the previous year. By treating in this way long racemes of flower will be pro- duced.— Gardening Illustrated. COMMON-SENSE PRUNING IT is decidedly encouraging to see signs appearing of more com- mon-sense methods of pruning amongst our modern horticul- turists. I have been pleading for more reasonable and more scientific methods for many years, and I was particularly pleased to see that your correspondent. ".\ Scottish Gardener,'" describes the old methods as barbarous. He is quite right ; and it is rather strange that many intelligent gardeners do not discover for them- selves that the pruning of fruit trees on the same plan as the trimming of a garden hedge is not the way to produce abundant crops of good fruit. I am sorry, however, to see that "A Scottish Gardener" falls into the common error of stating that if a shoot is pinched back, "the sap would be diverted to other portions of the tree where it would be of more service." Such an idea is entirely erroneous, and until some of the old fashioned ideas about "sap" are got rid of progress with scientific pruning and treatment of fruit trees will be slow. .\s a matter of fact, sap cannot be so diverted. It is quite rue. of course, that if any of the branches of a tree are removed while the roots are untouched, the root system is then larger in proportion to the branches than it was before, and is therefore capable of supplying more water and dissolved soil food to the tree — if it requires it, or if it can use it. But this is the crux of the whole matter. A plant cannot make any use of the sap — that is, of the soil food — unless it has leaves in which to use it — and the very fact of removing the leaves by cutting off a shoot prevents the sap being utilized. The sap taken up by the roots consists of a very watery solution of chemicals — that is, of various salts of phosphoric acid, potash, lime, magnesium, etc.. some of which are in the form of nitrates, and these salts are dissolved in at least 1,000 times their weight of water. Before these salts can be of any use to the plant they must be carried up to the leaves or other green parts of the plant, where, first of all, the surplus w-ater is got rid of by evaporation, and the salts are then built up by the living cells of the leaves into proteids and other materials used by the plant in its growth. At the same time the leaves and other green parts are manufacturing starch and sugar from the car- bonic acid of the air, and some of the water ; and this, along with the materials elaborated from the salts brought up from the roots, is then carried, mostly downwards in the bark, to where it is required for the formation cf new shoots, leaves, buds, fruit, wood, and roots. If the plant is strong and vigorous, more of this elaborated material is made than is necessary for the daily requirements of the plant, and this surplus is stored up for future use in the bark and in the medullary rays of the wood. It is from this stored- up material that the plant starts to swell its buds and produce new leaves and roots in the Spring, and not from any flow'ing of the root sap. as is commonly supposed. I was very pleased to see this fact recognized by one of our well-known horticultural w'riters the other day, who seemed to have been convinced of the truth of it by observing that a cut-off branch can produce new leaves, and even flowers, without any connection with the soil at all, and therefore without any flow of sap. These things are worth thinking about, and any practical gardener who thinks them over must see how they bear upon pruning. If the leaf-bearing area of the plant is too much re- duced, it stands to reason that the plant is unable to make enough starch and sugar, or to get rid of the surplus water in the sap, and to build up enough proteids and other materials that it requires. It therefore has none to spare for storing up. or even for making fruit buds, well-ripened shoots, new wood, and new roots. It may not have sugar and other materials to put into the fruit it happens to be bearing. It is true that a plant may be producing too much growth ; but this is generally due to the soil containing too much nitrogenous plant food, and the plant, with that eye to the future which it always has strongly devel- oped, is bent on making all the growth it can while the favor- able conditions last. But the gardener is after fruit, not luxuriant growth, so he checks this by curtailing the supply of stimulating food by root pruning. He is working at the wrong end if he lets the tree take up all the soil food it can, and then atternpts to check it by removing the foliage, so that it cannot manufacture the necessary starch, sugar, proteid, etc., that it needs for the production of healthy wood, new fruit buds, and ultimately fine fruits. — Gardening Illustrated. LARGE-FLOWERING PANSIES MUCH has been written concerning the culture of Pansies, but this has been mainly concerned with Spring sowing and Summer and Autumn flowering. A few observations should now 240 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE be pertinent upon Summer and Autumn sowing and early Spring flowering, which last desirable occurrence may readily be ex- tended into Summer and Autumn if the plants are well grown and the flowers cut regularly and often. There is greater merit in producing Pansy plants that flower in early Spring than those that bloom at any other time. The blossoms are always larger, for they obtain the benefit of the moist soil and moderate Spring sunshine, whereas the later blos- soms may have to endure drought and scorching sunshine, neither of which suits the Pansy. Let it be understood that large flowers are under consideration. Pansies will, of course, grow almost anywhere, but large blooms can only be produced with good culture, a suitable site, a rich soil and a sulTiciency of moisture. Good Pansies will not tolerate extremes of either heat or moisture or the lack of them. The first essential is a good seed-bed, and nothing would be better than the ground from which early Potatoes or Peas have been removed. This dug over, levelled and raked finely, forms an ideal place wherein to sow Pansy seed. The incorporation of leafy or fibrous substances with the surface soil is very desira'Me, as this keeps the soil porous while allowing it to be made quite firm, and it also affords a nutritious roothold of which Pansies are not slow to take advantage, for there are always some of these leaves attached to the roots when the plants are lifted for transplanting. Xo particular time for sowing need be considered if it is done before August departs. Good seed is rather the next consider- ation. Well known strains should be used, especially those of English and French growers noted for their concentration upon the large flower. These seeds are usually of a mixed nature, for the Pansy produces such a variety of color shapes and markings, and each combination is so interesting that its absence represents a real loss. Of course, there are self colors — in white, yellow, blue, purple, red, black ; and there are some strains that produce one prominent color in various shades. Such are the wine-stained, the blood-red Victoria, the terra-cotta Meteor, the silver and gold-margined and the bronze Pansies. These, with a mixture of blue shades, could be obtained and added to any other good mixture of blotched, veined or self-colored flowers, until one has crcry color among one's collection, with every con- ceivable color marking upon the flowers. I doubt whether any other flower could show such an extensive color gradation. Early thinning must take place when the seedlings are large enough ; delay will spoil all chances of good growth. _ Each plant should be given at least a square foot of soil to itself at the earliest moment, for Pansies make a very large ball of roots. The thinnings, of course, will be transplanted into rich, firm soil elsewhere. Throw nothing away, for may they not contain the very best types? Give cz'ery plant the opportunity to flower if room can be found for them. Many of them will flower in the seed-bed ; indeed, in mild weather, if the plants have been encouraged to forge ahead, there will be flowers ready to cut at •Christmas ! If sotne of the seedlings are potted up, too, and taken into the greenhouse, they will flower earlier still, especially under the influence of a little warmth and a light position near the glass. When planted in beds or borders in the early Spring, care should be taken to lift the plants with a good ball of earth, so that they receive no check. If planted well, flowers will soon make their appearance, for the plants will be full of buds. A moist, retentive soil in an open position should be chosen. Pansies are sunshine lovers. Evidence of that will he found in the fact that the flowers will always be facing the quarter from which the sun .shines most ; therefore a sunny site is an ad- vantage if adequate moisture can be guaranteed. But a sun- dried position is certainly detrimental, and a very wet soil will cause the plants to die away. Cuttings may be taken from any particular color that may appeal to the grower as worth perpetuating, for seeds, of course, give no guarantee in this respect Plants from seeds, however, undoubtcdlv vicld the largest flowers.— H. A. D.w in The Garden. HINTS ON FIG CULTURE GIVEX good management, the fig, when grown under glass, yields a larger quantity of fruit than any other fruit-tree in cultivation. Though needing proper treatment, the fig docs not require the same close care and attention in its culture as the vine does, for instance. Then, it is so constituted that two crops of fruit may easily be obtained from trees grown in a suitably heated structure. Artificial warmth need only be employed for the pro- duction of the first crop, as the husbanding of solar warmth in a normal season sufliccs to bring the second to maturity. When the fruits arc required in quantity, the best way to secure them is to set a house apart purposely for the cultivation of the trees. This proves a more satisfactory method than endeavoring to prnduce them under the dual system, as is often seen practiced when the l)ack walls of vineries and peach-houses are clothed with fig-trees. When so cultivated, the results are variable. The struc- ture for this purpose may either be in the form of a lean-to or span-roofed, and, as regards the trees, they can be planted out and trained on a trellis under the roof-glass, or, if so desired, grown in pots or tubs, as bushes. By either method heavy crops of fruit can be grown, the balance being in favor of trained trees in regard to actual numbers. One thing in favor of the bush system is that, after the trees have ceased bearing for the season, they can be moved outdoors until they have shed their leaves, and then can be wintered in a cool, dry, close shed or stable, where, if well surrounded with dry litter or bracken, they will be secure from severe frost. This proceeding enables the house to be used for other purposes until it is necessary again to bring in the figs and start them into growth. An excellent way of training the fig, when the trees are planted in a border, with their roots restricted to a certain area, is to re- verse the usual order of things, and, instead of planting them at the front of the house, to do so at the back, and train them down- ward from the top of the trellis to the bottom. This leads not only to increased fruitfulness, but it always ensures a short-jointed growth. It should, perhaps, be mentioned that the first crop of fruit, though finer individually, is never so great in point of num- bers as is the second. Trees trained for either purpose are to be had from any nursery where the growing of fruit-trees is made a specialty, or if cuttings can be had, a stock of trees can be worked up in a couple of seasons. They are easily propagated, and the early months of the year are the best time to effect this. A gentle bottom-heat, such as is afi^orded by the plunging-bed in a forcing- house, facilitates their rooting, after tlie base of the cutting has become callused. The advantage to be gained by early propaga- tion is that good-sized trees can thus be secured the first season. The wood selected for cuttings should in all cases be thoroughly ripened. The trees intended for training under the roof may be planted after they have made about five good growths. This neces- sitates their being shifted from the pots in which they are struck into others 7 inches or 8 inches in diameter, before they are in fit condition, or have made the required amount of growth. Bushes of good size will result the first season if due attention is paid to shifting the plants on from the cutting stage when rooted, first into 5-inch and finally into 7-inch and 8-inch pots ; also in stopping and regulating growth, with the object of obtaining open, well-balaced heads. — Gardening Illustraled. TREE-PEONIES THE Tree-Pseony may be regarded as the prince of deciduous flowering shrubs. What it may become in course of time may now and again be gathered by a tine bush of Pcronia arborea, some specimens having attained about 4 feet high and a similar diameter across, and providing their owners with a rich display of lilossoms. How few of such examples really exist is not altogether due to the plants having been planted with a meagre hand : rather is their scarcity due to varying circum- stances that have ensued from time to time. Xor must it be taken as a sign that these plants are not suited to our climate, for I believe there are many gardens that could grow them well, were a little more attention bestowed in selecting the site. Formerly the question of position was not sufiicien'.ly regarded by those to whom the planting was entrusted, and so it not infre- quently occurred that the plants were not given the best position in the .garden. The question of position is important, and this is enhanced when we remcn-.bcr how impatient these plants are of removal. Then, again, when attention was given to the posi- tion at all, it was usually a sunny one that was selected, and this is, I believe, far from being the best for this group. And how much or how little these plants are afi'ected liy position is due to the susceptiliility of the plant to be cut back by the late Spring frosts. Though enduring all the frosts of Winter with impunity, which never in the least degree harm tlieni, the fresh young shoots are among the first to feel the chilling effects of frosts in the Spring of the year. And not only leaf-points, but flower- buds, always so closely associated with the bursting leaves, are affected, and sometimes disastrously. It is always more dis- astrous in results when the plants occupy a south or south- easterly position, for the sun strikes the plants before the frost is gone, and the work of disaster is tnore quickly completed. Bad as all this appears at sight, it is rendered worse by wrapping the plants up in thick matting for the Winter, a proceeding that only makes the yoimg growers even more lender and susceptilile to cold, all of which may be avoided by planting tliese shrubs in a westerly position — either this or north-westerly. In cither of these positions the plants remain quiet through the Winter, and, with the arrival of Spring and those damaging frosts that are of almost annual occurrence, these P.Tonies, being n.ore or less dormant, remain unaffected. If the Spring he very late, the plants almost invariablv escape because of the protection the position aft'ords, as befoi-e the sun reaches the jilants ,ill the frost is For August, 1922 241 dispelled, and it is not merely the disappointment at the failure and the loss of bloom when these plants are yearly Cft down by frosts, but the loss of growth that is constantly occurring to the plants, thus preventing them making much headway. So wonder- ful a group of plants is worth every care to bring it into good condition, .\bove all. attention should be paid to the drainage, for. if the subsoil is continually wet. there is not much hope for long-continued success. In such instances it will be best for the bed or border containing the plants to be raised above the ordinary level, inserting as drainage, clinkers or like material below. A word as to Pl.wts .^^'D Pl.^xtixg. If the original kind finds favor, the ground line for planting will be somewhat clearly defined; but if some of the modern named sorts are being taken in hand it will be seen these are either grafted or budded, the point of union being a rather delicate and frail one. In all cases where this is possible, however, the plant may be buried so as to cover the point of union, and if at the time the I.iark be nicked or cut with a knife 1 inch below the graft, fresh roots will be emitted sooner or later, and provide a greatly increased support to the plant. Those who are making a start with these lovely plants cannot do better than devote a small bed to them where their wants may receive attention. The blossoms are often each 10 inches across, and in double or semi-double kinds. .\s to colors, these embrace the purest of white, lovely and exquisite rose shades of glistening satin hues, beautiful shades of pink and cerise, lake and lilac, to say nothing of mixed colors in great variety. — Gardening Illustrated. [In the l"nited States Tree Paeonies do not do well north of the latitude of Xew- York City, except in the Puget Sound region, nor in the central west, where the summers are hot and dry. They are best when grafted upon roots of the herbaceous, — not officinalis, however. For the first year or two the union must be near the surface of the ground. After that they may be planted deeper and then they will start to form roots of their own. — Editor.] GARDEN REFUSE I suppose one of the principal jobs in the kitchen garden is the process of clearing up. There is a lot of what is deemed rubbish or waste, and this has to be gotten out of sight somehow. A cardinal fact that you and I ought to remember is that there is no such thing as "waste" in Nature. It may not be a strictly accurate scientific fact — I do not know — but we might generally take it that anything which has possessed life possesses life-giving properties up to a certain point, and we are on absolutely sure ground when we say that vegetable refuse certainly does possess those properties. It may be thrown in a heap to decay, it may be burnt, it may be buried — those properties are still there, and in some way or other they will act. We want. then, to make sure we do not lose them, but conserve them for our use. Perhaps the best and cleanest way of dealing with garden refuse is to burn it. and many gardeners avail themselves of this method. There are hundreds of nres on allotment gardens within the radius of two miles from where I write, and their flames at times illuni- nate the hours of dusk. But there are right and wrong ways of burning rubbish, useful ways and wasteful ways, and the waste- ful way is to let it go up in flames and lose much of its value in the atmosphere. To reduce rubbish to ashes as quickly as pos- sible is a wasteful method. It should be induced to smoulder to ashes rather than to burn, and this can be done by getting a fairly strong body of fire from the more easily inflammable portion of the refuse, sticks, etc.. then piling on the bulk and banking it down with the heavier material, or even with earth. The more valuable elements are not then destroyed, but are conserved, and the ashes are left rich in mineral matter — real plant food. The gardener who thus disposes of his refuse and judiciously uses the ashes on his soil very seldom has to purchase that essential but expensive chemical known as potash. It was this very chemical which made the land in portions of North .America so exceedingly fertile after the forests has been uprooted and so much of the "trimmings" and unprofitable lumber had been burnt and incorporated with the earth. I want you all to know the value of such ashes, and when vou do you will not waste them, but rather gather them together and take care of them until you are ready to enrich your soil with them. — Gardening Illustrated. Textbook of L.\xdscape G.\rdenixg. by Frank .\. Waugh. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.. New York. The publication of this work is a big stride toward the goal the attainment of which must seem desirable to readers of maga- zines like this, probably without exception. That is the putting into the curriculum of all schools of the liberal arts at least an elementary course in appreciation of landscape. In this way would be realized the profound conviction of the poet Words- worth expressed in the words : "Laying out grounds, as it is called, may be considered as a liberal art. in some sort like poetry and paintmg; and its object, like that of the liberal arts, is, or ought to be, to move the affections under the control of good sense." This quotation was used. by Professor N. S. Shaylor in the Atlantic Montlily of the year 1898, in an article worth read- ing again and again, "The Landscape as a Means of Culture." The dicta of that essay, consciously or unconsciously, seems to have been in the mind of Mr. Waugh in writing the book now before us. He states that it is "designed for the instruction of non-professional students in landscape gardening, that is for those who do not intend to become professional landscape garden- ers," and modestly adds that at the same time lie "hopes that the book will not turn any good men away from the profession." It certainly will turn soine into that one of the finest of all pro- fessions. Its definite objects are: To teach the principles of universal art. fi-.. the principles of order and design; to give a working under- standing of these principles as applied to the art of landscape gardening ; to apply the principles of landscape gardening to the domestic problems of the average citizen ; to arouse an in- telligent and constructive interest in civic problems ; to bring the student into intelligent contact with the natural landscape ; to indicate the great personal and social value of the landscape and to suggest what should be done by nations, states and commu- nities for the preservation and use of the natural landscape. For accomplishing these objects the book is divided into lessons each of clear-cut topic, definitely and systematically outlined, illustrated by one-hundred and sixty-eight appropriate pictures or other figures, with problems to be solved and questions to be answered by the student. These lessons begin, as Professor Shaylor advises that studies in landscape should begin, with the "more domesticated parts" and thus prepare the student to under- stand, with Plato, that "the greatest and fairest things are done by Nature and the lesser by Art." So concrete and "practical" are most of the lessons, all except the last few, that a more appropriate name for the book would probably be a "Textbook of Landscape Architecture." The text ends with three chapters that are very instructive and give grounds for the belief that the American people are actually upon the way toward using the "Landscape as a Means of Culture," and of the purifying and ennobling of life. These chapters are entitled National Parks and Forests. State Parks and Neighborhood Parks. In the first two are made accessible lists of the great pub- lic parks the mere names of which, to say nothing of their im- mense areas and wonderful natural treasures, are known to only a comparatively few citizens of the country. The book is handsomely inade, with type large and clear. Of the misprints, most of which are unimportant errors in the spell- ing of names, the only serious one is the interchange of the text of pages 149 and 150. What is printed as page 149 should be read after page 150. — F. B. M. IxSECT Pests .\xd Fuxgus Dise.\ses, by Percival J. Fryer. F. I. C, F. C. S., Cambridge University Press, London. It is probably safe to hazard the statement that for many years there has appeared no European book of more practical and economic value to American horticulture than this work of a man who occupies a very responsible position with a large English firm of manufacturing chemists. For si.xteen years he has given par- ticular study to the subject of fruit pests and diseases. Although in this his interest has been primarily that of the chemist he has familiarized himself with the entomological and the mycological as- pects also. Every one of the 728 pages seems to have been done with the utmost care and confidence is inspired by the make- up in general. It is logical and concise. It begins with a review of plants' structure and habits and with a section devoted to the chief characteristics of insect pests. Then the heart of the work consists of a detailed desciption and treatment of each in- sect, some of which infest more than one kind of fruit. But any inquirer wishing to learn about an insect that may infest any partic- ular fruit will have no difficultv in determining what insect it is by means of the drawings and colored plates. Of the 305 fig- ures in black and white each one appears to be clear and adequate. The twenty-four full-page colored plates, each picturing from three to thirteen caterpillars, moths, insects or fungi, are- eminently successful works of art. For more complete instruction there is an account of insects friendly to fruit growers. Fungus diseases are handled with the same precision and exhaustiveness as are insects. Though for each pest are assigned methods of pre- vention or extermination in the section devoted to it there is a complete section devoted to an orderly treatment of spraving and all its sub-topics. The index, listing both the fruits and the" pests, is apparently perfect. All in all it is a work that though written for England should be accessible to every commercial grower of fruit in America, if not to every grower of fruit anywhere.— F. B. M. Tell success stories, not incidents of failure and hard luck. Radi- ate prosperity, feel prosperous, it's catching. Keep vour chin up. — Dr. Frank Crane. 242 GARDE^ERS' CHROMCLE National Association of Gardeners Office: 286 FIFTH AVE., NEW YOKK President — Robert Cameron, Ipswich, Mass. Vice-President — John Barnet, Sewickley, Pa. Secretary— M. C. Ebel, 286 Fifth .Ave., New Yorlc. Treasurer — Montague Free, Brool ETTS POT-GROWN STKA\^ BERRY PLAINTS Each taken from an individual pat and shipped to you ready for setting out in your own garden. Selected ■ from the superior stock of America's foremost berry culturists. An attractive little book. No. 105. tells about the varieties, preparation of the ground and their culture. Mailed with pleasure on request. J. T. LOVETT 533 Sycamore Road, Little Silver, N.J. Berry grotvcrs for Almost Half a Ccnturx *>^| ym ■^y^^* II LOCAL SOCIETIES NASSAU CO. HORT. SOCIETY The regular monthly meeting of tlie aluuc society was held in Pembroke Hall i^n hdy 10, with President Milslead occu|)ying the chair. Two petitions for active membership were received at this meeting. President Milstead appointed A. Andrews, James Mc- Carthy and Ben Southerland to judge the exhibits and their awards were as follows : 6 tomatoes, William Milstead, 1st ; ZS string beans, Peter Stobie, 1st, Thomas Twigg. 2nd ; 2 cucuml)crs, Thomas Twigg, Cultural Certificate: 8 vases snapdragons, William Milstead, honorable mention; 1 vase gladioli, Thomas Tw^igg. honorable mention ; 3 vases gladioli, William Xoonan, honorable men- tion. William Xoonan, the dahlia specialist, gave $50 for the dahlia show. An essay on "Old Gardeners" was ably read l)y Thomas Twigg. The Nassau County Horticultural Society will meet on .'Vugust 10. I^xhibits for the .\ugust meeting. 6 ears of sweet corn. 1 out- door melon, 12 mixed asters. Thomas Twigg. special 3 vases perennials, 1st prize $3, 2nd prize $2. A. S. Cook. Cor. Secy. WESTCHESTER AND FAIRFIELD HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY The monthly meeting of the above society was held in the Y. M. C. ,\. building, Green- wich, Conn., on Tuesday, July II, a large number of members attending. There were .several new members elected, and T. J. P.ul- pitt was elected corresponding .secretary to succeed H. Jones, who resigned recently. The committee selected to arrange the an- imal field day and dinner with the Tarrv- town Horticu'tural Society reported that the combined societies will hold same at Roton Point, Conn., early in August. About I'liis Farlicular Greenhouse IT happens that diily }'ester(lay we received from mw jmblishers a rather deliglitlul l>it of priiitiii;.; called "(ilass (iardens," in whicli a complete description is ,L;i\en. of an exact diipli- cate of this ])articnl;ir house. 'J'he \ie\\ |)oint is .a bit different, iuit tlie ])hin is tiie same. As c(inii)anions, are four other lioiises of sim]iler design and lesser size. Send for this new (ilass ( larden Cir- ciihir. (_)r if yon prefer, send for one of its to come .and talk o\ er i^reenhonse ]ios- sessiii" with \oii. CTPd^^JBtinihaimCS. Builders of Greenhouses and Conservatories Eastern Factory irvington, N. Y. Western Factory Des Plaines, III. Canadian Factory St. Catharines. Ont. Cleveland 407 UlmiT Bl( New York 30 E. '12nd St. Atlanta Atlanta Trust Co. Btdg. Philadelphia Land Title BIdg. Denver 12-17 So. Emerson St. Chicago Cont. Bk. BIdg. Toronto Harbor Commission BIdg. ji^RECOME A rf»£tANDSCAPE 'IRGfllTfn J*-te=: TRAOcDrXri IN L) MARK — PULVERIZED i^. UiKiMtiL'.i. Kxclusivi- Pro- frssion not overrun witli competitors. C r o w d c r professional ff rowers — uncqualed for lawn, (lowers, vegetables, fruits and shrubs— efTcctively sterilized— no weeds or chemicals— safe and dependable. Ask vour seed nr garden supply man for WIZARD BRAND or write direct for full inforni.Ttion. The Pulverized Manure Company No. 18 Union Stock Yardi, CUcaco For August, 1922 245 ANCOPM High Grade Stock of Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. Catalog on request. ANDORRA NURSERIES WM. W.ARNER IIAKPKR. Prof. Chestnut Hili. Philadelphia There was the usual display of flowers and vegetables. First prize for flowers was awarded John D. Wilson (Gloxinias) ; sec- ond, James Tough (Lobelia cardinalis) ; third. Wm. Smith (gloxinia) ; fourth, H. F. Bulpitt (Gladiolus Halley) ; H. F. Bulpitt, phlox (E. Campbell) vote of thanks; James Linane (Zinnias) vote of thanks. Vege- tables, 1st, H. F. Bulpitt (collection), 2nd, James Linane (new Gooseberry Excelsior.) T. J. Bulpitt, Cor. Secy. HORT. SOCIETY OF NEW YORK The annual gladiolus exhibition of the above society in co-operation with the New York Botanical Garden, will be held in the Museum Building, New York Botanical Gar- den, Bronx Park, New York Citv, on Aug. 19-20, 1922. The prize list for this year has been very much enlarged, and will include prizes for almost any variety of exhibits. Special prizes have been offered for both the ordin- ary and the Primulinus types, for disp'ays arranged for effect, dinner table decorations, vases, baskets, etc. Garden clubs are especially invited to com- pete, and will have classes open only to them. Luncheon will be served to all exhibitors, and every facility placed at their disposal. Those who are unable to come in person may send their exhibits by express prepaid to the Museum Building, wliere they will be taken care of and staged. The schedule of prizes is now ready, and may be had on application to the secretary of the exhibition committee. Mrs. George V. Nash, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City. CITY GARDENS CLUB OF NEW YORK CITY, INC. The City Gardens Club of New York has planned a photographic competition to stim- ulate interest in beautifying New York City. We felt that you would be interested in furthering such a laudable scheme, and so we are pleased to submit the plan (reverse side) -^...■■v Ji^W'"-" <'^vJ!Ji&fc'%^jA • \ «' ^^ Rapid Popularity ( distributors v^anted The simple, practical, inex- pensive, diversified use of the MULTITOOL is causing many of the cities and private estates to use them almost exclusively on their roads, gardens, and lawns. Gardeners find them invaluable. Try it — You'll bo cunviiiccd. Muhttoal Sales € I^ansing, Michigan Eastern Distributors EDDY GARDEN SERVICE PARADISE, PA. ^n}' en^h 246 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE CONINE NURSERY CO. East Main St. Established 1S95 Stratford, Conn. Reference Dvui IN LARGE SIZES OF Heml ock, Biotas, Pines, Retinos- i ■ poras Blue and White Spruce. We i have the BEST stock in the 1 UNITED STATES. \ We also have a good assortment ol \ General Nursery Stock A Gentleman, owning a thousand acre place within one hundred miles north of New York City, interested in perennials, rock plants, trees, shrubs, native flowers and shrubs, etc., is willing to give land, house, and half capital to an established firm of nurserymen, or member of such firm, willing to locate nursery or branch on partnership basis on his place. Write full details, in strict confidence, to SIRMIO, care of Gardeners' Chronicle. and trust that it will be possible for you to join us in this effort. The i)bjcct of the club is to turn unsightly backyards into gardens, to beautify all waste places, to plant trees near important build- ings and along treeless streets, to encourage window-box planting, and to be observant of the workings of the park department, in order that we may make city life richer by fostering the love of beauty. In order to carry out these important ideas, we feel that it is very necessary to have photographs of successful develop- ments, so that people can clearly see the pos- sibilities of their own backyards, and receive inspiration. This is the primary reason for competition, to secure pictures to carry on the gofxi work of making New York a better place in which to live. May we hope for your co-operatiun in tliis work? l-K.w'CEs B. Joh.\sto.\. Here and There ) B WILD FLOWERS BEING EXTER- MINATED The beautiful wild flowers that once adorned our roadsides, meadows and wooe3t material by skilled abor, uniformly burned and carefully packed. Famoit "Moss-Aztec" W«r« Includes Azalea Potfi, Fera Ulsbes, HaDglP' Baskets, Lawn Vases, etc. Write for catalosue and price list. Tbe Zane Pottery Company So. Zanesvllle, Olllo ing from long, creeping stems, as arbutus and ground pine, should never be torn out. "It is especialh' desirable that plants such as the wintergreen be allowed to mature fruit as food for birds during the harsh winter months. Without this source of food many birds die of winter starvation. It is desirable that the picking of such weedy but attractive plants as daisies, buttercups, golden rod and asters be encouraged, since by so doing no harm results and the farmer is assisted with his weed problem. In addition, the cultiva- tion of wild plants in our gardens may save many species for the enjoyment of future generations." — From the iVctt' York World. A Transformation A Scotchman who landed in Canada not long ago accosted a coal black negro for a direction. It happened that the black had been born in the Highland district of Scot- land and lived there most of his life. "Hey, mannie," said the Scotchman, "can ye nae tell me whaur I'll find the kirk?" The dar- key pointed with his arm. "Go richt up to yon wee hoose and turn to ye're richt and gang up the hill," said he. The visiting Scotty looked at him in horror. "And arre ye frae Scotland, mon?" he asked. "R-richt ye arre," said the darkey. "Aberdeen's ma hame." "And hoo lang hae ye been here ?" asked the Scotchman breathlessly. "About two year," said the darky. "Lord save us and preserve us," said the new arrival. "Whaur ken I get the boat for Edinburo?" — Argonaut. On A Modern Steamship The other day a great liner, equipped with all the modern necessities, including a palm court, well filled with the varied blooms that spring up in the Atlantic field, set out on her voyage to New York. The captain, ascend- ing a gangway, met a venerable but unknown figure wearing the company's cap and uni- form. "Are you of the ship's company, my man?" "I am, sir." "What is your rating?" pursued the astonished skipper. "Please, sir, I'm the ship's gardener," was the repl}'. — The Xatioii and the Athenaeum. A Mind Reader The Lady (to gardener she had hired the day before) — .\nd how is my Sweet William this morning? Gardener — Fine, thank you, but how did you know mv name? — Selected. I Carters Bulbs | I Flower and Vegetable Seeds | I GRASS SEED | I Fertilizers and Insecticides | j OF THE HIGHEST QUALITY. | I ^^'e will forward gladly our 1922 Spring or Fall Catalogue on | j request. | I We extend to you a cordial in\itation to visit our model estab- | I lishment. Prompt and courteous attention assured. | Cariers Tesied. Seeds * INC. '^ — i I Consolidated with 1 I J. M. THORBURN & CO. I j 53 BARCLAY STUEET NEW YORK, N. Y. | I and 19-20 South Market St., Boston, Mass. | I Canadian Branch: 133 King Street East, Toronto, Canada | iiiiiiililiiilliiiillliliiiiilililiiililliiuiliiiiliniiiiuiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiilliiiillilllilliiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiminiiiiniiiiiiiiiH ii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiminiiiiimmiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini § USED BY GARDENERS AND FARMERS SINCE 1880 FOR Duster Inside the Keg. Sold by Seed Dealers and :\Ierchants. Ask for Pamphlet HAMMOND'S PAINT & SLUG SHOT WORKS, Beacon, N. Y. lllllllllllllllllllltllllllllllltlllllllllK PLANT NAMES AND THEIR MEANINGS is the title o< a series of articles now appearing in The American Botanist where a multitude of other things of interest to the plant lover are also discussed. Quarterly, $1.50 a year; specimen copy, 25 cents. THE AMERICAN BOTANIST Joliet, III. HARRY BALDWIN Manufacturer of Greenhouse Stiading Lain Roller Blinds IVI^IVIARONECK. N. Y. FOR AUTUMN AND SPRING PLANTING FRUIT TEEES AND FRUIT PLANTS, EVERGREEN TREES AND SHRUBS, DE- CIDUOUS TREES AND SHRUBS. HERBA- CEOUS PERENNIAL PLANTS,' RHODO- DENDRONS AND KALMIA LAIIFOLIA. The stock we offer is the best quality. If interested write for Catalogue and Price List. THE MORRIS NURSERY CO. 11J3 "Broadway New York, N. Y. llllllltllttMlllllliltlllllllllllllll Mlllllllllllliiiiiiiii^ UNEXCELLED FOR. CROPS, UAWN5^ FLOWERS fO ret mil .^^. 15 E Prices 'on application "POTASH- MARL rr«; NEW YORK illlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllillllllllllllllllllliillllllllllllllllllllllllllllillllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllll^ 1^ gi ;|iiiiriiiii]miiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiijiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiinitiiiiiumuiiiniiiiiiiiir^ WILSON'S O.K. Plant Spray Kills Plant Insects, Scale and Mildew Used by Leading Gardeners Bbls. $90; i bbls. $50; 10 gals. $20 5 gals. $10 Brooklake Park, Madison, N. J., July 14, 1922. Andrew Wilson, Inc., Springfield, N. J. Gentlemen: Your O. K. Plant Spray as its name implies is super-excellent. It is more than you claim for it. Outdoors we have cleaned our conifers of red spider. Rose garden is free and no dreaded rose beetle to dismay our eflforts. Indoors I was at first skeptical with its application upon orchids. Previously I never sprayed them with- out loss of fleshy roots, no matter how light the application, but your spray has cleared all doubt as to its safety on rare orchids. Carnations and Mums are kept free of pests and fungus disease. Its two-fold use is won- derful. Roses, our situation favors black spot, and every fungus disease a rose is heir to, but we spray the soil of the benches every week with 25% solution and are free. It is in short an allied army of protection and care of all plants in horticulture's realm. I heartily recommend it. Yours very truly, Supt. of Howard Cole Instate, W. R. Fowkis. WfUi SPRINGFIELD NEW JERSEY iiiiiiiiniiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin^ Orchids S I If you contemplate buying semi-established, | B I established or imported orchids, consult us first. | 1 I We carry in stock about 25,000 species. | 1 I A large stock of Laelia Cattleyas, Hybrid Catt- | 1 I leyas, Brasso Cattleyas, Odontiodas, and other | m I choice hybrids. I g I We specialize in supplying the private trade. | a I Let us figure on your requirements — our quality | I I is second to none. | 1 I Orchid peat, live Sphagnum Moss, baskets, pot | B I hangers, always on hand. | a I Send for our price list. j I I G. E. BALDWIN & COMPANY \ Orchid Collectors, Growers and Importers | MAMARONECK Box 98 NEW YORK | ijiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiuiiniiiiiuiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiin pillllllllllllllinilllllllllllllllllllllllNIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIINIIIIIIIIIllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllNINIIIW Iris Peonies Write fur our special list of three hundred \arieties with full description. Our special list of one hundred \arieties will be m I furnisiicd on apidicatiim. I I W. E. MARSHALL & CO., Inc. I I SEEDS, PLANTS and BULBS | II 166 West 23rd St. New York City | = iiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim [iiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiittitiiti iiiiMiiiiiiiiiiimii KALMIA LATIFOLIA Mountain 1 aurel RHODODENDRON for forcing. R. CAROLINIANUM k c purpic no vr " Var. Margarettae white flower 12-24 inch plants, absolutely hardy. Profuse bloomers. Early May. R. M.iximum, R. CaLiwhirnse, R. Minus. Lcucothoe Catesbaci, Andromeda Floribunda, A/aIca Vascyi, A. Rosea, A. Calcndu^ lacea, A. Nudillora, A. Viscosa, A. Rhodora. Largest Piiirsvry of lis Kind lid .(rrcs La Bars Rhododendron Nursery Collectors — Grower* Stroudsburg, Pa. 248 'Mlllliniiinjiiiiiiiimiiiiiiimillillllllllllllllllillillllllllllilllllllllllllllllinilllllllllllllllllllllllllllinillllliilllimiiiiiiiiiiiilttiliillliililliu Competent Gardeners The comforts and products of a country home are increased by employing a competent gardener ; if you want to engage one, write us. Please give particulars regarding place and say whether married or single man is wanted. We have been supplying them for years to the best people everywhere. No fee asked. PETER HENDERSON & CO. Seedsmen and Florists 35 and 27 Cortlandt St., NEW YORK CITY !9lililiiiiillliiiiriiiiiiilliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iimiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliH piiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiimiuiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim^^^^^ I A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK OF | I Trees, Shrubs, Vines and | j Herbaceous Perennials | I By JOHN KIRKEGAARD | i| Formerly Assistant to Director of the Royal Botanical Gardens, ^ g Copenhagen, Denmark. Latterly Twenty Years 1 ^ in American Forestry and Botanical Work h I Illustrations in Sepia. Planting Plans. 410 pages. | I 8vo. Beautifully bound in cloth. Price $2.50 net. s I Mailing price $2.71. | = The character of information may be summed up in the sub- = i title cf the book— THE H.\RDY AND ORNAMENTAL VA- i 1 RIETIES: THEIR CHARACTERISTICS: Uses: and TREAT- i i MENT. I I THE CHRONICLE PRESS, INC. | I 286 FIFTH AVE. NEW YORK, N. Y. | wiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiniiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiu iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiintiiii!iiiiiiitiii[ii[ii[iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiittititiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii>:^ OF INTEREST TO COUNTRY ESTATE OWNERS The National Association of Gardeners takes lliis opportunity to place its Service Bureau at the disposal of owners of country estates when requir- ing competent gardeners, in the capacities of super- intendents, head gardeners or assistant gardeners — thoroughly qualified in every particular to assume llie responsibilities the positions call for — gardeners truly efficient in their profession. The Bureau is maintained entirely at the expense of the association and makes no charge to the em- ployer it may serve or to the member it may benefit. NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS M. C. Ebel, Secretary 286 Fifth Ave. New York This association is in no sense a trade union organization, but includes in its sustaining member- ship orvners of some of the foremost countr'^ estates in America. SPRAYING IS as Essential as Fertilizing Successful cultivation demands a knowledge of the habits of plant insects and diseases, and the proper remedies for their control. APHINE, an effective remedy against all sap sucking insects infesting flowers, fruits and vegetables, is free of the dis- agreeable odors and features of most in- secticides. It invigorates plant life and is unexcelled as a wash for decorative plants. Aphine will not injure the most tender flower or foliage. FUNGINE is an excellent remedy for mildew, rust, and other blights. It is read- ily soluble in water and contains no sedi- ment. Fungine does not stain the foliage but cleanses it. VERMINE is a soil sterilizer and vermi- cide. It destroys cut, wire, eel and grub worms, maggots, root lice and ants, and will protect your gardens and lawns from ravages under the soil. TTiere is but one convincing way for you to become familiar with the merits of these products and that is to try them out for yourself. It will prove worth while. niiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinjiiniinriiimiiiiiiriiiii iiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimmmnirmimiiniinnTmiiiiiiiinjiniijjinimiiS Sold by dealers in various sizes. I APHINE MANUFACTURING COMPANY I Manufacturers of Agricultural Clieniica'.s I MADISON, N. J. jiuiiimuiuuuu'Mminmii iiiiiiiniiiiiiimmimniiiii iiiiHinim iinniiui iiHiiiiuiiiiiiiiuii iimiiinii iiimiiiHuiim Frank Coll, siil'erintaidciit of "Coolkciniy' "Coolkriniy." the lioiiic of I'r. diid Mrs. J. LcsHt' Dutis. l-hn'crfnrd. i'a. "A marked improvement in one year" An unsolicited letter from Dr. J. Leslie Davis, Haverford, Pa. The Dave}' Tree Exi)ert Company. Kent, Ohio. Dear Sirs : It is a pleasure to testify to the very satisfac- tory work that has been done by the Davey Tree Surgeons at "Coolkenny," especially where it fyas not without some mise'-ings that the first contract was signed for , em to undertake the treatment of quite a number of active decay processes in some of the most valuable trees on the estate two years ago. The clause in ^-our contract stating that your men would retire from the operation any hour the work did not progress satisfactorily. however, was reassuring, and the degree of satisfaction can best be judged Ijy the fact that three men were permitted to work two week- Branch offices with telephone connections: Netf York, Astor Trust Bldg., .foi Fifth Ave., Cor. ■jind St.; Boston, Massachusetts Trust Bldg.; Philadelphia, Land Title Bldg.; Baltimore Amer- ican Bldg.; Pittsburgh, 331 Fourth Ave.; Buffalo. 1 10 Franklin St.; Cleveland. Hippodrome Bldg.; Detroit, General Motors Bldg.; Cincinnati, Mer- cantile Library Bldg.; Chicago, Westminster IdllN li.WICY I'allici ill liti .SnrKcry last year and fnur men fur another week this year. The clearly perceptible improvement in one 3'ear's time of all trees that were treated is most conxincing that the men you sent to us were truly scientific and ex])ert in every phase of their profession. (Signed) J. Leslie Davis Every gardener and estate superintendent has a most im[)(jrtant work in the saving of trees luuler his care. Davey Tree Surgery brings to his aid the highest de\'elo]jment of science plus a gener- ation of e.xpcrience. A careful e.xamination of your trees will be made by appointment. Till'. D.WICV TREE EXPERT CO., Inc. .lOS VAm Street, Kent, Ohio Bldg.; St. Louis. Central National Bank Bldg.; Kansas City, .Scarril Bldg.; Montreal, 2^3 Laugauclitlere, West. DavLV Tree Surgeons arc near you — if you live Ijelween Bo.ston and Kan,sas City. They are easily available and handle operations of any size, large or small. Write or wire Kent, Ohio. DAVEY TREE SURGEONS L-.cry real Davey Tree Surgeon i.! in tlic emptny of Tlie Da--ey Tree E.rpcrl Co.. Inc., anti llie public is cautioned acaiusl those falscis- representing tliem- telics. /In af-recnient made with the Da-,ey Company and not -eilh an indiiiduat I'.t certain evidence of genuineness, /'ruled yourself from impostcrs. If anyone loUctts the care of your trees ivho is not directly in our employ, and claims to be a Davev man, urite Headquarters lor his record. Save yourself from loss and your trees from harm 1 ENERS' ►NICLE RICA) HORTI $2.00 A YEAR RAL 25cAC0PY iMlliiilumiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuNiiN '^IIIIIJpul^ Bobbink &^ Atkins Choicest^ urserySGre Visit Nursery Toducts A sk for Catalog Roses Ask for our Catalog of Rose Plants for Aiitiiinn I'lanting. Japanese Yew The Lawn and Hedge Evergreen of the Future The hardiest, greenest and best of all Evergreens, and most attractive for lawn specimens. It will grow every- where. Ask for pamphlet. Shade Trees and Deciduous Floivering Shrubs will give the best results when planted in the Autumn. Evergreens should be planted in early Autumn. The above, and all of our nursery products, are de- scribed and priced in our Illustrated General and Rose Catalogs. Special Lists potgrown Vines and Climbers; Straw- berries; Rock Garden Plants; Peonies and Iris. .\Hr5Prvme/i and Florists RUTHERFORD NEW JERSEY ||;niiiiiiiiMHni:iiiiiiii;i;ii' iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)iiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:i!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiNi:iiiiiiii- % Hearsay or Facts When your em])l(iyer wants greenhouse information he will nnt he satisfied with, hearsay — facts are what he wants. Why not lun'e the facts before yi-'U by haxinj.; the King Greenhouse catalog at handr We'll be glad to send a copy to you immediately npim receiving your letter. /) hen you think of good greenhouses, think of King. KING CONSTRUCTION COMPANY GENERAL OFFICES: North Tonawanda, N. Y. New York City Philadelphia. Pa. Boston, M.nss. Stranlon, Pa. 36 West 45th St. 15th & IVIarket Sts Board of Trade BIdg. 307 N Irving Ave. Telephone Telephone Telephone Telephone Murray Hill 10050 Spruce 6521 Main 4399 4136 |i iiii:niluiliiniiiiiiiiiiiiiii(iiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiii«iiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii;iiiiiiiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^^ ilNniiiiiiiiiiii:iii»iiiiiiiiuuii{iuiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii»;iiii,iiii.iuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii;iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiyimiiiu^ BURPEE'S Winter Flowering Sweet Peas For Your Greenhouse THE BURPEE varieties of Early or Winter Flowerinfi Sweet Peas are revelations of beauty. Tliey liave been tbe aihniration of tile inaiiy tliousands of visitors to tlie Interna- tional Flower Sliows in New York and various other exiiihits held by The National Sweet Pea Society and The Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. Burpee's Sweet Peas have been Prize Winners everj'where. Our list includes the most ex- j|uisite shades in a complete range of colors. B( RPEES ANNUAL, the Lea.Iin^ American Seed CatalofT, fiives complete descriptions of all the heaiitifiil Burpee varieties, and will be sent free npiiii rr((uc-t. IManI Burpee's Sweet Peas \0\X for l>l(>i>iniiilic.Tnts who mention this publication. HENRY A. DREER 714-716 Chestnut St. PHILADELPHIA, PA. ^iiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiNiiiiiiniiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ |.IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII»IIIIIIIIIIIIIIINIIII!IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIN I WILSON'S I I O. K. PLANT SPRAY j I Kills Plant Insects, Scale and Mildew | I Used by Leading Gardeners | I Bbls. $90. 1/2 bbls. $50. 10 gals. $20, I I 5 gals. $10 1 Wendholme Farm, Islip, Long Island, N. Y., Aug. 1, 1922 Andrew Wilson, Inc., Siiringfield, N. J. Gentlemen: — I take great pleasure in recommending your Plant Sprav, especially on Bo.\wood and Shrubs. Also find it satisfactory for under glass if troubled with red spider, thrips. scale or other insects. I always have a barrel on hand as it has proven the best spray for all around use. Yours yery truly, THOMAS WILSON, Supt. Mrs. S. T. Peter's Estate. Ui SPRINGFIELD NEW JERSEY liiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiu iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinin Wl^ASSffi^ 1922 Rare New Darwin Tulips |||'1|/| of Unsurpassed Beauty AM<).\(; (lur V>11 direct impnrtations, the following new Darwins excel in grace of form, hrilliancy and clearness of color, and statt-line.ss of growth. Aflpfalnw I'l'L'p rosy orange with salmon-edged pet- s'"" als; inside deep orange. First and only Parwiu running to Breeder tones. 35c each: doz. ^3.50; 100 .$25.00. Bleu Aimahip Beautiful pale lavender, bine, white base. '""'^ bright yiolet-blue center. Each lOe; doz. 9.5c; lOtI ?6.75. Chant lip Cvanth (Swan Song). Glowing cerise, shaded rose. "* ' uc vjfgHC fj„p of the finest and most gorgeous Dar- wins. Each 2.5c: doz. .$2.50; 100 $17.50. I itv nf Haarlpm Giant flower, intense scarlet, shaded crim- v-.ijr ui iiaaiicill „„„. siaty-bliie base and white halo. Bach 40c; doz. .$4.00; 100 .$28.00. I nlllCP lip la Valliara Clear, delicate rose, starred white. Long LiUuiscuc la T dllierc oval of exquisite form. For pots and out- doors. Bach 30e; doz. $2.75; 100 $19.50. PrPGltflpnf Taff Deep crimson: effective contrast with its I 1 C91UC1II 1 0: 100 $17. .50. ASSORTMENTS One of each (6) $1.50 Six of each (36) 7.50 25 of each (150) 27.50 By mail or expres-, prepaid, about Oct. 1st. Catalog Free on Rei iiiiiiiiliiillil1liiiiililiiiiiiiiilllll1i1iillllllliliiiiilll!liliililinilllllllllliliilllll.lltliiiilliiiiiililiiii||i|i|||!iiiiii l|||lll|llillllll[lllllllllllltlllllllilllllllllllilli:ill11ll!llillillllilillliliiitiiiiiiiiii iiiiiitiiiiiiiiriiitiri.iiiiiiriiii iiMiiriiiiMiiiMii iiiiiiiiilliiiMiiiiiiilliiiiiiniii^ The Contents for September, 1922 Things and Thoughts of the Garden William N. Craig 25 1 Rambling Remarks on Plants . f/orurii Arnalor 253 Autumn Glory at Englishton Park Helen On English 25 A The Greenhouse, Month to Month George F. SteU'arl 256 How Our Wild Flowers Can Be Preserved. 257 Work for the Month in the Garden Samuel Colding 258 Statice — Thymus Richard Rothe 259 The Rock Garden Arthur Stuilh 260 September Flowers. Ber(/ia Berherl-Hammond 262 Departments of Foreign Exchange and Book Reviews 263 President Robert Cameron's Address 264 National Association of Gardeners, Annual Convention 265 Local Societies 276 Among the Gardeners 276 Attendants at the Convention 277 The Official Organ 279 Published Monthly by THE CHKONICLE PRESS, INC. 286 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. MARTIN C. EBEL. Editor Entered at the New York Post Office as second class matter, .\'oz\ 3, 1914. inider the Act of Congress, March 3, 1879 Vol. XXVI, No. 9 Issued IStli of each month. Subscription .... $2.00 a year Canada, $2.15; Foreign $2.65 '^nnmiiriiiirimiiiiiHiiiitiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiitiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiii]iiiiiiiinii)iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiii]iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ '^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiihuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii HIGH QUALITY Bulbs • Seeds • Plants FOR AUTUMN PLANTING This is the title of our Autumn Catalogue wliicli we have been mailiiiL; to our palmns dur- ing the month of .Septemljer. If your name is iKit nn our niiiiling list, write tn us and we will scml you a coj)}- of this Catalogue at onee. For the past twenty-five years we have been siqiplying ;in increasing number of particular flower lovers with our ."^eeds, Bulbs and many of their garden needs. HIGH QUALITY BULBS ^ WHY WE USE THE EXPRESSION AND OW WE ENDEAVOR TO MAINTAIN IT High Quality Bulbs are bulbs of proper flowering age, grown in a careful manner; thoroughly ripened and cured; and selected for size. Ibc bulbs bsnd in our .\ulumn (_ ;ii;ihigiu- arc.^iipwn in I !iiimi(l;i, ( ';ilif(Jinia, Japan, l'r;iiuc. but principall}' in Holland. W'c con- tract with growers only for each variety listed. No grower in Holland, for example, grows all the varieties of Dutch bulbs offered by us. Therefore, we ]ilace advance contracts for the various varieties with specialists. The bulbs are carefully jiackcd .-md shipped td u> in tlu' .•mlninn. On their arrival in New York they are i nmediately unjjacked so as to avoid becoming "heated" and carefully arranged in our own building, examined and p.issed on by thoroughly trained men. STUMPP & WALTER CO. 30-32 BARCLAY STREET NEW YORK CITY niiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^^ iiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiil 250 illlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll iiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiHiiiiiniiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiK GARDENERS' CHRONICLE (OF AMERICA) Devoted to the Science of Floriculture and Horticulture Vol. XXVI iiiiiiiiiiiiiiin: SEPTEMBER, 1922 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiyiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin^ No. 9 Things and Thoughts of the Garden WILLIAM N. CRAIG LIBRARV NEW YORK BOTANICAL UAKDEN THERE is a great paucity of flowering shrubs which iilooni in August and September. It is true that ber- ried plants are numerous and very beautiful, but flowers are far from abundant. The Indigoferas are not much grown, perhaps because tliey are not much known and rarely offered for sale, and for the further reason that they do not make as "stunning a show'" as some other shrubs. There are said to be about 330 species of Indigo- feras, mostly tropical, although several are native to the United States. The indigo of commerce mainly comes from /. tinctoria, an Asiatic specie and /. aw/7 from the West Indies. At one time the last named specie was much grown commercially in North Carolina, as much as a million pounds being produced in 1775. The rising im- portance of the cotton crop eventually drove indigo to the wall, but even today plants which are escapes from cultivation, are often found. While most of the Indigoferas are greenhouse plants, one or two of comparatively recent introduction from China are hardv as far north as Boston and prove good garden plants. /. auiblyantha from Western China makes a neat and graceful shrub, 5 and 6 feet in height, carrying in late August numerous dense racemes 3 to 4 inches long of pink flowers, the blooming period extending until C)ctober. /. decora alba is a low growing almost prostrate plant, hardy at the Arnold .\rboretum, and in late August was carrymg quantities of its lovely pure white racemes. A charming species is /. kiriloicii native to northern China and Korea and introduced 10 years ago. The ra- cemes produced in August and September are bright rosy pink in color and resemble Robiiiia psciidacacia in color, and they are produced in great abundance. The plant is of moderate height and of graceful habit and should have a place in everv garden where flowering shrubs are valued. The Indigoferas propagate readily from cuttings and layers. /. amblyantha produces seeds in abundance, but I. kirilozvii carries none at all. All can also be jjropa- gated by division. The hydrangeas while about all of one color, white, are most useful in late Summer, but it is unfortunate that the excellent garden species H. paniciilata grandiflora is so distressingly overplanted. It seems as if every one with a garden, no matter how small feels it a necessity to plant one or more of- this variety. It is a pity more of H. paniciilata is not grown as it is much more graceful than 25 « its more showy sub-species, gmiidifJora. The sub-species prcccox is very distinct both in foliage and flower and while blooming earlier than the other forms is still in good condition at the end of August. H. radiaia has handsome leathery foliage and large circular cymes of flowers, the outer row of flowers being sterile. This is a fine species, better than the variety cinera which is more planted. li. Sargcntiana makes a very handsome shrub; the nearly flat dense cymes are 6 inches or more across, the fertile flowers pale violet, and the sterile ones pure white. It is a most beautiful shrub from Central China, but unfortunately not hardy in the north, and it also re- quires shade. Speaking of hydrangeas, I have been sur- prised to note how hardy the new French race of Horten- sis hybrids have proved. At the Blue Hill Nurseries, South Braintree, Mass., large clumps have passed through sev- eral severe Winters unprotected and flower freely each year. ^ ^; * There have been some beautiful introductions among the Contoneasters in late years, mainly from Western China. The varieties are so numerous as to be almost bewildering. Some of us remember C. Siiiionsii as a climber in Great Britain and still have vivid recollections of the glorious masses of scarlet fruit it carried. In Massachusetts this species will not winter, being native to the Himalayas, but many others prove very hardy. A few specially desirable sorts are : C. hupclicnsis which makes a dense and very wide spreading shrub, 8 to 10 feet in height, and its pure white flowers are followed by great quantities of brilliant subglobose fruits. This is a beautiful plant whether in flower or fruit, but it must have ample space to develop. C. tcnuipcs attains a height of -S to 6 feet and is wide spreading. The rather large oval black fruits are abundantly produced and are very handsome in August and onwards. C. adprcssa is of prostrate habit and carries .scarlet subglobose fruit. H. horizontalis of which there are a number of forms is prob- ably the most valued of the Cotoneasters. It makes a rather low but wide spreading shrub with round-oval foli- age and bright red fruits which are produced in great abundance. The form pcrpusilla is probably the finest of all species for the rock garden, while it rarely exceeds 2 feet in height, it spreads 10 to 15 feet across and the bright shiny leaves, which are smaller than in the type are handsome even without the great number of brilliant fruits. 1 252 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE C. horizoiitalis H'ilsoiii is distinct in liabit hut grows more erect, is more stiff in habit and not so desiral)le as some others. C. Diclsiami produces slender sprea(Hnt;- and arching branches and grows 6 to 7 feet in height, and the red fruit are carried in bunches like Cratccgiis. This is one of the very best species. A very pretty low growing and dense shrub is C. ap-icitlata, and the leaves are nearly circular and the fruit scarlet. It makes a charming rockery plant. C. raccmiflora sooiigarica grows 8 to 10 feet high and 12 or more feet across. The foliage is rather scant, but the great numbers of brick red fruit which cover every .stem make the plant a striking object in Fall. The fruits resemble bcrbcris in color and persist for a long period. C. multiHora calocarpa is a rather thin growing shrub of vigorous hahit, carrying large numbers of dark cherrv'-like fruit. The foregoing are some of the more striking cotoneasters. For the shrubbery and the rock garden thev are unexcelled, charming in flower, beautiful in fruit, free from insect pests and with, in nearly every case, bright shiny foliage, they should be in every garden worthy of the name. Propagation by seeds and layers is easy with all species. The aconitums nr monkshoods are beautiful plants in the hardy garden. Many of us are able to grow them but inditferently. Being native, as they are to mountain regions in Europe, temperate Asia and North America, they succeed less satisfactorily in the warmer and drier plains. Any one who has visited such northern summer resorts as Bar Harbor or any of the islands along the coast of Maine must have been struck by the wonderful luxuriance of the monkshoods. They are to be seen in every garden and often 8 to 9 feet in height. In fact, they increase so rapidly that I have seen them running practically wild on Mount Desert Island. Only a few varieties of aconitums are grown in America compared with Euroi>e. A. Xapcllus and its varieties are the most prominent, while A. autitmnale, A. Fischcri and its variety Wilsoni are of the greatest value in the garden. A. Napcllus is the most poisonous species and is largely grown in Europe for the official mite, and the leaves also have medicinal value. .Several other species are grown in China, India and Japan for poisonous alkaloids. The variety Wilsoni which is a tall grower is most useful in the garden in Fall, coming in as it does, when the second crop of delphiniums have passed and good blue flowers are scarce. Transplanting is best done in the Fall, and it will be found that if given a little shade aconitums do much better. * * * The days of specimen stove and greenhouse plants seem to have passed. Years ago we marvelled at the wonderful plants of allamandas, dipladenias, Bougain- villeas, ixoras, Slephanotis, ericas, Francisccas, Rondele- tias, statices, and others. Large sized plants of some of these are still seen but both here and abroad classes are now seldom allotted to them. For many years that noted grower, Cyjjher of Cheltenham, produced marvellous ex- amples of cultural skill at the great British provincial shows like York, Wolverhampton, Shrewsbury and Bir- mingham. The great war with the scarcity of coal and labor caused the virtual wiping out of these grand speci- mens, and in their stead have come classes for medium sized plants anrl groups, the latter being a great feature at all the large British Summer and Autinnn shows. Our hot climate makes it imi)ossible to duplicate under canvas such exhibitions, and we are mainly dependent on Spring <-ind Fall shows, except for special shows of such ])opuIar plants as peonies, gladioli and dahlias. I can imagine nothing more charming than a great flower show under canvas in well \entilaied lents where the sun is not too broiling. 1 have attended one or two shows here in tents which were small but delightful. On the other hand, some held imder our Augu.st broiling sun bring back memories of wilted judges, wilted exhibits, and a perspiring public. * :;= * The (lavs when we used to hear the pedlers cry, "Fine ripe strawberries, three bo.xes a quarter," have passed, never perhaps to return, but the cry combined as it is with the profusion of bright scarlet berries with their fragrances, produced on even the casual passerby a fas- cination created by few if any of the other fruits which later in the season find places on our tables. Can any- thing be more alluring than a basket of fresh ])icked, well ripened strawberries, resting on some of their own foliage? With the dew still sparkling on their glossy sides and flanked by a generous supply of rich cream, truly 'tis a "feast for the gods." Strawberries have been in cultivation a long time. Historical mention is made of the fruit as far back as the 13th century, but no record of their cultivation is made until 1483. In June of that year Richard, Duke of Gloucester, is reputed to have said that he had seen good strawberries growing in the Bishop of Ely's garden. The strawberry of that day and for several centuries later was simply a wild plant transferred from hedgerow to garden. Not until the introduction of the large Chilian strawberry in the last years of the 18th century did a new era in strawberry culture begin, aided by the addition of new s]:)ecies notably one from North America. * * * A tribute must be paid to the skillful hybridizers here • and abroad who have helped to evolve the strawberry of today. In the nature of things new varieties must con- stantly appear or degeneracy would result. The only way to keep up or improve the standard of existing varie- ties is to save new seedlings. The number of new seed- lings introduced in America must run into the thousands, and a few of these have survived more than one genera- tion. The old Gandy is still popular and with many P)ran(lywinc is equally good, so is Sharpless. ^ ■'.'• '1^ The finest all round \arie(v introduced since T came to America is Marshall, picked up by chance a wildling at Alarshfield, one of the strawberry centers of Massachu- setts. Sent out 30 years ago, this variety has never been surpassed for color, size, flavor and all roiuid excellence. For forcing pur]30ses it reniains without any serious rival. It needs, however, a stifle, rich, retentive clay loam and liberal manuring to do its best outdoors. It is worthy of note that since the introduction of Marshall at every strawberry show held in Bagc 257) Rambling Remarks on Plants FLORUM AMATOR T HE bunches of berries on the Viburnmn Opiilus Amcricannm, commonly called Cranberry Bush or High Cranberry, which began to turn red in the last of July, have now put on a bright scarlet color. Re- taining this color they will remain on the bush, to which they cling tenaciously, all Winter, for the birds do not eat them. Their acid fruit is a substitute for Cranberries, hence their name. This shrub is a native from New Brunswick far westward and south to Pennsylvania. In a \\'inter garden of bright berried shrubs this \'iburnum is almost unsurpassed. The variety, Sterile, of V . opulus. the European Cranberry Bush, is the well-known Guelder Rose or Snowball, while V. tomentosum plenum, is the beautiful Japanese (^nowball. Several of the Vibur- nums, of which there are about 120 species widely distribu- ted through the different countries of the world, are among the most desirable of shrubs in ornamental horticulture. The Roman poet, Virgil, immortalized, so to speak, the Viburnum in a famous simile in his first eclogue, in which he says : "A'erum haec tantum alias inter caput e.xtulit urbes. Quantum lenta solent inter \'iburna L'upressi.'' a prose translation of which is as follows : "This (city, Rome) has raised up her head as high among the other cities as the Cypresses have raised theirs among the supple Viburnums." Spircca Bitmalda, variety "Anthony Waterer," is one of the most desirable of all pink or crimson Summer flower- ing Spiraeas, for the Spirjeas we may note are divided into two general seasonal classes, nameh', Spring and Summer bloomers, the flowers of most of the former being white and of most of the latter pink or crimson. The Spring- bloomers give in general but one crop of flowers, but some of the Summer Ijloomers several crops. Anthony Waterer, if all the dry flowers or seed pods are cut ofif, and each branch is cut back a few inches, will give a moderate crop of pretty Autumn blooms, and furthermore, the new foliage which this shrub will put on after its pruning will have a variegation of pink, white and green, the same as the new foliage has in early Spring. Of all the strictly deciduous shrubs there is no one better to use in making a low hedge, for it bears pruning well in any season, and is among the hardiest and most floriferous of shrubs, and nearest immune from disease or insect attacks. There is a native Spiraea, namely S. tomentosa, commonly called Hardback and Steeplebush, whose steeple-shaped panicles of pink flowers appear from July through September, and whose leaves beneath are densely grayish or yellowish tomentose. This is an upright grower reaching a height of about four feet. We have always wondered why we have not seen this Spirtea used in forming a hedge. The plants would, we think, if cut down to the ground each Autumn, grow rapidly on the coming of Spring, and form an attractive hedge, producing flowers on the new wood. There is a species of Potcutilla. Cinquefoil, Five-Finger. a native of North America, which is an unique shrub, namely, Potcntilla fruticosa. This shrub reaches an ex- treme'height of about four feet. It prefers a moist posi- tion. Wewell remember the first si>ecimen which we ever saw, in full bloom growing in a moist swamp way back in tliose happy days when we spent much time in field botany searching for specimens new to us. This plant, however, like tlie Hibiseus mosclicufos, and some other swamp plants, will grow in a dry position also. We have spoken of this as an unique shrub, and we think a brief description of it will uphold our statement. Though growing only one to four feet high, it is shrubby and much branched ; its bark is oddly shredded, the leaves are pin- nate with five to seven leaflets with revolute margins, and silky, giving to the bush a very odd appearance which immediately attracts attention ; its flowers are bright yellow, numerous and showy, and appear throughout the .Summer. This shrub, too, we think, would make a pretty and unusual low hedge. One tires a little, though they are very appropriate we admit, of the ubiquitous Privet and ISarberry in hedges. We often speak of persons as sensitive, we meet them on every hand. We have sensitive plants also, not a few of them indigenous. Growing in the sandy field and road- sides from New England to P'lorida and west to Indiana, Kansas and Louisiana we find Cassia nietitaiis, Wild Sen- sitive Plant, the ten to twenty leaflets of whose pinnate foliage will fold up, if brushed gently by the hand. To this genus by the way, belongs Senna, whose leaves are used in medicine, namely ^. acutifolia of Egypt, and ,S". aiigiistifolia of India and also our native ^^^ild Senna, 5". Alarilaiidiea. The twice pinnate leaves of our native Schrankia itnci- nata. Sensitive Brier, a plant which, by the way, has re- curved prickles, hence its specific name uncinafa, and round heads of rose-colored flowers, are very sensitive. This plant is found from A'irginia to Florida and west- ward to Illinois, Kansas and Texas growing in dry sandy soil, and is nearly related to the true Sensitive Plant, Mimosa piidiea. Miinosa pudiea is not strictly indigenous in this country, but though a native of Brazil, is widely naturalized in warm countries and has run wild in our Gulf States. This somewhat shrubby, hairy, spiny, erect, branching plant, is very sensitive ; when its pinnate leaves are touched, the petioles fall and the leaflets close, especially on young plants. The stamens of our Common Barberry. Berberis znd- garis, flowers are very irritable when touched, as is well known to the boys and girls of New England, where this shrub grows, and spring out of the concave peta's in which normally they rest, in towards the center of the flowers. There are two old vegetables which when we were boys, we used to see growing in many of the kitchen gardens of New England, generally close to the garden fence, where it would not be necessary to disturb them in the Spring plowing or spading, for these plants are perennials. The one is Lci'isticuin officinale, Lovage. This is a tall plant with dark green shining wedge-shaped leaves, cut toward the apex, its radical leaves being two to three times divided. The leaf-stalks used to be blanched and eaten like celery. Lovage is a native of Southern Europe, but has escaped from cultivation in some places in North America. Lovage may be set out in beds about three feet apart each way. The plants when well established will be profitable for several years with little cultivation. The second of these two old vegetable plants is Crambe mari- fiina, commonly called Sea--kale. This is a smooth, strong growing perennial about two feet high, whose heavy, large leaves are cut and somewhat curled or fringed; it is a native of the coasts of Europe. This plant is worth cul- tivating. 254 GARDEISERS' CHRONICLE Autumn Glory at Englishton Park HELEN ORR ENGUSH RETURNIXCi tn the country late in tlu' Aiumnn after an enforced sta\- during a large part of the Summer in a town apartment has the same effect upon me as when I receive the first Spring flowers from my garden after a long, cold, dreary Winter in town. The imutter- able jov of returning to find the house overflowing with '^^ /111 c.iW'IL-iit I'lt'iL' ()/' the rock garden at Englislilon Park. the results of years of past study to see that it has been kept in one's absence the same as when present, groinids and home perfect in their Autumn glory, a tribute to gardener and housekeeper. I cannot but speak of the faithful caretaker of this particular home, whose daily pleasure it is to concoct, if one may use such a word in horticulture, such lovely arrangements for my enjoyment. Years ago I remember so well her bringing me in from the northern wood a handful of wonderful, odd, and unusual berries and leaves. It was not familiar to me but after a little searching among my hooks, to my joy I found it to he the bluest berried plant, whether wild or cultivated, that grows, and which I had never seen but had read so much about, Clintonla horealis. After this little digression. I shall now write of the things which give me so much delight, for I am longing to tell those who love Nature of the Ijeauties awaiting me both in and out of doors. .V return at tliat time of the year to the lover of the all year round garden is an in- spiration for future work, and T am filled with a desire to imbue others with my love of gardening and to impart any knowledge 1 may have gleaned from years of experi- ence. T never really know what to plant for i'all efi'cct until I see the beautiful flowers, branches of trees and berried shrubs that 1 can have in late October and Noven\- ber, many of which will remain during the Winter to cheer the glooniv days. The little known .\utumn crocus, Col- ch'icitm aiitiiiinialr. continues to bloom laic in its somewhat desolate surroundings of \irginia Willow iltca '-ir- f^iiiica). which have yielded of their glory for weeks in the preceding May and June. This late straggler makes me 'hink of the Indian Pipe ( Moiwtropa iinitlora), which T have seen by the hunrlreds growing out of rotted trees and leaf mold in the dense woods fif Michigan, a little ghost- like tlowcr, and without odor. I'or the first time, when 1 saw the mass of crocus at my feet, I unconsciously connec- ted the two. The Spanish liayone or Vticca, "Our Lord's Candles,"' of a very dift'erent family and far from being a fungus or parasitic growth, as the Indian Pipe is properly classed, has that same deathlike, odorless whiteness. I do not know why I associate these three different plants — one a bulb, one a fungus growth, and the last a native of hot desert sandy lands, transplanted to our gardtns, but there must be a similarity for me to do so. The wonderfully colored leaves of the "Winged Straw- berry'" {Eiioiiyiiiiis alatiis). and its cork wood branches make a fine showing as a background for the lily pond several himdrcd feet away from the house. In the garden this group immediately attracts the eye and holds it; while indoors, when mixed with the dainty, feathery sprays of Spircca Tlinnbcrgii, the "Winged Strawberry" is attractive beyond words. It is just as lovely when combined with the stout stiff' branches of the dark green Mountain Pine. Spircca Thiiiibergii planted out of doors with Kcrria japoiilcii. single Cnrclionis, is a combination no garden should be without if only for the ball effect and contrast of the two during the entire Winter. The red leaves of Khiis oroiiiatica (Aromatic Sumac), rivals the Euo)!yiiius and I for one would not be without this especial variety. The huge beds of annual scarlet sage are brilliant in .\ugust and September. It is so common and deplorably overdone and over-rated in the cities that I plant it very sparingly and then only for the pleasure that the brilliant mass gives to passers-by. Its short lived beauty passes entirelv at the touch of the first early frost and becomes just a brown dead mass. Why will not the masses appre- ciate the pleasures to be derived from hardy gardening? Till- drlTi-uiiy. To llic right Inrrgroiiiid is a riir^ curled ti'illotc (i'li/i'.r aiiiiiilaria) , an oddity. The home attests to the hardiness of my garden. It glows wilh the scarlets and golds and greens of the varied plant- ings whose beauty t shall attempt in a feeble way to picture to my readers. Different from the .-irrangemcnt nf I'liniiyiiiKS and dwarf Swis- Mountain Pine mentioned abdve. and as For September, 1922 255 effective, are the trailing junipers, the Japanese, sqiia>iiatii variety are preferable, mixed with the bright red of the \\'inter berry, the deciduous holly. In the garden, whether as specimen or as groups, the effect is gorgeous, and I have a little pre-Christmas display in October. For indoor decoration the English Yew, Taxus baccata, is unusual when combined with Japanese anemones, both single white and the semi-double "Whirlwind." These Jajianese anemones are most difficult of cultivation for me and I have known these rare beautiful plants to change their position in the same bed. I have planted them in one place and in the Spring have found that they chose to come up closer to the stone foundation than I had in- tended. \\'hen this unique idiosyncrasy occurs and they refuse to stay "put," it is necesar}- to use other plants to edge the bed. perhaps the delightful blue campanulas or Japanese bellflowers, which follow the Poet's Narcissi blooming in early Spring. The anemones require proper soil, mostly wooded earth or leafmold. and a shady loca- tion. Their natural tendency is to hug the stones wherever possible. Can you visualize a scarlet cactus dahlia or two in a vase with a clump of rugged white Japanese rose, the justlv well known Rosa nii^osaf Also another grouping of an old fashioned "Show" rose-pink dahlia, an Ulrich Erunner rose and a Conrad F. Meyer rose {Rosa rugosa) — without question the most beautiful Japanese rose grown — in a glass vase with a spray of the .delicious feathery, silvery-blue Retinospora squarrosaf A few hardy delphiniums as well as the aconitnums. or ]\Ionkshood. still bloom on my return late in the Fall, and furnish lovely blooms for the house. I always look upon these two as closely related because to me they seem some- what alike. I find also at that time a few Chrysanthemum a?xticiiin or daisies, and mixed with the purple of the delphiniums they make a splendid display. A large bowl of African marigolds illuminates the dining room and in a wall cabinet under a brilliant inside light, in a peculiar scarlet vase, I place a few sprays of the scarlet and gold berries of the Eitoiiyiiins, with some cut- tings of the English Yews, the repaiideiis variety. A little later the wall pockets on each side of this cabinet are filled with bronze chrysanthemums, the dear old pungent sort that, to my taste, is the only real chrysanthemum. I have a more delicate arrangement of the Tartaricum variety of hardy asters, China asters and Spircca sprays with a few black berries of the Regal's Privet, which, strange to say, notwithstanding the many colors, all blend well under low lights. So many vases and bowls of Win- ter berries. Ilex verticiUata, give me a Christmas feeling in Indian Summer days. I am the very proud possessor of a few American holly bushes that are old enough to yield their genuine holly berries, and these are especially treasured because I do not know of any other holly bushes in Indiana. There are .so many pseudo-holly leaved shrubs that one more deeply appreciates the real when fortunate enough to have them. The long borders of nasturtiums are in all their glory and the fragrance indoors is very sweet. They are most pleasing when placed with rare golden Chinese cypress or Arbor vifcr and the biotas, which are planted in my garden at the end of the nasturtium borders. This reminds me to caution any one when buying seeds to buy only the choic- est in the Spring, as one is well repaid for extra expense, if any. In dealing with the practical end of gardening. I always consider Spring the better time to plant the late flowering or berrying plants and shrubs about which I am writing. It seems the more logical time for success with them, as they appear to be more dormant than when they are yielding their glory in the Autumn. The Scabiosa, or Mourning Bride, as well as nasturtium, repays one when onlj- the best seed is selected, the choicest seed yielding the rarest shadings in these particular flow- ers. The same is true of dozens of annuals. As a result of my care in the Spring, I have a splendid planting all Summer of Mourning Bride, where they bloom every year as fillers for the Spanish Iris at the lily pond when the iris have bloomed and gone. The Scabiosa or Grand Mother's Pin Cushion, is such a clean and lovely little tufted plant, which frequently seeds itself in my climate, that everyone should have it. I cut it with abelias, sometimes called the arbutus shrub, another beautiful but little known shrub, and their purple and delicate pink shades harmonize so well together that one seems the complement of the other. I wonder who knows the unusual Beauty Fruit or Callicarpa purpurea, which is at its best in the late Autumn with its beauteous mulberry purple berries. The flower is so infinitesimal as to be unnoticed in the Spring, 3 Spiraa Thunbergii and Corchorus Japonka in bloom at Englishton Park. but one is amply rewarded during the Fall months, when the shrub is heavily laden with delicately colored purple berries. The effect of half a dozen full bearing branches of their dry brown leaves mingling with a lavender phlox, a few hardy asters and leaves of Tlwlia dealbata, a semi- aquatic, is most unusual and striking. Even the form gives of its beauty to my eye for color. In passing by a tobacco field a solitary bloom on a sucker of a tobacco plant attracted my attention. It is a most delicate shade of pink, a faint rosy dawn and it goes well with a very pretty black eyed, light blue delphinium, Kelway's "Silver Buckle." The combination is extremely delicate in coloring. The cosmos in late Autumn are still lovely where pro- tected from frost by the plantings. A single bloom of the. lovely blue Stokesia with much of its crisp, green foliage, is a charming companion for a canary yellow dahlia. The blue and yellow were exquisite in a Rook wood green vase. Bowls of Polyantha roses, the Baby Rambler, and little Marie Pavie, throughout" the house in full flower and bud make one think it is June instead of Autumn. I cannot pass by some gorgeous trees without a word, the handsome sweet gums which enrich our gardens with their purple, dull red and green colorings ; the variegated {Continued on page 259) 256 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE The Greenhouse, Month to Month GEORGE F. STEWART WI^ are now well into what is termed the Indian Sum- mer. After the first Hght frosts, we are sure to have a spell of warm weather and the greenhouse man is tempted to leave the more hardy plants outdoors for a little while longer. It is, however, safest to take no chances. Get everything into \\'inter t|uarters as quickly as possible. A friend of mine took the risk of leaving his azaleas out late one year and an unexpectedly sharp frost dropped all the bud's, losing a whole season's effort for him. Last September and early October are very busy months. There are so many little things that are likely to be overlooked, especiallv if one is shorthanded, as many are. Azaleas that are required by the first of the year should be placed in a cool light house near the glass. Syringing should be avoided as it is likely to start growth which may throw the flower bud. Should any young growths ap- pear, pick them off as soon as they can be handled. The succession azalea plants are better in a cool pit from which frost is kept and which is not too light. In a structure of this kind they may be had in flower up to June if one has the later flowering varieties. They need careful watering, never being allowed to get dry. Occasional waterings with soft coal soot water, we find, keeps a rich color on the foliage and is not likely to stimulate growth if they are kept cool. Similar treatment, we find, is g'ood for acacias until they are wanted to come in flower when they must be given all the light possible, but never attempt to force with heat, as it will cause a loss of flower buds and start a new growth. Heaths and all other cool greenhouse hardwood plants may also be stored in a cool pit and when wanted in flower a light cool greenhouse is the place for them. Get all these plants under cover before the end of the month of September. liouvardias need an intermediate temperature and plenty of light to develop their flowers. If well rooted in their flowering pots a little stimulating with Clay's fertilizer once a week will help them. All Buddleia asiatica and stevias may be stored in the cnnl pit and re- moved to the cool greenhouse as needed. Chrysanthemums are now at an interesting ])eriod and need liberal feeding to swell the flower buds. .\11 water- ing is better if done in the forenoon. Have a nice dry bracing atmosphere over night. Close the bottom ventila- tors on cool nights. It will hel]) to prevent mildew. Light dustings of air slacked lime under the foliage is very help- ful in drying up any moisture that may be around. Dis- bud as soon as the buds can be handled. Train the speci- men bush i)lants into shape as soon as they set hud. Put in cuttings of the I'aris daisy (Chrysaiithciiniiii fnitcsccns) for they will make nice jilauts by S])ring and are useful also for cutting. Another beautiful and quaint flowering plant is Stalice Smi'oroii.'ii. It is an annual and seeds sown now will make nice plants in six-inch pots by Spring. The variety alba in pure white will prove effective when group- ing other colors of plants. Fuchsias that were rooted in August ought now to he ready for three-and-a-half-inch pots. If good specimens are wanterl in nine and ten-inch pots next May, keep them moving along without getting pot bound. Train up the centre ^Iv.mi to a stake and at every five or six joints pinch it and then take the strongest break for the leader. Take the points out of the side breaks every time they make three or four double leaves. This will fill in the sides of the plant nicely. If good strong plants of the Lorraine type of Bci;oiiia are wanted, they can now be transferred to a cool house and hung well up to the light. By this treatment they will last longer than if transferred to a room when in flower. .\ny nerines that are overcrowded in their iX)ts may be given a shift but never ]iiit them if there is plenty of water space in the pots. Inmiediately after flowering is the best time to pot them. These beautiful plants ought to be seen around greenhouses in the h'all of the year more frequently than they are. They flower at a season when flowers are none too plentiful and there is now quite a range of color among them. When grouj>ed with adiantum ferns they are verv effective. Keep an eye on the calceolaria plants and pot them along if large specimens are desired next Spring. I'rinudas may soon be shifted into their flowering pots. Pot all bulbs as soon as thev arrive. They may be stored in any frost proof building and covered with sand to pre- vent the bulbs rising out of the receptacle as they are apt to do, if no pressure is on top of them. Frost will not hurt them but it mav crack the pots. We find that the easiest narcissus, after Paper Whites, to force is A'. JonqniUa Campcrncllii, and it is so much more dainty than many of the others that it is a great favorite with ladies. If Iris tingitana is grown, be sure that it is kept in a cool house as it will never flower if forced in heat. Giganteum lilies when potted are better placed under a bench where there is no danger of drip and drawn up about four inches. If this is not done they come very short in the stem. Giganteums like a temperature close to sixty degrees at night from the time they are started until the first flower begins to open, when they may be hardened off by removing to a cooler house. Liliitin fonnnsiiiii, we find, does better grown cool and we think on the whole is a better lily for the private gardener. Liliiiui caiidldum also does better grown cool and is a very graceful lily when in flower. Liliuin rcycT/r has not so far forced well with us, but my friend W'm. .\nderson of Lancaster, Mass., says that if ke])t over in the same ]iot it does much better the second year. Tropical plants will now have al)(iut cumplctccl llirir season's growth and from now on and inv sonie lime stinuilation will not be necessary. If >uch plants as Crotoii are forced into growth at this season, a soft set of leaves is likely to be the result, if we have a long period of cloudv weather they might dro]i. The shade may he removed over the crotons anil a night temperature around sixty degrees maintained, giving i)lenty of air on all favorable days. P>y this treatment the leaves will color nicelv and the plants will get good and firm wliicii will cause them to give much belter satisfaction when used for decorative pur]X)ses. Marantas will re(|uire .'i •-jniilar treatment as the ai)ove, only must be shaded a little longer on blight days than crotons. The same is true about alocasias. .niihurinms and other tropic.nl plants of similar nature. For September, 1922 257 Any gloxinias, tuberous-rooted begonias, achimenes, fancy leafed caladiums that are going to rest, dry off gradually and when the foliage is gone they may be placed in a dry position where the temperature does not fall much below sixty degrees. We have seen many of them lost by trying to rest them in a cool temperature. Plants in flower just now are gloxinias, allamandas, flowering anthuriums. Pancratium fragrans. dipladenias. Clcrodcu- droii Balfouri, Eucharis arnazonica. This is the best time of the year to secure soil f(ir potting. Get a good tough sod from an upland pasture and stack it up with layers of cow manure in between, also adding a good sprinkle of bone meal. We think it is better not to add lime to the compost heap as when une comes to use the soil, many greenhouse plants of a hard- wood nature do not like it. Lime may be added when mixing for potting when the plants require it. As the cool nights arrive, the roses will need stimulat- ing. We give a slight topdressing once a week using al- ternately bone meal, goat manure. Clay's fertilizer, tankage and dried blood. Cow manure we think is better used in a liquid form. If put on the rose bed as it comes from the liarn it is apt to make a soft growth, the leaves then becoming more subject to black spot and mildew. I'~inish potting any of the late fruiting pot fruit trees. Grapes will now be ripening fast and plenty of air is in order. I\eep the atmosjjhere as dry as possible. The principal thing now will be to get them in a condition to keep as long as possible and I think hanging on the vine is the best place for them. If cut and put in the fruit room in bottles with water in them, we think thev lose a good deal of their flavor. Look carefully after the strawberry plants intended for forcing next Winter. Xow is the time when a good crown is built up by careful watering and feeding. Orchids from now on will need more careful watering. Allow the compost to get quite drv before watering on DenJrobiiim Phaliviiopsis and Caftlcya- labiafa. Dcn- drobium nobilc will be finishing up their season's growth and may be removed to a cool house and gradually dried off ; also the Wardianums as soon as growth is com- pleted. Phalccnopsis must also be more carefully watered, and look out for slugs or they will soon destroy the leaves and any flower spike that may be pushing up. Give the calanthes plenty of room and feed them well as they are finishing up their bulbs, and begin to develop the flower spike. Look out for sudden changes in the temperature. On raw cool nights fires will be in order. THINGS AND THOUGHTS OF THE GARDEN (Coiitiiiiicil from page 252) markets while gladioli, dahlias and asters have gone a begging, perhaps because buyers realize that they are everlastings. Statices particularly are coming into their own each year. These charming flowers have an im- mense sale abroad and the number of bunches sold in Covent Garden IMarket is almost unbelievable. While a fair number of the hairy Sfaticc lafifolia are included, the majority are of the annual varieties like BondiiclU, yellow, and the mauve, white and primrose colored forms of s'wuata. S. Sirworroz^i succeeds much better in pots than outdoors and can be flowered from Christmas until the end of June, by starting seeds at intervals. It makes a very nice pot plant and is of remarkably easy culture in a cool house. There is a white as well as a colored form of this statice, which is a native of Western Turkestan. S. profitsnm, a greenhouse hybrid is a sub-shrub, some- times seen 3 to 4 feet high and S to 6 feet across when grown into specimen size abroad, this is blue-purple m color, with a yellowish corolla. The grand specimens of this variety will be very well remembered by many mem- bers of the craft. I read with^much interest in one of our English con- temporary magazines of the fortnightly meeting and ex- hibition of the Royal Horticultural Society in London on August 9, these meetings always bring out numerous ex- hibits and are largeU' attended by the garden loving pub- lic. I was more especially interested in the bestowal of an awar'l of merit to what is described as "an elegant-lady fern, has pale green arching fronds which are crested at the apex, and also at the end of each of the pinnK." The plant thus described was shown by Amos Perry, a noted hardy plantsman under the name of Athyrium filix-fccm- hia angnstatuui uiediodccipicns corymbifenim. . The Brit- ish ferns are a most interesting class, but years ago when helping to handle a large collection, I was always glad that Latin had been included in my school curriculum, yet nowadays students in college horticultural courses are not asked to take Latin at all, or have a choice of French or German. A knowledge of the several ancient and mod- ern languages may not be necessary to make a man a suc- cessful gardener, and one who can produce good plants, but I have always insisted that it would be a great asset for a young man planning to follow floriculture or the broader field of horticulture as a profession to acquire a knowledge of Latin, as it would be of inestimable value to him in pronouncing and knowing the meaning of plant names. Xext to a command of English I would place Latin as the most valuable language for a gardener to have a fair knowledge of. HOW OUR WILD FLOWERS CAN BE PRESERVED THE ultimate fate of the varieties of wild-flowers which are threatened with extermination lies with the motorists. Other causes combine to hasten this process near the centers of population, including the picking by school children and holiday makers ; but the motorist alone goes far afield to the natural reservoirs where enough seeds might still be grown and disseminated to counteract the diminution of the supply near the cities. In the remoter country districts the flowers are in small danger of be- ing intensively picked by the rural population. But the motors bring countless pickers, of every grade of science, eager to seize every rarity they see. The complete dis- appearance of conspicuous varieties from the more trav- eled highways is proof sufficient of the crying need of a better understanding of conditions by the motorists. There are flowers to be picked and others not to be lacked, and only study can differentiate between them. .Another reason for the disappearance of some of the favorite American plants from the haunts where they used to be most plentiful is the use of great quantities of evergreen species for winter decoration, especially at Christmas time. The picking of the Christmas fern and of ground pine is on a very large scale in many places, but most harmful of all is the unrestricted winter picking of laurel. Laurel makes its leaf growth after flowering in June, so that picking the flower branches is onlv temporarily harmful, if it is not done on too wholesale a scale. When one realizes the twenty years' growth of a laurel plant is used in every yard of laurel rope one ap- preciates the destruction caused by the Christmas church decorations. There are plenty of excellent substitutes. Beautiful decorative effects are possible with pine branches. 258 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE j Work for the Month in the Garden I SAMUEL GOLDING | buiiiimmniiwiiuiiiuniiiimiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiriiiiiimnniitniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiijiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiui THE recent climatic conditions have been most favor- able to the growth of late crops, and the outlook at the time of writing^ is most encouraging and full of promise for good supplies of late vegetables. The advent of Jack Frost cannot now be long delayed and we realize that the time of seeding is over for the season in the open ground, and our efforts must turn to harvesting the ripe crops and to some means of protection for the more tender subjects, endeavoring to prolong the supply, and conserving whatever possible for use during the long \\'inter ahead of us. Lift the main crop of potatoes as soon as they are ripe, especially if the weather conditions are favorable, as they will gain notliing by being left in the ground. Spread the tubers out in a cool, airy place to dry. If disease is present, they can then be carefully gone over and the diseased tubers removed when storing away for the Winter. Carrots and beets may be lifted and stored away in the root cellar, but failing this, they may be ])laced in sand in a frost proof shed. See that the onion crop is properly dried and harvested. Before storing, it is advisable to turn them over occasion- ally. Keep those w-ith thick necks for immediate use, as their keeping qualities are poor. During this month celery will make raiiid growth, and it is important that we keep ahead by earthing it up. During the early weeks of October the rust is generally more ])revalent, and where it appears it will demand much attention to combat it. Remove and burn the diseased leaves, and spray with liordeaux mixture to prevent its spreading. Tie up the leaves of cauliflowers over the hearts to keep that desirable white and clean appearance. Tie up endive to blanch and have space ready in frames where some may be placed in case of early frosts. Remove the lower leaves from the Brussels sprouts to give them the benefit of all the light and air ])ossil)]e. Keep the hoe going between the rows of late spinach, kale, etc. Have a supply of salt hay or other suitable protecting material to protect beans and lettuce, if necessary. Make a i^oint of having the sashes ready in case of sudden frost, to cover late crops growing in [lits and frames. Ciive these plants every encouragement to make good growth. .Ks soon as the land is cleared cjf early crops sow Hairy \'etch and rye as advised in last month's calender for ])lowing in for green manure in the early S])ring. Remove the runners from the young strawberrv plants anrl cultivate to encourage the formation of fine crowns for next year's fruiting. Commence to collect material for mushroom beds for ^^'intc^ supjjly. Push r)n with the planting of new penny beds: divide and transplant where necessary in .September, giving them a good rich rooting medium. Divide and transplant the Oriental I'oppy in .Se|)tem- ber, and make root cuttings of any ])artiinlar varieties yon wish to increase. This season has been particularly favorable to the growth and abundance of blodiii among the jierennials and Summer-flowering bulbs, such as Physostegia vir- s^hiico, I'croiiica longifolia, snbscssilis, Cimicifitga .«;«- pic.v, Artemisia lactillora. Eryngiiim amcthystinuui. Sal- via farinacca. The last named, although fairly hardy, is best treated as an annual. It makes a fine combination with the above, which are all worth a place in the garden. The newer varieties of montbretias are amnng the brightest and most attractive of Summer flowering bulbs. Their merits need to be better known to be properly ap- preciated. The colors range through yellow to scarlet and are fine for garden decoration and lasting as a cut flower. The bulbs need protection during \\'inter where they are established, or they can be taken up and given treatment similar to gladiolus bulbs. Continue to give dahlias every attention until cut down by the frost. These flowers are enjoying well-deserved popularity now. Many and increasing numbers of ama- teurs are falling under their spell, as a visit to the forth- coming dahlia shows will fully demonstrate. Each year we find improvements on the varied types, whether for use as bedding plants, garden decoration or cut flowers. During Sei)tember the perennial borders are gay with flowers of many hues and colors. The perennials, an- nuals, gladioli, cannas and dahlias vie to create a picture unsurpassed at any other season of the year. But the frost may be here at any time to take the most tender, although some may persist throughout October, or until the first real killing frost. Some protection is necessary for the later blonniing hardy chrysanthemums. They are well worth the little extra' trou1>le it may take to keeji early frost from injur- ing them. 1 f any alterations in the gardens are contemplated it should 1)L- done at the first opportunity. If these are carried out early in October the ground is warm and the newly planted stuff will commence to form root which will help them to winter well. Tt is best to transplant Spring ;uid early Summer bloonu'ng subjects earU' in the b'all, and Fall and late bloomers in the Spring. See that newly sown lawns do not suffer from drought. The late sown seed will need every encouragement to be- come well-established before severe frosts. Push on with moving and trans]>lanting evergreens and avoid all un- neces.sary exposure of the roots to the sun and wind, and water well after planting if dry weather jirevails. Many varieties of fruit will now need attention. A])- ple.s and jjcars will l)e fit to gather when the fruit is easily separated from the tree, when gently lifted. To keep grapes, they must be kept free from insects, and good bunches should be protected bv cheese cloth bags. fJ^HE M.4SSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COL- LL(;K. co-npcralin^ «illi rlic Natiniiiil ,\ssiniiiti(iri of (^unleiiiM's. lias intrixliKiil .i ciiiirso for tniiniii): \oiinf; gardeners, where they ran ohiain holli a tlieoretiral and prai'tiral knnu Ird^c. Kiill infurnialiiin ni:i\ In- olilainril by addref.sinf; \'\U)V. IHWK \, W \I (;n. Massacliii'i'Ms \(;r i( uliiiral Collrtir. \ndn'r-t. Ma»s. t For September, 1922 259 Statice — Thymus RICHARD ROTHE STATICE, the Sea Lavender, is a large genus of the order Plitmbagi)i(r, many species tliereof inhabiting saline districts and sea shores. The mere mention- ing of the name will bring back into the memory of older horticulturists, of European training, rows of bundles of tiny blue and lavender blossoms hung up for drying to be used for funeral design work of immortelles in vogue twenty-five to thirty years ago. Fashions and material have changed and many of us have nearly forgotten the sea lavenders with their tufts of long smooth leathery foliage and their graceful panicles. However, growing some of the best hardy perennial species today we will find that those graceful panicles of tiny lilue and lavender blossoms during August can be used f(ir the same pur- poses as we use Gypsopliila paiiiciilafa in jvme and July. According to my experience the sea lavenders merit by far more space in our hardy borders than they have hitherio been given. Statice latifolin. The number of ^lid- Summer flowering rockgarden in- mates is not over abundant. Statice intelligently placed can be easily made an effective July and August feature. For perfect development all species require an open sunny exposure. On account of their deep root system they rarely ever suft'er during prolonged draught. The garden forms generally known are mostly natives of eastern Europe and Asia. Statice e.vimia produces panicles of handsome pale lilac blossoms ; Statice Gmclini is distinguished by violet blue flowers ; the stateliest species of the hardy sea lavenders, Statice latifolia shows freely branching heads in clear blue : while Statice tartarica, syn. .S*. incaiia. as the lowest growing garden variety adorns itself with purplish pink panicles. All sea lavenders require a well manured and deeply dug sandy loam and may be raised from seed sown in coid frames in Spring or propagated by root cuttings. Their evergreen foliage requires leaf covering as Winter protection throughout northern states. THVilUS Of Thymus, a genus of the order Labiatcc consisting of mostly hardy small shrubs or undershrubs, all this note deals 'with are the few hardy herbaceous low creeping species of Central Europe and the British Islands. Un- der cultivation thev form dense vivid green mats of aromatic vines, which, during the later parts of June and in July appear covered with clouds of little blossoms. In height, not exceeding 2-i inches, mountain thymes prove very pretty subjects for sunny rockeries and dry walls as well as for the filling up of crevices of slab stone formal garden walks. Thymus serpyllum album flowers snow white ; the blossoms of coccinea are red ; while scrp\Uum spleiidcns produces flowers of magenta color. Our illustration, a reproduction of a photo taken in Tliyiiiiis serpyllum splciidciis. Xortheast Harbor, Maine, shows the marvelously rich floral effect which in the North is of a brilliancy never reached throughout the Middle Atlantic States. The less known species Thymus lauugi)iosus resembles in habit of growth the serpyllum type. Its distinct characteristics consist of a woolly hirsute foliage of a mouse-gray shade and little flowers of purplish laven- der hue. Aside from open sunny exposure, mountain thyme thrive best in a light sandy loam. Stock can be raised from seed sown early in Spring. Propagation by divi- sion early in Fall. Plantations in northern border States should be protected by light leaf covering unless thick and permanent snow covering can be de- pended on. AUTUMN GLORY AT ENGLISHTON PARK (Continued from page 255) maples, the yellow cucumber magnolia, the coloring oaks, — and I find the scarlet oak a finer tree than the red oak, — the golden tulip trees and red dogwoods. Such a planting as tins with evergreens of every hue and character inter- woven is as beautiful and restful a vision as one wishes, upon which to cast tired eyes. These notes may give a few suggestions to garden lovers and planters. Fall inspires us toward certain kinds of planting, and Spring has her own especial lesson in which to instruct us. There is perfect harmony in heart and garden if one is keen and alert to all that Nature tries to teach us. Byron said in "Childe Harold" that there is no solitude when communing with Nature, and this is especiallv true with Nature in her Autumn garb. 260 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE The Rock Garden ARTHUR SMITH (Coiilinucd from the .liigust issue.) THE following' descriptive list of alpines and other plants suitable tor a rock garden must not be con- sidered in an)' way complete, a brief selection only has been made of those considered best for American con- ditions, all of which have been cultivated by British specialists m rock plants for many years. In the case of several genera, hxbridizers have been at work for some time and varieties have been raised which in a number of instances ha\e proved to be more at home in lowland gardens than their types. Accrna micropliylla. This is attractive by reason of its sshowy crimson spines which are borne on the calyx. It has several distinct varieties and is used as an evergreen ground cover over bulbs. Spreads by creeping rootlets and may be propagated by division, seed and cuttings. (Xative of Xew Zealand.) Acaiitlwlivioii glumcreiim. Height six inches; leaves evergreen. This has the advantage of blooming later than most kinds. July to September. It has rose-colored flow- ers. Slow growing and requires all the sun possible. Propagated by seeds, which are slow in germinating ; by cuttings made in late Summer and wintered in a cold frame; division is possible, but it does not take kindly to this method. (Armenia.) Acliillea. Most of this genus are too coarse for the rockery, but tomentosa, with its downy foliage and yellow flowers, has a distinctive effect, especially against red sand- stone rocks. This is native both of this country and of Europe. A. rupcstris. considered Ijy some a better kind, has white flowers. (Xative of Italy.) Adonis vertialis. This has showy, large yellow flowers :n early Spring. While not classed among the choicest of alpines, it is an easy doer and readily raised from seed. (Apennine Mountains.) Other species are aiiiiirensis and pyrrcnaica. Aithionema pulehcUum. Flowers pink. May and June; leaves glaucous. This is a beautiful plant allied to Ihcris. and easily propagated by division in the .\utunm. Should have a sunny position. (Central Asia.) Alyssum saxatile compactiim. Well known, and one of the most jiopular of rock plants. .\s its name suggests, the variety compactiim is closer growing and therefore more suitable for rock gardening than the original. Th.ere arc several other forms having dilicrent shades of yellow flowers, and one with double flowers and variegated foli- age, but none are really better than the above. Easily grown from seed. Andromeda poUjolia and glaiicopliylla. These small native sub-shru1)s are not so well known as their beauty deserves. They should have at least some shade, with plenty of leaf mold or peat in the soil. They have neat and compact growth, but become rather too large for a small rockery. Androsacca. Rock Jasmine. Alpine Phlox. X^o genus of the mountain flora is more charming than this. It is principally found in the higher ranges of the Euro])can Alps and Pyrenees, and there are one or two species on the Himalayas. They are not of the easiest culture and it is useless to attem|)t growing them unless the air is absolutely pure at all times, for they will soon die in the neighborhood of towns. They like a little shade, from an overhanging rock, for instance, that is sufficient to shelter them from the middav sun. 'i'hev slKJiild alwavs have small stones placed around their collars. Propagation is by seed sown in ])ans, and by division in Autumn. The most po])ular spe<."ies is cornea, having llesh-colored flowers with yellow eye and is a most beautiful species. It has trailing shoots. (Himalayas.) Sarmcntosa is a charm- ing plant also from the Himalayas. It is of rather small growth and should be covered with glass during the Win- ter. Limestone chips are the best to use around its collar ; "iillosa is a great favorite with alpine growers in Britain. it has gray leaves thickly covered with fine hairs and its pink flowers are borne in umbels. This species should have some broken limestone mi.xed with its soil. Among other species are chamccjasiiie with crimson flowers, also liking limestone; glaciaUs, very dwarf, with pink flowers, rather difficult to grow ; Uliosa is a vigorous grower with rose-colored flowers, likes lime ; zntaliana is distinctive by reason of its yellow flowers, and is a delightful object when nestling in a rock crevice ; dislikes lime. Anemone. Most botanists today place the lovely native Hepatiea triloba in this genus. It is splendid for the rock- ery provided a shaded spot can be found for it, and is one of the most valuable and earliest of Spring flowers, and the coppery tint which its foliage puts on in Winter produces a beautiful effect at that season. It is common in our eastern woods among rocks, from whence it can be easily collected, as it trans])lants readily, but care should be taken that its roots are not doubled tip in replanting. It is native from Labrador to Florida. A. fiilgcns has scarlet flowers in May and June and makes a brilliant spot of color, and it is a vigorous grower ; occidentalis, also known as alplna, is a western native species with bluisii-white flowers in May , it thrives best when limestone is mixed witli the soil. All Anemones can be increased both bv seed and divisions. Aqiiilegia. i\fost of this beautiful genus are too tall for rockeries, but there are several alpine and sub-alpine species, native of Xorth America as well as of Europe and of Asia, which can be used. Alpina is native of the Swiss Alps and has blue flowers ; glandulosa is another dwarf species from Siberia and is one of the handsomest ; it has blue and white flowers; a variety of this, known as sluarli, is equally charming and longer lived than its parent; jonesii is the dwarfest and most tufted of t'olumbincs: it has blue flowers in July and is native of Wyoming and Montana. Xonc of this genus are really long lived plants as perennials go, but as they are easily raised from seed there is no difificultiy in keeping up a stock of them. Arctostapliylos. This is allied to the Trailing Arlmtus. and like it, evergreen. There arc several sjiecies native of .\nierica. but only a few, which are mostly trailing, are harfly in the northern states, these being ciuite good for rockeries. The llowers are small, white tinged with red, but the chief value of these plants is for the effect of the red fruit, which persists during .'Vutumn and early Winter. The hardiest species are: Ufa-ursi. I'.earberry, native all over the northern .States and south to Mexico; ncivden^sis, founci on the higher mountains of California, has larger flowers and foliage and slunild onlv be used where there is plenty ol room ; tomentosa is a more upright species native of the iKirihwest; alpina. the smallest, grows as far north as the .\rctic regions. T.-irlial shade is l)encficial to them, and when nf)t covered with snow, light protectimi fmni Winter sun is advisable. l'ro])agation is by cuttings of mature wood taken late in .'■Summer and rooted under glass. Arnehia eehiodes. Prophet i'-lowcr. This is remarkable for the five dots which il h,is upon its yellow flowers, black For Se/Jtember, 1922 261 at first, but which gTadually fade away. These dots, which are Icyendary as marks of the fingers of Alahomet, have given the plant its common name. It is exceedingly pretty and docs best with partial shade. Easily propagated by stem or root cuttings and also from seed. (Native of the Caucasus.) Aster. Of this well known genus alpiiius is the only species suitable for rockeries, and for this purpose is very popular in Britain. There are varieties with pink, blue and white flowers. ( Occurs in the Rocky Alountains.) Aiibrictio. Rock Cress. This is generally considered as one of the indispensible rock plants, it being unequalled in beauty, hardiness and ease of culture. It is, however, of rather a rambling nature. Deltoidia is the most important species, with purple flowers in Spring. Fire King is a variety with crimson flowers ; there are eampbelli with violet and leilchlini with rose-colored fltiwcrs. The general practice is to clip them back after flowering. They with- stand drougb.t well and should have a sunny position. In- creased by division and by seed. Campanula. Under the name of Canterbury Cells this genus has for many generations been one of the indispensa- ble plants of old-fashioned gardens. There are also a number of alpine species, of which some at least should never be excluded from rock gardens. One of the best known of the latter is carpatica, which has both blue and white flowers. This is native of the Austrian Mountains, and has several named varieties, of which riverslea is the best, having rich blue flowers, and is one of the most pleas- ing of the Harebells; rotnndifiora is the common Harebell, and is found in Eurooe, .Asia and America. The species having the darkest blue flowers is piillaj from the Austrian Mountains. A rather rare western American species is scoittcri, but it has a more straggling growth than the others mentioned. Coptis frifoliata. Gold Thread. This is a small ever- green found on the Adirondacks. It receives its common name from the slender, thread-like, golden-yellow roots. Flowers, which are both white and yellow, appear in June. Should have a partially shaded place and requires plenty of moisture. While not one of the choicest of rock plants, it is worthy of a place that can be filled with noth- ing better. Propagated by division and by seed. Corniis. Even among those possessing considerable horticultural knowledge are to be found many who are unaware of the two beautiful dwarf species, native of this coimtry as well as of others, which this genus contains. Their beauty will to some extent be realized from the fact that they aie practicallv miniatures of C. Horida, as, like it, it is their bracts, not flowers proj>er, that are the principal source of their attractiveness. C. canadensis, Bunchberry, is one of those chaste gems of the floral world which delight all plant lovers. It grows about six inches tall and spreads by underground stems. It is generally at its best in July, after then its beauty is prolonged by the red fruit and foliage ; succica is very similar and quite as handsome, although its "flowers'' are slightly smaller, but they have the advantage of appearing a month later. They should have partial shade, and it is impossible to supply them with too much water during the Summer. Daphne. Of this genus cneoriun is well known in bor- ders, but it does better under rock garden conditions. Its fragrant and beautiful pink flowers in Spring and later on delight all who know it : hlagayana has white flowers which are also fragrant and is one of the best of the genus for the rockery. It is rather more trailing in its habit than the other, and can be readily propagated by layering. Daphnes prefer a soil containing lime and should have a top dressing- of rich, gritty conipost shaken among their stems every year. Di^nthus. This genus contains a wide range of well- known plants from the Sweet William to the Carnation. A few of the dwarfer hardy pinks have much to com- mend them for rockery purposes. They like plenty of sun and shoifld have their collars surrounded by small stones, limestone chips being preferable. The following are the best suited for rock gardening, although there are others which may be used: Alpinus, glacialis and cinnabarinus, all native of Europe and Asia. Propagated by seed and by cuttings. DodccaniJicon. Shooting Star. American Cowslip. This g'enus is spread all over North America and is also found in Asia. It contains some charming and graceful rock plants, which require a cool, moist, partially shaded bay to do their best. The flowers of individual species vary much in color. The most common is media, which is found from Maine to Texas; a variety of this, integrifoUum, also known as jeffreyannin, with rosy-red flowers, is na- tive of the Rockies. The most beautiful species is clcvc- landi, which grows in California, but it is not hardy in the northern States. Propagation is by division of the crowns and by seed. Erica. Heath. The Heaths are mostly compact in growth and carry a profusion of flowers and are well suited for rock gardens. Those best known in this country and which are hardy in the northern States are : vagans, Cor- nish Heath, and vulgaris, (Calluna vulgaris). The writer has known vagans to go through the Winter all right without protection except that it was in the shade, wdiere the temperature fell to twenty-two degrees below zero; and vulgaris, which is the Scotch Heather, has withstood thirty-five degrees below zero in an exposed place, but covered with pine boughs. There are both pink and white flowered kinds of these. Carnea, Alpine Forest Heath, is little known in this country, but it is a jewel among the hardy Pleaths and is the most popular of the genus among the rock gardeners of Britain, it being as hardy as a lichen. It has rosy-purple flowers early in the year ; like the others, it has white varieties. This likes some limestone in the soil, and may be propagated by division ; but they are all easily raised from cuttings of the growth of the year taken in August or September, rooted in sand in a close cutting box, and when rooted transferred into small pots and win- tered in a cold frame. The compost for the pots should be three parts leaf mold and one part sharp sand. As they grow slowly, it is best to carry them for a year in pots, placing shade over them in Summer. There are other Ericas more or less hardy in this country, but the above three are the best and most reliable. Dryas. Mountain Avens. Evergreen trailers allied to Geum, of which the following are native : octopetala, which is the most beautiful, bearing numerous white flowers in July, but it is too rampant for a small rockery ; drum- luaudii and integrifolia are more compact in growth. Their evergreen foliage is sometimes browned bv \^'inter sun ; this can be prevented by a few pine branches. All are native of the New England mountains. They may be propagated by division in the .\utumn, also by cuttings and seed. Eriuus alpinus. This is one of the most charming of the European alpines, having purple flowers by April until June ; in some varieties the flowers are white and crimson. It is best raised from seed sown where the plants are to stand. Gaulthcria procunibens.. This a common eastern .American creeping plant which does well in the more shaded part of a rockery, as do also oz'alifolia and myrsin- ites, natives of the Mount Ranier district of the west ; the last mentioned is very small, only two inches tall. While their white flowers are very pretty, they are principally desirable for their red berries, which remain throughout ( Continurd on page 262) 262 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE September Flowers BERTHA BERBERT-HAMMOND AFTER the long, tiowerless days ai Winter, even so pallid and inconspicuous a bloom as the Snowdrop, "The first pale blossoms of the unripened year," is enthusiastically welcomed and its praises are sung in poetry and prose. But after a Summer of varied and unrestrained bloom, to gain attention and admiration the late blooming flower must be most generously endowed -with Flora's choicest gifts. In this instance, as in others, Xature has done the work well and has glorified the -Autumnal roadside, field, and garden, with the gayest and fairest of flowers, robed in brilliant reds, royal purples, and golden yellows. Mary Howitt expresses the thought thus : "There are flowers enough in the Summer time -More flowers than I can remember — But none with the purple, gold and red That dye the flowers of September. The gorgeous flowers of September ! And the sun looks through A clearer blue And the moon at night Sheds a clearer light On the beautiful flowers of September." Wild flowers and those of the garden, annuals and f)erennials, vie with each other in contributing rich hues to enhance the brilliancy of the floral festival. The French marigolds, and also the taller African sorts with their profusion of gorgeous flowers that display golden yellows, wann browns, and velvety maroons ; the improved zinnias, far removed from the indistinct coloring of the old- fashioned varieties ; and the tall growing Golden Glow with its myriad of bright hued, double flowers nodding on long, graceful stems, effectively carry out a very decorative garden scheme in green and gold. Field and meadow owe their dazzling golden splendor to the yellow daisy, Ritdbcckia hirta; wild sunflower. He! inn thus; Jeru- salem artichoke; Yellow Star, Hcloiiiim autuiiinalc. and numerous other yellow flowers, besides the very numerous sjjecies of the well known and highly conspicuous Golden Rod. Almost hand in hand with the bright Golden Rod comes the starry asters in many varieties and varied colors, giving those charming indescribable touches of lavender and jHirple to hillside and vale, that adds such wealth of color to the radiance of the countryside in Septemlier. In the garden, too, improved sorts of China asters with their profusion of bloom make a wonderful dis[)lay that for beauty and splendor cannot easily be surpassed. The graceful Costiios with its feathery foliage and beautiful, long-stemmed flowers is generally classed among the late blooming annuals, but an early flowering strain has been developed, one sort coming into blossom in September and another, an extra early kind, it is claimed, from seeds sown in the open ground in .May will produce bloom in August and sometimes even before then. Though most varieties of chrysanthemums bloom late in the year, there are over a dozen covering a wide color range that are known as September flowering chrysan- themums. The hardy Japan anemones both in the single and double flowered kinds lend to the garden a ])leasing light color that extends well into Autumn. The semi-double variety, "Queen Charlotte." that bears flowers of a silvery |)ink color is worthy of special attention. .\s mere "weeds" the pickerel weed, Pniitcdcria cordota, and the blue weed, or blue thistle, Echimn vidgare, do not find a warm reception but they possess the blue color which is welcome in flowers. The blue of the closed or bottled gentian, Gentiana Andreu;sii, though of a deep shade at the top of the flower is of a lighter color at the base. 'J'his blending seems to render more intense the blue at the tip of the curiously closed, bud-like flowers. It remains, however, for the lovely fringed gentian, Gcntiana crinita, to supply in its modest way the hue that artists claim nearly matches the blue of the sky and of which the poet, William Cullen Bryant wrote : "Blue — blue as if the sky let fall A flower from its cerulean wall.'' The continuous blooming, perennial phlo.x with its im- proved color scale plays an important part and the dahlia, gladiolus, and other flowers join in to make the Septem- ber garden colorful. The gayest of them all is the scarlet sage. Salvia splciidcns, whose numerous spikes of vivid red rise like flaming plumes above the foliage. Only the georgeous Cardinal Flower that lights up moist meadows and the banks of streams eijuals this intensity and bril- liancy of red coloring that crown the September pageant. THE ROCK GARDEN {Continued from page 261) the W inter. They are rather slow in becoming estab- lished, and the soil should be free from lime. Globulaiia. Globe Daisy. The alpine kinds of this genus form ever:;Teen carpets and their pretty blue flowers appear in July and August. They prefer a soil containing limestone, but will thrive in ordinary rock garden com- post. Trichosantlia, native of Syria, is perhaps the best known, while cordifolia, nndicmUe an^l nana, natives of Europe, are also hardy. They come easily from seed, and divisions may be made in the Fall. Harbcrlia rJwdopoisis. This is a perfect floral gem, having flowers like miniature Gloxinias. It is native of the Balkans, growing in dense tufts with flower stems only an inch or two tall. It should be placed between rocks, so ihat the latter will aft'ord it some shade. It can be raised from seed and propagated by division in the Spring. Iris. Those whose only experience of this genus is of the stately s])ecies native of our own swamps and of other countries will not be likely to think of them as rock plants. There are. however, several choice species which, by reason of their diminutive beauty and rarity can only have a chance to grow without being smothered by coarser things, and have the attention they require and deserve, in a rock garden. Upwards of a score of species are desir- able for this situation, of which the followmg arc the best suited to American conditions : Bakcriana is a little bul- bous sjjecies about six inches tall, with blue and white scented flowers in early S])ring; crislata, an .\merican al- pine from the mountains of Kentucky and Carolina, is one of the choicest gems of this genus, and bears its beautiful flowers in May, their standards -being lilac and the falls blue, crested with yellow: gatcsii is another beauty, native of .\rnK-nia. with silvery flowers in June; liistrio is a bul- lions kind and one of the earliest: the writer has had its pretty blue and yellow flowers push through the snow in i'ebniary ; pnmila, native of the Crimea, has violet flowers with a whit(! beard; this species has many varieties, with flowers of difl'erent shades. Irises can l>e readily grown from seed, and can also be propagated by offsets and by division, according to the character of their roots. (Concluded in October Issue') For Se/Jlember, 1922 263 TRITOMAS. WHEN tliL- warm September days give place to cooler nights; when ;he Summer flowers begin to fade and fail, there are to be found amongst our hardy garden plants some that bring rich and intense colorings as their blooms unfold. Conspicuous in this category are Tritomas, which, amid faint suffusions on creeper and on tree, appear sentinel-like, giving to the borders a new splendor, and an added glory in the waning of the year. They are known to some as Kniphotias, or Torch Lilies. To a far greater number, perhaps, they are more readily recognized under the familiar name of Red Hot Poker. When the spikes reveal themselves in tones of vermilion,* and in scarlet and yellow, we think that Torch Lily is appropriate, as they are veritable flames of color in these shortening days. Their very presence is an indication that Autumn stands like a waiting guest at the door ; nay, has come, indeed, and is even now upon the thresh- old. It is in signs like these that Nature writes her story. And yet, 'tis true, she is a kindly visitor. As yet, her presence is but little felt, for some of our trees are garbed in all the loveli- ness of their Summer green. There is still a soft consenting atmosphere malcmg the garden a pleasant place in which to linger in days that are fair. Presently, she will touch with her icy lingers the trees and hedgerows, giving to the leaves another beauty with her magic wand. By-and-by she will paint the countryside in more enchanting colors still, that each nip of frost will but intensify, until there comes a night, colder than the rest, when leaves will flutter to the ground, and then there will be seen "The wonder of the falling tongues of flame." But that is yet to be, as Autumn may be genial, kind and good for a time ; still it has to be said we stand at the season's gate- way, and pause amid the flowers that keep us company. For resplendent dress, there is nop.e to surpass the richness of Tri- tomas. What a time we have grown them, as we look back across the years, and how seldom, if ever, they have disappointed us! Their culture, too, how simple; how few their requirements, and how rarely they have entailed removal ! Michaelmas Daisies, albeit prodigal with their blossoms, cannot compete in brilliancy with the flaming spikes of Tritomas that lighten the somberest corner, and then, like a tired child, go to rest. It is, we think, because they are easy to grow, and so accom- modating, that many folk look to them year by year, and regard them as true "partners in the glory of the garden" in these later days. Conditions of Success. — And to have Tritomas in all their beauty, one is not bound down by exacting conditions ; in fact, their culture is so simple that all may grow them, if they are prepared to give them a good start and a sunny position, with a thought to drainage. More than this they do not ask of us, as they will go for years without the necessity for taking up and dividing. They are amongst the few plants about which one is correct in saying that "they improve with keep," as the chief thing one need trouble about is to afford them some protection in Winter by covering the crowns with leaves or ashes or strawy manure, giving them in the Spring a dressing of rotted dung. Spring is the best time also to plant them. A good sandy loam suits them to perfection. ]'arictics. — There arc many sorts amongst Tritomas that are so vivid in coloring that to appreciate them fully needs an in- tervening space, and if planted not far away from a shrub or wall over which climbing plants run. the spikes show to the best advantage. Such is T. nvaria, one of the oldest and best, met with frequently in country gardens in flaming color. T. nohitis. with orange red spikes, is tall and imposing, often 6 to 8 feet in height. .Welsoni is comparatively dwarf, with reddish crimson spikes. Egypf. tall, of a rich amber color. Lcda, blooms early, of a compact habit, spikes of coral red with orange shading, a very attractive sort ; hmiiiora is a late flowering sort,_ of slender growth, with pure yellow spikes. Lachesis. of a rich apricot color, distinct and handsome. This is only a short list of some of the members of this very charming family of hardy plants, and though most of them are just now in the prime of their beauty, very often one may have glimpses of them far on into October in a mild autumn, when many other plants have ceased to bloom. If you possess Tritomas, you may go into the garden some dull October day and find a few belated spikes amid others showing points of vermilion and yellow, standing almost alone, and if you do not express it in so many words, you think they share the honors with the few late lingering Roses on the wall, or the leaves of the \'irginia Creeper, here brown and amber, there deepening into crimson carmine ere they fall— a richness that is carried to the last.— yn'.s/j inirdcning. BEAUTY IN FRUIT TREES. ^^NE finds wide differences in the management of plants. The ^^ object in view is the same, but the treatment to that end accepted by one grower is often diametrically opposed by an- other cultivator. It does not appear to me of the slightest mo- ment wdiat the means may be, provided that the end is achieved. A striking example of opposite methods is found in fruit pruning. Here one finds a man who cuts every shoot hard back and there one who refuses to use knife, saw or secateurs. Which of these is taking the wiser course? Personally, I should favor the latter system; covering my opinion by saying that both are wrong, since the correct course is to find the perfect medium between the two extremes. In regard to root-pruning, the sharp division comes between the man wlio will, and the man who will not, do it. We see the man who will produce a tree which is handsome in its productive- ness and the man who will not produce a tree which is handsome only in its straight, osier-like growths. The former goes directly to the raison d'etre of the presence of a fruit tree in a garden. The latter goes merely to cumber the ground. It is not, as is too commonly thought by the tyro, difficult to decide when a fruit tree demands root pruning ; on the contrary, it is very simple. When the young growths are both numerous and strong — too exuberant to develop perfect blossoms — the tree requires root pruning, with intimately associated, intelligent branch pruning. Unfortunately, the grower frequently neglects the former and directs his efforts towards the removal of every shoot. Obviously the second state must be worse than the first. The roots are still too luxuriant and the growths are multiplied quite three-fold with no measurable loss of excessive vigor. The error lies in commencing above instead of beneath the sur- face. Although absence of blossoms on strong shoots is a sound reason for root pruning it is not the only one. Any tree that makes more than 2 feet of new growth in a season ought to be considered as a subject for this operation, and it should be dealt with as judgment directs. The process of root pruning may be divided under three heads as follows : Trees which have been planted one season and which have made rampant growth ; older trees, up to about ten years, which grow too luxuriantly to have sufficient energy to produce fruit ; and still older trees suffering from the same serious dis- ability. To deal with the first group is the essence of simplicity. The roots are dug from their beds and immediately replanted, with the soil packed hard to their roots. If a strong root is seen it is reduced in length, hut small importance is attached to these details, the repressive action coming from the mere act of lifting and extremely firm replanting. Trees to the age of about ten years must be handled differently, since they will be much stronger in root and branch development, and individual judgment must be brought to bear on the task. .\ trench must be cut wholly to encircle the tree and at a dis- tance of 3 feet or more from the bole, according to size and age. Its width may be about 15 inches and its depth 2 feet to 3 feet. If a sharp spade is used the strong roots, which cause the excessive luxuriance, will be easily severed, leaving, however, rough cuts. These do not, of course, callus over as quickly as clean wounds, and they, therefore, should be pared off smoothly, preferably from underneath, upwards and outwards. In the gen- erality of instances packing back the earth very firmly in the trench completes the operation: in no circumstances must natural or concentrated food be mixed w-ith the soil replaced. In the possible event of a tap-root further trouble is involved. A cross trench must be cut directly to the bole and the down-striking root sawn clean through or the whole of the previous labor will be w-asted. The third group, comprising older trees, must be root pruned in two seasons — half-way" round in the first year and the re- mainder in the ensuing Autumn. The details of working are on all fours with those advocated in the preceding paragraph. The best time for root pruning is from the end of September to the end of October, but it can be carried out successfully at any convenient time in the Winter when the weather and the soil conditions are favora'ble.^r/ic Garden. 264 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE Address of Robert Cameron, President of National Association of Gardeners Delivered at the Annual Convention in Boston LET me welcome yon to our city. Some of you liave been here before but at that tune our Association was merely a hondful of men compared with what it is today. The Association has grown with leaps and bounds. We have members in almost every state of the Union, and some of you have come a very long dis- tance. I assure you that you have come to a city that welcomes you and here in the vicinity of this city you will see some of the oldest gardens in this country. In this building (Horticultural Hall) you will see paintings of men who were remarkable horti- culturists. Let me ask you to look earnestly at these paintings of men who in their day were masters of their specialties. In this building you wmH find the largest horticultural library in the world. It is not only the largest, but it contains the oldest and rarest books on horticulture. The Massachusetts Horticultural Society has just published a catalog of the books in the library I have been telling you about. It is conceded by authorities in this country and also those of Europe, to be the most complete library catalog that has ever been published. Therefore. I say to you members who have come from a distance that if you did not sec anything else in the way of horticulture, but what is to be seen in this building, vou would be well rewarded in coming here. We could have held our meetings at the Brunswick Hotel, our headquarters, but to some of us this old Massachusetts Horticul- tural Society, that has done so much for the uplifting of horti- culture in this country, is held sacred and undoubtedly our meet- ings with such surroundings will be more successful than if held anywhere else in this city. Therefore, it is with this spirit of intense love of gardening that we welcome you to the Hub of Horticulture. When you were invited last year in Xcw York to come to Boston, the members from this section had little thought at tliat time of the destruction that a New England Winter could accom- plish to some of the finest estates in Massachusetts. Some of the estates w-hich we had intended, at that time to show vou had to be given up entirely, owing to the destruction of the line trcj., which spoiled the beauty of these estates for the time being. An ice storm of such severity was never known of in this section before. On our visiting days you will still see some of the hor- rible destruction of this ice storm and I know then that many of you will be pleased that you haven't to garden under such difficulties as gardeners who live and work along these bleak shores. Fortunately, along the seashore, the effect of the ice storm was not felt so severely, consequently it was decided to show you some estates along the Xorth Shore which I hope you will enjoy seeing. _ Throughout the country during the past year business condi- tions have not improved greatly. Consequently our profession has suffered somewhat from that cause. One particular outstanding cause for so few new large estates being developed at this time is the outrageous prices nurserymen are charging for plants. The injury that is being done to our profession is serious and until a law is passed to protect customers from such scandalous prices, gardening and horticulture of every description is to suffer. There is no real reason for this condition as labor is plentiful and a good deal cheaper. Our aim as professional gardeners is the beautifying of the country, therefore, our association should do its utmost to get the material such as plants, at reasonable jirices so that everyone who so desires can obtain them to beautifx- their homes. Quarantine Bill Xo. 37 is one of the best things that has happened in a century to enable the nurserymen to get rich (|uick. This has given them an excuse for the unreasonable prices with the pretext that there are not enough plants to supply the demand. The love of horticulture is steadily increasing and never before has there been any better exhibitions of such popular plants as Peony. Irises, Phloxes. Roses. Gladioli and Dahlias. The attend- ance at these exhibitir.ns has been very large. A most wonderful exhibition of native plants was staged by the President of tlic Massachusetts Horticultural .Society. Mr. A. C. Burrage. This was a unique exhibition and drew the largest attendance of any horticultural show that has Ix-en staged in this country. It was open to the public for ten days and S.l.fXX) people attended this comprehensive, instructive and wonderful exhibition. Xew York. Philadelphia, Chicago. Indianapolis and many other cities and towns have had wonderful exhibitions of outdoor and indoor plants and flowers, thus indicating that there is no lack of en- thusiasm in gardening throughout this country. There were quite a number of men in the early part of the year looking for em(>loyment. Owing to the economic conditions of the country there were not .so many positions fdled as was an- ticipated. The reason for so many asking for changes was brough'. about largely on account of many of the large estates reducing the number of men in their uniployincnt. thus making it in many instances almost impossible; for superintendents and head gardeners to run the estates with credit to themselves. Our country at the present moment is suffering acutely from coal and railway strikes and the outlook at the present time is anything but encouraging to those having large greenhouses on their estates. There is one thing that *-e all ought to feel proud of and that is that there isn't a .semUance of a union in our association. This is a ptiint that we ought to impress at all times when there is an opportunity on the public that the motives and aims of the .Association are to develop greater interest in horticulture and to bring about a closer bohdship amongst all engaged and inter- ested in gardening. To so "elevate the standard of the profession of gardenin.g that those who engage in it will command respect not only from those who employ them, but from all others. The local branches of the Association are of great benefit to the gardeners who live in -.the vicinity where a local branch is located. At the meetings of the branch, matters of importance may be discussed and later, on may be taken up at the annual convention. There are now. four local branches and undoubtedly there will be many more in the near future. These local branches are especially useful if a convention is to be held in a city where a local branch is located. I would strongly urge members to form more local branches over the entire country. Young assistant gardeners are no more plentiful than they have been of late years. In previous times Great Britain, Ger- many, Switzerland, France and other European countries kept us well supplied, but since the World War there is a decided shortage. Young American boys have not taken kindly to gar- dening under the old way of training. It gives me great pleasure to announce at this time that the Massachusetts Agricultural Col- lege at Amherst, in co-operation with the National Association of Gardeners, has made arrangements whereby a special course of training for gardeners is to' be established. The Massachusetts .Agricultural College will conduct the theoretical instruction, while the X^'ational Association of Gardeners will take the responsibility of seeing that the training in the practical work is carried on properly. The course of training is planned with the expectation of fitting men for practical gardening, either as commercial florists, nurserymen or as gardeners on estates, foremen and superintendents in parks. The gardener of the future has not only to have a practical training, but he must have a good grip of theoretical knowledge which can only be obtained properly in a course of instruction such as is to be given at .Amherst Colle.ge. The first .students are to be admitted on September 27, 1922. I would ask members to try and interest boys who are interested in gardenin.g to take up this course at .Amherst and to give them all the encouragement possible. The Massachusetts County .Agricultural Schools are turnin.g out useful toys and many of them are interested in gardening. I liavc had several of them and they have given good satisfaction. Huring our ses.sions these courses will be discussed and I have no doubt many new useful ideas will be obtained. Throughout the country there is evidence that the public is being aroused at the wanton destruction of our native llowers and plants. Clubs and societies arc urging their members to do all in their power to protect the native llora. Let our Association go on record as opposed to t'lc ruthless and thoughtless pulling aiul destroying of our native .flowers and i)lants along our road- sides by automobilists and others. Let us also protest against the destruction of our beautiful I.iurel and other Christmas greens for decorations. Our .Association should continue to place itself on record as opposed to Quarantine Bill X'o. 37. I am like the nurserymen. I have changed my viewpoint. At one time I believed this Quar- antine No. 37 was the very best thing for our protection. I have two reasons for changing my opinion of this bill. The first is l)ecause some of our most lovely garden plants are de- barred from entering this coulitry and the second is because we have no protection from the prolileering nurseryman. If we bad bad some protection from the5e unreasonable prices then I might have a different opinion about this quarantine bill. If these exorbitant prices continue, gardeners will be forced to start nurseries on the estates where they work, \yhat we want are well grown plants at less money and more gardens. .School gardening is of immense value, not nlily to the children but to the jiarcnts also. What the children are taught about gar- dening creates a love for horticulture and in this way the beautify- (Cnnliiiitcd I'll l'iii;i' 275) For September, 1922 265 ^iliJiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii>i[iitiitiiiiriiiuiriiiiiiiriiiiiririiMillilliiHiiiilllllllliiiiltiiiiiiiiluiiiiiiiNi tiiiiimiliiiiitiiiiiiiiitiimriiiiuiii ■iiiiiiiiiiiii iNiiiiiiilliiiiilillliiiiiliiiiliiiillliiiliiiiliitiilliililililiiinriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimio.iiiiiii National Association of Gardeners Annual Ccnvention, Horticultural HaiL Boston. Sept. 12, 13, 14, 15 ^IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMtlllillillllllllll iiiimiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNimiiiiiiiiiMViiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ iiiiiiii mil iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin iiiiiiiiiijiiiiiiiuiiiiitimiiiitiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiii^ President — Robert Cameron, Ipswich, Mass. Vice-President — John Barnet, Sewickley, Pa. Secretary— M. C. Ebel. 286 Fifth Ave., New York. Treasurer — Montague Free, Brooklyn, N. Y. TRUSTEES (For I'iJi)— Willuini 11. Waitr, Arthur Smith. 1>. L. Mack- intosh, New Jersey; W. N. Craig, Massachusetts; H. E. Downer, New York. DIRECTORS (To serve until 1923)— Alexander Michie. Long Island; George F. Stewart, Massachusetts; Theodore Wirth, Minnesota; George W. Hess, District of Columbia; Daniel J. Coughlin, New York; John Barnet, Pennsylvania; Montague Free, New York. (To serve until 1924) — William Gray, Rhode Island; William Hertnck, California* George H. Pring, Missouri; Thos. Hatton, Connecticut; Robert Weeks, Ohio; W. H. Griffiths, Michigan; Thos. W. Head. New Jersey. (To serve until 1925)— George Wilson, Illinois; James Stuart, New York; William Klein heinz, Pennsylvania; John F. Huss, Connecticut; Edwin Jenkins, Massachusetts; Carl N. Fohn, Colorado; Joseph Tansey, New York. SUSTAINING MEMBERS New York — Mrs. J. J. Albright. George F. Baker, Edwin S. Bayer, Henri Bendel. Albert Clayburgh. W. R. Coe, Mrs. F. A. Constable, Paul D. Cravath, Mrs. W. Bayard Cutting, Mrs. Charles Daniels, Qeveland H. Dodge, Mrs. David Dows, Frank J. Dupignac, Mrs. Coleman du Pont, Childs Frick, W. H. Gratwick, Daniel Guggenheim, Mrs. W. D. Guthrie, Mrs. B. A. Haggin, Mrs. William P. Hamilton, Mrs. John Henry Hammond, T^ A. Havenieyer, Mrs. L. A. Herman, Anton. G. Hodenpyl. B. H. Howell, C. O. Iselin, Otto H. Kahn, Mrs. Frank B. Keech. W, Eugene Kimball, L. C. Ledyard, Jr., Adolph Lewisohn, John Magee, Mrs. Julius Mc- Vicker, Morton H. Meinhard, Mrs. Eugene Meyer, Jr., J. Pierpont Morgan, Mrs. J. Pierpont Morgan, Stanley G. Mortimer, Mrs. Harold I. Pratt, John T. Pratt, E. F. Price, Mrs. William A. Read, H. D. Roosen, Chas. A. Sherman, Mrs. Sam. Sloan, Benj. Stern, Mrs. W. Sturs- berg, Dan. Tatum, Mrs. R. M. Thompson, Wm. Boyce Thompson, Mrs. Edw. Thome, Mrs. Henry M. Tilford, CrtU Tucker, Samuel Untermyer, Mrs. Harold T. White, Mrs. Payne Whitney, E. L. Young. New Jersey — A. Albright, Jr., Charles Bradley, Joseph P. Day, James B. Duke, Mrs. Lewis L. Dunham," Mrs. Frederick rrelingbuysen, Mrs. K. S. Goodrich, Mrs. Gustav E. Kissel. C. Lewis, Mrs. Paul Moore, ^Kubert T. Parson, Mrs. Manuel Rionda, Leland H. Ross, P. S. Straus, Mrs. John I. Waterbury, Mrs. Ridley Watts, Sanders Wertheim. Pennsylz'ania — Samuel T. Bodine, Gen. Richard Coulter, Mrs. J. D. Lyon, R. B. Mellen, Gifford Pinchot, George F. Tyler, Edward A. Woods. Delaware — Irenee du Pont, Pierre S. du Pont, Harry G. Haskell. Cctmecticul — E. Dinan Bird, Dr. Tracy Farnam, Mrs. Tracy Farnam, George M. Hendee, Miss A. B. Jennings, H. F. Schwarz, W. H. Truesdale, Edward L. Wemple, William Ziegler, Jr. Rhode Island — ^Gov. R. Livingston Beeckman. Massachusetts — Miss M. R. Case, Mrs. William C. Conant, George P. Dike, Mrs. Henry C. Frick, Mrs. Louis Frothingham, Henry S. Hunnewell, E. K. Lawrie, Henry Penn. Mrs. C. Q. Rice, Prrf. C. S. Sargent, Mrs. J. A. Spoor, Mrs. Bayard Thayer. Neiv Hampshire — F. G. Webster. Ohio — F. F. Drury, H. S. Firestone, Mrs. Francis F. Prentiss, John L. Severance, II. S. Sherman. H, L. Thompson. Michigan^]. B. Schlotmann, E. D. Speck. Indiana — Theodore F, Thieme. Illinois — A. Watson Armour, Harry E. Glow, A. B. Dick, Clayton Mark, Mrs. Julius Rosenwald, Mrs. F. W. Upham. Minnesota — Mrs. CThester A. Congdon, F. H. Stoltze. Iowa — Mrs, G. B. Douglas. Missouri — August A. Busch. Dr. George T. Moore. Virginia — Miss Grace E. Arents. \V. Virginia — -Mrs. Arthur Lee. Georgia — E. H. Inman. S. Carolina — Robert S. Mebane. LOCAL BRANCHES Newport, R. L: Andrew L. Dorward, chairman; Frederic Carter, secretary. St. Louis, Mo.: George H. Pring, chairman; Hugo M. Schaff, secretary. Nassau County, L. I.: John T. Everett, Glen Cove, chair- man; John McCuIloch, Oyster Bay, L. L, secretary. Boston, Mass.: Robert Cameron, chairman; \V. N. Craig, temporary secretary. Brookline. Western Pennsylvania: Manvis Curran, chairman, Sewick- ley; Henry Gnodhand, temporary secretary, Sewickley. OFFICERS ELECTED FOR 1922. John Barnet, Sewickley, Pa President John H. Francis, Cleveland, Ohio -Vice-President Martin C. Ebel, Summit, N. J Secretary Montague Free, Brooklyn, N. Y Treasurer Boston most assertively demonstrated its right to its claim of being the horticultural hub, at the convention of the National Association of Gardeners. Chairman W. N. Craig and the mem- bers of the various committees are to be congratulated at the great success of the convention, the banquet, and the two days' automobile trips among the famous estates surrounding Boston, and the many historic points that were visited, which proved of immense interest to the visiting members, as proba1)ly at no other place in the country could such highly interesting and instructive entertainment be provided to a gathering of the gardening profes- sion. Briefly summarized, tlie Boston convention was a great success. DIRECTORS' MEETING The Board of Directors and Trustees met in the forenoon of Tuesday, September 12, at the Hotel Brunswick, the following members being present, Robert Cameron, presiding: George F. Stewart. Henry E. Downer, William Kleinheinz, Thomas W. Head, James Stuart, John Barnet, W. N. Craig, Alexander -Michie, D. L. Mackintosh and -M. C. Ebel. The purposes of establishing branches, including the resolutions of the Newport, R. I., branch, were fully discussed and it was decided to submit the views of the directors to the convention. The future policy of the Service Bureau also received careful consideration which was to be discussed further at the business sessions of the convention. The Board generally discussed what the future policy of the association should be and recommendations are to be made from time to time when the right opportunity presents itself to put them into effect. James Stuart. Tliomas W. Head, Henry E. Downer were ap- pointed a committee to audit the books of the Secretary and the Treasurer, following which the meeting adjourned. TuESD.w Afternoon Session The convention w^as called to order at 2 :30 P. M., W. N. Craig, of Massachusetts, acting as chairman, who addressed it as follows : I am very glad to welcome you, on behalf of the local branch of the National Association of Gardeners, to our convention here. The first convention of this association was held in Boston at the time of the National Flower Show in 1908, with an attendance of six. and we held a convention in 1915 also, when Mr. Curley was mayor. Our membership is now about eleven hundred, em- bracing a large number of the best professional gardeners of the United States. This organization came into existence as a sincere effort to elevate the standing of professional gardeners, not as a trades unit, hut as such a unit as would appeal to employers of estates throughout the country. We want to work in co-opera- tion with the estate owners, and have done so successfully, as is proven by the fact that we have on our list a large number of the most prominent estate owners of the United States. We have several^ prominent speakers here this afternoon to ad- dress us and 1 don't want to take up any more of your time. I am sorry that I cannot introduce to you as the first speaker the Honorable James M. Curley, of Boston. He is unable to be here because politics are humming now and politicians are busy. This is Prima'-y Day. But Mr. Curley has sent here E. Mark Sullivan to take his place. Mr. Craig introduced Mr. Sullivan. Mr. Sulliv.an Spe.\ks for the Mayor Mr. Sullivan, welcoming the attendants to the convention, and expressing regrets that Mayor Curley could not be present, said : Now the Mayor feels, out of a keen appreciation of the impor- tance of your work, that this convention held in our midst merits the formal acknowledgment of the government of the city of Bos- ton, and he regrets exceedingly that the immeciiate necessities of the great issue which is before him and the electorate for decision prevents his being present on this occasion to say such a word as would be becoming to the chief executive of the city. However, I want to assure you that I come instead not as a mere perfunctory and one without keen sympathy for your great work. L too, bear close kindred to your work. "There comes from my native town the president of this association, Mr. Cameron, who is now located there, the tow-n of Ipswich, and as far back as I can remember my father was either park commissioner or cemetery commissioner of our town, and in fact, the entire work- ing force of both departments. So that the work that you men are accomplishing in a large, scientific way, my father performed within his small village in a less skilful, but a most industrious manner. Your work is something more than a mere livelihood to you men. You speak in various languages to the great public that rushes by in the train or rushes by in the automobile, giving a casual glance at these great works that you have laid out with so much thouglit, pains and care. And after all, they represent your creative work. From recent philosophy we understood there were several contributing causes to any work, and the main cause was the method cause, the conception, and yours is translated into these magnificent plots, of so many of which Boston can boast. 266 GARDENERS' CHROMCLE Take the magnificent estate Mr. Cameron is presiding over, owned by Mr. Crane. It is set there on a high cHff at the mouth of the Ipswich River, with a commanding view of the entire Gloucester Bay that reaches from the deep arm of Cape Ann even to the Isle of Shoals. As a boy, that estate and its possibilities were first regarded by John B. Brown. Today Mr. Cameron has under his charge an estate that is so highly valued, not because of the buildings that are set upon it. palatial as they are in char- acter or structure, but because of the line art which it has dis- closed to men who can appreciate it and all the possibilities of that magniticent thing. The city of Boston is indeed the city that eminently merits the great honor you confer upon it by meeting here again. Boston and its people have been quick to appreciate the work of beautify- ing its parks. We have been generous, even to the point of being charged with extravagance, in our appropriations for that purpose. Flowers — they express so much ! It is a tribute to Nature and to Nature's God. It is a cultural expression, capable of apprecia- tion by all men. because the basis of real culture is not necessarily letters and learning. There may be a relmement, a cultural refine- ment even in men and women w'ho know very little of what is contained in the books. Boston has felt your influence. Boston has sought your aid and skill. It is the hope of our Mayor that we may continue to promote what may be spoken of as these vast enterprises of horti- cultural endeavors, because to beautify our city means to have a refining influence upon those who come to dwell in our midst. Therefore, my coming here today on behalf of the Mayor is to represent his sincere purpose, as you have seen him accomplish it, in these great endeavors, the public playgrounds and those vast expanses for recreation that are to be found here. So it is that I, too, accept the delegated invitation sincerely to come here and speak in his behalf before you good men and women. I hope the fruits of this convention will be far reaching, -will be permanent, and that as a result of it all you will leave this city strengthened in numbers, strengthened in influence and with an increased initiative for continued progress. Mr. Craig announced that William Gray, superintendent of the estate of Princess Christopher of Greece at Newport, was to reply to the address of welcome from the Mayor or the Mayor's delegate. As he was unable to be here, he asked D. L. Mackintosh, of New Jersey, to do that duty. Mk. '.NCKiNTOSH Responds Mr. Mackintosh responded as follows : It would be a hard thing for me to reply in an intelligent manner to all that Mr. Sullivan said at a few moments' notice. You know you are a much older city or a much older part of the country than what we are in New York and New Jersey. Last year when we had the convention in New York our now honorable president took the liberty and had the audacity to twit us that we were all wrong in colors. Well, that wasn't very easily swallow-ed. He told us that we had nothing but glaring red and blazing yellow and that if we would come to Boston we would see beautiful pinks and mauve and lavender. I suppose your exhibition is put up as a lesson for those of New York to take away with us. I don't wonder very inuch at that. As I stand here looking into your different faces f can readily understand that the most of you instead of being brought up on Borden's Condensed Milk were brought up on porridge and sorduck, so that you grew up to the age of manhood and discretion, if not you, your fathers, in the land of the Scotch bluebell, the most lovely shade of blue that any painter has Ijeen able to j)roduce, and in your eyes, your inind's eye, you carry that shade of blue. .Vnd then the great majority of you had the pleasure of seeing a thousand acres of the most beautiful pink that ever could be put together in the form of heather spread over the mountains of Scotland and the wild, rug- ged hills of Ireland. No painter has been able to make any pink shade to surpass the heather. When you have so many of these men with tlicse fascinating colors in their mind's eye, do you wonder that these colors pre- dominate—pink, blue, mauve? We in New York are of a dif- ferent type altogether. I heard President Wilson say that New York was the largest Italian city in the world. It is al.so the largest Spanish city in the world. Now you know that an Italian always has in his mind's eye that blazing rc-d that comes vomiting out of the top of Mount Vesuvius. He never can forget that red. and the Spaniards can never forget the yellf)w of their flag. So why wonder at us going ahead for yellow and red? Different nationalities have their different traits and we all cater to our own traits. What is the difference? We are pleased and you are pleased. Now before sitting down T would like to thank, on behalf of the association. Mr. Sullivan for the splendid talk he gave us, and I would like to extend our thanks to the Mayor for the ex- cellent man he sent as a substitute. Afr. Craig announced the next speaker as a gcntkni.m wli.p needs no introduction. I am now going to introduce to you Mr. Cameron, who will now give his presidential address. President Robert Cameron Robert Cameron, of Ipswich, Mass., then read his adilress (which appears on page 264). Air. Craig introduced Arthur W. Gilbert. Commissioner of Agriculture of Massachusetts. Albert \V. Gilbert, Commissioner of Agriculture, Mass. Mr. Gilbert replied: I feel a little personal interest in this con- vention, in you, and in the work that you are doing. I have never had the pleasure and the honor of being a professional gardener, but for several years I did have the interest and the experience, and I might say the enthusiasm of being a plant breeder. Now in the few minutes that I have allotted to me I want to present to you another subject which is very close to all of us. It applies not only to those of you who are living in the Common- wealth of Massachusetts and nearby states, but possibly to others, and I believe it has a direct bearing upon the work which you are doing. You are aware, perhaps, that the agriculture of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts for the last thirty years has been going downhill. This applies also to other Eastern states. We have forty-two per cent less cultivated land in this state than we had thirty years ago. The greater center of food pro- duction has moved westward and has left us in the East in a very serious predicament. Do you realize, my friends, that we are sending out of New England every year five hundred million dollars for food? Now this is a very serious situation. We are located where there are very few natural raw products. We are a great industrial centre, as our chairman said. The result of this is that the Eastern states are finding them- selves in the most critical industrial situation that they have ever faced, and therefore, my friends, I am taking the liberty for just a moment to tell you that we are trying in every possible way and at every possible time to preach the raising of greater quantities of food in the East. If we are so far away from the centres of raw materials, we must bring ourselves nearer the centre of food production by raising greater quantities of food here. Now I state this for two reasons to you. In the first place, you as professional gardeners, raisers of plants, primarily orna- mental plants I assume, can be of great assistance to us, because at a time like this, we need all of the skill which you men and women possess. We need in the East the best agriculture that can be found anywhere. We haven't the advantage of the fertile prairies of the West. We have to raise our food on the rocky hillsides of the East, and if there is afiy place in the world where there is greater need and opportunity for skill it is here, and you are the men and women who represent, to my mind, the acme of this skill, and we want to get from you all of the ex- perience and all of the interest which you possess in helping us to carry out this program. I bring this to you for another reason. As your President has said, your business in general depends upon industrial prosperity. Perhaps you may feel the pinch of the lack of that prosperity as quickly as anybody else, and therefore it behooves us to help in every possible way to maintain the industrial and commercial prosperity — and I might say, supremacy of the Eastern part of the United States. I am very glad to see, as your President has also pointed out. that the Massachusetts Agricultural College is goin,g to offer a course in gardening. T have the pleasure of being a trustee of that college, a graduate al.so of that college, and I assure you that I shall do everything possible to help to stimulate this course, to bring it to a high state of elhciency, and to help you in helping to maintain and carry it out. I am glad that it is being done not by the college alone, but by the college in conjunction with this organization. This is one of the first direct tie-ups that we have between an agricultural college and an organization, and I congratulate you, my friends, that you have hern one of the first to bring about a close contact witli a college. If the State Department of Agriculture can be of any assistance to you at any lime you know that we will be glad to help. In introducing the next speaker, Mr. Craig said : It hardly seems necessary to introduce the next speaker to you. You have been told about the wonderful exhibition of wild flowers we had here last May which attracted the attendance of approximately S5.000 people. \o\i may have seen, or at least you have read of the wonderful displays of orchids we had here monlh by month the year l>ef()re last and the great orchid displays made here by the next speaker. Mr. Burrage was awarded the George R. White medal of honor recently for the most cminenl services conferred to horticulture bv any living .American during the past year He is not only President of the Massachusetts Horticultural .Society, but of the American Orchid Society. We will be his guests and he priv- ilegeeople coming in. In fact, when I am in the neighborhood I run in to say, "flow are you?" and when he is busy I go right out. As to the jobs, that is a thing you can't help. You know every man thinks himself about the "best there is, better than ]Mc- Phearson or John Thompson, and he don't see why he shouldn't get the job, and so on. But I think that as far "as the Secre- tary's report goes, all the men that have been placed through the Bureau have given satisfactoin. I don't think that the .Associa- tion could e.xpect anything more. The Secretary: Mr. Chairman. I would like to say that this would be a good time to make suggestions of how the Service Bureau ought to be conducted. The criticism pretty generally is that it is not conducted right. When they come to me and say that it isn't conducted right, T ask them how they would do it, and they say. "I don't know, but you are not doing it right. You are not satisfying the gardeners." X^ow, I am conducting the Service Bureau to the best of my ability, as far as I know. Every convention we ask for sugges- tions and ideas, but we dou't get them. The report was accepted as read. As there were no resolutions, the next business in order was the nomination of officers for the year 1923. Nomination of Officers Mr. Michie nominated John Barnet for President. The nomination was seconded and motion made nominat'ons close. Carried. Mr. Head nominated John H. Francis, of Cleveland, for Vice- President. The nomination was seconded. 270 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE Mr. Stewart nominated William Gray, of Xeuport, R. I. The nomination was seconded. Moved and carried, nominations be closed. Mr. Head nominated M. C. Ebel as Secretary. The nomination was seconded and moved that it be closed. Carried. Mr. Stewart nominated Montague Free for Treasurer. The nomination was seconded ; moved that it be closed. Carried. The President: There are now live Trustees to be nominated for the year 1923. Mr. Ebel announced that, according to the charter of the Asso- ciation, it is compelled to nominate three Trustees for the State of New Jersey, and nominated Mr. Head, Mr. Mackintosh and Arthur Smith from New Jersey as the New Jersey members and Mr. Cameron as one of the two Trustees-at-Large. Mr. Stuart nominated Andrew- L. Dorward, of Newport. Moved the nominations be closed. Carried. The President announced the next thing on the program was the consideration of the meeting place for next year. Mr. Donald proposed Pittsburgh. Mr. Barnet presented a personal invitation from the branch in Western Pennsylvania. Mr. Stuart moved the nominations be closed. The President: Jt has been moved and seconded that the nominations close. All those in favor will please signify by say- ing, "aye" ; contrary, "no." It is a vote. Under the head of New Business, the President inquired: Has any one anything to bring up before the meeting at this time? ^Ir. Downer: I make a motion that a recess be taken. The motion was seconded. Carried. RECESS The President called the meeting to order to consider New Business. New Business Mr. Downer: The Board of Directors recommends to the convention here now assembled that an honorarium of $1,(XX) be paid Mr. Ebel. Mr. Cr.\ig : Mr. President. I don't know whether the mem- bers all heard that or not. It was that the Board of Directors recommended that the convention award an honorarium of $1,000 to Mr. Ebel for his services. The recommendation was seconded by Mr. Head. Carried. Mr. Downer: The Board of Directors also recommoids that from now on the Secretary shall receive a salary of $3,000 a year, to be paid in monthly instalments ; the Service Bureau as now conducted, as a separate unit, to be discontinued. The Secretary's salary shall cover office rental, clerk hire, telephone and telegrams, postage, traveling expenses and all other incidental expenses connected with the office and work of the Service Bureau. Mr. Head: Mr. Chairman, for the benelit of the members as- sembled— some perhaps did not hear well enough and perhaps do not realize what we are trying to do — the point of issue is to get the Association on a financial basis. The Association has been in existence a good many years, and up to date there has been no financial standing ; that is to say, we haven't been put on a good financial basis. Now, the main thing is to get the -Xssociation on a good finan- cial basis, and the first thing to do is to have your Secretary paid a sufficient salary so that he can conduct the business in a busi- nesslike manner. Then, the Board of Directors has also thought over the Service Bureau, and from what we could gather the Service Bureau has been a bill of expense to the Association, without getting the re- sults that we thought we would. So, therefore, we are going to cut out the Service Bureau as it is now being run, and will leave the Service Bureau end of it with the Secretary, to carry on as he sees fit. That is to say, should a position come in, should a lady or a gentleman a.sk for a gardener from the Service Bureau, it would be the Secretary's business to assist that party in getting a gardener from the National .Association, but not to run the Service Bureau the way we have been running it. at such a big cxiiense without getting very much for it. The main thing is to get the whole thing down on a good financial basis, so that we know where we are at. It is like any any other business. There is the reason for the recommendation. and I hope, fellow members, that you will sec it in the same light that we have seen it. We sat down and talked it o\cr. It isn't only today that we have talked it over, hut we have been consid- ering it for some time ; Ijut we got together today and formulated this plan, and we think that $3,000 ought to lie enough to carry the thing along. Mr. Mackintosh : The only thing about that is that the members present and those who hapnen to nad abt ut this must not pet away with the idea that the Service Bureau is to be elimi- nated, because it will not be. and the same services that were given before will be given ir«m now on. and Mr, Ebel, as Secre- tary, will use his good offices as Secretary of the Association the way he used to use them as Secretary of the Service Bureau. It is a case of amalgamation. We are going into a trust. Nobody is to go away with the idea that there is to be a discontinuation of the Service Bureau, because if any of you want any advice or want any men, the service will be just exactly the same as heretofore, only not as a separate thing. The recommendation was favorably adopted. Quarantine 37 Mr. Ckaig: Mr. President, you, in your Presidential ad- dress, like a wise man, changed your mind from last year. Last year you got on the floor and you applauded tjuarantme 37. In your Presidential address you thought it was a great iniquity. A wise man changes his views, and this shows that you are one. I think this Association ought to go on record again as opposed to Quarantine 37 as at present on the statute book. We know that a good many commercial interests applaud it for certain selfish reasons. The body of men which formed the Federal Hor- ticultural Board, composed of etymologists, bacteriologists, and others, were put there to bar out injurious insect pests and dis- eases. They formed themselves into a Tariff Board to keep out all products from abroad that we need here in our gardens. Now the commercial interests, in a large measure, applaud that because for some of the material they have on hand they can get hand- some prices from the ultimate consumer, and therefore, as your President said, the prices have been immensely increased to the buyer, the amateur, the gardener, and we ought to go on record as demanding" a moderate modification of Quarantine 37 as at present on the statute book. It is unfair to the great horticultural interests of America that they should suffer because five men were put there to keep out insect pests and they formed themselves into a tariff commission, and because the bulk of the nurserymen, and some florists, who are just as bad as the nurserymen, think that they ought to bar all foreign products and by doing so get a higher price for com- modities here at home. It is not fair at all, and we ought to go on record as a Na- tional Association as demanding a modification of Quarantine 37. A lively and most interesting discussion arose, following Mr. Craig's remarks, in which a number of members participated, all against Quarantine No. 37, and many points not heretofore brought to light were presented, showing the unfairness and unreason- ableness of this Act. Space will not permit publishing the many experiences related. They will, however, be handled as a separate subject in the next issue of The Gardeners- Chronicle. The principal points of the discussion were that the Quarantine was a tarifl' protective rather than a preventative against insect pests and diseases in this country ; that many nurserymen were taking advantage of the situation to phice prohibitive prices on their stock, and that, contrary to the claims of the Federal Board that many of the liarred plants have already been propagated in this country, the reverse is the case. Mr. Craig, who took an active part in the discussion and in his usual forceful manner, whenever the issue is before him, con- demned many of the practices now licing resorted to under cover of Quarantine No. 37, continued that the .■Vssociatiou should at least ask the Federal Horticultural Board to import, under care- ful scrutiny, new, rare and desirable plants, without Ijonds. "Vou and I," he said, "have boys who perhaps want to follow this profession, but we want them to obtain new, rare and interesting material. Vou think we can propagate everything. We cannot." Mr. Craig moved that the National .Association of (jardeners go on record as demanding a fair adjustment of Quarantine No. 37 to permit amateurs to introduce new, rare and desirable plants without having to give bonds for same, after careful inspection. The motion was seconded and c.irried. Resolution of Western Pa. Branch .Mr. I'arnet submitted the following resolution which was ap- proved by the recently organi/i d Western Pennsylvania Branch of the National .Association of Gardeners: "The memliers of this branch are pleased to note the tendency for closer co-(jpcration between our .Association and tlie various Garden Clubs throughout the country. "We feel that this cordial relationship should be st'dl further encouraged and, with this objecl in view, bring before this assem- bly for its consideration and approval the following suggestion: "That the .Association engaui- a competent lecturer, who sliall apiiear before these Garden Clubs, presenting our aims and ob- jects, soliciting still closer co-operation in matters that affect the mutual welfare of the memliers of the x.nioU'; Inidies con- cerned. "We believe that a campaign .ilong these lines, or similar lines, wfiuki very materially enhance the prestige of our Association." (.Signerli Committee, Westkkn Pennsylvania Branch, Na- tional Association of Garhenkrs. Marcus Curran, John Cah.man and ITenrv Gooini\Mi. For September, 1922 271 While it was generally agreed that the resolution submitted by the Western Pennsylyania Branch contained some excellent ideas and that it was most desirable to secure as much co-operation as possible between the Garden Clubs and the Association, neverthe- less, it was questioned by some whether the Garden Clubs, as a whole, would really accept the proffer of having the Association provide a free lecturer to speak on its aims and purposes. The Garden Clubs, it was said, already had a long list of lecturers from which they chose and paid well for. It was also suggested that the National Association of Gardeners is hardly in a position to stand the expense of what is proposed in the resolution. The experience is referred to when, in the earlier days of the Asso- ciation, printed lectures were distributed among the Garden Clubs, and they were welcotne, but after a while interest in them ceased. One of the arguments were that something for nothing is never appreciated and that the Garden Clubs are always willing to pay for lecturers. It was tinally moved to accept the resolution and lay it on the table. Carried. President Cameron appointed as a committee to draw up a res- olution on the deceased members Mr. Craig, Mr. Barnet and Mr. Downer. On the coiTimittee to draw up final resolution*, Mr. Michie, Mr. Mackintosh and Mr. Stewart were appointed. The meeting then adjourned to meet .".gain in the afternoon. ADJOURNMENT Wednesd.^y Afternoon Session The meeting was called to order at 2 ;25 P. M.. Robert Cameron, president, presiding. The President: Will the meeting please come to order? The first business for this afternoon is the action on amendments to the By-Laws, which Mr. Downer will read for you. Mr. Downer then read the amendments to the By-Laws which were suggested relative to the Reserve Fund. We, the undersigned Branches of the National Association of Gardeners, being of the opinion that the increase in the life membership dues will act as a deterrent to the increase of the Re- serve Fund and also being of the opinion that this Fund should be materially increased each year, do respectfully petition that the following amendments be made to Article \TI of our By- Laws. Article ^TI Change Section I to read : Section I. All moneys collected from life-membership dues shall be placed in the RcsiVi'c Fund. .\dd Sections II, III, 1\' and V to read: Section II. Ten per cent of all moneys collected from active, associate, and sustaining membership dues shall be placed in the Reserve Fund. Section III. All investments of the Association shall be con- sidered a part of the Reserve Fund. Section IV. Yearly interest accruing on the Reserve Fund shall lie applicable to the fund, or the whole or any part of said yearly interest may be extended for specified purposes on the advice of the Trustees subject to the approval of the Association at its Annual Convention. Section V. The principal of the Reserve Fund shall be held intact. -\pproved by the Newport Branch, March 22, 1922. Approved by the Boston Branch, June 30, 1922. -Approved by the St. Louis Branch. September 1, 1922. Ne.\l MoCallum made a motion that the amendments just read_ by Mr. Downer be added to the By-Laws. Seconded aiid carried. Mr. Dower than read the amendments to the By-Laws for the Local Branches. Article VIII Loc-\L Br.^nches Rules .\xd Regul.^tions Section 1, The object of the local branch is to establish a closer contact between the individual member and the main organ- ization, and to spread a better knowledge of the aims and objects of the National Association of Gardeners among non-meinber gardeners and others interested in Horticulture. Section 2. Six or more members of the National Association of Gardeners may organize and form a local branch designating the branch after the district in which thev are located. Section 3. On organization each branch shall appoint a chair- man and a secretary, and notify the secretary of the National Association of Gardeners of their action giving the names of the officers and the number of members composing the branch. Section 4. Meetings shall be held as the members may de- termine and may be of an informal character. Non-meinbers pres- ent may enter into discussions but cannot vote on any question. Section 5. Each branch shall be entitled to send a delegate to the Aimual Conventions of the Association. Any branch unable to send a delegate owing to distance or other causes may be represented by a member of another branch. Section 6. A delegate on arising to address the Convention shall preface his remarks by stating the name of, and the number of members in the branch he represents. Section 7. Applications for membership in the National Associa- tion of Gardeners coming from a district in wdiich a local branch is organized must have the endorsement of that branch. Section 8. It shall be the duty of committees appointed on im- portant matters at the convention to ascertain, through correspond- ence with the secretaries of the local branches, the sentiiuent of the members on the matter in question and base their reports on the consensus of opinion so obtained. .Approved by the Newport Branch, March 22, 1922. Approved by the Boston Branch, June 30, 1922. Approved by the St. Louis Branch, September 1, 1922. W. N. Cr.'MG : There is a diversity of opinion regarding one or two clauses here. Some members have the idea that a delegate going from a branch to a convention represents the full power at that convention in voting, and this is something that we cannot possibly tolerate. A member going, say, from Newport to the convention and speaking for forty or fifty incmbers, should not he delegated to cast forty or fifty votes. We cannot tolerate that. We ought to give them some voting power. What it is, is for us to determine, but it cannot be the number of the meinbers in that branch. Mr. Rogers : I don't see why a member should be misled to think that they have sixty or seventy votes from any local branch. There is nothing in these By-Laws to determine that, as Mr. Craig says, but my opinion of it was when it came up in the local liranch in Boston, that a meiuber if delegated when he rose to speak in a convention, would preface his remarks by stating how many he represented. For instance, if a question came up in a local branch which was to be debated at the convention, when the delegate from that local branch got up to speak he would tell wdiether that was a unan- nuous vote of the local branch or if it w-as divided, and if so, how many were for it and how many were against it. Mv opinion was that it would have a tendency to influence the members in the convention as to what the majority thought of that issue, and I think it is a good thing in that sense. I don't mean that he should get away with sixty or seventy votes, I think that is an outrage. Mr. Stew.nrt : I think it would be advisable on our part to decide right away how much power we really should give, the per- centage according to the numbers in a local branch." I feel that local branches ought to have a little more power than they have, and by giving them a percentage of the number, as has been argued by several of our members privately, it would increase the mterest and get some outsiders to get hold of the afifairs of the Association. Mr. Downer: I\Ir. President, this point occurred to me: Sup- pose you had a local branch of forty members and you decided, we will say from a talking standpoint, that von wotjld give one delegate to ten memhers, therefore, that branch would be entitled to send four delegates. Suppose the local branch discusses some subject and the opin- ion is not unanimous. You may have thirty for it and ten against It m the branch meeting. What would yoii do about representing the majority? You couldn't send four delegates liere if there were ten against it. Mr. B.\rnet: If four delegates choose to coiue here of their own will they could still cast four votes. Member: Is there anything in those regulations regarding voting?^ We are not discussing that. The article as read has nothing to say about voting. The President: This has come from the outside and we want to get it straightened out. Mr. Stu-Vrt : I have thought this over quite a little. What T came here to listen to today was what the branches already formed want. What vote do they want? I imagine what they get today is prettv nearly nothing. What I would like to see is iiist a little power for the branches, between the branches and the Board of Directors, say the branches would recommend something to the Board of Directors to work on, and the Board of Directors would take it up and recommend it to the annual convention. Give them a little authority to do some- thmg. not the power to vote. I think that voting power isn't of inuch count when it coines to the final analysis. Give them some mterest in the Association. I think if the Directors would write to those branches and ask for suggestions regarding the Associa- tion from time to time, ask those branches what they have been domg m the last quarter, what that particular branch has been 272 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE doing and if they have any suggestions to offer us as the Directors of this Association to go onward, — that, in my opinion, is the whole thing, not that voting power, that is too mucli like politics. Mr. Don.ald: What was the origin of this thing? What started up this thing? Did the branches ask to get a vote in the convention whether they were represented or not.' The Pkeside.n-t : There are only going to be National Associa- tion members belonging to the branches, consequently they are a voting power if they come here. Mr. Dox.vld: What do you mean by saying that you give them so much per cent? ■ ^, • • i The President: That is, supposmg a club m Lhicai^o witn quite a number of members had only one man commg from that local branch to the convention. Some have read this thmg as meaning that all of the members belonging to that branch could vote If they had hftv members they could cast lifty votes, con- sequently it would swamp our meetings. We don't believe in that and we are talking this over to see if we can get a better way out of it. Mr. Stu.\rt : The trouble today is that the branches don t have enough authority in the conventions. They ought to have some say in the w^orking of this. If they had some authority, sorne connection with the Board of Directors in the working of this Association you would ha%-e more interest in the whole thing. I was told tha't the Nassau Branch has almost out- functioned just because there is no connection between them and the workmg of this Association. They are absolutely almost independent. If we could establish some connection either between the Board of Di- rectors or the Association and the branches, it would give them something to go by. Let them recommend something to us. Listen to their voices l)y all means in whatever they have to suggest or say, otherwise tliev cannot be fully represented at these conventions. Mr Stew.\rt:' I would like to ask the last speaker, for in- stance, if any issue came up in the local branches and it was ac- cepted'by three or four of these local branches, and if the Directors see fit to throw that down, would it be their place to do so ? The President: It would come up at the annual convention where it would be settled. Is there any further discussion? Mr. Forbes moved that the amendment be adopted. Seconded and carried. The President: The next thmg to come up is a discussion on the Two- Year Course for Gardeners at the Massachusetts .Agri- cultural College, opening September 27, 1922. I wonder if Mr. Downer wouldn't read about this course at Amherst. Probably then you would have a chance to discuss it better. Mr. Downer read an outline of the course to be given at Am- herst. September 27, 1922. The President: Are there any remarks? Mr. McC.m-LCM : I think it is the opinion in Europe that a man should learn to work with his hands first. The boys who go from high school to college are afraid to get dirt under their finger nails, and they don't take kindly to work. I think it is better that "men should become journeymen gardeners before they take this course. The President: You will notice that they have to have two years' experience before they begin this course. Mr. C.arter: I see tliat at the end of this trainin.g, it says they will be e.xamined by a Special Board. I am looking for informa- tion. I would like to know wdiat kind of a special Ixiard would be selected. I am reminded of a letter which I read in the Chronicle some time ago by one of our worthy members wdio said that he w'ould venture to think that if this examination for gardeners was estab- lished and adapted on the .same lines as in Europe, tliat our college professors who were teaching horticulutre here in this country would fail to pass an examination similar to that conducted in Great Britain, for instance. If the ones teaching horticulture in this country wouldn't be capable of passing the examinatit)n, it is a question in my mind as to who would be capable of examining the students. The President: I don't quite agree with you. I think that there are men as capable in this country as there are in Europe today. Mr. C.nrter : I was looking for information as to who the Special Board would be and who would have the duty of ap- jK)inting this Special Board. Mr. Downer: I think it is clear in the pamphlet. It states that at the end of their second year of theoretical training, if success- ful, they will receive a ccrtilicatc from the college, based, of course, on the theoretical training. From this point they enter upon an apprenticchip of two years, supervised by the National Associa- tion of fiardencrs. That is the practical work. At the end of this time they wiU be examined by a Special Board, and, if successful, will receive the dii)loma of the National Associa- tion of Gardeners. That special board might be made up of mem- bers of the Gardeners' Association and the authorities at Amherst. It doesn't say anything about a set examination. The President: I should like to tell you the story of a boy I have working for me now and whom 1 wish to take this course. He came from high school and he had been there two years. I found out that he knew a good deal about vegetables. I said. "You are quite interested in this work, aren't you ?" He said, "I have taken all my studies in school on gardening." I said, "You are eligible for this course at Amherst." So I asked him if he wouldn't consult his father and the superintendent of schools about going there. He came back and saij hundred dollars he would double it. Since that time 1 have saved another thousand." 1 paid that boy sixteen dollars a week, and that is what they expect to get, those going to college — or perhaps twelve dollars a week. Mk. C'k.mc: ■ I want to tell you my experience with college boys. I think they are better in every way than the boys without train- ing, far better. They are quicker to learn, their brains are clearer, they are more studious and they are going to make better men. The same applies in our profession. The men who are going to fcillow us are going to be a very different type of men. And if we are to build our Association up and get the type of men that we need, we must help to boost this college course. It is gotten up with the sincere hope to elevate our profession and give us a type of men we need to build up a better type of horticulture in America. I am hoping to send my boy there and we want you to send boys there to help us. I think there is a small body of three men qualified to pass on those boys in our profession, don't you? I am not going to be in it much longer, but I hope to see one or two of my boys follow in the line for a time, at least. I want them to have the credit of an education which was denied to us when we were small. Don't belittle our profession, but help us in this course, help build it up and help build up your Association at the same time. Mr. Rogers : I was interested in the lectures at the Garden and Floral Club this last Spring when this issue came up at the pre- ceding meeting, and in our minutes of that meeting Mr. Craig claimed that bigger and better brained men would come out of that college course. At that same lecture we had a Professor from Amherst, Profes- sor Thompson, and I think some of you present remember how he complimented the men who served an apprenticeship across the water, and he was a college professor himself. The men who served an apprnticeship across the water in the old way, it seems to me, are good growers and good men, but they haven't got the flow of language that a college graduate has. If you think this is going to be a benefit to the boys, try it. I sometimes think it is going to be a success. Mr. Erv.ant: I would like to say a few words. I think that this is worth trying out if it is given the way it is stated in this Iini.gram, giving a blend of the tlu-oretical with the practical, and I think that probably it would be a mighty good thing. I took a short course at Amherst just for the pleasure of it and I had a very enjoyable and educational time there. I think that if everybody could do the same thing, it is surprising what enjoy- ment could be gotten out of it. I think that we all feel that the more education we .get the better (iff we are and the better off the world is for it, but I do think, as Brother Mackintosh says, it depends upon the boy or the man. Mr. Stu.\rt : The members seem to think that this is a new move. It might be new to the National .Association of Gardeners, but I remember about tw-enty-two years ago when I started looking for a head job in Boston, they advised me there were only head jobs for those who took a ccillege course. That was twenty-two years ago. What do yon find the condition ton for the ladies. James Wheeler, of Natick, Mass., spoke on the arrangements of the exhibits of flower .shows and the new iijr»itit*(i. Exclusive Pro- ffssion not ovtrrun with competitors. C r o w d c il with oj)i)ortunity for moncy- j,^*'"-'^ m:ikinK' and biff fees. $5.rin:itir>n. The Pulverized Manure Company No. 18 Union Stock Yardi, Ckicaco For September, 1922 277 Mr. P. W. Burke, Brookline, Mass. Mr. and Mrs. B. Hammond Tracy, \Vcii- ham, Mass. Mr. and Mrs. Percival C. \'einot, Man- cliester, Mass. Mr. and Mrs. James Scott, Manchester, Mass. Mr. William Till, Manchester, Mass. Mr. William Goodall, Manchester, Mass. Mr. Alfred Reoch. Westbnry, L. I. Mr. and Mrs. John Kuhn, Philadelphia, Pa. Mr. and Mrs. William Kleinheinz, ElUins Park, Pa. Mr. Eric H. Wetterlow, Manchester, Mass. Mrs. William Stewart and daughter. Little Ontario, Canada. Mr. M. C. Ehel and daughter. Summit, N. J. Miss Helen Hanibler, Freeport, L. 1. Miss A. L. Moran. Madison, N. J. Mr. and Mrs. William C. Rust, Brookline, Mass. Mr. Edgar Morrison, Springfield. N. J. Mr. D. "L. Mackintosh, Alpine, N. J. Dr. George T. Moore, St. Louis, Mo. Judge Charles W. Hoitt, Scituate, Mass. Mr. Owen G. Owen, Southampton, L. L Mr. Bruce Butterton, Newport, R. L Mr. Jaines Brown, Newport, R. L Mr. blaf Drewes, Boston, Mass. Mr. J. D. George, Beverly, Mass. Mr. Niels G. Erickson, Magnolia, Mass. Mr. Thomas J. Murphy, Chestnut Hill, Mass. Mr. W. D. Johnson, Nahant, Mass. Mr. Edward W. Newman, Wollaston, Mass. Mr. Alexander Taylor, Readville, Mass. Mr. Herbert W. Clark, West Manchester, Mass. Mr. Frank G. Sealey, New York, N. Y. AMONG THE GARDENERS James Methven succeeds W. N. Craig as superintendent of Faulkner Farm, Brook- line, Mass. Irving Stewart, son of George F. Stewart of Waltham, and formerly head gardener at the Portland parks, Portland, Me., is suc- cessor to James Methven in charge of the Coonley estate, Readville, Mass. Gustaf E. Karlson accepted the position as head gardener to H. A. Hayward, Frank- lin, Mass. He was formerly with Mrs. Adele D. Thayer of Franklin. J. H. Snyder, formerly in charge of the late General C. H. Tayljr's estate. Buzzard's Bay, Mass., has secured the position of superintendent to Colonel E. H. R. Green, D.irtmouth, Mass. Alfred H. Wingett, 54, recently died at his home on the Allen Winden estate, Lenox, Mass., of which he was superintendent. He was born and educated in England and learned the profession of horticulture and landscape gardening in that country. Com- ing to America in his early youth, he imme- diately went to Lenox where he later se- cured the position of superintendent which he has held ever since. He was an expert in his line of work and well known in the profession of gardening, holding office in the Lenox Horticultural Society. He is survived by his widow, and daughter, Mrs, Charles M. Sears of Salem, by his first wife. Albert Millard resigned his position as superintendent of Greystone, Mr. Samuel Untermyer's estate, at Yonkers, N, Y., and has been succeeded by Charles A. Mackay, wdio recently arrived from England. LOCAL SOCIETIES WESTCHESTER AND FAIRFIELD HORT. SOCIETY. The regular monthly meeting of the above society was held in the Y. M. C. A. building, Greenwich, Conn., on Tuesday, August 8. An Exceptional Chance To SecureFine Fruiting Canes of Pot Grown Grapes They are an exceptionally choice lot. When we say they are choice, they are exactly that. Every one is a three-year-old fruiting cane, 7 feet to 9 feet long, and in 8-inch pots. They are just right for grapery border planting. Or for growing on in pots. They are large enough to carry several bunches, depending, of course, on the size bunch you want. For table decorations, these canes are the ideal size. Varieties Gros Colman — Black grape, for late season. Foster's Seedlinff— A white seedling of Buclr, iiiilfiirnily tmrntst und niririilly pnrhod Fimoii "Mou-A/tee" Wart IncliiihM A/alt ft ?n\». Fern DUhcfi, lUnKlr- Haaketj. UwD VftMt >>tr Hrlt*^ for rftUlOffUe and prlrv lift Tbc Zine Pollrrr Compaar So. Zinenllle, ObU For September, 1022 279 ANIDPM Trees and shrubs, dis- tinctive in quality and large size which will produce an immediate effect ^orcountty residences and estates ANDORRA NURSERIES Clxsowt'hm.lh HaVe you seen ANDORRA? tales and of the enthusiasm it puts into their work, O. M. Eastman, supervisor of the school garden department of Cleveland, talked on the development of that work in schools, and the help given by the local gardeners. The party broke up by the visitors giv- ing a rising vote of thanks and three rousing cheers to their hosts. W. J. Brlxe, Secy. THE OFFICIAL ORGAN During the convention of the National As- sociation of Gardeners at Boston, inquiries were made as to how the G.\rdeners' Chroni- cle, as the official organ of the gardeners, can be improved to make it more interesting to them. It was the opinion of most of those approached that by supplying more news of the doings of the gardeners ; also what trans- pires at the local meetings of gardeners' so- cieties which would be of interest to similar societies elsewhere ; unusual experience in the garden which gardeners encounter in the cultivation of plants, would all add much to make the paper interesting to them. The G.\RDE.\FRs' Chronicle has often ap- pealed to local societies and to gardeners individually to contribute such news as would be of interest to the gardening craft, but it has never met with sufficient response to be of importance. The editor will gladly give space to lively news items when they are re- ceived, but he is dependent on having them sent to him for the G.vrde.ners' Chroxiclf is not in a position to maintain editorial staffs throughout the field which it covers, which is national. Will the gardeners reading this notice please direct the attention of their fellow^ gardeners and also of the meetings of the local societies to it? Rapid Popularity distributors Wanted The simple, practical, inex- pensive, diversified use of the MULTITOOL is causing many of the cities and private estates to use them almost exclusively on their roads, gardens, and lawns. Gardeners find them invaluable. Try it — You'll be convinced. MiilttlDol Sales e L-ansing', Michigan Eastern Distributors EDDY GARDEN SERVICE PARADISE, PA. ny injh 280 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE JLuscious Strawberries Fresh from the Picking THEY add the crowning glory to the home garden plot — the final satisfaction to the perfect meal. Their culture is a pleasure — their flavor a delight. Plant Them iSoic and Pick Your Own from LOVETTS rOT-(;KO\ViN STRAWBERRY PLANTS Each taken from an individual pot and shipped to you ready for setting out in vour own garden. Selected from the superior stock of America's foremost berry culturists. An' attractive little book, No. 105, tells about the varieties, preparation of the ground and their culture. Mailed with pleasure on request. J. T. LOVETT 533 Sycamore Road, l.itlle Silver, N.J Berry growers for Almost Half a Century ervation of the natural beauty. R. Weeks, of Mansfield, Ohio, spoke on the knowledge gained by gardeners in visiting other es- Conimunications should be addressed to Editor. Gardeners' Chronicle, 286 l-'ifth Ave- nue, Xcw York. X. Y. EDUCATING WILD PLANTS Thii;.e who attempt to introduce wild plants into their gardens by means of seeds, often find it difficult to get the plants established in this way. Although they seem to grow well enough in their native haunts, they arc slow to germinate in cultivation or fail to come up at all. It is likely that we uncon- sciously contribute to this failure by treating the seeds differently than they are treated in Nature. For instance, we are likely to keep them in a dry room over Winter, when they are accustomed to lie in the cold and sodden ground through that season. It appears, however, that when wild flowers are intro- duced into cultivation and propagated by means of their seeds, the slowness to sprout wears ofT. and thereafter they grow readily. A scientific explanation of the facts seems to be that only those seeds which can grow at all in such situations are likely to leave descendants, and since children are like their parents, there is soon bred ui) from tlK>e a race of plants that is amenable to garden cultivation by the elimination of those less able to survive in surli situations. — American Bolanisl. Let us gather up the sunbeams Lying all around our path ; Let us keep the wheal ami roses. Casting out the thorns and chafT. Let us find the sweetest comfort In the blessings of today. With a patient hand removing All the briers from the way. — Phoebe Cary. gii iiiliniiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiii ii iiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiii iiiiiiiliiiinii Iiiilililiiililiiiliiilliiniiwim iiiiiiliiiiiiiilil i iiiiiiiiiiiiimiimiiniumm»iiiiiiiiiiiiiini| I Carters Bulbs I I Flower and Vegetable Seeds j I GRASS SEED | I Fertilizers and Insecticides | I OF THE HIGHEST QUALITY. | I W'e will furward gladly our 1922 Spring or Fall Catalogue on | 1 request. | I We extend to you a cordial invitation to visit our model estab- j I lishment. Prompt and courteous attention assured. | Careers Tesied Seeds ^■^ * INC. ^^ I Consolidated with j J. M. THORBURN & CO. I I ,^3 BARCLAY STREET NEW YORK, N. Y. | I and 19-20 South Market St., Boston, Mass. | I Canadian Branch: 133 King Street East, Toronto, Canada | fiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinimniiimiiiiw^^^^^^ USED BY GARDENERS AND FARMERS SINCE 1880 FOR CABBAGE WORMS Duster inside the Keg. Sold by Seed Dealers and Merchants. Ask for Piimphlet HAMMOND'S PAINT & SLUG SHOT WORKS, Beacon, N. Y. PLANT NAMES AND THEIR MEANINGS is tlic title oi a scries of articles now appearing in The American Botanist where a multitude of other things of interest to the plant lover are also discussed. Quarterly, $1.50 a year; specimen copy, 25 cents. THE AMERICAN BOTANIST Joliet, III. FOR AUrUMN AND SPRING PLANTING FRUIT TREES AND FRUIT PLANTS, EVERGREEN TREES AND SHRUBS, DE- CIDUOUS TREES AND SHRUBS. HERBA- CEOUS PERENNIAL PLANTS, RHODO- DENDRONS AND KALMIA LATIFOLIA, The KlocU wo iiDiT is Ihi' iH'Ht iiunllt}'. If intiTcstctl write for Ciiliil";;!!*' unci rrlce IJat. THE MORRIS NURSERY CO. 1133 Broadway New York, N. Y. HA.RRV BALOWIN llajiafa«tar«r of Greenhouse Stiadlng Latli Roller Blinds IVI VVIARONECK. IM. V. FLOW NEW YORK -'■ .^^J^JJ^ vt^^vn ■=»-' - rf« *aP>-'- -^ _-: ^g*' J^^l Sr" *^.?. ,_ --^v/ ^^ .'#.«iiii s^*.- ir^ ^O i * ,'iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiilliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiititiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinniiiiiiiiiiiMiiMiiiiiii^ THE GLENSIDE HARDY FLOWER GARDENS RICHARD ROTHE, Proprietor, Glenside, Pa. I We are Specialists in Designing and | I Building of Rockgardens. | I For rates on Consultations and illustrated | j lectures please address 1 I RICHARD ROTHE, GLENSIDE, PA. I Mlllllllllllllllllllllll!lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllillllllllllllllllNlllllllllllllllllllllll!HllillllilllllHli:|[tni1IIII|{lllllllll1IHIIII^ ;:'llllllllltllttllllllllllllllllllllllll llllilllllllllllllillllllllllllllllllltlllltllMrilltlltlll'^ = Orchids If you contemplate buying semi-established, established or imported orchids, consult us first. We carry in stock about 25,000 species. A large stock of Laelia Cattleyas, Hybrid Catt- leyas, Brasso Cattleyas, Odontiodas, and other choice hybrids. We specialize in supplying the private trade. Let us figure on your requirements — our quality is second to none. Orchid peat, live Sphagnum Moss, baskets, pot hangers, always on hand. Send jor our price list. I G. E. BALDWIN & COMPANY | I Orchid Collectors, Growers and Importers | I MAMARONECK Box 98 NEW YORK | SPRAYING is as Essential as Fertilizing Successful cultivation demands a knowledge of the habits of plant insects and diseases, and the proper remedies for their control. APHINE, an effective remedy against all sap sucking insects infesting flowrers, fruits and vegetables, is free of the dis- agreeable odors and features of most in- secticides. It invigorates plant life and is unexcelled as a wash for decorative plants. Aphine w^ill not injure the most tender flower or foliage. FUNGINE is an excellent remedy for mildew, rust, and other blights. It is read- ily soluble in water and contains no sedi- ment. Fungine does not stain the foliage but cleanses it. VERMINE is a soil sterilizer and vermi- cide. It destroys cut, wire, eel and grub worms, maggots, root lice and ants, and will protect your gardens and lawns from ravages under the soil. TTiere is but one convincing way for you to become familiar with the merits of these products and that is to try them out for yourself. It will prove worth while. Sold by dealers in various sizes. APHINE MANUFACTURING COMPANY Mimujactiirers of Agricultural Chemicah MADISON, N. J. Suiiiiiiniimii I I iiiiiiii I iiiiiii HI H iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiis ^mitinuumwisim u ninnniiiiiiiiiiii nnimiiiiiimiiiniiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiuuiiiiiiiiinii imiimiiimiHiH A -ictc of the 250-acrc estate of Olk'er Ames at Xorth Easton, Massachusetts 'Trolonged lives of trees for many years'' The tribute of Edivard Parker to Davey Tree Surgery A difficult operation performed by Dat-ey Tree Stirgcons on the roots of 350-\rar t-td white oak on the Oliver Ames estate JOIIX DAVEY Father of Tree Surgery The Davcv Tree Kx])crt Cdinpany. Kent, Ohio. Dear Sirs : It is a pleasure to cohiiiieiid the Tree Surgery operations executed by your men on the Oliver Ames Estate over which I have charge. 'Sly careful observation has shown me that these men are most industrious workers, take a careful interest in their duties at all times, and certainly know their business as far as difficult surgery on valuable trees is concerned. Our many trees needed ex- ])ert treatment and I feel that the work recently completed by your men will be of great material benefit and has prolonged the lives of some of them for many years to come. Very truly yours. Edward Parker, Supt., Oliver .\mes Estate. Every gardener and estate superintendent has a most important work in the saving of trees under his care. Uavey Tree Surgery brings to his aid the highest development of science plus a generation of experience. .-K careful examination of your trees will be made by appoin ii'ent. The Davey Tree Expert Co., Inc., 30" F.lm St., Kent, Ohio. Britut'h offices tfith telrphttte conuectiims : Xe'f Yurk, Ast.'r Trust lUdt:.. l-'ifth At'e. and 4.'Mrf St.: Kosuin. Ma'saclui.uils Irnsi Bldg. : Philadelphia. Land Title BIdg.; Baltimore, American BUU. : Pii ■ •'■uruli, .?31 Fourth .-lie.: Buifalo. UO Franklin il.; Cleveland. Hipprdrome !'• 'it. Cencral Motors BIdg.: Cincinnati. .Mercantile l.ihrnry BIdg.: Chicag,:. BIdg.: St. Louis. Central Xatit'ual Bank BIdg.: Kansas City. Scarrit HI .. .i 1 .'.. hii., and the f'uhlic i.( > iintu-n,ii ai^aiii.st mpany and not xvith an indi:idual is certain ^ the care of your treei a/m is not directly in our .\a:e yt'urself from loss (JHi/ your trees from harm GARDENERS' ONICLE Bi7 AMERICA) ED HORTICULTURAL $2.00 A YEAR 25cAC0PY ^& ^Illlllllllll'lllilllltllllllllllllllllllillli iiiiiinniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimnininiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiililiiii I DREER'S I Autumn Catalogue Offers the best grade of bulbs tor Fall planting, inchid i n g Hyacinths, Tulips. Narcissus, Cro- cus, Lilies, etc. Season- able Plants, including a select list of Hardy Perennials, Dormant Roses for Fall planting and many plants suit- able for the Window Garden and Conserv- atory. Lawn Grass Seed. Agricultural Seeds, Tools and Imple- ments of all kinds. Fertilizers and Insecti- cides. This catalogue is well illustrated and gives ac- curate descriptions to- gether with cultural in- formation. A copy will he mailed free to all applicants who mention this publication. HENRY A. DREER 714-716 Chestnut St. PHILADELPHIA, PA. -Illlllllll 1 1 IIIIIUII I III I Mil II I Orchids 11 you contemplate buying semi-established, estabhshed or imported orchids, consult us first. We carry in stock about 25,000 species. A large stock of Laelia Cattleyas, Hybrid Catt- Icyas, Brasso Cattleyas, Odontiodas, and other choice hybrids. We speciaUze in supplying the private trade. Let us figure on your requirements — our quality is second to none. Orchid peat, live Sphagnum Moss, baskets, pot hangers, always on hand. Send lor our price list. G. E. BALDWIN & COMPANY Orchid Collectors, Growers and Importers MAMARONECK Box 98 NEW YORK iiiitiiitiiitiiiiiiiiimiiimmiiitmiitiiiiiHrriimiiiiiiiiiii GREENHOUSES on jii'ivate estates not only harmonize with their surroundings but produce the inaximum number of "firsts"' with the minimum of time, effort and expense. .\n important point to bear in mind if yoti or your employer are contemplating (he erection of a small greenhouse or a large range. We'll be glad to send you our catalog and answer any questions you may have in mind. When you think of good greenhouses, think of King. KING CONSTRUCTION COMPANY North Tonawanda, N. Y. GENERAL OFFICES: New York City Boston. Mass. Philadelphia. Pa. Scranton. Pa. 56 West ■ibih St. Board ot Trade BIdg. 15th & Market Sts, 307 N. Irvlnj Ave. Telephone Telephone Telephone Telephone Murray Hill 10050 Main 4399 Spruee 6521 4136 .;;i!iiiiiiii]iiii:iiiiiiiii[iiJ!tiiiiiiiiiiii!i;iiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii[ii[iN I BURNETT BROTHERS | I Bulbs-Bulbs-Bulbs \ I "The Best the World Produces" | I Hyacinths Tulips | I Narcissus Crocus | I etc., etc., etc. | I LILIUMS for Forcing and Outside Planting. | I Lil\) of the Vaile)) {Cold Storage) for Forcing. I Send in your order at once I and SECURE THE BEST I For Prices and Description of above, also for complete I list of Bulbs, etc., for Inside and Outdoor planting, j write for our 1922 Fall Bulb Catalogue, mailed free. I Burnett Brothers SEEDSMEN 92 Chambers St. New York The llduse Famous for Laivn Crass Seed llllllllllllllllllllllllHlllllllllllllllltllllll .1 E^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiinniiiiiui ii:iiii:iiii:iiiiiiiiinii: iiii ii;iiuiii:iiii;iiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiii:Ki ip^ ^^^B^^^^^KjtHfKKn^^-'-^''^ ■ ^ THE GLENSIDE HARDY FLOWER GARDENS R!CH\RD ROTHE Proprie-or, GlersiJe, Pa. We are Specialists in Designing and t Building of Rockgardens. For rates on Consultations and illustrated lectures please address RICHARD ROTHE, GLENSIDE, PA. TOTTY'S THE Flower loving public is cordially invited to visit our new Flower store, at 4 East 53rd Street, off Fifth Avenue, and enjoy the exhibits of blooms of the world renowned Chrysanthemums from our green- houses. Here you will also find the new Rose of the century, "Hill's America," and other favorites among Roses and flowers of this sea- son of the year. Blooms are cut each morning at our green- houses and sent direct to our New York store. When visiting the Flower Show at Morris- town, in October, drive over to our growing establishment at Madison, N. J., and inspect the growing plants. We accept orders for plants now for later delivery, both at our store in New York and at our place in Madison. CHARLES H. TOTTY COMPANY Flower Store 4 E. 53rd St., New York Plaza 9720, 3249, 3250 Greenhouses Madison, New Jersey Madison 369 ^11 1 iiiiiii II iiiiiiiiiii iiiiitiiiciii iiiiniiiiiiiniiiii Ill iiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii I iiii# .^iiiii iiiiniiniiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiii i i i i i nil i i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii irn^ ^'iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiNNiiiiiiiii mil mill IIII iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiji ;^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiiiiiiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii;iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiii:iin iiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiig BURPEE'S Winter Flowering Sweet Peas For Your Greenhouse THE BURPEE varieties of Early or Winter Flowering Sweet Peas are revelations of beauty. They have been the admiration of the many thousands of visitors to the Interna- tional Flower Shows in New York and various other exhibits held by The National Sweet Pea Society and The Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. Burpee's Sweet Peas have been Prize Winners everywhere. Our list includes the most ex- quisite shades in a complete range of colors. BURPEES ANNUAL, the Leading American Seed Catalog, gives complete descriptions of all the beautiful Burpee varieties, and will be sent free upon request. Plant Burpee's Sweet Peas NOW for blooming in your greenhouse this winter! W. ATLEE BURPEE CO. Seed Growers PHILADELPHIA fninimnniiiiiiiiiniiiiuniiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim^ Niiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiii .u Bobbink ^ Atkins Visit Nursery Ask for Catalog I ROSES I Ask for our "Get Acquainted" list of Roses anJ I also our Rose Catalog * I JAPANESE YEW I The Laun and Hedge Evergreen of the Future I The hardiest, greenest and best of all evergreens, and I most attractive for lawn specimens. It will grow every- I where. Ask for pamphlet. I Shade Trees and Deciduous Flowering Shrubs will give I tlie best results when planted in the Autumn. Evergreens I should be planted in early Autumn. I The above, and all of our nursery products, are de- I scribed and priced in our Illustrated General and Rose I Catalogs. I Special Lists, pot-grown Vines and Climbers; Straw- I berries; Rock Garden Plants; Peonies and Iris. I Nurserymen and Florists I RUTHERFORD NEW JERSEY I ?MIIIII!l|l:WIIIIIIUIIini|llllllllllllllllllllll'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIW^^^^^ 26; The Contents for October, 1922 Things and Thoughts of the Garden fVilliam N. Craig 283 Flowering Plant Novelties . . . Frank B. Mever 284 The Regal Peony Floriim Amalor 285 Water Gardening Arthur Smith 287 An Arnold Arboretum Plantsman's World Tour William N. Craig 289 Scented Musk 290 Ornamental Flowering Trees and Shrubs .... Camilla Schneider 29 1 The Source of Plant Food . Willard N. Clule 292 The Greenhouse, Month to Month George F. Stewart Work for the Month in the Garden Samuel Colding Departments of Foreign Exchange and Book Review Famous Massachusetts Estates Visited National Association of Gardeners Local Societies Here and There Service Measures Success — Exhibit of Painl- in.iis — To Enlarge U. S. Botanic Garden 293 294 296 298 300 302 304 Vol. XXVI, No. 10 Issued 15lh of each month Published Monthly by THE CHKONICLE PRESS. INC. ^ . . ,. .,„„ subscription .... $z.00 a year 286 Fiflh Avenue, New York. N. Y. Canada, $2:15; Foreign $2.65 MARTIN C. EBEL. Ediior Enttrcd at the New York Post Office as second class matter, Noz: 3, 1914, under the Act of Countess, March 3, 1879. „„„„„„iiii, iiiiiiiiimniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimmiwiiii im ii iiiii mm immmmimimim imiiimmimmmimiimmm inniinniniiii mmiinimimmmm ilillllimriiiiiiiiiiillitiirli;! IIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIIIII HIGH QUALITY Bulbs • Seeds • Plants FOR AUTUMN PLANTING This is the title of our Autumn Catalogue which we iiave been mailing to our patrons dur- ing the month of September. If your name is not on our mailincrsons who ought to enjoy most their finest products are .giving little encouragement. The best things are nearest, — light in your eyes, flowers at your feet, duties at your hand, the ])ath of God just before you. Then do not grasp at the stars, but do life's plain, common work as it comes, certain that daily duties and daily bread are the sweetest things nf life. — .Seliccted. For October. 1^22 287 Water Gardening ARTHUR SMITH IT is not only from the nimnitains, the prairies, sunny fields, or shady woods, that our garden flora come. Rivers, brooklets, margins of lakes, are all invariably fringed with lovely flowers, and fleets of water lilies sail in the deeper waters. The artistic possibilities of any home surroundings are doubled by the introduction of a fair amount of water. Water always furnishes a pleasing addition to a land- scape, and although every country place cannot be so situated as to be blessed with a stream or lake as part of its attractions, yet where they are absent there is some- times much which could be done in the way of artificially producing a situation in which the many beautiful hardy aquatic and sub-aquatic plants will thrive. Where streams, ponds and swampy places exist upon an estate there is no part of it which can more easily be made naturally beautiful. While Nature always does much in this direction, situations are frequently seen which are in an unpleasant and unhealthy condition, when there is no reason why they should not be places of beauty, instead of an eyesore. Besides the great variety of picturesque effects that are possible with water, it affords the only means of growing the many worth while plants which are only happy in, or close to water, the chief feature in some being flowers and in others foliage. Streams with a swift current running between steep banks do not lend themselves to water gardening, but in these cases use can generally be made of the water to supply an artificial pool or lakelet. There is no more attractive addition to anv garden than a quiet pool with suitable plants growing both in it and around its margins. There is a soothing eftect in the appearance of such a pool on a hot sunny day which is fascinating, and which defies comparison with any other part of the home. It is therefore worth while going to some trouble and ex- pense to secure a feature of this kind, and it is also one of the many things connected with hardy plant garden- ing in which the first cost is practically the only one or any moment. Of course, the most beautiful of all water gardens are those having their foundation in a pellucid, slow running river, as their natural features are so much better than anything we can make artificially, and the existing vege- tation is also always natural to the situation. With a little thought much of this can be so blended with intro- duced plants of greater range, and in other ways which will suggest themselves to those of artistic taste, that a place of increased beauty may be created through the refinement of Nature by art. When constructing an artificial piece of water, the avail- able water supply has first to be considered, as without a regular supply it is useless to attempt a water garden. Therefore, a water garden should be made proportionate to a certain available supply of water. It is surprising what can be done with a sniall quantity, provided only that it never fails. A continuous rush of water into and through a pool is not only unnecessary but positively harmful to the welfare of the plants, the more so if the water has been pumped from a well or comes from a public water supply, as in these cases it is invariably cold and hard. In this connection I am reminded of a pool, really a cement tank, existing in the center of a sunken garden. The tank has to be drained in the Winter, therefore the water lilies are in tubs so that they can be taken in and kept out of the reach of frost. A fountain plays in the center of the tank and there is also another flow of water into it, both of these are cold and hard. That a continual flow of water of this description into the tank has a very adverse effect upon the plants is very apparent, as their foliage is small and soon dies, and the floral ef- fects amount to very little ; and so far as beauty is con- cerned, it is conspicuous by its absence. To succeed with water lilies in a tank of this kind all that is required is a sufficient inflow of water to scarcely more than cover loss by evaporation, in which case the water wfll always be during the growing season more or less warm, so that the plants will thrive instead of struggling for existence. Fortunate indeed are those through whose grounds runs a perennial stream, even if it is only a very little (ine, for with the help of this, quiet pools can easily be constructed to any extent the conditions will permit. If it is not possible to use the stream itself as part of the water garden, sometimes the water from it can be diverted or conveyed by underground pipes to a suitable site for such a garden. In any case select as low-lying a place as possible, a natural depression if one can be found, where one can stand above the water and look down upon the plants. Water so placed that there are lower parts of the garden all around it looks incongruous and out of place. Unless one is making a pool or tank in a sunken, or an enclosed formal garden where it should be rec- tangular to conform to the other lines of the spot, every care should be made to prevent any artificiality in the appearance of the outline. Regular curves of circles and ovals are utterly out of place and look ridiculous in a landscape with irregular and natural features. In order to be effective, the outline of a piece of water must not only be irregular, but it must also be in accordance with the laws of Nature, and, as in most cases, the natural pond or lake is merely an expanded stream or river, we must look to the shore lines of the latter for guidance in the formation of artificial ponds. In a natural stream the curves are mostly due to the water meeting with some obstacle wdiich causes a devia- tion in its course. We find invariably that where a promontory, a projecting rock, or some other interfer- ence causes an alteration in the course of the water, the latter is thrown against the opposite side with greater force, and unless the ground is very hard a portion of it is washed by the impact and an extended recess is the natural result. In the same way artificially constructed pieces of water to look natural should have the largest and the boldest recesses opposite, or nearly opposite, the largest promon- tory on the other side. The shore line should not terminate abruptly but should form a slope continuing below the water level. E\-en when a constant stream flows through an estate ' the opportunity for water gardening is not always made the best, or any use of. One of the worst cases that has come under my observation was upon an estate where the grounds sloped down to a meandering stream which had naturally widened itself out to a limited extent into bays and still pools, altogether ideal conditions for water gardening were presented. But the treatment of it con- sisted in building a wall all along the margins : making a snake-like gravel walk along the stream "about ten feet away from it: at intervals on both sides of this walk, round- and oval-shaped beds were cut in the lawn, filled every Sunnner with beddiiig plants. So far as the water 288 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE itself was concerned a good collection of water lilies had been brought together, which having seen, the first desire of any one with a modicum of good taste would be to get away from it as quickly as possible. Outside the boundaries of this estate along the same stream. Nature had provided a splendid object lesson on the principles of how to water garden. The native species of water lilies are there, and the margins are delightfully covered with a multitude of worth-while plants, with a complement of small trees and shrubs. Altogether this water garden of Nature's is a spot where one can spend hours, leave with regret and the ho{>e to again have the opportunity of revisiting it. It is, of course, obvious that we can increase the natural opportunities which a stream gives us. If there are no bays of still water, these can generally be formed with little trouble. Sometimes the height of the banks and the contours are such that nothing more is required but a small dam to raise the height of the water a couple of feet or so. The general treatment of the surroundings of water de- pend somewhat upon the conditions which exist. The margin should be laid out to conform to natural surround- ings, and if the environment is not hamionious it should be made so. An occasional tree or two and some shrubs to break the sky-line, and to throw reflections of light and shade into the water, are advisable. Water margins can be developed in numberless ways, weaving all sorts of plants suitable to wet and moist conditions into multitudes of variations. In planting the shore of a piece of water, it is the ground which projects into the water which should be furnished with the largest and boldest growing plants. This is not only perfectly natural, but it also has the effect of partiallv concealing the bays. \\'ater thus treated will appear larger than it really is, and a walk along the shore will reveal surprises at almost every step. Regarding ];lants suitable for a water garden, it must be remembered that mainly three distinct conditions exist : we have deep water, shallow water, and the moist earth at the margins just above the water level. I'nfortunately when water is bounded by masonry only plants which will grow actually in the water can be used ^nd therefore three-fourths of water garden possibilities cannot be ob- tained. It is very important to realize one's limitations when planting, es])ecially the water itself. A piece of water covered entirely with vegetation has entirely lost its charm and is little better than a swamp. A water garden must always have pieces of clear, open water, and one must regulate both the quantity and the species of the jjlants used so as to secure this end. .A stretch of clear, still water always greatly increases the restful and quieting influences of rural scenery. Of course there is not room for much 0])en water in a small artificial jxjol. but however small this may be there shouM always be a jiortion of it not covered by i)lants. For deep water, water lilies of course take the first place. The depth of water, absolutely necessary lor the growth of these subjects is not great, but consideration must be given to the depth to which water freezes. These plants are found growing naturally in as much as six or eight feet of water, and it is always best to have a few inches of unfrozen water above their roots in Winter. The best time to plant water lilies is just before they start into growth, or about the secfjnd week of May in the latitude of New York, although success is not impo'isiblc if planted any time from Aijril until September. What- ever the conditions as regards mud at the bottom of the water, it is well to |)repare a compost matle uji of equal parts of good fibrous loam and old cow manure. Wicker baskets, or boxes with plenty of holes in them not less than two inches in diameter, holding about half a bushel, should be half filled with the compost ; put in the lilies spreading their roots out properly, nearly fill up with compost, adding half an inch of coarse sand to the surface and a few stones weighing two or three pounds each, and then sink into the water at the required spot. Water lilies should be planted from six to ten feet apart according to their habit of growth. No praise given to water lilies has approached exag- geration even when confined to our native species, but the newer hybrids raised by Tricker in America and by Marliac in France, have greatly added to their character- istics, not the least valuable of which is the longer season of flowers which the hybrids give. In making a selection regard must be given to the e.xtent of water to be planted ; where the area is large enough to be capable of supjjorting plants by the hundreds the question presents no difficulties as they are all worth growing. America has been highly favored in the matter of water lilies, it being the only country which has native white, pink, and yellow flowered kinds ; and taking the country as a whole it is the only one which can have so rich and so continuous display from .-Vpril until October in the open water without artificial heat. It may be mentioned in passing that sometimes a method is arranged in connection with growing the more tender and night blooming species in artificial pools or tanks, of having warm water run in so that the temper- ature of the water in which the plants are growing never falls below the necessary degree of seventy. The common term water lily is given to three di.stinct genera, Xuplnv, Nyinphcca and Nclmnbium, nearly all the native species being classed under Xnl'har. Among the latter adzriia is the strongest growing and should only be planted in good sized pieces of water and not nearer than twentv feet to any other species. There are some half a dozen other native species hardy north of New York. Among the Nymphaa, odorata is the best known and with its variety rosea, Cape Cod Water Lily, are among the hardiest. This species has been one of the parents ot many of the hardy hybrids. The Nelumbiums are stately plants, and are easily dis- tinguished by having both their flowers and foliage grow- ing at a considerable height out of the water and not on the surface. These plants when once established in con- genial situations spread very rapidly, and for this reason should not be planted near anything else, or even at all in a small piece of water unless one desires it to be confinevl to these alone. It is well to give them a bay to them- selves when possible. The common name for Ncliniibiiini is lotus and there are only two species in the world — unless there are undis- covered ones — the native A'^. lutca and the oriental A'. niicifcra of which there are several natural varieties. The latter has wrongly been called the Fgyinian lotus, but Nclwtibium is not native of l'"gypt. although it was culti- vated there in Roman times, probably for food, as they are now in la|)an. The F.gy]>tian lotus is a Nymplura. While the oriental sjiecies is perfectly hardy ])rovided it always has unfrozen water above its roots, the native species should be included in a collection provided there is room, as it is the only yellow N clumbinrn in the world. Nelum- bimns should only he planted in .S]>ring, and Ihnl ;ifler ihe tubers have shown signs of growth. Those who have not seen the Calla, Richardia cllicoj^icn. growing wild in its South .African home may be unaware that it i-- an a(|uatic, and can be treated as a hardy water ( Continued on pa^^e 290) For October, 1922 289 An Arnold Arboretum Plantsman's World Tour WM. N. CRAIG TWENTY-SEVEN months seeins a long time to be away from home, liut when over 100,000 miles are covered during that period, one gains the impres- sion that the traveler must have been constantly on the move. And when it is remembered that the major part of this time was spent either in the southern hemisphere or in the equatorial regions of the world, where in many cases, somewhat slow and primitive means of locomotion exist, one must conclude that the lately completed journey of Ernest H. Wilson, noted plant collector and assistant director of the famed Arnold Arboretum of Boston, must have been a long and rather arduous one, although dif- ferent from the several expeditions vmdertaken in western China for James \''eitch and Sons of London, and the Arnold Arboretum. Having gained valuable experience in successive ex- peditions imdertaken in Formosa, Korea, Manchuria, western China, and Japan, during the course of which he added no less than 1193 species and varieties of woody plants, hundreds of which are proving most valuable garden plants, since their dissemination throughout the world's temperate zones, Air. Wilson was well fitted to undertake his last world tour, not for the purpose of collecting seeds and plants, but to secure dried specimens for herbarium uses of many plants doomed ere long to extinction owing to the progress of civilization ; to get in touch with correspondents of the .\rnold Arboretinn in various parts of the world ; to establish means of mutual help with collectors and authorities : to effect exchanges with institutions and collections to the end that the her- liarium of the Arnold Arboretum shall possess specimens of every woody plant on earth. Leaving Boston on July 8, 1920, Air. Wilson first went to England and crossing to France, sailed from Toulon for Freemantle in western Australia, by way of the Suez Canal and Ceylon. After touring western Australia he took the transcontinental train for Adelaide in southern .\ustralia, and thence to Melbourne and Sydney. Next he sailed for New Zealand and arriving at Auckland, toured the length and breadth of that country by train or motor car. From New Zealand he went to Tasmania, and after a short stay there, returned to Melbourne, and from there to Brisbane in Queensland. Next Mr. Wilson went by steamer to Thursday Island and Port Darwin in northern Australia ; sailing from there for Java, and having crossed that wonderful tropical island, went to Singapore, Penang and the Federated Ma'ay States, staying over at the capitol, the new city of Kuala-Lampur. From Penang he sailed for Calcutta, calline en route at Rangoon in Burma. From Calcutta, he went through northern India via Lucknow by way of Dehra and Simla to Rawalpindi ; thence to Kashmir, re- turning to Calcutta by way of Lahore, Delhi, Agra and Cawnpore. Aeain leaving Calcutta he went to Sikkim and ^ssam, and later went south from Calcutta to Ceylon via Mad'-as, returning by the west coast of India to the Nilsriri Hi'ls, thence to Panealore and Bombay. Af'-ira yet remained to be conquered. Sailing from Bom'^av. Mombasa on the east coast of .Africa was reache''. and from there, Mr. Wilson went into the equato- rial regions bv way of Uganda to the sources of the Nile and the ^'e-'^a Mountain rountrv. Returning" to Alombasa, he took slr'p to Beira in Portuguese East Africa ; thence to Zanzibir and Dares Salaam. From Beira train was taken through southern Rhodesia and to the Victoria, Falls on the Zambesi, falls twice as high as Niagara and carrying about the same volume of water ; next southward by train to Pretoria, the Transvaal capital ; thence east and south through Bloemfontein to Port Elizabeth and through Cape Colony to Cape Town. From Cape Town, steamer was taken to England and later from England to the United States which was reached August 24, 1922. Everywhere the traveler received a warm welcome, the very name of the Arnold Arboretum seemed to procure for him special attention, for news of his coming had preceded him. Australia Air. Wilson descril>ed as a vast and lonely continent, possessing great resources but rigidly limited in its development by lack of labor, which the Labor parties there will not admit. Much of Australia is poten- tial cotton country. Western Australia resembles Cali- fornia and our arid W'est. New Zealand like Oregon and Washington is green, fruitful and beautiful, while Queensland, one of the best Australian states, although given to extreme labor policies, is tropical or sub-tropical. W'estern Australia is mainly a grazing country while southern Australia is a great grain-producing region. In Queensland, much of the world's cotton could be produced but for the labor shortage. The whites will not tolerate the admission of the yellow or black races. The white man says he will do all the work, but he can- not do so. He succeeds for a time but eventually pro- duction fails. So with the white woman. In such a warm climate she cannot successfully perform all the household tasks falling upon her and at the same time, produce healthy children. The white race seems to be writing its own death warrant in refusing to have the assistance of the black and yellow races. The happiest and most contented people in the world are the New Zealanders. Their beautiful and rich coun- try produces about everything desirable in climate and crops, and here while no one is verv rich, there are no poor. Their labor rule is much less fanatical than in some of the Australian states. Australian trees are rich but strange. The Eucalyptus is the characteristic and predominant tree. Western .Aus- tralia has the "grass tree" or "black boy," a tree with a frowzy top, somewhat resembling a palm in the descend- ing masses of grass at the top and waist. Wood of the jarra tree, Eucalyptus niarginatiis, is specially valuable as the wood makes splendid paving blocks. The Karri or "marble trunk" sometimes reaches the height of three hundred feet, standing in great columned rows with a limitless carpet of bracken. The interior of Australia is an arid region and in a large meastire treeless. Amongst the exotic pests troubling .Australia is the American prickly pear, or Opuntia which shows a dispo- sition to take entire possession of the grazing lands, and which seems impossible of eradication. In New Zealand blackberries overrun fields and meadows, while water cresses choke ponds and streams. The rabbit pest con- tinues unabated, but an enormous number are killed an- nually and exported in a frozen state. The African baobab tree occurs in northern Australia. In Queensland a curious vegetable feature is the bottle tree, Brachychiton rupcstris, which not only looks like a vast bottle standing on the ground but also yields drink- able water when tapped like a maple tree. The baobab while huge and imposing possesses wood which is almost (Continued on page 295) 290 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE c SCENTED MUSK OINCIDENT with my note appearing on page 234 of the Gardiner?' Chronicle, comes a letter from my friend. J. M. Bridgeford. He says that a few years ago he discovered in a Devonshire cottage window one or two plants of the true scented musk and he persuaded the owner to let him have one. For some time it did yield scented progeny but the perfume is now entirely gone. He add. "I wish we could place our hands on a little of the good old type.'" Now. Florum Amritor, it"s a case of dig in and find that scented musk. T. A. Weston. Morum Amator has no reply to make to the frenzied ejaculations with which T. A. Weston opens the con- tinuance of his discussion on Scented Musk, in the August issue of the Chronicle, for Florum Amator is not strong in that style of argument." He is, however, willing todiscuss the subject in a scientific way. basing his argurnent on an array of facts and leaving out all personal experiences, against which courtesy always forbids a man to argue, and all personal references to friends, and dis- paraging remarks about Yankee seedsmen, a class of mer- chants of high business character, we think. The real question at issue is this, was there ever a plant named MimuJus moschatos, which was musk scented, which is now e.xtinct, or which is still extant but has lost its musk scent. That this plant has become extinct in a certain country, England for instance, is possible, but not probable, but that plants of Mimulus moscJtatos which were once musk scented in their native habitat or in culti- vation, have lost their scent, we think highly improbable and, indeed, hardly possible. It is customary to reason from analogy. The several species of Pelargoniums, namely. P. capitalmn, the rose; P. graveolens, the lemon-scented; P. z-itifolium, the balm- .scented ; P. iomentosum. the pennyroyal : P. oratiim, the citron-scented; P. odorata, the apple-scented, were all scented when introduced, some of them one or more cen- turies ago. we are told, and they are scented now. Pass- ing from the scented Pelargoniums to plants of other gen- era, we know that the Aloysia citriodora, lemon-scented verljena. introduced in 1784. is lemon-scented now just as it was in our boyhood. The same is true of Hcdcoma pugleioides, American pennyroyal : Mentha puglcgium, the true pennyroyal of Europe ; Mentha piperita, pepper- mint, and M. viridis. spearmint. Leaving the plants hav- ing a scented foliage and turning to those which had sweet-scented flowers years ago. we find them with sweet- scented flowers now, e. g., NympJuv odorata. the water lily ; IlemcrocaUis ova. the lemon-scented day lily ; Poly- anthus tidierosa, the tuberose : Citrus sinensis, the orange, and Phihidelphus cornnarius, the mock orange. We might easily add to this brief list of plants with scented foliage or with scented flowers, which were scented as far back as the records go and are scented now, but we think that this is suflicient to give force to our argument that if there ever was a Mimulus moschatos or a variety of it, that was musk-scented, that same species, or a variety of it, is tnusk- scented new. If. on the other hand, there was a species or variety of Mimulus which was not musk-scented yearM ago, which by carelessness or error has been propagated instead of the musk-scented variety of Mimulus, and has lart^ely taken its place, that species or variety is probably without a musk scent now. We may l>e mistaken in this matter; we do not belong to the verv sure class of men who never will admit that they are wrong. We would be plea.sed. however, to have T. A. Weston submit a li.st of moderate length of plants which years ago had scented foliage, or scented flowers. but whii^e foliage or tlowers are now scentless, in support of his contention that a plant, c. g., Mimulus moschatos, was once scented but is now without scent. May I sug- gest that in this discussion of a subject which is very in- teresting, at least to Florum Amator, that we leave out all personalities and personal experiences, and any flings at either American or British seedsmen, for both of whom we have great resiject, and simply present facts? Florum Amator does not care to continue the discussion about Miuiiiiits mochatos in any bitter or imfriendly manner, and as be has said before, admits that he ma_\- be wrong in his conclusions. If so, he is ready to be convinced of his error by an array of fact.. Florum Amator. I notice on page 2,54 of your valued paper that T. A. Weston has not seen the musk plant, either cultivated or wild. If he would take the trouble to call at our place. I would be pleased to show him a number of plants growing vigorously in the greenhouse and will also show him a plant in C^range which has astonished me by wintering through last Winter, so that he can see at one time both a cultivated and a so-called wild specimen. W. A. Manda. Let me join in the "scented musk discussion." I have nothing to say about musk from seed, but I remember it in England growing naturally in the garden, and when grandmother wanted a ix>t to keep in the house, we just dug up some of the creeping stems, filled the pot with soil, faid on the rhizomes, and covered with soil. When I was on the F. W. Vanderbilt place, Hyde Park, N. Y., nearly twenty years ago, scented Mimulus moschatos was grow- ing naturally in one of the shrubbery beds, and if it has not since been eradicated, it is probabl}' growing there yet. Robert Barton. WATER GARDENING ( Couliiiucd jroiu page 288) plant. In llritain great success has been achieved with it in water as deep as two feet and in which the plant in- creases with great rapidity. The fact that it does well in that depth of water opens possibilities of using it in climates having colder Winters than prevail in Britain, so long as an inch or two of unfrozen water remains over its crowns. As a rule the best materials for water gardening are those of our own country, although there are some species which have been growing here so long that they may be looked upon as citizens. Notably among the latter is the Japanese Iris, Iris hn'igata, which is common in our flower gardens, but all its fine characteristics are increased to a remarkable de.gree when grown as a sub-aquatic ; there are also several species of native Iris which have their habitat in swampy places. Of all situations we have to deal with in beautifying home surroundings, we have tlie clearest guidance from Nature in the material which is best to use for the water side. However good in form and right in every way in relation to the landscape a piece of water may be. it is quite easy to spoil the effect of it all by the use of material, especially in the way of shrubs and frees, which has not the form and characteristics of those native to the situatioiL With thi>. .'IS well as with other sptrial gardens, it is advisable for those who have not had opportimities of gaining cxjicrience to obtain the advice of an expert, both in relation to the formation of the piece of water, as well as in the selection of plants to use. For October, 1922 291 Ornamental Flowering Trees and Shrubs CAMILLO SCHNEIDER, in the Magazine Gartenschoenheit, Berlin (Continued from August Issue) JUNE-BERRIES (.hnclaucli:cr) and Choke-berries (Aronia.) In our European woodlands there is no blossoming shrub or tree that in Alay can vie with the June-berries of the United States. At this time, in the eastern States, there blooms before all others Amelancliicr canadensis (A. Botryapium) and A. Iccvis {A. canadensis of the gardens) : the last is immediately recognized by its broad and almost horizontal branching. It is particularly beautiful at the time of blossoming, with its pendant flower racemes and purple young leaves. But the genuine, al- most perpendicularly branching canadensis has its great charms, as the blossoms, which appear before the leaves, are in thick nodding inflorescences covered with silky hairs. When in the thin woodlands Cornus florida also shows itself at the same time in its blinding white splendor, one can scarcely think of anything more sur- prising or impressive. How enchantedly did my eye look upon the May landscapes when I journeyed in I'll'* from Washington to New York, after I had already stood in astonishment before many a shrub of these Spring blos- soms in the vicinity of Washington. Accordingly the Amelanchiers deserve more than any other woody shrubs to be naturalized in our country. Their native representatives. A. rotundifolia or I'ulgans. with which I became intimately acquainted upon mv excur- sions in the hill country south of Vienna, makes a much smaller appeal. Somewhat taller shrubs than ours are the .American A. sanguinca and A. oi'alis, both of which pass usually as spicata. the latter, with its erect berries, espe- cially deserves this name and merits the greatest esteem. Deserving of quite cordial recommendation is the choke- berry, or Aronia, which is generally classed with Sorbus or Pyrus. I still remember clearly the vivid impression which A. arbutifoJia made upon me in the nineties in the Greifswalder Botanical Gardens when the purple orange of its autumnal foliage was glowing. The splendor of its coloring attracted me to my first attempt at writing for publication. No less charming is A. mclanocarpa and A. atropurpurea. likewise native to eastern North America. The most beautiful of all, however, is arbutifolia, which holds its attractive red fruit far into Winter, while that of mclanocarpa ripens as early as August and soon drops. The family of fruits with pits or Pomacccc, to which the apples and pears, as well as the genuses named last, be- long, is not at all exhausted by the enumeration of these types. I make quick mention only of the quince, Cydonia. of the Japanese Pseudo-quince, Chcenomcles. of flame red. which merits wider dissemination because of its fruits. Pseudocydonia cliincnsis, the Chinese quince, whose pink flowers are not too striking, but have a wonderful fra- grance, and whose stems have bark that peels off like that of the plane trees, should come into consideration for warm sites. An additional genus, large and rich in form, whose sorts for the most jiart, however, bloom late in the Spring or even in the Summer is that of the Mountain Ashs and Alders : Sorbus. They deserve, like the thorns, Cratce- gus, and the rock sprays, Cotoncaster, a detailed account for their many kinds and forms play a great role in the gardens, not only at the time of bloom, but also in the case of many, at the time of fruiting in late Summer and in Autumn. For the present onlv brief reference can be made to them. Among the mountain ashes, Sorbus aucuparia, the most noteworthy to me are the north Chinese 5. puhuasJv- anensis and S. discolor {S. pckurensis) but S. splendida also, a cross of the native 5. aucuparia and 5. Americana, merits its name. Our mountain ash with 5". aria, has yielded the beautiful S. hybrida or 6". qucrcifolia in which tlie variation of the leaf structure of mountain ashes so markedly expresses itself. Of the Asiatic group I have always prized .S". Itostii the most, which far excels both its parents, S. Chamcemespilus and S. Mongestii in neatness. Very rich in bloom is the interesting east Asiatic 5". ( Mi- cro meles) alnifoUa also. Among the thorns, Cratccgus, we treasure in the gar- dens perhaps above all others the red and pink forms of the native C. monogyna. The darkest colored is known as Paul's New Scarlet, or kcrmesimo-plena. What a hand- some eflect these thorns make I have often realized in the wonderful Place of the Prison in Dresden, for which, to be sure, one might wish a still more pleasant garden ar- rangement. A still larger number of Cratccgus are of importance as Spring bloomers, and in the first rank are the east Asiatic C. chlorosarca, C. dahurica, C. korolkozm and C. sanguinea. Among the hundreds of North Ameri- can species we must first determine upon a selection suit- able for us. Very manifold are the rock sprays. Cotoneastcr. As rich and handsome sorts irom China and eastern Asia, I learned to know in the Arnold Arboretum C. hupehcnsis and C. multiflora var. calocarpa. I believe that these two are not equaled at their period of blooming by any other sort, to say nothing of their being surpassed. At the same time the latter is especially of extraordinary beauty when decorated with its vividly colored fruit and bears its name quite properly. But the charms of the blossoms of the types having smaller stature, like adprcssa. Danimeri or horizontalis are not to be valued too little. In conclusion, let me add a few words further about the adaptability of these beautiful flowering trees and shrubs in our parks and home grounds. They are still all too uncommon, and in only a few cases have I seen, up to the present time, the attempt to allow them their full effect. For this a particular eft'ort ought to be made in our public parks which could make an essential gain in attractiveness thereby. There is, of course, needed along with this a cer- tain education on the part of the visitors so that they do not wantonly break ofif the beautiful branches of blossoms, as too often, alas, happens even still in fruit orchards. We must acquire for these wonderful flowers the reverence of the Orientals. The sight of them must not arouse in us only an individual and selfish desire to possess ; it must free in us a feeling of pure enjoyment, of devoted rapture. We must find in them works of art, before which we stand in admiration and full of inner feelings. r.et the cherries and the apples be introduced into our public parks, but not as detached specimens or in small scattered groups. No ! in large, animated groups which at the time of blossoming would draw thousands, as they do in Japan, and as I saw' was the case in the Arnold Arbor- etum also. There no one hindered the visitors from stej>- ping upon the grass in order to look at them more closely. People reclined in the Spring sunshine around the blos- soming trees and the impression upon the visitors was so deep that only seldomly a froward hand thoughtlessly (Continued on page 292) 292 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE The Source of Plant Food WILLARD N. CLUTE IT is a difticult matler to convince the averas^e individual that phuits do not take their food out of the ground. Everywhere he sees vegetation rooted in the soil and naturally infers that this is the source of their nourish- ment, iloreover, it is a matter of common knowledge that plants absorb from the soil, for if water l>e withheld from any plant for a sufficient time, it invariably withers and dies. It is. of course, true that plants absorb water and mineral matter from the earth, but these are not foods in the generally accepted meaning of the word, though water or the elements of which it is composed form part of all food. Water must be combined with other elements be- fore it becomes food, however. Ordinarily foods are classed as carbohydrates, fats or oils, and proteins. Probably the commonest are the carbo- hydrates, represented by such substances as sugar, starch, wood or cellulose, and inulin. If the water is completely driven out of any of these, as in the process of making charcoal from wood, a black substance known as carbon is left. This is derived by plants, not from the soil, but from the air. This carbon exists in the air in very minute quantities combined with oxygen in the form of carbon dioxide. In ordinary air there are only about three parts of this gas in ten thousand and yet from such minute quan- tities, all the food in the world is built up. Xot only are the water and carbon dioxide the basic material from which food is made, but plants are the only organisms in existence that can tear the elements in these substances apart and re-combine them in the form of food. The plant world, therefore, carries the animal world with it as a sort of pensioner on its bounty. If all the plants should perish, the animals would soon follow them from sheer inability to get food. The whole problem of animal and plant nutrition is bound up with the problem of securing energy. A small part of our food is used in growth and repair, but the major part is used in securing' energy with which we move in carrying out a vast number of activities. This energy was stored origmally in the food by plants, and the best that animals can do is to break down the food already formed and use the energy. Plants alone are able to ac- cumulate and fi.x new supplies of energy. All day long the sun showers down on the earth various forms of energy. Heat, light, electrical and chemical rays fall u[)on the plants, and the latter, by means of cer- tain green bodies in the cells known as chloroplasts, stop and use certain of these rays. The heat rays seem most important m promoting or hastening various life processes in the plants, and only the light rays are sources of ener^. It is well known that ordinary daylight is made up of at least seven colors and that these are sorted out in various ways to give the color effects that we see. An apple, for instance, looks red because it reflects the red rays and absorbs the others. Plants are green, therefore, not because they use green rays, but because they rellcct ihem. The fact that plants are green is of no advantage to them ; it simply indicates that in the green parts some of the iiglit rays are Ijeing stopped. This explains the almost univer.sal color of plants and the further fact that all independent plants invariably seek the light. Plants that are not green are unalile to make use of the light rays and consequently are unable to secure energy from this source and are obliged to depend upon food marie by other organisms, just as animals do. In the plant the light rays are turned to a form of energy, similar to, or identical with, electrical energy, and by means of this the carbon dioxide and water are com- l)ined to form starches and sugars. In making this com- bmation a certain amount of oxygen is left over and this is generally given ol¥ to the air, which probably accounts for the idea generally held that plants breathe out what animals breathe in. In the process of respiration, com- monly called breathing, plants behave exactly like animals, taking in oxygen and giving out carbon dioxide. The reason the process of respiration in animals and plants is confused is that in food making, jjlatits have a second process, known as photosynthesis, which animals do not have, and which is exactly the reverse of respira- tion, in fact this is no other than the process of food- making which we have been discussing. Photosynthesis, however, is so much more active than res])iration in plants that it usually masks respiration and thus contributes to the idea that it is the only jjrocess. There are only about ten chemical elements required by ])Iants and only three of these, are concerned in food mak- ing and the storage and release of energy. Since these three are found in the carbon dioxide of the air and the soil water the farmer sometimes ex])resses it by saying that his crops are made of wind and water. It is well known, however, that sterile soils will not grow crops and that fertilizers must be added to most soils in order that plants will thrive. The fertilizers, of course, contain the other elements that are absolutely necessary to the well- being of the plants. Some of these are concerned in the ripening of wood and fruit, others are necessary in form- ing chlorophyll, still others neutralize acids, promote plant processes or contribute to the building up of the living substance or protoplasm. Put the securing of energy and the locking it up until needed in the form of wood, coal, oil and food, is .almost entirely a matter of wind, water and sunlight. ORNAMENTAL FLOWERING TREES AND SHRUBS {Continued from page 291) broke off branches. The effect is the stronger in propor- tion as we plant larger groups of one sort and thus, ac- cording to the time of bloom, we can create changing Springtime pictures at different points of large public parks. l'"or this pur|iose (|uite ixirticularly there shoidd be recommendetl the ornamental apples mentioned above, which, with their croijs of fruit, give additional charm. This is true of the rock s|irays also, and of the .Aronias, who.-e Autuni)i;d splendor mrd/., I\!. Sicholdi. M. thcifcra. Cotoncastcr vinllillora calocarpa and yet many others of the kinds mentioned, each one of which i^roduces a lovely sight by itself. He who once begins to make friends of all these forms will thereafter always more zcalouslv strive to hel]> introduce them everywhere. — F. I!. M Tor October, 1922 293 The Greenhouse, Month to Month GEORGE P. STEWART THIS month the chrysanthemums will be the chief at- tractions. They will be flowering profusely from the last of October until the middle of November. Of course, some early varieties will have gone by, and late varieties will straggle along until the first of the year. It is interesting to note the great change that has taken place toward the chrysanthemum around Boston. Fifteen to thirty years ago, the fashion was for large blooms, and enormous specimen plants. Of late years, on many pri- vate estates there has been a distinct reaction, and smaller plants without disbudding are called for. Also one will see on some places, three stems run up in a seven- oi eight-inch pot, three to four feet, according to the variety, and then a spray of flowers on each stem. These plants are very eft'ective for using in high windows in the house, and are just as useful for cutting for vases. They also appear more natural than the enormous single flower, which as one lady said to me, reminded her of a floor mop. I believe, however, that in certain positions a vase •of large bloom are very effective, and show the grower's skill. In our exhibitions here in Boston of late years, there has been very few large specimen plants exhibited, and very few large blooms in vases. Some very effective groups, however, have been put up, arranged with othei plants. The greenhouse man's aim shotild be to suit the taste and ideas of his employer. This is a good time to weed out undesirable varieties. There may be shades of color that do not appeal to the family and some of the newer varieties may be considered better than the older ones. While they are in flower, it is better to take note of these things and know what and how many of a given variety may be grown another season. Careful watering of chrysanthemums must be done as the flower begins to open. By the afternoon the floors should be dry and a nice dry atmosphere maintained over night. The earlier flowering varieties may be moved away from the later ones, if they are grown in pots, when syringings may be given them to keep red spider in check. We have seen this destructive little insect destroy the later flowers, before they were ready to cut, when they were planted out on a bench carelessly among the early flower- ing ones. in the cool greenhouse more careful watering must be ■done among the hard wood plants as the day shortens. If there is anything that these plants will not stand it is careless watering. It is no use in putting any man who has no love for these plants to look after them, and he must likewise have had experience among them. It may be that, because of these exacting requirements, so few of these once popular plants are seen arovmd nowadays. I refer especially to such plants as Baucra, Pinielca, Eriostcmon, Lnculia grafissima, Daphne, Heaths, etc. Every gardener ought to familiarize himself with the culture of these plants as there are none that are hand- somer when they are well grown. Many of our young men need training as to their requirements, and it is up to the older generation to see that they are taught. Any cyclamen plants that are to be kept for late work in March, may be given their final shift this month, and brought along in a cool house avoiding draughts. A good compost is one part nice fibery loam ; one part flakey leaves, preferably oak or beech ; a little dried cow manure ; enough sharp sand to keep the soil porous ; also a sprinkling of broken charcoal, b'umigate at least once a week with some of the tobacco remedies. Hydrocyanic gas may be used by an experienced person. We have found tbat it is cheaper, more effective, and does not need to be done as often as with the nicotine remedies. Primula obconica can be had in several shades of color, ^lany object to the magenta shades, but the whites and blues are fine. Some cannot handle this plant without getting poisoned. Personally, I cannot touch it. I can well remember, as a young man about thirty years ago, a very vmreasonable gardener whom I worked under, insisted that I handle it. My hands and arms were a sight. Everyone should be warned about this danger, especially if used for house decoration. These plants may get their final potting this month, using a good rich loam. All primulas can be kept in cold frames for quite a while yet. if the frames are well built. The greenhouse is likely to be crowded until the chrysanthemum season is over. A mat over the glass will generally keep out all frost until well into November. Some of the larger hybrid calceolarias ought to be . fit for nine-inch pots in early November ; that is, if they were sown in April and moved right along. Keep them in the coolest house and as close to the glass as possible. The finest specimens I have ever seen, were all the time, from first of October until they threw up their flower stems, kept so close to the glass that one could merely pass the open hand between the glass and the plant. Of course, they had to be lowered gradually as they grew. Fuchsias that are intended for what we call half speci- mens, in nine- and ten-inch pots next May, should be in five-inch pots in early November if they are doing well. Pinch and shape them as advised in an earlier article, and keep them in a night temperature around fifty-five degrees. Annuals such as Calendula, Dhnorphothcca, lupines, snapdragons, stocks, that are wanted for Winter flower- ing, must not be allowed to get into a starved condition. If they are grown in pots, move them along until the desired size is reached. If they are to be planted out on a bench, sav after chrysanthemums, it is better to give them a small shift rather than that they should suffer. We have sometimes kept up the vigor by knocking them out of the small pots and setting them in flats. Sprinkle a very thin layer of rich loam over the bottom of each flat before setting the plants in them. We have kept them this way in good condition from two to three weeks. Carnations that have been bench-grown will now be giving fine flower stems, and the bench will be full of roots. See that a little stimulation is given occasionally. We have used Clay's fertilizer successfully, and sheep manure scattered over the surface of the bench for a change. A friend of mine, who is a very fine grower, tells me he uses tankage in slight applications with success. As the days shorten, the rosehouse needs careful watch- ing as regards air and moisture. Over night have all moisture dried off the leaves after syringing and the floors dry also. Keep the soil on the bench in a fairly moist condition at all times. Experience has taught me. 294 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE under our conditions, that we have less black spot to contend with by keeping the soil around the plants on the moist side, rather than on the dry side. To those who have plenty of bench space, vegetables may be grown from Xovcniber on. Beans, carrots, beets. New Zealand spinach, lettuce, etc. are always acceptable in a young tender state. They can be grown successfully in a night temperature around sixty degrees with a ten to fifteen degrees rise during the day. Lettuce will do better in a lower temperature. Tomatoes, of course, are always acceptable if one gets a good forcing variety and careful cultivation is practiced. Now is the time to begin fighting mealy bug on the grape vines, and scale insect on the fruit trees indoors. In my opinion there is nothing better than Hydrocyanic gas. There is a nice little booklet that can be had from the Roessler & Hasslacher Chemical Co.. Perth .Vmboy, N. J., telling in an up-to-date manner how to use it. They also supply cyanide in one ounce egg-shaped pieces which are most convenient. If the gas is used according to directions in the booklet, every two weeks while the fruit trees and vines are dormant, there will be very little trouble in the growing season with bugs and scale. If, however, they have been badly infected over a period of years, one season will not eradicate them. Also after we have them clean, we still keep it up. for although we see no signs of these insects, prevention is better than cure. I have used this gas for a great number of years, (in fact, ever since it began to be known on this side of the Atlantic) on a great many diflferent kinds of plants, and consider it one of the greatest time saving funiigants known to the greenhouse man. There are a number of plants which will get slightly injured with it, and one has to learn by experience what to eliminate from a greenhouse when using it. I would never think of using it on oi'chids, as everytime I attempted it they were injured. George Pring, of St. Louis, told me they can use it on these plants out there without injury to them. Atmospheric conditions may have a good deal to do with it. Cattleyas Bozi.'riniiiaHa and labiata are in sheath and j)Ushing up their flowers. They have to be carefully watered, and we find after cutting the flowers of C. labiata, which should be done with a clean cut, it is better for some time to keep them in a rather dry atmosphere until the cut dries. After the flowers are cut, if kept in too moist a condition, the bulb of this cattleya is apt to rot. Dcudrohium Phalccnopsis Schrocdcrianum is als(5 flower- ing. We find it does well in a temperature never lower than sixty degrees. It propagates readily. We got a small offset from a friend about seventeen years ago, and have raised eighteen plants from that one piece. The flowers are one of the most useful and decorative of the orchid family. Work for the Month in the Garden SAMUEL GOLDING iiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ N( )\\' that the majority of crops has been gathered in, there remains but a few weeks ere Winter makes its reappearance. However, much can be accomplished during open weather toward laying the foundation for next year's crops. The breaking up of new ground, dig- ging and trenching; mixing the subsoil and incorporating some good farm yard manure. When this is well done it has a most important bearing on the success of the crops, as it provides for more depth and a more fertile rooting medium, wiiich will help the various plants to withstand the heat and draught of Summer. Any subsoil brought to the surface will receive the mellowing influence of the Winter's frost. This work, if done now, will save valuaijle time when the Spring rush is here, for it will then need only raking and leveling to l)e ready for the reception of seeds or plants. Complete the lifting of late potatoes and other roots, storing them away for Winter use. Make pre])arations for forcing asparagus, seakale, chicory and rhubarb; lift a few roots and keep them as cool as possible. They respond more readily when brought into heat, if they have been subjected to some frost. Cut over the asparagus bed, as soon as the stems are ripe, and fork in a g(jod coating of manure, whicli will save time in the Spring. If .severe frost threatens, lift caulillowcr and ])lace close together in a fit, deep frame, or cool shed where it will keep for a considerable time. Lift late endive and lettuce and place in cold frames; failing this means of protection, use some salt hay or other material to cover them during frosty snaps. Remove the bottom foliage from the I'.russels sprouts to give the growing sprouts all light and sunshine durini^ the brief growing seas it is (|uite .safe. Make preparations for its removal to Winter quarters in Xovember. If wintered outside, collect mat*-, rial for protection in case of an early emergency. .Make up Mushroom beds for Winter bearing. Late vegetables growing in frames will need careful attention, regarding the watering and ventilating. Have a supply of mats on hand for covering the sash on cold nights. .\s soon as the Summer bedding has been cut down, begin preparations innnediately for the Si)ring flowering luflbs. (iet the tulips, iiyacinths, narcissi, scillas i)lanted when preparing the beds for their recei)tion, avoid too heavy a coating of manure. If they were well maimred in the Spring it should be sufficient. I f hardy Lilies are ordered from the dealer, arrange and prepare the location for planting them. Give the ground a dressing of leaf soil. In case of late delivery, cover the groiuid with some protection to prevent it from freezing u]), so they can be i)lanted as soon as I hey are received to ])revent any shrivelling of the bulbs. Tlie Hardy Chrysanthennim continues gay throughout \\w month. The recent s])ell of warm weather has im- l)ro\'e(l them. They should have some protection on cold nights. Lift dahlias, cannas. gladioli, and allow them to dry outside before storing. If ordinary wooden labels are used to label them, attach the l.-ilu-ls to the tubers with a |)iccc of wire. When siring is used, it oftimes decays and causes con- fusion of names when tiiey arc brought out in the .Spring. It is a good ))lan to store then) crown downward, so that For Octobrr. 1sts might Ik- considerably For October, 1C22 297 checked by the more careful confcirmalidn to natural laws on the part of the gardener. Take the case of that common disease among young seedlings known as "damping off." Millions of tiny plants are lost an- nual.y on account of this virulent fungus pest. But I believe, and most gardeners will be ready to admit, that in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred the attacks might be averted by adopting com- mon-sense methods of culture. The disease is primarily one which attacks plants grown under artificial conditions, ."^s every garde/.er knows, it attacks seedlings under glass and is caused either by overcrowding, excessive moisture, or a close, vitiated atmosphere. Another cause not always recognized by gardeners is that of sowing seeds in soil which has previously contained diseased seedlings. The preventive precautions in regard to the first-named causes are obvious, while the importance of sterilizing affected soil is equally evident. The above is a concrete case of a more or less preventable disease, but it is typical of a host of others. The matter of contagion is one which is very often too little considered by gardeners. A single plant in a greenhouse which is attacked by green-fly is capable of ruining a houseful of plants and is too often allowed to do so. One mi'dewed plant is equally capable of inflicting damage, and frequently docs so. These remarks seem so obviously true that it appears foolish to make them, but it is surprising what a large number of people will not take the necessary steps to isolate infected plants. The negligent gardener who fails to treat promptly the diseases which attact the fruit trees and crops in his garden is a menace to his neighbors. No conscientious grower, on however small a scale, will knowingly disregard the importance of checking diseases which might cause havoc to other people's crops. To take im- media'e steps for the eradication of injurious pes's is a duty which be'ongs to every citi'en. The matter of prevention is equally in^portant, and the keynote of success may be briefly summed up in the words "good cultivation." .'^part from the more or less preventable causes of disease in cultivated plants, there are those which are probably due to what may be called "unnatural, common horticultural practices." In making a conscientious inquiry into the reasons for increased dis- ease amo'is plants, we cannot honestly shirk investigation into this side of the question. The practice of unduly forcing plants to produce flowers and fruit before the normal seasoi is possibly respo 'sible for the weakened constitution of many plants. This impaired vigor undoubtedly makes plants more susceptible to attack. Then, again, the continued propagation of plants by cut- tings or buds may be another cause. Is it reasonable to supnose that the prolonged perpetuation of the same stock has anything to do with increased susceptibility to disease? The Potato is sub- ject to some*hing like seventeen different diseases, and few plants iiave been so subjected to vegetative reproduction. Finally, it may not be amiss to inquire how far excessive plant breeding is responsible for increased plant sickness. I believe it is more or less allowed by most gardeners that those plants which have been the most subject to the work of the hybridist are the ones most prone to disease. It is a matter for speculation whether the hieh types of perfection seen in the so-called floris's' flowers are to be paid for by an increased susceptibility to disease. The reckless crossing and intercrossing of many flowers has resulted in a diminution of seed production, and when we remember that the primary object of the flower is to perpetuate its species by means of seeds, we are brought face to face with the fact that ■we are hindering one of Nature's chief schemes for race per- petuity. To thwart Nature is to court disaster. We know this to be true in the case of the human body. In venturing the opinion that in our headlong race after abnormal types of flowers we are possibly depriving the generations yet unborn I do not attempt to dogmatize. My remarks on this head are suggestive only, I am content to leave the matter for consideration by wiser heads than mine. — Gardening lUusiratcd. BOOK REVIEWS. Text Book of Pomology by J. II. Guiirlcy. M, S, The Mac- millan Company, New York, Upon its nearly 400 pages, this well composed book presents the "experimental and investigational bases of fruit growing on the physiological side." It renders valuable service by having collected and put into conve.iient form for students who have already had considerable mstruction in the schools much of the experimental material that has been accumulating. The selection of the material seems at every point to have been made wisely, so that the earnest student may draw his own practical conclusions from the results of most au horita- tive experiments with pruning, the thinning of fruit, orchard soils, cultural methods, fertilizers, the improvement of fruit, its storage. and several other problems less vital. The presentation is rein- forced by many tables, eight clear illustrations and forty "figures," The non-academic person, without true scientific bent, misrht complain that it is hard to find in this work definite and reliable conclusions. He might wish that the author had concisely given his summary of the theories and experiments relating to each topic in the form which is used at the end of the chapter devoted to fertilizers and manures. But the careful reader finds expressed, in the body of the book, on every point, conclusions as definite as they discreetly can be. for different parts of the country and different conditions. — F. M. B Cyclopedia of Hardy Fruits by U. P. Hedrick, The Macmillan Company, New York. Even in the face of the "change from the growing of fruit for personal use and pleasure to the commercial oicijarding which is taking place in America." it can be stated unqualifiedly that this volume ought to have wide c rculation. Its accuracy of description and determination of synonyms are in fact invaluable. Only in a few cases has the author found it necessary to compile a description and his cautious compilat'on is always frankly marked. Y'et the number of different hardy fruits treated is very large and none worthy of note for any part of the country seems to have been omitted. Even the less com- monly used fruits, like the pawpaw and the barberries, have received adequate treatment. The at all serious faults of any variety are not unment'oned, though the effort in every case has been to give in detail full recoenition to all qualities that are good in both plant and fruit. The 325 black and white figures help the verbal description as do the sixteen full page plates, — F. B. M. The Market Nursery Work Series, by F. J. Fletcher, F. R. H, S. Benn Brothers, Ltd., London. The aim and the ideals of this series of six neat booklets, each of less than seventy-five pages, has been commented upon before in these columns, .^t that time the hope was expressed that the excellencies of the first two numbers would be matched by^ those of the succeeding. This hope has not been disappointed in the third volume, "Roses for Market." nor in the fourth, "Carnations and Pinks," nor in the fifth. "Orchard Fruit Culture," .Anything else could hardly be expected from a man who during nearly fifty years of successful experience as a commercial nurseryman_ has been a progressive student also. He combines shrewd business methods with esthetic appraisement. From these little books the American amateur as well as the professional gardener and nurseryman can derive much of value even though he may have good reason to doubt that "there are no roses (i.e., rose plants) in the wcrld equal to those grown in the L'nited Kingdom." But the painstaking carefulness used by the English grower to make the production of plants most economical he might do we 1 to read about as the Ensrlish grower would do well to learn about budding on multifJora seedlings. National practices, habits and ideals of course vary considerably. Even the most devoted lover of pinks would hardly agree with the world's greatest poet in calling this "good old English flower" "the fairest of flowers." But in England it has much greater vogue than in .America and there the carnation can be extensively grown out doors, .\ffection for the carnation and still more for the border pinks make it seemingly hard for the author to devote a chapter to the now deservedly popular Dionthus Alhvoodii, which combines to a high degree the better qualities of its par- ents, the perpetual-flowering carnation and the old garden pink, some strains of which in England now flower through most of the Summer. Volume V is an admirably condensed treatise sufticiently plain and complete to guide a skillful and patient gardener in making his own fruit-trees. It is particularly valuable for the attention paid to dwarf fruit-trees and to cordons, a subject to which, because of the comparative lack of area has been given much more attention in Europe than in .America. — F. B. M. Greatness of mind is not shown by admitting small things but by making small things great under its influence. He who can take no interest in what is sma.l, will take false interest in what is great, — Ruskin. OWNERS OF COUNTRY ESTATES desiring to obtain the services of gardeners, thor- oughly versed in all phases of their profession, and qualified to assume the responsibilities the position calls for, as superintendents or gardeners, should apply to the National Association of Gardeners, M. C. Ebel, Secretary. 286 Fifth Avenue, New York. The association numbers among its sustaining mem- bers, the owners of some of the foremost country estates in America. The association makes no charge for any service it may render to employer or member. (See page 300.) 298 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE Famous Massachusetts Estates Visited r)URi Ly tate TURING the tales near arc here hrieflv gardeners' convention some of the numerous cs- Boston were visited, the predominating features described. Guests of Ml. aihl Mis. I\. T. ci.i/,,, ,,-. .■„ ,M,i( ,.,,u;,. cu.%//. llUi 1 .nm. of tc/iiV/i Rnhrrt Cameron, frcsidcnt of the Natioiuil Associalinii of Gardeners, is siifierinteiideiil. elude all appearances of artiticiality. Among the plants growing along the waterside is a cress hetwecn Lobelia cardinalis and the L. sy/otanic Gardens in Cambridge. This is a regal home, with a beau- tiful mans-on at the top of a lofty knoll, and surrounded by 2,500 acres i)f rolling land which makes a gradual descent to the sea. The estate includes cne of the best beaches on the North Shore, and an exceedingly charming stretch of Estate of Mrs. W'ili.t.nm H. Moore There are many interesting features about the estate of Mrs. Will'am H. Moore at Prides Crossing, but it is most noted for its willow walk. This walk is composed of willow trees which arch at the top, enclosing it completely except for the openings at each end and in the middle. The walk is about two hundred feet long, and is set with stepping stones ar- ranged in irregular fashion. It ex- tends along one side of the main gar- den and is as picturesque as it is unique. Another feature of this estate and one of even more interest to the experienced gardener is a com- bination rock and water garden set into a slope down which a winding walk leads to the garden of perennial plants. It is a very natural arrange- ment, an attempt being made to ex- Con7\-iilionists passing throng,!) the gardens on the estate of Mrs. li iHiain II. Moor .'ihoicirig (I part of the Perennial /garden, one of .several especially interesting Castle Hill Farm. ■itideii.s III sand dunes. There is a wonderful vista from the mansion to the water, with trees on each side. At the present time the planting is bordered by Norway Poplars, which, however, are not mak'ng very good growth, and are being gradually replaced by evergreens. .\t one side of the house is an inmiense swim- ming pool, the water for which is supplied by a battery of pumps in a special building. These pumjis also supply water for the entire estate. In addition there is an elaborate private lighting plant. The planting around the house consists of himdreds of noble trees supplemented by sunken >;ardens .md a large arliorvitx ma-'e. which is in superb condition. This maze was a nnvelly to m.uiy of the visitors. A formal garden reached by a series of stone steps from the house terrace is entirely enclosed and is planted to perennials. \l For October, lt22 299 Ihc ,^ii,\:Ls o: }:,. ,,,/,; M:s. II. -my Ihi ' ;i tlu-ir estate, renowned for its rose garden. cotUetiuii o/ rhodo- dendrons, and specimen trees and shrubs. one end there is a fountain, and a large group of marble statues. Since Mr. Cameron came to the place he has greatly improved this end of the garden by the use of fastigiate evergreens planted close against the wall. There is an elevated walk around the garden, with supports for tub plants. Passing through a loggia at the further end one descends an- other flight of steps to the rose garden, which is planted almost entirely to teas and hybrid teas. This garden is also enclosed, but the trees and shrubs have been cut away so as to make a com- plete vista from the upper end of the formal garden through the rose garden and across the open country. remarkably complete arboretum, one of the finest private arbore- tums in the country. Here many new and rare trees and shrubs are to be found. All the specimens, too, are labeled as carefully and accurately as in a public park. Another feature of this es- tate which has tnade it widely known is a rock garden of large proport:ons. This garden surrounds a pond, making the setting unusually charming. It is tilled with a comprehensive collection of Alpine plants. This estate also has a large range of green- houses where James Marlborough, the very efficient superintend- ent, has gathered together the finest collection of Winter flowering begonias in tliis country, many of which have been seen at tlower shows in Boston and other places. EsT-\TE OF Mrs. G.\rdner M. Lane Few mansions on the North Shore are more beautifully situ- ated than that of Mrs. Gardner M. Lane at Manchester. Standing as it does on the top of a high bluff, it overlooks the sea for many miles at a particularly beautiful section of the coast line. The gardens, reached by a flower-bordered walk, are terraced. The uppermost garden is very formal in its character, with a large pool as a central feature. Descending a flight of steps one comes to the perennial garden, where are several plants not often seen, including Gaura lindheinieri and a form of Cimicifitga which none of the visitors could name. Another descent leads to the vege- table garden below, where are also the greenhouses. The rocks used in terracing this garden were not laid in cement, but the A viezi' from the Z'cgetablc garden of Castle Htll Farm shaming the sand dunes and ocean in the distance; also a corner of the farm buildings. >.-■' - -■ Inspecting the -rcgcrable garden of Castle Hill I-arm, some of the critics remarked on the unnaturalness of this garden as there mas not a iveed to be observed anywheres. A short walk leads to the highest point of land on the estate, where an overlook has been established above a large reservoir where the water is stored. One of the most interesting features to many of the visitors was the vegetable garden, which is unusually large and exception- ally well kept. Mr. Crane is greatly interested in a hospital in Ipswich, which was erected with funds furnished by hi™, and which he keeps supplied in large measure with vegetables from this garden. There is a modern range of greenhouses on the place, a big storage house, and a set of buildings where the work horses and a herd of Guernsey cattle are kept. Mr. Cameron has a beauti- fully appointed house for his ow-n occupancy, and there are mod- ern buildings for the other employees who live on the estate. EsT.\TE OF Thomas E. Proctor The visitors were unable to get anything like a comprehensive view of the Thomas E. Proctor estate at Topsfield, because of the limited amount of time given them. On this estate is a large and cracks and crevices were filled with good loam to make a home for plants of many kinds. James Scott is in charge of this de- lightful estate. HUN'NEWELL EsTATE Few private places in New England are better known than the Walter Hunnewell estate in Wellesley. This estate was estab- lished many years ago, and the Hunnewell family has taken un- usual interest in horticultural matters of all kinds. They have been in particularly close association with the Arnold Arboretum, and with plant hunters, the result being that the grounds contain manj- of the tinest and most valuable ornamental trees and shrubs to be found in any private collection. The evergreens are par- ticularly noteworthy. This estate is famous for its rhododendrons and azaleas. It was here that hardy rhododendrons were first taken in hand for general planting, and here, too, a number of new azaleas have been originated. A particularly interesting fea- ture is the topiary garden planted many years ago. It borders the lake, and is overlooked bj- an observatory, T. D. Hatfield, the superintendent, is known the country over as an authority on horticultural matters. The H. S. Hunnewell estate comprises 650 acres, and is noted especially for its wonderful expanses of fine greensward. It also contains a large number of trees and a splendid rose garden. John G. Duguid is the superintendent. Estate op Larz Anderson Probably the Larz Anderson estate in Brookline an attractive spot of which is illustrated on the front cover, contains the {Continued on page 301) 300 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE ^*>iii> iiiiiiijiiiiiiriiiiitiiJiiiJiiiiiiiii llllllimiltlllltlllllllllllllllllllllMIIHIIMMIMIIIMIIIIMIIIMIIMMIMIIIIIIIIIMnitlMltMtllllllllllllimilllilllllllllllllllllllllllllinillllllin National Association of Gardeners Secretary's Office: 286 Fifth Avenue, New York rilllllllllllllllMllinilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllDIIIIHIIIIIlllll lllllllliltlllllMllllllllltllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll'l'llllll'>ll1IINIII1lllllllllll1llllllllllll1lllll1llllllilll"lll"li">">"l<>>>><*iniltllMMIItlllllllllllllllllllll1IIIIIIII1uillhiKltt,,,.^ Tlw aims of the associulion arc, to elevate tlic firofcssion of :j:arde)iiiig by endeavoring to improve conditions within it. To cement a closer bondsliif' among all engaged in, and in- terested in, gardening — to create a greater confidence between employer and employee. The association is professional in character. It must in no wise be associ Builders of Greenhouses and Conservatories IrvinotAn New York Cleveland 407 Ulmcr BIdg Eastern Factory Irvlngton, N. V. Niw York 30 E. 42nd St. Atlanta Atlanta Trust Co. BIdg. Western Factory Des Plaincs, III. Canadian Factory St. Catharines, Ont. Philadelphia Chicago Bu!>tun — 11 Land Title BIdg. Cont. Bk. BIdg Little BIdg. Denver Kansas City Toronto 1247 So, Emerson St. Cumme.ce BlCg Harbor Commission BIdg ^BECOME A Alt' TII«D(DKn IN 0 HARK — pGHlTECT .kU Dipinried. Exclusive Pro- i^ frssioii not ovcrrvin with • competitor's. Crowded with opportunity for moncy-- miikin^ and big fees. $5.1X0 to JlO.fXW irjcomcs attained by cxpcrt.s. Easy to master under our correspond- ence methods. Diploma awarded. We assist students and graduates in getting started and developing their businesses. Established 1916. Write for information; it will open your eyes. iJo it today. AmcHcan Landscape School. 22N Newark, N. Y. PU LVER I ZED Sheep Manure Wonderful natural fertilizer for amateur or professional growers — uneqiialcd ioi lawn, flowers, vegetables, fruits and shrubs— efTectively sterilized— no weeds or cbeniicals— safe and depcrxlable. Ask vour seed or garden supply man for WIZARD RKAND or write direct for full ii)forni;ilM>ii. The Pulverized Manure Company No. 18 Union Stock Yards, Chicago For October, 1922 303 There were fine displays of fruit and vegetables with competition very keen. The first prize for vegetables was awarded to Mrs. A. J. Moulton of New Rochelle, N. ^^ The Garden clubs made a line showing, all classes being well filled. The amateur classes were also keenly contested. In the class for the best seedling Dahlia William Shaw of Greenwich received a gold medal. The October meeting was held in Green- wich, Conn, Oct. 10th. There was a good attendance. The ex- hibits of flowers, plants, and vegetables vi'as fine, the judges finding it difficult to select the prize winners. Owing to the illness of the secretary <.i. Hewitt, John Rutherford officiated in his stead. It is hoped Mr. Hewitt will be with us next month, when it is planned to hold a chrysanthemum show for members. The members enjoyed an interesting lec- ture by Henry Bird of Rye, N. Y., ento- mologist and collector of note, Mr. Bird, illustrated his lecture with specimens and described in detail his big harden, the mak- ing of it and the plants to be found growing there. T. J. Bulpitt, Cor. Scc'y. \ Here and There SERVICE MEASURES SUCCESS It isn't the cut of the clothes that you weai Nor the stut? out of which they are made Though chosen with taste and fastidious care And it isn't the price that you paid ; It isn't the size of your pile in the bank. Nor the number of acres you own. It isn't a question of prestige or rank. Nor of sinew, and muscle and bone ; It isn't the servants that come at your call, It isn't the things you possess. Whether many, or little — or nothing at all. It's service that measures success. It isn't a question of name, or of length Of an ancestral pedigree. Nor a question of mental vigor and strength. Nor a question of social degree ; It isn't a question of city or town. Nor a question of doctrine or creed It isn't a question of fame or renown. Nor a question of valorous deed ; But he who makes somebody happy each day And he who gives heed to distress. Will find satisfaction the richest of pay. For it's service that measures success. — Boys' Life. GARDEN CLUB OF AMERICA EXHIBIT OF GARDEN PAINTINGS An exhibition of garden paintings, flower still life and garden sculpture is to be given at the Ferargil Galleries, 607 Fifth avenue. New York City, under the auspices of the Garden Club of America, from November 14 to December 2, 1922, If this meets with success in New York City, it is proposed to send it to some of the larger cities throughout the country where it will have the patronage of the local garden clubs. It is hoped that this exhibition will invite the interest of all garden lovers who are able to visit it. TO ENLARGE U. S. BOTANIC GARDEN With a view to enlarging the National Botanic Garden on its present site and to further the scheme for beautiflcation and park development of the area south of the Capitol to the river. Representative John W. Langley of Kentucky when Congress reassembles, will introduce a bill to acquire about a dozen city blocks. The government already owns much of the land in that sec- tion and the adjoining land can be acquired so as to sqtiare up the entire tract and make a worthwhile development that will lit with the Fine Arts Commission plans for devel- oping a parkway entirely surrounding the Capitol with a broad central avenue from the river to the Soldiers' Home Grounds. CONINE NURSERY CO. East Main St, Established 1895 Stratford, Conn. Reference Dun IN LARGE SIZES OF Hemlock, Biotas, Pines, Retinos- poras. Blue and White Spruce. We have the BEST stock in the UNITED STATES. We also have a good assortment of General Nursery Stock FOR AUTUMN AND SPRING PLANTING FRUIT TREES AND FRUIT PLANTS, EVERGREEN TREES AND SHRUBS. DF- CIDUOUS TREES AND SHRUBS, HERBA- CEOUS PERENNIAL PLANTS, RHODO- DENDRONS AND KALIDA LATIFOLIA. i Tlie stock we offer is the best quality. If I interested write for Catalogue and Price List. \ THE MORRIS NURSERY CO. 1133 Broadway New York, N. Y. | NiiNi irlhliiKllllllllili'r WoLCOTT Nurseries Designers & Builders Alpine Gardens, Herbaceous Borders, Landscapes ClinUn Kotl Jdrk on Mi« In an Joseph Manda Co., Orchids Our Specialty Send for Our Catalogue 191 Valley Road West Orange, N. J. "A Garden for Ever]) Home." MULLER-SEALEY CO., INC. I 45 West 45th St. New York City FLOW QUALITY RED POTS Made of best material by skilled labor, unlfonnly burned and carefully pacfeed. Famoii *'Mo»8-Azt6e" Ware iDcludefl Azalea Pota. Pern Dishes. HantrlT'- Baabeta, Lawn Va-sfts. etc Writ* for catalogue and price list The ZaDC Pottery CompaDy So. Zanenllle, Ohio ANDOPEA Trees and shrubs, dis- tinctive in quality and large size which will produce an immediate effect \}orcountiy TQsicknces and estates ANDORRA NURSERIES Chisowi'hMPa. Have you seen ANDORRA? PLANT NAMES AND THEIR MEANINGS is the title oi a series of articles now appearing in The American Botanist where a multitude of other things of interest to the plant lover are also discussed. Quarterly, $1.50 a year; specimen copy, 25 cents. THE AMERICAN BOTANIST Joliet, III. ORCHIDS We are SpeciallstB in Orcbids. Wp collect, ifrow. Import, exoort and bpU orchlda ex- clusively. If yon are In the market for Orchidi, we solicit your inquiries and orders. Cata- logues and Bfvpclal lists on application. LAGER & HURRELL Irehld Growan and Imptrten Summit, t^. U. HARRY BALDWIIV MaDufaoturer of Greenhouse Shading Lath Roller Blinds IVI VIVIARONECK* N. V. 'i / \ y CUT FLOWER BOXES EDWARDS FOLDING BOX CO MANUFACTURKRB PHILADELPHIA. PA. A ■^ ^ V' WILSON'S O. K. PLANT SPRAY Kills Plant Insects, Scale and Mildew Used by Leading Gardeners Bbls. $90. Vi bbls. $50, 10 eals. $20, 5 sals. $10 The Rivcrlands, Oceanic, N. J., -Vpril 11, 1917 Tliis is to certify that the Wilson Plant Spray is one of the best remedies for all insect pests on plant life, from the most tender Orchid !(/> to trees, shrubs, etc. After one application the effect is par evcellent. I take pleasure in recommending it, WILLIAM TURNER. Supt. to B. H. Borden. C6/u/r€m)7mn SPRINGFIELD NEW JERSEY igiiiiniiiiiuinuuiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiinuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin ?. ^riiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiinniiiiniiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuuiiuuiiuiiiiuiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiii^ Iris Peonies Write for our special list of three hundred varieties with full description. Our special list of one hundred varieties will be I iurnished on ap])licatinn. I W. E. MARSHALL & CO., Inc. I SEEDS, PLANTS and BULBS I 166 West 23rd St. New York City 1 1 1 II II I II 1 1 U II I I I I IVe Have a Surplus of i Large Pol-Grown ! WICHURIANA ROSES LAUREL-LEAF WILLOWS Heavy 2-Yc:.r Old FRUIT-BEARING FRUIT TREES i Itrili' lur sj'ciial pncrs John H. Troy's Nurseries I 257 Mayflower Ave., New Rochelle. N. Y. 5"''i» i'l.i . . • I '■itnnnniM in- i t drome Bldg.: lietmit. General Motors Bldg.: Cincinnati. Mercantile Library Bldg.: Chicago. Westminster Bldg.: St. Louis, Central Xalional Bank Bldg.: Kansas City. .SViiffi/ Bldg.: Montreal. 2.^2 Laugauchilere. H'esl. Davey Tree Surgeons are near you — if you live bt-lwccn lioslon and Kansas City. They are easily available and handle opera- tions of any size, lar^e or small. Write or wire Kent, ( )hio DAVEY TREE SURGEONS / ' . '( Surgeon is in the employ of The Dax'ey Tree H.vpert Co.. Inc., and the public is cautioned itgainst c themselxes. An agreement made with the Daveji.- Company and not tcith an indifiditaf is certain ■ :\.i,i<.. ,• ^'.iN-nr, (i«',«.i. Hntcci yourself from imposters. If anyone solicits the care of vour trees who is not directly in our (()•// ,. . . 1, 1 : „ U „ J .^ . U 1 , . K . , T^l, « ».T^^« rr*m jvv^«^i-k Richard Diener Co.,Inc.,Kentfield,co"nTy California LARGEST GROWERS OF PETUNIA SEED ON THE PACIFIC COAST Petunias — Diencr's Ruffled Monsters. Seedlings in 3-iiich pots twelve vreeUs after sowing'. Diener's Ruffled Monster Petunia Seed The largest ami most litrauliliil rv-uinias in cxi?.teiicc. Have taken lirj>i luize wiiric-vi-i exhililteil. Plants in o-iiicli puts like tliuse above sell at sight as people just want iheni. The easiest and surest money-makers nn the market. All seed which, we send out is hand pollcnized. Moreover, climatic conditions here permit seed to be matured without a drop of rain falling in the pods. Hence, our seed is strong, vigorous ami sure germinating. Ruffled Monster Petunia Seed conies in the foUoMring Colors: Pink, strong veined center; Red; Variegated; White; Red, witli black center; Pale Lilac Pink, large veined center; White Giant, jinre white of immense size; Mixed. Flesh Pink Frilled {Pearl of Kentfield). This and the following varieties are somewhat smaller than the above. One of the most beautiful Petunias ever put out. Furple or Blue; White FHIIed, dwarf; Apple Blossom, I'ink. Seed of any of the above varieties, 50c per pkg. Diener's Pink Glory The Greatest Novelty in Petunias for 1922 Pure flame rose-pink without a trace of purple. Flowers measure from three to four inches in diameter. Plants grow to a height of twelve to fifteen inches and are continually covered with flowers. This Petunia has created a great sensation all over the country this season. Seed, 50c per pkg. Delphinium Vanderbilt Hybrids The best strain of perennial Larkspur in existence. In all colors from ligtit to dark blue mixed. It is mildew- resistant and unexcelled for liedding and cut Bowers. S?ed. 50c per pkg. OUR N?:\V CATALOGUE of Gladioli, Petunias. Amaryllis, etc.. will lie ready first part of November. It will be free. Send in your name and we will add it to our mailing list. Originators and Growers of the Largest and Finest Gladioli and Petunias in the World RICHARD DIENER CO., Inc. Kentfield, Marin County, California giJuuiuuiii;uiiiiuiiuiiiiiiiiiM»iitttii«iiittiui«i«jumiwiuiinniiijiuiiiii,iiiiiiiiiiiiii»^ SPIRAEAS Largo clumps for fore ill}; GLORIOSA— Beautiful rose-pink. QIKEN ALEXANDRA— Brifil.t piiil<. (iLADSTONE— Double whit.-. !^].fH) ra. SlO.On per doz. \ DIELYTKA SPECTABILIS (Rlcvdinu, llrtirt) 7.5r fo. W. E. MARSHALL & CO. 166 We8t 23rd St. New York :niniiiiiiiiiiiiii!ritiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiimi[iiiiii»iiiiniiiitiiiiimiiitiiiiii]iiiiiiiiiinm^ iifiiiitimitiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiii Muinifacturcrs uf "F. & I." Gulf Green and Vnijirm Brand To- bacco Stems, Dusts and Powdt'rs. Prepare Now for the (rreeii I elvety Lawn You II Want Next Spring As an ideal winter mulch for lawns. "F. & I." — nature's fertilizer and insecticide^— is the logical choice of lawn and Karden experts who make careful comparisons. "F. & I." is both a fertilizer and an insecti- cide— a purely vegetahle prudnct which rap- idly disintesrates, adding valnahle hmntis to ihe soil, "F. & I." is applied exactly as you would use an animal manure — yet it contains no insect pests or weed seeds and is free from ohjcctionahlc od< r. Write today for literature and priees. Tlio F. & I. TohiUTo Prod. Co. I IT)! \r-t Ktillon Si. l.iiMiii>trr. I*;i.. I'. S. A. Ei'iNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiKiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiniiiiiiuiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMliiim DREER'S Autumn Catalogue ( )lTc.Ts tlic iKst grade of liullis for Fall planting, inclnd i n g Hyacinths, 'I'ulips, Narcissus, Cro- cns. Lilies, etc. Season- able Plants, including a select list of Hardy Perennials, Dormant Roses for Fall planting and many plants suit- able for the Window Garden and Conserv- atory. Lawn Grass Seed, Agricultural Seeds, Tools and Imple- ments of all kinds, Fertilizers and Insecti- cides. This catalogue is well illustrated and gives ac- curate descriptions to- gether with cultural in- formation. A copy will lie mailed free tn .tH api-licants who mention this publication. HENRY A. DREER 714-716 Chestnut St. PHILADELPHIA, PA. TOTTY'S NEW introductions of Chrysanthemums and Roses have, as usual, carried off the honors at the Fail Shovifs this year. This is charac- teristic of Totty's new varieties wherever and when- ever exhibited. Some of the introductions for 1923 are being ex- hibited at Totty's new Flower Store, 4 East 53rd street. New York. You are invited to call to become acquainted with the exceptional service Totty's experts can render you in the selection of cut flowers and floral pieces for all occasions. Here you can also learn what the Charles H. Totty Company has to offer you in choice plants for your greenhouse and for your garden next spring. CHARLES H. TOTTY COMPANY Flower Store Greenhouses 4 E. 53rd St., New York Madison, New Jersey Plaza 9720, 3249, 3250 Madison 369 giiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiniiHiiiiiiniiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiniinmi^ I BURPEE'S I j Winter Flowering Sweet Peas | i For Your Greenhouse 1 THE BURPEE varieties of Early or Winter Flowering Sweet Peas are revelations of beauty. They have been the admiration of the many thousands of visitors to the Interna- tional Flower Shows in New York and various other exhibits held by The National Sweet Pea Society and The Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. Burpee's Sweet Peas have been Prize Winners everywhere. Our list includes the most ex- quisite shades in a complete range of colors. BURPEE'S ANNUAL, the Leading American Seed Catalog, gives complete descriptions of all the beautiful Burpee varieties, and will be sent free upon request. Plant Burpee's Sweet Peas NOW for blooming in your greenhouse this winter! W. ATLEE BURPEE CO. Seed Growers PHILADELPHIA |iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiinniiiiininiiiiniiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:ii 1111111:111 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii'i I Bobbink &^ Atkins I Visit Nursery / Ask for Catalog ROSES Ask for our "Get Acquainted" list of Roses and also our Rose Catalog lAPANESE YEW The Lawn and Hedge Evergreen of the Future The hardiest, greenest and best of all evergreens, and most attractive for lawn specimens. It will grow every- where. Ask for pamphlet. Shade Trees and Deciduous Flouering Shrubs will give the best results when planted in the Autumn. Evergreens should be planted in early Autumn. The above, and all of our nursery products, are de- scribed and priced in our Illustrated General and Rose Catalogs. Special Lists, pot-grown Vines and Climbers; Straw- berries; Rock Garden Plants; Peonies and Iris. Nurserymen and Florists RUTHERFORD NEW JERSEY | ^iimilllilliniiiiliiiiiiiiniinmiiiiiliiliiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ aiiiiiiiiiiiii in mm iiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiimii ■ 1 niiiijiimiiiirnriNiiip -385 ^lllllllllMII1ll|lNI||U^lMltMllrlllMMI1lllll1lnM1lllnlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllKIIIIIMIUlll>ttlMtMMIIIIIIIlllllllllllrltllllllllllllllllll.lll iiiiiimittmiimiiimiiimiiiiitmiiiiiiiMiiiiiiitiiitiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiMMiiiiiiMMiiiiMiiMiiiiiMiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii The Contents for November, 1922 Things and Thoughts of the Garden William N. Craig 307 Hardy Lilies for the Garden. . .Arthur Smilh 309 Winter Vegetables and Salads 311 Roses in the Fall 312 Bulbs of Easy Culture 313 Winter Protection for Small Fruit Plants. ... 314 Work for the Month in the Garden Samuel Colding 315 The Greenhouse, Month to Month George F. Stewart 316 Eucharis Amazonia Grandiflora John S. Doig 3 1 7 Flowers of Autumn and Sprmg Willard N. Clute 318 Departments of Foreign Exchange and Book Reviews 319 National Association of Gardeners 320 Local Societies 32 1 Published Monthly by THE CHKONICLE PRESS. INC. 286 Fifth Avenue, New York. N. Y. MARTIN C. EBEL. Editor Entered at the New York Post Office as second class matter, Noz-. 3. 1914, under lite Act of Congress, March 3, 1879 Vol. XXVI, No. 11 Issued 15th of each month Subscription .... $2.00 a year Canada, $2:15; Foreign $2.65 illllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll' S^,„„„„„„ , iimiiiiminiii iiiiiiii ti^'iiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii mi m miiniiniiimiiiiii imiiniiiiniiiiii iiiiimmi iiiiiiiiiimiitmiimmin iiiniiiuiiiniiiiiimiimiinu i i mini;; HIGH QUALITY Bulbs • Seeds • Plants FOR AUTUMN PLANTING This is the title of our Autumn Catalogue which we have been mailing to our patrons dur- ing the month of September. If your name is not on our mailing list, write to us and we will send you a copy of this Catalogue at once. For the past twenty-five years we have been supplx'in.i; an increasing number of particular flower lovers with our Seeds, T3ulbs and many of Ihcir garden needs. HIGH QUALITY BULBS WHY WE USE THE EXPRESSION AND HOW WE ENDEAVOR TO MAINTAIN IT High Quality Bulbs are bulbs of proper flowering age, grown in a careful manner; thoroughly ripened and cured; and selected for size. The bulbs listed in our Autumn Catalogue are grown in Hermuda, Caliluniin, Japan, h'rance, but principally in Holland. We con- tract with growers only for each variety listed. No grower in Flolland, for example, grows all the varieties of Dutch bulbs offered by us. Therefore, we ])lace advance contracts for the various varieties with specialists. The bulbs are carefully packed and shipped to us in the autumn. On their arrival in New York they are immediately unjiackcd so as to avoid becoming "heated" and carefully arranged in our own building examined and passed on by thoroughly trained men. 30-32 BARCLAY STREET NEW YORK CITY STUMPP & WALTER CO. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiHiiiiiiiiiiii 306 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiwiiiiiiiiiwiiiiii giiiiDiiiiiDiiiiiiifliiiiinMiniiiiii HiiiiiHfiiiiiniiiiinniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiniiwiinimiiiiiiHyiiiiiiiiiiiiiminiii^ iiiiiii GARDENERS' CHRONICLE (OF AMERICA) Devoted to the Science of Floriculture and Horticulture Vol. XXVI NOVEMBEK, 1922 piiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiioiiiyiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiy No. 11 fiiiiiiiiininiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiifiiiiii Things and Thoughts of the Garden WILLIAM N. CRAIG ^•^^«fj THE question of Winter protection is a most important one, and many gardeners in addition to the great majority of amateur growers have much to learn regarding it. The general idea which seems to persist in the minds of many is that W inter covering is applied to exclude frost and keep plants warm. This is wrong in nearly every case. In mulching rhododendrons, the idea is to keep the soil about the roots open, but in the case of hardy herbaceous perennials, bulbs of all kinds, straw- berries, and plants which are generally treated as bien- nials, such as Myosotis, Bcllis percmiis, Campanula iiie- diiiin. Digitalis, bedding violas, and pansies, to mention but a few, if success is to be attained, the Winter mulch is not to go on until the ground is frozen quite hard. If a light coating of oak, or other leaves is then given, and the covering held in position with evergreen boughs or light boards, or a little scattering of loam or old manure over it, the plants should come through in good shape, always providing that they are planted in well drained land w here water cannot lav in Winter. Stable manure is often used as a Winter mulch ; its value for such a purpose is negligent, and with frozen ground the bulk of the manurial agency is washed away instead of penetrating the soil. There can be no better Winter covering than oak leaves, if obtainable, both for plants outdoors and perennials, biennials, bulbs in ]30ts and flats, and the subjects carried over in the cold frames. The failure of many growers to properly winter Canterbury bells, foxgloves, pansies, forget-me-nots, and daisies is usually due to too early and too heavy covering. With the two first named plants it materially assists successful wintering if the outer leaves are cut back severely and a dusting of coal ashes scattered over before the mulch is applied. It is not so much the actual freezing which harms plants outdoors as it is the constant freezing and thawing which lifts plants out of the soil. This is the main reason why mulches are necessary. It never pays to remove Winter covering with the advent of a few prema- ture warm days in ^larch — a suggestion of the tropics is invariably followed bv a reminder of the Arctics. When the late Fall has been exceptionally dry and there is danger of the ground freezing up before we get soaking rains, it is a very good policy to soak rhododendrons, kalmias, andromedas, and all small leaved evergreens which have been recently planted, for if they go into the Winter with dry feet and the soil remains frozen for a long time, a hea\7 death roll is almost certain. The annual "winter killing" of such evergreens as junipers, retinosporas, thujas, and rhododendrons is invariably due not so much to Winter cold as dryness at the root. This is particularly true of new plantings at the bases of houses whose soil is quite porous. Such plantings are usually made distressingly thick with the "immediate effect" in mind, a plan applauded by some landscape architects and nurserymen and which estate owners tolerate as necessary, 'but which generally gives a jumbled tangle in lieu of some nice individual sp>ecimens. The necessity of keeping rhododendrons well watered, especially just ere Winter sets in, is not sufficiently real- ized. If these broad leaved evergreens go into the Winter with moist roots over which a foot of leaves has been spread, they need no further protection, unless it may be a windbreak on the most exposed side. Xot in the last twenty years have I given any over-head covering to these plants in Xevv England and even with temperatures as low as twenty to twenty-five degrees below zero, the pmount of Winter killing has been almost negligible. On the other hand, I have seen beds which have been care- fully covered with evergreen boughs or burlap come through in very bad shape. As soon as the covering is removed, the wind and sim raise havoc with these plants, and if, perchance, a real hot day comes just after uncover- ing, the foliage will always burn badly. Such varieties as album clcgans, roscuui clcgans, "Charles Dickens", Carac- tacus, Efcrestianmn, "C. S. Sargent," and "Kettledrum," to name only a few of the really reliable hybrids, have lost very few buds by Winter killing within recent years. The lace wing fly I consider a far greater menace to suc- cessful rhododendron culture than Winter cold. This insidious ])est does not trouble plants growing in the shade, but on rhododendrons, kalmias, and andromedas in full sun, it is ven,- destructive. A couple of thorough spray- ings, one just before and the other immediately after flowering will keep it in subjection; using a good nicotine spray containing some soap, which makes it more ad- hesive, and directing the spray below the leaves, will do the trick. The action of the Federal Horticultural BoTrd in al- lowing free entry to plants of Rhododendron ponticmn. 307 308 GARDEl^ERS' CHRONICLE Azalea pontica. and Acer [•aUnatum. not over three year seedlings without having soil washed from the roots, comes as the first dent in their Chinese wall of plant exclusion. The bulb hearing would seem to indicate that the continued exclusion of such bulbs as Chionodoxa, Galanthas, Iris, Scilla, and FritiUaria- was absolutely in- defensible and we maj' reasonably expect the admission of these and others next season. Growers here admit their inability to successfully reproduce them, so why debar them? Much is made of the fact that quantities of cattleyas and one or two other orchid hybrids are being raised from seed here now and that some of them will flower a few years hence. Is anyone propagating Phahc- nopsis, Vanda ccrridea, various oncidiums like i-ariosirm Rogersii and sple)ixiiduin, such dendrobes as Phahcuopsis Schra-nilca. such dendrobes as PliaJccnopsis Sehnv- dcriana, Wardiaiiimi. fonnosnm, gigantemn, and Dearer, and odontoglossums ? There seems absolutely no reason in debarring such varieties which to many people are much more beautiful than the gaudy onuiipresent cattleyas, * * * * Mardy chrysanthemums have been particularly good this Fall in spite of quit severe frosts in October. Some growers seem to have trouble in wintering them success- fully. They need land which is very well drained, and in New England are always seen at their best planted in ■borders with a little slope, and either against the house or very near to it. As plants in the average formal garden, thev are useful but have their limitations. I have not found that they carry over well from year to year. Young plants pinched until the end of June give the test service. It is a simple matter to carry over a few stock plants in a cold greenhouse, cold frame, or even a cellar w-ith an earthen floor where the plants can get some light. When cosmos, dahlias, gladioli, asters, and other garden flowers have passed, these chrysanthemums prove espe- ciallv welcome, and as I write ( November 10) some clumps outside my home are covered with bloom. The small pomfwns stand the greatest amount of cold, the singles and anemones blacken more or less as the tem- perature falls to twenty-four degrees or lower. The fol- lowing with me have done remarkably well and should succeed with the average grower ; "Doris," the hardiest of all, "Ora," "Normandie,'" "Seven Oaks," "Lilian Doty," and "Roupel lieauty." There are many other beauties, superior no doubt to the above named in some respect, but not in hardiness. :■: * * * While there is no decline in the popularity of the chrysanthemum as a flower, there is an undeniable falling off in the number of exhibitions devoted to this popular Fall flower, and the attendance is not all that it used to ■be. On the other hand. Spring flower shows have be- come increasingly popular and profitable. The days of big specimen jilants and blooms of chrysanthenuuus seem to be nuinl)ered at least temporarily. The general public grew tired of them and it is refreshing to note the ra]>idly increasing interest in and poindarity of pompoms, singles. and anemones grown naturally. The greater demand for varieties ada|)tal)le to garden culture is also encourag- ing. There will continue to be a place for big blooms. and a more limited one for specimen trained plants, but with their gradual elimination wliat can be dr)ne to make Fall exhibitions more varied and attractive? The great charm of a Spring exhibition lays in the infinite variety of subjects to be seen and the fact that the general public is more or less hungry for them after a long \V-n'.'.T. On the other hand, when chrysanthenumis come in reason, many of our trees and shrubs are mag- nificent with foliage or fruit, lawns remain green and some flowers still linger outdoors. W'hile chrysanthemums will continue to be the great feature at aiUunmal shows, efforts should be made to bring out their decorative effects in vases, baskets, hampers, and for table and mantel efl:'ects. The free use of oak and other foliage helps materially in producing pleasing eft'ects. Apart from chrysanthemums, however, there is mtich material avail- able. The English race of Winter flowering begonias are magnificent. IMants of "Emily Clibran," "Orange King." and other varieties, four feet in diameter, out-do any specimen chrysanthemums in colorful eftect and beauty. The smaller flowered begonia, like melior, "Flag of Cincinnati," and "Gloire de Lorraine" are not at their best thus early, neither are cyclamens, but quite presentable batches could very well be staged. Then there are nerines, and what can surpass a group of them in beauty? Or- chids ill a good variety are in season and the addition of groups and single dishes of seasonable fruits and vege- table helps to round out a well varied and attractive show. It is not too late also to include displays of Autumn sprays and fruits such as cotoneasters, Cratccgus. vibur- nums, Bcrberis, roses, and many others still in full beauty, and, of course, cut roses, carnations, and other flowers while not of the same quality as in early Spring, will all help to add interest to such a show. That interest in the culture of hardy roses is surely growing is evidenced by the fact that new rose gardens are continually being developed. Plans are under way to create the greatest rose garden of its kind in America in the Arnold Arboretum to cover about three acres of land and cost some $300,000, which would include all known hardy species as well as the so-called garden roses. ^Meantime, a large garden with a rose garden as the central feature is planned for Franklin Park, Boston. Work on this will commence next year and part of the planting will be done. It is estimated that 2.S,000 roses will be planted in this garden during 1923 and 1924. Income from the Francis Parkman fund will provide the necessary $150,000 for the work. The making of such gardens should help enornuiusly to develo]) the hardy rose industry. * * * * I have always failed to see what greater risk is incurred in importing hardy roses than the stock they are to be grafted or budded on. The latter, however, is admitted and the former debarred. The wholesale dumping of roses grown in the muck lands of Holland and sold for a mere pittance years ago did much to discourage ])cople from planting garden roses. The Dutch stock proved to be notoriously unreliable and short lived, in marked con- trast to the P.ritish and Irish roses. Great efforts are being made to produce good, hardy roses here to take the place of the "dangerous" foreign articles and with considerable success. \\"hether the MnUUlora. Japoiiiea and other stock used will prove as satisfactory in the long run as the iiiaiietli and seedling brier, time alone will tell. .Some growers find that the ln'aviost ])!ants received are very unsatisfactory and make but feeble growth under the best treatment, the cause for which I have been unable to fathom. There is much need for more careful l;ibelh'ng of field grown .■\merican roses, in looking over a Large collection this .Summer, the purchaser, a keen rose en- thusiast, said that not more than half the plants purchased bad come true to name. This is most regrettable as well as discouraging. It is a ])oor advertisement for the party sending nut such roses, is a |)ractice still too commonly indulged in. and cannrit be too stronglv condemned. For November, 1922 309 Hardy Lilies for the Garden ARTHUR SMITH THERE are many garden enthusiasts, both amateur and professional, who make a hobby or specialty of some particular plant genus, it may be roses, dahlias, gladioli, or what not : but so far, I have never heard of a Lily specialist. The various hardy lilies are certainly not surpassed, or even equalled by any other hardy plant in their unique combination of beauty and graceful magnificence. It is surprising that the majority of people owning gardens know so little about them, e.xcepting those grown in pots under conditions of artificial heat, and they have no conception of the numerous hardy kinds, including twenty or more that are native, by which their gardens may have their floral efl:'ects increased during several months of the year, and in the exceptional instances to the contrary, the species have been confined to the old Tiger Lily, with the addition perhaps of the Madonna, Liliiiiii candidum. In a country where there are so many native species of lilies, all of which are beautiful and worth while growing, it is strange that this genus has been so neglected by gardeners, and that the merits of this plant are apparently so little known. It is true that this genus of flowers has the name of being unsatisfactory from the point of permanency and more or less difficult to grow, yet, if their few require- ments are attended to, one need not fear disa{>pointment. None of the hardy lilies present any insurmountable difficulties in culture, although some are less trouble, es- tablish themselves more readily and produce more im- mediate effects than others. Coming as they do from many parts of the Northern Temperate Zone, they are found naturally growing under various soil conditions, and in the case of those which have the character of being difficult to establish in gardens, the nearer we can imitate such conditions the more likely we are to be successful. But when we consider the dif- ferent habits and habitats of this wonderful genus of plants, it is astonishing how large a number of species there are which are not only hardy in our gardens, but which will thrive under the same conditions provided certain special features are borne in mind. The question of soil for lilies is an imjxjrtant one, and this is too frequently overlooked. At the same time, while some species succeed best when we create specially ideal soil conditions for them, I know of none which will not give a .good account of themselves if they are planted in a soil prepared as it should be for all perennial hardy plants. L'nfortunately this thorough preparation is in the average garden, the exception rather than the rule. While requiring plenty of moisture, thorough drain- age is essential and the subsequent cultivation cannot be too deep, nor the soil made too rich. A sandy loam is mechanically the best, with which should be incorporated plenty of old, well-rotted manure, leaf mold and peat, with enough sharp sand to create a suitable mechanical state if the soil is at all heavy. Probably the greatest mistake made in lily culture is in not planting the bulbs deep enough — a fault which is too often connected with the planting of all hardy bulbs. In most cases there should not be less than eight inches of soil above the top of the bulb, and those with large bulbs like the Japanese kinds should not have less than a foot of soil over them. All lilies like a cool soil and for this reason generally do better when gmwing among other plants, and the taller species are therefore especially at home among such things as Rhododendrons provided the latter have been properly planted and suitably cared for. Other suitable positions are among the dwarfer species of shrubs and in the peren- nial Irorder among peonies. In these cases the lilies give floral ettects at a time when there would be no flowers at all. An exception to planting lilies in the above situations is the well known exotic Lilium candidum. a species which stands by itself. This has been under cultivation for many hundreds or perhaps thousands of years, and is native of South Europe and of Asia as far East as Persia. Up to a generation or so ago when any one spoke of lilies in a garden this was the only species meant. Its uniqueness consists in the fact that a month or so after the flower stems have died down the bulb sends up an Autumn crop of leaves. For this reason the bulbs must be planted sufficiently early in the Autumn to enable these leaves to be produced, otherwise the bulbs will not send up a flower stalk the following season, and in fact will probably rot in the ground. With proper care, how- ever, these may be trans])lanted both in the Autumn and in the Spring when the leaves are green, by lifting them with a good ball of earth, wrapping the ball in burlap and planting without removing the burlap. This character- istic of throwing up a rosette of leaves both in Autumn and Spring renders it necessary to grow this' lily under conditions where it is not shaded by, or in competition with, anything else. Even under the best conditions candidum will rarely give a very good account of itself the first year after plant- ing, and in fact needs several years to accustom itself to new surroundings. When once established and flowering well it should never be disturbed. It is well with this species, and in fact with all. to remove the flower buds before they open the first year after planting, taking care nut to injure the stem. Lilium candidum is also excep- tional in disliking i)eat, in fact prefers a sweet soil and is not adverse to the soil containing a little lime : it will also do better on a heavier soil than any other species. While, with the latter exception, all lilies do well when the soil is shaded by other plants, most of them will thrive when grown in groups by themselves : in which case the soil should be mulched after thev have started to grow in the Spring. A characteristic feature of nearly all our native lilies is that their bulbs are annual after the same principle as those of gladioli. These annual bulbs are produced at the end of a perennial rhizome, which causes the flower spike to come up in a more or less diflferent place each year. The only native lily which bears an absolutely perennial glo- bose blub after the manner of the well known bulbs im- ported from the East is Lilium columhianuin. The following list of native lilies, while not complete, comprises those of importance and which can all, we believe, be obtained through growers of native plants. Lilium- bolandcri is a rare species from California, growing from one to three feet tall, with reddish purple flowers spotted with black. Requires a rich, well drained sandy soil. Canadcnse is a beautiful species and perhaps the best known native lily, being found over the entire Eastern half of the countiT. Its stems are up to five feet tall, carrying drooping flowers of orange, red and yellow, spotted with brown. It likes a deep, rich, moist soil and partial shade, but stands the sun well provided it never suffers for want of moisture. Carolinianum is a beautiful 310 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE species having- recurved orange flowers, very fragrant. Although it is called the Southern Swamp Lily it stands comparatively dr}- conditions better than any. Found in \'irginia and southward. Catcsbcci is one of the earliest to bloom, ^larch and April, and should have a sheltered position, among dwarf evergreens for instance. It rarely grows more than two feet high and has red flowers with purple spots. In the North it should be thickly mulched during Winter. Columbiannm is a rather uncommon species from Oregon and W'ashington. Height two to three feet : flowers bright orange with purple dots. This has been found a good species for the hardy border. Gravi is one of the best and has succeeded well under cultivation. Flowers are bell-shaped and exceedingly beautifid, dark reddish-brown spotted with purple, borne in Julv and Augxist : height two to three feet. All perennial borders should have groups of this. Found on mountain summits of North Carolina. Humboltii (pubcrlum), is a Califor- nian species very deserving of more extended cultivation. It reaches noble proportions, sometimes as tall as eight feet, and bears large orange-red flowers spotted with l>urple, si.x to ten on a stem. Kellogi^i while smaller than the preceding is very graceful, its slender stems three to four feet tall bearing as many as fifteen pink flowers which are very fragrant. Maritinum is a dwarf species from boggy situations on the Californian mountains and is an excellent subject for the Bog Garden or along the edges of water just above its level. PhUadclphicum. This species is found, generally in woods, over a large part of North America extending from Canada to North Carolina and westward to the Rockies. While in its natural state it selects somewhat shady situations, it will stand sunny, dry ground better than perhaps any other and it will grow almost anywhere excepting in a wet soil. It is a good species for planting a'ong woodland walks and amongst shrubs. Siipcrbum. It would be rather difficult to exaggerate the superb qualities of this magnificent American Lily. One has to see the seven foot tall, leafy stalk, surrounded by a cluster of from thirty to fifty brilliantly beautiful orange and gold flowers, before they can realize the impressiveness of this species at its best. While it is native of somewhat swampy places in the Eastern half of the country, it will do well in borders provided it has a deep, rich soil containing plenty of peat and leaf mold, and never wants for water. It is one of the best Lilies for the Rhododendron bed. It is found from New Brunswick to Georgia. JVashingto- mamnn is a Californian species and when it does well is a beautiful and stately lily, but it is rather capricious in the East, although many have found it to be an excellent garden kind. Its flowers are white with purple sjnits and the entire blossom becomes tinged with pur])le after fully ex]janded. This lily will not endure stagnant water. A variety of this, althougli by some considered a distinct species, is rnbcsccns, having more .striking characters and it is said to have been found growing to a lieight of twelve feet. .\s, with the exce|)tion mentioned, the bulbs of these native Lilies are small, annual, and are borne u]X)n rhi- zomes ; they are both very tender and nnist be handled with great care, the numerous, fleshy scales of tlie bull)s being very easily detached. Doubtless it is this tenderness which has been the cause of many failures in bringing these lilies into cultivation, and unless extreme gentleness is used from the moment of lifting them from their growing position until they are ]>!antcd. more or less damage is sure to result, and if the bulbs live they may take several vears to recover. .Another jioint is tiiat these bull)s should not remain out of the ground a moment longer than necessary, and when sent to a distance more care in packing should be exercised than is usually Ihe case. In addition to the native lilies, of which the above list contains the names of the better half, there are quite a few exotic species which should be planted for the purpose of making our gardens more Ijeautiful. Some of these have the discredit of dying out in a year or two, but in the main, this failing is generally caused by bad soil and want of care. Undoubtedly the first lily to be brought into cultivation was Tigrinum, and it should still be grown as much as ever. The old, original kind is handsome but the newer variety, splendcns, has grander, orange-red flowers, grows six to ei.g"ht feet tall and blooms a month or two later. There is also a double flowered variety which is the only douljle lily known. This sjjecies can I>e propagated by planting the bulljlets which form at the axils of the leaves, in fact it spreads naturally by means of them and is now found wild in several Northeastern States. Caiididinn has already l>een mentioned. Croceum is in common cul- tivation in Europe of which it is a native, and it is one of the sturdiest and hardiest of the genus. It will grow in almost any soil or position and bears in Summer huge heads of large, rich orange flowers. It is attractive in the mixed border but shows best on the margin of a shrubbery where its stems just over-top the surrounding foliage. It is native of the colder mountains of Europe and natural- izes well. Some of us can perhaps remember the stir made by the arrival of the Golden-rayed Lily of Japan, L. aiiratiiin. A small consignment was sent, said to be bulbs of a very large Lily growing wild upon the Japan- ese Islands for which fabulous prices were charged, but of those who paid big money for these bulbs only a few- obtained any results, and practically the first consignment was a failure. The gorgeousness of the comparatively few flowers obtained, however, caused the ne.xt consign- ment to sell verv freely, and with more knowledge and experience in handling, and growing them, this lily soon rose to a foremost position among garden plants, especially in Britain. .\ striking point about aiiyatiiiii is its variabil- ity. If you plant a hundred bulbs not more than half a dozen will be alike either in flower or height of stem, even if tlie planting is confined to a named variety, of which there are several. The best is platyphyllum dis- tinguishable by its palmate leaves, the leaves of other kinds being more or less linear. It has been also proved to have the hardiest constitution. L'n fortunately under the conditions ]irevailing it is practically imjiossible to obtain any varieties reliably true to name through ordi- nary trade channels. This l.ily rec|uires a deep well-drained soil comjX)sed of jieat. leaf mold and .sandy loam, e(|ual parts of each. It is susce])til)Ie to cutting winds and should have a nook sheltered by shrubs or something from nortli and east winds. It has proved itself very permanent aniong Rho- ilodendrons when the latter have l>cen proi>erly ]>lanted, and the yearly mulching with leaves is also of great bene- fit, as it is to all Lilies. When grown in the ojien border a nnilch of rotten manure after the shoots have started should always be given. Under ordinary conditions in a garden where ])lants look after themselves this lily de- teriorates ;ind dies out sooner than any, but in a suitable soil comliined with proper altention it will increase and give a good account of itself year after year. Anotlier Japanese species is spcciosiiiii which has sevevjd varieties. \\'hile not so gorgeous as aurutimi it is certainly as beau- tiful ruid in North .America has ]>roved itself to be perma- nent luider ^oil ;iiid other conditions advised for aiirntiim. 'i'he 1)esl. iiarditst. and most ])ermanent of all exotic lilies is undoubtedly regale from West China. It has rich, green foliage with whicli the exquisite color tints of the flowers form a charming contrast. It has ihe advantage of being easily ]ir(r]i,-igated from seed, seedlings generally For November, 1922 311 blooming the second year. A distinct advantage is con- nected with regale inasmuch as it is propagated in this country, therefore bulbs may be obtained direct from the growers at the right time for planting without being sub- jected to the deteriorating effects of having to remain a long time out of the ground, which weakens more or less both their growing and lasting qualities. \\'hile there are other lilies worth growing out of doors, it does not appear that any practical purpose will be served by further extending the list, although a complete collec- tion of them would afford an extremely interesting and unique feature in a garden. At all events Lilies should certainly form a more prominent characteristic of our hardy flower gardens than is at present the case. We know that the general complaint about them is that they soon die out. lUit this is not an inherent fault of the lilies. Even if the soil and other conditions are right, lilies, or for that matter any other bulbous plant, will not be perma- nent unless they are allowed to die down naturally. Seed pods should be removed, unless seed is required for propa- gating, and they all can be raised from seed, although some take as many as eight years to reach a flowering stage. Some growers advise that the first year after planting all flower buds should be removed as soon as formed, taking care not to injure the stem. Xaturally when they are planted in hard ground and receive no care, lilies will not do much and will soon cease to exist. But there is no hardy plant which will more fully respond to proper treatment or that will add a more pleasing note of beauty to our gardens during many months than the Lily. Lilies should have a mulch after the first hard frost of about si.x inches of leaves, these leaves should be allowed to remain all Simimer and another similar mulching given at the beginning of every Winter. For cut flower pur- poses more or less of the stems must be removed, but as much should be left as possible. Growing lilies in narrow beds renders it easy to erect a lath shade over them and so increase and prolong thei.- beauty. The best time to [ilant Lilies is as early in the Autunm as possible : where imported bulbs have to be used and wdiich do not arrive until late their position should be covered with some kind of material to prevent the ground from freezing, so that planting can be done as soon as they arrive. In conclusion we emphasize the necessity of deep ]ilant- ing in a deep, light, rich soil, which nnist never dr\- out. K WINTER VEGETABLES AND SALADS ALE can be kept in a vegetable garden the entire year, excepting when the mercury drops below zero. Its flavor is very much improved by exposure to frost. Slight protection is all that is needed to keep it in usable condition. Simply mulch the Summer-grown plants with leaves, dry grass, straw, or any other suitable covering. The dwarf varieties are specially deserving of pro- longed usefulness. The leaves are a rich brilliant green color, bordered deeply with curled fringe and are at- tractive for garnishing. Its chief value, however, is as a vegetable similar to spinach. Anv surplus growth of brussels sprouts in the home vegetable garden can be retained fresh and green for indefinite Winter use. The whole stocks with roots at- tached should be taken from their place of growth and piled together somewhere in the garden and covered thickly with straw. They w-ill freeze solid in cold weather, but the freezing process, instead of rendering them useless as it does most vegetables, conserves the original color, flavor and edibility. The frozen sprouts should not be allowed to thaw, but should be put at once into boiling water to cook until tender. Crisp green salad and deliciously tender rhubarb may be had all Winter long from a cellar garden. To accomplish this have installed in the furnace room or cellar, the temperature of which must average 60 to 65 degrees, a box or built-in container for soil. A good average size is 6 feet in length, 3 in width and one in depth. Fill it in with 7 or 8 inches of garden soil and in November secure from the garden the Sunmier-grown roots of witloof, chicory and rhubarb — or they may be secured from any reliable seed house or, in some cases, from a local gardener. Cut ofif all the leaves two inches from the necks of the plants of both chicory and rhubarb, and remove any secondary shoots from the chicory. Alake trenches in the soil and set the plants 2 inches apart, water them thoroughlv and cover them with soil until the box is level full. The weight of the soil will assist the leaves of the witloof to grow incurved and together, forming small, well-blanched heads like Cos lettuce. If a few salads are wanted for early use cover the chicory plants heavily with manure, which will raise the temperature below and hasten growth. Those not so covered will be correspondingly later, so that a succession may be enjoyed. The rhubarb too. will the soil finely blanched and delicately tender. Still another way to produce successional cuttings is to store some of the roots in a cool place where they will remain dormant, and plant a few at intervals. It requires three or four weeks to produce the heads of witloof in a temperature of 60 degrees. Too much warmth should be avoided as a spindling growth results. When cutting chicory for use, remove the plants and cut oft' the heads leaving an inch or two of root attached to prevent the leaves from falling apart. All roots should be removed from the soil to insure its keq>ing sweet for successive plantings. Cut them just before you are ready to use them, as the leaves quickly turn green when exposed to the light. The rhubarb may be removed and used in the same way as if taken from the Summer garden. row through -The Christian Science Monitor. Let us have faith that right makes might, and, in that faith, let us to the end dare to do our duty as we under- stand it. — -Abraham Lincoln. The Garden of Aimiuils and Perennials of Andrew Wilson, Spring field, A'. /., Which Furnishes Him a Wealth of Blooms Until Frost. A Rose Garden Is in the Background 312 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE Roses in the Fall IT is a growing conviction with the writer that any Tea or Hybrid Tea which has bloomed freely during a single season has "squared itself" with the owner for its purchase price. If it endures the Winter and again goes about its work of beauty another year, the rose-grower owes it at least care and gratitude, or a successor should Winter claim it. The first expression of this care ought to be in proper preparation for the Winter. Some parts of this prepara- tion are here suggested. 1. Do Not Stimulate Late Gro-uili. The Tea and Hy- •brid Tea roses tend in Fall to renew active growth, and many fine buds are produced in the weeks before frost. To withhold fertilizing and extra water in these weeks helps to ripen the wood for belter endurance of the Win- ter. 2. Clean Ground and CleODt Bushes. Not a weed should be permitted to compete with the rose plant for soil fertility. Now, in Fall, as at no other time, it is especially important to have the bushes and the ground clear of dead and diseased leaves and twigs. If "black- spot" has been with you, every vestige of its ravages, either yet on the plants or in fallen leaves on the ground, should be removed and burned. Make sure that Jack Frost has only healthy leaves to cut of¥, and that he doesn't simply store for you unharmed next year's black- spot infection. A heavy du.stine of the plants and the i^round with the sulphur-arsenate powder (9 parts dusting sulphur. 1 ])arl lead arsenate) will be worth while, especial!}- as it now appears that where this has been done for several seasons the nasty rose-bug seems to be diminishing his vigor. Mildew is also guarded against by this treatment. 3. Fall Pruning. The longer canes of the Hybrid Tea roses ought either to be cut off — say above two or three feet — or tied in, so that wind whippings may not loosen roots. Of course, the final pruning must l)e delayed until Spring. Hybrid Perpetuals can be tied down after the longest tips are cut away. Rugosas need no protection. Hardy climbers should also be made snug liy prelimi- nary trimming, or better by tying down. In these roses, ns in Hybrid Perpetuals, the next year's bloom shoots arise from this year's wood, wherefore severe pruning is wrong. 4. Labeling. All roses ought to be so labeled that there is no doubt of the variety. Whatever label is used, it is important to properly consider its security in putting the roses to bed for the Winter. 5. Protection against Frost. Only hints may here be given, Ijecn.use of the wide range of climate the .American Rose .Society covers. .\ny rose is "hardy" anywhere if adecjuately protected. Usually, wind and the sun do more harm than tem- perature. The wind vastly increases evajjoration and tem- perature etTect, and even \\'inter sun may stinnilatc unwary buds to swelling, only tn be bitten later with the frost. ' So protection should be against w ind and sun. To hill up ground six to twelve inches around the smaller bushes is a gofxl protection. To thickly cover tlie inishes with evergreen boughs is excellent, and usually sufficient save in the coldest regions. If field-mice do not al)ound, leaves are good protection, prrivided they are so covered as to keep them measurably dry, for sodden leaves, or sodden manure, may rot rose stems. Protection need nni be ap- l)liefl until the ground is lightly frozen. llea\v paper can be so used as to keep off wind and sun, and the straw jackets once considered essential are usually safe. In very severe climates much more elaborate protection must be worked out, and, of this, information should be sought in the immediate neighborhood by looking up the nearest associates whose names are to be found in the geographical list of meml)ers in this Handbook. 6? Planting Roses in the Fall. Many of the best rosarians insist on Iv'dl planting, having discovered that the roses will thus be prepared for an early start. Plants can usually be obtained in fine condition after the first frosts, and if the ground is carefully prepared and the roses carefully planted, a further covering of soil will afford protection. Fall planting has much to commend it. lUit if for any reason b'all planting is not jiracticable, we commend Fall purchase of the roses, (let them to your garden, and bury the bundles of them ( divested of wrapping, of course) completely under a foot of soil, marking the place for convenience, and again covering the soil with any litter to prevent the severest freezing. Such "heeling-in" must of course be where water cannot stand — no rose will endure wet feet. This P'all buying and home storing is the solution of many rose trouldes, provided the purchaser also prepares his next season's beds so that he can put the bushes where they are to bloom at the earliest possible date when the soil can be worked in the Spring. looses make root growth very early, and it is far bet- ter to have that growth made in your garden than in the nurseryman's rose-cellar. Planting a week or two earlier in Spring may mean the gain of a whole season in rose prosperity, and not infrequently mean's the saving of the plants. Fall purchase and home storage secure not only the earliest planting opportunity, but the first and best choice of the freshest jilants from the grower. Getting Ready for 1923. Great advantage follows the fireparation of the ground in the Fall, so that the beds are read\- in earliest .Spring. The soil settles, the manure breaks down, the sods decay, and the whole mass im- proves over Winter, providing the best planting condi- tions for Spring. No longer is the elaborately deep soil ])reparation con- sidered essential. From eighteen inches to two feet of good soil, including' well toward one-third its bulk of thoroughly rotted stable manure, if cow manure is not available, and with a basis of bone-meal equal to a trowel- ful for each rose, will provide good feeding-ground for roses. If the soil is heavy and the drainage poor, deeper digging and heavy and rough miaterial at the bottom are required. — /. Horace McFarland, Jlditor of Publications of .Imerican Rose Society, in Members' Handbook. CLIMBING PLANTS /Ml climbing plants are vigorous growers, and unless dealt with ,'U once soon become a t.angied and uninteresting mass, almost im()ossil)le to sejiarate. When tying of any description is done care should be taken to lie slightly, allowing the subject a fair amount of freedom in order to mainl;iin a loose and natural elTect. Once the fence, jiergola or whatevc'r ilu- various subjects are intended to clothe is furm'shed ;illo\\ tlie plants more freedom, and ])retty effects will accrue, i liinatises, Pyrus, Roses, etc., are often rived of their iialuial be;uil\ 1)\ the stiff traininL"^ tlu'v receive. — (i. For ISovember, 1922 313 Bulbs of Easy Culture PliKHAPS the simplest bulb to liandle is the paper- white narcissus. It is one of the earliest varieties of the narcissi group but can be had in bloom for a long time by successive plantings at intervals of about a week. .■\s for the nieclium in which to grow the bulbs, there is nothing- simpler and cleaner than a shallow bowl of water containing pebbles to supjxirt the bulbs in an up- right position. In planting, a layer of pebbles is placed in the bowl, the bulbs set on this layer, and some pebbles packed about each one to hold it in place. The water Paper- Wh itc Narcissus should come barely to or a little aijove the base of the bulbs. With a large bowl it is recommended to change the water occasionally, but with a shallow one this is al- most impossible without disturbing the pebbles and injuring the roots. If a few pieces of charcoal are placed in the bowl the water will be kept fresh, so that it w-ill never have to be changed hut only enough added to allow for evaporation. If any bulb should rot and thereby con- taminate the water the affected bulb should be removed and the water changed, but this seldom occurs with nar- cissi unless the bulbs have been injured before planting. The bowls containing the bulbs should be put in a cool dark place, a fruit cellar being an ideal location. The es- sential points to remember at this stage of the bulb grow- ing are ( I ) that the storage place be kept dark to pre- vent the leaves from starting; (2) that it be kept cool, the roots then being able to grow before the tops ; and (3) that the l>ulbs get plenty of air. In selecting a cool place a temperature of from fifty to sixty degrees will suffice, but it is better if it can be still cooler. Temper- atures below freezing must be avoided. Sometimes a cool dark place is not available, and in that event a comer in a comparatively cool room can be darkened with a box and the bulbs placed in this. If the room is very cool rcot griiWtii will not be as rapid as in a warmer room, but when the bowl is well tilled with roots it can be brought to the light. The leaves will then have started and may l)e a few inches long and white, and on that account the bulbs should lie brought to the light gradually. After growth is well advanced they may be placed in a sunny window for a short time each day. Bulbs that are started in a cool place will produce a sturdy growth and the flowers will last longer than those that have grown rapidly in a very warm room. Narcissi treated in this manner can be had in flower from six to eight weeks from the time of planting. Paper-v.liite narcissi can also be grown in soil in pots under similar conditions. If a cool dark place is not a\ailable for storing the bulbs indoors a shallow trench may be dug in a well-drained place outdoors. In this trench from two to three inches of ashes should be placed for drainage, and on this the pots set so that the rims are about six inches below the surface of the soil. The trench should then be filled with soil and the surface mounded to shed water. As the weather becomes colder the soil should be covered with leaves or some other coarse ma- terial, this being held in place with Ixiards. Four weeks is the shortest time the narcissi should be left outdoors, Roman HyaciiUh six or eight weeks being better. The bulbs should l^e planted in pots or pans, preferably the latter. A good quantity of broken crocks or stones should hi placed in the pots for drainage, then a layer of good garden soil, and on this the bulbs set so that when the pot is filled with soil the necks of the bulbs will be barely visible. They should then be watered thoroughly and put in the storage place. The Chinese sacred lily can be grown in bowls of water and pebbles, hut not as successfully as the paper-white 314 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE narcissus. The bulbs are much larger, deteriorate ra])i(lly in the dry atmosphere of the stores, and cost considerably more than the paper-whites. It is therefore advisable for those who have never grown bulbs indoors to first try the narcissi and as cultural experience increases attempt growinsr the Chinese sacred lily. The Dutch hyacinth is also readily grown in water, but it takes longer for the flower to develoji and only one bulb ma}- \ye. grown in a glass. (Hyacinth glasses can lie obtained at the seed stores.) Only the choicest bulbs should be purchased and preferably named varieties. A piece of charcoal about an inch square should be placed in the glass to keep the water fresh, the bulb set in the cui)ped portion, and water added until it barely touches the base of the bulb. \o pebbles are necessary, but water should be added occasionally to keep the level constant. The bulbs are then placed in a cool dark place, as with the narcissi, and should l>e left there until the glass is well filled with roots. The plants should never be placed in direct sunlight but brought to the light gradually. The h\acinth has the misfortune of being overanxious to grow, and occasionally the flowers develop so rapidly that the spike cannot get out of the bulb, or sometinies the leaves have grown so fast that when the flowers open the spike is down among them. The Dutch hyacinths may also be grown in pots of soil, in which case they are given prac- tically the same treatment as the narcissi, care being taken that in nlanting the tips of the bulbs protrude just above the surface. The Roman hyacinths are bulbs of the easiest culture. and success with them in pots of soil is more uniform than with the Dutch hyacinths. The bulbs are small, but many spikes of flowers come from each bulb. The flowers are loosely arranged along the spikes, giving a more graceful effect than the stifif Dutch hyacinth. They should be given the same treatment as other bulbs, but may be brought indoors sooner than the Dutch hyacinths. Tulips and other bulbs may be grown indoors, but re- sults are not as satisfactory as with those described. — Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin. WINTER PROTECTION FOR SMALL FRUIT PLANTS CMALL fruits should not be [jermitted to enter the Win- ter unattended. This class of food producers is grown in ]>ractically every garden and still little attention is given the plants. Strawberries, raspberries, gooseber- ries. l)lackberries and currants are for the most part a hardy l(jt. They will grow and bear fairly well with a minimum of attention. It is jjrobably for this reason that the plants are neglected to such an extent. Their thrifti- ness, however, says the Stanford Advocate, should not cause any gardener to neglect the plants. Good growth anfl fair crops of fruit are not the points to consider in small fruit culture. It is bumper crops and healthy, sturdy ])lants that should be desired. I'.efore cold weather closes in there is considerable work that should be attended to. The more carefully this is done the larger will be the production of the plants. Those jilantings overrun with weeds need cleaning of them. With the brambles and bu.sli fruits growing in relatively large areas it is best to plow out the central space I'letween the plants, turning the furrciws away from the rows. Then, with a grub or other hand tool cut out the grass and weerl growth so as to free the rows of noxious plants and leave no harbor for the mice. Be- fore the ground freezes up for the Winter the furrows must be turned Iwck toward the j>lants again. All sucker shoots conu'ng u]) between the i)lants in the rows should be cut awav unless some of the stronger of these are wanted for Spring planting. In the case of strawberries such grubbing is impossible, but a hand hoe should be used to cut any grass or weeds that may be in the rows l>etween the plants. ^lany cul- lurists lea\e their stra\yberries unheeded until Spring, but this should never beliflone when there is time for the work in Fall. Plantations left for Spring clearing are usually neglected for other work and the crop becomes greatly reduced as a consetiuence. In Fall hoeing be care- ful not to cover the hearts with soil or unduly disturb the plants. If the bed is comparatively free of weeds then this hoeing can be left undone. Some plant food should be given the plants in the Fall and a ])rotecting material applied soon after the ground freezes. While ])roperly pruned liramljle^ may stand alone through even the most inclement weather, the plants are better off if given support. By erecting supports in the form of stakes or trellises it is an easy matter to tie the canes to them and prevent their breaking or becoming misshapen from the loads of snow and the sleet. While this supporting is not always practical in the commer- cial planting, it is entirely so in the home garden and should not be neglected. The supports need not Ije e.\- jiensive or ornamental. A single wire or two stretched along the row will sufifice admirably. The wire should be placed so as to give the plants the maximum supixirt. Many of the .small fruits need Winter protection. Cur- rants and gooseberries are ironclad and need no top cover. Blackberries of most varieties are very hardy. But the raspberries of many sorts are better for a cover- ing at the tops. Wlien this is done the plants can be bundled up, that is, several canes tied to a single stake or at one point on the trellis and covered over with straw, salt hay, cornstalks or other protecting material. Some- times the canes are turned down to the g-round and there covered until Spring with litter and soil. When the more tender bram1>les can be ])rotccted in an upright position it is not advisable to turn them down to the ground. All the small fruits need mulching at the roots. This stops the alternate freezing and thawing which frecjuently produces such disastrous results. If the mulch is of manure then the plants are fed at the same time they are jjrotected. The manure should not be worked into the soil, but left on the surface. Broadcast it for a distance of several feet on all sids of the plants instead of im- mediately surrounding the main stems. Long strawy manure, or that which is half rotted, is preferable to weil rotted manure for mulching the small fruits. In mulching strawberries be careful not to ap])ly too much mateiial over the crowns of the plants. .\ covering two inches deeji of fairly light, loose material is better than ;i thick mulch, for too thick a protection may Miiother out iir ilc\itnlize the jilants. lietween the rows, the inaniuc or other material may be applied several inches thick without harm. Only a short time remains to put the small fruits into condition for Winter. While the mulch about the roots mav be ap])licd ,it any time after the ground has frozen the other work should be done now. The sooner it is at- tended to the l>etter. .\'ext season's small fruit produc- tion is dependent <|uile as much on the Fall care of the ]jl.int< as .111 the Snring and earl\- Summer oiierations. Work lor some good, be it ever so slowly: Cherish some flower, be it ever so lowly; I.;il;iirl all l;ili(ir is noble ,-nid boh-; I. el thy grc;it deed be thy prayer to thy Cod. l-ranccs S. Osi^^ood. For November, 1922 315 Sllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiliiiilliiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiililiiiiiiiiiliiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin I Work for the Month in the Garden | f SAMUEL GOLDING I ^inmmimiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii u iiiiiiiittiiiHittiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiii i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiieiii iiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiijif \\'itliin the solemn woods of Ash deep crimsoned. And silver beech, and maple yellow leaved, Where Autumn, like a faint old man Sits down by the wayside a-wenrv. Longfellow. THE Autumn is drawing rapidly to a close. There are indications on every side that the garden will soon be in the grip of Winter and we have already experienced a foretaste of its icy hand, which has robbed the borders of flowers. The trees and shrubs, which have vied with each other in their g-orgeous and exquisite color- ing of foliage and berry, have now lost their brightness and are prepared for their Winter's rest. It remains to us to gather in the remaining crops and to give the more tender plants adequate protection, so that we can look forward with perfect assurance to welcome them again next Spring. All root crops must be brought in without delay. The celery which is now our most im- portant crop, should be lifted and stored away into its Winter quarters before very severe weather sets in. It can, however, be wintered outside, providing it is given adequate protection, which can be afforded by being well earthed or banked up with soil ; then covered with other protective material as conditions demand, dry leaves, salt hay, and corn stalks are good, with some boards placed over them in such a position as will throw the water off. They can be lifted and placed close together in one trench, for more convenience in handling, but when left in their growing position undisturbed until wanted for use they retain that desirable nutty flavor, and are crisp and firm to a marked degree. Cabbage can be placed in a trench upside down or in a conical heap, and covered with dry leaves and straw to prevent frost or water reaching them. Thev will keep when treated in this manner for quite a long period. Lift seakale, chicory, rhubarb, and place in a cool place where it can be taken out conveniently for forcing in successive batches during the Winter. They come away more freely when brought into heat, after being exposed to some frost. Take in some horseradish and lay in soil to be on hand when wanted for use during the Winter months. Meets, carrots, turnips, should be packed away in sand to prevent shrivelling. Lift enough parsnip and salsify to carry over until Spring. These vegetables are improved by being left in the ground, and if enough covering is placed on the land to prevent the ground becoming too frozen, they can be taken up w'hen wanted for use. Onions should be cleaned and spread out thinly, or tied in ropes by their tops, and hung in a convenient place in a frost-proof shed. It is an excellent way to winter them. dather a supply of protecting material to cover the strawberries. Some judgment must be exercised w-hen to apply this protection. No date can be set, but one must be guided by the climatic conditions prevailing. It is best to applv this after the ground has frozen up. Rough litter, leaves and cornstalks can be used. Protect globe artichokes early. Place some brush over them and cover with rough litter. Keep plenty of salt Iiay over the endive that remains outside. Pav constant attention to crojjs growing in pits and frames : give abundance of air whenever the conditions are favorable, water very carefully, and remove all decayed foliage. Cauliflowers that were lifted and placed in the frames last month will now be turning in, and will make a welcome addition to the now short list of vegetables. The mushroom beds will now be in full bearing. When they show- signs of exhaustion they can be watered with tepid water in which a handful of salt has been dissolved. Collect more material to replenish the beds, as they cease to be profitable. Plant deciduous trees and shrubs while the weather re- mains open. Lift any gladioli, montbretias, cannas or dahlias that may have been overlooked. Store away in a cool place. Some people find montbretias somewhat dif- ficult to keep right through the Winter. If any failure has been experienced when lifted in the Fall, try leaving them in the ground, and use a heavy mulch of leaves. These are flowering bulbs that are deservedly growing in popular favor. Any herbaceous plants that are prone to die off during the \Vinter should be lifted and placed in a cold frame. The tritonias and border chrysanthemums are as a rule better off when placed under this protection. There are many other things which come through some Winters quite well and die off during apparently mild conditions or wdien snow is light. Place canterbury bells, Myosotis, Bcllis. pansies in the frames before very severe weather is here. Cut over the herbaceous borders. Rake, clean up and burn all leaves and rubbish and throw the ashes on the garden as it is a good fertilizer. Collect all stakes and supports and store away for future. Make preparations for the protection of the more tender subjects. .Arrange windbreaks around rhododendron beds, box bushes, etc., in case of a sudden visitation of se\'ere weather. Cut back the long growths of the roses, which prevents injury from heavy winds. Draw up soil around the base of the teas and hybrid teas, and in exposed places set wire netting around the beds. Cover the ground with leaves when the ground has become frozen. During the month of December the work in the garden mainly consists of preparation for next year's work, and seeing to it that the plants have ample protection to carry them safely through the long resting period on which they have entered. If material was gathered during the nfild days that have passed, it will be on hand in case of a sudden emergency. It is a mistake to cover or give pro- tection to many of the fairly hardy plants too soon, but when we get into December severe wintry weather must be looked for and guarded against. Many hardy plants will suffer if covered by a wet heavy manure, especially so if their foliage persist above ground. When protecting these plants use dry leaves, salt hay, or rough litter, and cover over with brush to keep in position in such a manner that the air can penetrate. Throw up plenty of soil" around the base of the roses. In some districts it pays to lift and bury the plants and transplant again in the Spring; this is always the safest way to treat the standards. If the laying in is not prac- ticed a covering of dry leaves helps to bring them safely through, although the mice sometimes take up their abode there and may badly bark the plants. When the .;oil is (Continued' on page 318) 316 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE The Greenhouse, Month to Month GEORGE F. STEWART WE have now come to a season of the year when the greenhonse will give more enjoyment to the owners in the way of cut flowers and plants than during' the Summer months. I am well aware that out- door trees and other plants have a charm all their own, even in Winter, to the artistic and observant mind, yet for brilliant and rich color in this part of the world we have to come to the greenhouse in Winter. When chill November's surly blast blows held and forest bare, it feels good to get out of the chill a few minutes occa- sionally, and see some of the flora of another part of the world, and I believe that was primarily the idea of glass structures. I have very little patience with some of our friends, wlm lately are inclined to have a fling at the greenhouse as a thing of no interest. Indoor and outdoor gardening both have their place, and I think he is a very one-sided gardener who has not a good knowledge of both. I am very thankful that all the gardeners I worked under, as a young man, urged me strongly to be well posted in all matters pertaining to an estate, and a few of them, should I mention their names, had a national reputation on both sides of the Atlantic as all 'round gardeners. Some of us know how hard it is to get a well posted young man for greenhouse work nowadays and I hope that the course in our colleges to train young men as gardeners will in the course of time produce results in that line. Late November and early December will find the chrysanthemum season about over, except for a few late varieties. We now will have our minds made up as to what varieties we will stick to for another season. Stock plants of these shoidd be cut down to about three inches above the soil. We find, if one has no room in the coolest greenhouse, they can \x stored very well in a cold frame, which can be made frost proof by lining the sides with leaves and using mats and shutters over the glass. In a frame with no heat in it, advantage must be taken of all the light and air possible being admitted into the frame: and dustings of air slaked lime, powdered char- coal, and occasionally a little flowers of sulphur given the plants. Keep them on the dry side until the young growths Ijreak through the soil. l-"umigate the frame at intervals of nine or ten days with tobacco in some of its forms that are common on the market. So far we have found Hall's "Nicotine I'^umigator" (powder) the handiest and best. Cuttings of the varieties which we mentionetl in a previous article, as being put in about August first. Ix'gin flowering about Thanksgiving and continue until after Christmas, 'i'iiey are about a foot high, and as stated in said article, are grown twelve cuttings t" an eight-inch pan. We find these about as useful as any chrysanthemum grown the whole season. Camellias are now loaded with flower buds and if large flowers are desired, thin them out to one l)nd, Somi> of the early varieties are flowering with us. We li.ivc a plant which has been in the Lyman family for about one liundred years, a cream-colored one: I do not know the name of it. This plant conmiences flowering early in October, and is the first to flower with us, an excellent variety, but somewhat delicate at the roots, I Ik-Hcvc it would d(j better grafted on a strong grower. The old Cavicllia alba plena, which in my opinion is the finest \-arietv of all the Camellias, alst) begins flowering with us the end of ( )ctober. Forty degrees at night during Winter in my e.xperience suits them best. They, however, may be grown as high as fifty degrees if required to flower early. This is the best time to pot camellias, if they need a larger receptacle, but they should never be overpotted ; they never in my e.xperience do as well as when confined to a small pot and fed with stimulants. I hear a great many complaints about camellias being in a sickly condition and invarialily it is due to overpotting and careless water- ing. The reason that I advocate potting camellias at this season when they apparently have completed growth, is that I find the roots begin to be very active long before any sign appears of growth on the plant. As a rule I have found that while flowering the young roots are starting all round the ball, and being easily broken, it is better to have them potted just as soon as growth is completed. Camellias grow well in either peat or loam. They flower better when grown in loam, but peat gives a better lustre to the foliage. Weak rooting varieties do better in peat. The loam or peat must be fibrous, as if it is in a fir.e condition it will soon become sour and useless. The poorest plantsmen I ever worked under w'ere great advocates of putting all potting material through a fine sieve. When putting a plant the compost should be as lough as can be conveniently worked around the ball without leaving air spaces. The more fibre in the potting material the better. Use about a third of good sharp sand ill the compost for camellias, and a good sprinkling of broken up charcoal. Be sure there is no lime in the soil, as I have found that these plants have no use for it. Pot the plants quite firmly, as solid as the ball of the plant, for if this is not done the water will ]jass too freely llirough the new com]30st leaving the old ball dry. Water the plants carefull\- and never allow them to get into a wet, sogg_\- condition. Comellias are subject to all kinds of insect pests, but we find they are easily kept clean by using H3drocyanic gas one half ounce to the thousand cubic feet. There is a black snuit that also collects on the leaves sometimes, and, of course, the only way to clean it oft' is by sponging. If good, strong, large ])lants of the Lorraine type of begonias are wanted for next year, select a batch of good, healthy, strong leaves and give them a clean cut across the stem. Get them with stems about two inches long if possible. We have found they root best in a shallow bed of cocoanut fibre with a little ])owdered charcoal mixed through it. (live them iKittom heat around 80 degrees and maintain it steadily if jiossible. .S])ace the leaves so tliat they do not toikb one another and keep them up clear of the bed, only having the (.'ud of the leaf stem inserted in the fibre. If they are iikclv to tip over, take a short piece of cop]ier vvire and ]iusli tluough the leaf into the bed which will steady iheni. If the bed is ibdvougbly watered, it will go quite a long while without re(|uiring ,uiy more. The leaves do not take long to root, but we have found it better not to disturb them until they throw up the yoimg shoots from the bottom of the leaf stem, 'i'he other Socntraiiia tuberous rooted hyl>rids root in the >ame manner as the abo\e. Calla lilies will now be well rooted in their pots, (live them plcnt\- of w.-iter and scatter a b;uiilfiil of hnnc iiu.-il For November, 1922 317 over the surface of the pot. It is astonishing how quickly they make it disappear. Waterings with manure water will also help them. Plants of Eiiangca tomciitosa are now flowering with us and will continue all Winter. Feed them well and keep them in tlie shadiest part of the greenhouse. The nice lavender color will not be so likely to bleach out. Those who wish Cyclamen plants for Christmas, better let all the flowers come. If they are pot bound, stimulate with Clay's fertilizer and soft coal soot water. Keep a night temperature around 55 degrees on cyclamens that are wanted for exhibition in Spring, pick the flowers until the turn of the year and keep them in a cool light airv house. We have seen lately beautiful plants in ten- inch pots grown from seed sown one year past August. Be careful about feeding plants at this season as the sun is low and growth is not very active. Tropical plants are better without any stimulant until active growth commences and verj' little shading until the sun gets higher. Rondelctia speciosa major, a native of Havana, is just passing out of flower. It is a good time to prune it into shape, and when the young breaks appear, give it a shift if it is pot bound. A good fibrous loam is suitable with a third of nice flaky leaves and sand to keep it ix)rous. Avoid lime with this plant. Luciilia gratissima is another fine plant when in flower towards Fall. It does best planted out in a light position in the greenhouse. Prune it back hard after flowering. This plant is a native of Xepaul, where the temperature is said to be cool and humid. There is some difficulty found by some in propagating this plant. Keep a stock- plant, and when cuttings are desired, put it in a higher temperature where it will soon make fresh growths. Select the short twiggy shoots and keep them in the warm house, where they will root quite easily if not allowed to wilt, which, if they do, one might as well throw them out. This plant grows best in loam and peat with sand enough to keep it oi>en. Clivias can be forced if wanted in flower early. There are now quite a number of fine varieties of this beautiful subject. Xcrimii (Oleander) should be kept rather dry until Spring and placed in a cool position with plenty of light. If wanted to flower well next year, never remove the young shoots that surround the flowers. When they get straggly and bare, of course, a good pruning is in order but the following season they will not flower so well. Cymbidiums are now quite popular among orchid growers and there are some fine hybrids. When showing their flower spikes, they should have plenty of water. They are strong rooters and like plenty of pot room and good drainage. Give them all the light possible at this season. Cattleyas of the Lahiata type, wdien past flowering, may be potted if they need it. We have found, however, that this orchid does not like to be disturbed too often at the roots. Odontoglossums should now have all the light possible. They are in dift'erent stages of growth, and those making their growths and rooting freely, will need plenty of water ; but always keep in mind it can be overdone. Look out for anvthing pertaining to the snail family. They can be trapped by scattering around lettuce leaves. Strawberries that are wanted for forcing should get about ten degrees of frost. They may then be stored in cold frames until needed for forcing about January first. Keep enough fire in the late grape house that will allow for a free circulation of air all night as well as all day. I believe in pruning grape vines as soon as the leaves drop. If this is done, 1 ha\'e yet to see any bother with the vines bleeding. A course of reading for the Winter will be of great value to any gardener. Every day he comes in contact with intelligent, well educated people and it will be to his advantage if he can discuss any subject that may come up in an intelligent manner. I do not for a moment mean him to confine his reading to subjects pertaining to horticulture. EUCHARIS AMAZONIA GRANDIFLORA John S. Doig £^UCHARIS AMAZONIA GRANDIFLORA is one of the most beautiful and decorative of the lily family but is very little grown. A few private growers flower it successfully ; and if given the proper treatment, it will bloom as profusely three or four times in one year as shown in the illustration. It thrives best planted in a bench filled with a rich compost consisting of good fibrous loam, cow manure, and bone meal. hiiiluins Aiiiacoiiia Granditiora. It should be given plenty of water and liquid cow manure when the plant is well developed. The secret of j)roducing flowers is to give the plant a rest from water at the proper time or stage of its growth, and that is as soon as the leaves are fully developed. Never try to rest them when the young leaves are shooting up or half- developed. Also keep it thoroughly shaded from the sun. This plant does well in a house with cattleyas or in a fern house. When resting the young flower buds will shooot up, and then it is time to commence watering again, sparingly to start with and increasing the supply as the flowers are cut or fade away, as then the young leaves will be pushing up. When these are half -developed, commence feeding. There are sixty-two spikes in the small lot planted in a bench two and a half by four feet, an average of five flowers to a spike, or altogether three hundred ten blooms. Live for something ! ■ Do good, and leave behind you a monument of virtue that the storm of time can never destroy. \\'rite your name in kindness, love, and mercy on the hearts of thousands you come in contact with year by year, and you will never be forgotten. Your name, your deeds, will be as legible as the stars on the brow of evening. Good deeds will shine as the stars of heaven. — Chalmers. 318 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE Flowers of Autumn and Spring WILLARD N. CLUTE I T seems never to have been definiteh- settled whether Summer or \\'inter is to be credited with the greater influence on the production of flowers. Summer, it is true, is regarded as the height of the blooming season, but it requires only a cursor}- examination to perceive that flowers have a marked tendency to cluster aliout the colder parts of the year. The expression "leafy June" rather aptly describes, not onl\- the period when the sun is highest in the heavens, but several weeks thereafter. At this time, flowers are undoubtedly scarce in comparison with the number at other seasons of the year. But as the days grow shorter and a certain crispness in the air speaks of frosts soon to come, a rising tide of bloom submerges the Summer's leafiness and spreads in a riot of color over the countryside, being especially noticeable in the cool lowlands. It is commonly imagined that the flowers of Autumn are belated species which have neglected to bloom at a more propitious season and are caught by the cold as a just penalty for their slothfulness, but this is far from being the truth. The .\utumn-flo\vering species are adapted to the season ; indeed they appear particularly designed for it and are at no disadvantage because they bloom so late. In ordinary years they finish their bloom- ing and ripen their seeds before Winter has had a chance to interrupt the orderly working out of their life jirocesses. Thev anticipate the season, prepare for the cold, and are ready for it when it comes. Again, as Winter wanes, a new wave of color sweeps over" the landscape, but though it reflects the tints and hues of the Autumn season it is in no sense a continuation of it. The component sjjecies are very dififerent plants and not the older species whose blooming period has been slackened by the icy hand of the frost. They are sturdy plants which have learned to capitalize the inhospitable conditions and bloom when other kinds are unable to do so. The Spring flowers are largely buttercups, violets, legumes, roseworts and the like — simple plants with large, open, regular flowers. The blossoms of .\utumn are pro- duced bv the highly developed composites and their allies such as asters, goldenrods. sunflowers, gentians, and bell- worts, with specialized, irregular flowers, usually small as to size but great as to numbers. The Spring flowers are further distinguished frcuii those that bliissom later by their fondness for woodlands, copses and other sheltered jjlaces, and by the rapidity with which they spring up in the wake of retreating snowdrifts. The Summer and Autunm flowers are more deliberate species that favor the oj^en places such as roadsides, river-banks, meadows and swamps, where they spread a multitude of broad leaves to the sunlight and bur}' the earth in vegetation. In the most leisurely manner they build up the structures that are to provide the material for the flowers and fruits later in the season. The vernal flora is composed r)f those more ])rovidcnt plants whose hal)it it is, in late Spring, to store up underground in tub-r and bulb and rhizome, a sup()!y of ])lant food against another blooming season. Thus e(|ui])ped they are able In spring almost instantly into bloom when a few mild days betoken the end of Winter. Tn the warmer parts of the world, this vernal .season is inconspicuous or absent altogether. Spring in such regions is chiefly marked by a fresher color in the foliage. The flowers come out one by one nuich as the stars appear in the sky at the close of da v. Our soutliern Stales though boa-ting of a niagniflccnt flora l;i1er in the year, have no such burst of bloom as characterizes the early Spring in the States along our northern border. This particular flora is in a real sense the gift of the cold ; a sort of recompense, possibly for the privations endured during the more inclement season. Thus it happens that in the northern States, at least, there are two rather distinct floras, intermingled but rarelv mixed, for each has its own time of blooming, its favorite form of blossom, its particular method of growth and its own selection of places in which to grow. There is some overlapping, to be sure, during that part of the year when one group is finishing its blossoming and the other just beginning, but in the main, they are fairly dis- tinct. The fondness of the bulbous plants for the wood- lands, is in all probability due to the fact that they possess reserve supplies of food. For a short time in early Spring the forests provide ideal ]>laces for the growth of these plants unhampered by the crowding Summer flowers. Here they can spring up and complete the cycle of their lives before they are lost in the dee[)ening shadows. After the leaves are spread so much light is cut off that onl\- a small number of shade plants can thrive in such places. The fine flowers of late Summer and Autunm are not found in the woodlands. Nor can we discover at this season any trace of many of the plants whose blossoms made the .Spring woods gay with color. Long before mid-Summer they have thrown oflf their leaves and often their roots, but deep in the soil a new set of flower buds, surrounded by sufficient stores of food wait for the coming of a new Spring. WORK FOR THE MONTH IN THE GARDEN (Continued from page 31.t) thrown up around the base, it mav prevent possible injury from these pests. .Suitable ]>rotection such as canvas, burlap and wind- breaks should be placed around energreens which are liable to suffer from cutting winds and frost. Specimens such as relinosporas and trees of that habit that are likely to be broken down by the weight of snow, should be made secure by poles set around them and tied with stout string. Single specimens of box may be entirely enveloped with straw. Give the rhododendron and azalea l>eds a good nuflch of leaves after erecting the wind screens. Lay raspberries and blackberries down and cover with soil if the position in which thev are grown is very ex- posed, otherwise they can be tied up and ])rotected with straw. .See to it that celerv wintering outside has .ilumdant protection. It nftimes occurs that during a heavy wind- storm much of the covering is blown away. When there is a good covering of snow this is prevented .iiid they are kept secure. This is the logicd time to rejilenish all stocks of ])ea l)rush, bean pules and flats for raising the early seedlings, and get under cover a good supplv of comjiost. If the fallen leaves of two seasons ago were collected and placed in a heap the leaf soil would be invaluable now to take under cover for making u]) next .Spring's compost. Continue to bring in successful batches of rhubarb, etc., for forcing. Inspect at frequent intervals stocks of fruit, l)otatnes, etc., and remove any that show signs of decav. During mild and open weather the pruning and thinning of old fruit trees c;in be done in the on-hnvd and \\'intcr sprays can be ap])lied. for November, 1922 319 CUTTING AND PACKING FLOWERS To cut rtowers and pack them at once is a mistake, especially during hot days, when much o£ their moisture will have been evaporated, and they are liable to lose the rest by bleeding or absorption. If the flowers are to be sent away early in the morning they are best cut overnight and placed in pans or jars of water, and they should be cut in the morning and similarly treated if they are to be dispatched in the evening. They will thus be perfectly fresh and their stems charged with moisture. Roses especially should not be packed in a full-blown state; to be really serviceable when thev reach their destination, they ought not to be more than half-blown when cut. Most other flowers should be fully expanded, and should be cut as soon as that stage is reached. It is only a disappointment to send any- one a quantity of single Pelargoniums, as, unless these are gummed, they are certain to fall to pieces, and there are a few other single flowers thai are not much better in that respect. Water Lilies, which are so much prized, should be cut and packed when the buds are iust bursting, and those receiving tnem must open the petals with the hand. The Iris family should also be packed in a bud state ; Primroses, Snowdrops. Pansies, and other small flowers are best bunched, and thus they will be found to preserve one another. Many err in being too cautious — do not, in fact, pack the flowers close enough. The lid ought always to fit down tightly, as the flowers are certain to shrmk somewhat, and. being laid flat and closely, are not so easily crushed as may be imagined. There is no better packing material than clean fresh Moss, and no worse than cotton wool, which robs the flowers of their moisture, sticks to them, and spoils their appearance. — Gardening Illustrated. HOW TO ARRANGE CUT FLOWERS The art of arranging cut flowers does not seem to keep pace with the rapidly-growing demand for flowers of all kinds. In the maiority of decorations and bouquets far too many flowers are used, quantity seeming to be thought to make up for lack of arrangement. Even in establishments in which professional decorators are kept, we have frequently been surprised at the lack of originality shown as regards combination or arrangement, while in villa residences, and even cottages, one often finds ex- quisite taste displayed. To what excellent use is the common Ivy put by some, who, having but few flowers, are compelled to make the most of what they have. Associated with a few common F'erns in hanging baskets, Ivy lasts for months in ordinary windows or corridors. Such sprays, too, are useful in Winter for entwining over the handles of baskets containing cut flowers. Baskets, too, filled with fresh, green Moss, require only a fraction of the flowers usually considered necessary to fill either them or vases satisfactorily. There can be no doubt that overcrowding is the greatest of all evils in regard to cut-flower arrangement, and unless one has a firm base, such as sand covered with Moss, the flowers press too closely on each other. Unless every flow'er has room to stand out clear of its neighbors, the arrangement cannot pos- sibly be perfect. Small vases, dishes, or baskets look most striking when filled with only one variety of flower. Even in mixed vases three colors are more effective than a larger num- ber. The free use of foliage is one of the greatest safeguards against over-crowding, and, as a rule, nothing suits a flower so well as its own foliage. The old notion of garnishing everything with Maiden-hair Fern has happily, to a great extent, gone out of fashion. Maiden-hair is very transient, and soon gives a worn-out look to the flowers, the beauty of which it is intended to enhance. \'ery larg:e vases must have flowers and foliage in proportion. — Gardening Illustrated. DRY WALL GARDENING One of the most interesting and fascinating forms of gardens is a dry wall furnished with suitable plants. Either a terrace wall, or what is often a troublesome, sloping bank may be made one of the most beautiful features in a garden and also a source of pleasure the greater part of the year. It is essential to plant the wall as it is being built; to build the wall first and leave spaces for the plants to be inserted later is to court trouble, as the plants more often than not in such cir- cumstances prove failures. A dry wall may be formed at any time of the year, and furnished with plants turned out of small pots and pressed be- tween the stones filled in with good soil, composed of loam and leaf-mould. This will hold the moisture better than anything else. Good sandstone cut to a suitable size and thickness is the best rnaterial. The stones should be sli.ghtly sloping inwards as this will help to retain the moisture and keep the soil in position. Groups of plants from six to twelve of each kind or variety give a good effect, the plants being put in from twelve to eighteen inches apart. Care should be taken to intermix the early, mid- season and late flowering plants judiciously to give an even dis- play throughout the season the whole length of the wall. The plants should be given a thorough soaking before turning them out of the pots. The following will be found a useful and in- teresting collection of plants for a dry wall and will flower from April until September: Aubrietias in variety, Alyssum sa.vatile compaeta. Arabis, single, Arab-is A. pi. Accena mierophylla, Accena adsurgens, Achillea Hcrba-rota, A. tomentosa; Aithionema grandiHoruni, Campanula niuralis. Campanula gar- gancia. C. g. hirsuta, Diantlius cccsiiis, D. arcnarius. D. deltoides, D. dependens, Erinus alpinus carmineus, Erysimum pulchellum, Cheiranthus AllionH, Gypsophila prostrata. Helianthemunt in variety, Hclichrysum bellidioidcs, Hcuchcra sanguinea. Hip- pocrcpis comosa, Hutchinsia alpina, Iberis "Little Gem," Linaria pallida. Linum flavunt, Phlox setacea in variety, Ramondia pyrenaica (for shade), Saxifragas, incrusted varieties, Sedums in variety. Sempervivums of sorts. Thymus serphyllum coccineum and album. Veronica Bid-uillii, J', rupcstris, V. prostrata, Zauschneria catifornica and Z. splcndens, Arenaria balearica, Arenaria montana, Coronilla ibcrica, Dianthus graniticus, Ca)n- panula carpatica. Iberis gibraltarica, Iberis corrccfolia. Plumbago Larpentic, Aplopappus chrysophyllus and Androsacea lanuginosa. I'ulbs may be planted freely on the top of the wall, and these will give a fine effect in Spring when in flower. — The Gardeners' Chronicle (British). IS THE HOLLYHOCK DECLINING? Is the fungoid growth to which Hollyhocks are susceptible, and which makes its presence felt more particularly on old plants, by an early rusting away of the leaves, the reason why they are seen less frequently in gardens than they were thirty and more years ago ? Possibly this may have had a deal to do with the decline of this one time popular florist's flower. The mistake made by those who used to .grow Hollyhocks, and who have since given them up because of failure through the prevalence of fungus, seems to me was of treating them as perennials and allowing all and sundry suckers to remain, the result being that the origmal plant, developed into a colony of plants, filching from the soil most of its nutriment very quickly and rendering the plants an easy prey to the rust disease. Hollyhocks, when well grown, are such noble and attractive plants for the back of a border, or for grouping, that it seems a pity their popularity should be on the wane. I think if we treated them more as biennials and gave them fresh quarters, in medium soil, rendered rich with rotted manure and decayed vegetable matter, we should hear less of disease. I feel confident that the biennial treatment of the Hollyhock is the only sure and safe method to overcome the dreaded fungus. Hollyhocks are best planted at the back of herbaceous borders, since they lose their bottom leaves when attacked by this disease, which gives the plants a very untidy appearance when planted alone in beds. — The Garden. THIS IS OUR COUNTRY yours and mine. We 'fought for it NOW LET US WORK FOR IT Rotarv Club Membcn 320 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE r I National Association of Gardeners Secretary's Office: 286 Fifth Avenue, New York Tlw aims of the association are, to elevate the profession of gardening by endeavoring to improve conditions within it. To cement a closer bondship among all engaged in, and in- terested in, gardening — to create a greater confidence between employer and employee. The association is professional in ciniraclrr. It must in no Zi-ise be associated with unionism. J. H. Fraiicies of Cleveland, elected to the office at the Boston convention, having since his election retired from the profession to engage hi the commercial tield. After a general discussion of the affairs of the association, the members became the guests of the New York Horticultural Society at the judges' dinner, as it was the opening day of the Fall Show of that society, President — Robert Cameron, Ipswich, Mass. Vice-President — John Barnet, Sewickley, Pa. Secretary— M. C. Ebel, 286 Fifth Ave., New York. Treasurer — Montague Free, Brooklyn, N. Y. TRUSTEES (For 1922)— William H. Waite, Arthur Smith, D. L. Mack- intosh .New Jersey; W. N. Craig, Massachusetts; H. E. Downer, New York. ' DIRECTORS (To serve until 1923)— Alexander Michie, Long Island; Ge^jrge F. Stewart, Massachusetts; Theodore Wirth, Minnesota; George W Hess, District of Columbia; Daniel J. Coughlin, New York; John Bamet Pennsylvania; Montague Free, New York. (To serve mitil 1924) —William Gray, Rhode Island; William Hertrick, California; George H. Pring Missouri; Thos. Hatton, Connecticut; Robert Weeks, Ohio; W. H. Griffiths. Michigan; Thos. W. Head, New Jersey. (To serve until 1925)— George Wilson, Illinois; James Stuart, New York; William Klcmheinz, Pennsylvania; John F. Huss, Connecticut; Edwin Jenkins, Massachusetts; Carl N. Fohn, Colorado; Joseph Tanscy, New York. SUSTAINING MEMBERS New yort— Mrs. J. J. Albright, George F. Baker, Edwin S. Bayer, Ilenri Bendel. Albert Clayburgh. W. R. Coe, Mrs. F. A. Constable, Paul U. Cravath, Mrs. W. Bayard Cutting, Mrs. Charles Daniels, Cleveland H. Dodge. Mrs. Dows. Frank J. Dupignac, Mrs. Coleman du Pont, Childs Fr ck W H. Gratwick, Daniel Guggenheim, Mrs. W. D. Guthrie, Mrs. B. A. Haegin. Mrs William P. Hamilton, Mrs. John Henry Hammond, T. A. Havtmeyer, Mrs. L. A. Herman, Anton G. Hcdenpyl, B. H. Howell. L. O. Iselm, (Jtto H. Kahn. Mrs. Frank B. Keech, \V . Eugene , Kimball, L C Ledyard. Jr., Adolph Lewisohn. John Mage?, Mrs. Julius Mc- Vicke'r, Morton H. Meinhard, Mrs. Eugene Meyer, Jr., J. Pierpont Morgan, Mrs. J. Pierpont Morgan, Stanley G. Mortimer, Mrs. Harold I Pratt, John T. Pratt, E. F. Price, Mrs. William A. Read H. D Roosen, Chas. A. Sherman, Mrs. Sam. Sloan, Benj. Stern, Mrs. W. Smrs- berg Dan. Tatum, Mrs. R. M. Thompson, Wm. Boyce Thompson, Mrs. Edw. Thorne Mrs. Henry M. Tilford. Carll Tucker, Samuel Untermyer, Mrs. Harold T. White, Mrs. Payne Whitney, E. L. Young. New Jersey-- A. Albright, Jr., Charles Bradley, Joseph P. Day, James B. Duke, Mrs. Lewis L. Dunham, Mrs. Frederick Frelinghuysen, Mrs. K. S. Goodrich, Mrs Gustav E. Kissel, C. Lewis, Mrs. Paul Moore, Hubert T. Parson, Mrs.' Manuel Rionda, Leland H. Ross. P. S. Straus, Mrs. John I. Waterbiiry, Mrs Ridley Watts, Sanders Wertheim. Pennsvhaina — Samuel T. Bodine, Gen. Richard Coulter, Mrs. J. D. Lyon, R. B. Mellen. Giflord Pinchot George F Tyler Edward A. Woods. Delaware — Irenee du Pont, Pierre S. du Pont, Harry G. Haskell. Connecticut— E. Dinan Bird, Dr. Tracy 1-arnam, Mrs. Tracy Farnam, George M. Hendee, Miss A. B. Jennings, H. F. Schwarz, W. H. Truesdale, Edward L. Wemple, William Ziegler, Jr. Rhode Island---ljov. R Livingston Beeckman. Massachusetts— Miss M. R. Case, Mrs. W'H'am C. Conant, George P. Dike. Mrs. Louis Frothingham, Henry S. Hunne- well, E. K Lawrie, Arthur Lyman, Henry Penn, Mrs. C. G. Rice. Prof. C. S. Sargent, Mrs. T. A. Spoor, Mrs. Bavard Thayer. Nciu Hampshire— I- . G. Webster. Ohio — F. F. Drury, H. S. Firestone, Mrs. Francis h. Prentiss, John L. Severance, H. S. Sherman, H. L. Thompson. Michigan — J. B. Schlot- mann, E. D Speck, /.idiaiio— Theodore F. Thieme. Illinois— A. Watson Armour. Harry B. Glow, A. B. Dick, Clayton Mark, Mrs. Julius Rosenwald, Mrs. F W. Upham. Minnesota — Mrs. Chester A. Congdon, F. H. Stoltze. /on/a— Mrs. G. B Douglas. A/mouri— .August A. Busch. Dr. George T. Moore, yirginia— Miss Grace E. Arents. IV. Virginia— Mrs. Arthur Lee. Georgia — E. H. Inman. 5. Carolina — Robert S. Mcbane. LOCAL BRANCHES Newport, R. I.: Andrew L. Dor ward, chairman; Frederic Carter, secretary. St. Louis, Mo.: George H. Pring, chairman; Hugo M. SchafT, secret.irv. Nassau County, L. I.: John T. Everett, Glen Cove, chair- man; John McCulloch, (Oyster Bay, L. I., secretary. Boston, Mass.: Robert Cameron, chairman; W. N. Craig, temporary secretary, Brookline. Western Pennsylvania: Manus Curran, chairman, Sewick- ley; Henry Goodband. temporary secretary, Sewickley. DIRECTORS' MEETING A mcetinf! of the trustees and hoard of dinitors of the national association was held at the American Museum of Natural History, New York, on November 9, the follnwing members being present: President Robert fanienm, William N. Craig. George F. Stewart. Massachusetts; James Stuart, .Mex Michie, H. E. Downer. New York; .Arthur Smith, D. L. .Mac- intosh. M. C. F.ljcl. New Jersey. William Gray of Newport. R I., was appointed to the position of vice-president for 1923. AMONG THE GARDENERS Ewen Mackenzie has secured the position of superintendent on the Nicholas Brady estate, Manhasset, L. I. B. Canister succeeds Mr. Mackenzie as gardener on tiie Morton H. Meinhard estate at Port Chester, N. Y. William Eccles succeeds John II. Francis, who has entered the commercial held, as superintendent of the F. F. Drury estate, Cleveland, O. Alfred Hall succeeds the late A. H. Wingett as superintendent of Allen Winden Farm, Lenox, Mass. SOME SIDELIGHTS ON THE CONVENTION I ne\ er had sucli fun in my life ; no, never since I was born. Old and young, they laughed and sung till almost daylight in the morn. As soon as I boarded the steamer for Boston, I knew I was in for a good time. Miss Ebel saw to it that everybody made themselves at home and made the best of the trip to Boston. Well, we had all together a glorious time, just like one large family, and discussed all the topics of the day, from the weather to who is going to be the ne.xt President. When we reached Boston, friend Craig, with a staff of assist- ants, was on hand to welcome us. After a hearty breakfast at the hotel, those of us who are on the board of directors had to get to work at once. On Wednesday, after electing officers and deciding where to go ne.xt year, and disposing of a vast amount of routine business, we foregathered in the banquet room. Let me say that was some banquet. You have already read in the Chronicle what most of the speakers said, and I think the most unwelcome speech of the evening was the president's, when he told us to go home and go to bed so as to be there early in the morning. Thursday was a grand morning. There were rows of cars wait- ing for the members, their wives and sweethearts. .-Ml started in good time except a few young ladies, who did not care to ride with the male gender and who placed themselves in a beautiful limousine and waited for the chauffeur to come. Like the Maids of Lee, they waited. When the chauffeur came, he brought his employer along with him, who happened to be a bank president. He said he was sorry to disturb the girls, but as he had not been asked to the convention, he would have to ask the girls to .get another conveyance, as he had to use his car for business. Of course, the young ladies ,got another car and soon caught up with the rest of "the party. 1 have no iploma awarded. We assist students and (jradnates in gettinjr started and developing their businesses. Established l'>l(i. Write for information; it will open your eyes. Do it today American Landsc^po School. 22N Kowark, N. Y. JKAOt D Krl In D MAHR — PU LVE R I ZED Sheep Manure Wonderful natural fertilizer for amateur or professional growers — uiiequaled for lawn, flowers, vegetables, fruits and shrubs— effectively sterilized— no weeds or chemicals — safe and dependable. Ask your seed or garden supply man for WIZARD BI^ND or write direct for full iiiformntion. The Pulverized Manure Company No. 18 Union Stock Yards, Ckiuco For T^ovember, 1922 323 PEONY PLANTING IN WINNIPEG "Plant a peony this fall" is being blazoned foirth with electric lights from the highest point on the City Hall in Winnipeg. Al- ready the slogan is producing results. Florists are besieged for bulbs, and hun- dreds of citizens have already planted their quota. The men in whose hands rests the policy of the city, all with one accord wish to make their city beautiful. Canada is trying to beautify her cities. The west, despite its newness, its busyness, its utilitarian ideas, is even more determined than the more conservative east that it shall disguise its newness in Bowers and shrub- bery. One might wonder how Vancouver could be made more attractive than it al- ready' is. But the citizens are by no means satisfied. The houses in the more exclusive residential districts are covered with climb- ing roses. Fences are shrouded with ram- blers, gardens are filled to overflowing with every variety of flower and plant which can be procured. Recently, too, a special flower was adopted for the city's emblem, the "General Mc.\rthur Rose" ; and now it is the determination of the city that every house, no matter how small, nor in what secluded or congested suburb it stands, shall be covered with the General McArthur Rose by 1923. In an age when men appear to be too much engaged in financial or research matters to have time even for the cultivation of inter- national gardens of friendship, it is surely a most encouraging sign of the times that some city fathers should wish to plant roses and peonies. There is something in the thought that, while occupied with the task of making the bare places graceful with climbing roses, there is no time for finding fault, for thinking unkind thoughts, for arguing about municipal politics. — Monitor. America, thou gavest birth To light that lighteth all the earth, God keep it pure ! We love that onward leading light ; We will defend it with our might ; It shall endure ! America, on-pressing van Of all the hopes of waking man. We love thy flag ! — Thy stately flag of steadfast stars. And white, close held to heart-red bars. Which none shall drag ! America, faith-shadowed land. Truth dwells in thee, and truth shall stand To guard thy gate. Its planted seed of potent good Shall grow to world-wide brotherhood, Man's true estate. .America, the God of Love, Whose name is ev'ry name above, Is thv defense. 'Tis thou must lead the longing world From phantom fears, to Love's unfurled Omnipotence. — .\lice Morgan H.\rrison. rather, the fibrous portions of them, from which all the finer particles of soil have been removed. Dift'erent Orchids require different ma- terial, but most will grow quite satisfactorily in a clean, open mi.xture of any of the dif- ferent fibres no'W used for the purpose, with live Sphagnum moss on the surface. — li.vclian"c. REPOTTING ORCHIDS Orchids in general are best repotted after the plants have finished flowering, for at such times new roots develop. After re- potting, the chief aim of the cultivators should be to get the plants re-established as quickly as possible, and this is best accom- plished bv keeping the compost on the dry side. If the cultivator will look after the roots of his plants, the tops will look after themselves, provided they are kept clean and placed in suitable quarters. The basis of a good Orchid compost should consist chiefly of Fern rhizones ; or, CONINE NURSERY CO. East Main St. Established 1895 Stratford, Conn. Reference Dun IN LARGE SIZES OF Hemlock, Biotas, Pines, Retinos- poras. Blue and White Spruce. We have the BEST stock in the UNITED STATES. We aJso have a good assortment of General Nursery Stock FOR AUTUMN AND SPRING PLANTING FRUIT TREES AND FRUIT PLANTS, EVERGREEN TREES AND SHRUBS, DE- CIDUOUS TREES AND SHRUBS, HERBA- CEOUS PERENNIAL PLANTS. RHODO- DENDRONS AND KALMIA LATIFOLIA. The stock we offer is the best quality. If interested write for Catalogue and Price List. THE MORRIS NURSERY CO. 1133 Broadway New York, N. Y. WoLCOTT Nurseries Designers & Builders Alpino Gardens, Herbaceous Borders, Landscapes Clinton Road Jackson. Michigan UNEXCELL-ED FOR. CROP&, UAWN5 FLOW E R. S ^,<r. NEW YORK QIAIITY RED POTS klade of best material by skilled labor, uniformly buroed and carefully packed. Farnois "Moss-Aztec" Ware includefl Azalea Pota, Fern Dlsbes. BaoglP" Baaketa, Lawn Vases, etc. Write for catalogue and price list The Zane Pottery Compaay So. Zaiietville, Ohio ANDOPM Trees and shrubs, dis- tinctive in quality and large size which will produce an immediate effect \?or country residences and estates ANDORRA NURSERIES Ckestma'hitt.'Ri Have you seen ANDORRA? PLANT NAMES AND THEIR MEANINGS is the title cA a series of articles now aupearing in The American Botanist where a multitude of other things of interest to the plant lover are also discussed. Quarterly, $1.50 a year; specimen copy, 25 cents. THE AMERICAN BOTANIST Joliet, HI. ORCHIDS We are Specialists in Orcbids. We collect, prow. Import- export and sell orchids ex- clusively. If you are in the market for Orchids, we solicit your inquiries and orders. Catn 1of;ues and special lists on application. LAGER & HURRELL •nhld Gratnn and Imptrten Summit. N. O. HARRY BALDWIM Manufaoturer oi Greentiouse Stiadlng L.atti Roller Blinds IVI XIVIARONECK, N. Y. •i / ^ L CUT FLOWER BOXES EDWARDS POINDING BOX CO MANUFACTURCRS PHILADELPHIA. PA. 4 -► Owners of Country Estates desiring the services of gardeners, thoroughly versed in all phases of their profession, and riiialihed to assume the responsibilities the position calls for, as superintendents or gardeners, should apply to the National Association of Gardeners. M. C. Ebel, Sec- retary, 286 Fifth Avenue. New York. The association numbers among its sustain- ing members, the owners of some of the foremost country estates in America. The association makes no charge for any service it may render to employer or member. Lily of the Valley -Burnett's Selected Brand- Cold Storage For Xmas Forcing Price per case of 250 $15.00 Price per case of 500 $28.00 Price per case of 1000 $50.00 BURNETT BROTHERS Seedsmen 92 CHAMBERS STREET, NEW YORK iHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiinnHiMiiPillilMiiiininilMlllllulllimuiiiminiliiiiniuiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiMiiiniiiiMiinMmiiiiiiHiniiiiiiHiiiiuiHm^ Orchids If you contemplate buying semi-established, established or imported orchids, consult us first. We carry in stock about 25,000 species. A large stock of Laelia Cattleyas, Hybrid Catt- leyas, Brasso Cattleyas, Odontiodas, and other choice hybrids. We specialize in supplying the private trade. Let us figure on your requirements — our quality is second to none. Orchid peat, live Sphagnum Moss, baskets, pot hangers, always on hand. Send for our price list. G. E. BALDWIN & COMPANY Orchid Collectors, Growers and Importers MAMARONECK Box 98 NEW YORK iuiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiuuiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiliiiiniiiiiiililiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiininiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiwiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiininiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniw Competent Gardeners The comforts and products of a country home are increased by employing a competent gardener ; if you want to engage one, write us. Please give particulars regarding place and say whether married or single man is wanted. We have been supplying them for years to the | best people everywhere. No fee asked. 1 PETER HENDERSON & CO. | I Seedsmen and Florists | I .VS an<] 7,7 Cortlandt St., NEW YORK CITY | Pditiiiimiimmiiiimiiiimiiiniiiiii uiiiiiiilllNlllllllllllllllllllllllllllHllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllliiiiiiiinmiiiiiHiiriiiiiiHHiNHiiiiiiiHlliliiuiiiiiiil; giiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiii Hill iiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiniiiiiiiiniiiiiiiniiiiiinniiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ uiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK OF | Trees, Shrubs, Vines and | Herbaceous Perennials j By JOHN KIRKEGAARD | Formctly A.ssistant to Director of the Royal Botanical Gardens, g Coponhagon, Denmark. Latterly Twenty Years % in Amoric.in Forestry and Botanic.^l Work = Illustrations in Sepia. Planting Plans. 410 pages. | 8vo. Beautifully bound in cloth. Price $2.50 net. | Mailing price $2.71. 1 Tlic character of infornriticm may he suniincd up in the suli- ^ title of the hook-TIlF, IIAKDY AND ORNAMENTAL VA- RIKTIES: TIIKIR ril AKACTKRISTIfS: I'ses: ami TRF.AT = MENT. : THE CHRONICLE PRESS, INC. 286 FIFTH AVE NEW YORK N Y M n nmn HI n 324 £wiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniii!iitiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiii»iiiiiii^^ i ^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim^^ iiiiiiijiiillilllililiiiliiilililii!liliIilIiililiIliiilltlIlili;iiiiliiiiiliiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii'iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iii:iiiiNiiiiiiiiituiiiini{iiiiiHi iiiiiiiiiininiimiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiinnjiniiimiiiittiiiiiiniuiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim i The Insecticide of Recognized Merit for Greenhouse and Garden A pLJI^P" is a concentrated material — mixes readily in water — efficient in its action easily applied — free of ^^I^ t^l^^I-' (i^g disagreeable odors and features of most insecticides — excellent as awash for decorative plants. FOR THE GARDEN- As dy against all sap sucking insects infesting flowers, fruits and vegetables, APHINE is most effective. FOR THE GREENHOUSE — Applied at regular intervals (once each week or ten days) APHINE will keep plants in the greenhouse and conservatory free of insect pests. p 1 J j^tj I [^ r^ For mildew, rust and other blights affecting flowers, fruits and vegetables. V r*. Ix I VI I f\ r*^ For worms and insects infesting the soil. Sold by dealers in various sizes. APHINE MANUFACTURING COMPANY Manufacturers of Agricultural Chemicals MADISON. N. J. iiiiuiiHiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii.nuiiiiiiimiiniin^^^^ | iiiiiiuuiffiiiiiiii iiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiniiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiniiiimmitit tiHiniiiuii iim ii i r ^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiliiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiii^ I WILSON'S I ! O. K. PLANT SPRAY | I Kills Plant Insects, Scale and Mildew | I Used by Leading Gardeners | I BbU. $90. '/2 bbls. $50. 10 gals. $20. I 1 5 eals. $10 I "Florham." Convent Station, N. J., Jan. ^th, 1922. .\ndiew Wilson, Inc., Springfield. N. J. Dear Sirs — We have used Wilson's O. K. Plant Spray on specimen bay trees for scaU, and trained native cedar trees for red spider, also under glass for scale and mealy bug on Nectarine trees and grape vines during their dormant state, and have found it Ijoth safe and etfective in every instance. Vours truly. (Signed) R. E. TVSON. Supt. for Ml^ H. McK. Twonibly. /r/ SPRINGFIELD NEW JERSEY ' &a:ey tree l-.xl'crl ( ,... htc.. aiul Ihe fiihiie is eaiilion,:! ,iv> Ihote faliciv refresenting lliemsetves. .'In agreement made imtit Itic Daley Coml-any and iwl -.eilli an iiiar,id:ial i.v certain cridenre of Kenuiiieness I'rolecl vonrself from iniposters. If anyi-ne solicits llic care of your trees who i.t tuil directly in oiil employ, and claims to be a Davey man, write Headquarters for his record. Saie yourself from toss and your trees from harm i 4i ENERS' CHRONICLE (OF AMERICA) ILLUSTRATED HORTICULTURAL $2.00 A YEAR 25c A COPY \jiSii4^Md/i^ THE fragrant beauty of an English garden is preserved and magni- fied in Sutton's Seeds, that come direct from England to enhance the attractive- ness of your lawn and garden. For more than a century successive genera- tions of the Sutton family have given their knowledge and experience to the bet- terment of plant breeding and purification of Sutton's Seeds. The seventy-seventh an- nual issue of our Garden Catalog and Amateur's Guide is valuable not only for the descriptions and classifications of the numer- ous varieties of all flower and vegetable seeds, but more so for the splendid in- formative cultural notes which are the result of many years of intensive study and hard work. Send 35 cents for this helpful book. Use an inter- national money-order when remitting for the catalog. We credit this amount to your first seed order amounting to $8.00 or more. You should send immedi- ately for your copy of the catalog. Address Depart- ment D. MKtmi^i cru/s Royal Seed Establishment READING, ENGLAND The Seed Basiness with a Record of 116 Yean ^IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIUUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIW Begonia Sutton's Crested Single IlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllUlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllIli^ Orchids If you contemplate buying semi-established, established or imported orchids, consult us first. We carry in stock about 25,000 species. A large stock of Laelia Cattleyas, Hybrid Catt- leyas, Brasso Cattleyas, Odontiodas, and other choice hybrids. We specialize in supplying the private trade. Let us figure on your requirements — our quality is second to none. Orchid peat, live Sphagnum Moss, baskets, pot hangers, always on hand. Send for our price lint. G. E. BALDWIN & COMPANY J Orchid Collectors, Growers and Importers 1 MAMARONECK Box 98 NEW YORK I ' iiiraiiiii iiiiimiiiiiiiiiii I 'iii'i»iiiiii:iin{iiiijuiinii,iitiiiiii;iiiiiiiiti|iiiiiiii:iiiiiiijtjjiiii!ii{jiiiinii,iii;M Lily of the Valley -Burnett's Selected Brand- Cold Storage For Forcing Price per case of 250 S15.00 Price per case of 500 $28.00 Price per case of 1000 S50.00 Our l*)'J:i S/iriiifi Catnl(><:ii(\ also Aiimial ,\ovi'lt\ List will be ready J an nary first BURNETT BROTHERS S('canies will usually give you the lime for the hauling, and if the patch to be treated covers, say, half an acre, use fifteen hundred or two thousand pounds of the gas lime. Trv it and be convinced. :;; ;;; * Celery blight has been unsually rife this season, and both private gardeners and commercial growers have sus- tained heavy losses. Those who persisted in the use of home-made Bordeaux Mixture, five pounds of copper sul- phate and five pounds of lime to fifty-four gallons of water and sprayed weekly had little disease. Those who neglected to do this, lost a large proportion of their crop. Celery is such an important garden vegetable that it is worthy of a little extra effort to keep it healthy. There is less and less celery each season kept outdoors on private 328 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE estates, now that labor is scarce and high. It entails a great deal of extra labor to bank up. protect, and tiig celery in the open. In a warm Winter, it is likely to sweat and rot ; mice and rats will gnaw at it if there is not a good frozen crust of earth protecting it beneath the mulch. If we have an early Spring, it will spoil much more quickly than celery well packed in a good cold cellar. rfj ;:< ^ For forcing under glass, what is the best head lettuce ? This is a question often asked. Boston is a great center for lettuce culture under glass, many acres being devoted to it. Practically three varieties only are grown today, viz.. May King, Hittinger's Belmont, and French Un- rivalled. Personally, I like the last-named best of all. The difficulty with May King is that, while it heads beautifully, it is very likeh' to burn at the edges when headed up. if a very clear sunny day follows several dark days. May King, however, is still grown more than any other sort. Golden Queen, one of Sutton's varieties. I Ijelieve. of a pale color, has given good results. We cus- tomarily think of lettuces as somewhat shallow rooting vegetables and that twelve inches is a fair depth for roots to go down. ]Mr. Hittinger of Belmont, a noted lettuce specialist, told me several years ago that having occasion to cut a drain across one of his mammoth lettuce houses, he found lettuce roots four and a quarter feet long, and he believed that they would have gone even deeper had soil conditions permitted. ^ ;■; :[: At our Summer and Fall exhibitions we frequently find classes for collections of vegetables arranged for efifect, and the group at the Museum of Natural History Show in New York last month from James McCarthy was im- doubtedly the finest single exhibit at that excellent show. How rarely do we see a class provided now-a-adays for a collection, say, of twelve varieties of fruits arranged for efifect with suitable decorative material ? Surely we have ample material for such a class in greenhouse and open air grapes, peaches, plums, nectarines, figs, apples, pears. Autumn fruiting strawberries and raspberries. The Massachusetts Horticultural Society has added such a collection class for a great vegetable and fruit show to be held on September 28-30. 1923. Cannot other societies be induced to do likewise? Properly staged collections of fruits, such as are seen at the great Enghsh shows, are always stunning features, and we should easily be able to duplicate them here with our greater fruit facilities. :1: :;; ^ The November exhibition of the Rhode Island Horti- cultural Society, combined with a number of other kin- dred bodies, held in the state armory. Providence, Novem- ber 17-20. brought out one of the grandest fruit displays I have seen in a long time. \'arious associations and fruit firms put up large and very cnm|)rehensive displays which were arranged most artisticilly. with all exbil)its named and the country of origin marked in addition. Over 100.000 people viewed the exhibition, and the wonderful fruit collections far outclassed the floral exhibits in inter- est for the general public. Surely one or two honorary displays of this kind shf)uld add interest to any of our .\utumn exhibitions. In one collection, I noted fruits from California. Morida, Oregon, Canarla, the eastern States, Hawaii, Jamaica, Honduras, Italy, England, Bel- gium, France, Jaffa, S]>ain and Porto Rico. It would be hard to find an individual who would not enthuse over such a varied fruit collection as this. * * * When we look hack a few years, it is surjirising to note the advance in po])ularity of annuals for greenhf)use cul- ture. Sweet peas are probably the best known and the most largely grown annual for forcing, while calendulas, mignonette, godetias, Clarkias, bachelor's buttons, sweet sultans, lupines, larkspurs, and many more also are grown. Nemesias have Ijecome extremely popular, and justly so. There are few annuals which cannot be cultivated suc- cessfully indoors, and our commercial friends make use of stocks. cand)-tuft. and Gypsot>liila clegans for Memorial Hay trade. A variety which makes a good pot ]>lant and can be flowered by making successive sowings from November until June, is Sfatice Sozvorozi'e. A friend who made a sowing late in the Summer, planted a couple of benches with it. and these will be in bloom for Christ- mas. This pretty lavender-pink colored everlasting makes a pleasant addition to the not too varied list of available Flowers for the holidays. * * * It has been a wonderfully clear and open Fall, very favorable for many who have but a limited fuel supply on hand. We may get severe snow and ice storms at any time, and all true garden lovers fail to do their full duty if in such times they do not feed our best friends, the birds. Pieces of suet or fatty meats, securely fas- tened to trees are much appreciated by many, and may save some valuable little lives. Bread crumbs, scraps of meat, or small mixed grains, with some grit added, will also be enjoyed, and it will not be so much labor to clear a ])iece of ground of snow and give our feathered friends a daily repast. We are well rewarded for any little efforts and expense l>y watching the pleasure of the twittering birds, and later on they will repay us many fold for helping them. * * * r)ur evergreens are now coming in for their annual mutiliation. I ain not referring to those on private estates which can be classed as reasonably safe from vandals, but take a walk or drive on arny pleasant Sun- day in December, and note how many automobiles are carrying their loads of spruce, cedar, mountain laurel, pine,' or other conifers. The desire for Christmas deco- ration is natural and commendatory, but the increasing depredations of auto vandals in our woodlands and fields is a scandal. Too bad that these, in common with other law-breakers, could not have a taste of the old cat-o'- nine-tails. It is only the nice, shapely cedars, jiines, or spruces which are cut for Christmas trees. The ill- shaped ones are left to grow up for timber. With forest areas gradually diminishing, something must be done to curb and regulate this traffic. It is a pleasure to note that many churches and individuals refuse to buy any moimtain laurel, and that some retail florists refuse to sell it. Ma_\- their numbers steadily increase! * * ^ How lovely it is these Winter days when snow man- tles Mother Earth, to stroll in our northern woodlands! .Some there arc who fail to note the beauty which every- where abounds, and wdio think that a greenhouse is the only place for the gardener in such weather, dreen- houses are interesting and pleasurable, and we need more of them, especially small ones for suburban homes such as we find so abundantly abroad. But why comjiare the lloral beauties of the greenhouse subjects with the more truly majestic ones of our great outdoors? The man or woman who cannot see beauty, synnnetry. strength, and vigor in the glorious :\mcrican elms, maples, oaks, pines or birches, silhouetted again.st the .sky. or cannot admire the great variations in Ijark colorings of many shrubs and trees is no true gardener ;uid is to Ix- |)itied. We hear of many .Spring, Summer, and Autumn field days, but hiiw few there are in Winter! Personally, I see great { CoiitiiiKi'd on pat^c 334) For December, 1922 329 Combinations of Flowering Plants ALLISON M. WOODMAN MANY flowers — and I use this term advisedly, mean- ing the flower to be a combination of the plant and blossom — are attractive enough in groupings of the same variety or of several varieties of the same species, but some of the best effects are obtained when several species of flowers, frecjuently, quite different in appear- Siuipdniiiiiiis iuii I'l- /'/ii/i/i'J I'ri-L-ly in amongst Petunias {on the left). Pansics [center) are excellent for planting in tlie paricl in the center of the garage drive, while Shasta Daisies make a splen- did border plant. ance, but ha\ing harmonious colors and fine texture of foliage, are placed in the same group. A blaze of one vivid color is quite effective in flower Ijeds located in large parks and extensive estates, but on small places it is in better taste to use flowers with soft tones that blend. White is a good intermediate color to use, often eft'ecting a transition between two violent, con- trasting colors. People are subject to decided tempera- mental tastes in grouping flowers. One person will de- mand the grouping of vivid reds and blues : another will show a preference for some other strongly contrasting •colors. Alany show an utter lack of sense in color values. Nature seldom makes a mistake in her selection of colors within the same flower. There is a gradual grada- tion between colors, or, if distinct, they contrast well. Therefore, it seems quite useless to continuallv harp on the subject of selecting flowers solely for color combina- tions. Flowers with pronounced colors like orange, yel- low, and brown, should usually be planted separate from other flowers. Flowers like Zinnias and Salpiglossis with vivid, bizarre colors had best be planted in separate beds, although flowers of similar character occasionally strike a special note in groupings. A bed of Scarlet Salvias is a distinct novelty and is very striking if rightly located, but to avoid too glaring an effect, needs to be relieved by a background of lark green foliage. A few inserted here and there in the flower "bed to supply a contrasting color creates a much more pleasing and less obnoxious effect than a single bed of Salvias conspicuously placed in the center of a lawn. There are many kinds of flowers with "mixed" colors giving pleasing combinations when certain colors are eliminated. In a mixed planting of Snapdragons (Antirr- liinums), for instance, bright yellows should be eliminated ; flowers with delicate shades of pink, or with pink gradating to white, make good combinations. There is comsiderable difference of opinion as to the merits of single or mixed colors in beds. The best seed companies make a practice of sending out only the best colors in mixed lots of seeds. A bed of mixed colors is not apt to be so monotonous as a bed containing flowers of one color. However, where there is sufficient room, a flower of one color often makes a very striking effect. I'oliage is very important to consider in grouping to- gether certain kinds of flowers. Frequently, too little thought is given to character of foliage, and yet this is the one factor which prohibits the grouping of some flowers, l^lowers with coarse foliage, like Dahlias, should either be placed in groups by themselves, or in the back- ground of flower borders. Flowers with finely divided foliage usually have splendid grouping qualities. Dark green is to be preferred to yellow-green foliage. Every type of flower has its own series of colors run- ning through several or many varieties, which cannot be duplicated in any other type. It is amazing to con- sider the hundreds of diff'erent color tones to be found in flowers. Color and form are dominant over size in relative importance, with fragrance constituting a very desirable factor. In the most attractive flower form, color, and fragrance reach perfection in the same bloom. Time of blooming is another important consideration. Considerable has been written on the subject, and, while planting tables are important, they cannot always be ab- A fine example of naturalistic planting. The H hitc Marguerite is a good intermediate plant to use between groups of flowers which )night not harmonize in color. solutely relied upon. Flowers follow certain seasons in their blooming periods, but there is no assurance just when they will bloom during the season. It is unreason- able to expect flowers to bloom out of season, but it is possible, by making successive sowings of seeds, to get some flowers to give successions of bloom. Cutting off old blooms is a great aid in extending the blooming period. Late Spring, early Suiumer, and early Fall are the three periods of the year when seasonal flowers are apt to be in bloom simultaneous! v. 330 GARDENERS' CHROISICLE The period of simultaneous blooming' will usually be brief in duration, but it is quite possible that there will be an overlapping of bloom. Some fiowers have a long blooming period anyway, and it is well for the beginner to use such flowers to form the nucleus of the flower bed. As a last e-xj)edient. it is advised that the gardener "take a chance" and experiment with different kinds of flowers, studying local conditions of soil and climate, until interest- ing combinations of flowers have been worked out. In All /./;.i/ii( i oinliiiiation of Canterbury Bells, and Diaiithus. S-a'eet I'Villiains mv own experience I have discovered that gardening is somewhat of a lottery — combinations entirely satisfactory one season are disappointing the next. And strange to say. some of the most effective combinations have been brought about entirely by accident. There are such varia- tions in soil and climate throughout the country, that what a])plies to one locality will not apjily to ancjther — which recalls the old injunction: "Work out your own salvation.'' Plowers with soft tones blend together very well. A beautiful coniliination consists of Canterbury LJells (Cam- panula media), or the less coarse Peach liell (C- pcrsici- fofut). in the background, and then in order. Sweet Wil- liam, Phlox ilnimiiunidii, with i'inks ( Piaiitlius) for a border i)lant. I'crennial Phlox and Tall Snapdragon, using similar colors, make a fine combination, both flowers conn'ng into bloom about the same time. \\'hen the jjerennial border is mentioned one naturally thinks of a border filled entirely with jierennials, but it can be made more interesting by the addition r)f a few annuals, which serve to fill up gaps during blooming periods, to add variety, and to sujjply color in the fore- ground. They shouUl be j^lanted in such a way as not to leave a noticeable vacant space in the border when through l)looming. The principle motive in establishing a flower l:ed should be to keep it in bloom as long as possiiilc, anrl aimuals are a very great aid in accom])lish- ing this end. Perennial I )eli)hiniums. ranging in height from low forms X(j tall kinds, are very useful in the flower border. because of the striking inflorescence, and the almost equally attractive foliage of many varieties. They never .■■eem to intrude upon other flowers. Pink Snapdragons make a splendid showing when planted in front of Delphi- niums. Yellow flowers also make a good showing grouj^ed with Delphininms. Snapdragons might well be called a "buffer" plant among other flowers, for, if the varieties intermediate in size are used, they seem to harmonize with most flowers, and are a material aid in extending the blooming season. They are equally pleasing when massed together, bright yellows being eliminated, or when interspersed amongst other flowers. Clarkias can be combined successfully with Snapdragons. .Single Petunias with \'erbenas make a happy combina- tion, the colors of both usually blending well, neither [ilant crowding out the other. \'erbenas bloom a long time, make an effective ground cover, and make a colorful showing in the immediate foreground of flower borders. To prevent too straggly a growth they should not be watered too much. Asters can be planted behind Ver- benas, or can be interspersed amongst late-blooming' perennials with similar colors; Clarkias look well with Asters. Some perennials because of their long blooming periods and blending qualities should be planted extensively in flower beds. Among these should be included : Pentste- mon, Sweet William, Columbine, and Shasta Daisy. The Improved Scabiosa, sometimes called Mourning Bride. with finely cut foliage, and with blooms having light or deep shades of pink, red, lavender, purple, or pure white, create a delightful efl'ect when interspersed here and there in the flower garden. Zinnias and Salpiglo.ssis, to my notion, are best placed in small groups by themselves, although quite effective when occasionally used as "accent" plants among other flowers. I have found it difficult to get Pot Marigolds (Calendula ofHciiialis) to blend with ather flowers, al- though especially effective, j^lanted in front of evergreens. Coreopsis and Calliopsis should usually be planted in small groups, with some white-flowered plant inserted betweeit them and flowers of different color. Pine Corn- flowers can be planted with Coreopsis. French and .\f- rican Marigolds because of their decided colors should be set apart from other flowers. The above combinations of flowers are merely su,g- gestive. for manv more could be worked out. but an attempt has been made to describe grou]iings of flowers- whicli meet with ]iopiflar favor, and which are easy to ^row. SPRAYING FROZEN PLANTS 'X'C )l\ 1 1 1 .\( i on thi.s subject as mentioned on page 29li: 1 am imder ilie impression that the water mu.st be ab- solutely ice cold, otherwise injury is aggravated, at least, when the subjects are exposed to the open air. ( )n one occasion I ventured out very early and siirinkled a num- ber of cordon and bush apples and ]iears that were in full bloom. The frost was so severe that I figiu'ed all the open bloom was certainly ruined but 1 took a chance and drew some water from ihc f.uicet. i'.elieve me. almost as soon as the water touched the flowers the petals turnerl brown. When the sun got u\i and the frost disappeared, the trei'S looked as if they had l)een scorched by fire. 1 scrucely had a fruit on any of the sijrinkled trees, and after that. I Ici till' frost do its worst, preferring to remain in bed, I'nur A. M. on a frosty morning lias no attraction for me imless necessity calls for it. — T. A. W. I.et us have faith that right makes mi-bt. and. in that faith, let us to the end dare to do our duty a> we under- stand it. — .\liU.\II\M T.IVCOI.N. For December, 1922 331 What Shall We Plant for a Hedge Next Spring FLORUM AMATOR WHAT shall we plant for a he(l,t,^e next Spring ? The answer depends on whether we would like a hedge of thorny or thornless, deciduous, or evergreen shrubs or trees. Let us assume that we should like a hedge of deciduous, thornless shrubs or trees. In these there is a choice, among those of suitable shape and size, between those notable for the beauty of their foliage especially, or for their flowers, or their fruit, or for two or all of these features combined. If we are resting our choice upon handsome foliage chiefly, there are available several species of Ligustrum, privet. The best known and most widely used is Ligus- trii-m ovalifolimn, California privet. This shrub main- tains the green color of its foliage well into the Winter and retains its foliage in a more or less green state in the latitude of New York usually until its new leaves appear early in the Spring and is therefore a semi-evergreen. Privet grows at its best in the East along the sea-coast and for about ten miles inland, from Massachusetts south. In sections where the temperature is always above zero, this privet is hardy, but in a temperature of ten degrees or more below, it is liable to be killed almost or quite down to the ground. California privet should be set for a hedge in a single row, preferably in the Spring, about nine inches apart, and immediatelv after the shrubs are set, they should be cut back to within six inches of the ground. This privet should be pruned several times each season, and at each pruning cut back to within a few inches of where its new- est growth started. It should not be allowed to increase in height more than six inches a year. The sides should be kept vertical as a projecting top shades the bottom of the hedge and discourages growth at the very point where density of the branches is most desirable. There is an- other species of privet which may be used for a hedge, namely, Ligiisfruiii ibota. variety rcgclianuiii. which is said to be very hardy. Passing from the half-deciduous, half-evergreen privets, iised in hedges particularly for their handsome foliage, we find a long list of absolutely deciduous shrubs ( that is, shrubs which drop their leaves as soon as struck 1)y the heavy autumnal frosts) which are available for making hedges. Let us consider several of these. Dcutcia gracilis is an excellent shrub for forming a low hedge. It bears prunins: well, has a soft foliage, and in June is well cov- ered with pretty bell-shaped white flowers. This deutzia is one of the most satisfactory of all low growing decid- uous shrubs for a hedge. Among the Spiraeas, which are all deciduous, there is one variety very suitable for a low, and another for a some- what higher hedge. The first is Spinra Biiiiialda, variety ".Anthony Waterer." In early Spring the new leaves which this shrub put forth often show to a considerable degree varieg'ations of green, red, and yellowish white. Anthony Waterer produces contimially pretty rose-colored flowers from June until October. Pruning into shaoe after each crop of flowers to the extent of cutting off the drv flowers and cutting back well at the time the branches which bore them, encourages rather than prevents bloom- ing. This spiraea has also the merit of being notablv free from insetcs. The other spirjea most suitable for a hedge is the beautiful white-flowered P'an Hotittci, which nat- urally grows to a height of about six feet but can he kept lower by pi-uning. It is a remarkably graceful shrul), and is well Covered with a wealth of pure white flowers in the Spring. When grace rather than severe regularity of form is desired in a hedge, Spinra I'an Hoiittri will cer- tainly satisfy. The several other species of spirjea suitable for a low hedge are. namely Spinca Biiuuilda, the most dwarf of all, growing to a height of two feet, having pretty cut leaves, and producing rose-colored flowers through Summer and Autumn ; Spinca callosa growing to a height of about three feet, whose bluish green leaves are purple when young, and whose rosy flowers continue to appear almost throughout tli„e Summer. When a higher and stronger, but a thornless hedge is desired, we may plant out Carpinus betulus, European hornbeam. This tree, rather than shrub, whose oval leaves change from green to golden in the autumn and present them as well as when in their Summer color, a pleasing sight, makes an excellent hedge especially where a wind break is required and can be allowed to grow to any height f'r that purpose. Fagiis sylvatica, the English beech tree, and a variety of this, purpurea, whose leaves in Spring are a deep ])ur- ple turning later to crimson, and in Autumn to a purijlish green, make lieautiful and strong windbreaking hedges. Reverting to flowering shrubs which may be used for hedges, we have Syriuga Z'-ulgaris, the common syringa, or as it is more generally called, lilac. Where a rather tall hedge is sought and regularity of outline is not re- garded of so much importance as an abundance of hand- some sweet-scented flowers, each May, this syringa makes a most satisfactory hedge. There are several brier — or spine, — or thorn-bearing kinds of shrubs and trees which may be used as hedges either because their thorns restrain people or animals from passing through a hedge formed of them, or because, aside from this feature, they make by reason of their form, foliage, or flowers, an attractive hedge. Bcrbcris Thuubcrgii, Japanese barberry, a spine-bearing shrub, has many merits as a subject for a hedge. It trans- plants well, bears pruning sufficiently at least to keep it at the same height, is not inclined to grow tall, but has a somewhat sjireading top and is therefore easily kept at a height of not more than three or four feet. Its delicate and pretty leaves in the Sjiring and its dropping racemes of yellow flowers are delightful to the eye. The beautiful red to which its leaves turn in the Autumn gives it a bril- liant effect and the scarlet fruit with which this barberry is covered, not only throughout the Autumn and Winter, but well into the Spring, fairly dazzles the eye. The several varieties of Rosa rugosa may be used in forming a hedge. The heavily furrowed leaves of this rose, which are almost evertrreen, are a prominent feature and so are its spines. Its flowers, too, some white, others, red, some single, others somewhat double, make a brilliant showing and the orange red hips or fruits of large size, following the flower and remaining long on the bush, pro- long the bright display. Cratccgus oxxcanfhus.- Enaiish hawthorn, is a much larger growing subject than Berberis Thunbergii or Rosa rugosa. and has strong thorns. This shrub, or tree, has prettv foliage and single, white flowers, followed by red fruits which remain on late. There is a variety of this, C. oxvcanfhus flore picno. which bears double white flowers. Cratccgus crus-galli, cockspur thorn, is valuable for form- ing a restraining hedge. This is a native Crataegus, posses- 332 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE sing very long, sharp thorns, and bright red fruits. It is very showy. Cvdonia Japonka, Japanese quince, also is attractive as a Spring hedge. Its brilliant scarlet tlowers appear in great profusion in very early Spring and are followed by pear-shaped yellow fruits. Glcditsia, or Glcdifschia triaciDithtis. thorny honey locust, which is armed with thorns three to four inches long, is a rapid growing tree and makes a formidable hedge. Long twisted pods follow its flowers, and though so thorny, this tree has a delicate, handsome foliage. Madura aurantiaca, Osage Orange, makes an impen- etrable hedge when carefully set. I'lanted singly this grows into a medium size tree, but when used in a hedge, can be kept at the desired height. This tree is very spiny ; has bright green leaves, which turn yellow in the Autumn, and bears inconspicuous greenish flowers, followed by inedible greenish yellow fruits. This has been much used as a hedge plant in the Middle West and is hardy as far north as Massachusetts. Several species and varieties of Thuja make excellent evergreen hedges. Thuja fastigiata, or pyramidalis, has a compact dense habit of growth, a columnar form, and light green foliage. This is known as the pyramidal arborvitas. T. occidcntalis, the common American arborvit.-e, has short horizontal branches, scaly, bright green leaves, with a yellowish under color; T. occidcntalis, "Little Gem," is very dwarf, growing broader than high, and has dark leaves; while T. occidcntalis lutca, known as George Pea- body's Golden Arliorvitce. T. occidcntalis U'arcana. or Sibirica, has a pyramidal form, a dense and lower growth and stouter branchlets than the species itself, and glaucose green leaves. All of these arborvitc-e are favorites for ever- green hedges, the choice largely depending on the desired height, the form of growth, and the color of the foliage. Ta.viis baccatus rcpandcns. English yew. will grow in almost any position and is the hardiest of all the prostrate yews. Its slender pointed leaves have an upward curve and are a lustrous green. Taxu-s cuspidata, or capitata. and T. cuspidala nana or breiifolia are both suitable for hedges. The species cuspidata keeps its fresh color all the year round, endures our severest Winters, and is an up- right, fast grower. The variety, nana, has a rich, deep green, short foliage and a spreading growth. Tsuga canadensis, hemlock, is a graceful, handsome evergreen. The pendulous, slender branches of the tree give to a hedge a soft efl:'ect not to be obtained through any other evergreen. It is an excellent evergreen for forming a wind break hedge. Picca excelsa, Norway spruce, is a tree of pyramidal form attaining a height of forty to fifty feet, but is suit- able for a hedge. The sijruce has a handsome dark green foliage, is very hardy and makes. ])erhaps. the heaviest and tallest hedge of any of the evergreens. Passing from the evergreens and conifers, we have available for a hedge two broad-leaved evergreens. The first is Ilex crcnata, Japanese holly, which is a rapid grower: has small .green, smooth ii\al leaves, and funns a compact, dense bush which, like boxwood, can be ])rnne(l into various shai)es. The second is Buxus sempcrvircns, without argument one of the finest of all hedge shrubs and excellent for that ]nir])f)se in a latitude and location where it will be neither killed by an extremely low Winter temperature or burned brown by Winter's winds or .Sum- mer's sun. There are some factors in the jjroblem of making a good hedge to which close attention must be given. The grmmd where the hedge shrubs or trees are to be planted should be dug nj) to the depth of two or more feet. \ spread of stable manure, six to ten inches deep, should be thoroughly dug in and incorporated with the soil in the Autumn, if the hedge is to be set in Spring, and vice versa. If this has not been done in advance, it is not advisable to use any stable manure just before setting the hedg'e shrubs for the roots to come in direct contact with, but to incorporate a moderate quantity of pure ground bone in the soil and to apply more of this on the surface after the shrubs are planted during the growing season and to rake it into the soil, or to apply sheep manure to the surface in the same way. These aijplications may be made several times from early Spring till mid- Autumn. After the ground is frozen a few inches deep in early \\inter each year, a spread of stable fertilizer may be applied as a top dressing. This will keep the ground from alternate freezings and thawings. Shrubs and trees of nearly the same height should be ])lanted together in making a hedge. This is especially necessary in the case of some broad leaved evergreens such as boxwood, where to prune back severely to make the shrubs of the same height would be to cut back into the old wood and disfig^ure the shrub. The height to which it is desired that the hedge grow should be decided on ai)proximately soon after the hedge is set. The hedge, however, in the case of larger shrubs and trees should not be allowed to reach its full height in one season's .growth, even where that is possible, and perhaps not in several seasons. In most instances, in pruning, the new growth should be each time cut back to within a few inches of the old wood, but not to it. This method of pruning one or several times during the growing season, according as the shrub is of slow or rapid growth, keeps the hedge thick from bottom to top, and broad, and at the desired height. \Mien once a hedge from neglect of pruning begins to grow its own way, it is brought back to the desired shajDe, if at all, with great difliculty. It is almost impossible to formulate exact rules for pruning hedges but a good general rule is to have a vision of what we would like our hedge to be, and then to prune each time with care so that we may realize our vision. RHODODENDRON MAXIMUM ""PHE only evergreen Rhododendron which grows in the •'■ northeastern states, with an extensive Appalachian range southward to Georgia, is one of the handsomest of the broad-leaved evergreen plants which can be grown in this climate. The flowers are [jink and white or nearly white and, like those of some other late-flowering Rhododen- drons, are more or less hidden Ijy the branches of the year which usually make a considerable ])art of their growth before the flowers open. /\. inaxinmni grows well in any soil not .'mpregnated with lime and flourishes in shade and when fully exposed to the sun, but when growing in open positions it is often seriuusly injured bv the lace- wing lly which was first brouglu to Xew F.ngland on plants of this Rhododendron collected in the south. Hy- brids of R. luaxiniuni and /\. cala7>.'bieuse hybrids have been raised. ( )ne of the earliest and best known nf these hybrids. A', delicatissimum, has lustrous foliage and white llowers tinged with i)ink which ojien two or three weeks before those of R . nuixiniuin and are not hidden bv young branches. Tins hybrid is one of the hardiest, handsomest and most desirable of the large growing Rhododendrons whicli can be planted in Massachusetts. — Arnold .Irborc- tuui IhiUetin. I'lflorts to be permanently useful must be unit'nrnily joyous, a spirit all sunshine, graceful from very gladness, beautiful because bright. — Thomas r.vui.vr.K. The most manifest sign of wisdom is continued cheer- fulness.— Mo,\T.\i(;\F. For December, 1922 333 The Beautiful Christmas Tree BERTHA BERBERT-HAMMOND THE idea of using an evergreen tree as the chief sym- bohcal decoration at the Vuletide festival dates back to ancient times. The practice spread from the Teutons to other European nations, and then to America, wiiere the custom of using a gayly spangled, gift-laden evergreen tree at the Christmas celebrations is now the general usage, there being, according to statistics of the forest service of the U. S. government nearly five mil- lion young evergreen tres marketed at Christmas time, one and a half million of these being required to supply the demand of New York State and the New England States. These figures loom up large, and read without a wider knowledge of conditions would seem to indicate a great waste of our natural resources. Probably, if closely and coldly reckoned in terms of dollars and cents, our country's wealth would be slightly increased if so many evergreens were not annually cut down, but great wealth is not the only factor to Ise considered in this connection. The joyful anticipation, the great ]ileasure, and happiness that these Christmas trees bring to rich and poor, old and young, wherever the light of Christianity has penetrated, compensate mankind a hundredfold for any pecuniary loss that may be the direct result of cutting the young evergreen trees. Moreover, many of the trees used have been raised expressly for the purpose, and growing them furni.-^hes a profitable side industry. In some of our States the trees used at Christmas would be weeded out anyway as the land needs to be cleared for improvements, so that the number of trees that have been thoughtlessly sacrificed is proportionately small. in the cutting of trees for the Christmas trade the rules applied in forestry must be observed. Trees that are not crowded should not be taken nor should tall trees that are the result of years of growth be shamefully mutilated by cutting out the tops. Evergreen trees on watershed areas also must be protected, but if only the surplus growth of the forest is thinned out, the cutting of the trees will be an advantage and not a damage to the woodland as the following experiment will attest : A year or two ago the Government Forest Service, as a trial, thinned out the young growth on about three acres of land belonging to the Pike National Forest, Colorado, leaving about 730 selected trees (whose growth was nor hindered) standing on each acre of the land. With the impediment to their progress removed these trees having freedom will add greatly to the wealth of the forest and still the young, crowded growth cut out yielded to the government the sum of three hundred dollars. Though in the past there has been much of the prodi- gality characteristic of Americans, our forests still cover about 550,000,000 acres, or approximately one-quarter of the area of the United States, and now that our people have awakened to the fact that forests are a National asset, and that it is high time to practice scientific for- estry methods, for the protection and perpetuation of standing timber and for the reforestation of denuded lands on the millions of acres of idle land not adapted for agriculture, but quite suitable for the growing of trees, it is leasonable to believe that having learned the lesson the people of this progressive country will be quick to take measures for the maintenance and preservation of forests for their own benefit and that of future genera- tions. But even so. it is possible for American families to enjoy the treat of a real Christmas tree, for forestrv meth- ods Ihat do not provide for the use of trees are a failure, because they are not practical. Realizing how much true joy humanity receives from Christmas trees, the ever- green trees required for that purpose could be put to no Lietter use. One may admire the sturdy oak, the spread- ing elm, the symmetrical sugar maple, the fragrant lin- den, the graceful willow, the ornamental catalpa or erect Lcmbardy poplar, but prompted by tender feeling and fond association the thought remains that Sing of this or that tree. Growing here and there ; All around the world, dear, Every tree is fair. North or South it may be, Maybe East or West ; But take them all in all, dear, The Christmas tree is best. And though the charming old custom of having a Christmas tree is one of deep sentiment and not of prosaic economics, the idea has increased in popularity, and has broadened until at the present time, in addition to the. home tree, we have the out-door community tree. For this purpose a large, well-placed, synunetricalh' formed, living tree is selected, and its many beautiful, spreading, c^s ergreen branches are wired for lighting with multi- colored electric bulbs, and decorated with glittering oma- merits. while once a year at least the people of the com- munity, catching" the true Christmas spirit of tmiversal u,, selfishness and "good will toward men." get together snd join heartily in the celebratioris. As long as this countrv and its vast wealth exists, nothing should allow the passing of the joy-giving tree without which Christ- mas would lose nuich of its charm. ELEAGNUS ANGUSTIFOLIUS A TREE with silverv white foliage can sometimes be ■^^ mixed with advantage with dark-leaved trees to pro- duce contrast in the landscape, and for this purpose no tree which is hardy here at the north is so well suited as the Oleaster, as Elcaguux angustifolius is sometimes called. A native of southern Europe and western Asia, it is a tree sometimes thirty feet high, or a large arborescent shrub, with erect and spreading, sometimes spiny branches, and narrow lanceolate leaves up to three or four inches in length. The fragrant flowers are produced in few-flow- ered clusters in the axils of the young shoots and are nearly half an inch in length with a bell-shaped Uibe and four spreading lobes. The fruit is oval, half an inch long, vellowish and covered with silvery scales ; the flesh is sweet and mealv. — Arnold Arboretum Bulletin. "America is not to be made a polyglot boarding house for the money hunters of twenty different nationalities who have changed their former country for this country only as farmyard beasts change one feeding trough for another. America is a nation. No man has any right here and no man should be permitted to stay here unless he becomes an American, and nothing else." — Theodore ROOSX'ELT. We live in deeds, not years ; in thoughts, not breaths ; In feelings, not in figiires on a dial. He most lives Who thinks most, feels the noblest, acts the best. — Festus. 334 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE Early Spring Pansies RF.FEREXCE is made in the article on the pansies, translated from the German by F. B. M. to I'iola tricolor which "through the course of many cen- turies."' etc., etc. Assuredly the author was writing for the edification of the German people and maybe he meant to imply that the Fatherland was responsible for the modern pansy. .As a matter of fact, it was not until 1813 or 1814 that Lord Gambier and Thompson, his gardener, started out to improve the wild V. tricolor of Britain. Thomjjson carried on for thirty years, but it was not until 1830 that the regular blotched pan.sy was evolved. It was in the earl\- 30's that the English pansy, as it was then, was introduced into France and lielgium, where the growers, heeding not the English ideal of the show types, de- veloped what we now call fancy pansies. Probably the German fanciers did not take up the pansies until around the 50's, for the Belgian strain did not get back into England till 18.^8. As to the violas, it is common news that these have held a leading |K)sition as bedders in Great Britain for the past 30 years or more ; in fact, James Grieve was working with r. Intra and other species way back in 1860, and around that time V. conutta came in for a boom, espe- cially when the variety '"Perfection"' appeared in 1870 or earlier. Dr. Stuart introduced the rayless violas in the early 80's, these being from f^. cornuta x Pansy "Blue King." Grieve did an immen.se amount of work with violas, all of which possessed V . cornuta blood. These hybrids, of course, are larger and rounder than the cornuta type; in fact, they rival pansies for size and form. While some have the habit of pansies, the real bedding violas are compact, hence the name, tufted pansies. There are hundreds of varieties and the sales in England and Scotland total millions annually, all being propagated from cuttings. Regarding the true ]' . cornuta type, "George Wermig,"" T think, was never anything more than nkl "Perfection." "Papilio" is not as good as "Lord Nelson," but all retain the smaller foliage and compact habit of the si>ecies. For compactness, however, the strain, odinirohilis. is better, altbiiugh the flower stems are shorter. .\s to earliness, even a native .American can smile at the thought of V. cornuta and its varieties l)eing earlier than the pansy developed from /'. tricolor, or the tro|)ical viola. In P2ngland, it is common to find violas llowering before the Winter is over and pansies sown in late July in New Jersey will, in an open season, often he llowering before Chri.stmas. Last year one grower lificij hundreds and sold them before Christmas, but J', cornuta ])roper certainly will not llowcr in anything like the same ])eriod. Judging bv the name, the so-called German cornuta sorts are nothing more than W'inter blooming pansies offered here. These so-called Winter ])ansies, grown under the same conditions outdoors, will, 1 find, bloom a little earlier than the ordinary sorts in the Spring. I was aware they originated in Germany, although some arc apt to think they originated in .America, but I certainh did nf)t know they claimed special rc'l.ilionship to / '. cornuta. If they have that rclationshi]), they are little better than mongrelized pansies and if /'. cornuta is con- nected with them, it has been eclipsed by the pansy par- entage, both in the way of habit and flower. None of them come anyways true to color and they vary in form. The only bint that V. cornuta is in them is their ability to bloom. T have a few. "W'inter Sun," ".March Wizard ' and "Mars" CCelestial), on my rock work which have bloomed from A])ril till the present time. Straggly now, of course, but to compare them with the really good pansies is farcical. Under .glass, they do, I believe, yield a crop in Winter, but that phase of growing pansies does not really interest me. As I am mighty particular as to the class of pansy which I grow, I certainly won't worry about the so-called Spring sorts, not while I can have real pansies and real violas. — T. \. Weston. SCENTED MUSK P LORUM .\.M.\TOR appears to claim that the scent- less miisk is an improbability, and that what was formerly scented nuist of necessity be scented now. I am not faiuiliar with any other plant formerly scented but now scentless, but I may mention that it is generally admitted that many modern roses, sweet peas and car- nations are deficient in perfume compared with earlier forms. Cross breeding and striving after size and torm is supposedly responsible, but with musk, no such offence I;as ever been committed. The perfume has simply van- ished, and whether one raises seedlings or propagates by division, the results appear to be the same. — T. .\. W. THINGS AND THOUGHTS OF THE GARDEN (Continued from page 328) l>eaiU\ in trees and shrubs in Winter, and the deciduous ones which are so largely ignored at that time have many points of beauty which we would be well re])ai(l lor appreciating. ^ :!; ^ \'ery common expressions are heard to the effect that a heavy fall of snow "is as good as a dose of fer- tilizer," and" the "snow is the poor man"s fertilizer" wdien it comes in Spring. That there is some value to both snow and rain water has been proved by 1"". T. Shutt. chemist of the Dominion of Canada in a recent repin-t issued. The experiments were limited to determining the amount of free ammonia, albuminoid, and nitrons and nitric nitrogen. During the year seventy-nine samples of rain and twenty-five of snow were analyzed. The total precipitation amounted to 844 mm., of which .^94 lum. were rain ;ind 250 mm. were snow (10 mm. of snow equals 1 nnu. of water). The total amount of nitrogen a])plied by these precipitations were 7,971 kilograms per hectare (a kilogram equals 2 lb. 3 oz., and a hectare equals 11,960.33 square yards). It was found that the total amount of nitrogen supplied by rain and snow over a period of ten years averaged 7,375 kilograms ])er hec- tare annually. This goes to prove that there is some fertilizing value in rain and snow, and jierhaps accounts for the fact that many skilled gniwers always cnii)ha- sized the value of rain water for such plants as ericas, exacris and orchids as giving them just the necessary plant food desired. Li-;irn ihc^c two things. — never be disconr;iged lu'cause giKid things get im .so slowly here, and never f;iil daily to (In that good which lies next to your hand. Do not be in a hurry, but be diligent. I'lnter into the sublime patience of the Lord. He charitable in view of it. Ciod can .-ilViird to wait: why cannot we, since we have lliiu tn fall b.uk ti|)onr-' Let Patience h;ive her ])erfecl work, .•md bring forth her celestial fruits. Trust to ( lod to weave \-(ini- lillle thread into a web, lb(inL;h the ]i;ilt(M-ns show it iiiii \rt. (li-.oKci-: M.xcDon.m o. For December, 1922 335 Alpines Under Glass THOUGH, in some quarters, a prejudice still exists against growing alpines in any other way than in the open air on the rock garden, there cannot be any doubt that alpine house culture for these beautiful plants is gaining fresh adherents ever\- vear. Artificial? Yes. But so is the rock garden, when compared with the free open mountain and pasture land, and a system of culture which provides such a charming effect during February, JNIarch and April as the alpine house affords does not merit much criticism. True, that everything is confined in a pot or pan and set in rows confined within four walls : but when so displayed the plants become individuals and less one of a crowd, so that their exquisite beauty and charm appeal with far greater force and are much more highly appreciated. Though I have singled out Feliruary, March and April for special mention, do not let us overlook the fact that this is the flower time, and that bv judiciously selecting the plants that are to lie grown, the house may be crammed with interest, even as early as December, when, as a rule, the average garden has but little of interest to show. (Jne is called ujxin to stoke no fire, so that cost IS reduced to a minimum; one has no worry as to whether Jack Frost has nipped in and ruined the labor of months ; while the house is left vacant just at the right time to fill up with tomatoes or Summer flowers, as the owner's fancy may dictate. The questions arise : 'AVhat kind of house is the best for growing these miniature gems?" "What are the other necessary accessories?" and 'AVhen is the best time to start ?" The first essentials is that it should be a span roof building (preferably running ncnth and south), not too lofty and right out in the open, so that it will not be shaded either by trees or buildings. It must be unheated. Let there be no doubt on that point : heat, even the gentlest warmth, is not on!v unnecessary, but positively harmful. Manv arfl nian\- a house that has been used as a green- house and that is fitted with hot water heating can be adapted by the simple expedient of not using the fire ; but no heat must be used — that is final. The sole object of an alpine house is to afford protec- .tion against rain, snow and wind, so that the longest pos- sible period of flower perfection can be enjoyed, so that free and abundant ventilation is of the utmost importance. Too much emphasis cannot be laid upon this ; a damp, clammy atmosphere being, with artificial heat, one of the two things W'hich the plants will not tolerate. Bottom, side and top ventilators should be jirovided upon the most generous lines, so that night and day, unless under most exceptional circumstances, a current of air will be passing through the house, carrying away all superfluous moisture with it. The roof ventilators ought not to be quite closed at any time, those below the stage and at the side being used according to the state of the weather. A closed stag- ing is best, consisting of a layer of slate upon which a couple of inches of coke breeze have been spread, though pro|)er facilities must be provided for draining this or it will produce damp. So much for the house and its fitment, but — in addition to this — provision must be made for the happiness of the plants at other seasons of the year, while they are not oc- cupying the house. The most satisfactory, from the cul- tural point of view as well as saving labor, is an ash bed in the open ground where the pans can be sunk to the rim and so kept cool and moist. This leads us, naturally, to the best period at which to make a beginning, the material to use, and general cul- tural management. Personally, I think there is no better period than Autumn, for so many plants can then be pot- ted on, so many seedlings have made good progress and so many bulbs can be procured from the dealers, that one is sure of a very good display the first Spring. Apart from the consideration of bulbs and seedlings, however, there is no season, except the middle of the Summer, dur- ing which a good beginning cannot be made. ( )f bulbs and tubers which can be planted during the next few weeks a special note should be made of the fol- lowing: Anemone blanda. with its splendid starrv blue floivers; Anemone neiiiorosa Ruhin^-oniana. the finest and choicest variety of our Wood Anemone ; Crocus species ; Dog's Tooth X'iolets : Fritillar'm aurea, and F. citrina. Meleagris, persica, pudica, and rccurfa; Irises in a large range of species, such as alata (which flowers before Christmas) Bakeriana, oreJiioldcs and reticulata: and Mitscaris in both white and blue. Among the most charm- ing plants of all are the miniature Xarclssi — cychunineits. Bulbncodium, minimus and triandnis : while, as brilliant companions, the little known but interesting dwarf Tulip species provide us with a host of pans for successional jjurposes. Everything in the way of dwarf bulbous rooted ]>lants is very attractive and the flowers open in spotless jHirity under the glass protection. Of other jjlants it would scarcely be possible to write exhaustively within the limits of an article, but Primulas and Saxifrages alone (to mention but two genera) would be sufficient to furnish a large house for many weeks with such a display of lovely blossom as few who have not ex- perimented with Indoor alpines would be disposed to credit. Just think for a moment of the various beautiful flowering "Saxies" : the red "mossies," delicious alike in bud and blossom ; the earliest tufted gems, such as Bur- seriana gloria; the Megasea section ; and then the gracious encrusted forms. One can scarcely imagine a more digni- fied picture among all the wealth of theVoiiics than a fine example of Saxifraga longifolia in full flower. The great arching stem, rising one and one-half feet to two feet high, smothered with m_\Tiads of its white flowers, springing from a huge rosette of silvery foliage, forms a glorlou's picture indeed. With Primulas, too. the story is the same, .■^ave that here IS an even greater diversity of form, color and perfume, it IS oneof my dreams to possess a small house, filled en- tirely with hardy Primulas, in some future April and May that is to be and, when I do, I know that the result will jjrove that this is not the madness of an enthusiast, but that a real garden picture will result, a picture crowded with varying form, aglow with vivid color and crammed with interest to garden lover, flower lover and botanist alike. But even yet we have not exhausted possibilities. There is still a mighty host of Achilleas, Adonises, Campanulas, Daphnes, Kamondias, Herberleas, Scillas, Sempervivums. Statices, Trilliums, \"iolas, etc., that are no less interesting or beautiful. From the end of May onwards, all the plants should be taken into the open again and plunged 10 the rim in the ash-bed where a couple of good water- ings a week will be all the care that thev need. Two of these ash-beds are better than one, although both must be in an open position and not overhung by trees. One must be in shade and another in full sun so that all classes (Continued on page 338) 336 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE The Greenhouse, Month to Month GEORGE F. STEWART THIS part of the year, late December, and early Jan- uary, is on the whole better for greenhouse work than that covered by last month's notes. Although, as a rule, the weather is much colder and the wind more cutting, we have clearer atmospheric conditions and by the end of the first week in January, the daylight is easily seen to be lengthening. The ancients, who used lunar time, called this period their tenth month, hence the name December. The more devout and thankful among them called this "The good and excellent month," because at this period after the long drought the "latter rains'' fell, and filled the cisterns and pools and watered the dry and parched ground. In this great western country of ours, we gardeners would be very thankful f(jr "latter rains" falling here during December, filling emr evergreens with plenty of moisture before Winter sets in. I am wander- ing into Air. Golding's department, so 1 had lietter get back to the greenhouse. At this season the greenhouse looks quite gay with color. The Lorraine type of begonia is at its best : so also the tuberous rooted Socotraiia hybrids. We have noticed that several of the varieties of these can be kept flowering over quite a long period, if kept in a cool airy atmosphere and carefully watered. The Lorraine type I have kept well through March. .Mr. Peterson of Cincinnati claims begonias can be kept in bud for a long time in a light cool house, and when wanted to open their flowers if taken into a similar house a few degrees warmer, will open out beautifully, and with a much better color than around Christmas. Begonias with Socotrana blood in them are certainly the finest hybrid plants I have seen since 188.?, and no honor too great can be bestowed on such men as Lemoine and Heal for their pioneer efforts among the two distinct types of begonias referred to. While we are speaking of valuable plants introduced for greenhouse purposes. .'lspara};iis Sprengcri deserves. to be also ])laced in the front rank, both for cutting and as a pot plant. I remember .some years ago talking with a one time gardener, he was then in the greenhouse busi- ness- and also interested in quite a large nursery, who told me that while traveling in Italy, he saw the first of A. Sproigeri that came to Europe. It was in full fruit when he saw it. and could have been purchased for quite a small sum of money. If I remember rightly he could have secured the plant for twenty-five (hjliars. I asked him why he did not buy it. "I never thought it would take the market the way it has done," he said. As you may guess, he was Scotch, and you know, we are blamed for being cautious on the 'aroiti; side. Sow fresh .seeds of ./. Sprcnt^cri now; keep them well soaked with water until they germinate, and keep tlicni in the warmest corner of the tropical house. Cover the receptacle they are sown in with a pane of glass until the first shoot appears, and then allow them to dry out con- siderable before watering again. I'resh seeds will ger- minate quite freely, but old seed will straggle along for two years, not coming even at all. A good plant grown in a basket in the full sunshine will .give a jirivate place all the seeds it requires, and besides, it is a ])lant of beauty grown in this manner. Small [)Iants in six-inch pans are very effective for edging a group of plants, and are not as stiff IfKiking as any of the Kcphrolcpis varieties of ferns we often see used for that purpose. A good strong rich loam is all they need to grow in. Any of the begonia leaf cuttings is better if potted in a suit;d)le size of pot, when they throw up a shoot from the base of the leaf. Equal parts of flaky leaves (preferably beech or oak) and good fibrous loam with charcoal broken quite small we have found makes a good first potting. Personally I don't like sand in a potting compost for begonias, although others use it and grow fine plants. Any sand I have ever used in begonia growing has had a tendency to develop rust-like spots on the leaves. Cyclamen seeds sown in August should now be ready for small pots. To good fibre of loam chopped small, and half decayed leaves that will break small when rubbed between the hands, add a little sand, and charcoal in a convenient size for small pots, also about a fourth of a spent mushroom bed. I'lace them close to the glass when potted and water carefully until they get established. Shade them for a few days until they stiffen u]>. that is, if the weather is bright. This is a good time to root carnatiim cuttings. Sev- eral years ago we experimented with carnation cuttings taken from various parts of the jilant. We found the following season that those taken well up the flower stem, even though they were rather short when taken oft', pro- duced during the whole season, and did not come in crops at intervals. These tests were made in an old-fashioned greenhouse which carnation enthusiasfs of today would class as unfit to grow good plants in. I would not blame them very much, as it is uphill work to grow good plants of any kind in an old-fashioned greenhouse, especially in a poor location. Roses may be also rooted now as well as any time. I believe better roses, and freer flowering, can be produced from flower stems of a medium thickness than by blind wood. The only drawback is the loss of the flowers. The same may be said of Ijudding or grafting. Many plants can be improved, in fact. I am safe to .say. all. 1)\' careful selection of the wood for propagation. The study of IJfe, whether animal or ])lant. the wisest of men are very much in the dark about. Let us pass around whatever we know or discover about plant life or growth. Life here is .short. Eternity, do we grasp its meaning? .\ftcr all. wh;it have \\e. but what we have received? Those who want to grow a few large chry.santhcmum pot i)lants. put in cuttings in late December or early Jan- uary. If rooted and shifted along as soon as the roots break through the soil, in the first potting and all later necessary shifts, very large plants in twelve-inch ]:)ots may be harl in one season. In years gone by. we have had under our care ]>latits with over one thousand flowers, from a cutting rooted about Jamiarv first. I wonder whv one seldom sees a Lapai^crui now? In these days when there is so nuich floral decoration done on festive occasions, there is no plant that I know of whose sprays are more effective for mantle decorations. Thev are not at all harrl to .grow. .\ shaded cool house, or corridor, with a suitable bench, say fifteen indies deep and well drained : a compost, composed of Osnimida fern root, and fibre loam in equal parts, sand and charco.-d to keep it sweet and porous: a liberal amount of moisture at the roots, and fre(|uent light sprayings overhead ; a temjK^r- For December, 1922 337 ature never over forty-five degrees Fahr. in Winter, and one has ideal conditions for growing Lapagerias. After they are well established a top dressing of fresh compost as advised above once a year, together with liberal water- ings with cow manure water, when in active growth, will keep Lapagerias, that are planted out. in good condition for years. Years ago, I remember seeing a fine specimen grown in a tub with about three hundred open flowers on it. It was grown by a stonecutter, in a small sash house attached to his dwelling. No fire heat was used in Winter. A few mats over the glass on frosty nights was all that was re- quired for protection, but that was in Scotland. Put in some cuttings of Plcrouia clci:;aiis. If well pinched, they will make fine Summer ami V-en weather, which has delayed the final application of the protecting material. It is, however, practical to have everj'thing in readiness, as these pleasant conditions may change with great rapidity. It has been previously referred to in these columns that rough litter, leaves, pine branches, or other material through which the air can penetrate, is the best to use, especially so for the class of plants whose foliage persists above the ground during the Winter, such as Sweet \\'illiams, Shasta daisies. Oriental poppies, Artemisia, etc. Experience necessarily teaches the amount of covering the various plants need. It is oftimes more dangerous to give too much than when done in a sparing manner, es- pecially so in the case of some herbaceous plants. Where too heavy material is used, if we get a mild spell during the early days of March, the plants may start into growth, and the young' shoots will probably be injured when the covering is removed. When there is an abundant snowfall, which stays throughout the Winter, it provides a blanket which can- not be surpassed, and j)lants winter so much better than when we experience a succession of frosts and thaws. The rose bushes .should by now have the soil pulled up around the base; allow the ground to be well frozen uj) before giving the final covering. If this is done before leaves are put on, the ground will remain hard throughout the Winter, and make a less pleasant abiding ])lace for mice which are somewhat ])artial to the rose bed. Conifers and shrubs which may be injured by weights of snow, should be well staked and tied to ])revent harm. They should be well shaken after snowslnrms to remove the weight. The fine weather experienced during this I'"all h is ln'cn most favorable, enabling one to ]>ush on with outside work, and where advantage ha.s been taken to dig and trench, or do necessary alterations, he will be well ahead when the Spring rush is here, in fact, the advantage gained is more lasting as more time can generally be devoted to doing it well, at this season. Tile mild spell has also i)rolonged the su])i)ly of vc;;e- tables; the Hrussels s])routs, Scotch kale, and spinach have been able to continue their growth. It has also been fine weather for stocks in frames. As soon as the weather becomes too severe pull up the Rrussels sprouts : i)ile them together in some place, easy of access, and cover them with leaves or straw. Give the spinach a good mulch of salt hay. See that enough chicory, rhubarb, horse radish, parsnips, salsify, is lifted to ensure a supply throughout the Winter. Go through the stocks of potatoes, roots, and fruit at intervals to remove the diseased specimens. Keep the onions cool and give them abundance of air without allowing them to become frozen, otherwise they commence to make growth and their keeping qualities are impaired. Remo\'l decayed foliage from plants wintering in frames, admit air on every favorable day. Water them carefully ; they may be kept on the dry side at this stage. Have a supply of fermenting material banked up around the frames during severe weather. Keep a sharp lookout for mice in frames where pansies and like stock is win- tering. These rodents do much damage in a short time ; some poisoned bait placed around is often an effective precaution. Keep up the successions of forcing vegetables where the facilities permit ; renew mushroom beds as the old ones cease to be profitable. Push on with pruning and thinning in the orchard when, conditions permit. See to it that newly planted stock is sectirely stacked and tied to prevent it from being blown about during heavy gales. Give them a good mulch of rough litter or manure. Apply the first Winter spray, also spray shrubs that are infested with, scale. Lilacs are very subject to these i>ests. During the Winter months ample 0]>portunity is afforded to secure a stock of neces- sary tools, stakes, flats, etc., that will be needed in the early S]>ring. Anything that can be done now along these lines will be a real time-saver when many other important details are pressing. December is generally alluded to as the gloomy month, but where a garden has been planned and planted with an eye to Winter effects, this garden is never devoid of in- terest. A tree when covered with snow or ice glistening in the sunshine is a thing of great beauty, which soon pas.ses away, but a judicious planting of varied shades of evergreen, berried ]>lants, deciduous shrubs of colored twig, bark, and stem, all combine to make the garden a joy tr(im [;muarv to December. ALPINES UNDER GLASS {Continued frain /><',;,'<• 3.5.^) of plants can be suitably accommodated, I'rimulas. Cycla- mens, Trilliums, etc., going into the shaded bed: sun- lovers such as the .Saxifrages, Sempcrvi\unis. Irises, etc., uijoying the one in fullest sunshine. The aljjine house certainly ])rovides us with imc ni the cheapest, most interesting Spring featmes in the garden and one can but hope to see an even larger extension of such a beautiful feature in the near fiUure. — I lir (iardcn i British). There are two freedoms — the false, where a man is free to do what he likes; the true, wliere ;i man is fri'c tn do what he ought. — Cmaki.f.s Kinc;si.i ^ . The constant duty of every man tn his iclldw is tn a.scertain his own powers and special .gifts, and to strengthen them for the help of others. — Jhhn Ri'skin. For December, 1922 339 THE PERFECT ROSE. While very ffw will be luuiid to disagree with the dictum that in the rose we have developed a wonderfully perfect variety of flowers, there remains the extraordinary tact that among the hundreds of varieties in cultivation we have achieved a standard of perfection only in a curiously small number. It is possible to say that under critical judgment no rose at all answers the tests which would be applied to a standard of "100 per cent, perfection" if such a standard were devised by rose- growers and rose-show-ers. Let us consider for a moment what such a standard would be. and what requirements the perfect rose must display: The double roses would undoubtedly take first rank; undeniably beautiful though other types are, the true rose of culture is a "double"; and a double of that degree which is full- petaled. But petals are not all : There must be form. Here again there is a catholicity of taste to be catered for ; the exhibition- type of fullness which is a whorl of regularly-disposed petals round a high-pointed centre is loveliness indeed, but this type has not the total claim on "form'' in roses. Color brings us to a divergence of opinion again, for one may condone form-faults and petal-shortages to include in a select list those roses whose color may bring a strong appeal to the judge's table. Who would withstand the appeal of a real deep red rose as compared to a pink, for instance? Habits of growth then require to be considered — and once more many prime favorites will be ruled out because they are not easily accommodated: The bush-type of Hybrid Teas will win in this selection, as a class ; but the gorgeous flowers of many grand roses of this free-.growing class must fall away because we desire rose-bushes of compact shape and habits. And lastly, we must consider constitution ; and constitution is a test that so many, many more of our rose-queen aspirants will succumb to. There must be vigor, and there must be a definite tendency to with- stand diseases and pests. What grand roses are lost to us, be- cause however great their inaugural triumphs they have "failed to grow." So much for "the perfect rose." Shall we find it among the reds, the whites, the yellows, the pinks, or those roses which al- most defy a color-description, the Pernetianas. We come next to a class, the Decorative Roses. In the garden- roses, which is another name for what are described as "decora- tives" in Europe, we have a little confusion here, for in this country we can get exhibition results "in the open," which is be- yond the expectation of the Northern rosarians whose garden- flowering roses are not expected to 'bear blooms for the exhibition- box. In our sunny land both will grow equally well in the open, therefore we may be excused if we find that S. A. rose-gardeners make revel with the decorative class, which has only the one fault (to the pure exhibition-rose seeker) of "fewer and looser petals." Now for garden-purposes these are no faults at all, and our rose- growing in this country is enriched by a class that is well suited to our climate and when taken as a whole, is profusely floriferous. The semi-singles and the singles are roses wdiich to many tastes have an irresistible appeal. Even the ultra-exhibitionist bows his head before the solid intense dull red of the incomparable Red Letter Day — a semi-single which in the half-opened stage is a wonder of coloration. And in singles, consider the color of that Irish prince of roses, Irish Elegance : it is simply marvelous, and in its stron.gly developed color contrasts per petal defies the com- petition of the double roses, on a color basis. Ever new roses ! Each year we await the awards of the great shows to see what new beauty the wizards of the rose nurseries have produced for us. How are they produced ? By verv precise handling indeed : By cross-fertilizing proven colors or forms from which acceptable hybrids are anticipated. Hand-fertilizing, protection from any further crossing except the one designed ; then the resultant seed- pod, the planting, and finallv a flower at last; after all this trouble surelv a gold medal rose ! By no means ! From hundreds of seedlings perhaps one or two worth carryin.g on with — and their potentialities h.-irdly visible, probably quite invisible to the un- initiated eye. Frcm the whole lot of seedlings in flower a mere dozen put back to carry on with, and hundreds for the fire. And of the selected ones nerhaps not one worth "growing on," but a few maybe which display qualities that the rose-breeder recog- nizes as worth keeping to try and perpetuate into more promising crosses. From such a "potential" are the wonderful roses that come from Fernet Ducher's said to materialize — the "unnamed seedling" is the parent of Madame Herriot and all her tribe. — South African Gardening and Country Life. CLIMBERS FOR GREENHOUSE WALL Given a suitable selection of plants, the wall of a greenhouse may be made as interesting as anv part of the structure. To succeed with wall plants in a greenhouse by far the better plan, as with climbers of all kinds, is to plant them out. In pre- paring a border thorough drainage is necessary. In the case of walls that receive a good amount of light and sunshine, there are many different plants availalile for covering them; but, where heavily shaded and perhaps damp, the choice is very limited. In any selection of plants suitable for greenhouse walls the Helio- trope must have a place, as it will flower profusely nearly throu.ghout the year, and a specimen of it in full bloom is very beautiful, and also extremely useful for cutting. The South .\frican Leadwort {Plumbago capcnsis), with its clusters of porcelain-blue flowers, is also another continuous bloomer very valuable for such a purpose, while we have also seen some of the Abutilons in good condition trained to a w-all. The pure white "Boule de Neige" is one of the oldest and best, while others well adapted for this treatment are A. st-riatuin, yellow veined with crimson, and "Golden Fleece," deep gold. Pelar- gonimns, both of the Zonal and Ivy-leaved sections, will flower well, and we once saw a wall completely covered with them alone. It was in a sunny spot, and the quantity of flowers produced there was enormous, the Ivy-leaved varieties in par- ticular producing a truss of blossom from nearly every joint. Clianthus puniccus, with its peculiar lobster-clawdike blossoms, is a very ornamental wall plant if the foliage can be kept clear of red spider, which is not always the case; still,, a good deal can be done towards keeping it dowai by a liberal use of the .syringe. The various forms of Habrollianintis may all be employed as wall plants, but they are better adapted for pillars than for back walls. Many climbing plants, the Lapagerias, for instance, will do well in such a position, but in a general way they are hardly seen at their best so treated. Camellias are perhaps the finest of all permanent wall shrubs for the greenhouse. They also possess the merit of being almost hardy, so that a low tem- perature in the Winter has far less efTect on them than on many greenhouse plants. The glossy foliage, too, can, with the syringe, be kept bright and clean at all seasons. The sweet-scented Uaflinc indica will succeed under much the same conditions as the Camellias, but it is rarely seen grown in this way. In the case of a damp wall or one that is too heavily shaded for the above-mentioned plants to thrive, the better plan is to clothe it with either the sinall creeping Ficus rcpcns or its still smaller form minima, both of which w'ill grow freely in such a spot, be it stove or greenhouse. But little preparation for plant- ing them is needed, and if the wall is fairly moist suflicient roots will be produced from various parts of the stems to support the plants. — Gardening Illnstrated. Tail Bearded Iris, by Walter Stager. Published by the author: for sale by Madison Cooper, Calcium, X. Y. In view of the present great and rapidly increasing popularity of the Iris a new and authoritative work on the subject is bound to meet with ready acceptance, particularly because the excel- lent little book of Dyke's is not only out of date but even out df print, while the sumptuous The Genus Iris, in addition to its lac'ic in matters of practice, is to most persons inaccessible on account of its price. But now the lovers of "The Flower of Song," "The Poor Man's Orchid," and "The Orchid of the North," have avail- able, at low price, thanks to the devotion of the author, a treat- ment from the hand of an American, thoroughly satisfactory in point of appreciation, of matters historical and literary, and of management of this plant, which, though usually most tractable, sometimes almost baffles the -most proficient gardener. The book is a revision and enlargement of a monograph of similar title distributed gratis several years ago by the author, who. after findin.g for many years relief from the strain of professional duties, like Joseph Jacobs among his narcissi and tulips and W. Wilks among his poppies, has become like them an authority of the first rank in his secondary field. This new edition displays, among other admirable qualities, a careful judicial temperament fostered by Ics'al studies and practices carried well beyond the ripe old 'age of above four score. — F. B. M. 340 GARDENERS- CHRONICLE National Association of Gardeners Secretary's Office: 286 Fifth Avenue, New York 5iiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiiniiniiiniuiiiiiiii«iiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiimiii»iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiu IIIHIimDIltllMiHIIIIIIIIIIIIi,- Thc aims of the association are, to elevate the profession of gardening by endeavoring to improve conditions zmtliin it. To cement a closer bondship among all engaged in, and in- terested in, gardening — to create a greater confidence between employer and employee. The association is professional in character. It must in no icise be associitted z^'ith unionism. President — Robert Cameron, Ipswich, Mass. Vice-President — John Barnet, Sewickley, Pa. Secretary— AI. C. Ebel, 286 Fifth Ave., New York. Treasurer — Montague Free, Brooklyn, N. Y. TRUSTEES (For 1922)— William H. Waite, Arthur Smith, D. L. Mack- intosli, New Jersey: W. N. Craig, Massachusetts; H. E. Downer, New York. DIRECTORS (To serve until 1923)— Alexander Michie, Long Island; George F. Stewart, Massachusetts; Theodore Wirth, Minnesota; George W. Hess, District ot Columbia; Daniel J. Coughlin, New York; John Bamet, Pennsylvania; Montague Free, New York. (To serve until 1924) — William Gray, Rhode Island; William Hertrick, California; George H. Pring, Missouri; Thos. Hatton, Connecticut; Robert Weeks, Ohio; W. H. Griffiths, Michigan; Thos. W. Head, New Jersey. (To serve until 1925)— George Wilson, Illinois; James Stuart, New York; William Kletnheinz, Pennsylvania; Jolin F. Huss, Connecticut; Edwin Jenkins, Massachusetts; Carl N. Fohn, Colorado; Joseph Tansey, New York. SUSTAINING MEMBERS New Yorll — Mrs. J. J. Albright, George F. Baker, Edwin S. Bayer, Henri Bendel, Albert Clayburgh, W. R. Coe, Mrs. F. A. Constable, Paul D. Cravath, Mrs. W. Bayard Cutting, Mrs. Charles Daniels, Cleveland H. Dodge, Mrs. Dows. Frank J. Dupignac, Mrs. Coleman du Pont, Childs Fr.ck, W. H. Gratwick, Daniel Guggenheim, Mrs. W. D. Guthrie, Mrs. B. A. Haggin, Mrs. William P. Hamilton, Mrs. John Henry Hammond, T. A. Havemeyer, Mrs. L. A. Herman, Anton G. Hcdenpyl, B. H. Howell, C. O. Iselin, Otto H. Kahn, Mrs. Frank B. Keech, W. Eugene Kimball, L. C. Ledyard, Jr., Adolph Lewisohn. John Mages, Mrs. Julius Mc- Vicker, Morton H. Meinhard, Mrs. Eugene Meyer, Jr., J. Pierpont Morgan, Mrs. J. Pierpont Morgan, Stanley G. Mortimer, Mrs. Harold I Pratt, John T. Pratt, E. F. Price, Mrs. William A. Read, H. D. Roosen, Chas. A. Sherman, Mrs. Sam. Sloan, Benj. Stern, Mrs. W. Sturs- berg, Dan. Tatum, Mrs. R. M. Thompson, Wm. Boyce Thompson, Mrs. Edw. Thome, Mrs. Henry M. Tilford. Carll Tucker, Samuel Untermyer, Mrs. Harold T. White, Mrs. Pavne Whitney, E. L. Young. New Jersey— .\. Albright, Jr., Charles Bradley, Joseph P. Day, James B. Duke, Mrs. Lewis L. Dunham, Mrs. Frederick Frelinghuysen, Mrs. K. S. Goodrich, Mrs Gustav E. Kissel, C. Lewis, Mrs. Paul Moore, Hubert T. Parson, Mrs. Manuel Rionda, Leland H. Ross, P. S. Straus, Mrs. John I. Waterbury, Mrs Ridley Watts, Sanders Wertheim. Pennsvlraiiia — Samuel T. Bodme, Gen. Richard Coulter, Mrs. J. D. Lyon, R. B. Mellen. Gilford Pinchot, George F. Tyler. Edward A. Woods. Delaware — Irenee du Pont, Pierre S. du Pont, Harry G. Haskell. Cotuiecticut — E. Dinan Bird, Dr. Tracy Farnam, Mrs. Tracy Farnam, CJeorge M. Hendee, Miss A. B. Jennings, H. F. Schwarz, W. H. Truesdale, Edward L. Wcmple, William Ziegler Jr. Rhode 1 stand— Oo\. R. Livingston Beeckman. Massachusetts — Miss M. R. Case, Mrs. William C. Conant, George P. Dike. Mrs. Louis Frothingham, Henry S. Hunne- well, E. K. Lawrie, Arthur Lyman, Henry Penn, Mrs. C. G. Rice, Prof. C. S. Sargent, Mrs. J. A. Spoor, Mrs. Bayard Thayer. Nejv Hampsliire — F. G. Webster. Ohio — F. F. Drury, H. S. Firestone, Mrs. Francis F. Prentiss, John L. Severance, H. S. Sherman, H. L. Thompsim. Michigan — J. B. Schlot- mann, E. D Speck. Indiana — Theodore F. Thieme. Illinois — A. Watson Armour. Harry B. Glow, A. B. Dick. Clayton Mark, Mrs. Julius Rosenwald, Mrs. F W. l/pham. Minnesota — Mrs. Chester A. Congdon, F. H. Stoltze. Iowa — Mrs. G. B Douglas. Missouri — August A. Busch, Dr. George T. Moore. Kir^iriia- Miss Grace E. .brents. W. Virginia — Mrs. Arthur Lee. Georgia — E. H. Inman. S. Carolina — Robert S. Mebanc. LOCAL BRANCHES Newport, R. I.: Andrew L. Dorward, chairman; Frederic Carter, secretary. St Louis, Mo.: George H. Pring, chairman; Hugo M. Schaff, secretary. Nassau County, L. I.: John T. Everett, Glen Cove, chair- man; John McCulloch, Oyster Bay, L. I., secretary. Boston, Mass.: Robert Cameron, chairman; W. N. Craig, secretary, Fircjnklijic. Western Pennsylvania: Manus Curraii, chairman, Sewick- ley ; Henry (joodband, secretary, Sewickley. WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA BRANCH The interesting report of the meeting uf tlie I'ostdii lirancli <'f the National Association of Gardeners, which appeared in tlie October Chronicle, showed of what benelit the branches can be to the members of their communities. VVe should have more of these branches, as they ofTcr oppnrtunities to members who cannot at- tend the annual convention, to make suggestions whicli can be brought before the annual meetings. It is not necessary to decide that meetings be held at regular intervals. Just bring the local members together and select a chairman and secretary. Your chair- man can then call a meeting whenever any subjects of interest to the members arise, that can be discussed with profit to the associa- tion and the profession it represents. Notify the national secretary, Mr. Ebel, that you have organized a branch and send him the names of your chairman and secretary. He will then advise your secretary whenever anything comes to the national office which should be submitted to the local branches for consideration and action. John Barnet, Vice-president. A PLEA FOR MORE BRANCHES A meeting of the members of the Western Pennsylvania Branch of the National Association of Gardeners was held at Ridgeview Farm, Sewickley Heights, Pa., on November 15. Mr. Manus Curran was unanimously elected cliairman and Henry Goodband, secretary, for the ensuing year. A motion was' carried that each member be assessed fifty cents a year for dues to defray current e.xpen.ses and that the secretary be empowered to purchase the neces,sary stationery, etc. It was moved and car- ried that a meeting shall be called at least one month previous to the annual convention, and the rest of the ineetings shall be called at the discretion of the chairman. John Barnet. president-elect of the National Association of Gar- deners, and Wni. Thompson, Jr., gave a brief account of the Boston convention held on Septeinber 12-15. which proved quite interesting. The secretary was instructed to acknowledge with thanks Mr. August Frishkone's offer of the use of his store for any of our meetings. Mr. Barnet w-as appointed to see Mr. Moore, of West Park, about a meeting place. It was moved and carried that the rules and regulations of local branches as approved by the NewpLirt,' Boston and St. Louis Branches be approved by this branch. Henry Goonn.vNn, Secretary. NEW MEMBERS The following new members have recently been added to the association: James Guilfoyle, Southampton, L. 1.; Henry Banak, New York, N. Y. ; Thomas Roland. Nahant, Mass.; Martin Kuiper, Oyster Bay, L. I.; Michael Latham, Port Chester, N. Y. ; H. D. Ayling, Cedarhurst, L. I. ; Robert Broadbridge, Monmouth Beach, N. J. ; Otto Peulecke, Ridgefield, Conn. ; Salvatore Cairo. Port Chester, N. Y. ; Harold Graham, Newton, Mass.; John A. Lynn, Glenvicw, 111.; James Barnet, Atlanta, Ga. ; Charles Stude, Somerville, N. J. IS GARDENING A PROFESSION? When the qui>ti(in arises. Is gardening a pnitcssicin ? I an- swer. Yes! Although whenever it is discusseipIoma awarded. We assist students and jfradu.ltcs in Kcttinpf started and developing their businesses. Established 1916. Write for information; it will open your eyes. Do it today. American Landscape School, 22N N^ewark, N. Y. ANDOPM Hiph Grade Stock of () r n a ni o n t a 1 Trrrs and Slirul).-*. Catalop; on request. ANDORRA NURSERIES \VM. W.AKNKR II.MU'KK. I'rop. Chestnut Hili. Piiii.adki.phia For December, 1Q22 343 192 3 As soon as you see this, our new 112 page cataloi^ue of SEEDS, BULBS, PLANTS, ROSES, TREES, SHRUBS, GARDEN and FARM REQUISITES ivill be leiidy for dislribulion. W rite for same. W. E. MARSHALL & CO. 166 West 23rd Street NEW YORK Competent Gardeners The comforts and products of a country home are increased by employing a competent gardener ; if you want to engage one, write us. Please give particulars regarding place and say whether married or single man is wanted. We have been supplying them for years to the best people everywhere. No fee asked. PETER HENDERSON & CO. Seedsmen and Florists 35 and 37 Cortlandt St., NEW YORK CITY linilllllllllJIIIIIIIIIIIINIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIinilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllN iiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiimiiiiiiiiiHmiitmiiiiiitiiiiiitiiiiiiii^ wc saw the picturesque relic of an old block house ; the lichen-covered beams a silent " witness to sterner days when pioneers hewed a path for civilization. Through the screen of twisted oaks and straight pines a cotton held ; the sunlight gently touching each bursting pod ; beyond, a low-built farm- house, perched high upon a neighboring hill. All these lay hidden in, and beyond the ver- dant trees. They are revealed to us by au- tumn's breath. The sunbeams, now unhindered, sweep the woodland paths, turning the wet leaves to burnished gold, over which the grey squir- rels scurry as they cache their winter store of nuts. So autumn, like every season of the year, is an opening, not a closing, door; a new beginning, not an end. — C. S. M. STATEMENT OF THE OWNERSHIP, MAN- AGREEMENT, CIRCULATION, ETC, required by the Act of Congress of August 24. 1912, of "Gardeners' Chronicle of America," published monthly at New York. N. Y.. October 1. 1922. State of New Tersey ) County of Union ] ^^' Before me, a notary public in and for the State and county aforesaid, personally appeared M. C. Ebel, who, having been duly sworn according to law, deposes and says that he is the editor of the "Gardeners* Chronicle of America" and that the fcllowing is to the best of his knowledge and be- lief a true statement of the ownership, management (and, if a daily paper, the circulation), etc., of the aforesaid publication for the date shown in the above caption, required by the Act of August 24, 1912, embodied in section 443, Postal Laws and Regulations, printed on the reverse of this form, to wit: 1. That the names and addresses of the pub- lisher, managing editor, and business manager are: Publisher, The Chronicle Press, Inc.. 286 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y. Editor, M. C. Ebel, 286 Fifth Ave.. New York, Managing Editor, M. C. Ebel, 286 Fifth Ave., New York. Business Man- ager, D. Ebel. 286 Fifth Ave., New York. 2. That the owners are (give names and ad- dresses of individvial owners, or, if a corporation, give its name and the names and address of stockholders owning or holding 1 per cent, or more of the total amount of stock). The Chronicle Press. Inc., 286 Fifth Ave.. New York, N. Y. M, C. Ebel. Summit, N. J. M. E. Burniston and J. A. Burniston, both i_ f Summit. N. J. S. Warendorff, 325 Fifth Ave., N. Y. Chas. H. Totty, Madison, N. J. A. Bauer, Deal, N. J. J. Barnett. Sewickley, Pa. 3. That the known bondholders, mortgagees, and ather security holders owning or holding 1 per cent, or mofe of total amount of bonds, mortgages. or other securities, are: (If there are ncne, so state.) There are no bondholders, mortgagees or other security holders. 4. That the two paragraphs next above, givin? the names of the owners, stockholders, and se- curity holders, if any. contain not only the owners, stockholders and security holders as they appear upon the books of the company, but also, in cases where the stockholder or secu ity ho der appears upon the books of the company as trustee or in any other fiduciary relation, the name of the per- son or corporation for whom such trustee is acting, is given; also that the said two paragraphs contain statements embracing affiant's kn- wledge ^nd bel'cf as to the circumstances and conditicns vmder which stockholders and security holders who do not ap- pear upon the books of the company as tru-^f^-^-s. hold stock and securities in a capacity other than that of a bona fide owner; and this affiant has no RHODODENDRONS in car lots AZALEAS, in variety, in car lots Fruit Trees and Fruit Plants La France Fall and Ever- bearing Raspberry Plants JVrite for price and General Price List THE MORRIS NURSERY CO. 1133 Broadwa\ A'cu. Ycrk, N Y PLANT NAMES AND THEIR MEANINGS is the title of a series of articles now appearing in The American Botanist where a multitude of other things of interest to the plant lover are also discussed. Quarterly, $1.50 a year; specimen copy. 25 cents. THE AMERICAN BOTANIST Joliet, III. ORCHIDS We are SpecIalistB in Orchids. We collect, erow. Import, export and sell orchids ei- cluelvely. If yon are in the market for Orchldt, we solicit your inquiries and orders. Cata- logues and special lists on application. LAGER & HURRELL Orthid Growers and Imiwlert Summit. N. U. HARRY BALDWIN Manufacturer of Greentiouse Stiadlng Latti Roller Blinds M VMARONECK. IM. Y. UNEXCEULED FOR. CROP&, UAWN5, FLOWERS ^, iS?.* <=?!5'^S '^J' '^"'' ^=° **!■"* °'^'' °^'' '''**•'' '^'^ *^ *^'' *^ iiiiiiniiii I iiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiiiiNiiiiiiiiii »iii>i"ii liiiiiiiiii»uiiiniiiuiiuiu»iii»iiii»iiiiiiu| Wishing You A Merry Christmas and A Prosperous New Year CCiul/nu/OTl'^jjn SPRINGFIELD NEW JERSEY giiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiliiliiiiliiiilillllillllliliiiiiiliillllillliiilllilllilillliiiiiliiu^ I ''It's a Dandy" i I This was ihe exclamation of a well known | I gardener when he first saw my | I NEW SWEET PEA | I "Mrs. David Lloyd George" | I on exhibition. It is also a genuine novelty, be- j I ing a flower of superior form and an entirely | I new shade. i I It was given an Award of Merit by the Chicago | I Florists' Club and by the North Shore (111.) | t| Horticultural Society, and the Silver Medal of | I the Newport (R. I.) Horticultural Society. | This and many other sensational novelties are 1 featured in my 1923 list of the finest varieties | of Sweet Peas the world offers. I § CHARLES ELLIOTT | ;; SxDc&i Pea Specialist | I PARK RIDGE, ILL. | fiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiwiHiiniinnniiiiiiiw CUT THIS AD OUT NOW!! luimimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiwiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiuiiniiunmiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiuim^^^ o z H D O X H H U o z H D O X H H D O c u WANTED — high-grade men — wht) are now em- ployed as Superintendents, Engineers, Botanists or Head Gardeners of public or private Parks, Botanic-;il Gardens, Zoological Gardens, t'dunlry Clubs, I'.slates and Cemeteries. READ ON We arc Icioking for men that have been and .siill are successfully operating in any nf the above mentioned positions. If you can meet our requirements, are energetic and desirous of increasing your present income, cut this advertise- ment out \( )\\', and send it to us with yiiur nrmic and address slating your present iMUph py inent. F. & L Tobacco Products Co. 115-145 Fulton Street, Lancaster, Penna. Miiittiffu tiirrr% of "!•' and /." "Coll ('•rvvn," Iniform lUan.l Tohiiro Slrm: Pinr. nr/./ I'lmiU'r,. o G H X > § § n c H H X ^* g O G H g T THIS AD OUT NOW!! 344 glllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllU = aiiiiiiiiiiiiimiNiiiiimiii.ii mill mill 1 1 1 1 iiiiiii:iiu:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiu hiiiihuii iiuiiiiiii iiiiiii iiiii i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii ni iiiiii iiiii^ luiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiijiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinim B The Insecticide of Recognized Merit for Greenhouse and Garden A pUIMC is a concentrated material — mixes readily in water — ^efficient in its action — easily applied — free of ■r\.t^ nil^MZ, j[^^ disagreeable odors and features of most insecticides excellent as awash for decorative plants. FOR THE GARDEN ^^ - FOR THE GREENHOUSE reme- dy against all sap sucking insects infesting —Applied at regular ititervals (once each „ , . , , , \r>iiiMi? week or ten days) APHliNL will keep plants flowers, fruits and vegetables. APHlINL is .u u j » t ( ^ in the greenhouse and conservatory tree or most effective. insect pests. p* I J [\ \\ 1 1\ r. For mildew, rust and other blights affecting flowers, fruits and vegetables. V r.ix IVI I f\ r. For worms and insects infesting the soil. Sold by dealers in various sizes. APHINE MANUFACTURING COMPANY Manufacturers of Agricultural Chemicals MADISON, N. J. I Eiliiilillliiiiiillliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiisiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii. Tiiinuiiiiiiiilliiiiiiiniiiiniiiittniiitiniiiiinniiii iiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii ':uiiiiiniiiiiiiniiiii!!iiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiniiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiL. (aheWheatlcy Gardcn-s C f" BEWTANZEU PhO". """°'-"" Cut Flowers -.■-"'."."' ."Ji:,. FLORAL DESIGNS • Roslyn.nT Decem'bpr 2, 1922. Messrs. Eddy & Gardner, Long Island RepreaentatiTes, Combustion Specialties Corporation, 28 West 44th Street, N.T.C. Gentlemen :- I am pleased to record Biy altogether satisfactory experience with Comtnisto. It has been in service on my greenhouse boilers for over four years and I found it a great coal saver and through Its use we have had much better regulation and satisfaction in our heat- ing. It is a pleasure to recohmend to the attention of coal users a device that has given us such satisfactory results froB our boilers. Very truly youra. fte^^^-^ iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiuiiniiiiiiin; % [llllllllllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllNIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIUINIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIUIIIilllUIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIII^ \ 'iiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiliiitiiiniiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin^ What Does 10% to 30% Coal Saving Mean to YOU ? If yen want to save the 10% to 30% coal cost which now goes up your flue — if you want to cut out the job of ash sifting, dig- ging out clinkers — if you want a steadier, surer, hotter fire than your furnace now provides — if you want more evidence on this remarkable invention — then let us install a Combusto Ccal Saver on your heating plant. Combusto Will Prove Indispensable to You Or You Have Our Money-Back Guarantee Let the Conihiisto tell its ctvn story. Make it prove its value as a eoal saz'cr. Judge for yourself its simplicity, durability and per- formance. To use one is to be convinced that V( » cannot afford to be ivitJiont ( lie. Can you an'ord to overlook this offer in the face of coal scarcity — constantly rising costs and all the bather and trouble in operating even the most modern heating equipment, which does not burn coal efficiently unless equipped with Combusto Draft Systemi' A Few Notable Installations Childs Company. New Y. rk City, 39 installations — I). Houlihan & Son. New York City, 32 installations on r.partment houses and homes — Garford Motor Truck Company, New York City — Firestone Tire and Rubber Company, Phila.. Pa. — T'. S. Railroad Administration — U. S. Department of Labor — D. L. & W. Railroad, 40 installations. Call or phone us TODAY JOHN R. EDDY, Long Island Distributor 115 Clinton Avenue, Mineola, Lon? Island Phone — Garden Citv 2365-VV COMBUSTION SPECIALTIES CORPORATION 28 WEST 44th STREET NEW YORK CITY ?llllllllllinninillllllinillllllllllllimiii)i!liiini:iiiliuir iiiiiiiiiiiiiii Ill iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiji IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIIII I iiliHilllliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iniliiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiunl CKORGE M. HAY The beautiful estate of Mr. R, bcrt Garrett at Roland Park, Baltih The tribute of Geo. M. Hay to Davey Tree Surgery Roland Park, ISaltiinore. y\d. THE DA\EY TREE EXi'i'.KT CO., Kent, Ohio. Gentlemen: It gives me threat pleasure tu in- form j-ou that the work done on Mr, Robert fiarrett's E.state for the la.st few years has l)een very satisfactory in e\ery way, -Mr. Garrett expressed his ojiinion a few days ap) I)y savins^ the l)a\ey peoi^le can do very line work and he would lia\ e a lew of the best trees taken care of each yeav \)y you. Yours very truly, George A I. I Iav, Siif^t. Every yardciiLT and estate sui)i-iiiUi.iulciit lias a must important work in the saving of trees under his care, Davey Tree Surgery brings to his aid tlie highest develop- ment (.if science plus a generation of experience, A care- ful examination of your trees will he made by appointment. TilK \,\\\-\ Th-VK IvXP1-:RT CO., Inc, 312 Elm St., Kent, Olii. linttich ofiicfs with leiei'iutiic cuitiicenitiis: .\ cic York. Aslor Trust Blda... 501 Fifth Ave, Cor. 42»(/ ,V/.; Boxtoii. Massachusetts Trust Bids-; Philadel- phia. Liitid Title BId.ii.; Ballittwre, American Bids-. I'ittsburah. 331 Fourth Ave.; Buffalo. 110 Franklin St.: Cleveland, Hi/ipodroine BIda.: Detroit, Genera! Chicaiio. Westminster Bld^:..; St. Louis, Arcade Bids.; Kansas City. Scarritl Bids.: Los .-Inseles. (iarland Bids.: Montreal, 252 Lausauchitere.U'csl. Davey Tree Surgeons are near you — if you live between Boston and Kansa.s City. They are easily available and handle oiierations of any size, lari;e Motors Bids.: Cincinnati. Mercantile Library Bids-: ^"'r'atiHr'H' <'r small. Write or wire Kent, Ohio. Tree .Stt rj^ery DAVEY TREE SURGEONS /{r-f-v />nr-ev Tree Siirecoii is III llic employ of The la;ey Com ,f ;iii(/i on indi:iil\ial is eertain I'rolect yoitrseli fro' Ifaiiyyiie aoliells the trees uho is not direellv in our ■ II Pa-.ev man. -.erile ■ fi-r his reeord. ,Vri:r m) loss and vour trees from liarm GARDENERS' CHRONICLE # (OF AMERICA) ILLUSTRATED HORTICULTURAL $2.00 A YEAR ^19 25c A COPY QultSrC^^MdAy SUTTON'S SEEDS, those aristocrats of the flower and vegetable garden, have been devel- oped through 115 years of careful plant breeding and selection of pure, im- proved strains. The seventy-seventh annual issue of our Gar- den Catalog and Ama- teur's Guide is valuable not only for the descrip- tions and classifications of the numerous varieties table seeds, but more so for the splendid informa- tive cultural notes which are the result of many years of intensive study and hard work. Send 35 cents for this helpful book. Use an in- ternational money-order when remitting for cata- log. We credit this amount to your first seed order amounting to $8.00 or more. Send immedi- ately for your catalog. of all flower and vege- Address Department D. MXfj^K^rii crUA Royal Seed Establishment READING, ENGLAND The Seed Business with a Record of 116 Years liilllMIUIIIIIIIIIIItlllUllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll^lllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll^^ Bobbink &^ Atkins ! iiii{lit{itlll{|itlllili,ilil!liiiilllliliiiiillliiiiiliiiiiiiiiiliityiniiiiiiiii]iltliuiilllllllllllllllllllllring. Goodness knows we have more than we can jjroperly acconii)lish at that time. Such solul)le oils as Scalecide are liest for the amateur — the big growers are divided between oils and liquid lime sulphur. One or two oil ])rc])arations have been put on the market which have damaged trees, InU I have never known Scalecide at one to twenty to (Uj so. A year ago I bad occasion to visit a private estate and was asked to explain why a house of jieaches and nectarines bad failed to break. It did not take long to locate the trouble — one of these soluble oils had been applied at the fifty-fifty rate! 1 need hardly say that no amount of syringing would make these trees break, as tliev were practically killed outright. We have learned to fear the San Jose scale less and less as we have learned how to spray, and have better fruits and cleaner shrubs as a result of these dormant Winter treatments. By all means, if you have not yet sprayed, do so on a mild day when the sun shines, and you will not only kill the various scales, but many e.ggs of other insect pests. A query often repeated is "How can jxjultry manure be used to the best advantage?" To begin with, the scrapings from the roosts should be removed each week, dusted with acid jjhosphate and placed in barrels on the floor of a shed where they will not be e.xposed to the elements. Acid phosphate is an inexpensive fertilizer, is non-odorous, and pleasant to handle. It holds the ammonia in the manure and for that reason, is much used on the floor of cow Ixirns where the manure and urinal constituents drop, thus preventing great wastes in ammonia. It should be spread over the drop]iing boards when they are cleaned off and a little more added when the manure is placed in a pile or barrel. The wrong way to keep poultry manure is outdoors where it will steam if in heaps all Winter and waste the major part of its strength. It is a forceful manure, and rather than dig it or s]3ade it into the soil, it will be found especially valuable as a top-dressing to stimulate ])lants when growing. Peas, leeks, onions, cabbages, cauliflower, egg plants, squash, celery, roses, gladioli, cannas, asters, dahlias, peonies, and larkspurs are a few of the plants which respond readily to a topdressing of it, which should be always worked lightly into the soil with a hoe, rake, or cultivator. ;|: * H: >}: !f The shortest days have passed and they are now appreciably lengthening. The cold strengthens but the sun's rays will ere long melt the snows on hillsides and in warm secluded spots we shall soon be looking for the first snow-drops, to be followed a little later by crocuses, winter aconites, chionodoxa. and scillas. a group of simple, mnocent, inoft'ensive bulbs, never known to bring in any dangerous insect pests or diseases and not being success- fully produced in .America at all, yet with the exception of crocus denied to us by our all powerful I'^ederal Horticultural I'oard which contains alas, not one horticulturist, lint a late hearing somewhat encourages us in supposing that facts adduced at a recent hearing may have so far punctured the anatomies of these .\ugust ])rotectors of our jilants and nurserymen that they may relent and allow us to import some of the denied bulbs 'under suitable safeguards," for a limited period. It seems vergreen Wood Fern (Aspidium marginale) is verv similar in size and shape, but in texture is much heavier. The color is deeper green, with a dull almost leathery finish and the new fronds are a bright Spring green, making a decided contract with the older leaves. The edges of the pinnx are rather coarsely incised and the general appearance of the fern is that of stability. The leaves stay green all Winter under the snow. The spores are deep brown, disk-like and prominent, borne on the under side of the pinnae at the extreme edge. The sterile and fertile fronds are alike in shape and color, the spores not visible when looking down upon the plant. The Long Beech Fern ( Phegopteris polypodiodes) is a most attractive little jjlant, being not quite as tall as the two varieties just described. It is rarely over one foot in height. It possesses a charm which the. other ferns do not have and it should have a place in every garden. Its cheerful and almost pert appearance attracts the at- tention of every visitor. Its expression is the same as we find in the face of the pansy, — full of good nature and happiness. The fronds are medium green, of good texture and taper to a sharp point. The lower pair of pinnse turn upward, almost set at right angles to the main stem. It is exceedingly interesting and makes such a pleasing contrast with the more graceful and arching fronds of some of the other varieties, that it fully repays a longer search in meadow and woodland, for it is not as common as those mentioned above. It is also very hardy and satisfactory under cultivation. The Christmas Fern ( Aspidium acrostichoides) is familiar to everyone with its long narrow fronds of deep glossy green, very sharply pointed, which sometimes droop gracefully and Sometimes stand erect in an almost defensive attitude. This fern is evergreen and substantial. It is good for foreground or middle distance and is es- pecially distinctive used as a small accent. The fertile fronds are quite noticeable, as the tip is constricted and shriveled. The spores are borne on the under side of this tip in crowded groups and are of a rich brown color. Each pinnre is armed with small sharp bristles and the stem has small tufts of brown down on either side. The Sensitive Fern, (Onoclea sensibilis) is so called be- cause the young leaves which first appear in Spring droop quickly and are tender. It is not really sensitive, but quite hardy. It is found along roadsides exposed to strong sunlight or along woodland paths. The specimens that are growing in sunny situations have a distinct yel- low tone, while those in the shade are darker, greener, and more thrifty. The leaves are deeply loljed, having an entire edge which gives the plant a very difi^erent appear- ance from any of the other ferns. There is also a form with undulating edges. The spores are borne on their own stems and are quite conspicuous. This fern is valu- able for oljlaining contrast on account of its distinctive foliage. One of the smallest ferns is the t'ommon rolyi>ody ( Polypodium vulgare), sometimes called Snake Fern. It is seldom over six inches in height. It is found through the woods and along the l)anks of mountain streams, covering rocks and Iwuldcrs like a carpet and growing in tiny crevices where there is hardly a bit of earth. It is, therefore, valuable for rock work and to ])lace between flag-stones. The fronds are slender, deep green and of a dull leathery texture. They are evergreen and resemble the Christmas I'"ern in shaije, hut are not glossy, do not have the small bristles on the leaflets and are much smaller. The spores are borne f)n the under side of the leaf at the tip. .and arc dee|i yellow ;uid very close to- gether . The Maidenhair l'"crn ( Adiantum ])edatiim), so well known and so well loved by all, hardly needs to be (Continued on pag,c 8) Tor January, 1923 Japanese Morning-Glories SOME of our most popular flowers have either origi- nated, or been much improved in Japan. The morn- ing-glory, called by the Japanese "asagao," is one ■of the plants to which they have paid particular attention. Although brought to Japan about the sixth century by priests and scholars who had gone to China to study the Buddhist religion, it was not until about the seventeenth century that the morning-glory received any special at- tention. Flowers then began to be produced in innumer- able shades and combinations of colors and the size was considerably increased. About 1830 the "asagao" again became popular, growers vying with each other in pro- ducing new varieties, and a single seed might command a price of twenty-five dollars or more. Interest gradu- ally declined, however, and the art of cultivating this Jaftancsc Moniin^^-Gloiy Bloxsoin plant was retained only by a few priests. Aliout 1895 interest was again revived, "asagao clubs" were formed, and famous morning-glory gardens were established in Tokyo. Poetic names, such as frozen moonlight, foam of the sea, dragon's spume, full moon, were bestowed upon the finest blossoms ; artists used them in paintings and designs ; and numerous jxjems were written on them and to them. In fact, the morning-glory became a na- tional cult even more than the chrysanthemum had ever been. The Japanese growers went to every possible ex- treme in changing the shape and color of the flowers. Not being satisfied with this achievement, they devoted their attention to producing the greatest variety of odd- shaped leaves, and in their quest for eccentricities pro- duced flat stems which have the appearance of a wide- ribbed ribbon, as if many stems were laid side by side and then merged into one. The "asagao" was not only popular because of the wide range in size and color of the flowers but because the plants could be grown as '■dwarfs." Attempts have repeatedly been made to show these Japanse morning-glories at the Garden, but all the seed obtained either failed to germinate or produced the com- mon types of this country. In the early part of this year. however, seed of these dwarf morning-glories were ob- tained from Japan through Mr. Takashi ^Nlatsumoto, a former student in the Shaw School of Eotany. This seed was divided, one-half being sown the middle of February and the second half the beginning of June. The seeds of the first lot germinated very unevenly, but by cutting a notch in those seeds that failed to show signs of life in two weeks the majority were made to develop. Most of these plants were extremely dwarf, sometimes being less than a foot high with not more than half a dozen leaves. These tiny plants produced the most gorgeously colored flowers, often four to five inches in diameter. Seeds from these flowers did not set freely, but the few that were secured were planted as soon as mature. In the second generation, however, instead of dwarf speci- mens, plants were produced that climbed fifteen feet and more. The size of the flowers was not diminished, some of the pink varieties measuring six inches in width. Still more interesting and peculiar is the fact that the second planting of the original lot of seed received from Japan, which was made the first week in June, instead of produc- ing dwarf plants, sent out long vines so that the bamboo JapiincsL- Morning-Glory Plant trellises, described in the Japanese instructions, had to be employed to train them. In order that germination might be hastened every seed of this second lot was cut, and practically all germinated within forty-eight hours. The following directions, printed just as translated by Mrs. Matsumoto, were received with the seeds : "CULTCRE OF THE AIoRNIXG-GlORY" "In order to meet the requirements for growing the morning-glory, the soil must be superior in two respects, drainage and fertility. Under no circumstances use heavy clay. "The time of sowing is entirely governed bv the cli- mate, and it is ver\- important that the growers should be acquainted with their local climatic conditions before growing these special plants. For the vicinity of Tokyo the sowing season generally starts in the middle of Tklay or a little earlier. In general, the plants grow much bet- ter in warm places ; therefore, the growers should not 8 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE sow the seeds until they feel quite sure that warm weather has come to stay, and there is no fear of frost injury. "There are two types of seed-beds. The one is by sowing the seeds in a framed bed, and the other is by sowing them in a pot. "I. Framed beds. For this purpose the bed should be well ventilated and sunny. It is very convenient to make the beds about three feet in width, but their length may be of any desired extent. Simple culture frames of usual type are employed, except that no glass cover is used, and their height is usually about five inches. "Place the frames where the seeds are to be sown, and fill them with well-drained soil (about three to four inches deep) by sifting. Smooth the surface and sow the seeds on the bed and cover the surface with sifted soil (about J4 inch in thickness), and sprinkle water, using only very small streams. It is a good practice to place a thin layer of straw upon it, and allow it to remain until the young plants appear at the surface of the bed. For the purpos; of forcing, it is desirable to peel a tiny bit of the seed- coats before sowing. The right place for peeling is near a sunken spot where the germination takes place. Under a favorable condition the seeds begin to germinate in three to four days. When the casing soil is too shallow, the cotyledons will sometimes appear covered by the seed-coat. In such cases those coats should not be taken away when they are dry, as it often causes some injury to the coty- ledons. "II. Potted beds. In potted beds culture practically a similar method can be applied, with the exception that pots instead of frames are used. "Transplanting: A seedling should be transplanted twice ; first, from the seed beds, either framed or potted, to a small pot (about 2^/^ inches in diameter) — the pur- pose of the first transplanting is to prevent unnecessary growth of the plants ; second, remove it to a larger pot, usually 5 to 6 inches in diameter. The first tran.^planting begins immediately after the cotyledons have opened. If the plants are left' in the beds too long, it is very difficult to transplant them without giving any injury to the roots and cotyledons. As a matter of fact, it is very much de- sired by growers to keep the cotyledons on the plants until the flowering season ; therefore, the growers should take much pains to keep them as long as possible. "Fertilizers : Rape cake is generally used as a fertilizer, which is frequently applied to the soil in the form of powder, but mostly in liquid, which is thoroughly fer- mented. Chili saltpeter, ammonium sulphate, or potassium sulphate, etc., is frequently used as a substitute of the first named. "\\'atering: The seed-beds should be always moistened until the young plants appear on the ground. After trans- planting it is a usual practice to water twice a day, once in the morning and again in the day time. It is desir- able to use warm water for the day-time watering. "Supports: When the plants grow up to 6 or 7 inches high, it is absolutely necessary to furnish some supports. For this purpose bamboos or reeds are generally used. The supports are arranged in various ways, of which the following two are very common : "A. '.Xndon' type (Lantern type). P., T.oshi' type (Hat type)- . , , "A. Andon type. Height of the supports is dependent upon the individual tastes. Erect four or five bamboos or reeds along the inside of the pots, and connect ihcm with three rings of bamboo. "P.. P.oshi type. A piece of bamboo is bended down to the soil, thus making an arch-like form, which is then crossed with two pieces of bamboo. This type of sup- pC)rt is especially recommended for some special varieties which have hard stems. "For the morning-glory culture it is a matter of most importance to help the stems of the plants to climb up the supports. The most desirable time for winding the stem is during day-time, as it is very tender, while in the morning or evening it is very brittle and could not be wound without causing injury to the plants. The stems naturally twine the supports from left to right, therefore it should be arranged in that way, otherwise the stem may refuse to twine the supports. "Try to wind the stem in the basal ring, and when it re- turns to the starting point, then lead it along an erect bamboo to the second ring, and wind the stem in the same way as stated above. It is desirable to check the growth of the plants when their stem encircles the second ring, and never let it grow further up to the third ring. "Flowers usually bloom early in the morning and may wither soon when they are exposed to strong sunshine. The withered flowers should be picked at about ten o'clock every morning. For the purpose of getting seeds for next year, however, it is without saying to leave the withered flowers on the plants.'" — Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin. -I — « THE FERN GARDEN (Continued from page 6) described. Its dainty curving stem with the little triangular leaflets on either side is very lovely indeed. The stem is slender, smooth and glossy, and sli,ghtly brittle. In books it is generally said to be black, but in reality it is far from black, having many tones varying with the changing light, from plum to bronze. I have often been reminded of the stem of the Maidenhair while paring a large and well-ripened eggplant, for they possess many of the same shades. The spores are small, light brown and borne on the under edge of the leaflet, which turns back and partly encloses them in little pockets and gives a slightly puckered effect to the edge of the leaflet. This fern in spite of its very delicate appearance is quite hardy and I have several clumps which have increased from year to year. Thinking it very tender, my first clump was transplanted with great care on a dull day with drizzling rain, for fear it might become wilted. .Another clump was brought in from the woods on a bright sunny day in mid-July. It was carefullv carried home in a basket and planted with plenty of water as soon as possible after digging. They did not droop and seemed to take readily to the new place. About two weeks later I was much surprised to discover six new fronds starting UJ1 from one root and four from another, which developed into fluffy masses of foliage and remained so until the end of the Summer. So I have found this fragile looking fern to lie one of the most hardy and satisfactory in my collection. It is most decorative and does well in middle distance or for the border and is especially effective in a large mass. I think the delicacy of the foliage is shown to greatest advanta.ge against a wall or where it can droop gracefully over flag,ging or pathway, for then the shadows cast a fine tracery and add a fascination to this already fascinating little plant. There are, of course. iiian\' other varieties of ferns, all Idvelv and most interesting to study and discover in their native haunts, far too many to be described here. I have iiiilv mentioned those which I have in my .garden and with which I feel well acquainted. I can vouch for their beauty and their hardiness. The ferns should surely have a place on every estate, no matter how pretentious, and on every cottage lawn, no matter how humble, for they adai>t themselves to all surrroundings. They are al- ways suitable and in good taste adding a charm and grace to the garden that no other plant can give. For January, 1923 Wistarias and Their Training EVEN those who have least love for Japanese gardens and Japanese gardening must admire the Wistaria. Like the Japanese Cherries it is "'everybody's tree," and yet hovi^ many houses does one see smothered in vari- ous, more or less effective, climbing plants, but destitute of Wistaria? Why is this? For a house with any pre- tensions to architectural interest the Wistarias are surely the best of all climbing plants. (Climbing plants they are, though they cannot climb on a flat surface, needing some- thing comparatively thin round which to twist the young wood.) The growth of both the commonly-grown species — the so-called Japanese, multijuga, and the Chinese, chinensis — is vigorous without being overpowering, so that they may be readily trained to adorn rather than to smother the front of the building against which they are planted. The "Japanese" Wistaria, as we know it, has doubtless been considerably improved by the Japanese florists, but The supcrintc.u... ., .„.,i:,c ..; "Lyndhurst," tlic estate of Mrs. Finley Shepard, Tarry tozi'n,N. )'.. li'itli the tvistarias in bloom. it is really a native of North China and probably not in- digenous to Japan. It is magnificent for training over tall pergolas or on an elevated trellis. For walls it is really less suitable than \\'. chinensis, though by training main laterals horizontally and a sufficient distance apart, it mav be shown to advantage there also. The association of various habited "furnishing" plants to architecture receives much less attention than it should. A bald uninteresting expanse of walls is caused by want of appropriate detail. If a cornice would have filled the bill in the original design, the bad effect can be at least greatly mitigated by training a Wistaria horizontally to replace the missing element. Similarly, living pilasters of Crataegus, for example, will provide upright features where desirable. If the wood of the past year is reduced each \Mnter to three or four eyes, the Wistaria will make a satisfactory self-supporting bush. Indeed, plants which have been stunted in pots in the nursery often retain the bushy habit. If thev are wanted to climb, care should be taken to pur- chase health}' young trees with an abundance of young wood. The pruning of a climbing Wistaria is ("or should be), similar to that of a trained pear tree. I_^terals are taken off where required and allowed to extend reasonably each year until their allotted space is filled. The sub- lateral's are Summer pruned to ten or a dozen leaves — if this is not done there will be yards of thin growth tangled all together — and in Winter spurred back to the flowering wood. With plants trained on wires to give the "floral bell tent" effect so well known to visitors to Kew Gardens, the training may be more informal, but the same principles will apply. The common form of the Chinese \\'istaria has flowers of a delightful mauve tone, so distinct as to be a com- monly used color shade. The "Japanese" species is, in commerce, a much more variable plant, but if one can but obtain them, its best fonns are darker and even more desirable as regards coloring than the Chinese. The length of the racemes in this species in extraordinary. The rosy form — rosea, is well known, but less beautiful than the mauve purple ones and there is a pure variety which is rather shorter in the raceme, though still long, and later to flower. The white form of the Chinese species is, strangely enough, earlier to flower than the typical plant. The general experience is that it is less free to flower than the typical mauve. Like the Grape \'ine the Wistaria develops quite a trunk and butt with age. A diameter of more than 18 inches is not uncommon for the trunk of an old specimen. The Wistaria, fortunately, is comparatively long lived. Its in- troduction to English gardens dates back just over a century (1816), and some specimens now in existence must be close upon a century old. The oldest specimens, however, almost invariably show signs of decrepitude with hollow trunk and diminishing foliage, so that the effective age of the plant may be placed at from eighty to a hundred years. Bush \\'istarias are, as a rule, planted to associate with water which, of course, redoubles their charm by reflecting the glorious trails of blossom. One feels that had these beautiful woody climbers been knOwn in Tudor days, many of the pleached avenues of Lime and such like would have been carried out in Wistaria. There really seems no reason, therefore, why those with old gardens ( or with gardens to an old house) should not plant Wistaria to be trained in this manner. They would ulti- mately become almost, if not quite, strong enough to stand alone. It is not quite evident why, when reconstructing an old garden, we should be bound by the limitations which handicapped our forefathers. Surely it is better to build upon the past with whatever of old or recent in- troduction will best serve the end in view ! The Wistaria is assuredly an old-fashioned flower. Even though it has been cultivated for a mere century in Britain, it has been grown no doubt by the gardeners of Japan since long before Tudor times and it has that peculiar sophistication characteristic of plants long in cultivation. As previously stated, both the Wistarias commonly cul- tivated in this country are of Chinese origin. Though sufficiently distinct, they are obviously closely related. There are, however, other species in existence of which two at least are Japanese. Of these the only one of which much is known, W. japonica, was introduced as long ago as 1878. Compared with chinensis or multijuga, this species is a pigmy with numerous small white flowers in racenes 6 inches to 12 inches. It is said to provide a won- derful spectacle when smothering a large bush or small tree, but is seldom seen in cultivation in this country. The American species, W. frutescens, bears its flowers in short terminal racemes, often held erect. The flowers are pale lilac in color, but it never gives a very striking display because the racemes do not display their beauty simultaneously. Commencing to blossom in June, it con- tinues more or less in flower until the end of Summer. .\ form of this or, iwssibly, a distinct species, variously (Continued- on page 12) :o GARDENERS' CHRONICLE Teach Horticulture To Foster Love for Plants^ p. M. KOSTER SLOA\'LY and surely a taste is developing in America for plants and flowers, a love for horticulture. I have seen great changes in the twenty-five years I have been coming to this country. I think that is our duty to further and to foster the love for plants here. We must have something in the future to which to devote our time. More and more the people are working fewer hours. We must tr\- to give them something other than a desire to attend the movies and to speed along the roads at the rate of fifty miles an hour. This can only be done by educating them to love plants. Allow me to point out to you what other countries are doing, in order to give the necessarv horticultural instruction and educa- tion. Naturally. I am speaking about Holland, the coun- tr\' with which T am most acquainted. In the first place, there is elementary horticultural training in the Winter courses, for which the state gives a subsidy. Each course extends over two Winter sem- esters. The teaching is done by the state school teachers, who have acquired the necessary qualifications; qualified practical gardeners are also employed to do the teaching. Students may enter every two years and must not be under fifteen years of age. The course comprises : The elements of natural science, including plant diseases and jrests : manures, soils, treatment and improvement of the ground : fruit culture, vegetable and flower culture, arboriculture and horticultural drawing. As far as pos- sible, the instruction is adapted to the requirements of the particular kind of gardening in the location. Secondary training in horticulture is given in five horti- cultural Winter colleges. One is in Aalsmeer, flowers ; one in Boskoop, nurseries ; another at Lisse, bulbs ; at Naaldwyk, fruit ; at Hoorn, vegetables, and at the Horti- cultural College at Frederiksoord. The object of these colleges is to give the necessary horticultural education to young gardeners, florists, nurserymen, etc. The schools are divided into two classes and the period of instruction covers two Winter semesters, from October to April. In the Summer months these young men work with their various employers ; this way almost everybody can aft'ord to attend these colleges. Higher horticultural education is given in the High School for Agriculture, Horticulture and Forestry, at W'ageningen. This is a three-year course and embraces jihysics, meteorology, plant physiology, mineralogy and soils, chemistr\- and agricultural chemistry, botanical terminology, tetany, drawing, surveying, arboriculture, fruit growing, vegetable and flower culture, civil law and practical work. Besides all this valuable knowledge, foreign languages are taught, which is a great assistance to our horticultural education, as it enables us to read horticultural papers in foreign languages. It also prepares the young men for their extensive travels in foreign countries, where they generally go after learning their trade at home. It is not only in Holland that this horticultural educa- tion is given ; it is the same in England, Germany, licl- gium and France. That sometimes the knowledge of a foreign language is directly responsible for horticultural gains is illustrated by the way Koster's Blue Spruce was found. My father, who was the great, great-grandson of a nur- seryman, soon understood that in order to make Boskoop a horticultural center, we did need a larger area than Hol- land to sell our products, and father did all he could to •A talk given bcfoTC the Philadelphia Florists* Club. induce the government to devote time and money to horticulture and to the, teaching of foreign languages. He himself had acquired, through self-study, a consider- able knowledge of English, French and German. One da\-, reading in the Rcvitc Horticolc, father saw a descrip- tion of the beautiful Blue Spruces of the Rocky Moun- tains, and read that the botanical garden at Zurich had received seeds of some of the finest specimens. Immedi- ately father wrote for some seeds, received some and one of the seedlings was the Blue Spruce which now is univer- sally known as Koster's Blue. If father had not been able to read French, would the plant have come to life? Would others have seen the great beauty of this plant and would it have been propagated? This is not the only instance ; other plants have been described in foreign papers and propagated. These, otherwise, would have disappeared unnoticed. In the schools a spirit of competition in growing flow- ers is created and the schools have many expositions of flowering plants, which imbue the youngsters with a love for plants and flowers. Who is able to grow the best? Imagine the pride of a little girl from poor parents bring- ing in a beautiful plant and winning first prize! I think it is our duty to help develop this love for flow- ers and plants, and show each and all people what can be done with flowers and how they make our life richer, how trees and shrubbery make our homes more attractive. Conditions have already very much improved since I came to this country first. But we are not doing enough. Let our horticultural associations get busy and our women's clubs. Let them create funds to appoint — let me call them horticultural preachers, who, armed with a great love for plants and with lantern slides, go out and show the people (not the upper 400) what can be accom- plished with little expense and labor ; show them how the board fences must be replaced by well kept hedges, how a, few cliiubing roses will improve the appearance of their homes, how a few beds of inexpensive bulbs, some perennials, will make their homes attractive, and then — watch how their surroundings will make for a happier life. We must awaken the vast nuiltitudes to the realiza- tion of the needs of plants and shrubs and flowers ; we must create in the minds of all a desire to improve them- selves, their properties, their communities. This cannot be done by lectures before horticultural clubs and .socie- ties ; those present there do not need to be awakened. It is the daily paper, the small local paper which must take this task to heart. r)ne of the saddest features of the lack of horticultural training is the condition the trees are in, lining the streets in the cities. The authorities in charge evidently do not see the need of pruning when the trees are young, and many trees could still be saved if they were treated right. If I compare the almost loving care which is bestowed on trees in European cities, how they are Summcr-jiruncd' and Winter-iiruned until such time that they can take care of themselves, I feel really sorry for their .Xmcrican brothers and sisters, which, once planted, do not get any care thereafter. Many of vou have seen the i)eautil'ul Elms lining the streets in Holland, the Linden in iieiiin. the Planes in London, the Horse-che.stnuts in Paris, all well shaped, symmetrical trees, with stems the same height, forming beautiful avenues, a sight to Ix-hold. Now, what is the remedy for all this? Horticultural (Couliiiucd oil /'iT.t.'r 1.^) For Jmuiary. 1923 11 Insects and Plants WILLARD N. CLUTE IT sometimes happens that the gardener, impressed with the visits of butterfles and bees to his flowers, speaks of "'beneficial insects," but a more careful considera- tion of the facts might lead him to conclude that there is no such animal. First, last, and all the time, the insect world is absorbed in its own affairs, ever seeking food, shelter, and a place to breed ; always taking what it can and often nearly or quite exterminating the organisms it preys uixjn. And it has always been thus. Although the flowers of the present produce the nectar and pollen utilized by various insects, and in a sense might be said to provide them with food, it is no voluntary act on the part of vegetation. The insect merely takes what it wants ; indeed, it is probable that the activities of the insects are responsible for an increased secretion of nec- tar in flowers, just as man has, by breeding, increased the secretion of milk in cows. It is undoubtedly true that our planet began as a flow- erless world, and that when the first insects appeared on it they were obliged, like other forms of animal life, to feed on the plants. Repiesentatives of these early races are still with us in the form of bark beetles, wood-borers and the like. The young or larval stages of the great majority still feed on plant tissues, but the mature insect in higher forms has developed a taste for more refined kinds of food. The first flowers were far from being the showy objects we think of when the word flower is men- tioned. They appear to have been exclusively pollinated bv the wind, and were much like those of the pines, pop- lars, grasses and hazels of the present, which afl^ord no encouragement to nectar-feeding forms. Although wind-pollinated flowers do not, as a rule, produce nectar, it is probable that they have always been visited more or less by bees and other insects in search of pollen. .\s a matter of fact, pollen still interests the in- sects, for many flowers that are entirely lacking in nectar are still favorite feeding grounds. The nectar, so com- monly secreted bv flowers, is not exclusively a floral prod- uct. The leaves of many flowering plants also excrete it, notably those of the little partridge pea and the cotton plant, and the outer bracts of the peony are widely noted for this feature among black ant circles. The regular secretion of nectar by the floral parts opened an entirely new chapter in plant evolution. With insect visits reasonably certain the plants were assured that their pollen would be carried directly from flower to flower and were thus able to make several changes looking to greater efficiency. Pollen became sticky so that it would adhere to the visitors, and at the same time stamens and carpels became of different lengths, or ripened at different times, in order to prevent self-pollina- tion. With the production of a perianth to protect the nectar and guide the insects to it, fewer stamens were neces'^arv to accomplish pollination and the plant saved in jiollen more than it lost in the production of nectar. Finally the appearance of flowers turned sidewise en- sured that the insect would alight in a definite part of the flower and thus could be covered with pollen by still fewer stamens. Thus the stamen number w^as further reduced until we have whole plant families with but one or two stamens to a blossom and some that manage to carry on business bv means of only half a stamen. The accomodating blossoms have provided in numer- ous ways for the storage of nectar until the favorite in- sect calls for it, and have found ways of protecting it from other insects, but even this consideration fails to impress the greedy visitors which all too often bite through the walls of the nectary and abstract the sweets without ]iollinating the flower at all. It is small won- der, therefore, that a number of plants with showy flow- ers have other and less conspicuous ones that never open but make use of their own pollen and produce all or most of the seeds. ^lany species of plants have now become so exactly adapted to the visits of a given insect that they fail to set seeds if it is not present. The absence of an insect from a region, therefore, may limit the distribution of various plants in it. More 'far reaching still, the life of the plant may be so bound up with that of another, through the insect, that the absence of one may limit the other, as in the case of one plant which serves as the ho.st plant to the larval insect that in the mature state pollinates some distant species. The more usual way in which insects act to limit the spread of a plant species is by exterminating it in feeding upon it. It is quite likely that the potato plant would be exterminated in regions where the potato-beetle is abundant if man did not constantly fight its enemy. -V redeeming feature of the picture, however, is the fact that the greedy insects are not content to feed exclusively on plants, but have developed a disposition to eat one another. Even man, himself, does not entirelv escape pests of this nature. In numerous instances, however, the safety of the plants lies in this fondness of one insect for another. The ichneumon flies and lady-bugs are f-ver on the search for plant-eating forms, and the dragon-fly is all that his name denotes with reference to niosquitos. In the larval state the dragon-fly larvje eat mosquito larvK, and those that escape and assume the adult form are taken "care of by the grown-up dragon-fly. It seems likely that we shall come to depend more and more on the aid of insects that eat others to protect our plants from harm. Looking at the subject as a whole, it seems just retri- bution that overtakes the insect world when the plants turn the tables on them and become the eaters instead of the eaten. The sundew with a dozen leaves like small red hands, lies in wait for its prey and, clutching it, turns its leaves into impromptu stomachs and digests its cap- tives. The pitcher-plants provide little wells within their hollow leaves and calmly drown the insects, in some cases cunningly enticing its victims by sugary secretions with which is mixed a substance that stupifies them. There is a long line of these insectivorous plants — butterworts, catch-flys, bladder worts, Venus' fly-traps and the like, but insects are so numerous and multiply so rapidly that they are not much impressed indeed, certain thrifty speci- mens, eager to capitalize the misfortunes of their fellows, putsh into the pitcher-plant leaves and lay their eggs in the decaving bodies of its victims. Doubtless God could have provided us with better fun than hard work, but I don't know what it is. To be born poor is probably the next best thing. The greatest glory that has ever come to me was to be swallowed up in London, not knowing a soul, with no means of subsistence and the fun of A\'orking till the stars went out. To have known any one would have spoilt it. I didn't even know the language. I rang for my boots and they thought I said a glass of water : so I drank the water and worked on. There was no food in the cupboard : so I didn't need to waste time in eating. — Sir James M. Barrie. 12 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE The Orchid FOR man_v persons Orchids are associated with thoughts of luxury and opulence, based, no doubt, on the magnificent blooms of the florist shops and the still more gorgeous flowers seen at exhibitions, writes E. 1. Farrington in the Christian Science Monitor. Yet many Orchids are modest and shy. The Lady's Slipper of northern woodlands is an Orchid as truly as the giant Cattleya of South America. Even the most splendid mam- bers of the family hide themselves in the depths of mighty forests, blooming unseen in such vase and colorful shows as have never been staged by men. Although all Orchids possess practically the same curi- ous physical structure, by which they are set apart from every other plant, yet they are divided into two great classes with totally different modes of living. There are, first, the Terrestrial Orchids, which grow directly in the earth ; these are the only kinds found in temperate regions. There are then the Epiphytal Orchids (using a name that falls strangely on unaccustomed ears), which drape them- selves over rocks and trees, reveling in heat and moisture, and living often in swamps so dense that hardly a ray of direct sunlight ever penetrates to them. They are not really air plants, although often called so, and neither are they parasites, although they may depend upon some other form of life to hold them erect. Their nourishment comes largely from the mineral matter that collects among their roots. Orchids inspire no such sentimental feelings as the violet or the rose, but they exercise an elusive fascination above all other flowers. The lure of the Orchid is like the lure of gold. It will tempt men to any length in hard- ship or exposure. No romances in the annals of horti- culture surpass those woven around the world-wide search for Orchids, a search that still goes on, for regions yet remain which the collector has not explored and where untold treasures may await his coming. For a long time the rare Orchids of the tropics were sought mostly in the interests of private collectors. Then, as more about their culture was learned, commercial grow'crs began to gather them in increasing numbers. So a great industry was gradually built up. thousands of plants being sent every year to the British Isles and to the United States for the trade. Whole sections in South America have been stripped of their Orchid wealth, but the southern continent is vast and new hunting grounds are constantly being re- ported. Moreover, the Federal Horticultural Board at Washington has forbidden the importation of Orchids into the United .States except by .special permit, and then only for propagation. This has stimulated home pro- duction, but on the othr hand has proved a sad blow to private collectors. In England, where there are no imjx)rt restrictions, the seedling raiser is being depended upon far more than ever before, while fewer and fewer new species are coming from the forests. England, however, still imports tons of commercial Orchids, particularly Odontoglossums and Cattleyas from South America. All that great continent from Mexico south is rich in Orchids, which were known and loved long before the Spaniards came to substitute a harsh civilization for the simple life of the natives. Early historians tell us that choice flowers, and especially Orchids, were daily tributes to the Mexican rulers. Columbia, Venezuela and Brazil are exceptionally prolific, especially in Cattleyas, the type of Orchid most commonly seen in the florist shops of America. Although Cattleyas are the most popular Orchids in .\nierica, the English public jirefers Odontoglossums, which abound in various parts of the South American continent, fully lOO species having been found in the Andes. If they could be grown as well in the United States as in England, they might find the same high favor, but the Summers are too hot and too dry for producing perfect blooms. On the other hand, the clearer skies give the Americans better Cattleyas than can be grown in the British Isles. .\t their best, it is difficult to choose be- tween them. Odontoglossums are often called the loveliest flowers in the world. Yet Cattleya Dowiana has been described by an Orchid expert who knows them all, as the "most gorgeous, the stateliest, the most imperial of all flowers on this earth." While intrepid plant hunters are seeking the hiding places of the Odontoglossums and the Cattleyas in South American countries, other men, equally venturesome, are roaming India and other Eastern lands! Cymbidiums are a particularly important feature of their quest, although these Orchids ars now being propagated readily in Europe and America. Until 1900 few Cymbidiums were in com- merce. Then a species was found which soon appeared in many variations and proved, easy to grow, flowering in three or four years. Now these Orchids are among the kinds commonly offered by the florists and are remark- able for their long keeping qualities. They will last for three or four weeks in water and for two or three months on the plants. For that matter, the flowers of most Orchids will re- main fresh for a month or more if not pollinated. Indeed, there is a marked dignity and moderation in all the processes of the Orchid. The capsules wherein the seeds repose may not open for many months to let them free. Nature does her best to perpetuate the- plants, however, for there will be from a thousand to a million of these seeds in each capsule. WISTARIAS AND THEIR TRAINING (Continued from page 9) called W. frutescens magnifica and W. Macrostachva, bears larger racemes and is in every way a better plant. The propagation of Wistaria is relatively easy. They may readily be layered or cuttings of the current season's wood, if removed with a heel as soon as moderately ripe, will root satisfactorily. As purchased, the plants are almost invariably grafted. Where grafting is carried out on to roots of the same species, it is com])aratively innocuous, but plants on their own roots are safer. Grafting is easily carried out in spring under glass with a little Ijottom heat. It is truly astonishing, however, how grafting persists as a means of propagation for many plants which increase readily, not only from layers, but from cuttings. In favorable seasons, seeds ripen freely and are easy to germinate. The seedlings do not, however, as a rule, produce very good forms. Seedlings of W. mullijuga. in particular, are apt to be exceedingly "washy" in coloring and comparativelv short of trail. If a good tvjje be se- cured from seed, it has naturally abounding vigor. Seed- lings serve the nurseryman for stocks on which to work better types. — The Garden (British). lie who reveals to me what is in me and helps me to externalize it in fuller terms of self-trust, is my real helper, for he assists me in the birth of those things which he knows arc in mc and in all men. — 11'. Joliii \furniy. For January, 1923 13 The Greenhouse, Month to Month GEORGE F. STEWART THE season has arrived when many plants need a general overhauling, especially if one has a tropical house. Late January and early February is as good a time as any to pot or propagate many of these plants. Nice clean tops of codiceum (or to take the more popular name crotons) should now be selected for propagation. The best method we have found is to root them on the plant. Remove the bark by girdling, where one wishes the top to root. Cut the bark clear round in two circles, about half an inch apart, and use a tvvo-and-three-quarter- inch paper flower pot, which is easy to keep in position by tieing to a stake. Get the girdled part well down inside the pot. Use a compost of sphagnum moss, sharp sand, and good loam in about equal parts with some powdered charcoal added. Pot firmly, using great care, as it is very easy to snap the wood at the girdled part. Keep the compost damp all the time until the top roots, which will be in about a month. In a regular tropical house tempera- ture ,sho-ild be 65 deg. at night with a 15 deg. rise during the day. I forgot to mention above that the bark be- tween the two girdled parts should be removed, which is vcr}" easily done as it comes off clean. By this method of propagation, one v.-ill hardly ever lose a leaf, if, before removing the top from the parent plant, said plant is allowed to become quite dry at the root, keeping the com- post damp around the top that is rooting. After the tops are well rooted remove them and pot for a first potting in a four-inch pot in a light compost. Keep them close, in a humid atmosphere, until they begin to root freel}' in the new compost. We have grown plants four feet high in a six-inch pot with leaves furnished clear down to the pot in one season, that is, from the time of propagation until the following Fall. If large specimens of cordylines (dracsena) are re- quired they can be rooted the same as crotons by girdling. Nice small table plants, however, may be had in one season by cutting up the woody stems in pieces, about two inches long", covering them with sand in a propagating bed that has 80 deg. bottom heat. The shoots start from an eye in the old w^ood, and when they have developed a few leaves, may be removed with a heel and rooted as any other cutting, and potted along as they require it. Dracaenas like a good fibrous loam to grow in, adding about one part leaves to three parts loam with enough sand and charcoal to keep th soil sweet and porous. Add also about a third of dry cow manure to the compost. Alocasias, to grow them well, must be turned out of their pots each season, and all the old material shaken gently away from the underground stems and roots, and potted. They grow well in a mixture of equal parts of osmunda fern root, sphagnum moss, and the fibre of loam with a good sprinkling of charcoal. IMound them up a little in their receptacle. They may be fed a little when growing vigorously. Anthuriums are divided into two sections, those grown for the quaint shape and beauty of their flowers, and the other section for their foliage. Both sections grow well in comp>ost similar to alocasias, only adding more sphag- num moss. Anthuriums are also strong rooters, but mav be grown in the same pot (if mounded up with sphagnum moss) for two years. .Vnthurium Scherzerianum and its varieties, by judicious treatment, can be grown into hand- some specimen flowering plants, which by their striking appearance when in flower will always command attention and admiration. Marantas, now most known under the name calathea (the difference between the two being botanical), were once very popular plants, and around Boston twenty to thirty years ago, very fine specimens were to be seen. \\'here a tropical effect is wanted in some warm corner of the conservatory, these plants, with their fine colored markings, are among the best to be used. They now need attention at the roots and should be examined to see that their drainage is all right. They may be grown in the same pot for several years, in fact, they do not like over- potting. The loose soil may be rubbed off the ball which can be easily done, if they have been kept on the dry side for the last two months. A compost of equal parts of the fibre of loam, half decayed flaky leaves, drier cow manure, with enough sharp sand and broken charcoal to keep the whole in a porous condition is what we have found they delight in. Marantas do not like hard potting, just moderately firm. Give them plenty of room to develop their foliage and keep them clear of insects, an easy matter, since the advent of hydrocyanic gas, as a fumigant. All these tropical plants, noted in the above remarks, like a humid atmosphere and the paths and under the benches, also between the pots, should be kept in a moist condition. Coal ashes we have found are best for covering the benches to set the plants on. There is something about them that is congenial to plant growth, far more so in my experience, that the more clean and artistic looking pebbles, which are commonly used for that purpose. Adiantum cuneatum and its varieties are very useful in six- and eight-inch pans when grown hard, that is, giving plenty of air when se\^ere \\'inter weather has gone by and not shading them heavy in Summer. Plants that have been two years in the same receptacle may be divided in two and potted in a good fibrous loam with some ground oyster shells and sand added. If grown in a good house and given plenty of room they will make nice plants next Fall. A large well grown specimen is also a hand- some sight and there is generally some corner in the mansion where they look well for a week or two. There are many other varieties of Adiantum that are seldom seen of late years in greenhouses. A few varieties such as caudatum, decorum, tenerum, trapeziforme, gracillimum, Williamsii rise in mind as I write. These all may be grown into fine plants, and are very decorative. The variety Farleyense, supposed to be a form of tenerum, would need a special article by itself to describe the mode of propagation and culture. Adiantum. Glory of Mordecht or Gloriosa. is in my opinion inferior to the old Farleyense. ' I have never yet seen fronds or plants of it the equal that the late David Allan and David Fisher used to grow, when I worked under them thirty years ago near Boston. Probably some of our young men will say, "Oh yes ! There were giants in those days." However, if need be we can produce the witnesses. Many other ferns such as Davallia, Gleichenia, Gymnogramma, Lomaria, etc., also the Selaginellas, of which there are quite a number of fine forms, need looking over but do not overpot any of them. Large pieces, if they have been well potted, will go several years in the same pan or tub they may be in. 14 GARDENERS' CHROMCLE The drainage, however, should be examined frequently and a little top-dressing given at this season, and after they are growing good, well fed with stimulants, using a little variety. Large plants of calceolaria that are wanted for ex- hibition in May, may now be given their final shift. The great thing is to keep these plants cool, thirty-eight to forty at night is warm enough unless wanted to flower eaiiy. The stewartii type we can flower in July, by pinch- ing, potting a few days after they are cut back, and shad- ing'. This is the best season to propagate this type, and if large plants are wanted another year, carry over the later struck ones in five- or si.x-inch pots, or even larger, according to the size desired at flowering time. Any large fuchsia plants that have been carried over may now be trimmed into shape. Pyraniid shape is ideal for fuchsias, and of course, they look very pretty as standards. Keep the growths pinched until eight weeks before they are wanted to flower. Cuttings of these plants that were rooted in August , by February 14 should be fit for their flowering pots. We find nine- and ten-inch pots big enough for the first year. The ball of the old plants may be reduced and potted in the same pot, giving a larger shift later if they start well. An early batch of achimenes can be started now. Space the rhizomes in a tray, the bottom of which has been covered with ground up sphagnum moss. Cover them lightly with a mixture of leaf mold and sand. When the young shoots are about two inches high, space them in the pot or pan they are to be grown in. By starting them into growth first in the flat, growths of an equal strength may be potted in each pan, which will make a more uni- form plant when flowering. They grow well in equal parts of loam, leaf mold, and sand, in a night temperature of 60 deg. They must always be lightly shaded from the sun and carefully watered in their earlier stages, never allowing water to lie on the foliage. The more slender varieties make beautiful hanging baskets. Increase, or renew the stock of Bouvardia at this season. They form plants from root cuttings. Bear in mind, how- ever, that slight variations in color are likely to happen with root cuttings. Top cuttings from the young growths root in alrout a month, if one has a good bottom heat in the propagating bed, and they come true to color. Batches of cuttings of the general run of bedding plants should now be secured and rooted, such as coleus, heliotrope, begonias, ageratum, lantanas, etc. Poinsettias, after they are past flowering, may be laid on their sides near the pipes under a greenhouse bench that is run around .^0 deg. night temperature. Euphorbia Jacquini;eflora or fulgens, which is also an- other fine Christmas plant, must be kept on the bench and carefully watered after flowering. A second crop of flowers may be secured if desired, and after that, growing shoots will start on the stems, which when about three inches long, will make ideal cuttings for another season. These two Euphorbias are among the best for Christmas decoration, but many do not care for them after that season has passed. Nerines are now making their growth, feed them well until they show signs of having completed their growing period. Keep them on a goo"i"r. Tracy Farnam, ^Irs. Tracy Farnam, George M. Hendee, Miss A. B. Jennings, H. F. Schwarz, W. H. Truesdale, Edward L. Wemple, William Ziegler, Jr. Rhode Island — R. Livingston Beeckman. Massachusetts — Miss M. R. Case, Mrs. William C. Conant, George P. Dike, Mrs. Louis Frothingham, Henry S. Hunnewell, E. K. Lawrie, Henry Penn, Mrs. C. G. Rice, Prof. C. S. Sargent. Mrs. J. A. Spoor, Mrs. Bayard Thayer. New Hampshire — F. G. Webster. Ohio — F. F. Drury, H. S. Firestone. Mrs. Francis F. Prentiss, John L. Severance, H. S. Sherman, H. L. Thompson. Michigan — J. B. Schlotmann, E. D. Speck. Indiana — Theodore F. Thieme. Illinois — A. Watson Armour, Harry B. Glow, A. B. Dick, Clayton Mark, Mrs. Julius Rosenwald, Mrs. F. W. Upham. Minnesota — Mrs. Chester A. Congdon, F. H. Stoltze. Icni'a — Mrs. G. B._ Douglas. Missouri — August A. Busch, Dr. George T. Moore. W. Virginia — Mrs. Arthur Lee. Georgia — Asa G. Candler, Jr., G. Gumby Jordan. Soitth Carolina — Robert S. Mebane. LOCAL BRANCHES NEWPORT, R. I.: Andrew L. Dorward, chairman; Frederic Carter, secretai y, ST. LOUIS, MO.: George H. Pring. chairman; Hugo M. SchafiF, secretary. NASSAU COUNTY, L. L: James Duthie, Oyster Bay, chairman; John McCulloch. O^'ster Bay. secretary. BOSTON, MASS.: Robert Cameron. Ipswich, chairman; W. N. Graig, Weymouth, secretai y. WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA: Manus Curran, Sewickley. chairman; Henry Goodband, Sewickley, secretary. PRESIDENT BARNET'S MESSAGE Fellow Members: 1922 is now history. We as an association have ac- complished a great deal and learned much. If we are to continue to make satisfactory progress, I ask at this time that you all put your shoulders to the wheel and keep up the steady growth so ably maintained in the years past. Your president alone does not make the association and can accomplish very little without the aid and co- operation of the rank and file. This means you. With the increase in local branches and a better dis- semination of information success is assured. As to local branches, I believe they offer a splendid opportunity for the advancement of the association and the profession it represents. Members can get together easily at any time to discuss N. A. G. matters, and get more real knowledge at a small meeting than one would feel disposed to ask at a convention. All that is necessary is to appoint a chairman and secretary, the latter keeping in touch with the national headquarters. It is now squarely up to the localities to do their bit. and I shall be very much dis- appointed if we do not hear from places like Chicago, Cleveland, and Detroit this year. In making appointments for 1923, it will be noted that some of the younger men are included which I hope will cause greater interest among the young men in the affairs of the association. The time is close at hand, if not now here, when a new order of things will take place. With all due respect to the men of today, we must look to the rising generation, both employer and employee. Where would we have been had forethought and labor not been expended in our favor. Interesting young men in the profession we represent, is going apace since the inauguration of the co-operative training by the Massachusetts Agricultural College. Prospects are very bright and other colleges will surely follow. Some gardeners do realize, but all must, that, due to acts of war, conditions have changed in gardening as they have in every other line of endeavor, and when a man finds that things are not as they used to be, he should not act too hastily. Many men have given up positions only to find that they have had to accept less comfortable and less remunerative ones after being out awhile. Prosperity is usually manifested on country estates, following a busi- ness boom, while retrenchment is always the order dur- ing unsettled times. For obvious reasons which might prove profitable, I suggest that gardeners interest themselves in civic mat- ters towards the beautification of communities, home grounds, etc. Also urge increased production of vegetables to help relieve the possible vegetable shortage of crops, due to scarcity of farm labor next season. This, of course, applies more to those localities where there are no horticultural societies which may now be actively en- gaged in such work. It offers a fine opportunity to any group of gardeners, no matter where located, and may incidentally help influence employers who still think a gardener a gardener only as they know him. Our committee on Quarantine No. 37 reported progress and is optimistic as to modification in some form. W'hile the horticultural interests in general are divided on the question, there is no doubt in my mind about the garden- ers' or their employers' hopes for modification or total abolition. Therefore, let us as an association continue to co-operate with any and all organizations until the desired end is attained. Our next convention will be held in Pittsburgh before the middle of August, when I hope to welcome a very large delegation. We are most centrally located ; it has been said that Pittsburgh is only a night's ride from any place. Don't hesitate to come, even if it takes two or three nights' ride. Many no doubt are wondering what there is to be seen in and around the "Smoky City." We have several interesting -things to show here which can- not be seen anywhere else in the country, if not in the world. It will' at least be a change. Bring the ladies along, who will be well taken care of. In conclusion, allow me to say a word about our official organ, the Gaedeners' Chronicle of America. A paper is in a measure just what its readers make it and I am sure our worthy secretary would only be too willing to 18 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE consider any suggestions readers might offer. Since the Gardeners' Chronicle is the organ and not the property of the National Association of Gardeners, I think we ought to be tolerant, and if the time does come, when the association would be prepared to take it over, then, and not till then, could the members demand just wliat they want, and whether it should be a weekly or monthly. For the present, I consider it a very good paper in the interest of the gardener, and worthy of a place in any emplover's library where other periodicals are to be found. With best wishes for a Prosperous Xew Year to one ^rid all. TOHN BARXET. APPOINTMENTS OF NEW DIRECTORS President Darnet has made die following api«iintments to the Board of Directors (to serve until 1926) : Alex .Michie, New York; George F. Stewart, Massachusetts; Theodore VVirth, Min- nesota; George F. Hess, District of Columbia, all of whom are re-appointed; R. P. Brydon, Ohio; William C. Rust, Massa- chusetts; Charles Schralf, Wisconsin. To succeed William Gray, Rhode Island, Thomas Wilson, New York (1924) ; to succeed the late Thomas Hatton. Connecticut, Harold Bryant, Connecticut ( 1924 I : to succeed William H. Griffiths, Illinois, Harry Cartwright, Michigan (1924) ; to succeed John Huss, Connecticut, John Tonkin, Pennsylvania (1925). NEW MEMBERS Sustaiiwig MewbiTs: Asa G. Candler, Jr., .Atlanta^ Ga, (James Barnet, gardener) and G. Gunby Jordan, Columbus, Ga. (William Atkinson, gardener). Acliz'i' Members: Charles A. Mackay, Yonkers, N. Y. ; George Tull. Port Washington, L. I ; Frank Ochenden, Grosse Point, Mich. : William Sutherland, Readville, Mass. AMONG THE GARDENERS If any of our readers know the present address of Max Reipen, formerly of Toledo; Charles M. Lind. formerly of Stamford, Conn. : or T. V. Kerr, formerly of Valhalla, N. Y., they will confer a favor by making them known to the secretary, M. C. Ebel._ David F. Roy. for many years superintendent of the Moorings, Marion, Mass.,' the estate of the late Harry E. Converse, has re- signed his position and has engaged in the nursery and landscape business at Wakefield, Mass. Robert Scott, superintendent of the Carnegie estate at Lenox, Mass.. has succeeded the late M. J. O'Brien as superintendent of Uplands, the estate of Mrs. W. A. M. Burden, .Mt. Kisco, N. Y. Alex Mackenzie has secured the position of superintendent of the A. V. Davis estate. Oyster Bay, L. I., succeeding John Forbes. Mr. Mackenzie held this position previous to engaging in the florist business, which he recently disposed of. Mathew J. O'Brien, one of the oldest members of the National Association of Gardeners, and for twenty-two years superintendent of "Uplands," Mt. Kisco, N. Y., was instantly killed on Decem- ber 14 by the explosion of a lioiler he was inspecting in the residence of the estate. Mr. O'Brien is survived by his widow, four daughters and five sons. He was well known in liorticultural circles and highly esteemed in his cominunity. William Reoch. for the past year outside foreman on the J. Pierpont Morgan estate at Glen Cove, L. I., secured the position of gardener on the estate of William B. White, "Hilltop," Princeton. N. J. MEETING OF THE NASSAU CO., L. I. BRANCH .•\ meeting of the Nassau Co.. L. I.. Branch was held on Friday afternoon, December l.S, at Parish Hall. Oyster Bay. Owing to inclement weather, the attendance was not as large as it was ex- pected to be. but nevertheless it was a most enthusiastic meeting. Discussions were animated and brought forth some timelv sug- gestions on what the branch should accomplish. Nassau County will have some recommendations to present at the Pittsburgh con- vention for the welfare of the national association. James Duthie was elected chairman for the coming year; Jcihn McCulloch, secretary; John Forbes, treasurer ; .Mex Michie, James H. Andrews, .md .\lfrcd Reoch were appointed an executive com- mittee with the chairman and secretary cx-ofificio members of it. To meet current expenses a collection .imong members resulted in quite a substantial sum being raised, enabling the starting D F.VCTOKY: ELIZABETH. X. J. >■' " V'iil. rhil.iflrliihia Bo,ton-0 Tiorhester ''■'■ ^ ' Liiiiun- lllcb. L'lH Wa>liinston St. roramcrcc Bldg. TRAOcCSKri In DmARK = PU LVER I ZED Sheep Manure Wonderful natural fertilizer for amateur or professional growers— unequaled for lawn, flowers, vegetables, fruits and shrubs — effectively sterilized — no weeds or chemicals— safe and dependable. Ask your seed or garden supply man for \VIZARI> BRAND or write direct for full information. The Pulverized Manure Company No. 18 Union Stock Yards, Ckicaco a^RECOME A ^^ Dignified, Exclusive Pro- S, fession not overrun with ■-" competitors. Crowded with opportunity for money- making and big fees. $5,000 to $10,000 incomes attained by experts. Easy to master under our correspond- ence methods. EHploma awarded. Wc assist students and graduates in getting started and developing their businesses. Established 1916. Write for information; it will open your eyes. Do it today. American Landscape School, 78F Newark, N. Y. 22 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE gliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii I iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuii»iiiiiiiiii| '|iniiiiiiini!iini i' I COMPETENT I I GARDENERS I I The comforts and products j I of a country home are increased | j by employing a competent | I gardener; if you want to en- | I gage one, write us. | I Please give particulars re- j I garding place and say whether | I married or single man is | I wanted. We ha\e been supply- | I ing them for years to the best | 1 people everywhere. No fee | I asked. I I Peter Henderson &'Co. | I Scedsiiii'ii ii«(/ fh'iisls § I 35 and 37 Cortlandt Street, j I NEW YORK CITY | iinnniinmiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiil Pernettya mucronata is a spreading ever- green shrub two to four feet high, giving a weahh of brilhant fruits the size of peas and varying in color from waxy white to blackish purple and including rose, lilac and mauve. Pernettyas are readily raised from seeds, but as only a portion of the seedlings produce really shown fruits, to reproduce these true increase should be by layering or by cuttings. To improve the type, however, recourse must be obviously be had to raising and selecting seedlings. The Pernettyas us- ually retain the fruits until the early months of the new year. The Snowberry (Symphoricarpus race- mosus) is too often a neglected shrub. Grown in deeply trenched and well manured ground, it produces quantities of large white fruits weighing down the branches. The Siberian Crab (Pyrus baccata), the culti- vated garden form, not the wild type, is the last of the Crabs to drop the cherry-like red fruits, often after Christmas. Last, but far from least, though it is a British wild climlx-r of llie hedgerows, men- tion must be made of the Traveller's Joy or Old Man's Beard (Clematis Vitalba). deck- ing all and sundry over which it can ramble with its abundant silky fruits. — The Garden. PRESERVATION OF NATIVE NEW ENGLAND PLANTS A Society fur the Preservation of Xative New England Plants has been formed under the auspices of the Garden Club of .America and the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. Its object is to encourage and educate the people of N'ew England to protect native plants and wild flowers from destruction, to cut them only with care and discriminatif)n, leaving the rarer specimens to multiply themselves, and to spread a knowledge of their habits and cultural re<|uirements among the community at large. This Society plans to provide free lec- tures, hold exhibitifnis, plant wild flower sanctuaries, and to spread knowledge and love of wild plants, believing that once the people have learned about them they will become their guardians and stop their rapid extermination. .At present the native Laurel is in great danger, being used in immense (|uantities in decorations at all seasons of the year, es- pecially at Christmas time. For example. one yard of "Laurel rope" contains twenty years' growth of a large plant. In Nc^v Iiiiiiliiliillllllllillliillillllllll iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinii iiiiiimiii iiiiiiuiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiii ilililllilllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilililllilllilllllilliiilililllilll >ili| One oj Many — The Indian Summer Snap- dragons are indescribably l)eautiful and the Dahlia Zinnias extremely handsome. A new Star of the First Magnitude in the splendid Galaxy of Schling Novelties Indian Summer A Snapdragon of truly Regal Size and Color Indian Summer is so unusual in size and so entrancing in color that any adequate descrip- tion must seem like hyperbole. Imagine a snapdragon, its flower spikes borne on a stem equaling the gladiolus in height and vigor with individual blooms at least a third larger than the largest of the so-called giant snapdragons hitherto produced, and as for color — a rich, velvety copper red — but, no, imagination fails here as well as description! .\ few plants in your own garden will make you a far more enthusiastic admirer tlian reams of adjectives. 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Packed in 1, 5, 25, 50, 100 pound containers. Ask your dealer for AXFIXO, if he cannot supply you, write the manu- facturers, mentioning your dealer's name. HIGHTSTOWN HARDWARE CO., Manufacturers Hig'htsto-wn, Chemical Division. NevT Jersey "A Garden for Every Home." MULLER-SEALEY CO.. INC. I 45 West 45th St. New York City ORCHIDS We are SpeciatlflU In OrchldB. We collect, vrow. Import, export and aell orchids ex- cluHlvely. If i'ou are In the market for Orchids, we Rollcit yotir lnv ¥^b} Prices I application :-^o:i>'^OTASH' M ARL fnc 15 E 4-0'!:»'ST NEWVORK ^^ New Improved 1923 Beemeui Models America 'a Pioneer Small Tractors fjj^ »t7ii.. ._ I /^ and Power f Write direct to e-vMB CulUVtttOrS^ I factory for 192S I prfc»s and full !□• I formation FREE. *-^'~,' Mpgy^ iBccman Tfactor Co. i^'(^i^ inli«, Uina. ->J5i&< "/had Six' honosf. scr\'ing inciiy; (They'' taught me all IkneW): Their names are WHAT and WHYand WllEK and HOWand WHERE and WHO." „,,^.^,, WHAT'^'''^^ the Declaration of London? WHY <^oc^\\\Q da\e forEcistGrVar/? WHEN ^'is tViG qroaf p/ramid of Gieops built? HOW can y'oudisiinguish a malariol mosquito - W/IFPB IS Canberra? ZccbvuggG ? WNO^^os the Millbo/oftliG Slashes? Are these "six'mcn"ser\'inq /ou too? Giv'c thern an opportunity h/ placing Webster's New International Dictionary in your home, office, school, club. shop, library. This "Su- preme Authority" in all knowledge offers service, immediate, con- stant, lasting, trustworthy. Answers all kinds of questions. A century of developing, enlarging, and perfect- ing under exacting, care and highest scholarship insures accuracy, completeness, compactness, authority. The name ^ferr^am on Webster's Dictionaries has alike significance to that of the government's mark on a coin. The New International is the final aathority for the Supreme Courts and the Govern- ment Prmting Office at Washington. Write for a sample page of the New Words, speci- men of Regular and India Papers, also booklet ' You are the Jury." prices, etc. To those naming this mag- azine we will send /rrc a set of Pocket Maps. G. & C. MERRIAM COMPANY Springfield. Mass., U.S.A. Established 1831 Name . Address.. PLANT NAMES AND THEIR MEANINGS is the title ot a series of articles now appearing in The American Botanist where a multitude of other things of interest to the plant lover are also discussed. Quarterly, $1.50 a year; specimen copy, 25 cents. THE AMERICAN BOTANIST Joliet, lU. ' << > •■ ' ""-> CUT FLOWER BOXES EDWARDS FOLDING BOX CD MANUFACTURFRS PHILADELPHIA, PA. 4 \ / ► 131111111111111 iiiiiiiiiiiniilililililllililiiiiiiiiiliiililililiiiiliiilliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiir ii:iiiliiiillllllllllllllliuillimillllllllllllllllll!£ DAHLIAS Orchids OvKliudlor of New Things in Dahlias Stillman's Dahlias are World Known, Mammoth Size, Unusual Colors. The Grandest Forma- tions Ever. The Newest Things and Always Original. Get my 1923 catalogue. It is interesting and instructive. P^ntirelv free. If you contemplate buying semi-established, established or imported orchids, consult us first. We carry in stock about 25,000 species. A large stock of Laelia Cattleyas, Hybrid Catt- leyas, Brasso Cattleyas, Odontiodas, and other choice hybrids. We specialize in supplying the private trade. Let us figure on your requirements — our quality is second to none. Orchid peat, live Sphagnum Moss, baskets, pot hangers, always on hand. Send for our price list. I GEORGE L. STILLMAN j I Dahlia Specialist i I WESTERLY (Box G c 23) RHODE ISLAND I lj;iniiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiniiiiii!niiiiiiiiiiiniiiiininiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiimiiiiiii!iiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiimMniiniiii!mi:iiiriiii'i^ CUT THIS AD OUT NOW O 2 H O Q < CO X H H U o 2 H O Q < X E- D U c WANTED — high-grade men — who are now em- ployed as Superintendents, Engineers, Botanists or Head Gardeners of public iir pri\-ate I'arks. Botanical Gardens. Zoological (hardens, Country Clubs, Estates and Cemeteries. READ ON W'c are looking for men that have been and still are successfully operating in any of the above mentioned positions. If you can meet our requirements, are energetic and desirous of increasing your present income, cut this advertise- ment out NOW, and send it to us with your name and address stating your l)resent emj)!oyment. F. & I. Tobacco Products Co. 115-145 Fulton Street, Lancaster, Penna. Mfinifftuturprn oj "F and /," "Golf Oreen," l^ni/orm firanil Ttthtuco Slcmn, Dunt and Powderg. n c H H X > O c H o n c H H X > a o c H Z o I G. E. BALDWIN & COMPANY i I Orchid Collectors, Growers and Importers | [ MAMARONECK Box 98 NEW YORK | riiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii"NiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiililiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiN giiiiiiiiiiiiin;iiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiii!iii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiininiiiiiiiinniniiiiiiiii{iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiinniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ I WILSON'S j i O. K. PLANT SPRAY | I Kills Plant Insects, Scale and Mildew | I Used by Leading Gardeners | j Bbls. $90. 1/2 bbls. $50, 10 gals. $20, I i 5 gals. $10 i At the Gardeners' and Florists' Club incet- ina at Boston. Walter H. (jolby said lie has fonnd "Wilson's O. K. Plant Spray" a com- plete cure for black spot on roses and his re- marks were endorsed by l^nncan Finlayson and David Rust, who have given the prepara- tion a thorough Irial.—Fhrisls' Exchange (Dec. M). 1922). CX/iuire(f^iuhon SPRINGFIELD NEW JERSEY UT THIS AD OUT NOW!! ^iiiuiiiiiiiiuiiiii iiiiuiinniiinniimiiniiiiii \ nm inmi 1 1 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii|iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii3 24 {iiiniiiiyiiiiiii{iiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii'!iii;iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ Depend on Denting F(ir fortv-tliree years. — since 18(S0 — we have lieeii liuilding pumps ami i)umps cmly. 0\-er a thou- sand hand and power pumps have lieen de\'eloped. W'lnatever the need you can look to Deming fur a pump liuilt specifically ti.j fit your individual ct)nditions, absolutely dependable in jicrformance and sold at a price made possible only by large standardized jiroduction. Water Supply Catalog free. If a brief statement of eondition accompanies request zs.>c zi'ill also mail a special bulletin an'eriui^ your particular needs. THE DEMING CO. Deming Deep Well. Pnwer Working. Head especially adapted for svipplying^ water from deep wells. Built in ca- pacities from 10 to 133 gallons per minute. Designed for all power drives. Substantially built and the "low down" design makes it the most accessible deep well pump on the market. 101 Depot Street Salem, Ohio riislrihiilin-j in .-III Frunyrul L Mc HAND AND POWER J^J/ffJ^S ^^^ ^''^ ^^^^ §ii:niiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!i:iiiiiiiii!iiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiiiidiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii'iiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiN uiniiiii: I miiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiim^ = iwmiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiii«iiiiiiiiii:iiiwiiiiiiii9mniiniiii{iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)iitiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiinmiiiiiiiiiiin i}j = The Insecticide of Recognized Merit for Greenhouse and Garden A pUI^p* is a concentrated material — mixes readily in water — efficient in its action easily applied — free of the disagreeable odors and features of most insecticides — excellent as a wash for decorative plants. FOR THE GARDEN-A^ « reme- dy against all sap sucking insects infesting flowers, fruits and vegetables, APHINE is most effective. FOR THE GREENHOUSE — Applied at regular intervals (once each week or ten days) APHINE will keep plants in the greenhouse and conservatory free of insect pests. Jp" \_J |\|^j I IN Trf Vox mildew, rust and other blights affecting flowers, fruits and vegetables. v r.lx IVl i l\ r. For worms and insects infesting the soil. Sold by dealers in various sizes. APHINE MANUFACTURING COMPANY Manufacturers of Agricultural Chemicals MADISON, N. J. 1 »iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiw^^^ iii'iiiiiiiiililiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiliiiiiiiiliiiiliiiiiiniiiiiiiiiriniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii. %:riiii!iiiiii»iiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiini:iiiiiiiiiiiiMii^ ii!iuiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiuiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiii{iiiiiiiiijiiiii?; § -iiiiiiiiiiimiiiiNNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii,,'^ The tribute of 1922 to Davey Tree Surgeons Edimrd Parker, superintendent of the estate of Oti- :-er Ames at North Easton, Mass. Andrew P. Clark- son, suf^erinlend- cut of the A. R. Meyer estate at Kansas Cit\. ^' Harry Burton, superintendent of estate if Mrs. H. P. Gilpin at Boxee. fa. I. .•). Smith, gar- dener of estate "f P. H. Walton, Brookline, Mass. During the past year it lias been the privilege of the Davey Tree Surgeons to co-operate with a larger number of estate superintendents in the saving of fine trees than ever before, in the history of the organization. Aniiing the hundreds of gardeners and superin- tendents who have expressed their approval of Davey Tree Surgery during 1922 are those whose pictures appear on this page — representing some of the largest and most beautiful estates in the country. Every gardener and estate superintendent has a most important work in the saving of trees under his care. Davey Tree Surgery brings to his aid the highest development of science plus a generation of experience. A careful examination of your trees will be made by appointment. DAVEY TREE EXPERT CO., Inc. 301 Elm Street, Kent. Ohio Branch offices with telephone connections: A'ca- Yi^rli. Astor Trust BIdg., 501 fifth Ave., Cor. 42nd St.; Boston, Massachusetts Trust Bldg.; Phila- delphia, Land Title Bldg.; Baltimore, American Bldg.; Pittsburgh, 331 Fourth Ave.; Buffalo, 110 Franklin St.; Cleveland, Hippodrome Bldg.; Detroit, General Motors Bldg.; Cincinnati, Mercantile Library Bldg.; Chicago, Westminster Bldg.; St. Louis, Central National Bank Bldg.; Kansas City, Scarrit Bldg.; Montreal. 252 Laugauchiterc, West. Davey Tree Surgeons are near you — if you live between Boston and Kansas City. They are o.Tsily available and handle opera- tions of any size, lar^e or small. Write or wire Kent. Ohio. JOHS DAVEY Father of Tree Surgery Herbert E. Bel cher, superintend- ent of estate of J . D. Larkin at But' alo, N. Y. II. C. Sendcrman .superintendent the .Mrs. W. Proctor estate Glendale, Ohio. t Herman SanJcrs, gardener of the F. 0. Lowdcn estate at Oregon, HI. Frank Coll. suffer ititcfidetit of "Cool- kciitiy." home of Dr. and Mrs, J. Leslie Dai'is at Haverford. Pa. R. J. Eland, gar- dener, and C. F. Christian son, as- sistant gardener an the estate of Mrs. L. M. Sar- .^rnt. Prides Cross- iii■ man, write Headquariri ^ /,,, hi< t,-,,..,/ Save yourself from loss and your trees from harm J AMERICA) ILLUSTRATED S3fsS HORTICULTURAL $2.00 A YEAR 25cAC0PY ^Illlllllllll iiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ BOBBINK & ATKINS Ask for Catalog Visit Nursery U^-iopC Our Descriptive Xcw Rose Catalog, profusely illustrated in color and black, is replete with the **-'-'OILO largest and most complete collection of Roses in America. All of our plants are two years old, low-budded and ticld-grown. \\'e shall gladly mail a copy of this complete Rose Catalog to those who intend to plant Roses. In our 500 acres of Xurscry. we grow everything for the complete planting of every style of garden. LILACS EVERGREENS JAPANESE YEW RHODODENDRONS HARDY AZALEAS TREES AND SHRUBS ROCK GARDEN PLANTS OLD FASHIONED FLOWERS FRUIT TREES AND BUSHES BROAD LEAVED EVERGREENS AMERICAN AND JAPANESE HOLLY GIANT FLOWERING MARSHMALLOW The above are described and priced m our Illustrated General Catalog. When requesting Catalog, please state in what vou are interested. HEART CYPRESS TUBS W c take pleasure in directing the attention of our patrons to our Plant Tub Manufacturing Department. These are described in our Illustrated General Catalog. In addition to Plant Tubs, we manufacture Window Bo.xes and all kinds of Garden Furniture and Wooden Accessories. Our wooden work represelUs the highest perfection of wood workers' art. Estimates furnished for soecia! work. Ask for special Tub pamphlet. BOBBINK & ATKINS, Nurserymen & Florists RUTHERFORD - - NEW JERSEY I . •; iillinilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll^ illlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll^ BURPEE'S SWEET PEAS BURPEE'S SWEET PEAS are world famous. They are grown on Burpee's Floradale Farms in California where soil and weather conditions combine to produce plump, well-ripened, and full-of-vitality seeds. The varieties listed below are all of the Summer Flowering type and they lould be sown as early in the spring as the ground can be worked into a fine and loose condition. Burpee's Honor Bright BROCADE. This fine art shade is a com- luii.'itiuii of sahiion,, rosy lavender and rose- pink with a satiny finish. Pkt. 10 cts.; oz. 50 cts.; Vi lb. $1.50; lb. $5.00. BURPEE'S GIANT WHITE. This is truly the finest hiack-seeded white Sweet Pea in existence. The flowers are of enorniniis size, well-waved, and borne in fours on long and strong stems. Pkt. 15 cts.; ^4 o^. 80 cts.; oz. $1.50; Vi lb. $4.50; lb. $15.00. BURPEE'S HONOR BRIGHT. This beauti- fnl Btirpee novelty foi 1023 is a deep rose- pink on cream gronnd. Tlie flowers are enormous in size and of exceptionally fine form. Pkt. (20 seeds) 25 cts.; S pkts. for $1.00. BURPEE'S LILAC-PINK. Tliis grand Bur- pee novelty for 192^ is a beautiful lilac-pink with large, well-wavcfl flowers borne on long stems- Pkt. (12 seeds) 25 cts.; 5 pkts. for $1.00. CHARITY. Tlie blooms aie a brilliant crimson which does not burn in the brightest sun. Well- waved, carrying four flowers on 10 cts.; oz. 35 cts,; lb. $1.00; a stem. Pkt. lb. $3.50. CHERUB. One of the most attractive of all picotee varieties with rich cream ground edged with bright rose. Pkt. 10 cts.; oz. 35 cts.; Vi lb. $1.00; lb. $3.50. COMMANDER GODSALL. The color is an atti active sIlkIc of rich violet-lilue. Large, well-waved, and fluted flowers. Pkt, 15 cts.: oz. 60 cts.; Vi lb. Sl.gO; lb. $6.00. DAINTY. The flowers are large, well- frilled, and have a beautiful and distinct pink edge aiound a white ground. Pkt. 10 cts.; oz. 35 cts.; Vi lb. $1.00; lb. $3.50. DAISYBUD. The color of the flowers is a harmonious combina- tion of apple-blossom tints with a sufl^usion of scream-pink. Pkt. 10 cts.; oz. 45 cts.; V4 lb. $1.35; lb. $4.50. ELEGANCE. The coloi is blush- lilac or wliite faintly suffused with a pinkish lilac, giving a most artistic and altogether charming efTect. Robust and free in habit and 'if enormous size. Pkt. 10 cte.; oz. 45 cts.; Vi lb. $1.35; lb. $4.50. FIERY CROSS. Tlie standard is a scorching deep cherry-red with an orange sulTusion. Tlie wings are rich cherry-oi ange. Pkt. 10 cts.; oz. 35 cts.; 'i lb. $1.00; lb. $3.50. FLORADALE FAIRY. Tliis is a veiy at- tractive rich deep cream -flower of large size and exquisite form. Blooms freely in four- flowered sprays. Pkt. 10 cts.; oz. 35 cts.; Vi lb. $1.00; lb. $3.50. FLORADALE PURPLE. This Burpee in- tioduction is, without question, the finest .Sweet Pea ever introduced. The flowers aie large, well-waved, and of good form. Pkt. 15 cts.; H oz. 80 cts.; oz. $1.50; '4 lb. $4.50; lb. $15.00. FORDHOOK ORANGE. This magnificent Burpee novelty is truly the brightest orange in existence. Pkt. (12 seeds) 2S cts.; 5 pkts. for $1.00. HAWLMARK CERISE. An outstanding variety with large flowers of a glowing rose- cerise on cream ground. Pkt. (20 seeds) 25 cts.; V, oz. $1.05: oz. $2.00; U lb. $6.00; lb. $20.00. HAWLMARK LAVENDER. This is a beautiful true laveniler of exquisite form and largest size. Pkt. IS cts.; '4 oz. 40 cts.; oz. 75 cts.; Vi lb. $2.25; lb. $7.50." HAWLMARK PINK. A remarkable addition to this class. Of a rich rose-pink shade flushed with salmon. Pkt. 10 cts.; oz. 40 cts.; '4 lb. $1.20; lb. $4.00. HAWLMARK SALMON-PINK. Rich deep pink attractively tinted wdth salmon and orange. Very large and free-flowering. Pkt. (20 seeds) 15 cts.; 14 oz. 80 cts.; oz. $1.50; '4 lb. $4.50; lb. $15.00. IMPROVEID MARGARET ATLEE. An out- standing cleai pink variety which has quickly become a great favorite on account of its size, good form, and magnificent coloring. Pkt, 10 cts.; 14 oz. 40 cts.; oz. 75 cts.; '4 lb. $2.25; lb. $7.50. KING WHITE. Remarkable for the glisten- ing purity of the whiteness and the perfect finish of the flower. Of truly gigantic propor- tions. Pkt. 10 cts.; oz. 35 cts.; '4 lb. $1.00; lb. $3.50. LIBERTY. A brilliant glowing salmon with ;in orange cast and perfectly distinct fioni all other salmon varieties. Pkt. 10 cts.; oz. 50 cts.; Vi lb. $1.50; lb. $5.00. MRS. CUTHBERTSON. The standard is rose-pink and the wings are white flushed with light lose. Pkt. 10 cts.; oz. 35 cts.; Vi lb. $1.00; lb. $3.50. NEW WEDGWOOD, lliere is nothing finer in the bine section than Burpee's New Wedg- wood. Tlie color is a lovely shafle of bright lilue. Pkt. 10 cts.; V- oz. 40 cts.; oz. 75 cts.; Vi lb. $2.25; lb. $7.50. OkCHID. A rich shade of lavender with a pink suffusion. The plants make a stiong sturdy growth and bloom verv profusely. Pkt. 10 cts.: oz. 40 cts.; '4 lb. $1.20; lb. $4.0«. PINK PEARL. A pleasing novelty of a clear pearly pink shade. The flowers are large, well-waved, and borne freely in fours on long stems. Pkt. (40 seeds) 15 crts.; V2 oz. 35 cts.; oz. 60 cts.; Vi lb. $1.80; lb. $6.00. RAVEJJSWING. A striking novelty of an nitense shade of blackish maroon. It is the darkest of all Sweet Peas- Pkt. (20 seeds) 25 cts. ROSALIND. Bnipee's Rosalind is a revela- tion of daintiness and beauty. The flowers are a rich rosy carmine; in size and form it is one of the very finest. Pkt. 10 cts.; 'A oz. 40 cts.; oz. 70 cts.: '4 lb. $2.10; lb. $7.00. SCARLET DUPLEX. Truly glorious du plex flowers of giant size and a pure bright scarlet color. Pkt. (20 seeds) IS cts. SPARKLER. A great flower, combining a Iiright rose standard with wings of a lovely shade of rosv cream. Pkt. 10 cts.; oz. 35 cts.; 'i lb. $1.00; lb. $3.50. Deep orange, almost ap- color of a tangerine-orange, are large and well-waved. oz. 50 cts.: Vi lb. $1.50: lb. TANGERINE. proaching the Tlie flowers Pkt. 10 cts.: $:.co. THE PRESIDENT. Dazzling orange- scarlet flowers of immense size and good form. Pkt. 10 cts.; oz. 35 cts.: Vi lb. $1.00: lb. $3.50. Vermilion Brilliant. An intense pure scar- let of splendid form and heavy substance. Blooms very freely. Pkt. 10 cts.; oz. 35 cts.; Vi lb. $1.00; lb. $3.50. BURPEE'S ANNUAL is the LEADING AMERICAN SEED CATALOG. It fully describes the Burpee Quality Seeds and gives a complete list of Early Flowerin,? Sweet Peas on pages 108 to 110 and Summer Flowering Sweet Peas on pages 111 to 118. Write for a free copy of Burpee's .^nnual. W. ATLEE BURPEE CO Seed Growers | Philadelphia | Ilia 25 GARDEN BOOK 1923 The most complete catalogue of Seeds and Plants pub- | lished. A larse book of 224 pages with 8 color plates f and hundreds of photo-engravings of Flowers and | Vegetables. Invaluable to amateur and professional | I gardeners for the cultural information compiled by ex- 1 I perts and from Dreer's 85 years' experience. | i It offers the best Vegetable and Flower Seeds, Lawn | I Grass and Agricultural Seeds, Garden Tools and Iniplc- I I rnents, Fertilizers, Insecticides, etc. Also Plants of all 1 I kinds, including the newest and best Roses, Dahlias, I I Hardy Perennials, Garden and Greenhouse Plants, Bulbs, | I Hardy Climbers, Hardy Shrubs, Water-Lilies and i I Aquatics, Small Fruits, etc. J 1 Write to-day for a copy, and plan this year's gardejt 1 § now. Mailed free if you mention this pitblication § I HENRY A. DREER | j 714-716 Chestnut Street Philadelphia, Pa. | ffiniunninnniiiuiiiiniiiuiiiiiiNiiiJiiiiiiiniiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiNiuiJuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiu^ Cariers Tesied Seeds '^'^ * INC. *«r Con solidated tvith J. M. THORBURN & CO. Growers, Importers and Dealers, in Flower, Vegetable and Grass Seed of the highest quality ff rile lor calalofiue or quotations. Carters Tested Seeds INC. ^3 BARCLAY STREET, NEW YORK, N. Y. Toronto, Canada London, England If you're planning on a new greenhouse, you'll be interested in what others say about dKing GREENHOUSES Here are a few excerpts from letters in, our files: "The grreenhouse you built for me is a very fine and beautiful kI.iss house." "I wish to say that the greenhouses you installed on my place for rose work and experiments have turned out most satisfactory in every way." *'We had great quantities of ice on the roof owing to the snow and rain freezing and your construction stood tha strain splendidly with nA bad lesults of any kind." "I am both plehsed and proud of the whole job and let me at this time thank you in vindicating me (by your good work) in my selecting you to build the greenhonses." King greenhouses for private estates not only have strength liut liarnionize with and add to.-the beauty of their surroundinijs. Tliey are icasonably priced, economical in upkeep and operation and are giving satisfactory service on hundreds of estates in every part of the United States. Write for catalog 52A which we shall be pleased to send without cost or obligation. KING CONSTRUCTION COMPANY General Offices: North Tonawanda, N. Y. New York City ~^^^ West 45th St. Telephone Murray Hill 10050 Philiulelpbia 15th k Market Sts. Telephone Rpruee 6521 Rriston, Mass. Board of Trade Bldg. Telephone Mitin 4300 Seranton. Pa. 307 N. Irving Ave. Telephone Scranton 7-413(; DAHLIAS Our List comprises the cream of varieties. ROCK PLANTS A List of all ])!ants adapted for Rockeries. 1923 SEED CATALOGUE All the latest n(i\-eltics and standard varieties. Wnlc for a cofy of the above. Mailed Free. W. E. MARSHALL & CO., Inc. 166 West 23rd St. NEW YORK Vater-Lilv Booklet ABSOLUTELY FREE .XiLswcrs all the "how.s" and "whys" you want to know. .Supplies cultural instructions ami ex- plains clearly the simple needs of these lovely flowers. You can have tender or hardy sorts, day "I- niirht MonniinK varieties in your Rarden. You Can Grow Water Lilies 1 ", V "■■''<■'■• <■"•' nnfl sunlight arc the only thhiKs (•(■tied. Our cal.iloir tells which v.Tiiotics arc adaptcrl to il> riilliirc. S--n'l vMiir ii.-im<- for .1 rnpy ti.d.iy, THE INDEPENDENCE NURSERIES CO. Box C. In depend en cr. Ohio. TREES PLANTS PLANTING Everything for the Garden BrecK'Robinson Nursery Co. LEXINGTON - - MASS. 26 iMSlSl^ THE best gardeners choose Sutton's Seeds year after year, because they know the name Sutton stands for leadership in plant breeding. For more than a century the name, Sutton's Seeds, has meant the purest strains, hardiest plants and surest germination of seeds. All over the world Sutton's Seeds are spreading the choice beauty of English gardens in vastly improved strains of flowers and vege- tables. The seventy-seventh an- nual issue of our Garden Catalog and Amateur's Guide is valuable not only for the descriptions and classifica- tions of the numerous vari- eties of all flower and vege- table seeds, but more so for the splendid informative cul- tural notes which are the result of many years of in- tensive study and hard work. Send 35 cents for this help- ful book. We credit this amount to your first seed order amounting to $8.00 or more. You should send im- mediately for your copy of the catalog. Address Depart- ment D. itUCx/fCf efiu\ Royal Seed Establishment READING, ENGLAND The Seed Business with a Record of 116 Years iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Miiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiuiuiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiuuiiiiuiig giliiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiii mil i iiiiniiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ CARNATIONS DAHLIAS "Laddie" and "Maine Sunshine" Originator of New Things in Dahlias Two varieties that are always short owing to their habit of growth. We grow them specially for stock and can supply them for imme- diate delivery in excellent shape. 2I/2" pot plants; .$3.00 dozen $25.00 hundred Stillman's Dahlias are World Known, Mammoth Size, Unusual Colors. The Grandest Forma- tions Ever. The Newest Things and Always Original. Get my 1923 catalogue. It is interesting and instructive. Entirelv free. I GEORGE L. STILLMAN | I Dahlia Specialist | I WESTERLY (Box G c 23) RHODE ISLAND j liiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ iKiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiniiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiinniiiiiiiiiiiin^ 27 CHARLES H. TOTTY COMPANY MADISON NEW JERSEY DemiiiK Deep Well. Power Working. Head especially adapted for supplying water from deep wells. Built in ca- pacities from 10 to 135 gallons per minute. Designed for all power drives. Substantially built and the "low down" design makes it the most accessible deep well pump on the market. Depend on Denting For forty-three years, — since 1880 — we have been building pumps and pumps only. Over a thousand hand and power pumps have been developed. Whatever the need you can look to Deming for a pump built specifically to fit your individual conditions, absolutely depend- able in performance and sold at a price made possible only by large standardized production. Water Supply Catalog free. If a brief statement of condition accompanies request zix will also mail a special bulletin covering your particular needs. THE DEMING CO. 101 Depot Street Salem, Ohio Dustribiilors itt All Principal Cities HAND AND POWER jPJ/JffJ>S ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ pinimiininiiiiuiimiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiininiiiiiiiiiiini^ I CALIFORNIA HYBRIDIZED DAHLIA SEED I This seed is raised fruni California's finest and largest prize winning varieties, which are the finest in the world. This mixture contains all types and colors. Our long, rainless California summers around San Francisco Bay makes it possible to produce hybridized seed of the very highest quality. The seed we have sent out in previous years have produced many superior varieties. The seedlings . will commence to flower two months after sowing, almost a month earlier than plants raised from bulbs. Price per 100 seeds. Private stock $3.00 Price per SO seeds. Private stock $1.50 POMPON DAHLIA SEED This class produces small double flowers in great profusion. Splendid for cutting owing to their keeping qualities. Price per 100 seeds $1.50 :illl!llllllllt[||||||||ltlllttlllltllllllllltllllllllllllllllllltllllllllllllllllllllllllllllltllllllllll E. A. ASMUS Belvedere, Marin Co., Cal. A LETTER FROM A NOTED DAHUA SPECIALIST Mtdia, Penn.. November 2;'», 1922. My dear Mr. Asnius: All thl<; aiiluDiD 1 have l>ecn tr^'lnK to find time to \aA\ yuu u.l)out my si><'dllng flowera, from st*dT purchased of you lust spring. I have a very large while (lower, AH handsumc to my eye ua famoiL'i Uladys Shvrwood; another, also very lurtte, In shafts of rvd apricot, nulle off ihi* itsiial in form and rolorings. Still another, two In fart, which I haw had to r^'fuso offers for; one brigfat yellow with white tips, a ducoraltve; and annthvr dcforatlvc, rose colon-d. crpam center, t-xqiilslt'*. Thf-y .Mim to Ih well worth naming, and proiiogatlng fi>r slock. Some of the otlifrr blooms un critjally Interesting to mc, though not ((iilNr ils large. 1 have twn well aware, of .'Oiirs":, that change of climate Is one of llie greatest causes of plant variation, and for tlint reason have I^een an cnthasliLstlc advocate of the planting of California urown sei-d by eastern dahlia srowors. TIiIh, coupled with the advanlqgrs of the wonderful and long California growing »ea.son which allows your iilanls to put Into the Reed the utmost mea-sure of vitality and bloom poultillltl«i, acrounu for .such wonderful results from jour seedji, when grown In my taitti'rn Pcnasylvanla loll. It \% my ambition to b«Te not less than ao acre of seedling plants from California srown M»d In 1923. Moit cordially yours, (Signed) CHABLTON B. IlOIXFrs, ORCHIDS If you contemplate buying Orchids, send for our special list. Large stock of Laelia Cattleyas, Brasso Cattleyas, and other choice Hybrids. We specialize in supplying the private trade. Let us figure on your requirements. Orchid peat, live sphagnum moss, baskets, pot hangers, always on hand. G. E. BALDWIN & CO. CKORCl'. ]•:. |;,\I.I)\V1N', Sole Proprietor MAMARONECK NEW YORK f ''iniiiimiiiiiminmminiiiiiimiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiniiiiwiiiiiMiiiiwiiiiiiiii.iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiu^ iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiini miiiuiunmii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiil 28 Save Your Time And Serve Your Lawn In the many busy minutes of a gardener's day, the lawn may invite neglect — not that he loves it the less, but mowing great areas by hand is a long, slow task. Coldwell ingenuity has once again made a contribution to e cause of good lawns, and in the powered Model "L" fea- red here, large expanses of green turf may be mowed and led, at one operation, to the extent of six acres a dav if ded. Flexible as the hand mower, and as light running: Avide of cut. and easy to operate, ■ I .,]^., j^ ^ time and energy saver be without. , too, Coldwell helps you to build awns. "Keeping The Lawn" is a klet of short cuts and lawn kinks. our dealer for your copj- — or, write ir ColSVvSl Lawn Mower Co NEWBURGH.N.Y.U.SA. '^iiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiniiiiiiiiiiiii^ ''It's a Dandy" This was the exclamation of a well known gardener when he first saw my NEW SWEET PEA "Mrs. David Lloyd George" on exhibition. It is also a genuine novelty, be- ing a flower of superior form and an entirely new shade. It was given an Award of Merit by the Chicago Florists' Club and by the North Shore (111.) Horticultural Society, and the Silver Medal of the Newport (R. I.) Horticultural Society. This and many other sensational novelties are featured in my 1923 list of the finest varieties of Sweet Peas the world offers. CHARLES ELLIOTT Sweet Pea Specialist PARK RIDGE. ILL. |iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiniiiiiiiiiiiiniNmiiiniiiniiimiraiiiniiiiiDiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiii»iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiii^ I Lily of the Valley I I -Burnett's Selected Brand- | I Cold Storage | For Forcing | I I Easter Sunday Comes on April 1st — I I ORDER ^OW I I Price per case of 250 $15.00 I I Price per case of 500 $28.00 I I Price per case of 1000 $50.00 I I Our 1923 Spring Catalogue, also Annual Novelty M i List uill be mailed Free upon application. I I BURNETT BROTHERS | I I Seedsmen | ■ I 92 CHAMBERS STREET, NEW YORK | IF iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiinnmiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiin^^ 29- lllillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll The Contents for February, 1923 Things and Thoughts of the Garden William N. Craig 31 Hardy Roses for the Garden Alex Cununings, Jr. 33 What is a Flower? WiUard N. Clule 34 My Dream Garden Florwn Amalor 35 X Nymphaea "Mrs. G. H. Pring" 36 Anthericum Richard Rothe 37 Frozen Plants 37 The Bog Garden Arthur Smith 38 Japanese Barberry 39 In the Garden and in the Greenhouse George F. Steivarl Relations Between Gardeners on Large Estates and Nurserymen Robert Cameron Foreign Exchange Department Book Reviews Brief Horticultural Jottings National Association of Gardeners Local Societies The Felling of a Giant Redwood Kenneth Craig Gumming of Fruit Trees 40 43 44 44 45 46 47 50 52 Vol. XXVII. No. 2 Issued 15th of each month. Published Monthly by THE CHKONICLE PRESS, INC. . . . ,. Subscription $2.00 a year 286 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. Canada, $2.15; Foreign, $2.65 MARTIN C. EBEL. Ediior Entered at the New York Post OKce as second class matter, N.'-.: 3, l')14, under the Act of Congress, March 3, 1879 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiH^ PiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiM iiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Stumpp & Walter Co.'s Catalog Our 1923 Spring Catalog will be mailed to you, on request, if you are not regularly receiving it. Many New and Exhibition varieties of Flower and Vegetable Seeds are offered. Farm and Grass Seeds are also a feature. Cannas, Dahlias, and Gladioli — the best varieties to date. Catalog issued January first eflmm^uMrw 30-32 Barcla}? St. New York m ■iB Jlmuiiniiii iiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinii iiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiii II II II iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii II iiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiu ■luim iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiifliiiilii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiniiiiiiiiiiiiii iinniiiiiiiK?. 30 Illllllllllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllffl GARDENERS' CHRONICLE (OF AMERICA) Devoted to the Science of Floriculture and Horticulture riitlllllltlllllilMllll iiiillilillliiiiiiillll iiiiriiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii im I Vol. XXVII FEBRUAKY, 1923 No. 2 Things and Thoughts of the Garden WILLIAM N. CRAIG WE have been accustomed for a number ol years to consider China as the plant collector's paradise, and that it is such no one will Cjuestion, as the many tine thinj^s introduced from there in recent years by Reginald Farer, William Purdon, F. Kingdon Ward, and Frnest H. Wilson will testify. After listening, how- ever, to an address in Boston by Adolph jMiiller of Nor- ristown. Pa., on a recent trip to the great glacier section of Alaska, it is very evident that we have within our own possessions many wonderful floral treasures, growing there in great nun.ibers which ecpial anything that China has given to us. The absence of Ericas in a state of nature in the United States has often been remarked, but in Alaska, Mr. Miiller tells us, there are numerous varie- ties growing in profusion. There are also Callunas (Scotch heathers), silenes, Epilobiums, gentianas, saxi- fragas, lupines, genistas, pines, spruces, Avillows, and many other plants, most of them entirely unknown in this country. * H: * Mr. Miiller brought an interesting and lovely little specimen of Lonicera nitida with him ; this should make a fine rock plant. He also gathered some two thousand sj>ecimens which he will distribute to various societies for their herbariums. He considers this little known north- land a country of such promise for plant collectors that he hopes the government will organize an expedition to explore its as yet almost unknown horticultural treasures. Incidentally Air. Miiller states that in Alaska one has a most voracious appetite, that in August frosts occurred nightly, and thai: on Augxist 26 and 27 his tent was buried in three feet of snow, from which it will be assumed that ordinar\' Summer cTuiping outfits will hardly suffice there. * ^: ^ Now that rock gardens are becoming increasingly pop- ular, surely we should be able to obtain many useful plants, in addition to herbs, from Alaska which might succeed in such gardens, where in addition to willows, pines, and spruces, there are currants, gooseberries, huckleberries, and other interesting plants. Now that the powers that be make it more and more difficult to bring new plants in from abroad, surely an earnest effort should be made to get what we can in the way of new and useful plant ma- terial from our own possessions. 5(t :}c ^ Not many years ago, women in horticulture were looked upon as jokes, and there are still not a few men who put them into that category. Women gardeners and tiorists were increasing in number before the war, and we all know that during that colossal struggle, they performed yeoman service horticulturally. But for their service manv private estates as well as commercial plants could not have kept going. The passing of the war has some- what changed conditions, and both here and abroad, the nmuber of women actively engaged in horticulture has undoubtedly decreased. However, it is cheering to know that a good many quite successful garden advisers, land- scape gardeners, florists, fruit growers, gardeners, and retail floral store operators are women. This is as it should be: there certainly could be no more interesting or finer calling for them. Women, we know, have their physical limitations, but when it comes to color arrange- ments in the garden, creating a simple and pleasing rest- ful effect, or using flowers to the best advantage indoors, they can usually give points to mere man. Both in Pennsylvania and Massachusetts we are for- tunate in having schools of landscay)e architecture for women, and each of these institutions has turned out students who are doing at least as w^ell as men. It may be charged tliat women's ideas are impractical, but in my experience, they are no more so than men's. The average landscape architect should be fundamentally an artist, his •or her ])rofession is really architectural rather than horticultural, and it is on this account that so many of them fail dismall}', when they essay to use plant material of which they have a rather imperfect knowledge. Many of them plan architecturally very well, but they would in many cases have been well advised had they acquired the services of a first class professional gardener or nurseryanan to overlook their planting. If this were done, estate owners would not be constantly pulling to pieces and changing the work of landscape architects. =f^ =i^ * But to refer once more to women landscape architects and their training schools. At Lowthorpe, Groton, Massa- chusetts, is one of these schools, charmingly located some' thirty-six miles from Boston. Here are to be found well planted rock gardens, a rose garden, iris garden, a sunken garden, annual garden, and perennial nursery; here also are fruit trees in quantity, vegetables, and greenhouse plants. This school has a most efficient corps of instructors and has turned out some very good material. It is this season trying the experiment of a special course for ama- teurs, covering all types of gardening, roses, iris, peonies, ¥ 32 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE soil preparation, nuilching, propagation, seed sowing, etc. The course will run from April 3 to May 17, and should appeal to man)* amateurs. The Lowthorpe School de- serves commendation for this earnest effort to interest the intreasing army of amateurs, and I trust that it will meet with ever}- success. It is not usually the large, expensively constructed flower g'ardens which appeal to us the most. Too often these are correctly stigmatized by the famous art critic, John Ruskin, as "ugly things.'' How many of these gar- dens are really interesting and satisfying? Those which have given me the deepest pleasure, and would have satis- fied Shakespeare himself, had no landscape architect to design them, but are the work of the owner assisted and encouraged by his or her gardner. In some cases, no gar- dener was even employed, but the results were simply delightful. In the last ten years I have visited a consid- erable number of notable private estates, but the fingers on one liand would more than count all that were appeal- ing and pleasurable, and which made me feel that 1 would love to linger there. * * * Of course, our tastes are quite dissimilar, else we would not have so many varied tyj^es of gardening, all of which undoubtedly give pleasiux to some. Blue gardens, pink gardens, yellow gardens, annual gardens, bulb gardens, hardy perennial gardens, Italian gardens (Americanized), French gardens, English gardens, all have their adherents. Most of them are formal, usually because they fit with a certain scheme which necessitates their being so. The informal or natural garden does not apjjeal to everyone, but after gazing at a wide assortment of formal plantings whose dead flowers are removed, plants neatly staked, bad colors religiously culled, and weeds allowed no foothold, what an infinite relief it is to see something informal, where there are no large masses of color, where one sweeping glance can not take in the wdiole garden, and where new objects of interest and beauty present them- selves at every turn ! Yet everyone does not see things in this light, and what we revolt at will please others ; perhaps it is best that this is so. Our ideas are probably circumscribed, and as we advance in years, we may be over critical and more difficult to please. We cannot agree with Loui.se Shelton, who in the preface to her book, remarks that the person who has read the book has little more to learn. When we reach that stage, it is time we quit this mortal sphere. The debarring of new, rare, and desirable plant ma- terial from al)road makes it necessary for us to utilize more of the material we have on hand. The Mains, or ornamental crab apple family, is one not sufficiently planted and appreciated. Due to the use of improper stocks, some varieties of these beautiful flowering trees are not lasting as they should. The beautiful ISechtel's double flowering crab apple is a notable example of how a hand- some free can be killed in a few years l)y using a too vig- orous or too feeble stock. The lovelv mains, .\rnoldiana. is another example. Of the better known crab a])i)lcs, M. floribunda is probably the most universally ])oi)ular; like many of the varieties it is also very attractive when in fruit. A few other very beautiful ornamental Maluses are Parkmanii. synonymous with Ilalleana, and a form of floribunda with large semi-double rose colorerl flowers. It is commonly called the Parkman crab, in linnor of Francis Parkman of P)Oston. Another floribunda form is atro-sanguinea with very dark flowers. The Chinese spectabilis with lovely semi-double, pink flowers makes a hanrisonie tree as does Scheideckeri. There are quite a number of excellent ornamental cral) apples, and it is ])leasing to know that wide-awake nurserymen are taking these up more. They are not adapted for a mixed shrub- bery, but make beautiful lawn specimens and should al- \vays be planted where they can show their full individu- ality. For anyone desirous of planting but one or two sorts, I would reciimmend M. loensis Bechteli, the double form of our prairie crab apple; its large double, pink flowers are as sweet as any tea rose, and it is the latest of the forms to flower. M. floribunda, a wide spreading, rather low growing variety ; M. Scheideckeri of pyra- midal habit with large semi-double flowers ; M. Arnol- diana. a form of Scheideckeri originated at the Arnold Arboretum, of bushy habit and carrving much larger flowers, and M. Parkmanii. * * * I have read with interest the report of the trials of new dahlias at Storrs, Conn., for the last season. Forty-eight growers sent in one hundred thirty-six new varieties against one hundred twenty- four in 1921, one hundred- sixty in 1920, and forty-five in 1919. This makes a total of four hundred si.xty-five dahlias in four years and does not by any means cover the entire country. Dahlias are very popular flowers with a large and constantlv increas- ing number of growers, but the sending out of such a host of novelties is utterly bewildering and senseless. What amateurs want is a "boiled down'' list of good varieties, say ten peony-flowered, ten decorative, ten cactus, five singles, five shows, five |X)mpons, and so on. Those issu- ing catalogues, who will send out such a list deserve sup- port and commendation. There is today too much aping after size, the manuuoth flowers of today are not decora- tive and cannot hold a candle with singles and cactus when it comes to real artistic arrangement. We want very nuich a race of dahlias of moderate height which will throw flowers well above the folia'ge and prove free blooming. Why not offer inducements to those who can give us fragrant dahlias? The American Rose Society allows but five points out of one hundred for fragrance, the -American Carnation Society the same. Is it not time we took forethought and encouraged more the addition of fragrance? Even the American Peony Society allows ten points for fragrance, and the time is not far distant when we shall have scented gladioli. * * * Free seeds have been killed, at least tem]>oraril\. The cutting off of this Congressional graft has greatly agitated some of our national legislators and the)- will no doubt make earnest efforts to try to bring back the nhl order of things another year. We are threatened with the exclu- sion of all bulbs at no distant date, jirobabh- we can pro- duce some varieties here, others we cannot. In this con- nection it is interesting to note that the Department of Agriculture has for some years had a bulb farm in Bol- lingham, Washington, and has been experimenting with tulip production on a moderately large scale. Thev have recently issued a most interesting and valuable ]->ami)lilet on tulip biflb ])roduction in .\merica, and it would well repay all bulb growers to secure and study this bulletin. The ;uUlior, David Criflilhs, has done some excellent work with lilies and other bulbs at Arlington, Desiring to try out soiue of the ,gf)vcrnment produced bulbs in com]>ari- son with impx^irted Dutch stock, a letter was sent to the Department of .Agriculture, asking if it would sell some for this i)nri)ose. The reply was most interesting and illunu'nating. "Boiled down." it simi>ly staled that all suiplus bulbs with two small exceptions had gone out in the regular Congressional distributions! I'.ut, that per- haps, at some future time, some might l)e for dis|X)sal. (Continued on /^a}:;c 52") Fehr 1923 33 Hardy Roses For the Garden ALEX. CUMMINGS, JR. THE first important detail in the outside culture of the rose begins in the location of the rose garden. Choose, if possible, a location that is somewhat sheltered from sweeping winds, but not too enclosed to prevent a free atmospheric circulation. A warm, sunny position that will receive the benefit of the morning sun and is sheltered somewhat during- the afternoon is the ideal location, yet the rose prefers the full sweep of the elements to the shadows of overhanging trees or nearby buildings. The rose is not as fastidious in its preference of soils as we are frequently informed. It will give excellent results in any good garden soil that is well drained : that is, soil that is free from standing water. Alaking a rose bed in a wet situation, no matter Imw well drained the bed in itself is, can never be a complete success, for no amount of drainage material can amount to little more, in effect, than a catch basin or receptacle for the sur- rounding water to drain into. The land surrounding the bed must be equally well drained. In preparing the bed, the soil should be excavated to a depth of eighteen inches or two feet, and refilled with soil, turf, and barn-yard manure in equal quantities, with the addition of a generous sprinkling of coarse bone meal. The success of the rose bed depends much upon the quality of the plants, to begin with. It is generally con- ceded that the budded, two-year-old rose is the best for Eastern America. Some more exjjerienced growers pre- fer to plant dormant stock, while others prefer the estab- lished pot plants that are obtained in growth for May planting. I^ither tvpe is undoulitedly good, the advan- tage in purchasing plants that are started in pots being in the fact that there is less possiliility of loss in planting. Again, it is not always possible to get the ground in shape before it is too late to successfully plant dormant stock in the limited time available. It is important that the soil be in good working condition, not dry, and yet not so wet as to lie disagreeable to work with. The plants, if dormant, should be set about two inches below the part where the root and the top unite, or a little lower than previously planted. If the plants are from pots, the ball of earth surrounding the roots should be set two or three inches below the surface level. Part of the soil, only, should be replaced, well firmed and the plant thoroughly watered. When the water is absorbed the remaining soil can be filled in, firmed, and the bed raked level. The sul;)sequent cultivation and care required merely provides a means of relaxation to the rosarian. The soil should be cultivated lightly at frequent intervals and the plants watered when necessary. A thorough watering- is far more beneficial than frequent sprinklings. An oc- casional application of liquid manure is decidedly bene- ficial, particularly if applied in a weak solution once or twice a week until the buds commence to show color, when stimulants of any description should be withheld. In early July, a mulch of any strawy material can be ap- plied to conserve moisture and protect the roots during the heat of mid-Summer. The majority of our garden roses will come through the average Winter without much protection, if their loca- tion is srmiewhat sheltered, but they are all benefited by a generous Winter covering. A heavy coat of well-dried leaves will afl:'ord ample protection to the more hardy roses, but the Hybrid Tea, the Tea, and other less hardy types require a more careful protection. W'e find soil to be the best material for protecting tender roses. Where the roses are not too closely planted, the soil immediately surrounding each plant can be drawn up on it to a height of nine to twelve inches. Where the plants are closely placed, the soil should be drawn in from the compost heap or garden. The object in covering rcjses is not to keep the frost out so much as to keep it in the ground ; winter killing is caused more by changeable weather, the alternate freezing and thawing doing more damage than any amount of severe freezing. When the protecting soil is thoroug-hly frozen, a covering of leaves or light litter will keep the plants in good condition until the Spring. The majority of climbing roses are hardv under ordi- nary conditions, but there are occasions when some pro- tection is desirable. In this event, the growths must be removed from their support and bent not too abruptly to the ground and covered, as far as possible, with soil. Heavy caned plants cannot be altogether protected in this way, without the risk of fracturing the more rigid growths, but they can be bent far enough to permit cover- ing at least two-thirds of the younger wood, and this, of course, is where the protection is required with rye straw and this caj-vped with paper heavv enough to shed the rain. The additional trouble involved in affording Winter protection is well repaid in the plump and healthv con- dition of the wood when uncovered. The most important detail in hardy rose culture — that of pruning — is one that is apt to puzzle the grower not thoroughly familiar with the various types and their habits. The quality and quantity of flowers depend to a great extent on this operation and to the grower not sure of his subject, the best advice, perhaps, would be to let it remain impruned. Climbing roses require very little pruning, the removal of the old battle-scarred and dead wood, or any that may appear superfluous, and trimming back the ends of any remaining wood that seems otit of balance. This applies of all Ramblers, \\'ichurianas, Pillar Roses and the hybrid climbing" varieties, such as Paul's. Carmine Pillar, Climb- ing Frau K. Druschki, and roses of that type. The Hybrid Perpetual or Remontant roses with a few heaw growing exceptions, are benefited by the removal of all weak or dead wood, and pruning the remaining growths back to from three to six eyes, the upper re- maining bud should point outwards whenever possible, the purpose of this being to keep the new growth away from the center of the plant. The pruner's judgment should always be governed by the growth of the plant. If it is heavy and erect in habit, as we find it in the varieties Clio, Margaret Dickson or Gloire L_\onnaise, the pruning should be less severe. ■ Less vigorous kinds of a more branchy lateral growth, Louis A'an Houtte. Alfred Colombo, or Fisher Holmes, for instance, should be cut back hard, one or two eyes being sufficient in the lighter wood and not more than four in the heavier wood.- Hybrid Tea and Tea roses require approximately the same treatment. The strong growing kinds can be left a trifle longer, while the weak varieties should be cut practically to the ground to give the best results. The Dwarf Polyantha and Baby Ramblers merely re- quire a thinning out of the weak or congested center growths, slightlv heading the remaining wood back. 34 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE What is a Flower? WILLARD N. CLUTE TO ask ■■\Miat is a flower?'' seems at Hrst glance an extremely foolish question. Anybody with average intelligence ought to know what a flower is. If by the term we mean the creations offered by the florist it is probable that few would g'o astray in the naming, but if we get down to e.xact science, and ask what the botanist means by "flower" the matter is invested with more diffi- culty. Are "Calla lilies" flowers? Xo, they are bunches of flowers. Are dandelions flowers? Xo, they might be regarded by the botanist as a bouquet but never as single flowers. How about the sunflowers? The case is still worse, for the sunflower is really a bouquet of two kinds of flowers. Are pussy-willows flowers.-' .\'o, they are onlv half flowers, while the "flowers"' of the flowering dogwood are a bunch of flowers plus, and so are those of the poinsettia. The "flowers" of the piiinted cup are colored leaves and so it goes. Everybody knows, of course, that the seaweeds and other algas, the fungi, lichens, mosses, liverworts, ferns and various other low forms of life have no flowers at all, otherwise there would be no distinction in calling one branch of vegetation "flowering plants." But a good many true flowering plants might be put in this flower- less list by a student unfamiliar with their peculiarities. For instance, let us take the case of Wolfiiia. When full grown the plant is about the size of a period on this page. One has to use a microscope to get much of an idea of it, and yet it is a member of the flowering plant group in good and regular standing. It is true that its flowers consist of a single stamen and carpel each, but these suffice for the plant's needs in this line for the two organs mentioned originate the pollen grains and ovules which in turn produce the sperms and eggs which unite to form new plants. This, indeed, is all that any flower is for, and though other plants may have addi- tional parts, just as rich men may have more servants than others, these extra parts are seen to be superfluous for the plants can get along very well without them. Wolfifia is our smallest American flowering plant, but there are other and larger species with flowers nearly as simple. In the grasses, sedges, cat-tails, and tlie great majority of our forest trees, the blossoms are similar in structure, though there are likely to be more of each kind of organ. A great many people are surprised to know that such plants bear flowers at all. The blossoms of the poplars, willows, birches and some others arc rather more conspicuous and therefore m(}re familiar sights, but it is seldom that the non-botanist sees any connection be- tween these and the fruiting of our forest trees. The idea held by many seems to be that acorns, pine cones, and hickory- nuts just happen. One peculiarity of these simple flowers is that the stamens and carpels are frequently borne on different plants. This is true of the willows and jjopulars where it takes two separate trees to produce a single ripe seed. Such sfjecies are spfiken of as ditecious, and the clusters of stamens and carpels are known as staminate and car- l^ellate flowers respectively. The la.st mentioned may also i)e called pistillate flowers, but carpellate is a better term. In ])ine-;. oaks, walnuts, chestnuts and numerous others. the staminate and carpellate flowers are borne on the same plant but in different places. This is well seen in the common cat -tail where the stamens are alK)ve tlie car- pels on the same stalk, .\fter jirdducing the pollen tin- stamens fall off but the carpels remain and ripen up into the c_\-lin(lrical brown mass of fruits with which we are all familiar. ]\Iaize or corn is another good example. Here the tassel consists entirely of staminate flowers and the ear of carpellate ones. When young, an ear of corn is really a bunch of flowers ! Or, perhaps it might be l>etter to say a bunch of half-flowers since complete flow- ers are regarded as consisting of lx)th stamens and car- l>els. Again, a pine-cone is a cluster of ripened carpels. In Spring, however, the pine tree bears a second set of cylindrical, cone-like objects which ultimately open and shed clouds of pollen on the air and thus prove them- selves to be staminate flowers. When staminate and car- pellate flowers are borne on different parts of a single plant, the species is said to be monoecious. In addition to the arrangements thus far mentioned, various other plants may have three kinds of flowers, staminate, car- pellate and a mixture of both stamens and carpels. In no case, however, is there a species of flowering plant that lacks either stamens or carpels, though as we have seen, certain individuals may lack one or the other. In the older books the stamens and carpels are called the essential organs because both are absolutely necessary to the production of seeds. Probably a better name for these organs is sporophyll since it is now known that the jxillen grains borne by the stamens and the ovules borne by the carpels, are spores. All the flowering plants must possess these parts no matter how many accessories they may have in the way of petals, sepals, coronas, nectaries, bracts, spurs, and disks. These extra parts may help the stamens and carpels in carrying on their work, hut they are not necessary. One has to go back to the ferns to understand how we are warranted in calling the so-called essential organs, sporophylls. In the ferns, it is well known that some of the leaves bear small dustlike objects which are known as spores and which reproduce the plant. Such leaves are called sporophylls to distinguish them from the ordi- nary vegetative or foliage leaves. In other fernworts, though the sporophylls are alike, the spores do not pro- duce plants of the same sex when they germinate. The best nourished are likely to produce eggs and the less vigorous bear sperms. In still other members of this group there is a difference in the size of the sporophylls and a corresponding difference in the spores. The small s])ores ])ro(hiced by the small sir>rophylls give rise to plants bearing sperms while the larger sporophylls of course ultimately produce eggs. Thus when we come to true flowers we see the same two forms of sporophylls, a little miore refined, a little more distinct, and a little more efficient, but still sixirophylls. They are arranged on the flowering .stem, as leaves are arranged in rosettes, and may, on occasion, turn to leaves. Indeed, it is tjuite likely that we have the whole matter reversed and that leaves have been derived from sporophvlls or perhaps both sporophylls and leaves have originated from some more primitive form. The botanist is fond of saying that a flower is a branch be.set with sporophylls. and this comes pretty near to answering the ref|uirements. In accordance with this, however, it wduld -icem as if some of the fernworts might qualify as flowering plants. None III these latter j^lants, however, bear seeds, and seeds are the really distinguishing features of that highest di\ision of the vegetable kingdoni. which we conuiionly call flow- ering plants. For February, 1923 35 My Dream Garden FLORUM AMATOR HAPI'\ is he who dreams about ideal possessions and environments, those which make Hfe beautiful and lovely, and yet is not made miserable by the obvious scantiness of his actual possessions and the homeliness of his surroundings. Such as he may dream of a spacious garden, set amid beautiful surroundings and still not be unhapp}" in cultivating his own little gar- den plot. My dream garden occupies about one acre on a coun- try place. The ground sldpes a little toward the south, is well drained and naturally fertile. In shape my dream garden is square. A trench three feet wide and four feet deep has been dug along the boundary lines and has been filled with rough field stone, which had been well grouted as they were placed in the trench. On this founda- tion a well three feet wide and six feet high is built of rough field stone. In the center of the wall from the bot- tom to the top the stones are held together to a width of two feet with strong cement, and care is taken that the in- side ends of the stones, which form the inner and outer sides of the wall extend into this cement and are held firmly by it, but the outer ends of these same stones are not filled in between with cement. The outer and inner sur- faces of the wall, therefore, are irregular and rough with pockets here and there and shelves, for the stones forming the outer sides of the wall are given a slight upward tilt instead of being laid horizontally. The top of the wall is jagged and so holds more tightly the eight inches of strong cement with which it is finished. There is a heavy gate of non-rust metal in the center of each wall. These gates are five feet wide so that a horse and cart may enter as well as a person. In the top of the wall on each side of each gate is an urn-shaped hole about twenty inches wide and deep, thickly cemented on the sides but not on the bottom. Such is the location and the confines of our dream garden. In the midst of this garden is a large, square open space, in the center of which there is a well that gives an unfailing supply of water. This is surrounded bv a high stone curb. Over the curb there is a frame of rust- less metal which supports a wheel over which passes a chain. To this chain are attached two buckets, and all are of the same metal as the frame. To the north, out of the shadow of the well, is a sun dial ; to the south, a piece of appropriate garden statuary ; to the east a large concrete fish basin ; and to the west, a lily pond of con- crete and of an artistic design. The garden is piped with rustless iron pipes, laid below the frost line, so fully that any point in the gar- den is watered with the use of a twenty-five-foot hose attached to one of the numerous hydrants. Not far out- side the northern wall of the garden is a windmill whose high tower of field stone is laid up in strong cement and surrounds a well. .From this well a constant suijplv of water is pumped up into a large, stone encased, rustless metal tank on the top of the tower. The sails of the windmill are of non-corroding metal. The tank is con- nected with the garden pipes. .■\t different appropriate places in the garden are chairs, settees, benches and tables of concrete of artistic design, and pieces of beautiful statuary, but only such as are appropriate to a garden. .\bout two feet away from the walls a path, five feet wide, on each side of the garden. This and all the other garden paths are of gravel. All the garden beds are dug and well fertilized to the depth of three feet or more. These beds are of rectangular shape. Fifteen feet south of the northernmost path of the gar- den and extending to its most eastern and western paths is a pergola, nine feet high, whose posts and cross beams overhead are of reinforced concrete, and beneath which there are concrete benches, chairs and tables. All these are the mere physical features of my dream garden. The life of my dream garden is in the many kinds of plants, growing not only within it, but on the' sides and tops of its confines as well. On each side of each gate and corner, extending from the gates and corners about fifty feet on the outside of the walls, close-clinging hardy vines, placed in an aspect most desirable to each kind, are growing ; namely, the several species and varieties of Ampelopsis. Hedera, Euonymus, and Schizophragma. Inside the gates on each hand for about twenty-five feet the same vines are growing on the wall. At the foot of the walls, both inside and out, are grow- ing the larger hardy ferns in positions favorable to each ; the Adiantums, the Aspleniums, the Drj'opteris, the Os- mundas, the Dennstffidtia, the Polj^stich'ums, and others. In front and among these ferns are terrestrial orchids, such as Cypripediums, Habenarias, Orchis, Liparis, Calopogons, Spiranthes, Corallorhizas, and Pogonias. In the pockets among the stones in the outer and inner surfaces of the wall and on the little upward tilting shelves, in suitable kinds of soil which have been placed in and on them, except where there are clinging vines, small rock-loving ferns and plants and mosses are grow- ing thickly. There are a great many kinds and species and varieties of these plants growing in the wall pockets and shelves, and they form one of the most interesting and unique features of my dream garden. In the urns on top of the walls are growing Pinus JNIughus, and such other dwarf evergreens as are suitable for these locations. At the foot of each post of the pergola are hardy vines which run up over the post and the overhead structures ; AMstarias. Begonias, Akebias, Clematis. Lonicera, Aris- tolochia. North of the pergola there is a path five feet wide. Between this path and the most northern part of the garden, extending from the most eastern to the most western path, is a bed eight feet wide containing choice hybrid Rhododendrons. They are protected from the Winter's drying winds by the north garden wall, and from the burning and drj-ing sun of both Summer and \\inter. by the vine-covered pergola on the south. About fifteen feet north of the southernmost path of the garden there are two rows of reinforced concrete posts, five feet apart each way and extending from the easternmost to the westernmost paths. South of these posts, which are ten feet high, is a path five feet wide, also extending to the most eastern and most western paths of the garden. On the posts are growing the vari- ous climbing and rambler, roses. Between the path south of the roses and the southern- most path of the garden is another bed. eight feet wide, filled with Rhododendrons. The posts, which are stag- gered, and the rose canes on them, give the Rhododen- drons considerable protection from the north winds, and the southern garden wall helps to shield them from the sun. There are beds of tea, of hybrid tea. of hybrid per- petual, and of other classes of roses in the sunniest loca- 36 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE tions of the garden. Wirious kinds nl tldwering slirubs, all kept pruned low, are well represented and give a suc- cession of bloom from March to November. Dwarf ornamental flowering' trees at points of vantage play a prominent part in my dream garden. These trees are pruned so that they grow low and are not massed, but are set along the paths in the ends of beds of such plants as are not injured by a little shade, or are positively bene- fited by it. Prominent among the flowering shrubs are hardy Azaleas, r>uddleias, Clethra, Colutea, Deutzias, Forsythia, Hydrangeas, Hypericums. Kerrias. Lespe- deza, I^Iagnolia, Philadelphus, Spira:as, Styrax. Syringa, Tamarix, Weigelas, and Viburnums. Among the smaller ornamental flowering trees are chiefly to be found Cornus. Halesia. Koelreuteria, Oxydendrum, and Prunus. There are several beds of berried and bright barked shrubs, and such trees as give late Autumn and \\'inter eitects. There is a moderate number only df well pruned dwarf evergreens here and there. The lily pond is well stocked with hardy Xymphseas and the fish pond with several kinds of fish. The hardy herbaceous perennial flowering plants and the hardy lilies and other bulbous plants,, and the hardy Irises are growing in numbers in mv dream garden, some in separate beds and some in the edges or among the shrubbery. Indeed, all the hardy lilies, and other bulbous plants, and most of the hardy Irises, so many that w-e can hardly name them, are growing in this garden. Among the hardy herbaceous perennials are the Peonies, the Mou- tan or tree class is given unusual attention, as well as the albiflora or Chinese, and the officinalis varieties are not neglected. From earliest Spring until late Autumn some one or more of the perennials are in bloom : Alyssum, Anchusas, Anemones, Anthemis, Asters, .\stilbes, Liolto- nias, Campanulas, Chrysanthemums in sheltered locations. Coreopsis, Delphiniums, Dianthus, Dicentras, Digitalis, Doronicums, Eremurus, Eupatorium, ( jaillardias, Gypso- phila, Helianthus, Hemerocallis, Hibiscus, Hosta, Conval- laria, Iberis, Liatris, Lobelia, Lupinus, Lychnis, ^lalva, Monarda, Phlox, Platycodon, Primula, Pyrethrum, Pa- munculus, Tiarella, \'eronica. Viola, and Yucca. These flowering trees and shrubs, rose bushes, ])ond lilies, hardy lilies, and other hardy bulbs, and the hardy herbaceous perennials in my dream garden ailord me a quantity of cut flowers throughout the open season of the year. The pretty, but short-lived annuals also find places to grow between the hardy plants here and there, and when the perennials are not in i>loom, the beds and borders are still kept bright by the blooms of the annuals. Asters, Snapdragons, \'erbenas. Calendulas, Marigolds, Mignon- ette, Stocks, and Poppies. r.ut imperfectly described is my dream garden, which I can .see with my mind's eye and enjoy. You, too, though deprived of a physical garden such as you would like to posess, may enjoy a dream garden of yoru- nwn. X NYMPH^A "MRS. G. H. PRING" PRING NEW WHITE-FLOWERED HYBRID (N. ovalifolia X N. "Mrs. Edwarrls Whitaker") A CCORDIXr; tn commercial growers there is an in- ^"^ creasing demand by the pul)lic for a tropical w'hite day-bloonn'ng lily of large size. Up to the present time all tropical day-blooming water-lilies have ranged in color from pink to blue, with one exception, the siK-'cies Nymphsea gracilis. The African species, N. ovalifolia, of recent introduction, has white flowers shaded with blue and pink at the ajx^x of the petals. In 1919 exixMiments were started at the Garden with the object of producing the much-needed albino hybrid. Stock of Nymph;ca ".Mrs. I'.dwards W'hiiaker" was selected as a desirable parent, in view of the pale cami>anula-blue flowers bleaching to ]>ure white with age, a factor transfused through its parent, N. o\alifolia. The seed parent was between N. gracilis of Mexico and N, ovalifolia. Hybrids from N. gracilis in cultivation have not improved the offspring in size to the same degree as N. ovalifolia, nor has the white proved a recessive character in the second or third gene- rations. In fact, experiments at the Garden with gracilis hybrids did not produce type gracilis or revert back to it (see Ann. .Mo. Bot. Gard. vol. 4, p. 1). Nympha'a ovali- folia crosses so far have brought forth type ovalifolia in the second generation. Nymphsea ovalifolia was therefore selected as the other parent. Reciprocal crosses were made between X. "Airs. Edwards Whitaker"' and ovalifolia, producing varieties like the parent "Airs. Edwards Xyiu/'luca 'Mrs. G. H. Fring" Whitaker." Nymphjea ovalifolia X "^\'hitaker" L;ave the desired result, producing both albino and Whitaker varie- ties. The be.st-flowered seedling showing Whitaker- shaped petals with white as the dominant factor was se- lected as the tyvie flower, the foliage likewise showing Whitaker in! ah nee. This was carefully self-jxillinated iluriiig 1920, the seedlings bringing forth albino flowers tlie next flowering season. In 1''21 the finest plant was again selected and self-pollinated, producing the same type I if flowers ihe following season. The desired hybrid was ;btained by selection during three years, thus proving that the white coloration is fixed, provided of course that all foreign )X)llen is exchidefl. It having been proved that the llowers had finally reached a stage of development superior to the white- flowered N. gracilis, specimen flowers were subnntted to the Society of .-\merican I'lorists and Ornamental Horti- culturists in convention at Kansas City, August 1.^, 1922, and the lilv was awarded honorable mention. Mr. (.'harles Tricker, water-lilv si>ecia!ist of Arlington. X. J., visited the Garden after the convention, in the capacity of official judge, to rejMrt on the ccviulition of the entire ])lant as growing in the pool, lie staled thai "the new hybrid pre- sents the biggest one jump in the development of a new water-lily to date." The size of the flowers varies from eight to ten inches in di.'inu'ler. — Missouri Hotaiiical Garden Bulletin. TF.XTH TNTERXATTONAL FLOWER .SIloW GR.WD CKXTR.M. P.XLACK, NKW YORK, \. V, MARCH 12-17, 192,^ Do not overlook this important horticultural event For Frhnu.ry. i<)23 37 Anthericum RICHARD ROTHE CONSIDKRIXG the great diversity in i^enera and species offered in hardy herbaceous plant catalogues the outsider is apt to take it for certain that he will find in modern American gardens adequate richness in va- riety, heightened by discrimination in selecting the ma- terial and subsequent originality in floral effects. As far as the average comes in question, I am afraid, in the main, we fail to come up to reasonable expectations. In looking over the contents we find ourselves confronted with a re- markable sameness both in plant material and its arange- inent. Ciranted, we employ species of merit ; we give proof of our sensitiveness in regard to harmony in color combinations, Ixit after all, we remain loath to avail our- selves of anvthing bevond the well known traditional lines. .-Iiitlicricitiii liliiisinii! ^[i:^;iiiir< mil This self-confinement to a very limited number of species deprives us more or less of our opportunities to exert in- dividual ingenuitv. The garden owner, as amateur, looks to the horticulturist for practical leadership and the rank and file of the latter apparently lack ambition. Certainly, we have as exceptions here and there — gardens testifying to the mastership of their originators in handling and tak- ing full advantage of the present wealth of beautiful plant material at our disposal. These are examples which at a glance show the thorough familiarity with the practical growing part of designer and caretaker ; examples testify- ing to an innate love for the work done. Without those qualities we are bound to fail. Love creates the enthusi- asm necessary for extraordinary results : the experience as growers keeps us aware of the limitations set by the cultural requirements of plant species. Practical knowl- edge alone safeguards artistic ingenuity from indulging in iiiere fantastical exploits, which, as utter failures, bring discouragement, blocking our road for advance. Object lessons of this kind demonstrating the present need of ex- perience in the field of practical growing are by no means rare. At a recent visit to one of Philadelphia's most advanced herbaceous gardens your correspondent had the pleasure of enjoying the attractive old-time picture of a few clumps of Anthericum Liliastrum, the well known St. Bruno's lily. The narrow grass-like foliage and the long spikes of small white flowers, sweetly fragrant, awakened in the beholder's mind vivid reminiscences of the past. We have lost sight of this garden inmate of bygone days and are delighted to see it again. Similar impressions are gained when we find ourselves confronted with plantations of the St. Bernard's lily, Anthericum Liliago. But both sjjecies, of late, have been by far eclipsed by Anthericum Lilias- trum giganteum. This new giant form of the old St. liruno's lily, bearing stately spikes of large white flowers, resembling miniature Aladonna lilies, represents one of the choicest materials for the refined garden of today. Planta- tions of the size shown by our illustration possess an ir- resistible charm. Perfectly hardy, a rather light, but well enriched soil with ample drainage is essential for thrifty growth. For nlants which will never survive the 0[)eration of removal to another ])lace unless their roots are kept covered with the moist medium in which they have previously spent their lives. Actually, comparatively little is known of the delicate and complex relationship between the mycorrhizal habit of obtaining footl used by bog plants and the acidity of bog water, hut exjjericnce has shown that such relation- shi]) exists. Natural bogs have been many hundreds of years reach- ing their present condition and their being where they are presupiK)ses an underlying stratum impervious to water, therefore in constructing an artificial bog a water- tight bottom must first be secured. ( )f primary importance is, of course, the position, and w here there is an undrained area in a hollow, the problem almost solves itself. In such a case all that is necessary is to excavate the ground to a depth of not less than two feet, to any extent available or that may be desired, ])!ace a layer of puddled clay to make the basin surely water-ti,ght and then put in the soil mixture as described later on. Where there are no naturally suitable sites and in dry situations a bog garden may be made by forming a basin and lining it with concrete a foot thick over which should be smeared an inch or two of puddled clay not only for the purpose of making it absolutely water- tight, but also to counteract the action of lime contained in the concrete. The size and form of such garden may be varied at discretion. While it is imixartant to secure informality, as with all other natural gardens, one must guard against the stiff, or regular, informality which sometimes places the brand of artificiality over gardens -of this kind. A visit to a natural bog, and the observing of its lines and characteristics will be very helpful to those contemplating the formation of a bog .garden which will be artificial, but which it is desired at the same time to appear natural. .Obviously tlie best material in the way of soil to use is that from a natural bog taking everything as it comes, with as much bog-water as possible, for which purpose barrels are the host things to move it in. When this bog- muck cannot be obtained a mixture may be made of leaf mould, commercial peat, wood-earth scraped from the surface, under oaks preferably, together with the twMgs and leaves from the forest-fioor, so that the mixture as a whole will form a spongy mass. irregularly-shaped mounds and ridges should be formed rising a foot or more above the water level. This not only gives a more natural and pleasing contour but affords a greater planting surface from a given area, and creates conditions for plants preferring to be more raised above the water than others ; also plants can be better dis]>layed than when the surface is entirely fiat. Rocks to act as stepping stones may be placed at convenient in- tervals to enable one to walk alx)Ut the lx)g, to see the l)lants and ]jerform any work required connected with them. \\ hen a piece of naturally swampy ground is chosen for the site of a bo,g garden it will lie sure to have a crop of more or less coarse, water-loving plants, such as Cat Tails, Rushes. Sedges, and the like, growing on it. These must first lie thoroughly eradicated nmt and branch, otherwise they will only work harm .among and ultimately kill out bog plants. A bog garden should not be formed in a jwsition likely to Ijc affected liy storm-water, ]>rcfcrably it should be where water sufficient to take care of evaporation only sbmild rut/r or trickle into it. Effort should be made to For February, 1923 39 keep the bog just full enough not to overflow, so as to enable the whole material, which if properly constituted will be like a sponge, to remain thoroughly saturated, but at the same time no water should run out, otherwise the essential acids which are the life of purely bog plants will be lost. Small pools of open water should be provided for in a bog garden for the purpose of growing the very interest- ing little plants known as Bladder- worts. These are dif- ferent species of Utricularia, they have small purple and yellow flowers, some float on the surface and are sup- ported by air-bladders, others root near the edge of the pool. They are the most delicate of all bog species. These bladders are also traps for supplying the plant with animal food; they have a valve-like door through which insects enter but cannot get out, and their substance is used as food by the plant. These bladders are most numerous and effective in connection with species living or floating in stagnant water. With the exception of these open pools, the first step after getting the soil into position is to cover the whole with live sphagnum moss, this will soon take root and when once established will make a delightful carpet in which many of the plants will grow without being planted in the soil ; other plantings may be made by pushing the moss aside and replacing it around the plants. This covering of moss also prevents evaporation and keeps roots cool. As before >tated, the reason for having a bog garden is that in it many very interesting and beautiful plants can be .grown which would not thrive or even live in any other situation. Those who have seen an_v real natural bogs and who have studied the plants inhabiting them must realize the wealth of material that is worth while bringing into our gardens. A bo,g garden is desirable even for the Insectivorous Plants alone, especially for those examples of the exist- ence of brain-power in plants, the Sun Dew, Drosera rotundifolia, found in bogs all over the world, and the Venus Flv Trap, Dionasa muscipula, wdiich Linnasus called the "IMiracle of Nature." Then there is the queen of the peat bog, the Snowy Lady's Slipper, Cypripedium spectabile, the grandest of all our many beautiful native orchids. If this plant were native of a foreign country and could only be obtained at considerable expense, special conditions suitable for it would be created in many gardens for the sake of having it. ( )ur native family of orchids contains many other charming plants and they ate all for one reason or another worth growing, and, with only one or two possible exceptions, they will all thrive in bogs. Curiosities like the Pitcher Plants, Sarracenia, and the lovely ]Menyanthes trifoliata, with is exquisite, wax-lake pale ]nnk flowers, have both their homes in bogs. Alto- gether as William Robinson wrote "Conservatories of Beauty'" are to be found, sometimes covering hundreds of acre;, in natural bogs. The following is a list of some of the choicer bog plants, some of which have already been mentioned: Arethusa, Calopo,gon, Calla palustris. Calypso, Cypre- pedium, Dionjea, Drosera. Habenaria, Lewisa, Lilium parviflorum, Lophiola, Menyanthes, Narthecium, Ophi- oglossum. Primula parryi, Pyrola, Pogonia, Plelonias, Sabbat ia. When the area of a hog to be dealt with is extensive, or if outside the artificial bog garden the ground is more or less swampy and perennially moist, there are many worth while plants too coarse and rampant for the bog garden proper, which will revel in those conditions, and which will beautify such situations to a greater extent than the natural growth alreadv existing, although some of the latter will invariably be found to be worth retain- mg. In any case, and when the bog garden is con- structed with dry ground surroundin,g it, it should be tied to landscape 'oy suitable plantings. Also some tall growing subjects should be used on the outside of the bog garden to afl^ord shade which some bog plants desire. .\mong the shrubs suitable for swampy places may be mentioned, Rhodora canadensis, Rhododendron vico- siun, Kalmia angustifolia, Chamasdaphne calyculata, Ledum groenlandiciun, Andromeda polifolia. Cornns sanguinea. Magnolia glauca, Clethra alnifolia, \'accinum corymbosum, Vaccinum macrocarpus. Ilex verticillata. and Neopanthes canadensis. C)f herbaceous perennials liking wet ground the follow- ing are among the most showy : Acorus calumus, Calla palustris. Iris pseudoacorus, Asclepias lanceolata, Osmun- da regalis, the herliaceous Spirreas, Trillium, Hemerocallis, Lobelia. Alyosotis palustris. Lilium. Parnassia. Symplo- carpus Veratrum. W hen the soil conditions outside a bog garden are of the ordinary dry character any of the usual shrubs and perennial plants may he used to create conditions which harmonize and connect with the laiid scape. JAPANESE BARBERRY IN any list of the most popular shrubs, the Japanese Barberry ( Berberis Thunbergii) would undoubtedly appear near the top. It's not a one-merit shrub but. on the contrary, possesses so many desiraible features, is appro- priate in so many different positions, that it well deserves the popularity evidenced by the demand for it. First of all. the foliage and its arrangement, or' habit of growth, is attractive. This attractiveness is not con- fined to a week or two, as is the case with so matiy flower- ing shrubs that win us with their bloom, but is present from early Spring until Autumn. In the latter season its crimson foliage holds us and this is followed by the scarlet berries so striking that even the printers of Yule- tide cards now reproduce them, perhaps as an innovation over the timeworn Holly. Nor are these berries of the sort whose fleshiness soon succumb to frosts and are discolored. With massing in the foreground with taller shrubs, the Japanese Barberry fills the bill. Its low spreading growth is desirable for use in this position and its siuall foliage ties in with the turf where a large leaved plant would appear bold or too much of a contrast. Its value as a foreground plant for evergreens should not be over- looked, not so much as a permanent plant — for it often becomes too large and will encroach upon the slower growing e\ ergreens — but the protection its spiny branches afford in turning away canines ; also children who might otherwise brush against the evergreens. For use in this manner it is well to keep the Barberry cut away from the evergreens lest the lower branches of the latter die off from crowding. If cutting back the Barberry is not favored another method is to transplant the plants away ' from the evergreens or replace with smaller specimens, the latter really making the best proportioned grouping as seen in newly planted masses. For foundation planting the Japanese Barberry is one of the best plants to use' on account of its low growth, well furnished base and all season attractiveness. The latter is especially desirable where the planting is close to the house and always conspicuous. Japanese Barberry, in cennection with brick work, whether it be as base ijlanting of a house or along a wall, forms a harmonious Winter combination, the red bricks, scarlet berries and brown iaranches blending most effectively. — Florist's Erchan^e. 40 GARDE^ERS' CHRONICLE In the Garden and in the Greenhouse GEORGE F. STEWART IN writinsj these notes, 1 may quite often write from the standpoint of ideal conditions. My readers mnst keep in mind that unless help that has had experi- ence in garden and greenhouse is provided, along with modern equipment in both departments, there may be difficulty in canning out some of the suggestions. A garden is a' big subject to think about, and in the carrying out of what one has in mind and what can be done with the equipment and help available, is the reason wh\- many of us fall down. If one has an imagi- native mind (and I plead guilty), a gardener is very apt to attempt things that are impossible to carry out, unles.s one has an unlimited supply of means. High cost of living and the fast growing tax rate has hit many once famous gardens hard, and if I read the signs of the future ot" gardening correctly, the days of the large gar- den and great ranges of .glass houses are past, except occasionally. Mankind will, 1 believe, always have a garden. It seems to be inherent in the nature of hirn, as travelers tell us that among the most uncivilized tribes, crude at- tempts at gardening are noticeable around their more permanent abiding places. Is it the backward longing for a lost Eden? Why not look the other way to "That City that hath foundations, whose Builder and Maker is God"? The word picture of it in Sacred Writ is strangely like a Glorified Garden, and that longing for an ideal garden, which I find in me, sees there its realiza- tion. The garden in Winter, especially if it is more natural than formal in outline, has a beauty all its own, even in a month like the past T^muary. which has been a record breaker for depth of snow and lack of sunshine. Occasionally, when the sun has come up in the early morning, tne bnld outlines of some of the larger deciduous trees, with ratches of white snow clinging to their branches and the carpet of snow underneath make an intpressive picture which city dwellers do not often see. In a winter, like the present, evergreens and shnilis gives the gardener a great deal of anxiety. Damp snow, in spite of all his efforts, has anchored many branches flat to the ground, especially if these storms are followed by a quick .sharp frost. By trying to release them quite often more harm than good is done. It is often better to let them alone, until Nature loosens them from the ground. If the bush seems out of 9.ha\x, before the sap begins to a.scend, put a stake with a crotch under each branch. If this is done, invariably they will come back to their former outline with very little loss of branches or rtower buds In dealing with Nature the gift of l>3tience is a great asset. During February and early March, it is better to take aflvantage of every good day and get all i)runing of fruit trees done. I am a great believer in Summer pruning, but the majority of us have very little time to attend to it then. The principal idea in ])runing is to preserve the natural outline of the tree and encourage fruiting wood, also to prevent overcrowding of the branches. If shape and spacing of the branches are taken care of, so tliat when the tree is in full leaf sufficient li.ghl i)cnetrates to the centre. Nature, as a rule, will form ])lenty of fruitmg wood. The advantage of .Summer ])runing can be readily seen when it conies to shaping a tree. The foliage is fully developed, and open si)aces between the brandies are more easily seen when it comes to thinning mit the more crowded parts. The cut over parts also heal more (|uicklv. If a fruit tree is fully developed, and in good shape on the top, and does not seem to fruit well, gen- erally the trouble will be found at the roots. Tunnel under the roots and give it a good root ])runing. cut over all strong woody roots, using judgment as regards distance from the trunk, according to the size of the tree. Immediately unde the tree operated upon, a strong tap root will generally be found that has penetrated into the sub-soil. This root may be cut-back (|uite hard. Root pruning is better to be done in the Fall, but no great dif- ference will be noticed if done (|uite early in Spring. If fruit trees outdoors have become badly infected with scale insects, another spraying may be given now. A spraving in the Fall and another in the Spring is usually practiced, but a third will help to ck-an neglected trees far C|uicker. After every storm, a walk should be taken all over the grounds, and a sharp look made for any dam- age done to any of the trees. If any limbs are broken the jagged ends mu.'^t be at least cut even, and smoothed over and painted. The entire l:)ranch may be better to be cut close to the main trunk if no decent breaks are behind the broken part. Look carefully over all the shrubs for scale and attack thetn right away with the usual scale remedies. The common lilac is one of the worst for San Jose scale, we find, and complete eradication seems impossible. All flowers and vegetable seeds necessary for the com- ing season are now better to be in stock ^.especially if one is quite a distance from a rehable seed firm. Tools of all kinds should be examined to see if any repairs are neces- sary and old worn out ones replaced. Our Spring season here in the East is short, and all these small things at- tended to now will save much time later on when the soil is lit to l)c worked outdoors. If one has no room in the greenhouse, and has plenty of frames available, many of the smaller growing vegetables may be grown in them. .\ hotbed mixture of manure is necessarv for this work, (jood horse manure for this is more difficult to get every year, making it all the harder for the willing and ambi- tious gardener to have such vegetables as carrots, beets, s]>inach, lettuce, dwarf beans, etc., at an early dr.te. A row of early peas may be sown along the top of frost- ])niof frames, but this is only advisable if ihc family is small, unless the frame s]>ace is extensive. Sweet peas should be sown now in small pots, two or three seeds to a ix)t. They can be thinned down to one after they germinate. A cold frost-proof frame is the best place for them, as they thrive all the licttcr if sturfly ;ind strong from the lie.ginning. Sow early cabbage and caulitlower : Brussels sprouts need :i long season to mature, and should also be brought along in a cold frame so that nice plants may be available to set out when the season oi^ens outdoors. .\n early batch of celery is also in order, also egg ]>lants, peppers, and tomatoes. Mushroom beds may also be made up for ;i succession. This cro]) depends on a good supply of horse manure iii a condition that can be used for mushroom growing. ( )f late shavings and other refuse from lumber \ards have been more used than straw for bedding horses, and other fungus growths rather than .\garicus camiK'stris are likely to annoy one if dro]>pings arc gathcreil from a stable where that material is used for bedding. Tliere is some difference of opinion as tn wli;il lciiip<'ralure diu' sliould for February. 1923 41 introduce the spawn into the bed, but if the spawn is i;ood, around 75 de.s:. is generally safe. A building where the temperature can be kept close to 53 deg. will be found best to produce the crop. We have seen excellent crops under a carnation house bench. Keep the beds moist but not in a soggy condition. Mushrooms are always grown in the dark, yet we have seen an excellent crop, as men- tioned above, under a greenhouse bench which was by no means shaded. The other day I picked four excellent specimens on a bench among Antirrhinums and Calen- dula, where no spawn to my knowledge was every intro- duced. Furthermore, throughout the British Isles large quantities used to be gathered in old pastures when I was a young fellow, and all the darkness they received was during the night. I wonder if any experiments have been tried along this line. The best specimens we ever saw were grown in a cellar imder a barn that had large cellar windows. The beds were always made in a rather rough and ready manner. The manure with all the straw m it was put in just as it came from a nearby horse barn, m the old days of horse cars, moistened down with a hose, and left until the temperature fell to 80 deg., after which the spawn was introduced in the usual way. A large pile of manure was always left near the door and the steam evaporating from it was always more or less condensing over the beds. The gardener there was keen on exhibi- tion work and I remember the mushrooms being shipped from Boston to Philadelphia Spring Exhibitions. The size and texture of those mushrooms attracted consider- able attention there. One exhibitor, who was in the com- mercial line and had been having it pretty much his o-wn way, as a successful mushroom grower, was beaten that time. He did not like it very well, and flung out at my boss that his specimetis were not shipable mushrooms. With a quiet grin Davy said. "That's strange ; I shipped them from Boston by American Express a day ahead of myself." Sometimes, ver_\- early in ^larch, if one has a piece of well sheltered land facing south, peas may be sown out- doors. I have dene this when the ground was quite moist ; in fact, I find from my note book, that in 1921 we sowed peas, spinach, carrots, beets and parsley on March 9, and on the ends of the rows, we broke the frosty lump to finish the lines. There was one piece of ground, about three yards long, tiiat was quite lumpy with frost. How- ever, the seed was sown and the lines completed. I natu- rally watched the development of the crop on that frosty- piece, and could see no perceptible difference in the rows either in germination or growth. That year we picked peas, beets and carrots on the 9th of June, grown entirely outdoors. One of my neighbors beat me by two days. If one has stored a good stock of rhubarb roots they can be easily forced under a bench in the greenhouse. Aspar- agats is a vegetable that forces easily, four to five year old crowns are best for this purpose. This necessitates a great deal of labor, time, and foresight. Box in a space under a greenhouse bench that is run around 60 deg. A six inch board will be about right, and pack in the required number of roots with soil covering them about three inches deep. Where a supply can be kept up. batches mav be brought at intervals of three weeks. Onions that were started for exhibition purposes about January 1st should all by now be jx)tted off. Some of the best growers around here plant them out of 3^-in. pots, which means they receive two pottings. The leek is an- other exhibition vegetable that should now be started. After March comes in, good cold frames can be freely used for the more hardy plants that are to be used tor bedding purposes. Care, however, must be taken that they have ample covering for any cold night that comes, along. ].\ THE GREEXHOCSES The greenhouses, by this time of the year (late Febru- ary and"" early March),' will be quite gay with many Sprmg flowering jjlants. Some of the acacias and other Sprmg plants that are intended for Spring shows the latter part of :March, will have to be kept quite cool. A little shad- mg will nut be amiss if they show signs of being on the early side in flowering. Carnations are now flowering freely, and as the sun gets stronger, with heavy firing, red spider will soon gain a foothold if the ]>lants' are neglected. Select a bright day for watering the benches, and at the same time give them a good syringing in the early part of the day. Clean water properly applied under pressure is the best thing I have found for that pernicious insect. A little stimula- tion with sheep manure and Clay's Fertilizer alternately, will help the carnation plants from now on. The benches, if thev ha\e done well, will be well filled with roots, and with frequent waterings will leach out the plant food more quickly. The rose house l>y this time will have quite a good deal of blind wood and thinning out a little of it will encourage stronger breaks. Roses are very hungry plants and can use up plenty of food in variety. They also like plenty of water syringed on the plants and at the roots, especially if they are grown on shallow benches. Every bright day earlv in the forenoon, they should receive a good syring- ing and once a week, at least, some plant food. Primulas are now flowering nicely, and a little plant food once a week will help to keep them agoing. Cine- rarias are also in vigorous growth and some of them wfll now be flowering. Those intended for exhibition will have to be kept quite cool, \^'aterings with soot water will bring out the colors with added brilliancy. Amaryllis, or Hippeastrum. will not need attention. As soon as they show signs of flowering, remove the loose soil from the top of the pot and give them a top dressing with a good loam, that has been enriched with bone meal and Clay's Fertilizer. .A good light bench in a temperature around 55 deg. at night suits them well. When ii: flower, a slight shade will prolong the flowering period. Feed them \vell with liquid manure and water when they get into vigorous growth. Erlang;ea tomentosa has been flowering all the Fall and continues with us throughout the W'inter on a shaded bench. \\'e find that the color does not bleach out when kept in the shade, and on this account, its lavender blue flowers are always favorites. Keep young rooted cut- tings moving along as they require it. Erlangea does well planted out on a bench, ^^'hen cut, the flowers keep better if placed in warm water. Do not neglect anv cuttings of Buddleia asiatica that have been rooted. After Stevia has gone past, this valuable plant, we find, is the best for taking its place, both as a plant and for cutting. It can be kept in bud for a long lime in a cool pit and brought in in batches. For anxone looking out for a fine flowering" specimen plant in Summer Stephanotis floribunda is is one of the best. It looks well trained on a balloon trellis, and is one of the freest flowering plants we know of. Pot in a good rich, fibrous loam and give it greenhouse treat- ment, that is, a temperature around 50 deg. The house we have it in is an old style one with plenty of wood in it. and we never shade it in Summer. I have no doubt but that a modern house would have to have a slight shading in Summer. Stephanotis used to be one of the worst plants to keep clear of mealy bug, but since the advent of Hydrocyanic gas, we have no trouble keeping it free from this insect. The genus Hoya has a few varieties that also make ♦excellent Summer flowering plants, Hoya carnosa, H 42 GARDENERS' CHROMCLE iniperialis, and the beautiful, shrubby, H. bella. The}- grow well in a good turfy loam in a greenhouse along with Stephanotis" From November until February they need to be kept rather dry to ripen their wood for flower- ing. Secure cuttings of such plants as Acacia, Boronia. Bauera. Eriostemon and heaths at this season, which root readily in a propagating bed with a bottom heat of about 75 deg., keeping the top from 45 to 50 deg. Azaleas, now that they are denied admittance, can be rooted in the same manner if the wood used is not too hard. In about three years they will make nice small plants. It is very interesting to watch the development of seedling Azaleas if one has the time to devote to it. .\ny gardener visit- ing around Boston in the Spring should pay a visit to Holm Lea, Prof. Sargent's place in Brookline, Mass. Mr. Sanders, his gardener, is a master hand at raising seedling Azaleas and has ome fine varieties of his own raising. Camellias mav be rooted the same as the hard wood plants noted above. They are now flowering freely and care must be taken that they don't get too dry at the_ roots. They flower best in a night temi>erature of 45 deg. Bougainvilleas may now 1)e brought along in heat. Keep them well syringed and tie them into wliatever shape is most pleasing to tliose that enjoy them when in flower. Earlv plants of Clerodendron Thomsons (probably better known as C. Balfouri ) may now be started into growth in the sunnie.st part of the tropical house. If they are not thoroughly ripened off, that is, if the old leaves are still clinging to the twining wood, take them into some shed, away from the greenhouses and give them a good whifT of sulphur fumes. One will be astonished how even they will break into eyes all over last year's growths after this treatment. They can be had in flower in about eight weeks by giving them a night temi)erature of 65 deg., running it up during the day to 85 deg. Sow an early batch of Queen of the Market asters; also antirrhinums. Tagetes and salpiglossis. Small seeds sown on the top of sifted sphagnum moss without cover- ing them, we find, do much better than when covered with sifted loam or sand. The fungous growth, called danii>ing oft among gardeners, we have never seen if s])hagnum is used. Some of the early flowered calanthes will be s'.iowing signs of starting into growth. It is advisable to shake them out. and repot in fresh soil before the young growths send forth roots, as the young roots are likelv to be damaged in the oj^eration. They grow well in mixture of the fibre of loam, sphagnum moss, and a third of dried cow manure. Keep them shaded, near the glass, in ihc warmest corner of the tropical house. By the end of Februan,' the orchids will have to have a thin shade over them. If one has not roller blinds, we find that a very- good shade can be made with a couple of table spoonfuls of white lead tf) two f|uarts of kerosene oil and spread evenly over the glass. This mixture lasts well and is easily removed. I would on no account use linseed oil in the mixture as it is very difficult lo clean oflF the glass. Dendrobium nobile will now be flowering, and when they have finished, repot any that require it, also remove any shriveled up back bulbs. Thev like to make their growth in a humid tropical heat and only lightly shaded. They ought to be carefully watered until the young growths are well up, for if moisture gets into them one Is apt to lose them. The same holds true of Dendrobium Phalajnopsis Schroderoe. Dipping is the best method of watering these plants as one can keep the water well away from the growths. We find also that both these Den'drobes respond to feedings with weak liquid manure after thev emit roots from the young growths. We use a handful of hen manure to three gallons of water, pre- ferably rain water once a week, and alternate with the ■••ame amount of Clay's Fertilizer. The early vines will now be setting fruit, and syringing should be discontinued until a good set is secured. A night temperature around 65 deg. should be maintained, rising to 80 deg. during the day. There is some difference of opinion about stopping the shoots ahead of the fruit, we practice three joints and allow laterals to run out so that all the glass is covered. After the fruit is set, we always give the border a sprinkling of Clay's Fertilizer or Thomson's Vine Manure and point it in. 1 think it is a good thing to keep the border as loose on top as ]X)ssible by frequent stirrings. Of course, care must be taken that roots are not broken. Let pot fruit come along naturally. In forcing for early use try to imitate natiu-al conditions as much as possible at this season. High temijeratures v.'ill result in ruin, and on the other hand, draughts from cutting wind, from ventilators must be avoided. Peaches and nectarines should be thinned down to about three hundred fruits to the tree, less would be belter. I refer to a tree with about nine feet of spread on each side and about nine to eleven feet in height. Keep up a succession of melons if one has plentv of space. No one, however, should attempt melon growing in Winter, unless they can command a night temf>erature close to 70 deg. and, furthermore, there is also some difficult}- in setting the fruit, which must be done by hand. FROZEN PLANTS (Continued from page 39) causes a sudden thaw. After these precautions have been taken, secure a good supply of very cold water and syringe the plants, pots, staging and glass with it until the whole are drenched. This will cause a very gradual thawing to take place, and many plants will be saved. Leaves will probably be lost, and the plants will need several weeks to recover from the shock ; but better this than a total loss. Malf-hardy plants growing in sheltered jxisitions out of doors are often ruined by the removal of the pro- tecting material as soon as a thaw sets in. .Such pro- tection should be left on tintil all sigiis of frost have gone from the plant under notice. If such a specimen has had no protection before frost occurred, much good might be done by covering it with mats after it is frozen but before it thaws.^/i.r <•/;«« t'r. DYNAMITING HOLES Years ago there was a veritable craze for dynamiting holes for apple trees, and the dynamite companies boomed this method of hole preparation as being simple and in- ex])ensive as comjiared with digging them in the regula- tion manner. This method of hole preparation is still being ]>ractised and is necessary to break u]> certain kinds of hard pan and very retentive loam. Hardly an ai>ple grower in New England now practises it. The fruit men find that while apples and other fruits in dynamited ground made tremendous growth for two or three ye;irs, at the end of six or seven years, trees planted in holes dug out in the regulation way were su]>erior. The .Arnold .\rl)oretum of late has adopted dynamiting its holes and finds tiie labor co.st to be much less. It will be interesting to note how the growth of trees and shrubs in these hf)le.s a few years hence will compare with the undynamited ones. For February. l')23 43 RELATIONS BETWEEN GARDENERS ON LARGE ESTATES AND NURSERYMEN {Extracts from a paper read before the Neiv England Nursery- men's AssoeuHion at its convention held in Boston by Robert Cameron.) 'X'HE text of my subject is taken from the Gospel ac- cording to St. Matthew, Chapter 7 and verses 1. -. 3 and 5. Please giVt special attention to the words and I know if you do';'yon will lie better men when you leave this room. 1. Judge not that yc be not judged. 2. For with what judgment ye judge, ye shall be judged and with what measure you mete, it shall be measured to you again. 3. And w'liy beholdest thou the mote that is in thy brother's eye ; but considerest not the beam that is in thine own eye ? 4. Or how wilt thou say to thy brother, let me pull out the mote out of thine eye, and behold a beam is in thine own eye. 5. Thou hypwcrite, first cast out the beam out of thine own eye : and then thou shalt see clearly to cast out the mote out of thine brother's eye. Is it not true at this time that one fact stands out clear and undisputed, that after centuries of teaching and preaching, crime and immortality and downright dishonesty and hypocrisy are more plentiful than at any other previ- ous time in our history? This is not only true of our own country, but of practically every country in the world. There isn't a single day one takes up his newsjmper but one reads of the most horrible crimes, scandalous thieving, grafting and blackmailing. Is it not time that we asked ourselves, "What is the cause of all this devilment ?" The only way to get at the facts is to try and get back to the cause. There is no lack of churches, schools, Sunday schools and every imaginable kind of sect and creed to make people good and help them to live upright lives. Yet you will seeat once from my previous statement about the condition of things in the world that the work done for centuries by the institutions I have mentioned have failed in their endeavor. Why have they failed? The answer is simple and not far-fetched. We are all hypocrites. We are not doing or have not done wdiat we promised to do. To most of us our religion has been one of one-day-a- week. ^lost of you believe, undoubtedly, in keeping one day holy and go to church on Sunday. The other six days your Sunday religion is forgotten. What we need is a religion that is good for seven days a week and 365 days a year. The Fourth Commandment that was handed to Aloses is no good for the present times. It says, "the seventh day you shall keep holy.'' It ought to be revised and to read, — Seven days shalt thou keep holy and do nothmg' on any day that you would not do on Sunday. I have read of 40,000 r>dd Fellows parading our streets in Boston, 100,000 Masons, 75,000 Knights of Columbus and many other organizations. Many of you here un- doubtedly know the solemn obligations these men take. Ask yourselves, do they keep their obligations? If they did live up to what they promised, l\ly ! we would have perfect conditions here. That number of upright men would soon change the conditions of the world. The curse of the world at this time is selfishness and greed, and we are just as bad as others. For a dollar we will sell our reputation. The curse of our countn- is the almighty dollar. The poor man gets more happiness out of the world than the man who has nothing in his mind but always '.-basing the dollar. Did you ever know of anyone to take a dollar with him when he left this world? By this time you are wondering why I have taken up the subject you assigned to me in this manner. I have tried to point out to you that we are all weaklings and have our shortcomings and that there isn't nuich good in any of us. The subject you assigned to me is — "Relation Between (jardeners on Large Estates and Nurserymen." I am not my brother's keeper, consequently I am not responsible for his actions. Undoubted!}- you know much more about gardeners than I do and what I will have to say will be mostly my own experiences and observations. I n-iight say that I do not consider nurserymen better than any other class of men. I have found some of them honest and some of them dishonest. Neither do I consider gardeners to be any better or any worse than the average man. One thing I would like to say and that is, that there is ample roon-| for imijrovement in both classes of men if all the stories that are heard are true. I will also sav this, that of all men, gardeners and nurserymen should be the least susceptible to evil doings. Their work is amongst Nature's most beautiful productions, consequently their thoughts and deeds ought to be bigger and better than the ordinarv n-ian in his occupation. One thing I would like to impress upon you and that is this, that all gardeners are not dishonest, that there are n-iany gcjod and upright n-ien in the profession. There are some black sheep in every flock. On a large estate the gardener has in many cases from one to three millions of dollars' worth of property under his care. There are large expenditures and he "has the handling of a lot of money during the vear. It would interest some of you, I know, to hear of some of the temptations that are thrown in the way of a man in charge of a large estate. I hope you will forgive me for giving mv own personal experience in dealing with gardeners, because I have never been in business and never sold a plant iii mv life. (Mr. Cameron here related some of his experiences with tra-ou men know the way just as well as I do, but I think you haven't the courage or the backbone to do it. The only way to aliolish this practice is for the trade to dis- continue it. If you will not pay commissions or indulge in even worse otTences, than the gardeners can not be participants in this evil doing. To me thfcre is no occupation like gardening and anv- thing you can do to make it cleaner and better I shall he glad to give you anv assistance that is in my power. But first of all make up your minds that you are willing to give up this custom of giving commissions and there will be a quick death to this detestable habit. At the conclusion of the reading of the paper an inter- esting discussion followed. The Boston Herald in report- ing the convention said, "Robert Cameron of Ipswich, re- tired president of the National Association of Gardeners, spoke on 'Relations Between Gardeners on Large Estates and Nurserymen." scoring the practice of offering gratui- ties to secure sales. His address was so effective" that the gathering immediately proposed an amendment to the by-laws of the association, providing that 'any member of the association found guilty of giving a g-ratuitv to a gardener, or other person, shall be prosecuted by the association and be expelled from membership.' '' It was proposed to invite the National Nurserymen's Association and the .\merican Seedsn-ien's Association to follow the action taken by the New England Nurservmen's .Association. 44 C.iRDt:^EIlsuj)jc-cts. The author's acquaintance at first-hand also with the old gardens of the New England colonies, their contents and connections of all kinds and the legends clus- tered around them is large. Nice discrimination is revealed by the choice of the pictures, too, and by their composition. They number about two hundred and twenty-five. — F. B. M. The Home \'ecet.\bi,e G.\ri)ex, by Ella M. Freeman. The Mac- tnillan Qimpany. Xew York. This second in the series of "Genial Little Books About the Out-of-Doors" well deserves rank along with the editor's own volume on the Apple Tree, by which the series was so fittingly introduced. The book is not the findings of a person who has merely scratched the soil and then rushed off to print. It consists of uncommon good sense resulting from interested and intelligent experience by which even the beginner might learn to garden suc- cessfully and even to make the most satisfactorj- use of the prod- ucts. Particularly valuable for the novice is the advice, interjected at proper points throughout the work, about fertilizers for the vegetables, a subject that very much has needed simple treatment in these times, when the old-fashioned and most reliable form is so hard to find. — F. B. M. Pl.vxt M.^teri.^ls of Decor.^ti\-e G.^rdenixg, by \\'illiam Tre- lease. Published by the author, Urbana, Illinois. Of thin pocket size this manual is designed to aid the students of botany in a field to which in the schools few' of them have little Introduction, if any at all. For the landscape gardener or planter it offers small use other than to aid him also in identifying the most common materials of his art by their stems or leaves or the general structure of their wood and pith. The working of the key is explained at the start so that the person familiar with the principal terms used in distinguishing plant forms, if he employs the glossary and in case of doubt checks up with the aid of the index, should as a rule have no difficulty in classifying and naming, even without attention to their flowers, 1,159 distinct kinds ol trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants used in ornamental planting in the eastern part of the United States and in Xorthern Europe. Compactness has barred out all but a very few references to the availability of any plant in landscape design. — F. B. M. American Pl.\xt N.\me.s. bv Willard X. Gute, Joliet. 111. The book is a compilation of every known common name under its proper genus and species, with the correct common name indi- cated, as Kalmia ; K. latifolia. Mountain Laurel, .American laurel, calico-bush, small laurel, wood laurel, spoon--\vood ; ivy, big-leaf ivy, ivy-bush, — clamoun Cpoison ivy). There is to follow an abundantly cross referenced index which will enable the investi- gator to find anj- name in its proper place at once. The work is issued in parts at fifty cents a part, and there are to be about seven parts. The area covered is the northeastern states. Brief Horticultural Jottings Apples without cores or seeds are promised by a discovery an- nounced at .Abbotsford, Canada. According to the announcement a seedless and coreless variety of Fameuse apple has been de- veloped which differs but slightly in shape from an ordinary Fa- meuse by txring longer and flatter at the ends, but with the typical coloring and flavor. Except for a slight marking on the flesh which outlines the situation of the core in an ordinary apple, there are neither core nor seeds. The apples were developed in an orchard at Abbottsford and the (li.scovery that they were out of the ordinary was an accident. They had come from a new block of Fameuse, about eight years old, bearing for the first time in market quantities. That plants grow more quickly by moonlight than by simlight is now being demonstrated at the Hartley Botanical Laboratories of Liverpool University. The research followed the remark dropped by a gardener named Hayes Swanley of the Horticultural College to Miss Elizabeth Semens of Liverpo<^)l University that cucum- bers grew two or three inches more in the moonlight than by daylight and the seeds germinated better under the moon. Miss Semens began experimenting and in the last six weeks has made considerable progress by artificial light. She finds that the polarized light of the moon gives a spurt to seed germination and that polarized artificial light has a similar effect. Miss Semens says that moonlight can be polarized only during certain phases of the moon. She finds that when seeds are exposed in tanks of water to the direct action of the moon germination is greatly quickened. When there is no moonlight she exposes starch grains to polarized artificial light and finds that they break down, pro- ducing little masses of dextrin and sugar crystals. She says the outer skin of the leaf acts as its own polarizing apparatus and it is believed that we may be on the eve of learning what occurs within the leaf itself. — Xew York Herald. \Vild flower gardens make good sanctuaries for birds and bees, which are often in danger of starving to death through the whole- sale cutting of wayside weeds. I hope to see all the Audubon societies of America interesting themselves in w^ayside gardening, making waste places to blossom as the rose, that they may be- come perpetual feeding grounds for bird and bee and thus protect our growing crops, which are everywhere being destroyed by hungry birds and bc-es. — A. V. G. The fact that Bouvardias when propagated from root cuttings are likely to show variations in color was pointed out by George F. Stewart in his greenhouse notes. Double flowered varieties have also been known to revert to singles when propagated by this method. The item in the last issue of the Chroxicle, extolling the virtues of hot laundry soap as a cure for the poisoning caused from han- dling Primula obconica, prompts me to ask for the name of that particular brand of soap. I am one of the unfortunates who cannot touch any part of this plant without suffering for several days after from a crop of watery blisters, no matter whether in a perspiring state or as "cool as a cucumber" when the contact is made. I shall admit, however, that the resulting itch is much more atmoying the -warmer one gets. Bathing with good hot soapy water was tried once and it did produce an effect, but it was something akin to an electric shock, which impelled an ungainly attempt to dance. Sponging with alcohol (before prohibition) would give temporary relief, but sugar of lead solution is the best remedy in my experience thus far. The strangest thing of it all is, that previous to ten years ago, I could handle this plant with immunity. In this connection there is one plant the name of which I shall always remember. It is Laportea gigas, a tropical plant closely related to the common stinging nettle. Some years ago my bare arm came into contact with the spiteful plant, and a violent throb- bing immediately began under the affected arm, accompanied by a feeling of nauseaticn which lasted for several minutes. Relief was obtained by the free use of alcohol (outside application only) and for several days white blotches showed where the fierce, stinging hairs had bitten. H. E. Dowxer. New Jersey's agricultural department hopes to produce a blue- berry one inch long. Millions of Americans reading that will look bac'K to days when they used to pick huckleberries smaller than the tip of their little finger, bending over to reach the bushes, a few inches high. How rich the human race would be if it 'would confine its energies to getting wealth out of Nature and the generous earth, instead of one man trying to get it from his neighbor, or one nation from its conquered enemy ! Plans are rapidly perfecting for the early distribution of one Rose Mary Wallace and probably two of the new Dr. Van Fleet Hybrids, to be introduced b\' the American Rose Society who at present is co-operating with the Department of Agriculture for this purpose. Any firm, wholesale or retail, desiring to make ap- plication for these, sf'ould write for terms at once to Robert Pyle. President .\merican Rose Society, West Grove, Pa. • Wm> Fio^-Et Gathekeis 46 GARDENERS' CHROMCLE National Association Of Gardeners Secretary's Office, 286 Fifth Ave., New York 1923 Convention, Pittsburgh, Pa. (Date not decided.) The aims of the association are to elevate the profession of gardening by improving conditions within it. — To cement a closer bondship among all engaged in, and interested in. gardening — to create a greater confidence be- tween employer and employee. Co-optrating with the Mass.ichnsetts .Agricultural College, the association conducts a course in training young men for the profession, whereby they obtain theoretical knowledge as well as practical experience. OFFICERS 1923 President \'ice-President John Barnet, Sewickley, Pa. William Gray, Newf'ort, R. 7. Secretary Treasurer M. C. Ebel, New York, N. Y. Montague Free, Brooklyn, N. Y. TRUSTEES (For 1923)— Thomas W. Head, D. L. Mackintosh, Arthur Smith, New Jersey: Robert Cameron, Massachusetts; Andrew L. Dorward, Rhode Island. DIRECTORS— (To serve until 1924) William Hertrick, California; George H. Pring, Missouri; Robert Weeks, Ohio; Thomas Wilson, New York; Harold Bryant, Connecticut; Harry Cartwright, Michigan; H. Ernest Downer, New York. (To serve until 1925) George Wilson, Illinois; James Stuart, New York; William Kleinheinz, Pennsylvania; Edwin Jenkins, Massachusetts; Carl N. Fohn, Colorado; Joseph Tansey, New York; John Tonkin, Pennsylvania. (To serve until 1926) Alexander Michie, New York; George F. Stewart, Massachusetts; Theodore Wirth, Minnesota; George W. Hess, District of Columbia; R. P. Brydon, Ohio; William C. Rust, Massa- chusetts; Charles Schrall, Wisconsin. SUSTAINING MEMBERS New Yc^k — Mrs. T. J, Albright, i^orge F. B.iker, Edwin S. Bayer, Henri Bendel, Albert Clayburgh. W. R. Coe. Mrs. F. .\. Constable, Paul 1). Cravath. Mrs. W'. Bayard Cutting, Mrs. Charles Daniels, Cleveland H. Dodge, Mrs. David Dows. Frank J, Dupignac, Mrs. Coleman du Pont, Childs Frick, W. H. Gratwick, Daniel Guggenheim, Mrs. W. D. Guthrie, Mrs. B. A. Haggin, Mrs. William P. Hamilton, Mrs. John Henry Hammond, T. A. Havemeyer, Mrs. L. A. Herman, Anton G. Hodenpyl, B. H. Howell, C. O. Islin, Otto H. Kahn, Mrs. Frank B. Keech, W. Eugene Kimball, L. C. Ledyard, Jr., Adolph Lewisohn, John Magee, Mrs. Julius McVicker, Morton H. Meinhard, Mrs. Eugene Meyer, Jr., J. Pierpont Morgan, Mrs. J. Pierpont Morgan, Stanley G. Mortimer, Mrs. Harold I. Pratt, John T. Pratt, E. F. Price, Mrs. Wm. A. Read, H. D. Roosen, Chas. A. Sherman, Mrs. Samuel Sloan, Beni. Stern, Mrs. W. Stursberg. Daniel Tatum, Mrs. R.M.Thompson, Wm. Bovce Thompson, Mrs. Edward Thorne, Mrs. Henry M. Tilford, Carll Tucker, Samuel Untermyer, Mrs. Harold T. White, Mrs. Payne Whitney, E. L. Young. New Jersey — Charles Bradley, Joseph P. Day, James B. Duke, Mrs. Lewis L. Dunham, Mrs. Frederick Frelinghuysen, Mrs. K. S. Goodrich, Mrs. Gustav E. Kissel, C. Lewis. Mrs. Paul Moore, Hubert T. Parson, Leland H. Ross. P. S. Strauss, Mrs. John I. Waterbury, Mrs. Ridley Watts, Sanders Wertheim. Pennsvlvania — Samuel T. Bodine, Gen. Richard Coulter, Mrs. J. D. Lyon, R. B. Mellen, Gifford Pinchot, George F. Tyler, Edward A. Woods. Delaware — Irenee du Pont, Pierre S. du Pont, Harrv G. Haskell. Conncclicut — E. Dimon Bird, Dr. Tracy Farnam. Mrs. Tracy Farnam, George M. Hendee, Miss A. B. Jennings, H. F. Schwarz, W. H. Truesdale, Edward L. Wemple, William Ziegler, Jr. Rhode Island — R. Livingston Beeckman. Massachusetts— Wks M. R. Case, Mrs. William C. Conant, George P. Dike, Mrs. Louis Frothingham, Henry S. Hunnewell, E. K. Lawrie, Henry Penn, Mrs. C. G. Rice, Prof. C. S. Sargent, Mrs. J. A. Spoor, .Mrs. Bavard Thayer. New Hampshire — F. G. Webster. Ohio — F. F. Drury, H. S. Firestone, Mrs. Francis F. Prentiss, John L. Severance, H. S. Sherman, H. L. Thompson. Michigan — J. B. Schlotmann, E. D. Speck. Indiana — Theodore F. Thieme. Illinois — A. Watson Armour, Harry B. Glow, A. B. Dick, Clayton Mark, Mrs. Julius Rosenwald, Mrs. F. W. Upham. Minnesota — Mrs. Chester A. Congdon. F. H. Stoltze. lowa—tArs. G. B. Douglas. Missouri — August A. Busch, Dr. George T. Moore. W. Virginia — Mrs. Arthur Lee. Cccrgia — .Xsa G. Candler, Jr., G. fjumby Jordan. South Carolina — Robert S. Mebane. LOCAL BRANCHES NEWPORT, R. I.: .\ndrcw L. Dorward, chairman; Frederic Carter, secretai y. ST. LOUIS, MO.: George H. Pring, chairman; Hugo M. Schaff, secretary. NASSAU COUNTY, L. I.: James Duthic, Oyster Bay, chairman; John McCuIl'.c h. Oyster Bay, secretary. BOSTON, MASS.: Robert Cameron. Ipswich, chairman; W. N. Craig, Weymouth, sccrctaiy. WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA: Manus Curran, Sc\vickley, chairman; Henry Goodband, Sewickley, secretary. WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA BRANCH A meetinK of tlie members of the al)ove Branch was held in tlic Carnegie Library. Pittsbursh, on Jan. 16th. There was a Rood attendance considering the inclement weather. It was propo.senvcntion, which will be held this year at Pittslmrgh during the middle of .August, when the Western Pennsylvania Branch of the association meets again on the 20th of the month. The chairmen of the various coniinittees will he announced, and it is hoped that the headquarters and meeting place of the convention can also be determined. Members of Pittsburgh, Sewickley, and vicinity, are manifesting keen interest and enthusiasm, and are going to leave nothing undone to make the Pittsburgh convention an event long to be remembered. President I'arnet feels very much encouraged over the outlook as he has already received nuiuerous letters froin luenibers in different parts of the country, stating their intention of attending, thus assuring a representative body of the association at the next annual meeting. THE TENTH INTERNATIONAL FLOWER SHOW Tluise who have not secured the liiial schedule of premiums to be awarded at the Tenth International Flower Show can obtain a copy by inaking application to John Young. Secretary. 4,^ West ISth .St., New York City. Everything indicates that the show will be the most successful as well as the luost interesting and instruc- tive of any show yet staged. The Garden Club nf .America is taking an active part so that the social feature will not be over- looked. It is said that the lav-out of the show' this year will be difTerent in character from the past shows. Judging from the entries already received, there will be no lack of interest in the coiupetitive classes. Small exhibits will be as welcome as the lar.go ones, and if you cjiter only one, you will be doing more than he who fails to enter at all, The show inana.ger, Arthur ITerring- tiMi, one of our members, shoidd have your support. For February. 1923 47 ^iililiiiniiiiiiiiiilillliinilllllllllllllllllllilllililiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim^ Kniniiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiminiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ LOCAL SOCIETIES NASSAU CO. HORT. SOCIETY Tlie monthly meeting of iis society was held on January 10 in Pemhroke ' Hall. President James Gladstone iKcupied the chair. John Hess of Locust Valley and James McManus of Glen Cove were elected to active membership: one petition for ac- tive membership was received at the meeting. The dinner committee reported progress, and that the dinner will be held at the Commo- dore Hotel, Glen Wood, on January 25. The exhibits of the evening were judged by Ben Sutherland. William Carter, and Joe Boeh- ler. President Gladstone presented the Stumpp and Walter Cup to James Mc- Carthy, for a fine collection of vegetables at the Mum Show. The e.xhibits for the Feb- ruary meeting will be 50 violets. 6 sprays of stocks, and pot or pan of narcissus. Arthur Cooke, Cor. Secy. TUXEDO HORT. SOCIETY The annual meeting of the above society was held on January 3. The following were elected as officers for 1923 : President. Wil- liam Ellings ; vice-president, Anton Nelson ; treasurer, Duncan MacGregor : secretary, James Davidson. Executive Committee : David Macintosh. Joseph Tansey, Ezra Wilson, Thomas Lyons, John Livingstone. The annual reports were read, and routine business transacted. J.\MKS D.wiDsnx, Secv. TARRYTOWN HORT. SOCIETY The above society held its 22nd Annual Banquet on the evening of January 9 at the Floretice Inn. .\s usual the weather was rough, but nevertheless sixty-five members and friends came together and a merry time was enjoyed by all. Robert A. Pattison of the Tarrytown National Bank was toast- master, Daniel J. Cashin, one of the wittiest men in Yonkers, the Rev. W. F. Irwin, Ernest F. Griffin, president of the village of Tarrytow-n, and Charles D. Millard, super- visor of the town of Greenburgh, were the speakers. Former Senator Charles P. Mc- Clelland was unable to be present on account of illness and for the same reason, F. R. Pierson, one of the society's strongest back- ers, wa^ obliged to be absent for the first time. The Westchester Male Quartet gave several fine selections. They led the gather- ing in the singing of old and new songs and made the evening a very jolly one. The gathering was welcomed by Thomas Wilson, president of the society, who briefly outlined the work of the society for tlie past year. T. A. Weston of the Florists' E.xchange was the first speaker and in his talk, he said that the Tarrytown shows are second only to those held in New York City, none of the other shows in the country equal them, and certainly none surpass them. Westchester and Fairfield Society was ably represented by William J. Sealcy, William Smith, and George W. Strange. After the .songs had become exhausted, the party broke up about twelve o'clock, the guests saying that they hoped they never would see the time when they would refuse to accept an invitation from the Tarrytown Hort. Society. WiLLLwr Gr.\h.\m. WESTCHESTER AND FAIRFIELD HORT. SOCIETY The monthly meeting of this society was held at Greenwich on January 9. By the manner of the members and the questions that were brought before the meeting, the year 1923 bids to be a banner year. It was Ideal 30" tnow- er cuts a 30 inch swath and mows from 6 to 7 acres a day OXLV frequent cutting and rolling will pro- duce that .smooth, carpet-like effect seen in well-kept lawns. Ideal Power Lawn Mowers do both in one operation at less than one-third the cost when done by hand. An unskilled man at laborer's wages may be safely trusted to oiJerate the simple, fool-proof mechan- ism. He will cut from a half to a full acre an hour, trimming the borders closely and rolling the open spaces to velvety smoothness. The moderate cost of maintaining a park-like lawn is obvious. Uiuslrated descriptive literature, prices and valuable in- formation on the care of laions milt be mailed upofi request. IDEAL POWER LAWN MOWER CO. R. E. Olds, Chainuan Hi Kalamazoo Street, Lansing, Michigan New York, 13-19 Hudson St. Chicago, H East Harrison St. Dealers in all Principal Cities. IDEAL Power Lawn Mowrers Ideal Junior cuts a swath 22 inches u> i d e. Capacity from 3 to 4 acres a day iiriiiiiiiiiiiiri]ttitii[iiiiiiiii!iiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii]]|[niNiiiii[i[[iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiriiiiii^^^^ AXFIXO TKe Superior Nicotine Dust IT" T T T C aphis, thrips, white fiy, mealy bug, red spider, acacia scale, leaf- ^AA-'LiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiii|iiiiiiiiii Chemical Division. Ne-w Jersey 48 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE Water Lilies Thrive From North To South Tricker's W'ati-r Lilies grow luxuriously and bloom freely from Canada to Mexico, proving their ability to meet all conditions if giv::n sunshine, soil and water. My 1923 Catalogue featuies hardy Water Lilies for large es- tates, tender varieties for tubs and artificial pools, with aquatic plants for borders and screens. Write for a copy. WILLIAM TRICKER Water Lily Specialist 664 Forest St., Arlington, N. J. vcn,' apparent that the die-hards must have been either overwhehned or absent. It was decided among tlie members present that the society should hold a Fall flower show which will be on more elaborate lines, than any previously held in this vicinity. T. J. Bulpitt's resignation as correspond- ing secretary was read and received with regret, and Andrew Kneukes was unani- mously elected to succeed him. The society's medals for the highest num- ber of points for exhibits at meetings dur- ing 1922 were awarded as follows: For flow- ers, VVm. Smith, silver medal ; H. F. Bul- pitt, bronze medal; for vegetables, James Linanc, silver medal; H. F. Bulpitt, bronze medal. Judging by the merits of the exhibits at this meeting for the monthly prizes from the A. N. Pierson and John H. Troy fund, com- petition will be even more keen than in the past. Reports for the past year and flower show were received from the secretary, George Hewitt, and treasurer, James Stuart. A rising vcrte of thanks was given them for their work and the si)lendid reports made by them, which sliowed tlic society to bo in good financial standing and very creditable to the officers in charge. The profits from the September Dahlia Show which was held in the Y. M. C. A., Greenwich, in co-operatii)n with the Green- wich, Rye and Riverside Garden Clubs were distributed as follows ; Port Chester United Hospital, $1,000; Grccinvich Hospital, $1,000. The annual dinner of this society will be held at the Lawrence Inn, Mamaroneck, on Thursday, February 8th. A very cordial invitation was extended to the members present from the Stamford Hort. Society for the members and the friends of this society to join them at their entertainment and social gathering in the .•Xgricultural Hall at Stamford, which is the headquarters of that society, on Tuesday, February 6. T. J. Bui.pitt, Cor. Sec. OF ST. LOUIS ASSOCIATION GARDENERS The January meeting of the St. Louis As- sociation of Gardeners was held at the For- est Park Greenhouses January 4th. The meeting was opened by President John i We Are Tellins It To You As She Told It To Us "You recall that advertisement of yours, about having one of your crystal gardens so located that one could look right out the window and see the flowers a'bloom in its perpetual summerland, regardless of whether it was December or May? Straightway after reading it. I sent for your catalog, and looking through it slowly, leaf by leaf, lingered at the one on Page 27. Turning to the window. I looked out and saw it in my mind's eye, just as it would look. After which you know what happened. Looking up from my writing this, the yard is piled with snow drifts and the wind is howling like a hungry wolf, but it is perpetual summer in the bloom filled greenhouses. They are tilled with flowers and I am filled with the joy of their possession." That's what this contentment filled owner of two of our houses recently wrote to us. Her first move to their possession was to send for a catalog. HitcKings^Company HO.ME OrriCK ,\NI) IWCTOKY: KI.IZ.VHKTII, N. .1. Tliilirlclplil:, lU.-lnn-l TDAOC U KrI IN U MARK = PULVERIZED Sheep Manure Wonderful natural fertilizer for amateur or professional growers — un equaled for lawn, flowers, vetfctables, fruits and shrubs — effectively sicrilired — no weeds or chemicals— safe and dependable. Ask your seed or ffarden supply man for WIZARD BRAND or write direct for full information. The Pulverized Manure Company No. 18 Union Stock Yard*, Ckic«ca ANBOPEA High Grade Stock of Ornamental Trees and Slinib.'*. Catalog on request. ANDORRA NURSERIES WM. WARNKU IIAKPKK, I'rnp. Chestnut Him. Piiii.adf.lphia For February: 1923 49 Moritz, and the attendance was large. Anthony M. Ward, vocational student at the Missouri Botanical Garden, presented an illustrated lecture on "The L'se of Explos- ives in Gardening." Mr. Ward has had con- siderable experience in this phase of garden- ing, and his lecture proved to be of particular interest to those present, because few have had very extensive experience along this line of work. He described the use of ex- plosives in detail, touching on the subject of the use of explosives to i>reparc the soil for the planting of trees, subsoiling, drainage, and the removal of stumps and rocks. Nearly every one present took part in the discussion which followed the lecture. L. P. Jensen, Cor. Sec. THE CLEVELAND HORT. SOCIETY The above Society held its regular meet- ing Jan. 11th. J. M. Stevens, the newly elec- ted president, took the chair. Regular busi- ness was transacted ; two new members were elected, P. W. Popp, W. E. Marshall Co., New York, and W. E. Attwood, Johnson's Seed Store, Cleveland. The growing of prepared hyacintlis was discussed and how to get them in bloom for Christmas. It seems that the majority of the gardeners could not get them for that time and in course of discussion, it was con- cluded that bulbs did not arrive early enough in this section. Carnation rust was next discussed ; pre- vention and cure. As a preventative, spray- ing with lime and sulphur, 1 to 40, twice during the Summer in the field, was thought by some to be good : the use of fungicide and sulphur preparations in the greenhouse. Iris Tingitana was another subject. Very few of the members are growing it this year, but the few who are seem to be successful with it. The state laws on injurious deseases and insect pests, and die examination of nursery stock was brought up for consideration but was laid over for future discussion. W. J. Bruce, Secy. MORRIS CO. (N. J.) GARDENERS' AND FLORISTS' SOCIETY The twenty-seventh annual dinner of the society was held at the Mansion House, Morristown, on January 17, and, as usual, it was a notable event. The dining room was attractively decorated with roses, carnations, begonias, and other flowering plants. The program included an excellent orchestra, and local talent who rendered popular songs and some witty sketches, ably assisted by Andrew Wilson, who is always a welcome entertainer at local society functions. Charles Weathered served as toastmaster and is known as a past master of that art. .\mong the principal speakers were Arthur Herring- ton, who, as president of the New York Florists' Club, responded to a toast to that club, and Charles Totty who spoke as an ex-president of the S. A. F. and O. H. George Masson, representing the Elberon. N. J., Gardeners' Society was also one of the speakers of the evening. Edward Rea- gan, who retired a year ago and moved to another section of the country, was a wel- come guest. As ex-secretary of the society, he spoke of its progress which at times had been through thorny paths, as well as beds of roses. The entire object of true education is to make people not merely do the right thing, but enjoy the right things; not merely in- dustrious, but to love industry ; not merely learned, 'but to love knowledge ; not merely pure but love purity; not merely just, but to hunger and thirst after Justice. — John Rusk in. For the Man Who Loves ACTION! Here's a tool with the "PEP" and the "GO" that will delight any man looking for quick and thorough restilts. The BOLENS is a light tractor adapted to act as motive power for the culti- \ator, seeder or lawn mower. It will do many times more work liian the man with the hoe or hand mower. It will go where horses cannot get and it will do a class of work that will please the most fastidious gardener. BOLENS Power Hoe and Lawn Mower Tractor So easy to operate that boys and girls can handle it and find drudging work transformed into a fascinating and de- lightful play. You do not even need a demonstration to show you how to work it. Both tools and tractor are always under perfect control. The various implements can be at- tached quickly and easily without the use of a wrench. Special snap hitches enable the operator to change instantly from lawn mowing to seeding and cultivating. Descripth'e circulars explaining merits in detail gladly sent upon request. GILSON MANUFACTURING COMPANY 215 Park St., Port Washington, Wis., U. S. A. iiNiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiitinnminiiiitiiitiniiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^^ CONINE NURSERY CO. East Main St. Est,il>lislied 189.i Stratford, Conn. Reference Dun IN LARGE SIZES OF Hemlock, Biotas, Pines, Retinos- poras. Blue and White Spruce. We have the BEST stock in the UNITED STATES. We also have a gcod assortment of Gen- eral Nursery Stock including splendid roses and standard roses. // you want the finest DAHLIAS the Giants — true to name — we have them. Send for our catalogue, which is a handbook for dahlia growers. SOMERHOUSEN DAHLIA GARDENS Chestnut Hill Philadelphia Iliiliiiillillllllll IlllliilllHliii illliiillin IIIIIIIII1IIIII1IIIIIII1IJIII1IIIII HI 50 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE THE FELLING OF A GIANT REDWOOD Kenneth Craig (Seventeen year old son of II'. X. Crui};) \oble monarcli of past ages, Towering proudly towards the sky, Speak to us — turn o'er your pages — That we may learn before you die. Giant redwood of the W'cstland, Mightiest of this wide world's woods, Man has come — and you must go — ■ A mere part of his earthly goods. Tell us first before you leave us, Untliinking mortals though we be. Of marvels unfolded before thee, Wonderful bits of history. First, of when in bygone ages Struggling upwards towards the sun, Fighting always, never resting. Until at last you won ! you won ! When, as but a tender sapling Shadowed o'er by taller growth. Of the hardships that you suffered — Tell us quickly — be not so loath. You ran your race ever upwards. Spurned by some and spuming others ; You witnessed pain, and death, and dread, All the tilings the blue sky covers. .^nd as the years rolled ever on, Xew things were born — things always new. Earth itself was torn asunder ; But still you grew, and grew, and grew. Years when torrents tearing downwards Ripped the earth from round your base. Left you hanging, still undaunted — Conditions changed: you won your race. Times when waters left you thirsty, Torturing rays burned down o'erhead ; Withered, parched, but still unflinching, Until at last your roots were fed. Days when fire, the red-tongued monster. Swept the vast woodlands, razing most To Nature's gasping breast ; but you Were spared — scarred witness of the host. Then the cold, the biting north winds Numbed your core, you missed the pace. But to your rescue, helpless king. Whispered the south wind in your face. The rains, the snows, relentless winds. All fought you, but to no avail ; For still you stand — God's creation — Towering over hill and dale. Now you rest, supreme in stature. Dwarfing others that 'neath you grow. Waving gently o'er the forest. While south winds softly sing and sough. Well, indeed, you have earned your peace. But we — vain, lust-ridden mortals — Think only of our present needs. So, old tree, ope' up your portals. Now the glistering steel cuts deep, Qear the sounds fall across the mart. Deeper, deeper bite the axes — Searching, probing out your heart. Now you quiver, with each fresh stroke — Why must you die, O noble tree? ^'ou sway— sweep earthward with a crash ! My God, what fools we mortals be ! About This Particular Greenhouse IT happens that only yesterday we re- ceived from our publishers a rather delightful bit of printing called "Glass Gardens," in which a complete descrip- tion is given, of an exact duplicate of this particular house. The view point is a bit different, but the plan is the same. As companions, are four other houses- of simpler design and lesser size. Send for this new Glass Garden Circular. Or if you prefer, send for one of us to come and talk over greenhouse possessing with you. lofJL^t BgrnhacmCS* Builders of Greenhouses and Conservatories Irvinglon Nrw York Cltvt-land 407 Ulmer BIdg. Eastrrn Factory Irvington. N. Y. New York 30 E. -12nd St. Atlanta Atlanta Trust Co. Bids. Western Factory De5 Plaines. ill. Philadelphia Land Title BIdg. Kansas City Commerce BIdg. Canadian Factory St. Catharines, Ont. Chicago Cont. Bk. BIdg. Denver 1247 So. Emerson St. Boston — 11 Little BIdg. Toronto Harbor Commission BIdg. Joseph Manda Co. Orchids Our Specialty Send for Our Catalogue 191 Valley Road Wnt Orange, N. J. i.MteS: ~3j>i ORCHIDS Wp «r<> SiicrlallHta In OrihlilH. \\> collect. Krnw, lmtM>rt. 4>xport and iii>11 orchids ex- cluilvplj. If yon arc In the niiirkrt for Orchlda, wc HoUclt yonr Intpilrlcii niul ordcm, Cflta- loffUCH and npt'clnl llfttn on nppllcntlon. LACER & HURRELL trthK GfOMn ui4 laptrlvi Summll, N. .J. Bees don't wliinc, they hum while work- ing. And how they co-operate! Result, honey. "A Garden for Every Home." MULLER-SEALEY CO.. INC. 145 West 45lh St. New York City HARRY BALDWIIM M&nufftotnrar of Greenhouse Shading Lath Roller Blinds IVIAiIVfARONECK. N. Y. For February, 1923 51 GUMMING OF FRUIT-TREES If it were always possible to trace every- thing to its source, it would be found that gumming in stone fruits in most cases had its origin in a deficiency of lime in the soil. Other causes doubtless may lead up to it, such as deep planting, or planting in too rich soil. Much injury is done by cropping the borders in which the choicer kinds of stone fruits are planted. The digging and manur- ing of the ground to meet the wants of the surface crops are sure sooner or later to throw the trees out of gear and bring on many evils, not the least of which is fre- quently a host of suckers, caused by the spade or fork injuring the roots, or by the manures which are used for the crops grow- ing in the border. It is well known to most experienced culti- vators that Peaches and Apricots do best in firm soil, but if the top spit is under spade culture, the roots must go down to a lower stratum for the firmness they need, and far away from the beneficial influence of solar warmtli ; the growth comes late and cannot ripen properly, and is more susceptible to in- sect attacks. It may be thought when a young tree is first planted, that as the roofs cannot occupy all the soil the border may at least be used for something until the trees reciuire it. This is plausible reasoning, and so early Peas, Potatoes, Tomatoes, and other crops are planted, the man with the spade goes to work, and the bad system once begun is continued. Again, very few think when planting young trees that it may be necessary in most soils to mix a little old plaster or lime in some other form with the soil but to obtain clean, healthy growth, lime is an absolute necessity. Of course, on a chalk or limestone formation the natural soil contains sufficient lime for the wants of the trees, and those accustomed to note such things can tell by their appearance if the trees are getting their wants attended to. — Gardening Illus- trated. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiilig To be honest, to be kind — to earn a h'ttle and spend a little less : to make, upon the whole, a family happier for his presence ; to renounce, when that shall be necessary, and not be embittered ; to keep a few friends, but these without capitulation — above all, on the same grim conditions — to keep friends with himself — here is a task for all that a man has of fortitude and delicacy! — Steven- son. DAHLIAS Sfiecialists in World's Best Creations offer i Gold Medal Hybridized Dahlia Seed— 100 seeds : for $3.00. These seeds aie crosses of Marean's ; Best with California Superbas. Seed sown ; March 1 st. flowers August 30. -Sow February i 1st to April 1st for succession. Free catalogue. ; LINCOLN WAY GARDENS, Abbottslown, Pa. WA IMXE D I Active man to book orders for fruit and | i ornamental trees, roses, shrubbery, etc.. and | i appoint sub-agents; also to act as District | i Supeiintendent, Commissions weekly. Experi- i I ence unnecessary, selling equipment free. | I Apply at once. I KNIGHT & BOSTWICK I Newark, Wayne Co., New York | >< / ^ K CUT FLOWER BOXES EDWARDS FOLDING BOX CO MANUrACTURERS PHILADELPHIA. PA. -i \ / k SCHLING'S NOVELTIES FOR 1923! You must have these in your garden next Summer 1. "INDL^N SUMMER"^SchUn?'s won^ derful new, snap dragon — Rich velvety cop- per led, flower spikes as large as gladioli, indescribably beautiful— pkt. $1.00. 2. "SCHLIXG'S SUNBURST COLLEC- TION" of giant Dahlia Zinnias — Marvelous double blooms. Dahlia-like in size and ap- pearance, lovely pastel shades— Tyriaii Rose, Mallow Purple. Cadmium, Apiicot, Oriole, etc.. the collection of 12 colors — $5.00. 3. "LOYALTY"— a new dwarf bedding Viscaria. Large Cornflower blue, 8 inches high, very bushy and always in bloom. Each flower a tiny wild rose in form^ex- quisite for bedding — pkt. 50c. 4. "INNOCENCE"— a beautiful, pure white betiding Viscaria — A splendid companion to "Loyalty." Fkt. 50c. 5. "BLUE I^CE FLOWER" — (Queen Anne's Blue Lacej^a charming new novelty — exquisite shade of pale lacey blue, bom on long giaceful stems— pkt. 50c. 6. "GAZANIA SPLENT>ENS GRANDI- FLORA" — Daisy -like blossoms 2'i inch across, in entrancing shades of cream, terra cotta. sunset yellow, primrose, etc., zoned with markings of brown and silver and edged w^th deep biown — easily grown — pkt. 75c. 7. "VIOLET QUEEN"— a new bedding Petunia, deep, velvety, violet blue — a lare gcna- pkt. 50c. 8. " CYNOGLOSSUM HEAVENLY BLUE "—A sparkling tower of forget-me- not blue flowers, borne on, 18 inch stems — A great addition to your blue garden — pkt. 50c. This entire collection of S novelties for $8.00 Group A (Nos. 1-3-3-4) $6.00 Group B (Nos. 5-6-7-8) $2.00 Single varieties priced as above. 28 West 59tli St. ^Khi\g^ Seeds ^'^''^ ^""^'^ ^'^^ i N. B.— Our new "Bc-ik for aGrden Lovers" liescrilies these and many other Schling novel- | i tics in greater detail— free with order or 25c a copj- — where shall we send you yours? | fi iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Ill III! I I iiiiiiiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiih? RECOME A ^DSCAPE ■J|V EHgnified, Exclusive Pro- ^ fession not overrun with --' competitors. Crowded with opportunity for money- making and big fees. $5,000 to $10,000 incomes attained by experts. ~ Easy to master under our correspond- ence methods. Diploma awarded. We assist students and graduates in getting started and developing their businesses. Established 1916. Write for information; it will open your eyes. Do it today. American Landscape School. 78F Niewark, N. Y. RHODODENDRON Maximum KALMIA Latifolia Northern Grown Stock In Carload Lots RHODODENDRONS in car lots AZALEAS, in variety, in car lots Fruit Trees and Fruit Plants La France Fall and Ever- bearing Raspberry Plants Write for price and General Price List THE MORRIS NURSERY CO. 1133 Broadway New York, N. Y. Nursery Grown TSUGA CANADENSIS WATER WORN STEPPING STONES for garden walks and walls. Buy your stock direct from the grower. Send for Price List. The Charles G. Curtis Co. CALLICOON, N. Y. = II I DAHLIAS FOR DELIGHT Our iyJ3 Illustrated Catalogue and Cultural Notes listing the world's finest Dahlias free upon icquest. QUANNAPOWITT DAHLIA GARDENS Wakefield, Mass. New Improved 1 923 ^Beeman Models America 's Pioneer Small Tractors PLANT NAMES AND THEIR MEANINGS is the title of a series of articles now appearing in The American Botanist where a multitude of other things of interest to the plant lover are also discussed. Quarterly, $1.50 a year; specimen copy, 25 cents. THE AMERICAN BOTANIST Joliet, III. Bceman Trader Co. \:i*^^l^j^.^' !-ir.M^rketHanknidK.--'-7.->X ▼■ ■■[.oils. Minn. _■ '"L^'-Js.. OUAIITY RED POTS Hade of best material by skilled labor, uniformly burned and carefully packed. Fanoii "Hoss-AztM" Ware iDcludea Azalea Pota, Fem Dishes, Hongin* BaaketJ. Lawn Vasea. etc. Write for catalogue aod price list The Zane Pottery Company So. Zanenllls, Ohia 52 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE THINGS AND THOUGHTS OF THE GARDEN {Continued from page 32) Having just killed free seeds, will it be necessary next to This is a matter worth serious con- horticutural interests of the United scotch free bulbs sideration by the States. A Gardners' Chronicle reader wants to know if the writer can recommend the Rose, Gloire de Dijon, as a garden rose. I would say that I have grown it successfully outdoors in New England for over a quarter of a century. This good old rose has been in commerce for seventy years and remains one of the most popular varieties in Europe today. I well remember thirt}--five years ago when filling orders for hardy roses, that every customer would insist on having "at least one Glory" put in the bundle. Although a tea, it wintered successfully with the same protection given other roses in Brookline, Mass. and flowered very persistently. .\ gentleman in Hing- ham. on the south shore of JNIassachusetts, classes it as one of his finest climbers and it covers a good portion of the front of his house. Abroad it is grown as a dwarf, standard, and climber; here it is best treated as a climber and laid down in Winter. I feel sure that many amateurs as well as professionals would do well with this grand old rose. The color is buff with an orange, yellow centre and the flower is large, full, and fragrant. Many firms ofifer it, — why not trj' it ? :i; * * * * ^'ermont has long been noted as a state whose dairy products, turkeys, anil maple syrup are of the highest quality. We all know the Green Mountain State as a delightful spot in Summer, and Winter sports have given it still further eclat. It may occasion surprise to some to learn that the apple industry in this cold New England .state bids fair to ont-do the maple sugar industry in im- portance. At Bennington, Vt., there is now one orchard covering no less than three thousand acres with fifty-five thousand apple trees, ana twenty thousand more of p>ears, plums, quinces and cherries. The most up to date scientific methods are used here and commencing in 1923, it is hoped to send out a train load of apples daily during the height of the apple season from this and some other Liennington orchards. Baldwin, Rhode Island Greening, and Mcintosh Red are the leading apples, the red colored sorts being grown in much the greatest quantities. The question is occasionally raised, what is the most IKipular rose in the world today? I would unhesitatingly plump for the Gloire de Dijon. Introduced by Jacotot of Dijon, France, as long ago as 1850, no other rose has attained such a widespread popularity. It is equally good abroad as a bush, standard, climber, pergola, for pegging down or for walls. It has buff or salmon colored flowers, and is very fragrant. Here in Massachusetts it will with- stand 15 to 20 degrees below zero, and on the South Shore, it proves to be one of the finest climbers. This gran:! old rose is worthy of increased culture. Unlike our regular ramblers, Gloire de Dijon is a peri>etual !)lconier and has a fragrance peculiar to the teas, lacking in most of our ramblers. It is interesting to recall some of the earliest l''rench introductions among roses ; between 1840 and 1853 there were sent out such splendid sorts as Cloth of Gold, 1843; Prevost, 1842; Blairii, 1845; Celine Forester, 1840; Geant de Batailles. 1846; General Jacque- minot, 1852 ; Jules Margotten, 1853 ; and Gloire de Dijon, 1850. About all these roses are still in culture, surely a tribute to their worth. WHEN BUYING MARL BUY THE BEST Medford Potash Marl Finely Pulverized — Practically Free of Moisture. Write for Circular and Name of Nearest Dealer. GARFIELD WILLIAMSON Sole U liulesale Distributor 46 West Broadway, New York Manufacturers of "F. & I." Golf Green and Uniform Brand To- bacco Stems, Dusts and Powders. Prepare Notv for the Green Velvety Lawn You'll Want Next Spring As an ideal winter mulch for lawns, "F. & I." — nature's fertilizer and insecticide — is the logical choice of lawn and garden experts who rnake careful comparisons. "F. & I." is both a fertilizer and an insecti- cide— a purely vegetable product which rap- idly disintegrates, adding valuable humus to riie soil. "F. & I." is applied exactly as you would use an animal manure — yet it contains HI) insect pest? or weed seeds and is free from objectionable odor. Write today for literature and prices. The F. & I. Tobacco Prod. Co. 115-14.'; Fulton St. Lancaster, Pa., U. S. A. ; iiiiimttiM 3IIUIIIII iraiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiffliimiiiiiifflffliiimiii iiiiimiimfflmimmmiifflinimimiiiiffliiiiiiimiiiiiimiiimmimiuimiiii i| ™i" iiraiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiii iiimin imn"" i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK OF Trees, Shrubs, Vines and | Herbaceous Perennials | By JOHN KIRKEGAARD j i Formerly Assistant to IHrcctoT of the Royal Botanical Gardens, | i Copenhagpni, Dpfimark. Latterly Twenty Years g = in American Forestry and Botanical Work = I Illustrations in Sepia. Planting Plans. 410 pages. | j 8vo. Beautifully bound in cloth. Price $2.50 net. | § Mailing price $2.71. I i The character of inform-ition may he summed up in the sub- 5 1 title of the book-THE HARDY AND ORNAMENTAT, VA- z a RIETIES: THEIR CHARArTF.KISTirS: INes: niid TREAT- s I MENT. I I THE CHRONICLE PRESS, INC. j I 286 FIFTH AVE. NEW YORK, N. Y. | iiininiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiii inniiiimiiinmfliiiHinngmM Competent Gardeners | The comforts and products of a country | home are increased by employing a competent | gardener ; if you want to engage one, write us. | Please give particulars regarding place and | say whether married or single man is wanted. | We have been supplying them for years to the | best people everywhere. No fee asked. | PETER HENDERSON & CO. j Seedsmen and Florists I 35 and 37 Cortlandt St., NEW YORK CITY j i HnnmumiiitimiHrnmiiimimiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiimim i?^ Siiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiillilliiiiliiiiiiiiiuiiiiuiiiijiiiiiiiii iiii iijiianaiiiiiiijinuui.iiiiiiiiiiisiiiiioiiiimiiiUiiiiiilililiiiiiiiiilNiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiuiiuiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ spiiniiliniinniiiiiiiniiiNiiiiiiiniiiniiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiM iiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiliiNiiilliiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiniiniiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii;: .1r|'nill!IIIIIIIIIIIII!llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilI|[|||||in;i The Insecticide of Recognized Merit for Greenhouse and Garden yV piJI^p IS a concentrated material — mixes readily in water — efficient in its action easily applied — free of the disagreeable odors and features of most insecticides— excellent as a wash for decorative plants. FOR THE GARDEN FOR THE GREENHOUSE — Applied at regular intervals (once each week or ten days) APHINE will keep plants in the greenhouse and conservatory free of insect pests. r UNGINE F°'' mildew, rust and other blights affecting flowers, fruits and vegetables. V ILiVJVlllNll. For worms and insects infesting the soil. As a reme- dy against all sap sucking insects infesting flowers, fruits and vegetables, APHINE is most effective. Sold b\ dealers in various sizes. APHINE MANUFACTURING COMPANY Manufacturers of Agricultural Chemicals MADISON, N. J. E ^lllUllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllNllllllillllilil ^iiijiiiiitiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiHiip ^ililiIiiiiiiiiiiiilllllitiiiiiiiitiii!tiiiii]iiiiiii]iii[fiiiiiiiin[iii;i)iiiiiiiiii[iNiiiiii!iiiii]iiiii[iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiL I'liinililililililliililliiliiliiuiililllililiiiiiiililiii :l||lll|illll|f|l||)i!!(!||||il||| lllliNlltlHI HIIIIN' WILSON'S O. K. PLANT SPRAY Kills Plant Insects, Scale and Mildew Used by Leading Gardeners Bbls. $90, '/, bbls. $50, 10 gals. $20, 5 gals. $10 Wilson •s O.K. Plant Spray The Bugless Way Wilson "s O.K. ^^'eed Killer The Weedless Way Thev are both O.K. The> are tlie Wilsi m \\'ay. (U/iul^tmuhm SPRINGFIELD NEW JERSEY 'i iimiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiii[iniii|]|iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii»iiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiini[iiiiiii{iiiiiiiiiii|i|i|ii^ '"iiuiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiimiiiiiniuiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^^ iiil| """""""'" "'"""""'■"""i''''"'i'™!ii!iiiiimi!i!iniii» iiiiiitiiitiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii|iiiiiiiiiiininiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniini{iii,^ UNEXCELLED FOR LAWNS CROPS FLOWERS Nature's p. bmsH-M^ NON- BURNING Plant Food ODORLESS Used by gardeners of many prominent estates with great success. Potash-Marl grown potatoes were the largest and finest potatoes exhibited at the Stamford Horticul- tural Society for the past two years. PACKED IN 100 LB. BAGS Full Parliciilfirs and Prices Upon Request SOLE PRODUCERS POTASH-MARL, Inc. 15 East 40th Street New York, N. Y. .i view of the beautiful estate of E. X. Ifitricy at Ji'hcaton, Illinois; LOUIS BRUNICK Superintendent of the U. N. Hurley estate JOHN \>\\ \.\ Father of Tree Surgery The Tribute of Louis Brunick to Davey Tree Surgery Wheaton, Illinois The Davev Tree Expert Co., Inc., Kent, Ohio. Gentlemen: The work done on Mr. E. N. Hurlev's cstiite proved very satisfactory. Mr. Hurley thinivs it some of the best work he has ever seen. And 1, myself, higlijy recommend the Davey Tree Expert Company. Respectfully yours, Louis Bruxick, Supt. Every gardener and estate superintendent has a most important work in the saving of trees under his care. Davev Tree Surgerv brings to his aid the highest development of science, plus a generation of experience. A careful examination of your trees will be made bv appointment. Till-: DAVEY TREE E.XPERT CO., Inc., 302 l-.hn .^trcct. Kent. Ohio Branch offices with Iclcfhonc criiiicctil£i«»^i«'^^-^«'^^^i«'^^«»^«'^^^i^^« '^^^^^^'^^-■^^^^ ^ f ^ f « % ^ f ^ ^ ^ BURNETT BROS. THE HOUSE FAMOUS for LAWN GRASS SEED Our Motto: Reliable Seeds and Prompt Service I.awn \'ie\v of Privatn Kstatc Sown with Burnett's "Special" Lawn Grass Mixture. MANY OF THE MOST BEAUTIFUL LAWNS OF THE LEADING PRIVATE ESTATES IN AMERICA, WERE SOWN WITH BURNETT'S FAMOUS GRASS SEED MIXTURES BURNETT'S "SPECIAL" LAWN CRASS MIXTURE The above mixture is made from our own formula, and composed of grasses specially adapted for the purpose of producing turf which retains its rich green color and velvety appearance throughout the entire Summer «nd Fall. Price: Qt. 30c., pk. $2.25, bushel (20 lbs.) $8.00 BURNETT'S "KILLARNEY" LAWN CRASS MIXTURE "Killarney" Lawn Grass Mixture is composed of a combination of the very finest European grasses and fescues, the highest grades possible to procure, and specially adapted for this climate. This mixture weighs 2 5 lbs. to the measured bushel, and is composed of all solid, recleaned seeds of the highest germination. Therefore, owners of large estates requiring a permanent sod and everlasting lawn should by all means use ""Killarney" mixture. Price: Qt. 40c.; pk. $3.00; bushel (25 lbs.) $11.00 "Sow Killarney And Walk On Velvet'' We make a specialty of Lnum Grass Seed and Separate Grasses for all soils and situations, including Golf Courses, Putting Greens, Tennis Courts, etc. ff'rite lor our General Floiver and t egelubic Seed Catnloiiue, also VorcZ/y /is( Mailed Free I'lnm Request. BURNETT BROS., Seedsmen 92 CHAMBERS STREET telephone, Barclay 6138 NEW YORK Dreer's Tree-Shaped Roses We are offering an exceptionally fine lot of tree-shaped Roses with good sturdy straight stems about 3^/2 feet high in the choice and popular varieties noted below. I'ULL-SliAl'LU IvuiLb. CAROLINE TESTOUT. One of the most popular and valu- able bedding" varieties; large, full, globular flowers of bright satiny-rose, with brighter centre, very free and fragrant. CLIO. Delightful satiny-flesh with deep centre; the flowers are large, globular and borne on long stems. COLUMBIA. Popular cut flower and a good bedder, a most pleasing shade of rose- pink and delightfully fragrant. DUCHESS OF WELLINGTON. Intense safTi on yellow stained with deep crimson, changing to a deep coppery saffron -yellow as the flowers develop. Tlie flowers are fairly full, with large petals, great suljstancc, delightfully fragrani. ETOILE DE FRANCE. One of the best of the red varieties: color vivid crinisnn with darker shadings; very double and ihdiciously scented. FRAU KARL DRUSCHKL This is the ideal hardy white Kose, pure in ^hIih*. perlcrt in form, strong grower and le- niarkably ftcf- thnvt-'ring ; superb in every way. GEORGE, C. WAUD. A beautiful variety, possessing an entirely distinct culor — a glowing vermilion with orange- red suffusion. The flowers are large, full, of perfect form and highly tea-scetifed. GRUSS AN TEPLITZ. This is a Rose for everybody, suc- ceeding luider the most ordinary conditions. In color it is itf the richest scarlet, shading to a velvety -crimson; very fragrant, a free, strong grower and in bloom all the time. LADY ALICE STANLEY. Absolutely perfect in every way; form, color, size, freedom of bloom and fragrance; in color it is a beautiful shade of coral-rose, the inside of the petals shading to flesh -pink with deeper flushes. LADY ASHTOWN. One of the freest-flowering varieties. The flowers are large, double with high-pointed centre; and are produced on long stems; color a soft rose, shading' to yellow at the base of the petals. LADY URSULA. A truly magnificent Rose. The flowers produced on evei y shoot are large, full and of great sub- stance and perfect form, with high centre, from which the petals gracefully reflex; in color a delightful tone of flesh- pink, delicately tea- scented. LA TOSCA. Beautiful silvery pink, with deeper centre; a very vigorous grower, with laige double flowers and very free; a splendid bedder. LOS ANGELES. This is, by all odds, one of the finest Roses ever introduced. The growth is very vigorous, and produces a continuous succession of long- stemmed flowers of a luminous flame- pink, toned with coral and shaded with translucent gold at the base of the petals. MAGNA CHARTA. Biight pink, suffused with carmine; a beautiful Rose, ami a strong vigorous grower; one of the best. MME, EDOUARD HERRIOT. the DaUy Mail Rose. In color its buds are coral- red, shaded with yellow at the base, the open flowers of medium size, semi-double, are of a superb coral- red, shaded with yellow and bright rosy- scailet passing to shrimp-red. MME. JULES BOUCHE. While not a pure white, it being at times slightly tinted with blush on the reverse of the petals, we consider it one of the best white bedding Roses. MRS. AARON WARD. A remarkably floriferous variety of strong, vigorous, but compact growth; the flowers, which are of splendid form, full double, ai e equally attractive, when full blown as in the bud state; in color a distinct Indian- yellow, shading lighter towards the edges. MRS. WAKEFIELD CHRISTIE-MILLER. As a pink bed- ding Rose there is none better. The flowers are large and are produced very freely; they are of a bright pink color V, ilh lighter shadings. OPHELIA. Well known favorite, long stemmed flowers of a delicate shade of salmon- flesh, tinted rose. RADIANCEl. An ideal bedding Rose that continues to pro- duce its large flowei s throughout the most unfavorable hot summer weather; in color a brilliant carmine- pink, with salmon -pink shadings at the base of the petals. RED RADIANCE. Identical with above except in color which is a bright cherry- led. ULRICH BRUNNER. A bright cherry-red; flowers large and full; a go-td stiong grower and always does well. WHITE KILLARNEY. A puie white sport of the famous ami pcptdar Killarney Rose. PRICE. Any one of the above varieties $2.50 each; $25.00 per doz.; $200.00 per 100. Dreer's Garden Book for 1923 also offers all the worth-while new as well as standard varieties of dwarf or bush Roses. It also offers Cannas, Dahlias, Decorative and Bedding Plants, Hardy Perennials, Hardy Vines and Shrubs, Water Lilies, Flower and Vegetable Seeds, Lawn Grass and Agricultural Seeds, Garden Requisites. A copy will be sent free if you mention this publication. HENRY A. DREER, 714-716 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa Piiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ • 53 Ul 11 BURPEE'S Dahlias and Gladioli Burpee's Dahlias and Gladioli arc world-famous. During the past few years the American Dahlia Society has awarded us four Gold Medals, besides a large number of Certificates of Merit, for the Bur- pee Novelties. Our special catalog of Dahlias and Gladioli describes the most beauti- ful and worth-while varieties. "BiiriH'r's Speriahies in Dahlias and Gladioli" will be mailed to you entirely free. Write for your copy todav. W. ATLEE BURPEE CO. -:- Philadelphia Seed Growers ;niiiiJiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiminu«niiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!ii!fliiiniiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiNiii!iiiiiiiiiiiii^^ !iiiiiiiiiipiiiiiiiiiiiiiii»iiiiiii: UNEXCELLED FOR LAWNS CROPS FLOWERS Na p. tare's ^ a t? T^ y^J^^^^ ^Plant Food NON- BURNING ODORLESS Used by gardeners of many prominent estates with great success. Potash-Marl grown potatoes were the largest and finest potatoes exhibited at the Stamford Horticul- tural Society for the past two years. PACKED IN lOO LB. BAGS !'uU Particulars and Prices Upon Request SOLE PRODUCERS POTASH-MARL, Inc. 15 East 40th Street New York, N. Y. Water Lily Pools MAKE The Garden Su |iii|iular Inne Water I.ilies become that r.o large garden is truly complete without tlu-m. Their brilliant, perfumed blooms, their sturdy trojjical foliage, give them an attraction that few other flowers possess. The back- ground of clear water renders them doubly elTective. Easily Grown — No Care Required After planting no further attention need be given so long as the water level of the pool is not permitted to drop. If you are faniili;ir with the lieautv' of Water Lilies and Japanese Irises you will appreciate the illus- trations in our catalog — three of them are in natural colors. Copies are supplied free to all who apply hefore the edition is e.xhausted. THE INDEPENDENCE NURSERIES CO. Box G, Independence, Ohio ^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNii^^^^^^^^ iiiiiiiiiiii'^ I DAHLIAS I Originator of New Things in Dahlias Stillmaii's Dahlias are World Known, Mammoth Size, Unusual Colors. The Grandest Forma- tions Ever. The Newest Things and Always Original. Get my 1923 catalogue. It is interesting and instructive. Entirelv free. ! GEORGE L. STILLMAN | Dahlia Specialist 1 WES lERLY (Box G c 23) RHODE ISLAND I ^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii»iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiitii]iiiiiiiiiuit[iiiiiH IWIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIItlUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIM BOBBINK & ATKINS Ask for Catalog ^F Choicest /NurserySGre^ IProducts Visit Nursery Ame#^ ROSES Our Descriptive New Rose Catalog, profusely illustrated in color and black, is replete with the largest and most complete collection of Roses in America. All of our plants are two years old, low-budded and field-grown. We shall gladly mail a copy of this complete Rose Catalog to those who intend to plant Roses. In our 500 acres of Nursery, we grow everything for the complete planting of every style of garden. ULACS EVERGREENS JAPANESE YEW RHODODENDRONS HARDY AZALEAS TREES AND SHRUBS ROCK GARDEN PLANTS OLD FASHIONED FLOWERS FRUIT TREES AND BUSHES BROAD LEAVED EVERGREENS AMERICAN AND JAPANESE HOLLY GIANT FLOWERING MARSHMALLOW The above are described and priced in our Illustrated General Catalog what you are interested. When requesting Catalog, please state in HF" ART P'YPRP'^^ TI IRQ We take pleasure in directing the attention of our patrons to our **'^'"'**-» V'lrlVILiOO 1 «JDO pi3„t -pyij Manufacturing Department. These are described in our Illustrated General Catalog. In addition to Plant Tubs, we manufacture Window Boxes and all kinds of Garden Furniture and Wooden Accessories. Our wooden work represents the highest perfection of wood workers' art. Estimates furnished for special work. Ask far special Tub pamphlet. BOBBINK & ATKINS, Nurserymen ^ Florists RUTHERFORD - - NEW JERSEY liiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 55 ^iniuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHririiiiiimiiniimiliniiimiiiiiiniinniiniiininiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^^ Did You Know ORCHIDS That America, our new Rose for 1923 in addition to being the Rose par-excellence as a forcing variety, is the finest pink Rose for the garden that has ever been sent out. We offer dormant two yt-'ar old plants at $2.50 each, $25 per dozen. Six inch pot plants in full growth, Mav deliverv, at the same price. If you contemplate buying Orchids, send for our special list. Large stock of Laelia Cattleyas, Brasso Cattleyas, and other choice Hybrids. We specialize in supplying the private trade. Let us figure on your requirements. Orchid peat, live sphagnum moss, baskets, pot hangers, alw^ays on hand. CHARLES H. TOTTY CO. MADISON NEW JERSEY miiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii griiiiniiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiJiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii i iii i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinii; -m WILSON'S O. K. PLANT SPRAY Kills Plant Insects, Scale and Mildew Used by Leading Gardeners Bbls. $90, 1/2 bbls. $50, 10 gals. $20, 5 gals. $10 \\c Y ave written of Prohibition and this Hootch - less, Bugless Workl, N'ow we write of quarantine food for the squirrels. 37 a. d how it makes For it certainly is making lis nutty, say the Florists big and small, Rut f the F. H. B. would recommend Wilsi.n's Plant Spray, They would need no quarantine a all. I I 1 I SPRINGFIELD iiniiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiwiiiiiiimiioimiiiniiriiimiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiNiiiiniiiiiii NEW JERSEY I iiiiiiiiS G. E. BALDWIN & CO. GEORGE E. BALDWIN, Sole Proprietor MAMARONECK NEW YORK Manufacturers of "F. & I." Golf Green and Unififrm Brand To- bacco Stems, Dusts and Powders. Prepare Now for the Green Velvety Lmvn You'll Want Next Spring As an ideal winter mulch for lawns, "F. & I." — nature's fertilizer and insecticide — is tlie logical choice of lawn and garden experts who make careful comparisons. "F. & I." is both a fertilizer and an insecti- cide—a jjurely vegetable product which rap- idly disintegrates, adding valuable humus to the soil. "F. & I." is applied exactly as you would use an animal manure — yet it contains no insect pests or weed seeds and is free from objectionable odor. Write today for literature and prices. Tlie F. & I. Tobacco Prod. Co. ll.S-llS Kulton St. Lancaster, Pa., U. S. A. - IIIIMIIIIMIIIIIIIIIII I lot WHEN BUYING MARL BUY THE BEST Medford Potash Marl Fiiiclv PiilM-ri/cil I'raclicallv Free of Moisliirc. n ritv for Circular and Name of Nearest Dealer. GARFIELD WILLIAMSON Soir U hnlfsulv Dis'rihutitr 46 West Broadway, New York 56 Magnificent s for cata- logue sliowing 300 nnmbers. CALLOWiWTERRyV GoTTA GD. 3230 WALNUT ST. PHILADELPHIA. Specially selected to meet the strict requirements of the most critical professional and private gardners, the reputation of Beckert's Seeds increases with every year. Novelties for 1923 Beckert's Complete Catalog offers a host of desirable novelties for 1923, including new- Mammoth Snapdragons ; rare new colors in Giant Dahlia-flowered Zinnias ; Blue Ball, the finest Ageratum for low borders yet developed ; and many other noteworthy flowers, as well as vegetables. Catalog free on request. Convention The Annual Convention of the National Association of Gardners will be held in Pittsburgh during August, Beckert's Seed Store ex- tends every courtesy and facility to visiting gardeners. BECKERT'S SEED STORE 101-103 Federal St. North Side Pittsburgh, Pa. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinmiiniiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiii^^^^^^^^ Careers Tesied Seeds * I NC. '^ — — I Consolidated with = J. M. THORBURN & CO. Growers, Importers and Dealers, in Flower, Vegetable and Grass Seed of the highest quality i Write for catalogue or quotations. | Carters Tested Seeds I INC. i I 53 BARCLAY STREET, NEW YORK, N. Y. j i Toronto, Canada London, England I IIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII^ TREES PLANTS PLANTING Everything for the Garden ROCK GARDEN PLANTS Write for our complete, descriptive catalogue of THREE HUNDRED VARIETIES Breck-Robinson Nursery Co. LEXINGTON - - MASS. W. E. MARSHALL & CO., Inc. Seedsmen and Plantsmen 166 We«t 23rd Street New York City 57 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ The Contents for March, 1923 Things and Thoughts of the Garden Some Good American Shrubs. .H. E. Downer 67 H'illiam N. Craig 59 . In the Garden and m the Greenhouse The Gourd, the Most Attractive Annual Ceoree E. Slewarl 69 Climbing Vine Dr. E. Bade 6 1 Calanthes Ceorge W. Miles Lvddiard 62 The Leaf-Miner in Boxwood. .William Shan' 71 Foreign Exchange Department 72 What the Home Garden Should Be Thomas W . Head 63 Department of Book Reviews 72 Disappearing Species Willard N. Clute 64 National Association of Gardeners 73 Armeria-Lychnis Richard Rothe 65 Local Societies 74 Rambling Talks on Plants. . Florum Amalor 66 Brief Horticultural Jottings 76 Published Monthly by THE CHPsONICLE PRESS. INC. ^ ^ . ,. Vol XXVil No 3 subscription $z.00 a year = I J ic.u ( ' k ' .1. 286 Fifth Avenue, New York. N. Y. Canada, $2.15; Foreign, $2.65 i Issued 15th of each month. ' ' s t ■<■ _ MARTIN C. EBEL, Editor 1 Entered at the New York Post Office as second class matter, Nov. 3, 191-1. nnder the Act of Congress, March 3, 1879. J iiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiwiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiUiiiim^ iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiii 'eiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinw Stumpp & Walter Co.'s Catalog Our 1923 Spring Catalog will be mailed to you, on request, if you are not regularly receiving it. Many New and Exhibition varieties of Flower and Vegetable Seeds are offered. Farm and Grass Seeds are also a feature. Cannas, Dahlias, and Gladioli — the best varieties to date. Catalog issued January first ^timpi) ^(lMlkr& 30-32 Barcla}? St. Mew York iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ 58 ,\i . - .v ' V i ; it C Plllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll^ I GARDENERS' CHRONICLE | I (OF AMERICA) | I Devoted to the Science of Floriculture and Horticulture I ■ Vol. XXVII MAKCH, 1923 iiiii No. 3 I 1 Things and Thoughts of the Garden WILLIAM N. CRAIG IT is pleasing to note the increased interest in rock gar- dening' in America. For years this form of gardening has been very popular in Europe and in Great Britain. No garden is really complete without its rockery ; these are now often of considerable size, as for instance, the one at Friar Park, Henley-on-Thames. The rock garden at Kcw attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors an- nually, and contains an enormous number of species. Verv notable also is the one at the Edinburgh Boaanical Gardens, many plants thrive better there than at Kew on account of the more northern latitude. At the Chelsea Holland House, and other noted shows, the exhibits of rock gardens are alwa}'s one of the great features out- doors, and at earlier shows in the Royal Horticultural Society's Hall in Vincent Square, London, displays of rock and alpine subjects are numerous and interesting. In America on account of the hot Summers, rock gardening may never attain so wide a popularity as abroad, but a marked increase in the culture of these plants is developing each year. Gardens such as Mon- tague Free has constructed at the Brooklyn Botanic Gardens, are tine examples of how such gardens may be laid out. In Massachusetts there are fine examples on the Thomas E. Proctor estate at Topsfield, where James Marlborough has charge. Many members of the Na- tional Association of Gardeners had the privilege of seeing this garden on the occ^ision of one of the outings during last Fall's Boston convention. Rare and unique plants are to be found in this garden ; the rocks are mas- sive and well placed, and the rockery follows the shores of Q small lake. Another notable rock garden in Massachu- setts is on the Weld estate, Dedham. The layout here is a most natural one with a rocky stream, pools of water, steep winding paths and a veritable wealth of choice plants well acclimated and planted naturally. There is considerable shade from large trees here, which is an advantage for many shade loving subjects, but others enjoying more sunny exposures are inclined to damp off from the constant drip. The lilies, gentians, primulas, tril- liums, and many other plants are wonderfully fine. The ma- CO jority of rock plants prefer an open sunny exposure, but ^ primulas, polyanthus, trilliums, er\i:hroniums, and not a ■* few others are most at home in at least partial shade. «P * * * ^^ Anyone with a very small garden can without much C^ effort make a rockery. It should not consist of a mound ,^-of stones as some garden makers still seem to imagine. "^Stones should always be well embedded, pockets should be of irregular shape. The stones used should, if pos- sible, be old and weather beaten ; the rougher and more rustic they are in appearance, the better. Soil should be porous to allow of good drainage for nearly all varie- ties. F-ormality should be avoided as much as possible. There are many plants which can be raised from seeds for use in the rockery, and a considerable variety of the more easily grown can be purchased at very moderate prices. Those wdio want "immediate effects" should start with such flowers as pholox subulata and divaricata, Alyssum saxatile compactum, single and double arabis, cerastiums, saxifragas, viola cornuta, campanulas, ro- tundifolia, and carpatica, various dianthus, arenarias, si- lenes, armerias, such iris as cristata and pumila, sedums, ciempervivums, primulas, hepaticas, trillums, blood roots, sweet scented violets such bulbs as snowdrops, chiono- doxa. scillas, small varieties of narcissi, some of the species of tupli[is. and. of course, small cedars, spruces, and other e\ergreens. To relieve the flatness an occa- sional vucca filamentosa, foxglove or verbascum can be used. The amount of material available is great ; there are numeri'us good plants not mentioned here at all. * >!: * The rock garden gives pleasure long before a formal garden can do so, for just as soon as snow passes, we can find snowdrops and other bulbous subjects, the Christmas rose (Helleborus niger) Draba aizoon, hepati- cas, violets, 'pi"imulas like dentisulata and vulgaris, saxifra- gas like cordifolia, arabis and other plants in flower. Until June there will be a constant succession of interesting flowers. During Summer we do not look for a floral display. While it is true that annuals are often planted in to continue the show of flowers, they have no place, however, in a true rock garden a* they simply smother out the hardy subjects. Such plants as myosotis, double daisies, and bedding violas are permissible if planted where they will not encroach on other plants, but even these should realh- be omitted. The idea is to trust to hardy subjects only, and pockets of these can be planted out in Spring or late Summer. It is better not to do any very late F"all planting in the rock garden; bulbs, of course, are an exception. * :-.- :{; The statices are coming into increasing favor in America ; I am referring more particularly to the annual varieties. The well known hardy S. latifolia has long been a valued plant for the perennial border or rockery. The varieties Bonduelli and Sinuata are most useful 59 60 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE annuals and of easy culture in the open. Great quantities of dried flowers of these everlastings are annually im- ported bv dealers in florists' sundries, and are used in artificial wreath making. The variety Suworowi makes a lovely pot plant and may be flowered from December until June. The stalks are very much branched, and the tail-like and twisted rosy red panicles which are densely crowded with small flowers are most attractive. By carefully selecting the seeds, it is possible to get a strain which make ideal pot plants, looking in the dis- tance like densely flowered and glorified ericas. The way to secure a quantity of flowers for cutting in the Winter is bv planting raised benches about eight or nine inches apart each way and by growing in a cool house. I saw two splendid benches on a private estate in Jamaica Plain, Mass., on March first which bore a perfect thicket of spikes and had been blooming since before Christmas. Arranged with Jasminum primulinum, yellow jonquils, and other yellow or white flowers, S. Suworowi is very effective. This variety comes from western Turkestan and is worthy of increased culture on private estates. ^ ^,- ^ A rose which has jumped very much into favor the last two seasons is Paul's Scarlet Climber, undoubtedly the finest of all our scarlet pillar roses. It was raised by William Paul & Sons in England and introduced in 1916. It is a fine rose either for the garden or for pot culture. To succeed with it best for forcing, it should be pot grown through the Summer ; then plants will carry four to twelve of the largest brilliant red flowers to a truss, almost rivaling Hadley in size. If field grown and potted, the number of flowers to a truss is disap]X)intingly small. To anyone who wants a first class scarlet rose, which holds its color and does not fade out to a sickly magenta shade, I heartily commend Paul's Scarlet Climber. Juliet, the glorious Pernetiana from the same firm, is one we cannot afford to overlook. There are general complaints from those who are growing early tulips this year, both for forcing and out- door culture, of the inferiority of the flowers produced. An unusual number when forced, come blind, which is sometimes due to too early forcing, using bulbs not prop- erly cured, and improper treatment as a whole. But this year both amateurs and florists are having poor results all round, and I wonder whether the Dutchmen are not becoming careless with their early tuli])s, and lavishing all their attention on the Darwins, Breeders, and Cot- tage varieties. The latter varieties are as fine as ever and each year are pushing the early types more and more to the wall. Certainly if forced bulbs do as poorly an- other season, and l>edding ones look none too well, grow- ers will be justified in gradually dro]>ping the early sec- tion altogether. The late varieties are so much finer in pans for forcing and in the garden, that the wonder is that so many private estates, pjirks, and cemeteries i>ersist in planting so many early varieties. * ^: * .Among small fruits, raspl)erries are deservedly po]Hi- lar, and some very fine varieties of these have been intro- duced in late years ; the red varieties have the 1>est flavor. For many years Cuthbert was the leader in this section and is still grown very heavily ; several other .sorts have Ijeen jdanted extensively in recent years anfl are gradually dis7>]acing the one-time leader. IlcrlK-rt is a favorite with many, although it is lacking in flavor. It is of Canadian origin and is said to have wintered eleven hun- dred miles north of I'oston where minimums of as low as 59° below zero have been recorded, and as many as three hundred nineteen bushels of fruit to an acre have been picked from it. As raspberries are found in a native state in the Klondyke sections of Alaska, as well as near the great glacier fields, it should be possible to produce raspberries which will .stand a very low temperature. Of course, in the more northerly latitudes, the deeper snows make ideal \Mnter protection. Minnesota is another very hardy variety which does well in New England and St. Regis which originated on the sandy lands of southern New Jersey has attained considerable popularity : the new canes on this variety fruit freely in the Fall. La France produces a large, hand-^ome berry and gives a heavy Autumn ci-op; it suckers abundantly and can thus be very rapidly in- creased. Erskine Park which hails from the Berkshire Hills of Massachusetts is considered by the U. S. De- partment of Agriculture to be the best of all late red varieties. This by no means exhausts the list of red raspberries. Golden Queen still fills the whole field of the yellow, and Columliian remains supreme among the dark purple varieties. ^ j,k ;}: Liliums are one of our most important bulbs for forcing. Our importations last year from Japan totaled some seven millions. We also imix>rted some from Bermuda, Holland and France. From the latter country come our candidums which get cmaller, poorer, and more costly each year. Some fifteen years ago it was easily possible to get the stalks carrying thirteen to fifteen flowers each ; today ten is a high number and a great proportion throw only five to eight. As candidums do remarkably well in some of our southern states, it should be quite possible to produce bulbs equal to or superior to the French ; in fact, in southern New Jersey and on Cape Cod, Massa- chusetts, I believe bulbs can be produced as fine as any we now arc importing from France. Years ago Bermuda produced our finest Easter lilies and Harrisi's grown there were of remarkalile quality. Disease and careless sorting of bulbs disgusted growers in America, and for years the Bermuda industry lay under a dark cloud. An expert sent from Great Britain has gradually eliminated disease, and the best lilies I have seen this season in New England came from Bermuda bulbs. If they can give us as good bulbs of longifflorum giganteum, we would readily dispense with the large and costly shipments from Japan. That we can produce good Easter lilies in America is beginning to be recognized. Some of the cleanest I ever grew came from Orlando, Florida. A batch from New Orleans, seen a few days ago, were ecjual to any which came from Japan, and Texas can also grow good lily bulbs. The increasing cost of bulbs from abroad would api>ear to open up a new field of profit for some lily propagators here. With the threatened debarment of all bulbs in the near future, lilies included, owing to the terrible dangers from insects and diseases, as yet unknown, which may devastate our forests, fields, and gardens, we may have to submit, if the ]>resent autocratic F. II. B. continues to function, so we may as well prepare to ])rodi'ce some lilies here at home as best we can. UNFOLDING LEAFAGE Leaves that are unfolding have a charming daintiness in color and ])laitings. They exem])lify that ])rave fragility that makes childhood so ap]x;nling. .V collection of just- o])ened leaves will make a rare study in design. The wil- low, a very light, thin, green, tinged with red and wooly- whitc underneath : l)irclics yellow-green with a warm furry coating of white and fluted like tiny lialf-opcned fans: poplars living green and fragrant with balsam; downy mouse-ear elms, showing every crease and fold made bv tlieir swadflling clothes. — C. S. Monitor. For March, 1923 61 The Gourd, the Most Attractive Annual Climbing Vine DR. E. BADE OF all the annual climbing vines, the gourds are the most attractive. They are able to cover large sur- faces during the Summer, especially when they are placed in a good fertile soil. These quick growing plants which require absolutely no care, should be sown in May. The spot chosen for their growth should be sunnv, for " Xcstcgg" and fJozciT light, heat, and moisture spurs them on to develop in all their luxuriance. Their large beautiful flowers are open from twilight until about 9 o'clock in the morning and are also open on cloudy and cool days. The flowers of the bottle-shaped gourd and of Luff a are snow white, those of the other gourds are yellowish ; they are somewhat similar, but much larger, than those of the cucumber. Two interesting relatives of the gourds are Ecballium elaterium, and Momordia balsamina. The former is an inhabitant of southern Europe, where it is a common weed. This plant is ]3eculiar in its fruit, which is about Dipper (Lagenaria) as long and as thick as the thumb. It falls from the vine at the touch, and, at the same time, the liquid within, which is kept under high pressure, is squirted out violently, together with the seeds. When cultivated, the seeds should be sown in the open in the month of April. Momordia balsamina and similar cucumber-like goui^ '(M. charantia) whose leaves are heart-shaped and entire. are sown on sunny beds in the month of Alay. Only the fruit of these plants is beautiful, since, when ripe, they open and show their bright red meat in which the seeds are imljedded. Only at this time are these plants attrac- tive. But the true gourds are a thing of beautv at all times. Dishcloth (Liitfaj Their quick growth and the profusion of flowers make them doubly attractive. The male flowers make their ap- pearance first. During July the female flowers begin to open and which, after insect fertilization, soon develop into fruit. The profusion and variety of the fruits may be traced back to degenerate forms. Many of their char- acteristics are, indeed, peculiar. In form they may re- semble apples, pears, eggs, melons, oranges, bottles, or clubs, among which the rarer wart-gourd must not be forgotten. The color ranges anywhere from a pure white to a deep orange or from a bright yellow to a dark green. The rind may be smooth, fluted, or warted. and have two or more colors so arranged as to give a picturesque eiifect. Beautiful ornamental knick-knacks can be made from the fruit with little labor. The gourd, when ripe, has a wood-like rind which is hard and capable of withstanding quite some pressure. First an opening must be made large [Continued on page 68) 62 GARDEyERS' CHROMCLE The Calanthe GEORGE W. MYLES LYDDIARD THE first hybrid was raised by Mr. Dominy uf \ eitch's Xiirser}-, between C. musaca and C. furcata in 1854 and bloomed two years later — this shows us what hybridization will sometimes do, as C. musaca is a shy bloomer, whereas the hybrid is a free bloomer. There are about forty species of Calanthe. chiefly na- tives of Asia and a few being American, both evergreen and deciduous varieties. ]\Iy remarks will deal chiefly with the deciduous variety and their successful cultivation. One of the oldest varieties is the C. Vestita being in- troduced about 184S by Veitch's of Chelsea. This and its sub-varieties has an apple-shaped pseudo bulb and bears a flower stem (when well grown about two inches across) and from one to three feet long — flowers white with yellow throat and blooms about November. There are several named varieties of this type, some of the best being: Gigantea — strong" grower and usually retains its foliage till the new growth starts and flowers from No- vember to ]March ; nivalis — flowers pure w hite ; por- phvrta — flr>wer spike compact, tinted all over with rose and dift'ering in form from the preceding types : rubro oculata — flowers large with crimson instead of yellow blotch in throat and Turneri — flowers more compact on the spike and smaller, throat blotched with rosy red. Personally my prime favorite of all the deciduous Calanthes is \eitchii, and its various sub-varieties, these can easily be identified by their long bulbs indented in the middle and their large plaited light green leaves. The flower spikes when well grown reach three feet in length and bear an abundance of bloom, which are similar to those of the Vestita family but shorter in tlie lip. They are bright rose color with a white throat and bloom from early Winter till the turn of the year. Three of the best varieties of this type being: Bella, very bright pink flowers; Sandhurstiana has deep crimson flowers, and Sedenii which has deep rose colored flowers, darker alto- gether than \'eitchii. The preceding varieties I have especially mentioned as they are old, true and reliable. There has been of late years quite a number of very pretty and useful novelties introduced, a number of which I have not h:id the op|x)rtunity of handling. The following, however. I can vouch for : Baron Schroeder variety : albescens. one of the strongest growers: Byran, Chajmianii (Ruby X \'eitchii), I'XX): Harrisii. flowers white, flushed ])ink : ^Irs. C. \'anderbilt, Darblyana (Regnieri X X'estitia ) ; C. Ruby (Sedenie X Vestita) : W. Murray, \ ictcnia Regina (Rosea X Veitchii). All the deciduous varieties of Calinlhcs require the same treatment. This is tlie usual course of cultivation 1 foll(»w, and I have been successful in growing some quite good and useful patches of this most useful class of Winter flowering orchids: .\s soon as the i)l:u-its have finished l)looniing, 1 sejxirate the new bulb from the old, placing the former into four-inch jxjts with coarse sand only, which is kept just moist in a temivorature of about 60° to induce a steady and robu.st growth or growths. As soon a> the new growths are about four inches long they are j>otted into five- and six-inch pots, according to the size and .strength of the bulbs, and placed in strong heat and never allowed' to go back. They are given as scion as potted one thorough watering to settle the p:)tting com]K>st thoroughly round each bulb. The smallest bulbs are potted into eight- and ten-inch pans, five tf) si.x in each, care being taken to plant all the bulbs in the center of the pan with the growths outward to insure the plants as much frecdt)m as ))ossible to develop their new bulbs. These pans will be found, when in flower, very useful in- deed from a decorative point of view. The plants at this stage retjuire more than ordinarv attention for a few weeks till they establish themselves. Great discretion shouki be used in the matter of watering and ventilation as the growei nnist bear in mind that they thrive best in strong heat anti an abundance of atmospheric moisture at all times, till they have finished their growth towards the end of September. These plants love light, but will not stand the direct rays of the Sununer sun. Give a lighi shading to protect them during bright weather, but on no accoimt use a heavy or j^ermanent shading, as very often this is how ])lants are sjwiled and their foliage badly rusted ; also never crowd your plants. If you have spece to grow a dozen plants well, do so but don"t try to grow two dozen and spoil the whole batch. How often one sees this sort of thing, even in some well appointed gardens, trying to grow more than there is really space for, and getting" some very ordinary results. I always endeavor to kee]> my i)lants as near the glass as possible without touching it, and allow them plenty of room for light and. air to get around the plants. .\bout July when the bulbs begin to swell is the time to start to feed them. Being terrestial plants they require quite a lot of careful feeding to helj) bring them. to perfection, and experience has taught me that Calan- thes love a change of feeding from time to time. I usu- ally start feeding with manure water from cowdung and soot iti a weak state about twice a week, gradually using it stronger as the bulbs develop, as you would for mums. I vary it to some standard chemical manure, such, as Clay's, Thompson's, etc. \\'hen September arrives some of the varieties show signs of finishing their season's growth by their baby leaves changing color. Water in both lii|uid and atmos- pheric form should be gradually diminislied as time goes on, but on no account must all moisture he withheld till the plants have finished .growing. I liave often seen quite good batches of plants ruined by the grower drying the plants off too suddenly. This is as detrimental to them as over watching them at this stage. .\s soon as the flowers begin to open the ])lants should be moved into a dryer house with a night tempera- ture of about 60°. P>y doing this your flowers will gain, substance and color and last in bloom much longer. The compost I use is three parts good turfy loam, one part jieat. both hand jiicked and sifted to reduce the soil from the loam in a f|uarter-inch sieve, and one ])art well rotted cow manure rubbed through one half-inch sieve. .See that manure is nf)t loo wet or on the other hand too. drv, for if it is. it means hard work to get through sieve and does not mix so evenly with the loam and peat. Mix thoroughly and to each two bushels add a four-inch pot of soot, one six-inch pot of charcoal broken to the size of peas, and one four-inch pot of bone meal with a liberal siirinkling of sand (coarse, not fine). 'I'he bulbs should be iwtled l)arcl\- ;ni in^'li deep in the coniinist, makin.g it fairly and evenly tirm. not liard on any account. Great care should be taken not to make the com|)ost too firm on the side of the bulb from which comes the growth and the tender fleshy roots. (Conliiiiicd on l^oi^c 68) FoT March, 1923 63 What the Home Garden Should Be THOMAS W. HEAD WERE I talking- to each one individually my first question would be, "What kind of a garden have you?" I am sure that each could tell me some- thing in reply that would interest and instruct. It is not alone the extent under cultivation that measures the at- tractiveness and value of one"s garden. Xo matter how- small it may be if it is well done, tidy and fertile, above all showing- a well defined purpose and well carried out. A garden without individuality misses much of its charm. Wh_\- should there not be as many types of gardening as there are types of people? Nature never repeats her- self, and he is a poor gardener indeed who is unable to give distinctive character to the domain under his care, whether it is his own little dooryard plot or a vast estate of many acres. He who aims at nothing better than simply to lay out his home grounds in whatever may be the prevailing- style, selecting his material and its arrange- ment w-ith no higher motive than to imitate wdiat some one else has done, is surely entitled to our pity. Lord Bacon once said, "A man shall ever see that when ages grow into civilization and elegance, men come to build stately sooner than to garden finely." So we find in this country of ours, in these communities longest settled, the greatest ad\-ance made in gardening art and the people more ready to divert their attention from commercial engrossment to a consideration of beautifying their home environments. We see the people more readily inclined than some in the younger sections of our country, to forsake the crude and grotesque plantings of imitations of animals, birds and so forth and substitute the more natural, rational and artistic arrangement and more pleas- ing variety in the adornment of our parks and residential grounds. There were a few who were carried away with the ribbon bed craze, for a time, but -we learn by our mistakes and I thiiik we can safely promise, with hand uplifted, that we will never commit tl-iat ofifense again. But let us watch out that we do not allow ourselves to go to as absurd lengths in other directions. There is a suggestion of sameness in many of the shrubbery plant- ings now becoming- so popular that it is as tiresome and meaningless as it is unnecessary with the almost endless variety of material at our disposal. If we are to make fNjsitive progress in our gardening and not simply revolve in cycles we must avoid crazes and fads. Our resources are boundless and no single style of gardening can lay claim to unquestioned superiority under any and all con- siderations. Individuality is a possibility and should be striven for. We have all seen streets where the houses were identical in every respect, one -with the other, size, architecture, color, surroundings, so that it would seem that an occupant must needs look carefully at the door number before venturing into his home. The ready-made effect leaves an unfavorable impression and the monotony wearies us. By all means let us do all we can to prevent such a condition in our garden scenery. Tiresome repetition is as much to be deplored in belts of dogwood, hydrangeas and berberis, as it was in the now discarded gardening of 25 years ago when everybody felt obliged to mutilate the green lawn with a scroll of red coleus or geraniums edged with dusty miller or such. As to the laving out of a garden, as before remarked, I believe in individuality, but governed of course by cor- rect artistic perception, something which we all have in greater or less degree, and which by observation and ex- periment we may cultivate to a high plane, and so by a general knowledge of the requirements and possibilities of plants, shrubs and trees at our disposal. I would call attention to a few other features that seem indis- pensable in the arrangement of an enjoyable home garden. Inrst, I want some seclusion, either actual or suggested. 1 object to being one of a number of residents in a con- tinuous park. I would not be understood to advocate returning to the old style of fence division, each bit of fence of a different model, height and color from its neighbor, but when park-like effect in the aspect of our suburban homes is secured at the expense of the home idea, it costs too much. It is possible to indicate the spot where our garden ends and our neighbor's garden begins, to mark the division between our domestic Eden and the public road and to ensure a welcome privacy, without necessarily interposing a high hedge or a forbidding stone wall. Tidiness, you will all agree, is an indispensable requisite in the home grounds. To maintain this in its fullest sense, there is plenty to be done besides keeping the lawn close clipped, the weeds dug out and the litter picked up. The memory of the old decrepit lilacs, honey- suckles and Rose of Sharon in some of the ancient gardens when I was a boy still haunt me and I can see the greatest menace to the popularity of the flowering shrubs in the future in a repetition of this neglect which was so largely responsible for their temporary banishment from public favor. However picturesque an old gnarled oak or cedar niay be, a gnarled lilac has no claim on my admiration. Constant attention is the price we must pay for an attrac- tive, healthy shrubbery plantation. W'here trees or shrubs have grown so that they are about to interfere with their best development, thin them out at once before the harm is done, taking away the least desirable. When a specimen shows indication of ii-ifirmity, throw it out and substitute a youthful one. To do this requires courage. W^e will learn after a few such experiences to sympathize with and pity the man in charge of public grounds, wdio, in the proper carrv'ing out of the duties for which he is paid, has to face unreasoning and spiteful criticism on all sides from peopde who go frantic over the unavoidable trimming and thinning out of half suffocated saplings in an overgrown wilderness but yet look on with indifference or even approval when a noble elm that has seen the centuries come and go is ruthlessly destroyed to make way for a trolley line. Our subject is an endless one. The need of wise dis- cretion in the intermingling of native and foreign subjects, the uses of evergreens, of climbing plants on the house, of hardy perennials, of bedding plants, and annuals in association with shrubbery borders, the securing of a steady succession of bloom when selecting material, the maintain- ing of a proper equilibrium between wildness and arti- ficiality, questions of color, comjxisition, sun and shade and the obligations which civilization imposes upon us to see that our gardens and fields are not breeding places for noxious weeds, insects, pests, these and an infinity of other things suggest themselves to one when he begins to think about his garden work, but space will not permit me to dwell on them further. The garden is our most natural abode. We are told that our first parents had a garden for their home but that their first sin caused their expulsion from the beautiful place. What a tribute, this, from the Almighty to the garden. Is it strange that ever since, when man has sought to find perfect happiness, he has surrounded him- self with gardens, or that flowers and gardens have been a (Continued on page 68) 64 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE Disappearing Species WILLARD N. CLUTE H(J\VEVER much eminent lecturers and Southern politicians may disagree with the evolutionists as to how the plants and animals came upon the earth, they are not likely to differ much over the state- ment that many species are gradually disappearing. The evidence is all too conclusive. In very recent times we have seen the passenger pigeon, and the quagga, the sea-cow, great auk. exterminated and the buffalo, whale, prairie-hen and many kinds of birds brought to the verge of extinction. That a large number of others are also on the way out can scarcely be doubted. As regards the cases mentioned, it may be objected that these are not due to natural causes but are mainly due to the activities of man. Granting this, the proposition is still the reaction of one species upon another. The results in the end are the same, whether the struggle is between plant and animal, between plant and plant, or between the animals ana that most destructi\-e animal of them all — man. It is likely that a thousand small adjustments are constantly taking place in fitting plants and animals more exactly to their surroundings. It is only when the adjustments are too slow to preserve the life of the species, or when they are more rapid than usual, that we notice them. In the case of the passenger pigeon, extermination was unusually rapid. It occurred in the span of a single lifetime. The death of the chestnut trees has been still more rapid. Twenty years ago, our eastern mountains contained numerous magnificent forests of chestnut. Now the tree is prac- tically extinct; killed by a microscopic enemy in spite of the best efforts of man to protect it. The fossil record is chiefly a record of species that no longer inhabit the earth; of unsuccessful species that failed to keep up with the changes in their sur- roundings. The plants that formed the coal measures are not represented on the earth today. Indeed, the existence of fossil palms in Greenland and the occur- rence of coal beds in regions now covered with snow and ice show very conclusively that great changes must have taken place since the coal plants flourished. In other regions we may find species that have not entirely disappeared, but whose restricted ranges show how greatly their race has declined. The magnolias of our Southern States and Eastern Asia were once common in Eurojje as shown by their fossil remains, but they do not grow there now. The redwoods now found only along our Pacific Slope were once spread entirely around the earth in the north tem])erate zone. When we a.sk what brought these species low there is no definite answer. Perhaps it was a change in climate, j)erhaps too great a difference in teiriperature, or moistiire, or some other condition of which we are ignorant at present. Probably few of us realize how very dcpendenl even man himself is on the conditions of his environment. Any one of a dozen slight changes that might take place in the earth's atmosphere would instantly wijie him out of existence. A succession of years ton cold for the growing of food crops would force liim inward the equator just as an increase of warmth would in- duce him to move nearer the poles. The remains of once ]K>pulous cities in the deserts of .\sia and the abandoned cliff-ruins so widely scattered in our arid Southwest point mutely to the fact that nmisturc con- ditions on the earth have changed greatly since man made his appearance. That he coulcf not stand against some of these changes is shown by the successive waves of migration that have flowed into Europe from the south-east, dri\-en out by the increasing dessication of the region. What man has done to exterminate various species is not worth mentioning in comparison with Nature's eft'orts in the same line. The broad sea that once rolled from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic ocean con- tained many species that disappeared with its sub- sidence. At the same time a vast region was thrown open to such land animals and plants as could migrate into it and alter their requirements sufficiently to re- tain their place in it. Changes of similar kind have happened again and again over the earth ; indeed, they have not yet ceased to happen. W'hen the changes have been small, or have taken place very gradually, plants and animals have probably changed fast enough to keep pace with them. But when the changes have haj)pened to be rapid, many species have doubtless gone down to defeat, unable to maintain life in a greatly changed environment. Nor is the life of a species entirely bound up with its inorganic or physical environment. Often the de- pendence of one species on another, or their mutual reactions may result in the decline and death of one or both. A plant species may disappear for want of the proper pollinating insect, or because of the pres- ence of some leaf-eating insect or other animal. ( )r it may, as in the case of the chestnut, be attacked by some disease that it is unable to survive. Still further, the absence of the pollinating insect may be due to the destruction of some very tlift'erent plant upon which the larval insects feed and this in turn may be due to the drying up of some distant swamp, or the flooding of some valley in which the plant grew. Plants that are incapable of self-pollination may have their very existence threatened in this way. Of all the agencies that threaten the existence of plants and animals today, man seems to be the most imjjcjrtant. By lumbering, burning, draining, flood- ing, filling, excavating and cultivating he has greatly changed the face of Nature and rendered many locali- ties entirely imfitted to support the species that formerly inhabited them. But these very changes have made new and fertile fields for still other species that could not get a foothold so long as the original tenants were not disturbed. Mnreover, the cultivated crops that man ])rizes often harbor insects or diseases that spread to the wild forms, while occasionally the tables are turned and the wild things provide diseases that inflict great mortality on the cultivated crops. As a matter of fact, some innocent ap])earing plant may harbor an organism very destructive to a very different species. The total result of these inlcracticms ui species with species and of species with climate and the changes in the surface of the earth must be a scries of changes in form and structure which ])rescrves tlu' successful forms from e.xtinction. Thus have the phuits been modi- fied to fit their environment. Thus have resulted ncAv forms which in lime may have become di.siinct species. 1 o doubt it is to doubt the evidence of our senses. And this is evolution. For March, 1923 65 Armeria — Lychnis RICHARD ROTHE ARMERIA, a genus of the order riunibaginec'e, com- monly called Sea-pink or Thrift, consists of a number of useful rock garden inmates of long' standing. The nomenclature of species in standard works is in a chaotic state and as many of the species merely differ under the microscope of the botanist our interest is best limited to the few distinct forms we are faniiliar with. AniuTia marilima splcndcns Armeria cephalotes, valuable on account of its late flower- ing, may be found listed as A. formosa, latifolia, maure- tanica and pseudo-armeria. The round headed blossom^ of the true cephalotes appear in early Autumn and are of a deep rosy crimson. The species Armeria plantaginea. going also under the names leucantha and scorzonera;- folia, is at its best during June and July. Its blossoms are rosy red and those of the variety alba are white. Best known to most of us is the common Armeria vulgaris, growing wild along the coast lines of Great Britain and also abounding on rather dry of)en sunny plains of Central luu-oije. Its synonyms are A. elongata maritima and Statice Armeria. The garden forms of it listed in American catalogues under Armeria maritima splendus, splendens alba and Laucheana, remain the most desirable for American rockeries. The flower heads of maritima splendens. the subject of our illustration, appear in rosy pink or in white, while those of Laucheana are of a bright pink color. Their very resistant tufted foliage covering the ground densely and their decidedly hand- some blossoms borne on thin wiry stems make the culti- vated thrifts an ideal material for filling the pockets of the sunny locations of rockeries and dry walls. They also prove effective when employed for edging of borders in herbaceous gardens. Arrnerias may be raised from seed sown in cold storage early in Spring or propagated by divisions. Seedlings flower the second year. Plantations should be made in light sandy soil rich in humus. Do not forget a light leaf covering for Winter protection. Lychnis The name Lychnis, derived from the Greek Lychnos, the lamp, refers to one of the chief characteristics of this hardy plant genus; that is, the strong fiery red of the flowers of its foremost species. Indeed the intensitv of the red of Lychnis chalcedonica, L. fulgens and L. Haageana is rarely eclipsed by any other garden flower. The prevailing tendency among many garden owners to keep red out of their color schemes is no doubt in part the reason for their frer[uent omission in modern gardens. Few perennials can be as easily raised and propagated as lychnis. Early Spring seedlings flower profusely the first season. All species are extraordinarily hardy, requiring only a minimum of care. Lychnis at present remains the perennial of the be- ginner with a small purse undisturbed yet by color riots. It is the perennial of rural housewives and it claims its undisputable space in every old-fashioned garden worthy of the name. But as soon as we take up the cultivation of the white-flowering varieties such as L. chalcedonica alba plena, L. vespertina, L. flos-cuculi alba plena and aliove all L. viscaria alba grandiflora jilena then we begin Lychnis liscaria }■■,>■,_!. i'\ to realize the existence of beautiful forms well worth their space in modern gardens. The flowers of the last variety mentioned rei>rcsent a fine material for filling vases. Color harmony supreme or of little concern, I believe we cannot attord to omit the Lychnis. The rich and glowing magenta red of L. viscaria splendens fl. pi. may be an impossibility in many modern color schemes, nevertlieless its dazzling strength will always appeal to us so forcefully that we can never lose sight of it. At present the rock- garden offers the best opportunity to use it to full advan- tage. Within its precincts we may also enjoy the low dense cushion-like growth of Lychnis alpina, covered with legions of little rosy-red blossoms and the two less known species L. pyrenaica and L. yunanensis. My impression is that the genus Lychnis of late has been somewhat neglected. In taking up the cultivation of the best species and varieties we are apt to increase our cash returns and, in availing ourselves of the oppor- tunities for effective garden use, we doubtless will add to the beauty of our home gi"ounds. I particularly wish to call attention to the quick and easy raising of the single- flowering species from seed. Kind hearts -are the gardens, Kind thoughts are the roots, Kind words are the blossoms, Kind deeds are the fruits. Do not look for wrong -and evil. You will find them if you do : As you measure for your neighbor, He will measure back to you. — -Alice Cary. 66 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE Rambling Talks on Plants FLORUM AMATOR EPIG.^A REPEXS. Trailing- Arbutus, is by no means our earbest Spring flower, but it is one of the sweetest and prettiest. The flowers of Sympro- carpus foetidus, the Skunk Cabbage, appears weeks before those of the Traibng Arbutus are seen ; so do the tiny, white flowers of Dralia verna. Whitlow grass ; the hill- side ty])e of \'iola palmata. variety cucullata. and the composite flowers of Antennaria plantaginifolia also above their silky-woolly leaves. It is, however, when the Trail- ing Arbutus, the dainty Anemones, the fuzzy-leaved Hepaticas, Liver-worts, and the pearly flowered San- guineas, Bloodroot, are in bloom that we feel Spring is surely here again. Some people object to the botanical use of names, and ; affirm that English names are good enough, but just note two facts bearing on this discussion; firstly, you may safely use the words Epigaea repens in talking or writing to a man of any nationality. He will understand what plant you mean, for the scientific botanical name of the plant is the same in all languages, but the name, trailing arbutus will be understood only by those who speak Eng- lish. Secondly, the name Arbutus conveys to us no char- acteristic of the plant, but Epigaea, from the Greek Epi, upon and Ge, the earth, exactly describes the plant. It grows not upright but upon the earth ; Repens, a Latin word, is well translated by our English word trailing, but as previously mentioned, all nationalities understand repens, but not trailing. Not unfrequently those who go out in early Spring to .search for Trailing Arbutus blooms, report on their return that it is in bud. They could have truthfully made the same report in the previous Deceml>er, for this plant forms its flower buds in the Autumn of the previous year, and they remain green and dormant till the next Spring. If gathered in the early Spring and placed in water, these buds rarely develop into flowers. But they will expand, if placed either in a Wardian case or in a tin •botanical case or tin lx)x imrtly filled with moss. The stems of the arbutus should be stuck into the moss ; the covers placed on the case or box, and the case put into a rather warm room. The blooms brought out in this way will be large, but will lack to a great extent the pink tint which they have when they flower in their native habitat. Of all iiur native flowering shrubs, none arc more at- tractive by reason of the color, form, and fragrance of their flowers than the Azaleas which through their pro- fusion of blooms make our woodlands gay in Spring. In our northern woods. Azalea nudiflora blooms in May. The flowers of this species, which are pink, show a con- siderable range of shade in that color from extremely light to quite dark. It prefers a somewhat dry location in a rather oi>en woodland. In its native habitat, .\zalea nudiflora makes a rather irregular growth and attains a height of four to six feet. When transplanted into the shrubbery, and kejrt closely cut back for a year or more, after l)eing moved, it makes a bu.shy growth and on this lower growth flowers freely. In our somewhat moist and even in our swam])y woodlands in the north, we have another Azelea. which blooms in July. The s|)ccific name of this is visco.sa. so namerl because its white flowers are quite viscid or sticky. This sweet scented Azalea, found often on the margins of swamps along with Magnolia glauca and Clethra alnifolia, will thrive in a shrubl)ery which is not heavily shaded, and in a somewhat dry loca- tion. Its adjustment to the change from a heavily to an only partially shaded and from a wet to a rather dry location: as has been ob$erved, is not a characteristic of the Azalea viscosa only,- but belongs to other plants as well : for example, to the beautiful pink flowered Hibiscus moscheutos, which can be removed from its natural sur- roundings in a wet marSh to a rich upland position and will thrive there. As aVwle, however, it is much better in transplanting native plants into cultivated shrubberies, to give them as nearly as possible a location similar to their native habitat. In Pennsylvania along the water courses in the moist woods, the Azalea arborescens grows. This species blooms in Alay ; its flowers are rose color, large and sweet scented like those of viscosa, but not sticky ; they appear before the leaves. In the mountainous regions from Ohio to Georgia, but especially in North Carolina, grows Azalea calendulacea, the flame colored azalea, or Flaming Pinxter, in masses covering an acre or more. The normal color of this flower is vellowish crimson, but it varies from a light to a deep yelloAv and sometimes to red. The elTect of masses of this azalea, which grows six to eight feet high, is ex- tremely brilliant. Still another southern azalea is X'aseyi, whose blooms are of a delicate pink color, and contrast strikingly with the bold flame or orange colored flowers of calendulacea. In April, in the North, appear only a little above the surface of the ground between a pair (^f large velvety, dark green leaves, which overtop them about six inches, the purplish flowers of Asarum canadense. The common name of this perennial herbaceous plant is Indian Ginger ; it is also called Canadian Snake Root. Its rhizomes by which it multiplies rapidly, have a medicinal value. From Canada to Virginia, over a wide range of territory, it grows wild in rocky, half-shaded situations. In cultiva- tion it is quite useful in rockeries l>oth on account of its soft green leaves and its odd shajjed flowers. Tn Virginia and southward there are two other species of .\sarum, namely, Virginicum and arifolium, but they are much like canadense, except that their flowers appear in March. In California there is still another s])ecies called caudatum, having brownish-red flowers, which are not so much concealed by their foliage as those of the other species. If you have a bare space, even if rather rocky, which you would like to cover (|uickly with a mass of low, soft, bright green foliage, you can depend ujxm one of the several species of Asarum, suitable to vour latitude, to do this. Ever since many years ago, in the last of May, we found Aetata alba, I'aneberry, growing near the edge of some ledges on a jKirtly shaded hillside, we have regarded it as an interesting plant. Its attractiveness lies not so much in its racemes of whitish flowers, as in its general api>earance brought about by the ternately comjxjund leaves with which its upright .stem alx>ut two feet high is clothed, and its ])retty white lierries which follow its flowers. This .\ct:ea is an excellent i>lant for naturaliz- izing in shady woods or ]>lanling in ;i general cullectinn of herbaceous perennials, .'\nother species of .\cta\-i, dilTcr- ing very little from alba in general characteristics and having the same kind of flowers, is spicata. which has red l)erries. .Sf)me botanists consider :dba onlv a variety of spicata. For March, 1923 67 Some Good American Shrubs H. E. DOWNER IN various ways considerable attention is beiny directed towards a better appreciation of native plants, both in their native haunts and also with reference to the suitability of many of them for garden planting^. A long list could be prepared of the trees, shrubs, and herbs of our roadsides, fields and woods, from which the materials for very pleasing compositions could be selected. These notes, however, are written for the purpose of bringing to notice some of the native shrubs of outstanding value, at the commencement of another planting season. Some landscape designers have made good use of them in large plantings, but most of those who sell and plant shrubs seem to be better acquainted with some of the more showy of the exotics and garden varieties. True enough, we do not wish to be deprived of the plants from foreign parts, as witness the furore caused by Quarantine No. 37. We can find room for all that are desirable. But the real art of planting is in the proper placement of plants which fit the surroundings, and this is something not always achieved, even though the choicest material may liave been used. From the following indigenous species a selection can be made suitable for planting in practically any situation. Rhus canadensis, a fragrant Sumach. This is a very distinct looking sumach, being a dwarf spreading bush, so that it fits nicely in the front of a large planting and is first class to use on a rough bank. From tiny, gray, catkin-like spikes developed in the Autumn, greenish yellow flowers open with the leaves of Spring, followed a few weeks later by attractive red fruit. The leaves are tri-foliate and contribute red and yellow shades in the display of Autumn color. Dirca palustris or Leatherwood. A small shrub of shapely habit, taking on a compact rounded form when grown in the open, very attractive in the first days of Spring when the small yellow flowers of tubular form open in advance of the leaves. The branches are pliant but almost as tough as hempen rope. Xanthorrhiza apiifolia or Yellow Root. Here we have a very fine shrub for under planting or to use as an "edger" for planting of larger shnibs. Although it is found along the shady banks of streams, it thrives in quite dry soil, but does grow best in partial shade. In height it does not appear to exceed three feet, and its habit of suckering freely is a good one. It flowers profusely but unobtrusively, the slender racemes of small, star-shaped, chocolate colored flowers preceding the de- velopment of the celery-like leaves, which take on a glow of gold in the Autumn. Benzoin sestivale or Spice Bush. A clean-growing large bush, fine for a background and doing well in moist wooded places. The branches are thickly studded witli clusters of tinv vellow flowers, without petals and almost stemless but making a cheery glow that is most welcome in the days when Spring and Winter seem to be contend- ing for mastery. The foliage is good all through the season and finishes up a bright yellow. The fruit is bright scarlet, much loved by the birds. Hypericum prolificum. A shrubby St. John's Wort, which under cultivation makes a dense bush about five feet high. In flowering, it is all that the specific name implies. The flowers, having bright yellow petals and a mass of yellow stamens make a great showing in mid- Summer, when there are few rivals to attract attention in the shrubbery. It is quite happy in light soil. H. aureuni. This species is not as tall as the former, is of very good haliit and has larger flowers. A fine shrub for Summer blooming. Although a native of the South, I have seen it thriving very well in Massachusetts. Clethra alnifolia or Sweet Pepper Bush. A valuable shrub, generally found inhabiting swampy ground but will grow very well in good garden soil and will stand shade. The fragrant white flower spikes are produced in August, when blooming shrubs are rare. Baccharis halimifolia or Groundsel Shrub. This is a plant with the unusual distinction of being a shrubby member of the great composite family. It is found along the eastern coast and is therefore well adapted for plant- ing in seaside gardens. I have seen it gi-owing well in good garden soil, but how it would thrive in dry sandy soil I do not know. The flowers are inconspicuous and are staminate or pistillate borne on separate plants. The abundant white silky pappus of the female plant presents the appearance of a shrub in full bloom in late September and October. It responds well to the same pruning treatment as given the Japanese Hydrangeas. Euonymus americanus or Strawberry Bush. This is a shrub of slender habit, most effective when several plants are grouped, and in a mi.xed border the bright green stems show to advantage. Its glory lies in the display of fruit, and when the worty capsules of rosy red burst open and show the bright scarlet seeds the effect is gorgeous. Rubus odoratus or Purple Flowering Raspberry. A vigorous, upright grower, increasing from the roots to form a spreading clump, a good plant to fill a shady corner. The leaves are unusually large for a Rubus and the flowers, nearly two inches across, are produced almost all Summer. The fruit is palatable though not to be compared with cultivated raspberries. Sambucus canadensis or Common Elder. If this roadside shrub could be regarded as a rare exotic, it would undoubtedly be in good demand for garden planting. A good mass planting is most effective in June, when the large flat clusters of white flowers are open. The result- ing display of purple berries seldom lasts long, as those that are missed by the gatherers for wine-making are swallowed by the birds. Ilex verticillata or Black Alder. A deciduous holly whose berried branches used in Christmas decoration are familiar to more people than the growing plant. Found chiefly in swampy places, it does not insist on a wet soil in order to thrive. Individual plants do not make heavy specimens so that a planting is more effective when several plants are grouped. Aronia axbutifolia or Red Choke-berry. A good orna- mental shrub for a mixed planting, and in need of good soil, with plenty of moisture to be at its best. The habit of growth is bushy, the flowers are white, in clusters like its "relative the Hawthorn, and followed by bright red berries. Cephalanthus occidentalis or Button-ball Shrub. An- other swamp inhabitant that well deserves a place nearer the habitations of men. When well suited, it makes a big spreading bush eight or ten feet high, and as far across. It is very attractive in July, when the white globular flower heads, each composed' of a great number of small tubular, fragrant florets, are at their best. A^accinium corymbosum or High-bush Blueberry. In moist soil, this well-known berry producer is a very satis- factory shrub to cultivate, not so much for the edible 68 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE fruit as for the gorgeous display of colored foliage in October. When well suited, it grows into a good sized compact shrub, good looking all through the season. Cornus paniculata or panicled Dogwood. This is a verj- useful shrub for mass planting, of medium growth and very bushy. It makes a very attractive showing in Spring with its numerous clusters of white flowers, and again in early Autumn with the white berries, which are carried on red stems. Its branches are smooth and gray, so that it is a particularly good looking shrub the year round. Viburnum cassinoides or \\'ithe-rod. This is perhaps the best of the native viburnums for garden purposes. It is excellent for massing in partially shaded places, under such conditions the growth being somewhat loose. In the open, it makes a compact well-formed bush about six feet high. The flat cymes of creamy white flowers are usually borne in great profusion, but its glory is the ultimate display of fruit which in early Autumn changes from green to bright rose, then to blue black, the transition of colors producing a marvellous effect. V. opulus or High-bush Cranberry, is a very handsome species in flower and fruit. The white flower clusters have an outer ring of larger, more showy sterile flowers. Its clusters of large brilliant red berries are especially showy and hang on all Winter, the birds seemingly not caring for them. \'. dentatum or Arrow-wood is a slender grower up to ten feet or more. It has good looking foliage and will stand shade. The small heads of cream colored flowers open around the first of June, the resulting berries turn blue black by early Autumn, and are usually cleaned up early by the birds. \'. acerifolium or Maple-leaved Arrow-wood is a sturdy dwarf which does well in dry shady places and is well placed along the edge of a plantation. It is particularly attractive in the Autumn when the leaves assume rich tints and the clusters of fruit change from red to dark purple. WHAT THE HOME GARDEN SHOULD BE (Continued from pai^c 63) fruitful theme for painters and poets? A home without a garden is not quite a home. A child whose first im- pressions of the world in which he is destined to live and work are associated with flowers and trees and all that goes with them of pure air, birds and sky, and health, physical, mental and moral, begins his career with a tremendous advantage ; no teachings are purer, no educa- tion more effective, in laying the foundation of future character than familiarity' with these, the best gifts of the Creator to mankind, and he who cultivates a plant for love of it cultivates his own mind and heart at the same time. THE. GOURD (Continued from pa,!^e 61) enough to permit a teaspoon to enter freely. Then remove the seeds and the soft spongy meat and scrai)e off as much as possible of the harder meal When all ])arts of the shell have been perfectly cleaned, the gourd must be dried. This can be conveniently and satisfactorily performed in some warm room, although they may be placed with ef|ual success in the warm sun. The intense heat of a stove should be avoided .since the fresh gourds are apt to shrivel when dried too quickly. When dried the gourds retain their shape and are not easily broken. The natives of the tropics and subtropics, where these plants are found, protect and cultivate these vines to some extent. For, in the first place, these plants give them the material for saucers and bowls, lailles and water bottles. A material fashioned by Mother Nature into all possible shapes and forms, and which, with but little work is ready to be used, as household articles. The natives, whose notion of artistic instinct is more or less vague, adorn these articles in various ways, just as their sense of beauty may dictate. Almost all their gourds show a few parallel decorative lines, while others are adorned with more elaborate designs. THE CALANTHE (Continued from page 62) Calanthes can be propagated to increase one's stock, if desired, by cutting the bulbs transversely and standing them in pans of sand (coarse) which should be placed m strong heat in the propagating frame and kept moist. By this method you will get small but healthy bulbs to increase your stock for the following year. Another method being to pot up some of the strongest of your old bulbs (two years old) which will with ordinary care throw \ou some quite strong young bulbs for you to work up for the next season. To insure success by this method, carefully examine under the base of the bulb for a dor- mant eye or lead, as this is usually where they are found, whereas with a one year old bulb, the growth or lead comes from the side of the bulb base. Calanthes are often infested with white and brown scale. These, of course, must be gotten rid of by careful sponging, the leaves being veiy brittle and easily damaged. The worst disease the grower has to contend with is the black-rot or spot, a fungi pest which is fatal to the Calan- tlie. Take my advice, if you ever have the misfortune to get this in your plants, the quickest and best way is to burn the whole lot ;uid get a new stock- as it spreads year after year from the same stock. Tb.e disease is often caused by over watering coupled with low night tem- jx^rature. The late B. S. Williams of Paradise Nurseries. London, in one of his works on Orchids quotes an instance of seeing a plant of C. ^'eitch^i in the collection of S. Mendel, Esc|., grown by Mr. Fetch, with bulbs almost eighteen inclK's long which threw a spike six feet high and carried over one hundred and fifty blooms. (\'eitchii is Lima- todes Rosea X Calanthe X'e.stita by Dommy.) The Calanthe is one of the easiest of orchids to hybri- dize after a little experience, and they have a great ad- ^'antage over most other orchidaceous plants in this respect, as the seed ri])ens in three or four months from the time of fertilization, and it takes from two to three years from seed-sowing to their flowering .stage. Some difference to most Cattleyas, Laelias and Brasso, etc., which take anywhere from six to ten years from seed- sowing. The seed should be sown on the comix>st pre- viously recommended for potting purposes, and be kept close in a temperature of 80° to 85° till the .seedlings appear. These want very careful handling indeed when very young, but when once established are easily man- aged as long as one has a good steady heat of 70-75° by night with an additional rise of about 10° during the day. I have used the following chemical formula for Calanthes twice a week during their strong growing sea- son with excellent results: 4 ounces of Potassium Nitrate Salt])etre 4 ounces of Ammonium Phosphate Dissolve in four gallons of soft water and use Iwn ounces to each gallon of water. Our deeds determine us as much as deeds. — George Eliot. dctcnnine our For Murch, 1'I23 69 In the Garden and in the Greenhouse GEORGE F. STEWART IN THE GARDEN WK have now arrived at the season of the year when everything is waking up from the long Winter rest of the ])ast nmnths. In late March and early April the gardener has to keep alert that nothing is for- gotten in the way of preparation for the coming season. His head, and many times his hands also, has to be in good working shape. Many small important things are likely to be forg'otten that later on might hamper him in his work. Daily reference should be made to notes on the previous season's work. I have also found it of great benefit to all concerned to take my helpers into confidence in planning the work for the coming season. Draw to their attention that we are working jointly for the same employer; that he is entitled to all the brain power we possess, and should they notice anything that I may over- look, not to hesitate a minute to remind me of the same, and I will thank them for it. I am a great believer in encouraging inde])en(lent thinking, and I heartily agree with a very able hnancier I once worked for, who said that he had obtained some very fine ideas from men that were considered fools. I have no patience with the type of gardener I heard of lately, who told one of his helpers that he was not supposed to think ; he was here to do as he was told. We have had experience with such in bygone days. I knew of one some years ago who told an assistant to go and water a certain bench of planted out plants. The man went and after looking it over, and examining the soil, came back and reported that he did not think it required water. He was ordered back to water it immediately. The gardener made the poor fellow water the bench every day for a week. Such treatment I call tyranny. One can readily imagine the conditions of that poor bench of plants. As a rule at this season, from March 15 on, snow is pretty well gone, and if perchance we have late storms it does not last long. Snowdrops and other early Spring bulbs will be beginning to flower, reminding one that Nature is beginning to put on its Spring glory. The lawns will now need attention raking up all twigs and leaves that may have fallen on them during the Winter. Bare patches will have to be seeded and any unsightly depressions filled in by removing the turf and filling it with loam. A good topdressing will also be in order. I prefer bonemeal and wood ashes, also an appli- cation of lime. I don't like barnyard manure as it is almost sure to bring in many seeds of dandelion and other pernicious weeds that disfigure so many lawns. (Jf course, if no limit is set on help, a lawn can be weeded regularly, as well as any cultivated piece of ground, and the so-called natural manures lend a deep lustre to grass and are more lasting in their efl:'ect than the artificial fertilizers. After the lawns are cleaned and topdressed, it is better before mowing commences, to give them a rolling with a good heavy roller. It gives a nice level surface, and any small stones that may be lying loose on the surface are pressed into the ground out of the way of the knives of the lawn mower. Be liberal with lawn grass seed, as if one has a good thick seeded lawn, it helps to crowd out weeds. As soon as frost is out of the ground and the soil in fairly good condition get all digging and ploughing pushed forward. If it was done in the Fall it will not be sufficient, as the Winter has baked it down quite hard, and soil always delights in a good stirring up. Dig deeply, and if time and labor are available, trench the ground. In ploughing in my young days market gardeners made use of a subsoiler in the furrow after the plough, loosening up the subsoil. The result was that the ground was worked more than twice the depth of ordinary deep ploughing. This extra amount of labor was always ap- parent in the extra heavy yield at harvesting time. A missionary told me some time ago, that the Chinamen are masterhruids at deep cultivation of the soil. Where he was located they had very small farms and manure was not over plentiful, but they made up for the lack of it by deep cultivation with very crude tools. The whole family worked and turned it over year after year to a great depth. The result was a quantity of crops that would astonish a westerner. He was brought up on a farm, therefore knew something about production. Une of the first and best outdoor vegetables, of course, is asparagus, and the bed should receive early attention. To grow asparagus well it requires plenty of plant food. In fact, is may be considered a gross feeder. Dig in plent\- of barnyard manure as soon as the soil can be worked. It also likes the soil kept open, which necessitates frequent cultivation, ^^'hen the ground is stirred, appli- cations of tankage or any killing house refuse may be gn-en. Salt, superphosphate and soft coal soot is also rec- ommended by good growers, giving a little every time the ground is stirred up. In making a new plantation, secure strong one-year plants. There is some difference of opinion how far apart to plant. Some advocate three feet each way, and others two by four. I have always planted two feet between the plants and three feet between the rows, and about seven inches deep of a furrow, gradually filling in as the plants grow. A warm sheltered spot should be selected facing south, as this delicious vegetable is wanted in the Spring as early as possible. Keep up successions of peas, planting at least every two weeks. Don't sow too thickly in the rows, as peas branch somewhat, and a better crop can be had if the seed is scattered thinly. We have found the variety called Pilot a fine pea for early use. Sow carrots, parsnips, beets, lettuce, parsley, as soon as ground will permit it. Onions that have been potted and hardened off well, can be planted outdoors about April first. Seeds of onions may be sown in March if ground is in a suitable con- dition. Sow annuals for succession, especially the annual asters, as they are among the best of our cut flowers. The single- flowered type are by many preferred rather than the double ones. Personally I think they are more decorative. Much forethought is required if a steady succession of flowers is to be kept up in the herbaceous garden. The colors that are most acceptable to the family are to be studied out, and an ample supply of plants has to be on hand to fill in. To keep herbaceous borders looking well throughout the season demands much labor and skill in grouping the plants. As plants go out of flower others iiave to be ready to take their places. If one is restricted to certain colors it makes it all the more difficult. IMany plants have to be grown in jxtts, others can be transplanted from the supply garden. There are quite a number which can be dug up when coming in flower and transplanted into vacant spaces, if they are dry at the roots at the time of lifting, and given a good soaking of water after they are placed in position. These notes refer especially to annuals without which no herbaceous borders can be kept in color throughout the season. Such things as lilies and gladioli are better if pot-grown. 70 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE Rock gardens are becominsr very popular and there are generally many ]K)sitions where they fit in well. They, however, never should be attenijrted unless one has plenty of help at his command, as they have to be weeded by hand and those that do the work must be well posted on and plants used. Roses may be pruned early in April. Hybrid perpetuals we prune back to two eyes. Where garden effects are desired they may be left much longer. With Tea.s and hybrid teas we only thin out the week wood. Ramblers or hardy climbers need to be cut back to keep them within their allotted space, and all weak and useless wood removed ; over crowding must be avoided. Canterbury bells (Campanula medium) can now be planted where they are wanted in the border or in other places where they will be effective or useful for cut flowers. Forget-me-nots (Mysotis), pansies. and English daisies (Bellis) that were Fall sown can now the placed in their flowering positions when weather permits. For Summer flowering pansies, sow the seed outdoors about the end of April and transplant to the flowering quarters when large enough to handle. Spring sown pansies last well through the Summer if well watered. Any planting of shrubs can be done now ; personally I have always had better success planting trees and shrubs in the Spring than in the Fall. They, however, need care- ful attention as regards watering throughout the Summer. As regards roses, unless they have been pot-grown, we always believe that on receiving them from the nursery, the best thing to do with them is to bury them in a trench, covering them with good damp soil for a week or ten days. Quite often they have been out of the soil for a long time and are somewhat .shriveled. The burying process will plump up the wood. There is too much of the slap-dash method with many nurserymen. Sales seem to be what many of them are after so that not enough attention is paid' to the goods delivered. IX THE GREENHOUSE In the greenhouse everything is now in more or less active growth. There will be many Spring plants in flower and the difficulty will be in retarding the flowering period of many things for later use. .\ light cool pit or a greenhouse facing north is almost indispensable at this season of the year. Acacias or other hard-wood plants that have finished flowering need looking over. If they are root-bound they require jxitting. I never like to trim them into sliape until they show signs of starting into new growth and have grip]>ed the new soil. Use a mix- ture of peat and good loam, if a good fibery peat is ob- tainable. If not. use plenty of half-decayed hard wood leaves, along with the loam. Avoid all use of lime in the soil, as hard-wood plants do not object to an acid soil, in fact, they do better in it. Any hard-wood plant that is not over well rooted is better if allowed to go a second year in the same pot. giving waterings with soot water alternately with Clay's fertilizer. Re careful never to overdo feeding hard-wood jjlants. Rain water is best for all plants and especially for the hard-wood shrub section. It is a pity that one does not see more often provision made for catching the rain water from the roofs of green- houses and other buildings. .\ good waterproof tank should be made handy to the greenhouses, sui)i>lied with a motor, or gasoline-driven engine pump with pii)es lead- ing all tthough the greenhouses. .\n experienced eye can soon detect it in the general appearance and healthy look of the plants, especially the foliage. Many of the difficulties that one has with certain plants of the heath family and orchids might be overcome by the use of ram water. Kee]> the young begonias of the Lorraine ty{>e, and the Socotrana tuberous rooted hybrids potted as long as they require it. Never allow them to get jxjt lx)und. Keep them growing in a temperature close to 65 degrees. All bedding plants for outdoor work may be potted into 3i/j-inch pots the last of March. That size of [XDt will generally carry them over until such time as they are planted outdoors. .A batch of cuttings of Fuphorbia jaccjuiniseflora mav 'be secured and rooted at this time. Do not over-water these cuttings. Give them a good watering when they are put in and allow them to get fairly dry before another is given. The primings of the smaller wood of Dipladenias may be cut under two leaves about an inch long. These make excellent cuttings and treated the same as Euphorbia, root readily in a temperature close to 65 deg. Old plants of Dipladenia should now be starting into growth and may be potted if they require it. We run them two years in the same pot, after they are well rooted in size 7 in. Lack of success with Dipladenia is, as a rule, due to overpotting, and growing them under too heavy a shade in a hot lumiid atmosphere. We grow them in an old greenhouse that is never shaded and all Winter the temperature is never over 50 deg. Veiy little water is given during the Winter months, just enough to keep the wood from shriveling, which is generally about once a week when we syringe them, as thev are subject to red spider. They flower with us from June until the middle of January. Cuttings rooted as advised above will flower beautifully in 3l-2 -inch pots the first .season. They delight in a good open com- post of fibre, loam and chopped up roots of Osmunda fern, otherwise called orchid ])eat. Add some coarse bone and charcoal to the compost. We have a large plant in an 18-in tub which has not had a shift for three years. It is now starting well into growth, and after it is in full growth, we shall feed it twice a week, once with Clay's fertilizer and the second time with cow manure water, a good handful to an ordinary three-gallon watering pot. Gloriosa Rothschildiana superba is another good Sum- mer-flowering plant. Start singly in small pots, and when they have made a fair quantity of roots, five or six may l>e ])laced in a 12-inch jxit. Use a compost of good rich iumi>v loam with enough sand to keep it porous. When starting them in small jiots. water very little until growth has conmienced. .^ trellis has to be used to train them on, in any shape desired. Gloriosas require a night tempera- ture around 60 deg., and should never have more than a very light shade over them. Foliage plants in the tropical house will now be grow- ing nicely, and careful shading is ret|uired on all bright, sunsliiny days. Crotons require only a very lighi shade, just enough to keep the leaves from burning, otherwise one will get very poor colors on them. Airing in the tropical house has yet to be carefully done to avoid draughts. Damp the benches and floors well several times a day, and syringe the foliage well in the forenoon. Vigi- lance against insect pests must be exercised at all times, as nothing injures the beauty of the leaves more quickly. Palms may be fed liberally, if they have not been rejxitted tins Spring. A night temperature around 55 deg. is best for them, as they make a much firmer and hardier growth, and can stand being moved around better when they are re(|uired for decorative worlc. r.y .April first many of the h.irdier annuals and i)lants that are to be used for planting out. may be transferred to cold frames. They can be aired nuire freely on all good days, pre|)armg them better to stand up under outdoor culture, when the time arrives for planting them out. The Darwin Tulips can now Iw enjoyed. They do not like to be forced iti a hi^h temperature; 50-55 deg. is warm For March, 1923 71 enough for them overnig-ht witli a good airy atmosphere during the day. Be sure and have a good stock of Buddleia asiatica for next year. It can be kqrt a long time in bud in a cool pit; and after Stevia has passed flowering, will take its place, both as a plant and as a cut flower. Keep the young plants potted along as they require it. Cuttings of Stevia may be also rooted, both the dwarf and tall growing varieties have their place in decorative work. Some of the earlier flowering Camellias will be starting their young growths and should be fed with Clay's fer- tilizer and soot water. These plants do not like over- potting. See that they have free drainage. \\'atch the shading in the orchid houses. Although they do not like full sunshine under glass from now on, as the foliage is likely to burn, yet they need all the li.ght possible to ripen their growths for flowering, so that heavy shade has to be guarded against. A nice deep green on the foliage looks well, but good flowers are of more account. Orchids like to be grown near the glass. In fact, from my observations I find that all flowering plants do better the closer they are to the glass when growing. Why this it so I do not know, probably some of our scientific friends can enlighten me. Coelogynes, Chatsworth variety, has just finished flower- ing with us. This is one of the freest-flowering orchids, likewise one of the prettiest when in flower. Ccelogynes of this type do not relish disturbance at the root often, and therefore it is better to let them alone, until it is absolutely necessary to repot them. The fine old Cattleya Triana is still flowering, also C. S. Schroderae. As they go out of flower examine the condi- tion of the roots, but do not disturb them unless the com- post is in a rotten condition, or imless they have run over the sides of the receptacle. Dendrobium Wardianimi will now need a wann moist atmosphere to develop next year's flowering bulbs. One of my neighbors has had fine suc- cess with this fine Dendrobe. He takes a small side growth from an old stem and in a year or two has a fine plant. He grows it in a rose house with practically no shade and feeds it with hen manure water. He certainly knows how ! Cymbidium are also flowering ; they are among the finest of orchids, lasting a long time in flower. They grow well in the coolest part of an intermediate house. Pot them in a mixture of fern root, sphagnum moss and loam and do not over water. Late flowering Calanthes will now need attention. Pot them as advised in last month's notes for the earlier ones. Phalenopsis are flowering with us. After flowering see that the compost is in a healthy condition. If it looks in a rotten state, remove as much of it as possible without breaking the roots and topdress with fresh material. The graj>es are all in a growing state. The earlier ones need thinning and those that have come along with the increasing heat of the sun will need disbudding. Keep the borders stirred up and give liberal application of food as the growths increase in vigor. Be sure and never overcrop, as it is much better to be on the safe side, when it comes to ripen the fruits. Peaches may be syringed freely until the fruit ap- proaches the ripening stage, as under glass they are liable to attacks of red spider. Feed them a little as the fruit is swellin.g. Disbud any superfluous wood on the pot fruit, retaining enough for next year's crop, and preserv- ing the symmetry and shape of the plant. They need far more water and food than fruit planted out in a border. Fig trees fruit well in pots. We have taken six nice fruits of Brown Turkey of? a six-inch pot : the cutting was rooted the early part of the year and grown on a shelf close up to the glass all Summer. They are gross feeders if grown in pots. A busy season is ahead of us. Let us utilize all the knowledge gained by visiting our neighbors, attending flower shows and meetings for discussion, without which, and a liberal amount of reading, a gardener is very apt to get into a rut. "THE LEAF-MINER IN BOXWOOD" A BOUT a year ago the writer's attention was called to ^~^ some Boxwood bushes that looked as if they had been \\"inter-killed. On careful examination he discovered that the cause of this appearance was due to a small maggot, or midge, securely housed between the two layers of the small leaves causing a blister-like surface. It is needless to say that he at once started a thorough investi- gation to find out just what this new trouble' was, and the best means to combat it. After a great deal of expense both in labor, and spray- ing materials that were supposed to destroy this new addition to our ever increasing list of plant-life enemies, and also causing an endless source of worry both to the owners and gardeners of large estates throughout the country, he feels safe to say that up to the present time all of the sprays recommended for this insect are of very little value. You have only to study the life of the Boxwood leaf- miner, as it is now known, to understand that it is beyond the reach of any spray until it hatches out in the form of a fly, and then, to the writer's way of thinking, it is too late. The little success that has been gained in catching the full-grown fly with the various oil and soap sprays has been very small compared to the advance this insect has made during the past year. The writer has personally inspected a great number of varieties of Boxwood on large estates where a great deal of money has been spent in labor and spraying materials, and today the bushes are as badly attected as some that were never treated. Then again you will often hear it said that this leaf-miner will not attack the Old English Box (Buxus suffruticosa). This is a great error, for while this insect does not appear to attack this variety as readily as some of the others, the writer has seen some very fine bushes of Sufifruticosa badly affected. On the other hand you hear the question from owners of fine Old Box bushes, that have been in the family for a great many years, "What can we do to save these old heirlooms? or are we to lose them?" Of course that seems a hard question to answer. But it can be answered, and answered with a big "No; you do not have to lose them unless you want to." It has been the writer's ]>leasure not only to know that the leaf-miner can be killed, but he has had it killed on bushes that were badly afifected, and this was not done after it had hatched out in fly form, but while the niagg'ot was between the two layers of the leaves. This was not a 65% kill, but a 98% kill, without any harm to bushes so treated. The writer is well able to vouch for the above facts, and will be willing to answer any further questions on the subject to anyone interested. Wm. Shaw, Elkins Park, Pa. Live for something! Do good, and leave behind you a monument of virtue that the storm of time can never destro)'. Write yotir name in kindness, love, and mercy on the hearts of thousands you come in contact with, year by year, and you will never be forgotten. Your name, your deeds, will be as legible on the hearts you leave behind, as the stars on the brow of evening. Good deeds will shine as the stars of heaven. — Chalmers. 72 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE Foreign Exchange Department DAFFODILS AS CUT FLOWERS.— As in the case of other flowers, wliL-n there happens to be a profusion of bloom, there is in that of the Daffodil also the same danger of overcrowding taking place. Surely no better example of the beautiful is needed tlian is provided in the natural growth of these pleasing flowers, the foliage, in combination with the blossoms, affording" an example of what to adopt when arranging the cut blooms. \Vhcn growing and in flower the foliage and the blossoms seem to be, as they really are, quite indispensable the one to the other. Let this be imitated, then, as nearly as possible when disposing of the cut blooms, and afterwards, if need be, compare the natural style with the opposite or unnatural, of massing the flowers something in the same manner as they are sent to market in bunches, with which it is a rare occurrence for any foliage to be included, much as it is needed. Each flower should be so displayed as not to crowd upon that next to it ; it is only in this way that the best possible effect can be had. Often- times w-hen cutting Daffodils from home-grown plants there is a danger of two mistakes being made; the one is that of gathering too many sorts at once, and the other that of taking flowers which have been expanded for some time. It is not, perhaps, generally known that many who exhibit Daffodils in large numbers cut them before they are really fully expanded. Afterwards they continue to develop, but may not possibly reach quite to the size of blossoms still upon the plant ; but invariably the color is slightly better unless shading is adopted. Regarding the use of the foliage, it may be urged that to cut it largely would weaken the bulbs, but it may be taken a leaf here and a leaf there, so as not to make any perccptilile dift'er- ence, or where a good stock of the common Daft'cxiil exists, its foliage can be taken in preference. To mi.x the different types is not desirable. — Gardening Illustrated. STEVIA PANICULATA.— This delightful Gypsophila-like plant, sometimes known as Stevia serrata has been cultivated in France for a great number of years, whilst in the U. S. A. it has been an important florists' flower for more years than I can remem- ber. Some day, perhaps, growers and gardeners generally will wake up to the value of Stevia paniculata to follow Gypsophila panicu- lata. Seed is easily obtainable, and by sowing early the plants may be flowered in the open before frost occurs, or they may be lifted and planted to flower in early Winter like Chrysanthe- mums. The roots are perennial, and if stored like Dahlias may be re- started the following season to flower very early. — The Gardeners' Chronicle (British). PVRACAXTHA GIBBSII. (Award of Garden Merit, Novem- ber 27, 1922) — Xo trees or .shrubs have more justified in 1922 their inclusion among garden plants than the well-known coral red Pyracantha coccinea (or Crataegus pyracantha, as it is still often called) and its beautiful variety Lalandei, with larger, more orange fruits, that come to us from Asia Minor and S'.nth Europe, but China has much more recently yielded some beautiful shrubs ap- parently nearly related to the Xapalese representative of the genus, P. crenulata, but sufficiently distinct to warrant separate names, at any rate in gardens. It is difficult to say which is the most beautiful of these newcomers, and not all are yet widely known, but among fhem P. Gibbsii will certainly hold its own. Quick-growing to about 10 feet in height, with glossy dark evergreen foliage con- siderably larger than that of P. coccinea, making a tall, rather fastigiate bush, flowering abundantly just after the Hawthorn ceases with dense bunches of white flowers, and never failing to bear great bunches of brilliant scarlet fruits as large as peas and contrasting beautifully with the foliage from October to Decem- ber, this is a species worthy and capable of fdling a place in any garden. The seeds grow freely, and may give rise to forms dif- fering somewhat in the shape of the leaves, the exact shade of the ripe fruits, and the precise time of ripening, but all alike worth growing; and if it be desired to propagate any one of the forms it may readily be done, either by cuttings or by layers. — Gardening Jlluslraled. THE RUSSIAN VIRGIN'S BOWER (Clematis Tanghutica). — This commands attention from all points of view, owing to the profusion and rich color of its flowers. Like many other shrubs, this alters its character after the first few- years, and instead of the elegant, frail plant so beautiful and refined during that period, it becomes a strong, rampant grower more suited to clothing the sides of a pergola or large tree stmup where its long gar- lands of flowers may droop to their full extent, displaying their graceful charm in that beautiful loose manner so much admired by all lovers of picturesque gardening. It is the most striking of all the yellow-flowered Clematises, and although occasionally re- ferred to as a variety of the well-known C. orientalis, it is — from a garden point of view — totally distinct and a vastly superior plant in every way. It is a native of Central .Xsia and appears to have been first introduced to Kew from St. Petersburg in 1898. — Gardening Illustrated. A NEW BUDDLEIA.— Buddleia alternifolia is a widely branched and vigorous shrub, producing during June quantities of rich lilac-purple blossoms on the growths of the previous year, so that one cannot prune it in March as is done with B. variabilis \arieties. Inlroduced by the late Mr. Reginald I'arrer from Kansu, the dainty yet luxuriant growth of this Buddleia is in marked con- trast to the vigorous shoots of B. variabilis. — The Garden. DEPARTMENT OF BOOK REVIEWS jre>s. everything indicates that when the Flower Show opeis its doors on .March 12 it will present to the public a floral display that has so far been unsurpassed at the Grand Central Palace. Com(K-litiiin will be keen in ihe classes of the big gardens as well as in the rose and numerous oilier classes. The members of the Garden Club of .\merica arc manifesting lively interest in the classes of table deco^ rations and in the miniature or model gardens. Nothing has been left undone by the various committees to assure the suc- cess of the lOtli. International Flower Show. It will be fullv reported in the April issue of the Gardeners' Chronicle. LOCAL SOCIETIES Till I iiiriiiiilit iiiiititit lilt iimt lilt PiiittiHiDiMiiiiiiiii mil SOUTHAMPTON HORT. SOCIETY The sixteenth .innivirsary of Ihe founding of this society was celebrated by a turkey Slipper, furnished by the ladies of the Pres- byterian Church. .X large number, over two hundred, attended and the whole affair For March. 1923 75 was a complete success. The members deserve credit for their arrangement, and certainly the ladies of the church are well entitled to all honor and praise for the efforts put forth by them to arrange and serve the abundance provided for the feast Everybody seemed to be happy. President George Campbell called the assembly together, calling upon Benjamin C. Palmer to ask the blessing, and the ladies of the church proceeded to serve the turkey. After the feast. President Campbell again called upon Mr. Palmer, who was one of tlie charter members as well as the society's secretary for the first several years, to speak. Mr. Palmer spoke on "Reminis- cences," telling how the society was thought out, and the thought carried into effect by Herbert W. Clarke, one of our first pro- fessional gardeners. He interested a few- others and a meeting was held in January, 1907, in the carriage house of James L. Breese, at which sixteen gardeners were present. The second meeting, tw-enty-five in attendance, was held in a barrack of a room in Agawam Hall, the only place avail- able at that time. There the society was formed, officers elected, and the Southamp- ton Horticultural Society was in running order and ready for business. Later on they moved to more agreeable quarters in Odd Fellows' Hall, where they still hold forth The other speakers were Stanley R. Candler, present financial secretary, and Mr. Marshall, a past president. WESTCHESTER AND FAIRFIELD HORT. SOCIETY The regular monthly meeting was held in Greenwich, Connecticut, February 13. -Some very good exhibits were shown. Edwin Beckett exhibited a very choice vase of Laddie carnations, receiving first prize and a cultural certificate. Second prize, vase of Buddleia Asiatica, went to William J. Sealey and third prize, vase of An- tirrhinum, Torchli.ght. to Alex Smith. Other exhibits included vase of Laddie carnations, W. D. Robertson ; vase of sweet peas, James Stuart ; vase of calendula, W. D Robertson ; vase of stocks, Alex Smith : John Andrews received first in fruit for four varieties of apples. Silver and bronze m.edals were awarded to those receiving highest score of points in both flower and vegetable exhibits during the past year. William Smith received first for flowers; H. F. Bulpitt, second. For vegetables, James Linane received first: H. F. Bulpitt, second. Silver and bronze medals will be given in both classes for exhibits during this year. Through the generosity of A. N. Pierson. Inc., and John H. Troy, the usual monthly prizes will be awarded again this year. The executive committee plans to have a lecture for every meeting of this year. Mr. L'nderhill, of Boston, will give an illustrated lecture on, "Old New England Gardens," in May. The Garden Clubs of Greenwich. Rye, and Riverside are to be guests at this lecture. A lecture on "Bees and Bee Keeping," was given by Mr. Vanderwarken. H. B. Reed, fruit expert, .gave a very interesting talk on "Sprayin.g of Insect Pests and Dis- eases of Fruits." Specimens of diseased fruits and bark were passed around to illustrate his topic. .\t the conclusion of business a social half hour w'as enjoyed. A. Kneuker, Cor. Secy. Of Special Interest To You Would-Be Greenhouse Possessors With greenhouses, as with autos and most other things, there are a certain few that are favorites. Year after year those same favor- ites have continued to be favorites. Such being the case, then, there must be certain very logical rea- sons for it. Reasons that will appeal to you quite as they have to others. Appreciating such, it's a wonder we hadn't thought long ago to bring these favorite greenhouses together and make a special little catalog of them. However, we have done it now. Done it in a most attractive way that am sure will appeal to you and your love of flowers and growing things. Five favorites are shown, among w-hich unless we are greatly mis- taken, you will find just the green- house that best suits your needs and fits your pocketbook. There are plenty of photos of both exteriors and interiors, besides plans and ample description. So complete is it. that without any further ado, houses have been pur- chased directly from it. Mayhap you will do the same. You are most welcome to a copy of this new Glass Garden Catalog. NASSAU CO. HORT. SOCIETY The monthly nKclinij uf the above society was held in (jlen Cove on February 14. Vice-president Thomas Scott oc- cupied the chair. Peter Morrisson, of Glen Cove, was elected to active membersliip. William Cullen, William Milstead and James McCarthy judged the exhibits. Their decisions were : Six sprays of stocks, first, J. W. Everitf. .A very fine vase of sweet peas (Rose Queen) exhibited by J, W. E'veritt was awarded a cultural certificate. The Michell Seed House medals awarded for achievement in horticulture were pre- sented to James McCarthy, Ben Sutherland, Charles Stango, Thomas Meech and Thomas Bell. William Sperling was in fine form in his talk on the advancement of Nassau County. If we were to believe all "Billy" tells, this must be the promised land. Fred Piper spoke about the Morristown Horticultural Society. Letters were received from Bobbink &. At- kins regarding the recent rose catalog they have issued, and from the secretary of the Chrysanthemum Society giving its definition of terminal spray as applied to single and hardy mums. Exhibits for March 14th meeting will be 12 white, 12 pink and 12 mixed carnations, .Arthur Cook, Cor. Sccv. ELBERON HORTICULTURAL SOC. The above society held its regular monthly meeting March 5, President G. Masson oc- cupying the chair. T. Clark, Charles Stout, ■ Walter Lindhardt. John Kostcr and George Sodemann were elected to active member- ship. A fine attendance was on hand, with 76 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE a good delegation from Monmouth Horti- cultural Society. Some excellent exhibits were shown. The judges selected were: L. Kennedy, William W'aite. and William Tur- ner. The President introduced Thomas Head, who gave a very instructive and help- ful essay on the National Association of Gardeners. W. Waite also spoke on the same subject, after which a general discus- sion was entered into by the society. The President spoke with regret of D. Gustaf- son, active member, leaving this section for a position on the Hudson. The April meet- ing will be a ladies' night when a good time is expected for all. \A'iLLi.\M WiLLi.Mis^ Secy. I^iiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii£ HORTICULTURAL JOTTINGS The General Federation of Women's Clubs is conducting a campaign for the ob- servance of a National Garden Week, April 22 to 28, inclusive, which plan has received the personal approval of President Hording. Programs may be secured by addressing Mrs. John D. Sherman, General Federation of Women's Clubs, 1734 N street, N. W., Washington, D. C. Two large bouquets of flowers were found in Tut-ankh-Amen's tomb in the Valley of the Kings. This Egyptian monarch was placed in his funeral chamber thirty-tive cen- turies ago and the doors were sealed. When an English explorer opened the tomb, he found the funeral flowers still intact. Here, in truth are the flowers of yester- day. According to the cable dispatches, they were not arranged in wreaths or in any of the floral designs customary at modern fun- erals, but in the form of bouquets, such as might be carried by a woman. . . . An attempt is being made to coat these flowers with wax and preserve them for pub- lic exhibition. These funeral flowers are a touch of sentiment, proving how constant human nature is. With all the outward changes that have taken place in the afl'airs of man since Tut-ankh-Amen reigned, men and women have the same passions, the same hates, loves, and fears, the same hopes, am- bitions, and desires. Nothing found in the tomb of the Valley of the Kings indicates that the basic motives of human nature have materially changed. Nor has its basic love of beauty. — A'. Y. Evcnitig Mail. The fifth oldest known living thing on earth, and the third oldest in North Amer- ica, is a giant cypress tree in what is known as the Edenborn Brake, in Winn parish, this State, according to Carlton F. Poole of the Louisiana State Convention Department. The age of the tree has been placed at 2,500 years by Prof. Herman Schrenk of St. Louis, and other scientists who have exam- ined it. According to records, it is ex- ceeded in longevity only by the Santa Maria del Tule cypress, near Oaxaca, Mexico, 5,000 to 6.000 years old ; the Dragon tree at Oro- tava, Island of Teneriffe, 4,500 years old, the Redwood tree, California, 4,000 years old, and the Baobab tree, Senegal, 4,000 years old. The Edenborn cypress was budding into life when Jerusalem was taken by Nebuchad- nezzar. It was a lusty young sprout when the battles of Marathon and Thermopylw were fought, when Assyria was at the apex of world dominion and when Rome was a village of mud roads and hovels. The tree was 600 years old when Christ was torn in Bethlehem, a veteran when the Roman le- gions were withdrawn from Britain to leave the savage tribes of those islands to fight out their differences, and was more than 2,00(1 years old when Columbus sailed into tin Atlantic to begin his voyage of discovery. The tree was one of a number of its kind in a tract of pine timber purchased by Will- iam Edenborn some years ago and when logging begati he refused to permit it and GREEN PEAS from June till August! You Know This Secret 7 A bountiful succession of this toothsome delicacy is yours if you follow these aim pie direclioni Plant this collection of 6 choice varieties all at once this Spring, just as soon as the frost is out of the ground—and they will mature in the order named — producing a steady procession of big mouth-watering crops from about June 20th till late in August. The reason for this is evident. Peas must develop their roots in cool weather and so are able to supply sufficient moisture to leaf, flower and pod, as they rapidly multiply undei the summer sun. On the other hand late planted peas are almost always a dis- appointment, as every exT>erienced gardener has reason to know. Here are varieties 1. Schling's Pedigree Extra-Early. 2i,i feet. The earliest Pea grown; large, well-flUed pods. 2. Gradus. or Prosperity. 3 feet. An early fine wrinkled Pea of delicious flavor. 3. Sutton's Excelsior, l^.^ fi^i. The most productive of dwarf medium-early wrinkled Peas. Very sweet. / V2 lb. 4. Dwarf Ctiampion. 2% feet. An enormous cropper. Broiid pods, very sweet Peas. 5. Improved Telephone. 5 feet. Enormous pods, filled with Pe.i5 of the finest quality. fi. Heroine. 4 feet. Pods are large, deep green, somewhat ciirrud; tender Peas of finest quality. Special Offer Long Season Collection of Peas each of all 6 varieties, '\ 3 lbs. in all $1.75 i 1 lb. each of all six varieties, I 6 lbs. in all $2.75 [ Z lbs. each of all six varieties, 1 12 lbs. in all $5.00 / mall for peas — insure yourself a real treat by Free delivery within 300 miles of N. v.; beyond, add 5 cents per lb. for postage. ISo garden is loo small for peas — insure yourself a real treat by ordering today . Schling's Novelties for 1923 a $6.25 value for $5.00 Here IS something ^ nu must have in your flower garden. No. 7 — New Bedding Petunia Purple Queen. No. 1 — Schling's Marvelous New Dahlia Zinnias — True aristocrats 6 to 7 inches across, like huge npcorative Dahlias?. Marvelous blendlngs of pastel colors, rich mixture pkt. r)0(- No. 2— Schling's New Viscarla "Loyalty" ftowr-rs. rewiiUiliiig in mlniaturi" the wild single rr/se. of a iH'aiitiful rich fornllnwrr blue, plants 8 in. Iiigh. bushy and literally covered with flnwrrs so di-n.^ir that the leaves cannot be seen pkt. r)Or No. 3 — Schling's New Viscaria "Innocence" pun- white, forming a lov<'iy rontnust with ■'Ix)valty'" ; pkt. r.Of^ No. 4 — The Wonderful Blue Lace Flower (Queen Anne's Blue Lace I — ^I'lnely lm\-ii fiowcrs of an ex- quisite blue shade lioriie nti long sli'iii.s . , . . pkt. .''lOc No. 5 — New Single Star Cactus Dahlia "Stella" Kemarkably atlracllve, lilte a starllsli In shape, beautiful tlnla, line long stems- pkt. 50c No. 6 — New Bedding Petunia Violet Queen. A rare gem! A real deep velvety violet blue, blooms a-s freely as "Hosy Morn" — Blooms throuRhout the sum- mer pkt. GOc quisite, sheen. rich, clear purple, overlaid with a velvety An entirely new color pkt. 50c No. S — Cynoglossum Heavenly Blue. A rare gem for your bl,ie garden. IS inches high, bitsiiy. just one ma-ss of lovely, brilliant liluc forget mr-iiof -like flowers from .M;iy tuitil frost jtkt. .'iOc No. !) — Clarkia Double Ruby King. Kich ru>)y red flowers resembling apple l)los,soms. thickly studded along 1h(i .sti'm. Kxquisite for cutting .md Iwrlrilng; pkt. ."lOc No. 10 — New French Double Marigold "Dawn." Flowers of perfect sbaiw resembling tlie most perfect Double Pomiwm Dahlia pkt. Trie No. 11 — Gazania Splendons Grandlflora. Beautiful, daisy-like, UVi inches diameter, long stems, love- liest colors, cream, I«Tra roita. sunset, fii-. ; pkt. TSc No. 12 — New Lilliput Poppy. A .';ensation, only 12 Inches high, constantly In lilnoni. A lovely daybreak pink pkt. 25c $cWii\g^ $c«d$ 28 West 59th St. New York City I Our "Book for Garden Lovers" Free with any order or 25c. separately i iillllllliiitnimiiiniiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiimimiNmiiiiiii in iiiii tiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiu^ "A Garden for Every Home." MULLER-SEALEY CO.. INC. 145 We.t 45th St. Now York City 1" ; Joseph Manda Go. Orchids Our Specialty Send for Our Catilogne | 191 Vall(y Road Wxt Oranga, N. J. For March, 1923 77 tliree others almost as large to be felled, al- though the giant contains approximately 23,- 000 feet of lumber. It is peculiarly situated for one of its species, for while the cypress usually grows in swamps the Edenborn specimen stands in a hollow between hills. — N. y. Herald. One point about wild flowers is their wide- flung profusion. .\ garden flower claims se- clusion ; the wind is not welcomed in a garden but he is the rough-and-tumble play- mate of every wild flower, and the level wheat fields ripple with laughter as he goes frolicking b\'. Numberless as the stars are the wild flowers. Who has not brushed the gold from a million marguerites, their ranks clos- ing behind you as though you had never passed that way ? Nor does the fragile prim- rose know aught of scantiness. She pushes her pale petals to the surface, parting the leaves to take an early peep at the sun. She bedecks the woods and enbankments and dapples the shade with her light. And what of the English bluebells? Fragrant, taper- ing bluebells so thickly beneath the beeches and oaks that it is quite iinpossible not to crush them as you walk through the woods in May. Another rare vision, too, when on a Spring evening the full moon sheds a bright sheen all over a field of buttercups. A vision of gold and silver, renewed and ever renewed in memory. In the Highlands there is the wild beauty of tiie heather, splashing the hills and moors with its magenta blaze ; masses of it surging at the base of gray-lichened towlders, woo- ing the coveys of furry-footed grouse to slant into its depths with downward curving wings. Yet. it is sweet to stand quietly in a shel- tered garden, with intimate flowers, named and natured, rising in orderly array at one's feet ; yet sweeter still to push out into the open and revel in profusion. — C. S. Monitor. French wine growers are tearing up tlieir vines and planting the hillsides with pota- toes and grain, according to a committee just returned from a survey of the principal grape regions. This is ascribed directly tn the loss of markets in the United States and in Sweden, as well as the failure of access to German and Russian trade. The growers declare their cellars cannot hold another tnillion bottles, and are planning to organize a great sales co-operative so- ciety which will dispose of the stocks ac- cumulated in the last five years at reasonable prices, enabling the industry to start over again, better calculated to comply with the world market next year. — A''. ]'. Herald. WHY THE TOMATO WAS FOR- MERLY CONSIDERED POISONOUS The Tomato, which in these days occu- pies such a prominent place in our food menus, was until comparatively recent years, believed to be poisonous. This was in a way natural, from the standpoint of the botanists, because they knew that the To- mato plant was really a member of the poisonous "deadly nightshade" family, as is also the familiar Irish potato. This belief as to the poisonous nature of the Tomato was so prevalent that even after a few venturesome folk decided they must be good to eat, they took the precaution of stewing them first. When no harm re- sulted it was believed that the stewing process extracted the poison. But even when other more venturesome folk, who perhaps were so hungry they were willing to try anything, ate raw Tomatoes, without harmful result, it was a long time before the practice becaine common. Before 1830 the Tomato was known as Therefore It Hath Its Charm Isn't it hard to quite understand how some people spend unstintedly for buildings and the "doing over" of their grounds, only to secure a regrettable effect of man-madeness? Everything has the look of having been just placed there. All nature's naturalness has been ruthlessly ironed out. In contrast, you at rare intervals run across a layout that is a delight in its utter frankness — its skillful adaptation to nature's own setting. How it prompts a long breath and a sigh of contentment. Therefore, this greenhouse has its charm. It just fits in the picture, as it were. You can well imagine the satisfaction it was to do our bit in securing this result for Dr. J. H. Lancashire on his Massachusetts woodland-crested estate, at Manchester-by-the-Sea. Why can't we do as much for you? Would you like our booklet called "Owning Your Own Greenhouse"? >nts If you want the finest DAHLIAS the Giants — true to name — we have them. Send for our catalogue, which is a handbook for dahlia growers. SOMERHOUSEN DAHLIA GARDENS Chestnut Hill Philadelphia High Grade Stock of Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. Catalog on request. ANDORRA NURSERIES WM. WARNER HARPER, Prop. Chestnut Hill Philadelphia 78 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE the "love apple" and the plants were placed in gafdens lor decorative purposes only. The fruit was then no larger than a small Plum or large Cherry. Tomatoes of tlie size now popular are the result of cultiva- tion. The use of Tomatoes as food did not grow until after Civil War times. Today, in the United States alone, some 300,(K)0 acres are devoted to Tomatoes, and tlie annual crop, most of w-hich is canneil or made into catsup, amounts to almost one million tons. It is the third in value of the vegetable crops.^I'liilMtclplua A<'(/.!,'iV'. THE LACE FLY The Rhododendron bug or lace Hy, Stephanitis rhododendri, was first found on our native Rhododendron ma.ximum. but in- fests both hemispheres. These small insects attack all the Rhododendrons with the ex- ception of R. Smirnowii, which has leaves the under part of vvliich are covered witli a felt-like substance that repels the insects. The Mountain Laurel and other Kalmias suffer from attacks of the pest, and the flowering quinces are occasionally infested. Li the eastern states this pest has two broods. The first one will appear just be- fore the flowers of the Rhododendrons and Kalmias open, and the second about the end of August. Plants infested by this insect can be readily determined by the discolora- tion of their foliage. In the dormant stage (November to be- ginning of May) the under side of the leaves are dotted with coffee-brown spots along the main mid-rib of the leaf, which indicates the presence of the eggs from the second brood, which will hatch just before the flowers open. During the Summer months the leaves are covered with a sticky substance, and numerous black shiny spots which are the excretions of the insects present. The upper surface becomes dull green, and spotted a greenish yellow throughout. Plants which have this appearance are usually badly in- fested. In extreme cases of infestation the Rhododendrons and Kalmias will drop their foliage early in the Fall, with the exception of the leaves produced during the Summer's growth, which will be one-third the normal size and are usually not sufficient to keep the plants ahve after another year's injury. Rhododendrons and Kalmias which grow- in an open, sunny situation arc mostly at- tacked by the fly, whereas the ones which grow near the water, on a northern slope, or shaded by hcinlocks or other tall ever- greens from the hot sun, are very seldom injured. In the early stages of life the insects have no wings, but have the appearance of lice. Th'ey usually congregate in small numbers tir crawl slowly over the under surface. After two or three weeks wings begin to appear, and at a touch on the brandies many insects will fly away. Then your spraying will have little or no results. The time to spray RhcKJodendrons is just before the flowers burst open. Uo not delay until the Kalmia flowers open, for that will be too late to catch the first brood. The second application must Ijc made about the middle of .August. The main point is to have as much pressure as possible and the spray must be applied thoroughly to the under side of the leaves. A hand or a power nozzle is the best; it can be attached to a fr>iir- or six-foot extension rod. Remember the following: First, this is a sucking insect. It must Ijc hit hard with the spray, the more force the better. Second, always spray on the under side of the leaves. Thirii:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:iliilliiliiiiiiilillllliiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiii!hiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiii[|[||itttttltlt^ :niiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii I I I Tht* Americau Home & City Beautiful Exposition Million Dollar Pier, Atlantic City Jl.\E 16th to SEPT. 8th, 1923 A 12 Week ELxhibit of Innovations and Surpassing* Beauty to Boost American Industry and Home and City Beautiful Movements. Featuring Special Garden Exhibit The sprcial section devotal lo the O:irtio:i. ?eeils, g.irden fiuuitiirc. boriiculturat supplies, trees, shnibs. plants, flottors. garden implements, sprayers, iDsecticides, bulbs, self watering window boxes, and other garden accessories, will be among the most interesting of many splendid features of this Exposition. Concerns having any products for wide distribution which are suitable in the above classification are Invited to .vrite to the Exposition management for full particulars. This Show, National in scope. ofTers Maximum Publicity and Sales Eflflciency at a minimum cost to concerns jupplj'ing essentials for beautifying the home or city (including materials, equipment, and furnishings and all necessities and luxuries). Ten Million Americans who visit Atlantic City during the Summer season when this show is in progress will see your exhibit. Write for Exposition folder and full particulars. American Home and City Beautiful Association — Atlantic City, N. J. What can be more delicious than a morn- ing dawning through your o\ycn windows, to the sound of iimumcrable birds, while the shadows of branches and leaves sway to and fro along the wall, or spread new pat- terns on the floor. Wavering with perpetual change ! — Bccchcr. 500 DELPHINIUMS "BELLA DONNA SEEDUNGS" Citxjd St long one year plants — $15.00 per hundred or will exchange for Peony (Herbacfous't or Iris Kacinpferi "M.-ll.-i Hnrii <;.-ir(!cns.'* Bruno Sitzenstok, Egg Harbor City, N. J. ORCHIDS We are Specialists to Orcbidfi. We coUeet, rrow. hDi>ort. export and afll oretilds ex- clualvelj. If yoD are In the market for Orchlda. we BoUcIt 7oar Inquiries and ordera. Cata lo^nee and aiK>cfal lints on application. LAGER & HURRELL tnliltf Siuwwi aai iHpartvi Summit, N. J. i / ^ t GUT FLOWER BOXES EDWARDS FOLDING BOX CO MANUFACTURERS PHILADELPHIA, PA. ~4 -►1 CONINE NURSERY CO. East Main St. Established 1895 Stratford, Conn. Reference Dun IN LARGE SIZES OF Hemlock, Biotas, Pines, Retinos- poras, Blue and White Spruce. We have the BEST stock in the UNITED STATES. We also have a good nssortmcnt of Gen- eral Niirsery Stock including splendid roses and standard roses. fBtilltlntwrtslica. ^ |wm« direct to e-|4j I ffcctnry for 11>29 ;'■"_ fr1c«« and fuHfii' nrm^Uon FREE iBceaun Tractor C«. |32f>MvliotHvihnirlv. H lBng>|fOjt«, Minn, QUALITY RED POTS Hade of beitt material hj iktlted labor, unlfnrnily burned and ran-fully parked. FaRHMi "Hou-Axtae" Wan iDcludea Azalea Pots, Fern Ulflbes, llanslp' Baakets. Lawn Vaaea. elc. Write for catalogiw aod prire list Tlie Zanc Polterj Compaoy So. Zajtenllle, Ohia New Improved 1923 Beeman Models jAmmrica't Pioneer Small Tractort and Powm yilIII[|[|[|[l[[|l[|[|||[||||||ililIIIiiil[lilf|[liI[Ililillll[IlllliIllIIIIII]l1l|]||11II1j]|||IIII|]i!IIIII1ll11]1lll1l11llllllll1i^ I COMPETENT I I GARDENERS | I The comforts and products | I of a country home are increased | 1 b}- employing a competent | I gardener; if you want to en- | 1 gage one, write us. | I Please give particulars re- j I garding place and say whether | j married or single man is | I wanted. We have been supply- | j ing them for years to the best | 3 ])cople evervwhere. No fee | ? asked. ■ j Peter Henderson & Co. I Srcdsmcn mid /■(■.•risl.': f .i5 and 37 Cortlaiidt Street, | NEW YORK CITY j .$< iiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiif HARRY BA.LDWIIV I Muiufftoturer of I Greentiouse Stiading Lalti RoUer Blinds M'\I\/IAROtSIE:CK. N. V. The Insecticide of Recognized Merit for Greenhouse and Garden A pUIMp is a concentrated material — mixes readily in water — efficient in its action easily applied — free of •''■* ■^ the disagreeable odors and features of most insecticides excellent as a wash for decorative plants. FOR THE GARDEN FOR THE GREENHOUSE — -Applied at regular intervals (once each week or ten days) APHINE will keep plants in the greenhouse and conservatory free of insect pests. p^_JJ\(jJ^£^ For mildew, rust and other blights affecting flowers, fruits and vegetables. V H.fx IVl 1 1\ r. For worms and insects infesting the soil. As a reme- dy against all sap sucking insects infesting flowers, fruits and vegetables, APHINE is most effective. Sold by dealers in various sizes. APHINE MANUFACTURING COMPANY Manufacturers of Agricultural Chemicals MADISON. N. J. § ;niiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiii)iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ ^lHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIII1»ll!IIIIIIIIIIIJIIIIIIi;illllllllllllllll!llllll!lllllllllll!llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllillllllllllllllllll1IIIIIIIIIIU 5000 Working Hours — Guaranteed! iiiiNnniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim g iiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiu; \ \\'orking hours full of the sense of a task well done — a lawn wel' mowed. The Coldwell Roller Bearing Imperial, latest Coldwell mower, is indeed a unit of equipment that conserves time and energy — a good lawn requisite efficient in the extreme. Outfitted with Hyatt Roller Bear- ings, self lubricating in operation, it runs easily and well, and in any of four sizes— 14, 16, 18, or 20 inch— it leaves a swath of velvety green, vigorous in health, and trimmed im maculately. The Imperial Roller Bearing is lightest draft mower you can bu fitted with triple pawl ratchet, guaranteed 5000 working hours. .'Isk your dealer to danonstrate. And bv the ivay, we have a booklet here for you — "Keeping the Latun." Interesting and in- structive. Write for it. The Roller Bearing Imperial S^S3^&^S^^33aS333333S332B CoISWeiX Lawn Mower NEWBURGH.N.Y. U.S.A. The beautiful estate of A. Liuilcw Krumcr at IVcsthiiry. L. I. The Tribute of Wm. McLeod to Davey Tree Surgery li'tti. McLeod, superintend- t-nr of the ,1. Ludlow Kramer estate Work of Davey Tree Surgeons on a tree ai the A. f^udlozv Kramer estate JOHN DAVhV father of Tree Surgery Westbury, L. 1., Jan. 15, 1923 The Davey Tree Expert Co., Inc., Kent, Ohki Gentlemen : Durini; tlie past few years I have had occasion to come in contact with your representatives, and also to observe considerable of your work. My opinion of the personnel of your orc;anization and the tjuality-'of your work is very good. I had an experience recently, too, that impressed me very favoral)ly with the service of your Company. A short time after I took charge of the A. Ludlow Kramer estate at Westbury, T. I., your representative called to inspect the work on the trees that you had previously treated, and after his inspection informed me that the numbers of fillings which you put in were standing perfectly, with the exception of one filling that showed a slight defect. He is arranging to have this taken care of without any obligation to Mr. Kramer. This free service came entirely unsolicited Ijv either Mr. Kramer or myself, and proves conclusively to me that your interest in the trees you treat does not end with tlie payment of the bill. I can highly recommend you to any one desiring to obtain the services of ' P Sincerely yours, Wm. McLeoh Every gardener and estate >u|)erintendent has a most im]X)rtant work in the saving of trees under his care. Davey Tree Surgery brings to his aid the highest develojHnent of science plus a generation of experience. A careful examination of \our trees will lie made by appointment. THE D.\\i:V TREE EXPERT CO., Inc., 30,> Elm Street, Kent, Ohio Branch offices tvith telephone amncclious : New York, Astor Tntst Btdg.. Fifth Ave. and A2nd St.; Boston. Massachnsclts Trust BIdg.; Philadelphia, Land Title Bldg.; Baltimore. American Bldg.; Pittsburgh. 3.11 Fourth A-c: Buffalo, 110 Franklin St.: Cleveland, Hippodrome Bldg.: Detroit . General Motors lildg.: Cincinnati. Mercantile Library Bid}:.: Chicago. IVestniinster Bldg.: St. Louis. Arcade Bldg.: Kansas City, Scarritt Bldg.; Los Angeles, Garland Bldg.; Montreal, 252 Langauchiler,\ U',\ti Davey Tree Surgeons are near j'ou — if you live between Boston and Kansas City, or in California, \^'rite or wire nearest office for examination of vour trees without co.'^t or obligation. DAVEY TREE SURGEONS Every real Davey Tree Surgeon is in the employ of The Davey Tree Expert Co., Inc., and the public is cautioned against those falsely representing themselves. An agreement made unth the Davey Company and not tvith an indivuUial \s ccrlatn evidence of genuineness. Protect \ourself from imposlers. If anyone sohcits the care of your trees who u not directly ,n our employ and claims to be a Davcx man. write Ileadquarlers lor hts record. Save yourself from loss and your trees from harm. CHRONI ^ (OF AMERIC ILLU $2X)0AYEAR CwSWeH Lawn Mowers T/ic Itiipcrial Gn/iK Moiier % J Five New Assistants W hen large ireas uf lawn need atteniion. The (..'dkhvell Imperial (Jang Mower steps in with tlie capacity for work equal to live new assistants. Cutting a swath 91 inches in width, it wins new records for acre- age each passing day. little minding the character of the turf, nor its undulations. Composed of five high wheel lnii)erial hand machines, this gang mower, as a unit, possesses the same flexible qualities, the same light-draft requirements, that has made the individual Imperial such a valuable piece of lawn-maintenance equipment. llyatt Roller Bearings. Reversible Bed Knife, and special ribbed guard rollers to prevent skidding are part of the ensemble. Whether tractor or horse drawn. The Imperial Gang Mower is particularly efficient where large areas of lawn need to be cut, but not rolled. f/V 7^7/ K'tuily trll you more about the eieellciit niir.ucr, and assist yt ti in the care of your iai^'ti, like- wise, if yi u wit! but write and ask us. y'oiir dealer If/; hell', ton. Hand, //or.-if, (iotf & Mtitnr MoHem CoL^^^uL Lawn Mower Co. NEWBURGH.INY.USA. ^^■- A Suggestion For You Over in KiiKlaii.i. th.- hmn, uf ^n' "li""^<--. "yy I'-cale tlu-ni either directly adjoining the residence; or right handy by, so their pleasures arc always easily available. It's a good idea, don't you think? Here is an attractive little Rrouj) that is scarce a half ston," throw away. Our new book called "OwninK Vnur Own Greenhouse" w n cive you the p'-clintina'-y greenlK.use information you waii You aie mcicuiuc to a copy. Hiictungs::^^: Company HOME OFFICE AND FACTORY: ELIZABETH, N. J. New York Rochester PhiUdf-lphia Boston-0 101 Park Ave. Commerce BldK. Empire bldg. 294 Wash, Si 119 Main St. £. 13th & Walnut 8tt. r-TW.- r^ IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIW^ e^N VIEW of our exhibit at the International Flower Show, Grand Central Palace, March 1923, which, due to the excellence of our greenhouse products, won the tw^o highest aw^ards, the Gold Medal of the Garden Club of America, and the Gold Medal of the Architectural League. JULIUS ROEHRS COMPANY RUTHERFORD - NEW JERSEY iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiaiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 81 gjiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiJiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiwniiniiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiil^ Bobbink Sl. Atkins 'Worlds" Ask for Catalog Choicest Nursery SGrei ^Products Visit Nursery ROSES Our ilest-riptivc .\e« Rose Catalog, profusi'ly illlLstialfil in rolor and black, is rt'plet* with til'-' largest aud most complet? eoUeetimi or Koses in America, consisting of several hundred thoasand Rose Mants in several hundred varieties, including practically everj- worth-while Kose known at the present day in Hybrid Tea, Tea, Hybrid Perpetual, climbing and many kinds and species. We have more than 120 varieties of Tree or Standard Rases. All of our plants are two years old, low-budded and fteld-grown. We shall gladly mail a copy of this complete Rose Catalog to those who intend to plant Roses. In our 500 acres of Xursery, we grow everything for the complete planting of every style of garden. LILACS E\ERCREENS RHODODE-NDRONS JAPANESE YEW TREES AND SHRUBS ROCK GARDEN I'LANTS OLD FASHIO.NED FL()\>ERS FRUIT TREES AM) BUSHES BROAD LEAVED EVERGREENS AMERICAN AND JAPANESE HOLLY GIANT FLOWERING MARSHMALLO^ I'tic abrne are described and priced in our IlllLsIrated tleneral Catalog. When reijuesting Catalog, please state in what you are interested. Nurfierynipn S: Flitrists RUTHERFORD NEW JERSEY siiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiinniiiiiiitliiiriiiiiiiiitiiii Hardy Water Lilies \villi \voii(K-rful color, delightful fragrance, and many blooms, form the center of interest in the .garden. Easily .grown, needing no care beyond an ample supply of water. For the Edge of the Pool many iilants are available — \\ ater Hyacinth. Umbrella Palm. Buckbean, and others — will add to the beauty of the poi^l. .Ml are listed in Tricker's 1923 Catalogue of Water Lilies and Aquatic Plants. Tells how to v'low Lilies as easily as asters or sweet peas; the kinds to plant; hew to build a pool. Wrilc today for this mlcrestiiig booklet. WILLIAM TRICKER 664 Forest Street Largest (in. of Aquatics ill Ajncrira Arlington, New Jersey iUI!llll!i!llllll!llllllllll|l||l||!|!|l||||||||||||||!|||i|||i|||l|l||l||l|||||||lllll|l|l|l|il|l!illll»lll|l|l|ljllllllllll|l|lllll^^ ORCHIDS I If you contemplate buying I Orchids, send for our special I list. Large stock of Laelia I Cattleyas, Brasso Cattleyas, I and other choice Hybrids. I We specialize in supplying I the private trade. Let us j figure on your requirements. I Orchid peat, live sphagnum j moss, baskets, pot hangers, I always on hand. I G. E. BALDWIN & CO. | I GKORGE li. H.NLDWIN, Sole Proprietor | f MAMARONECK NEW YORK I ?3iiiiwu:ii'iiniiin;iiiiii'gniiiii iii:niiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiuiiiiiniiiiiiiii Cebar Hcres; (glabioli mtb ?9atlias Many New ] ariciii Booklet lull of \ aiiiiililc liiroriiial ioii FREE ON K Kg I EST n. HAMMOND IHACV, liic W I;MI AM. M VSSACIII SETTS U(»\ 12 :;tuuiiiiiiiiiiii>aiiitii J ^,0t V', -/> \ s 1f ■' . ^ ^i^J y^^ bS^I^ Fordhooh Gem Burpee ISovelly for 1923 — An iridescpiil rose-pink and white. Strong divisions $1.50 each, postpaid. Burpee's Dahlias and Gladioli are world- famous. During the past few years the American Dahlia Society has awarded us fi\e Gold Medals, besides a large num- ber of Certificates of Merit, for the Bur- pee Novelties. ( )ur special catalog of Dahlias and (lladiidi describes the most brautilul and worth-while varieties. Our booklet "Burpee s Specialties in I)(dilias and Gladioli" will be mailed to you entirely free. Write for your co])y today. Just tear out the coupon below and till in vour name and address. Tear Here ■ W. ATLEE BURPEE CO. Seed Growers Philadelphia, Pa. Ple.isc sciKl me :■. free cnpv of "Burpee's Specialties in Puhluis ami Gladioli," 61 X.ime R. D. or Street Post Office State. .. 83 aiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiffliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin^ iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii The Contents for April, 1923 Things and 1 lioughts of the Garden William N. Craig 85 In the Garden and in the Greenhouse George F. Sierx'arl 87 Origin and Varieties of Muskemelons . Daphne Cneorum Newcomers ni Old Gardens . 89 The Tenth International Flower Show Florun^ Amator 90 Strawberries and Their Culture. . . £. S. Husse\) 95 The Culture of Bearded Irises 95 The Little Garden 96 Jerusalem Cherry 96 From an Old World Garden Arthur T. Johnson, F. R. H.S. 97 The Changing World of Plants WiUard N. Clule A Rare Collection of Orchids. . . . Orchid Expedition to Tropics Delphiniums and Deep Culture . . . . In Appreciation of Annuals Gardening Under Glass Foreign Exchange Department. . . . Horticultural Jottings National Association of Gardeners . Local Societies 98 98 99 too 100 100 101 101 102 102 103 105 Published Monthly by THE CHRONICLE PRESS, INC. 286 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. MARTIN C. EBEL, Editor Enlered at the New York Post Office as second class matter, No':-, i. 1';14. under the Act of Congress. March 3, 1879 Vol. XXVIl. No. 4 Issued 1 5th of each month. Subscription $2.00 a year Canada, $2.15; Foreign, $2.65 lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll 'giiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiii lllllllllllllllll Stumpp & Walter Co.'s Catalog Our 1923 Spring Catalog will be mailed to you, on request, if you are not regularly receiving it. Many New and Exhibition varieties of Flower and Vegetable Seeds are offered. Farm and Grass Seeds are also a feature. Cannas, Dahlias, and Gladioli — the best varieties to date. Cntnlog issued January first ^imlkf^ '>p-'^i Barclay St. ISI e w York iinniiniiniiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiin^ iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiii S4 Hillllllllllll IIIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIIIti GARDENERS' CHRONICLE (OF AMERICA) Devoted to the Science of Floriculture and Horticulture IIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 1 Vol. XXVII APKIL, 1923 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii No. 4 I iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Things and Thoughts of the Garden WILLIAM N. CRAIG THF! New \'c)rk flower show this Spring', in spite ot its unusually early date, proved to be an ex- cellent one. the exhibits being- well varied and at- tractive. The gardens were as usual the cyno.stire of all eyes ; they certainly entail a great amount of study as well as forethought and skill. It was really remark- able that so much well grown, finely flowered and taste- fully arranged material could be gotten together at so early a date when the nature of the past — ^or rather pres- ent— Winter, the fuel situation, and other factors are con- sidered. The Spanish garden of Julius Roehrs Co. was quite unique, and a most decided breaking away from existing types, the award of the gold medals of the Archi- tectural Club, anid the (lerden Club of America to this exhibit made it the most discussed and criticised garden in the show. :}: * * I must admit, however, that the garden which appealed to me the most was that of the F. R. Pierson Co. This was eminently practical and quite possible of dujdication in the East; the material used was well placed and. better still, the various plants were plainly la'belled. The rock garden of Bobbink and Atkins was well conceived and most interesting; here again all plants were named, thus making" it educational. The Azalea Garden from the last named firm was very showy and proved that there are still some Azaleas in .America. The rockery of the Julius Roehrs Co. was also nicely done. The Bulb Garden of John Scheepcrs was very charming and the color arrange- ment expuisite. I had hoped to see two or three rose gardens, however, the one from Cromwell Garden could hardly have been improved upon, and the effect produced by using not only half a dozen varieties, was vastly lietter than if a much larger number had been planted. * * :i: There was an evident tendency to overcrowd the beau- tiful arrangements of greenhouse flowering plants from Mrs. Payne \\'hitney. and W. B. Thompson, half the number of plants would have produced a 'better effect. I was glad to note how popular Buddleia Asiatica. in- troduced about eleven years ago by Farquhars' of Boston, had become. Both florists and professional gardeners are now recognizing its decorative value. Clarkia "Salmon Queen," a lovely annual for pot culture as well as the garden, and one possessing splendid lasting qualities as a cut flower, was noted in one group, also well flowered ]>lant? of the single annual Chrysanthemums. There was a wonderful array of Orchids. These were, liov\ever, fearfully crowded, and one or two of the largest groups were very poorl\- arranged. The Cynnhidiums were easily the star featiu-es in this department. I think 1 noticed a name on the beautiful Brasso-Laelio-Cattleya, "Snowdon." from A. N. Cooley of Pittsfield, Mass., and it IS just possible that one or two others had names, but not a solitary label apjDeared on the bulk of the groups. This held true throughout the entire exhibition. * * * I presume that flower shows are held to satisfy and encourage the love of people for flowers, and particularly to make such exhibitions educational. They utterly fail in this latter mo.st essential particular when so few plants and flowers are named as in New York. Personally I think the policy of the Massachusetts Horticultural So- ciety which insists on all exhibits being named, and the refusal of awards to any plants and flowers not plainly labelled, might ver\- well be adopted in New York. Small inconspicuous cards either printed, or plainly written in ink. should be made mandatory. If this is not done, this greatest ol' our Spring flower shows will fail in its full mission. * * :k The cut flower displays at New York are always ex- cellent and this year were fully equal to those of former years. The sweet pea display of ^^^ Atlee Bui-pee & Co. was as usual a splendid one, being also most artistically arranged, and free from the abominable draperies which disfigured the first and second prize groups of cut roses. My own personal opinion was that the F. R. Pierson Co. display, ever\-thing considered, was the best of the three. I may be old-fashioned but I am opposed to giving pre- miums to lavish displays of ribbons, chiffon, or even col- ored burlap and tissue paper. Amongst the new roses \merica. Commonwealth. Mrs. Harding, and Souv. de Claudius Pernet, all had their admirers. The last named was the centre of attraction for amateurs, as it is proving to be a good garden rose, and its color reminds one very strongly of that beautiful variety. Marechal Neil, by long odds the finest climbing yellow we have today but, un- fortunately, too tender for our cold eastern Sitates. * * * It is ahvays interesting to note what are commonly classeid as ''spring flowers." A nice assortment of these appeared, especially amongst the table decorative material. Amongst the forced annuals and bulbs used T noticed 85 86 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE Didisciis cierulea, pink L'larkia. Gypsophila elegans, pink Sajxjnaria. Statice Suworowi, Leptosyne niaritima, Arc- totis trrandi?, blue and white Lupines. Larkspur, Nemesia, Scliizanthus. Stocks single. Sweet t'eas. and Centaurea cyanus, all of which are also excellent outdoors. Uullwus flowers apart from Narcissi consisted mainly of Dutch and Spanish Iris. Ranunculus. Lxias, Sparaxis, and col- ored Freesias. A vase of White Watsonias was noted also a few of the large flowered Gladioli, which looked as thou.gh they mig'ht have been grown in Florida. Since the advent of Quarantine 37 we see comparatively few of tlie mis-eraneor.s Dutch bulbs such as Babianas, Tri- tonias. lxias. Ranunculus. Anemones, and Sparaxis. bulb- ous Iris, and the small flowered Gladioli are also cmnpara- tively scarce and high priced. :■! >;: ^ Speaking" of \\"atsonias. these lovely South African bulbous plants have been tremendously improved liy hybridization of late years in Florida. California, and Australia. E. H. Wilson during his recent world tour found a wonderful race of hybrids in Melbourne, plants growing six feet m height and including about every -.maginable color. Splendid hybrids have also been pro- duced in the warmer parts of our ow^n country. I have found that \Vatsonias flower splendidly in pots, and will also succeed quite well outdoors. I think they should do finely in benches, and are well worth careful considera- tion from commercial growers. In Spring groups of ]>lants they should prove extremely useful, and seeing that a goodly supply of bulbs is availalile in both Morida and California those who want something new in their gardens nught well try them. The colors most in evi- dence are pure white and ]>each pink. These have well branched spikes carrying fifty to seventy-five flowers each, :;; =;: '^ It seems strange that so ma.ny amateurs and not a few practical gardeners are still of the opinion that members of the Primula family are of doubtful hardiness in our northern Atlantic states. If given conditions at all con- genial they are among the most dei>endal>le and cliarmin'^ of hardy plants. They will grow and flower well in full siin.shine. but are most at home under the shade of trees, (elms excepted). In shady situations the white, yellow, and gold laced Polyanthus thrive amazingly as do the English primroses. At the late Xew York show I was interested to find in one of the gardens Polyanthus la- belled "English Primroses.'' and in the same lovely gar- den "St. Brid.get" in lieu of St. Bri,gid Anemones. In addition to the Polyanthus and En.glish Primrose there are many other hardy Primulas. The following have done e.speciallv well in the vicinity of F)Oston : P. frondosa a lovely little .sort with silvery foliage and rosy lilac (lowers. P. puhcrulcnta, a vigorous sort succeeding par- ticularly well in moist locations where its rich, ruby crim- ,son spikes are verv effective ; in suitable locations it will reproduce, itself from seed very abundantly. P. Jai>onica is a good rock ])lant, it comes in a wide range of colors, and is very much at home along the margin of jwods or streams. P. IJeesiana is a strong grower with varying shades of purple flowers and a yellow eye. P. Piulleyana produces buff, orange, and apricot colored flowers, very distinct from all other Primulas and is the latest bloomer in the whole familv. A pretty little dwarf growing va- riety is P. rosea florilmnda. flowers are bright ro.se in color. P. Sikkimensis is conuuonly called the "Himalayan Cow.slip" the primrose yellf)w flowers are pnKluced in clusters on long scapes. P. Cashmeriana and P. denticu- lata have always been the first of our Prinmlas to flower, not infref|uently as early as the middle nf .\pril near Ho.ston. The)' grow ei.ghteen inches in height and their globe shaped heads of flowers vary in color from |>ure white to jnn-ple and violet. The foregoing Prinmlas have proven quite hardy, and but few have died out. It IS ab\ays a good plan to raise seedlings of one or more varieties each Spring and while Primulas will withstand \ery low temperaUires. they should be gi\'en a mulch of leaves as \\ inter sets in and it is well not to remove this '.00 hastily in .Spring. Lilacs are unquestionably the finest of all uur tlower- ing shrubs. They flower early and aliundantlv each year; liold their foliage late; are alxsolutely hardy, and are '■lean subjects, as with the e.vception of scale, they are practically immune from insect attacks. The San Jose and cither scales are easily conti"olled by a dormant spray- (if either lime-sulphur, or one of the several soluble (lils. For the wonderful im])rovement in, and ix>pularity of lilacs, we are indebted to one of the world's greatest horticultural hybridizers. Lemoine of Nancy in France. M. LeiiKiine's nursery was close to the firing line and was fref|uent!y shelled hy the Germans, hut terribly crip- ji'cil and ham]iered as he was. he continued tiie work of hybridization, only to be met at the close of the world war by that cruel and utterly unjustifiable embargo, the notorious Quarantine 37. There are two hundred or more varieties of Lilacs in cultivation in .\merica today, the bulk oi them raised by Lemoine. We are devoutly grateful that we had ihem 'before the F. H. B. started to function. ( Hit nf a \'ery long list of hybrid Lilacs I would recommend the following as excellent : Alarie Le Graye, still the best single white; Mme. Lemoine, a supenb double white: an- other lovely doitble white is Alme. Casimir Perier. In the dark pur]>le chiss .Souvenir de L. .S])aeth is still hard to heat. The most exquisite pink of all is un(|uestionably Macrostachya : another good pink is Mme. Francisque .Morel. A grand single blue is President (irevy; Michael lUichner is a good double pale lilac colored variety. Lucie lialtet is a fine single, with old rose colored flowers. Seiiator \'oland has big trusses of sing'le reddish color. .\ striking deep red double is Charles Joly. -\part from the named Inb'rids of Syringa vulgaris al- ready listed allxive. ever}'one should plant some of the species. S. F^othomagensis the Rouen lilac. S. Per.sica aind S. Persica alJ>a, the graceful p'Uri>le and white l^er- sian lilacs, the very graceful S. pul)escens are all valuable; also S. Josiksea, the Hun,garian lilac, is avluahle as a late bloomer. Latest of all comes S. Japonica, the Jajmnese tree lilac of tree-like form with handsome ,gk)ssy leaves and big plumes of creamv white flowers pniduced after all other lilacs have passed. It is most encouraging to learn that an extensive and comiprehensive investigation of the methods and activities of the Federal Horticultural Board, including their effi- ciency and general methods, and the best methods to adopt 111 efl^ect anv necessary changes will be uiwlertaken l>y the Chanrlver of Commerce of the I'nited States, if a request addressed to it by the Merchants' .\ssnciation of New York receives favorable consideration. Several iiinnths' stud\- of the autocratic l'. II. B. and its methods, by a special committee of nine gentlemen has made pos- sible this most refreshing rejKirt. Every true lover of horticulture in its truest and broadest sense will fervently hope that the conmiittee's recommendations may be fa- vorablv received, and that the comprehensive study askerussel sprouts that were started early may now be planted out. In the cultivation of these, and all plants of the Brassica family, newly bro- ken up grass land is best to plant them in. They are far less liable to clubroot. They like a deep, rich, well cul- tivated piece of land to grow in, and plenty of room to develop each plant. Two feet between each plant, and three feet l)etween the rows, is about right, although they may be grown much closer if land is scarce, and one has plenty of time to feed them well with lif|uid and other manures. We once grew, for experiment, thirty- six nice medium sized heads of cauliflower on a piece of ground six feet by six. They, hoavever, were fed heavy with liquid manure until the heads formed. Finn planting is in order; for these plants also care should be exercised that the roots are well down into the soil. There is yet time to sow and get a good crop of onions although they are better when planted much earlier. En- rich the land well for this crop and tread and firm the ground before sowing the seed. The leek is one of the healthiest of vegetables. A deep, rich soil is what they require. They are better if trench grown so as to have a better chance to blanch. Dig a trench at least fifteen inches deep and, after it is finished, loosen up and manure the Ijottom heavily, and cover with a little loam, as it is safer ti.i plant the young plants in soil not so rich, having the roots gradually reach the more heavily fertil- ized part. Peas are probably the greatest favorite of ail vegetables and they should get good care so as to secure a good i-'rop. They have been cultivated since befoire the time of Christ, and are known botanically as (Pisum sativum). Peas like a good deep rich soil, l>ut manure that is used for them should be well decayed. One of the best wavs to plant jjeas, as we have found, is to plough out a good deep trench, and manure it well in the bottom, covering the manured part with a few inches of soil that has been • manured the previous season. Sow the seeds on top of that, covering them about two inches. As the young piant grows the roots gradually i>enetrate the manured part as they gain vigor. We have seen sowings spoiled by sowing the seed too ne:ir the manure especially if it was not well decayed. Peas also like land that has been well limed or has a mixture of chalk in it. A cool steady climate is best for them, and tho.se who live close to sea .shore can have a much longer season of peas tlian those of us who live further inland. Get in parsnips as soon as the ground is prepared for ■hem. If one has the time the best way to grow them, after the ground has been prepared, is to'use a good thick dibble about three feet long and bore holes in the prepared ground about six to eight inches apart. Fill these holes ■\vith fine loam, or sand, and sow a pinch of seed on the top of each hole. After the plants are well started, thin them out to a single plant. This, method' ensures a good long straight root. At one time parsnips were recom- mended as a substitute for potatoes, but, of course, that fell flat, as the flavor of the potato is, I helieve. more jXD'ixilar tlian that of the parsnip. Deep rich soil, free from stones, rather sandy in texture is best for them. The motlern name is Pastinaca sativa : older Botanists placed it under Peucedanum sativum. Stakes may be placed in jxisition for pole l^eans and by the first of May, a sowing of dwarf beans may risked in a warm sheltered spot outdoors. If a late frost occurs a newspaper placed over the row will, we have found, generally save them. It does not take long to cover them, and if a small stone is placed on eadh corner of the sheet, there is not much danger of the wind blowing it awa}-. See that the paper does not touch the top of the small plants, as if it does, they are ahout as certain of being- nipped, as if they were uncovered. A sowing of early corn may also be tried. We ha\-e saved the hills from a late frost by covering them with a flower pot. A well enriched hillside, sloping south is the safest to plant early corn on. For flavor it is hard to beat the various forms of B.antam. Keep up successive sowings of beets, carrots, and let- tuce. The main crop of potatoes can be planted any time in May. Xew land is always advocated for them, but we gave them two years on the same piece of groiuid'a year or two ago. and the second year we douibled the yield, ^\'e used a regular commercial potato fertilizer and no barnyard manure. Fall blooming plants in the herbaceous border can be overhauled at this time if they require it. The plant should lie completely dug out of the ground and the space for it manured and limed. Select the best part of the crown to replant — merely cutting around a few- pieces of? the edges of the crown is not good gardening. There GARDENERS' CHRONICLE are a few annuals that are better if sown where they are intended to grow; Lavatera, the poppy family, Alys- sum, etc., any good catalogue will tell one which are sensitive to the roots being disturbed. We have had very good success by filling small pots with soil, sowing a pinch of seed in the middle of each pot and thinning out after they are well up. We place the pots in a cold frame, removing the sash when weather allows. By this method they come along quite naturally, and they can be planted in their flowering position before they get too well rooted. Get all plants of Foxglove (Digitalis), Sweet ^^■illiams, and other plants that requuire the same treatment, into their flowering- position without delay. About the middle of April we always plant cur first batch of gladioli. These we find are of the most valu- able cut flowers, especially the Priraulinus hybrids. They are, to my mind, far more decorative than the gandavensis type. Cross breeders of this valuable flower, in their eagerness after size, and departure from distinct colors, are in my opinion destroying their artistic eft'ecr, when it comes to the arrangement of these flowers. We find that a planting every three weeks up to about July 18 gives a good steady supply of flowers until frost. Small bulblets of the Primulinus type, sown in a drill, like seed, flower splendidly all through the Fall. We plant gladio- lus bulbs six inches deep. They like a heavy coating of lime in the soil. Montbretias are also very fine cut flowers but they are not quite hard)' around here. We have found the best way to liandle them is in a frame, where the)^ can Ije protected somewhat in Winter. When they get overcrowded lift them and replant. Botanically they are placed under Tritoma. Antirrhinums that have been well hardened oft', can now be planted in their flowering quarters. .\ little frost does them no harm. Canterburj' Bells (Campanula medium) may now 1)J sown for next year, also Campanula pyramidalis. Another batch of late flowering China Asters may also be sown at thi.s time. Sow them on top of sphagnum moss, pressing the seeds into it and in this way, we find they germinate much more freely. We would again draw attention to the single asters. "Southcote Beaut\" is preferred by many, especially those that have had their artistic sense trained, to the large double flowered type. We question sometimes if much of our cross breeding after large double flowers is progressive, or retrogressive. To many, now that the Spring flower show season and Easter is past, the grand climax, so lo speak, of the plant end of greenhouse work has passed, and from now on visions ot what we have in mind for the next season will be rising tefore us. Here again the value of keep- ing daily notes will be ]>roved. as comparison can be made of' how early or how late certain plants flowered. Forcing with extra heat, to get a given plant in flower for a certain date, we have always found bad for the lasting r|ualitv of the flowers, and the constitution of the jjlant is ver\- often weakened. We have always found it 1>etter to retard the flowering i>eriod. after the Rowers show signs ot opening in a lower temperature with a light shade over the plant. It is very disheartening to a con- scientious judge at a flower show, to see a plant, or vase of flowers, go to pieces sfjon after a decision has luin made, causing thereby much ill feeling on the pari n\ other exhibitors in the same class. Fot all late March and early .\pril flowered haidwcKxl plants as soon as the tips of the shof>ts show signs of starting into growtli. As I said in last year's notes, I have proved to mv own satisfaction, that pruning the plants into shai^e is better if done just after the newly potted !)lants are conmiencing to ffrii) the new compost. Never give a large shift to this class of plants. I saw a batch of .\zalias quite recently, where the receptacle was about as much in diameter as the plants. Such a condition I have never heard recommended as good cul- ture. I'ersonally I can never avoid looking at the pots, no matter how well flowered the plants are. Ihere is a fine old veteran plantsman I know, who every second year takes its hard wood plants out of their pots and plants them out all Summer in a specially prepared bed. I asked him once how he managed to keep them in bounds at the roots. He told me that the i>eat bed in which he planted them was very friable and sandy, and he just gave them a good shaking and there was nothing left Init the roots. They were very large plants and he had kept them in the same size tubs for many years. After potting, he kept them a little close for a week or ten days and then transferred them to a cool pit until they were wanted to flower at various periods during the late Spring. In the rusli of Spring work, do not forget to spread out and work over the soil that is intended for benching carnations and roses later on. The carnation recjuires a much lighter soil than the rose, and in mixing eacli batch, keep this in mind, also that the fomier resents the use of green manure. It should be well decayed before the plants are planted in it. The rose in our e-xjierience is not so sensitive to the use of fresh material from the cow barn, even when a good dressing of bone meal is used along with it. Expose the soil for each of them to the ;iiir and sunshine, as it al)sorbs more plant food from the atmosphere, beneficial to the plants, which is not so easy to add artificially. Deep wide compost heaps in my opinion is not the best method of storing soil, the middle of them is too likely to get into a dead inert condition, owing to not being exposed to air and sunshine. Calceolarias will by the end of April need to 'lie thought of, that is, if large specimens are the object in view for next year. The hei'lxiceous type always" comes through the hot months better, if nice sturdy small plants are es- tablished in 3'^ in. pots by the first of July. These early sown plants quite often in the early Fall will set flower buds, but if they are pinched off, about a week after they receive a potting, will break quite freely and can be moved; along until a twelve-inch pot is reached before they cease growing. Under this treatment if they re- ceive a compost, suidi as we advised in last year's notes, with the usual conditions under which calceolarias are grown, plants three feet in diameter can be had in about one year from seed. Nearly all seed houses of reputation have good strains of the herbaceous calceolaria. The shrubby type which we see (|uite cummonly arouufl the East, are be.st grown into large siiecimens from cuttings rooted in .\])ril. They will flower as small ])lants in June, which will do them no harm. These if kept in a shady position and only watered when they .show signs of wilting during the hot months, even if they dio not look very ]>roiiiising by the middle of September, can then 1)0 ]>otted along from the small jwts. They will break all over the shrubby stems and these breaks can be pinched several times during the NVintcr a few days after they receive a shift, until from six to eight weeks beft)rc they are wanted to flower; eight weeks early in the year, reducing to six as the Spring advances. These notes are written for those who desire large plants of both kinds of calceolarias. Small ]>lants of both types fr)r mass decoration ina\ lu- sown and rooted vcrv much later in the .season. Clirysanlheminn lovers arc nnw witching their young stock with care, moving them along until their flowering ])ots arc reached. Although thcv enjoy plenty of plant food, it can be very easily overdone in the early stages of growth. Hciu-b grown stock on the .average private For April, 1923 89 estate, is not so useful as that grown in pots. These can only be used as cut flowers, whereas the pot plants, grown to a single flower, may be used in a greater variety of ways when it comes to groaiping plants, and vei'y often after they have done duty in a decoration they are still there to use for vase work. The bush plants are now laying the foundation whicli determines their future size and shape. Pinch them as evenly as possible which will make it all the easier when the time arrives for their final training. Young carnarion plants that are to be grown in pots imtil the benches are available, may now be placed in a cold frame. Lift off the sash when weather permits, and pinch them as soon as there is any indication of a, flower bud. A clean cut through the stem is better than break- ing with the fingers. Field grown plants may be planted out by the first of jNIay if weather is at all normal, and they have been grown cool and sturdy. I personalh' do not favor field grown plants for a private estate. Young roses will have been secured by this date. They ought to have a good position, and the best of care that it is possible to give them. The Fall sown cyclamen plants, to obtain such plants as I saw at the New York show, need all the love and cultural skill which that poj^idar plant has brought forth in recent years, bestowed upon them. A special article by those excellent growers in The Chronicle would be veiy profitable to us all, provided every detail were given. Early gloxinias will now be better to have a little as- sistance towards flower production. Stimulate ihem to that end bv applications of cow manure water and soft coal soot. Keep it awa}- from the foliage which is easily disfigured by water in any form. However, until gloxinias expand their flowers, abundance of moisture is necessary in the compaitment they are groiwn in, to bring out their full development. In the tropical house, as mucbi space as can be allowed for each plant from now on, should be the aim of the grower. Later on w'hen plaiits are set outdoors, another hoiise may be utilized for these plants. Overcrowding mars the beauty of their foliage. Floors, and the benches between the pots should he sprinkled several times a day, and when the weather gets tropical outdoors aboundance of air given. Don't forget to have the Primulas and Cinerarias sown by the end of April. A later sowing of Cinerarias may be necessary-, also of Primula malacoides. The plants of this Primula at; the Xew York show were the finest for culture which I have seen equaled only once, and the strain at that time was very inferior to the Xew York plants. Orchids should not be coddled in too warm quarters after this season of the year. They all delight in iilenty of pure air, even the most tropical, and advantage should be taken of the weather outdoors, when it is most favor- able, to see that the structures they are grown in have the atmosphere conditions suitable to the different genera. From my experience with orchids, they ail, in their growing sea,son. delight in plenty of moisture, especialb,' in the atmosphere, watering at the roots should be thor- oughly done when anv is applied, and before any more is given, they may be allowed to be a little on the dry side. Sometimes it is a little deceiving for the compost may look dr\- on top. but if examined a little below the surface, will be found to be quite moist. Watering is learned by experience and almost becomes an instinct. The fruit houses are at various stages of development. The very early forced fruits, such as grapes, peaches and nectarines, are ripening with some, no doubt. Syringing must stop until the fruit is harvested, use judgment about the condition of moisture in the borders, rather on the dry side as the time approaches for gathering, and have plenty of top and bottom air \\-hen the weather is at all favorable. A little extra fire heat, if a raw biting day prevents airing, as one can do on a warm Spring day may counteract to some degree the conditions outdoors. Let the late fruit houses come along naturally without any forcing. Rub off all extra buds on the spurs as soon as the strongest can be seen. Be in no hurr)- about tying down the shoots. If there is plenty of head room above the wires which every grape house ought to have, let the weight of the bunch do that work, and there will be no loss of shoots by snapping, which is often caused by premature tying into the supposed position. W e ha^•e Iiad a very trying Winter, in which many of our calculations and theories have been somewhat upset. Let us lie certain to profit by it. NEWCOMERS IN OLD GARDENS A LTHOLGH the Blue Lace Flower has been cata- ^^ logued sparingly for se\xral years, it is still a nov- elty and is seen in only a few gardens as yet. There have been misconceptions about this annual. It has been spoken of, for example, as a form of Queen Anne's Lace, which grows wild in the fields, but in truth is an entirely differ- ent plant, coming from Australia, and bearing the name (if Didiscus coerulea, writes E. I. Farrington in The Christ ion Science Monitor. Aloreover, it has been known to botanists for many year's, but did not win favor with gardeners until introduced by a New York florist, who surrounded it with a mild mystery at first and thus excited ptiblic interest. Old as it is, therefore, it is yet a novelty and an attracti\'e flower, which is especially good for cut- ling. The amateur should remember, however, tliat the ^eeds are rather slow to germinate. Starting them in boxes in the house in April is the best plan, although, if given careful attention, they can be sown in seed beds O'Utside Avhen danger of frost is over. Barely cover the seeds with soil and give them two weeks to sprout. The old-fashioned sunflowers are not usually repre- sented in the intimate garden, but there are several small- flowered, rehnerl sjiecies and varieties which are well worth a place in the hardy border. A newcomer in this class is called .\utumn (ilory, and deserves its name, flowering as it does very late in the season and presenting great masses of golden-yellow blooms that suggest giant daisies. The plants grow four or five feet high, and al- though perennials, coming up year after year, they \vill bloom the first _\ear if seed is sown early. Egypt contributes a novelty this year in Dimorphotheca eklonis. evidently a species of the Soiith African daisy which has been grown for several years and is a good garden annual. The new flower is a dwarf, growing scarcely more than 1.^ inches high and the blooms are star-shaped, fairly large and white with a deep-blue disk. It has yet to prove its merits, but seems likely to grow as well as its cousin. For vears zinnias were looked upon as plebeian, but within the last two or three seasons have been raised to a much higher estate. Now the most fastidious gar^den . makers are growing them. The reason lies in the develop- ment of flowers in new and most delightful shades, par- ticularly soft pastels, which make them unsurpassed for house decoration. There are many new and probably improved varieties of the old-time favorite garden flowers, some of which are worth experimenting with. This is especially true in respect to snapdrag-ons and larkspurs, both of which are such delightful garden subjects that any new offerings among them cannot well be overlooked, even by cautious gartde'n makers who are prone to view all novelties with suspicion. GARDENERS' CHRONICLE The Tenth International Flower Show FLORUM AMATOR FROM the very moment a visitor to this show, held in the (irand Central Palace, New York City, March 12 to 17. 1923. reached the head of the broad stair- way leading- to the main floor, he was caught and held by a loveliness of color, a beauty of form, and an intoxi- cating perfume, a combination found only in the re]iublic of flowers. Garden on garden of flowering and foliage plants, in charming arrangements and groups, and single specimens, and vases of beautiful cut flowers confronted him and hemmed him in on every hand. When later he passed from the main floor scene of beauty to the mez- zanine, he found a supplement of that on which his eves had just l>een feasting. ond prize, was not far behind in the number of plants used. It is, it seems to me, vain to waste words in saying bv way of criticism that such gardens as these with their great wealth of blooms, appearing on a large variet\- of ]>lants at a time, are impossible in real gardening in the open, even in the mfist favorable season of the year, and in the most congenial part of our country climatically. True it is, that not a .garden exhibited at this show, either by private or commercial growers, could be proditced and maintained for a week under the open sky. Such gardens, however, as these, are justified by the fact that only by the setting up' of high ideals is advancement graduallv gained anfl ])iitentialities marie realities. The main fea- T/ir prize '(x-iititing group of flowering plants exhibited ut the hilenuitional Flower Show by Thoiupsor i.lndrezs.' Siroehivi, gonieiier) arronged as a garden l>uring several days of the week in which this greatest of all flower shows in this country was staged, the ele- ments were unkind and doubtless curtailed somewhat the aggregate attendance. The 1923 New York Sjiring Flower Show, nevertheless, as re.gards the number, va- riety, and quality of its exhibits scored a distinct success. Without the many admirable gardens, groups, and single specimen ])lants. .staged by tlie skilled gardeners of private estates, this Tenth International I'lower .^^Imw would have been like "Hamlet with Hamlet left out." ( )n the main floor directly in front of the head of the stairway leading thereto and attracting at once the attention of visitors, were two grou])s arranged as gardens, each cov- ering five hundred s(|uare feet, of flowering ])lants. T.dth were lavisjily planted with hardy and tender flowering stock : that of the first prize winner, William I'.oyce Thomp- son, ^'onkcrs, N. Y. (gardener, .\ndrew Strachanj, the more so, but that of Mrs. Payne Whitney, Manhasset, L. I. Cgardener, George Ferguson), whidi drew the sec- uires (if Mr. Thiinip-cin's garden were a central bed of Primula Kewensis with an ed.ging of Sweet Alyssnm and four other beds of Primula malacoides. In the back- ground were tall Cl.ukias ; a pergola covered w iih i"»orothy Perkins roses : .\cacias. Genistas, and Chorizemas. The ])illars at the front corners were wreathed with Excelsa niscs and r)ii each side of the frcmt and two side gates were Dorothy Perkins ro.ses and lilacs. I liked the three .gate features of this .garden, warm invitations, as it were, to enter its precincts. ATrs. \\'hitney s garden, however, was a very close .second to Mr. Thompson's, the chief features of which were a center of green sward inter- sjierscd with stei>i>ing stones: little groups of .-nx-uses growing in the grass; on each side of the gate double \'an .Sion narcissus, tuli]) Clusiana. snaixlr.igons, and I, ilium rubrum ; lUuldleia .Asiatica around the front corner i.illar'- and I'arwin tuli]'.s at their sides and back: a back- ground of rhododendrons. Genistas, lilacs and hardy azaleas against a hig-her backgrotnid of late cedar;-. For April, 1923 91 One of ihf nidst handsuiiie exhibits, it seeniet: to me, in the entire show, though far from the largest, was the \Vilham Boyce Thompson group of foliage plants, Air. Strachan's skill as a grower and a garden architect was even better manifested in this than in the flo'Wer garden. Crotons, vvonderfulI\- well colored, banked on three sides were the main featui-es hut scarcely less beautiful were the fancy-leaved v'aladiums, I'andanus, and Dracpenas within the embankments of L'njtons and amidst a setting of Adiantum cuneatum. Plants of I'lialrenopsis gave a floral touch and light to this elegant grou|). The splendid cyclamen ])lants, seventy- four ni all, ex- hibited by Mrs, F. A. Constable, Mamaroneck, X. V. (gardener, James Stuart), and by Mrs. Daniel Guggen- heim, Port Washington, ],. I. (gardener, Thomas Ley- den), and felicitously arranged to form one great group throughout the week of the show appeared to claim from visitors scarcely less' well deserved attention tlian the gardens. Orchids with the w >jndrous beauty of colors and strange fonns of their tiowers always enthrall a crowd of 'nsitors. Especially notable was the group of twelve plants of Col. H. H. Rogers, Tuxedo Park, X. Y. (gardener, Pasquale Venezia), inade up of Cynibidiums, Phakenopsis, Cattley- as, and Brasso-Cattleyas, shown amidst a setting of Adiantum ferns, and six plants of the same exhibitor comprising Oncidiums, Cynibidiums, Cattleya-'. and Phala'nopsis arranged with greens, and again by the same exhibitor the specimen plant of Laelio-Cattleya, Alabel, and the t»rasso-Cattleya, Maronii. Equally fine in the open class was the group covering one hundred square feet of James B. Duke. Sonierville, X. J. (gardener, A. E. Miles), in tier arrangement, the leading features of which were Oncidiums and Cymbicliums. and the speci- men of Brasso-Cattleya, Fournerii, the winner of a special silver medal. \'ery interesting also was the prize winning group of tvvent\-five hybrids of the same exhibitor. The newest orchid, perhaps, in the entire show was the sjjlen- Thc c.vhihil of Julius Roehrs Company in the large l^ardrn class, representing a Spanish court yard, which zcas awarded the gold medal. did Brasso-Laz'lio-Cattleya, Snowden, with its white flow- ers of enormous size, shown by William Arthur Cooley of Pittsfield, Mass. (gardener, Oliver Lines), and the 7 lie e.vhilul of Bohbink and Atkins, representing a clui rilling awarded rock garden lo ichich a special gold medal zi'as 92 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE winner of a g"old medal. The immense Cymbidium, ex- hibited by Mrs. Bertram H. Borden, Rmnson, N. J. (su- perintendent, A\'illiam Turner), bearing nearly four score tlowers, was a wonderful specimen. The twelve broad-leaved and the twelve narrow leaved Crotons of Miss Alice De Lamar, Glen Cove, L. I. (gar- dener, James ^IcManus), and of Mrs. Daniel Guggen- heim, each exhibiting both tyjjes, outside of the William Boyce group, seemed to me to be the most noteworthy di-splay of foliage plants in the show. Cineraria hyl^rida plants shown by ^Irs. B. G. Work of Oyster Bay, L. I. (gardener, Robert Honeyman), and b}- Samuel Untermeyer (gardener, A. A. Leach), repre- sented well the older type of this plant, and an equal num- ber sho«"n by A\'illiam Boyce Thompson and C. E. Mit- chell. Tuxedo Park (gardener, James \'entola), of Cine- raria stellata, defended sttccessfully the modern type of this plant. Excellent^ indeed was the silver medal winning group of Acacias with an intermingling of Imantophyllums (^Clivias) oi Mrs. F. A. Constable, and the certificate winning specimen of a lighter colored si>ecimen plant of Imantophyllum. Azaleas in these days of no more importations can hardly as yet be expected to be equal to those of former years, but the group of three exhibited by Mrs. E. F. Luckenback, Port Washington, L. L (gardener, Thomas Twigg), and bv James H. Macdonald, Flushing, L. I. (gardener, Richard Hughes), were good representatives of the old time favorite. The three Buddleias, Asiatica type, shown by JNIrs. Daniel Guggenheim, and the three by Mrs. B. G. Work, were vers' large, fine plants, well foliaged and in full flower, and seemed deserving of a more conspicuous posi- tion than they had. Twelve notably fine plants of Aniai"yllis were exhibited by Mrs. Daniel Guggenheim and twelve good plants of the same by Mrs. F. A. Constable. Six good plants by Mrs. E. F. Luckenback and a like number by Mrs. F. A. Constable filled out well the exhibit of this stately flawer. The most notable e.xhibit of plants, outside of lilies, whose flowers have an agreeable fragrance as well as beauty of color and form, was that of the twenty-four stocks .staged by Mrs. John T. Pratt (superintendent, John W. Everett). Three Schizanthus in a group and one specimen plant, all of giant size and excellence, were shown by William Boyce Thompson. The Primula malacoides, twelve plants shown by Mrs. E. F. T-uckcnbach, and the same number l>y J. W. Harri- man. Glen Cove, L. I. (superintendent, William G. Car- ter) ; the twelve Primula ol>conica grandillora l)y Mrs. Payne Whitney, and the six plants in variety by the same exhibiitcjr and by Col. IT. H. Rogers, made up a showing of Primulas which drew hardly less deserved attention by.'their L-eauty and splendid keeping quality than the Cyclamen grou]>. .'\nd besides these there was a dozen fine i)lants of the now less often seen Prinnvla Sinensis, staged by Mrs. Eugene Meyer. Jr., Mt. Kisco, N. Y. (gardener, Charles Ruthven). Six plants of Xemesia, excellent representatives of this plant, which is little seen in the show room, were exhib- ited by Mrs. E. Iselin, New Rochelle, N. Y. (gardener, Duncrui McJntyre), and also by Mrs. F. A. Constable. Unfortunately this plant does not retain its 1)eauty long in the show room, hut we observed among the six plants of Mrs. Iselin two with orange-yellow blooms wliii-h seemed to lie an exception to this ,statement. Especially excellent in the single specimen plants, not previously mentioned in connection with grotips, were a Kentia Belmoreana shown by Mrs. F. A. Constable ; a Marguerite 'by Mrs. E. F. Luckenback, and Asparagus -Sprengeri by Miss Alice De Lamar; a Cibotium Schiedei by Mrs. Daniel Guggenheim, and one by Sanniel Unter- meyer; an Adiantum Farleyense by Mrs. McK. Twom- bley, Convent, N. J. (gardener, Robert Tyson) ; a Cytisus by Mrs. John T. Pratt; a standard Fuchsia by Airs. F. A. Constable and an .\reca lutescens by the same exhibitor ; two I Jay trees by Mrs. E. F. Luckenback and a Chorizema by Gen. Howard S. Borden, Riunson, N. J. (superinten- dent, Percy Hicks) ; geraniums in bush and standard iom\ and heliotrope in standard form by jNIiss Alice De Lamar. The exhibits of bulbous plants were comprehensive and large in th.e aggregate. Hyacinths staged in good form .soon deteriorated. Tulips, especially Darwins, and the splendid group of single early tulip. Gen. De Wet, kept better than the hyacinths and so also the narcissi and freesias. To Mrs. Bertram H. Bordon, who staged prize winning exhibits in almost or quite all the buli>ous classes, and to Mrs. Daniel Guggenheim were awarded the Sclieepers' Gold Medals for achievement in bulb ailture. Other exhibitors of well grown bulbous stock were : Mrs. Payne Whitney with Darwin tulips, valley, and hya- cinths ; James Maodonald showing a collection of hya- cinths ; Mrs. John T. Pratt with well grown valley and colored frcesia ; Mrs. Harold I. Pratt, Glen Cove, L. I. ( sujierintendenl, b'rank C. Johnson), with colored freesia and valley: Mrs. George Dearborn, Rye, N. Y. (gardener. Tames Tough), showing twelve pKDts of splendid lilies; -Mrs. Harold I. Pratt showing in the open class lilies, covering fifty square feet, arranged with Nephrolepis ferns, flowers of excellent quality including T^ilium Ha- rissi, L. Henryi, and L. rubnim. James Macdonald, Mrs. Harold T. Pratt, and ]\Trs. Daniel Guggenheim carried awav the ])rizes for a collection of hyacinths, for the Darwin tulip, Louise de \'alliere, and for a collection of a new race of tulips between Darwin and Early; and the same exhibitors and Mrs. Bertram H.- Borden took the. prizes for double Early and Darwin tulips, and large trumpet daflodils. Tiie most noteworthy of the cut flower displays in roses were the Premier of Mrs. H. AIcK. Twombley ; the Co- luniliia of Mrs. T". A. Constable and also of Mrs. E. E. Smatliers, Port Chester, N. Y. (gardener, W. D. Robert- son): the Ophelia of Mrs. Twombley : a red variety of Mrs. L. P. Child, New Canaan, Conn, (gardener, M. J. Quirk) ; a yellow variety of Mrs. Insley Blair, and the vases of mixed varieties of Mrs. Twomiblev annest Wild) ; the crimson of Mrs. S. D. T'liss, New Canaan, Conn, (gardener, John Harry) ; the Laddie of Mrs. 1'. A. Constable, and a vase of one hun- y Mrs. Payne Whitney, made in this class a remarkably crc^litaiile showing. In sweet ))eas the displays, each covering twenty-five square feet, by Mrs. William R. Cross, Morristown, N. J. (gardener, .\. E. Sailer), and by Mrs. V. E. Lewis; the collection of six varieties, twenty-five sprays of each, of ror Ap:il, 1923 93 ^i^^ The attractive exhibit of sweet peas of the IV. Atlee Burpee Company, which included many of their novelties, their latest novelty. King Tut, being prominently featured ^Irs. F. E. Lewis and of ^Irs. Stuyvesant Fish, Garrison, N. Y. ; the one hundred sprays of one or more varieties, arranged for effect, of Mrs. F. E. Lewis and of Mrs. S. H. Gillespie, Morristown, N. J., were justly admired. In the miscellaneous cut flowers, the splendid lilies shown by Mrs. B. G. Work ; the fine stock of Mrs. John A. Topping, Greenwich, Conn, (g-ardener, George Hewitt) ; the snapdragons of Mrs. Fercy Chubb, Glen Cove, L. L (gardener, Peter Smith) ; the Acacia of ^Irs. B. G. Work; the white freesia of Mrs. Ridley Watts, Morristown, N. J. (gardener, Samuel Golding) ; the ex- cellent yellow callas of Mrs. E. F. Luckenbach, and the splendid white callas of Charles W. McAlpin, Morris- town. N. J. (gardener, William Brow^n) ; the Cypripe- diums of Mrs. Harold L Pratt ; the Wallflowers shown by Mrs. Henry R. Mallory, Port Chester, N. Y. (gar- dener, H. F. Bulpitt) ; tulips by ]\Irs, B. H. Borden and by Mrs. Harold L Pratt ; splendid mignonette by Mrs. Percy Chubb; lilacs, twelve sprays, by Mrs. B. H. Bor- den and Mrs. Harold L Pratt, made up a diversified and interesting exhibit in this class. On Wednesday, when roses were used in the dinner table decorations, there were six tables, each set for eight persons. All were tastefully decorated. Ixit the three winners were Mrs. H. AIcK. Twombley, using Ophelias; Mrs. Percy Chubb, using Madame Butterfly ; and Mrs. Edwin Holbrook, Stamford, Conn, (gardener. Jack Willis), using Sunburst. On Thursday, carnations were used, and the competi- tion was very close. The winners were Mrs. Nathan Straus, Mamaroneck, N. Y. (gardener, Thomas Aitchi- son) ; Mrs. H. McK. Twombley, and Mrs. Payne Whit- ney. On Friday si.x tables \\'ere decorated, sweet peas being the flower used. The decorations all were unusually good, but tlie prizes were awarded to Mrs. Ridley Watts : Mrs. H. McK. Twombley, and Mrs. Payne \\'hitney on close decisions. The decorations on Saturday, when miscellaneous flftwers w-ere allowed, called for, and found much artistic ability displayed, both as to color harmony and arrange- ment. The decisions between the six tables were close, but the awards went to Mrs. John Topping, using Del- phiniums, Acacias, and Iris ; IMrs. Nathan Straus, using Acacias, Nemesia, and Streptosolen ; Mrs. Ridley Watts, using larkspurs. Calendulas, poppies, tulips, pansies, ranunculus, and montbretias. THE GARDEN CLUB OF AMERICA 'T'HIS club made interesting and unique exhibits in ■^ several classes. These embraced : "Artistic arrange- ments of flowers suitable for a living room, two by three feet, allowed by each exhibit." There were many exhibits in this class, the pronounced feature of which was extreme simplicity. These exhibits which were in class I in their divisions. A, G and C, were main- tained throughout the week. Those under A covered Monday and Tuesday, pottery and china containers being used in which flowers, foliage, berries, shrubs and grasses were allowed ; those under B covered Wednesday and Thursda}', glass containers, flowers and foliage allowed ; and those under C covered Friday and Saturday, metal containers, flow-ers and foliage allowed. In Class II Miniature Gardens of exhibitors' original plans, built on a tray two by three feet, were shown and maintained throughout the show. Many very clever plans were exhibited. In Class HI which called for "Suburban Plantings", a house and garage being placed on an interior lot with a frontage seventy-five feet and a depth of one hundred fifty feet, ground practically and attractively planted ; model on tray twenty by forty inches. There were an extremely large number of contestants whose very clever exhibits attracted throughout the week a very large number of visitors at the Show and elicited much commendation. In Class IV Luncheon Table Decorations were shown in twai divisions, A and B. In both divisions, A, from Monday till Thursday; B, from Thursday through Saturday, five-foot tables set only with four plates, were used ; flowers, foliage and fruit allowed. A combination of simple beauty and of rigid economy was the desideratum in these table decorations, and this was strictly observed in all the large number of exhibits which drew deserved attention by their merits. THE COMMERCIAL EXHIBIT TT is well that the wise managers of the New York Spring Flower Show have arranged so that the partial recompense to the builders and exhibitors of gardens for their large expenditures of labor, plants, et cetera, and for their craft spirit nianife.sted pro bono publico, is no longer dependent upon awards of money prizes, which perforce always left some of the exhibitors witliout recog- nition. \\ hat comparison, indeed, as a basis of an award could there possibly be between that wondrously con- ceived and constructed Dutch Bulb garden of John Scheepers, Inc. (illustrated on our front cover), beautiful in the chaste simplicity of its array of Darwin tulips and other bulbous flowers, and lovely with its surrounding border of Spring flowering shrubs and trees, and its ivy festooned arches, and the Bobbink and Atkins garden of azaleas with their vivid colors, a perfect gem, remind- ing one emphatically of those palmy days when Belgium's plants were not shut out of the L^nited States, and at the same time demonstrating what our American plant growers can produce. Again who could be so audacious as to decide w'hich was the better, the garden of A. N. Pierson, Inc., a rose garden, pure and simple, with low growing rose bushes all abloom, a perfect example of the rose used in under- the-open-sky gardens, a lovely garden tO' linger in and drink in the sweet odor of roses, and the Oriental court of Julius Roehrs Company, a splendid example of the use of exotic plants in open court architecture, an inviting 94 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE place ill which to rest under the shade of great pahiis. Another garden of the JuHus Roehrs Company was a rock garden, paved in part with "Metowee" stones. In the background was a rock wall with a pool at its base, up to which led stone steps, and overspread with conifers. On the one hand there were dog'woods amid greener}-. and on the other, a great variety of flowering shrubs, such as are at home among rocks. Not far away from this, there was the larger and more elaborate, and quite different rock garden of Bobbink and Atkins. This had beds of flowering plants in its wide front of green sward. In the background, there was a mass of precipitous rocks, amidst which plants nestled. Rocky steps led up to tlijs rocky hill, on each side of which ■were flowering plants. Out of the rock mass there broke a stream whicl- turned an old-time wooden over-shot ■water wheel. Passing from tliese two fascinating rock gardens. I found another garden difl:"ering greatly from any which I had already observed, the garden of I'. R. Pierson. which fairly coniiirianded attention. In tliis, two jxiols, a rocker}-, and borders of flowering shrubs made up the foreground : Dog'woods, evergreens, . and forsythias formed the background. A tall silver birch towered high above the upper j>ool. In this garden, representing stu- pendous manual labor as well as brain power, were many blooming shrubs, nameh- Pyrus, rhododendrons, azaleas, wistarias. si>ireas. and bulbous ]>iants also. How can any- one think of such a thing as comparing this with the rock gardens : this represents one type, the rock gardens an- other. All of the 1923 Flower Show gardens were evidently built by men who had a vision at the very outset of how their gardens would a])pear when completed. They were not gardens of the patch-adink and :\tkins ; the f jeni.>tas and the Marguerites of IMadsen and Christensen ; the fine lilacs of liobbink and Atkins; the magnificent group of Xephrolci>is ferns in variet>- of F. R. Pierson : and last and es]>ecially excellent was the two hundred square foot display of a great variety- of remarkably well grown Easter i)lants, staged on a bed of moss by A. L. Miller. Jamaica. L. 1. As an example of pot plants grown for jjurely commercial purposes, there was nothing in the entire sliow which could be compared with it. The only commercial display of sweet peas was thai covering one hundred square feet made by W. Atlee Burpee ('o., Philadelphia, an excellent exhibit of Burpee's fine novelties. .'^tum|>p & \\',-ilicr Comitany staged a very attractive trade exhil)it. various varieties of bulbous stock in bloom, tulii)s including ( Jen. De Wet and Ibis ; the fine.st of cot- tage and Darwin types among which was to be seen the new l)lack Darwin, Mysterv'. narcissi,' hyacinths, lilies. and lilies of the valley. Ml were arranged to present a very attractive efifect. Charles II. Totty Coiiipany also had an artistically ar- ranged trade exhil)it, showing cut roses, including .Souve- nir de Claudius I'ernet, Golden Ophelia, Ophelia. Madame r.utterflv. Columbia, .'\nnie Laurie. The new rose, .\nur- ica. which was awarded a gold medal, was the feature attraction. BOSTON SPRING FLOWER SHOW A DMISSIOX to the Spring Show in Boston was free ■'*■ this \-ear and the attendance beat all previous Spring show records. Thomas Roland's wonderful acacia garden which filled the lecture hall received a gold medal. There were two hundred plants in tubs, thirty-five varieties, beautifully arranged and all showing matchless culture. It was generally agreed that no such acacia display had ever presumably been made in America. Albert C. Bur- rage (Fred Pocock, supt.) constructed a large pergola and hundreds of Phalsnopsis and other rare orchids were suspended from the same. At the base, for a length of fifty feet, rock work was constructed and orchids ar- ranged in groups were. 'artistically disjjlayed. All pots were covered with green sheet moss and varieties were I>lainly labelled. There was a wealth of Cymbidiums, Odontoglossums, Odontiodas, Miltonias, ]\Iasdevallias, ■ Brasso-cattleyas, and other varieties, awarded a gold medal. A bank of mountain laurel in tubs with a back- ground of hemlocks was attractively arranged by ]\Irs. Alice C. Burrage. which covered one thousand square feet. Julius Rt)ehrs Company received a gold medal for the best commercial group of orchids. They also received a first-class certificate for the brilliant Bougainvillea C armine. .\. X. Cooley, Pittsfield, ]\Iass., had a very choice group of orchids and received two gold medals for twelve plants and six plants. Another gold medal went to the Walter Hunnewell estate (T. D. Hatfield, supt.) for the best group of orchids grown on a private estate, which con- tained some wonderful Cymbidiums. Thomas E. Proctor, Topsneld, Mass., showed a marvelous .group of Pink Pearl rhododendrons, smothered with flowers. James .Marlborough is an e.xpert grower of these and many other iilants, \ erv fine was the prize winning amaryllis grown hy Peler Arnott, superintendent to E. S. Webster. A noteworthy display was made by Harry S. Rand of Lamliridge, comprising over one hundred varieties of Zonale pelargoniums. .Schizanthus from Peter Arnott and William Thatcher were very fine, as were also the Cine- raria stellata shown by Ii-ving H. Stewart, head gardener to Iloward Coonley, Readville, Mass. .\ large group of cacti from WoUrath and Sons attracted much attention. Some fourteen of the best models shown by the Garden Club of America at the late Xew ^'nrk Show were on exhibition and crowds of visitors w i re interested in them. They were awarded a gold meilal. On Ai>ril 5, Herbert Gleason gave an illuslraled lec- ture on .Xative Plants; on Ai)ril (> E. 11. Wilson lectured on acacias; and on A]>ril 7 Robert Cameron on Spring Ijulbous ])lants. The ihrc;' lecturers addressed large audiences. So great was the interest taken in the acacia display that it was decided to continue it until A]iril 11, which pcrmitlcd many thou.sands niore to enjoy it. All tliat we h.'ive willed, or ho])cd. or drcrimcd of good, -hall exist. Xot its senibl.-iiH'c. but itself: no beauty, nor good, nor 1 lower. Whose \'oice has gone forth, but i:uli snr\i\rs lor the melodist. When eteriiit\' coiiliniis tlu' conceiition of the lionr. riu- high lh,-it ]>ro\'i(l too hi.L;h. the heroic for I'aith too hard, The passion lliat left the ground to lose itself in the sky, .\re music sent up to ( !od bv the lover and the bard; I'.iiough that he heard it once; we shall he;ir it by and hy. — Robert Brozi'iiiiii:;. For April, 1923 95 Strawberries and Their Culture E. S. HUSSY STRA\\1>KRRI1-:S require a rich moist and fairly heavy loam. Anything- approaching a light gravelly shallow soil is useless ; hut where such exists it may be iaiproved b\' a good ^digging or trenching, at the same time adding plenty of well rotted manure or leaf soil. The end of Jul_\- to the middle of August is alx)Ut the best time for planting out strawberries because they get a good start and become well rooted before anv hard weather .-ets in. The commonest way of multiplying strawiberry plants is by means of "runners." These runners are usually produced freely in early Summer. In selecting the run- ners to dbtain good results, the runners must be taken from one year old plants, as they are strong an'd make an early vigorous growth. They may be pegged do«'n or layered to the ground, or into three-inch pots hlled with soil. The latter is on the whole the better method, as the young plant> when well rooted are more easily de- tached from the parent plant and removed to the soil in which they are to be planted. It is an excellent plan to have no more than three or four runners on each plant, cutting all the rest away. The runners must never be allowed to get di-y. a little watering now and again will help them. When they are well rooted they may be cut away from the parent plant and placed close together until the time ciimes for planting. Having the runners well rooted and the g'round prop- erly prepared the ;)lants can be jilanted in rows two feet apart and eighteen inches from plant to plant. Care must be taken not to ]>lant too deeply as the crown or center of the plant must not he in any way covered with the soil. After planting tlie scul should be firmly trodden around each j>lant as strawberries like good hard ground. Neg- lect of this precaution often results in failure or bad crops. A voting plantation should be made every year, so as to keep up the supph- of good young plants. Two or three year old plants produce the best and heaviest crops after which they should be thrown awa_\-. Therefore it is most essential that a young planting should be made every year. Eixcept when new plants are required all runners should be cut off as soon as they appear, as they weaken the main ]'.lant. The soil near the strawberries should never he dug as the roots would be nuich injured by the process, for thev like good firm ground. Wihen growth starts in the Snrinc;' a dressing of Nitrate of Soda on a wet dav will help tlieni throughout their season. STRAWBERRIES IN POTS ■"Pi ) have good strawljerries iii-doors the first thing to do *■ is to select good strong runners from varieties that are suitable for forcing. They should be layered into three- inch pots filled firmly with rich loam as soon as they can be handled. Having obtained new strong well rooted plants, as descril^ed above, they should be potted into five or six-inch ]X)ts using rich fibrous loam with a little well rotted manure and a little wood ashes. The pots must be well drained by means of cinders or broken pots. Be sure .-md pot firmly, .\fterward give them a goo'd soaking of water and place then\ in a shady spot for a few days until they recover from their disturbance. TUit afterward the\- cannot have too much sun and air tn develop and ripen their growth. The greatest attention must be given to watering, taking care that the jilants never become dry or the young roots will become shrivelled up. ( )n the ,i]>proach of cold frosty weather the plants may be removed to cold frames. They should be quite near to the glass and always have as much light and air as possible exce].)t on very cold days. Any time in Decem- ber the plants can be removed to the forcing house, a temperature of Ai'^ to 50° will suit the plants perfectly at first. Watering and ventilation should always be care- fully attended to and a syringing under and over the foliage will be verv beneficial and check the attacks of red spider. As the flower trusses begin to show, the tem- perature may be increased to 55° to 58° and the syringing should be discon.tinued after the blooms open. When the frivits have set well, only the larger ones should be retained for ripening, all the small ones being removed from each truss. To assist the plants at this stage a little liquid manure may be given about three times a week until the fruits begin to color. Then pure water is best. The plants need not all be forced at the same period, this may iDe arranged by taking a few from the cold frame at in- tervals of a week or a fortnight as required. THE CULTURE OF BEARDED IRISES ""PROSE who have grown the old German Irises ■*• for vears and been uniformly successful with them althdui..;!! they have never spared a thought as to their culture, will doubtless smile at my title. It is of cciurse, true that in certain rather light, clean soils these plants will flower freely and the blossoms will be little out of character, even though the only attention they receive is lifting and dixiding when they become excessively overcrowded. Not everyone, however, has such natural soil, nor will the possessor of such find it of much avail should his plants unhappily become infected with rhizome-rot. To obtain the best results with these Irises, partic- ularly as regards size of flower, the soil should not be over-light : it should, on account of the "rot" danger, contain a fair percentage of lime, but it should not contain any appreciable content of humus. Drainage should be free, the site where they are planted open to sun and air. and the rootstocks should at no time be 1)uried to more than half their depth. There seems no doubt that varieties which are shy to flower — and some of the newer ones are rather shy — flower best when planted in full sun and left to establish themselves f(ir a year or so, but there is wide scope for systematic inxestigation as to the compara- tixe requirements of the different sections. Personal experience vvotdd suggest that the squalens and varie- gata sections are more weatherproof than the stately jiallidas and trojanas, for instance. The former appear to withstand with greater equanimity — if the word mav be pardoned — Summer heat and Winter wet. The same remark will apply with equal force to' ))lanting times. It is by no means clear which is, in fact, the best planting season — indeed, there are con- siderable differences of opinion on the question — but may not the fact he. after all. that dift'erent sections and. since so much intercrossing has taken pjlace. dif- ferent varieties, even though somewhat similar in ap- pearance, transplant best at separate seasons? — Tlie Garden. A cheerful temper joined with iiuiocence will make beautv attractive, knowledge delightful, and wit good- natured. — Addison. 96 THE LITTLE GARDEN 'T'U a thirsty man a few cups of water are better *■ than an ocean which he can swim in but cannot drink. The widespread love of flowers — would that it were universal and more intense ! — is better satisfied by the purity and freshness of a few choice blooms than by a wide area of extensive planting. The former meet a necessity; the latter provides for enjoyment. Yet the ocean has its value. Without it the winds which travel to the four corners of the earth would everywhere pass over a desert. The winds of the gardening world blow over the area of extensive culture and gather up its essence, bearing it to distant regions to feed the springs which bring refreshment and beauty to many an otherwise barren spot. These springs are the little gardens. Though meas- ured in rods they are in no way to be despised in com- parison with those which are measured in acres. Nature is infinite, and size is nothing in her presence. The more one is in sympathy with the spirit of Nature, which is the spirit of true gardening, the more evident becomes the potential value of the little garden. It is a matter of common observation that the great- est specialists among us are the greatest enthusiasts. The treasures which gardening holds are scattered widely, but also buried deeply so that the pearl diver who confines his attention to one spot may easily reap as rich a reward as the explorer who sails round the world in search of variety. A garden makes its strongest appeal when Spring flowers are first coming into evidence. This is partly because flowers are scarce at this time so that the few which do appear stir a deeper interest than their actual numbers would seem to merit. The attention they draw is concentrated and, therefore, intense, and is assisted by the more cheerlees Winter background against which they appear. Not alone by Winter, however, is a dull backgroun(l provided. One has only to notice the condition of thousands of the enclosures attached to the everyday dwellings owned or tenanted by "the men in the street" to realize what neglected possibilities lie strewn on every hand. How difterent might our towns and cities be if only the romance dormant in a patch of soil were appreciated by every lucky owner of a "back yard." We pride ourselves on being the greatest gardening nation in the world, but there is still room for us to prove that we can be great in little things. It is a reflection on the popularity of the pastime that the term "back yard" should have a derogatory meaning. There lies a little patch of earth, neglected, down- trodden and hard as the heart of the owner, who sees ill it no possible source of intellectual refreshment. Wonderful in its history and composition, richly stored with material which might be built into a living struc- ture worthy of the admiration of a man, teeming with living workers and holding deeper secrets than the wisest among us have yet fathomed, it remains brown and bare beneath the oft-passing footsteps. Yet leave it entirely to Nature for a time and see what hap])ens. Its life-supporting powers find exjjression and weeds appear. Where weeds can flourish fairer i)hints can grow. No serious readers of this paper are likely to miss all the i)Ossibilities of the little garden, l)Ut it is doubt- less in the power of many to influence cithers who do. If ignorance is the cause there is i)lenty of informatinii which can be distributed freely with benefit to both giver and receiver. GARDENERS' CHRONICLE If interest is lacking it can be stimulated by the healthy infectious enthusiasm of those who know the value of a garden, however small. \'arious forces are working to forward the movement, but personal influ- ence is the most eft'ective. Individually it may not appear much, but one of Nature's greatest lessons is the importance of little things — be they vitamines or eelworms! — TIic Garden.- JERUSALEM CHERRY COLANUM capsicastrum, or as it is ix>pularly known, ^ the "Jerusalem Cherry," is an evergreen greenhouse plant of dwarf compact habit, attaining with age a height of from one to two feet. It is what is known as an old- fashioned j>lant, but is rapidly coming again into popular fa\'or, for when w-ell grown and cared for it is a grand l>lant for the decoration of the greenhouse or window- garden during the Winter months, especially during the iioliday season, as its glossy scarlet berries are borne in the greatest profusion, and fonii such a contrast to the glossy green leaves tliat the name of miniature orange tree is often bestowed upon it. The glossy scarlet berries which are about the size of a small marble, commence to ripen about the end of Septemil>er, and remain on the plant until tlie growth commences in the Spring, the flowers being quite small and insignificant, writes Charles E. Parnell in The Flower Grower. This highly ornamental plant requires but little care or attention to grow it to great perfection, and is easily raised from seed which should be sown as early in the Spring as possible, in a well drained pot or pan filled with light loamy soil. Sow thinly, cover slightly, and place in as warm and moist a situation as close to the glass as pos- sible. As soon as the )oung plants are large enough to handle, let them he transferred to other jxms, or sliallow l)oxes, similarly prepared, antl placed- in rows about an inch each wav, and grown on until the weather becomes settled, when they can be planted out in a very deep well enriched bed, in a warm sheltered situation, and placed about 18 inches apart each way. If at all possible, give a light mulch of littery manure and copious supply of water both overhead and at the roots during the Summer. .■\bout the middle of September they should be very carefully taken up and potted, giving them well drained pots prcfjxirtionate to tlie size of the plants. When first ]X)tted, water thoroughly, sprinkle freely and fre<|uently for several days afterward. Keep them in a sheltered situation until they are brought inside, where they should be given as light and sunny a situation as possible, and an average temperature of 50 degrees. If it is desired to carry the plants over fur another year (and it is well to do so, as large specimens will l>e se- cured), let thicm be cut Ixick to tlie desired shape and size early in May, iilanted out, and grown on, precisely as advised for seedling plants. As a result of the care and attention that has been given the Jerusalem cherry of late, the varieties known as WeatherilTs Hybrid and liybridum I leiidersonii have been produced, and are quite improve- ments on the older sort ; the former being of more com- pact growtii, having darker green foliage and much larger iierrics; the latter being of a more dwarf, comixict habit r)f growth, witli berries more resembling an acorn in shape, and as a rule rc]iroduces itself fairly well from seed. Wlien grown ;is ])ot ]il;ints the solanum should l:)e given a rich-loauiy .soil, and (luring the Winter months carefully Mipplied with water, as if this is not properly done, and the plants allowed to stilTer for a want of moisture for any length of lime, or often, the l)crries will ri]>en ]irematurely and dmi). The plants should l)e freely sprayed or sprinkled whenever it is conveuicut to do so. For Aprik 1923 97 From An Old World Garden ARTHUR T. JOHNSON, F. R. H. S.. IF I were asked to state what are the luost noticeable features of today in the trend of English gardening I should frame my reply very briefly somewhat thus : In the first place there is in most of our best gar- dens a decided leaning towards a modification of the old herbaceous 'border which has been so firmly established for nearly a century. The high rate of labor and material since the war has been a factor in bringing about this change, foi" no part of the garden is so costly to maintain as an herbaceous border. l'>ut there are other influences at work. With the introduction of sO' many new plants from all quarters of the globe iby Wilson, Forrest, Farrer and others, there has arisen a notable partiality for the species, rather than the hy.ljrid O'f garfden origin. The enormous popularity of rock-gardening has, O't course, helped to stimulate this preference, for your true alpine is always, or nearly always, a species. Now this transformation in garden design suggests that there is a certain weakening in that appreciation of great displays of massed color to which we have so long been loyal, and it is so. Just as the old and gaudy carpet- lidding style went out with the Victorian Era, to be sup- planted l3y something less formal and more pleasing, be- cause less artificial, so we are gradually witnessing a process of evolution in the herbaceous 'border which promises to culminate in something very different. That we shall continue to have our Delphiniums, Phloxes, An- tirrhinums and the rest there is no douibt. The demand for these is protebly as keen today as it has ever been. New sorts are constantly being sent out. But our hand- ling and treatment of them w-ill be different. They will have to make elbow-room for those distinguished stran- gers, the species, which have so peculiar a fascination of their own, quite apart from what intrinsic beauty they may possess, and which we cannot resist. In addition to the influence it has exercised in promot- ing an interest in species, the rock-garden has also been a magnet which has si'de-adocica is another almost perennial bloomer and one whose azure is so pure and intense that not even Gentian verna can excel it. This species also has the special merit of being of easy culture. At the moment of writing there is a bed of this lovely Cappado- cian Forget-me-not in full flower on our woodland slope. There it has seeded and spread so freely that it covers several square yards, and when I say that the wonderful blue floavers are each larger than a ten cent piece and home in profusion on airy sprays some 6 inches high, the eft'ect can perhaps be more easily imagined than described. \^'hen on a recent \'isit to Kew Gardens I refreshed my memory of certain Ericaceous trees and shrubs with wliich I had become familiar on the Pacific Coast of America. One of these, Arctostaphylos nmnzanita, has now been awarded a first-class certificate by the Royal Horticultural Society, and few of its kind more fully rJeserve it. This may not be a showy shrub, but, like .\rbutus menziesii and others of its allies, it has a unique charm. Here it attains a height of 8-10 feet, and maybe as much through ; the buds form during the \Vinter and the panicles of pitcher-shaped blossoms — white, flushed with ]>ink — appear in their full beauty in the early Spring. Now that A., manzanita has been brought before the pub- lic notice there is no doubt that it will soon become as widely grown here as some of its kindred, especially since it is hardy enough in lig'ht soil for any of our south and westerly counties. Though travelers still search the ends of the earth for novelties I often wonder how many plants and shrubs there still are in California anid other parts of America which have not yet been afforded the notice they deserve by European, and possibly American, gurdaiers. From my own travel experience on the American Continent I could enumerate a goodly list. The pretty cup of the Anemone is so glossy it seems to burn with a white light. The secret of its incandescent beauty is that decided purple washing the outside of the cup. This dark background makes a reflector of the white cup so that it sparkles in the sunshine like a tiny mirror. Often the purple tinge seeps through tO' the inside of the cup, streaking it most daintily. As for the buds, they are rose and purple beads tipping their hairy fine stems. A group of wind flowers makes a dainty set for butterfly parties. — C. S. Monitor. 98 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE Origin and Varieties of Muskmelons Dl KlXli the past few years numerous iiKjuiries have been received at the Missouri Botanical Ciarden concerning- the origin and names of the many varie- ties of muskmelons. and accordingly this article has Ijeen prei>ared with the idea of clearing up the confusion which seems to exist regarding the fruit. The terms muskmelon and cantaloup are used in differ- ent parts of the countrj' to designate entirely different kinds of melons. Jn the South the tenn cantaloup gener- ally refers to all the varieties of muskmelons, whereas in the North it is more narrowly restricted to the larger, smooth, yellow-fleshed melon. In any case the use of "cantaloup" in.stead of "uuvskmelon" as a general term is incorrect, since all authorities agree that the cantaloup is only one of the subdivisions of the muskmelon. It is the general belief that man}- of the newer melons on the mar- ket, such as the Casaba and Honey Dew, are h}'ibrids pro- duced 'by a crossing of distinct species. This is not the case, however, since all true muskmelons have originated from a single botanical si)ecies Cucumis Melo, and there is probably no other plant which has .iiroduced such a \ariety of forms. One of the most widespread beliefs is that the musk- melon and the cucnmiber readily cross and that it the two are grown in close pro.ximity the jx)llen from the cucmn- ber Hower will have a deleterious eitect ujxin the melon. Strangely enough, there has never been any report of the effect of the muskmelon pollen on the cucumber fruit, althoug^h one would expect the eftect of crossing these two plants to be manifested in both directions. As a mat- ter of fact, while the muskmelon and the cucuml>er are verj' closely related, both belonging to the genus Cucumis. attempts to cross these two plants have never been success- ful. It is not unlikely that various types of melons taste like cucumbers. Ijut this is because they belong to the cucumber family and not because they have been hybrid- ized with the cucumber. Numerous attempts have been made to classify the muskmelon. but the one generally accepted is that prq>ared by Naudin. Naudin obtained material froan all over the world and grew thousands of i>lants, and as a result of his investigation came to the conclusion that Cucumis Melo could be divided into ten groups. Among the edible are : Cantaloups (.Melon Cantaloups). — These are charac- terized by hard and scaly or rough skins and are usuallx' deeply furrowed. The name is derived from Cantahi]*])], a former country seat of the Pope near Rome, w here the.se melons were introfuiced froan Armenia. A considerable difference of opinion seems to i>revail as to the si)elling of this word, which appears as cantaloupe, cantaloup, can taleup, canteloup. contelouiJC, cantalope, canteloix;, in various ai tides (jn the subject both in this country anil abroad. Naudin sj)elled it cantalou]), and the weight of authority seems to be with this .sijelling. Netiici) Meioxs (Melons lirodes). — This .s^roup in- cludes the nutme.gs and related forms which are grown so cxtensivelv in the northern states. The so-called "Roi.-ky Ford" which Ijelongs to the netted grcjup is not a distinct variety, as is generally sui>]>osed. The "Xetted Cem" melon was the original variety used to develop the Rocky Ford cantaloup Years of selecting and crossing have greatl\ improved this ty|)e. and the Rocky h'ord strains of cantaUnii-s now ])ossess both the green and salmon-tinte^l flesh. The so-callerl "f )sage" tyix; which ap])ears on the market under the name Dsage IVIelon originated near ( )rd- way, Colorado, adjacent to the Rocky I'-ord district, and is sometimes confused with the true Rocky I'ord melon. The former, however, is characterized by an f)range-col- ored riesh anain and Southern France, where they are grown for the Scandinavian. Russian, and other northern markets. The Casaba melon, also spelled Kas- saba, Cassaba, Cassabad, and Casba, was named for the town of Kassaba, some t\^■enty miles from Smyrna. Aibout 1878 seeds were sent to California by travelers who had tasted tlie melons in the hotels of Smyrna. From this beginning hundreds of acres of this variety are now grown each year, principally in the San I-'ernando \ alley of southern California. They come into the market after the ordinary- cantaloup has disappeared and are frequeiitlx' shipped as late as Decemiber or January. The Honey Dew melon is an old south-of-France variety and it is listed by the French seedsmen under the name of \\'hite Antilles Winter Melon. At the present time it is most extensively grown in California. The Winter melons are characterized by their lack of odor and greenish or pale pink, rather than reddish orange, flesh. While the classification of Naudin is still the standard for students of the species Cuamiis Melo, for purposes of convenience it has become customary to divide the com- mercial muskmelons into two groups — namely, the netted and the scaly-skinned varieties. The netted group, known as nutmeg or netted melons, comprises those usually grown in the North for the home garden and early mar- ket. The scaly or furrowed group contains the ionger- .season varieties, and the term cantaloup is correctly ap- plied here, — Missouri Bolaiiical Garden BiiUctii:. DAPHNE CNEORUM A LTHOUtiii a little tender in the .Xortli. Daphne cneo- •'*■ rum is one of the best low growing shrubs. There is a great difference in strains, however, some blooming much more freely than others. It is well worth while learning somethin.g about the strain your nurseryman sells. The dark green foliage and ternnnal heads of this daphne, ^muthered with bright rose-colored flowers with a ])ower- liil fragrance, attract the attention of everyone when the plant is in blonm. Xothing is nmre beautiful in the rock garden; it is equally .good when grown in a i)i>riler. Vet it is very jjarticular about soil. .Xo plant 1 know dislikes chalk or lime more. \\ hen the ])lants get aged and worn lay the tops of the young shoots in sandv soil, leaving them for two or three years, when llicy will make line young specimens. I always found when the plants had attained a.ge they transjilanted unsuccessfully, whereas young ones soon established themselves after re ]>l;uiting. — Horliciilfiirr. Do ynu llnd ihe columns of the CiAKDEXKks' Ciikox ui.i-; interesting? ( ertainly vou do, or you would not be ])e- rusing them. > Hur gardening neighbor, were be f.uniiiar with them, would become e(|nallv interested. Why nut recommend the ( l.\ipreciated by Mr. and Mrs. Candler, Jr., both of whom are keenly interested in the orchid. ORCHID EXPEDITION TO TROPICS QKORfib: H. PRIXG. the horticulturist to the Mis- ^^ souri Botanical Garden, has started for Panama and Colombia for the purpose of organizing an c.\])eflition into the mountain regions of parts of South .\nierica to col- lect orchids as well as certain interesting economic ])lants. Before making such a trip it was necessary to obtain a special ])ermit from the Federal Horticultural Board of the Department of Agriculture, in order that the Cattlevas and other orchids lx.-st known to the iniblic might be ad- mitted. These plants, with many others, were formerly imported by the thousands, but since the enforcement of "Quarantine Number 37" very few have entered the coun- try. The fact that the Missouri Botanical Garden is pre- pared to combat any injurious insect or fungous pest which may happen to inhabit the collected specimens was undoubtedly a factor in obtaining the necessary permit. During the recent annual orchid displays the visitors have repeatedly manifested a desire to see an exhibition of orchid flowers arranged in masses, similar to the chry- santhenumi show. The habits and manner of growth of orchids do not permit their propagation in the same way as chiysanthemums, and it is necessary to secure the plants from their native home. Therefore, in order to bring the orchid show to the same high degree of excel- lence as the "mum show" and similar exhibits it becomes necessary to olitain the popular favorites in quantity. With this in view the expedition to the tropics is being- planned. The genus Cattleya includes many species which flower at different months of the year. Tlie favorite haunts of the various species of Cattleya are the mountain ranges of Colombia, Venezuela, Guate- mala, I'-cuador, British Guiana, and ISrazil, each variety being practicallv indigenous to a special locality. The species most desired at the Garden are those flowering in January and February, and these are Cattleya Trianae and Cattleya Schrffidera. The former is found in the upper Magdalena near Natagaima on the Saldana River of Colombia and the latter in the Llanos de Cassanare on the Venezuelan border of the same countrj', two widely separated regions particularly when the difficulties of transportation are borne in mind. Despite this fact it is hoped that sufficient plants may be collected and brought back to St. Louis, so that the most notable exhibition of rchids ever held at the Garden may be made during the eari^^^rt of 1924. — Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin. DELPHINWMS AND DEEP CULTURE T HI', f failures I hav^ '"^ '^^^^^ ^''^'^'^ ^" '^^'-'" tlirough lack of appreciatioit^iis to the requirements of these quick-growing herbaceoikv subjects. On loamy soils it is not a very dirflcult malt^r to conser\-e moisture, and it is when such provision is-.^^^^e for Deli>hmiunis that the roots find sustenance deep ^'o^^'" throughout the period prior to blooming. We are not jill. however m the ha])py position of having a loamy so'i' ^ '^^ ^^ u Some have to contend with a soil of a saiil'"^ °^ gravellv nature, through which water (luicklv pe™'''^[^s- ^"" Dell)hiniums betray lack of food. It is at' ^^he more reason why any deficiency should be made ujf^ . "• as in the absence of food, no flowering plani^* '"u garden cut so sorry a figure as these. Eve''\ °^^ who are handicapped in the nature of their so ^.''" obviate to a very large extent any possible failur^ ^ .^ these ])lants by working into the base vegetable ^''' "'"^ as well as manure. One of the lessons I k'arned earl_\ in life wa-" ^^ manner in which a good grower of Dclphini ^'.'"^ treated his shallow soil by making use of deca}'"^ vegetation and in mulching the roots during the gr."^' ing season. There is one iioint -which is sometin^'^^ fiverlooked concerning these i)lants. and it is ra|)idity with which most of them grow, neccssitat the cliim])S being divided at certain intervals if t!;'^^ are to be ke]it within reasonable limits, ft is not u"" usual to see large clum])s carrying far too many s])ikes • the centres being poor and inditlferent, consequent ou their not being able to obtain the needful moisture. It is the moderate-sized clumps, with a cool run that always make for beaut v in a gardoc,:— (^<"'f/<'"'".C IIIks- Irated. the ing For April, 1923 101 IN APPRECIATION OF ANNUALS 'X'HE culture of hardy and half-hardy annuals is re- •*■ garded more seriously than in former years ; indeed, few English gardens are now reckoned complete without a liberal Cjuantity of these short-lived plants. Time was when annuals were regarded with more or less contempt, except in the case of swch subjects as x\sters, I'alsams. and the so-called florist's tlowers. Of course, the skilled attention of hybridists and specialists has had much to do with their increased popularity. Who will deny the rapid advance that has been made in the development of annuals during the past decade? \Mien we come to consider the marvellous creations which have been evolved in such races as Clarkia, Larkspur, Candytuft. Godetia. Chiysan- themums. Lupin, and a host of others we cease to wonder at their repute, iiut this is not the only reason why an- nuals have come to be more favorably regarded. The somewhat tardy recognition of their adaptability to the modern and less formal style of gardening will largely account for their present position in the popular taste. By judicious and successful sowings in Autunm and Spring it is possible to have a display of annuals from April until far into the Autumn. This alone is a recom- mendation. In the perennial ^border, too, they may be made to serve a useful purpose. By sowing suitable kinds between the permanent occupants, so as to give a show of bloom before or after their associates, one is soon made aware of their utility. In the rockery, also, manv kinds may be introduced for the same purpose. Indeed, sev- eral sorts are seen to the best advantage when growing among stones, while they certainly find a more congenial home when growing- in the bed or border. i\Iany rock gardens are particularly bare at certain seasons of the year, but there is no lack of annuals for providing the continuation of bloom which, will fill these uninterest- ing periods. And .so we have annuals for all purposes. The border in shade is as easy to cater for as the one in full sunshine, while suitable sorts can be found for dry or moist situations. Neither should we overlook the value of annuals for cutting. Many kinds are valuable for cut bloom, and, as everybody knows, the periodical cutting of bloom is really the 'best way to prolong the flowering period. Then, again, we have a wealth of sweetly scented annuals which contribute much to the charm of the garden. I suppose the chief reason why annuals were once in disrepute was the lack of attention ^bestowed on their cul- ture. Any sort of cultivation was considered good enough for these short-lived plants. It is now recognized, how- ever, that good culture and generous treatment are worth while in growing annuals. .As a matter of fact, the ground should be prepared for them as thoroughly as it is for perennials. Many annuals under good treatment com- pare quite favorabl>- with some of the choicer kinds of perennials. There is one point I would emphasize in regard to growing annuals. As they, are short-lived plants, anv errors of culture or neglect in timely attention cannot be repaired as in the case of perennials. The matter of sow- ing, thinning, and transplanting, the removal of dead flowers, and all the minor details of culture must be sea- sonably and properly performed in order to be successful. To remove the flowers before seed matures is particularly important. The reader is reminded that the function of a plant is to reproduce its species, and after it has attained this object there is no further need for its existence. Therefore by deferring this process for as long a period as possible we are prolonging the life of the plant, and incidentally inciting it to further efforts at flower pro- duction. There is considerable scope for the ibeautifying of gardens hy the employment of annuals, an'i many pleasant surprises are in store for those who are \villing to pay for seed of the best strains and who will devote care and patience to raising and growing them. — Garden- iiiif Illiistnitcd. GARDENING UNDER GLASS 'T'llE writer has often heard experienced gardeners re- mark that there is such a variance between out-door and in-door plant culture that a thorough knowledge of one does not supply the necessary knowledge to succeed witii the other, and that both require separate experience and practice. It remained with a well known writer on horticultural subjects. E. E. Rockwell, himself an enthu- siastic gardener, to contend in his book just published, entitled "Gardening Under (ilass," that if you have been successful with your plants and flowers out-doors, you can be successful with them under glass. Expert growers, those who grow the wonderful speci- men plants which we see exhibited at the big flower shows, will refute such a statement as being ridiculous, and from their viewpoint they are absolutely correct, for only after years of experience have they acquired the ability to produce such plants. But those who grow merely for the jjleasure they derive from it, are not think- ing of competing with the experts whose equipment is usually different. After one reads "Gardening Under Glass," he really feels that all he requires is a greenhouse and all will be easy. One who loves to work among flowers will find this book a most helpful and inspiring guide. True, like the bride with cook book in one hand and kitchen utensils m the other, he is bound to meet with some disappoint- ments in his first efforts, but with a little persev^erance, success will follow his endeavors with the pleasure it brings. The book is entertaining as well as instructive. It is not filled with technical phrases that are foreign to the layman but it is worded in language so understandable that one feels it is all so simple that he at least cannot fail to have a lot of fine plants equal to those of the more experienced gardener. It is a volume full of inspiration and encouragement. Mr. Rockwell covers every subject that enters into "glass gardening" from the "fascinating art of soil build- ing'' to growing- fruits in pots twelve months of the year. \'entilating, heating, watering, plant foods, plant enemies and their control all receive careful consideration, assur- ing the reader that there is nothing to worry about when once he knows how. The chapters on how to grow flowers for cutting, flowering and foliage plants, bulbs, fruits and vegetables under glass, are so instructive as to make the book in- valuable to any one owning a greenhouse or contemplat- ing having one. There are chapters devoted to what can be accomplished the year round ; chapters on all kinds of greenhouses and what can be grown therein. The illus- trations are many and show glass gardens that are within the reach of those of moderate means as well as houses more elaborate to conform to any style of architecture. They also show how much and how varied a collection can be grown in a small house by any one so fortunately equipped. The writer advises anyone who has desired a green- liouse, but who has hesitated for fear that he would not know what to do with it after he owned it, to read the book, "Gardening Under Glass.'' Then he will no longer hesitate. Practical gardeners who would welcome sug- gestions to guide them in their greenhouse work the year round will find this book a most helpful aid. It costs .$3.50 and may be attained through the Gardeners' Chronicle. 102 GARDEPsERS- CHRO.MCLE Foreign Exchange Department VARIEGATED FOLIAGE.— One does not regard an.-cmia as an agent enhancing beauty in the human subject; on the contrary, every effort is made to counteract the mischief. Why, then, will florists perversely promote its equivalent— deficiency of chlorophyll — in plants ? The few phanerogams, i. c. flowering plants, which are normally devoid, or nearly so, of chlorophvll. are degenerates, either saproplntes like the Bird's Nest (Neottia) or thorough- going parasites like Dodder (Cuscuta), drawing nutriment from the store honestly accumulated by other plants bv means of the chlorophyll in their foliage. Nevertheless, I ventiire to plead for one exception to the rule in this matter. The Golden Queen Holly, a_ variety of immemorial antiquity, when well set with scarlet ber- ries, is no unworthy companion and ofifset to the natural green tv-pe. — Garden iiig Illustrated. VIBURNU.M CARLESI IN POTS.— There are few lovers of sweet-scented flowers w^ho do not long to grow some of the choice Daphnes. Where they fail with the latter the above-named va- riety of \'ibiirnum may be substituted, and certainly both kinds of plants should be included in the collection if this be convenient. Viburnum Carlesi is very free-flowering, pure white, and very fragrant. There is one drawback with regard to the plant itscli", namely, the paucity of leaves at the time of flowering. As a pot plant in the greenhouse the lack of leaves will not be ver\' notice- able if other well-foliaged specimens are judiciously arranged near. I think that more of the free-flowering shrubs that are suitable should be grown in pots specially for the cool greenhouse or con- servatory.— Gardening Illustrated. SHIRLEY POPPIES. — These have been improved almost out of recognition, and that they give a magnificent display cannot be disputed. \evy few plants give such a wealth of bloom for cut- ting, and if the blooms be ephemeral, yet, so long as seed pods are not allowed to form, there arc always fresh supplies. ^Iany permit Shirley Poppies to grow too thickly and neglect providing supports for the plants. Let the plants be thinned until every one has at least a square foot in which to develop, and then put Spruce twigs or similar material thickly among the plants. These twigs may be lYz feet in height, and as the Poppies make progress, the supports will soon be hidden from view, and the plants will be protected alike from rain and from gales. — Gardening Illustrated. SHRUBS UNDER TREES.— In making a selection of shrubs for such a purpose it is necessary to know whether the trees are of dense growth, under which very few plants will thrive, or thin- headed trees under which numerous kinds may be grown. As a general rule, most shining-leaved shrubs will thrive as undcr- tgrowth beneath the shade of trees, but, in any case, the soil inust be well prepared for them at the outset. If the trees have been planted v.ithin recent years, and the soil is tolerably .good, but little preparation is necessary beyond deep digging; but if the trees are large and old, then the soil will be found overrun with roots and impoverished. In this case fresh soil should be substituted (say. from 9 inches to 12 inches deep), and in this the shnvbs intended for under.growth should be planted. The small shrubs should be vigorous and with plenty of roots, and the best time to plant is during .September and October, allowing the leaves that fall from the trees to remain among them through the Winter. The choice may be made from the fnllnwing list: Common Holly, Berberis .'\quifolium or Mahonia. common Box. Oval-leaved Privet, Portugal laurel, RhodcKlendrnn pwn by the distinct swelling of the wood-buds near and at the ends of the shoots of this year's growth Many young fruit trees have perished from no other cause than that of pruning at the time of — or soon after — planting. — Gardening Illustrated. Horticultural Jottings The fruit of the mayflower, or trailin.g arbutus, is reimted to be of rare occurruice. Certainly it is rarely seen; it has hidden itself for centuries among the leaves and moss. To be found, it must be sought lovingly, if not indeed reverently, upon the knees, b'tirtherniore. it must he sought at tlie right time, and that time is when wild strawberries are ripe. It is a curious and remarkable fact that a plant so universally known and so well loved for the beauty, charm, and fragrance of its flowers, should have been miknown as 1o the character of its fruit. Before the year 1913 none of our botanies adequately and correctly described it. The mayflower has not a dry pod, hut a white-fleshed edible fruit as juicy a*'a straw'berry, though of smaller size. The Japanese have surpassed us in this matter, fur they class their species of trailing arbutus as one of their edible wild fruits. The fruit of the ma-yflower is not in reality rare. I have found hundreds of them in a woodland pasture in New Hampshire in a single forenoon. — h'rederic V. Coville, in "The National Geo- gra/>hie Mapa^sine." An old-fashioned flower garden will be .-i feature of the White House grounds this year, in compliance with a request made by .Mrs. Harding. The ga'-den is now beiiii> laid out and will con- tain chiefly the flowers that grew at her Marion home, of which she is especially fond. The new garden will be located in the eastern part of the rear yard, at a point lU't far distant from the \\ bite House Rose garden, and in it will be grown such homey plants as Morning Glory, Pansies. I'orget-me-nots. .X.sters. Snap- dr-i.gons, h'oxgiove. etc. Mrs. Harding is especially fond of Hollyhocks and Lilies of the Valley, and for these two special beds will be arran.ged immediately adjacent to the gardens proper. .\nother feature of the White House gardens nt of the Lerov Frost estate Nvark. N Y.. accepted the position of superintendent on the estate of Mrs. A. S. Mather. Cbagrin FalK. Ohio. .\nen>. B. McGregor has secured the posi- tion of superintendent to .^nson W Hard. Jr., at West Sa\ville, L. L The Most Greenhouse For The Least Money That is Practical B}' the least money, we mean, the least that is consistent with lastingness and the making of a happy, healthy home for your ]>lants. It is a house we have been jjuilding for years. A clean cut, thoroughly practi- cal greenhouse, in which the ornamental touches and extra refinements, so to speak, have been eliminated. Still, it is decidedly good look- ing, and will grow just as many and just as fine quality of flowers as any house that costs more. The times have made so man}- folks want to strip things for the running, as it were, that they quickly buy this Practical Pur- pose house, when they would not our regular one with its curved eaves and other features. Thinking you might feel some- thing the same way, here it is. Glad to send you fullest of par- ticulars, or one of us will come and talk it over with vou. Builders of Greenhouses and Conservatories Eastern Factory Irvir.gton. N. Y. IrvinKton New York New York 30 E. 42d St. Western Factory Ses Plaines, 111. Philadelphia Land Title Bids. Canadian Factory St. Catharines, Ont Chicago Cont. Bk. Bldg. Boston-11 Little Bldg, Cleveland 4C7 Ulmer Bldg. Denver 1247 So. Emerson St. Kansas Citv Commerce Bldg. Toronto Harbor Commission Bldg. IJIIIIillilili »HIII!lllll< .i:i{|lllii(]ll'l|{^-^'^r-''^ m^w :«.',i4fj I iX Ideal J [I nun cuts a s zv a t h 22 inches wide. Capacity from 3 t" 4 acres a day EVEN on yruimiLs ul an acre or les.~;. Ideal Power Mowers quickly pay for themselves. The fact that they cut and roll such lawns in little more than an hour enables owners to save many dollars in labor each season. Your caretaker or an unskilled laborer can do perfect work with an Ideal. The mechanisin is simple and fool-proof. No high-wage help is required. Write for our interesting literature on the cost of lawn care. Ideal Power Lawn Mower Company R. E. Olds, Cliaii^nutn 434 Kalamazoo Street. Lansing, Michigan New York. 1.1-19 Hudson Si. Chicago. It East Harrison Si. Dealers in alt Principal dries IDEAL Power Lavsrn Mowers Ideal 30" tnozv- s er cttts a 30 inch E s zv a t h and % mozvs from 6 M ti' 7 acres a day ^ (34) ^llllllllllllllliltllllIillllllllllll^^ iiiMiiiiiiiii !i;i!iiiii!;iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii[iiii'miimi|[iiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii;iiiiiiiil^ RECOME A tj^DSCAPE WIZARD TRAOEOKriNDMARK = PU LV£R I ZED DigTiified, Exclusive Pro- fession not overrun with competitors. Crowded with opportunity for money- making and big fees. $5,000 to $10,000 incomes attained by experts. Easy to master under our correspond- ence methods. Diploma awarded. Wc assist students and graduates in getting started and developing their businesses. Established 1916. Write for information; it will open your eyes. Do it today. American Landscape School, 78F isTewark^ N. Y. Sheep Manure Wonderful natural fertilizer for amateur or professional growers — uncqualed for lawn, flowers, vegetables, fruits and shrubs — effectively sterilized — no weeds or chemicals — safe and dependable. Ask your seed or garden supply man for WIZARD BRAND or write direct for full information. The Pulverized Manure Company No. 18 Union Stock Yardi, Chicago 106 GARDENERS' CHROMCLE Flower Show which is held every \iar in connection with the Annual Meeting of the Society. An unusually comprehensive schedule has heen prepared, offering generous prizes to both ijrotessional and amateur growers, tor plants and cut flowers. In addition tiie So- ciety invites original e.Khibits. particuarly those of a decorative character, featurnrj arrangement for effect. The show, which is held in the .\ln AND POWER JPifffJPS ^OR ALL USES fIS.t, -<^iW ~r RHODODENDRONS m car lots AZALEAS, in variety, in car lots Fruit Trees and Fruit Plants La France Fall and Ever- bearing Raspberry Plants ll'iili- fur price and (',,-nrral I'ricc List THE MORRIS NURSERY CO. tt33 Broadway New York, N. Y. PLANT NAMES AND THEIR MEANINGS is the title of a series of articles now appearing in The American Rotanist where a multitude of other thinRS of interest to the plant lover are aUo discussed. Quarterly, $1.50 a year; mtecirnrn copy, 25 cents. THE AMERICAN BOTANIST Joliet, III. ANDOPEA High Grade Stock of Ornamental Trees and Slirubs. Catalog on request. ANDORRA NURSERIES WM. WARNKR ITARPKK, Prof: Chestnut Hiu. Piih.adf.i.phia GREAT DEMAND FOR ROOTS THIS YEAR I IH'FHl 20(1. noil I'nimollf A.il>nraBil.i. 4.'i.nOO Ilni- li.irli lloiil.s. 40.000 Kcilirmliili llorsr RiiilUb Roots. 2.'JO0 Tmir Year (!ra|n' Vines. S.*! yi'ars In the IdiHlnnis, I'rlrc list nifttlod by return nmll. I supi)Iy nnnil»rs of srcdsnion and nursorynu'n. WARREN SHINN, Woodbury, N. J. Root Sft'ccialist For April. 1Q23 107 CartersTesied Seeds * I NC. ^^ Con folidaied tcith J. M. THORBURN & CO. Growers, Importers and Dealers, in Flower, Vegetable and Grass Seed of the highest quality IT rile for catalogue or quotations. Carters Tested Seeds IINC. 53 BARCLAY STREET, NEW YORK, N. Y. Toromo, Canada London, England Manufacturers of "F. & I." Golf Green and Uniform Brand To' bacco Stems, Dusts and Powders. Prepare Now for the Green Velvety Lawn You II JVant Next Spring As an ideal winter mulch for lawns, '*F. & I" — nature's fertilizer and insecticide — is the logical choice of lawn and garden experts who make careful comparisons. "F, & I." is both a fertilizer and an insecti- cide— a purely vegetable product which rap- idly disintegrates, adding valuable humus to (he soil. "F. & I." is applied exactly as you would use an animal manure — yet it contains no insect pes^s or weed seeds and is free from objectionable odor. Write today for literature and prices. The F. & I. Tobacco Prod. Co. 115-145 Fulton St. Lancaster, Pa., U. S. A. wiirthy of a visit. The coiiiplelL- list of gar- dens, with the dates of admission, will he published later. Calendars may be obtained from the Westehester County S. P. C. C, 107 W'arburton avenue, Yonkers. The hours of admission are from, three until six o'clock in the aiternoon. The admission fee is only lifty cents which will all he spent to help and comfort little Children of the county who are in sorest need of such aid. WESTCHESTER (N. Y.) AND FAIR- FIELD (CONN.) HORT. SOCIETY The regular monthly meeting of this so- ciety was held in Creenwich, Conn., March 9. Quite a few members were present. One new member, Geeorgo Bates, was elected for membership, and one proposed. Judging by the splendid exhibits at the past few meet- ings, there will be keen competition for the greatest number of points for the year. At the meeting. Edwin Beckett received first for a pot of Phalsnopsis Schilleriana ; W. J. Sealey, second for a standard Meliotrope, and John McCarroll, third, for a vase of Stocks. Other exhibits included vase of Roses. W. D. Robertson ; Primula obconica, H. F. Bullpitt; Sweet Peas, Walter Slade; Lupines, John McCarroll. H. F. Bullpitt received first for two bunches of Rhubarli. Progress for the Fall show is well on the way, James Stuart gave a very inter- esting talk on Cyclamen ; his address led to considerable discussion, P. W. Popp gave an interesting talk on his last trip through the South and West, describing horticultural conditions prevailing in both parts. A. Kneuker. TARRYTOWN (N. Y.) HORT. SOCIETY This society held its meeting March 21. in the Corporation Building. The weather was ideal, and a full attendance was present. The exhibition tables were well filled with a large variety of plants and cut flowers. Alex. Anderson received first prize for Sweet Peas, as well as the prize for the best display in the hall other than Sweet Peas. He captured this prize with two large vases of very fine .\ntirrhinums. Otber displays worthy of mention w-ere some line Primulas shown by John Honeyman, .■\ntirrliinums by Mr. Fisher of Briarcliff. and displays of Tulips, J. Watterson, Thns, Lee and others. The judges were J. Featherstone, J. Watts and Wm. Graham. Six nominees were elected to membership. Since our last meeting this society has lost a member in John Walker of Scarsdale. N. v., who suddenly passed away through an attack of acute indigestion. After the reading of the notice, Pres. Wilson asked the members to rise for a minute of silence as a token of respect for our deceased mem- ber. Tanytown taxpayers lia\e voted an ap- propriation of $4,500 for the use of the society in carrying on the work which it started last year in the preservation of the shade trees of the town. This is a work which the society went into last year with such splendid results that it now has the backing of the largest taxpayers of the town. This beginning may lead to larger develop- ments. At this meeting the society voted to hold two shows this year, one in September and one in November. After business w'as fin- ished and exhibits discussed. Pres. Wilson invited Walter Weston to the platform for the purpose of giving an essay on Bo.xwood. Mr. Weston talked along the line of the care of Bo.xwood at the different seasons. Wm. Gr.\h.\m, Cor. Sec'y. CONINE NURSERY CO. East Main St. E'st.ililished 1895 Stratford, Conn. Reference Dun IN LARGE SIZES OF Hemlock, Biotas, Pines, Retinos- poras. Blue and White Spruce. We have the BEST stock in the UNITED STATES. W'c also have a gi_od assortment of Gen- eral Nursery Stock including splendid roses and standard roses. Joseph Manda Co. Orchids Our Specialty Send for Our Catalogue 191 VaUey Road Wcit Orange, N. J. "A Garden for Every Home." MULLER-SEALEY CO., INC. 145 West 45th St. New York City QUALITY RED POTS Made of best material by skilled labor, uniformly burned aod carefully packed. Famoit **llDU-A2t«e" Ware Includes Azalea ?ot8. Fern Dlsbea, Hanffln' Baskets. Lawn Vasea. et«. Write for catalogue and price list The Zane Pottery Company So. Zaoenllle, Ohit I COMPETENT I [GARDENERS | I The comforts and products | I of a country home are increased | 1 by employing a competent j j gardener; if you want to en- | I gage one, write us. | I Please give particulars re- | j garding place and say whether 1 I married or single man is j I wanted. We have been supply- | j ing them for years to the Ijest | I people everywhere. No fee | I asked. | I Peter Henderson & Co. | I Seedsmen and Florists i I 35 and 37 Cortlandt Street, | i NEW YORK CITY | "ii i» I Nijiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii{iiiii{iiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii||||i;ii|||||,^ HARRY BALDWIN I Manufacturer of | I Greenhouse Stiading Latti Roller Blinds I IVI VIVlAROtMECK. IM. Y. 500 DELPHINIUMS "BELLA DONNA SEEDLINGS" Good stiong one year plants — $15.00 per hundred or will e.xchange for Peony (Herbaceous) or Iris Kaeinpferi "Bella Flora Gardens." Bruno Sitzenstok, Egg Harbor City, N. J. ORCHIDS i We are Specialist* Id Orchids. We collect, I ffrow. Import, export and sell orchliU ex- I cluslvely. If yon are In the naarbet for Orcfaldt, i we Bollcit your Inqnlriea and orders. Cata- 1 lo^es and appclal lints on application. LAGER & HURRELL tnhid Growers and Inptrten Summit. N, J. t / \ f CIT FLOWER BOXES EDWARDS FOLDING BOX CO MANUFACTURERS PHILADELPHIA, PA. 4 \ / >► |iiiiiB|||iii!iiiiiiiiimiiiifiiii»iiifflimiiiiiiiiiiiiniitimiini:iiiiiinaimmmiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii;iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiii! I Cleaner Gardens — Well-Kept Lawns I with Less Labor and Less Expense I Icrt- it i.s. The 2 li^ht garden I and lawn j mower tractor | ytm have been | wishing for. | Designed to | do wheel hoe | weeding and j 0 u 1 t i V a t- I ing and in- | staiitly convert- 1 il>lc into a trac- 1 tor lawn mower. | 'riiis outfit with i line gallon of i Kiisoline and a § liny to guide it i w ill usually do § nmre and better § work than four g men with push | implements. g Leading gar- ^ deners endorse I ' the I BOLENS POWER HOE | I and Lawn Mower Tractor ^ i The BOLEXS is dittcient. Investigate | = before you buy. Catalog on reciiiest. = I GILSON MANUFACTURING COMPANY - 215 Park St. Port Washington, Wis., U. S. A. giiiiiu.iii,iiiiij.i.iiiUiiu.iM.i.!;:.i>b.ii>i.iiii.iiii:iiiiinii.iiiuiiiiiiiiilii»iliiiliiilil!ii;iiililiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiliii:iiiiiiiiiiiiliiiilliiiiiiiiiji[iiii^ G viioww Pottery Qii^es iRe Gsssnlial ^oucn A Bird Bath entices the birds to the garden and is a source of con- tinual interest and usefulness. Choice plants are enhanced in lieauty when in graceful Pots and X'ases. Benches. Sun Dials. Fountains, Gazing Globes and other attractive decorative accessories arc included in our col- lection of enduring terra cottas. Send 20c in stamps for cata- logue showing 300 numbers. GAUowAf Terra GoTta Cb. 3230 WALNUT ST. PHILADELPHIA. TREES PLANTS PLANTING Everything for the Garden I Breck-Robinson Nursery Co. I LEXINGTON - - MASS. &(ltig GREENHOUSES are built in sections or units 8'5" in length and fnnn 9' ti) 32' in width. This makes possible the building of a greenhouse with a few sections and adding new sections or units each year or two until a complete range with, possibly, a palm house has been built. A good point t" remember and suggest to your employer when be plan^ to build. Catalog 52A wbicb we shall lie pleased to send In you, shows many designs and sizes all of wliicb can be built complete or of sectional constructinn. Write for your copy today. \^'hcn yju think of .good greenhouses, think of King. KING CONSTRUCTION COMPANY General Offices: North Tonawanda, N. Y. Pliiladi'lpliia W» York City .".r. West 45th St. T'Ofphotie Miii-ray Hill 100.50 Sprure C521 Boston, Mass. Scrantori. Pa. 15th & Market Sts. Board of Trade Bldg. 307 .\'. Irving Avi Telephone Telephone Telephone '" ' Main 4390 Serantnn "-413il Sunlight - Dirt -Water A Perfect LUy Pool! -Any tub or half-barrel makes a good con- tainer. Put some dirt in the bottom, plant a tuber, ])onr on water — that's all there is to it if Ihe sunliyht gets .-i chance to help. Send for Our Free Catalog l'"itll\ dt;.st:rit)cs tlif Viirietius. tells which sorts are best tub culture, anil is profusv-ly illustrated. Send for a \' tinhiv. 1*111 vdur ti.tmc ,iti(l ;iildr.-ss mi ,i postcard. THE INDEPENDENCE NURSERIES CO. Box G, Independence, Ohio ^^ ROCK GARDEN PLANTS | I Write fur our complete. | descriptive catalogue of | THREE HUNDRED VARIETIES W. E. MARSHALL & CO., Inc. Svvdsuxvn i\m\ I'lantamrn 166 West 23rd Street New York City IIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIi lOX ginniniiiiiioiininiiiniiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ = giiniiiiuiiiiiinniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin^ = The Insecticide of Recognized Merit for Greenhouse and Garden A pi-III^f is a concentrated material — mixes readily in water efficient in its action — easily applied — free of the disagreeable odors and features of most insecticides excellent as a wash for decorative plants. As FOR THE GARDEN I ciiic- dy against all sap sucking insects infesting flowers, fruits and vegetables, APHINE is most effective. FOR THE GREENHOUSE — Applied at regular intervals (once each week or ten days) APHINE will keep plants in the greenhouse and conservatory free of insect pests. r UINCjINE ^°^ mildew, rust and other blights affecting flowers, fruits and vegetables. V tiKJYllIN t For worms and insects infesting the soil. Sold by dealers in various sizes. APHINE MANUFACTURING COMPANY Manufacturers of Agricultural Chemicals MADISON. N. J. I ^niiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiitii Ill I iiiiiiniintn iiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiii miiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiii iniiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiin iiiiiii imi iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiniiiiiiiniiiiijiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii; 1 -HiiiiiiniiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiliiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiraiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiin iiiiitiiiiitiiiinniiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiinnniiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiniiiiiiiiiiiniininiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiN j (,ri'fnli(iiis tlllCACO ('.III. Knnk KlilK. EASTERN FACTORY Irvington. N. Y. WESTERN FACTORY Di> Plalnti. III. u/ (.iinwittilfirit'.' CANADIAN FACTORY St. Cnthnrinrs. Ont. O.KVKI.,\.\l) 40" flimr Will!. KANSAS cm" riinimcrce Bhig. ItlT'FAl.O Wlillr Bill;. |IEN\T-R 124 7 So. Emt'n.on SI. TOKII.STII Ihirltor I'oniiiitsslon BIiIje. p. ^ Garden of IFl erenniai riowers FIFTEEN BEAUTIFUL PERENNIALS fioV ^J^JJv POSTPAID This wonderful assortment includes the most showy perennials and will give a magnificent garden, be- sides yielding cut flowers* bountifully throughout the spring, summer, and fall. Perennials are easily grown from seed sown out in the open garden during May or June. They will give a gorgeous display of showy and handsome flowers that never fail to attract the flower-lover. Our col- lection contains one full size packet each of the fol- lowing 15 handsome perennials: ANCHUJA ITALICA— Magnificent spikes fniir feet tall, covered \\ith li-ii lihu* tlMweis iluring June am] July. AQUILEGIA. LONG-SPURRED HYBRIDS— C.i.iccful flowers Ui Tiiaii> i-iliirs liIiK>nu]ig profusely during ^lay and June. ARABIS ALPINA — The dwarf plants are completely covered witli tlionsanils of pure white flowers. PERENNIAL BABY'S BREATH (Gypsophila paniculata)— Tiny white Ilowers ti-inie on ^lender stems. Blooms from July on. CENTAUREA MONTANA— This hardy Cornflower has large. slnn\\-. thistle- like, blue fltiwers. COREOPSIS GRANDIFLORA— .\ popular free-blooming peren- nial \vith large well-shaped flowers of a lich golden yellow. Ehxtins during spring anil summer. DELPHINIUM, CHOICE MIXED— Beautiful spikes in shades of lilue ."lUil purple. DIANTHUS PLUMARIUS— .Star-like, rich rose flowers during \\\^^f and July. FOXGLOVE, FINE MIXED— Beautiful spikes in white, pink, inse, etc. GAILLARDIA GRANDIFLORA— Lai ge, yellow flowers marked w-ith crinisMii. GLOBE THISTLE— riiivtle like foliage: large ball-shaped flowers. HOLLYHOCK DOUBLE MIXED— .A complete mixture of fine colors. LYCHNIS CHALCEDONICA (Burning Star)— B-right scarlet fl.pweiheaiU. PLUME POPPY— .\ stately border plant .S feet tall. SWEET WILLIAM, SINGLE MIXED^Blwims from July on m many bright colors. These IS packets of perennials if purchased sep- arately would cost $1.50. Plant your perennials dur- ing the month of June for next year's blooming. The collection will lie mailed anywhere, postpaid, for $1.00 W. ATLEE BURPEE CO. Seed Growers Philadelphia, Pa. Careers Tesied Seeds * I NC. ^r = Con iolidated with = J. M. THORBURN & CO. j Growers, Importers and Dealers, in j Flower, Vegetable and Grass Seed of the highest quality I Write for catalogue or quotations. I Carters Tested Seeds I INC. I I 53 BARCLAY STREET, NEW YORK, N. Y. | I Toronto, Canada London, England I DAFFODILS NATl'RALIZED I.M PORT ANT Tilt- V. S. tJovemiiient has decreed that Narcissi (Daf- fodils) niriy only be imiKrted until 1925. As a result, I'rices will, of course, advance; may we tliereft:re sug- gest That you order your OafFodils for future use now takinij advantage cf present advantageous prices. ORDER NOW FOR FALL PLANTING To induce liberal plantings of these lovely flowers, and to further acquaint Garden Lovers w-ith our Superior Quality Bulbs, we have made up three special mi.xtures of manj' varieties of Narcissi, all sintable for successful naturalizing, which will in- crease from year to 3"ear. in extra heavy bulbs. The varieties included in these mixtures have been so selected, that you may enjoy a continuous flower- ing for a month or more ever\- year. Prices for orders received before July first Narcissi, edj yellow varieties mixed $37.00 per thousand Narcissi, all white varieties mixed $37.00 per thousand Narcissi, all varieties mixed..-, $37.00 per thousand $3,47E.C0 per hundred thousand bulbs. j DAFFODILS NAT1'IL.\LIZED | I JOHN SCHEEPERS, Inc. | E Spfiialisls in Highest Quality Flnuer Bulhs = I 522 Fifth Aveuue New York City | ^ iiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiliiililiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiittciiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim 109 SfBnnrnffwnnTWiTHniTff ^iiiiiiiitiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiitiiitiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ Strawberry Plants EXTRA STRONG STOCK Pot-GroMii II rile for our Strauherry Cutiilogue Note Ready BURNETT BROTHERS Seedjmvn 92 Chambers Street, New York ORCHIDS If you contemplate buying Orchids, send for our special list. Large stock of Laelia Cattleyas, Brasso Cattleyas, and other choice Hybrids. We specialize in supplying the private trade. Let us figure on your requirements. Orchid peat, live sphagnum moss, baskets, pot hangers, always on hand. G. E. BALDWIN & CO. GEORGE E. BALDWIN, Sole Proprietor MAMARONECK NEW YORK ^uiiiiiiiiniiiiininnnnmiiiiniiinHniiimimiinniminuimiiinmniuiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniimiiniim ^iw iuiiniin»i{iiiiii<:uuui i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiui 111111:111111 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii ,r- G Aooww Pottery Qi-i?es iRe Gsseniial '^oucn A Bird Bath entices the birds to the garden and is a source of con- tinual interest and usefulness. Choice plants are enhanced in beauty when in graceful Pots and Vases. Benches, .Sun Dials. Fountains, Gazing Globes and other attractive decorative accessories are included in pur col- lection of enduring terra cottas. Seyid 20c in stamps for cata- logue showing 300 nitmhci's. Galiowa- Terra OoTta Cb. 3230 WALNUT ST. PHILADELPHIA LAWNS Unexcelled for CROPS FLOWERS Na p. }:iJ^^ Plant Food NON-BURNING ODOKLESS PACKED IN 100 LB. BAGS I'ull railiciilais aitil rn'rcs C/'on Request SOLE PRODUCERS ijiMiiJiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiir HEDGE TRIMMING MADE EASY with "Little Wonder" Hedge Trimmer Does away with the hard, costly, hand shears process. Thousands in use. This new device makes hedge trimming a pleasure. Trims every shape and variety of hedge grown. Made in three sizes, 30", 40" and 60" blades, $25.00 to $35.00. Saves time, labor, money. Write for (Irsrriptixr circular an where the .Model "L", a Coldwell Mower, lends timely ain & Florists DREER'S GARDEN BOOK 1923 RUTHERFORD NEW JERSEY answers all necessary questions about Vegetables and Flowers and contains eight beautiful color plates, besides hundreds of photo-engravings. DREER'S HARDY PERENNIALS A choice selection of these old-fashioned plants. All pot-grown and may be planted at any season. DREER'S WATER LILIES The finest collection in America, embracing the best hardy and tender varieties of Nymphsas, including day and night blooming kinds,' also Victoria Trickeri. Write today for fl_ copy of this valuable back, which will be sent by mail free if you mention this Magacine. HENRY A. DREER 714-716 Chestnut Street, PHILADELPHIA, PA. ii:iiii:iiii:iiii:iiii:»ii:iiii;iiiiiiiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!j||(|iiiiiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiili7. sniirillliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiniiiniiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiininiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiui^ 111 ■Illllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiui iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinaiiiKiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiin iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiihiiiiiiii^ The Contents for May, 1923 Things and Thoughts of the Garden IVilUam N. Craig In the Garden and in the Greenhouse George F. Stervarl The Herb Garden What Is A Plant? IVillard N. Clute Some Hardy Geraniums in an Old World Garden. . . .Arthur T. Johnson, F.R.H.S. Interesting Spring-Flowering Bulbous Plants. Stimulating Plant Growth with Carbon Dioxide Dr. E. Bade Jelly from Wild Fruits Rhododendrons Thrive in Soil Treated With Aluminum Sulphate Hardy Cypripediums Richard Rolbe Flowering Evergreen Shrubs 113 115 117 118 119 120 121 122 122 123 124 California Waysides Olivia Brool(i New England Aster Rhododendrons in a Dry Summer An Appeal for the Wild Flowers Aquatic and Waterside Plants Planting Trees as Memorials For Amateur Dahlia Growers On Growing Narcissi in America Seeding Lawns in Late Summer Massachusetts Agricultural College The Christ-awakening Marian J. Cobb Foreign Exchange Department Brief Horticultural Jottings Comments from Our Readers Book Reviews National Association of Gardeners Local Societies 125 125 126 126 126 127 127 128 128 128 128 129 129 130 130 131 133 Vol. XXVII. No. 5 Issued 15lh of each month. Published Monthly by THE CHRONICLE PRESS, INC. ^^„^,^ ^^^^. ,_j^„ ,, „ 286 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. Subscription: $2.00 a year MARTIN C. EBEL, Editor Entered at the h'ew York Post OfUce as second class matter, ^'o■:'. o, 1"14, under the .4ct of Congress, March 3, 1879. |,,llll,,l,lll,,l,l,lll,,llllllllllllllllllll||i ■Illlilllllllllillllllllllll lllllllllllllillllllHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIillllllilllilllilllll lillllll Illlllll I Illlllllllllllll II I IIIHI Ill gil,,,lllll,,,lllll,,l,l,,||||||llllllllli;i||||l|||||||||||||{||||||||||||||||||||IW lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllUHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIill Ill :illlllllllllllllllllllllllll«llllllllllllllllll Ililll Ill Ililllll Illlllllllllll Hill STUMPP & WALTER CO.'S Advance Offering HIGH QUALITY BULBS For Autumn Planting If you Kave not already received our 1 923 Advance Offering of HigK Quality Bulbs for Autumn Plant- ing v?e will be pleased to mail you a copy on request. ^B^^uMe^ 30-32 Barclay St. New York ifniiiiiiiiHiniiHHiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiMuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim "'""""" 112 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ Viiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iinwiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii nil iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiM GARDENERS' CHRONICLE (OF AMERICA) Devoted to the Science of Floriculture and Horticulture ■ Vol. XXVll ^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw^ May, 1923 No. 5 iiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin^ iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Things and Thoughts of the Garden "^^'^''yoHK ^ ^ B<»TA*,lCAt. WILLIAM N. CRAIG gaudew THE coniin^y; of Dayliyht Saving or "Summer Time, " as it is commonly termed in Great liritain. should be welcomed enthusiastically bv every true garden lover. The only argument of much weight which I have heard advanced by gardeners or commercial flower grow- ers against this measure is, that it is necessary to keep a man on duty at the greenhouses an hour longer to attend to the necessary watering and ventilation. This should l>e easily arranged on private estates, much more readilv than the .Sunday "duty."' (Jf course, there are to be found ob- jectors to this and every other man-made scheme by those who swear by what they piously term "God's Time" which was itself changed long before the introduction of Day- light Saving. Massachusetts, a great industrial state. holds fast to it and the opposition of agricultural interests has dwindled with the change from a seven to a five month Daylight .Saving period. There is everv reason why gar- deners, and all garden owners and garden lovers should welcome the change : the long, pleasant evenings which can lie spent in the garden, and the extra hour when many amateurs can till the soil in their little gardens should many times outweigh the need of keeping someone at the greenhouses a little longer. The old, familiar argu- ment trotted out each sea.son that men cannot be put to work because there is dew on the plants is all but obso- lete. The gardener, or farmer, unable to find work for his assistants when vegetation is damp should get into another business. 1 have always considered Daylight Saving a great horticultural asset — many millions in .\merica are enjoying it annually and some da\' I hope the op>p)osition from agricultural interests will pass and that all of our citizens may enjoy it as they did during the war period. * * * .\t this season when the country is verv beautiful, fields verdant, woodlands a perfect joy with the multiplicity of green hues on trees and shrubs, gardens and orchards rich with bloom, and song birds musical on everv side, how saddening it is to notice so much of the- beautv, peace, and repose of a landscape disfigured if not destroyed by these abominable billboards. .\t one time thev were mainlv along our railroads, but the advent of the automobile has changed all this. It is true that some legislatures have l^assed laws to deal with these commercial monstrosities, but these laws are as usual well punctured with loop- holes and do not amount to ven,' much. The National -Association of Gardeners has on several occasions placed itself squarely on record against the repulsive, glaring bill- boards Haunting along our highways and numl>ers of civic bodies are striving to free their "respective communities from these nuisances, for surely billboards can scarce be classed as necessities. The levying of a heavv tax would no doubt reduce this crying evil. The billboards both dis- figure and depreciate the value of property, for whatever violates the laws of harmony and beauty damages prop- erty vahies, and is a reflection on the good taste of the community. It is an excellent plan not to patronize firms which ofifend our eyes. OlTenses to the ear and nose are restricted and often punishable, why not sights which of- fend our eyes ? ^ ■',' '-:'• Tulips are amongst the most popular flowers at present. The la.st few years have seen a steady decline in the pojjularity of the early blooming section, and a tremen- dously increased interest in the Darwins. Rembrandts, and ^lay flowering varieties. These latter varieties are much more satisfactory for the amateur than the earlv type : they in nearly all cases grow taller and have a more state- ly appearance than the earlier, and while thev flower some- what later prove much more persi.stent and in numerous cases are very much better the second and third years if undisturbed. They do especially well in herbaceous bor- ders, planted in clumps. It seems strange that in our parks, and public .gardens hitherto so little use has been made of them. The general excuse advanced against their increased use is that as they bloom rather late, it delavs the setting out of the regular Summer bedding. I am .glad to note that many private estates now use this class of tulips entirely, both in mixed borders and in special beds, and I feel sure the .general public would be willing to wait a few days longer for the more or less stereotv'ped arran.gements of coleus. alternantheras, santolinas, acaly- I>has, geraniums, cannas, and even scarlet salvias, which adorn most of our public grounds, and too many private . gardens today. Of the May flowering tulips out of a large numljer of varieties the follov,in,g. which are all of very moderate price, have with me proven most satisfactor\- : the Fawn, rosy fawn in color, shaded blush, ver\' graceful and of an unusual color: (iolden' Grown, yellow edged with red: Mrs. Moon, very tteep yellow, with reflexed pointed i:)etals: Picotee, a good old variety: Inglescombe Yellow, often called the "■yellow Darwin" with large globular flowers : Gesneriana major, rich deep scarlet with a bluish black centre, a popular ^Memorial Day tulip in some iif our more northerly states : Gesneriana lutea, a splendid 113 114 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE golden vellow. the foliage is much heavier than on the red variety; Le Reve, sometimes called Sarah Bernhardt, of a strikiiig rose buff color, very large flowers, one of the most admired of all tulips, not infrequently listed amongst the early tulips ; the old Ronton d'Or. also called Ida, is a good pure golden yellow ; Ellen Willmott, soft creamy vellow in color with an elongated flower and reflexed petals is a very pretty sort : Inglescombe Pink, a charming tulip, rose pink, shaded salmon in color. Leghorn ISonnet has alwavs been a favorite with me. it is pale yellow in color and some catalogues list it under the name elegans lutea pallida. W. T. Ware is a glorious deep yellow, the flower is large and lasts wonderfully. Golden Spire has a very large reflexed flower, deep golden yellow in color and edged with orange scarlet. Of a rather unusual color is Fain- Queen. The shade is a rosy heliotrope, with a margin of~amber yellow. Some good tulips are left out of the foregoing list but those named have all proved very satisfactory in New England. There is a rather over- whelming predominance of yellows in the Alay flowering tulip section. * * * Speaking of tulips, how few there are who grow the very interesting species. While some of these make good garden plants, the bulk are more at home in a rockery. T. Greigii is the largest and most showy of this group, the bright crimson scarlet flowers have a black blotched centre and the foliage is variegated, the blotchings being dark. The latest of all the species to flower is T. Spren- geri with scarlet flowers. T. Sylvestris with yellow "flowers is occasionally found wild in England and is found over quite a wide area in continental Europe. I have found this variety succeeds very well naturalized in grass land where the soil is well drained, not too rich, and the grass does not grow too vigorously. It is a graceful si>ecies with yellow flowers. T. Kaufmanniana is a native of Turkestan and has been in commerce about 50 years. It is the earliest of all tulips to flower and has proved to be a persistent variety. One clump I have in mind in a rockery has flowered freely for ten years ; the flowers are verv variable in color but are generally white, tinted with carmine, the centre is yellow. T. cornuta stenopetala, also called acuminata, has' some of the characteristics of T. Gesneriana and is a good grower with red and yellow- flowers. .At the late New York flower show^ there w-ere one or two exhibits of T. Clusiana, the "Lady tulip.'' This variety stands gentle forcing and succeeds very nicely in six-inch pans. It is one of the very best sorts for the rocker\- ; the flowers are pale yellow, striped with red. ami are very fragrant. Everyone at all interested in tulips should plant a few of this pretty variety. The little T. Lownei will ai>peal to those who have a rockery: it only attains a height of three to four inches: its flowers are white in color, tinged outside with purplish pink. T. Turkestanica, native of the mountains of Central Siberia and the Caucasus, is really a robust form of T. biflora. It is either pale yellow or white inside the flower and tinged with green, red. or jnirple outside. One remark- able feature of this tulip is that it often carries four to six flowers to a scape. T. Hageri is aufithcr fine rockery variety ; flowers are generally red in color and the stalks average six inches in height. T. Retroflexa, a suppfjscd garden hybrid between Gesneriana and acuminata, is a quite lusty grower with yellow twi.sted flowers. T. Pnc- cox has purplish flowers, is slender in habit and attains a height of 15-18 inches. The brilliant T. lini folia is a dwarf grower, this variety comes from Bokhara. T. pnestans, another P.okharan sjjecies also carries several flowers per scape; the color is orange vermilion. The sjjecies aforementioned have done very well in the vicinity of Boston, Mass., there are other good sorts which might be added but 1 have named enough \o provide an interest- ing and well \aried assortment for any reader of the Gaki>i-;xers' CiiKoxu'iJ-; who may wish to try them. riiere can be nu questitjn but that the nui>t admired lulii> at Iioth the Boston and New York Spring flower shows this year was De Wet. sometimes called General I )e Wet and also Fireglow ; as forced it is a peculiarly rich and glowing orange in color. Grown in the open it is a lovely golden yellow-, flushed with fiery orange scarlet, and a most distinct and unique shade. In a collection it at once rivets our attention to practically tlie exclusion of all others. This belongs to the early flowering class of tulips, but the plants grow taller than the average earlies. more nearly approximating the Darwins in height. Pink lieauty in the last few years has become one of the most popular of all bedding tulips: its deep glowing rose color, becoming fainter towards the edges, its excellent habit, and fine lasting qualities, commend it to all tulip lovers. I do not think there is any finer pure w-hite bedder than white Joost Aon Vondel, some catalogues carry this under the name of Lady Boreel and when they do not give the synonxm. purchasers unacc|uainted with tulips, are likely to buy this for a new- variety. In its own particular color, satinv rose. Prosperine remains without a peer ; it is one of our finest bedding tulips. In scarlets Sir Thomas Lip- ton is extra brilliant. Rising Sun is a grand deep golden yellow ;ind is .-i somewhat taller grower than the average. Golden Queen pleases many, does not grow so tall as Lipton, and carries a large globular flow-er. The forsythias have been w-onderfullv fine ibis season. In spite of the prolonged \\'inter we fortunatelv had no very low temperatures, and the forsythias. in cunininn w^ith sonie other deciduous flowering shrubs, escajK-d in- jury to their flower buds. C)n sloping banks, the old E.' sus]>ensa is still quite useful, and Fortune's Golden Bell is by no means a back number, but F. intermedia is far bet- ter and there is a form of intermedia called aurea which has deep yellow flo'wers and yellowish foliage which may appeal to those who admire leaves which are other than green. There is also a golden variegated form of Eor- tunei. F. viridissima is an old variety blooming a little later than other sorts, the bark is deep' green in color and the ])lant is of compact halMt. l"or those wanting but one variety I would recommend !■'. intermedia and di. not i>lant them three feet apart each way as do many lan(lsca])e architects unless voti will be prejiared to remove nine-tenths of them w-ithin three years. Forsythias need lots of room and are robust growers. * ':■ ■:■ Amongst the vcr\' desir;il)le carlv flowering shrul)> which are of quite dwarf habit and are therefore valu;il)lc in the small garden I do not know of one which is alt;iin- ing a greater ])o])iilarity than the Kmcan N'iburnum Carlesii. A popular name the "Bouvardi.'i shrub" has been given to it as the dense terminal cymes of blossoms which ai^pear with the leaves somewhat resemlile the heads on bouvardias, and have a most delight ftd fr;igrance, a fragr.'ince reminiscent of r)a])hne Mezeremn. the ma\- flower ( Epiga-a repens). and tb;it finest of all bouvardias. 1 lumbf)ldtii. .As this shrub is verv shapely, does not ex- ceed four to five feet in height. ])roves ix'rfeclly hardy, flowers freely each year, with flowers which are lasting as well as fragrant, and as several nurserymen now offer il at a moderate price, here is something which many owners of even (|uile sm;ill gardens nu'ghl well ])lant. There are m;niv good X'iburnums whicli are inv;du,d)l(' in l.nidsca|)e pl;intings. but A', (,'arlesii is of more moderate li;rbit than any others, and none am ai)proach it in fragrance. For May, 1923 115 In the Garden and in the Greenhouse GEORGE F. STEWART GARDENING is like very few professions. It large- ly depends on how closely we can co-operate with the natural elements. These, however, often act in a ver\' erratic manner, and are beyond our control, at least out of doors, to a very large extent. — Take the past Winter here in Massachusetts; it has been like no other one, within the memon,- of many of our oldest residents. We were in hopes of an early Spring, after the snow being so continuous from November on. We argued thus : the ground has been so heavily cov- ered with snow that the frost would not penetrate to any great depth, and with the lengthening day, and the sun getting stronger, when March arrived, we would have a sudden quick thaw, and in a few days the ground vi^ould be in condition for putting in early crops, at least as early as the second week in March. The result has been that that month has been one of the most frosty we have ex- perienced, and with very high biting winds has, several nights, taxed out heating equipment to its utmost. Several nights some panes of glass, loosened by the long Winter, have been blown out in some unexpected corner, and dis- appointment has followed over some cherished plants which have been either marred, or completely ruined, by the cutting frosty wind blowing through that part of the greenhouse thus exposed, through no fault of those in charge. In fact, it ma)' have happened when they thought they could safely retire, after watching through the worst part of the night, knowing that the heater was well able to take care of things for the few hours that were left. Timing of the flowering season of certain plants has also been disappointing to some of us, owing to lack of sunshine at a season when we generally counted on clear skies. As we look over our outdoor plants we find many things that discourage us. A\'e gave our plants their usual covering for this section of the countr}', and the result has been that together with the great depth of snow, it was too much, causing rot in quite a number of our border plants. Others, owing to the ground not being frozen at all, started into growth under the snow, and these have been destroyed, the late cold blasting winds nipping them in their soft condition. ^lice have also done considerable damage, and I am convinced from some little observations, that the grey squirrel is about as destructive at barking certain bushes and trees, as the mouse. Gardening, look- ing at it from the standpoint of a visitor, and beholding a floral display at its best, is a most wonderful occupation, but very few realize the brain racking care, and many disappointments that very often the gardener has been through, before such a restful, satisfying picture has been produced. Late Alay and early June generally find the gardener in the thick of the fight to produce seasonable flowers, fruits, and vegetables, and if we lay hold of opportunitv' at the right moment, we shall have a fair measure of success. Ideals no one can rob us of. Our enemies may tn-- to mar them, but to the heroic soul they are still there, and worth striving for. Do not neglect staking peas at the earliest opportunity, and when they are an inch or two over grown, if they look too thick in the row, thin them out a little. Better quality will be the result. I question in our climate, if it would be wise to trust growing peas spaced as widely as they do in Europe. From photos I have seen, they cer- tainly have wonderful yields, as the result of planting widely. We always, with a sowing of peas, plant spinach between the rows as it runs so quickly to seed, it is gen- erally used up before it interferes with that crop. New Zealand spinach is not a Spinacia at all, botanically be- longing to Tetragonia. This plant is used widely as sub- stitute for Spinacia during the hot months, and does better if started in small pots as it is a tropical subject. It will grow from seed sown out doors, but will protiuce leaves much later from the plants started indoors. We sow three seeds to a pot and plant three feet apart. It very soon closes up between the hills at that distance. Sow dwarf and pole Lima beans, after the middle of May. Put in plenty of seed and thin out after they are well up. This class of bean is liable to rot, if after they are sown it should turn wet and cold for several days. Plant pumpkin and squash about the middle of May and later. These, as regards their seeds, act about the same as Lima beans in unfavorable weather. Soft coal soot is an excellent dust put around voung vegetable plants. Insect pests are not at all happy, if a good dusting is kept around them while they are in a small state. However, remember and do not get it mixed with lime, as a powerfvd ammonia will be the result, and the tender foliage will be burned. A sprinkling of any good vegetable fertilizer after a crop is well up may be given between the rows before hoeing or watering, keep it well away from the plants, as many chemical fertilizers burn nut only the leaves, but tlie stems of the plants as well. The best safeguard is a good watering after an application. Tomatoes may be planted out towards the end of ]\Iay, also egg plants, but don't forget that they are quite tender, and should be well hardened off. Without a doubt the best fruit is obtained from tomatoes, if they are trained over a trellis, or tied singly to a stake. Also rub out all side growths, training to a single stem. Good melons can be grown outdoors if the weather is normal. Last year we had so much wet weather that we did not get a good set of fruit. If one has a decent house available they are more easily handled indoors. The orchard requires a good deal of work nowadays, with so many fungous, and insect pests. Spraying or dusting has to be done several times to insure good fruit. The dealers have these preparations always in stock, and can be relied on as regards ingredients, if brought from a reputable firm. Dusting on the whole is considered by some more expensive than spraying, but it can be done much more quickly. Get busy as soon as the flower petals begin to fall from the trees, and look out for later hatchings of moths. A spraying with arsenate of lead will generally take care of the currant worm, on the smaller bushes, but dusting will do here also, if coloring of the foliage is an objection. Fruit of all kinds requires much attention to produce first-class specimens and good keeping quality. In the flower garden from the middle of ^lay onward there will be successions and changing scenes of color. The Darwin and IMay flowing tulips are among the most interesting, and when planted in clumps of ten or a dozen between the herbaceous .plants, the green foliage, in its several shades, of these perennial plants, softens the brighter colors, and forms a pleasing combination. With- out bulbs, the herbaceous borders in the Spring would give us a long period of very little flowering material, and would be of very little interest, except to plant ex- perts, who are always entliusiastic when watching all stages of growth. Darwins, and other late flowering tu- 116 GARDENERS' CHROISICLE lips, kist as a rule several years without any disturbance. However, as they flower, their general appearance should be noted, and if there are any signs of deterioration, the clump should be marked, and after the flowers begin to fade, lifted, and replaced next Fall with new bulbs. Manv flowering shrubs will be in their glory this month, and as' soon as the flowers drop, one should look over the bushes, and remove as much of the old wood as will not interfere too much with the shape of the plant. Every chance should be given for any young growths to de- velop. Anv plants that are standing out by themselves ma>- have i)een allowed to ramble into growth forming old' gnarled branches. The time arrives when they have to be dealt with and a severe cutting back is the only remedv. They may look a little bare for a season, but there is generallv plent_\- of young wood near the centre which, when given a chance to develop, will soon take the place of what has been cut away. Dig around the plant at the same time, applying plenty of plant food suitable to it. Rhododendrons have wintered very badly with us. The plantation here was about fifty years old, planted origi- nally in peat with a little mixture of an upland loam, red in color. This loam, from my observation, seems ideal for shrub growing, especially for our native ones. The rhododendrons. I believe, we're badly damaged in the ice storm in the Fall of 1921, as they were then flattened right out on the ground. Although they apparently re- co\ered their shape and outline, now there are quite large pieces burned quite red, especially near the top of some of the plants, some of which were fifteen feet high. Give the damaged parts a chance, and if they show signs of breaking "into growth lower down the stems, cut them back immediatelv above these young shoots, and they may in time fill in again. However, rhododendrons are never a sure thing near Boston. The more hardy bedding plants may now be planted out about the middle of May. The tender sorts are better to be kept in the frames until the first week in June. Although one may not expect frost, yet coleus are affected by a raw wind w'hen they are first set out, if the weather is' inclined that way. Look out for leaf rollers and other insect pests on the rose bushes. The dry dust comjMsition is one of the most up-to-date remedies for many of these enemies of the rose, the leaves being more easily washed clean when roses are to be cut. And the rose bugs, well ! they are yet with us. is about all that can be said, and the best remedy is. catch them. Kee]> an eve on all plants in the flower garden that need staking. ' This is an art, and we liave never yet seen a real good stake for this purpose, there are very few who can do this very necessary work, and preserve the natur.il shajje of the plant. A last sowmg of annual asters (American l)i-anohing) may be mafic tlie first week in June. These, if planted on good rich, new land, will give flowers very late. The early frosts do not seem to hurt them much, and we find that" along with gladioli they are among the best of our late cut flowers. Keei) the hoe going whenever time ]>ermits. It is bet- ter than an apjilication of fertilizer, if done often enough. A neat, well kei)t place dei)ends a great deal on how well the walks and lawns are kept in fit condition. Mow the lawns twice a week, if one can afiford the labor, and the walks should be edged and raked, at least once, in that space of time. The greenhouses, in a way, need very watch fid c;ire at this sea.son. Draughts are nr)t easily avoided, owing to the prevalence of the east wind, which at this season. is apt to spring up any minute in this section of the country. Spring jjotted plants of the hardwood nature need careful watering. The new compost may not yet be netted with roots from the old ball, and care should be exercised that that jjart of the root does not get quite dry, before the outer part, near the outside of the pot. All these details determines if your specimens are to make a nice even thrifty growth. Look the plants over several times this month, and any exceptionally strong shoot may be given another pinch. If this is not done, a few strong growths, allowed to grow at will, are very apt to spoil the shape and symmetry of the plant, besides weak- ening the other shoots. Camellias are again growing freely ; examine the drain- age, making sure that water has a free outlet as a stag- nant condition is certain death to them. It is not safe to use Hydrocyanic gas on the young growth, and other means must be employed to keep plants clean during the Summer. \\'e use Uarrie's soap sprayer, a most useful instrument, when filled with soap and attached to the faucet with a g-ood nozzle on the end of the hose. We give them a thorough good syringing, when they need water. It not only keeps insects in check but it also loosens the black smut that is very likely to collect on the leaves of old plants. Feed the plants lightly if thev have not been repotted. We find they respond to Clay's Fertil- izer, weak cow manure water and Scotch soot, if not over- done. If late shrubby calceolarias are wanted, pick oft' all the flower buds that are showing, and give them a cool shady position. Feed them liberally, until they show color quite prominently. By doing this, we have had fine plants in July, only they did not last as long in flower as earlier in the season. About the end of May, Bouvardias for Fall flowering may be planted outdoors. However, much better results may be had, if one has a bench indoors for them. One can pinch them later than outdoors, timing them to come in after the chrysanthemums. If kept clean and fed well, after the bench is full of roots, better flowers than on the outdoor grown plants, will be produced. ^Ve do not grow exhibition chrysanthemums and we never plan to have them rooted earlier than the first of June. We grow four plants to a seven inch pot, running them up by disbudding in the usual way for single stem flowers, until they are about four feet high, then we let all the buds and shoots develop n.aturally. These plants we use for cut sjjrays, and also as ix>t plants in very high windows, in which i>osition they are very decorative. Rooted so late, if not overcrowded, the foliage is retained well down to the pot. Of course, as regards plant food, and other conditions of culture, we treat thein as well as we know how, under our condition.s. In the years now behind us, when growing exhibition plants, we always liked to have them in their final pots by the first of June. Single stems for the same ptn-pose we potted at the same time. We have always contended that better flowers were grown in pots. However, a very fine grower whose son now stands high in our N. G. Association once told me, that he grew his blooms planted out on a shallow l)ench, .and he said furthermore, that he himself planted them out of four inch ]>ots on the fourth of July, when the boys were awa\- having a good time. .Xt any rate he produced the llnwers. when the great day of competition arrived. Boronia elatior flowers with us in a cool bouse, some- what shaded during the last of May : the variety |)innata is (he best if it can be obtained. Pimelea decussata flowers abunt the same time, I wish I knew where to get the variety si)ectabilis ; as it is, in my opinion, the best hard- wood plants arc now sadly neglected. 1 do hope .some one will ni;dlants from the animals bv the statement that "plants are living organisms that unite various lifeless substances by the energy from sunlight while animals incapable of doing this, secure their energy by tearing down what the plants build up.'' Any of these definitions will answer for ordinary cases and we may let the technical botanist argue about the ex- ceptions, there is, however, another phase of the subject which offers perhaps still greater opportunities for dis- cussion. Assuming that we can always distinguish a plant from other living things we are still confrontetl by the problem of how much of a vegetable complex is a plant The question is not so difficult in the case of annual plants for one sows a seed and from it there comes up a form that grows to maturity, reproduces, declines to old age and finally dies. This, indeed, is a plant. W hen it dies it may leave behind it a million descendants each, in time, duplicating the life cycle of its parents and each capable of being distinguished from its fellows. I.ut what about the case when one plants the seed of the wild plum or the white poplar? After a time we have not a single distinct organism but a tangle of forms produced from root-sprouts. Is this all one plant, or a group of plants^ The banvan reverses this process and ]>roduces roots from the i)ranches and gradually spreads over enough territory to shelter an army. We si)eak of it as a banyan tree, but it is not a tree in the sense that a pine tree is a tree. . In the strawberry, we find certain branches that are manifestly for the purpose of producing new plants and the same is true of the "hen-and-chickens" and the straw- berry geranium, which is neither a geranium -nor a straw- berry. These new plants, however, are not quite in the same category as those produced from seeds, for they are still attached to the mother plant. The mangrove has devised an improvement on this method. Its fruits do not separate from the parent plant when ri])e but continue on until the plantlets they contain have grown to a consider- able size. Then they fall from the tree ready to start in life for themselves. Among the lilies and "top onions'' we find bulbs and bulblets that drop otT and produce new plants as distinct as their parents, and we have no difiicult\- in distinguish- ing between the separate individuals. Init there are other lilyworts whose methods of reproduction leave us in more uncertainty. The adder's-tongue or dog-tooth violet, for instance, begins as a seedling and forms a bulb at the end of its first year. The next year, however, this bulb may send out one or more slender subterranean stems called "droppers," which wander about in the earth and finally produce new bv.lbs at their tips. .-Xt the end of the second season the original bulb has disappeared but there are several new bulbs scattered through the soil. Are these separate plants, or a widely distributed single plant? There is a long list of plants such as irises, blood-root, and Solomon's-seals whose subterranean stems branch and branch again, forming a clump of considerable size. How much of this clump shall we call a single plant? Commonly, such forms spread out from the center in all directions, forming a circle which is commonly known as a "fairy ring.'' Such fairy rings were first known in the fungi and named because it was supposed that the fairies danced in them of moonlight nights, but now many other plants are known which form similar figures. When the old branches decay and disappear the branch-tips are left as se]>avate individuals. Thus time alone may make several ])lants out of one ! When man takes to multiplying plants he adds to the confusion by making separate plants from pieces of an- other. When he finds a form of value he may multiply it excessively in this way. All the Concord grapes, for instance, are but parts of one original vine. In a certain sense there is only one Concord gra]>e vine in America ; in another there are millions. The same is true of the Xnvel orange, the Delicious apple and a host of others. Most puzzling of all are the lichens, which may be described as the only living things in the world which are entirely vegetable without being i)Iants. .Mthough they have a definite shape, color, size and jjlace of growth, and are comparable to plants in these respects, they are in reality plant partnerships in which an alga and a lichen are combined. l-"or a long time they were regarded as true plants and clai-sed accordingly, but now they have no standing as .separate species. Whether ihcy should be classed as fungi or alg?e does not concern us at jircsent; the interest in them lies in the complications they intro- duce into the definition of what a plant really is. All nature is but art, unknown In ibee ; .Ml chance, direction, which thou canst not see; .Ml discord, harmony, not understood: .\11 ])artial evil, universal good: And spite of pride, in erring reason's spite, One truth is clear, whatever is, is right.— Po/r. For May, 1923 119 Some Hardy Geraniums In An Old World Garden ARTHUR T. JOHNSON, F.R.H.S. IN dealing w ith a i^enus so rich in species and varieties as that to which the Geraniums, or Cranesbills belong, one has of necessity to omit many worthy kinds. But those whicli I refer to below comprise a list of species which in this country at any rate have proved their merit under a wide variety of conditions, 'I'hey are the "pick of the basket" in so far as color and form are concerned (icraiiiiim and are perfectly hardy, easy-tempered and reHable plants. Perhaps the most gorgeous of these hardy Geraniums is G. armenum (G. psilostemon of Knuth), an herbaceous species "which will go up to three feet in height and cover a dozen square feet with its noble foliage and heavy clusters of flovv'ers. The tint of magenta which creeps into the brilliant crimson of these splendid blossoms may be counted an undesirable feature by some, but to my mind the jet black of the eye and veining of the velvety flowers is just sufficient to counteract any harshness that there may be in their sumptuous color. This is a plant to grow at the edge of the shrubbery, or woodland, or as a specimen on the lawn where, backed by an amplitude of green, it will be enjoyed to the fullest advantage. In some respects G. anemonasfolium is a more refined species than the above. Though it has been in cultiva- tion for many years it is still uncommon, possibly be- cause it, being a native of Madeira, is not as hardy as most of its kindred. It has the habit of leafing during the Winter and Spring months wliich renders it liable to be cut by frost. Nevertheless, I am constrained to include G. anemon;efolium here since it has withstood 20 degrees of frost with the protection of a little dry fern and because it is generally such an easy doer in most soils. The broad and fleshy leaves of this species rise on stifT, straight stems from a short, woody stock to the height of some two feet. They are deeply cut and a rich, glossy green, and clear above them in the early Summer appear the flowering stems. These also are peculiarly rigid and, like those of the leaves, covered with iridescent hairs. The flowers that are borne in pairs at the many- branched ends of these stems are of an exquisite satiny rose- pink, the central eye and conspicuous stamens being a vivid blood crimson. This fine Geranium will main- tain a succession of blossom throughout the Summer. Here it sets seed freely, the seedlings are easily raised and invariably come true. A moderately cool position with shelter from the midday sun is most suitable for (1. anemon;efulium and the choicest place in the garden is not too good for a plant of such undeniable merit. It should hardly be necessary to add that this noble plant must not be confused with G. Lowii, an error into which even the Kew Hand List once fell. The latter is a bien- nial, whereas the Madeiran plant is a true perennial. G. Lowii is, moreover, more like an overgrown Herb Robert than anything else and wh(;lly unlike anemonrefnlium in every wa_\-. Another member of the genus which likes shade — cooler conditions, indeed, than any other — is G. walli- chianum. This is a trailer which will cover nearly a s{juare yard with its red-hued stems and grey-green Laves and bears an abundance of broad, saucer-shaped flowers from July to November. In the old type these blooms are a low-toned purple, but a much better, ex- ceedingly beautiful form and one that is now entirely superseding the former is that known as Buxton's Variety in which the flowers are a lovely Nemophila blue with a large central zone of pure white. This species is quite hardy anywhere in this country and one that dies back to the base in the Fall. Our native G. sanguineum wdiich makes a rounded mass of tangled stems and deeply-cut leaves about ten inches high, bearing large flowers in a bold crimson, must always be included among the best of the hardy Geraniums. This is one of the easiest to manage, it is fond of lime and a warm sunny spot in poor soil. Of the many varieties of this species G. nepalense may be described as a magnified edition of the type (though its name actually belongs to another) and then there is the very charming pure white one which is so much larger in all its parts than G. sanguineum itself that some class it as a sub-species. Nor can one omit the dainty little G. s. var. lancastriense, which has a dense, prostrate habit and pretty salmon-rose blossoms — a gem for the rock-garden and as easy-tempered as it is pretty. G. nodosum, again, bears some resemblance to the last-named in habit, making a mat of finely-cut, greyish green foliage which it adorns with flowers of a cheerful crimson. Like sanguineum this species seeds freely about our dry, hot banks and, not content with that, the two intermarry without restraint and people the garden with their hybrid offspring in every conceivable shade between a low-toned purple and a blazing crimson. Another couple which insist on hybridising, and which are even more successful colonists, are G. endressi and striatum. The former bears flowers of a strong pink, resembling the color of a raspberry ice, and those of the latter are scrib- bled with a network of fine rose and white veinings. Between them, these manage to raise an innumerable family of youngsters which, in the interests of domestic peace, bear an equal resemblance to each parent. G. grandiflorum has perhaps the largest flowers of all its kind, an excellent species of about one foot high, spreading slowly by root-stems, and bearing throughout the Summer big, nodding cups of an intense ultramarine blue. Somewhat taller and more compact in habit is the fine old silky-leaved G. ibericum with its bunches of large blue-purple blossoms and gorgeous autumnal leaf color. G. platypetalum, once considered a form of the {Continued on page 123) 120 GARDENERS- CHROMCLE Interesting Spring-Flowering Bulbous Plants IT is astonishing what a wealth of garden beauty is prac- tically unknown to the great majority of garden own- ers. Granted that a very large proportion of plant- lovers have very small — too small — gardens, it is none tlie less remarkable that there is such a com])arative scarcity of many interesting species and even genera in i>rivate places. This is as true of spring-flowering Inilbous plants as of any secl'on of hardy ])lants. Daffodils, florists" Tulips. Hyacinths and Dutch Crocuses are to he found in prac- tically every garden, but when we come to the very beau- tiful and interesting little DalTodils of the Hoop-Petti- coat, Angels' Tears and cyclamineus sections, to mention but three, in how many gardens can we find them ? How often does one see even the commonest of the species Tulips growing, or species Crocuses for that mat- ter? All the Frilillarias and Erythroniums are really un- common. There nuist be many thousands of gardens of some size in which even our beautiful native Snakeshead, Fritillaria Meleagris, is wanting, and the same may be said even of the common Dog's Tooth Violet, Er\-thro- nium Denscanis. The glorious sky blue Muscari Heaven- ly Blue is still a catalogue name to many, and even the old Grape Hyacinth, Muscari botryoides. which was fairly common in Victorian days, is now almost a rarity. Of the small Narcissi, none is more interesting than the forms of the Hoop Petticoat Narcissus, N. Bul- bocodium. Besides the Bulbocodiums and the Angels' Tears, there are such tiny and beautiful species as N. minimus, a per- fect little trumpet Daffodil which scarcely exceeds three inches in height. This little charmer does admirably in the heath garden, or, in peaty soil, it will flourish on a rocky bank. N. nanus is a giant by comparison with the last, yet it scarcely ever grows taller than six inches. The blossoms are a deep golden yellow, and it is very effective among short grass on banks or mounds. Of Tulip species none is easier or more beautiful than T. Kaufmanniana, an April-flowering kind of very vari- able coloring, but, as generally sold, soft creamy yellow tinged on the exterior with pink. T. Greigi, also April- flowering, is also fairly easy, though it seldom increases to any extent. This is a large-flowered species with bril- liant vermilion blossoms ; the leaves are handsomely blotched with purplish brown. The wild species which is the parent of the j\lay- flowcring Darwin Tuli])s, T. (jesneriana, is admirable. It is, as might he expected, a tall grower, and the brilliant crimson-scarlet blossoms, each with a conspicuous black zone at the base, are sweet scented. T. dasystemon is a pretty little sjiecies very distinct from any of the florists' Tuli]js in that it habitually bears several flowers on a stem ; strong bulbs will produce as many as .seven. The blos- soms, in their garb of yellow ed.ged with white, remind one of that V>ril!iant Californian annual, Lininanthes Douglasii. T. persica also bears two or more blossoms on each stem. This is a dwarf species, and the bright yellow flowers, which are bronzed externally, are fragrant. It is l>est, therefore, in the rock garden and not too far from the eye. Tulipa sylvestris is a native of P.ritain and worth growing for its fragrance alone. In color it is pale yellow, touched at the edges with red. There are a great number of other Tulip species, but these should suffice for the beginner to try. When we come to the Crocus sjjecies, considcTabk- selection is necessary, for an article could easily be written upon this topic alone. Crocus Sieberi is a Grecian species of bright lilac coloring in the typical form, with orange at the base ; but the natural variety, versicolor, has a wider range of coloring — white, purple and lilac being mottled and striped above the orange base. Crocus Im- perati is one of the largest of the species Crocuses, yet. if size be a desideratum, it falls short of the Giant Dutch sorts. There is a beautiful clear rose form and also a pure white. This is quite one of the best of the very early-flowering species. Crocus Tommasinianus is one of the most beautiful and useful. It flowers just before C. vernus and the Dutch varieties raised from that species. There are numbers of other spring-flowering species and several good autumn-flowering ones, all easy to grow and beautiful. Of these latter, probably, C. speciosus, of rich bluish purple hue with a touch of gallant orange provided b}- the stigmata, is the best. Fritillaria Aleleagris, the Snakeshead, still to be found wild in some English meadows, is equally easy in turf- land or in garden soil. It does not like too hot a situation, but will grow and increase on banks facing east or west, and does not disdain the light shade of deciduous trees. It will flourish on light sandy soils, but probablv prefers a moderately greasy loam. When the quaintly speckled bells reach a height of two feet or more, as they will easily do when happy, this is a most effective plant. It is also excellent for cut flowers. There are now quite a number of named varieties, but those who have never grown the Snakeshead would be well advised to try the typical plant and its even commoner white ( or whitish ) variety first. Afterwards, stock can be ra]>idlv increased from the seeds which are produced in such abundance. Of the other Fritillarias we may neglect the Crown Im- perials (F. Imperialis), since everyone knows them, though, strangely enough, thev are little grown nowa- days. Comparatively few gardeners have any conceurion of the beauty of the better Erythroniums wlien naturalized, for in suitable soils and situations naturalize themselves they all will. Perhaps E. revolutum is the most useful species. Some of the forms of this are magnificent and easy to grow. White I'eauty has self-colored flowers of a delightful buttery-cream tone with all the finish we expect in the lily family. The blossoms are not seldom three inches across and when established the flower stems are often more than a foot in height. No r)ne who has only seen this plant as a pigmy sjiecimen in a small pot at a Royal Horticultural Society's meeting can form any conception of its beauty in the garden. This, indeed, applies to all the .American S])ecies and varieties. Other good forms of E. revolutum are Johnsoni, clear pink, and W'atsoni, cream color with a rosy zone. E. Pink I'leaiily is a fine rosy pink sort which makes an excellent companion to W'hite lleauty, but is obviously not very closelv related. K. americamim is a pretty clear yellow species with red s]K)ts, but not free to flower. The soft orange and yellow E. Howelli. rather a rare plant at i)resent, is mure lloril'eruus. — 77/<.- (iardrii. '("he wlinle life of man is hut a jKjint "\ time: let us enjoy it, therefore while it lasts, and nut spend it to no purpose. — Plutarch. A CORRECTION In the .\])ril issue, the ilhistratiun of lirasso-Cattleya, llenc, was inadvertently ])laced up side d()wn, after it had slipped from the forms when ready for i)ress. The error was not discovered till the pages were printed. For May, l')23 121 Stimulating Plant Growth With Carbon Dioxide DR. E. BADE T 1 1 E introduction of carbon dioxide gas to plants inclosed in glass vessels to stimulate growth is quite old, but no success was ever derived from such a process, the plant invariably becoming abnormal. Such experiments have been carried out since the 18th centrury when Lavoisier discovered that the process of respiration in plants was analogous to the process of combustion and when Ingenhouss proved that plants could revivify the most stagnant air in a few hours of sunlight. More recent investigations have conclusively proven that plants breathe just like animals, that is, they take up oxygen and give off carbon dioxide. This process, vi'hich takes place both day and night, is most noticeable at the latter period. In the day time, while manufacturing starch in the leaves with carbon dioxide, taken in as a gas through tiny leaf openings, the stomata, and water, taken up through the roots, oxygen is given off as a waste or by-product, but normal respiration still takes place in spite of this fact although the gas taken up in breathing is nowhere nearly as much in tjuantity as that wdiich is ^,^i — . "^ .fv- -TCt 2 i^- ' r ^ c ) 5 .■^ plants not only growing faster, but more luxuriantly as well. This process is essentially nothing more than feeding the plant through the leaf by providing the raw materials necessary for the manufacture of its structure, a process of '"fertilization" comparatively inexpensive, and dis- tinctly new. In the exiieriniental plant of the "Riedel P^ertilizing Process Company" of Elizabeth, N. J., this process has Colcus gassed. A ot gassed been tested for its practical value. Two exactly similar greenhouses of the usual type were built, but one was provided for the distribution of carbon dioxide gas, the other was used as a control house. The results obtained are exceptional. The gassed plants are thick, more mas- sive, robust, vigorous, and healthy in every way, while the same plants in the control house which were not pro- Dlagram slwicijig distribution of carbon dioxide given off. This significant fact was only too seldom taken into consideration in former times wdiile conducting gas experiments with plants, it being the source of the greatest errors. Today it has been established that starch is manufac- tured with the aid of chlorophyll, the green coloring- matter of the leaves which act like a catalyst. 1— H,0 (water) + CO, (carbon dioxide) = HXO. (Carbonic acid). 2— 2H,C0, = 2CH,0., (formic acid) + O, (oxygen). 3— 2CH..O. = 2CH.6 (formaldehyde) + O... 4— 6CH.,0 =C„H,,0„ (grape sugar). S— C„H,,0„ = C„H,„05 (starch) -|- H=0 (water). The water and the carbon dioxide come together in the leaf, and, under the influence of chlorophyll, carbonic acid is produced. But this reaction only occurs under the chemical influence of light rays, it does not take place at night. From the carbonic acid, formic acid is produced, which in turn is changed into formaldehyde. Each of these last two reactions produce a by-product which escapes through the stomata, it is oxygen gas. Six molecules of the formaldehyde are condensed whereby grape fruit sugar is formed. This, by a process of poly- merization, is changed to starch, water being extracted by this transformation. Slightly increasing the quantity of carbon dioxide available for plant food, has given remarkable results. The subjection of growing plants to doses of this gas at ■voided with artificial gas-nourishment, are small, more or less straggly when compared to the others, develop fewer leaves, and their root system is longer, less compact and dense. The gas is produced by the furnace used to heat the greenliouse. \Mien the house is to be gassed, which is only ncessary at intervals, the short length of pipe leading to the flue, is closed, and the gas led through pipe A to the first scrubber. Two of these stand just outside of the house. The gas, which enters at the bottom, passes over coke H placed upon a grate G. From pipe 1 a fine spray of water is passed over the coke, the waste water {Continued on page 124) 122 GARDE^ERS• CHRONICLE JELLY FROM WILD FRUITS T X nearly every eomnuuiity there go to waste each year quantities of wild fruit suitable for jelly making;, that might be had for the asking. Wild apples, wild plums, wild cherries, Japanese ijuinces, hawthorns, wild graijes, cornelian cherries, barberries, and elderberries all make good jelly. Some of these can be used alone, while some are best when combined with other fruits. A mixture of wild apples and hawthorns, with a sprinkling of wild g;raf)es, wild plums and elderberries gives a beautiful rose-purple jell)- of excellent flavor. The cultivated ap[)le has been naturalized in many parts of the country, jxirticularly in New England and New- York, where it is commonly found along roadsides and country lanes. Landowners will usually give permission to pick the frtiit, and though usually gnarled and sour, it makes excellent jelly. Pyrus ioensis and Pyrus coro- naria, our native American apples, are common around St. Louis. Their small, yellow fruit is sour and somewhat astringent, yet it makes delicious jelly, particularly when used in combination with the large-fruited hawthorns. The common elderberry, Sambucus canadensis, with its broad panicles of white flowers followed by deep purple fruit, is a familiar sight in eastern North America, and the fruit is commonly used in small quantities for wine and pie making. Combined with wild phuns and wild apples it makes delicious jelly, while the addition of a few heads of elderberries will give crabapple jelly a beautiful rose- purple color without apj^reciably changing the flavor. !Most of the native plums make good jam and jelly. Several of the better forms have been introduced into cultivation and are the more valuable since they will succeed in regions where no other fruit will grow. The common barberry, now outlawed in the ^Vest because of its relation to the wheat rust, is still cultivated in many parts of the country and has run wild in the Ea.st. In combination with other fruits it gives a good color and flavor to jellies, and when used alone it produces a clear red jelly quite like that made from red currants. The several sjiecies of wild grapes native to North America are excellent for jelly making, some of them being superior to the cultivated one in this respect. Though thev are not as often neglected as many of the other wild fruits, large quantities go to waste every year, even in thicklv settled regions. Good grape juice can be made from the juicier kinds, but it is apt to have a "stemmy" taste and seldom equals that made from the cultivated varieties. Fence-rows, riverbanks, and the edges of wood lots are likely peaces to find the vines. Many different species of hawthorns arc found in Mis- souri, and in late years some of the more handsome forms liave been planted for the beauty of their white flowers and red fruit. The fruit varies in size in the different species from smaller than a pea to that of small plums. Those with bright red, medium-sized, sub-acid fruit (Crataegus mollis and allied s])ecies) are the best for jelly. In cooking they lose the unpleasant flat taste so character- istic of hawthorns and the jelly is much like that of crab- apples. Each year the common rum cherry ( Prunus serotin;i ) produces large quantities of red-purple fruit which is seldom used, although in combination with wild apples it makes a delicious dark red jelly, semi-opaque, resembling plum jelly in consistency and flavor. None of these fruits require any special treatment. After a thorough washing they should be covered with water, the juicier fruits requiring less water, and boiled until soft. The juice is then strained through a jelly bag, and if the resulting ixmiace has not lo^t all its flavor more water may be added and the process repeated. fCrabapi)les can be cooked up in this way four or five times, though the later boilings sometimes produce a cloudy jelly.) The juice should be measured, and an equal weight of sugar added after the juice has boiled from ten to fifteen minutes. Tests should be frequently made for jelling by trying a small amount on a cold plate or by noticing the way in which it dri])s ofl' a spoon. — Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin. RHODODENDRONS THRIVE IN SOIL TREATED WITH ALUMINUM SULPHATE A METHOD for making the ordinary garden soil suit- ■^^ able for rhododendrons has been discovered by Dr. Frederick V. Coville, botanist of the United States De- partment of Agriculture, which although still in the ex- perimental stage, will be welcomed by nurserymen and others interested in growing ornamental shrubbery. Native rhododendrons unlike most plants and crops require an acid soil and will not thrive in the ordinary fertile garden or greenhouse soil, but they grow with great luxuriance in aand mixed with iieat, with rotting wood, or with half-rotted leaves. Experiments have made it clear that rhododendrons thrive in this kind of soil be- cause its chemical reaction is acid, and they die in the ordinary fertile soil because its reaction is neutral or alkaline. Dr. Coville's experimental work which has been done in the greenhouse has shown that aluminum sulphate when applied to an ordinary soil is an effective and inex- pensive method of changing the soil reaction from neutral or alkaline to acid. Where soils have been so treated the stimulation of growth of the rhododendrons has been very great, as much as 250 per cent increase in the diameter of the rosettes of seedling rhododendrons having Ijeen secured. Crude aluminum sulphate is used in the chemical industries, is not expensive, and in Targe (juantities can be purchased from dealers in chemical supplies at about $5 per hundred pounds. Experiments that have been in progress for several years past have shown that soil acidity is required not only for rhododendrons but the azaleas, kalmias, and practically all the plants of the heath family, besides many orchids and numerous other plants of ornamental horti- culture that are commonly regarded as difficult of cultiva- tion. There is every reason to expect, said Dr. Coville, that these other plants also can be made to thrive in or- dinary soils through the use of aliuninuni sulphate. Experimental work in this matter has not licen carried on for sufficient length of time to be certain that long continued treatment with aluminum sulphate may not lead to the development of unforeseen difficulties, such as the formation of hydrogen sulphide or other compounds of suliihur injurious to this type of plants. For the present the aluminum sulphate treatment should be regarded as ex]X?rimenlal. Large rhododendrons growing in the deeper soils of outdoor plantings were not tested in these experiments, but for such situations, it is believed, amounts of alumi- num sulphate up to half a pound per square yard may ht ai)]>lied advantageously and safely, if the soil is of the ordinary fertile tyi>e, the api>lication being repeated if the soil is not made acid by the first application. In an ideal rhododendron soil aluminum sulpli;ite is unnecessary and useless. Persons desiring tn cx]>criment with sickly outdoor rhododendrons are advised to apply the aluminum sulphate to only a portion of the plantings, always leaving another ]>ortion untreated for comparison. — National Nurseryman. Accuse not Nature : she hath done her part : Do thou but thine. — Milton. For May, 1923 123 Hardy Cypripedium RICHARD ROTHE CONSIDERED the showiest of the orchids inhabiting the temperate zones, the species of hardy cypri- pediums indigenous to our country rank among the most beautiful we know of, but so far we rarely meet them in our gardens. The reason for our frequent fail- ures in attempts to establish and cultivate plantations of our Lady's Slippers or Moccasin flowers, is that we do not, or sometimes cannot, provide the same conditions for their thriving as Nature does. They prefer semi-shady positions and like moisture, but neither stagnant nor ex- cessive moisture. We shall always find them on well- drained ground, their long roots reaching out far, in depth seldom lower than four inches below the surface of a comparatively shallow layer of light leafy or peaty soil, of more or less sandy nature. They inhabit mostly the v\'ooded regions, both in mountainous and lowland sec- tions, and there we mav find them from the Middle Cypripcdiii'iii acaiiU- Atlantic States, as far north as Canada. Successful domesticating of our wild growing cypripediums, how- ever, is far easier in New England and northern boundary States than in gardens south of New York. On account of frequency and wide distribution, cypri- pedium acaule is perhaps our best known native species. It bears its flowers on straight stems, one foot above its two ground leaves, and we may see it in bloom from May until the end of June, according to latitude. Our photo- graph was taken during the latter part of June in the small sample rockery I built for the nursery at Northeast Har- bor, Maine, about fifteen years ago. Within the excep- tionally favorable northern sea-coast climate the color of the flowers varied from white to a deep rosy purple. Cypripedium parviflorum and pubescens resemble each other very closely, the only means of distinction being the size of their yellow flowers. Those of pubescens are noticably larger than the ones produced by parviflorum. Cypripedium spectabile, recently re-named, and dis- cribed as Cypripedium reginse, is the stateliest and most beautiful representative of all known hardv ^Moccasin flowers. Its leafy stalks, nearly two feet high, bear the large rosy purple shaded flowers well above the foliage. This species is wonderfully effective in bog gardens when massed together in clumps of from a dozen to twenty-five plants. Of the foreign hardv Lady's Slippers, meriting the attention of American g;arden lovers, I quote, according to descriptive list given in the new edition of Tarouca and C. Schneider's Standard Work on "Hardy Peren- nials." Cypripedium calceolus, native of Central Europe ; color reddish brown and yellow. Cypripedium cordigerum, hailing from China, Alanchuria and the Himalaya ; flowers greenish white. C. macranthum, a native of Siberia, color of large blossoms deep reddish and pink purple. C. tibeticum, northern China, flowers light brown. C. guttatum, Russia, northern Asia, rhizomatous, small flowering, white with carmine. C. ventricosum, Manchuria and Siberia, color varying from white to bright reddish purple. Recent new introduction from western China: C. luteimi in habit of growth resembling spectabile but pro- ducing light sulphur yellow flowers and C. margari- taceum in habit of growth similar to acaule. SOME HARDY GERANIUMS (Confiiiiicd froiii /'J^^t; 119) above is of the saine style, but with a more beautiful foliage and even more magnificent flowers, which share with those of ibericum one failing — a short period of blossom- ing. Still taller, ascending in some kinds to three or four feet, is the old G. pratense of our cottage gardens which, in one or two varieties, can still hold its own against the inrush of novelties. Personally, I like the single white and the single blue, especially for the semi-wild garden, and then there is an old variety, now rather rare, which has large double flowers in a very delicate silvery smoke-blue, a plant of surpassing beauty for a cool, half-shady spot. G. atlanticum also claims notice here. A native, not of the Atlantic Ocean, but of the Atlas Mountains, this species is distinct in more than one particular. It pro- duces a luscious crop of six-inch leafage, like that of some Wood Anemone, above which in May or June stand the erect stems of violet flowers. Then towards the Summer's end the stemless foliage dies away only to re-appear re- freshed with the rains of October. Another species of special merit for the rock-garden is G. Traversii, which proves hardy though a New Zealander, and one which is at once recognized by its somewhat large, bluntly-lobed leaves, which shimmer with a silvery sheen. There is a white form of G. Traversii, also some with flowers of a washv blush, none of which can compare with the variety sometimes listed as var. elegans in which the blooms, which open flat, are nearly two inches across and of a most refined and exquisite shell-pink. From the last-mentioned one might easily be persuaded to enter those entrancing pastures in which dwell the many silvery-leaved little treasures of the rock-garden. l!ut, even if space did not forbid, the pitfalls of classifi- cation might bring one to confusion amid the shoals of Erodium. So I must content myself with a mention of the new G. "Russel Prichard." which suggests a blend of sanguineum and traversii in its blood-red flowers and silvery foliage, and wind up with a regret that the many good American species of this genus are still so uncom- mon in English gardens. G. Fremonti and csespitosum, Richardsonii and sessiliflorum we have, but even these are an\'thing but well known. The heart that is soonest awake to the flowers is always the first to be touch'd bv the thorns. — Moore. 124 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE FLOWERING EVERGREEN SHRUBS ""PHElxK is no need to point out to a practical yardener the importance of evergreens in the garden scheme. There is, indeed, a regrettable tendency in some quarters to use them in unsuitable places. There was a time — not so very long ago — when it was considered proi:)er to clothe the table legs. This attitude we very properly deride, yet, even today, one often sees the butts of fine forest trees obscured by meaningless evergreen planting. Such planting effectively destroys the balance and grace which, with the appearance of strength and solidity, con- stitute the charm of a well grown tree. The value of evergreen shrubs admitted, there seems no reason why a much greater proportion of those used should not be flowering shrubs than is at present the case. There are very few positions where the fact that a shrub at some period of the year bears attractive flowers (or handsome fruits) is a disadvantage. Yew and Holl_\', each in its particular way, are, of course, admirable hedge plants. The)- also have decora- tive values as trees. Laurel has none of these advantages. It is an unsatisfactor}- permanent hedge and, as usually seen, cumbers ground which might be occupied by more beautiful as well as more interesting shrubs. If a substitute be sought with something of the .same leaf character, there is a multitude of hybrid Rhodo- dendrons to choose from, to say nothing of the ever- swelling legion of large-leaved species. The so-called .■\merican AN'ood-Laurel, Kalmia latifolia, is also charming when in flower and valuable as flowering when the bulk of Rhododendrons are over, though the Rhododendron season, with new introductions, grows steadily longer. On soils with an appreciable lime content these Rhodo- dendrons will not grow, but large-leaved flowering ever- greens are still to be found, ^^'e have the so-called Straw- berry Trees, for example. Arbutus L'nedo and its varieties, A. Andrachne and the hybrid between the two species, A. hybrida, none of which objects to lime. Cistus laurifolius is also worthy of mention, since it forms a good solid background when out of flower though, of course, its leaves resemble the Laurel only in shape — not in size. It is a most attractive shrub when in flower. The same may be said of the large-leaved Escallonias which, on well drained soils, are much more handy than many jjeople suppose. The two hardiest large-leaved species are E. macrantha and rubra. Of these two E. rubra is usually considered the hardier, but, in the writer's opinion, this is'e.xceedingly doubtful. E. punctata is hand- somer than E. rubra, but scarcely so hardy, yet it is an invaluable species for the southern edge of woodland, or for sheltered sites generally, in any of the coldest districts. Then we have the broad-leaved Barberries which to most of us are still " Mahonia." There is the old favorite Oregon Grai>e itself, Mahonia aquifolium, invaluable for underplanting. Then there is Bcrberis jai)onica and its several varieties (including the one generally listed as B. Bealei>, B. nepalensis and B. nervosa. There are several useful evergreen Cotoneasters which, if of small value as Howering shruljs. arc admirable when in fruit. These include C. Erancheti, i)annosa, buxifolia, salicifolia (and varieties), and turbinata. Of prostrate sorts C. microphvlla and Dammeri are reliable and beauti- ful fruiting shrubs. Ail the Pyracanthas are also de- lightful fruiting evergreens. Of evergreen Ceanothuses the only one likely to suc- ceed in tjie open inland without considerable prr)tection is Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, the so-called California Lilac, which in time reaches the stature of a small tree. The flower trusses, which are of fair size, are pale blue. The variety griseus is almost as hardy. It has much larger foliage, is a quicker grower and the blossoms are i>ale lilac. Alddcratel}' hardy, too, is C. Lobbianus, now con- sidered to be a natural hybrid between C. thyrsiflorus and C. cientatus. This is a bright blue-flowered kind, often seen in gardens as C. dentatus. This muddled nomenclature leads to much confusion as to the hardiness of various families of ])lants which are not, in general, entirely hardy. The Mexican Orange, Choisya ternata, is unquestion- ably far hardier than most people consider it. Given shelter from wind-frost it will withstand very low tem- peratures unharmed. Its beauty none will deny. The l\ai)hiolepis has the same highly glazed foliage as the Choisya, but in general appearance these shrubs remind one more of the Escallonias than anything else. The two hardiest species are R. japonica and Delacouri, the former with white and the latter with pink flowers. That beautiful and fragrant relative of the Mock Orange, Carpentaria califdrnica, requires a wall in most districts, though it makes a beautiful shrub in the o])en on our western seaboard.s. It flowers about niid-.^ummer, a time when shrub-flowers are welcome. The same way, with equal truth, be said of Garrya elliptica, though it certainly resembles the Carpentaria not at all. The handsome cat- kins in this case are at their best in the depth of \\'inter. Rosemai-y and Lavender once used to be in every gar- den. Alas ! they are so no longer, yet both are admirable evergreen (or rather evergrey!) shrubs, and the latter is really beautiful, as well as fragrant, when in flower. There is now much variety obtainable in Lavenders, the true Lavender, Lavandula vera being obtainable in pale and dark forms, as well as in forms of varying degrees of compactness. There are, of course, many beautiful American plants still unmentioned, notably those of the Andromeda clan — such as Pieris japonica and P. floribunda and Leucothoe Catesbasi, besides the Heaths. Tall varieties of the latter which are very eft'ective include Erica australis and E. arborea (and variety alpina), lusitanica, mcditcrranea, Veit'chii and strictn. — The Garden. STIMULATING PLANT GROWTH WITH CAR- BON DIOXIDE {Continued jroin pai^e 121) ofl" at 6 to the sewer. Here the gas is partiallv purified. To still further clean it, the gas passes through pipe 3 to the second and last scrubber. Here a solution of soda (NajCOj) is used in place of the water in scrubber number one. This liquid is not lost, it collects at C, passes through pipe 7 into tank E. ■•'roin this ]>oint it is ]niniped at E to the to]) of the scrulibcr at 2, from whence it is s]>rayed over the coke again. The gas, coming from the top of the second scrubber, is now clean and pure, and is carried to the ventilators or ])um]D D. from which it is distributed through ]>i]>es to the greenhouse. This pump also serves the purpose of bring- ing fresh air into the boiler, its action being somewhat similar to that of a forced draft. The pipes which distriiiute the carbon dioxide gas in the greenhouse, p;iss about one foot above the jilants, and are provided with tiny holes about a foot ajiart. The jjrocess of gassing is considered com]>lete when 2 or 3 per cent of carlxin dioxide has been provided which, of course, gradually dissipates. Larger quantities of gas are in- jurious, therefore ventilation must be carefully watched to avoid the effects of an overdose. The results obtained with this patent process justify the remark tliat this method of growing plants f|uickly and comparatively in- exjx^nsively will ultimately become universal where the most progressive growing methods are practised. For May, 1923 California Waysides OLIVIA BROOKS IA.M going to tell you something about some of the native shrubs 1 have seen while motoring in my "P'ord" through the country surrounding San Diego, for, many and interesting are the different varieties grow- ing in the mountains, valleys, and along the seashore. One always waits with keen anticipation for the coming of Spring in California, knowing that after the rains of January and February, the wild tiowers begin to bloom, as also do many of the shruhs. The enthusiastic botanist is thrilled with delight at finding, not only old friends, hut making new ones amongst the great display of beauty and color tliat meets one on all sides from San Diego to the northern part of the State. Around San Diego there are three interesting sumachs, all evergreen — the laurel leafed (Rhus laurina). "lemon- and-sugar-tree" (Rhus ovata), and the "mahogany bush" (Rhus integrifolia). These varieties Wong to the same family as our eastern sumach, with pinnate leaves and long cardinal-red fruit clusters, which is so handsome growing- along the roadside if the Fall. The laurel leaf sumach (Rhus laurina) is the most com- mon of these three shrubs, growing in great abundance on the lowlands, the foot-hills and well into the mountain regions. It is from six to fifteen feet high, of a wide spreading, bushy growth, with narrow and pointed, dull green foJiage. The new leaves, being red, stand out conspicuously, giving the whole shrub a bronze color. The flowers are white, in long clusters, said to be quite pretty, unfor- tunately I have not seen this shrub in bloom, as it blos- soms in Summer. The lemon-and-sugar-tree (Rhus ovata), a compact shrub six to eight inches high, is found only on the foot- hills well into the "back country." The handsome, shiny, ovate leaves are leathery in texture with an entire margin, and the rose pink flower clusters are so numerous that one is at once attracted to this shrulb by its unusual amount of color. The berries are coated with a sweet substance which the Indians value as a substitute for sugar. The "mahogany bush" (Rhus integrifolia) is a tough rigid growing shrub, which makes splendid compact hedges in gardens along the Pacific, where it takes most kindly to cultivation. Its leaves are dull green, thick, and rather serrated ; the lovely, tiny pink blossoms seem to redeem this stalwart shruh, making it more delicate and pleasing to the eye. The little drupes are covered with an acid, oily substance, and are used by the Indians and Mexicans in making a lemonade-like drink. One of the best known shrubs in California is the manzanita (Arctostaphylos manzanita). I have seen it gro'wing all the way from a w^ell developed small shrub to a typical tree. The flowers which bloom about Christ- mas time, are much like those of the blue-berry, belonging to the same family. The manzanita has a great deal of character among the wild shrubs, for its smooth, satiny, red 'bark is most dis- tinctive in contrast to the pale green leaves and tiny pink blossoms that cover the branches. The name "manzanita"' is Spanish for "little apple," and well describes the fruit of this bush. "Indian Tobacco" (Xicotiana glauca) is the most widely distributed shrub along the roadside, in fact, I don't believe I have seen it growing anywhere else. It has spread rapidly, as residents can remember when there were \-cry few of these plants, which originally came from Buenos Aires. The shrub has a loose spreading habit, fifteen feet or more in height, with lovely, waxy flowers, long and tubular in shape, greenish yellow in color, hang- ing in graceful clusters. The wild lilac of California (Ceanothus), which has so many varieties, is alw'ays an interesting sight to see, for, at its height of bloomi it forms ananiazing sweep of color from the foot to the top of a hill, filling the air with a delicious fragrance. It is a graceful, evergreen shrub, with small leaves, amongst which appear diminu- tive clusters of tiny, airy blossoms. In December the most wonderful shrub seen along the sea-coast and in the foothills, is the California "Holly" or Christmas Berry (Heteromeles arbutifolia). This handsome bush was fast being exterminated by ruthless "wa}-side marauders," but now stands protected by law. I have never seen anywhere on any plant, such large and magnificent clusters of red berries, making the whole hillside fairly glow with color! — a sight to be stored away for future thought. The Christmas berry has not the prickly leaves of our eastern holly, but oblong, serrated, leathery foliage. The Chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum i forms a great part of the Chaparral on the mountain slopes. Its dark green, almost black needle-like foliage, verv feathery in appearance, makes a most eft'ective background for the other wfld plants that grow about. One could go on indefinitely describing these wild shrubs, all so distinctive in character, and beauty of fomi, but being familiar with even a few adds interest and friendliness to nnv landscape. NEW ENGLAND ASTER ""PHE New England Aster has become such a favorite that one hesitates to say anything about it. So nuich has been said in praise of this really beautiful species that its admiration has become something of a fad, and one suspects that a few of those who tout it so highly are just a wee bit insincere, writes Frank A. \\'augh in Florists' Exchange. Another curious thing about this species is that, al- though it is one of the most striking wild plants of our region, it has secured its extreme popularity in the plant- ing of old-fashioned hardy perennial gardens which are in fact more or less formal. No complaint need be made about the use of the New England Aster in formal or semi-formal .gardens, but we should not lose sight of the fact that it is one of the very best si>ecies for extreme naturalistic effects also. As it occurs in wild masses along streams or the borders of ponds it is magnificent. A caution needs to be giveti with respect to the selection, of colors. The species varies quite widely in the color of its flowers, including pink, rose, blue and purple and some of these shades fail to harmonize when placed to- gether. In general it will be found that varieties of clear rose or amethyst blue are the most agreeable to the eye. Still another point needs to be noted, viz., the beauty of this Aster in the Winter garden. Of course it is a fact that the beauty of the ^^'inter garden is too much neglected by all of us. Nevertheless it is there and not always over- looked. The good landscape architect, at any rate, en- deavors to make his gardens attractive at all seasons and should not forget the charm of the New England Aster as it appears under a matitle of fluffy snow. 126 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE RHODODENDRONS IN A DRY SUMMER VY/E know of no hardy evergreen shrub that feels the effect of a dr\' Summer more than the Rhodo- dendron. An exjjerienced eye will be able to tell by a glance at the foliage whether the plants re([uire water or not, because no hardy shrub shows more plainly than Rhododendrons that the roots are dry. If this is the case, they have a distressed appearance, the leaves hang down, and. in bad cases, the points of the young shoots droop also, so that altogether the plants have an unliappy look. Plants in this condition will not flower satisfactorily next vear. and in bad cases not at all, for the reason that they cannot form flower-buds, owing to their distressed con- dition. Those who have choice varieties of Rhododendrons should examine the soil round the roots to see if it is dry, and if such is the case give them a thorough soaking of water at once, repeating the application once a week dur- ing the Autumn, for these plants suffer as much in the Autumn, if the weather is dr\', as they do in the height of Summer. The swelling of the flower-buds which is going on through the Autumn appears to tax the resources of the plants a good deal. The plants that will be likely to require attention first are those which occupy positions somewhat elevated, such as on sloping banks or raised beds. They are also likely to suffer from the want of water when the plants stand as isolated specimens on grass, and more particularly when the soil has to be made for them, as in such cases the roots have only a limited root-run in a suitable soil. The best plan to follow in any case where water is given to the roots of trees or shrubs is to apply it first and then mulch the surface directly afterwards. The mulching should be laid on 3 inches thick, and renewed as often as it becomes wasted. Where liquid manure is available, a liberal supply of it would also do good, but the roots of the plants should be first soaked with ordinary water, so that they may have the full benefit of the stimulant. — Gardoiing Illustrated. AN APPEAL FOR THE WILD FLOWERS SIT\AXGELYen(jugh. what is called civilization has, in many parts of the L'nited States, destroyed many of the rugged beauties of the woods and hillsides, without )Hirting anything in their place. Perhaps in Xew fingland, more than elsewhere, many of the beautiful things have been preserved. The farms have not encroached so relent- lessly upon the woods as in the sections of the middle west and south, where land is more valuable. The moun- tains, too, remain a forbiflding barrier to the thing called progress, and stand as sentinels over the treasures which they have guarded for centuries. But modern invention has made it possible for the preda- tory touri.st to extend his invfisions farther and ever far- ther from the beaten path. Where he goes he is too often inclined to destroy, to take what he desires and leave noth- ing in its place. His camp site in the woods is a place of desolation as he strikes his tent and moves on. To the tourist family the wild flowers and the blossoming trees seem to offer the opportunity for the practice of vandal- ism. Nothing is safe from the hands of the greedy visitors. In a bulletin recently issued by the University of the State of Xew York, an appeal is made to save and protect the wild flowers. It is shown that they are gradually dis- appearing even from those sections where once they were common. It is not what one person or one conii)any of tourists gathers. There are still enough wild flowers for the thousands who will gather them thoughtfully and considerately. The menace to the wild life of the roadside and woods is the greed of the city dweller wlio assumes that all he can find is his for the taking. It should be remem'bered that the wild plant is like the cultivated shrub or flower in the garden. It is as easily destroyed, and it responds as quickly to the considerate treatment which it deserves. Those who gather flowers along the way are admonished to pick them carefully, just as they would select a bunch of blossoms from a garden or a conservatory. The unmatured blossoms left upon the stalk may flower and seed, thus renewing and in- creasing the beauty of the place, whereas a plant torn up from tlie ground and thrown aside is destroyed. — C. S. Moiiilcr. AQUATIC AND WATERSIDE PLANTS A QUATIC and moisture-loving plants are extremely •'*• fascinating. May and June is undoubtedly the best time for planting or transplanting Xymphaas. I have seen it stated tliat it is necessaiy to have three or four feet of water for the Alarliac varieties of Walter Lilies, but this is misleading; granted they will do in that depth of water, biU I kno-w from experience they succeed splendidly in water only one and a half feet to two feet deep. Young plants obtained this time of the year (May or June) may be \erv easily established. If for tanks with cement or concrete bottoms, planting in shallow baskets will be found the best method of establishing them in the water, placing in a few pieces of sandstone around them when in position to form a hasin and filling in round the basket with rich turfv loam. This will keep the plants in good condition for manv years after the baskets have disappeared. If the plants are required for ponds with ordinary muddy base, an easy and successful method of planting is to secure some thick turves of loam and tie one round the roots of each plant. Wire will be found better than string for keeping the loam in position until the plants establish themselves. Sufficient loam should be used to ensure keeping the Water Lilies upright when sinking them in their respective positions. For waterside planting the following are all very beau- tiful aquatics and if submerged at various times during the year they will come to no harm. The Siberian Irises are charming both in flower and foliage for the leaves are quite graceful, giving a glorious effect at the waterside. Iris Ka;mpferii, the Japanese Flag Iris, is splendidly effective in pockets by the water edge. Astilbes may also be used for the margins of lakes and ponds with grand effect. Funkias in variety are noble subjects, with their mas- sive foliage; Hemerocallis (Day Lilies) may also be used for the same purpose, with beautiful effect; both their orange and yellow s])ikes of ^blooms and graceful foliage are attractive in association with water. — The Gardeners' Chronielc (Ilritish). TO OUR READERS ^'ou have friends who would welcome the Gakdi'.xicrs' CiiKo.MCLE as a regular monthly visitor to their homes, just as you do, if they were familiar with it. We shall be glad to send a cojiy free to any address you may send us to make known how valuable and instructive a guide it is to all interested in gardening. \Ve are constantly en- deavoring to make the ("i.\ri)Ilm:ks' C'iiikOnicle better and better — not with the assistance of Coue — Init through our own individu;d efforts and you can help, if an idea comes to you that would m;ds of creatitm men have recognized the psychic personalities among the trees and in the annals of every great religion trees have stood forth prominently. In all great art and literature the subject of trees has been highly accented and the great men of all ages have felt a peculiar kinship with the trees. James Russell Lowell speaks of this in the following verse : "I care not how men trace their ancestry, To ape or Adam ; let them please their whim ; But I in June am midway to believe A tree among my fair progenitors. Such sympathy is mine with all the race. Such mutual recognition vaguely sweet There is between us, — surely there are tirnes When they consent to own men of their kin. And condescend to me and call me cousin." To all those who are well acquaitited with them, trees are living, loving personalities and possess many habits and attributes w'hich most people think are exclusively lunnan. Within the last few years the custom of planting trees for memorials has gained greatly in favor and in fact what could be a more beautiful memorial than a tree? How much more wonderful to have a lovely green tree living in honor of one than to have the most expensive of stone monuments ? Felix Oswald says : "I can think of no more pleasant way of being remembered than by the planting of a tree. Birds will nest in it and fly thence with messages of good cheer. It will be growing while we are sleeping, and will survive us to make others happier." "If thou art worn and hard beset With sorrows that thou wouldst forget, Go to the woods and hills ! No tears Dim the sweet look that Nature wears." From time immemorial certain trees have always been used to represent certain ideas of spiritual sigiiificance. The palm has always been used to represent victory. It has dignity, poise and strength softened by attractive and kingly grace and it embodies exultation and joy. The pine to us is an emblem of immortality. To the Japanese it signifies good luck and is supposed to bring long life and happiness. A pine tree is always seen grace- fully leaning above a Japanese garden gate or at some picturesque spot along the garden wall. The orange tree symbolizes prosperity, the olive achieve- ment and so on down the long list of these benefactors of mankind. "Hail to the trees ! Patient and generous, mothers of mankind ; .\rching the hills, the minstrels of the wind ; Spring's glorious flowers and Summer's balmy tents. A sharer in man's free and happier sense. The trees bless all. and then, brown-mantled, stand. The sturdy prophets of a golden land." FOR AMATEUR DAHLIA GROWERS r^IG deep and a good square hole, throw out the subsoil and fill in with good surface soil. Do not use too much coarse manure in the hole, better reserve same for a mulch. Fine ground bone thoroughly mixed with the soil some time previous to planting, if possible, is a good substitute for manure. A much more dwarf sturdy growth will be obtained with the bone and the probabilitv of more blooms, as bone does not create as much leaf growth as manure. Set a good stout stake either before or at the time of planting- ; setting after the plant has started to grow oftei-i disturbs or breaks the roots. Take the top out of the plant when a foot high ; this keeps the growth near the base of the plant, no necessity for two or three feet of bare stalk. In cutting blooms do not be afraid, cut down good lengthy sprays. Never mind if you do cut some few buds with the spray. The others coming after will be larger and better. With some varieties if the side buds are picked oft of the spray (disbudded) it will increase the size and quality of the bloom. If vou have a mulch around your plant of sufficient size you can water at any time of the day without baking the soil and the mulch will help retain the moisture. Don't work the soil when it is wet. Often failure comes from this cause. — BuUetin of American Dahlia Society. Nothing has such power to broaden the mind as the ability to investigate systematically and truly all that comes iTuder thy observation in life. — Marcus Aiircuus. 128 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE ON GROWING NARCISSI IN AMERICA SINCE the Federal Horticultural Board of the L'liited States Department of Agriculture has decreed that after 1925 the free importation of narcissus bulbs shall be forbidden, William H. De Graaff, scion of the House of De Graaff of Holland, which for three generations has been specializing in daffodils and tulips, has lieen travel- ing in this country to find soil and climatic conditions which will make the successful commercial jiroduction of narcissi in this country possible. He has visited the Pacific Coast, particularly studying the Willamette \al!ey section, and recently has been go- ing- over the conditions on Long Island, Xew Jersey and William DcGraaff and John Sclucpcrs South Carolina, and feels firmly convinced that it will be imixissible to successfully raise narcissi for commercial purposes. Before sailing for Holland, he expressed his regrets that some of the Holland jobbers of bulbs are inducing farmers and growers in various parts of this country to buy large quantities of planting stock of various daffodils, which is not only doomed to failure but is bound to de- plete the stocks available in Holland and is certain to cause an advance in prices of bulbs for delivery this Fall and for next year. The House'of De Graaff was among the first to >tart the scientific production of narcissus bulbs on a large scale. Many new and meritorious varieties now listed in cata- logues were produced by this firm and many great novel- ties have won highest awards at the recent narcissus shows in Holl:md and Fngland. The accompanying illustration shows Mr. De Graaff' with John Scheepers of Xew York so-jor.rning at .\tlantic City. MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE The De]5artment of Floriculture at the .Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass.. will conduct a special one week course in commercial lloriculture for the florists of that state, beginning June 25. The program will be announced in this paper at a later date. It is hoped that those interested will keep this date in mind. The Lord and Burnham Co. has donated to the college a model greenhouse, 11 feet by 8 feet 4 inches, of their \o. 1 and Xo. 2 greenhouse construction, which will prove invaluable in the teaching of greenhouse construction. .\ set of blue prints has also been provided for each student. The department wii*hes to express its appreciation to the Lord and Burnham Co. for their kindness and co-opera- tion in making its work more efficient and of greater bene- fit to the students and florists. — R. T. M. SEEDING LAWNS IN LATE SUMMER CPRIXG is not the best time for seeding lawns; late *^ .Sunnner is vastly better. Seeding done at that time, while the days are growing cooler and plants get the benefits of heavy night dews, insures a good lawn the following Spring, writes a contributor to the Florists' Rer-iczi'. There can be no certainty of lawns seeded in Spring being a complete success, unless an ample water supplv is at command. Plants seeded in Fall have deep roots and withstand the Summer droughts far better than the former. Far too much work is left each year until the overcrowded Spring season. This applies to the planting of trees, shrubs and hardy herbaceous perennials. Some day, it is to be hoped, more people will appreciate the great advantages to be gained by Fall planting. But to refer back to lawns, there are always many calls for work on lawns at this season. Entirely new lawns should be liberally manured, care being takai to bury the manure well. You should rake the lawn most thoroughly, in order to get rid of as many roots, stones and weeds as possible. It should be made firm by tramping or rolling, according to the size and nature of the ground to be sown down, in advance of any seeding. Iron rakes should then be used to loosen the surface before seed is sown. There are some good mi.xtures of lawn seed offered. As a general rule, some of the grasses included are ill adapted for the average lawn and will usually disappear the first Summer. Sjjecial grasses are needed in the warmer states, but for the more northerly ones the writer has found Kentucky blue grass the best stand-by. Two parts of this grass to one part of redtop makes an excellent mixture, and, if white clover is liked, add that at the rate of one pound to twenty-five pounds of other grasses. The clover is especially helpful in light soils. It will retain its greenness during droughts and adds much fertility to the soil. It is best to sow lawn seed fairly thickly, and in seeding be sure to go over the ground both lengthwise and crosswise, in order that there may be no bare spots. A thorough raking and hard rolling must follow seeding. THE CHRIST-AWAKENING MAR1,\N .T. COBK How sweet the story of that long ago, When the disciples sailed at close of day, .\nd as tlie ship lannclied forth, the Master lay .-\slecp upon a pillow, resting so. Hut as he slept, the angry waves did break. For o'er the sea a sudden wind-storm swept ; While the di.^ciides rushed to where he slent, Crying, ".Awake, we perish! Master, wake!" Then he arose ; and with his "Peace, be still." Rebuked the winds, and bade them do no harm. Tlie tempest ceased ; and lo. there was a calm ; The waters fell, obedient to his will. Sonietiuies, tile Christ-idea seems asleep Within my fragile bark, the ship cf life. .•\h. tlien it is that wind*; and storms are rife. And angry waves engulf me, mountain deep. I'.ut when at length, through faith and love and prayer. The Christ awakens in my ronsciousncss. — The healing Christ, that wakens but to bless, — The tempests cease; and lo. a calm is there. To that sweet story oston Transcript reports him as having appeared before the Committee as a gardener. I did not know that Mr. Thommen was a gardener, Init I was under the impression that he was formerly engaged in one of the commercial branches of horticul- ture. In any event, if Mr. Thommen did appear as a gardener, and not as tlie correspondent of a trade paper, which he now is, he must liave created the false impression tliat he was present as a representative of the profession which was being attacked, while no one was present in defense of it. "Had I had any notion that such a despicable stunt was to be pulled off, I would not have failed to have been present to defend the gardener and his profession, and to make known that there are many employers who close their eyes to their gardeners accepting commissions, in lieu of paying them a living wage, calculating that the payment does not affect their pockets, but the dealers' prolils, and thus I would have shown that the gar- dener often becomes a victim of circumstance; and I would also have conceded that all gardeners are not "Simon pure," but that there are some black sheep among them just as there are among the politiciaiis who sat in judgment of them. "While Mr. Robert Cameron in his much discussed paper on the subject did not represent his profession as being 100 per cent perfect, he laid the blame where it belonged, at the root of the evil, and to which the remedy should be applied. As the FlorisLf' E.vchangc thought so well of Mr. Cameron's presentation of the facts as to refer to them again at some length in its issue of April 14, why then did its correspondent not present Mr. Cam- eron's side of the case before the legislative committee instead of attempting to besmirch the reputation of his profession? "The National Association of Gardeners. I believe, was the first organization among horticultural bodies to go on record as opposed to paying or receiving commissions, and since then along educational lines has endeavored to minimize the practice. Ex- perience has shown that legislative enactiuents even 'with teetli in them' never have resulted in accomplishing what they were intended to, and are never likely to. Somehow, the 'teeth' seem to become dull in the setting. Possibly if a somewhat similar policy as that of the Association were pursued by the commercial interests, and a little persuasion injected, something really tangible might be accomplished. "It will be interesting to learn what justification the Florists' E.i-cltangc can offer for assailing a body of men who are striving to elevate their profession, and who have already gained the con- fidence and support of many prominent men and women, the owners of some of the largest country estates in America, in their efiforts. The E.vchange can only uphold its position by demanding of its correspondent that he substantiate his accusa- tion. If he cannot do so, it will prove that it is simply more of the 'loose talk' which at times is circulated on the subject at issue without the least evidence of proof. If the Florists' E.vchange values the respect of the gardeners in America, it will come forth manfully and publicly apologize for the slur it and its correspondent, for whom it inust assume responsibility, have cast on them. "M. C. Ebel, Secretary. "National Association of Gardeners." The Florists' E.x-changc did. however, respond with an editorial of some length dwelling on glittering generalities of the subject at issue, and in which it referred to the above protest as follows : "it has been forcibly brought to our attention by the secretary of the National Association of Gardeners, and by a member of that same fraternity, that we were most derelict in our duty in (T ) printing the report at all, and (2) having printed it, in not having" come to the defense of the maligned gardeners with denials of their guilt, etc." .•\s this again called for a reply, the following communication was addressed to the Florists' F..\'changc : "To the Editor of the Florists' Exchange: "Why has the Florists' E.vchange not followed the usual pro- cedure and- published the protest which it received from the Na- 132 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE tional Association of Gardeners, and not casually refer to it editorially, thereby further misconstruing tlie position of the gardener and placing his association in a false light through mis- representation, instead of confining itself to the actual facts as contained in the protest? "Your statement in your editorial of this week's issue, referring to the secretary of the Xational Association of Gardeners, is an incorrect one. You have not been criticized for printing any report of the hearings. You were criticized for exulting over the uncorroborated accusation of your correspondent at one of the hearings. You have not been asked to come to the defense of toe gardener. He is already ably defended. "In the name of justice. 1 now ask that you a.yain iiulilish the editorial comment complained of, which was affixed to the report from your Boston correspondent of the Le.tjislative hearing, and appeared in your issue of April 21, and the protest of the asso- ciation. Then say what you will in your defense, and let it rest with your readers to pass judgment whetlier you were justified in publishing what you did. "Above all. play fair. That is the only favor the gardeners are seeking. "M. C. Ebel. Secretary, "Xational Association of Gardeners." The riorisis' E.vcliange has not had an opportunity to comply with the request contained in the last communication from the association as this paper goes to press, but 1 trust that it no longer misunderstands my attitude in the matter. 1 do not now con- done, nor have I ever condoned the practice of payin.g commis- sions any more than I would condone the practice of mali.gning a particular craft for offenses that may be committed b.\ a iniiinr- ity of its followers. It sometimes appears that there really has been something new imcovcrcd about the practice of giving ".gratuitously." but it is as old as history itself, for was not our first gardener. Adam, tempted by gratuitous advice? .\l>use will ne\er avail much, but as the world grows better and man becomes more enlightened on the difi'crence between good and evil, we may cxjiect to see the evil complained of gradually abated. In the meanwhile, let him who has not sinned cast the first stone. M. C'. K. Postscript : The Florists' Exchoiigc. is out with another vague editorial, evidently preferring to pursue this course instead of publi.shing our protests and let its readers reach their own con- clusions. Its plea for not doing as it was asked to do is. "matters of immedatc interest and importance render it impractical." As to its own defense it states, "we don't hap])en to feel tb;it we are on trial so must refrain from that also. " It conchules its edi- torial with "we feel that in the interest of progress this subject should be, and is considered, closed." Silence is golden ! But — I wonder whether the /'7(in,v/.?' E.i- clutniic w'i.shes the gardeners to accept its desire to silence further discussion as a confession of guilt on its jiarl though lacking the spirit of fair-mindedness to admit it? M. C. E. INTERESTING YOUR EMPLOYER .At this season of the j-car when Nature presents its most charming appearance and all are enraptured over its wondrous 'beauty is the time that you should extend an invitation to your employer to become interested in our association as a sustaining member, and to lend his support towards elevating the standard of our profession which means as much to him as it does to the gardener. Sustaining membership dues are ten df)llars a year. .Approach him on the subject, and if you caimot furnish all the inffjrmation he may desire, tell him you will have llie secretary write him fully. Your secretary is endeavoring to keep alert to the welfare of the gardener and his profession. He trusts the time is not dis- tant when he may move about more actively and come into more frequent direct contact with the members. Until then the mem- bers can co-operate with him to increase the association's prestige through enlargement of its memlxTshi]) by interesting their em- ployers and fellow gardeners who arc nfit yet members. WHY NOT MAKE YOURSELF KNOWN? Where arc the men who should now be replacing the former well known writers, whose names appeared regularly as coii- Irilnitors to the horticultural press fif the past? I know there are many among the younger gardeners wdio can very ably con- tribute notes on interesting and unusual experiences, both in the garden and under glass, which would be a departure from tin- usual staid cultural articles which frequently are mere repetitions of -what has oftentimes been written, if they will only make up their minds to do so. It is not essential that the articles be lengthy to make them in- teresting. Pithy notes on the merits of particular plants for dif- ferent locations— ideas which will help to create indivirhialism. and eliminate the samene^s obsirvi-d in so many gardens- suggestions on the use of native species to popularize them in our .American gardens — anything which will arouse a greater enthusiasm in gardening, that is what is being sought by professionals and amateurs alike. Readers are no longer as keenly interested in the plant's history as they arc to have more of its general ada|it- ability for particular purposes. They like to read of e.xi)eriment> which are proving better than some of the old school methods and they look upon the professional .gardener as being best fitted to advise them. That the G.vrdknkrs' Chronicle may give to its readers what they most desire, your Secretary asks the gardeners to contribute such notes to their official organ as they may lielicve will prove helpful to others. They are not asked to do this merely for glory, but they will be compensated for all notes and articles accepted. This request is made to the older as well as the younger gardeners. Address all your contributions to Editor. G.vrof.xkrs' Chronicle, 286 Fifth .Avenue. X. Y. C. WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA BRANCH .\ meeting of the members of this branch of the Xational Asso- ciation of Gardeners was held in the Carnegie Library, Pitts- burgh, on Tuesday, April 17th, at 8 P. M. Manus Curran, chair- man, presiding. John Carman, chairman of Publicity ; .Aug. Frisbkone. chairman of banquet; Xiel McCallum, chairman of Lecture; William Thompson, chairman of Traffic: David Eraser, chainuan of I'jitertainmcnt ; and Henry Goodband. chairman of Programme, with Manus Curran as general chairman, reporte press. In all likelihood, with the late season and accumulatd work tlie secretary did not have time to give to his reporting. — Editor. For May, 1923 133 WATER LILIES 1 lardy ami U-ndei , (lay and nij;lu lihjom- iiij^", sh(iuld hf iticluded in the sclectinn for lars^e estates and imhlic gniunds. Ill my catalog you will find the largest assort- ment of varieties and the greatest diversity of colors to be found in this country. WILLIAM T R I C K E R 664 Forest Street Arlington, New Jersey NEW MEMBERS Active Members: Henry A. Dombrowsky. Locust Valley, L. I. ; Ernest K. S. Fletcher. Afton, Va. ; Frederic Heutte, West End, N. J. ; Hugh Campbell. Trenton, N. J. ; Jack Pylc, Bernardsville, N. J. ; Henry Knight, Morristown, N. J.; William J. Bruce, Cleve- land, Ohio ; Ernest E. Goatley, Cleveland Hgts., Ohio ; James Gibb, Cleveland Hgts., Ohio : Thomas Waring, Cleveland, Ohio : -A, C. Macdonald, New York City : James Cartwright, Suffie'.d, Conn.; Max A. Elwart. College Point, X. Y, LOCAL SOCIETIES WESTCHESTER AND FAIRFIELD HORT. SOCIETY The regular monthly meeting of this so- ciety was held at Greenwich. Conn.. .April ID. One new member, Robert Tickncr, was elected for membership and two proposed. The exhibits were numerous and good, Wm. Smith receiving first prize and a cultural certificate for a choice vase of carnations. Princess Dagmar ; John McCarroll. second, for a vase of Laddie ; William D. Robert- son, third, for vase of Benora. Other ex- hibits included a vase of Laddie and Didis- cus from James Stuart ; vase of Lilium Harrisii from Wm. J. Sealey ; .\ntirrhin- unis and Stocks from Ralph Salerno ; An- tirrhinums from John McCarroll ; Sweet Peas from W. D. Robertson ; Asclepias Currassavica from Edwin Beckett: Mignon- ette from H. F. Bulpitt. Mr. Bulpitt also received first in vegetables for some fine bunches of rhubarb. .\n illustrated lecture on "Old Xew Eng- land Gardens" will be given at our May 8tli meeting by Mr. L'nderhill. of Boston. Mr. L'nderhill is well known for his splendid lectures, so all members are urged to come. It was decided to hold the Fall show along the same line as last year, nanielv, for the benefit of the Portchester and Greenwich hospitals. The date for the show will be decided on at our next meeting. .A note of thanks was given to tlmse members who Ideal J ituior cuts a s zi' a t It 22 inches undc. Capacity from 3 to A acres a day MAINT1-:NANCK uI a park-like lawn need nut be a smirce of great ex- pense, when une man with an Ideal Power .Mnwer can do the wurk of from three to fi\e with hand mower>. Ihe o]jerator need not lie a mechanic. \n unskilled laborer can dO' perfect work. Consider the sa\-ino in wages and you will understand \\li\- an Ideal Power Mower quickly paN's for itself e\"en iici lawns of medium size. Write f(.r jirices and illustrated litera- ture. Ideal Power Lawn Mower Company li. li. Olds. ChainHaii 434 Kalamazoo Street, Landing, Michigan New York. 13-19 Hudson St., Chicago, 11 E. Harrison St. Dealers in alt priinipnl Cities. IDEAL Power Lawn Mowers Ideal 30" mow- er exits a 30 inch swath and mows from 6 /i' 7 acres a day (46) I ~miiiiiiiiininiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii|iiiii^ achieved such splendid success at the recent flower show in New York. J. G. Curtis entertained us with a splendid lecture on "Plant Feeding." Mr. Curtis is an excellent orator, and had a world of knowledge for us on this subject. His lec- ture brought considerable discussion. Mr. Curtis answered questions of various mem- bers. Other meetings, as instructive, arc to be held in the coming months. Every mem- ber should strive to he present. — .A. K-. Cor. Secv. priifessional. are invited to be our guests and enjoy the display which every year has attracted large crowds. The dates have lieen planned to fall directly on the heels of the show of the .A.merican Dahlia Society in New York, as the trip to Short Hills is but half an hour, and many from out of town can avail themselves of the opportunity to see the two in one dav. SHORT HILLS GARDEN CLUB The Shiirt Hills Garden Club will hold its fifteenth annual show at the Short Hills CIul), Short Hills, N. J., on Friday and Saturday, September 28th and 29th, .Ml amateurs are invited to compete; and all lovers of the ilahlia. whether amateur or GARDENER'S CHRONICLE The Standby of the Professional The Safe Guide for the Amateur If you are not a subscriber, send two dollars for a year's subscription. GARDENERS' CHRONICLE 286 Fifth Ave., New York 134 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE ORIGIN OF PRIMULINUS HYBRIDS P1-:KIIAPS the most wondorl'nl cruatioi-.s of recent years are the beautiful hyhrids which have evolved from gladiolus primu- liiuis. This remarkable species is found in a wM state in the region of the Victoria l-"alls, in Rhodesia. It was first discovered in 1887 by Mr. J. T. Last, in the Usagara .Mountains, but for its later introduction nito commerce Sir Francis Fox was chiefly responsible. It was in 1904 during the con- struction of the celebrated bridge across the gorge of the Zamlxfsi that this gladiolus was rediscovered growing under the spray of the Victoria Falls. The flowers of this species are unique, and were destined to become the progenitors of some of the most remarkable hybrids ever seen. It very soon became popular, and some of the keenest hybridists, l)oth in this country and abroad, quickly realized the possibilities of this African wilding. The charming hybrids which have resulted by crossing it with some of the finer forms of Gandavensis have an all- compelling beauty which it is difficult to ex- aggerate. They are graceful in habit and have all the vigor of the Gandavensis type, while the varying shades of yellow whicli predominate in this race have added a new interest to the gladiolus world. — Horlicul- ture. PLANNING THE FLOWER SHOW V'XiFT.-XBLK, fruit and flower sliows are possible and successful because of the native characteristic in every normal person to enter into competition with his fellow- man, and the greatest good comes from such exhibitions, says the United States De- partment of Agriculture, only when knowd- edge and care have been exercised by those in charge of planning the exhilMtiou so that all competitors will be assured of fair and equal treatment. It is often a lack of knowl- edge on the part of amateur promoters rather than a lack of sincerity that mars the show and makes it impossible for some conscientious competitor to enter the con- test, or causes him to be disqualified. Because of existing demand and an ab- .sence of printed information on the subject of show classifications, schedules, arrange- ment of entries, and other equipment, the Department of Agriculture has published Department Circular Xo. 62, "Horticultural Fxhibitions and Garden Competitions," by M. L. Mulford, horticulturist in the bureau of plant industry, which is intended to fur- nish a complete and satisfactory guide to those who are contemplating flower shows or who will have the same problems to solve in regard to the coming season's fairs. The object of horticultural sliows and garden competitions is to arouse the interest of citizens and their families, lead them to take a greater interest in such matters, and to incite a deeper study of the best methods of plant growth. Early in the season it is advisable to outline the work for the com- ing year in or